THE JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. BOTA N Y. VOL, XVII. bl LONDON; PT ry SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON HOUSE, AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, AND WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. 1880. Dates of Publication of the several Numbers included in this Volume. No. 98, pp. 1-87, was published July 31, 1878. 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104 105 LES » - - » PRINTED BY 87-172, i 113-268, * 269-332, " 233-404, » 405-510, * 511-607, » November 5, 1878. December 31, 1878. May 20, 1879. August 20, 1879. October 1, 1879. March 30, 1880. TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET sTREET, LIST OF PAPERS. : Page Assay, The Rev. R., M.A., F.G.S., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. Observations on Hemileia vastatriz, the so-called Coffee-leaf Disease. (Plates XIII. and XIV.) (Communicated by W. T THiSELTON DYER, MEA eee eei cs 173 ALLMAN, Professor, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., President Linnean Society. Note on the probable Migration of Pinguicula grandiflora through the Agency of Birda ae a 157 Bairzy, F. Mansor, F.L.S. &c. (of Brisbane, Queensland). Remarks on Carpesium as indigenous to Australia. ........... 345 Baker, J. GILBERT, F.R.S., F.LS. A Synopsis of the Hypoxidaceæ -e a 93 A Synopsis of Colchicaceæ and the Aberrant Tribes of Liliaceæ. 405 Baker, J. G., F.R.S., F.L.S., and S. LE MARCHANT Moore, F.L.S. A Contribution to the Flora of Northern China. (Plate XVI.) 375 Barrovm, Dr. Isaac BayLey, F.L.S., F.R.S.E., &c. Observations on the Genus Pandanus (Screw-Pines); with an Enumeration of all Species described or named in Books, Herbaria, and Nurserymen's Catalogues; together with their Synonyms and Native Countries as far as these have been ascertained <: o oooi e lI EC IS a e ee 33 BENNETT, ALFRED W., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S., Lecturer on Botany at St. Thomas's Hospital. Notes on Cleistogamic Flowers; chiefly of Viola, Oxalis, and Zmpalens (With 15 woodents.). i... 2. oo scere en 269 BENTHAM, GEORGE, F.R.S., F.L.S. Notes on Euphorbiace®s = -o o or eer a 187371 iv -Page BERKELEY, the Rev. M. J., M.A., F.L.S. Enumeration of the F ungi collected during the Arctic Expedi- tion 1875-76 L. Ware 40e E RUN M € 9-9 9 MOM Bee bee Ils V (UM a v RP Qe P Rue e F9" BEnNavs, Lewis, A., F.L.S. , Vice-Pres. Queensland Acclimatization Society. On the Existence of Carpesium cernuum ?,Willd., in Queensland, in a Letter addressed to the Society's Secretary... ...... 267 Brown, N. E., Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew. The Stapeliez of Thunberg’s Herbarium, with Descriptions of four new Genera of Stapeliee. (Plates XI. and XII.) (Com- municated by Prof. OLrvEn, E.R.S., F.L.S.) .............. 162 CLARKE, CHARLES Baron, M.A., F.L.S. On two kinds of Dimorphism in the Rubiacez. (With 4 wood- o s uq ra PP uM C rd E I 159 Note on Gardenia turgida, Roxb. (With 3 woodcuts.) ...... 310 Ferns of North India. (Abstract) =- o e o oo 402 CookE, M. ©., A.L.S. The Fungi of Texas. (Abstract) a 05 05 141 CROMBIE, the Rev. J. M., F.L.S. &e. Enumeration of Australian Lichens in Herb. Robert Brown (Brit. Mus.), with Descriptions of new Species ............ 390 On the Lichens of Dillenius’s * Historia Muscorum,’ as illustrated by his Herbarium ...... o ee EL elis 553 Darwin, Francis, M.B., F.L.S. Experiments on the Nutrition of Drosera rotundifolia ........ a7 Additional Memorandum concerning the Nutrition of Drosera FINMEHONE o IIS rere TT TM 32 Dickig£, Prof. Grorer, M.D., F.L.S. On the Algæ found during the Arctic Expedition............ 6 Notes on Algæ from Lake Nyassa, E. Africa. (With a wood- EUR) iue ee ea vee NAT ae eee oes LES LES OUO RES 281 Dvzn, W. T. THISELTON, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. Note on the Fruiting of Westaria sinensis in Europe .......... 329 Fries, THEODOR M., Professor of Botany in the University of Upsala. On the Lichens collected during the English Polar Expedition of 1875-76. (Communicated by Sir JosEPH Hooker, C.B., ‘Hartog, Marcus M., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S. Some Morphological Notes on certain Species of Thunbergia.... à. v HEns ow, the Rev. GEORGE, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. On the Absorption of Rain and Dew by the Green Parts of Plantes e a eo bk a er ne Oe org E ERN Ces On the Origin of the so-called Scorpioid Cyme. (Abstract.).. HooxeEr, Sir JosepH D., C.B., K.C.S.L, F.R.S. On the Discovery of a Variety of the Cedar of Lebanon on the Mountains of Cyprus, with Letter thereupon from Sir Samuel Baker, P.455......1 70044 ae ero 4 ee Kinc, GEORGE, M.B., F.L.S., Superintendent Royal Botanic Gar- dens, Calcutta. On the Source of the Winged Cardamom of Nepal .......... Lockwoop, E., Esq. Notes on the Mahwa Tree (Bassia latifolia). (Communicated hy CHOS CHRISTY FOUS) coo etus las ose e Lyncu, R. Irwy, of Kew Gardens. On the Mechanism for the Fertilization of Meyenia erecta, Benth. (With a woodcut.) (Communicated by Dr. J. Murr, F.L.S.) On the Seed-Structure and Germination of Pachira aquatica. (Plate VIII.) (Communicated by Dr. J. Murr, F.L.S.) .. On Branch Tubers and Tendrils of Vitis gongylodes. (Plate XV. and woodcut.) (Communicated by Dr. J. Mur, F.L.S.) .. MARSHALL- WARD, see under WARD. Masters, MAxwELL T., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Note on the Occurrence of a Restiaceous Plant in Cochin China Note on the Relations between Morphology and Physiology in the Leaves: of cortam Conifers i<. -s.o o iocur ee MEEHAN, Tuomas, Esq., Germantown, Philadelphia. On the Laws governing the Production of Seed in Wistaria sinensis. (Communicated by the Rev. G. Henstow, F.L.S.) Miers, Jonn, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Dignit. and Commend. Ord. Imp. Bras. Rosæ. On the Schoepfiee and Cervantesiee, distinct Tribes of the Sty- facea (Plates EIV) o e ee tes On some Genera of the Olacaceæ. (Plates V.-VIL) ........ On Marupa, a Genus of the Simarubacesm. (Plates IX. and X.) On the Symplocace i oo oas oy bs OR eek» LIEU On some South-American Genera of uncertain position, and others not recognized by Botanists ...................... Notes on Moquilea, with a Description of a new Species ...... Page 313 511 517 87 147 306 343 547 90 333 371 vi Moors, S. Le Mancnaxr, F.L.S., and J. G. Baxzn, F.R.S., F.L.S. A. Contribution to the Flora of Northern China. (Plate XVI.) Morais, D., B.A. Trin. Coll. Dubl., F.G.S., Director of the Botani- cal Department, Jamaica, late on special duty, Coffee-leaf Disease Inquiry, Ceylon. Note on the Structure and Habit of Hemileia vastatrix, the Coffee- leaf Disease of Ceylon and Southern India. (With a wood- cut.) (Communicated by W. T. Tu1sriton Dyer, F.L.S.). PnuiLLiPS, WILLIA{, F.L.S. On Helvella californica. (Abstract.) STIRTON, James, M.D., F.L.S. Remarks on Mr. Crombie's Paper on the * Challenger? Lichens in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvi TnrwEN, Dr. Henny, F.L.S. Note on the Genus Oudneya, Brown 9.4 798,9 6 € 9 8 6 ^ V V. 9 9 RO ek MS $9 8:9 6.4 0 9 € à.» 9 . 8 9 99 ^ A 8 8 & & € 9/9 € 9 6 9 e 9 P» FI s WU. 9» ek at a Ra s vc Pw WW onu WOW CK. Warp, H. MARSHALL. A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Embryo-Sac in An- giosperms. (Plates XVIL-XXV.) (Communicated by W. T. TuisELtTon Dyer, F.L.S.) WEALE, W. MANSELL. Note on South-African Orchids. (Communicated by Sir J. Lusbock, Bart., M.P., and shidiod ye-a: oo erreurs Page 376 512 402 313 vii EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE I. SCHOEPFIA ARBORESCENS.— Portion of plant and floral anatomy. II. SCHOEPFIOPSIS ACUMINATA. do. do. III. CERVANTESIA KUNTHIANA. do. do. IV. JIopINA RHOMBIFOLIA. do. do. To illustrate Mr. J. Miers's paper on tribes of Styracese. V Myoscuinos oBLONGA.—FPlant and dissections of flower and fruit. VI. ARJONA RIGIDA, do. do. VII. QUINCHAMALIUM CHILENSE. do. do. To illustrate Mr. Miers’s paper on the genera of the Olacacee. VIII. PacHIRA AQUATICA.— Germination, cotyledons, and young plants, as described by R. Irwin Lynch. IX. Marvupa Francoana.—Branch with inflorescence and diagrams of flower and seed. X. MARUPA ParaEnsis.—Raceme, calyx, fruit, and seed. As illustrative of a genus of the Simarubacee by J. Miers. XI. SmAPELIEZE, viz. Trichocaulon piliferum, T. flavum, Boucerosia mamillaris, B. incarnata, and Stapelia hirsuta. STAPELIEE, viz. Diplocyatha ciliata, Sarcocodon speciosus, and Huerniopsis decipiens. Flowers and dissections illustrating Mr. E. Brown’s paper on the Stapeliese of Thunberg's Herbarium, and new genera. XII. XIII | HEMILEIA VASTATRIX.—Coffee-leaves with disease-spots, sporanges, XIV mycelium, and spores, illustrating the Rev. R. Abbay’s paper : on the Coffee-Leaf Disease of Ceylon. XV. VITIS GONGYLODES.— Branch-tubers and tendrils, in illustration of Mr. R. Irwin Lynch's paper thereon. XVI. New Species of Anemone, Leontice, Viola, Dracocephalum, and Betula, in illustration of Messrs. Baker and Moore’s Flora of Northern China. PLATE XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. viii Bv TOMUS UMBELLATUS. » is ALISMA PLANTAGO. ANEMONE JAPONICA and LUPINUS VE- NUSTA. CENOTHERA BIENNIS and PYRETHRUM BALSAMINATUM. PYRETHRUM BALSAMINATUM. » x and AN- THEMIS TINCTORIA. ANTHEMIS TINCTORIA, VERBASCUM PHLOMOIDES, and LOBELIA SYPHI- LITICA, ERRATUM. Illustrating the minute structure and deve- lopment of the ovule and embryo-sac of Angiosperms, accord- ing to the researches of Mr. H. Marshall Ward. [n Plate XVI., and description of same, p. 390, for “ Betula exaltata ” read “ Betula exalata.” THE JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. Some Morphological Notes op fertain Species of Thunbergia. By Marcus M. Hartoe, M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S. [Read December 21, 1876*.] Tux floral development of this genus has only been cursorily studied by Payert, who refers to that of the gynecium in Thunbergia alata. As there are other points of interest, both as regards the calyx and the plurality of buds in a single axil, while the latter phenomenon has alone been studied in its later stages in the general papers of M. Guillard and MM. Damaskinos and Bourgeois$, the following notes may be of interest :— In T. laurifolia we find that the adult flowering node is com- pressed at right angles to the opposite bracts, which finally be- come reflexed. In each axil is a vertical series of flowers, younger as they approach the bract, symmetrical in number and age with their fellows of the opposite axil. They have been described as * whorled;" but this expression is as incorrect as that of “ fasci- cled,” if the latter word be confined to its strict sense. For though torsion of the pedicel disguises the true relations of the adult flower, even comparatively advanced buds show that all the flowers have the same orientation ; 7. e. the odd petal is anterior or next the common bract ; and it is on this side that the valvate bract- lets first separate. * [The absence of the author abroad when this paper was read, and subse- quently its slight modification, have led to its publication being deferred.—E».] + ‘Organogénie,’ 587. 1 Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. iv. 937 § Bull, Soc. Bot. Fr. v. p. 598. LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XVII. B 2 MR. M. M. HARTOG ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF THUNBERGIA. Tracing out the development, we find the first sign of an axillary budatthesixth oreighth pairofleavesfrom the growing-point; next, on its hemispherical prominence form two elevations, a little above the base. This latter becomes the pedicel; the basal elevations are the bractlets, and soon become crescentic, enlarge, and cover in the apex of the bud. About this time, at the base of the pedicel, the small elongated area between it and the now broad base of the bract rises up in the centre to form a second bud, which develops in the same way as the first. This process may be repeated four or five times. Each young bud is at its origin lodged in a pit hollowed out in the pedicel of its next elder sister bud, to whose axis its own is at first parallel. I have observed fundamentally the same relations and develop- ment in T. coccinea; and, from dried specimens and figures, T. grandiflora would come even closer to the type I have just de- scribed. In T. erecta the mode of development is the same ; but the plurality is not so constant, symmetry in opposite axils is not invariable, and often the younger sister to a flower-bud is a vege- tative shoot. In 7' alata and fragrans I have never seen more than one younger sister bud. This originates early, but never develops till after the flowering or even seeding of its elder sister-bud. The anatomical structure confirms fully the view that these buds stand truly in the relation indicated by their development. Each bud has its separate fibro-vascular bundle, which runs apart from the others to join the “common bundle" bending outwards from the stem along the node into the petiole *. As regards the floral development specially, I have always found the calyx with five teeth, and the posterior one the largest, in the youngest buds where there was any trace of this verticel ; and we may conclude that the posterior sepal is the oldest. In Z. lau- rifoliaand T. coccinea (“ calyce annulari truncato”) all trace of teeth disappears before the earliest outgrowth of the petaline and sta- minal tubercles. But in T. erecta, &c., the five teeth may persist till after the closing-in of the ovary, or may soon become incon- spicuous : in the former case secondary teeth festoon the intervals between the sepals, in the latter the ring becomes pluridentate ; but, save for the posterior tooth, I have been unable to ascertain satisfactorily the genetic relations between the numerous teeth of the adult calyx and the five primary sepals. * I may here call attention to Ruellia Herbstii, which has the same plurality of buds as Thunbergia laurifolia ; and moreover, the bractlets being fertile, each bud develops into a true fascicle of three, seven, or more flowers. MR. G. KING ON THE WINGED CARDAMOM OF NEPAL. 3 In all the species I have seen, petals and stamens appear as nearly as possible at the same time, the former being much more conspieuous from their larger size and more ovoid form. The staminode is always formed simultaneously with the other sta- mens, but is at once distinguishable by its small rounded outline. lt very soon disappears, as Payer observed in Acanthus mollis (l. c. p. 586), the development of which he has traced very fully. Tbe further evolution of Thunbergia has no exceptional features to justify a further description. ^ On the Source of the Winged Cardamom of Nepal. By GEORGE Krxe, M.B., F.L.S., Superintendent Royal Botanic Gardens, Caleutta. [Read November 1, 1877.] Some years ago, the late Mr. Daniel Hanbury asked me to inquire into the botanical origin of the large brown winged Cardamom, commonly sold in the bazaars of Northern India, and occasionally imported into England, and which had been regarded by Dr. Pereira, in his great work on Materia Medica, as the produce of Amomum maximum, Roxb. A few weeks prior to Mr. Hanbury’s lamented death, I sent him the result of my inquiries; but it reached too late to be used by him, and I now therefore put it on record myself. Dr. Pereira appears to have been led to adopt the view just alluded to, chiefly because the Cardamom imported from Calcutta and the fruit of Amomum maximum are both winged. He certainly did not adopt it from any previous authority. A. maximum, although it was named by Roxburgh, is not indi- genous to India, but to Java. Roxburgh himself mentions this fact in his description of the plant (‘ Flora Indica,’ ed. Carey, i. 42). He concludes his description with the remark, “ the seeds possess a warm pungent taste, not unlike that of Cardamoms, but by no means so grateful;" but he does not mention the fruit as being sold in Indian bazaars as a Cardamom. Concerning the Indian species which he named Amomum aromaticum, Roxburgh states (l. c. p. 45) that it is “a native of the valleys on the eastern frontier of Bengal,” and that “ the capsules are carefully gathered by the natives and sold to druggists, who dispose of them for B2 4 MR. G. KING ON THE SOURCE OF THE medicinal and other purposes, where such spices are wanted, under the name of Morung Elachi, or Cardamon.” Roxburgh therefore (since he mentions no other) appears to have considered the large brown Cardamom of the Calcutta bazaar the produce of a single species, and that species A. aromaticum. In the ‘ Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis’ (published twenty-five years after the first edition of the ‘ Flora Indica’ appeared), Voigt quotes Roxburgh’s statement that the Morung Elachi of the bazaars is the produce of Amomum aromaticum ; but he also mentions a second species (Amomum subulatum, Roxb.) as the source of a bazaar Cardamom called the Bungali Elachi, and he gives the Khasia hills as its home. Roxburgh, in describing A. subulatum, says nothing of its fruit being sold as a Cardamom. He moreover states (and correctly) that it is a native of the Morung Mountains (4. e. of the outer ranges of the Nepal Himalaya), and not of the Khasia hills as Voigt states. Both plants were in cultivation in the Caleutta Botanie Garden in Roxburgh's day ; and there are still in the Garden library MS. drawings of both made under his direction, and named in his handwriting. A. aromaticum seems to have ripened its fruit in the Garden in Roxburgh’s time ; for he both describes it in the * Flora Indica' and figures it in the MS. drawing just alluded to. But Roxburgh appears never to have seen the fruit of A. subulatum ; for he neither describes it in the ‘Flora Indica,’ nor figures it in his drawing, which was subse- quently published in his Coromandel Plants (t. 277). The plants of A. subulatum which I have grown have ripened fruit abundantly. Hence I am able now to state that the fresh fruit is about the size of a nutmeg, irregularly obcordate, flattened antero-poste- riorly, having 15 to 20 irregularly dentate-undulate wings, which extend from the apex downwards for two thirds of its length ; apex depressed and crowned by the persistent 3-cleft perianth- tube, which rather exceeds the ripe fruit in length: irregularly 3- celled, many seeded ; seeds surrounded by a sweetish pulp. Roxburgh was very well informed on economic botany, so much so that since he wrote very little has been added to our knowledge of the uses of Indian plants. It is therefore, I think, a fair con- clusion, either that the fruit of Amomum subulatum was not sold in Calcutta as a Cardamom in Roxburgh’s time, or that he confounded the fruit of this species with that of A. aromaticum, and regarded them as one. The conclusion to which Mr. Hanbury came, after going into the matter with his accustomed tkoroughness (‘ Phar- WINGED CARDAMOM OF NEPAL. 5 macographia, 1874, p. 588), was, as regards A. maximum, that in Java “its fruits are sold for the sake of their agreeable edible pulp," and that * we do not know whether the dried fruits or the seeds are ever exported ;”’ and as regards the North-Indian Carda- moms, that there are two sorts, the Bengal Cardamom afforded by A. aromaticum, and the Nepal Cardamom, the fruit “ of a species of Amomum that has not yet been identified with any published description." Having, in order to settle the source of the North-India Car- damoms, procured from the Morung Mountains and from the plains of Eastern Bengal living plants of the species of Cardamom respectively cultivated in those districts, and having grown these at the Government Cinchona-plantation in Sikkim, I was able a week or two after the ‘ Pharmacographia’ appeared, to put Mr. Hanbury in possession of complete specimens, and of a drawing of the plant producing the Nepal Cardamom, and to identify it with Roxburgh’s A. subulatum. Regarding the identification, Mr. Hanbury wrote as follows :— 20th November, 1874. “The drawing of A. subulatum, and also the specimens, are now in my possession, and are very acceptable. I took the drawing to Kew three days ago, hoping to compare it with one of Rox- burgh’s; but I failed; for the Roxburgh collection contains no re- presentation of the plant, and the Kew Herbarium has no speci- men. There is, however, no doubt regarding the correctness of your determination." The source of the Nepal Cardamom may thus be regarded as definitely settled. This Cardamom is pretty extensively cultivated by the inhabi- tants of Eastern Nepal, and also by a few of the Nepalese who of late years have settled in British Sikkim. It is essentially a swamp-plant, and therefore comes in usefully as a crop for irre- gular patches of ground by the sides of streams which are un- suitable for any ordinary cultivation except that of rice. than which it is more profitable. This species does not appear to be found in the Khasia hills; so that Roxburgh was right and Voigt ` was wrong as to its home. 6 DR. G. DICKIE ON THE ALG# FOUND On the Alge found during the Arctic Expedition. By G. Drcxi£, M.D., F.L.S. [Read December 20th, 1877.] Tu following report on Alge procured during the Arctic Expedi- tion, under the command of Captain Sir George Nares, is founded on collections made by Captain Feilden, Dr. Moss, and Mr. Hart, who were equally assiduous in collecting and observing. Most of the materials submitted to me were procured beyond lat. 78^ N.; and the notes embrace those only observed from that to the extreme point reached by the Expedition. As tothe Diatomace:e, the loca- lities where gathered are first given in numbered series, after which comes a list of all the genera and species, with numbers corre- sponding to the localities attached. "This saves needless repetition, is available for data concerning distribution, and at a glance shows paucity or frequency of genera and species. The concluding summary shows the number of species found as contrasted with those observed at Spitzbergen. SPOROCHNACE X. DESMARESTIA ACULEATA, Lamour. Bessels Bay, 81^ 7' N., from 7 fathoms, and Discovery Bay, 81? 41' N., from 10 to 20 fathoms; all very dwarf. LAMINARIACEZX. LAMINARIA LONGIORURIS, De la Pyl, and L. CAPERATA, De la Pyl. Both from Bessels Bay, the first rather fragmentary. Dr. Moss and Captain Feilden sent fragments of stems from the mud of a raised beach on “ Shell-Flat,” 200 feet above the present level of the sea, at Floeberg Beach, N. lat. 82? 27', 61? 22' W.; these seem to belong to one or both of the species of Laminaria above mentioned. Captain Feilden remarks ` that they retained the peculiar marine smell as strongly as re- cent specimens. The beds from which the stems were taken are exposed, by the action of a stream, to a depth of not less than 30 feet in thickness. Along with them were found shells of Mya truncata, Astarte borealis, &e. EA AIEI ENERSEN DURING THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION. if DICTYOTACEÆ. DICTYOSIPHON F@NICULACEUS, Grev. Rawlings Bay, 80? 20' N. - . The specimens of very slender habit and not in fruit. It has been found also at Disco Island. CHORDARIACE®. CHORDARIA FLAGELLIFORMIS, Ág. _ The specimens very dwarf, of slender habit, and very fragmen- tary. Discovery Bay, 20 fathoms, August 1876. EcTOCARPACE E. EcrocanPUs SILICULOSUS, Lyngb. The specimens make a near approach to E. viridis, Harv., de- scribed in * Nereis Boreali-A mericana,' respecting which the author of that work remarks, “I fear this is too near F. siliculosus.” From Bessels Bay, 7} fathoms, August 24th, 1875. The spe- cimens were richly inerusted with Diatoms, to be noticed after- wards. CHÆTOPTERIS PLUMOSA, Lyngb. Cast up on Floeberg Beach, 82° 27' N., July 1876. ULVACE®. ULVA LATISSIMA, L. Fragments from 103 fathoms, 30th June, 1876, 82° 27' N. ; also high-water margin at Mushroom Point, 82° 28' N. ENTEROMORPHA CLATHRATA, Grev. Hayes Sound, Buchanan Strait, 79° N., and Port Sheridan, 82? 27' N. Prasrota SauTERI, Jfenegh. Prevoost Island near Cape Sabine, about 78? 40' N. I had pre- viously seen specimens from marshy spots at Disco. CoNFERVACES. CHEZTOMORPHA MELAGONIUM, Web. & Mohr. Discovery Bay. ZYGNEMACER. ZYQGOGONIUM AGARDHIT, Rabh., var. NIGRICANS. Pools on the land, Discovery Bay. 8 DR. G. DICKIE ON THE ALGZE FOUND DESMIDIES. CLOSTERIUM LUNULA, Müller. In a stream of fresh water, Discovery Bay. RIVULARIACES. ZONOTRICHIA, sp. Probably near Z. fluviatilis, Ktz. I have only seen a drawing of this by Dr. Moss, who describes it as * forming firm gelatinous bosses on pebbles in running water, the close pointed tubes of brownish endochrome branch, and, passing out through a mucous mass, end in tapering colourless tubules." In streams from a lake, winter-quarters, 82? 27! N., 61? 22! W. OSCILLARIACER. UsCILLARIA TENUIS, Ág., var. SORDIDA, Kfz. Certainly nearly allied, if not distinct. Fresh water, 82° 27' N. HYypHEOTHRIX CORIACEA, Kitz. Walrus Island, 79? 15' N. H. vvrPINA, Ktz. Marshy spots on land, 82° 27' N. H. OBSCURA, n. sp. ? Strato pallido, cæspitoso, trichomatibus undulatis, vaginis hyalinis diam. ='0004, articulis obscuris vel obsoletis. Dried-up pool, Distant Cape, Discovery Bay. CHTHONOBLASTUS, Sp. A few fragments among Nostoc, on shores of Discovery Bay. The filaments dull green, —:0002 inch in diameter, about twelve in one sheath, the latter — 006 of an inch. ToLYPOTHRIX GLACIALIS, n. sp. ? Cespitosa, sordide fuscescens, trichomatibus rigidis, obscure articulatis, vaginis sublamellosis, diam. ="0006. Forming a brownish crust on decayed Nostoc. Edge of Glacier- lake, Cape Baird, at 300 feet, 81° 30’ N. NosTOCHINEX. Nostoc COMMUNE, Vaucher. In several localities and in various stages. Preyoost Island, DURING THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION. 9 78° 35' N.; shores of Hayes Sound, 79° N.; Floeberg Beach, 82° 27' N.; Egerton Valley, 82° 40' N. From sea-level up to 1000 feet. Nosroc AUREUM, Kte. Among mud from Floeberg, 82? 27' N. This was observed by Dr. Moss, from whom I received specimens; it must have been conveyed by currents from the land, or blown off shore with dust from a dried-up pool. HORMOSIPHON arcricum, Berk. Near Cape Sabine, about 78 35', and at 82° 27' N. PALMELLACEEX. HoRMOsPoRA, sp. Fragments only, too imperfect for recognition. In a ravine at Port Sheridan, 82° 27! N. CuRoococcus TURGIDUS, Áfz.? Closely allied, if not identical. Among Nostoc, shores of Dis- covery Bay. ANACYSTIS, sp. In a pool at the ice-foot, Distant Cape, Discovery Bay. GLGOCAPSA MAGMA, Az. Marshes, Floeberg Beach, 82? 27' N. The species has been found at Disco. DrATOMACEEX. Subjoined numbers 1 to 29 are the localities whence the Dia- tomacez: were obtained; and to some brief remarks are appended. Then follows in alphabetical order a list of the genera and species obtained. To each species are added numbers corresponding to the various localities where collected. Thus it will be seen certain species and genera are of much more frequent occurrence than others, a few being got only in one restricted spot. l. Near Cape Sabine, 78? 40' N. lat. From dry bed of a stream, along with fragments of Enteromorpha clathrata, the water pro- bably brackish. 2. Floe-ice, 78° 44! N. 3. Green water, Smith’s Sound, 78 to 79° N. lat. 4. Smith's Sound, 78? 57' N. Temperature +28° Fahr. Depth 210 fathoms. 10 DR. G, DICKIE ON THE ALGZE FOUND Hayes Sound, 79° 45' N., 120 fathoms. Off Victoria Head, about 79? 20! N. lat. Near Cape Prescott, 79° 25! N. Franklin-Pierce Bay, 79° 25! N. lat. ; 15 and 46 fathoms. 9. Dobbin's Bay, 79° 40' N. Stated by Captain Feilden to resemble pieces of white fat in the water. August 12th, 1875 10. Cape John Barrow, 79? 45' N. Frozen in ice. 11. Near Cape Fraser, 79? 45! N. 12. Kennedy Channel, 80? to 81° N. Surface-water, tempera- ture 2^6 Fahr. 18. Bessels Bay*, 81? 7' N. 14. Discovery Bay, 81° 41' N., 10 to 20 fathoms. 15. Distant Cape, Discovery Bay. Melosira nummuloides, Lyngb., obtained in the ice-foot about ten yards from the shore; abundant and pure, i. e. no other Diatoms mixed with it. 16. In a stream of fresh water in Discovery Bay. 17. Among Nostoc, wet places, shores of Discovery Bay. 18. Robeson Channel, about 82? N. ; obtained among dust from the ice. 19. Floe-berg, Lincoln Bay, 82? 5' N. 20. The ‘ Alert’s’ winter-quarters, 82° 27! N., from six fathoms, temperature 28°3 Fahr. Triceratium arcticum, Brightw., and Pleurosigma longum, Cl., were here observed by Dr. Moss quite fresh and living. 21. In same locality (82° 27’ N.), in a dust band 45 feet from the surface of the Floeberg. 22. Same locality, in mud in round pellets “ Oolite-like ” from the Floeberg. Here Navicula and Nostoc conveyed by some means from marshes on the land. 23. Same locality, in a stream from a lake. 24. Floeberg Beach, 82° 27' N., upon Chetopteris plumosa. 25. High-water margin, Mushroom Point, Grinnel Land, 82? 28! N. 26. Floeberg, Simmond’s Island, 82° 35! N. 27. Egerton Valley, 82° 40' N. Freshwater species among Nostoc. 28. Ice-hummocks and coloured ice, 83° 1' N. (Capt. Mark- ham). 0 MD O * A few of the species obtained from this locality were observed by two of our local Diatomists, the Rev. G. Davidson and Mr. Leys. DURING THE ARCTIC EXP EDITION. 11 29. From seventy-two fathoms at 83^ 19' N. lat., by Capt. Markham: Coscinodiscus excentricus, Ehrb., and C. subtilis, Bail. List of Genera and Species of Diatoms. Achnanthes brevipes, 4g., l, 7. longipes. Achnanthidium arcticum,Cl.,11, 25. groenlandicum, C7., 8, 13, 14, ^T, 19. Amphiprora longa, Cl., 8, 14, 25. — Nitzschioides, Cleve, 2, 5, 21, 26, 28. Amphora affinis. —— Eunotia, Cleve, 2,5,7,8, 24, 25. lanceolata, Cl., 26, 28. Leighsmithiana, O’ Meara, 13. Biddulphia aurita, Lyngb., 6, 11, 13, T4, 197 25. Cheetoceros borealis, Bayl., 3. decipiens, Cl., 3. Cocconeis arctica, Cl., 8. costata, Greg., 13, 14. —— glacialis, C/., 25, 28. —— scutellum, 7, 13, 14, 24. Coscinodiscus centralis, EAb., 7, 11, 25, 98. — — excentricus, Ehb., 5, 8, 9, 12, IL 19, 95, 26, 28, 29. radiatus EAhb., 4, 5, 7,8, 9, I0; 13; 14, 18, 19, 28. subtilis, ZAb., 5, 9, 12, 13, 20, DO. 0n. 29. Cymbella maculata, Atz., 17, 27. Denticula frigida, Ktz., 17. Diatoma elongatum, 4g., 1. Eunotia arcus, S7.,1, 16, 17,23,27. -—— diodon, Ehb., 27. Fragilaria oceanica, Cl., 6, 12, 28. striatula, Lyngb.,3, 6, 9,12, 26. Grammatophora arctica, Cl., 5, 7,8, 9: LE, T3, 28: islandica, Ehb., 14. Melosira nummuloides, Lyngb., 5, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15. Meridion cireulare, Ag., 16. Navicula ambigua, LAd., 17. arctica, Cl; 13, 25. — borealis, Fhb., 16, 17. cryptocephala, Ktz.,16, 17,22, 23. didyma, Ehb., 4, 5, 8, 14, 25, 26. —— directa, Sm., 14. firma. . fortis, Greg., 10, 14. ——— globiceps, Greg., 16. —— liber, Sm., 7, 28. —— mesolepta, Ehb., 17. —— minutula, Sm., 27. rhynococephala, Ktz., 1. —— Smithii, Bréd., 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, 19511525: 26. 28: subsalina, Donkin, 2, 7, 9, 10, 14, 21, 26, 28. Nitzschia angularis, Sm.,7,1 1,26, 28. closterium, Ehb., 2, 6, 26, 28. sigma, Kiz., 5, 10. Orthosira marina,Sm.,14,19, 25, 28. Pleurosigma angulare. —— longum, Cleve, 2, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 20, 28. Podosira hormoides, Ktz., 13, 11. Podosphenia gracilis, Ehd., 13. Raphoneis Quarnerensis, Grun., 5, 8, 25. Rhabdonema areuatum, K7z., 13, 19. Torelli, C7., 13, 14, 24. Rhoicosphenia curvata, Ktz.,14, 26. ` Stauroneis anceps, Ehb., 27. aspera, Ehb., 11. pulchella, Sm., 7. Surirella constricta. ovata, Ktz., 19. —— subsala, Sm., 1. 12 ON ALGE FOUND DURING THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION. Synedra fulgens, Grev., 2, 11, 14, Thalassiosira Nordenskioldii, Cl, 28. 2:8:97 10. TI 12: 132 145287 —— kamtschatica, Grun., 13. Triceratium arcticum, Brightw., 8, - —— superba, Sm., 7, 11, 12, 28. IL 12. 13. B5 20. 28. —-— tabulata, Ktz., 5, 25, 26. Tryblionella marginata, Sm., 13, 14. Summary. The seven species of the higher types, enumerated first, all belong to the Olive-coloured series, and, with the exception of the two species of Laminaria, are well-known European forms; I could not find any trace of a marine species belonging to the Red series. The most complete list of Arctic Alg: in a high northern lati- tude is that of Spitzbergen, given by Professor J. G. Agardh, comprehending 17 Olive and 20 Red; the sea in that quarter is rich in species compared with the localities visited during the late Expedition. The three marine Algæ of the Green series have a very wide distribution in European and other seas; and, with one exception, the marine Algæ noticed here occur also in the Spitz- bergen sea. Of freshwater species there are representatives of 14 genera; and most of them are also found in various parts of Europe. The Diatomacee represent 31 genera, and amount to 70 species so far as observed by me; most of them are marine, the freshwater species being few in number. The presence of these minute organisms, with their exquisitely sculptured siliceous investments, is a point of much interest in relation to the presence of certain forms of animal life. T have repeatedly received masses of such, resembling pieces of fat or of sodden bread, from ice-floes in various parts of the Arctic sea ; and in the alimentary canal of bivalve Mollusca from the same quarter preserved in spirits, I have found abundance of marine Diatoms. Where these occur (and they are generally plentiful), this implies the possible presence of animal life, the lower forms of which are preyed upon by the higher; and thus we have a very notable and interesting chain of dependence. It is not, therefore,a matter for surprise that 16 species of Bivalves were collected beyond 80° N . by the naturalists of the Expedition. P. T. Cleve, in a communication to the Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1873, states that the entire number of Diatoms found in the Arctic sea is 181; the species already enumerated, exclu- ding the 12 freshwater, amount to about one third. From the same paper it would appear that those found near Spitzbergen are far more numerous than those now recorded. . ON THE FUNGI OF THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION. 13 Enumeration of the Fungi collected durin he Arctic Expedition, 1875-76. By the Rev. M. J. BrznKzrzy, M.A., F.LS. {Read March 7, 1878.] Tux collection consists of 26 species, of which I have been able with tolerable certainty to determine all but two. At least I have indicated the closest affinities in one or two cases which were difficult from the condition of the specimens, if there is some doubt as to the exact species to which they are referred. Of the 26 species 17 are widely distributed, and 7 hitherto undescribed, be- sides the two which I have been unable to determine. Of the new species, two at least are very interesting, Agaricus Feildent and Urnula Hartii. The former belongs to a group very little understood; and I have therefore to regret that the specimens were so roughly dried (which under the circumstance was un- avoidable) that some of the characters are more or less obscure ; the latter is a new form of the curious genus Urnula, Fr., and so like the figure in ‘ Flora Danica,’ referred by Fries as a variety to Peziza ciborium, that I should have thought it the same had not that plant been identified with Peziza Curreiana. The occurrence of Chetomium glabrum on the walls of the cabin of the * Alert’ in such abundance is very curious. In this country it is widely diffused, not only on papered walls but on bare stone, basket- work, &e.; and it is remarkable that the sporidia are notably smaller in the Arctic specimens. Agaricus Feildeni, which oc- curred several times, is probably esculent, as is certainly the case with Russula integra. I ought perhaps to apologize for descri- bing 4. spherosporus and A. Bellotianus from single specimens ; but the characters are such as to separate them from all allied species which had been previously described. 1. AGARICUS (OMPHALIA) UMBILICATUS, Scheff. t. 207; Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 155. On peaty soil. Mount Prospect, Discovery Bay (H. C. Hart). Spores minute, slightly kidney -shaped. 2. A. (OMPHALIA) UMBELLIFERUS, Z. On peat. The yellow form. Pnoven, with Peltigera. Disco, July 1875. Pnoven, Juiy 1875. Discovery Bay (H. C. Hart). Upernavik, July 22, 1875 (Capt. H. W. Feilden). Pileus tomentose ; stem thickest below, tomentose, about 2 lines high. The specimens are small, but mostly well developed. In those from Discovery Bay the gills are so thickened as to be almost 14 REV. M. J. BERKELEY ON THE FUNGI subglobose. The species is very common in mountainous countries, and is sometimes extremely beautiful. 3. AGARICUS (OMPHALIA) SPHZROSPORUS, B. Pileo membranaceo, profunde umbilicato ; lamellis latis distantibus, de- currentibus ; sporis globosis pedicellatis. On moss. Upernavik (H. C. Hart). About 1 inch across; spores *0004 inch in diameter, globose or slightly oval, springing from a very minute pedicel. There is a single specimen only; but the spores are very different from any thing I have met with in manifestly allied species. 4. A. (CLITOPILUS) vwpaATUs, Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 199; Ie. tab. 96. fig. 4. Pnoven, July 22, 1875. Cape Sabine, Aug. 1, 1875 (Capt. Feilden). 5. A. (Navcorra) BELLOTIANUS, B. Pileo convexo carnoso; stipite sursum granulato-pulverulento, deorsum inerassato, e massa claviformi oriundo; lamellis argillaceis ; sporis majoribus. Bellot Island, Aug. 14, 1876 (Capt. Feilden). Spores oblique, with a minute pedicel ‘0005 inch long, with a large nucleus. The spores in A. arvalis, Libert, are *00032 inch long, the species to which it bears a close affinity. 6. A. (TuBARIA) FURFURACEUS, P. Syn. p. 454; Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 272. On moss. Aug. 81, 1875, Upernavik (H. C. Hart). West- ward-Ho Valley, lat. 82? 40' N. (Capt. Feilden). Mount Prospect, 81? 41' N., winter-quarters, July 4, 1876 (H. C. Hart). In one specimen there is a distinct ring, far more developed than is usual in this very common and variable species. 7. A. (TUBARIA) PELLUCIDUS, Bull. tab. 550. fig. 2; Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 273. Hayes Sound, 79? N. lat., Aug. 4, 1875 (H. C. Hart). 8. A. (StropHarta) FEILDENI, B. Pileo crasso pyramidato-rimoso ; volva tenui; stipite brevi e massa dif- formi mycelio pereursa oriundo; lamellis nigris; sporis subglobosis hic illic pedicello brevissimo suffultis. Bellot Island, 81° 41' N. lat., Aug. 1876 (Capt. Feilden). Mount Prospect, winter-quarters, July 4, 1876 (H. C. Hart). Pileus convex, 8 inches across when dry, probably much con- COLLECTED DURING THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION. 15 tracted, thick, eracked into large pyramidal warts ; stem about 4 inch high, springing from an irregular subglobose mass 13 inch in diameter, penetrated everywhere with the branched my- celium, the threads of which, where free, bear little young globose pilei; spores brown, nearly globose, 00025-0003 in diameter. This curious species, which at first sight looks like some form of Agaricus campestris, though the spores are altogether different, is clearly allied to Agaricus ocreatus. The same species apparently was gathered by H. C. Hart at Hayes Sound. 9. HxanornHonus vrRnaGINEUS, Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 413. Small specimens, Sept. 29, 1875, lat. 82° 27' N. (Capt. Feilden). 10. H. wrNrATUs, Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 418. Hayes Sound, Aug. 4, 1875 (H. C. Hart). 11. RUSSULA INTEGRA, Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 450. Bellot Island, lat. 81? 41' N., Aug. 13, 1876 (Capt. Feilden). Spores yellow. This appears to be one of the commonest species in the north of Europe, and is esculent. 12. CANTHARELLUS MUSCIGENUS, Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 460. On moss. Discovery Bay (H. C. Hart). 18. Mervis aurantiacus, Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 591; Kl. in Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 128. Winter-quarters, July 1876 (H. C. Hart). If I am right in the determination of the single specimen, it is curious that it should occur away from Pines, its usual concomitant. 14. LxcoPERDON CRETACEUM, B. Sessile, globoso-depressum, pallide fulvum, scabroso-pulveraceum, sur- sum cretaceum, in areolas rigidas pyramidatas fissum ; capillitio fusco ; mycelio repente niveo. : Bellot Island, Aug. 14, 1876 (Capt. Feilden). "Threads coarse, irregular ; spores ‘0002-0003 in diameter. 15. L. ATROPURPUREUM, Vitt. Monog. Lye. p. 42, tab. ii. fig. 6. Mount Prospect, winter-quarters, July 4, 1876 (H. C. Hart), Bellot Island, Aug. 13, 1876 (Capt. Feilden). Upernavik, July 22, 1875. Hayes Sound, Aug. 4, 1875 (Capt. Feilden). Peridium subglobose, plicate at the cellular base, covered at first with minute prickles, which gradually vanish, stellulato-ver- rucose above,the warts at length deciduous; threads clay-coloured; spores dark, echinulate, 0002—0003 in diameter; mycelium white. 16 ON THE FUNGI OF THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION. I have given a deseription, because it departs slightly from Vit- tadini's species, but not sufficiently to justify proposing a new species. It may be considered as var. arcticum, distinguished by the warty apex, the plant of Vittadini being uniformly clothed with minute prickles. There is a species apparently distinct, from Hayes Sound, with clay-coloured spores ; but the specimens are too old and broken to be safely diagnosed. 16. Tnrcuomasrs Pymnonz, B. Outl., p. 382.—Uredo Pyrola, Grev. Fl. Ed. p. 440. Pnoven, on leaves of Pyrola. Just like specimens from Scotland. The spores are not subglobose in any condition of the species, but decidedly obovate, 0009—001 inch long, and minutely echinulate. 17. STILBUM ARCTICUM, B. Microscopicum, melleum, hyalinum ; stipite cylindrico e floccis rectis apice sporiferis compacto. On the stem of Agaricus spherosporus, B., Upernavik (H. C. Hart). Spores oblong, truncate at either end, ‘00018 inch long. 18. Peztza STERCOREA, P. Obs. ii. p. 89; Fr. Syst. Mye. ii. p. 87; Cooke, Micr. fig. 147. Discovery Bay, July 29, 1876 (H. C. Hart), on dung of Musk- ox. I do not find any stellate or peltate bristles. 19. AscOBOLUS FURFURACEUS, P. Obs. i. t. 4. f. 3-6. On Musk-ox dung with Peziza stercorea. 20. UnNULA HARTI, B. Cupula cyathiformi, extus cum stipite spadiceo velutina; margiue in- flexo; hymenio pallidiore ; sporidiis ellipticis binucleatis. On moss, Upernavik, July 1875 (H. C. Hart). Lat. 82? 29' N., July 1876 (Capt. Feilden). Cup8 lines broad, stem 2 lines high ; sporidia uniseriate, ‘0006 inch long, ‘0003 wide. Clearly allied to U. ecraterium, Fr. (Cenangium craterium), which was found in Arctic America by Drummond, though com- paratively so diminutive. The sporidiain the original species are at least ‘002 inch long. I have, however, one or possibly two di- stinct species. The habit of U. Hartii is exactly that of Peziza ciborium, Fl. Dan. t. 1078. f. 1. 21. CHÆTOMIUM GLABRUM, B. & Br. Ann. Nat. Hist. May 1873, p. 349, tab. x. fig. 15. ON THE NUTRITION OF DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA. 17 On damp surfaces in cabin, 82? 27' N. lat. Sporidia globose, "00032 inch in diameter. In the British plant 0005 ; but in other respects the two are identical. “This fungus grew abundantly on damp surfaces in the cabin next to the berth-deck of the * Alert’ during the winter of 1875-76. The atmosphere during the winter was replete with sporules. Some of them must have en- tered the ship." Some species of Mucor seem also occasionally to have accompanied the Chetomium. 22. VgNrURIA MYRTILLI, Cooke, Journ. of Bot. Aug. 1866, tab. 50. fig. 4. On semiputrid leaves, Discovery Bay (J. C. Hart). Probably the same thing oceurred at Pnoven on Cassiopeia tetragona. 23. SPRERELLA LINEOLATA, De Not.—Spheria lineolata, Desm. Pl. Crypt. no. 1263 ; Cooke, l. c. tab. 51. fig. 31. On grass with the last. The perithecia are scattered; but the leaf is very small. Sporidia at first hyaline, uniseptate, gradually acquiring a brown tinge, at length triseptate, the articulations slightly constricted, ‘0013 inch long. 24. DOTHIDEA BULLULATA, B. Discis parvis bullulatis ostiolis punctiformibus notatis, e basi filamentosa oriundis ; sporidiis uniseptatis uniserialibus utrinque leviter attenua- tis. On leaves, Disco (H. C. Hart). Sporidia ‘0006 inch long, about half as much wide. Experiments on the Sus Drosera rotundifolia. By Francis Darwin, M.B., F.L.S. [Read January 17, 1878. ] THE mass of observation and experiment contained in my father's book on Insectivorous Plants is all brought to bear on the cen- tral theory of the book—the belief that the power of catching and digesting insects is advantageous to the plants, and plays an important part in their economy. If this explanation of the facts be not accepted, we find ourselves in the presence of a number of elaborate, but quite meaningless, structures and properties :— structures such as the trap of a Dionea or Utricularia ; delicate powers of discriminating between different kinds of stimuli, asin Drosera ; and properties of forming a peptic secretion, such as that LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. c 18 DR. F. DARWIN ON THE in Pinguicula, Dionea, Drosera, &c. Many observers have acceded to my father’s views on this subject; but since he has given no direct proof of advantage accruing to the plant from the cap- ture and digestion of insects, a provisional acceptance of his theory may fairly be followed by a request that such direct proof should be furnished. It was to supply this want that an experi- ment was set on foot several years ago by my father. Plants of Drosera were cultivated in plates, each of which was divided into halves by a strip of zine plate. The plants on one side of the partition were to have been fed, the other half being kept without food, their growth &c. being compared. Unfortunately both the fed and the starved plants died, either poisoned by the zine, or injured in some other way: in consequence of this accident the experiment failed. The experiments here described are of precisely the same nature as those begun by my father; but profiting by his expe- rience, I have used wooden instead of metal partitions. It may not be without interest to show, by reference to the recent literature of the subject, that the want of some such expe- riments has been rather widely felt. E. Morren, of Liége, although he considers* it beyond doubt that the leaves can absorb animal matter from the captured insects, remarks T that it ought to be experimentally established that the absorption really contributes to the nourishment of the plant. Cramer, of Zurich, goes carefully into the question t, and points out (p. 33) that many experienced cultivators and naturalists, such as Kurz, Munk, Regel, Schenk, Veitch, and Williams, find that Dionea§, Nepenthes, Sarracenia, Cephalotus, and Aldro- vanda thrive as well when starved as when supplied with insects. Cramer remarks that the question ought to be experi- mentally decided. * * La Digestion végétale, 1876. t ‘La Théorie des Plantes carnivores,’ Liége, 1876. t 'Insectfressenden Pflanzen,’ 1876. § I have found it a difficult task to starve Dionea-plants properly. I have at the present time 30 plants growing under aclosely-gauzed case. 15 are being starved, the others fed. On looking over the plants I have frequently found woodlice caught by the starved leaves. I suppose they got in with the moss used to pack the pots, or in some other way. An unpractised eye would easily mistake a closed leaf containing a small insect for a young unopened leaf. NUTRITION OF DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA. 19 Munk (as quoted by Cramer) remarks that the catching and driving away of insects may be of service to the plant; butin the digestion he can only see an injury. He suggests that the pecu- liarity of the digestive process being both pathological and phy- siological, seems to agree with the fact that in spite of a highly differentiated organism, Dionea appears to be approaching ex- tinction. Cramer quotes (p. 34) Schenk, who, like Munk, finds it im- possible to believe that a digestive process that kills the func- tioning organ can be serviceable to its possessor. As Cramer remarks, these pathological results are no doubt in some cases the result of overfeeding. Schenk (quoted by Cramer, p. 34) appears to doubt the digestive powers of Aldrovanda, because he found it flourish for a long time in Knop's nutritive solution. Cohn* remarks that Schenk's results only prove that the leaves of Aldrovanda can absorb nitrogenous (though not animalized) fluids; and he adds that his own experiments prove that these plants do not flourish in pure water with no insects. Duval Jouve t observes that the fact of digestion causing the death of Dionea (Canby), and the results of Lawson Tait’s ex- periments (Nature, July 29, 1875), make him extremely doubtful as to the process being any advantage to the plant. Casimir de Candolle [ made a comparative experiment on four Dionea plants, two of which were fed and two starved. They were carefully watched for six weeks, and no difference was noticed between the two sets. M. de Candolle concludes that animal food is not necessary to the plants. He is careful to point out that the number of plants experimented on is too few to draw any certain conclusions therefrom. Góppert § remarks that “the so-called carnivorous plants do not absolutely require animal food for their support, and can well dispense with it.” Ch. Cavallier addressed the question to a number of distin- guished observers as to their opinion on the subject of vegetable digestion. A few of the published replies are here given ||. * Thitigkeit der botan. Section der schles. Gesellsch. für vaterl. Cultur, 1876, p. 113. t Causerie Botanique, Aug. 1876. 1 Archives des Sciences phys. et nat. Genéve, April 1876, p. 3. § Thátigkeit der botan. Section der schles. Gesellsch. 1876, p. 101. | Annales de la Soc. d'Horticulture de l'Hérault, March and April 1876, p. 56. c2 20 DR. F. DARWIN ON THE Faivre, of Lyons, points out that the problem is at present rather stated than solved. Ch. Naudin considers that there is far from being any proof that the substances dissolved by the secretion of the leaves are absorbed or assimilated. He states that digestion is assumed to occur without proof; and it is a matter of doubt whether this proof will ever be obtained. P. Duchartre finds it impossible to admit that the capture of insects serves directly for the nourishment of the plant, be- cause it is contrary to our present knowledge that leaves should be able to absorb liquids. He points out that no one has demon- strated that animal food supplied to the leaves produces any appreciable effect on the plant. Parlatore, of Florence, admits that the captured insects are dissolved but not absorbed ; he remarks that such absorption has not been proved to take place. Béchamp, who goes into the question from the point of view of a chemist, considers that “ scientifiquement c'est faire un épouvantable cercle vicieux que de supposer des végétaux carni- vores.” Because animals depend ultimately on vegetables for food, therefore no vegetables ean be supported by animals. M. Béchamp concludes: * L’idée de plantes carnivores est done le produit d'une illusion le renversement des demonstrations les mieux fondées de la science." The most recent remarks which I have been able to find on this subject are in a highly interesting memoir by W. Pfeffer, of Basel*. He considers it to be doubful whether the capture of insects is any definite advantage to the plants in a state of nature. He remarks that he has himself observed the thriving growth from winter-buds of Drosera-plants to which no animal food is given. In the periodical above quoted (p. 112) are some valuable re- marks by Cohn. He points out that insectivorous plants are often cultivated in rich soil, whereas in nature they grow in poor peaty land. "Therefore under culture they obtain the nitro- gen by their roots, for which in a state of nature they depend on their leaves. Pfeffer, Joc. cit. p. 988, insists that the smallness of the roots of many insect-catching plants is not a fair argument in favour of the view that the chief nitrogenous supply comes from * Landwirthschaftliche Jahrbiicher, 1877, p. 986. NUTRITION OF DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA. 21 the leaves, because many ordinary marsh-plants have equally small roots. Cohn concludes that the fact of Dionea, Sarracenia, or Nepenthes thriving under culture when deprived of animal food is in no way contradictory to the belief that the leaves can digest nitrogenous materials.: My experiments were conducted in the following manner. The Drosera plants were obtained from a neighbouring common on June 11, 1877, and were planted in moss in six ordinary soup- plates. The plates were placed in two rows on a wood tray having a raised border all round, and were covered by a wooden frame 1 foot (about 30 centims.) in height, over which gauze netting (with a mesh of l'4 millim. diameter) was stretched. This gauze was similar to that used by my father in his crossing experiments, and known to be effectiveinexcluding insects. The frame lifted off and on like a bell.glass, and fitted close within the rim of the tray. Hardly any insects penetrated into the case ; but I did not particularly attend to this point, because any insects caught by the starved plants could only render my results less striking, but could introduce no error. The whole apparatus stood near the light in a grape-house where no artificial heat was applied. The shade produced by the vine-branches and by the gauze, appeared to suit the plants, as they throve wonderfully. The plants and the moss in which they grew were kept very moist ; and by frequently pouring out the water in the plates and adding a fresh supply, the water was constantly renewed. Owing to a delay in beginning the experiment, the plants were well grown when collected. The results might have been more striking if the experiment could have been commenced with younger plants; but as it was, I had at least the advantage of knowing that the plants were perfectly healthy. Each plate was divided by eye into two halves separated from each other by a thin piece of wood hardly reaching above the surface of the moss. That half of each plate which appeared /easz flourishing was selected to be the “fed” side, the opposite side being labelled “starved” *. The plants grew so close together that it was difficult to count them accurately; but the following Table gives the numbers as counted roughly. * For the sake of clearness in my notes &c., I used the word “starved” in place of the more correct “unfed.” 22 DR. F. DARWIN ON THE TABLE I. Distinguishing Number of plants. label on mue x plate. Starved. Fed. Dl UE 16 14 ERA I AB ue 12 13 HL i| eerie 19 14 PS me Wd 17 13 We ie Ls Arn 13 15 MI ch sx none 14 17 Total: oen 91 86 The number of plants on the fed side could not have differed Írom that on the starved side materially ; for on Sept. 3 the con- tents of three of plates (L, IIL., and VI.) were floated in water and the plants carefully picked out and counted, and the starved plants were 82, the fed 84 in number, including a number of minute dwarf-like offsets. The plants were arranged with the partition-line of each point- ing to the light, so that neither side received more light than the other; and the arrangement of the plates was systematically varied, so as to prevent any one profiting from light or air more than its fellows. The plates were placed under the net on June 12th, and the leaves fed on that and the following day. Owing to my absence, they were not again fed till July 5th, after which date the following Table gives the days of feeding. TABLE II. Days on which Days on which plates I., IL, and plates IV., V., and TIT. were fed, VI. were fed. July 9 July 18 » 14 p IB 2 22 s 2L » 25 2 73 s. OL Aug. 3 Aug. 4 oe ge i «25 " 29 NUTRITION OF DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA. 23 IL., IV., and V. were fed Aug. 8; I., III., and VI. Aug. 9. The feeding was carried out as follows :—Roast meat was cut into thin slices across the grain, and the fibre teazed and cut into fragmer « so minute that fifteen weighed, when damp, only 2 centigrams: cach is therefore 1:3 milligram, or 4$ grain; and sometimes smailer pieces were used. These small pieces of meat were, on the fed side of the plates, placed on every leaf which had secretion on the glands. I found it best to place two or three of the smallest pieces each on a separate tentacle. On several oc- casions I attempted to increase the size of the morsels, but was forced to return to the smaller size on finding the meat covered with mould instead of being digested. When such mouldy leaves were noticed, they were usually removed, lest the meat should be washed off and putrefy among the roots of the plants, thus vitiating the experiments. In the tedious process of feeding a number of plants I occasionally dropped a morsel of meat among the moss; the infinitesimal error arising from these accidents would be counteracted by the frequent renewal of the water in the plates. The first difference noticed between the fed and starved halves of the plates was on July 17th, when the fed side, viewed as a whole, was clearly greener than the starved half. The difference was quite distinct in all six plates, as both my father and myself observed. The tentacles on the starved side were also of a redder colour than those of the fed plants. The increase in the amount of chlorophyll in the fed plants thus indicated is an interesting fact; and it agrees with the result of the final comparison of dry weights, which proves that a much greater quantity of cellulose is manufactured by the fed than by the starved plants. An increase of chlorophyll is asso- ciated with an increased assimilation of carbonic acid; and this permits the production of a larger quantity of cellulose. An average leaf from the fed and from the starved side were exa- mined on July 18th*, when the difference was most marked, the fed leaves being clearly distinguishable outwardly by their dark purple hue, and microscopically by large and numerous chlorophyll grains crowded with starch. Unfortunately no more leaves were examined at this date. * The chlorophyll was removed by alcohol, and the sections then treated with dilute acetic acid, washed, treated with iodine solution, washed again, and mounted in glycerine. 24 DR. F. DARWIN ON THE When, on Aug. 16, 17 and 21, leaves were examined in the same way, they did not show any striking difference in the amount of starch. This may be accounted for by migration of starch to the root-stocks and flower-stems having begun. Since: »owever, the starch represents the surplus of assimilated matte? which has not been converted into cellulose, is it not possible vhat in spite of great activity of the chlorophyll-function there might be no accu- mulation of starch because of great formation of cellulose? The final results of the experiment prove conclusively that far more carbohydrates were formed by the fed plants; therefore it is almost certain that the first results obtained (July 18th) repre- sent the true state of the case. The body of the chlorophyll grain being protoplasmic, it is obvious that an increased supply of nitrogen will favour the multiplication of chlorophyll and in- crease the starch-producing power of the plant. Hence the well- known effect of manure in increasing the yield of starch in many seeds, roots, &c. Fraustadt* states that the starch in Dionea “diminishes with absorption of organic matter by the leaves.” This result may be perhaps attributed to over-feeding. The following Table shows that absorption of nitrogenous food had by Aug. 7 produced a most decided effect. Taste III. Number of Flower-stems on each side in the six plates (Aug. 7). Plate. Starved. Fed. ion ee I8 22 IE a I 17 28 HE V uoa 26 32 EN. V uo SU ere 19 25 NG oa ct 20 30 (apo uc Ie 18 36 Total -= X 116 173 or in the proportion of 100 : 149'1. It will be seen that in every plate there are more flower-stems on the fed side. The above stems bore mostly ripening capsules ; but as the fed plants seemed to have more actual flower-bearing stems, the following Table was made on August 8. * 'Anatomie der vegetativen Organe von Dionea muscipula, Inaugural Dis- sertation, Breslau, 1876, p. 33. NUTRITION OF DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA. 25 TABLE IV. Number of Stems which bear at least one flower (Aug. 8). Plate. Starved. Fed. ID EN ee 0 5 EI AE 2 10 Ws n 7 1 IV o ee 4 T V c PU 4 4 WE o ALIS 2 7 Total ou 19 34 or in the proportion of 100: 1789. Here the difference does not run quite uniformly through the six plates. The following Table gives the number of healthy leaves on the starved and fed sides of three of the six plates. The healthiness was determined by the presence of secretion on the glands. As it was impossible to disturb the plants, this counting could not be very accurate. TABLE V. Number of Healthy Leaves. Plate. Starved. Fed. INI I ISI 48 67 Wo v uu i cu 78 92 WI od ui 61 97 Title. s 187 256 Or as 100: 136:9. At the same time * the diameter of 45 fed and 45 starved leaves taken at random were measured. As the leaves could not be re- moved, the measurements were rough; the diameters, exclusive of tentacles, were taken with a pair of compasses and pricked along a line, which was afterwards measured with a millimetre- scale. Forty-five starved leaves gave a total of 301 millims., the corresponding total for 45 fed leaves being 328 millims.; the pro- portion between the average diameters is therefore 100: 108°9. On Aug. 8th the flower-stems of the fed plants were noticed to be clearly redder tban those of the starved plants. This fact * The dates of these observations and of those in Table V. were omitted. They were all made about the middle of August. 26 DR. F. DARWIN ON THE tallies with an unrecorded impression that the fed flower-stems were previously much greener than the starved plants. At the end of August the capsules were mostly ripe; and as there was the danger of loss of seeds by the bursting of cap- sules, the flower-stems from all six plates were cut on August 31 and September Ist. Thirty capsules were taken by chance from the fed and the same number from the starved stems. When dry, the capsules were opened and their seeds carefully counted under a dissecting-microscope. The stems were set aside to dry, and were then measured, weighed, &c., as shown in the following Tables. TABLE VI. A. B. ; : Proportion between the numbers The numbers, heights, and weights | . E s Ars . e in the starved and fed columns of A ; of the starved and fed plants. * starved " being taken =100. Number of plants in plates I., IIT., Starved. Fed. and VI., roughly counted (June 12th). Starved. Fed. 49 45 100 : 916 Number of plants (including mi- nute offsets) accurately counted, Sept. 3rd. 82 | 84 100 : 1012 Total weight of 81 fed and 83 starved plants without flower-stems. Dried at 80°-90° C. grm. grm. 1:176 1:429 100 : 1215 After gathering and washing the plants, they were preserved in spirit with a view to examining the root-stocks to compare the amount of starch ; this was, however, found impracticable. The alcohol which had contained the fed plants was much more discoloured, showing that they contained more chlorophyll. I intended to evaporate the alcohol and add the weight of the residue to the dry weight of the plants. This, however, failed, owing to an accident with the water-bath. NUTRITION OF DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA. 27 Taste VII. A. B. Total number of stems (including those bearing flowers as well as those bearing capsules) gathered from all the plates. Proportion between the two columns of A; starved being taken =100. Starved. Fed. 117 193 (including (including 2 flowers). 9 flowers). Sum of the heights of 115 starved and 184 fed stems (excluding flower- | bearing stems). millims. 16835 millims. 26918 Average height of the above 115 starved and 184 fed stems. millims. 146:4 millims. 146:3 Total weight of 116 starved and 191 fed stems (including both those bearing flowers and those bearing capsules). * grm. grm. 1-91 443 Average weight per stem. grm. 01646 grm. 023193 Starved. Fed. 100 : 1649 100 . 1099 IU =: 99-9 100 -: 2314 100 = H3 Nofe.— The stems which bore only flowers were not included in the mea- suring because they were not full-grown ; they were included in the weigh- ing because it was not worth while going over the whole set of stems to exclude them. * The numbers in the first compartment are 117, 193, because 2 plants used for microscopic examination are here counted. 28 : DR. F. DARWIN ON THE Tass VIII. A. B. Total number of capsules borne | Proportion between the two co- | by 115 starved and 184 fed stems lumns of A; starved being taken | (from all the plates). =100. Starved. Fed. Starved. Fed. 756 1471 100 . 1944 Average number of capsules per stem. 6:57 7:99 100 : 1216 Total weight of 30 starved and 30 fed capsules. grm. rm. 10 P3 100 : 190 Total number of seeds contained by 29 starved and 29 fed capsules. 2640 | 3239 100 : 1227 Average number of seeds per cap- sule. 91 | 111-7 100 : 1227 Among the starved capsules the minimum number of seeds was 44, maximum 129; the minimum for fed capsules was 52, the maximum 168. One starved capsule contained only 20 seeds, and was therefore not included ; one fed capsule was lost ; so that the seeds of same number of capsules of each kind were counted. In calculating the average weight of a seed &c. in the following Table the produce of only 20 fed capsules could be employed, as the counted seeds of 9 fed capsules were thrown away before it oc- curred to me to weigh them. It will be seen from the Tables that the difference between the fed and starved plants was investigated in a variety of ways, and that in every particular the fed show a marked NUTRITION OF DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA. 29 TABLE IX. A. B. Weight of 2640 starved and 1578 | Proportion between two columns fed seeds. of A; starved being taken =100. Starved. Fed. Starved. Fed. mers. mers. 25:5 24:0 Average weight of each seed. mgr. mgr. 00966 0152 100 : 15736 Total caleulated number of seeds yielded by the plants in all the plates. 68,040 | 164,296 100 : 2415 Total calculated weight of seeds yielded by the plants in all the plates. 2:4956 100 : 3797 grm. | grms. advantage. It is true that the average height of the stems is almost exactly equal (starved : fed :: 100:99:9). But if the average height of stem per plant had been calculated, it would have been about 100: 159-9, which is the proportion between the sum of the heights of all the starved and all the fed plants. Another interesting fact is that, although the number and height of the stems and the number of the seeds of the fed plants con- siderably exceed the corresponding numbers in the “ starved ” column, yet the weights of the stems and the weights of the seeds on the fed side exceed the corresponding weights in the starved columns in a still higher ratio. This is important, because in- creased weight is a better proof than an increase in numbers or size of increased assimilation. If we compare Table III. with Table VIL, we find that on Aug. 7 the starved flower-stems numbered 116, the fed ones 173; on Sept. 1st the starved stems were 117, while the fed ones num- bered 193. 30 DR. F. DARWIN ON THE Thus the fed plants had in 24 days produced 20 new flower- stems, while the number of the starved ones was only increased by 1. This fact tallies with the results of Tables III. and IV., which show that the fed. plants continue to flower longer—about one fifth of the fed stems having flowers, while one sixth only of the starved ones were in the same state. It will be seen in Table VI. that on comparing the plants from which the flower-stems had been gathered, no very striking dif- ference is found to exist between the fed and the starved plants ; while in all that relates to reproduction of the species the differ- ence is most striking, especially when the corresponding weights are compared. Thus, taking the weights of the plants without flower-stems, we find the proportion between starved and fed to be 100 : 121:5, whereas the weights of the total amounts of seed produced are in the ratio 100:379'7. It would seem from these results that the great advantage ac- cruing to carnivorous plants from a supply of nitrogenous food to the leaves is the power of producing a vastly superior yield of seeds. This will no doubt partly explain the fact which has been a stumbling-block to many, that insectivorous plants seem to thrive without animal food; although, as I have shown, the fed plants are in reality markedly superior in general appearance. I venture to think that the above experiments prove beyond ques- tion that the supply of meat to Drosera is of signal advantage to the plants. There can be no doubt that both Drosera and other insectivorous plants profit in an analogous manner from the cap- ture of insects in a state of nature. In conclusion, I may mention that there are three plates of Drosera of which the flower-stalks only were gathered, and which are allowed to rest during the winter. It will be very interesting to observe the relative numbers and size of the plants which spring up on the fed and starved sides of the partitions. As the plants are now being forced in the hothouse, I shall probably be able to add an Appendix to the present paper stating their results. APPENDIX*. April 5th, 1878. As above stated, three plates were (after the removal of the flower-stalks) allowed to rest during the winter in order to test the relative amounts of reserve material laid up by the starved * See also an additional memorandum posted. NUTRITION OF DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA. 981 and fed plants. The plates were placed in the hothouse ; and by the middle of January, when the fresh leaves began to appear, it was evident that more plants were springing up on the fed side of the partition. The plates were then covered with the gauze netting, and both sets of plants remained without food in the hot- house. On April 3rd all the plants were carefully picked out from the moss and thoroughly cleansed from adhering fragments ; they were then counted, dried in a water-bath, and weighed. The fed and starved plants*, when freshly gathered and before being dried, were pressed together each into a separate handful; the far greater mass of fed plants was very evidently seen in this way. During the processes of counting and cleansing the plants, I was struck by the fact that the fed plants had a decidedly greater amount of root- stock. The following Table gives the results of counting and weighing the plants. TABLE X. Actual numbers Proportion between and weights. starved and fed. Starved.| Fed. Starved. Fed. Number of plants ............... 89 105 100 118-0 grm. rm. Fotai weight secure eene :206 518 100 251:6 Average weight per plant ...| ‘0023 | -0049 100 213:0 It will be seen that there is only a small difference (18 per cent.) between the number of starved and fed plants; a large number of very minute offsets were found on both sides, and were all counted asseparate plants. Judging either by the total weight of plants - produced or by the average weight per plant, there can be no doubt of the great advantage accruing to the fed plants. Itisastriking fact that in spite of the relatively enormous quantity of flower-stalk and seed produced in the summer by the fed plants, they were still able to lay by afar greater store of reserve material than their starved competitors. Finally, it may be pointed out that this advantage of the fed Drosera plants is one which would escape the notice of a casual observer. - * "That is, the plants which sprang from the fed and starved sides of the par- tition. 32 ON THE NUTRITION OF DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA. Additional Memorandum concerning the Nutrition of Drosera rotundifolia. By Francis Darwin, M.B., F.L.S. Stvce the reading of my paper on this subject before the Society, and while it was passing through the press (ante, pp. 17-31), I have become acquainted with an important article on the same subject, of which it behoves meto take notice. Iallude to the interesting re- searches of Messrs. Reess, Kellermann, and von Raumer (‘ Vegeta- tion—versuche an Drosera rotundifolia mit und ohne Fleischfut- terung, ausgeführt von Dr. Ch. Kellermann und Dr. E. von Raumer mitgetheilt von M. Reess. ‘ Botan. Zeitung,’ April 5th, 1878), whieh were originally described before the Phys.-Med. Society of Erlangen, July 9, 1877. The experiments were essen- tially similar to my own, and consisted in the varied and detailed comparison of a large number of fed and unfed plants of Drosera. The food-supply consisted of Aphides instead of meat as in my experiments; and this, as being more natural, is probably a better method than the one adopted by me. The work seems to have been done with great care ; and the re- sults demonstrate in the clearest manner the numerous and striking advantages accruing to the fed plants.—F. D., May 6, 1878. DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 33 Observations on the Genus Pandanus (Screw-Pines); with an Enumeration of all Species described or named in Books, Herbaria, and Nurserymen’s Catalogues; together with their Synonyms and Native Countries as far as these have been ascertained. By Dr. Isaac Baytey Barroum, F.L.S., F.R.S.E., &c. [Read December 6, 1877.] FEw families of plants present more difficulty in their elucidation than the Pandanaces. This arises from a threefold cause :—in the first place, from the variability of the species, dependent not only on relative position with reference to climatic influences, but also on the age of the individuals. Secondly, we find it is by no means easy to obtain characters sufficiently diagnostic, as the leaves afford marks of little or no value; and hitherto it has been from the fruit that distinctions have been drawn. The flowers of the male tree yield in some instances good characters; but we have as yet received flowers of only a few species, and these in some cases without information sufficient for identification with the female. Lastly, in dealing with primitive types of such varia- bility, it is necessary to obtain a long series of specimens ere we can determine with certainty the limits of species; and these, I regret to say, are still in great measure wanting. The diffi- culty regarding specimens is still further increased by the fact that the fruits lose much of their character in drying. It is therefore almost impossible to investigate the group without some experience of the plants in their native haunts, where, by a con- sideration of the combination of characters derived from habit, foliage, flower, and fruit, a correct estimate may be formed. Having had opportunities of studying the group as repre- sented in the Mascarene Islands, and having already described * some species from these islands and from the Seychelles Islands, I have been tempted to enter ona large undertaking, and to contemplate a monograph of the whole Order. With this view l now venture to lay before the Society a synopsis of the species of the genus Pandanus, so far as I have been able to determine them. I am quite conscious that, as it now stands, the list is a very imperfect one, and there are numerous errors. It can hardly be otherwise, founded, as it is, so greatly on mere descriptions usually very unsatisfactory. But I am advised to bring it forward in its present form, with the hope that any persons * Baker’s ‘ Flora of Mauritius and Seychelles,’ p. 395. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. D 34. DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. into whose hands it may fall, and who may be so situated as to have an opportunity of supplying information or material will not neglect it, and will thus forward the completion of the mono- graph. To render the list more serviceable, I have appended, in addition to the synonyms and references, all the popular names ; and the locality is also given for each species. And, further, at the end of the list will be found a short note with directions as to the most suitable modes of preserving specimens of the fruits of Pandanus. I do not intend at present to say any thing about the affinities of the Pandanacee, whether regarded as a family per se, or as a tribe of a large group; but it may not be out of place to say a few words concerning the genus Pandanus itself, as a prelude to the list of species. Before the time of Linnzus the Screw-pines had attracted the attention of many voyagers and botanists; and we find frequent references to them in the older works, but under designations and with descriptions which render it difficult to recognize them. The earliest reference to the plants I have seen is in * Tractado de las Drogas’ of Christopher Acosta, published in 1578. On page 847 of this book, we find a description of a species under the designa- tion Ananas Bravo; and there is a figure, very rude, but un- doubtedly intended to represent a Screw-pine. John Bauhin, in ‘Historia Plantarum’ p. 96, describes the same species, copying hie the figure, but alters the name to Ananas sylvestris, and gives as a synonym the Keura of the Arabians. We have references to the same plant, usually under the name of Ananas or Carduus, in the works of the various botanists who wrote towards the end of the seventeenth and commencement of ihe eighteenth century; and in 1748 Linneus indicates the plant, in his * Flora Zeylanica, as Bromelia sylvestris. In the fourth volume of the ‘ Herbarium Aimboinense,’ Rumphius in 1750 published an account,with figures, of thirteen kinds of Pandang or Pandanus from the Indian Ar- chipelago ; and it is to him we owe the name of Pandanus. His descriptions are excedingly bad, and the figures so poor—in striking contrast with those given by Reede in the second volume of the * Hortus Malabaricus ' nearly a century before—that any identi- fication therefrom is little more than a guess, though perhaps some light may be thrown on them by means of the local names, and a study of the species on the spot. In this state of confusion Linneus omitted the genus from his system ; anditis only in the DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 35 Supplement of the younger Linnæus that we find the genus Pan- danus established as including one species, P. odoratissimus, but so briefly described that, were it not for the references, we should have some difficulty in identifying it. The genus so constituted increased in species, until at present nearly sixty true species are known. With the increase of species came attempts to break up the genus. Forster and Forskal had, shortly after the publication of the younger Linneus's Supplement, described the species he indicated under the generic names respectively of Arthrodactylis and Keura ; and these naturally enough now fall into Pandanus. An attempt was made by Hasskarl to found a new genus AMarquartia, renamed Hasskarlia by Walpers, but on no sufficient ground. Butit remained for Gaudichaud to carry the multiplication of genera to an ex- treme. In the Atlas of the Botany of the ‘ Voyage de la Bonite,’ to which unfortunately no text was published, are figured fruits of various species of Pandanus under no less than thirteen dif- ferent genera. Having seen in the Museum of Paris type speci- mens of nearly the whole of these, I have no hesitation in refer- ring them all to the one genus Pandanus. In this way disappear the following genera:—Barrotia, Bryantia, Dorystigma, Eydouxia, Fisquetia, Fouillioya, Heterostigma, Hombronia, Jeanneretia, Rous- sinia, Sussea, T'uckeya, and Vinsonia. Many of Gaudichaud's species are identical with forms known before his time; but these are indicated in the list which follows, and need not be further noticed here. Later De Vriese created two new genera, Doorniaand Ryckia, which must share the fate of the others. Doornia includes a species which is said to be probably Mascarene, but which I do not know, unless it be Pandanus conglomeratus, Balf. fil., though the descrip- tion does not quite suit. The well-known Pandanus furcatus is the species on which Ryckia was founded. Most recently, Brongniart, in working up the species of Pan- dane: from New Caledonia, has determined to keep up the genera Barrotia and Bryantia of Gaudichaud ; and in these he puts many species from New Caledonia. I have seen his specimens, and I do not consider there is any need for so doing. Indeed Brongniart rests his determination in great part on the structure of the male flowers, whilst, so far as the plates in the Atlas of the * Voyage de la Bonite' and the specimens in the Museum at Paris go, there is nothing to show that Gaudichaud knew aught of the male flowers D2 36 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. of the plants he put in these genera. Certainly the male flowers of Barrotia diodon, Gaud. (Pandanus furcatus, Roxb.), do not correspond with the type described by Brongniart. Brongniart seems to have had some misgivings about putting his New-Cale- donian species under the genus Bryantia, and constitutes a sub- genus Lophostigma to include them. I have no doubt, then, that all those genera I have mentioned may be referred back again to the one genus Pandanus, the de- finition of which, however, must be considerably altered from that commonly given. The genus contains, as I have said, a number of species which are distributed throughout the tropies of the Old World. Some few species, however, do extend beyond tropical boundaries. The genus runs through a great extent of longitude. A few species are found on the east coast of Africa; and thence it stretches eastward through the Mascarene Islands, India, and the Indian archipelago and Australia, until its eastern limit is reached about the Sandwich Islands. In fact, the species are found more or less between 30? N. and 30? S. latitude, and 158° E. and 18° W. longitude. Throughout this range there seem to be two areas of distribution, one with its centre in the Mascarene Islands, and the other in the Eastern archipelago; and the species of each area do not commingie. It is worth while mentioning, as I have not seen it noticed elsewhere, that it is a common feature of the species of the Mascarene area to have red spines on their leaves, though this is not the case in all; whilst in the species from the Eastern area, so far as I know them, those with red spines on the leaves are the exception. Further, I may notice that in no species of the Mascarene area with red spines have I found the spines on the leaf-edges or midrib recurved ; whilst in the white- spined species of the Eastern area this recurvation is common. Regarding the species, the nomenclature is at present in a state of great confusion. This is due in great part to difficulties of identification, but also greatly to the multiplication of names resorted to by horticulturists; and another great source of con- fusion has been introduced in the retention by recent writers on the group of some ante-Linnean names. In the following list I have given all the names of species I have been able to find, quoting the authority and giving a reference to where it may be found. Of many I know nothing save the name; and it may be taken for granted that a great number have no claim to be species ; DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 37 but I have thought it advisable to follow the plan of giving all the names at present when seeking for information. All ante-Linnean names are discarded, according to the custom adopted in Britain. In giving the popular names the authority for each is quoted where more than one author has given a name, and, as far as possible, the exact locality is mentioned. Note on the Preservation of Pandanus-fruits. To preserve the fruit of Pandanus it is best to place the whole head in spirit, having previously enveloped it in canvas-netting or other material, which must be firmly secured round the base of the head by twine, which is much better than wire if the fruits are to be immersed for any length of time. Tickets of wood should be attached, on which some mark may be cut or burnt. Metal labels should not be used. If it be impossible to preserve the whole head thus, a few drupes should be taken from about the centre of the head and placed in spirit, and the head tightly tied up in eanvas and hung up to dry, when, if not handled, the drupes will dry adherent to the peduncle. If only dried drupes can be retained, particulars regarding the head, as to dimensions, form, colour, bracts, &c., should be noted, and the form of the drupes, and specially the nature of their stigmas, are to be looked to. In the following list an asterisk (*) prefixed indicates a refer- rence not confirmed. A point of interrogation (?) attached to a synonym indicates a doubt as to its being a synonym of the species under which it occurs. The genera and the species are in all cases arranged in alpha- betical order. It is to be noted also that the names of species which I consider good are printed in antique type, and they are numbered in alphabetical order. The names in SMALL CAPITALS are of species regarding which I have not sufficient in- formation to pronounce them good species or mere synonyms. Many are horticulturists’ names, which are doubtless worthless ; and others are names to which either no or very short descrip- tions are appended in the works from which they are cited, and identifieation is impossible. With fuller information many will no doubt turn out good species. Names in ?talics are synonyms. 38 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. Ananas sylvestris, Burm. Thes. Zeyl. 20. Cfr. Pandanus odoratissimus, L. fi. Arthrodactylis spinosa, Forst. Gen. Pl. 150. t. lxxv. Cfr. Pandanus odoratissimus, L. fil. Barrotia altissima, Ad: Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 277, t. xiv. f. 2. Cfr. Pandanus Minda, Vieill. B. aragoensis, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6,1. 278, t. xv. f. 5. Cfr. Pandanus aragoensis. B. Balanse, Ad. Br. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 6 i281, fxiv. F9. Cfr. Pandanus Balanse. B. decumbens, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 285, t. xiv. f. 6. Cfr. Pandanus decumbens. B. diodon, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xiii. ff. 9-14. Cfr. Pandanus furcatus, Roxb. B. Gaudichaudi, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 264. Cfr. Pandanus tetrodon, Gaud. B. macrocarpa, Ad. Br. in. Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 6, i. 279, t. xiv. f. 1. Cfr. Pandanus macrocarpus, Vieill. B. monodon, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xiii. ff. 15-24. Cfr. Pandanus monodon. B. Pancheri, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 283, t. xiv. f. 4. Cfr. Pandanus Pancheri. B. spherocephala, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 284. t. xv. f. 7. Cfr. Pandanus spherocephalus, Panch. B. tetrodon, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xiii. ff. 1-8. Cfr. Pandanus tetrodon. Bromelia sylvestris, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 131. Cfr. Pandanus odoratissimus, L. fil. Bryantia butyrophora, Webb in Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xx. Cfr. Pandanus butyrophorus, Krz. E oblonga, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 288, t xv. f. 8, Cfr. Pandanus oblongus. B. (Lophostigma) viscida, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 287, t. xv. f. 9. Cfr. Pandanus viscidus, Panch. , Doornia reflexa, De Vriese in Kew Gard. Misc. vi. 266. Cfr. Pandauus reflexus, Lodd. Dorystigma madagascariense, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxxi. ff. 12-13. Cfr. Pandanus madagascariensis. D. mauritianum, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xiii. ff. 25-27 Cfr. Pandanus conglomeratus, Balf. fil. Eydouxia Delesserti, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xviii. ff. 7-8. Cfr. Pandanus odoratissimus, L. fil. E. macrocarpa, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xviii. ff. 1-6. Cfr. Pandanus Eydouxia, Balf. fil. DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 39 Fisquetia macrocarpa, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. iv. ff. 2-8. Cfr. Pandanus foetidus, Roxb. F. militaris, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. v. ff. 2-7. Cfr. Pandanus militaris. F. ornata, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. v. ff. 1, 8, 9. Cfr. Pandanus ornatus, Krz. F. ovata, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. iv. f. 1. Cfr. Pandanus ovatus, Krz. Folium baggea maritimum, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 151. tt. 80 & 10, E, A. Cfr. Pandanus dubius, Spreng. Folium baggea verum, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 150. Cfr. Pandanus dubius, Spreng. Fouillioya graminifolia, Mort. Cfr. Pandanus pygmzus, Pet. Th. F. maritima, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxvi. ff. 21-24. Cfr. Pandanus Vandermeeschi, Balf. fil. F. racemosa, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxvi. ff. 1-9. Cfr. Pandanus racemosus, Krz. Hasskarlia globosa, Walp. Ann. i. 753. Cfr. Pandanus utilis, Bory. H. leucacantha, Walp. Ann. i. 753. Cf. Pandanus odoratissimus, L. fil. Heterostigma Heudelotianum, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxv. ff. 15-3]. Cfr. Pandanus Heudelotianus. Hombronia calathiphora, Gaud., Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Póle Sud, Monoc. t. iii. — Cfr. Pandanus calathiphorus. H. edulis, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 17. Cfr. Pandanus dubius, Spreng. Jeanneretia littoralis, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxv. ff. 1-7. Cfr. Pandanus littoralis, Krz. Kaida, Reede Hort. Mal. ii. tt. ii.-v. Cfr. Pandanus Candelabrum, Pal. Beauv. Kaida-taddi, Reede Hort. Mal. ii. tt. i. & vi. Cfr. Pandanus odoratissimus, L. fil. Kaida-Tsjerria, Reede Hort. Mal. ii. t. viii. Cfr. Pandanus furcatus, Roxb. Keura odorifera, Forsk. Fl. Ægypt.-Arab. xev, exxii, 172. Cfr. Pandanus odoratissimus, L. fil. Marquartia globosa, Hassk. Cat. Bog. 61 (excl. syn.). Cfr. Pandanus utilis, Bory. Marquartia leucacantha, Hassk. Cat. Bog. 61. Cfr. Pandanus odoratissimus, L. fil. 40 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. PANDANUS ACUMINATUS. Vinsonia acuminata, Gaud. MSS. Hab. Madagascar. P. ACUMINATUS, Hort.; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854), 45. Hab. —— P. AFFINIS, Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 101 (syn. excl. et hab. emend.); id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 146; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 450. Hab. Indian archipelago. P. ALBUS, Hort.; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251. Hab. Indian archipelago. P. altissimus, Panch. MSS. Cfr. Pandanus Minda, Vieill. P. amaryllidifolius, Hort. Cfr. P. lævis, Lour. P. AMARYLLIDIFOLIUS, Voigt in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) 1824, Syll. ii. 52. ? If P. amaryllifolius, Roxb. l. P. amaryllifolius, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 71; id. Flor. Ind. iii. 743 ; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 100; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 2951; Voigt Cat. Hort. Calc. 683; Mig. Anal. Bot. Ind. ii. 17 ; id. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 164; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46 (amaryl- lidifolius). P. Bidur, Jungh. MSS. (fid. Miq.). P. latifolius, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 146, t. Ixxviii ; Hassk. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) 1842, Beibl. ii. 13; id. Cat. Bog. 60 (cum B); Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 164; Krz. in Natuurk. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxvii. 219 ; id. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Ludg.-Bat. ii. 54 ; id. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 105 ; id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 150; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 454. P. latissimus, Blum. Rumph. i. t. (physiognomonica) 53 (fid. Miq.); Hassk. Cat. Bog. 60; Miq. Anal. Bot. Ind. ii. 17 ; id. in Pl. Jungh. i. 166; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46; Flor. des Jard. des Pays-Bas v. (1862) 64: Krz. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 52. P. moschatus, Hort. ; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 45. P. odoratissimus, Blum. Cat. Bog. 111. P. odoratus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 146. Hab. Eastern archipelago. Nom. vulg. ** Keker moni” in Amboina, and “ Pandang babouw”’ in DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 41 Malay (Rumph.); * Pandan rampeh gedeh” and “leutik ” (Hasskl.) ; * Bidur ” or “ Bidoer " (Miquel); “ Pandan Angriet " in Bangka (Krz.). PANDANUS AMARYLLOIDES, Hort.; Desf. Cut. Hort. Reg. Par. 9; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251. Hab. P. AunznsTLE, Hort.; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 45. Hab. P. ANDAMANENSIS, Hort. Hab. Andaman Islands. 2. P. andamanensium, Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 148 ; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 452. P. Leram, Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 105 (excl. 8 and syn.) ( fid. Krz.). Hab. Andaman Islands. P. ANGUSTIFOLIUS, Hort. ; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251. Hab. —— P. AQvATICUS, Muell. in Kew Gard. Misc. viii. 329; id. Fragm. Phyt. Austr. v. 40, & viii. 220. - Hab. North Australia. Water-Pandanus in Leichhardt's * Journal ofthe Australian Expedition." 3. P. aragoensis. Barrotia aragoensis, Ad. Br. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 6, i. 278, t. xv. f 5. Hab. New Caledonia. 4. P. atrocarpus, Griff. Pl. Asiat. n. 160. ? P. montanus, Miq., Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 129. ? P. montanus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 145; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 161. P. sylvestris, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 145, t. Ixxvii.; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251 (excl. syn. P. ceramicus, Rumph. and P. conoideus, Lam.); Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 161; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 129; ?Parlat. Col. Bot. Mus. Florence (1874) t. 10. P. terrestris, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 145. Hab. Malacca and Eastern archipelago. Nom. vulg. ** Pandang utan ” or “ootan” in Malacca (Griff.); < Keker wassi,” “ Keker ewan,” or “ Leytewan " in Amboina, “ Pandang gunong - or “Daun tickar” in Malay, *Areu" in Leytimor, * Tolun” in Hitoe ( Rumph.). P. AUSTRALIS, Prest. in Cat. Hort. Trinid. 77. . Hab. Australia. 42 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. Pandanus Bagea, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. jii. 159. Cfr. P. dubius, Spreng. 5. Pandanus Balanse. Barrotia Balanse, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 281, t say. f. 3. Hab. New Caledonia. 6. P. Barklyi, Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 397. D. sylvestris, Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 149; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 453 (silvestris). Vinsonia sylvestris, Gaud. Atl. Don. t. xvii. ff. 16, 17; Walp. Ann. i. 756; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 290. Hab. Mauritius. Pandanus Bidur, * Jungh. MSS. Miquel refers this to P. latifolius, Rumph., which is P. amaryllifolius, Roxb.; but Kurz regards it as P. dubius, Spreng. I have no means of de- termining which is right. P. Blancoi, Kth. En. Pl. iii. 583. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. Boryi, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 15. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. BoucHEANvs, C. Koch in Wochenschr. (1858) 131. P. latifolius, Hort. ; Lodd. (fid. Koch, l. c.). ?P. Pervilleanus, Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 149 (excl. syn. Vinsonia drupacea, Gaud.); id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 453 (excl. syn.). ?Vinsonia Pervilleana, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxxi. ff. 1-7 (fid. Koch. l.c.) ; Walp. Ann. i. 756 ; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand Cyead. (1854) 48; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Madagascar. P. pRoMELLEFOLIUS, Hort.; Desf. Cat. Hort. Reg. Par. 9; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 48. Hab. Ile de la Réunion. 7. P. butyrophorus, Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 150; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 454. Bryantia butyrophora, Webb in Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xx. ; Walp. Ann. i. 754; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 286, 291. Hab. —— P. CALATHIPHORUS. Hombronia calathiphora, Gaud.; Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud, Monocot. t. iii, Hab, Iles Salomon. DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 43 Pandanus Candelabrum, De Vriese in Kew Gard. Misc. vi. 285. Cfr. P. Candelabrum, Pal. Beauv. P. Candelabrum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5014 (syn. excl.). Cfr. P. utilis, Bory. 8. Pandanus Candelabrum, Pal. Beauv. Fl. d'Ow. et Ben. 1. 37, tt. xxi, xxii; Pers. Synops. ii. 597 (syn. excl.) ; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. i. 576 (Baquois candelabre); Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 898; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 96; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251 (syn. excl.); Voigt Cat. Hort. Calc. 683; Mig. Anal. Bot. Ind. 3i. 17 ; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 45; Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 148; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 452. Pandanus Candelabrum, De Vriese in Kew Gard. Misc. vi. 285; id. in Tuinbouw Flora 1. 169. ?P. javanicus, Hort. (fid. Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 45. Var. glaucescens, Hort. ; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46; *Album Dalliére ii. (1874) t. 4l. Var. variegatus, Hort. ; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46; The Garden iii. (1873) 18, c. ic. xyl. Tuckeya Candelabrum, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxvi. ff. 10-20 ; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Guinea. P. caricosus, Hort. ; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46. Cfr. P. fureatus, Rozb. P. caricosus, Miq. Anal. Bot. Ind, ii. 16. Cfr. P. furcatus, Roxb. P. caricosus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 154. Cfr. P. caricosus, Spreng. P. caricosus, Seem. Flor. Vitiens. 281. Hab. Fiji. Nom. vulg. “ Kiekie ” or “ Voivoi.” 9. P caricosus, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 897. P. caricosus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 154; Kth. En. PI. iii. 98; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Hassk. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) 1842, Beibl. ii. 13; id. Cat. Bog. 60; Voigt Cat. Hort. Cale. 683 ; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 45 (syn. excl.); Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 163; Krz. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 54; id. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 100, t. lxii. ff. 1-3 (syn. excl.); id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 146; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 450. Hah, Indian archipelago. Nom. vulg. “ Pandang ayer” in Malay, “ Lassiaal”’ in Amboina, “ Lasi- attal” in Hitoe, ** Lackiabit" in Bonoa (Rumph.); **Harassus gedeh” ( Hasskl.) ; ** Sarengseng " in Java (Krz.). _ 44 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. PANDANUS CAULIFLORUS, Carm. MSS. Hab. Mauritius. P. ceramensis, Hort. Cfr. P. conoideus, Lam. P. ceramicus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 149. t. Ixxix. Cfr. P. conoideus, Lam. P. Chamissonis, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 9. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. 10. P. conglomeratus, Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 403. ? Dorystigma mauritianum, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xii. ff. 25-27; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Mauritius. Possibly this is P. reflexus, De Vriese. P. conoideus, De Vriese in Kew Gard. Misc. vi. 264. Cfr. P. montanus, Bory. 11. P. conoideus, Lam. Encyc. Bot. i. 372 (excl. 8) (Baquois conoide); Spreng. Syst. Veg. ii. 898 (excl. syn. P. sylvestris, Rumph.) ; Boj. Hort. Maur. 303 (excl. syn. P. conoideus, Pet. Th., et hab. ** Maurice "); Pritz. Ind. Icon. 793 (concidens). P. ceramensis, Hort. ; Hamb. Gartenzeit. xix. (1863) 197 (fid. Koch in Wochenschr. xv. (1872) 239. P. ceramicus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 149. t. Ixxix.; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 98 (excl. syn. P. sylvestris, Rumph.); Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 162; Krz. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 54; id. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 104; id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 147 ; id. in Flora (Bot Zeit.) lii. (1869) 451. Hab. Indian archipelago. Nom. vulg. “ Pandang ceram” in Malay, “ Saun” or “Saoen” in Ceram, “ Sipa sipa ” in Ternate, and “ Kleba”’ in Boeroe (Rumph.). P. conoideus, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (aoüt 1808) 5. Cfr. P. prostratus, Balf. fil. P. crassipes, Wall. Cfr. P. furcatus. P. CYLINDRICUS, Hort. Hab. P. pecorus, Hort.; Wochenschr. xii. (1870) 166; Gartenflor. xX. (1871) 24. Hab. New Caledonia. 12. P. decumbens. Barrotia decumbens, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 295, t xvf 6. Hab. New Caledonia. DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 45 Pandanus deflexus, Hort. Cfr. P. Doornianus, De Vriese. P. demissus, Soland. in Herb. Banks; id. Prim. Flor. Ins. Pacif. (ined.) 352. Is Freycinetia demissa, Br. & Benn, Fl. Jav. i. 32, 34. P. distichus, Hort. ; Ill. Hort. xix. (1872) 55. Cfr. P. utilis, Bory. PANDANUS DOORNIANUS, De Vriese; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 45. P. deflexus, Hort. (fid. Wendl. J. c.). P. longifolius, Hort. (fid. Wendl. /. c.) ; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251. -Hab. lle de la Réunion. P. Douglasii, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 16. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. 13. P. drupaceus, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 4; id. in Desv. Journ. de Bot. 1. 45; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. i. 576; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 898; Boj. Hort. Maur. 302; Kth. En. Pl.11.96; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) n. 251; Voigt Cat. Hort. Calc. 683; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 132; Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 400. P. strigilis, Carm. MSS. Hab. Mauritius. Nom. vulg. Baquois marron. 14. P. dubius, Spreng. Syst. Veg. ii. 897 (excl. syn. P. erigens, Pet. Th. et hab. ins. Mascaren.) ; Boj. Hort. Maur. 301 (excl. syn. et hab. ins. Mascaren.) ; Kth. En. Pl. ii. 95; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251 (excl. syn.) ; Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. ii. 159; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 127, t. lxiv. ff. 0-2; id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 148 (excl. syn. Barrotia tetrodon, Gaud.); id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) vii. (1869) 452 (excl. syn. Darrotia tetrodon, Gaud.). Folium baggea maritimum, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 151, tt. Ixxx. & lxxv. fig. a. Folium baggea verum, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 150. ? Hombronia edulis, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 17; Walp. Ann. i. 705; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Pandanus Bagea, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 159; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 130. P. Bidur, * Jungh. MSS. ; Miq. Pl. Jungh. i. 166 (fid. Krz. l. c.). ? P. edulis, De Vriese in Kew Gard. Misc. vi. 264. P. fascicularis 8, Lam. Encyc. Bot. i. 372. P. latissimus, Blum. Rumph. i. t. (physiognomonica) 53 (fid. Krz. l. c.); Hassk. Cat. Bog. 60; Miq. Anal. Bot. Ind. ii. 17 ; id. 46 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. Pl. Jungh. i. 166; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46; Flor. des’ Jard. des Pays-Bas v. (1862) 64; Krz. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 52. P. magnus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 150. Hab. Indian archipelago. Nom. vulg. “ Haun pantey " or * Daun baggea" in Malay, “ Haun laynulun " or “ Haun wassi” in Amboina, “Ima ” or “ Ime” in Ceram, * Waeun ranu”? in Banda, * Areu" or “Pandang wang 2 in Javi (Rumph.); ** Bidur” or * Bidoer " in Java (Miquel); ** Paoun ” in Iles Mariannes (Gaud.). Pandanus edulis, De Vriese in Kew Gard. Misc. v:. 264. Cfr. P. dubius, Spreng. PANDANUS EDULIS, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 5; id. in * Desv. Journ. de Bot. i. 47 ; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. i. 577 (Baquois comestible); Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 898; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 99 ; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Voigt Cat. Hort. Calc. 683; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 131. Hab. Madagascar. P. elegans, Pet. Th. in Bull. Se. Soc. Phil. Paris (aoüt 1808) 4. Cfr. P. sylvestris, Bory. P. elegantissimus, Hort., and var. latifolius, Hort. Cfr. P. utilis, Bory. P. ENsrFOLIUS, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 4; id. in Desv. Journ. de Bot. i. 46; id. Prod. Phyt. in Mélanges ; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. i. 576 (Baquois ensiforme); Spreng. Syst. Veg. ii. 898; Boj. Hort. Maur. 301 (excl. hab.) ; Ath. En. Pl. iii. 97; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 133. Hab. Madagascar. Nom. vulg. “ Sitchiric." P. erigens, Pet. Th. in Bull. Se. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 5. Cfr. P. montanus, Bory. P. EXALTATUS, Blanco FI. de Filip. 778; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 584; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 163; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 130. Hab. Philippiues. Nom. vulg. ** Alas-as." 15. P. Eydouxia, Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 401. Eydouxia macrocarpa, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xviii. ff. 1-6; Walp. Aun. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Mauritius. P. fascicularis, Lam. Encyc. Bot.i. 372 (excl. 8). Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 47 Pandanus fascicularis 8, Lam. Encyc. Bot. i. 372. Cfr. P. dubius, Spreng. P. flabelliformis ( flagelliformis), E. Carr. Rev. Hort. 1866, 271 (cum ic.). Cfr. P. utilis, Borg. 16. Pandanus fcetidus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 71; id. Flor. Ind. ii. 742; id. Icon. ined. tt. 994, 995 ; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 98 ; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Voigt Cat. Hort. Calc. 683; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 45 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 160 ; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1367) 101, t. lxii. ff. 4-6; id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 146; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 450. Fisquetia macrocarpa, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. iv. ff. 2-8 ; Walp. Aun. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Bengal; Assam. Nom. vulg. **Keur-kanta" (Hind.), “ Kea-kanta”’ ( Beng.), ** Munden,” * Kede-pu.” P. FORSTERI, Moore § Muell. Frag. Phyt. Austr. vii. tab. and viii. 220. Hab. Lord Howe's Island. P. FRAGRANS, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxi. f. 10; Walp. Ann. i. 752; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, 1. 274, 290, t. xv. f. 10. P. pedunculatus, R. Br. ex Muell. Fragm. partim (fid. Ad. Br.), Hab. Iles Mariannes. P. FREYCINETIOIDES, Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 151; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 455. Souleyetia freycinetioides, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xix.; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, 1. 291. Hab. —-— I am doubtful if this is a Pandanus. 17. P. furcatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng.71; id. Flor. Ind. iii. 744; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 898 ; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 98 ; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Hassk. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) 1842, Beibl. ii. 19; id. Decad. . in Tijdschr. Hoev. & De Vriese ix. 170; id. Cat. Hort. Bog. 60; id. Pl. Jav. Rar. 163; Voigt Cat. Hort. Calc. 683; Mig. Anal. Bot. Ind. ii. 10, t. ii. ; id. in Pl. Jungh. i. 166; id. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 162, t. xxxvii; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 45; Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 279; Flor. des Jard. des Pays-Bas iv. (1861) 111 ; ?Thw. En. Pl. Zeyl. 327; Krz. in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.- Bat. ii. 54; id. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 102; id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 147 ; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 451. Barrotia diodon, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xiii. ff. 15-24; Walp. Ann. i. 754; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 29]. Kaida Tsjerria, Reede Hort. Mal. ii. t. viii. 48 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. Pandanus caricosus, Hort. (fid. Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46). P. caricosus, Miq. Anal. Bot. Ind. ii. 16 (fid. Miquel). P. crassipes, Wall. P. horridus, *Rnwdt. MSS.; Bl. Cat. Bog. 111 (fid. Hasskl.). P. Lais, Kurz in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 54 (fid. Krz.) ; id. in Natuurk. Tijdschr.v. Ned. Ind. xxvii. 218; Wochenschr. xiv. (187 D 183. : P. spinifructus (spinifractus, Krz.), Dennst. Clav. Hort. Mal. 11. P. urophyllus, Hance in Trim. Journ. Bot. iv. (1875) 68. Ryckia furcata, De Vriese in Versl. kl. Akad. Wet. ii. (1854) 203; id. in Kew Gard. Misc. vi. 268; id. in Linnæa xxvi. 764 ; id. in Tuinbouw Flora i. 177 ; id. in Flor. des Jard. des Pays-Bas i. (1853) 25; Walp. Ann. v. 858. Hab. From Himalayas to Indian archipelago, also Cey n Nom. vulg. “ Tjankúang " or “ Bangkoang,” * O-kaiyeya” in Ceylon (Thwaites); “Lais ” in Faen archipelago and “ Korr” in Sikkim (Kurz). PANDANUS GLAUCESCENS, Hort. ; Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. v. (1865)143. Hab. —— P. glaucus, Hort. Cfr. P. sessilis, Hort. P: ee us, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 5. Cfr. P. spheeroideus, Pet. Th. P. cRAciLIs, Blanco Fl. de Filip. 778; Kth. En. Pl. ii. 584; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 130. Hab. Philippines. P. gramineus, Hort., is Freycinetia graminea, Bl. P. graminifolius, Hort. ; Mig. Anal. Bot. Ind. ii. 17, is Freycinetia leucacantha, Miq. 18. P. graminifolius, Kurz in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 104; id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 147 ; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 451. Hab. Tenasserim. 19. P. helicopus, Krz. in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 54, t. ii; id. in Natuurk. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxvii. 219 ; id. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 101; Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1369) ii. 3. 147 ; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 451. Hab. Banca. Nom. vulg. ** Rassouw." 20. P. heterocarpus, Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 399. Hab. Rodriguez. Nom. vulg. ** Vacoa Calé rouge et blanc," * Vacoa sac,” ** V. poteau,” * V. parasol,” ** V. male ;” * Pavilion ” of Leguat. DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 49 PANDANUS HEUDELOTIANUS. Heterostigma Heudelotianum, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxv. ff. 15-31; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Senegambia. Nom. vulg. “ Fang-Jani” (Le M. et Dene). P. Horra, *Chapelier MSS. ; Boj. Hort. Maur. 303. Hab. Madagascar. Nom. vulg. * Hoffa” (Malg.) ; * Vacoua sans épines " ( Maur.). 21. P. Hornei, Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 397. Hab. Seychelles. P. horridus, *Rnwdt. MSS. Cfr. P. furcatus, Roxb. P. HourLETIiI, E. Carr. in Rev. Hort. 1868, 210, f. 23. Hab. Singapore. P. humilis, Jacq. Fragm. 21, t. xiv. f. 2. Cfr. P. sylvestris, Bory. P. humilis, Lour. Flor. Cochin. 603 (excl. syn. Kaida taddi, Reede). Cfr. P. polycephalus, Lam. P. humilis, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 143, t. Ixxvi. Cfr. P. polycephalus, Lam. 22. P. Iceryi, Horne MSS.; Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych.400. Hab. Mauritius. P. inclinans, Soland. in Herb. Banks. is Freycinetia Banksii, A. Cunn. P. 1nermis, Blanco Flor. de Filip. (2nd ed.) 537. Hab. Philippines. P. inermis, Rnwdt. in Bl. Cat. Bog. 111. Cfr. P. levis, Lour. P. inermis, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 71. Cfr. P. levis, Lour. P. iNTEGRIFOLIUS, Lour.; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251. Hab. China; East Indies. P. javanicus, Hort., and var. glaucescens, Hort., and var. variegatus, Hort. Cfr. P. Candelabrum, Pal. Beauv. 23. P. Kaida, Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 148 (excl. syn.) ; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 452 (excl. syn.). Kaida, Reede Hort. Mal. ii. tt. ii.-v. P.Candelabrum, Krz.in Seem. Journ. Bot.v. (1867) 127(excl.syn.). 24. P.labyrinthicus, Krz. in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 53; id. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 103; id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 147; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 451. Hab. Sumatra. Nom. vulg. ** Attoenoe," or “ Pandan.” LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. E cec n08t113 1 WMTSSOU ri 50 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS, 25. Pandanus levis, Lour. Flor. Cochin. 604 ; Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 646 (glattrippiger Pandanus); Pers. Synops. ii. 597 ; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl.i. 575 (Baquois lisse); Spreng. Syst. Veg. i. 898; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251. P. amaryllidifolius, Hort. Amst. et Paris (fid. Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46). P. inermis, Rnwdt., Blum. Cat. Bog. 111; Hasskl. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) 1842, Beibl. ii. 13; id. Cat. Bog. 60. D. inermis, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 71; Flor. Ind. iii. 744; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 100; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Wendi. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46 (excl. hab. et syn.). P. levis, Rumph Herb. Amb. iv. 148; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 100; Hasskl. Cat. Bog. 60; id. Pl. Jav. Rar. 163; Miq. Anal. Dot. Ind. n. 17; Wall. Cat. 8589; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 126 ; id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 149 ; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 453; id. Flor. Brit. Birm. ii. 508. P. longifolius, Hort. Berol. et Ins. pav. Potsd. (fid. Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46). P. moschatus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 147; Voigt Cat. Hort. Cale. 682; Clegh. Cat. Hort. Madr. 24; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. ii. 165; Krz. in Natuurk. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxvii. 219; id. in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 52. P. odoratissimus, Noronh. Pl. Jav. in Verh. Bat. Genootsch. v. 83. Hab. lndian archipelago, Cochin China. Nom. vulg. * Lá buon," * Lá khai" (Lour.); “Pandang casturi" in Malay, ** Patat ” in Java, * Pandang lengis ” in Balay (Rumph.); “ Hara- ghag " (Hasskl.) ; ** Poedak " or ** Pádak ” (Miquel § Hasskl.). P. levis, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 148. Cfr. P. levis, Lour. P. LAGENJEFORMIS, Sussea lageneformis, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxv. ff. 11-14; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. — P. Lars, Hort. Hab. Moluccas. P. Lais, Krz. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 54. Cfr. P. furcatus, Rozb. P. latifolius, Hort. Cfr. P. polycephalus, Lam P. latifolius, Hort. Lodd. Cfr. P. Boucheanus, C. Koch. P. latifolius, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 146, t. lxxviii. Cfr. P. amaryllifolius, Roxb. DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS, 51 Pandanus latifolius, Voigt in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) 1824, Syll. ii. 52. ? If P. latifolius, Hort. P. latissimus, Blume Rumph. i. t. (physiognomonica) 53. Miquel refers this species to P. latifolius, Rumph., which is P. amaryl- lifolius, Roxb.; Kurz identifies it with P. dubius, Spreng. PANDANUS LEONENSIS, Hort. ; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46. Hab. Guinea. 26. P. Leram, Jones in Voigt Cat. Hort. Cale. 683; Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxvii. (1869) ii. 3. 148; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 452; id. Flor. Brit. Birm. ii. 507. Mellori, Asiat. Res. 161 (c. tab.). P. Leram 8. macrocarpa, Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 106 (fid. Kurz). P. Millore, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 71; *Icon. ined. xv. 4 (fid. Kurz). Roussinia indica, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxi. ff. 1-4; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Nicobar and Andaman Islands. Nom. vulg. ** Mangdat ;” ** Larum” or * Leram " in Andaman Islands ; ** Mellori " in Portuguese; Nicobar Bread-fruit. P. Leram, Krz. (non Jones) in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 105 (excl. 8). Cfr. P. andamanensium, Krz. P. Leram B. macrocarpa, Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 106. Cfr. P. Leram, Jones. P. leucacanthus, Hort. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. leucanthus, Hasskl. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) 1842, Deibl. ii. 14. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil, P. Linnci, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. ff. 1-8. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. LixNzEr, Hort. Hab. P. littoralis,*Jungh. Topogr. Nat. Reise d. Java 61 (fid. Kurz.). Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. LITTORALIS, Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 150; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 454. Jeanneretia littoralis, Gaud. Atl. Bon. xxv. ff. 1-7; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, 1. 29]. Hab. Indian archipelago. P. tivipus, Hort.; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cycianth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46. Hab. —— E2 52 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. Pandanus longifolius, Hort. Berol. et Ins. pav. Potsd. Cfr. P. levis, Lour. P. longifolius, Hort. Lodd. Cfr. P. Doornianus, De Vriese. P. Loureiri, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 13. : Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. lucidus, Wall. Cfr. P. sylvestris, Bory. PANDANUS MACROCARPUS, Hort. Hab. —— 27. P. macrocarpus, Vieill. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xvi. 51. Barrotia macrocarpa, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 279, tx. £L. Hab. New Caledonia. Nom. vulg. ** Kelléte."* P. MADAGASCARIENSIS. Dorystigma madagascariense, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxxi. ff. 12-13; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Madagascar. This may be merely a small form of Dorystigma mauritianum, Gaud., for which see Pandanus conglomeratus, Balf. fil. P. magnus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 150. Cfr. P. dubius, Spreng. P. MALATENSIS, Blanco Fl. de Filip. (2nd ed.) 536.1 Hab. Philippines. P. MARGINATUS, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 71; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Voigt Cat. Hort. Calc. 683. Hab. Ind. or., Mauritius. P. maritimus, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (aoüt 1808) 4. Cfr. P. utilis, Bory. P. maritimus, *Rumph. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. mauritianus, Hort. ; Ill. Hort. vii. (1860) t. 265. Cfr. P. utilis, Bory. P. mauritianus, Hort. Berol. et Ins. pav. Potsd. Cfr. P. sylvestris, Bory.; P. Menziesii, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 14. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. 28. P. microcarpus, Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 396. P. microcarpus, Carm. MSS. -Hab. Mauritius. nr C] DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. Pandanus microcarpus, Carm. MSS. Cfr. P. microcarpus, Balf. fil. PANDANUS MICROSTIGMA. Sussea microstigma, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxxviii. ; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Madagascar. P. MILITARIS. Fisquetia militaris, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. v. ff. 2-7; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Singapore. P. Millore, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 71. Cfr. P. Leram, Jones. P. Minda, *Panch. in herb. Cfr. Pandanus oblongus. 29. P. Minda, Vieill. in Aun. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xvi. 51. Barrotia altissima, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 277, 289. tx. f 2. P. altissimus, Panch. MSS. (fid. Ad. Br.). Hab. New Caledonia. Nom. vulg. ** Minda.” 30. P. minor, Wall. Cat. 8592. Hab. Northern India. P. MONODON. Barrotia monodon, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xiii. ff. 15-24 ; Walp. Ann. i. /54; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Cochin China. 31. P. montanus, Bory Voy. i. 313. P. conoideus, De Vriese in Kew Gard. Misc. vi. 264. P. erigens, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 5; id. in *Desv. Journ. de Bot. i. 46; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl, i. 577 (Baquoisredressé); Kth. En. Pl. iii. 97; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 130. P. pyramidatus, Carm. MSS. Sussea conoidea, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxiv. ; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Bourbon. Madagascar (fid. Gaud.). Nom. vulg. ** Vacoa marron." P. montanus, Miq., Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 129. Cfr. P. atrocarpus, Griff. P. montanus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 145. Cfr. P. atrocarpus, Griff. 54 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 32. Pandanus monticola, Muell. Frag. Phyt. Austr. v. 40, vii. 63, viii. 220, ix. 193; Benth. Flor. Austr. vii. 150. Hab. Australia. P. moschatus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 147. Cfr. P. levis, Lour. P. muricaTus, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 6; id. in * Desv. Journ. de Bot. i. 48; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. i. 577 (Baquois herissé); Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 898 (muriatus); Boj. Hort. Maur. 301 ; Kth. En. Pl. ii. 97 ; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 131. Hab. Madagascar. Nom. vulg. ** Vacoua en pyramide ” (Bojer). 33. P. multispicatus, Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 403. Hab. Seychelles. Nom. vulg. ** Vacoua de riviére.” P. nitidus, Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 103. Cfr. P. stenophyllus, Krz. P. nudus, Pet. Th. Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 4. Cfr. P. utilis, Bory. P. OBELISCUS, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 6 ; id. in * Desv. Journ. de Bot. i. 49 ; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. i. 578; Kth. En. Pi. iii. 100; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 2515 Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 133. Hab. Madagascar. 34. P. oblongus. Bryantia (Lophostigma) oblonga, Ad. Br. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 6, i. 288, t. xv. f. 8. Pandanus Minda, * Panch. in herb. (non Vieill.) (fid. Ad. Br. lo). Hab. New Caledonia. P. odoratissimus, Bl. Cat. Bog. 111. Cfr. P. amaryllifolius, Roxb. P. oporatisstmus, Hort. Herrenh. No. i.; Hort. Berol., Makoy, Lodd.; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46. D. utilis, Hort. Amst. et Brux. (fid. Wendl.). Hab. —— P. oporatissimus, Hort. Herrenh. No. ii. ; Hort. Parment. Gand.; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 47. Hab. P. odoratissimus, Jacq. Fragm. Bot. 21, tt. xiii. xiv. f. 1. Cfr. P. utilis, Bory. 35. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. Suppl. 424; Lam. Encyc. Bot. i. 371 (excl. syn. Kaida, Reede) (Baquois odorant) ; id. Suppl. i. 575; id. Illustr. DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 55 t. 798 ; Murr. Syst. Veg. 878 (odoratissima) ; Forst. Flor. Ins. Aust. Prod. 69 (odoratissima) ; id. Pl. Escul. Ins. Oc. Austr. 38 (odora- tissima, excl. 8, y, 5); Roxb. Fl. Corom. i. 65. tt. 94-96 ; id. Hort. Beng. /1; id. Flor. Ind. ii. 738 (excl. syn. Mellore) ; Desf. Tabl. du Mus. Par. 217; id. Cat. Hort. Reg. Par. 9; Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 645 (excl. syn. Jacq.); Pers. Synops. ii. 597 (excl. syn. Jacq.); Pet. Th. Prod. Phyt. in Mélang. ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. ii. 897; Kerner Hort. Semp. tt. 133-136; Guill. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, vii. 177 ; Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb. 227; Kth. En. Pl. in. 94; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Voigt Cat. Hort. Cale. 682 (excl. syn. Reede); Griff. PI. Asiat. ii. 159, t. 174; Clegh. Cat. Hort. Madr. (1853) 24; De Vriese in Kew Gard. Misc. vi. 261 (excl. syn. Jacq.) ; id. in Tuinbouw Flora i. 166 (excl. syn. Jacq.) ; Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 156 (excl. syn. Kaida, Reede); Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 2/9 ; Vieill. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xvi. 50; Thw. En. Pl. Zeyl. 327; Krz. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.- Bat. ii. 52 ; id. Flor. Brit. Birm. ii. 508 ; ? Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austr. vii. 220; Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 401; *Ann. de P Agric. des Colonies iv. 5; ? Benth. Flor. Austr. vii. 148. Ananas sylvestris, Burm. Thes. Zeyl. 20. Arthrodactylis spinosa, Forst. Gen. Pl. 150, t. Ixxv. Bromelia sylvestris, Linn. Flor. Zeyl. 131; Burm. Fl. Ind. 79. Eydouzia Delessertii, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xvii. ff. 7-8; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, 1. 291. Hasskarlia leucacantha, Walp. Ann. i. 753 (fid. Krz.). Kaida-taddi, Reede Hort. Mal. ii. tt. i. & vi. Keura odorifera, Forsk. Fl. /Egypt.-Arab. 172, xcv, exxii. Marquartia leucacontha (leucantha), Hassk. Cat. Bog. 61. Pandanus Blancoi, Kth. En. Pl. iti. 583; Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. iv. (1864) 158. P. Boryi, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 15; Walp. Ann. i. 752; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sec. Nat. ser. 6, i. 290. P. Chamissonis, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 9; Walp. Aun. i. 752; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6. 1. 290. P. Douglasii, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 16; Walp. Ann. i. 752; Ad. Br. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 6, 1. 290. P. fascicularis, Lam. Encyc. Bot. i. 372 (excl. 8); Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 646 (büschelfrüchtiger Pandanus); Pers. Synops. ii. 597; Dennst. Clav. Hort. Mal. 11; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 897 ; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 98 (excl. syn. Folium baggea maritimum, Rumph.); Voigt Cat. Hort. Cale. 683. P. leucacanthus, Hort. ; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46. P. leucanthus (leucacanthus ?), Hasskl. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) 1842, Beibl. ii. 14 (fid. Kurz). P. Linnei, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. ff. 1-8; Walp. Ann. i, 752; 56 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. Wochenschr. ix. (1866) 142; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 290. Pandanus littoralis, *Jungh. Topogr. nat. Reisen d. Java 61 (fid. Krz.); Horsf. Geol. Bot. of Java 178; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. ii. 158. P. Loureiri, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 13; Walp. Ann. i. 752; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 290. P. maritimus, *Rumph. (quoted Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii, 897, as syn. of P. fascicularis, Lam.). P. Menziesii, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 14; Walp. Aun. i. 752; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 290. P. odoratissimus, var., Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, 1. 272. P. odoratus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 140. P. odoratus, Salisb. Prod. 3. P. Rheedii, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 12; Walp. Ann. i. 752; Ad. Br. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 6, i. 290. P. Rumphii, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 11; Walp. Ann. i. 752; Ad. Br. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 290. P. spiralis, Blanco Fl. de Filip. 777 (fid. Miq.). P. spiralis, R. Br. Prod. 341 ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 898; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 100; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Voigt Cat. Hort. Cale. 683; Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austr. v. 40. P. spurius, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 142, tt. lxxv. (excl. f. A.) Ixxxi.; Krz. in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 52; id. in Natuurk. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxvii. 218; id. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 129, P. tectorius, Soland. Prim. Fl. Ins. Pacif. (ined.) 350; Parkins. Fi. Tahit. Pl. (ined.) t. 113. P. verus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 139, t. Ixxiv.?; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 125 (excl. syn. P. Milleri, Roxb.) ; id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 149 (excl. syn. P. fragrans, Gaud.) ; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 453 (excl. syn. P. fragrans, Gaud.) ; Seem. Flor. Vitiens. 281 (excl. syn. P. Milleri, Roxb.). Hab. Indian archipelago ; North Australia to Sandwich Islands. Nom. vulg. “ Pandang matti," * Pandang Nipa," or * Bou Bou 2 Im Malay, “ Keker ela" or “ Kekel ela ” in Amboina, “ Tsjindaga " in Java, * Buro-buro ” in Ternate, ** Indang " in Banda, and * Kaldera " in Hindo- stan (Rumph.); “Kadi” or * Kabua Kadi” in Arabia ( Forsk.); “ Ew- haiha” in Tahiti (Soland.); *Faudren? in Madagascar (Pet. Th.); * Pandan passir” in Java ( Horsfield) ; ** Ketuka," * Keura," or * Kea” (Rowb.); “ Keura-ka-khat " (Graham); “Pandan laut leutik ” or “ Pandan samak laut " (Hasskl.) ; “Pan” in New Caledonia (Vieill.) ; ** Moodoo- kaiyeya” in Ceylon (Thwaites); ** Pandan laut" in Malay, “ Sataphu " in Birma, and “ Ledelet" in Andaman Islands (Kurz); “ Balawa” or “ Va- dra ” in Fiji (Seem.). DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 57 PANDANUS ODORATISSIMUS, Lour. Flor. Cochin. 603; Krz.in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 130. Hab. Cochin China. Nom. vulg. “ Cay Jáa." ?If P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. odoratissimus, Noronh. Pl. Jav. in Verh. Bat. Genootsch. v. 83. Cfr. P. levis, Lour. P. odoratus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 140. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. odoratus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 146. Cfr. P. amaryllifolius, Roab. P. odoratus, Salisb. Prodr. 3. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. onNATUS, Hort. ; Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. Misc.1. (1866); Ill. Hort. xix. (1872) 143, t. xcvii. Hab. Rodriguez ? P. onNATUS, Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 147; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 451 (excl. syn. Fisquetia militaris, Gaud.). Fisquetia ornata, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. v. ff. 1, 8, 9; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Malaeca. P. ovatus, Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 147 ; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 450. Fisquetia ovata, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. iv. f. 1; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Malacca. 36. P. palustris, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (aoüt 1808) 6 ; id. in * Desv. Journ. de Bot. i. 48; Lam. Encyc. Dot. Suppl. i. 577 (Baquois des marais); Spreng. Syst. Veg. ni. 898; Boj. Hort. Maur. 301; Kth. En. Pl. ii. 96; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Voigt Cat. Hort. Calc. 683; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) .133; Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 402. Roussinia indica, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxi. ff. 5-9. Hab. Mauritius. Nom. vulg. ** Vacoua." 37. P. Pancheri. Barrotia Pancheri, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 284,t. xiv. f. 4. Pandanus spherocephalus, Panch. MSS. partim (fid. Ad. Br./.c.). Hab. New Caledonia. P. parasiticus, Noronh. Pl. Jav. in Verh. Bat. Genootsch. v. 83, Hab. Java. Nom. vulg. ** Burong-tandang." 58 DR. I. D. BALFOUR ON TIIE GENUS PANDANUS. 38. Pandanus pedunculatus, R. Br. Prod. 311; Spreng. Syst. Veg. ili. 898; Boj. Hort. Maur. 302; Kth. En. Pl. iti. 100; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Voigt Cat. Hort. Calc. 683 ; Wendl. Ind. Palin. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 47; Vieill. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xvi. 151 ; Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austr. v. 40, viii. 220, ix. 193; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1367) 130; Benth. Flor. Austr. vii. 149. Hab. Tropical Australia. Nom. vulg. ** Vacoua de la Nouvelle Hollande " in Mauritius (Bojer). P. Pervilleanus, Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1569) ii. 3. 149. Cfr. P. Boucheanus, C. Koch. 39. P. polycephalus, Lam. Encyc. Bot. i. 372 (Baquois à plusieurs têtes); id. Suppl. i. 575 (excl. P. humilis, Jacq.) ; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 47 ; Wall. Cat. 8588. Pandanus humilis, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 143. t. Ixxvi. ; Willd. Spec. Pl. iv. 645 (excl. syn. Jacq. et hab. ins. Maur.) (kleiner Pandanus) ; Pers. Synop. ii. 597 (excl. syn. Jacq.) ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 898 (exel. syn. P. pygmaeus, Pet. Th. et hab. ins. Masc. Madagascar); Desf. Cat. IFort. Reg. Par. 9 (excl. syn. Jacq.); Boj. Hort. Maur. 302 (excl. syn.) ; Kth. En. Pl. ii. 99 (excl. syn. Jacq. et P. montanus, Bory) ; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2ud ed.) ii. 251 (excl. syn. P. montanus, Bory); Hassk. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) 1542, Beibl. ii. 13; id. Cat. Bog. 60; Voigt Cat. Hort. Calc. 683; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 46?; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 160 (excl. syn. Jacq.); Thw. En. Pl. Zeyl. 327?; Krz. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 53; id. in Natuurk. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxvii. 219; id. in Seem. Journ. Bot. (1867) 105, t. Ixiii. (excl. syn. Jacq., P. montanus, Bory, P. pygmeus, Hook., et distrib. Dour- bon); id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii, (1869) ii. 3. 150 (excl. syn.) ; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) ii. 3. 454 (excl. syn.). ? P. humilis, Lour. Flor. Cochinch. 603 (excl. syn. Kaida-taddi, Reede). P. latifolius, Loud. ; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251 (fid. Spreng.). Hab. Eastern archipelago. Nom. vulg. “ Pandang kitsjil " in Malay, “ Keker " or “ Kekel ley- nulun " in Amboina, “ Berel " in Leytimor, and “ Deuro " or “ Panrang ~ in Macassar (Rumph.); “ Pandan serengseng," “ Harassus leutik -o “ Harassus lumboet " ( Hasskl.); ** Doonoo-kaiyeya " in Ceylon ( Thwaites); “ Sarengseng besár” and “ Ketorykat " in Bangka ( Kurz). P. potyryzos, Pet. Th. Prod. Phyt. in Mélang. Hab. Madagascar. Nom. vulg. “ Siric." DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 59. PaNDpANUuS PonTEANUS, Hort.; Hortic. Franç. (1866) 16. t. i. Hab. Philippines. P. PRINCEPS, Hort. Hab. —— P. pRoLiIFERUS, Hort.; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 47. Hab, —— 40. P. prostratus, Balf. fil. P. conoideus, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 5; id. in *Desv. Journ. de Bot. i. 47 ; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. i. 577 (Baquois conique); Kth. En. Pl. ii. 97; Steud. Nom. Dot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251 (hab. emend.); Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 130; Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 150 (excl. syn.) id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 454 (excl. syn.); Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 398. Hab. Mauritius. Nom, vulg. ** Vacoa marron." 41. P. purpurascens, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (aoüt 1808) 3; id. in * Desv. Journ. de Bot.i.44; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. i. 576 (Baquois à semences purpurines); Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 898 ; Boj. Hort. Maur. 302 (hab. excl.) ; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 97 (hab. excl.) ; Steud. Nom. Bot.(2nd ed.) n. 250; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 133 (hab. excl.). Vinsonia drupacea, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxx. ff. 8-11; Walp. Ann. i. 756; Ad. Br. m Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. V. purpurascens, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xviii. ff. 6-9; Walp. Ann. 1. /55; Ad. Br. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 6, 1. 290. Hab. Ile de la Réunion. P. pygmeus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4736. Cfr. P. pygmzus, Pet. Th. PD. pygmeus, Hort. is Freycinetia leucacantha, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 172 (fid. Miq.). 42. P. pygmeeus, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 6; id. in * Desv. Journ. de Bot. i. 46; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. i. 577 (Baquois pygmée); Ath. En. Pl. iii. 99; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251 (excl. syn.); Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 47 (excl. syn. P. graminifolius, Freycinetia graminifolia, and F. leucacantha); Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 131. ? Fouillioya graminifolia, Hort. (fid. Wendl.). Pandanus pygmeus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4736 ; *Allgem. Gartenz. (1853) 311; Gartenfl. ii. (1853) 341; Walp. Ann. v. 857. Hab. Madagascar. Nom. vulg. ** Vacoua nain." 60 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 43. Pandanus pyramidalis, Barkly MSS.; Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 399. P. striatus, Carm. MSS. Hab. Mauritius. P. pyramidatus, Carm. MSS. Cfr. P. montanus, Bory. P. RAcEMOsUS, Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii, (1869) ii. 3. 150 (excl. syn. Fouillioya maritima, Gaud.); id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 454 (excl. syn. Fouillioya maritima, Gaud.). Fouillioya racemosa, Gaud. Atl. Don. t. xxvi. ff. 1-9 ; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. —— P. rapicans, Blanco Fl. de Filip. 780; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 584; Mig. - Flor. Ind. Bat. ii. 166; Krz. in Seem, Journ, Bot. v. (1867) 130. Hab. Philippines. Nom. vulg. ** Olango.” P. REFLEXUS, Hort.; Desf. Cat. Hort. Reg. Par.9 ; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 47; Koch in Wochenschr. (1858) 132; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 133. Doornia reflexa, De Vriese in Kew Gard. Mise. vi. 266; id. in Tuinbouw Flora i. 174; id. in Linnea xxvi. 763; id. in Flor. des Jard. des Pays-Bas i. (1858) 23; Walp. Ann. v. 858. Hab. Mascarene Islands? ? If P. conglomeratus, Balf. fil., is this species. P. repens, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 152. Cfr. P. Samak, Hasskl. P. RETICULATUS, Vieill. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xvi. 52. Hab. New Caledonia. P. Rheedii, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 12. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. Rumphii, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxii. f. 11. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. SaBoTAN, Blanco Fl. de Filip. 779; Kth. En. Pl. ii. 584; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 166. Hab. Philippines. Nom. vulg. ** Sabotan." 44. P. Samak, Hassk. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) 1842, Beibl. 31. 13; id. Cat. Bog. 61; Walp. Ann. i. 753; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 165; Krz. in Natuurk. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxvii. 218; id. in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 54. P. repens, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 152; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 165; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 128. DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 61 Pandanus variegatus, Miq. Anal. Bot. Ind. ii. 16; id. in. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 165. Hab. Indian archipelago. Nom. vulg. ** Cocoja"' in Malay, ** Leut ” in Amboina, and “ Rune ” in Ceram ( Rumph.); ** Pandan samak " or “ tikker ” (Hasskl.). P. sativus, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (aoüt 1808) 3. Cfr. P. utilis, Bory. 45. Pandanus Sechellarum, Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 402. Hab. Seychelles. Nom. vulg. ** Vacoa marron." P. sEssiLIs, Boj. Hort. Maur. 302; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251 (hab. excl. ). Hab. 'Tropical Africa; Zanzibar; Pemba. P. sEssiLIS, Hort.; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 47. P. glaucus, Hort. (fid. Wendl.). Hab. Australia. P. spherocephalus, *Panch. MSS. partim. Cfr. P. Pancheri. 46. P. spherocephalus, * Panch. MSS. partim. Barrotia spherocephala, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 284, t: xv. E Hab. New Caledonia. 47. P. spheroideus, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (aoüt 1808) 5; id. in * Desv. Journ. de Bot. 1.46; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. i. 577 (Baquois sphéroide ou globuleux); Kth. En. Pl. iii. 97 ; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.)11. 251; Krz.in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 130; Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 396. P. globuliferus, Pet. Th. in Bull. Se. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 5; id in *Desv. Journ. de Bot.i. 47 ; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. i. 577 ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 898; Boj. Hort. Maur. 301; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 97; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251 (globiferus); Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 131. Hab. Mauritius. P. spinifructus (spinifractus, Krz.), Dennst. Clav. Hort. Mal. 11. Cfr. P. furcatus, Rozb. P. spiralis, Blanco Fl. de Filip. 777. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. spiralis, Hort. (non R. Br.); Oudem. in Flor. des Jard. des Pays- Bas, v. 81. Cfr. P. utilis, Bory. 62 DER. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. PANDANUS SPIRALIS, *Miq. in Tuinbouw Flora (fid. Kurz)? Hab. Australia. P. spiralis, R. Br. Prod. 341. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. P. spurius, Hort. Cfr. P. utilis, Bory. P. spurius, Miq. Anat. Bot. Ind. ii. 15 (non Rumph.). Cfr. P. utilis, Bory. P. spurius, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 142, tt. Ixxv. (excl. fig. A), Ixxsi. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. 48. P. stenophyllus, Kurz, in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.- Bat. ii. 53. "reycinetia. nitida, Mig. Ind. Sem. Hort. Amst. 1853, 4; id. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 172. Pandanus nitidus, Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 103; id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 146; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 451. Hab. Java. Nom. vulg. ** Soeng riengung." P. striatus, Carm. MSS. Cfr. P. pyramidalis, Barkly. P. strigilis, Carm. MSS. Cfr. P. drupaceus, Pet. Th. P. SussEA. Sussea microcarpa, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxv. ff. 8-10. Hab. —— ? If P. littoralis, Krz. 49. P. sylvestris, Bory Voy. ii. 250 (Vacoi sylvestre). P. elegans, Pet. Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 4 ; id. in *Desv. Journ. de Bot. i. 46; Lam. Encye. Bot. Suppl. i. 576 (Baquois élégant) ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 898 ; Boj. Hort. Maur. 302 (excl. hab. Maur.); Kth. En. Pl. iii. 96; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Voigt Cat. Hort. Cale. 683; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 133. P. humilis, Jaeq. Fragm. Bot. 21, t. xiv. f. 2; Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 265 (excl. syn.) ; *Allgem. Teutsch. Gart. Mag. (1823) 157. P. lucidus, Wall.; Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 149 ; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 453. P. utilis 8. lucidus, Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 131. Vinsonia elegans, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xvii. ff. 12, 13; Walp. Ann. 1.755; Ad. Br. in Ann, Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 290. V. humilis, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xvii. ff. 10, 11; Walp. Ann. i. 495 ; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 290. : DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 63 Vinsonia lucida, Gaud. Atl. Don. t. xvii. ff. 14, 15 ; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 290. Hab. Ile de la Réunion. PANDANUS SYLVESTRIS, Hort.; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 47. P. mauritianus, Hort. Berol. et Ins. pav. Potsd. ( fid. Wendl.). P. odoratissimus, Hort. (fid. Wendl.). Hab. P. sylvestris, Krz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. (1869) ii. 3. 149. Cfr. P.Barklyi, Balf. fil. D. sylvestris, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 145, t. Ixxvii. Cfr. P. atrocarpus, Griff. P. tectorius, Soland. Prim. Fl. Ins. Pacif. (ined.) 350. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. 50. P, tenuifolius, Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 400. Hab. Rodriguez. Nom. vulg. ** Vacoa chevron.” P. rENvIFOLIUS, Lind. Ill. Hort. xx. (1873) 70. Hab. P. terrestris, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 145. Cfr. P. atrocarpus, Griff. P. TETRODON. Barrotia Gaudichaudi, Ad. Br. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 6, i. 264. B. tetrodon, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xiii. ff. 1-8 ; Walp. Ann. i. 754; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6. i. 291. Hab. ? If P. dubius, Spreng. P. rurBINATUS, Hort. ; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251. Hab. Ind. Or. P. UNIPAPILLATUS, Dennst. Clav. Hort. Mal. 15; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd. ed.)ii. 251; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 128. Perin kaida taddi, Reede Hort. Mal. ii. t. vii. Hab. Malabar. P. urophyllus, Hance in Trim. Journ. Bot. iv. 68. Cf. P. furcatus, Rozb. 51. P. utilis, Bory, Voy. ii. 3; Desf. Tabl. Mus. Par. 249; id. Cat. Hort. Reg. Par. 9; *Willd. En. Dietr. Lex.’ Nachtrag, v. 503; Dict, Sc. Nat. Atlas ii. tt. 10, 11; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 897 ; Boj. Hort. Maur.301; Kth. En. PL iii. 96; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 252 ; Voigt Cat. Hort. Calc. 683; Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 47 ; Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. iii. 159 ; Ill. Hort. vii. (1860) fig. c. t. 265; Hamb. Gartenz. xvii. (1861)498; Krz. in Miq. Ann. Mus. DRE. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 52; id. in. Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 131, tt. lxiv. ff. 3-4, lxv. (excl. 8. lucida); id. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxvii. (1869) ii. 3. 149 (excl. aliq. syn.) ; id. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) lii. (1869) 453 (excl. aliq. syn.); Gartenfl. xxii. (1873) 48, c. ic. xyl.; Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 398. Var. distichus, Hort.; Hortic. Frang. 1866, 232, t. viii. ; Ann. Soc. d' Hort. Par. 1866, 118. Hasskarlia globosa, Walp. Ann. i. 753 (excl. syn. et hab.). Marquartia globosa, Hassk. in Flora (Bot. Zeit.) 1842, Beibl. ii. 14; id. Cat. Boj. 61 (excl. syn.); Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 45 (excl. syn. P. spurius, Rumph.). Pandanus Candelabrum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5014 (excl. syn.) ; Gartenflora vii. (1858) 118; Journ. Soc. Imp. et Centr. d'Hort. Franç. iv. (1858) 68; *Journ. d'hort. de la Belg. i. 267. P. distichus, Hort. ; Ill. Hort. xix. (1872) 55. P. elegantissimus, Hort. ; Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. iii. (1863) 108, 280; Hamb. Gartenz. xix. (1863) 391; Gartenflora xiii. (1864) 153. Var. latifolius, Hort. P. flabelliformis ( flagelliformis), E. Carr. Rev. Hort. 1866, 271. c. ic. col.; Gartenfl. xv. (1866) 269. P. maritimus, Pet. Th. in Bull. Se. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 4; id.in *Desv. Journ. de Bot. i. 45; Lam. Encyc.. Bot. Suppl.i.576 (Baquois maritime) ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 898; Boj. Hort. Maur. 302 ; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 96 ; Steud. Nom. Dot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251; Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 132. P. mauritianus (mauritanus, Krz.), Hort. ; Ill. Hort. vii. (1860) t. 265; Gartenflora x. (1861) 427. P. nudus, Pet. Th. in Bull. Se. Soc. Phil. Paris (août 1808) 4; id. in *Desv. Journ. de Bot. i. 45 ; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. 1.5/8; Kth. En. Pl. iii. 96. P. odoratissimus, Hort. ; Ann. de la Soc. d'Hort. de Paris 39. 125 ; Revue Hortic. vii. 366. P. odoratissimus, Jacq. Fragm. Bot. 21, tt. xiii, xiv. f. 1 ; Descourt. Antill. viii. 37, t. 540. P. sativus, Pet. 'Th. in Bull. Sc. Soc. Phil. Paris (aoüt 1808) 3; id. in *Desv. Journ. de Bot. i. 44 ; Lam. Encyc. Bot. Suppl. i. 5/6 (Baquois cultivé) ; Steud. Nom. Bot. (2nd ed.) ii. 251. P. spiralis, Hort. (non R. Br.); Wendl. Ind. Palm. Cyclanth. Pand. Cycad. (1854) 47; Flor. des Jard. des Pays-Bas v. (1862) 81. c. ic. A, B- P. spurius, Hort. ; fid. Wendl. l. c. P. spurius, Miq. (non Rumph.) Anal. Bot. Ind. ii. 15; id. Flor. Ind. Bat. in. 157; Kurz in Seem. Journ. of Bot. v. (1867) 131. P. Vacqua, Carm. MSS. P. Veitchii, Hort. ante 1868. DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 65 Vinsonia consanguinea, Gaud. MSS. V. macrostigma, Gaud. MSS. V. media, Gaud. MSS. V. palustris, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xvii. ff. 18-23; Walp. Ann. i. /56 ; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. V. propinqua, Gaud. MSS. V. stephanocarpa, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxiii. ff. 2-5, 7, 8; Walp. Ann. i. 756. V. striata, Gaud. MSS. V. Thouarsii, Gaud. MSS. V. utilis, Gaud. Atl. Bon. tt. xvii. ff. 1-5, xxiii. ff. l, 6, 9-18; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Br. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 6, i. 290. Var. stephanocarpa, Ad. Br. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291. Hab. Madagascar. Nom. vulg. ** Vacoa sac” in Ins. Mase.; * Pandan laut besaar"" and “ Pandan laut gedeh ”’ (Hasskl.). Pandanus utilis 8. lucidus, Krz. in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 131. Cfr. P. sylvestris, Bory. P. utilis, Hort. Amst. et Brux. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, Hort. Herrenh. No. 1. P. Vacqua, Carm. MSS. Cfr. P. utilis, Bory. 52. Pandanus Vandermeeschi, Balf. fil. in Baker Flor. Maur. Seych. 398. Fouillioya maritima, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxvi. ff. 21-24; Walp. Ann. 1. /55 ; Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, 1. 291. Hab. Mauritius. P. variegatus, Miq. Anal. Bot. Ind. ii. 16. Cfr. P. Samak, Hasskl. P. Vkrrcur Hort.; Gard. Year-Book (1869) 91; Flor. & Pom. x. (1871) 177. c. ic. xyl.; Hamb. Gartenz. xxvii. (1871) 313; I4. Hort. xix. (1872) 55. c. ic. xyl.; Gartenfl. xxii. (1873) 310. c. ic. Iyl; * Album Dalliére i. (1873) 28; Journ. Soc. Centr. Hort. France ser. 2, v. (1875) 26. Hab. South-Sea Islands. P. verus, Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. 139, t. Ixxiv. Cfr. P. odoratissimus, L. fil. 53. P. viscidus, * Panch. in herb. Bryantia (Lophostigma) viscida, Ad. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i 287; 6 as, CM Hab. New Caledonia. P. VITTARIIFOLIUS, Boj. Hort. Maur. 302. Hab. Madagascar. Nom. vulg. * Vacoua à feuilles en rubans.” LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 66 DR. I. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. Perin kaida-taddi, Reede Hort. Mal. ii. t. vii. Cfr. Pandanus unipapillatus, Dennst. Roussinia indica, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxi. Cfr. Pandanus Leram, Jones, & P. palustris, Pet. Th. Gaudichaud has here confounded two species, and in his plate has copied figs. 1-4 from the drawings of P. Leram, Jones in ‘Asiatie Researches,’ iv. 164; and the other figures (5-9) are drawn from specimens of P. palus- tris, Pet. Th., now in the museum at Paris. Ryckia furcata, De Vriese in Versl, kl. Akad. Wet. ii. (1854) 203. Cfr. Pandanus furcatus, Rozb. Sussea conoidea, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxiv. Cfr. Pandanus montanus, Bory. S. lageneformis, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxv. ff. 11-14. Cfr. Pandanus lageneeformis. S. microcarpa, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxv. ff. 8-10. Cfr. Pandanus Sussea. S. microstigma, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxxviii. Cfr. Pandanus microstigma. Tuckeya Candelabrum, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxvi. ff. 10-20. Cfr. Pandanus Candelabrum, Pal. Beauv. Vinsonia acuminata, Gaud. MSS. Cfr. Pandanus acuminatus. V. consanguinea, Gaud. MSS. Cfr. Pandanus utilis, Bory. V. drupacea, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxxi. ff. 8-11. Cfr. Pandanus purpurascens, Pet. Th. ”, elegans, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xvii. ff. 12, 13. Cfr. Pandanus sylvestris, Bory. 7, humilis, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xvii. ff. 10, 11. Cfr. Pandanus sylvestris, Bory. V. lucida, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xvii. ff. 14, 15. Cfr. Pandanus sylvestris, Bory. V. macrostigma, Gaud. MSS. Cfr. Pandanus utilis, Bory. V. media, Gaud. MSS. Cfr. Pandanus utilis, Bory. V. palustris, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xvii. ff. 18-23. Cfr. Pandanus utilis, Bory. V. Pervilleana, Gaud. Atl. Don. t. xxxi. ff. 1-7. Cfr .Pandanus Boucheanus, Koch. V. propinqua, Gaud. MSS. Cfr. Pandanus utilis, Bory. = -— DR. T. B. BALFOUR ON THE GENUS PANDANUS. 67 Vinsonia purpurascens, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xvii. ff. 6-9. Cfr. Pandanus purpurascens, Pet. Th. V. stephanocarpa, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xxiii. ff. 2-5, 7, 8. Cfr. Pandanus utilis, Bory. V. striata, Gaud. MSS. Cfr. Pandanus utilis, Bory. V. sylvestris, Gaud. Atl. Bon. t. xvii. ff. 16, 17. Cfr. Pandanus Barklyi, Balf. fil. V. Thouarsii, Gaud. MSS. Cfr. Pandanus utilis, Bory. V. utilis, Gaud. Atl. Bon. tt. xvii. ff. 1—5, xxiii. ff. 1-6, 9-18. Cfr. Pandanus utilis, Bory. Postscript (April 1878). — Since the foregoing list was laid before the Society, Count Sohlms Laubach has published (‘ Linnea’ xlii. 1. February 1878) his * Monographia Pandanacearum.” In it he describes many Eastern forms. I find that we differ in the identification of several species; but as a decision regarding them can only be arrived at when more satisfactory materials are obtained, I shall not at present eriticise the memoir. I may note here, however, that six new species are described. Of these, five I believe to be good; but I see no necessity for keeping up the sixth specific name. I append the names as a supplement to my list. In the *Botanieal Magazine' for February 1878, under tab. 6347, Sir Joseph Hooker describes a new species, Pandanus un- guifer, from Northern Bengal. I have little doubt this is Pan- danus minor, Wall. Pandanus Boivini, Sohlms Laub. in Linnea xlii. (1878) 26. Hab. Madagascar. P. ceylanicus, Sohlms Laub. in Linnea xlii. (1878) 16. P. furcatus, Thw. En. Pl. Zeyl. 327. Hab. Ceylon. ; I placed Thwaites's plant in my list doubtfully under P. furcatus, Roxb. P. Korthalsii, Sohlms Laub. in Linnea xlii. (1878) 12. Hab. Borneo. P. Kurzianus, Sohlms Laub. in Linnza xlii. (1878) 4. I see no reason why this species should not be included under Pandanus polycephalus, Lam. It is the type of Gaudichaud's Jeanneretia littoralis, named by Kurz Pandanus littoralis ; and these names, if Sohlms Laubach's identification be correct, will become synonyms of Pandanus polycephalus, Lam. F2 68 MR. J. MIERS ON THE SCHOEPFIE.E AND CERVANTESIE.E. Pandanus Motleyanus, Sohlms Laub. in Linnea xlii. (1373) 21. Hab. Borneo. Pandanus unguifer, Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 6347. Is Pandanus minor, Wall. P. Yvanii, Sohlms Laub. in Linnea xlii. (1878) 20. Hab. Malacca. On the Sehoepfiee and Cervantésiec, distinct Tribes of the Sty- racee. By Jonn Miers, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Diguit. and i Commend. Ord. Imp. Bras. Rose. [Read February 21, 1878.] (Prarzs I.-IV.) Tue first of these tribes may be distinguished by the following brief diagnosis :— SCHOEPFIEA, tribus Styracearum. Flores calyculati. Calyculus parvus, margine inzqualiter divisus; calyx persimilis, calveulo inclusus, utraque facie liber, margine lacinulatus. Ovarium, fructus et semen ut in Styrace!. Genera 2. l. Schoepfia: species 8, omnia Americane. 2. Schoepfiopsis : species 4, omnia Asiatice. Schoepfia was established in 1789 by Schreber, who then gave an outline of its generic character, without reference to any spe- cies or to the country in which it originated?. Vahl, probably unaware of this fact, published in 1792? and 1794* an account of his Codonium arborescens, & plant evidently congeneric with Schreber’s Schoepfia. The opinions of botanists since that period have been singu- larly at variance in regard to its affinity, and not less in respect to the details of its structure; so that up to this time the genus has not found a satisfactory or permanent resting-place. In 1794, Vahl (loc. cit., sub Codonium) considered the genus should rest between Caprifolium and Loranthus. ' * Contrib. Bot. i. p. 177, pls. 29, 30. ? Linn. Gen. Pl. edit. 8vo, p. 189, no. 323 (1789). 3 Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Hafniensis, xi. p. 208, tab. 6 (1792). * Symbole, part iii. p. 36 (1794). MR. J. MIERS ON THE SCHOEPFIEX. 69 In 1808, Jussieu gave it the same position’. In 1824, Wallich regarded it as belonging to Santalacee’. In 1825, G. Don placed it in Symplocacec ?. In 1830, Bartling referred it to Ebenacec*. In 1830, De Candolle placed it in Loranthacee, dividing it into two groups *. In 1839, Endlicher placed Schoepfia in Symplocacee*; but three years later he gave it another position. In 1840, Bentham, remodelling the genus, fixed it in Olacacec In 1840, Spach located the genus among the Symplocacee*. In 1842, Endlicher removed Schoepfia into Olacacee’. In 1842, A. Richard placed the genus under Diplocalyz, in the Sapotacec ”. In 1843, Meissner arranged Schoepfia in the Styracee, though it appeared to approach the Myrsinacee". In 1849, Gardner and Champion placed it in the Olacacee °. In 1850, Blume thought the genus should be placed between the Santalacee and the Loranthacea, in a distinct order, the Schoep- Jiacee™. In 1856, Prof. De Candolle referred Schoepfia to the Olacacee, declaring that the structure of its ovary does not accord with the Santalacee ™*. In 1862, Baillon arranged the genus in the Santalacee ". In regard to my own first conclusion in 1845 ", and in 1851", when I had not seen the flower or fruit of Schoepfia, I accepted the decision of Mr. Bentham, the highest authority on the subject, and thus included the genus in the Olacacee. But subsequently, on examining with eare the structure of the genus, especially its ovary and fruit, I became convinced that 1 Ann. Mus. xii. p. 300. 2 [n his edition of Roxb. Fl. Indica, ii. p. 190, ? Flor. Nepal. p. 145. 4 Ord. Nat. Plant. sec. Sprengel nom. p. 534. * Prodr.iv. p. 319. 6 Gen. Pl. i. p. 744, No. 4260. 7 Linn. Trans. xviii. p. 678. 8 Phanerog. ix. p. 417. 9 Gen. Suppl. ii. pp. 68, 83. 10 Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. Plant. Cub. ii. p. 81; Bot. A. Richard, i. 1 Plant, Vascul. Gen. sec. Steudel Nomenc. p. 534. 12 n Hook. Journ. Kew, i. p. 308. 13 Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. p. 175. 14 Prodr. xiv. p. 622. 15 Adansonia, iii. p. 117. 16 Tn ‘Lindl. Veg. Kingd.’ p. 444 a. : 17 Ann. Nat. Hist. 2 ser. viii. p. 105; Contrib. i. p. 17. 70 MR. J. MIERS ON THE SCHOEPFIE Æ. Schoepfia eannot belong to the Olacacew, because it does not pre- sent the filiform free central placenta rising in the axis of a uni- loeular ovary quite smooth within, to which it may be added, the circumstance that its sced is not destitute of all integumental coverings—conditions essential in the Olacacee ; hence the neces- sity of its exclusion from that family. At the same time I eannot accord in the determination that Schoepfia belongs to the Santalacee. The most valid argument against this conclusion is that the calyx and corolla are not com- bined into a simple perigonium partly connate with the ovarium —essential conditions of that order '. The following is an amended diagnosis of the genus from my own point of view. Scuoepria, Schreber—Codonium, Vahl.—Hienkea, A. $ P.— Diplocalyx, A. Rich. Calyculus parvus, breviter crateriformis, margine in: qualiter. divisus, ‘liber; calyx €i persimilis, sessilis, utraque facie liber, margine iniequa- liter 3-5-lacinulatus. Corolla tubulosa ; tubus late cylindricus, imo sul- cato-quinquangularis et hine ad ovarium arcte agelutinatus, superne o- fidus ; segmenta oblonga, acutata, apice subreflexa, intus infra medium macula niveo-furfurosa predita, in wstivatione marginibus angustis- sime introflexis. Stamina 5, segmentis opposita; filamenta anguste linearia, antice carinata, e margine disci orta, imo laxe affixa, superne libera, erecta, glabra; anfhere ovatw, 2-lob;w, lobis oblique laterali- bus ad connectirum crassiusculum dorso adglutivatis, longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Discus magnus, epigynus, semiglobosus, alte pulvi- natus, 4-5-suleatus, spongiosus?, intus vacuus, demum marcidus et complanatus. Orarium ovato-turbinatum, a medio semi-triloculare, septorum marginibus oblique adscendentibus, in placenta summo con- fluentibus et alas totidem simulantibus, apice hujus modo }-loculare : placenta centralis, libera, a stylo disjuncta, apice truncata, modo indi- cato 3-alata; orula swpius 3 inter alas singulatim suspensa, plerum- que exinde abortiva. Stylus perbrevis; stigma subcapitatum. Fructus ovatus, calyce suffultus : pericarpium carnosulum, rugosum, nigres- cens, portione corollie adnate auctum, circa apicem linea circulan ad corollie circumscissionem, et disco emarcido complanato superatum ; mesocarpium (nux) pallide testaceum, fragile; endocarpium wembra- uaceum, ad nucem adherens, pro dimidia parte infera modo indicato »emi-sloculare.. Semen solitarium (alteris abortivis) ovatum, apice t See my remarks on this point in Lindley's * Veg. Kingd.' p. 444. * “ P'orosus " (Schreb); * fungosus " (R. & P.). MR. J. MIERS ON THE SCHOEPFIER. TL suspensum; integumentum crassiusculum, rugulosum; cetera non satis nota !. Arbuscule aut suffrutices, in America tropica vigentes ; rami plerunque glabri; folia alterna, elliptica, petiolata ; pedunculi axillares, pauci usque multiflori ; flores minores, calyculati. From these characters it will be seen that Schoepfia differs from most of the genera of the Styracee in having a distinct calycle around a free small calyx, in having isomerous stamens opposite to the segments of the corolla, and differently formed anthers; it has also much smaller flowers and a dissimilar habit ; but it accords in the main carpological features characteristic of the Styracee. 1. ScHOEPFIA ARBORESCENS, A. Y Sch. Syst. v. p. 160; Lam. Dict. vi. p. 732; DC. Prodr. iv. p. 819, xiv. p. 622 (in nota). —Codonium arborescens, Vahl in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Hafn. ii. p. 206, tab. 6; Symb. fasc. iii. p. 836.—Schopfia Schreberi, Lam. Jilust. i. p. 51.—Schoepfia americana, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. p. 996. In Antillis: v. s. in herb. Hook. Jamaica (Purdie), Antigua (Nicholson 95), Dominica (Imray 204). A fragrant shrub 8-10 feet high; branches terete, glabrous, with axils 4-6 lines apart; leaves ovate-oblong, suddenly nar- rowed at the base upon the petiole, obtusely acuminate, entire, glabrous, sometimes plicately faleate, pale green above, paler beneath, with prominulent midrib and immersed fine nerves, with reticulated veins, 1-23 in. long, 1-1} in. broad, on sulcate pe- tioles 3 lines long ; inflorescence very short, solitary or geminate in the axils; peduncle 3 line long, bearing 7 flowers on pedicels 1-2 lines long ; calycleand calyx free, unequally 5-cleft, ciliate, 1 line long ; corolla altogether 22 lines long, tube urceolate, adhering at its base to the ovary, free above, broadish cylindrical, half-cleft into 5 oblong reflexed segments; stamens 5, opposite to and shorter than the segments ; style 3-sulcate; stigma capitately 3- lobed; disk epigynous, elevated into a large pulvinate body which is fungous and hollow within ; ovary half trilocular at the base, unilocular above, cell extending within the disk; placenta central, 1 I met with only one immature seed, covered by a rugose thick integument, where the albumen was not yet developed. De Candolle (Prodr. iv. 319) describes also a single seed with the albumen and embryo perfected ; but this probably refers to Wallich’s description and figure of the Asiatic species. 72 MR. J. MIERS ON THE 8CHOEPFIEJ. free, sub-3-alate, bearing at its apex 3 suspended ovules; fruit and seed as in the following species. 2. ScHOEPFIA FLEXUOSA, R. d Sch. v. p. 160; DC. Prodr. iv. p. 319.—Henkea flexuosa, R. & P. Flor. Per. iii. p. 8, tab. 231. In Andibus Peruvim: v. s. in herb. Hook. Chachapoyas (Mathews 3005, in flore et fructu). A branching shrub 6 feet high, with spreading, flexuous, sub- angular branchlets 6 in. long, having axils 4-1 in. apart; leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, broader towards the subacute base, acuminate, margins subundulate, coriaceous, with immersed nerves, 21-34 in. long, 1-14 in. broad, on sulcate petioles 2 lines long; racemes 1 or 2 in each axil, on a peduncle 4 lines long bearing above 5 to 7 flowers on alternate pedicels 1 line long, supported by a minute deciduous acute bract ; calycle and calyx unequally 5-toothed, ciliate, 2 line long aud broad, persistent, free; corolla urceolate, yellowish; tube adhering for half its length to the ovary, broadly cylindrical above, where it is half- cleft into 5 subacute reflexed segments which are subimbricate, or rather narrowly introflexed in estivation ; stamens 5, opposite to the segments and shorter than them; filaments slender, com- pressed, inserted in a pilose ring on the margin of the disk; anthers subglobose, the 2 distinct cells sublateral, dehiscing lon- gitudinally on one side; disk epigynous, raised in the middle into a large, pulvinate, fungous gland, hollow inside; style shortish, bearing 3 small roundish stigmata; ovary ovate, 14 line long, superior with respect to the free calyx, inferior in regard to the free portion of the corolla, surmounted by the disk, trilocular below for half its length, unilocular above, with a narrowly 3- winged, stoutish, free central placenta, bearing at its obtuse summit 3 oblong pendulous ovules; drupe oval, 4 lines long, 3 lines broad, of a fuscous-grey colour, its summit marked by the flattened dried disk ; pericarp thin, dry ; nut thinly testaceous, 1- locular, lined with the adpressed placenta and dissepiments ; seeds 3 or solitary, scarcely filling the nut, ovate, with a membrana- ceous integument ; embryo (in albumen) not seen. Ruiz and Pavon’s description of the fruit and seed nearly ac- cords with my own analysis, except that in their drawing the nut and its dissepiments are much too thick. According to Romer and Schultz, the fruit and seed bear scme resemblance to that of Tthysospermum nervosum, Gaertn. tab. 224. MR. J. MIERS ON THE SCHOEPFIEJ. 73 3. SCHOEPFIA MEXICANA, A. DO. Prodr. xiv. p. 622. In Mexico: v. s. in herb. Hook. Oaxaca (Andrieux 345); Xalapa (Galeotti); Mexico (Parkinson, sub nom. S. parvifolia Planchon MS.). A shrub with rugose branches and branchlets, becoming black in drying: leaves ovate or ovate-elliptic, somewhat acute at the base, obtusely acuminate, entire, rigidly chartaceous, fuscous- green above, opaque, with immersed fine nerves, paler beneath, with scarcely prominulent midrib and nerves, subapproximate, 10- 15 lines long, 5-8 lines broad, on petioles 1-2 lines long ; pedun- cles solitary or geminate in the axils, 2-3 lines long, bearing above 3 flowers on pedicels scarcely 1 line long; calyx 1 line long and broad, unequally 5-cleft, the teeth ciliate; corolla ur- ceolate; tube 3 lines long, agglutinated for half its length to the ovary, the upper half broadly cylindrical, nearly 2 lines long, half-cleft into 5 oblong recurving segments; stamens 5, opposite to the segments, inserted on a pilose ring on the margin of the disk; anthers ovoid, of 2 laterally conjoined cells ; disk epigynous, very large, fungous, hollow, surmounting the ovary, which is ovoid, 3-locular at the base for half its length, the septa extending into 3 narrow wings upon the stoutish, free, central placenta truncated at its summit, and there bearing 3 oblong suspended ovules. 4. S. BRASILIENSIS, 4. DC. Prodr. xiv. p. 622 (in nota).—8. nigricans, Turcz. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Moscou, tom. xxxi. p. 249 (1858). In prov. Bahia ad Igreja velha (Blanchet, 3360 v. 3660): non vidi. lts ligneous tortuous branches are covered by a whitish bark, the young branchlets and leaves becoming black in drying ; leaves alternate, lanceolate-elliptic, gradually narrowing at the base upon the petiole, obtusely acuminate, oblique and inequilateral, en- tire, punctulate, with opposite divergent nerves, sides often folded together, coriaceous, l in. long, 6-8 lines broad, on a petiole 2 lines long ; racemes axillary, short, on a flattened peduncle, soli- tary, geminate, or ternate, each bearing 3 sessile aggregated flowers 2 lines long ; calycle and calyx 2 line long, subpuberulous, unequally 5-fid; corolla urceolate, half-cleft into 5 somewhat spreading segments ; structure of the ovary as in S. mexicana. 5. S. OBLIQUIFOLIA, T'urcz. Bull. Soc. Hist. Moscou, tom. xxxi. p. 249 (1858) ; Benth. Linn. Trans. xviii. 678. In Brasilia, Serra 74 MR. J. MIERS ON THE SCHOEPFIEX. de Jacobina, Bahia (Moricand 2593): v. s. in herb. Hook. (sub S. confertiflora, var., Planchon). Branches stoutish, very pallid, smooth; branchlets slender, terete, substriate ; leaves alternate, oblong-elliptic, acute at both ends, subinequilateral, entire, glabrous, with about six pairs of slender divergent nerves, 23-21 in. long, 1-1% in. broad, on sul- cate petioles 2 lines long, all blackish in drying ; peduncles lateral, compressed, puberulous, 2 lines long, bearing above 3-5 sessile flowers 23 lines long; calyx I line long and broad, subpuberu- lous, 5-toothed ; corolla rubidulous, tube adnate at the base to the ovary for balf its length; segments 5, subacute, subrevolute ; stamens 5, opposite to the segments, seated on the margin of the disk, on a fasciculated pilose ring. G. ScHOEPFIA QUINTUPLINERVIS, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Moscou, tom. xxxi. p. 248 (1858). In Brasilia, Bahia in sabulosis : v. s. in herb. Hook. Bahia (Salzm., sub S. confertiflora Planch. MS.). Branches geniculately dichotomous, terete, glabrous, with axils 3 in. apart; leaves broadly ovate, rounded at the base, obtusely acute at the apex, entire, glabrous, many-nerved, the 5 lower pairs springing from the petioles, the more lateral 5 pairs alter- nately divergent, slender and subimmersed, 11-12 in. long, 2-18 in. broad, on channelled petioles 2 lines long; inflorescence axil- lary, solitary or geminate, formed of very numerous flowers con- gested in an oval head, consisting of many close clusters of 3-4 small, oval, sessile buds ; calycle and calyx free, very short, 5-cleft ; corolla red ; tube adnate at its base to the ovary, above urccolate, free, divided into 5 subspreading segments; stamens 5, shorter than the segments and opposite to them ; filaments seated on the margin of the disk ; ovary and epigynous disk as in S. mexicana. 7. S. GRANDIEOLIA, Baillon, Adans. iii. p. 117. In Bahia (Blanchet 2088): non vidi. Prof. Baillon placed this in a separate section, CAoristigma, hardly tenable, its difference consisting in a further abbreviation of the style, which is always short ; this only amounts to a specific variation. Its alternate leaves are broadly ovate and rounded at the base, narrowed at the summit into a sublanceolate acumen, entire, glabrous, submembranaecous, penninerved, midrib and nerves prominulent beneath, the dimensions not given; racemes axillary, shorter than the petioles; calyx 5-cleft, lobes alternating MR. J. MIERS ON THE SCIIOEPFIE.E. 79 with the segments of the corolla; corolla tubular ; tube adnate at its base to the ovary, cleft above into 5 segments ; stamens nearly aslongasthe latter, filaments inserted on the margin of the disk ; stigmata 4, small, on the summit of the ovary. 8. SCHOEPFIA CHRYSOPHYLLOIDES, Planchon, Ann. Sc. Nat. scr. 4, ii. p. 261 ; Grisebach, Fl. Br. W. Ind. p. 709 ; Benth. 4 Hook. Gen. i. p. 349:— 8. Marchii, Griseb. l. c. p. 810.—Diplocalyx chryso- phylloides, 4. Rich. in La Sagra Nat. Hist. Cuba, ii. p. 81, tab. 54; Walp. Ann. v. p. 476. In Antillis: Cuba (Za Sagra), Jamaica (March): non vidi. Apparently a shrub or small tree, with terete, spreading, gla- brous branehes, with axils 3-6 lines apart: leaves alternate, elliptie, very acute from below the middle, subacute at the apex, with about 5 pairs of divergent nerves, 14-2 in. long, 9-10 lines broad, on channelled petioles 2 lines long; very short axillary racemes, bearing 3 alternate subremote flowers, which are small, subsessile, pubescent; calycle cup-shaped, shortly stipitate, un- equally 5-toothed, pubescent, 3 line long and broad; calyx en- closed, of similar shape and size, free upon both its faces, unequally 5-lacinulate, with ciliate margins; corolla small, three times as long as the calyx, shortly agglutinated at its base to the ovary, tubular above, and 4-partite; segments acutely oblong, erect; stamens 4, opposite to the segments ; filaments inserted on the margin of the disk, glabrous; anthers ovate, 2-celled, cells late- rally attached upon a narrow connective; disk epigynous, enlarged into a tall rounded pulvinate form ; style short; stigma capitate, 3-lobed; ovary subglobose, crowned by the disk, sub-4-locular at the base, unilocular at the summit; placenta free, central, trun- cated at its free apex, from which 4 ovules are suspended over the 4 pseudo-cells. Fruit unknown. SCHOEPFIOPSIS. This genus (indicated at p. 68) may be thus defined :— SCHOEPFIOPSIS, 205.—-Schoepfia, in parte, auct.—Schoepfiacea, Blume, ordo nov." Calyculus et calyx ut in Schoepfia parvi, liberi, cupulati, inzequaliter 3- 5-lacinulati. Corolla his multo longior, tubulosa; tubus sublongius- culus, cylindricus, vel superne subampliatus, imo ad ovarium connatus; segmenta 5, lanceolato-oblonga, acuta, apice subreflexa, carnosa, tubo multo breviora, estivatione valvata, imo macula furfurosa signata, ! Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. p. 175. 76 MR. J. MIERS ON THE SCIIOEPFTE.E. maculis in lineis niveis decurrentibus extensis. Sfamina 5, segmentis opposita ; filamenta tenuia, e margine disci orta, lineis niveis subeohz- rentia, apice breviter libera ; anthere in fauce liberz, ovate, biloculares, loculis collateraliter adnatis. Discus epigynus, conice globosus et alte pulvinatus. Stylus tenuis, faucem corolle attingens; stigma capi- tato-trilobum. | Ovarium ovatum, ut in Schoepfia superne 1-loculare, infra medium semi-3-loculare ; placenta centralis, liber, apice trun- cata, e septis adscendentibus trialata; ovula 3, ab apice suspensa. Drupa baccata, oblongo-ovata, disco coronata, 1-locularis, abortu mo- nosperma. Semen suspensum, ovatum ; infegumentum spongiosum, ferrugineum ; albumen amygdaloideum ; embryo parvus, apicem ver- sus inclusus; cotyledones 2, ovato-oblonge, plano-convex: ; radi- cula :equilonga, supera. Arbuscula: Asiatice, ramose ; rami flexuosi ; folia alterna, lanceolato- oblonga, glabra, subbreviter petiolata; racemi axillares, breves, alter- natim 6-7-flori; flores tenuiter pedicellati, plerumque lutei, sepius odorati. 1. ScHOEPFIOPSIS FRAGRANS, nob.—Schoepfia fragrans, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Indica, ii. p. 188; Tentamen, p. 18, tab. 9; D. Don, Fl. Nepal. p. 145 ; G. Don, Dict. iii. p. 432 ; DC. Prodr. iv. p. 320. In Nepalia et Khasya: v. s. in herb. meo, ex herb. Hook. & Th. Khasya, altit. 3000-5000 ped. A smal] tree 10-15 feet high, with a thick spongy bark, branches terete, subflexuous, marked by numerous scales; axils i-i in. apart; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at the base, acumi- nate, subinequilateral, chartaceous, smooth, dark green above, and almost nerveless, paler beneath, with inconspicuous fine nerves 24-31 in. long, 7-10 lines broad, on slender channelled petioles 3-3 lineslong ; racemes solitary in the axils, subsessile, 1-13 in. long; peduncle slender, glabrous, bearing 6 or 7 flowers on slender pedicels 6 lines long; bracteoles small; calycle and calyx 2-3 line long, unequally lacinulate ; corolla tubular, fleshy ; tube 5 lines long, 5-grooved at the base, where it is agglutinated around the ovary; segments oblong, acute, shorter by two thirds than the free portion of the tube, each with a fascicle of minute hairs at its base; stamens 5, with filaments subcohering to the tube; anthers ovate, subbilobed, free in the throat; disk epigy- nous, pulvinate, spongy; style as long as the tube; stigma 3- lobed; ovary turbinate, crowned by the disk, 3 lines long ; drupe oblong, nearly white, 6 lines long, 4 lines broad, crowned by the disk ; pericarp fleshy, nearly 1 line thick ; nut thinly testaceous ; rest as in the generic character, MR. J. MIERS ON THE SCHOEPFIER. TT 2. SCHOEPFIOPSIS ACUMINATA, 20b,—Schoepfia acuminata, Wall. Cut. 486 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 320; G. Don, Dict. iii. 432. In Nepalia, Mont. Pundus: v. s. in hb. Hook. Khasya (Lobb). A tree 10-12 feet high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the base, acuminate, palish green above, with immersed fine nerves and slightly revolute margins, paler beneath, with prominent mid- rib and slightly prominulent nerves ascendingly divaricate, with subimmersed reticulated veins, 3 in. long, 9 lines broad, on slender curving petioles 3 lines long; raceme axillary, 10 lines long, on a slender peduncle, bearing a little above its base about 10 alternate or subopposite flowers on very slender pedicels 14 line long; calycle and calyx 1 line long ; corolla in bud 34 lines long, tube 1 line broad ; rest as in the generic character. 3. S. CHINENSIS, 20b.—Schoepfia chinensis, Gardn. & Champ. Kew Journ. Bot. i. 308, iii. 328; Walp. Ann. i. 181. In Hong Kong: vix vidi in herb. Hook. A straggling branched tree; branches terete, striate, sub- flexuous, whitish, glabrous, brittle; leaves lanceolate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute at the base, acuminate, penninerved, 21-3 in. long, 10-15 lines broad, on margined petioles 2-3 lines long ; racemes solitary in the axils, 6-9 lines long, 2-4-flowered ; flowers sessile, yellow or whitish, odoriferous ; calycle and calyx 4 line long; corolla 5 lines long, tube pentagonal, narrowish, 5 lines long; segments 5, acuminate, 22 lines long ; drupe oblong, obtuse at both ends, 5-7 lines long. A species said to differ from S. fragrans in its leaves glossy beneath (not on both sides), in its fruit as large as a cherry (not the size of a field-bean). 4. S. JASMINODORA, nob. ; Schoepfia jasminodora, Sieb. § Zuccar. in Abh. math.-phys. Cl. Münch. Akad. Bd. iv. 8, Abth. iii. p. 135, no. 457 ; Blume, Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. p. 175; Walp. Ann. i. 960. In Japonia: non vidi. Branches terete, subflexuous; leaves ovate, rounded at the base, subobliquely acuminate and recurved, more rarely lanceolate- ovate, 11-23. in. long, 10-15 lines broad, on petioles 3 lines long ; racemes axillary ; peduncle slender, 1 in. long, bearing above 3-5 subsessile flowers; calycle and calyx short, 3-5-dentate ; corolla tubular, tube cylindrical; segments 4, subdeltoid, acute. 78 MR. J. MIERS ON THE CERVANTESIE E. CERVANTESIES. This tribe, first proposed by Baillon in 1862', included Cer- vantesia and Iodina, which he regarded as belonging to the Olacacee. According to him they differ from Santalacee princi- pally by their free ovary’, and are closely allied to Pyrularia. He thought that they were also allied to Cansjera, though differing in the number and mode of insertion of the ovules. My own ob- servations show that they belong to Styracee. Cervantesiee, tribus Styracearum. Flores breviter calyculati. Calyx ma- juseulus, calyculo insidens, liber, 5-partitus. Corolla calyce minor, tubo brevi imo ad ovarium adnato; segmenta 5, subexpansa, lobis ca- lycinis alterna. Stamina his opposita et segmentis alterna. Ovarium et semen Styracis structura, Genera Cervantesia et Iodina. CERVANTESIA. This genus of the * Flora Peruviana’ was established in 1794 by Ruiz and Pavon, with some errors in its diagnosis, which they corrected eight years afterwards on their return to Madrid. In regard to its position in the System, Lamarck first placed it in Santalacee@ (1811); Kunth accorded with this (1825), and End- licher (1840), likewise Lindley (1858). DeCandolle (1856) re- garded it as a doubtful genus of that family. I pointed out pre- viously (1851) the very close affinity existing between it and Jodina, $5 close, indeed, that the structure of the flower in the one offered seareely any discernible difference from that in the other; but as Cavanilles had regarded the calyx in Cervantesia as par- tially agglutinated to the ovary, a eireumstance that would place the genus in Santalacee, Y did not then venture to remove it from that fanily. CERVANTESIA, R. § P., char. reformato. Calyculus parvus, cupulatus, fere ad basin in lacinias 5 acutas fissus ; calyx hoe multo longior, liber, imo hemispheericus, 5-angulatus, tubulosus, tubo profunde 5-fido, lobis oblongis, carnosulis, in æstivatione valva- tis, in fructu auctus et persistens. Corolla colorata, lobis calycinis paullo brevior; tubus brevissimus, ad ovarium arcte agglutinatus; segmenta 5, petaloidea, late oblonga, truncato-emarginata, erecto- divergentia, cireumscisse caduca. Stamina 5, e margine disci orta, segmentis xquilonga et alterna, lobis calycinis opposita, glabra; fila- ' Adansonia, iii. p. 125. Tom, cit. p. 120. MR. J. MIERS ON THE CERVANTESIEF. 79 menta subulata, imo compressa; anthere didyme, ovate. Discus epigyuus, latus, vix conicus, carnosus, intus vacuus, cavitate cum ovarii loculo continua; stylus brevissimus ; stigma subpeltatum, con- cavum, margine crenulatum. | Ovarium turbinatum, disco coronatum, late 1-loculare ; placenta centralis, libera, anguste tzenizeformis, e basi adscendens, loculo multo longior, hine vermiformi-flexuosa, apice ovuligera; ovula 2-3 suspensa. Fructus ovatus, calyce aucto libero cinctus ; pericarpium carnosum, 5-fissibile ; nux conformis, crustacea, 1-locularis, abortione monosperma. Semen loculum implens ; integu- mentum albidum furfuraceum, subbilamellare ; raphe inter lamellas, nivea, araneose expansa, e vasis spiralibus confecta; albumen car- nosum; embryo inclusus, subfiliformis, longitudine fere albuminis; radicula supera, ad medium pertingens ; cotyledones 2, carnose. Arbores Peruviane, ramosissime ; rami flecuosi; folia alterna, oblonga, sepe tomentosa, petiolata ; inflorescentia racemosa; flores parvi, caly- culati. 1. CEnvaNTESIA TOMENTOSA, R. d P. Flor. Peruv. ii. p. 19, tab. 141 b.—Eleodendron tomentosum, Willd. ex R. & Sch. Syst. v. p. 345.— Casimiroa tomentosa, Dombey MS. In Peruvia prov. Tarma prope Acobamba; in prov. Huaocheri et Canta. A tree 12 feet high, with a hard whitish wood, and a rounded copious head, very much branched ; branches thick and somewhat gnarled ; branchlets stoutish, short, subflexuous ; leaves alternate, oblong, with straightish sides, obtuse at the base, narrowing ob- tusely toward the apex, subcoriaceous, entire, with revolute mar- gins, smooth and dark green above, deeply suleate along the midrib, very convex on each side of the latter, without perceptible nerves, woolly beneath, with a rusty-white tomentum, 14 in. long, 6-71 lines broad, on woolly petioles 1 line long, 2-3 lines apart ; inflorescence axillary on the younger branchlets ; flowers spicately disposed upon a very geniculate peduncle 14-2 in. long, bearing at each flexure a small fascicle of about 3 flowers on extremely short stout pedicels, all tomentose ; calycle acutely 5-partite, ex- panded ; calyx many times its length, and free from it, sub-5-an- gular at the base, deeply cleft into 5 oblong subacute fleshy divisions, with valvate estivation ; corolla shorter than the divi- sions of the calyx, adnate at the base around the ovary, free else- where ; the segments alternate with the calycine lobes ; stamens alternate with segments; these and other parts as in Jodina; fruit obovate, 9-11 lines long, 5-6 lines broad, environed by ! R. & P. Flor. Peruv. iii. p. 20, where this kind of raphe (like that of Styrax) is well described. 80 MR. J. MIERS ON THE CERVANTESLE JE. the much-enlarged thick divisions of the calyx, which are acute and separate at the apex, rounded at the base, and somewhat shorter than the fruit; they are detachable, smooth inside, where they are furnished with an erect scale below the middle, some- what similar to that I have shown in C. Kunthiana; it may be noticed, however, that in fig. 4 in tab. 241 of the ‘ Flora Peru- viana,’ these scales are seen only upon the calycine divisions, but in fig. 10 they are shown there as well as upon the fruit, most probably an error. The nature of these scales will be discussed further on. 2. CERVANTESIA BICOLOR, Cav. Icon. pl. v. p. 49, tab. 475 (1799).—Cervantesia tomentosa, A. DC. (non R. 4 P.), Prodr. xiv. p. 692. In Peruvia prope Obrajillo et Buenaventura (Louis Née): non vidi. A plant collected in 1791 by Née, who accompanied Malaspina in his voyage round the world. He found it at Obrajillo in the valley of Canta, 21 leagues from Lima, and halfway between it and Pasco, and 3 leagues from Haurimayo. It is a species very dis- tinct from the preceding, though confounded with it by all authors: it differs in its more lax and more slender habit, in its more mem- branaceous leaves covered beneath with rusty white (not deep red) tomentum, in its longer petioles, and in its very different inflo- rescence, and in its fruit. It is a tree more than 12 feet high, with numerous slender, alternate, tomentose branchlets ; leaves alternate, spreading, ovate-oblong, with arching sides, subobtuse at the base, obtusely narrower towards the summit, submembra- naceous, with entire subrevolute margins, covered with a whitish ferruginous tomentum, but when old deuuded of hairs above, 22 in. long, 11 lines broad, on stoutish tomentose petioles 3 lines long, the midrib and many slender nerves being scarcely visible under the hairs; racemes axillary, abbreviated, on a short pe- duncle squamously bracteate at its base, branching above, bear- ing about 8 distant small flowers on very short stout pedicels, all deeply tomentose ; calycle very small, acutely 5-fid nearly to its base ; calyx inserted within the former, many times its length, 5- angular, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes obtusely oblong, fleshy, with val- vate estivation ; corolla with a very short tube, adnate at its base to the ovary, with 5 fleshy white segments shorter than the caly- cine divisions ; stamens, disk, ovary, and style asin the preceding species ; fruit globose, oval, 4 lines long, 33 lines broad, invested by the 5 much-enlarged, very thick divisions of the calyx, whose MR. J. MIERS ON THE CERVANTESIEEX. 81 valvate margins, closely appressed but not agglutinated together, form a subglobose glabrous whole, 7 lines long, 6 lines broad, the divisions being 1 line in thickness ; nut covered by a dark thinnish pericarp, unilocular and monospermous ; seed filling the cavity of the nut, perforated at its base, covered by a whitish simple inte- gument; this and other parts as in the generic character. Cavanilles makes no mention of the peculiar scales which I saw upon the inner surface of the calycine division of C. Kunthiana, though he mentions the membranous corolla as intervening be- tween the fruit and those divisions. I need not enter into the history of this species, nor how it came to be confounded with C. tomentosa. Cavanilles, half in- clined towards the opinion of their identity, concluded at last by _ saying, “ hoc affirmare non audeo, propter characterum discrepan- tiam.” In the typical species the branches are much stouter, more suddenly and approximately bent, the branchlets more straggling and flexuous, the leaves more oblong, deeply channelled down the middle, the sides very convex, straighter and more recurved, covered beneath with a rusty whitish tomentum, the petioles being shorter and narrower. In Née’s plant, the branches and branch- lets are straighter and more slender, the leaves are more elliptic, flatter, less rigid, and covered beneath with dense red tomentum, the petioles broader and longer. In the former plant the inflo- rescence consists of very small remote fascicles of few subsessile flowers, seated upon the geniculations of a longish very flexuous peduncle ; in the latter species it forms an axillary panicle, alter- nately branched, each branch bare at its base, and bearing up- wards many subaggregate flowers upon distinct stoutish pedicels. There is also a difference in the development of the fruit, as the drawings of the two authors manifest: in the former species the fleshy, much enlarged calyx that invests the nut has its 5 divisions divaricate above and below ; in the latter these are less elon- gated, and closely invest the nut all round. We thus find the two species marked by sufficiently valid dif- ferences. 3. CERVANTESIA KUNTHIANA, Baillon, Adans. ii. p. 373, tab. xi., iii. p. 125.—Cervantesia tomentosa, H. B. R. vii. p. 139 (non R. d' P., nec C. bicolor, Cav.). In prov. Quitensi, inter Caxamarea et Truxillo, alt. 6600 ped. : v. s. in herb. Hook. Valle Chillon, in prov. Quitensi, alt. 8040 ped. (Capt. Hall). LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. G 82 MR. J. MIERS ON THE CERVANTESIER. The above specimen quite corresponds with Bonpland's plant, in regard to the very peculiar form of its inflorescence. It is a tree, according to that botanist, 12-18 feet high, which in Chillon bears the name of “el Olivo.” It is branching, its branchlets villously tomentose; leaves lanceolately oblong, acute at both ends, entire or obsoletely denticulate on the margins, coriaceous, slightly hairy above, densely fusco-tomentose beneath, 2 inches or above long, 8 lines broad, on pubescent petioles 23-3 lines long; inflorescence axillary and terminal, dichotomous, each branch consisting of a straight peduncle 14 in. long, bearing about 14 sessile flowers subglobose in bud, 2 lines long, spieately disposed at sensible distances, all ferruginous-tomentose ; calycle minute, 5-toothed ; calyx ovate, cleft to the base into 5 elliptic-acute divisions, very fleshy, densely tomentose outside, glabrous within ; much shorter petals, green according to Kunth, as in Jodina; corolla, stamens, disk, and ovary as in the generic character, Fruit oblong-oval, 33 lines long, 23 lines broad, environed by the now augmented glabrous, rugous, rigidly fleshy, dark red divisions of the calyx, which give out a crimson dye in boiling water; drupe blackish, rugous, striate, enclosing a crustaceous nut, which 18 1-celled and monospermous ; seed as in the generic character. Before I had examined the structure of the fruit in this species, I was unable to harmonize the marked differences shown in figs. 4, 8, 9, and 10 in plate 241 of tbe * Flora Peruviana,’ and figs. e, f, g in Cavanilles's plate 475, and in their several descrip- tions; but now I see how these may be reconciled. If weturn to the analytical figures of my drawing, Plate IIL, we may trace the same principle of structure, indicated in the plates above quoted, as that shown in C. Kunthiana. In the latter the fruit is surrounded by an envelope consisting of the much enlarged divi- sions of the calyx, which are 8 lines long, 2 lines broad, somewhat narrower at each extremity; these, disjoined in fact, but touching one another in the middle, gradually divaricate at each extremity ; and after maceration they may be completely separated. The di- visions, now distinct, are 61 lines long, 2 lines broad, rugously tubercled and convex outside, very thick and rigid, quite smooth and concave within, furnished there, at the distance of 4 lines from the base, with a membranaceous brown scale 1 line long, fixed there by a transverse basal line, but quite free above, bearing at its subtruncate apex two small ovate bodies, appearing like a stamen with a dilated filament. The question arises, What is the MR. J. MIERS ON THE CERVANTESIER. 83 nature of this, whence and how it came there; for in the flower the smaller corresponding divisions of the calyx are quite smooth within, without any indication of a scale. Can it be a stamen de- tached from its normal position in the flower, and transferred with a portion of the margin of the disk to the site shown in the seg- ments which surround the fruit? All I can say on this point is that the fact is unquestionably manifest. A scale in a similar position, upon each enlarged division of the calyx, in the fruit of C. tomentosa, is also shown in fig. 4, tab. 241 of the ‘ Flora Peruviana.’ lopntwa. This genus was proposed in 1833 by Hooker and Arnott, for a plant previously known and referred to Ilew and Celastrus. Endlicher, who acknowledged Zodina in 1840, considered it a doubtful genus of the J/icinec. Reisseck!, in 1861, excluded it from that family, assigning it a position in Santalacee near Thesium ; at the same time indicating its floral characters in greater detail, accompanied by a good drawing. In 1851, I thought the genus belonged to Olacacec?; and in 1853 it was classed by me accord- ingly?, In 1862, Baillon adopted this view‘, associating Jodina with Cervantesia in a distinct group (Cervantesiee). Prof. De Candolle in forgetfulness has taken no notice of the genus. Messrs. Bentham and Hooker, in 1862, referred Jodina to the San- talaced? ; but it cannot belong there, on account of its distinct calyx and corolla. That it is intimately related to Cervantesia there can be no doubt ; and it now appears to me clear that neither of them belong to Olacacez, but must be classed in Styracee. Ionia, Hook. et Arn.—Celastrus, ex parte, auct. (Char.emendatus.) Calyculus brevissime stipitatus, imo hemispherice cupulatus, latere externo in lobum erectum acutum prolongatus, calyce dimidio brevior, subhirsutus. Calyx? ovatus, fere ad basin 5-partitus ; lacinia acute oblonga, vix expansa, concava, apice subinflexa, carnosula, extus pilo- sula, intus seabridula, ad medium fasciculo pilorum donata, zstivatione valvata. Corolla calyce subbrevior, imo tubulosa ; tubus brevissimus, ad ovarium arcte adnatus ; segmenta? 5, cuneato-deltoidea, truncata, ? Contrib. to Bot. i. p. 29. ^ Adansonia, iii. p. 125. € * Bractea” (Bentham & Hook.). 8 *: Disci lobi" (Reisseck). ! Flor. Bras. fasc. xxviii. p. 77, tab. 23. * Tn Lindley's Veg. Kingd. p. 444 a. * Gen. Plant. i. p. 345. 7 “ Calyx aut perigonium " (Reisseck). 84 MR. J. MIERS ON THE CERVANTESIEX. bisinuata, angulis obtusis subinflexis, glabra, smaragdina, laciniis caly- cinis alterna. Stamina 5, margini disci inserta, segmentis alterna et æquilonga; filamenta subulata,imo compressa, apice subito inflexa ; an- there didymæ, loculis ovatis, sine connectivo paulum sub apice affixis, post dehiscentiam applanatis. Discus epigynus, subconvexus, carno- sus, intus vacuus, cavitate cum ovarii loculo continua ; stylus sub- brevis, subulatus ; stigma cupulatum, margine subdentatum. Ova- | rium) turbinatum, parvum, viride, l-loculare; ovula 3, minuta, ab apice placente centralis libere crassiuscule suspensa. Drupa ovata, structura ignota. Arbuscule demisse, in regione Argentina vigentes, iterum iterumque ramose, glaberrime ; folia alterna, brevissime petiolata, rhombiformia, angulis spiniferis, rigidissima. Flores plurimi, parvi, supra pedun- culum brevem azillarem bifidum velutinum crebre congesti. 1. IoprNA cUxkirFOLIA, 20b.—llex cuneifolia, Plum. in Icon. ined. v. tab. 152 ; Plum. Pl. Amer. edit. Burm. ii. p. 109, tab. 118. fig. 2 (1757) ; Linn. Sp. Pl. 181 (1762); Lam. (in parte) Dict. id. p. 148 (1789); Willd. Sp. Pl. i. p. 712 (1797); DO. Prodr. ii. p. 16 (1825). In regione Argentina, Rio Uruguay (Tweedie et Baird), lect. in 1830, sec. Hook. & Arn.: non vidi. A species first made known to us by Burmann in 1757, in his edition of Plumier's ‘ Plant. Amer.,’ the locality not being stated ; this has since been found to be Monte Video. An earlier date than the above must be assigned to this plant, as Burmann copied his drawing from Plumier's inedited volumes. Who gathered the plant thus figured is not known ; but it inust have been some collector prior to the time of Commerson, who visited Monte Video in 1767. The only collector known to us prior to that date is Dampier, who landed on that coast between 1680 and 1700, and who made botanical collections at every place visited by him. Linnæus enumerated the plant in 1762, referring to Burmann as his authority. Itis next described by Lamarck in 1789, who coupled with it his variety 6 (bonariensis), which is the following species. JAodina cuneifolia is a small tree, very much branched, its branches quadrangular, with axils 4-6 lines apart; leaves alternate, rigid, rhomboidally oblong, very cuneiform from near the summit to the base, the angles acute (not spinescent), horizontally many- nerved, 21 in. long, 12 in. broad (the terminal leaf 31 in. long, 2 in. broad at the angles) on petioles } line long. According to Lamarck, who saw Commerson’s specimen, the flower is axillary, ! “ Ovarium biloculare, loculis l-ovulatis' (Hook. & Arn.); “ 1-loculare ; ovula 9, ex apice placentee liber suspensa " (Baillon, Reisseck). MR. J. MIERS ON THE SCHOEPFIEZ AND CERVANTESIEZE. 85 solitary, very small, and sessile. Though little is known of it, this species is essentially distinet from the following one. 2. IonrxA RHOMBIFOLIA, Hook. j Arn. Bot. Misc. iii. p. 171 (1833); Reisseck in Fl. Brasil. fasc. xxviii. p. 78, tab. 23 (1861). — Celastrus rhombifolia, Hook. & Arn. l. c. p. 171.— Celastrus Iodina, Steudel, Nom. p. 314.—Ilex cuneifolia, var. B (bonariensis), Lain. Dict. ii. p. 148 (1789); DO. Prodr. ii. p. 16. In regione Argentina: v. v., et sice. in herb. meo, n. 629, Rio Quinto, San Luiz et La Represa (prov. S. Luiz). A low-growing tree, again and again branched alternately, ulti- mate branches 4-6 in. long, terete, slightly flexuous, stoutish, yel- lowish, striolate, with axils 1-3 in. apart; leaves rhomboidally oblong, the terminal angle much longer than the two lateral ones, cuneate at the base,the three angles sharply spinescent, rigidly cori- aceous, very glabrous, generally plicate, above of a yellowish colour, nearly concolorous beneath, inferior nerves ascending, the upper nerves more patent, all areuately conjoined within the margins, with semi-immersed transversely reticulate veins, all with the midrib prominulent and stoutish, 13-2 in. long, 11-12 in. broad, including the lateral spines, on a plano-convex petiole 1-13 line long; inflorescence axillary, consisting of a bifid peduncle 3 lines long, cinereo-velutinous, each branch bearing about 10 small con- gested flowers about 1 line broad, with a construction detailed in the generie character. I collected this plant in May 1825, making a drawing and an analysis of its flowers in their living state during my stay there: the plant is mentioned in my * Travels,' i. p. 106. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Prark I. . A portion of a plant of Schoepfia arborescens ; . The axillary peduncle bearing 7 flowers ; . The calycle on its pedicel ; . The irregularly 5-toothed calyx ; . The corolla in bud: all nat. size. The calycle on its pedicel ; . The calyx: both magnified. . The corolla in bud, magnified. . The corolla with its limb expanded, its lower portion adnate to the ovary ; 10. The upper portion of the corolla cut open to show the segments and stamens seated on the margin of the elevated pulyinated disk which Fig. WMONIA Mow surmounts the ovary ; 86 Fig. 11. Fig. Fig. MR. J. MIERS ON THE SCHOEPFIE.E AND CERVANTESIE.E. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. TO oF C5 [RD o oo The corolla eut open and the anthers removed, to show the 5 furfura- ceous patches at the base of the five segments: all magnified. A stamen seen before and behind, more magnified. The pulvinate disk seated upon the ovary ; A longitudinal section of the same, showing it to be 1-celled at the apex 3-celled below the middle, the ascending margins of the semisepta confluent above, forming the wings of the free central placenta, from the truncated apex of which 3 ovules are suspended ; A transverse section of the same, showing the same parts: all equally magnified. A drupe ; The seed removed : both natural size. Pare II. . A portion of a plant of Schoepfiopsis acuminata ; . The calycle on its pedicel ; . The enclosed calyx ; . The corolla: all natural size. . The calycle ; . The calyx ; . The corolla, its lower short portion adnate around the ovary, its limb expanded ; . (The corolla cut open to show the stamens seated on the margin of the disk: all magnified. . The anther, back and front view: both much magnified. . The ovary and pulvinate disk ; . A longitudinal section of the ovary, showing it to be 1-loeular at the summit, the semisepta forming the wings of the central placenta, from the truncated apex of which the ovules are suspended ; . A transverse section of the same : magnified on the same scale. . A drupe ; . The same, cut open to show the single seed suspended ; . The seed extracted: all natural size. Puare III. 1. A portion of a plant of Cervantesia Kunthiana, with the two branches e» OP Co rp eo Os of its axillary inflorescence ; . The axillary dichotomous inflorescence ; . The small 5-toothed calycle on its pedicel: al? natural size. . The much larger 5-cleft calyx seated on the calycle, magnified. . The corolla removed, showing the 5 petals and alternate stamens ; . The same parts, seen from above, showing the relative positions of the divisions of the calyx, segments of the corolla, the stamens, and style: both equally magnified. . A stamen, seen from before and behind, more magnified. - The adnate ovary, conical disk, style, and stigma ; . A longitudinal section of the ovary and disk, showing the former to be l-celled, with a yermiform free ovuliferous placenta rising from the base ; MR. E. LOCKWOOD ON THE MAHWA TREE. 87 Fig. 10. A section of the unilocular ovary, showing its vermiform placenta : magnified. 11. The free placenta removed, from whose apex 3 ovules are magnified. 12. The fruit environed by the 5 much-enlarged divisions of the calyx ; 13. The same divisions seen from within, eaeh with its peculiar scale: both nat. size. 14. One of the scales, magnified 4 diameters. 15. A transverse section of the same, showing it to be very thick, rugous, and convex outside, smooth and concave within, egually magnified. 16. Fruit freed from the calyx, natural size. 17. The same with half of the pericarp removed, to show thesuspended seed ; 18. The suspended seed, removed : both nat. size. suspended, Puare IV. Fig. 1. A portion of a plant of Jodina rhombifolia. 2. A many-flowered axillary inflorescence ; 3. A flower in bud : both natural size, 4. The calycle; 5. The calyx half-cleft into 5 divisions ; 6. A longitudinal view, with half of the calyx removed, showing the petals -and the alternate stamens ; 7. The flower expanded, seen from above, showing the relative positions of the several parts ; 8. A longitudinal section of the same, showing the 1-celled ovary and free central erect placenta bearing 3 ovules suspended from its apex: all equally magnified. 9. A stamen, shown before and behind, more magnified. 10. Two of the 5 stamens, shown to be alternate with the petals ; 11. Longitudinal section of the 1-celled ovary,with the free central placenta; 12. The placenta removed, showing 3 ovules suspended from its summit all magnified. Notes on the Mahwa Tree (Bassia latifolia). By E. Lockwoon, Esq. Communicated by Tuos. Curisty, F.L.S. [ Read February 21, 1878.] UsEFUL as are many of the plants found in the plains and forests of Monghyr, undoubtedly there are none so useful as that which demands our present attention—the Mahwa tree a member of the Sapodilla family, the Bassia latifolia of botanists. This tree may be called a fountain yielding food, wine, and oil to the in- habitants of the couniry where it grows. Brandis, in his ‘ Indian Forest Flora,’ says of this tree :—" It attains 40-50 feet in height, with a short trunk 6-7 feet in girth, LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. H 88 MR. E. LOCKWOOD ON THE MAHWA TREE. and numerous spreading branches, forming a close, shady rounded crown. [tis propagated by self-sown seedlings and is protected in most parts of India. It is abundant in all parts of Central India, from Guzerat to Behar. There seems no doubt that the tree is indigenous in the forests of the Satpura range of Western India." It thrives,” he says, “in dry stony ground." Any one standing on the dry metamorphic Kharakpoor hills in the district of Monghyr, 250 miles north-west of Calcutta, and looking into the plains below, may see a hundred thousand Mahwa trees, which, if fresh from Calcutta, he will probably mistake for mango trees. But, unlike that of mango trees, which are uncertain in their yield, the Mahwa crop never fails; for the part eaten is the succulent corolla, which falls in great profusion from the trees in March and April. This season is a grest feasting time for the humbler members of creation. Birds, squirrels, and tree-shrews (Tupaia Elliotti) feast among the branches by day, whilst the poor villagers collect the corollas which fall on the ground on all sides. Nor does the feasting end with the day. At sunset pea- cocks and jungle-fowl steal out from the surrounding jungle to share the Mahwa with deer and bears, many of which fall victims to the bullets or arrows of the hunters, who sit concealed in the branches overhead. South of the Ganges, in Monghyr, the Mahwa is by far the most abundant tree. It grows on poor stony soil, ill-suited to most other trees or for the plough ; and, fully appreciating its valuable properties, the natives protect it where- ever it grows. During the four years which I passed in Monghyr as magistrate, I visited every part of the 4000 square miles under my charge in the cold season, paying constant attention to the natural history, particularly to the botany, of the district. The Mahwa tree, which I had not seen previously in Lower Bengal, attracted my especial attention ; and I ealeulated that there must be not far short of a million trees in Monghyralone. Each tree yields two or three hundredweight of corollas ; so that the total yield of Mahwa flowers cannot be far short ofa hundred thousand tons in Monghyr alone. Ofthis amount a vast quantity goes to feed the forest birds and beasts; but of that portion which is collected by the natives by far the greater part is eaten, and supplies nourishing food to the poorer classes. The Santhals, who use it largely, are a plump and happy race, the only people I have ever seen in India who enjoy a hearty laugh ; and this I attribute partly to the MR. E. LOCKWOOD ON THE MAHWA TREE. £9 nourishing qualities of the Mahwa, supplemented with venison and other wholesome game which the woods supply. During the season of scarcity which prevailed at Behar during 1873-74, the Mahwa crop, which was unusually abundant, kept thousands of poor people from starving; and all famine-officers will recall its peculiar odour as they passed through the villages where it had been collected. The residue of the Mahwa which is not eaten is taken to the distilleries, and there, with the aid of rude pot-stills, is converted 1nto a strong-smelling spirit, which bears considerable resemblance to whisky. The Government holds a monopoly of spirit-manufacture ; and when I first went to Monghyrin 1873 the custom was to charge a duty of eight shillings for every ewt. of the raw material as it entered the distillery, on the supposition that so much Mahwa would only yield three gallons of proof spirit. Subsequently, in consequence of experiments made by the officers under me, this duty was somewhat raised ; but in England I find that over six gallons of proof spirit can be produced from a hundredweight of Mahwa. The Government of India should be made aware of this fact; and it would probably be advantageous to introduce patent stills in the place of the rude machines now in use. The amount of Mahwa which nominally paid Government duty yearly in Monghyr, was 1750 tons; but with patent stills under Government control, the Mahwa would probably yield a much larger revenue to the State. An Italian gentleman who was living at Monghyr when I was there, took out a patent for removing by a very simple process the essential oil, or whatever it is, which gives the Mahwa spirit its peculiar smell; and for some time I thought he would make a rapid fortune: orders poured in on him from Caleutta, and the demand promised to be immense. But just as the inventor had taken up a whole side of the Government distillery, and got all his preparations complete, the rum-distil- lers in Caleutta petitioned the Board. of Revenue, and a prohibi- tive duty was imposed, which completely put an end to the manu- facture of scentless Mahwa spirit. A sample was sent to the Chemical Examiner at Calcutta; and he reported that the spirit was pure and wholesome, and came very near good foreign brandy. But not only are the Mahwa flowers good for distilling spirit, they are still more useful for feeding cattle. My father, the rector of Kingham, has been feeding his pigs on the Mahwa which I brought home, and Mahwa pork is beginning to be cele- H2 90 MR. T. MEEHAN ON THE PRODUCTION OF brated in his neighbourhood. Indeed, so favourably has it been received, that 1 have been requested to procure considerable quan- tities, both for distilling spirit and for feeding cattle. The Bassia family is the only family I know which yields a flower in sufficient quantities for feeding cattle and distilling spirit on a large scale. potatoes, maize, and barley, which are principally used, are costly in production and uncertain in their yield ; but the Mahwa crop never fails. The oldest inhabitant in Monghyr had never heard of a season when the Mahwa crop was not abundant; for whether the fruit subsequently forms or not, the corolla is certain to be there, and certain to fall in great profusion. The extraordinary keeping-qualities of Mahwa form also a further recommendation to its introduction into England. Before leaving India, I had a ton shovelled into sacks aud put on board a vessel in Calcutta. They were gathered in April 1876,and, after being kept for nearly two years, are as good as when first dried. No weevil, apparently, attacks these flowers as they attack grain. India would benefit greatly if Mahwa flowers met with a demand in England. The vast forests of Mahwa trees, which now yield little profit to their owners, would soon become a source of wealth ; and the collection of the eorollas would give work to thousands of poor people who at present inhabit the rocky country where the Mahwa grows. To sum up the merits of the Mahwa-flowers for distilling-pur- poses and feeding cattle, they are :—1, cheapness; 2, unlimited supply ; 3, certain yield; 4, nourishing qualities; 5, good keep- ing-qualities. The fruit which follows after the corollas have fallen, yields seeds from which a greenish-yellow oil is produced. This is used to adulterate ghi or clarified butter. This substance has some com- mercial importance, inasmuch as it is worth £35 a ton for soap- making, according to Mr. Cooke’s report on oils and oil-seeds of India. On the Laws governing the Production of Seed in Wistaria sinensis. By Tuomas Meray, Germantown, Philadelphia. Communicated by the Rev. G. Henstow, F.L.S. &c. {Read March 7, 1878.] Tue Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia did me the honour of publishing, in the 1Sth volume of its ‘ Proceedings’ SEED IN WISTARIA SINENSIS. ~ 9I (1866, p. 401), a paper from my pen on the Consumption of Force in overcoming Gravitation by Plants. I gave an account of experiments and observations, showing that the effort of a plant to elevate itself above the surface of the earth was a heavy draft on nutrition, and just so much diverted from vegetative growth. One of my illustrations was furnished by the common Chinese Wistaria. When a branch is allowed to run along the ground, over a tree or fence, or nailed against a wall, or is in any way sup- ported instead of having to support itself, it grows with wonderful rapidity. I have known branches under these circumstances grow 30 feet in one season ; and I believe much greater growths than this are on record. In America nurserymen make tree Wistarias by training a branch up a stake to any given height, whieh after two or three years 1s able to sustain the head when the stake is taken away. No matter how rich may be the soil, or how favour- able may be the circumstances under which the plant is growing, the most vigorous annual growths on these heads seldom exceed 3 or 4 feet. I know of perhaps one hundred of these tree Wis- tarias from ten to twenty years old in my own vicinity ; and I have never seen one that ever made a shoot which in one season touched the ground, though the stems may not have been more than from 4 to 6 feet high. Similar facts are set forth in detail in the paper I have referred to. In 1868 I made another observation on these * tree Wistarias," which was also published in the same * Proceedings’ (see vol. xx. p. 314, 1868), that these “tree” forms produced seeds abun- dantly, while those which were supported by extraneous means rarely yielded any. it is a matter of common note that the Wistaria, as usually seen both in America and Europe, rarely seeds. | Of course vege- table physiologists had already known that a distinction had to be made between vegetative force and reproductive foree. They are not antagonistic; but one grows out of or supplements the other. A young tree does not commence seed-bearing till the exuberance of its early life is checked. To some extent the two forees do seem antagonistie. The youngest and most vigorous tree can be made to flower if a ring of bark be taken from it ; and a graft from a vigorous young tree produces fruit very soon when worked on a tree of bearing age, though its parent tree may not assume the reproductive condition for years to come. Still the antagonism is not distinctive ; for there is a manifest coexistence between the two forces. 92 ON THE PRODUCTION OF SEED IN WISTARIA SINENSIS. Physiological writers may not have called attention to these different forms of vital force as pointedly as I have done here; but there is no novelty in the faets. The matter I wished to draw attention to in the last paper I have noted above, was that the production of fruit in the Wistaria was an additional proof that the vegetative force was considerably drawn on by the self- sustaining position of the Wistaria, as evidenced by the activity of the reproductive forces. Recent contributions to vegetative biology, especially in rela- tion to the value of cross-fertilization by insect agency, lead me to believe that some further facts in the life-history of Wistaria may be acceptable to botanists. As before noted, the Wistaria, as ordinarily seen, produces no seeds. Tt flowers abundantly. One would suppose that the facts I had already published would show that the failure to seed was a matter of nutrition, as regulated by the relative condition of the two before-named forces; but attention has been drawn to it in connexion with the visits of insects, and the failure to pro- duce seed is supposed to arise from the fact of bees not cross- fertilizing the flowers. Bees visit the flowers in great numbers, but they always bore the corolla from the outside instead of entering the mouth; and the inference is drawn that the flowers do not perfect their seed, viz. being presumedly dependent on their own pollen. I may here remark that the raceme is made up of nearly à hundred flowers, borne on pedicels which become gradually weaker from the base to the summit. Governed by what we have called to mind of vegetative power, the Zast one to open on the raceme we may call the weakest. I now find that when seed is formed there is seldom more than one legume on the branch; and that one is from the Zast flower on the raceme in nearly all cases. In a few cases the fruitful flower is not absolutely the last ; and in perhaps 2 or 3 per cent. of the cases there may be two legumes on one raceme ; but the second one is far on towards the end. Keeping in view what has been said of the distinet forms of vital force, I would say that only when the reproductive has gained some advantage over the vegetative force is seed assured. I submit these facts as proving that the failure of the Wistarta to produce seeds under cultivation has no reference to questions of pollinization by either direct insect or other aid, but that it is a question of harmonious relationship between the two nutri- tive powers. MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE®. 93 A Synopsis/of Hypoxidacee. By J. G. Baxzn, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. [Read February 21, 1878.] ANOTHER group of petaloid Monocotyledons (in addition to Li- liaeez and Iridacez) of which a synopsis is greatly needed for daily use is Hypoxidacem. The latest that is practically usable is that of Roemer and Schultes, published in the second part of the 7th volume of their ‘ Systema Vegetabilium,’ in 1830. This, for the date, is a full summary of what was known and had been written about these plants; but of alarge proportion of the species the authors had had no opportunity of examining specimens, and could therefore only cite the descriptions of other writers, with- out being able to reduce them to one common formula. An author writing under such circumstances is both sure to admit too many species and to fail to appreciate their true relationship. This first point is illustrated by the fact that from the species of Hypoxidacee admitted in this work we must deduct as synonyms or trifling varieties at least 25 per cent. The Order belongs essentially to the warm temperate zone; so that the number of new species which have been discovered since 1830 is not so large in proportion as it would most likely have been in a set of plants more tropical in their geographical distribution. But a consider- able number of additions have been made, principally in Natal and Tropical Africa. The number of species which I have ad- mitted is 64; and by counting as species less clearly marked forms which many would rank as such, but which I have placed as varieties, the number might be raised to80. AsI have taken considerable pains during several years to collect information about them, and have been able to examine specimens of all but two species, which I know from figures only, I propose now toattempt to supply the much-required synopsis. Hypoxidacew, we may say, form a group of plants containing 4 genera and between 60 and 70 species—differing from Amaryl- lidacez (using the term in a restricted sense) by their tuberous root-stocks, persistent leaves of grass-like or coriaceous, never fleshy, texture, by their more persistent or firmer perianth-seg- ments, of which the three outer are generally green and hairy on the outside, by the general tendency of their leaves, scapes, and other parts to become clothed with hairs, and by the thicl& crus- taceous testa of their seeds, which show a couple of more or less 91 MR. J. d. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE E. distinct prominences, one at the funiculus and the other at the foramen. On the other side their alliance is closest with the Vellosiez, which differ by their shrubby habit, the entire absence of a tuberous root-stock, by their abundant glandulosity, flowers never yellow and hairy, and by their seeds with a coriaceous testa and embryo placed in a different position in the albumen. I, following the plan proposed by Mr. Bentham (‘ Flora Australien- sis, vi. 416, and Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 491), we treat Amarylli- dacez as one large comprehensive Order, including Hypoxidacee, Hemadoraees, and Vellozieze, in addition to Amaryllidacee as usually understood, this will give us an Order of not less than 800 species, marked in the series with an inferior ovary, as Lilia- ces is marked in the series with a superior ovary, by its regular or nearly regular petaloid perianth, 6 stamens, trilocular ovary with axile placentation, and seeds furnished with copious albu- men. Liliacez, then, with 1800 species, will include substantially all the great body of the petaloid Monocotyledons with regular or slightly irregular flowers, albuminous seeds, and a superior ovary ; Amaryllidaceæ and Iridaces, with 1500 species, all those with an inferior ovary. Under Amaryllidaces, as thus consti- tuted, we shall bave to define atleast eight tribes. The old Ama- ryllidace: will claim three, well defined and clearly limited, the acaulescent bulbs which form the central mass of the old Order; and, in addition to these, Alstræmerieæ and Agavez. Hypoxideæ will be a fourth well-marked tribe, and Vellosiez a fifth. Under Hemadoracee we shall require to admit at least three tribes, unless, as perhaps will be found best, we take out altogether from the Order Wachendorfla, Barbaretta, and Xiphidium, and relegate them to Liliaeem. By their leaves, often equitant and laterally compressed, and stamens, often reduced to three, Hæmadoraceæ give us links of transition between Amaryllidacez and Iridacee. However, I do not propose upon the present occasion to enter into detail upon the question of the general classification of this Order, but simply to lay stress upon what concerns Hypoxidaces, —that all its members have a close affinity with one another, that it forms undoubtedly not more than a single well-marked tribe qut of seven or eight of an Order thus constituted, and that, exept in the ease of the monotypic Cape genus Pauridia, in which the stamens are reduced to three, it shows no appreciable variatioh, from the typical character of the Order as just indi- cated— th: Perianth being alw ays quite regular, with six segments, MR, J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACER. 95 each with its corresponding stamen, and the ovary trilocular and strietly inferior. Taking the organs one by one, the following are their pricipal characters and variations. Root-stock.—We have two principal types of root-stock in the tribe: the commonest, a firm perennial tuber with a thin rind, which is sometimes as large as a turnip, is crowned outside the tuft of leaves and scapes of the year with the withered relics of the year before in the shape of fibres or brown membranes. This type is shown through Aolineria, Euhypoxis, and .Eucurculigo. The other type is an annual corm, like that of a Orocus, with several tunics of interlacing or honeycombed fibres. This type is shown in Pauridia, in the subgenus Janthe of Hypowis, and the subgenus Forbesia of Curculigo ; so that the difference between two kinds of root-stock separates both the two principal genera of the Order into two unequal halves. The new annual corms originate from the top of the old ones, and are consequently flat- tened at the base. The root-fibres are usually cylindrical and fleshy in texture. Leaves.—The leaves are always developed simultaneously with the flowers, and are grass-like or coriaceous in texture, never fleshy and evanescent as in the typical bulbous Amaryllidex. In the perennial species of Hypowis they often show a distinct trifa- rious arrangement. They are never equitant and flattened later- ally, as is so common in Iridacez and Hæmadoraceæ. In Hypoxis and Pauridia they are sessile, dilated at the base, not plicate in the blade, and in shape rarely subterete, usually either linear or lanceolate. In Forbesia they are narrow and sessile, but di- stinctly plieate. In Molineria and Curculigo proper they are always petioled and very distinctly plicate, linear, or lanceolate, narrowed very gradually from the middle to both ends. In Cur- culigo seychellensis we have a very large bifid, plicate, palm-like leaf, with a long petiole, armed with stout pungent prickles. Pubescence.—In Pauridia and the annual species of Hypomis we have all parts of the plant quite glabrous. In Molineria, Curculigo, and the perennial species of Hypoxis, hairs are present in greater or smaller quantity. They are most constant and plen- tiful on the scapes and ovaries, and usually extend more or less to the leaf, especially its underside, and to the outside of the three outer segments of the perianth. The pubescence varies greatly, not only in quantity, but in character, but is never glan- dular, as is so conspicuously the case in the neighbouring tribe 96 MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE X. Velloziem. A mat of tomentum anda stellate arrangement of the hairs occur occasionally, but rarely, in Hypoxidaeem. Generally the hairs are simple; and upon the scapes and ovaries they are usually bristly in texture and persistent in duration. Inflorescence.—All the Hypoxidacez are acaulescent. There is no such thing in the tribe as a leafy flower-stem. The scapes produced from a single root-stock are few, but indefinite in num- ber. Throughout Hypoxis and in Pauridia we have always a produced scape, bearing sometimes a single flower, sometimes few flowers in a corymb, sometimes more numerous flowers in a cen- tripetal raceme, with linear or setaceous bracts. In several species of Molineria and Curculigo we have numerous flowers packed together in dense heads, each flower subtended by a per- sistent lanceolate, scariose bract. In some of the other Curculi- gos the flowers spring singly from the root-stock in the axil of large, scariose, lanceolate bracts upon peduncles so short that when . the flower fades the fruit is quite hidden in the radical tuft. Altogether inflorescence in the tribe furnishes one of the best characters for the discrimination of groups and species. Pistil.—The ovary, so far as I have been able to observe, is always three-celled. In fruit the septa often disappear; and this has led to some of the Hypoxidaces being described as unilocular. Except in Pauridia, where it is deeply 6-cleft, the style is always simple. There is a great variety in the shape and consolidation of the three stigmas. Perianth.—As indicated already, the perianth is always per- fectly regular, with divisions spreading horizontally when the sun shines, the three outer usually firmer in texture and narrower and more acute than the three inner. Only once, in the case of an Australian species, have I seen the perianth deviate from typical hexamerous symmetry ; and here it become tetramerous. As will be seen, the presence or absence of a tube above the ovary fur- nishes the best characters to mark the genera. Stamens.—The six stamens in position are correlated with the shape of the perianth, being epigynous in insertion where there is no tube, and inserted in a single series at the throat of the tube where a tube is present. The filaments are always short and erect. The anthers always dehisce down the face by a slit near the edge; they vary considerably in shape, being sometimes absolutely basifixed, and sometimes slightly versatile; they some- times cohere obscurely in a ring round the style in an early stage; MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE E. 97 and have been described as monadelphous ; but this does not con- tinue when the flower is fully expanded. Pruit.—In Pauridia, Molineria, and Cureuligo the fruit is always indehiscent. In Hypoxis it is a capsule which slits off by cireumscissile dehiscence below the operculum, and then some- times, but not always, breaks up into three loculicidal valves. The peculiar character of the seed, its thick crustaceous coat of two layers, its two prominences, its soft albumen, and the small straight central embryo hold good throughout the whole tribe, so far as I have had an opportunity of observing. Geographical Distribution.—As in Liliacee, Iridaceæ, and Ama- ryllidaceæ, Hypoxidaces has its head quarters in the Cape flora, which contains 87 out of 64 known species. The tribe belongs to the warm temperate zone in the southern hemisphere; but the genus Molineria is tropical, and also the section of Curculigo with perennial root-stocks and consolidated stigmas. Altogether there are 15 species in Tropical Africa, two of which are the same as occur at the Cape, including 4 in Abyssinia and Nubia, 4 in the Mascarene Isles, and 7 in Angola. Sixty species belong to the Old World, whilst America has four only. No known species extends its range from one continent to another; and Hypoxida- cee are entirely absent from Europe, Polynesia, Northern and Central Asia, and extra-tropical South America. Table showing the Geographical Distribution of the Hypowidacee. Total America.) number of Species. Genera. Cape. Tone Asia. 2 l. Hypoazis. . 34 ll l 5 3 51 2. Molineria fe 1 4 1 T 5 3. Curculigo 2 3 2 l l 7 4. Pauridia ] ee ae Us l 37 15 7 7 4 64 General Character of Hypoxidacee. Perianthii superi tubus supra ovarium nullus vel breviter pro- ductus infundibularis vel longe productus filiformis, limbi seg- mentis regularibus flore expanso patulis subæqualibus oblongis vel lanceolatis, exterioribus sæpe paulo angustioribus acutioribus 98 MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACR. dorso viridulis pilosis. Stamina 6, vel in Pauridia 3,epigyna vel ad faucem tubi uniserialiter inserta, filamentis brevibus filiformi- bus vel incrassatis, antheris linearibus vel lanceolatis basifixis vel leviter versatilibus, prope margines longitudinaliter introrsum dehiscentibus. Ovarium inferum triloculare, ovulis in loculo plurimis superpositis ; stylus simplex, vel in Pauridia 6-fidus, stig- matibus tribus coalitis vel discretis. Fructus capsularis opercu- latus valvis tribus indehiscentibus vel loculieide dehiscentibus vel indehiscens plus minusve baccatus, septis interdum evanidis spurie uniloeularis. Semina anatropa turgida minuta superposita, testa crassa crustacea atra vel atro-castanea, albumine carnoso, embryone recto axili, funiculo et foramine prominente, birostel- lata.—Herbe acaules sepissime pilose (pilis sepe setosis, interdum stellatis, nunquam glanduliferis), cormis parvis monocarpicis vel tuberibus magnis duris polycarpicis foliorum delapsorum vestigiis fibrosis vel membranaceis coronatis, foliis synanthiis linearibus vel lanceolatis raro cuneatis bifidis sessilibus vel petiolatis persistenti- bus interdum plicatis, scapis productis vel subnullis, floribus soli- tariis vel paucis corymbosis vel racemosis vel interdum multis dense capitatis sepissime luteis, interdum albidis, rarissime rubris, brac- teis persistentibus lineari-setaceis vel lanceolatis. CLAVIS GENERUM. * Perianthii tubus supra ovarium nullus vel brevissimus. Stamina epigyna. Fructus capsularis circumscissus operculatus. Folia sessilia haud plicata. C. B. Spei, Afric. trop., Asia australis, America. 2. MoLiNERIA. Fructus baccatus. Folia petiolata plicata. Asia trop., Australia bor., Ins. Seychell.? 1. Hypoxis. ** Perianthii tubus supra ovarium productus. Stamina perigyna. 3. CurcuLico. Tubus elongatus filiformis. Stamina 6. Reg. trop. utriusque orbis, C. B. Spei. 4. Pauripia. Tubus brevis infundibularis. Stamina 3. C. B. Spei. 1. Hypoxts, Linn. Linn. Gen. no. 417 (ex parte); Endl. Gen. no. 1264; Herbert, Amaryll. 65; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 46, 759; Salisb. Gen. 44.—Fabricia, Thunb. in Fabric. Iter Norv. 29.—1anthe et Spiloxene, Salisb. Gen. 44,—Franquevillea, Zollinger Cat. 71. MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE X. 99 Perianthii tubüs supra ovarium haud productus; segmenta inte- riora oblonga, exteriora lanceolata dorso viridula sepe villosa. Stamina 6 epigyna limbo breviora, filamentis brevibus erectis, antheris linearibus basifixis vel lanceolatis leviter versatilibus. Ovarium inferum triloculare, ovulis in loculo 4—20, stylus brevis subulatus, stigmatibus in capitulum oblongo-trigonum concretis vel lanceolatis plus minusve discretis. Capsula medio circum- scissa operculata membranacea turbinata vel clavata, septis in- terdum evanidis, evalvis vel loculicide trivalvis, seminibus minutis globosis sepissime lucidis atro-castaneis.— Herbe acaules, cormis annuis parvis vel tuberibus magnis succo flavo, foliis 3-20 sessilibus haud plicatis graminoideis vel rigide coria- ceis trifariis vel multifariis sepissime pilosis, pedunculis foliis brevioribus sepissime villosis, floribus solitariis corymbosis vel racemosis nunquam capitatis luteis albidis vel rarissime rubris. Subgenus Iantne. Planta tota glaberrima. (Cormi semper parvi monocarpici. Anthere lineares, basifixe. Stigmata plus minus discreta.) Zanthe et Spiloxene, Salisb. Grandiflora 3. I 1. H. stellata. Parviflorse Perianthii limbus albus. Pedicelli sepissime uniflori ............... 2. H. minuta. 3. H. alba. Inflorescentia umbellata ................-- 4. H. aquatica. Perianthii limbus luteus. : Capenses. Folia subteretia.................. ee 5. H. serrata. Fols lata — 9 o rcs 6. H. ovata. 7. H. Andrewsii. A ustralienses. Capsula oblonga vel subglobosa ...... . H. pusilla. 8 9. H. glabella. 0 Capsula clavata... a e 10. H. occidentalis. Subgenus Evnyroxts. Planta plus minus villosa. (Ovarium sæ- pissime pilis setosis erecto-patentibus dense vestitum. Folia sæpissime pilosa. Tubera parva vel magna. Antheræ sæpis- sime leviter versatiles basi sagittatæ. Stigmata sepissime con- creta.) Hypoxis, Salisb., Platyzyga, Lallem. 100 MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACEE. Cras rubrum oe, eek 11. H. Baurii. Penanthium ADum — iu 3 ot 12. H. milloides. 13. H. platypetala. 14. H.membranacea. Perianthium luteum. Parviflorz, foliis linearibus vel subteretibus. Americane.. -ioe eoo Co HIMEN 15. H. juncea. 16. H. erecta. 17. H. decumbens. Australienses... 18. H. hygrometrica. 19. H. marginata. Asiatica i oo eee e 20. H. aurea. Africanæ. Folia subteretia. 21. H. monanthos. 22. H. filiformis. 23. H. canaliculata. 24. H. Kraussiana. Folia linearia. Pedunculi uniflori. 25. H. graminea. 26. H. Schimpert. Flores corymbosi. Folia rigidula |. xu ers 27. H. Gerrardi. 28. H. argentea. 29. H. cuanzensis. Folia graminoidea ............... 30. H. angustifolia. 31. H. sericea. 32. H. Zeyheri. Flores racemosi. 33. H. Arnottit. 34. H. Jacquini. Parviflorz, foliis lanceolatis. MH a ooo) A epis Deed 35. H. parvula. Inflorescentia corymbosa. 36. H. setosa. 37. H. villosa. Inflorescentia racemosa .........cccccscorece 38. H. obtusa. 39. H. polystachya. 40. H. latifolia. Grandiflorz, foliis angustis. Inflorescentia corymbosa. * 4l. H. longifolia. 42. H. Ludwigit. Inflorescentia racemosa .................... 49. H. angolensis. 44. H. rigidula. 45. H. iridifolia. Grandiflorz, foliis latis. Inflorescentia corymbosa vel racemoso-corymbosa. 46. H. microsperma. 47. H. multiceps. 48. H. stellipilis. 49. H. Roopert. Inflorescentia racemosa. 50. H. hemerocallidea. 51. H. costata. MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE X. 101 l. H. STELLATA, Linn. Suppl. 197; Thunb. Prodr. 60; Fl. Cap. edit. ii. 304; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 776.—Fabricia stellata, Thunb. in Fabric. Iter Norv. 27 ; Houttuyn, Handl. xii. 119, tab. 81, fig. 1.—Amaryllis capensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. edit. ii. 420. Var. l. ALBIFLORA.—H. stellata æ, Thunb. in Fl. Cap. loc. cit. Cor- mus globosus 6-9 lin. crassus, fibris duris densis vestitus. Folia pro- ducta 4-6 anguste linearia subcoriacea ubique glaberrima siccitate nigrescentia 4-8 poll. longa medio 13-2 lin. lata, facie canaliculata, basi lanceolata, margine scabra. Pedunculi l-6ni stricti graciles uni- flori raro biflori 6-9 lin. longi, bractea unica lineari acuminata amplexi- cauli 13-3 poll. longa infra medium prediti. Ovarium clavatum glabrum 4-9 lin. longum. Perianthii limbus 6-12 lin. longus, seg- mentis lanceolatis acutis facie albidis, basi immaculatis, dorso viridulis vel rubro tinctis. Antherz basifixz lineares luteæ 4~6 lin. longe, filamentis brevissimis. Stigmata linearia superne discreta. Capsula turbinata membranacea infra collum circumscissa, seminibus minutis atris. C. B. Spei, in arenosis, Thunberg! Burchell, 8572! Drége, 2657 !—H. ELATA, Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 778, non Hook. Jil., est forma elata grandiflora hujus varietatis. Var. 2. H. ELEGANS, *Andr."; Poir. Encyc. Suppl. iii. 112.—H. stellata, var.? elegans, Pers. Syn. i. 362.—H. stellata, Jacq. Ic. t. 368; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 236; Bot. Mag. t. 1223; Flore des Serres, t. 1027.— H. tridentata, DC. in Red. Lil. sub t. 169; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 777.—H. pavonina, Salisb. Gen. 44.—H. cerulescens, DC. in Red. Lil. sub t. 169; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 778. Varietas pulchra robusta grandiflora, perianthii segmentis 12-18 lin. longis basi distincte nigro vel nigro-fusco vel nigro-ceruleo maculatis. Antherz ssepe nigrescentes, polline flavo. C. B. Spei, Thunberg ! Masson! Oldenburg! Drége! Pappe! ete. Var. 3. H. Gawxert, Baker.—H. stellata, Bot. Mag. t. 662; DC.in Red. Lil. t. 169 ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 101. Varietas grandiflora robusta, perianthii segmentis facie luteis basi nigro-maculatis. C. B. Spei. Masson in Hort. Kew. introduxit anno 1778. Var. 4. H. LINEARIS, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 171; Poir. Encyc. Suppl. iii. 112; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. /69.—H. serrata 8, Gawl. in Bot. Mag. t. 917.—H. stellata 8, Thunb. Fl. Cap. loc. cit.—H. tabu- laris, Ecklon, Topog. Verz. 10; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 769.—TIanthe linearis, Salisb. Gen. 44. Varietas gracilis, foliis angus- tioribus, perianthii segmentis facie luteis immaculatis. C. B. Spei, Thunberg! Drége! ete. H. suncea, Ecklon, Topog. Verz. 10, Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 769, est forma robusta grandiflora hujus varietatis. 2. H. MINUTA, Linn. fil. Suppl. 197; Thunb. Prodr. 59; Fl. Cap. edit. 2, 303; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 773.—Helonias mi- nuta, Linn. Mant, 225.—Hypoxis pumila, Linn. Encyc. ii. 184.— 102 3. MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE®. H. trifiora, Harvey, MSS. Cormus globosus 2-3 lin. crassus basi applanatus fibris setosis dense vestitus. Folia producta 3-4 anguste linearia suberecta glabra facie canaliculata 1-2 poll. longa j-1 lin. lata acuminata. Pedunculi solitarii vel gemini 1-2 poll. longi gracil- limi glabri simplices uniflori vel profunde furcati biflori, bracteis seta- ceis basi linearibus. Ovarium obconicum glaberrinum 1 lin. longum. Perianthii limbus albidus 2-3 lin. longus, segmentis oblongo-lanceo- latis glabris, exterioribus dorso viridulis. Stamina limbo duplo bre- viora, antheris linearibus basi sagittatis, filamentis brevissimis. Stig- mata antheris breviora. Capsula globosa medio circumscissa. C. B. Spei in ericetis, Thunberg! Pappe! Burke! Zeyher, 1665! Ecklon & Zeyher, Hypox. 17! Habitus omnino Pauridie hypoxidoidis, sed facile distinguitur staminibus 6, ovario obconico brevi et perianthii tubo nullo. H. ALBA, Linn. fil. Suppl. 198; Thunb. Prodr. 60; Fl. Cap. edit. ii. p. 303; Jacq. Collect. iv. 135, tab. 2. fig. 15; Fragm. 13, t. 7. fig. 4; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 774.—H. affinis, Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vi. 774.—H. dubia, Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 775.—H. obliqua, Ecklon et Zeyher, Ezsic. 78. 4, non Jacq.—H. crassifolia, Pappe, MSS. Cormus globosus 3-4 lin. crassus, setis rigidis densissimis ascendentibus vestitus. Folia producta 3-4 sub- coriacea glabra subteretia facie canaliculata 1-3 poll. longa sub- erecta vel faleata siccitate nigrescentia. Pedunculus gracilis glaber 2-4-pollicaris sepissime simplex uniflorus, bracteis 1-2 linearibus amplexicaulibus infra medium przditus, interdum furcatus biflorus. Ovarium clavatum glaberrimum 3-4 lin. longum. — Perianthii limbus albus 5-6 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis acutis 14-2 lin. latis ubique glabris, exterioribus angustioribus dorso viridulis interdum rubelis. Antherz lineares flavze basifix:e 12-2 lin. longe, filamentis albidis antheris 3—4-plo brevioribus. Stigmata staminibus breviora. Capsula membranacea glabra 5-6 lin. longa infra collum circumscissa, seminibus plurimis globosis lucidis nigro-castaneis. Cap. B. Spei in planitiebus, Thunberg ! Sieber, 126! Zeyher, 4132! Harvey, 104, 105! Drége, 2395! Burchell, 8570! Bolus, 2813! etc. Var. GRACILIS, Baker.—H. alba, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1074. Gracilior, uniflora, foliis filiformibus, perianthii segmentis omnibus lanceolatis acutis. C. B. Spei, Zeyher, 4131! Burchell, 4290! 5495! Mac- owan, 1222! Var. Bunkzr, Baker.—H. alba y, Thunb. Fl. Cap. edit. ii. 304. Varie- 4. tas robusta aquatilis ad H. aquaticam accedens, foliis basi valde dila- tatis, pedunculis pluribus profunde furcatis, bracteis 14-2 poll. longis, ovario cylindrico 9-12 lin. longo in collum sterile perspicuum attenuato. C. B. Spei, Thunberg! Ad flumen Wageboom, Burke ! H. aquatica, Lian. fil. Suppl. 197; Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 108; e MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACEE. 103 Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Nat. vii. 776. Cormus parvus globosus, fibris radicalibus gracilibus copiosis preditus. Folia producta 4-6 glabra membranacea utrinque glabra, facie canaliculata, pedalia vel sesquipedalia, medio 2-3 lin., basi 5-6 lin. lata. Pedunculi debiles glabri pedales vel semipedales, floribus umbellatis. Umbellæ 5-6- florz, bracteis linearibus membranaceis 1-2 poll., pedicellis 1-3 poll. longis. Ovarium cylindrieum glabrum 6-7 lin. longum. Perianthii limbus 6-9 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis vel oblongis 2-3 lin. latis albidis, exterioribus dorso viridulis ubique glabris. Antherz lineares basifix:e 2-23 lin. longze, filamentis subnullis. Stigmata sub- discreta staminibus breviora. Capsula cylindrica membranacea 9-10 lin. longa, seminibus permultis subglobosis lucidis nigro-castaneis 4 lin. longis. C. B. Spei in aquosis, Thunberg! Oldenburg! Drége 8515, a, b! Ecklon et Zeyher 76. 9; Bolus 2814! Mader 172! etc. Namaqua-land, Rev. H. Whitehead ! H. SERRATA, Linn. Suppl. 197 ; Thunb. Prodr. 60; Fl. Cap. edit. ii. 304; Jacq. Ic. t. 369; Gawl. in Bot. Mag. t. 709 (excl. var. 8); Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 768.—H. luzulefolia, Eckl. Topog. Verz. 10, non DC.—Ianthe serrata, Salisb. Gen. 44. Cormus globo- sus 3-4 lin. crassus, fibris gracilibus dense vestitus. Folia producta 6-12 anguste linearia subcoriacea viridia glabra 3-6 poll. longa, facie canaliculata, medio 3-1 lin. lata, margine obscure serrulata. Pedunculi l-óni gracilimi glabri uniflori 2-4-pollicares, bracteis 1-2 parvis setaceis infra medium przditi. Ovarium glabrum clavatum 3-4 lin. longum. Perianthii limbus 6-8 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis acutis, facie luteis, basi immaculatis, dorso glabris viridulis, margine spe rubro tinctis. Stamina limbo subduplo breviora, antheris luteis basifixis, filamentis brevissimis. Stigmata lanceolata, superne discreta, C. B. Spei, Thunberg! Oldenburg! Ecklon et Zuyher 649! &c. V. v. in Hort. Kew. ; Dunstan introduxit. Vix nisi varietas H, stellate. 6. H. ovata, Linn. fil. Suppl. 179; Thunb. Prodr. 60; FI. Cap. edit. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. ii. 306 ; Ker in Bot. Mag. t. 1010; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. //l.—lanthe ovata, Salisb. Gen. 44. Cormus globosus 6-8 lin. crassus, fibris crassis duris dense vestitus. Folia producta 6-8 lanceo- lata acuta faleata membranacea 2-3 poll.longa 3-6 lin. lata ubique glabra, venis perspicuis verticalibus 10-15. Pedunculi 1-3ni sim- plices uniflori gracillimi glabri 1-3 poll. longi. Ovarium turbinatum glabrum 1j lin. longum. Perianthii limbus 3-4 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis acutis 1-13 lin. latis flavis rubro tinctis, exterioribus dorso viridulis glaberrimis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lineari- bus basifixis 14 lin. longis, filamentis brevissimis. Stigmata 13-2 lin. longa linearia subdiscreta. C. B. Spei, Thunberg! Oldenburg! Drége 1555! Zeyher 4135! I 104 MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACES. 7. H. Anprewsu, Baker.— H. obliqua, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 195, non Jacq. Fibri radicales perplurimi graciles. Folia 5-6 glabra lanceo- lata acuta 3-4 poll. longa, deorsum 5-6 lin. lata. Pedunculi terni glabri 2-3-flori 1-14 poll. longi. Bractez lanceolate 1-14 poll. longs, pedicellis aquilonge. Ovarium glabrum clavatum 4-45 lin. longum. Perianthii limbus 6-8 lin. longus, segmentis facie luteis, dorso glabris viridulis. Stamina limbo subduplo breviora, antheris linearibus basifixis. C. B. Spei, Hort. Hibberd, anno 1801. (Non vidi.) 8. H. PusILLA, Hook. fil. Fl. Tasm. ii. 36, t. 130 B; Handb. New Zeal. 275; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 450, non H. B. K. Cormus glo- bosus 3-4 lin. crassus, setis duris densis coronatus, fibris radicalibus filiformibus vel cylindricis. Folia producta 3-4 subulata glabra sub- erecta 2-4 poll. longa, medio 1-3 lin. lata, facie canaliculata. Pedun- culi 1-4ni 6-24 lin. longi gracillimi glabri szepissime uniflori, braeteis minutis setaceis. Ovarium oblongo-clavatum glabrum 1-13 lin. longum. Perianthii limbus 13-3 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis acutis, facie luteis, dorso viridibus glabris. Stamina perianthio sub- duplo breviora, antheris linearibus basifixis, filamentis brevissimis. Stigmata lanceolata discreta. Capsula obovoidea vel globosa 13-2 lin. longa, medio circumscissa, demum irregulariter trivalvis. Nova Zelandia, Tasmania, Victoria. H. GLABELLA, R. Br. Prodr. 289; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 771; Hook. fil. Fl. Tasm. ii. 36, t. 130 A; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 450.—H. vaginata, Schlecht. in Linnea, xx. 568. Cormus globosus 3-4 lin. crassus, setis rigidis duris copiosis coronatus, fibris radicalibus carnosis cylindricis. Folia producta 3-6 suberecta anguste linearia glabra 2-6 poll. longa, medio 1 lin. lata, facie canaliculata, basi lanceolata scariosa. Pedunculi 1—3ni glabri szepissime simplices uni- flori, raro furcati, infra medium bractea lineari amplexicauli prediti. Ovarium oblongo-turbinatum glabrum 14-2 lin. longum. Perianthii limbus 3-6 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis acutis facie flavis, dorso glaberrimis viridulis vel margine rubro tinctis. Stamina perianthio triente breviora, antheris linearibus luteis basifixis 2-3 lin. longis, filamentis filiformibus 3-1 lin. longis. Stigmata lanceolata sub- discreta. Capsula oblongo-turbinata 2—4 lin. longa, infra collum cireumscissa, valvis haud dehiscentibus. Tasmania, Australia aus- tralis et orientalis. 10. H. occipEnTALIs, Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 451. Cormus globosus 2-4 lin. crassus setis duris densis coronatus, fibris radicalibus earnosis cylindricis. Folia producta 3-5 glabra anguste linearia 4-8 poll. longa, medio $-1 lin. lata, facie canaliculata basi lanceolata scariosa. Pedunculi 3-6 lin. longi glabri gracillimi simplices uniflori vel inter- MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE T. 105 dum fureati biflori, bracteis 1-2 lanceolatis amplexicaulibus 1-13 poll. longis przditi. Ovarium glabrum clavatum 4-8 lin. longum, medio l lin. crassum. Flores interdum tetrameri. Perianthii limbus 3-6 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis acutis, facie luteis, dorso glabris viridulis. Stamina perianthio duplo breviora, antheris luteis basifixis 11-2 lin. longis. Stigmata lanceolata subdisereta. Capsula clavata. Australia occidentalis, Drummond ! Muir! Miss Warburton.—H. LEPTANTHA, Benth. Fl. Austral. loc. cit., est verisimiliter varietas gracilis hujus speciei perianthii segmentis angustioribus inzequalibus, antheris alternis minoribus, stigmatibus longioribus. ll. H. Baur, Baker in Trimen Journ. 1876, 181. Tuber annuum obionguin 3-4 lin. crassum, fibris setosis copiosis coronatum. Folia producta 5-6 linearia erecta subcoriacea 121-2 poll. longa, 13-2 lin. lata, acuta, pilis ascendentibus albidis 2-1 lin. longis ubique vestita. Pedunculi gemini simplices uniflori foliis paulo longiores graciles, pilis ascendentibus prorsus vestiti, bracteis 1-2 perminutis subulatis praediti. Ovarium clavatum 2 lin. longum albido-tomentosum et pilis setosis albidis erecto-patentibus densis 1 lin. longis vestitum. Perianthii limbus saturate rubellus 5-6 lin. longus, segmentis oblongis obtusis 2-3 lin. latis, exterioribus dorso parce setosis. Genitalia perparva. Kaffraria transkeiana ad montem Baziya, alt. 3500-4000 pedum, Rev. R. Baur! (MacOwan 501). V. v. in hort. Leichtlin. 12. H. qrL.LorpEs, Baker. Tuber annuum oblongum 2-3 lin. crassum. Folia producta 6-10 erecta anguste linearia, facie canaliculata, 11—4 poll. longa, basi 2-3 lin., medio 1 lin. lata, matura glabra subtiliter 8-19-costata, juniora pilis paucis setosis erecto-patentibus praedita. Pedunculi solitarii erecti uniflori 1-2 poll. longi, pilis paucis albidis subadpressis superne vestiti. Ovarium turbinatum 2 lin. longum, pilis brevibus albidis setosis ascendentibus ubique vestitum. Peri- anthii limbus albidus 5-7 lin. longus, segmentis oblongis vel obovato- oblongis obtusis 2-3 lin. latis utrinque glabris. Stamina limbo 3-4plo breviora, antheris minutis lanceolatis, filamentis brevissimis. Natalia, Krauss 24! Montes fluminis Klip, alt. 3500-4500 pedes, Dr. Sutherland! Dargle Farm, Mrs. Fannin 58, in Herb. Trin. Coll. Dubl. ! 13. H. PLATYPETALA, Baker. Tuber annuum oblongum 2 lin. cras- sum, fibris radicalibus carnosis cylindricis preditum. Folia producta 5-6 erecta linearia subcoriacea 134-3 poll. longa, 15-2 lin. lata, pilis albidis setosis ascendentibus 4 lin. longis ubique vestita. Pedunculi solitarii graciles foliis zequilongi, prorsus pilis consimilibus vestiti. Ovarium turbinatum 2 lin. longum, pilis consimilibus dense vestitum. Perianthii limbus albidus 6-7 lin. longus, segmentis oblongis vel obovato-oblongis obtusis utrinque glabris. Stamina limbo 4-5plo 12 106 MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE ZA. breviora, filamentis brevissimis, antheris minutis lanceolatis. Natalia, ad montes, alt. 5000 pedes, Dr. Sutherland! MeKen! Mrs. Fannin! 14. Il. MEMBRANACEA, Baker. Tuber globosum 3 lin. crassum, collo elongato, foliis exterioribus haud productis brunneis membranaceis. Folia producta 4 membranacea lanceolata acuta 3-4 poll. longa, medio 6-7 lin. lata, plana utrinque tenuiter simpliciter pilosa, venis tenuibus immersis. Pedunculi 1-2ni biflori 13-2 poll. longi gracillimi ubique pilosi, bracteis minutis setaceis, pedicellis corymbosis gracillimis pilosis 6-12 lin. longis. Ovarium turbinatum 1 lin. longum, pilis albidis setosis ascendentibus dense vestitum. Perianthii limbus “ albidus ” (Gerrard) 2-3 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis acutis, exterioribus dorso viridibus pilosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis versatilibus filamento filiformi :equilongis. Capsula sub- globosa magnitudine pisi. Natalia in ditione fluminis Tugela, Gerrard et McKen 1835. 15. H. suncea, Smith, Spicil. t. 16; Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 224; Roem. et Schultes, Syst Veg. vii. 761.—H. filifolia, Elliott, Bot. South Car. 397. Tuber globosum 2-3 lin. crassum, foliis haud productis, exterioribus brunneis, scariosis coronatum, fibris radicalibus carnosis cylindricis. Folia producta 3-6 filiformia rigidula 6-9 poll. longa s lin. lata obscura pilosa vel calvata 3-5-nervata venis et marginibus incrassatis. Scapi l-3ni 1—3-flori gracillimi 2-6 poll. longi, inferne nudi, superne parce pilosi, bracteis minutis setaceis. Ovarium clavato- turbinatum 14-2 lin. longum, dense pilosum. Perianthii limbus 5-6 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis acutis facie flavis, exterioribus dorso viridibus dense pilosis. Stamina limbo subtriplo breviora, antheris parvis lanceolatis, basi profunde sagittatis, filamentis filiformibus equilongis. Stylus subulatus, stigmatibus concretis. Civitates fede- rate australes Americe borealis in pinetis, Pursh! Chapman! &c. Var. WRIGHTII, Baker. Ovarium parce pilosum. Folia exteriora haud producta, in fibras setosas dissoluta. Cuba, C. Wright 239! 16. H. erecta, Linn. Sp. Plant. edit. ii. 439; Bot. Mag. t. 710; Red. Lil. t. 355; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 710; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vil. 759 ; Lall. in Ind. Semen. Petrop. x. 52.—H. caroliniensis, Michx. Fl. Bor.- Ain. i. 188.—Ornithogalum hirsutum, Linn. Sp. Plant. edit. i. 306. Tuber globosum 3-4 lin. crassum, foliis exterioribus haud productis scariosis coronatum, fibris radicalibus carnosis cylindricis. Folia producta 5-6 linearia modice firma 3-6 poll. longa, medio 1-3 lin. lata, parce pilosa vel calvata. Pedunculi 1--4ni 1-4-flori graciles, deorsum nudi, superne pilis paucis brunneolis adpressis vestiti, bracteis minutis setaceis, pedicellis corymbosis niagis pilosis 3-9 lin. longis. Ovarium turbinatum 13-2 lin. longum, pilis mollibus brunneolis ascendentibus subdense vestitum. Perianthii limbus 4-6 lin. longus, MR. J. G. BAKER ON IH YPOXIDACEE. 107 segmentis oblongis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, facie luteis, dorso viridulis parce pilosis. Stamina perianthio duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis basi profunde sagittatis, filamentis filiformibus zquilongis. Stylus subulatus 2 lin. longus, stigmatibus coneretis. Capsula oblonga 3 lin. longa, medio circumscissa, valvis demum dehiscentibus. Per civitates fæderatas Americe borealis orientales late dispersa.—H. GRAMINEA, Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. i. 224! est varietas foliis flaccidis pedalibus, floribus parvis. 17. H. DECUMBENS, Linn. Sp. Plant. edit. ii. 439; Amen. Acad. v. 396; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 762; Seubert in Mart. Fl. Bras. iii. 51, tab. 7. fig. 1; Griseb. Flora West Ind. 585.—Anthericum sessile, Miller, Icon. t. 39. fig. 2.—1H. mexicana, Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 761.—H. pusilla, humilis, breviscapa, et elongata, H. B. K. Nov.Gen. iii. 286, 287.—H. gracilis, Lehm.; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 764. Tuber globosum 3-6 lin. crassum, foliis exteriori- bus haud productis brunneis scariosis, fibris radicalibus cylindricis. Folia producta 6-12 linearia modice firma 3-12 poll. longa, medio 1-6 lin. lata, parce pilosa vel calvata. Pedunculi 1-4ni 1-4-flori, 2-6 poll longi, superne pilis ascendentibus mollibus vestiti, bracteis minutis setaceis, pedicellis brevibus dense pilosis. Ovarium anguste clavatum 3-4 lin. longum dense pilosum. — Perianthii limbus 3-4 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis acutis facie luteis, exterioribus dorso viridibus dense pilosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis basi sagittatis, filamentis filiformibus aquilongis. Stylus subulatus, stigmatibus concretis. Capsula clavata, interdum 6-9 lin. longa. Per Americam tropicalem a Mexico et Cuba ad Bonariam et Peruviam, Gardner 133! Spruce 5068! Fendler 1565! Mandon 1208! Wright 1515! &c.—H. kLoNGATA, H. B. K., est forma magna foliis pedalibus vel semipedalibus.— H. mexicana, R. § S., est forma foliis vix ultra 1 lin. latis, pedunculis unifloris. 18. H. uvcnoMETRICA, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 82, t. 108; R. Br. Prodr. 289; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 771; Hook. fil. Fl. Tasm. ii. 36 ; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 449. Tuber oblongum 3-4 lin. crassum, collo elongato, setis haud coronatum, fibris radicalibus paucis crassis cylindricis. Folia producta 4-8 anguste linearia grami- noidea 3-6 poll. longa, medio 1-13 lin. lata, facie canaliculata, pilis paucis simplicibus przedita, venis nullo modo exsculptis. Pedunculi simplices vel gemini uniflori vel biflori 3-6 poll. longi, superne glabri, deorsum parce pilosi, bracteis minutis setaceis. Ovarium late clavaturn glabrum. Perianthii limbus 5-6 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis acutis, facie luteis, dorso viridibus glabris. Stamina perianthio sub- duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis leviter versatilibus basi profunde sagittatis, filamentis filiformibus antheris subaquilongis. Stylus su- bulatus 13-2 lin. longus, stigmatibus concretis. Capsula obovoidea vel 108 MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE.. subglobosa 3-4 lin. longa, infra collum irregulariter circumscissa. Tasmania, Australia australis et orientalis temperata. Var. ELONGATA, Benth. loc. cit., est forma laxa foliis interdum pedali- bus, pedicellis 3—4-floris. Var. H. pratensis, R. Dr. Prodr. 289. Varietas gracilis parviflora 2-3-flora, ovario et perianthii segmentis interdum dorso pilosis. Queensland &c. 19. H. MARGINATA, R. Br. Prodr. 289 ; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vi. 772; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 451. Tuber globosum 3-4 lin. crassum, setis gracillimis perplurimis coronatum. Folia angusta linearia subcoriacea rigida 2-18 poll. longa, 3-1 lin. lata, parce pilosa, costa et marginibus incrassatis. Scapus filiformis parce pilosus 1-2- florus, 2-4 poll. longus, bracteis minutislinearibus. Ovarium pilosum anguste clavatum. Perianthii limbus 3-4 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis acutis, facie luteis, dorso viridulis subglabris. Stamina limbo duplo breviora. Australia tropicalis borealis, R. Brown, Schultz 641 ! 20. H. AURKA, Lour. Cochin. 200; Kurz in Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lug.- Bat. iv. 178.—H. minor, D. Don, Prodr. Nep. 53; Royle, Ill. Him. t. 91. fig. 3.—H. Franquevillei, Miquel, Flor. Ned. Bat. iii. 586.—H. curculigoides, Wall. Cat. 5164.—Curculigo graminifolia, Nimmo, in Grah. Bomb. Cat. 215; Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb. Flora, 276. Tuber globosum 3-4 lin. crassum, filis foliorum delapsorum coronatum, fibris radicalibus carnosis cylindricis. Folia produeta 6-12 anguste linearia parce pilosa vel vetustate calvata 3-12 poll. longa, medio 14-2 hn. lata, subcoriacea, basi dilatata, lanceolata. Pedunculi 1-4ni 1-4 poll. longi gracillimi 1-2-flori, pilis ascendentibus pallide brunneis vestiti, bracteis parvis setaceis, Ovarium late clavatum 13-3 lin. longum, pilis mollibus brevibus pallide brunneis subdense vestitum. Peri- anthii limbus 3-4 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis acutis, facie luteis, exterioribus dorso viridibus tenuiter villosis. Stamina limbo dupio breviora antheris lanceolatis, basi sagittatis, filamento subulato æqui- longis. Stylus subulatus, stigmatibus concretis. Capsula oblonga vel oblongo-clavata 3-6 lin. longa, valvis demum dehiscentibus. Regio temperata Himalaye centralis et orientalis, Wallich 5164! Gniffith 5930! &e. ^ Concan, Dalzell! Ritchie 1443! Japonia, Oldham 704! Insule Loo-choo, C. Wright 344! China, Hance, 16516! Cochin China, Loureiro. Java, alt. 5000-6000 pedum, Zol- linger. 21. H. Monantuos, Baker, in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. i. 266. Tuber oblongum 3 lin. crassum, fibris radicalibus eylindricis. Folia producta 4-5 subteretia 4-5 poll. longa, medio 4 lin. lata, pilis albidis tenuter vestita. Pedunculi uniflori 1-3ni gracillimi 12-2 poll. longi - MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACEJ. 109 tenuiter pilosi, bractea minuta lineari pr:diti. Ovarium turbinatum sericeum l lin. longum. Perianthii limbus 2 lin. longus, segmentis facie luteis, exterioribus dorso viridulis, tenuiter sericeis. Genitalia limbo duplo breviora. Capsula oblonga 3 lin. longa. Angola in regione temperata ditionis Huille, Welwitsch ! 22. H. FILIFORMIS, Baker. Tuber globosum 3 lin. crassum, foliis exterioribus haud productis brunneis scariosis, fibris radicalibus fili- formibus. Folia producta 6-8 setacea rigidula 3-4 poll. longa, 4-3 lin. lata, facie canaliculata, marginibus incrassatis, deorsum obscure pilosa. Pedunculi 1-2ni 1-2-flori 2-5 poll. longi gracillimi, inferne nudi, superne pilis paucis adpressis przediti, bracteis minutis setaceis. Ovarium turbinatum 13-2 lin. longum dense breviter setosum, Peri- anthii limbus 3-4 lin. longus, segmentis facie luteis, interioribus oblongis, exterioribus lanceolatis acutis dorso viridulis pilosis. Geni- talia limbo duplo breviora. C. B. Spei in ditione Queenstown, Cooper 462! Natalia ad montes Mohlamba, alt. 5000-6000 pedum, Dr. Sutherland ! 23. H. CANALICULATA, Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. i. 265. Tuber oblongum 9-10 lin. crassum, fibris copiosis coronatum, collo pollieari vel sesquipollicari. Folia plura rigida erecta subteretia 3-6 poll. longa, medio 3 lin. lata, facie canaliculata, inferne pilis paucis vestita, superne calvata. Pedunculi 6-8ni 2-flori 1-1j poll. longi, pilis albidis adpressis vestiti, pedicellis 13-3 lin. longis dense pilosis, bracteis minutis subulatis. Ovarium turbinatum 2 lin. longum dense albido-setosum. Perianthii limbus 4 lin. longus, scgmentis oblongis facie luteis, exterioribus dorso viridulis albo-sericeis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora. Capsula parva turbinata, medio cireumscissa. Angola in regione temperata ditionis Huille, Dr. Welwitsch ! 24. H. KnavussrANA, Buchinger in Krauss Beitrage, 163. Tuber ob- longum 13-2 poll. erassum, fibris foliorum delapsorum perplurimis in setas dissolutis coronatum. Folia producta 10-15 rigide coriacea pedalia vel semipedalia, medio 3 lin. lata, glabra, facie canaliculata, dorso teretia, basi linearia, venis 7-9 exsculptis. Pedunculi 2-3ni 4-9 poll. longi 2-5-flori, inferne nudi, superne pilis albidis setosis brevibus adpressis vestiti, pedicellis 3-15 lin. longis, bracteis parvis linearibus. Ovarium turbinatum 13-2 lin. longum, pilis setosis albidis Perianthii limbus 5-6 lin. longus, segmentis facie luteis, exterioribus dorso dense albido-sericeis. Genitalia limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis, basi sagittatis. Capsula parva late turbinata. Natalia, Krauss 104! C. B. Spei, Drége 8534a! Bur- chell 4099 ! 4742! MacOwan 2123! dense vestitum. 25. H. cnAMINEA, Willd.; Roem. et Schuites, Syst. Veg. vii. 768. Tuber globosum 3-4 lin. crassum. Folia producta 5-6 anguste linearia 110 MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE X. aeuminata 1-3 poll. longa, basi 1 lin. lata, modice firma, pilis paucis inconspicuis presertim ad marginem predita. Pedunculi pollicares uniflori tenuiter sericei, braeteis minutis subulatis. Ovarium turbi- natum 1 lin. longum dense pilosum. Perianthii limbus 2 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis, facie luteis, dorso dense sericeis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis versatilibus. Madagascaria, Petit Thouars, Hilsenberg, et Boyer in Herb. Mus. Brit. ! 26. H. SCHIMPERI, Baker. Tuber oblongum 6-9 lin. crassum, setis copiosis coronatum, fibris radicalibus carnosis cylindricis. Folia pro- ducta 4 erecta linearia modice firma glabra 6-9 poll. longa, medio 3 lin. lata, basi dilatata, facie canaliculata, venis leviter exsculptis. Pedunculi 2-3ni uniflori 3-4 poll. longi, inferne glabri, superne tenuiter pilosi. Ovarium 1} lin. longum turbinatum tenuiter albo- sericeum. Perianthii limbus 4-5 lin. longus, segmentis facie luteis, exterioribus lanceolatis acutis dorso viridibus tenuiter albo-sericeis. Stamina limbo triplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis versatilibus, fila- mentis :quilongis. Stylus subulatus, stigmatibus concretis. Capsula turbinata 3 lin. longa. Montes Abyssinia, alt. 8000 pedum, Schimper 1118! (anno 1863-8). 27. H. Gerrarpi, Baker. Tuber non vidi. Folia producta 5-10 linearia rigidula 6-9 poll. longa, medio 2 lin. lata, acuminata, ubique pilis brevibus setosis simplicibus ascendentibus vestita, venis paucis, presertim marginalibus et intramarginalibus incrassatis, exseulptis, stramineis. Pedunculi 2-3ni 2-3 poll. longi 2-4-flori ubique pilosi, pedicellis corymbosis interdum 12-18 lin. longis, bracteis minutis pilosis linearibus. Ovarium oblongo-clavatum dense pilosum 2 lin. longum. Perianthii limbus 3-4 lin. longus, segmentis facie lutvis, interioribus oblongis, exterioribus lanceolatis dorso viridulis dense sericeis. Genitalia perianthio duplo breviora, antheris leviter versa- tilibus, basi sagittatis. Capsula turbinata 3-4 lin. longa, valvis ve- tustate solutis. Natalia ad ripas fluminis Tugela, Gerrard et McKen 1827 ! Rev. J. Buchanan! 28. H. ARGENTEA, Harv. MSS. Tuber oblongum perenne 6-9 lin. crassum foliis exterioribus haud productis brunneis membranaceis, fibris radicalibus carnosis cylindricis. Folia producta 12-18 anguste linearia rigidula 4-6 poll. longa, medio 1 lin. lata, acuminata, ubique subtiliter sericea, marginibus conspicue revolutis, venis haud exsculptis. Pedunculi 1-2ni 2-4-flori 1-2 poll longi, ubique breviter sericei, pedicellis corymbosis 6-9 lin. longis, bracteis minutis setaceis. Ovarium turbinatum 13 lin. longum dense sericeum. Perianthii limbus 3-4 lin. longus, segmentis facie luteis, interioribus oblongis, exterioribus lanceolatis dorso dense sericeis. Genitalia limbo duplo breviora. C. B. Spei in ditione orientali, MacOwan 50! Burchell 4469! An sit forma campestris H. sericee ? MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE E. 111 29. H. cuanzensis, Welw.; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. i. 265. Tuber oblongum 13-2 poll. longum, setis copiosis coronatum, fibris radicalibus carnosis cylindricis. Folia producta 8-10 linearia rigidula pedalia vel sesquipedalia, medio 2 lin. lata, parce pilosa, venulis pluribus exseulptis. Pedunculi 2-4ni 3-5-flori 3-4 poll. longi parce pilosi, pedicellis corymbosis 13-3 lin. longis, bracteis setaceis pilosis 5-6 lin. longis. Ovarium turbinatum 13 lin. longum dense pilosum. Perianthii limbus 3 lin. longus, segmentis facie luteis, exterioribus dorso pilosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis sagittatis versatilibus. Angola in ditione Pungo Andongo in pratis humidis, Dr. Welwitsch ! 30. H. ANGUsTIFOLIA, Lam. Encyc. ii. 182; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 767; Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. x. 49; Baker, Flora Maur. 369.—H. biflora, Baker in Trimen Journ. 1876, 181. Tuber oblongum vel globosum 4-9 lin. crassum, czespitibus unicis vel geminis, foliis exterioribus haud productis brunneis membra- naceis, fibris radicalibus gracilibus. Folia producta 6-12 linearia graminoidea modice firma, sepe 4-6 poll. longa, medio 13-2 lin. lata, basi lanceolata, obscure pilosa vel calvata, venis nullo modo ex- sculptis. Pedunculi 1—4ni sepissime biflori 2-6 poll. longi graciles parce pilosi, pedicellis corymbosis interdum 6-12 lin. longis dense sericeis, bracteis minutis lineari-subulatis. Ovarium turbinatum dense pilosum 1-1} lin. longum. Perianthii limbus 3-4 lin. longus, segmentis facie luteis, exterioribus lanceolatis acutis dorso viridi- bus dense pilosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis, basi sagittatis, filamento filiformi longioribus. Stylus subulatus, stigmatibus concretis. Capsula turbinata 3-4 lin. longa seminibus globosis opacis 2 lin. crassis. Mauritius, Commerson, Bojer! ete. Borbonia, Dr. I. B. Balfour! Madagascaria, Hilsenberg and Bojer! Zanzibar, Dr. Kirk! Hildebrant 1060! Moramballa, alt. 3000 pedum, Dr. Kirk! (forma foliis pedalibus, corymbis 4-5-floris). Angola, Dr. Welwitsch! Monteiro! Kaffraria transkeiana, Rev. R. Baur 347! Orange Free State, Cooper 1039! Var. BucHANANI, Baker. Varietas grandis flaccida foliis membrana- ceis calvatis pedalibus, medio 4-5 lin. latis, pedunculis semipedalibus gracillimis glabris, pedicellis 12-18 lin. longis, ovarii pilis longioribus firmioribus. Natalia, Rev. J. Buchanan! 3l. H. sericea, Baker. Tuber oblongum 4-8 lin. crassum, czspitili- bus in exemplis nostris semper solitariis, foliis exterioribus atro-brun- neis in setas copiosas dissolutis. Folia producta 6-12 linearia semipe- dalia vel pedalia, medio 13-2 lin. lata, longe acuminata modice firma facie calvata dorso pilis sericeis adpressis ubique vestita venulis di- stincte exsculptis. Pedunculi 1-4ni 2-6-flori 3-6 poll. longi dense sericei, pedicellis corymbosis dense sericeis interdum 12-18 lin. longis, 112 MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE.E. bracteis minutis lineari-subulatis. Ovarium clavato-turbinatum dense brunneo-sericeum 13-3 lin. longum. — Perianthii limbus 4-5 lin. lon- gus, segmentis facie luteis, exterioribus lanceolatis acutis, dorso dense sericeis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris versatilibus lanceolatis basi sagittatis filamento longioribus. Stylus subulatus, stigmatibus concretis. Capsula globosa turbinata, 3-4 lin. longi, infra collum circumscissa, valvis demum solutis. C. B. Spei, in ditione orientali, Zeyher 950! Eckl, & Zeyher 6! Mrs. Barber 708! MacOwan 15936! Bolus 176! ete. Var. Drecet, Baker. Folia rigidiora angustiora (medio 3-1 lin. lata) costa et marginibus valde incrassatis. C. B. Spei, Drége 8525! Cooper 1811! Var. FLAccIDA, Baker. Varietas elongata foliis calvatis pedalibus vel sesquipedalibus, pedunculis et pedicellis elongatis. Albany, William- son! Ad missionem “Seven Fountains," Burke! 32. H. ZEvnERi, Baker. Tuber oblongum 9-12 lin. crassum, setis copiosis coronatum, fibris radicalibus gracilibus. Folia producta 6-10 linearia glabra modice firma 4-6 poll. longa, medio 5-6 lin. lata. Pedunculi gemini 2-3-flori, 2-6 poll. longi, inferne glabri, su- perne sericei, bracteis setaceis 4-6 lin. longis, pedicellis 6-12 lin. longis. Ovarium turbinatum 2 lin. longum, pilis brevibus sericeis ascendentibus vestitum. — Perianthii limbus 5-6 lin. longus, segmentis luteis, exterioribus dorso sericeis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, an- theris lanceolatis 13 lin. longis, basi sagittatis. Stylus simplex, stig- matibus concretis. C. B. Spei, in ditione orientali, Ecklon et Zeyher, Hypox. 7! Williamson! (Herb. Trin. Coll. Dublin). 33. H. Arnortu, Baker in Gard. Chron, 1877, ii. 552. Tuber globo- sum 3-4 poll. crassum, setis copiosis coronatum, fibris radicalibus carnosis cylindricis. Folia 5-6 falcata linearia modice firma semipe- dalia vel pedalia, medio 3-4 lin. lata, pilis albidis copiosis patulis vel ascendentibus 3 lin. longis utrinque vestita. Pedunculi gemini semipedales graciles arcuati, pilis consimilibus vestiti, floribus 6-8 racemosis, pedicellis inferioribus 3-4 lin. longis, superioribus bre- vioribus, bracteis linearibus 4-6 lin longis. Perianthii limbus 4-5 lin. longus, segmentis facie luteis, interioribus oblongis, exteriori- bus lanceolatis dorso viridibus pilosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris 13 lin. longis, basi sagittatis, leviter versatilibus, filamento deltoideo. Stylus subulatus 2 lin. longus, stigmatibus concretis. C. B. Spei, in ditione Colesberg, Hort. Kew. auno 1877! 34. H. JacovuiNr, Baker.—H. villosa, Jacq. Collect. Suppl. 51, lc. t. 3/0, non Thunb. Tuber oblongum 6-8 lin. crassum, collo elongato, foliis exterioribus haud productis membranaceis. Folia 10-12 linearia pedalia vel semipedalia, medio 2—4 lin. lata, flaccidula, utrinque et ad margines hirsuta. Peduneuli semipedales pilosi, floribus 3-4 racemos's, MR. J. G. BAKER ON IIYPOXIDACE.E. 113 pedicellis brevissimis, bracteis linearibus 3-6 lin. longis. Ovarium clavatum 5-6 lin. longum dense pilosum. Perianthii limbus luteus 2-3 lin. longus, segmentis exterioribus dorso pilosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis profunde sagittatis. Stylus subulatus, stigmatibus coneretis. Capsula clavata 6-9 lin. longa. C. B. Spei. (Non vidi.) 35. Tl. PARVULA, Baker. Tuber non vidi. Folia 3-5 lanceolata acuta 1-2 poll. longa,supra basin 3-4 lin. lata, membranacea, utrinque viridia tenuiter pilosa, venis haud exseulptis. Pedunculi 1-2ni uniflori gra- cillimi 2-3 poll. longi tenuiter pilosi, bracteis nullis. Ovarium 1 lin. longum turbinatum dense villosum. Perianthii limbus 2 lin. longus, segmentis lanceolatis, facie luteis, exterioribus dorso viridibus dense villosis. Stamina valde ineequalia, longiora limbo paulo breviora, an- theris lineari-oblongis filamentis suis triplo brevioribus, breviora limbo subduplo breviora, antheris filamento equilongis. Stylus subulatus, stigmatibus concretis. Natalia, Sanderson, anno 1854! 36. H.serosa, Baker. Tuber oblongum 1-1 poll. crassum, fibris den- sissimis setosis 1j-2 poll. longis coronatum. Folia 6-8 lanceolata acuminata subcoriacea haud trifaria 4-6 poll. longa, supra basin 6-12 lin. lata, utrinque glaberrima, venis distincte exsculptis, marginibus ob- scure ciliolata. Pedunculi bini 2-5-flori 2-3 poll. longi, superne pilis paucis albidis adpressis vestiti, pedicellis corymbosis 6-9 lin. longis, bracteis minutis linearibus. Ovarium turbinatum 1j lin. longum, pilis albidis ascendentibus sericeis vestitum. Perianthii limbus 4-5 lin. longus, segmentis facie luteis, exterioribus dorso viri- dibus sericeis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis basi sagittatis filamento duplo longioribus. Stylus subulatus, stig- matibus concretis. C. B. Spei, MacOwan 72 (in Herb. Trin. Coll. Dubl.)! Hort. Kew. anno 1873! 37. H. viLLosa, Linn. Suppl. 198! Thunb. Prodr. 60! Fl. Cap. edit, i. 305; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 765; A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. ii. 314, non Jacq. Ic. t. 370.—Fabricia villosa, Thunb. in Fabric. Iter Norv. 31.—H. tomentosa, Lam. Ency. ii. 112; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 767.—H. Petitiana, A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. ii. 315.—H. abyssinica e£ simensis, Hochst. in Regensb. Flora, 1844, 32. Tuber oblongum 1-13 poll. crassum, setis copiosis coronatum, fibris radicali- bus pluribus cylindricis carnosis 2-3 poll. longis. Folia producta 12-20 trifaria lanceolata falcata 3-6 poll longa, medio 5-6 lin. lata, ad apicem sensim acuminata, subcoriacea, venis exsculptis, utrinque pilis simplicibus mollibus ascendentibus albidis vel pallide brunneis 3-1 lin. longis vestita. Pedunculi plures 2-3 poll. longi 2-3-flori dense villosi, bracteis minutis linearibus, pedicellis corymbo- sis 6-12 lin. longis. Ovarium clavato-obconicum dense villosum 2-; lin. longum. | Perianthii limbus 5-6 lin. longus, segmentis facie luteis, 114 MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE.E. interioribus oblongis, exterioribus lanceolatis dorso dense villosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis 13 lin. longis basi sagittatis filamento longioribus. Stylus 2 lin. longus, stigmatibus coneretis. Capsula turbinata 3-4 lin. longa, medio circumscissa, dense villosa, valvis demum dehiscentibus, seminibus globosis sub lente granulosis 3 lin. longis. C. B. Spei, Thunberg! Sonnerat» Drége 2192a! Zeyher 4138! 966! Cooper 3237! Burchell 6401! &e. Admontes Manganja, Dr. Meller! Abyssinia, Schimper 172! Var. RECURVA, Hk. fil. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 223. Folia calvata 3-4 poll. longa valde falcata. Pedunculi 1-2 poll. longi villosi biflori. Montes Cameroon, alt. 7000-8000 pedum, Mann 1224! 2133! Var. H. soBoLirERA, Jacq. Coll. Suppl. 53, Ic. t. 372! Red. Lil. t. 170; Bot. Mag. t. 711; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 764; Fisch. § Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. x. 51. Tubera aggregata. Elatior, foliis semipedalibus vel pedalibus medio 6-9 lin. latis, pilis simplici- bus utrinque vestitis. Scapi semipedales, floribus 4-6 corymbosis, inferioribus 12-18 lin. longis. C. B. Spei, Thunberg! ete. V. v. in Hort. Kew.—H. Krebsii, Fisch. Ind. Sem. Petrop. xi. 72, ex descrip- tione non potui segregare. Var. H. scaBRa, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t.970. Folia semipedalia vel pedalia, facie calvata, subtus et margine pilis simplicibus paucis przedita. Pe- dunculi elongati 3-5-flori, perianthii segmentis dorso minus villosis. C. B. Spei, Bowie! MacOwan 1898! Burchell 3632! 4745! 6307 ! Var. H. onL1QUA, Jacq. Coll. Suppl. 54, Ic. t. 371; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 766, non Andrews. Varietas robusta foliis latis (supra basin 9-12 lin. latis) oblique tortis margine et carina subtus solum obscure villosis, pedunculis crassis applanatis brevibus 3—5-floris pilis albidis setosis stellatis ascendentibus brevibus dense vestitis. C. B. Spei, MacOwan, 1594! Var. H. pannosa, Baker in Gard. Chron. 1874, 130. Varietas robusta folis latis pedalibus ubique pilis longis simplicibus ascendentibus dense vestita. Pedunculi 2-4-flori 3-4 poll. longi dense villosi, pe- dicellis corymbosis, inferioribus 12-18 lin. longis. Perianthii limbus 6-9 lin. longus. C. B. Spei. V. v. in Hort. Kew. Var. H. canescens, Fisch. § Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. x. 50; Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. iii. vol. v. 375; Walp. Ann. i. 847.—H. villosa, Linn. Herb. ex parte!—H. decumbens 8 et y, Thunb. Herb. capense! non Linn. Varietas robusta foliis pedalibus vel semipedalibus ubique pilis stellatis albidis vel pallide vel brunneis 3-1 lin.longis vestita. Pe- dunculi 2-4-flori dense villosi. C. B. Spei, Thunberg! Burchell 3380-2! 3542! MacOwan 1899 ! 38. H. oprusa, Burchell in Bot. Reg. tab. 159; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 765; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 156. Tuber MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACEE. 115 oblongum 2 poll. crassum setis copiosis coronatum, fibris radicalibus carnosis cylindricis. Folia producta. 12-18 trifaria lanceolata acumi- nata pedaliavel semipedalia, supra basin 6-9 lin. lata, subcoriacea, carina subtus et marginibus pilis brevibus simplicibus setosis albidis ciliata. Pedunculi 3-6 poll. longi, floribus 3-8 racemosis laxe dispositis, pedi- cellis inferioribus 2-3 lin. longis, bracteis linearibus pedicello longio- ribus. Ovarium turbinatum 2-3 lin. longum pilis albis ascendentibus setosis dense vestitum. — Perianthii limbus 6-8 lin. longus, segmentis facie luteis, interioribus oblongis, exterioribus lanceolatis dorso viri- dulis villosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis versatilibus, basi sagittatis, filamento brevi. Stylus 3 lin. longus, stigmatibus coneretis. C. B. Spei, Burchell! Bolus 2572! Warring- ton! Mrs. Barber 685! Africa tropicalis orientalis equatorialis, Col. Grant! 39. H. potysracuya, Welw.; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. i. 206. Tuber globosum 2-6 poll. crassum, reliquis brunneis mem- branaceis foliorum delapsorum coronatum. Folia producta 10-12 en- siformia rigidula pedalia vel sesquipedalia, medio 8-9 lin. lata, acumi- nata, facie calvata, dorso et margine tenuiter pilosa. Pedunculi 6-3ni, 4-6 poll. longi, superne villosi. Racemi densi 20-30-flori 3-4 poll. longi, pedicellis inferioribus 6-12 lin. longis, bracteis villosis lineari- subulatis. Ovarium turbinatum 3 lin. longum, breviter villosum. Pe- rianthii limbus 6 lin. longus luteus, segmentis exterioribus lanceolatis dorso villosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis basi sagittatis filamentolongioribus. Capsula turbinata 5-6 lin. longa, infra collum cireumscissa. Angola in regione temperata ditionis Huille, Dr. Welwitsch ! Var. ANDonGENSIS, Baker. Folia angustiora (medio 5-6 lin. lata), dorso villosiora. Pedunculi acute ancipites. Pungo Andongo, Dr. Welwitsch ! 40. H. LATIFOLIA, Hook. in Bot. Mag. t.4817. Tuber globosum 25-3 poll crassum. Folia producta 6-8 pedalia vel demum bipedalia, medio 13-2 poll. lata, lanceolata coriacea glabra. Pedunculi 3-4 poll. longi, superne villosi. Racemus bipollicaris 10-12-florus, bracteis linearibus, pedicellis omnibus brevibus. Ovarium turbinatum glabrum 3lin.longum. Perianthii limbus 6 lin. longus luteus, segmentis inte- rioribus oblongis, exterioribus lanceolatis, viridibus dorso villosis. Stamina limbo paulo breviora, antheris lanceolatis 3 lin. longis. Sty- lus brevissimus, stigmatibus discretis. Natalia, Capt. Garden (Hort. Kew. anno 1854). 4l. H. LoNcirFoLia, Baker in Bot. Mag. t. 6035. Tuber oblongum 13-2 poll. erassum. Folia producta 8-9 rigide coriacea pedalia vel semipedalia, medio 14-2 lin. lata, acuminata, facie canaliculeta, basi lanceolata,venis erebris exsculptis, marginibus et carina faciei inferioris 116 MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE.E. pilis paucis brevibus albidis przditis. Pedunculi gemini 6-9-polli- cares 2-4-flori, superne pilis albidis adpressis dense vestiti, pedicellis inferioribus 12-18 lin. longis, bracteis setaceis 6-9 lin. longis. Ova- rium turbinatum 2-3 lin. longum, pilis setosis albidis ascendentibus 1-1i lin. longis dense vestitum. Perianthii limbus 7-8 lin. longus, segmentis luteis, interioribus glabris oblongis, exterioribus lanceolatis dorso dense longe villosis. Stamina limbo triplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis leviter versatilibus 14 lin. longis. Stylus cylindricus, stigmatibus concretis. Capsula turbinata operculata 4 lin. longa. Ad sinum Algoa, Cooper in Hort. Kew. anno 1872! Fat River, Burke! Var. THUNBERGII, Baker. Folia ubique pilis ascendentibus simplici- bus albidis 1-13 lin. longis vestita. C. B. Spei, Thunberg! (in her- bario suo sub nomine H. villosa, var. 5). 49. H. Lupwiari, Baker in Trimen Journ. 1876, 181. Tuber oblon- gum 1-14 poll. crassum. Folia producta 8-9 linearia pedalia vel ses- quipedalia, medio 5-6 lin. lata, subcoriacea, venis pluribus distincte ex- sculptis, pilis brevibus ascendentibus albidis presertim ad margines et carinam faciei inferioris przedita. Pedunculi 9-12-pollicares, supra basin dense villosi, pilis simplicibus mollibus albidis 1-14 lin. longis. Inflorescentia subcorymbosa 4-12-flora, pedicellis inferioribus 12-18 lin. longis, bracteis linearibus 6-12 lin. longis. Ovarium obconicum 2-3 lin. longum, pilis eis pedunculi consimilibus dense vestitum. Pe- rianthii limbus 8-9 lin. longus, segmentis luteis, interioribus oblongis, exterioribus dorso dense longe villosis. Stamina limbo duplo bre- viora, antheris versatilibus lanceolatis 13 lin. longis. Stylus 1j lin. longus, stigmatibus concretis. C. B. Spei, hort., Ludwig in herb. Trin. Coll. Dublin! Kaffraria transkeiana, Rev. R. Baur 301! 43. H. ANGoLENs1s, Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. i. 266. Tuber oblongum 1 poll. crassum, setis copiosis coronatum. Folia producta 6-8 linearia acuminata rigidula 6-9 poll. longa, medio 2-3 lin. lata, subtiliter striata, marginibus et costa faciei inferioris pilis albi- dis przditis. Pedunculi 1-4ni, 3-6 poll. longi, pilis albidis ascenden- tibus vestiti. Racemus 6-8-florus, 3-4 poll. longus, pedicellis inferi- oribus 5-6 lin. longis, bracteis linearibus 4-6 lin. longis. Ovarium turbinatum 3 lin. longum pilis setosis ascendentibus dense vestitum. Perianthii limbus 6 lin. longus, segmentis luteis, interioribus oblongis glabris, exterioribus lanceolatis dorso dense villosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis basi sagittatis, filamentis brevibus deltoideis. Stylus subulatus, stigmatibus concretis. Angola in re- gione temperata ditionis Huille, Dr. Welwitsch ! 44. H. RIGIDULA, Baker. Tuber oblongum, collo elongato. Folia producta 5-6 linearia pedalia vel sesquipedalia erecta rigide coriacea, medio 3-4 lin. lata, facie canaliculata, venis pluribus exsculptis, pilis albidis brevibus ascendentibus przesertim ad faciem inferiorem vestita. MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACES. 117 Pedunculi 2-3ni semipedales vel pedales erecti dense villosi. Race- mus 4-8-florus 2-3 poll. longus, pedicellis inferioribus brevissimis, bracteis lineari-setaceis 6-12 lin. longis. Ovarium obconicum 3 lin. longum, pilis setosis albis ascendentibus 1-13 lin. longis densissime vestitum. Perianthii limbus luteus 6-9 lin. longus, segmentis interi- oribus oblongis glabris, exterioribus lanceolatis dorso dense villosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis leviter versatilibus li lin. longis, filamentis brevissimis. Stylus filiformis, stigmatibus concretis. Capsula turbinata 4 lin. longa operculata dense villosa,valvis haud dissolutis. C. B. Spei in ditione orientali, Zeyher 1670! Drége 2194! Burchell 3694! Cooper 883! 1763! 3239! 3241! MacOwan 1649! Hort. Kew. anno 1863! Var. pILosissima, Baker. Folia utrinque pilis albis simplicibus ascen- dentibus dense vestita. Natalia, Burke 156! Krauss 155! Gerrard 1826! 45. H. IRIDIFOLIA, Baker. Tuber non vidi. Folia producta 6-9 erecta linearia 6-15 poll. longa, medio 3-5 lin. lata, e medio ad apicem acuminatum sensim attenuata, rigide coriacea, venis 30—40 crebris levi- ter exseulptis, ad margines et costam faciei inferioris pilis brevibus albis preedita. Pedunculi 3—4ni erecti 3-10 poll. longi acute ancipites, superne dense villosi. Racemus 6-12-florus 3-4-pollicaris, pedicellis iuferioribus 3-6 lin. longis, bracteis setaceis dense villosis. Ovarium turbinatum 3-4 lin. longum, pilis setosis albis ascendentibus 13 lin. longis densissime vestitum. Perianthii limbus 6-9 lin. longus luteus, segmentis interioribus oblongis glabris, exterioribus lanceolatis dorso dense villosis. Stamina perianthio duplo breviora, antheris lanceola- tis basi sagittatis leviter versatilibus 2 lin. longis. Ovarium dense villosum, valvis haud dissolutis. Africa tropicalis centralis australis, Baines! 46. H. microsperMA, Lallem. in Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. x. 50; Walp. Ann. i. 847. Folia subensiformia fere pedalia 5-9 lin. lata, supra glabra, subtus longissime adpresse pilosa. Pedunculi 2-10- flori, pedicellis infimis flore multo longioribus. Inflorescentia corym- boso-racemosa. Ovarium turbinatum dense villosum. — Perianthii limbus luteus 15-20 lin. latus. Capsula 43-6 lin. longa, valvis demum dehiscentibus, seminibus globosis à lin. crassis sub lente obiter gra- nulosis. C. B. Spei, Hort. Petrop. anno 1842. Non vidi. “Similis H. oblique, Jacq., et H. scabre, Lodd.” 47. H. MuLTICEPS, Buchinger in Krauss Beiträge, 163. Tuber glo- bosum 13-2 poll. crassum, setis copiosis coronatum, fibris radicalibus elongatis. Folia producta 5-6 lanceolata semipedalia vel pedalia, medio 9-12 lin. lata, rigide coriacea, venis 40-50 gracilibus distincte exsculptis, ubique pilis setosis albidis stellatis brevibus patulis vestita. Pedunculi l-2ui 3-6 poll. longi 2-4-flori ubique pilis setosis his- 118 MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACEJE. pidi, pedicellis corymbosis, inferioribus 6-9 lin. longis, braeteis parvis linearibus. Ovarium turbinatum 3 lin. longum, pilis setosis erecto- patentibus 1 lin. longis dense vestitum. Perianthii limbus 6-9 lin. longus, facie luteus, segmentis exterioribus dorso dense villosis. Sta- mina perianthio duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis basi sagittatis, filamento brevissimo. Stylus subulatus, stigmatibus concretis. Na- talia, Krauss 248! ` C. B. Spei, in ditione orientali, Drége 3513d! MacO wan 104! Cooper in Hort. Kew. anno 1863! 48. H. srELLIPILIs, Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 663; Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. vil. 767; Fisch. $ Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. x. 51.—H. lanata, Eckl. Exsic. Tuber globosum 2 poll. crassum fibris copiosis corona- tum. Folia 12-20 trifaria lanceolata faleata semipedalia vel pedalia, medio 9-12 lin. lata, subeoriacea, supra viridia, subtus albo-incana, pilis elongatis nullis, venis gracillimis immersis. Pedunculi 3-4ni 3-4 poll. longi, 3-8-flori, superne pilis elongatis ascendentibus dense vil- losi, bracteis linearibus villosis 9-12 lin. longis, pedicellis inferioribus 1-2 poll. longis. Ovarium turbinatum 3 lin. longum pilis albis ascen- dentibus mollibus 1-13 lin. longis dense villosum. — Perianthii limbus 8-9 lin. longus, segmentis luteis, interioribus oblongis, exterioribus lanceolatis dorso dense villosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, anthe- ris lanceolatis leviter versatilibus 2-3 lin. longis. Stylus 2 liu. longus, stigmatibus concretis. Capsula turbinata, medio circumscissa, valvis haud solutis, seminibus opacis leviter compressis $ lin. longis. C. B. Spei, Zeyher 4140! Burchell 3303! Drége 8527! 49. H. RoorzERrt, Moore in Gard. Comp. i. 65, cum icone; Lemaire, Jard.-Fleur. t. 303. ` Tuber oblongum 1$-3 poll. crassum reliquis foliorum delapsorum haud setosis. Folia 12-18 trifaria lanceolata pe- dalia vel sesquipedalia, medio 12-18 lin. lata, longe acuminata, viridia subcoriacea, supra calvata, subtus pilis muitis albidis tenuiter vestita, venis permultis gracilibus vix exsculptis. Pedunculi 2-6ni ancipites 5-8-flori 6-9 poll. longi, inferne glabri, superne pilis albidis ascenden- tibus setosis dense vestiti. Inflorescentia racemoso-corynibosa, brac- teis linearibus, pedicellis inferioribus 9-12 lin. longis. Ovarium ob- conicum 3 lin. longum, pilis setosis ascendentibus dense vestitum. Perianthii limbus 8-10 lin. longus, segmentis interioribus oblongis, exterioribus lanceolatis dorso dense villosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis basi sagittatis 3 lin. longis, filamentis lanceolatis 13 lin. longis. Stylus clavatus, stigmatibus concretis 2 lin. longis. Capsula 4-5 lin. longa dense setosa, medio circumscissa, valvis haud solutis, seminibus globosis atro-castaneis lucidis 2 lin. crassis. Natalia, Dr. Sutherland! Gerrard et M‘Ken, 1828! Rev. J. Buchanan! C. B. Spei-in ditione orientali, Drége 8529 ! Cooper 154! 3240! (V. v. in Hort. Kew.) Var. Forsesit, Baker. Humilior, floribus minoribus, pedicellis bre- vioribus, foliis tempore florendi semipedalibus marginibus et carina faciei inferioris solum pilosis. Ad sinum Delagoa, Forbes! E MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOX.DACE X. 119 50. H. HEMEROCALLIDEA, Fisch. et Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. viii. 64, x. 50; Walp. Ann. i. 847.—H. elata, Hook. fil. in Bot. Mag. t. 5690, non R. § S. Tuber globosum 3-4 poll. crassum. Folia plura lan- ceolata sesquipedalia vel demum 2-3-pedalia deorsum 13-2 poll. lata sensim acuminata rigide coriacea, facie calvata, dorso et margine bre- viter pilosa, venis perplurimis distincte exsculptis. Pedunculi terni 6-9 poll.longi ancipites superne dense villosi. Inflorescentia race- mosa 6-12-flora, pedicellis inferioribus brevibus, bracteis linearibus 6-9 lin. longis. Ovarium turbinatum 3-4 lin. longum pilis erecto- patentibus albis setosis 13-2 lin. longis densissime vestitum. Peri- anthii limbus luteus 8-9 lin. longus, segmentis interioribus oblongis, exterioribus lanceolatis dorso dense villosis. Stamina limbo triente breviora, antheris lanceolatis versatilibus. Stylus simplex; stigmata concreta. Capsula turbinata 5-6 lin. longa infra collum circumscissa, valvis haud dehiscentibus, seminibus globosis atris lucidis. C. B. Spei, Basuta-land, Cooper 3242! 51. H. cosrATa, Baker. Tuber non vidi. Folia producta 6-8 tem- pore florendi oblongo-lanceolata semipedalia medio 12-14 lin. lata acuta rigide coriacea, venis permultis valde exsculptis, marginibus in- crassatis, ad margines et carinam faciei inferioris pilis setosis albidis erecto-patentibus 1-13 lin. longis dense ciliata. Pedunculi bini 3-4- flori semipedales pilis setosis ascendentibus dense vestiti, floribus con- fertis, pedicellis brevissimis, bracteis linearibus setosis dense villosis. Ovarium turbinatum 3 lin. longum, pilis setosis densissime vestitum. Perianthii limbus 6-9 lin. longus,luteus; segmentis exterioribus dorso dense villosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis. Stylus simplex; stigmata concreta. Orange Free State ad montem Nelson’s Kop, Cooper 879 ! 2. MorrNEn1A, Colla. Colla, Hort. Rip. App. ii. 8833, t. 18 ; Herb. Amaryll. 84; Kurz in Ann. Mus. Lug.- Bat.iv. 174, ex parte.-— Curculigo, sp., Dryand.§e. Perianthii tubus supra ovarium vix productus; segmenta oblonga lutea, exteriora dorso villosa. Stamina 6 epigyna limbo breviora, filamentis brevibus erectis, antheris lanceolatis basifixis. Ova- rium inferum triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus; stylus su- bulatus; stigmata in capitulum oblongo-trigonum concreta. Fructus baccatus indehiscens, perianthii segmentis marcescenti- bus coronatus, septis evanidis, seminibus globosis atris opacis granulosis. Herbe perennes rhizomate obliquo tuberoso predite, Solits magnis plicatis lanceolatis longe petiolatis, floribus sepis- sime in capitulum densum aggregatis. LINN, JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL, XVII. K 120 MR. J. CC BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE. E. Flores permulti dense eapitati. 1. M. recurvata. 2. M. gracilis. 3. M. crassifolia. Flores pauci laxe racemosi..................... 4. M. Finlaysoniana. Species dubia, floribus magnis paucis ...... 5. M. rhizophylla. l. M. recurvata, Herb. Amaryll. 84; Kurz in Ann. Mus. Lug.- Bat. iv. 175.—Curculigo recurvata, Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew. edit. 2, ii. 253; Bot. Reg. t. 770; Rozb. Fl. Ind. ii. 145; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 757; Wall. Cat. 5159; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 448.—Molineria plicata, Colla, Hort. Rip. App. ii. 333, t. 18; Herb. Amaryll. 84, non Kurz.—Leucojum capi- tulatum, Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. 199 (nomen antiquum, anno 1790). Molineria capitulata, Herb. Amaryll. 84. Tuber obliquum, fibris ra- dicalibus copiosis carnosis elongatis. Folia longe petiolata; petioli 1-2-pedales plus minusve pilosi inferne dilatati; lamina lanceolata 2-3-pedalis medio 3-6 poll. lata a medio ad apicem et basin sensim angustata modice firma plicata facie glabra subtus glabra vel ad venas ciliata vel raro prorsus tenuiter pilosa. Scapi plures ancipites 3-9 poll. longi, pilis adpressis brunneis villosi, apice cernui, floribus in capitu- lum deflexum oblongum vel globosum 1-2 poll. longum aggregatis, bracteis lanceolatis dorso villosis 6-15 lin. longis, pedicellis inferiori- bus 6-9 lin. longis. Ovarium turbinatum 3-4 lin. longum breviter villosum, ovulis in loculo circiter 10. Perianthii limbus 3-4 lin. longus, segmentis exterioribus dorso villosis. Antherz lanceolate i-2 lin. longs, filamentis brevissimis. Bacca globosa 3-4 lin. longa, seminibus atris granulosis 3 lin. longis. Himalaya orientalis, Zey- lania, Malaya, Cochin- China, Formosa, Insule Philippine et Australia borealis. M. sULCATA, Kurz, loc. cit., est verisimiliter forma hujus speciei ovarii collo magis angustato. CURCULIGO VILLOSA, Wall. Cat. 5163 B (non A), est forma hujus speciei foliis subtus pilosis, ex herbario Finlaysoni. 2. M. GRACILIS, Kurz in Miquel Ann. Mus. Lug.-Bat. iv. 177.— Cur- euligo gracilis, Wall. Cat. 5160. Tuber breve obliquum, fibris radi- calibus pluribus elongatis. Folia longe petiolata ; petioli 1-13-pe- dales, pilis adpressis dense villosi, inferne sensim dilatati; lamina lanceolata 2-3-pedalis medio 2-6 poll. lata modice firma valde plicata utrinque glabra. Scapi ancipites 2-6 poll. longi dense brunneo- tomentosi, apice cernui, floribus in capitulum minus densum quam in M. recurvata dispositis, interdum 4-5 poll. longum, bracteis lanceo- latis dorso dense villosis 12-18 lin. longis, pedicellis 6-9 lin. longis. Ovarium oblongum 3-4 lin. longum dense brunneo-villosum, collo angustato. Perianthii limbus 5-6 lin. longus, segmentis exterioribus dorso prorsus villosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lan- ceolatis 2 lin. longis, filamentis brevissimis. Stylus subulatus; stigma MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE.K, 121 eapitatum. Himalaya orientalis et centralis, Wallich 5160! Griffith 5936! Hook. fil.! &c. Var. Jamesoni, Baker. Folia rigide coriacea utrinque glabra. Ca- pitulum densum globosum, pedicellis subnullis. Himalaya centralis, Jameson ! 3. M. cnassrrFOLIA, Baker. Petiolus pedalis latus inferne alatus. Folia 2-3-pedalia vel ultra medio 3-6 poll. lata rigide coriacea valde plicata, facie glabra viridia, dorso ubique persistenter albo-tomen- tosa. Pedunculus crassus anceps tomentosus 2-8-pollicaris, florioribus in capitulum densum oblongum 3-4 poll. longum dispositis, bracteis lan- ceolatis membranaceis glabris 12-18 lin. longis, pedicellis inferioribus 6-9 lin. longis. Ovarium oblongum 3-4 lin. longum brunneo-sericeum. Perianthii limbus 5-6 lin. longus, segmentis exterioribus dórso leviter pilosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, filamentis brevissimis. Bacca oblonga semipollicaris, seminibus atris granulosis globosis 3 lin. longis. Sikkim ad Myrung et Kala Panee, Hook. fil. & Thomson, Curculigo, no. 5! 4. M. Fixntaysoniana, Baker.—Curculigo Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 5162.—Hypoxis trichocarpa. Wight Ic. t. 2045; Thwaites, Enum. Zeyl. 323; Kurz in Ann. Mus. Lug.-Bat. iv. 178.—H. latifolia, leptostachya, pauciflora, e£ brachystachya, Wight Ic. t. 2044-2046. Tuber elongatum oblongo-cylindricum, fibris radicalibus multis elongatis. Folia plura distincte petiolata; petiolus 3-12-pollicaris, basi dilatatus, inferne pilosus: lamina lanceolata semipedalis vel peda- lis, medio 12-18 lin. lata, a medio ad basin et apicem longe attenuata, chartacea glabra plicata utrinque viridia, venis pluribus distincte exsculptis. Pedunculi brevissimi villosi, floribus 6-30 racemosis, superioribus sterilibus, pedicellis inferioribus 6-12 lin. longis szpe deflexis, bracteis linearibus acuminatis 6-12 lin. longis. Ovarium clavatum villosum 2-4 lin. longum. Perianthii limbus luteus siccitate brunneus 3-4 lin. longus, segmentis exterioribus dorso villosis. Sta- mina perianthio paulo breviora, antheris lanceolatis l lin. longis basi sagittatis, filamento filiformi zequilongis. Stylus subulatus; stigmata concreta. Bacca oblonga semipollicaris. Himalaya orientalis, Birma et montes Indie peninsularis et Zeylanie, Wallich 5162! Thwaites 2988! &c. 5. M.? RHIZOPHYLLA, Baker.—Hypoxis rhizophylla, Baker, Fl. Maur. 369. Tuber globosum, fibris radicalibus carnosis. Folia producta plura, petiolis gracilibus glabris semipedalibus vel pedalibus; lamina lanceolata 2-3-pedalis medio 3-4 poll. lata modice firma glabra pli- cata, apice sepe radicans. Pedunculus 2-3-florus 2-3 poll. longus dense villosus, bracteis lanceolatis membranaceis acutis 12-18 lin. longis dorso vix villosis, pedicellis brevissimis vel subnullis. Ovarium oblongo-clavatum 3-4 lin. longum dense villosum. Perianthii tubus brevissimus, segmentis lanceolatis 15-18 lin. longis dorso villosis, sic- x 2 122 MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACER. citate atro-brunneis. Genitalia imperfecte visa. Fructus ignotus. Insule Sechellenses in rupestribus inundatis, Horne! 3. CurcuLiao, Gerífn. Gertn. Sem. i. 63, t. 16; Endl. Gen. no. 1263; Herb. Amaryll. 64; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 45, 755.—Molineria, Kurz in Ann. Mus. Lug.-Bat. iv. 175, ex parte, non Colla.—Fabricia, Thunb. ex parte.—Forbesia, Eckl. Verz. Top. 4 (nomen solum). —Empodium, Salisb. Gen. 43.—Hypoxidis et Gethyllidis sp., Linn., Jacq., &e. Perianthium, tubo supra ovarium longe producto filiformi, limbi segmentis oblongis vel lanceolatis exterioribus dorso villosis vel glabris. Stamina 6 ad tubi faucem uniseriata, filamentis bre- vissimis, antheris basifixis lanceolatis vel linearibus. Ovarium triloculare, ovulisin loculo pluribus ; stylus filiformis ex tubo protrusus, stigmata coalita vel discreta. Fructus indehis- cens subbaccatus tubi basi persistente rostratus, septis teneris ssepe evanidis, seminibus minutis turgidis opacis vel lucidis.— Herbe acaules perennes vel annue plus minusve pilose, foliis plicatis petiolatis vel sessilibus, floribus luteis radicalibus soli- tariis vel in capitulum densum sessile vel breviter pedunculatum aggregatis, bracteis magnis lanceolatis scariosis persistentibus. Flores solitarii radicales. Annus, cormo parvo globoso. (Hmpodium, Salisb., Forbesia, Eckl.) 1. C. plicata. 2. C. veratrifolia. Perennes, tubere duro magno. MORBI criss een ope . 9. C. gallabatensis. Americana .......:... soeces ceee de O. gcorzonerafolia. Flores pauciin p judicum d 5. C. orchioides. Flores multi dense eapitulati (habitus Molineric). 6. C. seychellensis. 7. C. latifolia. l. C. puicata, Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew., edit. 2, vol. ii. 253; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 755.—Hypoxis plicata, Linn. Suppl. 197 ; Thunb. Prodr. 60; Fl. Cap. edit. ii. 305.— Fabricia plicata, Thunb. in Fabric. It. Norv. 29.—Gethyllis plicata, Jacg. Hort. Schoen. t. 80.— Forbesia plicata et angustifolia, Eckl. Verz. Top. 4.—Hypoxis luzulz- folia, DC. in Red. Lil. t. 260; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 770. —Empodiumr plicatum, Salisb. Gen. 43. Cormus annuus globosus 6-9 lin. erassus, tunicis fibrosis cancellatis vestitus. Folia producta MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACES. 123 3-6 linearia graminoidea glabra vel obscure pilosa plicata 6-9 poll. longa, 1-3 lin. lata. Flores 1—3ni suaveolentes ovariis cylindricis in vagina basali occultis, tubo filiformi glabro vel piloso viridulo 2-6 poll. longo, limbi segmentis luteis lanceolatis 6-12 lin. longis, exteriori- bus dorso viridibus glabris. Stamina limbo triente vel subdimidio bre- viora, antheris linearibus 3-5 lin. longis, filamentis brevissimis. Sty- lus subulatus; stigmata discreta linearia. Capsula oblonga glabra 5-6 lin. longa, tubi basi rostrata, seminibus atris globosis opacis. C. B. Spei, Thunberg ! Masson ! Sieber 124 ! Burchell 4979 ! 8451! Zeyher 4141! MacOwan 336! 1874! Natalia, Sanderson 263! Var. BARBERI, Baker. Folia linearia pedalia et ultra. Pedicelli 1-3 poll. longi ex vaginis basalibus protrusi. Perianthii tubus 6~12 lin. longus; segmenta linearia, 12-15 lin. longa. Anthere 6-8 lin. longe. C. B. Spei in ditione Somerset, Mrs. Darber! 2. C. vERATRIFOLIA, Baker.— Hypoxis plicata, Jacq. Coll. Suppl. 55; Ic. t. 367, non Linn.—H. veratrifolia, Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 100; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 770.—Curculigo plicata B, Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 345. Cormus annuus globosus 9-12 lin. crassus, tunicis fibrosis cancellatis vestitus. Folia exteriora haud producta brunnea lanceolata. Folia producta 3-4 lanceolata 6-9 poll. longa medio 1-13 poll. lata sessilia acuta glabra plicata, margine ciliata. Flores 2—4ni, pedicellis ex vaginis basalibus protrusis, ovario cylindrico 6-9 lin. longo, tubo piloso viridulo 1-2 poll. longo, limbi segmentis lanceola- tis acutis 9-12 lin. longis, exterioribus dorso viridulis. Anthere lineares 4 lin. longee. Stigmata linearia discreta. C. B. Spei, Zeyher 1664! Vix ultra varietatem latifoliam C. plicate, tubo breviore. 3. C. GALLABATENSIS, Schweinf. Pl. Gallab. Exsic. no. 39; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. ii. Bot. i. 266. Tuber oblongum lignosum 12-2 poll. longum reliquiis multis foliorum delapsorum coronatum. Folia producta 3-4 linearia acuta subpedalia plicata glabra, medio 6-9 lin. lata, ad petiolum brevem basi dilatatum pilosum sensim angustata. Flores solitarii radicales sessiles, bracteis membranaceis linearibus vel lanceolatis 12-18 lin. longis, ovario clavato piloso, tubo filiformi piloso 14-2 poll. longo, limbi segmentis 4-6 lin. longis luteis, exterio- ribus dorso pilosis. Genitalia limbo paulo breviora, antheris lanceo- latis. Stylus subulatus; stigma capitatum. ‘ Semina plura aterrima dura strophiolis carnosis albidis pulposis distinctis, umbilico rostelli- formi " (Welw.) Gallabat ad ripas fluminis Gendua, Schweinfurth ! Angola in ditione Golungo Alto, Welwitsch ! Var. MAJOR, Baker.—Gethyllis pilosa, Schum. § Thonn. Fl. Guin. 172. Elatior, folis sesquipedalibus vel bipedalibus, petiolis et vaginis haud productis magis villosis, floribus majoribus, tubo 3-4 poll. longo, limbi segmentis lanceolatis 9-12 lin. longis. Nupe in arenosis gra- minosis, Barter 1506! 124 4. MR. J. G. BAKER ON HYPOXIDACE E. C. SCORZONER&FOLIA, Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 449.—Hypoxis scorzonerzfolia, Lam. Encyc. iii. 183; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 763; Seubert in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. 50; Desc. Fl. Antill. vii. 351, t. 593; Griseb. Flor. Brit. West Ind. 585. Tuber perenne oblongo-eylindricum 1-2 poll. longum, reliquiis fibrosis foliorum de- lapsorum coronatum, fibris radicalibus carnosis eylindrieis. Folia producta 2-6 linearia vel lanceolata subpetiolata 9-12 poll. longa medio 13-12 lin. lata plieata pilosa a medio utrinque sensim angustata. Pedunculi uniflori brevissimi ex vaginis basalibus haud protrusi, bracteis lanceolatis membranaceis, ovario oblongo, perianthii tubo filiform: 1-2-pollieari dense villoso, limbi segmentis luteis lanceolatis 6-9 lin. longis, exterioribus dorso rubellis villosis. Stamina limbo triplo breviora, antheris 1-13 lin. longis lanceolatis basi sagittatis. Stylus filiformis; stigmata parva concreta. Capsula indehiscens oblonga bracteis persistentibus occulta, seminibus lucidis oblongis 1 lin. longis. America tropiealis; Cuba ad Brasiliam et Peruviam, Wright 3249 ! Gardner 1859! 2008! Spruce 1294! 3662! 4506! Burchell 6433 ! 8120! C. Wright 3249! Schomburgk 652! &e. . C. orcHIOIDES, Gerin. Sem. i. 63, t. 16; Roxb. Corom.i. 14, t. 13 ; Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew. edit. 2, i. 253; Roem. et Schultes, Syst Veg. vii. 756; Wall. Cat. 5158.--C. malabarica, Wight, Ic. t. 204.3, fig. dextr.—Hypoxis orehioides, Kurz in Ann. Mus. Lug.-Bat. iv. 177. —Orchis amboinica major radice raphanoidea, Rumph. Amboin. vii. 117, tab. 54. fig. 1. Tuber oblongum setis densis coronatum, fibris radicalibus carnosis eylindrieis. Folia producta 3-6 petiolata lanceo- lata 6-12 poll. longa medio 3-12 lin. lata membranacea glabra plicata. Petioli 3-6 poll. longi basi dilatati. Racemi congesti basilares, bracteis membranaceis lanceolatis 9-18 lin. longis, ovario oblongo subsessili. tubo filiformi piloso 1-3 poll. longo, limbi lutei segmentis lanceolatis 6-9 lin. longis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris lanceolatis 3-2 lin. longis, basi sagittatis, filamento filiformi longioribus. Stylus brevis; stigmata discreta. Capsula oblonga occulta indehiscens. Japonia, India orientalis, insule Loo-choo, Hong-Kong, Java, Aus- tralia borealis, Nova Caledonia.—C. BREviFOLIA, Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew. edit. 2, ii. 253; Wt. Ic. t. 2043; C. orchioides, Bot. Mag. t. 1076; Hypoxis dulcis, Steud. in Hohenack. Pl. Canar. no. 135, est forma foliis lanceolatis 3-4 poll. longis. C. riRMA, Kotschy et Peyr. Pl. Tinn. 45, tab. 22 B, est forma nubica foliis linearibus pilosis 2—5 poll. longis; et C. ENstFoLIA, R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 299 ; C. stans, Labill. Sert. Austr. Caled. i. 18, t. 24, forma foliis elongatis linearibus, floribus minoribus. C. SEYCHELLENSIS, Bojer, Hort. Maur. 348 (nomen solum) ; Baker, Flora Maur. 368. Tuber magnum perenne. Petioli validi pedales vel sesquipedales calvati aculeis copiosis patulis 13-2 lin. longis MR. J. G. BAKER ON IIYPOXIDACE.R. 125 armati, inferne dilatato-alati. Lamina 2—3-pedalis et ultra profunde bifida glabra subcoriacea plicata, costa aculeata. Flores 30-40 et ultra in capitulum sessile erectum densissimum dispositi basi villo- sissimum, bracteis lanceolatis pilosis membranaceis 2-4 poll. longis. Ovarium subsessile vel breviter pedicellatum oblongum villosum. Perianthii tubus cylindricus 2-3-pollicaris plus minusve villosus ; limbus 6-8 lin. longus luteus siccitate nigrescens, segmentis exteriori- bus dorso nudis. Antherz lanceolate 2-3 lin. longs, filamentis brevibus crassis. Stylus cylindricus ; stigmata concreta. Insule Sey- chellenses, frequens in sylvis, Bojer! Blackburn! Horne 241! Icon. Newman! “Coco marron” incolarum. “Folia 1-7 pedes longa, 4 poll. ad 4 pedes lata," Horne. . C. LATIFOLIA, Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew. edit. 2, vol. ii. 253; Bot. Mag.t. 2034; Bot. Reg. t. 754; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 757.—C. sumatrana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 146; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 443; Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 758 (excl. syn. Colle); Wight Ic. t. 2042.— Molineria sumatrana, Herb. Amaryll. 84.—M. latifolia et plicata, Kurz in Ann. Mus. Lug.-Bat. iv. 176. Tuber subnullum, fibris radicalibus pluribus elongatis. Petioli semipedales vel pedales basi dilatati. Folia lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata 1-2-pedalia medio 2-4 poll. lata membranacea plicata utrinque viridia glabra vel dorso obscure pilosa. Pedunculus brevissimus vel sub- nullus villosus, floribus in capitulum globosum vel oblongum aggre- gatis, bracteis membranaceis lanceolatis 6-18 lin. longis utrinque glabris, pedicellis nullis. Ovarium sessile oblongum vel globosum villosum 3 lin. longum. Perianthii tubus cylindricus semipollicaris villosus; limbus 4-6 lin. longus, segmentis oblongis vel lanceolatis dorso pilosis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, filamentis brevissi- mis, Stylus filiformis leviter declinatus; stigmata minuta concreta. Bacca oblonga semipollicaris, seminibus atris lucidis l lin. longis. Birma et Malaya, Griffith 5932! Helfer 5933! 5940! Maingay! Java, Zollinger 477! Sumatra, Roxburgh. Borneo, Motley 756! Var, C. vIıLLosa, Wall. Cat. 5163, A.—Molineria villosa, Kurz, loc. cit. Folia subtus ubique pilis patentibus brevibus mollibus albidis pilosa. Singapore, Wallich 5163A! Kurz. Burma, Helfer 5933! Borneo, Motley 937! y 4. PAURIDIA, Harvey. Harvey, Cape Gen. edit. i. 341, edit. ii. 385 ; Endl. Gen. 1360.— Ixie sp. Linn. fil. &c.— Galaxie sp., Ker—Romulex sp., Ecklon. Perianthii tubus supra ovarium productus brevis infundibularis ; segmenta 6 oblanceolata subequalia alba exteriora dorso glabra. 126 MR. J. MIERS ON SOME Stamina 8 segmentis interioribus opposita in tubum perianthii inserta, filamentis brevibus filiformibus, antheris lanceolatis basifixis basi sagittatis. Ovarium inferum triloculare ovulis in loculo pluribus; stylus subulatus, profunde 6-fidus, ramis 3 elongatis, 9 brevissimis. Capsula oblonga glabra indehiscens, seminibus multis minutis globosis. l. P. nvPoxiDorDES, Harv. loc. cit.—Ixia minuta, Linn. fil. Suppl. 92; Thunb. Diss. Ixia, no. 2, tab. 1. fig. 1; Prodr. 9; Fl. Cap. i. 216.—Galaxia minuta, Ker in König & Sims Ann. i. 241; Gen. Irid. 71.—Romulea minuta, Eckl. Verz. Topog. 19.—Hypoxis triandra, Pappe, MSS.—H. nana, E. Meyer in Herb. Drége. Cormus annuus globosus 2-3 lin. crassus collo elongato, setis copiosis coronatus. Folia producta 6-12 glabra linearia graminoidea acuminata multifaria 1-2 poll. longa. Peduneuli 3-6ni 1-2 poll. longi gracillimi glabri uniflori, bracteis minutis setaceis. Ovarium glabrum clavatum 1 lin. longum. Perianthium album 3-4 lin. longum, tubo infundibulari segmentis 2-3plo breviore. Genitalia ex tubo protrusa. Capsula 13-2 lin. longa. C. B. Spei, Thunberg! Burchell 8448! Pappe! Drége! &c. Plants to be altogether excluded from Hypoxidacee. Hypoxipopsis PUMILA, Steud. in Hohenack. Pl. Canar. no. 1313,2 Iphigenia indica, Kunth. Hypoxis ScuNiTZLEINIA, Hochst. in Regensb. Flora, 1844, p. 31, is a species of Xerophyta. Hypoxis FASCICULARIS, Linn. (Monocaryum fasciculare, R. $ S.) is a form of Colchicum montanum. Hypoxis ramosa, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1936, belongs to Iridaceæ, and is probably a Romulea. H. spicata, Thunb.,— Aletris japonica. On some Genera of the Olacacez. By Joun Mieks, F.R.S., po F.L.S., &c., Dignit. et Commend. Ord. Bras. Imp. Ross. [Read March 21, 1878.] (Puates V.-VII.) Myoschilos, Arjona, and Quinchamalium are referred by the authors of the ‘Genera Plantarum’ to Santalaces *, whereas I had previously placed them in Olacacewt. I now propose to * Benth. & Hook. Gen. Plant. i. p. 345. + In Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 444 a. GENERA OF THE OLACACER. 127 justify this conclusion by evidence founded on my own observa- tions upon the living plants, made many years ago. These closely allied genera may be united into a distinct tribe (Arjonez), the distinguishing character of which is that each flower is supported upon a calycle, which, though sometimes small, is always dis- tinguishable. MyoscHILos. This genus of the ‘Flora Peruviana,’ little known and less un- derstood, was established in 1794 by Ruiz and Pavon, under some misconception ; for at first * they described its fruit as crowned by the persistent perianth, a mistake repeated by every succeeding botanist ; afterwards they corrected this error, delineating it as surmounted by a ring of 5 acute teeth T. I have still the original analysis of the fruit, made 57 years ago; and many specimens of this fruit are stil preserved. Upon good data, therefore, the following diagnosis of the genus is given. Mxosceuriros, R. 4 P. Char. emendatus. Calyculus imo hemisphzricus, latere externo in lamellam aeuminatam productus. Calyz ei insitus, bisepalus, parvus, cum calyculo immu- tatus et persistens. Corolla tubulosa, carnosula, purpurea; tubus campanulato-cylindrieus, imo ad ovarium arcte adglutinatus, supra medium 4-5-partitus; segmenta acute oblonga, carnosula, patentim reflexa, szestivatione valvata, paullo sub apicem ungue mucroniformi extus munita, serius decidua. Stamina 4-5, segmentis opposita zequi- longa; filamenta subulata, erecta, e margine disci orta, glabra; anthere ovatze, 2-loculares, sine connectivo, antice dehiscentes. Discus epigy- nus, carnosus, conice convexus. Stylus subulatus., Stigmata 3, mì- nuta, divaricata. Ovarium obovatum, basi corollæ vestitum, disco coronatum, l-loculare. Ovula 3, apice placentæ liberæ filiformis sus- pensa. Drupa baccata, ovata, apice styli vestigio et linea circulari (e margine disci) notata; nux conformis, testacea, l-locularis, mono- sperma; semen loculum implens, e placenta nunc laterali cum ovulis abortivis suspensum ; integumenta nulla; albumen carnosum album ; embryo axilis, hoe brevior; radicula teres, supera; cotyledones 2, parvz, compresse orbiculares multoties breviores. Arbuscula subhumilis Chilensis, valde ramosa; rami subvirgati, sub- breves, iterum iterumque ramulosi, glabri; folia tarde devoluta, par- vula, oblongo-ovata; flores spicati, precociter ante folia evoluti, minimi, amentiformi-imbricati. * Prodromus, p. 41, and tab. 34. $3. fig. 7. t Fl, Per. iii. p. 20, tab. 242 a. fig. 5. 128 MR. J. MIERS ON SOME Myoscuinos oBLoNGa, R. 4 P. Prodr. p. 41, tab. 34; Flor. Peruv. iii. p. 20, tab. 242a; Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. p. 43.—Myos- chilos oblongum, Gay, Chile, v. p. 327.—Myoschilos oblongus, A, DC. Prodr. xiv. p. 627. Chile in humidis: v. v. e£ sice. in herb. meo ex Chile (nn. 259, 21,090) in flore et fructu, in flore (Cuming 738); Cordill. Chillan (19,557), in flore et fructu (Germain); Chiloé et Valdivia (7920), in flore (Capt. King). I found this plant in 1820, when I made a coloured drawing of it, with copious analytical details. It grew upon the margin of the small river of Refiaca, about 12 miles to the north of Valpa- raiso. lt is a small tree, about 6 feet high, slenderly much branched, bearing numerous flowers long prior to the appearance of most of the leaves. The leaves are alternate, about 1-3 lines apart, of a dull green colour, obovate, acute, mucronulate, with subrevolute margins, without apparent nerves, 4-8 lines long, 2-4 lines broad, on slender channelled petioles 4 line long, very slightly puberulous on both sides; many lateral spikes at the ends of the still leafless young branchlets, alternate, 3-6 lines apart: peduncle 6-9 lines long, densely covered all over with numerous approximate flowers, rarely 1 line apart; calycle cupuliform, ł line long, 3 line broad, with a frontal lateral erect acute exten- sion 1 line long, pilose on both sides; sepals 2, seated within the calycle alternately with its expansion, linear, acuminate, pubes- cent all over, 3 line long, 3 line broad; corolla of a bright red colour, tube 1 line long, shortly adnate at its base to the ovary, limb 5- (rarely 4-) partite; segments acutely oblong, fleshy, sub- reflexed, 3 line long, each furnished below the apex outside with a short hooked spur: stamens equal in number to the segments, opposite to them, included; filaments compressed, subulate, arising from the margin of the disk and partly adherent to the tube; anthers emitting a minute bright yellow pollen, and burst- ing longitudinally: style and stigma as long as the stamens: drupe of a dark purple colour, oval, 3 lines long, 21 lines broad, supported by the persistent calycle and sepals: rest as in the generie character. I cannot detect any tangible specific difference between the spe- eimens above quoted and obtained from such distant localities. ARJONA. This genus was established by Cavanilles in 1797. It consists of 8 species, all herbaceous plants, with several suberect stems GENERA OF THE OLACACEEE. 129 growing out of a napiform root often bearing edible oblong tubers. The stems are charged with alternate lanceolate leaves ; and the inflorescence is terminal on a simple peduncle, bearing several alternately approximate flowers. ARJONA, Cav. Char. emendatus. Flores hermaphroditi. | Calyculus brevissime stipitatus, imo cupulatus, margine exteriore in lamellam lanceolatam erectam productus, utrinque pilosulus. Calyx isti insitus, paulo brevior, 2-sepalus; sepala di- stincta, lineari-acuminata, subfalcata, lateraliter opposita, suberecta, utrinque pilosa. Corolla longe tubulosa ; tubus tenuis, incurvus, ad nervos 5 angulatus, imo ad ovarium breviter connatus, faucem versus ampliatus, intus sub segmenta Jituris totidem linearibus niveis squa- mulis minutis crebre pennatis instructis; segmenta 5, acute triangu- laria, recurvatim expansa, intus glabra. Stamina 5, fauce inclusa, segmentis opposita ; filamenta tenuissima, antheris dimidio breviora; anthere 2-lobze, ad medium dorsi affixze, lobis sublinearibus, sine con- nectivo, lateraliter adnatis, antice dehiscentibus, fuliginosis; pollen minutum, flavum. Discus epigynus, subconvexus, glandulis 5 radiatim prominentibus persistentibus coronatus. Stylus filiformis, longissimus, stamina attingens; stigmata 3, parva, acuta. Ovarium* pyriforme, subpentagonum, viride, ad basin tubi corolle adglutinatum, supra 1-loculare, infra pro majore parte 3-loculare dissepimentis tenuissimis e placenta filiformi centrali productis; ovula 3, apice placentz sus- pensa, uno in quoque loculo. Fructus ovatus, subparvus, glandulis 5 persistentibus coronatus; pericarpium fuscum, tenue; nux conformis, lutea, coriacea, abortu l-locularis et monosperma; semen suspensum, nucem implens; integumenta nulla; albumen album, carnosum, pres- sione placente latere sulcatum; embryo centralis; radicula supera, teres; cotyledones 2, multoties breviores. Herbz vel fruticuli humiles Americe meridionalis; radix fusiformis, fibrillis sepe tuberiferis munita; caules plurimi, suberecti, sepe subramosi; folia alterna, rarius ternatim congesta, linearia, erecto- divergentia. Flores in capitulum terminale spicato-aggregati. 1. ARJONA TUBEROSA, Cav. (non alior.) Icon. iv. pp. 57, 58, tab. 383; Lam. Dict. Suppl. i. 451, tab. 921; A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 627 (excl. synon.).—Quinchamala patagonica, Spr. Syst. i. 537. Fretum Magalháen, ad portum Deseado (Née): non vidi. The typical plant upon which Cavanilles founded this genus was collected by Louis Née in 1789, in his voyage round the world * In A. rigida mihi visum et ex vivo pictum ; in A. tuberosa, Cav., ut videtur subsimile ; in reliquis speciebus 6 adhuc incognitum, sed analogice forsan cum structura identica. 130 MR. J. MIERS ON SOME with Malespina. Née preserved a specimen, and made a coloured drawing of it while in a living state; from these ample materials Cavanilles drew his illustration and his excellent description. It is a small fruticose plant about 8 in. high, with a fusiform root 3 in. long, whose slender fibrils bear oblong tubers 10 lines long; the root at its summit throws out many erect simple or branching stems, about 6 in. high, striated and furnished with numerous ap- proximated linear-lanceolate leaves, channelled and somewhat am- plexicaul at the base, pungently cuspidate at the apex, somewhat recurvingly divergent, lower ones smaller, 6 lines long, upper ones 9 lines long, 14 line broad, tomentous : inflorescence termi- nal, spicately corymbose, bearing numerous subapproximate ses- sile flowers; calycle of each flower linear-lanceolate, subvaginant, sharply euspidate, 44 lines long, 13 line broad; sepals 2, laterally placed, opposite, concave, oblong, acutely tridentate at the summit, the middle tooth longest, glabrous, embracing the base of the corolla: corolla yellow, tomentose outside ; tube cylindrical, 6 lines long, slender; segments ovate-oblong, subacute, with a ter- minal shert bristle, 3 lines long : stamens almost sessile within the mouth of the tube ; anthers linear-oblong, yellow: ovary very small, green, crowned by the yellow 5-lobedepigynous disk; style filamen- tous, red, reaching the stamens ; stigmata 2 or 3, lamellar; peri- carp globular, crowned by the persistent disk, 1 line in diameter. No mention is made of any hair or scales in the mouth of the tube. Née's specimen, I believe, is preserved in the herbarium of the Academy of Madrid. 2. ARJONA PATAGONICA, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrolabe, tab. 15, sine descr.; Hook. Fl. Ant. ii. 342; Gay, Chile, v. 324.— Arjona tuberosa, var. patagonica, 4. DC. Prodr. xiv. 627. Ad fretum Magalháen portu Peckett: non vidi. This species was collected by Hombron and Jacquinot in 1826: the New-Zealand portion of the plants obtained during the voyage was described by Richard in 1832; the other Phanero- gamie plants were not described, but the illustrations of severa, of them were given by Dr. Hombron in the Atlas of plates accom- panying the octavo volume of Richard. Dr. Hooker (7.c.) first described this species, in a short diagnosis, from Hombron's draw- ing; De Candolle, in 1856, enlarged this description from a plant of Lechler's. It much resembles the typical species in size and habit, but is GENERA OF THE OLACACE.K. 131 everywhere glabrous; it has a similar root, but with smaller tubers; stems branching, erect, bare at the base; at first the lower leaves are only 1 line long, increasing upwards to a length of 4 lines, are shortly subulate, spreading, cuspidate at the apex, rigid, 5-nerved; the inflorescence is capitate, sericeo-tomentose ; calycle concave, acute, half the length of the tube of the corolla. 3. ARJONA PUSILLA, Hook. Fl. Ant. ii. 842; A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 627; Gay, Chile, v. 323. Fretum Magellanicum, ad port. Cape Gregory: v. s. in herb. meo, Cape Gregory (Capt. King). A low-growing, suffruticose species, with few branching erect stems 3 in. high, bare at the base, very glabrous; lower leaves barely 1 line long, increasing upwards to a length of 6 lines, and i line broad, linear, subfaleate, channelled, 3-nerved; inflorescence terminal, flowers few, approximate: corolla yellow, subpuberu- lous outside; tube extremely slender, 5 lines long; segments acute, 2 lines long, 2 line broad, subreflexed, glabrous: stamens included within the mouth. 4. ARJONA APPRESSA, Philippi, Linn. 33, p. 233. In Patagonia occidentali, Andibus de Rauco: non vidi. Planta dense arachnoideo-lanata ; radicellis filiformibus, tuberibus eduli- bus oblongis, 10 lin. longis et 5 lin. crassis przditis; caule elongato ; ramis 4—5 poll. altis; foliis lanceolatis, 3-nerviis, inferioribus remotis, subreflexis, superioribus adpressis, fere imbricatis, 4 lin. long. 3 lin. lat.; flores non adsunt. A species evidently near A. tuberosa, differing in its smaller stature, covered with dense arachnoid tomentum, and in its smaller, imbricated adpressed leaves. 5. ARJONA RUSCIFOLIA, Popp. secund. Meyer, Nov. Acta. xix. Suppl. p. 412; A. DC. Prodr. xiv. p. 626.—Arjona audina, Phil. Linn. xxxii. p. 232.—Arjona tuberosa, Gay (non Cav.) Chile, v. p. 322. In Chile prov. austro-centralibus: v. s. in herb. meo, 20,280, Cordillera de Maule (Germain); 20,662, Chile centr. (Bridges 557). Root slender, fusiform, 8 in. long, with fibrous radicels bearing edible small tubers; stems many, erect, simple or branched, 3-7 in. high; leaves glabrous, subimbricate, lanceolate, patently re- eurved, channelled, subamplexicaul at the base, pungently cuspi- date at the apex, rigid, lower ones 5-nerved, 4 lines long, upper ones with 7 prominent nerves, 5-6 lines long: terminal corymb subcapitate, 1 in. in diameter; peduncle 6 lines long, yellow, 132 MR. J. MIERS ON SOME striolate, glabrous, bearing numerous aggregated sessile flowers; calycle ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, villous outside, 33-5 lines long, 1 line broad; sepals 2, erect, 12 line long, 4 line broad, arachneo-tomentose: corolla of a yellowish red colour, sparsely invested with very long flexuose white hairs; tube slightly cylindrical, subineurved, 63 lines long; segments subacute, 23 lines long, 2 line broad, subreflexed, glabrous within, except where they are each furnished at its base with a linear feather- like process densely pinnate, with shortish septiferous hairs ; filaments slender, glabrous, reaching the mouth: anthers linear, 1 line long, verticillately attached dorsally in their middle, erect, half exserted; ovary oblong, 3 line in diameter, surmounted by the usual disk and a very slender style reaching the stamens; stigmata 3, linear, lamellar, shortly hirsute. 6. ARJONA RIGIDA, 20b.—Arjona tuberosa, Philippi (non Cav.) Linn. xxxiii. p. 231. Humilis, suffruticosa, caulibus gracilibus, striatis, glabris; foliis inferi- oribus minoribus, sparsis, superioribus majoribus, magis approximatis, lineari-lanceolatis, canaliculatis, imo amplexicaulibus, apice pungenti- cuspidatis, rigidis, conspicue 5-nerviis, marginibus cartilagineis, paten- tim divaricatis, subrecurvulis, glabris, supra pallide viridibus, subtus flavide opacis, nervis prominentibus; inflorescentia terminali, laxe capitata; pedunculo brevi, sericeo-piloso ; floribus sessilibus, subap- proximatis; calyculo ovato-lanceolato, naviculari, acuminato, villoso ; sepalis distincte 2, lateraliter oppositis, calyculo absconditis, acute oblongis, niveo-tomentosis; corolla aurantiaca, extus cano-villosa pilis retrorsis; tubo exigue cylindrico, striolato, fauce paullo am- pliore; segmentis acute oblongis, subrevolutis, intus glabris, nisi ad lituris niveo-linearibus (ut in A. ruscifolio) ; staminibus fauce sub- inclusis; filamentis brevibus, tenuissimis; antheris linearibus, medio dorsi affixis ; ovario breviter obconico, pentangulari, disco plano coro- nato; stylo filiformi, stamina attingente ; stigmatibus 3, lamellatis, erecto-divergentibus. E regione Argentino, travesia del Desaguadero, inter provinc. Mendoza et San Luiz: v. v. et sicc. in herb. meo (410), cum icone ex vivo colorato; in travesia Mendozz (1064). Stems 3 in. high; lower leaves 2 in. long; upper ones 14 line apart, 6-8 lines long, 1j line broad; peduncles 4 lines long; laxly congested head of flowers 1 in. long, 3 in. broad; ealycle 4 lines long, 14 line broad ; sepals 2 lines long, 1 line broad; tube of corolla 6 lines long; segments 2 lines long, 2 line broad, each with a basal tomentous process 1 line long; linear anthers 14 line long. GENERA OF THE OLACACE. 133 7. ARJONA LONGIFOLIA, Philippi, Ann. Univ. Chile (1862), Linn. xxxiii. p. 232. Circa Mendosa (San Rafael, W. Diaz): v. v. et sice. in herb. meo (573, cum icone ex vivo colorata), circa Mendoza; ex eod. loc. ( Gillies). A. suffruticose plant, with several alternate suberect branches 7 in. long, angularly striate, yellowish, glabrous, with axils 3-1 in. apart; leaves much elongated, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, very acuminate and mucronate at the apex, divaricately patent, prominently 3-5-nerved, chartaceous (but not rigid), mar- gins scabridly ciliate, sides folded together along the midrib, ob- soletely pilose above, scabridulous beneath, 10-18 lines long, 12 line broad: inflorescence terminal, at first capitate, afterwards more laxly flowered and supported upon a yellow peduncle, deeply sulcate, bare at its base for a length of 13-2 inches, head of flowers 14 in. long; flowers yellow, subapproximate; calycle acutely oblong, channelled, densely cano-villose, 3 lines long, 1$ line broad; sepals 2, laterally opposite, acutely oblong, densely eano-pubescent, smooth inside, 2 lines long: corolla yellow, very tomentous externally; tube slender, narrowly cylindrical, sub- incurved, a little wider in the mouth, 6 lines long; segments sub- acute, tomentous outside, glabrous within except at the niveous streaks at their base, 3 lines long, 3 line broad, subreflexed : stamens included in the mouth; anthers linear, fuscous, emitting a yellow pollen; ovary small, erowned by a flat disk marked by 5 reddish spots; style capillary, reaching the stamens; stigmata 3, lamellar, erecto-divergent. 8. ARJONA LINEARIS, nob. Suffruticosa, ramosa; ramis suberectis, tenuibus, striolatis, fistulosis, flavescentibus, glabris; axillis remotiusculis; foliis anguste linearibus, ensiformibus, subrigidis, imo breviter amplexicaulibus, apice tenuiter pungentibus, trinerviis, marginibus cartilagineis, adpresse plicatis, utrinque vix pilosulis ; inflorescentia terminali ; pedunculo ad basin longe palato, sericeo-pubescente, superne multifloro ; floribus supe- rioribus capitato-congestis, inferioribus laxioribus. In jugo montium (Paramillo dictu) versus Mendoza: v. v. et sicco in herbario meo (no. 574), Villa Vicencio, altit. 5380 ped. A. species near the preceding, collected by me in 1826, when I made a coloured drawing of it. It differs in its narrower leaves, more lax inflorescence, with very sericeous flowers; its branches are 7-10 in. long, with axils 4-6 lines apart ; leaves 12-21 lines long, 1-13 line broad when flattened; terminal peduncle very 134 MR. J. MIERS ON SOME slender, bare for a length of 14 in., the floriferous portion being 3-1 in. long; flowers many, alternate, crowded towards the summit, on short pilose pedicels; calycle ligulate, its external margin extended to a length of 3 lines, sericeous outside, gla- brous within; 2-acute sepals, seated withiu the calycle, right and left, velvety sericeous outside, smooth inside, 2 lines long, 14 line broad, with the calycle persistent: corolla very sericeous outside, yellow ; tube very narrow, somewhat funnel-shaped above, 6 lines long; segments acute, subreflexed, 2} lines long, j line broad: rest as in the generic character: fruit oval, 2 lines long, 14 line broad, crowned by the 5 raised glands and the remains of the style; albumen ovate, filling the cell of the nut, with the usual embryo. QUINCHAMALIUM. This genus of the ‘ Flora Peruviana’ differs from Arjona in the form of its calycle, in the shape of its calyx, and in its corolla with stamens wholly exserted, and in its fruit enclosed in the persistent calyx. QuiNCcHAMALIUM, Feuille. Flores hermaphroditi. Catyculus depresse cupularis, margine lacerato. Calyx globosus, levis, 4-5-costatus, costis in dentes totidem ter- minatis, quorum unus externus paullo longior, persistens. Corolla tubulosa; fubus tenuiter cylindricus, subincurvus, ad faucem amplia- tus; segmenta 4-5, acute oblonga, subrecurva, extus sub apicem ungue mucroniformi singulatim munita, æstivatione valvata. Stamina 4-5, fauci inserta, segmentis opposita ; filamenta compressa, antheris paullo longiora, glabra; anthere oblonge paullulo supra basin affixe, erectz, exsertz, apice subacute, imo breviter cordate, 2-lobz, lobis sine connectivo lateralibus, antice longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Discus epigynus, subconvexus. Stylus filiformis, stamina attingens ; stigmata 3, parva, terminalia. Ovarium ovato-globosum, ad corollz basin agglutinatum, l-loculare; ovula 3, ex apice placente centralis filiformis suspensa. Fructus ovatus; pericarpio fusco, tenui; nur levis, tenuissime testacea, l-locularis, l-sperma. Semen conforme, ' loculum implens; integumenta nula; albumen carnosum; embryo inclusus ; radicula supera, teres ; cotyledones 2, compressse, orbiculares, multo breviores. Herbz, sepe fruticulose, Americe australis; radices fusiformes, fibril- lose ; caules plures, suberecti; folia alterna, linearia vel lineari- lanceolata ; flores parvi, numerosi, sepius in copitulum terminale congesti. GENERA OF THE OLACACE.E. 135 l. QUINCHAMALIUM LINIFOLIUM, Feuillé (non Meyer), sub “ Q. lini folio," Hist. pl. médicinales, p. 57, tab. 44, et in Observ. Append. (vol. iii.) tab. 44.—Quinchamalium chilense, in parte (non Molina), Lam. Dict. vi. p. 84. In Chile, primo ab auct. lectum in prov. Concepcion (lat. 37? 40' S.): v. s. in herb. meo (19556), pl. lecta in prov. Contigua, Talca (Germain). The plant of Germain quite corresponds with the description and drawing of Feuillé. It has a similar branching root 2 in. long, throwing out about 9 suberect simple or branching stems 3-4 in. high, as in Feuillés drawing; leaves linear, narrow, mucronulate, patently divergent and curving, 2-3 lines apart, 4-8 lines long, } line broad, glabrous ; inflorescence terminal in a capitate head, about $ inch broad, upon a peduncle bare at its base for a length of 4 lines; calycles closely approximated upon the 4 faces of the peduncle, depressed, concave, with lacerated margins; calyx globular, with 5 unequal small teeth; corolla yellow, glabrous; tube slender, cylindrical, of a greenish hue, 45 lines long ; segments acute, subreflexed, yellow outside, reddish r5 3 within, 2 lines long, À line broad. 2. QUINCHAMALIUM CHILENSE, Molina, Saggio (1782), edit. Brit. (1809) i. p. 123 (non A. DC.) ; Lam. Dict. vi. 34, in parte (1804) ; Willd. Syst. ii. 1217 (1799) ; Hook. Voy. Beechey, p. 44, tn parte (1841). In Chile centrali: v. v. et sicco in herb. meo (no. 227), Concon, prov. Valparaiso. I found this plant in 1820, its vernacular name being Quincha- mali. It is annual, with a stoutish, fistulose, herbaceous stem, about 5 in. high (sometimes, according to Molina, 9 in. in height), bare at its base for 1 inch, thence throwing up about 6 suberect alternate branches, again branched, all rising to the same level ; leaves 4 lines apart, patently diverging and curving upwards, linear-laneeolate, acute at both ends, with subrevolute margins, glabrous, l-nerved, with many transverse veins, 6-7 lines long, _ 2 line broad, on a short slender petiole ; inflorescence terminal, with numerous sessile flowers aggregated in a subglobular head $ inch in diameter; calycles cupuliform, with a lacerated margin, persistent, crowded upon the 4 faces of the acutangular peduncle ; calyx globular, often caducous, 1 line in diameter, 4-costate, each nerve terminating in a short acute tooth, the outer one a little longer; tube of corolla slender, 3 lines long, shortly adnate at its base to the ovary; segments 5, acutely triangular, 24 lines long, LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. L 136 MR. J. MIERS ON SOME with valvate estivation ; stamens 5, altogether exserted, inserted in the mouth of the tube opposite the segments ; filaments slender, as long as the anthers, which reach the top of the segments ; anthers as in the gen. char. ; style slender, 3-grooved ; stigmata 3, roundish; ovary globular, 3-costate, crowned by the 5-glandular disk, 1-locular; ovules 3, suspended from the apex of a free central placenta; fruit globular, enclosed within the free calyx, its structure as in the generic character. 8. QUINCHAMALIUM PROCUMBENS, R. & P. Flor. Peruv. ii. p. 1, tab. 107 b.—Q. chilense, Lam. (non Molina) Illustr. ii. 135, tab. 142; id. Dict. Suppl. iv. p. 638, tab. 142; A. DC. in parte, Prodr. xiv. p. 625.—Quinchamalium Dombeyi, Brongn. ex Hombron, Voy. Cog. tab. 58, sine descript. ; A. DC. Prodr. xiv. p. 626.— Quinchamalium linifolium, Meyer (non Feuillé), Nov. Act. xix. Suppl. p. 412. In Peruvia, prov. Tarma: non vidi. As the details given by Brongniart and Meyer offer no characters at variance with those afforded by Ruiz and Pavon, all the above citations may be comprised under one species. Root fusiform, from which arise 7 or 8 stems, the 2 external ones procumbent, the others divergent or erect, 5 in. long, mostly simple, slender, glabrous, striate ; leaves linear, sessile, acute at the apex, marked at the base by a purple spot, sparse, erecto-divergent, glabrous, 4-9 lines long, } line broad ; inflorescence terminal, bearing many spicately congested flowers in a dense head; calycles depressed, closely investing the faces of the quadrangular peduncle ; calyx globular, with an oblique mouth, showing 4 small acute teeth, one of which is somewhat longer; corolla tubular, purplish red outside, yellow within, glabrous ; tube cylindrical, pentangular, 9 lines long; segments 5, acutely oblong, 3 lines long, 3 line broad, expanded ; stamens inserted in the mouth, exserted ; style slender, reaching the stamens ; ovary small, globose, invested by the free calyx ; pericarp globose, enclosed within the calyx, now somewhat enlarged. 4. QuUINCHAMALIUM MAJUS, Brongn. ex Hombron, Voy. Cog. tab. 51 A, sine deser.; A. DC. Lc. p. 625; Gay, Chile, v. 819.— Quinchamalium chilense, var. robustior, Hook. Voy. Beechey, p. 44. —Quinchamalium breviflorum, Presl, Epim. Bot. p. 246.—Quin- chamalium rugosum, Phil. Linn. xxxiii. p. 233. In Chile, prov. Central: v. v. e£ sice. in herb. meo (227*), Quintero, prov. Valparaiso. GENERA OF THE OLACACEX. 137 Stems slender, 2—4, flexuose, 8-12 in. high, shortly branching towards the summit, glabrous, bare below the middle; leaves spreading, acutely linear, sessile, glabrous, 6-12 lines long, à line broad, upper ones minutely ciliate on the margins ; inflorescence terminal; flowers spicate, subapproximate; calycles depressed- cupular, attached to the 4 faces of the peduncle in close order ; calyx small, globular, rugose at the base, 4-dentate, teeth ovate, minute, except the external one, which is much longer, suddenly acute, with a red margin; tube of corolla slender, widening in the mouth, 33 lines long, glabrous, purplish ; segments narrow, linear, acute, yellow, 23 lines long, 3-nerved at the base; stamens exserted; anthers narrow, linear; fruit rugous according to Philippi. A species much resembling Q. gracilis in habit. 5. QUINCHAMALIUM GRACILE, Brongn. ex Hombron, Voy. Coq. tab. 52, sine deser. (1825); Gay, Chile, v. 320 (1849); A. DC. Prodr. xiv. p. 625 (1856).—Quinchamalium chilense, var. gracile, Hook. Voy. Beechey, p. 44 (1841).—Quinchamalium ericoides, Brongn. l. c. tab. 52; Gay, Chile, l. c. p. 320 (1849).—Quincha- malium minutum, Phil. Ann. Univ. Chile (1862); Linn. xxxiii. p. 233 (1864).—Quinchamala tenuis, Steud. Nomenel. ii. p. 429 (1841). In Chile, prov. austro-centr.: v. s. in herb. meo, (n. 7934) ins. Chiloé (Capt. King), (n. 6630) Concepcion (Dr. Miller), (n. 21039) Chile (Cuming). A very slender, flexuous, fibrilliferous root, 33 inches long, throwing up about 3 erect slender stems 2-31 inches high ; leaves very slender, linear, erecto-divergent, subfaleate, mucronate, gla- brous, approximate, 4-9 lines long, 1-} line broad, on a very slender petiole 1-1 line long; inflorescence terminal, in a small- capitate head, consisting of many small, orange-coloured, approxi- mated flowers ; corolla tubular, divided for half its length into 5 acute segments ; stamens included, style subexserted ; fruit small, globular, 5-costate, of a lemon-colour, enclosed within the free calyx, which has 5 unequal small teeth. 6. QUINCHAMALIUM ELEGANS, Presl, Epim. Bot. p. 246 (1851); Walp. Ann. iii. 315.—Quinchamala tenuis, Steud. Nom. ii. p. 429, ex plant. sub Q.Chilense (Bertero, 581). In Chile, prov. Central. : v. s. in herb. meo, (20661) Chile ( Bridges, 366), (21088) Chile (Cuming). Stems several, slender, subdecumbent, curving upwards, ? line thick, striolated, glabrous, foliiferous from the base ; axils 1-3 lines apart ; leaves linear, almost filiform, with a pungent point, very L2 138 MR. J. MIERS ON SOME patent or deflected, 12-20 lines long, 3 line broad ; inflorescence terminal, capitate, subglobular, 1 in. broad, upon a peduncle bare at its base for 3-1 in.; flowers numerous, sessile, very approxi- mated; calycle depressed ; calyx small, globose, 3 line broad, 4- costate, with unequal, short, acute teeth, one being a little larger ; tube of corolla cylindrical, curved, 3 lines long; segments oblong, acute, 2 lines long, } line broad, yellow and glabrous inside, greenish outside, as well as the tube ; stamens, style, and stigma exserted as far as the tips of the segments. 7. QUINCHAMALIUM FRUTICULOSUM, Steud. Nom. ii. p. 429 ; A. DC. l.c. p. 626 (Bertero, 1271), sine char.: v. s. in herb. meo, (19555) Chile, Cordillera de Chillan (Germain). A suffruticose plant, with decumbent stem branching dichoto- mously or alternately ; branehes 5 in. high, slender, erect, sub- angular, finely striolated, glabrous ; leaves 2 lines apart, younger ones closer and subimbricated, spathulately linear, sessile, obtuse at the base, mucronulate at the apex, curvingly patent, 1-nerved, with many thickish horizontal veins, 6-8 lines long, 4 line broad ; inflorescence terminal in a subcapitate head; flowers approxi- mated; calycles crowded on the spieate peduncle ; calyx small, globular, 4-dentate, the external tooth narrow, as long as the ealycine tube; tube of corolla slender, striolated, obsoletely pilose, 2} lines long ; segments acute, subreflexed, with the tube externally greenish, bright yellow and glabrous within, 1} line long, 4 line broad ; stamens inserted in the mouth; authers half exserted. These three genera were assigned to the Santalacee by Prof. A. DeCandolle in 1856 *, and about the same time also by the autbors of the ‘Genera Plantarum’ t, because of the supposed presence of a perigonium, which signifies that the calyx and corolla are combined into one body. But it is shown by the preceding details that in each of these instances there exists a calyx, which, though small, is invariably present, always free and distinct from the corolla, and in each genus supported by a free .calyele. Thus it is manifest that these three genera cannot belong to Santalacee, and there can be no doubt whatever that they agree in all respects with Olacacee, with the addition of a * Prodr. xiv. pp. 624, 626, 627. t Gen. i. p. 245. GENERA OF THE OLACACE X. 139 ealycle in each flower, which places them in a distinct tribe of the family. Prof. Baillon also places these genera in Santalacee, which, according to him, together with Olacacee, belong to a mere section of the Loranthacee*: the validity of this view need not be here discussed, as his definitions are not eonsonant with the facts. Fig. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10. jur Fig. me 0 be DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. PLATE V. . Portion of a plant of Myoschilos oblonga: natural size. . The calycle: natural size. . The same, with the 2 free sepals seated within it, which embrace the base of the corolla ; . The corolla, seen from above: both natural size. . The calycle: magnified. . The 2 free sepals: also enlarged. . The corolla, seen sideways ; . The same, showing the basal portion of its tube agglutinated to the ovary, its free portion being cut open to expose the 5 segments, leaving one of the stamens in situ ; . The five stamens, seated on the margin of the disk, all opposite to the segments: ali magnified. One of the segments of the corolla, seen dorsally, to show the short mucroniform spur below the apex: magnified.. A longitudinal section of the ovary, style, and stigma, showing its solitary cell, from the bottom of which arises the free filamentous placenta, from the apex of which 3 small ovules are suspended: mag- nified. . The fruit, supported by the persistent calycle and sepals: natural size, . The same, with half of the pericarp removed to show the enclosed nut. - The solitary albuminous seed removed, having no integument, showing the persistent filiform placenta pushed on one side: natural size. 5. The same: magnified. . The persistent placenta, with the 2 abortive ovules: magnified. . A longitudinal section of the albuminous seed, with the enclosed embryo: magnified. . The embryo separated, with its superior radicle and 2 short cotyledons : magnified. Puare VI. . Drawing of a plant of Arjona rigida; . The calycle, with its cupular base shown from the inside ; . A flower, supported by its 2 sepals: all natural size. . The calycle : magnified. * Adansonia, iii. pp. 114, 115. 140 Fig. o -10 Oo MR. J. MIERS ON SOME GENERA OF THE OLACACES. . The 2 sepals, removed from the calycle where they were seated ; . The corolla, which with the sepals are seated on the concave base of the calycle ; . The corolla, with its basal portion agglutinated to the ovary, the superior tubular portion eut open to show the hairy patches at the base of the segments: all magnified. . A stamen (enlarged), shown in three positions; the 5 stamens are in- serted in the mouth of the tube, opposite to the hairy patches. . A tetrahedral grain of pollen: exceedingly magnified. . The ovary, style, and stigma: slightly enlarged. . The ovary, crowned by the persistent, conical, 5-lobed disk ; . A longitudinal section of the same, showing it to be unilocular at the summit, trilocular below, with a central line up the middle, indi- eating the union of the three dissepiments, from the apex of which 3 minute ovules are suspended : both magnified. . The fruit: natural size. . The same, supported by the calycle and sepals, and surmounted by the persistent disk: much magnified. . A longitudinal section of the same, showing its solitary suspended seed, the placenta and 2 abortive ovules still remaining ; . The solitary albuminous seed without any integument ; . A iongitüdinal section of tlié same, with its included embryo ; . The embryo extracted, showing the superior radicle and 2 much smaller cotyledons: all magnified on the same scale. Parte VII. . A plant of Quinchamalium chilense. . A portion of the inflorescence: natural size. . Portion of the quadrangular peduncle, bearing on each of its 4 faces a row of persistent calycles, from which the flowers have fallen away ; . A concave calycle: both somewhat magnified. . A flower seated in its calyx ; . The flower removed: both natural size. . The 5-toothed globular calyx, one of the teeth longer than the others ; . The base of the tube of the corolla adnate to the ovary, enclosed within the free calyx ; . The corolla separated: ali magnified on the same scale. . The upper free portion of the corolla cut open to show the 5 stamens placed-opposite to its segments ; . A stamen, shown in front and sideway : slightly magnified. . A transverse section across the segments of the corolla, to show the manner of xstivation : enlarged. . A portion of the style and stigma: much magnified. . The ovary, surmounted by the persistent disk ; . A longitudinal section of the same, showing it to be unilocular, with a free central placenta rising from the base, bearing on its apex 3 suspended ovules: both magnified. 5. A fruit, enclosed within the persistent calyx ; 7. The fruit extracted : both natural size. MR. M. €. COOKE ON THE FUNGI OF TEXAS. 141 Fig. 18. The same: magnified. 19. The crustaceous pericarp of the same, with the nucleus taken away ; 20. The albuminous nucleus extracted, showing the persistent placenta ; 21. A longitudinal section of the same, showing the included embryo ; 22. The embryo extracted, shown in two positions: all magnified on the - same scale. — E n The Fungi of Texas. By M. C. CookE, A.LS. [Read April 4, 1878.] » (Abstract.) * THE communication of which the following is an abstract con- tained an enumeration of a small collection of Fungi made by Mr. H. W. Ravenal in a trip to Texas some few years since. In ad- dition to this, all previously recorded species for that State were collated, and the result was the determination of a total of 149 species as all which, up to the present, have been recorded. This number is exceedingly small, and only serves to prove how very little is known of the mycologic flora of a state which probably is as rich in fungi as South Carolina. The following twenty-five species are all that are absolutely new. CortTicium cARNEUM, Berk. 4 Cooke.—Effusum, membrana- ceum vel subceraceum, ochraceo-carneum, ambitu albo-fibrillo- sum ; hymenio tenui, subglabro, levi, siccitate rimoso. On logs. Houston, Texas (Rav. 78). The hymenium gives rise to fusiform rough cysts, such as are found in Corticiwm cinereum, which project above the surface, but do not occasion any velvety appearance, either to the naked eye or under a lens. CYPHELLA CONVOLUTA, Cooke.—Sparsa ; pileo cupuliformi (1-2 m. m.) demum applanato, margine membranaceo, involuto, extus albo, intus carneo-rubro; sporis oblongis ("007 m. m.). On trunks. Houston (Rav. 295). PHOMA HYSTERIIFORME, Cooke.— Gregaria; peritheciis atris, elongatis, hysteriiformibus, ad basin applanatis; sporis ellipticis, binucleatis, hyalinis (€01—012 m. m.). On herbaceous stems. Galveston (Rav. 224). PALYCTÆNA SMILACIS, Cooke.— Tecta, minuta, brunnea, dense gregaria, pauce elevata; sporis filiformibus, elongatis, ad apicem curvulis (702—025 m. m.). On Smilax. Houston ( Rav. 208, 209). 142 MR. M. C. COOKE ON THE FUNGI OF TEXAS. HENDERSONIA MAGNA, Cooke.—Erumpeus in lineas seriatas dis- posita; peritheciis atris, subglobosis, hine illie connatis, dothi- dioideis, irregulariter fissuratis ; sporis cylindraceis, obtusis, 3—5- septatis (06—065 x '01 m. m.). On herbaceous stems. Houston (Rav. 140). DrscELLA LEGUMINUM, Cooke.—Congesta ; pustulis irregulari- bus, maculam nigram efformantibus, demum confluentibus ; sporis ellipticis vel pyriformibus,-uninucleatis, hyalinis (012—015 m. m.). On legumes of Prosopis. Galveston. DriscELLA ANGULATA, Cooke.— Gregaria, tecta, epidermide in fissuris angulatis diffindens ; sporis fusoideo-elongatis, hyalinis (02 x ‘004 m. m.). On limbs of trees. Galveston ( Rav. 58). PHYLLOSTICTA MICROPUNCTA, Cooke.—Epiphylla; peritheciis minutis, atris, in maculis suborbicularibus congestis; sporis mi- nutis, ovatis, hyalinis (003 m. m. long.). On leaves of Persea carolinensis. Houston (Rav. 235). SEPTORIA MaaNoLrs, Cooke.—Epiphylla ; peritheciis atris, subimmersis, in maculis irregularibus brunneis congestis; sporis linearibus, nucleatis (:025—03 m. m. long.). On leaves of Magnolia grandiflora. Houston (Rav. 8). SronrbpEsMIUM MUNDULUM, Cooke.—Effusum, album; sporis subovatis, cellulosis, atro-brunneis, subopacis, diu adhzrentibus ("015 x'01 m. m.). On oak logs. Houston ( Rav. 197). MacnosPORIUM COMPACTUM, Cooke.—Atrum, in crusta com- pacta effusum ; hyphis fascieulatis, brunneis, septatis, simp lici- bus; sporis ovalibus, obtusis, cellulosis, fuligineis (‘02-03 x *012—014 m. m.). On stems of Ricinus. Houston (Rav. 272, 278). CERCOSPORA GNAPHALIACEA, Cooke.—Amphigena ; hyphis fasciculatis, simplicibus, in maculis suborbicularibus fuscis oriun- dis ; sporis robustis, linearibus, 3-5-septatis, hyalinis (‘04-07 x '005 m. m.). On leaves of Gnaphalium. Houston (Rav. 283). PATELLARIA CYANEA, Cooke.—Sparsa, atro-cyanea ; cupulis ap- planatis, orbicularibus (4-1 m. m.) convexis ; ascis clavatis, ses- MR. M. C. COOKE ON THE FUNGI OF TEXAS. 143 silibus; sporidiis clavatis vel fusoideis, 3-5-septatis, subconstric- tis ("03 x ‘007 m. m.) cellulis nucleatis; paraphysibus clavatis, simplicibus vel furcatis, sursum atro-cyaneis. On herbaceous stems. Houston (Rav. 223). Hystertum (GroxiUM) MEDIUM, Cooke.—Peritheciis ellipticis vel elongatis, utrinque obtusis, supra applanatis, atris, dense gre- gariis vel subconfluentibus ; ascis cylindraceis ; sporidiis ovalibus, demum uniseptatis, hyalinis (008—01 x ‘004 m. m.). On decorticated Berchemia. Houston (Rav. 293). DIATRYPE (DrarRyPELLA) opaca, Cooke.—Erumpens, suborbi- cularis, atro-brunnea ; ostiolis depressis, suleatis, vix distinc- tis; ascis clavatis, longe stipitatis; sporidiis leviter curvulis, numerosissimis, subluteolis. On Ilex opaca. Houston (Rav. 243). In some respects resembling Diatrype quercina, but smaller, neater, and in many other respects distinct. DIATRYPE RUMPENS, Cooke.— Elliptica, tenuis; ostiolis vix prominulis, cuticula rupta cinctis; ascis cylindraceis ; sporidiis late amygdaleformibus, atro-brunneis, opacis ("015 x ‘009 m. m.). On bark. Galveston Bay (Rav. 63). DIATRYPE EXUTANS, Cooke.—Late effusa, nigra, subcuticu- laris; ostiolis punctiformibus, depressis ; ascis cylindraceis ; sporidiis ellipticis, utrinque attenuatis, brunneis, uninucleatis (015 x-008 m. m.). On bark. Galveston Bay (fav. 76). SPHÆRIA (IMMERS#) BOTULÆSPORA, Cooke.—Gregaria, im- mersa; peritheciis atris, elongato-compressis, poro pertusis ; ascis saccatis ; sporidiis cylindraceis, rectis vel leviter curvulis, utrinque obtusis, uniseptatis, fuscis, cellulis inzequalibus (:07—08 x ‘012 m. m.). On old oak rails. Houston (Rav. 202). SPHÆRIA (IMMERS) TEXENSIS, Cooke.—Sparsa, grisea; peri- theciis subglobosis, in ligno nigro facto immersis, vix prominulis ; ascis cylindraceis ; sporidiis lanceolatis, uniseptatis, hyalinis ("015—006 m. m.). On oak rails. Houston (Rar. 250). SPHÆRIA (OBTECTÆ) PERTACTA, Cooke.—Subtecta, seriata ; peritheciis globosis, atris, demum supra conspectis, poro pertusis ; 144 MR. M. C. COOKE ON THE FUNGI OF TEXAS. ascis clavatis, sessilibus; sporidiis ellipticis, utrinque attenuatis, hyalinis (‘02-023 x '01 m. m.). On fallen branches. Galveston Bay (fav. 57). Spnaria (CAULICOLÆ) TORULÆSPORA, Cooke.—Gregaria; pe- rithecia atra, subeonoidea, ad basin applanata, demum nuda; sporidiis linearibus, multiseptatis, brunneis, subconstrictis, toru- loideis ("08 x ‘004 m. m.). On herbaceous stems. Houston (Jav. 60). SPHÆRIA (CAULICOLÆ) UVÆSPORA, Cooke.—Gregaria, tecta; peritheciis subglobosis, parvulis, brunneis, poro pertusis; ascis clavatis; sporidiis breviter clavatis, simplicibus, hyalinis ('012- '015 x *005 m. m.). On flower-stalk of Yucca. Houston (fav. 18). Sporidia in form resembling grape seeds, but apparently imma- ture; possibly they would ultimately become coloured. SPHERELLA EXUTANS, Cooke.— Maculis minutis, atro-brunneis ; peritheciis paucis, immersis, demum epidermide operculoideis exutantibus ; ascis clavato-cylindraceis ; sporidis elongato- ellipticis, inzequaliter uniseptatis, hyalinis (‘022 x ‘O04 m. m.). On upper surface of leaves of Persea. Houston (Rav. 46). The cuticle of the leaf is cast off in little opercular disks above the perithecia, somewhat in the manner of the operculum in Stegia. DornipEa ILoIs, Cooke.—Gregaria, erumpens; pustulis elliptieis, atris, cellulis stromate inclusis; ascis clavatis; spo- ridiis ellipticis, sepe utrinque leviter attenuatis, simplicibus, hya- linis (‘03 x 01 m. m.). On bark of Ilex opaca. Houston (Rav. 284). STIGMATEA GREGARIA, Cooke.— Epiphylla; peritheeiis grega- riis, erumpentibus, atris, globosis, subnitidis; ascis cylindraceis ; sporidiis subglobosis, hyalinis (-01—012 x ‘009 m. m.) . On unknown leaves. Meskat Bay (Rav. 306). ON THE FERTILIZATION OF MEYENIA ERECTA. 145 On the Mechanism for Moni qas of Meyenia erecta, Benth. By R. Irwin Ly&cu, of Kew Gardens. (Communicated by Dr. J. Murr, F.L.S.) [Read April 18, 1878.] I wave the pleasure of bringing before the notice of the Society, in the flowers of Meyenia erecta, a previously unobserved mecha- nism to the end of cross-fertilization ; and by means of the ac- companying woodcut I trust I shall be able in a few words to convey a sufficiently intelligent description. The corolla is funnel-shaped, slightly curved, and les in a nearly horizontal po- sition. The anthers are placed about midway in the tube, and. their backs are pressed against its upper wall The style is slender * and flexible; it equals the tube in length, and runs along a little groove, as it were, in the roof; so that the peculiar stigma is placed just at the mouth and immediately over it. Now comes the most important part of the mechanism. The stigma consists of two lips; the upper is folded into a tube and points straight forward. Through this lip alone is it pos- sible for the pollen to fertilize the ovules. Pollen touching the lower lip would seem here to be of no avail. What, then, is its use? It will be seen, in contrast to the other, that it is spread open and projects downwards over the entrance to the ` tube; and its use is to act as a lever, in this way :—If an insect =F Sketches of the flower of Meyenia erecta, to illustrate points connected with its mode of fertilization. A. Flower from above, foreshortened view. B. Lateral view of the flower in section, showing position and form of pistil and stamens. These two figures are about natural size. C. Anther, enlarged. D. An ideal transverse section to show the relative positions of pistil and stamens. * [n the drawing somewhat stouter than obtains in the natural object. 146 ON THE FERTILIZATION OF MEYENIA ERECTA. alights on the limb and essays to enter, in so doing the lever is pushed in, so that the receptive surface of the upper lip is brought down on its back, where lies a supply of pollen from ano- ther flower. In this way, then, pollenization is secured. Passing on, the insect releases the lever, and the stigma assumes its former position. Now we have to see how, in the first place, the back of the insect became charged with pollen. In going to and returning from the nectar at the bottom of the flower, it would evidently brush the pollen off the hairs of the anthers above, by which it has been retained. This, then, is the use of the anther-hairs; had the pollen fallen to the floor of the tube, it could not have been carried away. The insect now has to pass out, and again the lever-lip of the stigma eomes into action. Just as it effected pollenization when the insect entered, so now it prevents contact of the pollen of its own flower. It is easily seen that the upper and receptive lip is pushed up out of the way by pressure from within against the lever. Under the microscope, I find that the edges of the two lips appear to be different; the papillz of the receptive lip are shorter than those of the lever-lip and its edge is thickened. I am in- debted, however, to bright weather fora strong confirmation of the mechanical views I have above expressed. I have then observed that the receptive lip has been bathed with mucous while the lever-lip has been quite dry ; the one has thus been shown to be receptive and the other not. Ihave the support of Mr. Charles Darwin, to whom I have shown the specimens, in saying that this peculiar structure 80 far is thus apparently correctly explained. It appears to me evi- dent, and perhaps admits of little doubt, though on first examina- tion I failed to appreciate clearly the beauty and use of the peculiar mechanism in question. Even to give positive and un- deniable proof is no easy matter, inasmuch as I have not been able to follow the precise steps in the ingress and exit of the insect : for, be it remembered, the plant is a tropical one, and the plaut in this country placed in a conservatory; as a consequence it is extremely inopportune and difficult successfully to notice the mechanism in the act of use under natural conditions. I have attempted to fertilize flowers, but without success; and this result is due, no doubt, to the dark weather of winter, and perhaps to a loss of vital force consequent on the artificial condi- tions of cultivation. Of this view there appears confirmation in SEED-STRUCTURE ETC. OF PACHIRA AQUATICA. 147 the small number of pollen-grains produced. I believe I am cor- rect in stating that no seeds have ever been produced by any means in a state of culture. Meyenia erecta is an Acanthaceous shrub of western tropical Africa, and it has purple or white flowers. On the Seed-structure and Germination of Pachira aquatica. By R. Irwry Lyne‘, of Kew Gardens. (Communicated by Dr. J. Murr, F.L.S.). [Read May 2, 1878.] (Pate VITI.) COMPARATIVELY few observations have been made on peculiar seed-structure and germination, and therefore I bring before the Society an example possessed of much interest. The structure of the seed is of the highest importance, seeing that all that follows in germination may be looked on as an evident consequence. The seeds now in question were received at Kew from Hon- duras in July of last year as those of the “ Provision Tree"; but to what tree this appellation is properly applied I was at first unable to discover, though being, without doubt, from the aspect of the young plants, a species of Pachira. Specimens in flower, sent by request for the purpose of identification, show it to be P. aquatica. The seeds vary in size and slightly in form, apparently from position and compression in the fruit. They are without albu- men, and consist in bulk of but one cotyledon, which is very fleshy and lobed, in a manner well shown by the sketches in Plate VIII. This cotyledon is evidently a store of much nutri- ment, and, after germination, persists a long time. The other, on the contrary, soon falls and appears to have little or no function ; it is always diminutive in size, and is not fleshy. The cotyledons are not quite opposite ; the smaller is always the highest, aud is also attached a little on one side towards one or other of the angles of the larger, which it embraces by its under face. The larger coty- ledon determines the form of the seed, and requires particular de- scription. Typically it has one plano-convex fold at right angles with the attachment, forming half of the spheroid of which the whole may be said to consist. There are, then, two lateral lobes or folds which together form the other half of the spheroid, each 148 MR. J. MIERS ON MARUPA, having a nearly plane face where they meet in front of the axis. In some seeds the folds form an acute angle with each other; in other cases a rounded floor lies between. An idea of this forma- tion may be taken by supposing a reniform flat cotyledon, such as is commonly seen, the upper half and lobes of which are folded upwards by a transverse line and then thickened to assume the form of these seeds. Germination takes place in about a fortnight after sowing ; the small cotyledon soon falls away, while the larger of the two persists, and in one case was exhausted only at the end of nearly six months. In the Kew Museum are germinating seeds of a species of Pa- chira which show, but slight deviation from the usual structure of seeds ; cotyledons similar in all particulars. They show, however, an approximation to the structure of which the present case is an extreme. One cotyledon is half the size of its fellow, is attached alittle higher up, and the larger is slightly corrugated. For further comparisons, consult the figures described in the accom- panying Plate. The materials are preserved in No. 1 Museum of the Royal Gardens. Pachira belongs to the tribe or suborder Bombaceæ of Malva- cee, and comes between the well-known genera Adansonia and Bombazx. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VIII. Fig. 1. Commencement of germination, showing position of small cotyledon. 2. Section through large cotyledon, showing attachment and the relative position of small cotyledon. . Upper-face view of small cotyledon. . A side view of the same. . Young plant with cotyledon still attached. . Cotyledon of same plant reduced to three fourths natural size. A rounded floor is seen between the folds, in contrast to fig. 2, where the folds make an acute angle with each other. . Pachira, sp., in Kew Museum above referred to. It shows the adhe- rence of two others of arrested growth, resulting from the production of several embryos on the same seed. C» Ovi» 09 -I On Marupa, a Genus of the Simarubacee. By Joun Mrz, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. [Read May 2, 1878.] (Puates IX. & X.) Is * Trimen's Journal’ (1873) I gave a hasty and very incomplete notice of Marupa, and I now contribute more complete details of A GENUS OF THE SIMARUBACER. 149 this very curious genus. On examining the vegetable products in the Brazilian collections sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1867, partly under my charge, I noticed a singular fruit preserved in alcoho], numbered 438 in the French Official Catalogue, p. 75, a specimen contributed by Señores Souza and Almeida from Pará, and ticketed “ Marupá ou Simarubá "; and among the samples of wood was one from the same contributors, marked “ Marupa ” and * Pao pombo;" so called because the fruits of this tree are eagerly devoured by wild pigeons. The solitary, oblong, gibbous fruit is very little smaller, but of the same shape as that of Samadera indica, described and figured by Gertner*. Both are essentially alike in structure, though very different in their development: in Gertner’s plant the pericarp is very thick, homogeneously integral, and subcoria- ceous; while in the Pará fruit it is disintegral, being separated into a very thin pergamineous bladder-like epicarp and a distinct pellicular endocarp, the intermediate space being filled with a copious mucilaginous mesocarp. In 1866, I noticed in the Ann. Sc. Nat. 5th ser. vol. v. p. 85, a memoir by Senh. Netto describing a Brazilian plant in flower only, which I take to be congenerie with the Marupa of Para; it is called by him Odina Francoana, and known to the natives by the name of Pao pombo: it has male flowers only, its fruit being un- known. It is evident that it cannot belong to Odina, as that is a Terebinthaceous genus near Semecarpus, and as its species all belong to India or Africa. The floral details given by Senh. Netto quite eorrespond with the characteristic outlines of the Simaru- baceæ, so clearly defined by St.-Hilaire (Mém. Mus. x. p. 137); and from the evidence before us we may safely eonelude that Netto's plant and the Pará Marupa are congeneric. Under this conviction, the following diagnosis is elaborated. * ‘De Fructibus, vol.ii. p. 352, tab. 156 c. This genus, so well illustrated by Gertner, is congenerie with the Aruba of Aublet, who figures the solitary fruit in a very ineipient state of growth, and is very different from the Sama- dera of most botanists, which is the Zwingera of Schreber, whose numerous spe- cies really belong to Quassia. Samadera proper has been quite misunderstood by all botanists up to the present time, and is only explained in Geertner’s analysis. The Samadera, Simaba, and Simaruba of Planchon are ill-defined by him in his review of the Simarubacee (Lond. Journ. Bot. v. p. 560). His Simaba cedron (Kew Journ. Bot. ii. p. 377, tab. xi.) is probably the type of an undescribed genus allied to Samadera. 150 MR. J. MIERS ON MARUPA, Marupa, 205.—Odina, Netto (non Roxb.). Flores diclini. In d, calyx parvus, glaber, profunde 5-fidus; sepala acuta, suberecta, persistentia : petala 5, alterna, triplo longiora, ob- ovata, concava, carnosula, cirea gynophorum patentia : stamina 10, petalis breviora, glabra; filamenta tenuia, ad squamulas totidem glo- bosas extus affixa; anthere parve, ovoide:e, bilobze, lobis longitudi- naliter dehiscentibus : gynophorus centralis, breviter columnaris, apice ovaria 5 sterilia gerens, quorum unum raro pseudopolygamum. In floribus 9 sepala marium, persistentia : petala caduca aut nulla : squa- mule staminales 10*, ilis marium simillimze, ad insertionem stami- num extus fossate stamina dein caduca : gynophorus centralis, altius columnaris, 5-sulcatus, fructum unicum et ovaria 4 sterilia sustinens. Fructus majusculus, subcompresse oblongus, gibbus, latere basali ventrali gynophoro insitus, suberectus, latere sub apicem depres- sione concava et lata signatus, ubi, in fundo, styli vestigium latet : pericarpium in partes distinctas solutum ; epicarpium tenuiter per- gamineum, translucens, latere ventrali a basi ad stylum, chorda latiuscula vasis nutritoriis repleta signatum; endocarpium dia- phanum, pelliculare; mesocarpium intermedium copiose mucosum. Semen solitarium, oblongum, compressum, margine ventrali fere rec- tum, ubi sub apicem rostro brevi expanso et ab illo suspensum ; testa conformis, ossea, in faciebus cancellato-rugosa; raphe mar- gine ventrali linearis, a rostro ad chalazam basalem et unilateralem descendens; integumentum internum tenuissimum : embryo exalbu- minosus, conformis ; cotyledones 2, ample, plano-convex:e, accumben- tes, apice breviter oblique sinuatz; radicula supera, brevis, teres, sinui insita, et a latere ventrali aversam se ostendens. Arbuscule Brasilienses, trunco magno lignoque subalbido utilissimo donate ; folia majuscula, alterna, glabra, bijugatim pinnata cum im- pari ; foliola elliptica, petiolata integra ; flores axillares, minimi, albidi, monoici, glomeratim spicati, spicis superioribus efoliatis ; fructus ma- jusculus, physiformis. Marupa Francoana, nob.— Odina Francoana, Netto, Ann, Sc. Nat. 5th ser. v. p. 85. In Brasilia, prov. Minas Geraes in campos secus Rio San Francisco: non vidi. A tree 20-25 feet high, with glabrous branches ; leaves alter- nate, nearly 4 in. apart, 6 in. long, on a common petiole which is bare at its base for 11 in., and 1 in. between the leaflets, of which there are two pairs and a terminal one somewhat larger than the lateral leaflets; these are 3} in. long, 1} in. broad, on petioles 6 * These ten staminal scales are called by Senh. Netto a 10-lobed disk ; but by analogy with all other Simarubacese, they must be held to be the scales upon which the stamens are affixed. A GENUS OF THE SIMARUBACER. 151 lines long. Spikes axillary, 2 in. long, bearing numerous, small, whitish flowers which are alternately proximate ; the upper spikes are without leaves and form a pseudo-panicle. The structure of the flowers as in the generic character. 2. Marupa Panazwsrs, nob.—Maroupa ow Simaruba, Souza d Almeida, Cat. Bras. Collect. p. 75, sub no. 438, Para. Vidi lignum Páo Pombo dietum, et fructus in alcohol ; cetera invisa. No leaves were attached to the specimen indicated: this con- sisted of simple axillary racemes torn from a branch; its pe- duncle 13 in. long, having about 6 alternate pedicels 3-4 lines long, all void of flowers, except one that was fructiferous; its pedicel supporting the persistent portions of the flower, which consisted of 5, small, erect, acute sepals, 10 rounded fleshy scales of the stamens from which the filaments had fallen; these sur- rounded the short gynophore, bearing on its summit 4 minute abortive ovaries and a single mature fruit as already described: the pericarp is pale and translucent, 18 lines long, 12 lines broad: the putamen, which nearly fills the cavity of the endocarp, is 14 lines long, 8 lines broad,.and 4 lines thick, is osseous, rugous, l-celled, containing a single, flattened, suspended seed 7} lines long, 4 lines broad, as in the generic character. DESORIPTION OF THE PLATES. Puate IX. Fig. 1. A branch of Marupa Francoana, taken from Senh. Netto's illustration of his Odina Francoana, with an inflorescence of small male flowers: natural size. 2. A flower in bud: enlarged. 3. A flower matured and expanded, showing the calyx, petals, and stamens: also magnified. 4. An anther, seen behind ; 5. The same, shown in front : both highly magnified. 6. The ten staminal glands or scales, two of them showing the filaments and anthers, all surrounding the gynophore, which supports five ste- rile ovaries: magnified. : - A section of a flower, where sometimes one of the sterile ovaries becomes larger and bears a single effete ovule, thus approaching a state of hermaphroditism: magnified. 8. The effete ovule: highly magnified. . The ten staminal scales surrounding the gynophore, which supports five minute sterile ovaries: much magnified. 10. A diagram showing the relative positions of the several parts. LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XVII. M -I c 152 DR. J. STIRTON ON THE LICHENS The same figures and numbers are here employed as those given in Senh. Netto's Plate, but here somewhat differently interpreted, by analogy with the structure seen in the female flower. PLATE X. Fig. 1. A female raceme of Marupa Paraensis bearing a ripe fruit: natural Size. 2. The calyx, the ten gland-like scales from which the filaments have fallen and which surround the gynophore, upon the summit of which are seen the cicatrix of the fallen fruit and the four sterile ovaries. 3. The same parts, seen from above : both magnified. 4. A longitudinal section of the pericarp of the fruit, with the enclosed putamen removed to show the physiform pergamineous epicarp, the inner membranaceous endocarp, and the copious intermediate mu- cous mesocarp. 5. The same section with the putamen restored, showing itto be suspended from a point beneath the persistent style. 6. The fruit seen on its ventral edge, showing the chord of nourishing vessels passing through the basal attachment, and thence ascending to the hilar point of suspension of the putamen. 7. The putamen, seen on its face. 8. The same, viewed on its ventral margin, showing the longitudinal chord of nourishing vessels. 9. A longitudinal section of the putamen, with the enclosed exalbuminous embryo within its membranaceous inner integument. 10. A transverse section of the osseous putamen. 11. A side view of the embryo deprived of its integument, showing the minute superior deflexed radicle turning away from the ventral edge. 12. The same, enveloped in its integument, showing the point of its suspen- sion, the short raphe ending in the laterally ventral chalaza. 13, An edge view of the plano-convex accumbent cotyledons. AU natural size. Remarks on Mr. Crombie’s Paper on the ‘Challenger’ Lichens in Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. By James Sripron, M.D., E.LS. {Read December 6, 1877.] Wirn reference to Mr. Crombie’s paper on the ‘Challenger ’ lichens, commencing at page 211 of Linn. Journ. for 1877, perhaps I may be permitted (as on a similar occasion elsewhere) to make some remarks on certain items in it. In the present instance I am taken somewhat at a disadvan- OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 153 tage; besides, it happens unfortunately that I am in possession of not more than a half of the * Challenger? specimens sent to me, as in this proportion only were the samples divisible ; and my first duty was, of course, to send to Kew all the types. Asa counterpoise, to a small extent, I made mieroscopical preparations of the characteristie erustaceous lichens; and these, along with some notes taken at the time of investigation, will serve my pur- pose in a certain proportion of the cases on which I wish to comment. Rocella patellata, Strn., and Ramalina tenuior, Strn., I consider good species. Endocarpiscum aterrimum, Strn.—Why Mr. Crombie should object to the distinction * aterrimum ” is beyond my comprehen- sion, as in à dry state the squamules are black enough; and this is all that is implied in the term. The specifie distinction has no diagnostie value. I need scarcely say I hold to aterrimum, and I am much mistaken if others do not agree with me. The genus Endocarpiscum, founded by Nylander, rests, I allow, on very slender grounds apart from those of Heppia; but as it marks a peculiar habit, more especially when coufined to the poly- Sporous section (in which is E. aterrimum), it may be allowed to stand. Lecidea teichiodes, Strn.—I was fully aware that the character of the thallus pointed to Dirina; but in view of the manifest discrepancies involved in the smooth, innate, concave apothecia, I felt myself constrained to yield. My microscopical preparation shows spores determinately 3-septate, and rather longer at times than I have indicated. I have not yet reached that transcendentalism in lichenology Which gives a predominance to the spermogonia in the determi- nation of genera over the larger and more obvious cbaracters afforded by the apothecia. Lecidea epipasta, Strn.,=L. epiplacodia, Cromb.—I have a de- cided objection, both structurally and grammatically, to Mr : Crombie’s amendment in the shape of epiplacodia (P lacodium being essentially a noun and used exclusively as such); besides, if used as a noun, the accusative plural is scarcely correct. Further, I think my pedantry will be pardoned if I remind him that “effusa” is not the Latin equivalent of epipasta. (See Mr. Crombie's paper.) d 154 DR. J. STIRTON ON THE LICHENS Epipasta characterizes well the appearance of this tribe gene- rally, and may accordingly stand as the specific distinction of one of them. All this appears trivial enough and even out of place in such a subject as the present ; but it should be remembered that the dis- cussion has been forced on me by way of defence. Lecidea thyrsodes, Strn.—Mr. Crombie has given the dimen- sions of an immature spore. Being more favourably situated, I selected the best of the three or four apothecia detected. Perhaps I have overstated the thickness a very little; but cer- tainly Mr. Crombie has understated it. The dimensions of the spores may be stated as *06—085 x:003—0035 millim. I find also that while the perithecium is complete in a young state, it is wanting, or very nearly so, at the base in a mature apothecium, whence my description, viz. “hypothecium incolor,” is much nearer the truth. What has been already stated accounts for the darker thallus as described by me. Opegrapha undulata, Strn.,=O. dialeuca, Cromb.—In this the margins are truly undulated in nearly every instance, while the spores are not determinately 7-septate, as stated by Mr. Crombie. In fact it very seldom happens that pluriseptate spores are de- terminately septate. By the way, it is rather curious that the same exception may be taken to Mr. Crombie's distinction dia- leuca that he advances against epipasta, as there are severa] Ope- graphe dialeucous. I have again examined what has been termed Ramalina ber- mudiana, and I cannot reconcile myself to its identification with R. complanata as Mr. Crombie does. I find the rufo-ferrugi- nous reaction by K on the thallus is confined to the soredioid points on which it is immediate, while this reaction is developed much more slowly over the general thallus, and only shows through this by the medulla being so affected. In Lecanora chlaronella, Nyl. (No. 13, Bermud.), Dr. Nylander founds the distinction from L. chlaroterodes, Nyl., in the fact that the former has an after vinoso-fulvescent reaction by means of iodine on the hymenial gelatine, while the latter has no such secondary reaction. My experience already tells me that this is a very unstable foundation. A solution of iodine very little stronger than usual will develop this secondary reaction in 4 pretty large proportion of such cases when a feebler one will not ; and it should be remembered that it is very difficult, if not im- OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 155 possible, to keep the ordinary solution of iodine at a uniform strength. I have noticed also that lichens recently gathered in a living state show a greater tendency to the development of this secondary reaction, while occasionally, although rarely, the con- verse holds. Besides all this, the vinoso-fulvescent after reaction is perhaps the most common of all such, and betrays differences of tint which no combination of terms will serve to indicate. The estimation of tints nearly related is also difficult, different obser- vers giving different estimates, and these, too, differing at different times. As I am engaged in experimenting in the same direction, I shall defer to another opportunity what I have to say further under this head. Mr. Crombie is perhaps right in referring L. cyanochroa, Strn., to L. endoleuca, Nyl.; but the “stratum infra hypothecium ” is purpurascent, andin the more recent state, when I examined the specimens, the epithecium was also purpurascent, or rather violas- cent, and not blackish. Ramalina aulota, Strn., is said to be= R. minuscula, Nyl. ; but as I have not seen a description of the latter, there is still a doubt. Why Dr. Nylander should object to the term noseriza when he himself uses rhypariza, chlorotiza, &c. in exactly similar cireum- stances and from exactly similar Greek words, is beyond my com- prehension. The apothecia have certainly a sickly colour ; and this is all that is implied in the term. I need scarcely say I hold to noseriza. Parmelia adepta, Cromb.,=P. euplecta, Strn. MS. p. 1—Mr. Crombie must have seen the name P. euplecta on the paper enclosing the fragment he speaks of, the smaller half of which I retain; and yet he ignores my name entirely, as indeed, with two exceptions, he does the others throughout the MS. The blackening of the thallus by K (also stated by me) is most likely owing to something abnormal, as I find that a are plication on another part gives partly negative effects, we the medulla beneath the unaffected portion gives iie sapere as stated in MS., viz. yellow in the upper white stratum and red in the lower very thin yellow stratum. Verrucaria prostans, Mut., is the proper determi fragment in my possession, and not V. cinchone, Ach. i Melanotheca rhaphidiza, Strn., is a good species Süd so ee aciculifera, Nyl. (see MS.) Mr. Crombie might have taken into nation of the 156 ON THE LICHENS OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. consideration the possibility that others had seen fully developed spores although he had not. Stereocaulon cymosum, Cromb.,— S. (Ceratocaulon) arborescens, Strn. MS. p. 6.— This lichen was deposited in Kew and a descrip- tion of it recorded long before Mr. Crombie could have received his specimen. Neuropogon trachycarpus, Strn. MS. p. 7, is a good species. Lecanora cyphelliformis, Cromb., =L. cypellioides Strn., see MS. p. 13. The only excuse Mr. Crombie has given for rejecting cypellioides is contained, as usual, in two words written in pencil on the MS., viz. “nomen informe "; and yet the composition is obvious enough, like a little cypellum. As a professed classical critic, Mr. Crombie is singularly un- fortunate in the present amendment. In the school to which he belongs, such an engrafting of a Latin affix on a purely Greek stock is regarded as a solecism. There is one exception, however, which I think should be allowed, viz. the use of the Latin prefix * sud” to both Latin and Greek words or derivatives from either. This prefix is so handy, and has scarcely so neat an equivalent in Greek. Accordingly, I object to Nylander substituting Jatypodes for sublatypea, Leight. ; besides, Dr. Nylander employs * sub" in nearly similar circum- stances, viz. subchlorotica, sublecideina, &e. Lecidea disjungenda, Cromb., = L., subjiciens, Strn. MS. p. 14.— I have not seen Mr. Crombie's description of L. disjungenda ; but his remarks under No. 11, Kerguelen, leave little room for doubt. Lecidea superjecta, Nyl., = L. ephizousa, Strn. MS. p. 15. Lecidea terebratula, Strn. MS. p. 16, is considered by Mr. Crombie as identical with L. ephizousa. I can scarcely agree with him, as the differences, although minute, are characteristic. This lichen puzzled me at the time of investigation. Stereocaulon subcespitosum, Strn. MS. p. 22, can scarcely be S. mixtum, Nyl., as the gonimia in the cephalodia are sirosiphoid, and not seytonemoid. It is rather strange, however, that scytonemoid threads have been detected on the surface of these cephalodia. Lecidea canescens, Strn., was a slip for L. candidescens. Dr. Nylander bas named the lichen Z. acunhana. Permit me, in the last place, through this medium to remind Dr. Nylander that Zecanora vitellinella, Nyl., described at p. 184 of the Linn. Journ. for 1876, ought to be changed, as the same ON THE MIGRATION OF PINGUICULA GRANDIFLORA. 157 name had previously been given by Mr. Mudd to another Lecanora. There are still several points in Mr. Crombie's paper of minor importance to which I might have adverted ; but at present I have neither the leisure nor the inclination to do so. Note on the Probable Migration of Pinguicula grandiflora through the Agency of Birds. By Prof. Arıman, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., President Linn. Soc. [Read June 6, 1878.] Ix the month of June 1877 I received from the co. Cork a consi- derable number of specimens of Pinguicula grandiflora, and planted them round the margin of a small pond at Parkstone in Dorset- shire. They took admirably to their new locality, and for some months continued to flourish ; but towards the end of autumn I was dis- appointed at finding that they began to disappear, and before winter was well advanced a large proportion of my plants had completely vanished. A conversation with Prof. Thiselton Dyer led me to suspect that birds were the depredators; and that in this suspicion I did no injustice to the birds, became sufficiently obvious when a sudden visit to the pond would startle a Blackbird or Thrush from his oceupation among the surrounding marsh-plants. On such occasions recent marks of beaks were visible in the peat, and sometimes a recently eradicated Pinguicula might be seen lying on the ground. : That the birds actually made away with the plants and did not confine themselves to a search for worms which might be concealed among their roots, may be concluded from the actual disappear- ance of most of the uprooted plants. It was chiefly after the plants had passed into the state of bulb-like buds, in which they continue during the winter, that they became liable to attack. One fine patch, however, which had been partially protected by surrounding it with branches of trees, escaped destruction and threw up in abundance during the spring its beautiful blue flowers. But what especially surprised me was the fact that during the last spring, at a distance of nearly a hundred yards from 158 ON THE MIGRATION OF PINGUICULA GRANDIFLORA. the pond to where I had absolutely confined my specimens, a fine healthy plant of the Pinguicula with numerous vigorous flower- stalks had made its appearance. There is no possibility of the plant having been accidentally dropped there; and the only ex- planation I can offer is that it was carried there by a bird. If this explanation be the true one, we have an important fact in the migration of a plant with a geographical distribution so limited and remarkable as that of Pinguicula grandiflora being thus effected through the agency of birds. I have reason to believe that the Irish area has been gradu- ally extending itself in an easterly direction; for the plant is now found considerably to the east of the limits within whieb the Irish botanists of the earlier part of the present century had supposed it to be confined—a fact which the transporting agency of birds would help to explain. I believe that many parts of Dorsetshire and Hampshire are as well adapted to the growth of Pinguicula as the regions to which its natural distribution is at present confined, the Spanish peninsula with the northern slopes of the Pyrenees and the south- western parts of Ireland. Many of the rarer bog-plants with which it is associated in its Trish locality are also found here, such as Bartsia viscosa, Ana- gallis tenella, Campanula hederacea, Radiola millegrana, Pinguicula lusitanica, and Utricularia minor. I am not aware of living specimens having been hitherto intro- - duced into this part of England; and it is possible that with their tendency to migrate, my plants may become a centre from which Pinguicula grandiflora may establish itself in the moors of Dorset- shire and Hampshire. No one can regret the extension of so beautiful a plant; but as its occurrence in the south of England may become a source of perplexity to the future student of phyto- geography, I have thought it my duty to place on record the date and manner of its introduction. MR. C. B. CLARKE ON DIMORPHISM IN THE RUBIACE®. 159 On two Kinds of Dimorphispr in the Rubiacee. By CuanrEs Baron Crane, M.A., F.LS. [Read June 20, 1878.] Mr. Darwin has described, under the name dimorphism, the case where one species possesses two kinds of flowers, viz. one with long filaments and a short style, the other with short filaments and a long style. These are reciprocally fertile ; and such dimor- phism forms one of the routes towards dioicism. This kind of dimorphism is found in many natural orders, and is very frequent in the Rubiacez, as in the type genus Cinchona. In this kind of dimorphism the differences between the two forms of flower are of slight systematie importance ; the older authors have used the charaeter of longer or shorter style, longer or shorter filaments, to distinguish species in genera where many (if not all) species possess both kinds of flowers. In the case, however, of the genus Adenosacme the dimorphism is of a different kind, affecting a character of first-rate systematic im- portance, viz. the point of insertion of the stamens. Here the short-styled form has the stamens inserted high on the corolla- tube; the long-styled form has the stamens attached at the very base of the corolla-tube, almost free from it. Adenosacme is a genus of small shrubs; A. longifolia, Wall., common in Sikkim and Khasia, where I have often examined is fresh flowers. Fig. 1 is a copy ofa vertical section of the short- styled form noted on one of my field-tickets; fig. 2 of the long- Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Diagrammatic representation of vertical sections of the flower of Adenosacme longifolia. Fig. 1, short styled, and fig. 2, long-styled variety. Both x 5 diameters. 160 MR. C. B. CLARKE ON DIMORPHISM IN THE RUBIACER. styled. In the latter the stamens ave very nearly, or quite, free from the stamen-tube and stand on the ovary. The anthers and the ovaries and ovules in the two forms are indistinguishable, as are the fruits. Of Adenosacme, Hook. f.,in Bth. & Hk. f. Gen, Pl. i. 69, gives as part, of the generic character, * Stamens inserted on the middle or above the middle of the corolla." On the other hand, Wallich, in his description of A. longifolia (under the name Rondeletia, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. ii. 137), states, “Stamens inserted at the base ofthe corolla-tube ; filaments very short; anthers oblong, not elevated beyond the height of the calycine lacinie." The Deccan species of Adenosaeme is A. acuminata, figured by Wight under the name Lawia (Wight, Icon. 1070); Wight thereunder states the stamens are at the very bottom of the corolla-tube, but gives two dissections in his plate showing the stamens quite free from the corolla, standing directly on the top of the ovary. Wight was clearly surprised at such a position of the stamens in the order Rubiacew. I suppose that [ have explained the extreme contra- diction in the statements of Hooker, Wallich, and Wight regard- ing this genus. In examining again the dried flowers, I find that in my long- styled examples of A. longifolia the corolla easily separates, leaving the stamens standing on the ovary: the pollen of these appears perfect, and like that from the short-styled form. The long- and short-styled forms are in all my examples produced on separate individuals. I need not occupy the time of this Society by enlarging on the systematie value attached to the distinetion between stamens on the corolla-tube and stamens on the disk, which in the genus Adenosacme fails us even as a specific character. Dimorphism is here carried to a degree which I have not seen before noticed. The second kind of dimorphism is perhaps yet more worthy of note, as it 1s carried into the fruit. Randia uliginosa, DC., is a small tree very common in the swamps of Bengal. I at first supposed there were two curiously similar species. My lamented friend Sulpicius Kurz states (in his ‘Forest Flora of British Burma,’ ii. 45) that some trees produce sessile flowers succeeded by fruits the size of a hen’s egg ; other trees long and slenderly pedicelled flowers succeeded by fruits about half the size of the former. This is so; the sessile flowers (fig. 3) have the corolla-tube longer with a long style, the stigmas MR. C. B. CLARKE ON DIMORPHISM IN THE RUBIACEX. 161 separate; the peduncled flowers (fig. 4) have the corolla-tube and style very short, the stigma clavate with spiral lines. The small fruits contain perfect seeds exactly resembling the seeds of the Fig. 4. Diagrams of flowers of Randia uliginosa. Fig. 3, sessile-flowered, and fig. 4, peduncled-flowered variety. Both x 14 diam. . largerfruits. In this species all the peduncles are 1-flowered. But in the closely allied section of Gardenia (called by Kurz the sub- genus Randioides) the fertile trees have the hermaphrodite flowers sessile, solitary, producing large fruits; the other kind of trees (called by Kurz hermaphrodite-sterile) have the flowers cymed and usually sterile; Kurz says always sterile ; but there is one example at Kew in which the terminal flower of the cyme has produced a fruit smaller than the typical fruit of the species (G. erythroclada, Kurz), but apparently quite perfect. We are here on the boundary line between dimorphism and dioicism ; but Kurz says that in one closely allied species (G. sessiliflora, Wall.) the two kinds of inflorescence and flowers occur on one tree. In the Rubiacez it frequently happens that the stigmas are more or less combined or separate in the same species or indivi- dual ; when combined, there is usually seen a straight, or nearly straight, line on each side along which they separate upon the application of a little pressure. But in other species of Rubiaceæ a clavate stigma with convolute linear markings, as in fig. 4, occurs; and I do not know that such stigmas ever become bifid. I should add that figs. 3 and 4 are copied from field-notes, and are accompanied by specimens by which they can be verified in the particular cases ; but I am by no means sure that the larger (or rather longer) flower occurs invariably sessile, the smaller flower peduncled, though, so far as I recollect, it is so. I fear 162 MR. N. E. BROWN ON THE the present communication will not assist much in the discrimi- nation of the species and genera of Rubiacex, except as a caution to systematists to rely absolutely on no single character. The Stapeliee of Thunberg’s Herbarium, with Descriptions of four new Genera of Stapeliee. By N. E. Bnóws, Her- barium, Royal Gardens, Kew. (Communieated by Professor Oxiver, F.R.S., F.L.S.) [Read June 20, 1878.] (Prates XI. & XII.) A portion of Thunberg's herbarium being loaned to Kew by the kindness of Dr. Th. Fries, of the University, Upsaia, for the pur- pose of working up the South-African flora, I have availed myself of the opportunity to examine the plants placed by Thunberg in the genus Stapelia. The species are 11 in number, consisting of all those described in Thunberg’s * Flora Capensis,’ and one other, viz. :—S. pilifera, L.; S. mammillaris, L.; S. incarnata, L.; S. hir- suta (three species under this name); S. ciliata, Thbg.; S. fascicu- lata, Thbg. ; S. variegata, L.; S. caudata, Thbg. ; and S. planiflora, Jacq. According to the present understanding of the genus Stapelia, I find that only five of these species properly belong to it, viz. 5. rariegata, S. planiflora, and the three included under the name S. hirsuta ; the other six belong to five other different genera, two of which are herein characterized for the first time. Stapelia mammillaris, L., I find to be identical with S. pulla, Mass. ; both names have been placed under the genus Piaranthus ; but this genus has been entirely misunderstood by all authors. The confusion that has arisen since it was first characterized by Robert Brown in 1811 was really begun by Robert Brown him- self; for after describing the flowers as having no outer corona (“corona staminea simplex, 5-phylla, foliolis dorso dentatis ”), he stated that the only species certainly belonging to the genus were S. punctata and S. pulla, Mass. Unfortunately Masson's speci- men of S. punctata does not now exist; but Sir Henry Barkly has sent to Kew a species from Namaqualand which seems to be identical with Masson's plant; and this has a corona that exactly agrees with R. Brown's character above quoted: on the other hand, S. pulla has a very different corona, which does not agree with the character “corona simplex." Of this species I have examined a STAPELIEJE OF THUNBERG'S HERBARIUM. 163 specimen in spirit at the British Museum, another in spirit at Kew sent by Sir Henry Barkly, and two living plants sent home by the same gentleman which flowered last year: in this plant there is a distinct outer corona, the lobes of which are connate in a cup, and adnate to five dorsal tooth-like projections from the lobes of the inner corona; besides this, S. punctata and S. pulla differ widely in habit, as may at once be seen on glancing at Masson's figures. The yearafter R. Brown's paper was published, Haworth published his ‘Synopsis Plantarum Succulentarum,’ wherein we find he has placed only S. pulla in the genus Piaranthus, and S. punctata, together with S. decora and S. geminata, Mass., he places in his new genus Obesia ; and here he is right; for these three species are undoubted congeners: but the characters of Obesia are exactly those of Piaranthus; therefore as the latter genus claims priority, and the Obesic are the only plants that agree with the character on which it was founded, Obesia must rank as a syno- nym of Piaranthus. Matters have been further complicated, first by the erroneous description of Obesia given by Decaisne in DeCandolle’s Prod. viii. p. 661; secondly, by Mr. Bentham, in the ‘Genera Plantarum,’ having placed it as asynonym of Podanthes, from which it materially differs in wanting the outer corona pos- sessed by that genus, Podanthes being closely related to Stapetia § Orbea; andit must, I think, only constitute another section of thatheteromorphie genus. I here add emended characters of the genus Piaranthus. Prarantuvus, R. Brown (non alior.).—Obesia, Haw. Calyx 5-partitus, basi intus 5-squamatus. Corolla rotata vel campa- nulata, alte 5-fida. Corona simplex (exterior deest), 5-loba, lobis dorso dentato-cristatis.—Herbz Afric australis, carnose, Duvali- arum habitu. Hie pertinet P. punctatus, R. Br. ; P. decorus, Mass. ; P. geminatus, Mass.; P. serrulatus, Jacq. Stapelia mammillaris, L. (S. pulla, Mass.), I propose to place for the present in the genus Boucerosia, of which, with a few other species, it will form a section, characterized by the narrow corolla-lobes, included gynostegium, and stems armed on the angles with stout spine-like teeth. I prefer this rather than erect it into a new genus; for, from the material at Kew, it is evident that either a number of very closely allied genera will have to be established, which is undesirable, or the forms must be grouped into sections under one genus. 164 MR. N. E. BROWN ON THE In the following deseriptions I have arranged them (and num- bered in brackets) in the same order they are described in Thun- berg's * Flora Capensis.’ * I take this opportunity to gratefuliy acknowledge the numerous obligations lam under to Prof. Oliver for the kindness with which he has always assisted me in cases of difficulty, not only as regards the subjects of this paper, but on many other occasions when difficulties have arisen in working out this somewhat trou- blesome group. TricHocsavLon, N. E. Br., gen. nov. Calyx 5-partitus, basi intus 5-squamatus, segmentis acuminatis. Co- rolla patelliformis aliquando tubo brevi instructa, alte 5-fida; lobis late ovatis, cuspidatis, valvatis. Corona duplex, breviter stipitata ; ex- terior alte 5-loba, lobis basi breviter connatis alteque bipartitis, seg- mentis valde divaricato-arcuatis; interioris lobi 5, ligulati, coronæ exteriore antherisque basi adnati, apice obtusi liberi incumbentes. Caules humiles, crasso-carnosi, multangulati, angulis tuberculatis, tuberculis aculeatis. Flores parvi inter angulos prope ramorum sum- mum subsolitarii, brevissime pedicellati. Species 2, Africe australis incolz. As a genus, this will stand next to Hoodia, of which it has the habit; but differs from that genus as follows:— The corolla is very much smaller and deeply 5-lobed instead of truncate, and the lobes of the outer corona, instead of being shortly bifid, are deeply bipartite, and the two narrow segments so formed are horizontal and widely divergent-curved, the apex of one seg- ment of one lobe touching, or nearly so, the apex of one seg- ment of the adjacent lobe, so as to present the appearance of a pair of mandibles, as is noticed by Thunberg. Flores fusco-purpurei ........... ess T piliferum: Flores flavi -enaa 1o s T. flavum. (1.) T. prutFerum. (Pl. XI. fig 1.) Corolla diametro 7-8 lin., tubo brevi instructa, extus levis, intus papil- lato-rugosa, fusco-purpurea ; corona purpurea. — Stapelia pilifera, Linn. Suppl. 171; Thunb. Fl. Cap. ii. 165 ; Mass. Stap. V7, t. 23.—S. (Go- nostemon) pilifera, DC. Prod. viii. 655.— Piaranthus piliferus, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 359. Hab. in Karoo trans Hartequas Kloof et infra Roggefeldt Bergen (Thunberg, Masson). Thunberg's specimen consists of two pieces of stem, one im- perfect flower as shown in the drawing, and half of another flower. STAPELIEX OF THUNBERG'S HERBARIUM. ` 165 This material being too imperfect to construct a genus from it, I have derived the generic character chiefly from a closely allied species sent to Kew by Sir Henry Barkly, of which the following is a diagnosis. TRICHOCAULON FLAVUM, sp. nov. (PL XI. figs. 2-4.) Corolla diametro 5-6 lin., sine tubo, extus levis, intus minute papillata, flava. Hab. Karoo? (Bain in Herb. Kew.). The smaller yellow corolla, destitute of any tube, easily sepa- rates this species from its near ally 7. piliferum. Bovucerosta ($ PURISANTHA). Char. sect. Corolla lobis angustis; corona duplex variabilis ; caules 4-6- angulati, angulis spinoso-dentatis vel rarius inermibus. (2.) B. ($ PunisANTHA) wAMMILLAmIS. (Pl. XI. figs. 5-13.) Ramis erectis, glabris, 6-angularibus; flores inter angulos fasciculati, pedi- cellis ] lin. longis, glabris; corolla campanulata, lobis anguste lanceo- latis, acutis, marginibus valde revolutis, erecto-patentibus, extus levis albida atro-purpurea marginata et maculata, intus lobis atro-purpureis, minute setoso-tuberculatis, tubo albido atro-purpureo maculato ; corona atro-purpurea, exterior cyathiformis, 10-dentatis, interior 5-loba, lobis biramosis, ramis interioribus ad apicem in cornu breve productis, ramis exterioribus dentiformibus ad eoronam exteriorem breviter adnatis.— Stapelia mammillaris, Linn. Mant. 216 ; Thunb. Fl. Cap. ii. 166.— Pec- tinaria mammillaris, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 357.—Piaranthus mammillaris, Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 114.—Stapelia pulla, Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1, i. 310; Mass. Stap. 21, t. 31 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1648.—S. (§ Pectinaria) mammil- laris, DC. Prod. viii, 663.— Piaranthus pullus, R. Brown in Wern. Soc. i. 23; Haw. Synop. 44; Benth. Gen. Pl. 782; DC. Prod. viii. 650. Hab. in rupibus collium prope Olyfants-rivier versus septen- trionem, in Karoo juxta Hexrivier et alibi (Thunberg). Thunberg's specimen consists of three bits of stem and one flower ; on examination, I found this to be identical with the spe- cimen of S. pulla in the British Museum (Pl. XI. f. 11), which I cannot separate specifically from the specimens sent to Kew by Sir Henry Barkly (Pl. XI. f. 7-10). Figs. 7 and 8 are respectively side and front views of the corona from one plant; figs. 9 and 10 are similar views of the corona from another plant. These outlines show how variable is the corona in different individuals of the same species; for beyond these differences in the coronas there was no difference between the stems and flowers of the two plants. Thunberg's specimen has a corolla like fig. 5 and a corona like 166 ME. N. E. BROWN ON THE fig. 11; and as the stems are like Sir Henry Barkly's plants, and the only difference observable being in the curvature of the lobes of the inner corona, I conclude that they all form one species which is liable to coronal variation. (3. Bovcrnosra (8 PURISANTHA) INCARNATA. (Pl. XI. figs. 14-17.) Ramis erectis, glabris, 4-angularibus, 6-8 lin. crassis ; flores inter angu- los fasciculati, pedicellis 1 lin. longis, glabris; corolla campanulata, pallide incarnata, lobis erecto-patentibus, lineari-lanceolatis, subacutis, convexis, extus levis, intus minute rugosa, ad faucem minute pilosa ; corona flava, exterior 5-loba, lobis suberectis bifidis, interior 5-loba, lobis ligulatis subobtusis apice non productis.— Stapelia incarnata, Linn. Suppl. V/1; Thunb. Fl. Cap. ii. 167; Mass. Stap. 22, t. 34.— Podanthes incarnata, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 358.— Piaranthus incarnatus, Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 114; Dene. in DC. Prod. viii. 650. Hab. Saldana Bay, in montibus juxta Compagnies post, prope Verlooren Valley et alibi (Thunberg, Masson). The outlines of the flower and corona I have made from the dried flower, and the spreading of the corolla-lobes and lobes of the outer corona may not be quite as in life. As regards the outer coronal lobes in the flower examined by me, they were as shown at fig. 16; buttheir position in life is probably somewhat as shown at fig. Lo. (4.) SrAPELIA HIRSUTA. Under this name Thunberg has confused three species, neither of which seem to be the true plant. His specimens are glued upon two sheets of paper marked a and b; on the first sheet are two species, on the second one. As they are not very well dried, it renders it almost impossible to recognize the species or describe them correctly ; but the following is an attempt to characterize his specimens without at present giving them names; they all belong to the section Stapeltonia. SHEET a, left-hand specimen. (Pl. XI. figs. 18 & 19.) Stems pubescent, flowering near the base of the young branches. Pedicels 14 in. long, pubescent. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, pubescent. Corolla pubescent on the back ; face rugose, densely villous in the centre; lobes lanceolate, acute, fringed with long simple hairs. The parts of the corona are as shown in the drawing. Probably a slender species, as the specimen has a stem 5 in. long, 3-3} lin. broad, with the teeth 21-3} lin. distant; the STAPELIEJE OF THUNBERG'S HERBARIUM. 167 -corolla is about 2 in. diam., but is much shrunk in drying, and, when fresh, would be 3—4 in. diam. or more; in colour it seems to have been purple-brown, with transverse yellowish lines on the lobes (?), which are glabrous on the upper two thirds, the basal one third and disk being covered with fine, silky, matted, purple hairs ; the parts of the corona are pallid, but that may be the effect of drying. N.B. The flower is detached from the stem. SHEET a, right-hand specimen. (Pl. XI. figs. 20 & 21.) Stems pubescent, flowering near the base of the young branches. Pedicels 11 in. long, pubescent. Calyx-lobes lanceolate acumi- nate, pubescent. Corolla with the disk covered with woolly hairs ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, densely fringed with rather long simple hairs. Parts of corona as shown in the drawing ; the lobes of the outer corona appear very short comparatively. The specimen is merely a young flowering branch that has not attained its full proportions, being only 24 in. long, and slender in proportion, from which it is impossible to form a correct idea of the plant. The dried flower is 14 lines in diameter, but is pro- bably very much larger when fresh; the lobes appear to be smooth on the face, and more or less covered with hairs; colour all faded. Surer b. (Pl. XI. figs. 22 & 23.) Stems pubescent, teeth rather distant, flowering near the base ofthe young’ branches. Pedicels 4 in. long, pubescent. Calyx- lobes 7 lines long, linear-lanceolate, acute, pubescent. Corolla large, 43-5 in. diam., pubescent on the back ; face rugose, dark purple-brown, with transverse yellow lines on the middle part of lobes; the disk and base of lobes densely covered with matted purplish or purple hairs. Parts ofthe corona as shown in the drawing dark purple-brown, with the tips of the inner horns paler. Perhaps the plant described in Thunberg's ‘ Fl. Cap.’ ii. 168. This may perhaps prove to be Stapelia hamata, Jacq. DriprocyarnmA, N. E. Br., gen. nov. Calyx 5-partitus, basi intus 5-squamatus. Corolla tubo campanulato, pro- cessu campanulato-tubuloso cum corollze tubo zquilongo e fundo intus oriundo, lobis valvatis peranthesin patentibus. ‘Corona duplex breviter stipitata, exterior 5-loba, lobis basi connatis, latis, bifidis ; interior lobis LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. N 168 MR. N. E. BROWN ON THE 5, antheris basi adnatis, ovatis, incumbentibus. Pollinia subhorizonta- lia, tumida, semiorbicularia, caudiculis brevibus glandule ad appendi- ces laterales affixa. Caules humiles, aphylli, crasso-carnosi, quadrangu- lares, angulis grosse dentatis. Species 1, Africa australis incola. (5.) DriPLocvaTrHa cintata. (Pl. XII. figs. 1-3.) Ramis decumbentibus, 13-2 poll. longis, glabris; pedicellis 6-8 lin. longis, erectis; lobis calycinis lanceolatis, acutis, glabris; corolla 3 poll. diam., * extus levis viridi-purpurascens, intus cinerea papillosa, scabra, papillis apice rufescentibus ” ( Thunb.), lobis ovatis acutis albo- ciliatis, ciliis clavatis, processus tubulosus margine revoluto crassis- sima, integerrima, “intus extusque papillis apice purpurascentibus, muricatus " (Thunb.), fundo circa genitalia dense barbata. Coronz exterioris lobis erecto-patentibus transverse oblongis, bifidis vel biden- tatis, dentibus subacutis, interioris crassis, ovatis, acuminatis, apice in cornu brevissime productis.—Stapelia ciliata, Thunb. Fl. Cap. ii. 1685 Mass. Stap. 9, t. 1.—Tromotriche ciliata, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 358.— Podanthes ciliata, Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 118.—Stapelia $ Podanthes, Dene. in DC. Prod. viii. 655. Hab. Karoo inter Roggefeldt et Paardeberg, et infra Bækland- berg (Thunberg, Masson). ` A very remarkable plant, which only appears to have been col- lected by the two above-mentioned botanists. The large tubular process which arises from near the bottom of the corolla-tube was mistaken by Thunberg for the outer corona; but it is unques- tionably analogous to the fleshy annulus arising from the corolla and surrounding the genitalia found in those species of Stapelia which form the § Orbea, such as S. planiflora, S. variegata, S. mar- morata, &c. (6.) SrAPELIA rAsctCULATA, Thunb. Fl. Cap. ii. 170.—Piaran- thus? fasciculata, Schultes, Syst. vi. 10; Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 113. —P.? fasciculatus, Dene. in DC. Prod. viii. 650. Hab. In collibus Hantum prope Roggefeldtsberg (Thunberg). There is a specimen in Thunberg's herbarium without a name; consisting of two bits of stem, one of which bears two follicles 4 inches Jong on an erect pedicel 16 lines long. As this agrees exactly with his description of S. fasciculata, it must, I think, be that plant; but as there are no flowers, it is impossible to deter- mine it, though, to judge from the specimen, it does not belong to the genus Stapelia, and may possibly be either a Huernia, Duvalia, or Piaranthus. STAPELIEJE OF THUNBERG'S HERBARIUM. 169 (7.) SrTAPELIA (§ ORBEA) VARIEGATA, Linn. Sp. Pl. i. 217, ed. 3, i. 316; Thunb. Fl. Cap. ii. 170; Jacq. Stap. t. 39, bona; Dene. in DC. Prod. viii. 659. Hab. in montium lateribus ad Leuweberg, prope Kafferkeuls rivier et alibi, vulgaris (Zhunberg). Specimens of this plant, both living and in spirits, collected on the Lion Mount (= Leuweberg) near Cape Town, were sent to Kew by Sir Henry Barkly. These agree exactly with Thunberg’s specimen and with Jacquin's figure above quoted. (8. BnaAcHYsTELMA CAUDATUM.—Stapelia caudata, Thunb. Flor. Cap. ii. 171.—Brachystelma crispum, Grah. Phil. Journ. 1830, 170; Bot. Mag. 3016; Dene. in DC. Prod. viii. 647. Hab. Africa australis. Thunberg's description of the corolla, * Corolla plana, purpurea, intus squamosa,” is so erroneous, that without seeing his speci- men 1t would be impossible to identify it. The specimen, which is extremely well dried, shows that the corolla has a short tube and a rotate limb, the lobes of which are long and narrow with very revolute margins; the tips of the lobes are dull greenish, the basal part and tube yellowish spotted with dark purple- brown. By “intus squamosa,’ I suppose is meant the sparse pubescence on the apical half oflobes, consisting of minute rather thick hairs. Thunberg's specimen exactly agrees with Brachy- stelma erispum, Grah., as figured in the * Botanical Magazine,’ t. 3016; except that the leaves are slightly narrower and less undulated, there is no other difference. STAPELIA ($ ORBEA) PLANIFLORA, Jacq. Stap. t. 40; Dene. in DC. Prod. viii. 659. Hab. Africa australis. This is the only other Stapelia in Thunberg’s herbarium, and the only one not mentioned in his ‘Flora Capensis.’ As it is identical with Jacquin’s plant, it needs no further comment here. Sarcocopon, N. E. Br., gen. nov. * Calyz 5-partitus, basi intus 5-squamatus, segmentis angustis, acutis. Corolla campanulata, quinquifida; lobis latis ovatis. Corona duplex, subsessilis ; exterior 5-loba, lobis longis, angustis, basi breviter conna- tis, alte bifidis; interioris lobi 5, ligulati, coronz exteriore antherisque basi adnati, apice membranacei obtusi vel emarginati liberi incum- * The two following genera do not belong to Thunberg's Herbarium. 170 MR. N. E. BROWN ON THE bentes. Pollinia subhorizontalia, subrotunda, tumida, caudiculis bre- vibus ad glandulam affixa. Caules? crasso-carnosi. Flores magni, in cymis umbellatis sessilibus terminalibus dispositi. Species 1, in terra Somalensi incola. This genus may be distinguished from all others by its large bell-shaped corolla and a subsessile corona, whose outer segments are long and narrow with a deep linear notch. Its affinities are with Boucerosia. Sarcocopon SPECIOSUS, N. E. Br. (Pl. XII. figs. 4-8.) Pedicellis 2 lin. longis, crassis, basi bracteatis, bracteis 13 lin. longis, subulatis, minute barbatis ; lobis calycinis lanceolatis, subacutis, pilis crassis minutis sparsim obteetis; corolla diametro 13 poll., extus in- tusque levis, glabra, tubo amplo campanulato, lobis latis, ovatis, acutis, patentibus, marginibus revolutis pilis clavatis ciliatis ; coronz exterioris lobis anguste lanceolatis, 1 3 lin. longis, alte bifidis, segmen- tis parallelis, interioris lobis oblongis, truncatis, emarginatis vel obtusis. Hab. Brava Magadoxo (Dr. Kirk! in Herb. Kew.). The history of this plant is as follows :—In 1875 Dr. Kirk sent a box to Kew containing two living plants, which he stated in a letter to be two species of Stapeliee. Isaw these plants, and could not discover the slightest specific difference between them, nor could others at Kew; they were bushy plants about 16 inches high, with 4-angled leafless stems an inch or more thick, the angles with short stout teeth, and margined witha white subcar- tilaginous border. No flowers were sent with them, and the plants soon died. The following year Dr. Kirk sent to Kew, preserved in spirits, what were stated to be the flowers of the two living plants previously sent: one of these specimens belongs to the genus Boucerosia, the other is the plant above described. From the very small portion of stem sent with each inflorescence, it is impossible to be certain which belongs to the living plants sent (of which I have a drawing and a specimen in spirits); and it is just possible there has been some mistake, and that the living plants were quite different from either; for I can find no trace of the white angles on the small bits of stem sent with the flowers, and this is very conspicuous on the piece of stem I preserved in spirits from the living plants. From this cause I am unable to describe the stems of Sarcocodon speciosus in a satisfactory manner, as the only bit of stem that I can certainly identify as be- longing to it is the small section shown on Pl. XII. fig. 5. STAPELIEJ OF THUNBERG’S HERBARIUM. 171 Huerniopsis, JN. E. Br., gen. nov. Calyx 5-partitus, basi intus 5-squamatus, segmentis lanceolatis, acumi- natis. Corolla campanulata, 5-loba. Corona simplex (exterior deest), 5-loba, lobis crassis erectis simplicibus, antheris basi adnatis. Pollinia subhorizontalia, tumida, oblonga, caudiculis brevibus glandule ad appendices laterales affixa. Caules perhumiles, aphylli, crasso- carnosi, quadrangulares, angulis dentatis. Flores mediocres, cymosi, cymis paucifloris bracteatis ad medium ramulorum inter angulos ses- silibus. Species 1, Afric: australis incola. H. pecretens, N. E. Br. (Pl. XII. figs. 9-13.) Ramis procumbentibus, 1-23 poll. longis, 3 poll. crassis, plus minusve clavatis, glabris; pedicellis 1-3 lin. longis, crassis, glabris; lobis ca- lycinis lanceolatis, acuminatis, glabris; corolla diam. 1 poll., extus glabra cineraceo-viridi, schistaceo vittata maculataque, intus saturate rufo-purpurea luteo variegata, lobis delteideo-acuminatis, recurvatis, pilis elavatis basi ciliatis. Corona purpurea. Hab. P 2216, MacOwan! This is a very curious plant, which I have cultivated several years without any knowledge of its native country until last year, when Prof. MacOwan sent to Kew a specimen in spirits from the Cape of Good Hope, but without exactlocality. In habit, form, and size of stems it so much resembles Duvalia polita, that before it lowered I mistook it for a constantly 4-angled form of that plant: the flowers, on the other hand, are very like those of a Huernia, to which genus Huerniopsis is most nearly related; but the utter absence of an outer corona at once distinguishes it. In this latter respect it resembles Piaranthus, R. Br. (not of other authors); but the different habit, different corolla, and absence of dorsal crests to the lobes of the corona render it sufficiently di- stinet from that genus. The flowers only remain open about forty hours and emit a very fetid sickly odour, which is very similar to that of Stapelia olivacea, N. E. Br. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Prats XI. Fig. h: Trichocaulon piliferum, outline of flower in Thunberg's herbarium ; magnified 2 diameters. 2. Trichocaulon flavum, a bud ; magn. 2} diam. 3. Ditto, open flower; magn. 2) diam. LINN, JOURN,—BOTANY, VOL, XVIi. 0 172 ON THE STAPELIE OF THUNBERG’S HERBARIUM. Fig. 4. Trichocaulon flavum, corona ; magn. 6 diam. 5. Boucerosia (§ Purisantha) mammillaris, open flower; natural size. 6. Ditto, portion of corolla-lobe ; magnified. 7-10. Ditto, side and front views of coronas from plants sent to Kew by Sir H. Barkly ; magn. 6 diam. 11. Ditto, corona from specimen preserved in spirits in the British Museum ; magn. 6 diam. 12. Ditto, pollinia, as seen in natural position ; magn. 13. Ditto, dorsal view of gland of pollinia; magn. 14. Boucerosia (§ Purisantha) incarnata, the flower. 15. Ditto, corona (half view), with the lobes represented in their probable position. 16. Ditto, corona (half view), with the lobes as found in the dried specimen. 17. Ditto, pollinia. All magnified. 18. Stapelia hirsuta, Herb. Thunb. (sheet a, left-hand specimen), lobe of outer corona. 19. Ditto, two lobes of inner corona from the same flower. 20. Ditto (sheet a, right-hand specimen), lobe of outer corona. 21. Ditto, lobe of inner corona, 22, Ditto (sheet 5), lobe of outer corona. 23. Ditto, lobe of inner corona. Prats XII. Fig. 1. Diplocyatha ciliata, longitudinal section of corolla-tube ; magnified about 3 diam. 2. Ditto, corona ; magn. 10 diam. 3. Ditto, pollinia, with the gland bent out of its proper position; much magnified. 4. Sarcocodon speciosus, portion of an inflorescence ; natural size. 5. Ditto, showing bud and portion of stem. 6. Ditto, bract ; magnified 6 diam. 7. Ditto, calyx, showing the broad basal squamæ ; magn. 4 diam. 8. Ditto, corona ; magn. 3 diam. 9. Huerniopsis decipiens, portion of plant ; natural size. 10. Ditto, entire corona; magn. 11. Ditto, one lobe of corona, side view; magn. 12. Ditto, one of the clavate hairs from corolla; magn. 13 diam. 13. Ditto, pollinia ; magn. about 30 diam. REV. R. ABBAY ON IIEMILEIA VASTATRIX. 173 Observations on Hemileia cd so-called Coffee-leaf Disease. By the Rev. R. AnMy, M.A., F.GS., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. (Communicated by W. T. TuisELTON Dyer, M.A., F.L.S.) [Read June 6, 1878.] (Puates XIII.-XIV.) Historical Remarks.—One of the greatest scourges which the coffee enterprise of Southern India and Ceylon has had to con- tend with is, without doubt, Hemileia vastatrix, or the so-called Coffee-leaf disease. Appearing first on a new estate in Madul- sima, a district in the south-eastern corner of the mountain-zone of Ceylon and bordering on the Low Country, it spread with re- markable rapidity over the various coffee-districts, attacking both old and young trees with almost equal severity. At first the “ disease" was regarded by those best able to judge as a temporary one, which would run its course for a year or two, and then dis- appear as mysteriously as it came. This view was strengthened by the apparent departure of the pest when the rainy monsoon came on; but with the return of dry weather it reappeared. The effect of the disease presently became apparent in a diminu- tion of the fruit which the tree yielded; and in 1872 the matter was recognized as serious. Previous to and including 1871 the average yield for five years over the whole’ island had been 4°5 cwt. peracre; whilst for the five succeeding years the average has only been 2:9 ewt.—a decrease in the production of somewhat more than one third. A portion of this decrease is believed to have been due to exceptionally unfavourable seasons for the blos- soming and development of the fruit. The following is an approximate list, showing the number of acres in cultivation, the total production of coffee, and the yield per acre during the three-year periods from the year 1866 up to the present time, 1867, 1870, 1873, and 1876 being the middle years of each period :— Acreage. Production. Yield per 1866 ewt. acre. 1867 > 170,000 728,440 4:28 1868 1869 * isro] 186,000 845,575 454 1871 LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. P 174 REV. R. ABBAY ON HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. Acreage. | Production. Yield per 1872 ewt. is 221,000 648,877 9:93 1874 1875 n 260,000 111,65 2:98 1877 The present year (1878) is believed to be the most disappointing the coffee enterprise has known, the average yield, aecording to Ceylon statistics, being somewhat below 2 ewt. per acre. The promise for next year, however, is exceptionally good if the trees only have the strength and the favourable season for ripening their fruit. It must be remembered that about one fifth of the above acreage of coffee is not in full bearing, on account of the trees being either too old or too young. During the earlier years of the ravages of the pest all traces of it disappeared so completely in different districts, and the trees when relieved from its influence so readily put forth new foliage and bore considerable crops, that confident hopes were entertained that the mischief would soon and entirely pass away. This feeling was increased by the fact that no tree had ever been known to be killed by the “ disease," however frequent and repeated the attacks might be. It soon, however, became evident that many of the trees so affected, more especially the old and decrepit, were losing a portion of their vigour—the crop reaching maturity, as shown by the statisties, being below the estimates formed by ex- perienced men immediately after the blossom had set, an unmis- takable sign that these particular trees were losing in some mea- sure the power to perfectly ripen their fruit. Besides this, a somewhat larger proportion of light coffee, i. e. of deaf beans, was noticed. Planters consequently had recourse to a very liberal application of manure of various kinds; and the tree was thus enabled to bear a good crop of fruit, as well as to put out new leaves in the place of those of which it had been denuded by the pest. This method has been successful to a considerable extent ; but the older and more feeble trees have, as might have been an- ticipated, in a large degree ceased to yield to the stimulus. The deficiency in the value of the crop for the present excep- tional year (1878), particularly on the older and low-lying estates, is greater than has been experienced before, and the average annual REV. R. ABBAY ON HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. 175 deficiency in the whole island has been estimated by some as atleast £2,000,000. Since the “ disease" made its appearance in 1869, the enterprise has suffered to the extent of from £12,000,000 to £15,000,000 in crops alone; yet I believe there is not a single recorded instance of a tree having been killed by the pest ; besides which it must be remembered that the seasons have been excep- tionally unfavourable. The effect is simply to deprive the tree of its leaves, and slowly and surely to weaken it if the strength of the plant is not continually renewed by means of manure. Absolutely nothing is known as to the origin of the pest beyond what has been already stated. It is found on no other plant except the coffee-tree, nor until some sixteen or eighteen months ago, when it appeared in Sumatra, in any other country except Ceylon and Southern India. From what follows in these pages as tothe character of the * disease," it will, I am afraid, appear to be almost impossible that Java can escape the importation of it from Sumatra; but it is perhaps a matter of doubt whether the condi- tions of that climate are so favourable to its growth and develop- ment as those of Ceylon seem to be. If such be the case, the production of coffee in the East, if not also in Brazil, may at no distant date be much restricted, unless, as is possible, some method should be discovered of successfully con- tending with the pest. The vitality of the spores of the fungus forming the * disease " is somewhat remarkable, and apparently places no limit to the distance to which they may be conveyed, or to the period during which they will retain their power of ger- mination. The writer has at the present time (April 1878) spores growing readily which were sent from Sumatra to Ceylon sixteen months ago, and afterwards transmitted in the middle of winter to England. General Description of the Coffee- Fungus.—At a very early date in its history Mr. Thwaites, F.R.S., Director of the Botanical Gardens at Peradeniya, in Ceylon, discovered that the pest was a fungus, with certain points of resemblance to the Uredinex, whose mycelium permeated the tissues and fed on the juices ofthe leaf. Messrs. Berkeley and Broome described the fruit of the fungus in the * Gardeners’ Chronicle’ for 1869, p. 1157 ; but the writer believes that no serious attempt has hitherto been made to grow the plant and ascertain its true character. The first indication of the * disease " is a palish discoloration r2 176 REV. R. ABBAY ON HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. in spots or patches, easily detected when the leaf is held up to the light. These quickly assume a faint yellow colour, and presently become covered with bright yellow dust, which soon turns toa rieh orange. These are the ripening spores, or rather sporanges, of the fungus aggregated in little clusters, just visible to the un- assisted eye, as shown in Plate XIII. fig. 1, which is a drawing taken from nature of a portion of a diseased leaf. One or two points of interest are suggested by a superficial examination of the character ofthe disease-spots. In the first place, they are - nearly cireular in form, the central portion being the oldest and losing its bright orange colour earliest, the black spot in the centre showing where an aspergillus has fixed itself on the more mature sporanges. The circular form and the regularity of the colour of these spots at equal distances from the centre suggests that the fungus has developed pretty equally on all sides from some central point. Again, it may be noticed that the mid- rib and nerves of the leaf form barriers, sometimes, but not always, beyond which the fungus-spot does not pass. This sug- gests that the infection must come from without, and not from the juices within the leaf itself; for it is improbable, if the latter were the case, that the nerves of the leaf could form barriers beyond which the disease-spot could not spread. It seems natu- ral, therefore, to suppose, and the hypothesis is borne out by mi- eroscopie observations, that each disease-spot is the result of a germinating body which has fixed itself at a point which after- wards is the centre of the spot. Microscopie Examination of Dry Specimens *.—If, in order to examine the character of the orange-red sporanges by means of transmitted light, the under cuticle of the leaf be torn off in the neighbourhood of a * disease-spot," the fungus will be found to present the appearance shown in Pl. XIII. fig. 2, each cluster (A) consisting of a number of orange-red sporanges and occupying a stomate of the leaf. Not infrequently every stomate is thus occupied, and the cuticle appears to be covered with an unbroken layer of sporanges. f now the specimen be turned upside down, so that we look at the inner surface of the cuticle, several indis- tinc and dark bodies are seen (fig. 3) immediately above the clusters just mentioned. From these bodies a branching myce- lium, more or less charged with reddish-brown granular matter, * Nearly all the observations have been made by means of a 35-inch immer- sion-objective. REV. R. ABBAY ON HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. 177 ramifies amongst the cells of the leaf. The tendency to form little sacs full of granular matter is noticeable, as is the fact that two of the dark bodies are connected by one branch of mycelium. After examining many hundreds, I may truly say thousands, ofthese clusters of sporanges, I had the good fortune to break open the sides of a stomate and detach the perfect fungus from the euticle. A glance showed the cause of all previous failures. The parts of the fungus within and without the leaf were seen to be connected by a narrow neck, which always broke when any attempt was made to detach the clusters or the dark bodies from the cuticle. Pl. XIII. fig. 4 shows the fungus thus detached—A, being the cluster of sporanges outside the leaf; B, the dark body filling the whole of the intercellular air-chamber behind the sto- mate; C, the mycelium attached to and carrying nutriment to B. Of the exact nature of the dark body B, I am unable to speak with accuracy. It seems to be merely an enlargement of the myce- lium into the form of a sae of the shape and size of the air- chamber it occupies, and filled with dark-red granular matter conveyed to it by the mycelium-branches C. This view is partly confirmed by Pl. XIII. figs. 5 and 6, in which the tendency of the mycelium to form little sacs full of red granular matter is very decided. All these figures are from specimens obtained from the interior of diseased coffee-leaves sent from Ceylon. Fig. 5, I believe, shows one of the dark masses in process of formation, and before it has pushed its way through the stomate. The general character of the mycelium that permeates the intercellular spaces of the leaf is seen in fig. 7 (Pl. XIIL). Not infrequently, how- ever, these branching masses of mycelium are so complicated that it is almost impossible to represent them ona plane surface. In one instance, in which the immature form of fig. 4 (Pl. XIII.) was detached from the growing coffee-leaf, the dark body C was found to be trausparent and partially filled with red granular matter, some of which was observed to be passing up the neck towards the sporanges. When one of the clusters of sporanges growing on the outside of the leaf has been removed and placed between two slips of glass, all the more mature sporanges may be detached by pres- sure and only the immature sporanges left. These may be seen, in Pl. XIII. fig. 8, attached by short pedicels to a central dark-red mass, which is no doubt the terminal portion of the dark body 178 REV. R. ABBAY ON HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. protruded through the stomate. The most immature of the spo- ranges have few or no papille on them. Sometimes they contain no red granular protoplasm. At other times they are filled with it, as is seen in fig. 9, which represents a cluster of sporanges subjected to pressure until nearly the whole of the sporanges have been detached. Up to the present point only specimens from Ceylon have been described. On diseased leaves from Sumatra I have found a form of growth in connexion with the clusters of sporanges of a very remarkable nature. In Pl. XIII. fig. 10 is seen a cluster of sporanges similar to those described. To the left there is apparently a remnant of a branch of mycelium attached below to the cluster, whilst all round is a series of trans- parent bodies somewhat resembling the barren cysts in Lecythea and Melampsora, only they are here prolonged into fine tubes divided towards their extremities by a septum, beyond which are minute particles of red granular matter, as seen in Pl. XIII. fig. 11. It would appear from fig. 11 that there is a tendency to the growth of a new mycelium, which, like the old, contains dark- red granular protoplasm. One of the clusters from which most of the sporanges have been detached after being treated with potash may be seen in fig. 11. The dark-red mass which bears the spo- ranges is of an exceedingly compact character and its structure is very indefinite, some indistinct lines radiating from the centre being alone distinguishable. The attachment of one of the barren cysts is seen in fig. 12. When the sporanges have been detached from the mass on which they grow, a portion of the pedicel is sometimes seen to be still attached to them, as in Pl. XIV. figs. 1 and 2, the latter re- presenting an immature sporange devoid of papille. These sporanges vary considerably in shape, apparently on account of the varied pressure to which they are subjected during growth. They are papillated on all sides except the inner or concave sur- face. The sporange itself consists of an outer coat and an inner transparent membrane, which sometimes, but very rarely, become detached from each other entire. More frequently the outer coating disintegrates, and the inner membrane opens out and slowly dissolves away. Generally, however, the outer coating remains, even when immersed in water at a temperature of 90° F. for weeks, and at last falls to pieces, the inner membrane appa rently disappearing at the same time, or having disappeared pre- viously. The papille are very minute bodies, pointed at the REY. R. ABBAY ON HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. 179 extremity by which they are attached to the sporange. The length of the sporange varies somewhat from slightly less to slightly more than ‘001 inch in length. (It may be noticed here that, asall the measurements have been made by comparison with the length of the sporange and not by means of a micrometer, there will be a certain amount of inaccuracy attached to them.) On examining the sporange under a high power, it is seen to be more or less filled with dark-red granular matter, in which one or more globose bodies with nuclei may be detected (Pl. XIV. fig. 3). Sometimes a large semitransparent mass of protoplasm is seen in the sporange. It appears to be quite structureless, and varies very much in sizeand shape. In some cases the whole of the in- terior of the sporanges is seen to be filled with granular matter without a single spore amongst it. On placing the sporanges in a drop of water between two slips of glass and subjecting them to considerable pressure, the membrane becomes ruptured, and. the spores make their escape. They are then found to have been attached to the inner surface of the membrane in the manner shown in Pl. XIV. figs. 4, 5, 6,7, and 8. The attachment of the Spores to pieces of the ruptured sporange is manifest in Pl. XIV. figs. 7 and 8. These spores vary very much in size and number in different sporanges, As many as fifteen may be counted inside the sporange, and occasionally only one, but sometimes two or three of much larger size are visible. The average size of the Spores is about "0001 inch in diameter, but they are frequently three times larger. They appear to be perfectly smooth when fresh; but when quite mature and dry they are seen, under a high power (such as 4!; inch), to be papillated. They swell con- siderably with the addition of moisture ; but it is difficult to get them out of the sporange unless it has been reduced to a very dry condition, when a slight pressure will often rupture the mem- brane and detach the spores from its surface. Within each of these spores may be seen one or more semitransparent bodies or nuclei (Pl. XIV, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), and in some cases a nucleolus within the nucleus (figs. 5 and 6). From the larger of the spores just mentioned there is reason to believe that a number, generally about ten, of minute ovoid bodies With a transparent nucleus, extremely like very small zoospores except that they possess no power of motion, are expelled. I have never observed these bodies actually issue from the large spore, but I have seen them attached to the ruptured membrane as if they had just been expelled. 180 REV. R. ABBAY ON HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. Germination of the Spores.—The ordinary spores of the red sporange at times germinate readily ; at others, although appa- rently quite fresh and healthy, not one of them will grow. Out of several packages of diseased leaves sent from Ceylon during 1877, not a spore would germinate, the reason for which I could never determine. Again, the spores from some of the spots on a diseased leaf will germinate, whilst from others they refuse. Whether this is due to conditions of growth or to the conditions to which they have been subjected after reaching maturity, I am unable to say ; but I incline to the former view. Of the whole number of spores which I have tried to grow, only a very small fraction have ever shown signs of vitality. If the sporange be placed in water or Pasteur's solution and kept at a permanent temperature of 90? F., the spores, if fertile, will begin to germinate in from forty to eighty hours after im- mersion, those which had been kept for sixteen months taking the longer period before mycelium appeared. Sometimes the ger- mination takes place whilst the spores still remain within and attached to the sporange, as in fig. 9 (Pl. XIV.). At other times the spores escape and germinate in the neighbourhood of the spo- range, fig. 10, Pl. XIV. The germination of the spore causes a bul- ging out of the membrane at one or two points; when there are two, they are generally directly opposite to each other. A portion ofthe contents of the spore enters this sac-like body, and a septum more or less distinct is immediately formed. The same process is repeated by the new cell, and a chain of cells is soon formed. During the process of germination the contents of the spore at times become almost transparent, or at least finely granular, and the nucleus and nucleoli appear to have been absorbed. Soon after germina- tion the spore partially shrivels up, and its contents become more or less indistinct. Plate XIV. figs. 12 and 13 show some of the perfectly mature and dried spores in process of germination. Towards its extremities the mycelium assumes a more continuous form, and the septa are often scarcely discernible (Pl. XIV. fig. 14). The form of the cells varies very considerably : most frequently they are globose, obovate, or barrel-shaped; at other times they swell into irregularly shaped sacs, which become filled with granular protoplasm, with not infrequently one or more trans- parent globose bodies in them (Pl. XIV. fig. 15). At times the protoplasm within the cells remains almost perfectly transparent ; but most frequently it assumes a distinctly granular character, REV. R. ABBAY ON HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. 181 and after a time differentiates itself into one or more distinct bodies each containing a nucleus. This is distinctly seen in Pl. XIV. fig. 17. In specially vigorous specimens these bodies, at the end of sixteen or eighteen days, develop into bodies appa- rently exactly similar in character and size to the spores from the sporanges, the attachment of the spore being distinctly visible, as also are the semitransparent nuclei (Pl. XIV.fig. 18). Most frequently, however, the cells do not attain such a perfect deve- lopment; but they burst, and the minute granular matter passes out without any further development into spores. When the growing fungus is fed with boiled and filtered coffee- leaf juice, the granular protoplasm within the cells assumes a red tinge similar to that contained in the mycelium extracted from diseased coffee-leaves. The tendency of some of the cells of the mycelium, whether interstitial or terminal, to swell into a sac-like form is very marked. They attain at times to the size of three quarters of the red sporange, or about ‘00075 inch in length and nearly the same in breadth. In one or two instances they have presented an appearance suggestive of conjugation; but at this point the growth of the fungus ceased, and I was not able to detect any actual communication between what appeared to be the antheridium and the oogonium *. The conidioid form of fruit may very frequently be obtained by growing the myeelium on glass slides, the complete form being shown in Pl. XIV. figs. 19 and 20. These conidia are somewhat obovate and, when mature, papillated. Under a high power a fine eonnexion may be detected uniting together neighbouring conidia. In one instance (Pl. XIV. fig. 20) the terminal coni- dium was very much larger than the others, and remained per- fectly smooth whilst they were papillated. These conidia are about ‘00015 inch in length, and when placed in water germinate readily, producing a mycelium which is generally free from septa ; but in some instances one or two septa are distinguishable (Pl. XIV. fig. 21). They also produce a second generation of conidia similar, but of inferior vitality, to the original ones. With regard to zoospores, I have several times found them on the slips under circumstances that suggested a connexion with * On this head consult the Rev. M. J. Berkeley's ‘Observations on a pecu- liar mode of Fructification in Chironyphe Carterii," Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. viii P. 189, tab. x. figs. 1-3. 182 REV.R. ABBAY ON HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. the cellular mycelium or conidia of Hemileia; but I have never been able to determine whence they came. Two points of difference between the Ceylon and the Sumatra forms of Hemileia vastatris are noticeable :—(1) the transparent bodies, like barren cysts, which are found growing along with the sporanges in the Sumatra specimens, but which are never seen on those from Ceylon; (2) the greater tendency in the cells of the mycelium of the former to bulge out and form comparatively large ovoid masses. This is much less marked in the Ceylon spe- - cimens. In other respects, as far as I am able to judge, they are alike, It is believed that under somewhat different conditions the red sporanges are capable of giving rise to a different form of mycelium from that already described; but as the observations on this point were made with a low power, I have thought it best to omit noticing them here. Conditions of Growth, 4c.—With regard to the conditions of growth of Hemileia vastatrix, very many attempts have been made to infect growing coffee-plants, both through their young aud their fully formed leaves. The same has been tried with coffee- leaves placed in an atmosphere saturated with moisture and kept at a constant temperature of 90? F.; but in no case has the attempt succeeded, although the sporauges, the growing myce- lium, and the conidia have been placed on the leaves. What the necessary conditions are which are absent it is difficult to ima- gine, unless it be that the stomates, through which alone appa- rently the fungus finds its way into the leaf, are too contracted under the artificial conditions applied to allow the mycelium fila- ments or the spores to enter. The conidioid form of the fungus may readily be grown on the outside of the coffee-leaf in a moist atmosphere; but it does not appear to penetrate into the leaf ; for in the case of such plants I have never seen either the myce- lium within the tissues of the leaf or the clusters of red sporanges outside it. This latter form—the common one by which the * disease" is recognized in Ceylon—I believe to be the dry- weather form of the fruit, appearing generally in its greatest intensity soon after the rains have ceased, but very rarely during their prevalence. During the prolonged wet season the conidia have been found growing on many other plants as well as on the coffee-tree ; but the mycelium remains on the outside, and the leaves show no traces of the disease. If it is necessary before REY. R. ABBAY ON HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. 183 the fungus can infect the leaf that the stomates should be in a spe- cially favourable condition for receiving the infection (a condition perhaps only occurring in certain states of the plant), this might be the reason why in the midst of such countless multitudes of spores every coffee-leaf is not covered with * disease " spots. On the other hand, it may be due to the fact that for some obscure reason only a very small proportion of the spores will germinate. It is also possible that my inability to grow the red sporanges is due to the fungus requiring some other tree or plant on which to develope before it is able to infect the coffee-leaf; but this is improbable. In more than one district it has been noticed that a strong wind has apparently had a great effect in carrying the “ disease ” up or down a valley, most probably by spreading the spores from some badly infected estate over the comparatively healthy ones. If such is really the case, the fact points to the conveyance of the disease, as suggested before, to the tree through the stomates of the leaf and not through the roots. It might be possible under such conditions to moderate the virulence of the pest in some of the more isolated districts if all the proprietors would combine to gather and burn, at the commencement of the chief. annual attack, all the diseased leaves and twigs that at present are allowed to lie on the ground beneath the trees until they decay. Such a plan would no doubt be expensive; but it would certainly destroy a vast number of spores, and might sensibly reduce the virulence of the “disease.” The sprinkling of quick-lime on the ground beneath the trees has, in one instance at least, proved beneficial ; and as it would no doubt destroy all the spores it came in contact with, it is not improbable that the two remedies, if applied simul- taneously, might be found in some degree successful. The trees should also be washed with some suitable disinfectant, and the watering of the ground about the trees with the same disinfectant might possibly prove more beneficial than sprinkling with lime. It would be of little or no use for one planter in a district to attempt these remedies if the others did not—the spores produced on a single badly diseased tree being so enormously numerous, that a whole estate of healthy plants might easily be infected by a single unhealthy plant in their neighbourhood. ! It has been asserted at various times that “ native," i. e. un- pruned and uncultivated coffee, as well as plants of the Liberian species, are exempt from the attacks of Hemileia vastatrix. This 181 REV. R. ABBAY ON HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. is not the case. The former suffers to very nearly the same extentas the cultivated tree; whilst the latter showed that it was susceptible to the * disease" by being badly attacked within a few months after the first plants of the species were introduced into the island. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Pare XIII. Fig. 1. * Disease" spot in process of development, the immature sporanges being orange-coloured, whilst the more mature are almost colourless ; the dark spot in the centre is due to the presence of a black aspergillus ; half natural size. 2. Portion of the cuticle of a diseased coffee-leaf, showing clusters of spo- ranges and stomates; X 150. 3. The same piece of cuticle, seen from the inside; x 150. 4. Cluster of sporanges with the dark mass that bears them and mycelium extricated from the leaf; x 200. 5, 6, 7. Mycelium from the interior of a “ diseased " coffee-leaf; X 350. 8, 9. Cluster of sporanges from which all the more mature sporanges have been washed ; x 400. ; 10. Cluster of sporanges from Sumatra, showing the barren cyst-like bodies amongst them ; x 250. ll. The same as fig. 10, treated with potash and subjected to pressure; . x 250. 12. Barren cyst detached by pressure. Pare XIV. Fig. 1, 2. Sporanges with portions of pedicel attached ; x 800. 3. Sporange, showing the spores in its interior; x 800. 4, 5, 6. Spores detached by pressure from the sporange; x 1000. 7, 8. Spores attached to portions of ruptured sporanges; x 1000. 9. Spores germinating within the sporange; x 600. 10. Spores germinating within or near the sporange; x 600. 11, 12, 13. Somewhat immature and mature spores germinating; X 1000. 14, 15. Mycelium produced by germinating spores; x 500. : 16. Mycelium with the commencement of the conidioid form of fruit; x 700. 17, 18. Well-grown mycelium, showing the spore-like bodies formed from the granular protoplasm within the segments. Fig. 17 x 700; fig. 18 x 1000. 19, 20. Conidioid forms of fruit. Fig. 19 x 500; fig. 20 x 1000. 21. Conidium germinating; X 1000. MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACESR. 185 Notes RIA By GEonaE BrwTÉAM, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. [Read November 7, 1878.] AxoxaG the large natural orders the elaboration of which I under- took for the ‘Genera Plantarum, I found the Euphorbiacee in almost as much confusion as to nomenclature and classifieation as the Composite, but for very different reasons. In the Composite, the great variety of forms indigenous to the civilized regions of the globe, enabling them to be readily observed in a living state by resident botanists, as well as the facility of preserving satis- factory specimens from other countries (which, even when very small, are often quite sufficient to exhibit their essential charac- ters), have placed them at the mercy ofa host of minor or special botanists, who have thought themselves justified in inundating the science with countless supposed new genera and species, the worthlessness of which they were incompetent to judge of. Eu- phorbiacez, on the contrary, of which so large a proportion are tropical, arborescent or frutescent, with the sexes separate, have been comparatively but little observed in a living state; and the herbarium specimens requiring to be large, judiciously selected, and carefully identified as to the two sexes, often so very different in inflorescence and perianth, are often far too imperfect for prac- tieal use, and but few botanists have found themselves in a posi- tion to deal with them. Two men, indeed, both of high standing in the science, and with comparatively ample materials at their command, have recently worked up the order with great care and attention independently of each other; and I would readily have followed the lead of either of them, but that the two have so frequently come to conclusions diametrically opposed to each other, that I have been compelled to steer a course of my own through a labyrinth of tribes, subtribes, genera, sections, or vaguely indicated affinities. As I should think it unfair to dissent from such men without stating in some measure the grounds of my dissent, and as the limits imposed on us would not allow of my doing so to a sufficient length in the ‘Genera’ itself, I have thought that the Linnean Society would permit my publishing the following notes in their ‘Journal’ as a complement to my former notes on Composite, Myrtacez, Campanulacee, and others. These notes I have divided under the four heads of History, 186 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORDBIACE X. Nomenclature, Systematic Arrangement, and Origin and Geogra- phieal Distribution. I. HISTORY. The Order may be said to have been established and defined by Robert Brown; but Adrien de Jussieu was the first to give any good general view of the characters and natural arrangement of the genera. His ‘De Euphorbiacearum generibus Tentamen, published in 1824, evinces that correct appreciation of affinities and clearness of method which distinguish all his monographs; but the materials at his command were then exceedingly limited, and, although several of his generic circumscriptions have been too much neglected, yet the enormous additions since made to the known species have really necessitated many important modifi- cations of the system he proposed. After him Blume, in his * Bijdragen, a remarkable work, exhibiting singular accuracy of observation and judicious appreciation of genera considering the restricted resources at his disposal in a distant colony, described amongst others a considerable number of new forms of Euphor- biacee. Klotzsch, of Berlin, seeing a large number of new Ame- rican ones in the collections received from Sello and others, bestowed much pains on their elaboration—but, unfortunately, occasioned some confusion in the great number of new genera he proposed, founded often on the examination of single species which at first sight presented some peculiarity in their aspect. His various papers, therefore, published chiefly in Wiegmann’s (Erich- son's) ‘Archiv’ and in the ‘Monatsberichte’ of the Berlin Academy, and detached descriptions in various works, have not contributed much to our general knowledge of the relations which the different Euphorbiacee bear to each other. A number of detailed descriptions or cursory indications of new species dispersed through a great variety of works had further contributed to the difficulty of naming an Euphor- biacea, or of determining whether it was new or not, when Henri Baillon, working on the collections of various Parisian herbaria, undertook a comprehensive view of the genera. This he pub- lished in 1858 under the title of * Etude générale du groupe des Euphorbiacées. This work showed a great deal of careful re- search and accurate observation ; but its practical utility was much marred by a want of method. 1t contains no well-defined tribes, nor, indeed, any divisions, except twelve series (of which no charac- ters are given), and no conspectus or short diagnoses of the genera MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACEEX. 187 to save the need of successively reading through on every occasion a number of detailed descriptions before you could determine a plant sufficiently to study it. And this defect was not remedied by the short heading prefixed to each genus, stating that it is some other genus with a difference. It is true that in some cases species have been generieally separated from a previously known genus'on account of some one specially exceptional cha- racter, and that it is useful to call attention to the fact that such is the only difference; but it is also true that most genera differ from every other one in several more or less prominent charac- ters and are often equally allied to two or more; the selecting, therefore, one of them for comparison and indicating one point of difference, amounts practically to little more than a general pro- position that every genus is any other one with a difference. On the other hand, the plates illustrating some of the most important characters of each genus are most useful, the analysis very accu- rate and well designed, the execution of the figures all that could be desired ; one can only regret that they should have been incon- veniently crowded in the plates without order, so that it takes occasionally some time to find out which of them belong to any one genus. "The preliminary observations, occupying more than one third of the volume, contain much on structure and develop- ment, as well as on affinities and geographical distribution, well deserving of study, though one may perhaps not always agree with the author's conclusions. Dr. Baillon followed up this work by various papers in his ‘Adansonia,’ entering into specific details as to the Euphorbiaces of various collections, especially on Afri- can ones in the 1st and 2nd volumes (1860-61), New-Caledonian in the 2nd volume (1862), and American ones in the 4th and 5th volumes (1863-65). In the meantime the advance of the * Prodromus’ required an immediate working up of the whole of the species of Euphor- biacez, amounting even then to nearly three thousand. M. De Candolle was fortunate in obtaining the services of Edmond Bois-. sier for the vast genus Luphorbia itself, of which the head quar- ters may be said to be within the region of which M. Boissier had specially studied the flora. His excellent enumeration of above six hundred species was published in the second part of the fifteenth volume of the * Prodromus’ in 1862, and was liberally followed up by illustrations in 121 plates (published in 1866 under the title of * Icones Euphorbiarum °’). The elaboration of the great 188 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE.E. bulk of the Order was undertaken by Jean Mueller of Argau, who had then the charge of De Candolle's herbarium. He devoted several years to this arduous task, visiting the herbaria of Paris and of Kew, and published the result as the chief por- tion of the same second part of the fifteenth volume of the * Pro- dromus’ in the year 1866. This work, as well as Baillon’s, showed great pains taken throughout to ensure accuracy of obser- vation; and if any defeets are to be sought for, they are the very reverse of those observed in the case of Baillon. There is no want of divisions, subdivisions, and diagnostie conspectuses, but their praetieal utility is much marred by the strict adhesion to favourite characters, often exceedingly difficult to observe or even purely theoretical (as in the difference between suppressed and deficient petals), to the very general neglect of natural or geo- graphical affinities. Geographical distribution may, indeed, have been rather more taken into consideration by Mueller than by Baillon ; but both authors appear to have too frequently allowed natural affinities to be overruled by isclated characters to which the one or the other had attributed a constantly prominent value : as, for instance, where the one unites Seidelia with Tragia, far away from its closest allies Adenocline and other Mercuralioid genera; whilst the other removes Oalycopeplus and Anthostema from Euphorbia to place them in a far distant series, the one be- tween Amperea and Onesmone in his Jatrophee, the other next to Dalembertia at the end of his Excecariee. Neither of these botanists appears to have borne sufficiently in mind the fact that characters differ in value in different genera or other groups, OF even in the plants of different countries. No character, however important on some occasions, should be allowed to override all others on all occasions. The valvate male calyx, for instance, to which Mueller gives on most occasions so absolute a tribual value as to make the most unnatural combinations, is never allowed even generic value by Baillon, because of its inconstancy ™ Croton, whereas in many cases it certainly has no exceptions. — After the publication of the * Prodromus, Baillon severely err ticised some parts of Mueller’s system in a paper in the eleventh volume of * Adansonia,’ in which he also described several addi- tional genera and species, chiefly from the New-Caledonian col- lections, then recently received at Paris. To these criticisms Mueller replied with some bitterness in the * Botanische Zeitung" for the year 1873, p. 229. He also, in a folio volume, which 18 MH. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE E. 189 one of the best of the splendid ‘Flora Brasiliensis’ inaugurated by Martius, described a large number of new Euphorbiaces, chiefly from the herbaria of Petersburg and Berlin, illustrating the Bra- zilian portion of the Order by 104 well-executed plates. Finally, the most recent review of the Order is Baillon's * Histoire des Euphorbiacées " in the fifth volume of his * Histoire des Plantes.’ This, however, is in great measure a compilation without much reexamination of specimens; for he has sometimes, it would ap- pear, rather carelessly abandoned some of his former views to adopt those of Mueller, where his own may be the more correct ; and the manner in which he has in other instances amalgamated genera which he as well as all others had previously maintained, is evidence of hasty conclusions much to be regretted. As for my- self, in preparing the arrangement for our ‘ Genera Plantarum,’ I have endeavoured to follow the lead of one or other of my pre- decessors, or of both when they appeared to be not too much opposed to natural affinities; but I have thought it right to take nothing for granted, and to examine for myself every genus, sec- tion, or apparently aberrant species of which specimens were available, reconciling as far as was in my power absolute characters with other evidences of natural consanguinity. In doing so, I freely submit my conclusions to the criticism of those who may follow me, admitting beforehand that some of my subdivisions are still much too technical, although I have failed in my endeavours to improve them. I have also to regret that so many Madagas- car and New-Caledonian genera described from the Paris collec- tions are out of my reach, being as yet unrepresented at Kew. II. NOMENCLATURE. The study of Euphorbiacex naturally suggests some considera- tions on botanical nomenclature, as it was that Order which was the occasion of the discussion of the subject previous to the esta- blishment of the Candollean code. The extraordinary manner in which J. Mueller, in the * Prodromus,’ had appropriated to him- self long-established names of genera or species if he only made the slightest change in their character or circumscription, the publishing as his own so many names that he found in widely distributed collections of specimens or in generally published catalogues, excited much comment on the part of botanists, and Alphonse De Candolle was induced to take up the question, and, atter much deliberation and communication with the principal LINN JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XVII. Q 190 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACEE. botanists of the day, to frame a body of Jaws of nomenclature, which are generally excellent and would seem to have precluded all further discussion. The result has, however, not been quite effectual in checking the ever-increasing spread of confusion in synonymy. Besides the young liberal-minded botanists who scorn to submit to any rule but their own, there are others who differ materially in their interpretation of some of the laws, or who do not perceive that in following too strictly their letter in- stead of their spirit they are only adding needlessly to the general disorder. In the application as well as in the interpretation of these rules they do not sufficiently bear in mind two general prin- ciples :—first, that the object of the Linnean nomenclature is the ready identification of species, genera, or other groups for study or reference, not the glorification of botanists; and secondly, that changing an established name is very different from giving a name to a new plant. Were every one agreed as to the plant to be designated by a particular name, the binomial appellations devised by Linnæus would be quite sufficient in all cases where a species is referred to for comparison, or is otherwise spoken of, as in catalogues, treatises, &c.; and even now the reference to Helianthus annuus, Mathiola tristis, &c. can lead to no mistake. But it so fre- quently happens that different authors have given the same rame to different plants, that the addition of a third word (the abbreviated name of the author) has become indispensable in some instances, and advisable in most cases, to avoid uncertainty, but for no other object. Although much eredit may be due to the collector or botanist who has discovered or distinguished really new species (and it is but fair that their discovery should be com- memmorated), yet it is only second-rate botanists who pride themselves on the number of names, good or bad, to which their initials can be attached. In all cases, therefore, where the object is only to speak of a planf, as in catalogues, references, physiolo- gical treatises, or even local floras, for practical use one cannot attend too closely to the observations of De Candolle (‘ Lois,’ p. 52; Engl. edit. p. 58) and say Mathiola tristis or Mathiola tristis, Br., without any addition (such as Linn., sub Hesperide), explanatory of the history of the name. Such a history, abso- lutely necessary in a full monograph for instance, should always be considered as belonging to the description and history of the species, not as forming part of its name. It is also with sincere MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE X. 191 regret that we see distinguished botanists endeavouring to com- bine rejected with adopted names by the obviously false nomen- clature exemplified in Mathiola tristis, Linn. The rule that long-established custom amounts to prescription, and may justify the maintenance of names which form exceptions to those laws which should be strictly adhered to in naming new plants, is unfortunately now frequently ignored; and the changes proposed in universally admitted names is producing in many in- stances the greatest confusion. The law of priority is an excel- lent one; and where a genus or species has been well defined by an early botanist in a generally accessible work, but has subse- quently been neglected and the plant become known under other names, it is well that the original one should be restored. Thus in Laurineæ, the genus Litsea was very well characterized by Lamarck on a single species, and afterwards extended to five species in an excellent paper by the elder Jussieu in the ‘Annales du Muséum,’ which every monographist of the Order ought to have studied, but which was entirely neglected by Nees, and sub- sequently by Meissner, who, in the ‘Prodromus, followed Nees far too closely. Of seven names successively given to the genus, most of them founded on Lamarck’s typical species, Nees chose Jacquin’s Tetranthera, the most recent of all; the first one of the seven, Glabraria, Linn., was too vaguely and incorrectly charac- terized for identification ; the second, Tomex, Thunb., was a pre- occupied name; butthere was no reason whatever for suppressing the third, Lamarck's Litsea, as extended by Jussieu, still less for transferring the latter name to a genus founded on one of Jus- sieu’s species, but not his typical ones, and therefore not Litsea, J uss., as quoted by Nees. So, again, Ocotea of Aublet, whose mistake as to the fruit was corrected and the genus well eharae- terized by Jussieu, should never have been replaced by the much later name Oreodaphne of Nees. In these cases one cannot refuse to restore the original names of Lamarck and Aublet. On the other hand, it creates nothing but confusion to suppress a generic name, well characterized and universally adopted by long custom, m favour of a long-forgotten one, vaguely designated in an obscure work, out of the reach of the great majority of botanists. It has been proposed, for instance, to replace the well-known Chrozophora-of Necker and Adrien de Jussieu by Tournesolia of Scopoli, said to have been published in his ‘ Introduction,’ a work to be found only in a very few continental libraries, not to my Q2 192 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE.E. knowledge in any English ones, and which I have never seen. Although this name may claim the right of priority and may have been correctly defined, yet it has not only become obsolete through general and long-continued neglect, but its composition is defec- tive; for it appears to have been founded on the French popular name Tournesol, most generally applied to the sunflower ( Helian- thus annuus), and scarcely used for the Chrozophora except in the case of the “ teinture de tournesol.” 'There are some generie names given by the earlier post-Lin- nean botanists and frequently neglected, about which there may be some doubt as to the propriety of their restoration. Aublet's names were generally altered by Schreber and by Necker, be- cause they objected to their being founded on local appellations, an objection now considered mistaken, and Aublet's names have been properly revived; but with Loureiro's the ease has been somewhat different. Loureiro had but few books to consult; his characters are often insufficient; he published no plates; and the few specimens preserved in the British Museum are sometimes incorrectly named. A considerable number of his genera are to this day absolute puzzles; others have been evidently mistaken, or their identification, arrived at through careful study, is attended with some uncertainty. They have therefore, until very recently, been usually neglected; and their present restoration is adding largely to an overloaded synonymy. And yet, where Loureiro's characters are unmistakable, one cannot absolutely object to the restoration of his names, however great the temporary inconve- nience. It is hard to repudiate the well-known Rottlera ; but Loureiro's Mallotus having been once substituted for it in the ‘ Prodromus, we must submit, as it was originally well defined and there is no defect in its composition. "There appears, how- ever, to be no reason for replacing this again by Echinus, on the supposed ground of priority from being printed on a previous page of the same work. The whole work was published at the same time; and there is therefore no priority of one page over another. Mallotus was restored by Mueller before Echinus was taken up by Baillon, and therefore has so far the right of priority. Mallotus is correctly defined by Loureiro, which Echinus is not, if the two are really founded on the same species, as asserted by Mueller. This, however, is very doubtful. Loureiro was too much of a botanist to found two genera upon the same plant (except, perhaps, where he had failed to match the two sexes MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE X. 193 of dicevious ones). The name Echinus is also to a certain degree defective, as being so very well known in the animal kingdom. It is true that, as urged by Baillon, a name having been already used in zoology is not a reason for changing it in botany; but the choice of such names should be avoided (Rules, art. 28 (10)), especially when they are truly classical names of animals, such as Elephas or Echinus. The greater number of Necker’s genera have been so imper- fectly characterized with so absurd a terminology that they are quite indeterminable; and his names deserve to be absolutely ignored, except in the very few cases where Jussieu or other early French botanists have succeeded in identifying them, and cor- rected their characters; but even then it is doubtful whether these names should not bear the date of the correction rather than that of the original work. Adanson’s ‘Familles, with all the inconveniences of its form and absurd orthography, is much more scientific, and many of his genera are well defined and have therefore been properly adopted; but still there are others far too vaguely described to warrant their being revived so as to replace generally adopted ones of a more recent date, as has been proposed, for instance, in the case of Sporobolus of Brown, which some botanists have replaced by the very uncertain Vilfa of Adanson (see Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 620). We have made it a rule in our ‘Genera Plantarum’ to yield no right of priority to ante-Linnean names, i. e. those published before the adoption of the Linnean system of nomenclature. If once we give this right to Tournefort or Rumphius, there is no reason for not going back to Bauhin or Clusius, or even to Pliny or Dioscorides, to the utter confusion of all synonymy. Linneus, by the establishment of the binomial nomenclature, made an epoch in the study of systematic botany; and it is by far the most conducive to the facility of that study (the great object of nomenclature) to give up all search after previous names, and take all genera as adopted by him or satisfactorily modified by subsequent botanists. We therefore cannot, for instance, give Patrick Browne the precedence over Linn:eus in the case of Adelia, as proposed by Mueller. Browne’s first edition was ante-Lin- nean. He there gave the name of Adelia, not to a genus, but to a plant which afterwards entered into the genus to which Mi- chaux gave the name of Adelia, but only after this name had been appropriated by Linneus to a different genus; and I can see no 194 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACES. sufficient exeuse for the great disturbance resulting from the re- placing Linnzus's Adelia by the new name Ricinella in order to restore the post- Linnean name Adelia to the Forestiera of Poiret or Adelia of Michaux. In taking up old forgotten names, monographists should be specially careful in ascertaining for themselves that they have been properly published and wrongly overlooked; for it is usual to rely on the accuracy of the bibliographical researches of mono- graphists without repeating them for floras or other such works. The genus Homalanthus (Omalanthus), well characterized by Jussieu and figured in the ‘ Botanical Magazine,’ was referred to Carumbium of Reinwardt by Miquel, who was blindly followed by Mueller; and I adopted the latter name in the ‘ Flora Austra- liensis,’ having no reason to suppose that so careful a worker as J. Mueller, having such rich libraries at his disposal, had not as- certained for himself its right of priority. This turns out, how- ever to have been a mistake of Miquel’s. The reference given for the name is “ Reinw. Hort. Buitenz. 108;" but Reinwardt pub- lished no catalogue of the garden of Buitenzorg. The work quoted under the above half-translated title is by Blume, in which the Carumbium, Reinw., is entered as a name only, without any cha- racter, and therefore is no publication of the genus, especially as the plant had been similarly entered by Noronha in a much earlier catalogue under the name of Duwania. Reinwardt’s Carumbium was first published as a genns in the ‘Sylloge Plan- tarum’ of the Ratisbon Society two years later than Jussieu's Homalanthus. Again, Joannesia of the Brazilian botanists (Anda, Juss.) is altered to Johannesia, under the supposition that Vel- lozo se spelt itin his ‘ Alografia, where the genus was first pub- lished ; but on turning to that work I find that Vellozo spelt it, like other Portuguese authors, Joannesia, as, indeed, was to be ex- pected, as there is no A in the Portuguese name Joanna. So, also, Galearia, Zoll., is suppressed in favour of Bennettia, Br., because the date of the ‘Plante Javanice rariores’ is taken, not from the book itself, but from Pritzel’s ‘ Thesaurus,’ first edition, which only refers to the first part of the work; the last part, contain- ing Bennettia, was only published several years after Pritzel’s first edition. Roxburgh's Geloniwm has been suppressed by Bail- lon in favour of Suwregada of the same author, which, strictly speaking, has the right of priority, having been published by Willdenow in the ‘Neue Schriften’ of the Berlin Naturalists’ MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE X. 195 Society in 1803 as a manuseript name of Roxburgh's in Ander- son's garden at Madras. But the name was never taken up by Rox- burgh in any of his works, and was abandoned by Willdenow, pro- bably on account of its being a local name of some uncertainty ; Willdenow again published the genus in his * Species Plantarum’ under another manuscript name of Roxburgh's, Gelonium; and under this name Roxburgh entered the plant in his * Hortus Benga- lensis,’ and Adrien de Jussieu in his * Euphorbiacearum Tentamen.’ The name has thus acquired the right of prescription, and is gen- erally adopted by, I believe, all botanists except Baillon, who certainly was under some wrong impression regarding it; for in * Adansonia,’ i. 349, he quotes Suregada bilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 829, which is the page where Roxburgh describes his genus Gelonium. Much trouble has been practically given in the shape of useless additional synonyms, complication of indexes, &c., by alterations in the spelling of established generie names by way of correction. This has been chiefly done in two classes of cases :—first, where in dedicating a genus to a person the spelling of his name had been more or less altered; and secondly, where, in deriving a name from the Greek, the ordinary rules of etymology had not been followed. The spelling of the names of persons is often complicated, es- pecially when transferred from one language to another, or dis- cordant with the principles of classical Latin orthography : there- fore in latinizing them botanists of the last and even of the present century had thought that euphony required their modi- fication, making G'undelia from Gundelsheimer, Levenhookia from Leewenhoeck, Goodenia from Goodenough, Stranvesia from Strangways, Andreoskia from Andrzeiowsky,and numerous others. The names thus modified are just as fit to commemorate the per- sons to whom they are dedicated as if they were punctiliously exact but difficult or often impossible to pronounce properly in any language but their own. Individual letters represent a very dif- ferent sound in different languages. The English double o makes two syllables in Franee and Germany ; the Dutch double vowels have in other languages a very different effect from the legiti- mate one; the Polish z is either mute or, when in combination with other letters, represents our 4; one Russian letter (the ch of church) can only be rendered by four letters in German, three in French, two in English, one in Italian, or one (a different one) 196 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE.E., in Swedish ; and therefore the Russian name is differently spelt according to which of these languages first presented it in a western form ; another Russian letter is represented in German by seven, and when these are transferred to English they make a most barbarous compound. Where, therefore, the original author of a generie name dedicated to a person has thought it necessary in latinizing it to alter the spelling for the sake of euphony, I ean see no reason why the form thus given to it should not be strietly adhered to without attempting to correct it. With regard to names derived from the Greek, Labillardiéro and several other botanists of his day, being no Greek scholars, allowed themselves great latitude in the formation of such names, ignoring the classical Latin equivalents of Greek letters, placing the adjective portion of the name after instead of before the sub- stantive part, &e.; and sometimes the vicious structure of the names is so glaring that one cannot refuse to correct them; but then great care should be taken to ascertain that the original names were really wrong. As examples of uncalled-for corree- tions, take Argithamnia, Swartz, which has been altered to Argy- rothamnia ou the supposition that the first part was derived from ápyvpos, silver, whereas Swartz expressly states that it is from ápyos (often written dpyws), white. Again, Aublet's Roupala has been changed into Rhopala, as being derived from gozaXov, 4 club; but for this there is no foundation. Aublet knew nothing of the Greek language, and did not care to have recourse to it for his generie names, which he preferred taking from local ap- pellations. The genus has nothing club-shaped about it ; and there is every reason to suppose that in naming it Aublet followed his usual practice. So, also, Thuarea, Pers., has been altered to Thouarea, as having been named after Thouars, which is not the case. Thouars himself sent the plant to Persoon with the manu- script name of Microthuarea, shortened by Persoon (as he did with other over-long names) to Thuarea, but afterwards pub- lished ai full length by the original author, with the explanation that it is derived from juxpos, small, and 0vapos, one of the names of Lolium (see Hedericus): a correction, therefore, to Thyarea might have been plausible, though unnecessary ; but Z'houarea is quite out of the question. lt is true that, with the addition of micro, one eannot help thinking that the author intended some allusion to his own name (Du Petit Thouars); but as he gives another interpretation we are bound, by accepting it, not to charge MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE X. 197 him with this piece of vanity. Itis probably by a slip ofthe pen that Chrozophora, Neck., has become altered into Crozophora, though it is expressly derived from xpweus, tinctura or coloratio, and opos, Jerens. "There is no Greek word from which Crozo could be derived. The representing the Greek aspirate by an A was generally neglected by early botanists, but now, ever since De Candolle altered Elichrysum into Helichrysum, uu purists have in- sisted upon inserting the + in all cases; and this has been so far acquiesced in that it is difficult now to object to it, though it has the effect of removing so many generic names to a distant part of all indexes, alphabetical catalogues, &e. Admitting the pro- priety of adding the aspirate in new names, I had long declined to alter old names on this account; now, however, I find myself compelled to follow the current. The question of specifie nomenclature is not directly connected with a ‘Genera Plantarum ;’ but there is one practice which has grown up of late years, adding largely to the number of useless synonyms, against which I cannot refrain from taking this oppor- tunity of entering a strong protest. I mean that of creating a new name in ae to eon an old specific with a new generic one. In ferns, the wanton multiplication of ill-defined or un- definable genera, according to the varied fancies of special bota- nists, has had the effect of placing the same species successively in several, sometimes seven or eight, different genera; and it is proposed to maintain for the specific appellation the right of priority, not in the genus alone in which it is placed, but in the whole of the genera to which, rightly or wrongly, it has been referred. This has been carried to such a degree as to give to the specific name a general substantive aspect, as if the generic ones were mere adjuncts—a serious encroachment on the beautiful simplicity of the Linnean nomenclature; and it is to be feared that there is a tendency in that direction in phenogamic botany. When a botanist dismembers an old genus, rule 57 requires that he should strictly preserve the old specific names in his new genera; and when he has wantonly and knowingly neglected this rule it may be right to correct him. But where a botanist has established what he believes to be a new species, and has there- fore given it a new name, the changing this name after it has got into general circulation, because it has been discovered that some other botanist had previously published it in a wrong genus, is only adding a synonym without any advantage whatever, and 198 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE X. is not even restoring an old name; for the specific adjective is not of itself the name of a plant. Ask a seedsman for some Canari- ensis and he will probably give you Zropeolum peregrinum, not Phalaris canariensis. A generic name is sufficiently indicated by one substantive, for no two genera in the vegetable kingdom are allowed to have the same name; but for a species the combina- tion of the substantive and adjective is absolutely necessary, the two-worded specific name is one and indivisible; and the com- bining the substantive of one name with the adjective of another is not preserving either of them, but creates an absolutely new name, which ought not to stand unless the previous ones were vicious in themselves, or preoccupied, or referred to a wrong genus. It is probably from not perceiving the difference between making and changing a name that the practice objected to has been adopted by some of the first among recent botanists, such as Wed- dell, though under protest (see the note in DC. Prod. xvii. 1.7 3). To give a couple of instances among hundreds that have lately pre- sented themselves to me: Wight published a Nilgherry plant which he believed to be new, and was certainly a new genus, under the name of Chamabainia cuspidata, in all respects a legitimate name ; and he could not be expected to identify it with Urtica squamigera of Wallich’s ‘ Catalogue,’ as the plant is not an Urtica. Wight’s name was therefore adopted in Weddell’s excellent monograph ; but in the ‘ Prodromus’ he thought himself obliged, in spite of his better sense, to call it Chamabainia squamigera, which is neither Wallich's faulty name nor Wight's correct one, but an entirely new name, to be rejected by the law of priority, which requires the adoption of the oldest correct name. So, again, an Indian grass was first named and described by Willdenow as Cois arundi- nacea, then named in the * Hortus Benghalensis * and distributed by Roxburgh as Coiz barbata, and entered in Sprengel's * Systema : with Willdenow's character as Coir Kenigit. All these names were defective as referring to a wrong genus. Brown corrected the error by creating the new genus Chionachne, and selected Roxburgh's specific name as the one most generally known and the least liable to misinterpretation ; and Brown's Chionachne barbata is therefore the first correct name, for which Thwaites afterwards substituted Chionachne Keenigii, an entirely new and useless name, which falls by the law of priority. It should be well borne in mind that every new name coined for an old plant, with- out affording any aid to science, is only an additional impediment. MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACES. 199 III. SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT. The general affinities of the Order have been repeatedly dis- cussed. Euphorbiaces have been severally compared with Malva- cee, Sterculiaceæ (especially Buettneriee), Rutacese, Rhamnes, Celastrinez, Chailletiacee, and even Menispermes, among Poly- petale, and with Urticee and a few others among Monochiamy- dee. But though there are individual genera which may exhibit some one character supposed to be nearly peculiar to some of those orders, yet no real connexion has as yet been pointed out. The isolation to which 1 shall further on have occasion to allude, is produced not so much by any one special character as by a special combination of several. And if a few genera may have been bandied about between Euphorbiacee and other orders on account of the supposed identity of some one of these characters, it will be found to be owing to their having been imperfectly known from specimens of one sex only, or otherwise defective, so as not to show how that character was connected with all others. But if it be admitted that Euphorbiacee constitute an isolated group, nearly equally surrounded by several others, there remains the question (which it is necessary to decide) Where should they be placed in the linear series which, though not in Nature, we are compelled to adopt? In the Candollean arrangement (which, with all its defects, we have followed in our * Genera Plantarum ' for want of a better one) they come under Monochlamydem. As, however, a considerable number of the genera have petals, they have supplied one of the principal grounds for the often proposed breaking up of the class of Monochlamydee and distributing their orders amongst Polypetale; but even then the most eminent of the botanists who have attempted to do so are not at all agreed as to where Euphorbiaces should be placed in that class. Some would bring them near to Rhamnes and Celastrines, to which many Phyllantheze and Galeariez indicate an approach ; others rely upon the petaliferous Crotonez as showing an affinity with the Malval alliance. In either case their practical insertion among Polypetale has generally been between orders more nearly allied to each other than to Euphorbiacee ; and many of the petalless Crotonem, especially Hippomanex, appear to me to show quite as near an approach to Urticeæ as do the Phyllanthee to Rhamnez. As, therefore, the order cannot be broken up, its old place among Monochlamydee seems to be the best suited to 200 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE £. the present state of our knowledge of the vegetable kingdom, occasioning the least break in the regular series. It will be observed also that about three fourths of the genera and nearly three fourths of the species are entirely without petals; and, of the petaliferous genera, many have them only in the male flowers, or have only small scales alternating with the stamens, which are perhaps not always true petals. The approximation, moreover, of Euphorbiacew to Urticeæ has been well exhibited by Weddel in the introductory part of his excellent monograph of Urticee, but as an approximation only. He regards Euphorbiaces as bearing the same relation to Malvacee that Urticer do to Tiliaceæ. In the limits of the order which we have adopted as those which in the course of Nature appear to have become affixed to it, we have followed Mueller and Baillon in including Antides- mex and Scepaceæ; but we cannot agree to the exclusion of Daphniphyllum, Buxus and its allies, Styloceras and Simmondsia, upon single characters to which ordinal importance has been given, though unaccompanied by any other one ; neither can we admit into the order, as proposed by Baillon, the Chailletiaceæ, with their usually hermaphrodite flowers, besides other minor differential characters. So also the anomalous genus Callitriche, considered by Baillon as a tribe of Euphorbiaceæ, appears to us to have neither the characters of the order nor the habit of any of its genera, even though it may not be really a reduced form of Halorageæ, where we had placed it in the * Genera Plantarum.’ In our general arrangement of the order we have chiefly followed Mueller, consolidating, however, or lowering the grade of those groups which are technically founded on the æstivation of the calyx or the form of the anthers, and dividing the whole order, including the Buxeæ, into six tribes. Of these the first three, chiefly extratropical, are each one distinguished chiefly by some one abnormal character, more or less confirmed, however, by acces- sory ones—LEuphorbiee by the calyx-like involucre, Stenolobee by the narrow cotyledons, and Buree by the peculiar position of the ovules. The great mass of tropical genera form two great tribes :—Phyllanthee, with the outer stamens, when isomerous, opposite the sepals, and with two ovules to each cell of the ovary ; and Crotonee, with the outer stamens, when isomerous, alternate with the sepals or opposite the petals, and only one ovule to each cell of the ovary. A few genera with the oppositisepalous MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE X. 201 - stamens of Phyllanthes, but with the uniovulate cells of Croto- nex, are collected in the small intermediate tribe, Galeariec. These tribes are not, however, strictly geographical ; for the extra- tropical ones comprise a few tropical species, and vice versá a few extratropical species, or even small genera, must be included in the tropical tribes; and the difference between the two great tropical tribes, in those genera where the stamens are very nume- rous and crowded in the centre of the receptacle, must rely mainly on the number of ovules in the females. I propose considering these tribes, with some remarks on a few of the genera in the order in which we have placed them for our ‘ Genera Plantarum.’ 1. EvPHORBIEX. This tribe—in which the androgynous cymule, consisting of one central female flower surrounded by several monandrous males, all without perianths or very rudimentary ones, is enclosed in an involuere formed by the union of several bracts usually bearing ex- ternal glands—was first marked out by Adrien de Jussieu, who, however, relying mainly on the presence of an involucre, included Dalechampia. That genus, with a very different inflorescence within the involucre, has been properly rejected from the tribe, which, with this exception, has been generally adopted by sub- sequent botanists. Baillon, it is true, recurring to the old idea, that the involucrate cymule of Euphorbia was a single herma- phrodite flower, has taken that as the character of the tribe, and rejected far away Calycopeplus and Anthostema, in which even he eould not maintain the hermaphroditism. Baillon’s arguments, however, have been refuted by several observers who have taken up the question after him, as well summed up by the most recent, Eichler, in his * Bliithendiagramme,’ ii. 386; and I am not aware that Baillon has found any one to support him. The genus Euphorbia, with its six hundred and odd species, forms the chief part of the tribe, and is exceedingly varied in habit and primary inflorescence, but so uniform in the arrange- ment of the cymule and structure of the flower, that its division into good sections is a matter of the greatest difficulty. Boissier, who has most carefully worked it up for the * Prodromus, divides it into twenty-six sections, many of them good, but very unequal in systematie value and number of species. They would appear to me to be more practically useful, and at least as systematically 202 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE X. correct, if grouped into about six principal ones, very fairly characterized as to the great majority of species, but all more or less confluent through intermediate ones. These are:—1. Aniso- phyllum, usually prostrate, much-branched herbs from most parts of the globe, with all the leaves opposite and stipulate, and the glands of the involucre almost always furnished with petal- like appendages; 2. Adenopetalum, American species with the petal-like appendages of Anisophyllum, but with a varying habit, the stem-leaves below the branches alternate except in two or three species, the stipules usually replaced by small glands or deficient ; and four sections without the petal-like appendages :— 3. Poinsettia, American species distinguished by the coloured bracts below the involucres, and by a greater or lesser obliquity in the involucres, showing an approach to Pedilanthus; 4. Ere- mophyton, distinguished from Tithymalus by the usually dicho- tomous not umbellate inflorescence ; 5. Euphorbium, by the thick and succulent or rarely slender stem and branches, almost or quite without leaves ; and 6. Tithymalus, with all or most of the primary branches forming a terminal umbel, the leaves of the main stem always alternate, without stipules. Of these six sec- tions, Anisophyllum and Tithymalus, and sometimes even Poin- settia, are by some botanists considered distinct genera, but with characters derived solely from habit, and not definite enough for generie separation. Allattempts to take into account minor modifications of inflorescence, the form of the glands of the involucre, the degree of union of the styles or their branches, &c., have only resulted in isolating single species or collecting several together which bear evidently but little general affinity to each other. Many of Boissier’s sections therefore, however useful in practice, can scarcely take rank but as artificial divi- sions of the above six. Of the other genera composing the tribe, Pedilanthus is an American aberration, with a marked irregularity of the involucre, giving it so peculiar an aspect that the genus has been univer- sally adopted, although a few of its fifteen supposed species come very near to such of tha Poinsettia section as have a decidedly oblique involucre. On the other hand, Synadenium, Anthostema, and Calycopeplus are three genera of two or three species each, two of them African, the third Australian, which afford some assist- ance in the explanation of the floral arrangement, and in some measure connecting the tribe with some genera of Crotoneæ MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACES. 203 (Hippomanee). In aid of this explanation various published diagrams may be referred to, especially the plan given by Baillon, * Histoire des Plantes,' v. 105, f. 145, noting, however, that it is purely diagrammatic, not the plan of any particular species, and that many Euphorbia-flowers may be examined without detecting the arrangement, whilst in others one or another part of it may be very evident. It will be seen that the cymule consists of a single terminal female flower surrounded by a number of males arranged in four or five clusters, in two rows in each cluster, these clusters representing the primary branches of the cymule; and each of these primary branches or clusters is subtended by a bract—the four or five bracts united in an involucre, almost to the top in Eu- phorbia, not so high in one species of Synadenium, not up to the middle in Calycopeplus, and shortly and irregularly in Antho- stema. Outside the involucre are usually prominent glands, cor- responding to those observed at the base of the bracts on each side in many Hippomanee. These glands are similarly lateral and almost basal in Anthostema, though irregular and here and there deficient. In Synadenium all those of the five bracts are united in a single continuous ring round the base of the invo- lucre. In most Euphorbie the two contiguous ones of adjoining bracts are united into single, often two-lobed glands, alternating with the lobes of the involucre. In a few species of the section Poinsettia, and still more so in Pedilanthus, the glands become very irregular, usually deficient on one side of the involucre. In Calycopeplus the glands are very small or entirely disappear. Inside the involucre, besides the flowers, there are in most species of Euphorbia a number of narrow or hair-like scales mixed in with the male flowers, or crowded between the clusters, as represented in Baillon’s diagram. These appear to be in exact correspon- dence with the bracteoles subtending the male flowers in many ` Euphorbiacee ; the lower ones (those next the centre of the cymule) are often more or less united at the base, especially when empty, prominently united in a few species, as represented in E. cecorum and E. insulana in the * Flora Brasiliensis.’ In Calycopeplus, Anthostema, and Synadenium these outer bracteoles are united in as many broad bracts as there are clusters, each completely enclosing the cluster; and in Synadenium the five are more or less united at the back into a tube surrounding the pedicel of the female flower. In Baillon's view of the supposed flower these bracteoles would be quite unintelligible. 204 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACER. 2. STENOLOBEX. This small tribe was established by Mueller in the * Prodromus,’ but absolutely rejected by Baillon, chiefly because it rests on & character which can rarely be observed, and is therefore perhaps not constant, and which is combined both with uniovulate and with biovulate cells of the ovary, a difference considered of primary importance in separating tribes. This main character of Stenolobex, the linear embryo with narrow cotyledons, is an essential, not an adaptive one likely to be affected by external influences of soil, climate, or social conditions; and it is strictly geographical (southern, extratropical, and almost exclusively Australian), thus giving strong evidence of the natural affinity (consanguinity) of the genera in which it is developed. Its supposed constancy has, moreover, been more and more con- firmed as observation has extended. I have myself examined the seeds of the great majority of the genera of Euphorbiacee, and we know the structure of others from reliable observations of other botanists; and although there may be in other tribes a few embryos exceptionally small in comparison with the albumen, or with exceptionally large and fleshy cotyledons, yet there are none assuming the peculiar form of the Stenolobee. Even in the nearest approach to it, in two or three species of the South- African Adenocline and Seidelia, the cotyledons are still flat and nearly twice as broad as the radicle, whilst in Stenolobew I have never found them half as broad again as the radicle. If in Bucus and Daphniphyllum the cotyledons are narrow, still the general form of the embryo is very different from that of the Stenolobee. We have therefore maintained Mueller’s primary series Steno- lobes as one of our principal tribes, as detailed in my ‘ Flora Australiensis, to which I would refer for further particulars astothe genera. We have, however, added to the tribe one plant which, though not Australian, belongs to that South-Andine region which, in many other instances, shows a connexion with the Australian flora. This is the Dysopsis, Baill. (Molina, C. Gay), from Chili and Juan Fernandez, which has so little appa- rent affinity with the Crotones, to which it had been technically referred, that it has been conjecturally named as belonging to very different orders, and even figured asa Hydrocotyle. It has, however, precisely the embryo, as well as other characters, of Stenolobew, though even there it constitutes a genus not closely allied to any other one. ` MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE. 205 3. BUXEX. Buxus had always been regarded, as it still is by most bota- nists, as a genus of biovulate Euphorbiacez, until Baillon ob- served that the position of the ovules was somewhat different from that in the other genera. The two ovules of each cell are separately affixed to the dissepiments, one on each side of, and at some distance from, the central angle, with the raphe more or less dorsal, and the micropyle turned towards the dissepiment or towards the central axis; whilst in the generality of Euphorbiacez the two ovules are affixed close together in the angle of the cell, and often under one common obturator, and the micropyle is external. He therefore proposed raising the genus to the rank of a distinct order, adding to it the closely allied genera Pachys- andra and Sarcococca ; and in a detailed monograph of the new order he summed up (p. 5) the several characters of Buxus, "qui ne se rapportent aucunement aux plantes de l'Ordre des Euphorbiacéces," under the following seven heads :— l. Opposite leaves—which are not in Pachysandra or Sarco- cocea, and are now known as characteristic of at least a dozen genera of true Euphorbiacez. 2. Absence of milky juice. This milky juice, though generally prevalent, is far from being universal in Euphorbiacee. 3. Styles distant from each other at the base, leaving the summit of the ovary bare between them. In Busus subcolum- naris, and most if not all species of Sarcococca, however, the styles are not only close together, but shortly united at the base. 4 and 5. The above-mentioned position of the ovules—which appears to be the only constant character of the group. 6. The mieropylar strophiole replaced by a fleshy production of the hilum. Baillon himself has described a similar produc- tion in some other genera; and in many cases tbe origin of the appendage at or near the insertion of the seed has not yet been satisfactorily traced. 7. The loculicidal dehiscence of the capsule. But Sarcococca, and apparently one species of Pachysandra, have an indehiscent drupe ; and loculicidally dehiscent capsules occur in several tribes or subtribes of Euphorbiacee. To the above three genera Baillon added Kunth's Styloceras, as a separate division of the proposed order, differing from the typical one in the number, form, and insertion of the stamens, LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. R 206 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACEE. and in the division of the ovary-cells into two compartments by the protrusion of a spurious dissepiment between the two ovules, a character unique in Euphorbiacesm. Two species have the dis- tant styles common in Juzus ; in a third (S. columnaris, Muell. Arg.) they are close together and united at the base. Mueller, in the ‘Prodromus’ (xvi. 1. 7), adopts Baillon’s Buxaces as a distinet order, which however he leaves in close proximity to Euphorbiacez ; and he adds to it the Californian Simmondsia, notwithstanding the uniovulate cells of the ovary. Baillon, again (‘ Histoire des Plantes,’ vi. 47), agrees to the admission of Sim- mondsia, but places the whole group in Celastrines, according to peculiar views which I feel quite incompetent to understand. To me it appears that Buxeæ, thus extended, constitute a marked and well-defined though very heteromorphous group, but not of a higher grade than that of a tribe of Euphorbiacere, allowing, as in Stenolobes, a specially exceptional essential character to over- ride that derived from the uni- or biovulate cells of the ovary. 4. PHYLLANTHES. The division of the great mass of tropical Euphorbiacex into great groups according as the ovary-cells have one or two ovules iu each, originally sketehed out by Adrien de Jussieu, and almost universally adopted, is very near being a natural one. The in- florescence of the biovulate Phyllanthee, always axillary, is, in the typical genera, usually in sessile clusters or cymules, at least in the males; the calyx is rarely valvate, and occasionally dis- tinetly 2-seriate, the sepals of the two series sometimes dissi- milar ; the petals, in the few genera where they are present, are usually small and scale-like, not always readily distinguishable from lobes of the disk ; and the stamens, rarely more than twice the number of sepals and mostly isomerous with them, have the single or outer series opposite the sepals. In the uniovulate Crotonee the inflorescence is usually spicate, racemose, or pani- culate, and in several genera terminal; the male calyx is uni- seriate and often valvate; the petals, when present, are guite corolline in their aspect and insertion ; and the stamens are often indefinitely crowded in the centre of the flower—but when definite, those of the single or the outer series are alternate with the sepals. In the fruit, however, both these great tribes vary in the same manner; and the concordance of the above characters is by no means constant. The latter groups of our series of Phyllan- MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE.E, 207 thee have the inflorescence of many Crotones, and a very few Crotoneæ have the typical inflorescence of Phyllanthes. The calyx is valvate in two or perhaps three genera of Phyllanthee ; the petals are fully developed in a few species ; and a few genera have the indefinite central stamens characteristic of so many Crotonee. There are also a few genera with the uniovulate cells of Crotones, which have nevertheless the outer or single series of stamens opposite the sepals, as in Phyllanthezm. In order not to invalidate the characters of the two great tribes, I have collected these last exceptional genera into a small intermediate tribe, the Galeariee. The main character also, the difference between the uniovulate and biovulate cells, is in a few cases not quite certain. There are some biovulate genera where one only of the two ovules is fertilized, and as the ovary becomes enlarged after flowering (the state in whieh it is usually examined) the unimpregnated ovule remains exceedingly small and has often been overlooked. The three tribes must therefore be regarded as to a certain degree artificial, and may hereafter be proved to be more so, and made to give way to a better arrangement ; but in the present state of our knowledge they appear to form the most useful, as well as the most generally received primary division of this part of the order. The subdivisions of the two great tribes may be more natural; but those at least of the Phyllanthee, which I propose first to consider, are as yet too indefinite to be classed as distinet subtribes. Taking, first, the petaliferous genera witha normal Phyllanthous inflorescence and uniseriate stamens, we have a group of six or seven, remarkable for their large fleshy cotyledons, with the albumen reduced almost to a membrane, or entirely deficient. All have also the rudimentary pistil well developed in the male flowers, a character brought prominently forward by Adrien de Jussieu, and recently by Mueller, and very constant in many instances, though not always to be relied on. Two of these genera, Bridelia with about 25 species, and Cleistanthus with about 22, all from the Old World, have been removed by Mueller to a distant subtribe, on account of their valvate calyx; whilst Baillon, making little account of that character, unites them as sections with the American and West-African genus Amanoa. It cannot be denied that there is close affinity between the three; but the characters which separate them are constant and definite, and appear fully to warrant their main- R2 208 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACES. tenance as distinct genera, though we would place them in close proximity. Bridelia is, morever, distinguished by the succulent indehiscent fruit, which in the other two is the ordinary tricoc- cous capsule. This genus shows also that the general character of the group is not to be absolutely relied upon; for in a few species the seed is albuminous with thin flat cotyledons, whilst in others it is precisely that of Cleistanthus, exalbuminous, with fleshy cotyledons. A third genus with valvate calyx, Sfenonia, consists of a single Madagascar species which I have not seen, and of which the fruit is unknown, and therefore somewhat doubtful as to its position. The four remaining genera of the group, with imbricate sepals, are well characterized and generally adopted, and call for no special remark. They are :—Amanoa, with 6 tropical species from Eastern America and Western Africa; Discocarpus, 3 species from east tropical America; Lach- nostylis, a single South-African species with the characters almost of Discocarpus, including the curious broad contortupli- cate cotyledons, but yet with sufficient to keep it distinct, especi- ally considering its geographical position; and Actephila, with 10 species from tropical Asia and Australia. One of these, included by Mueller in Lithoxylon, is correctly referred by Bail- lon to Actephila; the typical Lithoxylon, once raised in our gardens from Taitian seeds, remains very doubtful as to its affinities. It is only known from Lindley’s figure and descrip- tion, and from a very imperfect specimen; the fruit has never been observed. There remain three petaliferous genera, Wielandia, Savia, and Andrachne, which, notwithstanding that character, appear to be best classed with the typical apetalous Phyllanthee, of which they have the inflorescence, the fruit, and other characters. All three have the rudimentary pistil well developed in the male flowers, as in the other petaliferous genera ; but that occurs also in the apetalous genera Securinega and Fluggea. In Andrachne and the West-Indian Savie the petals are very small and scale-like, as in our first group of Phyllanthee. In the Madagascar species of Savia, and in Wielandia from the Seychelles, they are as well developed as in the petaliferous Crotoner; these Mascarene plants are but imperfectly known to me from defective specimens ; but they do not appear to be otherwise distinguishable from the group. Wielandia is reduced by Mueller to a section of Savia ; but the characters given by Baillon, as well as the habit of the MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACES. 209 plant, appear to us to be such as to warrant the following him in retaining it as a distinct genus. Another petaliferous genus, Gonatogyne, Klotzsch, has been published by Mueller in the * Flora Brasiliensis' from imperfect specimens gathered by Sello in South Brazil. Baillon refers it to Amanoa, of which, however, it has neither the fruit nor the habit; it is probably more nearly allied to Savia clusiefolia, Griseb., but must remain for the present of very doubtful affinity. The typical apetalous Phyllanthes have sessile or pedicellate flowers in sessile axillary clusters, or the females solitary on longer pedicels, the calyx imbricate, the stamens uniseriate oppo- site the sepals, the styles erect or recurved, linear or slender, simple or bifid, or dilated into flat stigmas at the end only ; the fruit capsular, separating into two-valved cocci, or baccate and three-celled ; the seeds with copious albumen and broad, flat, thin, cotyledons,—the chief exceptions to these characters being in solitary or very few species of Phyllanthus itself. We commence withthree small Old-World tropical genera, Agy- neia, Sauropus, and Cluytiandra, which have all the habit of many species of PAyllanthus, but are distinguished chiefly by a fleshy, often scale-like thiekening of the base or centre of each of the sepals, described by Mueller as so many lobes or glands of the disk. In this view I cannot well concur; for they are removed from the receptacle, a considerable interval occurring between them and the stamens in some species ; in other species they are concave, almost enclosing the stamens before the flower expands. Mueller, moreover, regarding these scales as disk-glands, and observing them to be opposed to the stamens, not alternate with them, as in the case of true glands or lobes of the disk, supposes them to indicate that the petals are not organically absent, but constantly suppressed. He accordingly removes these genera from their natural allies to place them amongst petaliferous ones ; and Baillon even unites Cluytiandra with Andrachne. To my mind it is clear that their proper place is next to Phyllanthus, and that Cluytiandra, quite distinct from Andrachne, is scarcely separable from Sauropus. The rudimentary pistil in the male flowers, deficient in Agyneia and Sauropus, is described by Mueller as terminating the staminal column in Cluytiandra ; it is in our specimens but very small and obscure, and scarcely of generic importance. Of the main genus Phyllanthus Mueller has described, in the 210 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE. E. * Prodromus’ or in the ‘Flora Brasiliensis, nearly 450 species, almost all tropical, extending into more temperate regions only in the southern hemisphere or in North America. Unlike the other two great Euphorbiaceous genera (Euphorbia and Croton), Phyllanthus abounds in differences, not only in habit but in sta- minal, pistillous, and other characters, which have appeared to various botanists essential enough to induce them to propose the establishment of no less than thirty distinct genera. Unfortu- nately the most striking of these characters often widely separate species which most closely resemble each other in other respects ; and the whole are now reunited by Mueller into a single genus. Among them are a few for the maintenance of which fair grounds might be adduced, especially Glochidion, and perhaps Synostemon and Cicca; but as Mueller has described the whole in detail as species of Phyllanthus, and as Baillon has adopted his views, it would only produce confusion now to rename so large a number of species, unless on reviewing them in detail for the ‘ Flora Indica’ their separation should prove to have preponderating advantages. Mueller divides the genus thus consolidated into forty-six sections, which, barring here and there a single exceptional species, might be fairly grouped into eleven primary sections. Of these, two (both well characterized and almost of generic value) are distinguished from almost all other species by having no inter- staminal glands or hypogynous disk, viz. :—1. Glochidion, about 130 trees or shrubs with coriaceous leaves, from the tropical regions of the Old World, many of the species very much in- volved, and requiring a careful study by Indian botanists; and 2. Synostemon, containing 14 species, all limited to Australia. Three more sections have the disk more or less developed, and the capsule more or less fleshy or succulent, though ultimately normally separating into cocci, viz. :—3. Cicca, about half a dozen arborescent or shrubby species, either American or from the Old World, with the male flower usually 4-merous; 4. Kirganelia, a small number of Old- World shrubs, with the male flower usually 5-merous; and 5. Emblica, a single Asiatic species, with a pecu- liar habit, and usually only three stamens. Mueller has added to the latter section several species of various habit, with the styles as in the true Emblica, more or less united in a column, and spreading only at the top—but which, on account of the dry cap- sule and other characters, might be better classed under Para- phyllanthus. The remaining six sections have the disk developed MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACE®. 211 and the capsule dry, and a considerable number of the species are herbaceous, or even annuals, though some are shrubby, but scarcely arborescent. These are:—6. Emblicastrum, a single species from the Malayan Archipelago, with the habit of Emblica, but differing from the whole genus in the female inflorescence and flower. 7. Williamia, three Cuban species, remarkable for the stamens twice or thrice the number of sepals, and arranged in two or three series. 8 and 9. Paraphyllanthus and Euphyllanthus, com- prising together nearly 200 species dispersed over the whole area of the genus, two or three of them almost cosmopolitan weeds; both the sections usually, but not always, 3-androus, with precisely similar variations in habit, and differing from each other solely in the anthers, which in Paraphyllanthus are erect, with distinct parallel longitudinal cells, whilst in Euphyllanthus they are divergent from the centre or reflexed outwards, with oblique divergent or horizontally divaricate cells opening ob- liquely or transversely with regard to the axis of the flower, and in two or three species the three anthers are confluent in a single ring round the central column. This character, however, is purely artificial, widely separating. for instance, two species so similar as P. Niruri and P. urinaria; but being apparently con- stant, the sections are practically useful. 10. Reidia, about 25 Old-World tropical species, distinguished from Euphyllan- thus by the anthers two only, but so divided as to appear like four 1-celled anthers, sessile crosswise at the apex of the column. For the sectional name Mueller has preferred Hasskarl's rather older name of Eriococcus; but that was only applied by the author to the species with woolly ovaries, as indicated by the name, and Wight's name Reidia was given to the whole of his genus, now forming the section. Lastly, 11. Xylophyllum, about 10 tropi- cal American leafless shrubs, with the floral characters sometimes of Paraphyllanthus, sometimes of Euphyllanthus, but with pecu- har flattened phyllodineous branches, which induced their esta- blishment as a distinct genus from tbe days of Schreber and Gaertner, though not by Linnszus, to whom the genus is some- times ascribed. There are, among exceptional species in various sections, two or three from New Caledonia or Madagascar with strictly opposite leaves, three or four from various countries with the short flowering branches frequently (but not always) leafless, so as to assume the aspect of racemes of flower-clusters; in the East-Indian P. beobotryoides the male flowers are really in axil- 212 MR. G. BENTHAM ON EUPHORBIACES. lary racemes, and in two or three American species they are in loose slender-branched sessilecymes. The P. fluitans, discovered in the Amazon and so named by Spruce, is a little floating plant with the aspect of a Salvinia; but all these abnormal forms are so closely allied to true species of Phyllanthus as not to give them even sectional importance. Of the remaining genera of this group, Leptonema is a single Madagascar species which I have not seen. From the descrip- tions and from Jussieu's figure it must be very near Phyllanthus, but with the male flowers in pedunculate umbels, and the anthers of Antidesma. It is probably on that account that Baillon reduces it to Antidesma itself, with which the other characters given do not at all agree. Securinega, from which we exclude Fluggea, differs from the sections Euphyllanthus and Cicca of Phyllanthus solely in the development of a rudimentary pistil in the male flowers, a purely technical character rarely accompanied by any difference in habit. There are only eight or nine species, but as widely scattered as those of PAyllanthus, as they include the Spanish Colmeiroa, the North-east Asiatic Geblera, the South- African Pleiostemon, the South- American S. congesta, S. elliptica, and S. Sehuechiana, and the Cuban Gen. PI. ii, p. 668. * In Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 593 a. MR. J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCACEZF. 293 Flores parvi, nune hermaphroditi, seepius polygamo-dioici. Calyz parvus, campanulatus, limbo 5-fido, persistens, demum auctus, et ad fructum laxe accretus. Petala 9, subparva, basi vix nexa, zestivatione quin- cuncialiter imbricata. Stamina 5 ad 30, sæpe subpentadelpha, basi petalorum inserta, glabra, in g pauca, æquilonga, et uniserialia, in d plurima, bi- triserialia, inæquilonga; filamenta subulata, subin- curva ; anthere didymo-globosæ, dorso affixæ, longitudinaliter utroque latere dehiscentes; pollen minutum, globosum, tririmosum. Discus epigynus, annularis vel planiuseulus. Ovarium imperfecte inferum, calyce sublibero tectum, 3 loculare; ovula in quoque loculo solitaria, suspensa. Fructus oblongus, vel oblongo-pyramidatus calyce aucto laxe tectus, lobis calycinis coronatus, siccus, indehiscens, apice disci rotundatus; nua conformis, tenuiter testacea, vix ossea, fragilis, abortu l-locularis; dissepimenta membranacea, latere adpressa. Semen ob- longum, dorso convexum, subcompressum, apicem versus sensim at- tenuatum, funiculo brevi suspensum ; integumentum membranaceum, fuscum, raphe longitudinali notatum. Embryo in albumen carnosum sat copiosum immersus; radicula supera, tenuiter teres, paulo in- curva ; cotyledones 2, minuti, inferze. Arbores aut suffrutices plerumque Brasilienses, ramose ; folia alterna, oblonga, sepius;subserrata, petiolata ; racemi azillares, breves; flores parvi, pedicellati, bracteolati, sepe spicatim congesti. Sectio 1. Fructifere, flores hermaphroditi . l. B. LANCEOLATA, nob.—Symplocos lanceolata, A. DC. Prodr. viii. p. 253; Miquel in Fl. Bras. fasc. xvii. p. 29, tab. 10.—Sym- plocos oblongifolia, Casaretto, Stirp. Bras. Decad. p. 31; A. DC. Prodr. viii. p. 673. In Brasilia: v. s. in herb. meo (6048 et 18476), Minas Geraés (Claussen). 2. B. rerranpra, nob.—Symplocos tetrandra, Mart. in Syst. Med. Bras. p. 49 ; Miquel in Flor. Bras. l. c. p. 33, tab. 14. In Brasilia: v. v. e£ sicco in herb. meo (4556), in mont. Organens, fructu immaturo. 3. B. esTRELLENsIS, nob.—Symplocos estrellensis, Casaretto, l. c. p. 82; A. DC. l. c. p. 673. In Brasilia, prov. Rio de Janeiro : V. v. et sicc. in herb. meo (4228 et 4554), in montib. Organens. 4. B. RHAMNIFOLITA, nob.—Symplocos rhamnifolia, A. DC. I. c. p. 253; Miquel, l. c. p. 33.—Symplocos variabilis, Mart. in Flor. Bras. l.c. p. 30, tab. 11. In Brasilia, prov. Rio de Janeiro et Bahia: v. o. et sicc. in herb. teo (4091), in flore, et abundans et in ! Plerz olim ad genus Scyrtocarpus, nob. relate. 294 MR, J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCACE. fructu: in montib. Organensibus. Specimen meum cum planta Bahiensi apte convenit. Sectio 2', Flores irregulares, sepe polygami; calyx 4—5-fidus, ciliatus ; petala 4-5, sublibera, revoluta ; stamina 10-30, bi- triserialia, 4-5- delpha, in 3 longiora, in g breviora, cum stylo brevi ; ovarium 3-lo- culare, interdum effectum ; fructus abortu monospermus. 9. B. crenata, nob.—Epigenia crenata, Velloz, For. Flum. p. 184; Icon. iv. tab. 138. In Brasilia, prov. Rio de Janeiro: v. v. et sicc. in herb. meo (4553), montib. Organensibus : in pl. d petala 4, stamina 12, inequalia, 3-serialia, elongata; ovarium effætum. 6. B. ninsuTA, Vell. l. c. p. 235 ; Icon. v. tab. 117.—Symplocos hirsuta, 4. DC. l. c. p. 253; Miquel, Fl. Bras. l. c. p. 33.—Sym- plocos arbutifolia, Casar. l. c. p. 30; A. DC. l. c. p. 673. In Bra- silia, prov. Rio de Janeiro et Minas Geraé : non vidi. 7. B. cELAsTRINEA, nob.—Symplocos celastrinea, Mart. in FI. Bras. l. c. p. 31, tab. 12. In Brasilia, prov. Minas Geraé: v. s. in herb. meo (6336), Gardner 4996. 8. B. nAMENTACEA, xob.—Symplocos ramentacea, Mart. in Fl. Bras. l. c. p. 33. In Brasilia, prov. Goyaz: non vidi. 9. B. nEvorvmTA, Mart.—Symplocos revoluta, A. DC. L. c. p. 253; Casar. l. c. p. 31, et A. DC. l. e. p. 675. In Brasilia, prov. Minas et Rio de Janeiro: v. v. et sicc. in herb. meo (4555), in montib. Organsib. 10. B. CUBENSIS, nob. In Cuba: v. s. in herb. meo (13170), Cuba (Linden 2089). A species with the habit of B. crenata, but with solitary flowers in the lower axils of the fallen leaves ; stamens numerous, tri- serial, as long as the 5 petals. 1l. B. awTILLANA, nob.—In Antilis: v. s. in herb. meo (18123), Cuba (Linden 1831). A species with the habit of C. celastrinea. Flowers 2-3, with many basal bracts on short axillary racemes scarcely longer than the petioles ; petals 5, stamens 10, of the same length ; stigma 3-lobed. |! Olim gen. Sympleura, nob. Concerning this section, Prof. DeCandolle ob- serves (/. c. p. 673) :—* Ob flores polygamos numerumque staminorum in fl. d et d. diversum, peculiarem sectionem in genere Symplocos constituere poterunt. + MR. J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCACER. 295 12. B. SPRUCEANA, nob.—Symplocos sp., Benth. MSS. In Peru- via: v. s. in herb. meo (21534), Tarapota (Spruce 4865). Flores d plures, spicatim racemosi; calyx 4-fidus; petala 4, triplo longiora, basi vix nexa; stamina 12, inzequalia, imo submonadelpha. Flores 9 majores, in axillis solitarii in eodem ramo, perula' involu- crati. DercaDIa. A genus established by Loureiro in 1793, acknowledged by Lamarck in 1811’, but scarcely recognized by other botanists. Prof. DeCandolle, in 1844, regarded it as a section of Symplocos’. The authors of the ‘Genera Plantarum’ looked upon it as a genus of Symplocacec of uncertain position’. To me it appears to offer characters that will maintain its validity: among these are its trifid calyx, a corolla with double the usual number of petals, Which are biserial and unequal; this latter cireumstance makes it approach the Alstonia of Linneus. Decana, Lour. Flores hermaphroditi. Calyx inferus, persistens, profunde 3-fissus, la- ciniis subrotundis, carnosulis, inzequalibus, pilosis, patentibus. Petala 10, biseriata, exteriora latiora, subovata, subserrata, erecta, calyce lon- giora. Stamina circ. 30, petala subzequantia, corollz basi insidentia ; anthere subrotund:z, bilobe, erectæ. Ovarium subrotundum, fere superum; stylus filiformis, stamina szequans; stigma crassiusculum. Drupa parva, ovata, rugosa; nuz ovata, trilocularis. Arbor Chinensis, mediocris; rami patentes; folia alterna, lanceolata, serrata, petiolata; racemi parvi, subsimplices, terminales; flores minuti, albi. l. D. arumtnosa, Lour. Coch. i. p. 985 ; Spreng. Syst. ii. p. 602 ; Rumph. Amboyn. vol. iii. lib. v. cap. xv. p. 160, tab. 100.—Bobua, Burm. (non Adans.) Zeylan. p. 26. In Cochin China: non vidi. The plant is well figured and described by Rumph. DnvuPaTRIS. A genus established by Loureiro in 1793, and also acknow- ledged by Lamarck in 18115, but which has been generally ne- glected by botanists. Prof. DeCandolle was disposed to refer it to Symplocos? ; but it appears to me to present good claims as a valid genus. ' Mirbel, Elem. ii. p. 635, tab. 18. figs. 1, 2, 4. ? Dict. Suppl. ii. p. 459. 3 Prodr. viii. p. 247. * Genera Pl. ii. p. 668. * Coch. i. p. 385. * Dict, Suppl. ii. p. 526. ? Prodr. viii. p. 247. 296 MR. J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCACE.E. DnvurarnIS, Lour. Flores hermaphroditi. Calyx? campanulatus, superus, limbo 5-fido, la- ciniis acutis. Petala 4, subrotunda, concava, patentia, calyce sub- longiora. Stamina ultra 20, petalis breviora, calyci insidentia ; fila- menta crassa; anthere subrotundz, bilobe, erectæ. Ovarium subro- tundum ; stylus crassus, stamina æquans; stigma crassiusculum. Drupa ovalis, levis, exsucca; nua trilocularis; semina im quoque loculo solitaria (** drupa quasiternaria, quz 3 nucleos continet "). Ce- tera ignota. 1. D. COCHINCHINENSIS, Lour. l. c. p. 385. Arbor magna, ramis paucis, adscendentibus; folis alternis, magnis, ovato-oblongis, acuminatis, serratis, glabris ; racemo subterminali, spi- eatim oblongo, multifloro ; floribus parvis, albis. Drupa mediocris, non edulis. In Cochin China in sylvis: non vidi. Dicatix. A genus established by Loureiro in 1793*. Lamarck acknow- ledged it in 1811’. Blume in 1826° united Decadia with it; but as it does not appear that he saw either plant, his deter- mination is of no value. It differs from all others of the family in having each flower supported within a trifid involucellum, in the extreme number of its stamens, and in its ampulliform fruit, in which respect it approaches Bobua. Dicatrx, Lour. Flores polygami, 9 in distincta planta. Involucellum® triphyllum, fo- liolis acutis inflexis persistens. Calyx estus insitus, brevis, 5-dentatus, persistens. Corolla rotata, 5-partita ; segmenta ovata, calyce longiora. Stamina fere 100, corollz insidentia et ipsa longiora; filamenta ca- pillaria; anthere subrotundz, biloculares. Ovarium subrotundum ; stylus crassus, turbinatus, staminibus brevior; stigma obtusum. Drupa parva, involucello suffulta, calycis lobis coronata; nux ovata, collo, constricta 1-locularis. 1. D. cocutncutensis, Lour. Coch. ii. p. 816; Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. p. 569; Spreng. Syst. ii. 568.—Arbor redeviva, Rumph. Amboyna, vol. iii. lib. v. cap. xix. tab. 104. In Cochin China: non vidi. ! Coch. i. p. 384. ? Perianthium, Lour. * Coch. ii. p. 815. * Dict. Suppl. ii. p. 471. 5 Bijdr. p. 1116. 5 Calyx exterior, Lour. MR. J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCACE X. 297 PaALURA. This Asiatic genus was first described in 1839 by G. Don as a distinct section of Symplocos'; Bentham in 1841 recognized this view; DeCandolle adopted the same conclusion in 18445, with a more defined character. Palwra should stand independently as a genus differing from all others of the family in its bilocular ovary and fruit. It may be thus defined :— Paruma, G. Don (non Ham.). Flores hermaphroditi. Calyx urceolatus, semiinferus, semiquinque- fidus, lobis acutis, patentibus. Corolla tubularis, semiquinquefida ; seg- menta ovata, concava. Stamina 30-60, tubo corollz inserta, inzequalia, triseriata, segmenta non excedentia. Ovarium rotundato-oblongum, disco biglanduloso et pyramidato superatum, biloculare, ovula in quoque loculo pauca, superposita, pendentia. Stylus filiformis, lon- gitudine petalorum; stigma clavato*bilobum. Fructus baccatus, ro- tundato-oblongus, calycis limbo discoque coronatus ; nux conformis, bilocularis (raro abortione 1-locularis), axi medulla vasorum nutrien- tium perforata; semina in loculis pauca, ovata, pendula. Arbuscule Asiatice, ramose ; folia alterna, oblonga, integra, petiolata ; flores in axillis pauci vel solitarii, parvi. 1. P. srytca, nob.—Symplocos sinica, Ker, Bot. Reg. tab. 710 ; G. Don, Dict. iv. p. 8, eum icone; A. DC. Prodr. viii. p. 258.— Myrtus chinensis, Lour. Coch. i. p. 3883. In China: non vidi. 2. P. PENDULA, xob.—Symplocos pendula, R. Wight, Icon. iv. tab. 1237 ; Thwaites, Enum. p. 184. In Indie montib. Pulwai (Carnatic) et Ceylon: non vidi. Lonpusza. So ealled from the vernaeular name of Symplocos racemosa, Roxb., one of its species. The name was first selected by D. Don in 1825* to designate a section of Symplocos ; this was adopted by G. Don in 18375 ; it was described by Guillemin in the same year" ; it was placed among the Asiatic species of Hopea by DeCandolle in 18447 ; but was not proposed as a distinct genus until 1847, when Decaisne did so’, founded on its type the Symplocos crate- ! Dict. iv. p. 3, in parte. ? Linn. Trans. xviii. p. 229. ? Prodr. viii. p. 258. * Flor. Nepal. p. 145. * Dict. iv. p. 2. € Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, vol. xv. p. 158. 7 Prodr. viii. p. 253. * Voy. Jacquinot, p. 103. 298 ME. J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCACE.X. goides, D. Don. The species, 51 in number, are all of Asiatic origin. The genus differs from Palura in its trilocular ovary and fruit, and many other characters. Lopura, Decaisne.—Symplocos (in parte) auctorum. Flores hermaphroditi. Calyx parvus, campanulatus, 5-dentatus, denti- bus obtusis, imo pluribracteolatus. Corolla tubulosa, semiquingue- fida; segmenta oblonga, quincuncialiter imbricata. Stamina numerosa, inzequalia, triseriata, tubo corollz inserta, et hac subbreviora ; anthere oblongo-ovatz, 2-lobæ, margine dehiscentes; stylus filiformis; discus epigynus, conicus, spe pilosus; stigma subcapitatum. Ovarium sub- inferum, disco carnoso superatum, triloculare ; ovu/a plura vel pauci- ora, sepius 4 in quoque loculo superposita, axi suspensa. Fructus baceatus, ovatus aut oblongus, calycis limbo discoque coronatus; nux ovata, apicem versus contracta, rugoso-striata, crasse ossea, abortu unilocularis et monosperma, dissepimentis membranaceis ad parietem adpressis, rarius bilocularis et disperma. Semen oblongo-cylindrieum, utrinque obtusum ; embryo in albumine copioso teres, paullo curvatus; radicula oblonga, supera, cotyledones 2, inferæ, lineares, illa dimidio breviores et zequilatz, rarius longiores. Arbores, suffruticesve Asiatice, ramose ; folia elliptica aut lanceolata, integra vel serrulata, petiolata ; racemi azillares ; flores plures, parvi. 1. L. CRATÆGOIDES, Decaisne in Jacquinot Voy. p. 108, tab. 110.—Symplocos crategoides, D. Don, Flor. Nepal. p. 145; G. Don, Dict. iv. p. 3; A. DC. Prodr. viii. p. 258.—S. paniculata, Wall. Cat. 4429.—Palura odorata, Ham. in Herb. In India: v. s. im herb. meo (17615), Khasya (Griffiths). 2. L. Lomu, nob—Symplocos Lohu, D. Don, Flor. Nepal. p. 144; G. Don, Dict. l. c. p. 2; A.DC. l. c. p. 255.—8. lucida, Wall. (non Brogn. & Gris.) Cat. 4414. In India: v. s. in herb. meo (7614 et 19534), Khasya (Griffiths). 3. L. Samunrra, nob.—Symplocos Samuntia, D. Don, l. c. p. 145; G. Don, l. c. p. 2 (excl. synon.) ; A. DC. l.c. p. 255. In India: v. s. in herb. meo (15557), Malacca ( Griffiths). 4. L. RACEMOsA, n0b.—Symplocos racemosa, Roxb. Flor. Ind. ii. p. 539, vern. Lhodra ; G. Don, Dict. iv. p.3; A. DC. l. c. p. 255. — S. theefolia, D. Don, l. c. p. 144; G. Don, l. c. p. 2; Kurz in Flor. Brit. Burma, ii. p. 144. In Bengalia et Burma: non vidi. 5. L. sproata, nob.—Symplocos spicata, Roxb. Flor. Ind. iii. p- 541 ; A. DC. l c. p. 254 (excl. synon. et var. 8); Wight, Illustr. MR. J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCACE E. 299 p. 11, tab. 150; Thwaites, Enum. p. 184; Kurz, 1. c. p.146. In prov. Madras et Martaban : v. s. in herb. meo (15050), N eilgher- ries (Gardner). 6. Lopura GRANDIFLORA, nob.—Symplocos grandiflora, A. DC. (ex Wall. Cat. 4421) l. c. p. 257. In India: v.s. in herb. meo (17614 et 19834), Khasya (Griffiths). 7. L. zvcrpA, nob.—Symplocos lucida, A. DC. (non Brogn. & Gris., nec Sieber & Zucc.) l. c. p. 255 ; G. Don, Dict. iv. p. 35; Kurz in Flor. Brit. Burma, i.p. 143. In montib. Sylhet et Martaban : non vidi. 8. L. ATTENUATA, nob.—Symplocos attenuata, 4. DC. (ex Wall. Cat. 4426) 1. c. p. 256. In montib. Sylhet: non vidi. 9. L. HAMILTONIANA, nob.—Symplocos Hamiltoniana, G. Don, Dict. iv. p.3; A.DC. (ex Wall. Cat. 4420) I. c. p. 254.—8. rigida, Wall. Cat. 4422, sub Decadia racemosa, Ham. MSS. In India, prope Molmein: non vidi. 10. L. rusratnosa, nob.—Symplocos rubiginosa, A. DC. (ex Wall. Cat. 4432) 1. c. p. 257. In ins. Penang et Ceylon: v. s. in herb. meo (14177) ; Ceylon ( Gardner 542). ll. L. FERRUGINEA, nob.—Symplocos ferruginea, Roxb. Flor. Ind. ii. 542 ; G. Don, l. c. p. 2; A. DC. l. c. p. 257 (excl. synon.). In Sylhet et Penang: non vidi. 12. L. MACROPHYLLA, nob.—Symplocos macrophylla, A. DC. (ex Wall. Cat. 4431) l c. p. 257. In Nepalia: non vidi. 13. L. FLORIBUNDA, 20b.—Symplocos Samuntia, var. floribunda, 4. DC. l. e. p. 253; G. Don (ex Wall. Cat. 4419) l. c. p. 3. In Nepalia: aon vidi. 14. L. naMosrssrwA, nob.—Symplocos ramosissima, G. Don, Le.p.8; A. DC. Lc. p.257. In Nepalia: aon vidi. 15. L. nervosa, z05.—Symplocos nervosa, A. DC. l. c. p- 256; Wight, Icon. tab. 1235.—S. racemosa, Wall. (non Roxb.) in Cat. 4418. In Nepalia: non vidi. 16. L. PYRIFOLIA, nob.—Symplocos pyrifolia, G. Don, l. c. p. 3, ex Wall. Cat. 4415 ; A. DO. l. c. p. 256.—S. obtusa, Thwaites (non 4. DC.), var. obovata, Enum. p. 185. In Ceylonia: v. s. in herb. meo (14174), Newera Ellia (Gardner 538). 300 MR. J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCACE®. 17. Lopura OBTUSA, nob.—Symplocos obtusa, 4. DC. (ex Wall. Cat. 4424) 1. c. p. 255 ; Wight, Icon. tab. 1233, Spicilegia, tab. 146 ; Walp. Ann. iii. p. 16 ; Thwaites, l. c. p. 185 (excl. synon.). In India et Ceylon: v. s. in herb. meo (15049), Neilgherries (Gardner). 18. L. Garpyeriana, nob.—Symplocos Gardneriana, Wight, Icon. tab. 1231, Spicilegia, ii. tab. 144; Walp. Ann. i. p. 499, ii. p.16. In Neilgherries: v.s. in herb. meo (15053), Ootacamund ( Gardner). 19. L. FOLIOSA, 205.—Symplocos foliosa, Wight, Icon. tab. 1234 ; Walp. Ann.i. p.499. In Neilgherries : non vidi; speciei preced. affinis. 20. L. wrcROPHYLLA, 4205.—Symplocos microphylla, Wight, Icon. tab. 1232, Spicilegia, tab. 145; Walp. Ann.i. p.499. In Neilgherries et Ceylon: v. s. in herb. meo (14171), Newera Ellia ( Gardner 535). 21. L. MONANTHA, nob—Symplocos monantha, Wight, Icon. tab. 1236; Walp. Ann. i. p. 500. Ad Courtallam : non vidi. 22. L. POLYSTACHYA, nob.—Symplocos polystachya, A. DC. (ez Wall. Cat. 4428),1. c. p. 254. In India : v. s. in herb. meo (19805) ; Mergui (Griffiths). 23. L. OXYPHYLLA, nob.—Symplocos oxyphylla, 4. DC. (ez Wall. Cat. 4430) l. c. p. 256. In montib. Sylhet et Khasya: v. s. in herb. meo (17617), Khasya (Griffiths). 24. L. LEIOSTACHYA, nob.—Symplocos leiostachya, Kurz in Flor. Brit. Burma, à. 144. In Burma: non vidi. 25. L. suncata, nob.—Symplocos sulcata, Kurz, l. c. p. 145. In Martaban: non vidi. 26. L. PEDICELLATA, nob.—Symplocos pedicellata, Kurz, l. € p. 147. In prov. Martaban: non vidi. . 27. L. LEUCANTHA, nob.—Symplocos leucantha, Kurz, l. c. p- 148. In sylvis inundatis fluv. Irawadi: non vidi. 28. L. PULCHRA, nob.—Symplocos pulchra, Wight, Icon. tab. 1230, Spicilegia, tab. 145 ; Walp. Ann. i. 499. In India: v. 8$. in herb. meo (15051), Neilgherries ( Gardner). 29. L. CAUDATA, nob.—Symplocos caudata, A. D.C. (ex Wall. Cat. 4413) l. c. p. 256; Kurz, l. c. ii. p. 147. In India: v. s. im herb. meo (17616), Khasya (Griffiths 307). MR. J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCACEEX. 301 30. LODHRA POLYCARPA, nob.—Symplocos polycarpa, G. Don, Dict. iv. p. 8, ex Wall. Cat. 4423; A. DC. l. c. p. 255; Kurz, l.c. p. 146. In Khasya et Martaban: v. s. in herb. meo (19833), Khasya (Griffiths). 31. L. BRACTEALIS, nob.—Symplocos bractealis, Thwaites, Enum. p.185. In Ceylonia: v. s. in herb. meo (14176), Newera Ellia (Gardner 541). 32. L. opovara, nob.—Symplocos obovata, Wight § Gardner in herb. —Symplocos obtusa, var. obovata, Thwaites, l. c. p. 185. In Ceylonia : v. s. in herb. meo (14175), Elephant plains (Gardner 539). 33. L. CUCULLATA, 2ob.—Symplocos obtusa, var. cucullata, Thwaites, l c p. 185. In Ceylonia: v. s. in herb. meo (14173), Newera Ellia (Gardner 537). 84. L. HIRSUTA, nob.—Symplocos hirsuta, Wight § Gardn. in herb.; Thwaites, 1. c. p. 185. In Ceylonia: v. s. in herb. meo (14172), Newera Ellia ( Gardner 536). 33. L. HISPIDULA, nob.—Symplocos hispidula, Thwaites, 1. c. P. 186. In Ceylonia: non vidi. 36. L. RUFESCENS, nob.—Symplocos rufescens, Thwaites, 1. e. p. 184. In Ceylonia: non vidi. 37. L. LÆTA, nob.—Symplocos læta, Thwaites, l. e. p. 184. In Ceylonia: non vidi. 38. L. ELEGANS, nob.—Symplocos elegans, Phwaites, l. c. p. 185. In Ceylonia: non vidi. 89. L. sucuypa.—Symplocos jucunda, Thwaites, l.c. p. 186. In Ceylonia : non vidi. 40. L. acura, nob.—Symplocos acuta, Thwaites, l.c. p. 186. In Ceylonia: non vidi. 41. L. CUNEAT A, nob.—Symplocos euneata, Thwaites, l.c. p. 186. In Ceylonia: non vidi. 42. L. CORDIFOLIA, nob.—Symplocos cordifolia, Thwaites, l. c. P. 187. In Ceylonia: non vidi. 43. L. MARGINALIS, nob.—Symplocos marginalis, Thwaites, l. c. P. 187. In Ceylonia: non vidi. LINN, JOURN.—BoTANY, VOL. XVII. * 309 MR. J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCACE.E. 44. Lopura APICALIS, 20b.—Symplocos apiealis, Lhwaites, Ù. c. p.187. In Ceylonia: non vidi. 45. L. CORONATA, zob.—Symplocos coronata, Thwaites, l. c. p. 187. In Ceylonia: non vidi. 46. L. VERHUELLI, nob.—Symplocos Verhuelli, Jungh. 4 Vriese, Pl. Nov. Ind. Batav. i. p. 12; Walp. Rep. vi. p. 458. In Sumatra et Java: non vidi. 47. L. RIBES, nob.—Symplocos ribes, Jungh. & Vriese, l.c. p. 11; Walp. Rep. vi. p. 458. In Java: non vidi. 48. L. XANTHOPHYLIA, nob.—Symplocos xanthophylla, Jungh. & Vriese, l. c. p. 1t; Walp. Ann. vi. p. 458. In Java: non vidi. 49. L. MICROCARPA, nob.—Symplocos microcarpa, Champion in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. p. 303. In Hongkong (Champion) : non vidi. 50. L. CRASSIFOLIA, nob.—Symplocos japonica, Benth. (non A. DC.) in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. p. 308. In Hongkong (Champion) : non vidi. Evidently a distinct species. 51. L. JAVANICA, nob.—Symplocos javanica, Kurz in Flor. Brit. Burma, ii. 145. In Burma (Tenasserim) et insulis Malayanis usque Java: non vidi. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, rusty pergamineous, serrulate, covered with a rusty pubescence, 5-8 in. long, on a densely pubescent petiole 6-9 lines long ; branch- ing axillary racemes ; flowers pubescent, 1 line long; ovary 8- locular ; drupe ovoid, 3 lines long ; nut ovate, contracted towards the apex, l-seeded. BoBUA. The history of this extensive genus is somewhat complicated. It was first established by the elder De Candolle in 1828, who placed it in Combretacee, from a fancied resemblance of its typi- cal species to Bruguiera’. This type was the Bobu of Adanson and the Eugenioides of Linneus; and it obtained from various authors many synonyms, which further complicated the matter. Prof. De Candolle, pereeiving the mistake of his father, rightly placed the genus in Symplocacee in 1844, but as a mere synonym of Symplocos?. Its species, of Asiatie growth, are all of insular ! Prodr. iii. p. 28. ? Prodr. viii. p. 246. MR, J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCACER. 303 origin, the localities extending from Ceylon to Japan and the islands of New Caledonia. The genus differs from Zodhra in the following characters :—in its comparatively smaller corolla; in its more numerous stamens in 4-5 series, united at their base into 5 fasciculated bundles, shortly cohering below, and fixed upon the short tube of the corolla; in its scabrid anthers ; in its pilose fili- form style; in its ventricose ovary bearing a single suspended ovule in each cell; in its epigynous disk, which is crenately annu- lar, umbilicate and striated within ; in its baccate fruit, corru- gated, fleshy, often of a bright blue colour ; in its testaceous am- pulliform nut, which is 3-celled, divided by fungous dissepiments meeting in the axis, and there perforated in the embryo of its albu- minous seed, having a more slender and more elongated radicle with two minute inferior cotyledons. The following is an amended diagnosis. Bosva, De Candolle.—Bobu, Adans.; Hermann.—Eugenioides, Linn.—Symplocos (in parte) auctt.— Chasseloupia, Vieillard. Flores hermaphroditi. Calyx parvus, turbinatus, ad medium 5-fidus, lobis brevissime acutis, membranaceis, ciliatis, persistens. Petala 5, calyce 2-3plo longiora, lobis calycinis alterna, obovata, imo breviter coherentia, rotata. Stamina circa 50, petalis vix longiora, tubo brevi corollze insita, ssepius breviter pentadelpha, superne libera ; filamenta subimbricata, late lineari-oblonga, valde reticulata, membranacea, apiee subito in filum constricta; anthere didymo-globose, scabri- dule. Discus epigynus, crenato-annularis, umbilicatus, intus stria- tus. Ovarium turbinatum, subinferum, disco coronatum, triloculare ; ovula in quoque loculo solitaria, suspensa. Stylus petalis longitudine, æqualis filiformis, 5-angulatus, pilosus; stigma trigonum, capitatum. Fructus ovatus, baccatus, sæpe coloratus, corrugosus, disco lobisque calycinis coronatus; nug ovatus, collo constricta et hine ampullefor- mis, testacea, trilocularis; dissepimenta fungosa, mollia, in axi pro vasibus nutrientibus perforata. Semina sæpe 1 vel 2 abortiva ; inte- gumentum membranaceum ; embryo in albumine copioso carnoso tenuiter teres, paullo curvatus: radicula supera, elongata; cotyle- dones 2, minime, obtusze, inferze. Vo Arbores, sepius arbusculz, in insulis Asiaticis vigentes, ramose ; folia elliptica vel oblonga, integra aut serrata, petiolata; racemi breves, pauciflori; flores parvi. : § 1. Species Asiatice. 1. Bosva ravnrwa, DC. Prodr. iii. p. 23 (1828).—Bobu Bemba, Paul Hermann, in Mus. seu Cat. Pl. Zeylan. (1714); Linn. z2 301 MR. J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCAUEE. Flor. Zeyl. p. 621 (1714).—Bobu, Joh. Burmann, Thes. Zeyl. p. 26 (1737).—Eugenioides, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. (ex pl. Burm.), p. 192 (1747); Lam. Dict. Suppl. i. p. 646 (1810).— Laurus serrata, Joh. Burmann, Thes. Zeyl. p. 139, tab. 62 (1737)—Myrtus serrata, König (1768).—Myrtus laurina, Retz. Obs. iv. p. 27 (1787).— Eugenia laurina, Willd. Syst. ii. p. 967 (1799).—Symplocos spi- cata, 4. DC. (non Roxb.), var. zeylanica, ex Wall. Cat. 4427, Prodr. vii. p. 257. In Ceylonia: v. s. in herb. meo (14170), Galle (Gardner 534). 2. BonvA cERASIFOLIA, 20b.—Symplocos cerasifolia, A. DC. L c. p. 257, ex Wall. Cat. 4434. In insula Penang et prov. Madras: v. & in herb. meo (15052), Neilgherries (Gardner, in flore); fruetus non vidi. A species closely approaching the preceding. 3. B. orrcosTACHYa, 2ob.—Symplocos spicata, A. DC. (non Roxb.), var. oligostachya, 7. c. p. 234.— Eugenia laurina, Willd. in herb. (non in Syst. ii. p.967); Wall. Cat. 4416, cum nom. citato : non vidi. A species near B. laurina, with few simple flowers, on a raceme scarcely longer than the petiole. 4. B. ATROVIRIDIS, z0b5.—Symplocos spicata, A. DC. (non Roxb.), var. atroviridis, 7. c. p. 234, in Wall. itin. ined. In Burma, (Tavoy, Moulmein, et Amherst): non vidi. A species differing notably from B. laurina in the form and peculiar eolour of its entire leaves. § 2. Species Neo-Caledonice’. 5. B. sTRAYADIOIDES, %0b.—Symplocos stravadioides, Bron- gniart et Gris, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 5, vol. vi. p. 246.— Chasse- loupia neo-caledonica, in parte, Vieillard in Bull. Soc. Linn. de Normandie, vol. xiii. p. 429: v. s. in herb. Soc. Linn. Normand. montibus de Balade (Vieillard no. 541). 6.- B. LENORMANDIANA, nob.—Symplocos Lenormandiana, ! The typical specimens of the species recorded in this section were kindly lent to me for examination by Prof. Moriére, of the Linn. Soc. of Normandy. I made tracings of these, which are preserved in my herbarium, and which will serve for future reference, MR. J. MIERS ON THE SYMPLOCACEZX. 305 Brongn. & Gris, l.c. p. 247 -—Symplocos lanceæfolia, Brongn. MSS. —Chasseloupia neo-caledoniea, Vieill. in parte, l. c. p. 248. V. s. in herb. citato, in montibus circa Wagap (Vieill. n. 543 et 2920). 7. Bonva VIEILLARDI, nob.—Symplocos Vieillardi, Brongn. d Gris, 1. c. p. 248.— Chasseloupia cerulescens, Vieill. in parte, MSS. V. s.in herb. citato, circa Poila (Vieill. n. 542 et 2919). 8. B. cumuLEscENS, nob.— Symplocos cærulescens, Brongn. TIUS Lp 247.— Chasseloupia cærulescens, Vieill. 1. c. P. 430. V. s. in herb. citato, cirea Wagap (Vieillard, 542 bis). 9. B. ARBOREA, nob.—Symplocos arborea, Brongn. d Gris, l. c. p. 248.—Chasseloupia arborea, Vieill. l. c. p. 429. V. s. in herb. citato, cirea Balade et Wagap (Vieill. n. 545). 10. B. cGravcEscENs, zob.—Symplocos glaucescens, Vieill. MSS.—Chasseloupia lucida, in parte, Vieill. l. c. p. 480. V. s. in herb. citato, Wagap (Vieill. n. 2921). ll. B. ROTUNDIFOLIA, nob.—Symplocos rotundifolia, Brongn. 4 Gris, l. c. p. 248.—Chasseloupia nitida, Vieil. MSS. ; De- planche, MSS. n. 60. V. s. in herb. citato (Vieill. n. 491 bis, 549 ; De Planche, 60). 12. B. Barrica, nob.—Symplocos baptica, Brongn. d Gris, l. c. p. 249.—Chasseloupia tinctoria, Vieill. l. e. p. 248. V. s. " herb. citato, montibus de Balade (Vieill. n. 547, 548; var. P, Vieill. n. 546). 13. B. rvcrpa, nob.—Symplocos lucida, Brongn. § Gris, l. c. p. 249.—Chasseloupia lucida, im parte, Vieill. l. e. p. 430. V. s. in herb. citato, Wagap (Vieill. n. 559). ‘14. B. NITIDA, 20b.—Symplocos nitida, Brongn. § Gris, l.c. ro E Pp. 249. V. s. in herb. citato, Wagap (Vieill. n. 550). 15. B. MONTANA, 20b.—Symplocos montana, Brongn. j idet l. c. p. 250.— Chasseloupia montana, Vieill. l. & p 430—C. microphylla, Vieill. l c. p. 430: v. s. in herb. citato, montibus de Balade (Vieill. n. 551) ; Nebo (Deplanche n. 32). 16. B. enacrLis, nob.—Symplocos gracilis, Brongn. d Gris, l c. p. 250.— Chasseloupia gracilis, Vieill. l. e. p. 431. V. s. in 806 MR. R. IRWIN LYNCH ON BRANCH TUBERS AND herb. citato, montib. de Balade (Vieill. n. 544-282); Puebo (Deplanche n. 56). § 3. Species Japonice. 17. Bonva JAPONICA, nob.—Symplocos japonica, A. DC. Prod. viii. p. 255; Paxton & Lindl. Fl. Gard. p. 61, tab. 32 ; Walp. Ann. iii. p. 919.—Symplocos lucida, Sieber J Zuccar. (non Brongn. § Gr., nec A. DC.), Flor. Japon. p. 56, tab. 24. In Japonia: non vidi. 18. B. PRUNIFOLIA, nob.—Symplocos prunifolia, Sieb. f Zuccar. Abhand. Akad. Wissensch. iv. 8, p. 183 ; Walp. Ann. i. p. 498. In Japonia: non vidi. 19. B. MYRTACEA, nob.—Symplocos myrtacea, Sieb. d Zuccar. Abhand. Akad. Wissensch. iv. 3, p. 183; Walp. Ann. i. p. 498. In Japonia: non vidi. 20. B. LANCIFOLIA, Sieb. § Zuccar. Abhand. Akad. Wissensch. iv. 3, p. 133; Walp. Ann. i. p. 499. In Japonia: non vidi. 21. B. LEPTOSTACHYA, nob.—Symplocos leptostachya, Sieb. § Zucc. Abhandl. Akad. Wissensch. iv. 8, p. 194 ; Walp. Ann. i. p. 499. In Japonia: aon vidi. 22. B. NERIIFOLIA, nob.—Symplocos neriifolia, Sieb. 4 Zuce. l. c.; Walp. Ann.i. p. 499. In Japonia: non vidi. 23. B. THEOPHRASTÆFOLIA, Sieb. & Zucc. l. c.; Walp. Ann. i. p. 499. In Japonia: non vidi. On eae i ubers and Tendrils of Vitis gongylodes. By R. IRWIN LyxcM, of Kew Gardens. (Communicated by Dr. J. MURIE, F.L.S.) [Read November 21, 1878.] (PnarE XV.) I nave the pleasure of calling the attention of the Fellows of the Society to living specimens of Vitis gongylodes, illustrating its peculiar habit of forming a tuberatthe extremity of every branch when ceasing growth for the season. They are analogous to the subterranean tubers produced by the potato and many other plants; but, in contrast to the tubers of an ordinary kind, they are pro- duced in the air at considerable height, and, when the branches TENDRILS OF VITIS GONGYLODES. 307 decay or become weak, fall to the ground and grow. Their special purpose would seem, at first, to be the preservation of life through à long season of drought. It would be fair to assume this, be- eause after nearly twelve months' keeping in a dry place, I have found them still plump, full of life, and ready to grow when placed under circumstances of warmth and moisture. They would sur- vive under conditions necessarily fatal to other parts of the plant. Their capaeity for retaining life does not necessitate the conclu- sion that this must be their special function ; and I am led to say this, because so far the plant is only recorded from a perpetually wet country. They appear to answer as a means of propagation, just as do the bulbils of a Lily—which fall off and grow, without being able to withstand drought better than the bulbs beneath the soil. Axillary and other bodies that fall off and grow are not un- common. Tiny tubers are produced in the leaf-axils of some species of Begonia; and curious round tubers are formed by some species of Dioscorea ; bulbils are frequent among bulbous plants ; and asexual means of propagation, known by the same term, obtain in Chara, thallus of Hepatiez, and frond of many ferns, &c.; while the leaves of many species have little plantlets ready to grow on falling to the ground, or which soon develop when the leaves are in contact with moist soil. All these cases differ from the one before us, none having the same origin. The tubers of V. gongylodes are formed by the special development of an already existing stem ; and on this depends the interest of the case. The branches of many plants would grow on accidentally falling to the ground ; but these tubers are endowed with special vitality, and so prepared for intentional separation. I am unable to find by inquiry at the Kew Herbarium that any case of similar kind ison record. It is not described in the ‘ Flora Brasiliensis, where I believed there would be all the information of this plant in a wild state. No mention is made in the manuscript notes of Bur- chell, who collected the only specimens in the Kew Herbarium near Para. Little requires to be said about the development of these tubers. The onward growth is arrested; and the stem commences to swell from about the last unfolded leaf backwards either one or two nodes. Tubers of two swollen internodes are very common ; and sometimes the swelling tapers off in some part of the second internode from the point. The form is usually oblong, or tapering from an obtuse apex to the base, with a constriction at the node 308 MR. R. IRWIN LYNCH ON BRANCIL TUBERS AND when the whole is composed of two internodes. The formation of the tuber never takes place up to the growing point ; there is always a short portion of stem which falls away, with also one or two leaves of stunted development. The tendrils of this vine are of great interest, on account oftheir having adhesive disks already formed without the stimulus of con- tact with any substance, two such plants only being recorded by Mr. Darwin in his highly interesting work ‘Climbing Plants.’ One of these at least, Vitis or Ampelopsis Veitchi (V. tricuspidata), is entirely dependent on its disks for climbing-support, while this species can, and does sometimes, entirely dispense with their aid. The adhesive disks are so rarely formed by the tendrils of climbing plants, that Mr. Darwin has observed only four species and re- ferred to two others. We read of Bignonia capreolata (l. c. p. 102), “If the hooked extremities of the tendrils do not touch any thing, disks, so far as I have seen, are never formed ; but temporary contact during a mode- rate time suffices to cause their development." Then, in a footnote, that Fritz Müller states that in South Brazil the trifid tendrils of Hoplolo- phium (one of the Bignoniacez), without having come into contact with any substance, termi- nate in smooth shining disks; and that these, after adhering to any object, beeome conside- rably enlarged. With regard to Ampelopsis hederacea, the Virginian Crceper, Mr. Darwin says that the “disks are never developed, so far as I have seen, without the stimulus of at least temporary contact with some object; adding, in a footnote, that Dr. M‘Nab remarks (‘ Trans. Bot. Soe. Edinburgh,’ vol. xi. p. 292) that the tendrils of Ampelopsis Veitchi bear small globular disks before they have come into contact with any object ; and that he has since observed the same fact. At p. 179 we read that “ The rapid development of these adherent disks is one of the most remarkable peculiarities Tendril of Vitis gongylodes. On piece of Bam- boo, showing at d, d the enlarge- ment and attach- ment of disks, at c, c cellular adhe- sive layers, and at ea disk un- enlarged. From young specimen growing at Kew. TENDRILS OF VITIS GONGYLODES. 309 possessed by any tendrils. We have seen that such disks are formed by two species of Bignonia, by Ampelopsis, and, aecording to Naudin, by the Cucurbitaceous genus Peponopsis adherens.” By this we observe that they are curiously found in widely distinct natural orders, and are not by any means a generic peculiarity. I notice in the plant before us (V. gongylodes) that, although the disks are able, as I have seen, to attach themselves to a nearly smooth surface, yet they still prefer a crevice in which to insert themselves; and the tendrils possess an extensive power of search to find one. I have seen the case of a tendril with three branches, each with its disk in the same crevice, where of course they have the advantage of wedging themselves by an accession of cellular tissue. The tendrils also delight to twine, or clasp, and do not then always further develop their adhesive disks; Sometimes they do, however, and then, as it were, clench their at- tachment. These tendrils having a well-developed revolving move- ment, it is interesting to note that such is not always the case with the disk-bearing tendrils of other plants. It does not happen with Ampelopsis hederacea, and probably not with A. Veitchi, but again occurs in Bignonia capreolata. The adhesive disks of Vitis gongylodes apparently enlarge when most necessary : in one case the arms ofa tendril had about half-encircled a thick round bar; and this being an insufficient support, the disks grew to a large size, so that a firm hold was obtained. The disks sometimes enlarge without forming an attachment to an object; but this perhaps happens from previous irritation, as supposed in the case of Ampelopsis hederacea by Mr. Darwin. In one case two tendrils had met each other through an opening in ornamental ironwork ; and in this position they became entwined together, and thus formed a strong support to the branch, just as one might clasp the hands over a bar and so cling to it. This I mention, bearing m mind that when the tendrils of Bignonia dioica become entwined with each other, they again release themselves. The power of clasping or entwining a support is perfect; a bar 13 inch broad I have seen well embraced. And in addition to this and the development of adhesive disks, there is frequently a growth of whitish adhe- sive tissue along the course of the entwining branch at points of contact, just as occurs in the case of Hanburya mexicana, of which Mr. Darwin says that, “after a tendril has once firmly coiled itself round a stick, it is difficult to imagine of what use the adhe- hesive cellular layer can be,” a remark which applies to this and 310 MR. C. B. CLARKE ON GARDENIA TURGIDA. to the enlargement of the disks when it also happens. These tendrils possess a threefold power of attachment—by entwining, by the adhesion of disks, and of the cellular layer. This, I believe, is not described of any other plant. The specimen from which these tubers and tendrils have been - taken is of singular and striking interest in the Victoria house at Kew; and especially is this so during summer. The ternate leaves are of elegant outline, shining on the upper surface ; and the square stems are adorned on each angle by a broad wavy and ciliated wing. These beautiful features, however, might easily pass unnoticed from the height at which the stems grow; but no observer, however casual his examination, can fail to notice the large number of stout roots, which, springing from each node, grow down to the water, and as it were form a curtain along the course of the stems above. In summer, when growing, these roots are of beautiful crimson colour. The cluster of four roots exhibited grew from a single node ; they are more than 11$ feet in length, and no doubt would have been much longer had they been able or required to grow further. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XV. Vitis gongylodes, 1. The extremity of a branch, showing the early condition of a tuber, to which the leaves are still attached. 2. A mature tuber that grew after twelve months’ keeping. 3. Slightly enlarged portion of a tendril, showing a disk as always present, without stimulus of contact. į Note on a turgida, Roxb. By C. B. CLARKE, M.A., F.L.S. [Read December 5, 1878.] THE genus Gardenia contains several Indian species with large sweet-scented flowers, which are included by Sir J. D. Hooker in his subgenus Eu-Gardenia. These have (so far as is known) hermaphrodite flowers; the calyx-limb is usually produced above the ovary and funnel-shaped; and the nearly allied Indian species are distinguished mainly by the calyx-teeth, which are lanceolate, 1-3 in. long in G. lucida and G. latifolia, but O in G. tubifera and G. speciosa. In the parallel genus Randia the calyx-teeth are in like manner in some species minute, in others 2-1 in. long. MR. C. B. CLARKE ON GARDENIA TURG IDA. 811 The next subgenus of Gardenia in Benth, & Hk. f. Gen. Pl. ii. 90, is Ceriscoides, of which the type is given by three species founded by Roxburgh (Fl. Ind. i. 709-711), viz. G. campanulata, turgida, and montana (figured by Wight, Icon. tt. 577, 578, 579). In this subgenus all the branches preserved at Kew are dioicous, some carrying clustered pedicelled male flowers, others solitary ses- sile fruits; a few branches exhibit solitary sessile female flowers. The flowers and fruits greatly resemble those of the subgenus Lu-Gar- denia, but are much smaller. These three species of Ce- riscoides are very close together: G. turgida has the corolla-tube cylindric, $~Zin. long; G. campanulata has the corolla-tube cam- panulate, 4 in. long; G. montana hardly differs from G. turgida, except by having the leaves hairy beneath. Male and female branches of G. turgida have been communt- cated from the Calcutta Botanic Garden, and seem (from the A. Female flower, solitary, sessile. B. Style. Fig. 3. Fig. 2. A. Male flowers, clustered, pedicelled. B. Style and ovary from the same; stigma covered with adhering pollen-grains; ovary quite aborted. Fig. 3. Male flower (from a male plant) having one enlarged calyx-segment. peculiar bark) as though cut from one shrub; but it has been doubted at Kew whether they belong to one genus; for the calyx- teeth in the male flowers are 0, in the females oblong, 4 in. Rox- burgh describes the calyx as “slightly 5-toothed” in G. turgida, “somewhat 5-toothed " in G. montana. Wight’s Ic. t. 578 (G. 312 MR. C, B. CLARKE ON GARDENIA TURGIDA. campanulata) represents a branch with clustered male flowers, and shows the calyx slightly 5-toothed. Wight’s Ie. t. 579 (G. tur- gida) represents the flowers, some clustered, some solitary, the calyx-teeth small, triangular, acute; the figure appears a com- promise between male and female specimens. Wight’s Ic. t. 577 (G. montana) represents a branch with clustered male flowers above, ripe solitary fruits below, the calyx of the male flowers scarcely toothed. It is possible that G. montana may be monci- cous; but it is hardly probable that one branch carries male flowers and ripe fruit at the same time; the picture, I fear, is a composition. Neither Roxburgh nor Wight appears to have had the slightest suspicion that the flowers were strictly monosexual, far less that they might be dioicous. Roxburgh, however, com- plains of his specimen plant of G. turgida, that after being twelve years in the Calcutta Botanic Garden it had never ripened a single fruit. Next Blume (Bijd. 1017) finds G. campanulata, Roxb., in Java. Blume’s work is a very remarkable one; and he is not often far wrong in his identification of Indian plants. De Candolle, however (Prodr. iv. 383), makes a new species, G. Blumeana, DC., out of Blume's plant, because Blume described it as with calyx- teeth * ovatis obtusiusculis.”’ The explanation I offer of these difficulties is:— G. turgida is a dioicous shrub, or at all events the branches are very generally monosexual; the male flowers have the calyx-limb truncate, with 5 minute points on the margin (fig. 2); the calyx-limb of the female has 5 spathulate elliptic lobes 1 in. long (fig. 1). In one male branch 1 have found oze male flower in which the calyx has one enlarged calyx-tooth (fig. 3). G. campanulata and montana have similarly a truneate calyx in the male, a lobed calyx in the female flowers. If some reason be required for so curious an arrangement, we may suppose that the female flower benefits by an extra protection in a greater degree than does the male. The third figure is the only male flower with an enlarged calyx- segment that I have been able to find. MR. W. M. WEALE ON SOUTH-AFRICAN ORCHIDS. A03 Note on South-African Orchids. By W. MaxsELL WEALE. (Communicated by Sir J. LvBn2ock, Bart., M.P., aud abridged.) [Read December 19, 1878.] Acconprxa to the observations of Mr. Weale made on living plants in South Africa, he finds that structurally Mystacidium and Poly- stachya do not agree in those generic characters pointed out as characteristic of them by botanists. Thus Mystacidium in the fresh state and with the parts in situ shows that the so-called two- legged caudicles are essentially free and not adherent. By slight manipulation with a horse-hair or fine pin, the two pollinia are seen twisted round and widely separated—a position unattainable had the caudicles been united as represented in Harvey’s ‘ Thesaurus Capensis,’ and moreover under the circumstances the pollen never would have fertilized the plant. In the case of Polystachya, of the four pollen masses said to be grouped in pairs, the fresh plant shows that each waxy pollen mass is partially cleft, noć divided, and is attached by a very short caudicle to an ovate viscid disk common to the two pollinia. — —— On the Absorption of Rain and Dey by the Green Parts of Plants*. By the Rev. Grorer Henstow, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. [Read November 7, 1878.] 1. Introduction. Tue subject of this paper has been a matter of controversy for 150 years; but it is hoped that at last the question whether moisture of any kind is absorbed or not by the aerial parts of plants will be set at rest for ever, and answered in the affirmative. The many and varied experiments I have made, extending over some years, have convinced me that such is the case; and they corroborate entirely the conclusions of M. Boussingault and other modern physiologists. M. Boussingault's researches have pro- ceeded simultaneously with my own, but quite unknown to me, until they appeared in the * Annales de Chimie et de Physique" * This paper as originally written embodied an historical résumé of experi- ments and views on the subject, extending over the last 150 years. I bad also added a good many more of my own experiments than are now recorded in the text. As, however, the conclusions had been to some extent anticipated by M, Boussingault and others, agreeably to the recommendations of the Council, I have Omitted nearly the whole of the historical part and recast the experimental, re- taining a few only of each series of my experiments. 314 REV. G. HENSLOW ON THE ABSORPTION OF RAIN (Mars 1878) ; and while our conclusions are identical, our re- spective experiments really supplement each other; so that al- though his results have now been published, it is thought advi- sable to publish a selection of mine also as corroborating those of M. Boussingault. Hales, in 1731, and Bonnet, in 1753, alike inferred, but did not actually prove, that plants absorbed rain and dew. De Candolle, Meyen, and Treviranus and others, however, ob- jected to Bonnet’s conclusions, asserting positively, but appa- rently without experimental evidence in support, that the leaves which he laid on the surface of water kept fresh for lengthened periods solely because transpiration was assumed to be arrested. Had they fixed watch-glasses on the surfaces of the leaves, as I have done, transpiration would have been easily detected. Notwithstanding these objectors, a general belief seems to have been held until 1857, when M. Duchartre performed his experi- ments ; and although he had himself been previously of the opinion that if plants could not absorb vapour (which Boussingault has now proved to be the case) they could at least imbibe dew and rain, yet he was led to abandon this view ; and he is responsible for the opposite one being generally held till now by vegetable physiologists. It should be observed that practical horticulturists have never abandoned the idea that plants can and do absorb water by their leaves. As this change of view has been somewhat of an obstruction to the progress of vegetable physiology, and, as far as I am aware, no serious attempt has been made to refute M. Duchartre’s con- clusions, I do not think it out of place to try and expose their fallacy. He commences* his paper by objecting strongly to experimen- ters using cut leaves or shoots instead of growing plants in their entirety; but he gives no grounds for raising this objection. On the other hand, it is easy to prove that all the functions of a leaf are carried on when detached as when growing: transpiration can be readily detected ; and M. Garreau found in his experiments on respiration that “detached leaves gave the same results as those which remained attached to the plant” +; and ifa green shoot * * Recherches sur les rapports des plantes avec la Rosée,” Bull. de la Soc. Bot. de France, t. iv. p. 940; ** Recherches expérimentales sur les rapports des plantes avec la rosée et les brouillards," Ann. des Sc. Nat. 4me sér. xv. p. 109. + “De la respiration chez les plantes," Ann. des Sc. 3me sér. xv. p. 12 (1851). AND DEW BY THE GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS. 315 be plunged into water the evolution of oxygen ean readily be seen. Moreover M. Duchartre compares a shoot to a detached limb of an animal, to which it is obviously not comparable; for there is no such mutual dependance between a shoot or a leaf and the main stem as in the case of an animal’s limb. The one can be detached and made to strike root and grow into an independent plant; not so the other. All that can be called injurious to a shoot when detached for experimental purposes lasting for a short time only, is that the supply of water is cut off. The shoot may become flaccid and slightly enfeebled ; but in no sense are its functions impaired. And I maintain, making due allowance for that fact, whatever results a cut shoot or detached leaf gives in the matter of absorption and transpiration, they are legitimately applicable to a growing plant. Those who assert it to be otherwise must bear the burden of the proof. M. Duchartre's experiments were made with plants growing in pots, the latter being carefully protected from imbibing any moisture by a mechanical contrivance. The plants thus prepared were weighed at 6 or 6.30 p.m., then subjected all night to dew. They were again weighed at 6 or 6.30 a.m. on the following morn- ing, with the dew still upon them. The leaves were then carefully wiped one by one till the whole plant was dry. It was then again weighed ; and the result was that the weight was almost exactly the same or more generally a little less than it was the evening before. Duchartre consequently came to the conclusion that in our climates dew is not absorbed directly by plants, but that it contributes to their nutrition indirectly only, (1) by re- ducing the nocturnal transpiration to nothing, and (2) by the in- tervention of the soil, which absorbs the dew. The fundamental objection that I raise against his conclusion is that he has not considered the difference that exists between the statical or nearly statical conditions of the internal flow of water in a plant at night, with the dynamical or active flow ever taking place as soon as transpiration and evaporation are perfectly re- sumed in sunlight and heat. He has shown it to be true, though not so absolutely as has been often asserted, that transpiration is greatly checked when the surfaces of the transpiring organs are thoroughly wetted, or when in darkness. Darkness and superficial moisture combined, as on a dewy night, must therefore reduce this vital act to a 316 REV. G. HENSLOW ON THE ABSORPTION OF RAIN minimum. The internal flow upwards from the root, however, is not at the same time equally checked ; for the temperature of the soil is not lowered to the same extent as that of the air. Hence every thing tends to bring the juices to as high a point of saturation at night as possible. Under these conditions one would hardly expect dew to be imbibed in any appreciable quan- tity, unless the leaves and herbaceous stems were exceptionally flaccid. Now Duchartre always weighed his plants early in the morn- ing after this statical condition was fully attained; so that it is not at all surprising to find that he could not detect any in- crease of weight; hence his experiments seem to prove conclu- sively that at night dew is not usually absorbed in any appreciable degree. Dew, however, does not disappear suddenly from leaves at sun- rise; and it is only after sunlight and heat begin again to affect leaves that the other function of dew is now carried on, its actual absorption. Herein, however, is involved a practical difficulty ; for the balance will no longer help us. But I believe that as soon as transpiration recommences, then any part that may be the first to become dry will now begin to transpire, and so cause an indraught of dew in any neighbouring spot where it may have been retained ; so that there will be an influx and efflux accom- panied by the usual root-supply, whieh probably furnishes the main source of water for transpiration. Hence it will be seen that itis generally impossible to detect the absorption of dew or rain by leaves with mathematical accuracy or to prove it to demonstra- tion. On the other hand, the “ proof” that such is the case may be arrived at indirectly by accumulating probabilities, based upon observed facts. Such is the method I have attempted by aid of the following experiments. The conclusion I have arrived at is that, while there is no ob- jection that I know of which cannot be met, there are ample reasons for believing that dew and rain are, under certain circum- stances, absorbed and utilized to supplement the normal root- supply. 2. Experiments illustrating the Power of Absorption of Water by the Epidermis of Herbaceous Internodes. A shoot of first year's growth of Elm had three internodes wrapped up in saturated blotting-paper on June 12, 1876. By the 15th the leaves were flaccid and nearly faded ; but the terminal AND DEW BY THE GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS. 317 bud and a leaf adjacent to it remained quite fresh. By the 20th all four leaves were almost dead, with the exception of the bases of the blades. The terminal bud remained perfectly fresh until the 29th, when the whole was dead. Duration 17 days. A simi- lar specimen not moistened totally perished in 2 days. When herbaceous plants, especially those with tolerably large leaves, as Borago officinalis, Rumex crispus, Sisymbrium Alliaria, Lychnis dioica, &c., have only their internodes wrapped up in satu- rated blotting-paper, the leaves generally soon wither and perish, but the internodes remain green and fresh for long periods. A branch of Borage having two internodes was wrapped up on June 8th, 1876. On the next day the leaves were much faded, but the stem was quite firm. On the 10th the upper part of the leaves was brown, brittle, and dead, but no change had taken place in the stem. By the 12th the leaves were entirely withered, ex- cepting a small portion at their bases. On the 13th the leaves were quite dead. The internodes remained firm, green, and fresh. They thus continued until J uly 10th. They then decayed slowly. Duration 5 weeks and 3 days. A similar specimen not wrapped up was perfectly dead in 2 days, the previously juicy stem being now dry and collapsed. The long time during which the leaves remained green, of the first described of these specimens of Borage, clearly proves that the supply of water must have been obtained through the epi- dermis of the internodes to balance the transpiration. Symphoricarpus, or Snowberry.—A. shoot had one internode Wrapped up, with four leaves beyond it exposed. After 3 days the lower pair of leaves were dying, but the upper pair were fresh. After 8 days all the leaves were dead ; but the internode remained fresh several days longer. A second and similar specimen had also four leaves exposed ; but they were below the internode which was wrapped up. The order of decay was in this case reversed ; the two lowermost or furthest from the wet internode died first, those nearest to it last. The above are selected from a large number of experiments to illustrate the fact that herbaceous internodes readily absorb mois- ture in the endeavour to supply the leaves with water for trans- Piration, but that the demand is usually much greater than one or a few internodes can furnish: hence the leaves soon begin to die back from their apices to their bases. In addition to such supply as they can for a time give to the leaves, the experiments prove LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 2A 318 REV. G. HENSLOW ON THE ABSORPTION OF RAIN that moisture applied to internodes arrests death and decay in the stems and axillary buds for variously prolonged periods; for efforts to develop axillary buds were frequently made, as well as adventitious roots, these being apparently special instruments for absorbing superficial moisture. 3. On the Absorption by Leaves attached to Branches, and their Power of Nourishing the Rest of the Leaves on the Shoot. On July 23rd, 1878, a shoot of this year of Corylus Avellana, with a subherbaceous stem, had three leaves lying with their lower surfaces only on water. The shoot bore two large and two small leaves sustained in the air. The whole shoot was perfectly fresh and vigorous at the end of a week. On Aug. 8rd the larger leaves began to die back from their apices, while the terminal small ones were dead. Hence it was far from entirely perishing after 10 days. A similar specimen had two large leaves with their upper surfaces only lying on water, the remaining leaves as before in air. Like the preceding, the whole kept perfectly fresh for the same time. The apical leaves began to die about Aug. 3rd, or after 10 days. A similar specimen to these two, without water, was dead in two days, the leaves being brown and brittle. Shoots of Lime, Elm, &c. treated as above gave similar results, showing that the presence or absence of stomata is immaterial, the upper surfaces of the above having none at all. These experiments entirely corroborate the results of Hales, Bonnet, Baillon, Duchartre, Boussingault, &c., the general con- clusion being that the duration of life in the specimen thus treated depends upon the supply being equal to the demand. The ab- sorbing-power is incontrovertible; but the amount of foliage ex- posed varies the demand upon the power of imbibition. To prove that the absorption and evaporation is not merely me- chanical like a sponge, the following experiment will suffice. On the 10th of June, 1876, a cut specimen of Nepeta Glechoma had two leaves wrapped up in saturated blotting-paper. One internode was exposed, bearing two other leaves also exposed to the air. By the 16th the latter was much discoloured. On the 22nd they were nearly dead ; but the buds in their axils had been develop? as well as smaller ones in the axils of the absorbing leaves. By the 27th both buds had borne four leaves each. One absorbing leaf was now dead. On July 10th the other absorbing leaf AND DEW BY THE GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS. 319 perished ; consequently the buds immediately died. Duration 4 weeks and 3 days. 4. Experiments to show the Power of Absorption by Leaves and Internodes to nourish lower Leaves on the same Shoot. The possibility of an internode when wrapped up in saturated blotting-paper nourishing leaves below it has been shown in the case of Symphoricarpus. The following are instances in which the leaves alone or with the internodes did the same. A frond of Nephrodium Filiv-Mas had the terminal portion wrapped up on July 3rd, 1876. No sign of shrivelling occurred through that intensely hot month until Aug. 22nd, when a few pinnules began to turn brown. Leaving town, the specimen was neglected. Duration of observation 7 weeks. The terminal leaflet of Berberis aquifolia, as those of Dahlia, Polemonium, Wistaria, &c., all nourished the basal leaflets well for various lengths of time. Veronica Chamedrys, Vinca major, &c. all illustrated the same fact, that upper leaves can act as absorbents to supply lower ones on the same shoot, the lowermost leaves, 7. e. those furthest from the absorbing ones, always dying first. Vinca major developed very vigorous axillary shoots from the axils of its absorbing leaves, similarly to the Nepeta Glechoma described above, the whole lasting 6 weeks. 5. On the Nourishment of one Part of a Leaf by the Absorption of Water in another Part. The objection having been made by Duchartre that when leaves are laid upon water so that the edges are not touching it the absorption is merely local, and that water is not transmitted to the border, which consequently dries up, I have tried a large series of experiments, placing (1) the apex only, (2) the basal part, but not the eut end of the petiole, (3) the middle of the blade, plunging oth surfaces beneath the water in every case. Again, I have taken the same parts, but placed (1) the upper side only, (2) the lower side only on water. The results gave every degree imaginable in the power of absorption. In some cases, e. g. Ipo- mea purpurea, with the lower surface of the apical portion in water the part in air rapidly perished, as this leaf is particularly thin. In the majority of instances, however, it bio e gue two A 320 REV. G. HENSLOW ON THE ABSORPTION OF RAIN days, generally many more, before the edges were dead; and in many cases they remiined fresh for proloazel periods, even for weeks, Nor is the result constant with the same kind of leaf. Some old Lilac-leaves had but feeble powers to nourish the parts in air when the apical parts only were laid on water; whereas leaves taken off the same shoot with the apical part completely im- mersed, or else with the middle part only in water, supplied the remaining parts sufficiently. As a contrast to the leaf of the Ipomæa mentioned above, another leaf, placed with the upper surface of the apical half in water, nourished perfectly the basal part in air, as well as a long stalk. Two leaves of Borage were laid, one with the under surface, the other with the upper surface of the apical parts in water; but they could only nourish the midrib of the part in air; the sides dried up as far as the rib. Both the upper and and under surfaces of Digitalis purpurea nourished the parts in air perfectly. In this and other corrugated leaves, the water rans into all the minute channels over the ribs and veins by capillary attraction and thus irrigates the entire surface. Garreau has noticed how, these channels, as well as the one very commoniy occurring down petioles, are particularly advantageous for absorbing water. The conclusion I have arrived at is that the objection raised is really of no consequence. In the majority of instances it is some days before the margins dry up where the central part only is wet. Moreover similar leaves not kept wet always perish far sooner altogether. This shows that even in leaves least capable of transmitting water laterally, they can do it to some extent; and if the leaves be thick, this is easily effected ; and with corru- gated surfaces the transmission is not only within, but without as well, so that the whole leaf becomes bathed with water, though the apex alone may be actually in it. Now, when it is remembered that dew forms all over and on both sides of leaves, they are never in this artificial condition of being wetted only in part, at least at first ; but as the dew dries up in one part of a leaf and transpiration has recommenced in sunlight, the above experiments thoroughly establish the right to believe that an influx will be set up to balance the renewed cfilux caused by transpiration. AND DEW BY THE GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS. 821 6. On the Power of Absorption by detached Leaves laid on the Surface of Water. Of the preceding experiments, the results were solely judged of by the general appearance as presented to the eye. Such, how- ever, clearly proved that leaves can readily act as absorbing organs in the absence of roots, not only to nourish themselves, but other leaves on the same shoot, especially if the stem be her- baceous. In the following experiments the leaves were left as stated below from July 30th to August 3rd, 1878. They were all care- fully weighed to the 5000th part of a gramme, then again at the latter date. The losses are reduced to percentages of the original weight of the specimens respectively. Proportional no. of Surface on Loss Apparent Plant. stomata. Water. per cent, condition. Berberis aguifolia...... [0 Upper. 26°31 Fresh. T bu s 50 Lower. 13°38 Fresh. 5 T UE Inam 49:10 Withered. Ficus Carica eos 0 Upper. 1:52 Fresh. p a 100 Lower. 5:23 Fresh. x M c Ina =o 73°95 Dry and brittle. Ligustrum vulgare...... 0 Upper. 7:93 Fresh. 55 POM UN 25 Lower 1°73 Fresh. » Sasa T Inar s 53:33 Flaecid. Prunus Laurocerasvs 0 Upper. 13-72 Fresh. 5 a ie 2 Lower. 451 Fresh. » A v om ar e o 21:39 Fresh. Aucuba japonica ...... 0 Upper. 5:07 Fresh. ” " je (DU Lower. 9:82 Fresh. » 32 a e Frar -o oe 27:84 Slightly puckered. Hedera Heliz..... ...... 0 Upper. 10°82 Fresh, : ” P 45 Lower. 16:64 (gain) Fresh. Drame a 10:26 Fresh. These specimens illustrate the fact that, unless the difference be very pronounced, the eye cannot judge of the amount of water _ à coriaceous, or even not always a herbaceous, leaf may have lost ; secondly, that the loss is not entirely dependent upon, nor pro- portional to, the relative amount of stomata on the surface. In some cases, certainly the more often, there is less loss when the lower side is on the water; but even then this may not be refer- able to the stomata more than to a less cut icularized condition of the surface. Inthe next series, in each case one specimen was partly plunged in water, the cut end (as in every experiment), as well as some leaves, were elevated in the air. They remained thus from July 822 REV. G. HENSLOW ON THE ABSORPTION OF RAIN 30th to August 3rd. They were all weighed before and after the experiment, as before, in grammes to three places of decimals. Loss Apparent per cent. condition. Cedrus Deodara ...... Partly in water. 09 Fresh. ši We aina In air. D7 Dry and deciduous. Federa Hee sicn: 2 leavesin water, 4in air. 10:28 Fresh, aara eee In air. 10:26 Fresh. t Syringa vulgaris SL 4leavesin water, Óinair. 311 Fresh. mm m In air. 67:20 Dead and crisp. Tye, BD ese Partly in water. 6:19 Fresh. ud ed T. In air. 21:07 Fresh. Taxus baccata ......... Partly in water. 4:52 Fresh. IRAE In air. 23:02 Fresh. Ilex aquifolia LH Partly in water. 1:84 Fresh. 2 n e RE In air. 13:88 Fresh. These examples, taken from many others, show clearly that the leaves in air on the branches which have other leaves in water are easily and well nourished by the latter. In the case of Ivy but little difference is seen between the two percentages. This is due to the fact that, the transpiring surface of four leaves being greater than that of the absorbing, the supply was not equal to the demand. The following specimens, weighed when gathered, were left without water fora day. They were then weighed again, their losses per cent. being given below. They were then partly im- mersed as before. They were once more weighed on the follow- ing day, after having been carefuliy dried. Corylus Avellana, first loss per cent. = tec subsequent gain per cent. n 20 Berberis aquifolia 5 $5 3. 3 42 Syringa vulgaris 2 » = 1 ð $ 2: 18 80 Tn these three the foliage had faded to a considerable extent; consequently the gain per cent. is very large. Hedera Helix, first loss per cent. 10- 16, subsequent loss per cent. 7°30 Ilex aquifolia z 9:04 In these two the transpiration exceeded the absorption; but the smaller loss after immersion, as compared with that before it, indicates that these coriaceous leaves had freely imbibed water. Buxus sempervirens, first loss per cent. 1 ‘95, gain per cent. yi = :28 Aucuba japonica PA 3 » , Prunus Laurocerasus ,, 2 zu 35 5 x MEM Prunus lusitanica, x E 18:49 » » :36 Thuja, sp. 1 i * 14:93 5 6:84 Cedrus Deodara 2 285 » DoI Taxus baccata 2 A 20:92 m » Ar48 Viburnum Tinus ~ $5 38:15 , 4421 AND DEW BY THE GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS. 323 In these specimens the gain varies according to the amount of foliage exposed to the air, and the consequent loss by transpira- tion, all tending to establish the general conclusion that the re- tention of freshness visible to the eye, or the variable amount of loss or gain as proved by the balance, depends solely upon the respective conditions of *supply and demand." 7. On the Absorption of Dew. In the following experiments the leaves were gathered between 4 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon of September 10th, 1878. "They were then exposed at an open window to the full light of the sun until it set. After two and a half hours the herbaceous ones showed obvious signs of loss of water, having become more or less flaccid. The loss was not visible in the case of the coriaceous leaves. They were all weighed at 7 r.m. A bright moonlight night followed, and an exceedingly heavy dew began to form at 7 P.M. The specimens were all spread out upon a grass-plot. At 7 a.m. on the 11th, before the sun was visible, in consequence of a very heavy mist, the specimens were carefully dried with a soft cloth so as to remove all trace of dew with which they had been entirely covered. They were then weighed. In every case there was an actual gain, as seen in the following Table. But besides the proof afforded by the balance, the stems and leaves had perfectly recovered the freshness and rigidity which they had lost on the previous evening. Gain Gain per cent. per cent ZH ogee 16:40 Viburnum ........... VCI 6:84 DRE Loos o a 6:40 Bryonia (old leaf)... ......... 16:49 Sambucus (old leaf) ......... 15:58 » (young laf) ...... 10:31 » (young leaf) ...... 3°56 Rebus igen castes re 1428 Geranium 4. 0 s Leese Carduus uo 10771 HEN RI uL LT 27°31 Nepeta........... eere ennt 8:89 Morcurmahks oi og ak 14:50 Malot eec ee Rais 9:09 Tulane 1 a 31:56 Ligustrum ........ nennen 3:36 Gras S o SE 35°00 PRURONOTIE urs cis ots esos oes 8:42 Hyccsthus eese 2:56 Trifolium |... eene e een ee 31:16 Bumer o e 0 5 55$ 16:66 Syringa ...... eee eee 10:60 DEMO Leno be 8441 JEU tpa ue ET 1:94 Fagus V S V E 24:05 Borhess sos. oiro cseys iiitr ar 0:57 Philadelphus |... .............- 8:33 Aucuba (young shoot) ...... 2:20 8. On the Absorption of *Imitation- Dew.” Finding that I could imitate dew very exactly by means of the “spray,” I adopted this plan, so as to apply what I call “ imita- 824 REV. G. HENSLOW ON THE ABSORPTION OF RAIN tion-dew " to one, the upper or the under, surface of a leaf alone as required, or else to both surfaces at once, as it is in nature. A large series of very various and freshly gathered leaves was experimented upon, the general result entirely corroborating previous conclusions. The loss per cent. was almost invariably less when the lower side only was covered with dew—which shows that absorption of dew by that surface is more readily effected than by the upper. Such, too, was the case, it will be remem- bered, with water. The certain inference that we may draw is that dew (in nature) is absorbed from below to supply the transpiration from above. Another series of some forty specimens consisted of leaves which were left three hours to become flaccid. They were then weighed ; the loss per cent. from the original weight when freshly gathered was calculated. They were then treated with imitation- dew, there being three examples of each species; one had dew on the upper surface, another on the lower, the third on both sides. In more than half of them they gained weight after having been left to dry: the remainder had lost a very small fraction per cent. This was due to the fact that they had become quite dry some time before being reweighed; hence they had again begun to lose weight once more by transpiration. Hence this experiment entirely corroborated the one men- tioned above of the absorption of actual dew by slightly “ wilted " leaves. 9. On the Nourishment of Plants rooted in Pots by aid of their Leaves and green Internodes alone. A small healthy plant of Mimulus moschatus bearing three shoots was growing in a pot. I ceased to water it on June 4th, 1878. By the 8th the shoots showed signs of wilting; so I now placed the apices of two shoots only in water. On the 11th the leaves on the third and exposed shoot had all withered; but the small buds in the axils of the lowest pair of leaves but one remained vigorous, being about half an inch long. The smaller buds, a quarter of an inch long, were in the axils of the next pair of leaves. Lastly, the terminal bud and pair of leaves were quite fresh and green. On the two stems which had their apices in water, the lowest leaves (in air) were more or less withered by July 2nd. The apex of the shoot in air and all its buds were now beginning to AND DEW BY THE GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS. 325 grow vigorously. Three blossoms were borne and expanded on these shoots with their apices only in water. By July 7th a great quantity of adventitious roots had made their appearance from the nodes in water. This Musk-plant thus grew slowly, but well, for more than a month ; and on removing it from the perfectly dry soil, several subterranean buds were pushing vigorously. One learns also from this experiment, as from previous ones, that it is immaterial to a plant which way the water may flow; for it was downwards in the shoots with their apices in water, but of course upwards in the shoot in air. A similar plant left without water on the same day (June 4th) became flaccid in two days, and perished utterly in two or three more. Other plants, such as Lysimachia Nummularia &c., gave similar results. 10. On the Advantages of Syringing Plants in a Green-house. This is, of course, a universal practice ; but if the roots be the sole absorbing organs, as has been supposed, why do not gardeners confine the water to the roots? According to M. Duchartre, one would infer that nature only rains upon plants and deposits dew upon herbs solely because it cannot be helped, but with no direct benefit to vegetation. But it would seem that, by syring- ing, practical experience has forestalled the scientific rationale. Gardeners have all along believed in its efficacy, though they may not have ** proved” the actual leaf-absorption. The physiological experiments of Hales, Bonnet, and others, down to those of Bous- singault and myself will now, it is hoped, give a complete proof of this fact ; and we may thus sum up the advantages of syring- ing :—It keeps the leaves clean from dust, and helps to wash off insects. It moistens the cuticle, and so renders it more pervious to carbon dioxide (Barthélemy). It also renders it more capable of absorbing water (Garreau). It checks the loss by transpira- tion (Duchartre), and so enables the terminal shoots and young leaves of a plant to be well supplied with sap by drawing upon the reserve fluid in the stem. It keeps the air cool by evaporation ; and, lastly, it is actually imbibed by the leaves and green parts of plants, and so helps to compensate for any loss from within the plant, and thus supplements root-absorption. What is true for syringing is, of course, equally true for rain. 326 REV. G. HENSLOW ON THE ABSORPTION OF RAIN ll. On the Preservation of Cut Flowers. Sachs, in his * Text-book of Botany,’ quotes the results obtained by Dr. Hugo de Vries on the withering of plants as follows*:— “ If rapidly growing shoots of large-leaved plants are cut off at their lower part which has become completely lignified, and are placed with the cut surface in water, they remain for some time perfectly fresh. But if they are cut through at the younger parts of the stem and are then placed in water, they soon begin to wither, and the more rapidly and completely the younger and less lignified the part where the section is made. This withering ean be easily prevented by making the section under water, and taking eare that the cut surface does not come into contact with the air, the conduction of the water through the stem then suffering no interrup- tion. If care is taken that while the section is being made in the air the leaves and upper parts of the stem lose only a very small quantity of water by evaporation, withering does not begin till later, and increases only slowly after the cut surface is placed in water, and the leaves again transpire.” The cause of withering, Sachs then observes, is the interruption in the conduction of water from below. This agrees with Pril- lieux’s observationst, that as soon as transpiration was checked in a faded shoot by placing it in a humid atmosphere, the water held in reserve in the stalk was drawn upon, and the shoot re- covered. Similarly, Duchartre shows that withering results from one of two causes—either that the soil may not contain sufficient moisture to balance the loss by transpiration ; or else the latter may proceed more rapidly than the water can be passed up the stem to keep pace with it, and go fail to retain the tissues in their normal state of turgescence. Sachs and other observers, however, all allude to the cut end as alone being the place by which water is absorbed ; and as its con- ductivity is rapidly impaired by exposure to air, it is recommended that a sufficiently long piece of the stem should be removed by à new cut above the first, but this time beneath the surface of the water. For a shoot about 8 inches long, 2 or 24 inches should be cut off. Now Bonnet’s experiments and my own clearly show that ab- sorption can take place through the surface of herbaceous stems and by leaves as well as the cut ends. This fact led me to pre- sume that it would be judicious to retain one or more leaves upon a flower-stalk, as well as to allow the stalk itself to be of consider- * P. 606, Eng. ed. : t * Expériences sur la fanaison des Plantes," Comptes Rendus, tome lxxi. p. 80, 1870, ` AND DEW BY THE GREEN PARTS OF PLANTS. 327 able length, if the inflorescence was to be retained without wither- ing as long as possible. It was found, however, that if the flowers are well nigh at matu- rity, the additional impetus given to them by the extra absorbing surface hastened them too much, so that the petals would fall early ; but, on the other hand, when the stem was ligneous, as of Lilac, or the inflorescence chiefly in buds, as of Zradescantia and Com- posite, then the advantage was apparent; so that instead of the buds perishing, they continued to expand successively. A certain amount of judgment would therefore seem to be ne- cessary in forming a bouquet, as to the desirability of retaining Some leaves or not; but if the principle be understood that it is a question of “supply and demand,” it will not be found difficult to discover to what extent it may be desirable to increase the ab- sorbing surface in each case. It is hardly needful to remark that the leaf must be in full vigour, and if it show any signs of decay, must be instantly re- moved. Moreover the leaves are apt, apparently through endos- motic action, to be after a time often coated with a kind of mu- cus, so that the water must be changed more often than when stalks only are inserted, PS. Since this paper was read, a notice of it has appeared in a St.-Petersburg Journal*, à propos of making cuttings. M. G. Weidenberg believes that the reason of the frequent fading of cuttings before they have struck root is to be accounted for by the fact that, as a rule, the transpiration from the exposed leaves is greater than the amount of water which the cut end can supply. He recommends, therefore, that the cuttings should be longer than usual, and that some of the leaves should be buried as well, 80 that about one third of them may remain above ground. Those leaves in the soil will thus undertake the function of absorbing water. The ground (he adds) should be porous, to allow of free access of air, so that the roots may be formed rapidly before the leaves have time to decay. In this way Roses, Pinks, and other Cuttings usually hard to strike, will make very good roots, (April 1879.) * St. Petersburger Zeitung (Beiblatt), 20th Feb. 1879. 328 DR. HENRY TRIMEN ON THE GENUS OUDNEYA. Note on the Genus Oudn ha, Brown. By Dr. Henry Trruey, F.L.S. [Read February 20, 1879.] THE genus Oudneya was dedicated to the memory of Dr. Walter Oudney, R.N., by Robert Brown in 1826*. Dr. Oudney died, at the age of only 32, after long sufferings bravely endured under the hardships and difficulties of travel in an unknown country, on Jan. 12, 1824, at Murmur, in Central Tropical Africa. During his- explorations in the two previous years he formed a herbarium of over 300 species, which was the subject of the well-known memoir by Brown, published as an appendix to the volume giving a nar- rative of the expedition. Oudneya africana was founded on a few specimens of a small Cruciferous shrub of peculiar habit, growing in many of the wadis on the route between Tripoli and Mourzuk. Though eoe stituting it a new genus, Brown did not consider it a new species, but identified it without any doubt with the plant described and figured by Vivianit in 1824 under the name of Hesperis nitens. The collection of plants worked up by this author was made m Northern Tripoli and Cyrenaica in 1817 by Della Cella: the figures are but rough outlines ; and many of the species were scarcely de- terminable until M. Cosson, whose knowledge of the botany of North Africa is unequalled, carefully examined the types of Della Cella in Viviani’s herbarium preserved at the University of Genoa, and published the results of hisexaminationf. He found that Hesperis nitens was a species of Moricandia, M. suffruticosa, Coss. & Dur., itself scarcely more than a variety of M. arvensis, DC.; consequently Oudneya africana was quoted by Cosson as 8 probable, though doubtful, synonym of that species§. In 1855 the same eminent botanist (M. Cosson) published a new genus, Henophyton||, based on a plant found abundantly near Guerram, in the desert of Southern Algeria, which he named H. de- serti, Coss. & Dur. This genus, which has good distinctive cha- racters, was maintained in Bentham and Hooker’s * Genera Plan- tarum? in 18624, where the authors suggest that the scarcely * Denham and Clapperton, Narrative of Travels, Appendix, p. 129. t Flore Libycæ Specimen, p. 38, tab. v. fig. 3. 1 Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xii. (1865) p. 275. — § Loc. cit. p. 280. || Bull. Soc. Bot. France, ii. (1855) pp. 246,625. Dedicated to M. Hénon, who first found the plant in 1853. *| Benth, & Hook. f., Gen. Plant. i. p. 85. ON THE FRUITING OF WISTARIA SINENSIS. 329 known and imperfectly described Oudneya, R. Br., is probably to be referred to it ; but they had been unable to see specimens. In recently going through and selecting from Brown’s vast Australian herbarium, in accordance with the will of the late J. J. Bennett, to whom it had been bequeathed, the herbarium of Dr. Oudney was discovered, having been accidentally laid away and overlooked. On an examination of the specimens of Oudneya, it was elear that they were not to be referred to Moricandia ; and on M. Cosson kindly sending me examples of his Henophyton deserti, its identity with Brown’s genus was at once evident. As Brown’s name has the priority by 31 years, it must supersede Cosson’s more recent one. This determination is of some interest. It vindicates, were that necessary, Brown’s judgment in proposing a new genus for the plant, though he wrongly referred to it a species already known by an imperfect figure and description ; it corroborates the surmise of the authors of the ‘ Genera Plantarum ;’ and it secures the commemoration of one of the earlier victims of African ex- ploration by fitly connecting his name with the only new genus in the collection which he made. Note on the Fruiting of Wisi sinensis in Europe. By W. T. TuisenLrow Drfr, M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S. [Read March 6, 1879.] Is the paper by the Rev. George Henslow on the self-fertilization of plants, recently published in the Society’s * Transactions,’ there occurs at p. 335 the following footnote :— : “Since this paper was read, one by Mr. Meehan has been printed in the Journal of the Linn. Soc., in which he shows how Wistaria, though it never sets seeds when ‘trained,’ yet, when grown as a ‘tree,’ does not expend its energy in forming long branches, and consequently fruits abundantly.” A statement of this kind, affecting so well-known a plant, is apt, when once put on record, to be copied from book to book un- challenged ; and as I have considerable doubts both as to the accuracy of the fact and of the implied explanation, I venture to offer to the Society the result of some inquiries which I have made Upon the subject for my own information. 330 MR. W. T. THISELTON DYER ON THE And, first, as to the fruiting of the Wistaria when trained upon a wall or other support. While travelling in Switzerland during last autumn I spent some days at Glyon, at the eastern end of the Lake of Geneva. In the garden of one of the hotels there is a building, on the walls of which a remarkably fine plant of Wis- taria is trained in the ordinary mauner, with its branches spread out horizontally. "When I saw it, this was so loaded with the brown tomentose pods as to present quite a singular appearance. I did not take any further notice of the circumstance at the time; but on seeing Mr. Henslow's statement, quoted above, that the trained Wistaria never sets seeds, the case of the Glyon plant im- mediately occurred to me. I wrote to the proprietor of the hotel to beg him to oblige me with some pods ; and I got a reply in which he promised them, and informed me that they were produced in abundance every year. At the same time I took occasion to mention the matter to my friend M. Casimir DeCandolle at Geneva; and he wrote to me as follows :— Geneva, Feb. 24, 1879. * Tt occurs to me that the best way of answering your question concerning Glycine sinensis is by sending to you the two enclosed letters and specimens which I have received from my friends Barbey and Th. Plantamour, one of our best amateur horticultu- rists here. “ Barbey, whom I met again yesterday, added in conversation that M. Faviat, of Lausanne, told him that you were quite right in asserting that Glycine fruits on the walls of Glyon hotel. “Such is not the case, however, with an old and vigorous plant which covers the wall of our country-house at Malagny, and which has never to my knowledge borne any fruit. “From that negative observation, as well as from what both Barbey and Plantamour say on the subject, I am led to infer that the fruiting of Glycine trained on walls is much less frequent in the vicinity of Geneva than near the opposite extremity of the lake. * * * * * Yours sincerely, C. DECANDOLLE." It is not necessary to quote the letters which M. C. DeCan- dolle was so good as to transmit to me. It is sufficient to say that M. Plantamour states that at Sécheron, near Geneva, the FRUITING OF WISTARIA SINENSIS. 331 fruiting of the Wistaria is a rare occurrence, but that in 1874 his - gardener raised a plant from one of two seeds in a pod produced by a Glycine trained on his orangery. It may, he says, have fruited at other times; but his attention had not been drawn to the fact. He also sent in his letter a pod gathered recently in a neighbour’s garden from a trained plant. M. Barbey states that the Wistaria fruits frequently at Lyons and in the Rhone valley from Villeneuve to Bex. Wistaria sinensis, it may be remarked, is not adapted toa very rigorous climate. Mr. Hemsley states, “In the south of England it attains great perfection on a trellis or pillar; but in the north it requires the protection of a wall.” * It is, as is well known, a native of China; and the Kew Museum possesses fine pods from Shanghae, the gift of the late Daniel Hanbury. Flowering, as it does, in May, before the appearance of the leaves, it appears to me probable that a temperature warmer than is sufficient for the production of flowers is necessary for the setting and early deve- lopment of the fruit. The climate of the Rhone valley and the eastern end of the Lake of Geneva is well known to be milder than that of the western end. The mean spring temperature at Montreux and Villeneuve is higher than at Geneva ; and to this circumstance I attribute the greater frequency with which the Wistaria fruits, as pointed out by M. C. De Candolle, proceeding towards the head of the lake. The same explanation applies to this country, where, however, the Wistaria has been known to fruit occasionally. Sir Joseph Hooker informs me that he has observed pods on an old plant trained against his house at Kew on more than one occasion. : It is a circumstance which is tolerably well known to horticul- turists that flowers subjected to too cold a temperature while still in the bud may have their sexual organs so much injured that, though the flowers are still able to expand and reach their full development, they are nevertheless absolutely sterile. This is the case with the Pear and, I believe, the Apple, in which, as Dr. Hogg has demonstrated to me, the flowers examined superficially some- times appear to have escaped all damage from frost, the petals, which might more particularly have been expected to show injury, being perfectly intact. And yet, on making a vertical section through the flower, the carpels (the most thoroughly protected in * Handbook of Hardy Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants, p. 124. 932 ON THE FRUITING OF WISTARIA SINENSIS. this case of all the flower-structures) are seen to be blackened and dead, while every thing else is apparently uninjured. Lam not pre- pared to say that this is what happens in the case of Wistaria, though it is well known that its flowers are peculiarly apt to re- ceive injury from spring frosts*; but I believe I am justified in concluding that the low night-temperatures of early spring are the probable cause of the sterility of our cultivated Wistaria, whether due to failure of fertilization or subsequent non-development of the fertilized ovaries. There is the further question whether, as suggested by Mr. Meehan, the mode of growth in the cultivated Wistaria could have anything to do with its supposed uniform sterility. The view that it does so appears to me to rest on a mistaken applica- tion of a general principle—the antagonism of vegetative and re- productive activity. When a plant, from the mode of its culti- vation, fails (as too often happens in our horticultural experience) to produce flowers, and develops in their place leafy shoots, we are justified in describing this as a diversion of the nutritive re- sources of the plant from sexual reproduction to vegetative growth. The generalization is, I believe, often carried too far, inasmuch as the reproductive function is characteristic of the adult stage of the organism ; and it is for this reason that so many arboreal plants are barren when young, just as with animals, in whom the sexual characters are the crown and completion of the whole pro- cess of organic evolution. But in the Wistaria I fail to see any evidence of such an anta- gonism, any more than in the Scarlet Runner. In fact, if it ex- isted, it would not so much suppress fruit as suppress the flowers ; and it is a matter of ordinary experience that in the Wistaria these are produced in remarkable profusion. But, in fact, there is nothing remarkable in the mode in which the Wistaria is ordi- narily grown. It isa scandent shrub; and its attachment toa wall or trellis merely takes the place of the adventitious aids which it would obtain in a feral state. If the scandent habit (for this is all its trained condition amounts to) were the cause of its barrenness, it, and a host of other plants with a similar habit, must ages ago have become extinct. * In 1872 the blooms in English gardens were killed by the frosts of March 23 and 24 (Journal of Horticulture, vol. xlvii. p. 442). MR. J. MIERS ON SOME SOUTH-AMERICAN GENERA. 833 On some South-A meriean Genera of uncertain Position on others not recognized by Botanists. By Jonn Mrefs, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Dignitario et Commmendor Imp. Bras. Ordo Rose. [Read February 20, 1879.] Amone the foremost of these genera is the Pleraginea of Arruda da Camara, mentioned in his Centenary of the plants of Pernam- buco’, of which he enumerated three species, all belonging to the Chrysobalanacee :—1. Pleraginea rufa, the plant of wh? h is not described ; but it produces a large drupaceous fruit, called “ Oiti- cica coroia,” sold in the markets, and at that time cultivated. This fruit is “ irregular in shape, having a kernel covered with sweet fecula, somewhat aromatic, pleasant, nutritive, and large enough to satisfy one person "—from which we may conclude that it is of considerable magnitude. It seems to approach the genus Acioa of Aublet. Acioa guianensis, described and figured by him, pro- duces an ovate drupe 23 in. long, 23 in. in diameter, with a peri- carp 6 lines thick, subcoriaceous, transversely fibrous, splitting all over the surface between the fibres into irregular chinks which reach the endocarp, from which these frustums do not separate ; within this endocarp is a nut, oblong-ovate, 2 in. long, 1} in. broad, enclosing a seed covered by a reddish membranaceous integument, consisting of 2 large plano-convex fleshy cotyledons, which are edible, of a pleasant and agreeable flavour resembling that of fresh walnuts, and greatly esteemed by the natives, Here is some analogy between the seeds of Acioa and Pleraginea; but as Aublet makes no mention of the sweet arilliform coating over the cotyledons of Acioa, which is a prominent feature in Pleraginea, we may conclude that they form two distinct genera. 2. Pleraginea odorata: the plant is not described ; it produces an oval or oblong drupe, very little smaller than a hen’s egg, yellowish at the time of maturation. It is edible, the kernel being enveloped in a sweet aromatic nutritive pulp; this copious pulp, apparently arilliform, sufficiently distinguishes Pleraginea from Acioa, Couepia, and Moquilea. 1 + Koster's Travels in Brazil, London, 1816, pp. 499-500. Also Dr. Arruda * Dissertação sobre as plantas de Brazil,’ Rio de Janeiro, 1810, in octavo, frorz which Koster's account seems to be a translation in part. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 2 B 334 MR. J. MIERS ON SOME SOUTH-AMERICAN The third species, the Pleraginea umbrosissima of Arruda, is a tree growing in the desert Sertões of the province, upon the borders of rivers and rivulets, rising to the height of 50 or 60 feet ; its branches are long and diffuse, being doubled downward so much that they nearly touch the ground’. The inflorescence is not known; but the fruits are abundant: the drupe is oblong, 2 in. long, $ in. broad, retaining its greenish colour even when dry ; the kernel is not very hard, being flexible and subligneous; it encloses within a layer of astringent matter an embryo con- sisting of two fleshy cotyledons, of a disagreeable taste, abounding in an oil which is usefully employed. These fruits are known by the name of Oiti or Oiticica. This description appears to me to correspond with the true Couepia of Aublet, as a reference to his figure will show?. It seems near the Couepie Uiti, Benth.*, from Piouhy. Couepia and Acioa were regarded by Aublet as very distinct from each other; and certainly the facts he exhibited are suff- ciently differential to establish this truth. Notwithstanding this, the two genera have been united in favour of the former by Sir J. D. Hooker?, without offering any reasons or any attempt to subvert the facts given by Aublet. The differences are many. In both genera the stamens are borne upon a unilateral cuneiform lamina, and seated upon its truncate margin ; in Acioa there are only 12 stamens, while Couepia has always 30 or more. In Acioa the fruit is large, oval, with an extremely thick pericarp, which splits transversely and irregularly all over its surface, cracking down to the endocarp into unequal frustums, which do not sepa- rate from it: this endocarp is coriaceous and fragile; it encloses an oblong-ovate kernel covered with a thin membranaceous red integument, and consisting of two large fleshy cotyledons, which are edible and of a pleasant taste. In Couepia the drupe is not much smaller, is externally smooth and unbroken in its substance : the pericarp is thick and coriaceous, consisting of rather lax en- 1 The trunk of this tree, abundant in the province, as well that of Moguilea to- mentosa, Benth., is highly prized, as it affords the best timber for ship-building, both being there known under the designation of Viti or Oiticica (see Gard- ner’s Travels, p. 137). The Pad amarello mentioned in the same sentence as being also employed in ship-building, is abundant in some of the provinces, where it is called ‘‘Pequia amarello.” It is the Aspidospermum tomentosum, Mart. 2 Plant. Guian. i, p. 519, tab. 207. 3 Flor. Bras, fasc. 42, p. 40. GENERA OF UNCERTAIN POSITION. 835 tangled woody fibres, the endocarp being thin and brittle; the embryo has no extraneous coating, but is enclosed within the usual membranaceous integument, and consists of two large coty- ledons which have an extremely bitter taste. While treating of this family, I will mention that the Parina- rium of Aublet is very different from the Parinarium of DeCan- dolle, of Bentham, of Hooker, and of Blume. In that of Aublet each pedicellated flower of the panicle has a cup-shaped calyx, with a border of 5 small teeth, and alternate with these teeth are 5 erect petals, and a little below their insertion 14 stamens with- out any appendage are affixed, 7 of which are unilateral and fertile, the other 7 anantherous stamens being consecutive, the fila- ments of all being free, erect, and capillary ; the ovary, as long as the calycine tube, is somewhat gibbous, pilose, free, seated in the base, with a long exserted style and a bilobed stigma. In the Parinarium of Bentham the flowers have a very different struc- ture. Two species from British Guiana are described’; and I do not hesitate to declare my firm conviction that both belong to Licanid? ; indeed, except in the specific character of the leaves, all the floral features nearly correspond word for word with those attributed to a Brazilian species of Licania by Dr. Hooker. This species was collected by me, in 1834, on the Corcovado, when I made a drawing; and I therefore know it well. The analysis of its flowers is well represented in Dr. Hooker’s drawing : this shows 10 stamens not longer than the teeth of the calyx, all seated on the margin of an elevated membranaceous ring, 5 of them uni- lateral and fertile, the anthers oscillatory, the rest, without an- thers, consecutive ; the ovary, free in the base of the calyx, is pubescent, contains two ascending ovules: the drupe is concealed within the globular pubescent enlarged calyx, crowned by the five connivent lobes; it is 4 lines in diameter and is monospermous ; though stated in the text to be unknown, it is, nevertheless, ac- curately figured in Dr. Hooker's plate before referred to. Hence it follows that the Parinarium of Hooker must share the fate of that of Bentham, and the six species of Hooker should be transferred to Licania. In regard to the fruit, Aublet shows that in Parinariwm mon- 1 P. brachystachyum, Benth., Hook. Journ. Bot. i. p. 213 (Schomb, 925), and P. coriaceum, Benth., loc. cit. p. 213 (Schomb. 65). ? Licania Kunthiana, Hook. in Flor. Bras. fasc, 42, p. 16, tab. 3, sub Licania incana, Benth. (non Aublet). 2B 2 336 MR. J. MIERS ON SOME SOUTH-AMERICAN tanum! it is somewhat gibbous, 4 in. long, 3 in. broad one way, 2 in. broad in the cross direction, is externally smooth and yel- lowish, its outer envelope soft and of a subacid taste, 3 lines thick, and is partly pressed into the sinuosities of the nut. This large nut is osseous, with many crested irregular elevations, is 2-celled, solid, with an osseous dissepiment 2 lines thick ; the cells 9 lines broad, each filled by an oblong seed covered by a reddish mem- branaceous integument, the kernel consisting of two large fleshy cotyledons, which are edible and of asweet flavour. In the Pari- narium campestre, Aublet?, the fruit is much smaller, somewhat gibbously oval, 13 in. long, 2 in. broad, having a smaller and somewhat pointed nut marked by irregular prominences. This is osseous, 2-celled, each cell containing one seed (the other some- times abortive), with a reddish integument, the embryo white, with two large fleshy cotyledons, edible, and of a pleasant flavour. It has just been shown (ante, p. 335) that the smaller globose 1-celled fruit in the Parinarium of Bentham and of Hooker is widely and generically different. Under Parinarium, Dr. Hooker likewise includes the several Malayan species enumerated by Blume. These are:— 1. Parinarium scabrum, Hasskar!?, from Java. 2. Parinarium glaberrimum, Benth.4, from Java. 3. Parinarium Griffithianum, Benth. ( Eziteles multiflora, Korthals), from Borneo. 4. Parinarium Maranthes, Blume? (Eziteles corymbosa, Blume), from Java. 5. Parinarium sumatranum, Blume’, from Sumatra. Blume eonsidered that his Parinarium sumatranum is identical with the genus Petrocarya of Jack? (not of Schreber). In such case all the five above-named species of Parinarium must be trans- ferred to the genus of Petrocarya of Jack. In Jack's plant the flower has 15 stamens, of which 8 are fertile and unilaterally placed along the margin of an elevated ring, the other 7 ananthe- rous stamens being seated consecutively along the rest of the same * Plant. Guian. i. p. 516, tab. 205. 2 Plant. Guian. i. p. 518, tab. 206. ? Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. ii. p. 96. * Blume, loc. cit. p. 98. 5 Benth. Niger Flora, in adnot. p. 334; Blume, loc. cit. p. 98. 9 Blume, loc. cit. p. 99. 7 Blume, /oc. cit. p. 97. * Calcutta Journ. Bot. iv. p. 165 ; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. p. 228; Walp. Ann. i. p. 271. GENERA OF UNCERTAIN POSITION. 337 margin; the filaments of all are subulate. This structure is very different from that in the Parinarium of Aublet. Equally diffe- rent is the structure of its fruit, which is a corticated nut adherent to the enlarged 5-toothed calyx, the size of a filbert, which it much resembles ; it is gibbously oblong, 1-celled by abortion, the cell filled with a seed having copious albumen surrounding a cylindrical embryo, with a superior radicle longer than the two ligulate cotyledons. The presence of albumen is not singular in the family: it occurs in Chrysobalanus Icaco', and in Hirtella triandra, Sw.; but all mention of this circumstance is omitted in the generic diagnoses of the two genera in Dr. Hooker’s monograph, and in the ‘Genera Plantarum’ of Bentham and Hooker; but I am able to confirm the presence of albumen in the seed of Hir- tella, as Gaertner stated. I found it in the seed of Hirtella hebeclada, Moric. (Hirtella Gardneri, Benth.), from the Organ Mountains (Gardner 370, in my herb. 2228-2283, 3432-4094). Here the fruit, seated on the persistent calyx, is cuneately oblong, 9 lines long, 4 lines broad ; it contains a seed with solid albumen 4 lines long, 1? line broad, enclosing in its lower part an embryo of 3 equal erect oval cotyledons, one anterior, two sublateral, with a minute inferior radicle. The presence of albumen in this genus is also confirmed by DeCandolle*. Returning from this digression, I will add that the Parinarium senegalense, Perr., and Parinarium excelsum, Sabine, from Sierra Leone‘, together with four undescribed species from Biafra, all appear to belong to Griffonia?, a genus peculiar to tropical Africa, notable for its uniloeular ovary with two ascending ovules, and a dry oblong 1-celled fruit, hispid within, eontaining a single erect seed with a membranaceous testa and a large exalbuminous em- bryo of two conferruminated cotyledons. This latter most unusual circumstance will be referred to in my paper entitled * Notes on Moquilea," posteà, p. 371. 1 Lam. Illustr. tab, 428 A; Schitzl. Icon. Ordo 274, ex Tussac. Antill. iv. tab. 31. ? Gaertn. fil. Fruct. p. 37, tab. 185, p. 40, tab. 185. 3 Prodr. ii. p. 528. * DC. Prcdr. ii. p. 527. 5 Benth. & Hook. Gen. Plant. i. p. 608. 338 MR. J. MIERS ON SOME SOUTH-AMERICAN MrINGUARTIA. This genus of Aublet! is referred by Prof. DeCandolle? to the Apocynacec, tribe Carissee, near Vahea (Urceolus); but in my view it offers no approach whatever toward that family. Ata casual glance it might be thought somewhat near Ambellania, nob. (non Aublet) ; but on examination this idea must be rejected, for in that genus the peltate seeds are inserted upon and partly imbedded in the thick fleshy dissepiment?. On the other hand, in Minguar- tia the seeds are far remote from either the dissepiment or from the walls of the pericarp, in a manner badly represented in Aublet’s plate. It is clear, therefore, that Minguartia cannot belong to the Apocynacee. We may gather from Aublet’s description that the numerous compressed orbicular seeds in Minguartia, remote, as just stated, from within the dissepiment or endocarp, are arranged in the two cells in close proximity (“placées de champ les unes sous les autres”) and imbedded in a pulpy substance which fills the cells—a development occurring in no other family than in the Crescentiacee. In Crescentia, in the young state, the ovary is unilocular, with several parietal nerves inside, along which many sessile ovules are affixed; the ovary grows into a fruit of large size; and in this growth, the placentz, carrying with them the ovules, spread in all directions, becomiug a fleshy pulp interspersed with numerous spiral nourishing-vessels, and is thus resolved into lamellæ, to which the seeds are severally attached at a central hilum. So in Minguartia a similar result may be traced. Although this mode of growth was not understood by Aublet, his details clearly mani- fest a similar structure and development. In Crescentia the fruits are invariably unilocular, filled with soft pulp in which numerous seeds are imbedded in the manner above explained. In Parmentiera, as stated by De Candolle*, the the fruits are 2-4-locular, especially in P. edulis, as well as in P. aculeata (Crescentia), H. B. K. In Parmentiera cereifera, Seem.?, the wax-candle tree, the fruit is cylindrical, very long, 1 inch in diameter, with two opposite suleate lines accompanied by two * Pl. Guian. ii. Suppl. p. 4, tab. 370. ? Prodr. xvii. p. 295. * Apocyn. S. Amer. p. 13, tab. 1 B. * Prodr. ix. p. 244. * Bot. ‘ Herald,’ p. 182. A GENERA OF UNCERTAIN POSITION. 539 commissures, showing a disposition to form two valves, as figured by Seemann’. The dissepiment is not shown in his drawing of fig. 4, which was made from a hasty sketch of the living plant, the dissepiment being scarcely noticed by him. Here the parietal placenta, bear- ing the ovules, becomes expanded (as in Crescentia) into a soft waxy pulp in which the numerous small seeds are imbedded and are thus transferred into the middle of the cells. From these parallel analogous facts it is manifest that Min- guartia belongs to the Crescentiace@, forming a third genus of that family, distinct both from Crescentia and Parmentiera. In Minguartia guianensis, a lofty tree, its many fruits are clus- tered in bunches, hanging down from the axils and extremities of the branches, as in Parmentiera: these fruits are pear-shaped, 43 inches long, nearly 2 inches broad, on pedicels 1 inch long; they are smooth and greenish. The indehiscent pericarp, of soft fibrous consistence, is 3 lines thick, baving a thin dissepiment ; the many compressed seeds, imbedded in soft pulp in each cell, are orbicular, 4 lines in diameter, resembling those of Crescentia cucurbitina?, and are peltately attached. The conclusion formed, as above stated, from these concurrent testimonies, is that Minguartia belongs to the Crescentiacee ; and this cannot, therefore, be denied. SENAPEA. Tt is not difficult to assign a proper place to this genus of Aublet, hitherto of doubtful position. Senapea guianensis? is a scandent shrub, with flexuose climbing branches, furnished with distant, alternate, elliptic, entire, petiolated leaves, acute at both extremities. The inflorescence is not known; but a single slender peduncle issues from the axil bearing a solitary large fruit, borne upon a small persistent calyx of five acute sepals. This fruit is of an oblong shape, rounded at the summit, some- what narrower at its base, 3 inches long, 3 inches broad, sexstriate, smooth, and, from its weight, hanging down; its pericarp is yellow, fibrously fleshy, 4 an inch thick, lined with a thin white * 1 Bot. ‘Herald,’ tab. 32 (in transverse section, fig. 4). 2 Gaertner fil. De Fructu, vol. iii. p. 229, tab. 223. figs. b to f. 3 Plant. Guian. vol. ii. Suppl. p. 23, tab, 381. 340 MR. J. MIERS ON SOME SOUTH-AMERICAN membranaceous endocarp, is unilocular, and contains about twenty seeds, irregular in shape, imbedded in a sweet pulpy substance which fills the entire space: these seeds, subcompressed and oblong, 12 lines long, 6 lines broad, have a thin, striated, very white testa, surmounted by a laciniiform placenta, are imbedded without any order in the pulp, and by the progress of growth have been transferred from their parietal place of origin into the middle of the cell, enclosed in the pulp after the manner described in Crescentia (ante, p. 338). The exalbuminous embryo appears, from Aublet’s figs. 4 and 5, to consist of two pear-shaped plano-convex cotyledons, turned back and suspended from one end of the terete radicle, of equal length. We find a repetition of nearly all these extraordinary charac- ters figured in Delessert’s *Icones'" under Kigelea ethiopica, Decaisne (Kigelia pinnata, DC). There are, however, many discrepancies in the descriptions of authors relative to the nature of the embryo in Kigelia. DeCandolle quotes the authority of Bojer, exemplified by his unpublished drawings, which show that the exalbuminous seeds are oblong with rounded cotyledons, ex- ternally plicated longitudinally?. This refers to Aigelia pinnata, DC.*, which appears, from the observations of Prof. A. DeCan- dolle*, to be probably identical with the Spathodea campanulata, Beauy.5 from Equinoetial Africa. It is not stated from what quarter Delessert derived the information upon which he figured his analysis of the seed given in his'Icones) This knowledge was probably derived from Bojer's unpublished drawings alluded to. According to his analysis, the embryo is seen folded in fig. 10; it is expanded in fig. 11, where two orbicular foliaceous cotyledons, applied together, are both folded at their middle, so as to make their two halves turn towards and touch one another: in this way they appear as if suspended from one extremity ofan inflected fleshy radicle of their own length—a transverse section of this within the testa being shown in fig. 9, and another trans- verse section of the same removed from the testa in fig. 12. All this is suffieiently manifest. On the other hand, we have a very different version of the deve- 1 Deless. Icon. v. tab. 95 B, V Prodr. ix. p: 247. 3 In eodem loco, p. 247. * Prodr. ix. p. 247, in adnot. 5 Prodr. ix. p. 208. 8 Benth. Niger Flor. p. 461. GENERA OF UNCERTAIN POSITION. 841 lopment of the seed in Kigelia by Messrs. Bentham and Hooker’, who describe the seeds as somewhat compressed, with a coriaceous testa intruded between the lobes of the cotyledons; they are. thus almost bilocular, the cotyledons being broad, flat, plicately bilobed, with a short centrifugal radicle?, thus offering a great contrast to the long fleshy radicle figured by Delessert. Cannot we reconcile these differences by inferring that the de- scription of the authors of the ‘ Genera Plantarum ’ applies only to the genus Tripinnaria, DC. (non Persoon). This genus is not mentioned by Bentham; it was almost confounded with Kigelia by the elder DeCandolle. On this supposition we may regard the details given by Delessert as a true explanation of the deve- lopment of the seed in Kigelia; and if Tripinnaria be accepted as à genus distinct from Kigelia, we may embody in its generic cha- racter the details given by Bentham and Hooker under Kigelia’®, viz. :—flowers large, red, arranged laxly on a pendent panicle ; fruit large, subterete, indehiscent, 18 ihches long, 6-7 inches in diameter, pendent from a peduncle 6-7 feet long,—characters very different from those figured by Delessert in Kigelia ethiopica*. From these details we may readily trace the analogy between the embryo of Kigelia, with folded flattened cotyledons, and that of Senapea, with fleshy plano-convex cotyledons; and, regarding these circumstances as mere generic differences, we may thus safely place Senapea in Crescentiacee near Kigelia. The Crescentiacee would thus combine six genera:—l. Ores- centia; 2. Parmentiera; 3. Minguartia; 4. Kigelia; 5. Tripin- naria ; 6. Senapea. MANAGA. This genus of Aublet has nowhere been recognized. Managa guianensis, Aubl.5, is a tree headed by a branching cope, with alter- nate branches furnished with alternating entire coriaceous leaves, acute at both ends, and petiolated. The inflorescence was not seen ; but several globular fruits (3 to 5) proceed from the axils or extremities of the branches, each upon a distinct pedicel, and ! Gen. Plant. ii. p. 1053. 2 “Testa coriacea inter lobos cotyledonum intrusa, fere 2-locularia; coty- ledones late complicato-2-lobx, lobis planis ; radicula brevis, centrifuga.” 3 Gen. Plant. ii. p. 1053. 4 Deless. Icon. v. tab. 93 A. 5 Pl. Guian. vol. ii. Suppl. p. 3, tab. 369. 342 MR. J. MIERS ON SOME SOUTH-AMERICAN GENERA. supported upon a small acutely 5-lobed calyx, each sepal being 3 lines long, and the slender pedicel of the same length; the fruit is 1$ inch in diameter, smooth, yellow, variegated by red patches, with a soft thick pericarp, white and spongy within, is 2- celled, having a simple dissepiment, upon whose faces several rows of seeds are separately suspended by a short funicle; they are oblong-oval, compressed, with a finely rugous surface (chagrinés), the testa very hard and osseous, each enclosed in a gelatinous sae filled with a transparent fluid of a pale yellow colour, each seed containing an embryo of two cotyledons: the seeds are 73 lines long, 4 lines broad. The most prominent feature in this structure is the thick peri- carp, coloured outside, consisting within of a white spongy sub- stance like the rind of an orange; but the multilocular formation of that fruit, and the axile attachment of the seeds, repel any near approach of Managa to Citrus; but other genera of the same family favour a nearer affinity. For instance, Bergera Konigit, Wight', shows a bilocular ovary with several suspended ovules attached to the dissepiment, and a globular fruit?, 2-celled, with several suspended seeds in each cell. In the same species Cole- brook describes? its fruit as 2-celled, sometimes unilocular by abortion. In Claussena Willdenovii Wight‘ describes the fruit as 2- celled, with two suspended seeds in each cell In Murraya exo- tica Wight figures a 2-celled ovary and a bilocular fruit. Finally, De Candolle describes Glycosmis® as having a fleshy fruit, 2-celled, or, by abortion, unilocular. These instances are sufficient to demonstrate that Managa has many claims to vindicate its position among the Awrantiacee ; indeed it would be diffieult to assign it any other place. RACARIA. This genus, established by Aublet on his Racaria sylvestris’, was placed by the elder DeCandolle in Sapindacec?, and pee: genera of uncertain position by Messrs. Bentham and Hooker. 1 [cones, i. tab. 13. in fig. 3. ? [dem in fig. 6. 3 Linn. Trans. xv. p. 368, tab. 5. fig. 4, letters a and ^. 4 Icones, i. tab. 14. fig. 5. 5 Icones, i. tab. 96, figs. 5 and 8. 6 Prodr. i. p. 538. 7 Pl. Guian. ii. Suppl. p. 24, tab. 382. 8 Prodr. i. p. 618, 9 Gen. Plant. i. p. 392. ON A COCHIN-CHINESE SPECIES OF RESTIACEX., 343 This is a small tree, much branched, the alternate branchlets bear- ing three pairs of op posite leaflets, without a terminal one, upon a long petiole bare at its base for half of its length, having above its insertion upon the branchlet three short spines. The flowers are not known ; but there is an axillary shortish raceme of about six rather ‘approximate pedicellate fruits. The fruit is an oval drupe 3 inch long, 4 inch broad, rounded below, pointed above, of a yellowish colour, indehiscent, the pericarp smooth, somewhat thick, softish, mucilaginous, and extremely acid ; it contains three trigonous, nuciform seeds, of which two are generally abortive : the seed contains a green embryo, which is edible, having the flavour of fresh green peas; the seed is oblong, pointed, 8 lines long, 3 lines broad, having two plano-convex cotyledons. This organization does not accord with the Sapindacee, as above remarked. To me the affinity of Racaria seems to point to the Meliacee, especially to those genera with indehiscent non- capsular fruits, viz. Melia, Aglaia, Maltea, Milnea, Lansium, Sandoricum, and Ekebergia. The fruit of Racaria is yellowish, indehiscent, as in Melia; its pericarp, in like manner, smooth, and lined with fleshy soft Sarcocarp; its endocarp is 3-celled instead of being 5-locular ; of its 3 pyrena only one is perfected, as in Melia ; the embryo is green, as in some Meliacee, and edible, as in Milnea edulis. Upon the whole, therefore, Racaria appears to belong to the Meliacee. Note on the Occurrence of a BRéstiaceous Plant in Cochin China. By Maxwett T. Masters, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. [Read May 1, 1879.] Some short time since my attention was kindly drawn, by Mr. N. E. Brown of the Kew herbarium, to a supposed Restiaceous plant from Cochin China collected by M. Godefroy-Lebeuf. As the Specimens were rather imperfect, I applied to M. Bureau; the Keeperat the Herbarium at the Jardin des Plantes, and through his kindness I received more complete specimens, which enabled me to ascertain that the plant in question was a species of Lepto- carpus. The interest attaching to the discovery of a true Restiacea 344 ON A COCHIN-CHINESE SPECIES OF RESTIACE X. in Cochin China is such as to induce me to place the fact on re- cord in the Journal of the Society as a sequel to former contribu- tions to the natural history of the order. Up to this time true Restiacew have been recorded in the Cape Colony, in Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania, and one species has been detected in Chili. One species only has been found in the extreme north of Australia; and it is significant that this species (Z. Schultzit*) should be closely allied to the species from Cochin China. It suggests the probability that when the floras of New Guinea and other islands intermediate between the Asiatic and the Australian continents are more fully known, other species of Restiacex will be discovered, although up to this time I should hardly have expected that the area of distribution would extend in this parti- cular direction. The following is the technical description of the species, which differs from its congeners in having a moncecious inflorescence. LEPTOCARPUS DISJUNCTUS, Mast., sp. nov. Monoica, rhizomate repente excepto, glabra; culmis suleato-striatulatis fistulosis ; vaginis arcte convolutis sensim acuminatis ; spiculis fasciculatis, fasciculis ad apices ramorum laxe paniculatis; bracteis ovatis acu- minatis; perianthii segmentis lanceolatis. x. Rhizoma repens crassitie penne anserine dense lanugino- sum. Culmi metrales, erecti, crassitie penne gallinacee, simplices vel parce dichotome ramosi, ramique ascendentes teretes olivacei leviter suleato-striati. Vagine culmeæ arcte convolutz 12-13 mm. coriacee cinnamomes sensim acuminate, superne ad margines hyalino-membranacee ; vagin: rameales minores foliaceo-mucro- nate. Inflorescentia laxe interrupteque paniculatim cymosa, fas- ciculis 3-spiculatis. Pedunculi seu panieule rami ascendentes glabri. Spathæ oblongo-lanceolate, aristate, coriaces, ferrugines. Spicule 3-4 mm. long. 1-flore, superiores mascule, inferiores feminez (an semper?). Flores 2-3 mm. compressi, bractea spa- thiformi bracteolisque 2 minoribus suffulti. Perianthium 5-6- merum; segmenta externa oblonga acuta cymbeo- -conduplicata, segmenta interiora 2 vel 3 minora planiuscula vel ad margines parum involuta. Stamina, in flore masculo, 3, libera; filamenta gracilia ; anthers ovato-oblongs l-loeulares. Pistillodium nullum. Perianthium floris feminei conforme. Staminodia nulla. Ova- * Bentham in ‘ Flor. Austral. vii. p. 237 ; Masters in DC. Monogr. Phanero£. vol. i. (1878), p. 343. MR. F. M. BAILEY ON CARPESIUM. 345 rium triquetrum ; stylus brevis; stigmata 3, abortu 2-1, linearia longiuscula. Fructus indehiscens l-spermus. Habitat in insula “ Phu," Cochin China, ubi detexit cl. Godefroy- Lebeeuf, n. 928. Remarks on Carpesiu (cernuum ?) as indigenous to Australia *. By F. Masson Barley, F.L.S. &c. (of Brisbane, Queensland). [Read June 19, 1879.] I v1sb, by a late number of the Society's Journal (100), that Mr. Bernays, of Brisbane, brought under the notice of the Society the faet of a species of the above genüs being indigenous to Queens- land; but it is stated that the general feeling of the meeting was against the belief of its being indigenous to Australia, it beiug looked upon rather as an introduced plant. Why so? When we take into account the peculiarity of the genus choosing, as it seems, for itself, habitats at such distances apart from each other as South Europe, Caucasus, Himalaya, Malay isles, surely it is quite as likely to be indigenous as Adenostemma viscosum, Forst., Soliva anthemifolia, R. Br., Hydrocharis Morsus-rane, Linn., Vallisneria spiralis, Linn., Potamogeton natans, Linn., P. perfoliatus, Linn., P. erispus, Linn., &c., well known plants which are freely acknowleged as indigenous to Australia. With regard to the plant in question there is nothing to lead one to suppose its having been introduced. It is not showy enough for garden culture; and it possesses no adhesive hairs f to its fruit by means of which it would be likely to be carried from one place to another. I first found the plant in Aug. 1875 on * One-Tree Hill,” Taylor's Range, and then traced it along the Range for a considerable distance. But never having met with the plant before, although I have been in Australia since early in 1839, and during this time noted the introduction and spread of various plants, I did not feel sure of its being indigenous until I again found it at Enaggera while on a botanical trip in company with Mr. Bernays. We both came to the conclusion that it could scarcely have been introduced at the place where we met with it. It must be borne in mind that seeds * Extract from a letter addressed to the Secretary. * [This statement would seem to require qualification; for it is asserted on the best authority that the achenes are remarkably viscid and adhere readily to the garments of passers.— Eb. ] 346 PROF. T. M. FRIES ON THE LICHENS of this are not such as would be likely to be eaten by birds and thus carried to a great distance, as is the case with many Solana- ceous plants. / / On the Lichens collected during the Eng)ísh Polar Expedition of 1875-76. By Turopor M. Fri , Professor of Botany in the University of Upsala. (Communicated by Sir JOSEPH Hooker, C.B., F.R.S.) [Read June 5, 1879.] Preliminary Remarks. LrcuEeNvoagAPHY has made much progress during the last few decades, and in almost every respect our knowledge of the Lichens has been improved. Even the arctic forms of this class of plants have been objects of very keen investigation ; and the number of species known from arctic regions is hence much greater now than it was some twenty or thirty years ago. Nevertheless our knowledge of these plants in the most remote regions of the North, some of which were not discovered till lately, is but very small. The few that were brought from Seven Islands (80° 38-49! N. lat.), in the north of Spitzbergen, by Sir Edward Parry in 1827 and by A. E. Nordenskiöld in 1861, were, till a few years ago, the only deseribed representatives of these hardy plants. In a short visit to Spitzbergen in 1868 I added a few species from above the lat. 81? N. In the years 1860-1861, Dr. J. J. Hayes made his expedition through Smith Sound and Kennedy Channel, when he reached Cape Lieber (81° 30’ N.lat.). The plants collected on that occasion are all enumerated by E. Durand, Th. P. James, and S. Ashmed in * Proceed. of the Acad. of Nat. Science of Philadelphia, 1863, p. 93; their treatise afterwards appeared in Dr. A. Petermann's ‘Geogr. Mittheil.’ 1864, p. 487, under the title * Flora des Grin- nell-Landes zwischen 78? und 82? nórdl. Br." The lichens men- tioned there are 23; but evidently their determination is very uncertain ; or, properly speaking, it is certainly false* ; added to whieh no localities are given, so that there is no possibility of * Every lichenographist easily conceives that it must be impossible that Alec- toria sulcata and bicolor, Neuropogon Taylori, Parmelia Borreri, ete. should exist in these regions. “ Verrucaria popularis, Floérke," is nowhere described Or even mentioned before. COLLECTED DURING THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. 347 determining where they were collected. As for the phaneroga- mous plants, Prof. A. J. Malmgren has already shown* that 9 species at the most are found on the western coast of Smith Sound; and no one of these was found to the north of Cape Isabella, situated a little beyond 78? north lat. It may be supposed that this is the case with the lichens also; and consequently it is more than probable that Dr. Hayes had not brought any lichen from a latitude more northerly than that of the Seven Islands. By the intrepid polar traveller Julius Payer, lichens were first with eertainty ascertained to occur in more northerly regions. He sayst that at Cape Fligely (82° 5’), which is the northernmost point of the recently discovered Kaiser-Franz- Joseph Land reached by him, the scanty vegetation consists of only lichens, among which he names Cetraria nivalis, Gyrophora hypoborea B arctica, and Rhizocarpon geographicum. The other species which he citesf as growing in that newly discovered country were probably found in the most southern parts, between 80° and 81° N. lat. Whether any lichens were brought home by the American ‘Polaris’ Expedition under Ch. F. Hall, I do not know. At least I have not succeeded in finding any information in the reports on the results of this expedition which have hitherto been pub- lished. Thus but three species of lichens are mentioned in published Works hitherto as certainly found to the north of 81? north lat. ! It is natural that under these circumstances I should gladly and with gratitude have accepted the offer made by Sir Joseph Hooker that the lichens which bad been brought from the northern- most parts of the American arctic archipelago by the English Polar expedition under the command of Capt. Sir G. S. Nares (1875-76) should be examined and determined by me. The plants, it is true, cannot by brilliant colours or luxuriant forms prove attractive to the public; but they are of great interest to the botanist, and the importance that attaches to them as belonging to the flora that ap- proaches nearest to the north pole is not their least claim to notice. * Botan. Notiz. 1865, p. 169. * Die ósterr.-ung. N ordpol-Expedition, p. 337. , t L.c. pp. 273, 274. These are only Usnea sulphurea, Alectoria jubata (3 chalybeiformis, Parmelia lanata, Gyrophora anthracina, Sporastatia testudinea, and Buellia stigmatea (?). 348 PROF. T. M. FRIES ON THE LICHENS Properly speaking, these lichens form two collections, one gathered by Captain H. W. Feilden, H.M.S. * Alert, the other by Mr. H. C. Hart, H.M.S. ‘ Discovery.’ As the two vessels, for the greatest part of the time, were in different places, the speci- mens were collected in a great number of localities—a cireumstance which adds much to our knowledge of the lichen-vegetation of those regions. The lichens collected by Mr. Hart are from the following places :— N. lat. N. lat. Cape York 43250 45 56 Hannah Island, Bessel Port Foulke ......... 789 IN 197 Bay e: BEL Cape Sabine ,....... 78240 45" . Polaris Bay ....... 81° 30' 35" Alexandra Haven.... 78° 50' 55" Discovery Harbour. Hayes Sound ..... , 799-799 25' Archers Cairn .... 81° 4% 45" Walrus Island, Frank- Mount Stephenson. lin-Pierce Bay .... 79° 23' Mount Discovery. . Dobbm Bay 32. 86. <5 79° 45' 50" The collections of Capt. Feilden are from :— N. lat. N. lat. Cape Sabine.. .... .. 78° 40' 45" Crossing Harbour Payer Harbour ..... 78? 40' 45" (North Greenland).. 82? 16' Brevoort Island .... 78° 47 Floeberg Beach .... go 26! 30" Norman-Lockyer Is- The Dean Mountamt( ~~ lind 52:5 49? 23' Black-Cliffs Bay .... 82 3l Lincolu Bay ........ 82? 8' Egerton Valley...... 82 40 Cape Union* ...... 82? 15' Westward-Ho! Valley 82 4l' Besides there is one species, Gyrophora cylindrica f, gathered by Lieutenant Pelham Aldrich on the shore of “the paleo- crystic sea," the northernmost spot trodden by man, viz. Cape Columbia, situated 83° 6! 30", north lat. That such material ought to be elaborated is evident. Indeed, I dare say that it has taken much more time and pains than is to be supposed from the list of species given below. Every speci- men in the collection, every morsel (great or little) of stone, wood, or bone, every little piece, from a tuft of moss, has been closely * “The lichens I collected in Cape Union were from its highest point, an al- titude of 1200 feet. It was on the 28th April; I remember the occasion well; for my fingers were much frost-bitten whilst gathering them.” (Capt. Feilden, in litt.) . + “The Dean Mountain lies inland from * Alert’s’ winter-quarters some s!Y or seven English miles, rising to an altitude of about 1400 feet. Itis composed of hard indurated dark slates, thrown up at various angles, in some places the strata being vertical" (ibid.). COLLECTED DURING THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. 319 examined with a powerful lens, that not only the larger lichens, for the sake of which the specimen has been taken, should be de- termined, but the very smallest fragments of others, accidentally joined with them, might not escape attention. Having for many years occupied myself with arctic lichens, I have been enabled to ascertain the existence of several species in those arctic regions from an examination of one or two fruits of what could not be called a “specimen.” Nevertheless all the species enumerated below are certainly, where nothing else is expressly announced, in my opinion quite correctly determined, even where the mate- rial has been so little that nothing has remained after the mi- croscopical examination. As soon as I began to look over these collections of lichens, I could not but observe that the higher fruticolous and foliaceous Species, which persons who are not lichenologists by profession are wont to observe and gather, were represented here only by very few and undeveloped specimens. Though this may seem easily to be accounted for by the severe climate prevailing in these regions, it appeared to me alittle strange, when I considered that the musk-oxen existing there must derive most of their suste- nance from the lichens; it being only for a short period of the year that they get any worth mentioning from the poor phanero- gamic vegetation. That the reindeer-moss (Cladonia rangiferina) should be quite wanting, seemed remarkable for the same reason. However, Capt. Feilden, in a letter to Prof. Oliver, has explained this circumstance : “ Will you kindly inform Prof. Fries," says he, “that Ovibos moschatus, as far as my experience goes in Grinnell Land, does not feed on lichens; the stomachs of all these animals that I examined contained Grasses, Willows, and other phaneroga- mic plants, mosses (Hypnum), but no lichens.” Nevertheless the more developed species were not totally missing ; Gyrophore especially have been brought home in as good à state as they occur on the rocks of Scandinavia. As for the lower crustaceous species, I have not been able to find any difference in their development worth remarking from that which the same species attain in much more southerly regions. There is a cir- cumstance particularly remarkable connected with the appearance of the lichens, that Capt. Feilden has pointed out, respecting which I take the liberty to cite his own words :—“ The lichen- growth, curiously enough, increased in size of species with increase in altitude. On the shore-line we met with only the smaller red, LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 2c 950 PROF. T. M. FRIES ON THE LICHENS yellow, and black and grey lichens which covered small stones and pebbles. At an elevation of 1200 feet the larger lichens were very abundant. The top of the ‘ Dean’ was conspicuously clad with two species—the broad flat lichen, abundantly represented in my collection*, and a very delicate black plant that looks like a network of fine dark hairs. This growth of lichens (these two species) increased at an altitude of 1400 feet. This is the highest elevation I reached when the snow had disappeared sufficiently to enable me to give any idea of the general lichen growth" 1. From this circumstance, and from the above-mentioned deve- lopment of most species, we need not hesitate to conclude that lichenscan thrive much further to the north than man has hitherto succeeded in advancing. I am convinced that, without the least eredit being given to an open polar sea (existing, no doubt, only in fancy), a lichen vegetation may exist at the very pole if there is land or only rocks free from snow or ice for only a short period of the year. The liehens that have been collected by the English Polar Ex- pedition are mostly of such species as are already known from the arctic regions. However, it is not without a little surprise that I have also found among them some species which were known before only from much more southern regions. Added to which Ihave reason to suppose that some of the forms are entirely new, and have not hitherto been found. They are described below. lt is well known that, having regard to their different habits of living, lichens are distinguished as growing on stone, wood, moss, aud earth. To speak of real wood-lichens in aretie regions is impossible, of course, as no trees are to be found there. Only some smaller fragments of wood of Salices§ are in the * Gyrophora discolor, Th. Fr. T Parmelia lanata (L.). Wallr. } The following lichens (most of them in a bad condition) have been found on stones and earth from an altitude of 1200 feet on Cape Union :— Cefraria nivalis, Parmelia lanata, Physcia pulverulenta B. muscigena, Gyrophora discolor, Caloplaca elegans B. tenuis, C. jungermannie, Rinodina turfacea, R. exigua B. confragosa, Lecanora varia B. polytropa, L. Hageni, L. gibbosa, Blastenia atrocya- nescens, Sporastatia testudinea, Lecidea leucophea B. griseoatra, L. enea, L. pat- percula, L. Dicksonii, Buellia parasema B. muscorum, Rhizocarpon chionophilum, and R. germinatum, as well as Endococcus perpusillus and Polycoccum Spora- statie. In East Greenland Payer found a Gyrophora (probably G. discolor) at an altitude of 7000 feet above the level of the sea. $ As the giant among these may be considered a piece of dead stem without’ bark, of Salix arctica, labelled ** From ‘ Alert's ' winter-quarters, 82° 27'. This is the finest piece of indigenous timber that I have yet met with in Grinnell COLLECTED DURING THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. 351 collection. Most of the species growing on them are such as are generally considered muscicolous; but there are also among them some which elsewhere are wont to appear as saxicolous. This agrees with an observation that I made in Spitzbergen, viz. that a great many of the lichens that grow on wood which has been brought there either by men or by ocean-streams, are the same as those which appear on the surrounding rocks. I think that the reason is the capacity of wood in the arctic regions to resist decay or any sort of destruction. It is, as it were, “ere perennius;" and in this respect wood surpasses most sorts of stones, which are split asunder or otherwise destroyed by the joint action of water and frost. Some old bones with lichens growing on them have also been collected. It might be supposed that these lichens would be identical with those growing elsewhere on calcareous rocks; but this is not the case, for almost all of them are muscicolous under normal circumstances. Finally, it is my duty to say that, though the number of species enumerated below cannot be thought small when their arctic native country is considered, it does not include all that have been brought home; for there are some sterile crusts that it is impossible to determine, together with some few apothecia, which I have occasionally found isolated among other species. List of the Lichens collected*. 1. ALECTORIA OCHROLEUCA( Er.) , Nyl., a. nai (Vill.), Th. Fr. In the neighbourhood of the winter-quarters of H.M.S. * Alert;’ Payer Harbour ; Alexandra Haven; Cape Sabine. Always ste- rile; some specimens from 82° 27' 30" N. belong to a forma gra- cilenta. ls sometimes so dark that one might easily take it for the next. 2. ALECTORIA NIGRICANS (Ach.), Nyl. Westward-Ho! Valley ; winter-quarters of H.M.S. ‘ Discovery ;' Alexandra Haven. Sterile. Land.—H. W.F" Its length is now about 5:5 centims. On a transverse sec- tion of about 1-2 centim. diam., nearly 40 annual circles of very different size have been counted. * A small number collected at the Danish settlements in Greenland are iu- eluded in this list. 202 352 PROF. T. M. FRIES ON THE LICHENS 9. ALECTORIA DIVERGENS (Ach.), Nyl. Cape York, sterile. 4. STEREOCAULON PASCHALE (L.), Fr. Hayes Sound, sterile fragments. 5. STEREOCAULON TOMENTOSUM (Z7.) B. ALPINUM (Laur.), Th. Fr. Winter-quarters of * Discovery ’ and Mount Discovery, sterile. 6. STEREOCAULON EVOLUTUM, Grewe, B. FASTIGIATUM (Anzi), Th. Fr.? Alexandra Haven.’ The specimen being sterile, exact de- termination is impossible. 7. STEREOCAULON DENUDATUM, Flérk., 3. PULVINATUM (Scher.), Fw. Cape Sabine, sterile. 8. CLADONIA COCCIFERA (L.), Scher., f. phyllocladiis strami- neis, squam:eformibus et dein verrucoso- vel subpulverulento-dis- solutis, confertis, crustam crassiusculam formantibus; podetiis pyxidatis, verrucosis ; apotheciis non evolutis. Cape York, on mouldering mosses. The hydrate of potash pro- duces a yellow reaction, which colour is rendered permanent by the immediate application of hypochlorite of lime. 9. CLADONIA PYXIDATA (Z.) B. POCILLUM (Ach.), Fr. In the neighbourhood of the winter-quarters of ‘ Alert’ (also at an altitude of 400-500 feet) and * Discovery; N orman-Lock- yer Island ; Alexandra Haven; Cape Sabine. Only phyllocladia and podetia: no apothecia. 10. THAMNODIA VERMICULARIS (Sw.), Ach. Winter-quarters of ‘ Alert? and ‘Discovery ; Hayes Sound. Var. B. TAvRICA (Wulf.), Scher. 82° 27'89" N.; Walrus Island, Franklin-Pierce Bay ; Cape Sabine. 11. CETRARIA ISLANDICA (L.), Ach. : In the vicinity of Floeberg Beach ; Port Foulke. Sterile. 12. CeTRARIA HIASCENS ( Fr.), Th. Fr. Cape Sabine, a very miserable and sterile fragment. 183. CETRARIA NIVALIS (Z.), Ach. : The neighbourhood of Floeberg Beach ; Cape Union, at an alti- tude of 1200 feet (low-grown) ; Discovery Bay ; Alexandra Haven. Always sterile. COLLECTED DURING THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. 353 14. Crrraria FAHLUNENSIS (Z.), Scher. Cape York ; without apothecia. 15. PARMELIA SAXATILIS (Z.), Fr. Brevoort Island; sterile, but otherwise perfectly developed. Var. B. owPHALODES (Z.), Fr. Alexandra Haven, sterile. 16. PAR MELIA PHYSODES (L.), Ach. Winter-quarters of ‘Alert’ (f. obscurata, Ach.) and ‘ Disco- very,’ on mosses and old wood, sterile. 17. PARMELIA ENCAUSTA (Sm.), Nyl., 9. INTESTINIFORMIS(Vill.), Th. Fr. Westward-Ho! Valley, sterile, on pebbles. 18. PAnMELIA OLIVACEA (L.), Ach. On mosses and stones, sterile: Floeberg Beach; Westward- Ho! Valley; Mount Stephenson. Thallus more or less sprinkled with very minute verruce, even so abundantly that it might be mistaken for Lopadium pezizoideum. In the stratum medullare no reaction by the hypochlorite of lime (-CaCl- ). Var. B. PROLIXA, Ach. Alexandra Haven, a small and sterile fragment with narrow lacinie. Thallus CaCl. 19. PARMELIA LANATA (L.), Wallr. Summit of Cape Union (1200 f£); Westward-Ho! Valley ; Alexandra Haven; Cape York. Always sterile. 20. PARMELIA SEPARATA, n.sp. Thallo crustaceo-cartilagineo, laxe adh:erente, ochroleuco vel vetusto passim in lividum vergente, opaco, subtus nigricante et fibrillis longis nigricantibus passim dense vestito ; laciniis confertis subimbricatisque, angustis, leviter convexis; apotheciis non visis. Westward-Ho! Valley, on mosses. This is in some respects intermediate between P. conspersa and P. centrifuga, resembling the former most in characters, the latter in habitat. The above description shows, however, how readily it may be distinguished from both. It may be added that the thallus by the hydrate of potash or the hypochlorite of lime, or these combined, neither externally nor internally changes colours ; nor do the hyphe give a bluish tint with the aqueous solution of iodine. Epithallus, when old, rimuloso-diffract. The under- side of the laeinize pale at the tips, without fibrils, smooth, or with few darker papillae. "Thallus not, as that of P. conspersa, sprinkled with black punctiform spermogonia, but, on the contrary, pre- 954 PROF. T. M. FRIES ON THE LICHENS senting an abundance of small wax-coloured or finally yellowish- brown points and verruce, which are probably spermogonia, though no spermatia are found in them. 21. PHYSCIA PULVERULENTA (Schreb.) D. MUSCIGENA (Aeh.), Nyl. 82° 27' 40" N. (well and typically developed, and also a forma microphylla, imbricata) ; Cape Union; winter-quarters of ‘ Dis- covery ;’ Polaris Bay (forma adeo angustifolia et albo-suffusa, ut pro P. cesia haberi posset; K=); Walrus Island, Franklin- Pierce Bay. 22. PHYSCIA STELLARIS ( L.) 3. TRIBACIA (Ach.), Nyl. On stones and destroyed vegetables, among other lichens, ste- rile. Egerton Valley, Black-Cliffs Bay, Westward-Ho! Valley, and other localities in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach; Walrus Island, Franklin-Pierce Bay.—Laciniæ ejusdem speciminis nunc (soli expositæ) obscuriores, griseæ (K =), nunc albidæ (K+). Var. y. MARINA, E. Nyl.(Physcia leptaleodes, Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 306). Winter-quarters of ‘ Discovery, sterile. Thallus Kj. 23. Puyscra cæsia (Hoffm.), Nyl. In the neighbourhood of the winter-quarters of ‘ Alert,’ espe- cially on sandstone, very well developed though sterile. Thallus Ki, but on the upperside scarcely changed. 24. XANTHORIA PARIETINA (L.) B. AUREOLA (Ach.), Th. Fr. On rocks, sterile: Walrus Island, Franklin-Pierce Bay ; Cape Sabine. 25. XANTHORIA LYCHNEA (Ach.) a. PXYGMJEA (Bor.), Th. Fr. Sterile, on rocks; Westward-Ho! Valley; 82° 35' N. 26. GYnoPHoRA CYLINDRICA (L.), Ach. Apotheciis normaliter gyroso-plicatis. Cape Sabine (one specimen, showing transition to var. (3). p. SIMPLEX, Th. Fr. Spitsb. p. 32 (Gyrophora Tramnitziana. Körb. Deutsch. Polarf. ii. p. 76). ^ Apotheciis simplicibus vel centro modo leviter papillatis, extus (excipulo) strato cortieali tectis; sporis ellipsoideis, 0'012 mm. longis et 0:006-0:007 mm. crassis. A luxuriant (11 centim. long) specimen from Cape Sabine ; another, somewhat smaller, but pretty well developed, from i COLLECTED DURING THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. 355 the northern face of Cape Columbia. Thallus CaCI—. Gyro- phora rugifera, Nyl., scarcely differs from this variety. 27. GyropHora EROSA (Web.), Ach. Alexandra Haven ; a small, very miserable specimen. Obs. In Zw. Deutsch. Polarf. ii. p. 77, Prof. Körber describes as new “ Gyrophora Koldeweyi.” However, this species depends only on a perfectly erroneous observation. The thallus is indicated as '"esesio-cineraseens vel albicans," with the addition, “im Alter der Flechte verfürben sich auf krankhafter Weise die an- fangs schön blüulieh-weissgrauen Thalluslippchen in Dunkel- braune," On the contrary, this supposed species consists of extremely small young specimens of G. erosa, which by lying for a long time in water mingled with ice*, have been for the most part destroyed. The dark thallus is normal and still living, while the white is quite dead and therefore “ fragillimus, humectatus flaccidus, mollissimus.” The hyphe and gonidia in the darker parts of the thallus are in a normal state; but in the white the hyphz are in complete dissolution, the gonidia discoloured, and impossible to discern, etc. 28. GYROPHORA HYPERBOREA (Hoffm.) B. arctica (Ach.), Mudd. Cape Sabine (the largest of these specimens is 3 centims. in diam., well developed, with apothecia) ; Cape York. 29. GyropHora PROBOSCIDEA (L.), Ach. Alexandra Haven, tolerably well developed. 30. GrropHora DISCOLOR, Th. Fr. Spitsb. p. 31. Summit of the Dean Mountains, at an altitude of 1350 feet (the largest specimen 2 centims. in diam.); Westward-Ho! Valley; top of Cape Union; Polaris Bay; Cape Sabine; Payer Harbour (4:5 centims. in diam.); Cape York. Thallus CaCl=. Fruits only very young. 31. CALOPLACA ELEGANS ( Link.) a. TYPICA, Th. Fr. On rocks and (fragments) on mosses. Floeberg Beach; Black- Cliffs Bay ; Westward-Ho! Valley; Discovery Bay ; Mount Ste- phenson ; Walrus Island, Franklin-Pierce Bay (abundantly fruc- tiferous); Brevoort Island ; Cape York, on bones. * It is mentioned as growing “an granitischen, wie es scheint vom Wasser rundlich abgespülten Steinen." 356 PROF. T. M. FRIES ON THE LICHENS Var. B. rENvIS ( Wrbg.), Th. Fr. In many places in the vici- nity of Floeberg Beach ; summit of Cape Union ; Discovery Bay ; Polaris Bay ; Hannah Island, Bessel Bay ; Cape Sabine. On the underside of a stone from Crossing Harbour there are, where hidden from the sunshine, fragments of this lichen with entirely white thallus, quite wanting chrysophanie acid, but con- taining green gonidia in abundance. Only round the young apothecia a slight yellow colour is to be observed, whieh by the hydrate of potash changes into rosy. 32, CALOPLACA CERINA (Hhrh.), Th. Fr. On mosses, old bones, and wood of Salir. Floeberg Beach; Westward-Ho! Valley ; Discovery Bay ; Cape Sabine. Obs. Callopisma mydaleum, Kórb. Zw. Deutsch. Polarf. ii. p. 78, differs, according to the original specimens, in nothing essential from Caloplaca cerina, 33. CALOPLACA CELATA, n. sp. Crusta tenuissima, disperse verruculosa, cinerea vel obsoleta; apotheciis parvis, confertis, primum concavis, dein planiusculis, margine thallode crassiusculo, elevato, subintegro vel repando, einereo persistenter cincto ; disco nigricante, tenuiter pruinoso; paraphysibus apice capitulo dilute livido violascenteve instructis; sporis ellipsoideis vel ovoideis, polari-diblastis, On old bones, very rare at Floeberg Beach; a few apothecia on mosses at the same locality. In its habit so completely does it resemble a young Rinodina tur- facea that it was with great surprise that I found it did not belong to that plant. Among the Caloplace it is doubtless most nearly allied to C. cerina ; but so far as I can judge from the few and small specimens, it is clearly distinguished, especially by the colour of the disk and the tips of the paraphyses.—A pothecia ad 0'7 mm. diam. metientia, Hypothecium incoloratam ; paraphyses facillime liber, ramos, apicem versus articulate, capitulo instructe K intensius distineteque violascente nee roseo; asci inflato-cla- vati; spore 8n», 0010-0013 mm. longs, 0:005-0:007 mm. erassæ. 34. CALOPLACA CITRINA (Hoffm.), Th. Fr. On sandy earth in the vicinity of * Alert’s’ winter-quarters. 35. CALOPLACA PYRACEA (Ach.), Th. Fr. On stones, mosses, bones, old wood, sprigs of willows and COLLECTED DURING THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. 357 other destroyed vegetables. In sundry places in the vicinity of * Alert’s’ winter-quarters; Mount Stephenson; Polaris Bay; Walrus Island, Franklin-Pierce Bay ; Cape Sabine. The speci- mens being small and incomplete, the determination, perhaps, is not always quite certain. 36. CALOPLACA JUNGERMANNIE (Vahl), Th. Fr. On mosses, more rare on old wood and bones. Cape Union, altit. 1200 feet ; many localities in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach ; Discovery Bay ; Cape Sabine. 37. CALOPLACA FERRUGINEA (Huds.) B. NIGRICANS (Tuckerm.), Th. Fr. On old wood of Salix at the winter-quarters of ‘ Alert ;’ on mosses at the same place (f. in var. cinnamomeam, Th. Fr., ver- gens). 38. CALOPLACA vITELLINA (Ehrh.), Th. Fr. On rocks: Westward-Ho ! Valley ; Polaris Bay ; Cape Sabine. 39. CALOPLACA SUBSIMILIS, Th. Fr. On stones, old bones, mouldering mosses, wood, and other vegetables. In many places in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach; Egerton Valley; Polaris Bay ; Crossing Harbour; Cape Sabine. 40. RINODINA TURFACEA (Wrbg.), Th. Fr. Forma orbata, Ach., at Cape Union, altit. 1200 feet, on mosses; Floeberg Beach, on mosses and old bones; Alexandra Haven, on mosses.—F. roscida (Smrft.), Th. Fr., on mosses at Floeberg Beach; Discovery Bay; Polaris Bay; Walrus Island, Franklin-Pierce Bay; Alexandra Haven. On every one of these localities only few apothecia, mingled among other lichens. Obs. Rinodina Panschiana, Körb. Zw. Deutsch. Polarf. ii. p..78, is nothing but R. nimbosa (Fr.), Th. Fr., apotheciis nudis. 41. RINODINA MNIARÆA (Ach.) fj. CALCIGENA, Th. Fr. A few apothecia mingled among other lichens, on stones from many places in the vicinity of *Alert's? winter-quarters ; Green- land, 82° 6' N.; Polaris Bay; Discovery Bay. 42. RINODINA EXIGUA (Ach.) B. cosrRAGOSA (Ach.), Th. Fr. Top of Cape Union, only two apothecia among other lichens. 43. ACAROSPORA CHLOROPHANA (Wrbg.), Mass. Westward-Ho! Valley, sterile. 358 PROF. T. M. FRIES ON THE LICHENS 44. LECANORA (PLACODIUM) FULGENS (Sw.), Ach., P. ALPINA, Th. Fr. On dead mosses in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach. 45. LECANORA (PLACODIUM) CHRYSOLEUCA (Sm.), Ach., 3. ME- LANOPHTHALMA (DC.) Th. Fr. Westward-Ho ! Valley. Obs. In Zw. Deutsch. Polarf. ii. p. 79, this species occurs under the name of “Lecanora atrosulphurea." 46. LECANORA PALLESCENS (L.), Scher. On mosses, well developed (f. Upsaliensis, L.): Westward-Ho ! Valley. 47. LECANORA SUBFUSCA ( L.), Ach. Var. hypnorum (Wulf.), Scher., on mosses, old bones, and wood in many localities at Floeberg Beach; Westward Ho! Valley ; Walrus Island, Franklin-Pierce Bay ; Alexandra Haven. A saxi- colous form, approaching to var. cenisea (Ach.), is found at Dis- covery Bay. 48. Lecanora Hagent (Ach.), Korb. The principal form on mosses from the Dean Mountain, at an elevation of 900 feet, and Cape Union, altit. 1200 feet; on old wood from Floeberg Beach ; on stones from Crossing Harbour ; on old bones from Cape Sabine. Var. fj. Roscrpa (Smrft.), Th. Fr. Apotheciis nigricantibus, plus minus pruinosis. On mosses and other destroyed plants (f. Sawifrag@, Anzi), mouldering willows, stones, and old bones. Westward-Ho! Valley ; many localities in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach; Dis- covery Bay; Mount Stephenson; Polaris Bay; Cape Sabine; Walrus Island, Franklin-Pieree Bay. Perhaps this variety ought rather to be referred to L. albescens or dispersa. 49. LECANORA ALBESCENS (Hoffm.), Th. Fr. Well developed (apotheciis pallidis) at Floeberg Beach on stones and hard naked sandy earth ; in the same locality a forma macra apotheciis nigricantibus vel olivaceo-nigrescentibus, showing transition to *Z. dispersa; Westward Ho! Valley, on stone (a miserable fragment, apotheciis demum nigricantibus, pruinosis vel denudatis); Mount Stephenson (forma in f. transiens) ; Cape COLLECTED DURING THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. 359 Sabine, on old bones; Cape York, also on bones (in £8. transitum prebens). Var. B. CmSIOALBA (K6rb.), Th. Fr. A few apothecia on stones from Floeberg Beach. 50. *LECANORA DISPERSA (Pers.), Flork. On stones, scattered apothecia from 82° 455 Westward-Ho! Valley; Floeberg Beach; Egerton Valley; Discovery Bay; On old bones from Cape Sabine; on old wood of Salix from Westward-Ho! Valley and Floeberg Beach. 51. LECANORA VARIA (Ehrb.), p. POLYTROPA (Ehrb.), Nyl. Saxicolous. Top of Cape Union; Westward-Ho! Valley ; Floeberg Beach; Discovery Bay ; Cape York. A little different from Cape Sabine. 52. LECANORA VERRUCOSA (Ach.), Laur. On mosses: Floeberg Beach ; Westward-Ho! Valley. 53. LECANORA CALCAREA (Z.), Smzft. Floeberg Beach: Polaris Bay ; Dobbin Bay. 54. LECANORA GIBBOSA (Ach.), Nyt. Floeberg Beach ; summit of Cape Union (apotheciis non evolu- tis); Discovery Bay; Greenland, 82° 6' N. ; Cape Sabine. Var. 8. sguamara (Flot.), Th. Fr. Floeberg Beach ; Cross- ing Harbour. Obs. A very young, thin form of this variety is Aspicolia rosu- lata, Körb. Zw. Deutsch. Polarf. ii. p. 79. 55. LECANORA FLAVIDA, Hepp. Cape Sabine ; winter-quarters of ‘Alert.’ 96. PERTUSARIA CORIACEA, Th. Fr. Spitsb. p. 21; Lich. Scand. p. 318. ' Westward-Ho ! Valley. Thallus without apothecia, but with spermogonia. The determination, however, not dubious. 57. BILIMBIA HYPNOPHILA (Ach.), Th. Fr. In the neighbourhood of the winter-quarters of ‘ Discovery ;' only 3-4 apothecia. 58. BILIMBIA vrgnEOUNDA, Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 387. A few apothecia on mosses in the vicinity of Discovery Bay. Only once found before, in Finmark (Norway) on bark of Populus tremula; and therefore a description of the plant taken in 360 PROF. T. M. FRIES ON THE LICHENS Grinnell Land may here be inserted :—Crusta tenuissima, albida, vel fere obsoleta ; apothecia minutissima, sessilia, plana, tenuiter marginata, atra, nuda; hypothecium incoloratum ; paraphyses facile liberze, capitulo magno subgloboso obscure fusco terminate ; asci clavati; spore lineari-oblonge, utrinque obtuse, tetrablaste, 0°012-0'016 mm. longe et 0:003-0:004 mm. crasse; gelatina hymen. iodo precedente cerulescentia sordide rubens. 59. BrASTENIA ATROCYANESCENS, Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 395. A single apothecium on a stone from the top of Cape Union. 60. BrATORELLA (SPORASTATIA) TESTUDINEA (Ach.), Mass. Egerton Valley; Westward-Ho! Valley; Floeberg Beach; Cape Union, altit. 1200 feet; Polaris Bay. All the specimens brought home by the Expedition belong to the form coracina (Smrft.). 61. BrATORELLA (SARCoGYNE) SIMPLEX (Dav.), Br. & Rostr. The form strepsodina (Ach.) Winter-quarters of ‘ Alert’ (82? 27'-82? 45' N.); Mount Stephenson; Polaris Bay ; Crossing Harbour; Cape Sabine; Cape York. The form herpes, Norm., on limestone at Floeberg Beach. 62. LECIDEA (Psora) RUBIFORMIS, Wrbgq. Winter-quarters of * Discovery.’ 63. LECIDEA (Psora) DECIPIENS (Hhrb.), Ach. Very pretty specimens in the neighbourhood of the winter- quarters of ‘Alert’ (82° 27'-82? 30’ N.). 64. Lectpea (Brarora) RUPESTRIS (Scop.), Ach. Some few apothecia on stones from Floeberg Beach and Walrus Island, Franklin-Pierce Bay. 65. LECIDEA (Bratora) NEA, Duf. Poor fragments on one stone from the top of Cape Union. 66. LecrpzA (Brarora) nEUCOPILEA (Flörk.) P. GRISEOATRA (Flot.), Th. Fr. Cape Union, altit. 1200 feet ; Floeberg Beach ; Polaris Bay. 67. L&crpEA (Brarora) TorRNoENSIS, Nyl. Alexandra Haven; 2-3 apothecia on destroyed vegetables. 68. LECIDEA PAUPERCULA, Th. Fr., P). ACROGENA, n. var. Hy- COLLECTED DURING THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. 361 pothecio pallidiore (sordide infuscato), sporis paullo minoribus (0:007—0:012 mm. longis, 0:004—0006 mm. crassis). Summit of Cape Union ; a single specimen. 69. LECIDEA ELATA, Scher. Winter-quarters of *Alert; Polaris Bay ; Cape Sabine. 70. LzcrpEA Drcksonrr, Ach. Cape Union, altit. 1200 feet ; Cape Sabine; Alexandra Haven. 71. LECIDEA ELXOCHROMA (dch.), B. muscorum (JFulf.), Th. Fr. Alexandra Haven, on mosses. Var y. PILULARIS (Dav. ?), Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 543. Forms on stones erusta obsoleta vel parum evoluta. Egerton Valley ; Westward-Ho! Valley, and other localities in the vicinity of the winter-quarters of ' Alert; Discovery Bay; Mount Ste- phenson; Polaris Bay (f. crusta alba, apotheciis planiusculis mar- ginatis); Crossing Harbour. On naked clay at Polaris Bay. Some specimens belong, or approach more or less, to the form acrocyanea, 'Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 547. On sandstone at Floeberg Beach is found a form very peculiar in its habitus, erusta tartareo-amylacea, maculas vel valleculas for- mante dispersas niveas; apotheciis solitariis, confertis vel seriatim conjunctis, demum convexis et varie tuberculato-repandis. Quite similar to L. lapicida f. seriata, Th. Fr. At the first sight the apothecia resemble those of L. auriculata, Th. Fr. Obs. L. hansatica, Kórb. Zw. Deutsch. Polarf. ii. p. 80, dif- fers in no way from common forms of L. eleochroma y. pilularis, except by a pale yellowish thallus, and cannot possibly be sepa- rated as a species. Itis not improbable that this tint of colour was not to be found in the growing plant, but appeared during its preservation in some moist place, which may easily happen, especially on board ship. 72. LECIDEA CRASSIPES (Th. Fr.), Nyl. Two apothecia on mosses from the winter-quarters of ‘Alert.’ 73. Lecipra vorticosa (Flörk.), Korb. Westward-Ho! Valley ; Floeberg Beach; Polaris Bay; Cape Sabine; Alexandra Haven. 74. LECIDEA CYANEA (Ach.), Th. Fr. Floeberg Beach; Discovery Bay; Polaris Bay. All the col- 362 PROF. T. M. FRIES ON THE LICHENS lected specimens approach f. polaris, Th. Fr., though the thal- lus is rather thin._-Hyphe strati medullaris iodo intense cerules- eunt; K thallum colore non mutat ; hypothecium omnino incolo- ratum; spore ellipsoidez, 0:008-0:010 mm. longs et 0'004- 0:005 crassa. 75. LECIDEA AURICULATA, Th. Fr., f. pipvucENs (Nyl.), Th. Fr. Discovery Bay and Polaris Bay. 76. *LECIDEA Bracuyspora, Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 501. In the vicinity of Floeberg Beach, a single small specimen. 77. LECIDEA scROBICULATA, Th. Fr. Crusta crassa, contigua, verrucis jugisve inequali, supra plus minus rimosa insuperque tenuiter rimulosa, albida, sordide ochroleuca argillaceave ; hyphis non amyloideis; apotheciis majusculis, atris, disco scabridis, pri- mum sessilibus adnatisve, planiuseulis et marginatis, demum ele- vatis sæpeque quasi pedicellatis, convexis, immarginatis, varie flexuosis tuberculatisque; sporis minutissimis vel subminutis, globosis vel globoso-ellipsoideis. On stones in many localities in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach, even at an altitude of 500 feet; Lincoln Bay. From L. elata, as a subspecies, under which I, in * Lich. Spitsb.’ p. 41, deseribed this plant, it is very distinct, and of a very pecu- liar habit. It is much more allied to Z. brachyspora. To complete the above-given diagnosis may be added :— Thallus usque ad 5 mm. et ultra erassus, neque K neque Ca Cl tinctus; apothecia 1-2 mm. lata, adultiora verrucis elevatis vulgo insiden- tia, unde quasi pedicellata, subtus plus minus distincte pallida ; hypothecium omnino incoloratum; paraphyses graciles, cohæ- rentes, apice plus minus obscure olivaceo- vel smaragdulo-fuli- gines; asci clavati; spore 0:006-0'008 mm. longs et 0:005- 0:006 mm. crasse vel diam 0:005-0:006 mm. metientes; gelatina hymen. iodo cerulescens, dein nonnihil sordidescens ; spermatia acicularia, recta (vel leviter curvula), 0:012-0:014 mm. longa. 78. LECIDEA pESPECTA,n.sp. Crusta tenui, rimuloso-diffracta, albida, hypothallo ezsio imposita, vel indistincta ; hyphis medul- laribus non amyloideis ; apotheciis sessilibus, diu planiusculis et margine crassiuseulo cinctis, demum nonnihil convexis margine extenuato exclusove; hypothecio omnino incolorato ; paraphysibus COLLECTED DURING THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. 363 validiuseulis, laxe coherentibus, fuligineo-clavatis; sporis minutis vel submediocribus, ellipsoideis. On stones in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach. A scarcely remarkable form, most resembling poor forms of L. lapicida, or still more of L. auriculata. From both it differs by hyphz non amyloidee ; other essential characters may be ob- tained from the apothecium, the paraphyses, and the size of the spores. Thallus K —; apothecia cire. 1 mm. diam. metientia, vulgo regularia, omnino atra, margine incurvo ; asci clavati ; sporee Sn, 0:009-0:012 mm. long: et 0:005-0-006 mm. crasse ; gelatina hymen. iodo intense persistenterque ceerulescens. With this species may perhaps be united an evidently abnor- mal Lecidea from Walrus Island, Franklin-Pierce Bay, much infested by Endococcus pygmeus, with indistinct hypothallus, a rather more developed thallus, forming small separate or confluent spots on the stone, and few convex apothecia. The internal struc- ture does not differ. 79. LECIDEA ULTIMA, n. sp. Crusta tenuissima, disperse ver- rucosa, albida; apotheciis parvis, sessilibus, diu planis et tenuiter marginatis, demum leviter convexis immarginatisque ; hypothecio obseure rubricoso; paraphysibus gelatinam fere libere percur- rentibus, aliis gracilibus, aliis validis et capitulo clavave majus- cula fuscescente instructis; sporis minutis, breviter ellipsoideis vel subglobosis. On stones from several localities around Floeberg Beach ; a few apothecia at every place, mingled among other lichens. Belongs to the group of L. sylvicola ; but is distinguished from all affined species by the nature of the paraphyses and the size of the spores, as well as the gelatina hymenea, by iodine intensely and permanently bluing.—A pothecia diam. ad 0'6 mm. lata, atra vel raro tenuissime albo-pruinosa. Thecium plus minus (pre- cipue apicem versus) cerulescenti- vel olivaceo-obscuratum ; pa- raphyses apice articulate ; asci subcylindrici; spore fere unise- riatze, 0-006-0:008 mm. longz et 0°005-0°006 mm. crasse vel sub- globose, diam. 0:006-0:007 mm. 80. LECIDEA (non determinanda). On sandstone in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach; only 3-4 apo- thecia among other lichens. Probably not yet described; but to propose a new species upon only a few apothecia seems to me rather too aüda- 364: PROF. T. M. FRIES ON THE LICHENS cious. The description is, in short, the following :—Crusta fere obsoleta ; apothecia parva, convexa, atra, verruce thalline albide adnata; hypothecium incoloratum; paraphyses gelatinoso-con- crei; confluentesve, apice obscure violascentes; asci breves, ven- tricosi ; spore minute (forsan nondum mature); gelatina hymen. iodo intense persistenterque czrulescens. Thecio (etsi angus- tiore) cum L. petrosa fere congruit. 81. BuELLIA PARASEMA (Ach.) B. wusconuM (Scher.), Th. Fr. On mosses and old wood of Salices. Westward-Ho! Valley ; Floeberg Beach; Discovery Bay; Cape Union, altit. 1200 feet. Var. y. PAPILLATA (Smrft.), Th. Fr. On old bones and wood in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach. Inthe same locality on mosses a middle form between jj. muscorum, y. papillata, and ò. albo- cincta. 82. BUELLIA VILIS, Th. Fr. Spitsb. p. 44. Some few apothecia on stone at the winter-quarters of the ‘Alert.’ Obs. Orphinospora grenlandica, Körb. Zw. Deutsch. Polarf. ii. p. 81, is only an undeveloped state of Buellia moriopsis (Mass.), Th. Fr., growing in a dark place, crusta parum evoluta, verrucis supra hypothallum dendriticum sparsis. On the contrary, B. Payeri, Kórb. ibid. p. 80, seems to be quite a distinct species, the description of which, according to the original specimens, is the following :—Crusta crassiuscula, areolato-verrucosa, verrucis levi- ter convexis, epithallo rimuloso, cinerascentibus, K —; hyphe iodo cerulescentes; apothecia diam. ad 1 mm. lata, primum innata, dein adpressa thallumque paullo superantia, plana tenuiterque marginata vel demum leviter convexa immarginata, nuda, sca- brida; thecium 0:090-0:140 mm. altum; hypothecium fuscum ; paraphyses gelatinoso-conglutinatz, apice fuliginee vel nonnihil vergentes in atropurpureum (qui color, ut etiam in excipulo, K intensior evadit); asci inflato-clavati (minime * mox evanidi’’); spore 8næ, ellipsoidez vel breviter ellipsoidez, utrinque obtuse (immixtis abnormiter evolutis, fere globosis), diblaste, mgt cantes, 0:011-0:015 mm. longe et 0:006-0:008 mm. crasse ; gela- tina hymen. iodo intense czerulescens. 83. BvELLIA (DrPLoTOMMA) ALBOATRA (Hoffm.), Th. Fr. On stones: Westward-Ho! Valley (apotheciis nudis); Floe- ber& Beach (apotheciis pruinosis). COLLECTED DURING THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. 865 84. Rutzocarpon (CaTocARPON) cHIONOPHYLLUM, Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 612. Winter-quarters of 'Alert;' Cape Union, altit. 1200 feet; Polaris Bay. 85. RHIZOCARPON (CaTocAnPON) RrTTOKENSE ( Helb.), Th. Fr. Cape York; sterile, but the determination certain. 86. RHIZOCARPON GEOGRAPHICUM (Z.), DC. Egerton Valley, Westward-Ho! Valley, and other localities in the vicinity of *Alert's' winter-quarters; Cape Sabine; Alexandra Haven. 87. RurzocARPON GEMINATUM (Fw.), Th. Fr. Westward-Ho! Valley; Egerton Valley; Floeberg Beach; summit of Cape Union; Polaris Bay; Cape York. Obs. Rhizocarpon inops, Korb. Zw. Deutsch. Polarf. ii. p. 81, is nothing but a young R. geminatum, growing on places almost inaccessible to the sunshine, and therefore with a crusta tenuis- sima, verrucis dispersis. The “lacteus ” colour which is attri- buted to these verruce depends on the same cause as the similar colour of * Gyrophora .Koldeweyi,! growing in company there- with (see p. 355); for the verrucæ are quite dead, the hyphs in a state of dissolution, and the gonidia destroyed. 88. RHIZOCARPON ENDAMYLEUM, Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 627. A little fragment from Cape Sabine. 89. RuizocARPON GRANDE (Flérk.), Arn., B. QUATERNARIUM, n. var. sporis normaliter quaternis. A single small specimen from Alexandra Haven. Accords externally completely with R. grande; the verruce seattered on a black hypothallus, K—, I—. The inner parts of the apothecia are as follows:—Hypothecium obscure fuscum ; paraphyses graciles, gelatinam copiosam percurrentes, apice rubenti-nigricantes et K intense purpurascentes; spore normali- ter 4næ, interdum 3nz vel 5næ, ellipsoidez, oblonge vel elongato- oblongs, reete vel curvule, utrinque obtuse, obscure, halone hyalino lato circumdatz, 0:032-0:048 mm. longe et 0°012-0:018 mm. crasse ; gelatina hymen. iodo intense cerulescens. 90. DERMATOCARPON (non determinandum). A small and sterile fragment from Westward-Ho! Valley, LINN, JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 2p 366 PROF. T. M. FRIES ON THE LICHENS probably grown on stone. Perhaps D. botulariwm (Nyl.), or a new species. 91. MickoGLENA SORDIDULA, n. sp. Crusta tenuissima, rimu- losa, sordide pallideque subochracea ; apothecia parva, verrucis thallinis semiimmersis ; amphithecio ceraceo-molli, subeinnamo- meo, depresso-hemisphærico, centro umbilicato-depresso ; peri- thecio pallido; sporis 8nis, parvis. On stone at Discovery Bay; a single and minute specimen. A small plant, very distinct from all species known to me, in its habit most resembling M. Cella, Th. Fr., which, however, differs by its much larger spores and other characters.— A pothecia 0:2-0:4 mm. lata; amphitheeium humidum multo pallidius. Pa- raphyses simplices, gracillime, gelatinam libere percurrentes ; asci subinflati ; spore ellipsoidex vel globoso-ellipsoidex, murales, incoloratæ, 0:015-0:020 mm. longs et 0:007—0:009 mm. crasse. Iodo contentus ascorum brunnescit. 92. PoLYBLASTIA BRYOPHILA, Lönnr. On mouldering vegetables around the winter-quarters of ‘Alert’ and ‘ Discovery.’ Spermogonia punctiformia, nigra; spermatia breviter bacilliformia, 0°004-0:005 mm. longa, cire. 0'001 mm. crassa. 93. PoLYBLASTIA INTERCEDENS (JVyl.), Lónnr. On limestone and other caleareous rocks in several localities around Floeberg Beach, Polaris Bay, Dobbin Bay. The fruits of these specimens show perithecium tenuiter nigrum ; amphithe- cium semiglobosum; anaphyses longe, graciles; spore 8næ, el- lipsoidex, oblonge vel dacryoidex, polyblastze, incolorate, 0°024- 0:036 mm. longe et 0°012-0:016 mm. crasse; gelatina hymen. iodo vinose rubens. 94. VERRUCARIA PHJEOTHELENA, n. sp. Crusta macra, e verrucis parvis, dispersis, obscure fuscis formata; apotheciis parvis, adnatis vel semiimmersis ; perithecio globoso, nigro ; am- phithecio crasso, hemispheerico vel centro leviter depresso umbili- catove; sporis ellipsoideis, minutis. In the vicinity of Floeberg Beach, on sandstones containing lime. Desiring to avoid adding a new species to a genus which already contains too many badly defined forms, I have made every effort to find some already described species with which COLLECTED DURING THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. 3867 this could be connected, but in vain. By its small spores it agrees with V. striatula, microspora, &c.; but its thallus is of so very different a nature that they are rather to be re- ferred to different groups.—Crusta sepe lente detegenda, mollis, sed minime gelatinosa; verruce interdum nonnihil inequales. Apothecia cire. 0'3 mm. lata. Spore 8næ, 0:009-0:012 mm. E et 0:004-0:006 crasse. Gelatina hymenea iodo vinose rubet. 95. PELTIGERA CANINA (L.), Scher. In several localities in the neighbourhood of *Alert's? winter- quarters, also fertile; Discovery Bay and Mount Discovery, Sterile; Hayes Sound, fertile. 96. PrELTIGERA SCABROSA, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 45. In the vicinity of Floeberg Beach and on the Dean Mountain, altit. 900 feet, in both places sterile; from Dobbin Bay, so young that it is like a eupular Peziza. 97. LecoTHECIUM ASPRELLUM (Ach.), Th. Fr. In many places in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach, on stone. All specimens sterile, and most of them badly developed ; hence the determination is not quite certain. 98. COLLEMA PULPOSUM (Bernh.), Ach. Floeberg Beach ; some small and sterile fragments. 99. LEPTOGIUM TETRASPORUM, Th. Fr. Vet.- Ak. Forh. 1864, p. 276. Some few apothecia on earth from the Dean Mountain, altit. 900 feet. Spore quaterne, plurime 0:032—0045 mm. longæ et 0:016-0:019 mm. crass, minoribus etiam immixtis. 100. Leproatum’Scuravert (Bernh.), Nyl. A few small fragments on earth at the winter-quarters of ‘Alert; the determination, however, uncertain. 101. Gyatecta Peziza (Mont.), Anzi. Only three apothecia, from turfy earth at Hayes Sound. The description of the inner structure of the apothecia is as follows :— Excipulum gonidia magna concatenata abunde fovens ; thecium cire. 0:075 mm. altum; hypothecium incoloratum ; paraphyses distincts, etsi gelatina cohzrentes, confertæ, apice levissime in- crassatæ incoloratzque; asci clavati vel cylindrico-clavati ; spore 4-8næ, subfusiformes, tetrablaste, incolorate, 0:015-0:018 mm. 2Dp2 68 PROF. T. M. FRIES ON THE LICHENS longs et 0:004—0:005 mm. crasse; gelatina hymen. iodo colore ceruleo fugace dilutissime tingitur. 102. MICROTHELIA MELANOSTIGMA, n. sp. Crusta vix ulla; apotheciis minutissimis, hemisphericis vel depresso-subglobosis, nigris; amphithecio perithecium distinctum parenchymaticum fuscum fere omnino includente ; sporis ex ascis cito ejectis, 8nis, diblastis, ovoideis, loculo inferiore minore angustioreque, mox obscuris, minutis. On stones in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach, very rare. Together with Rinodina aterrima, Krempel., Buellia anthracina, Anzi Microthelia Metzleri, Körb., Verrucaria scopularia, Nyl., and Microthelia atramentea, Norm., this little plant forms a very natural group, the place of which in the system, as well as the relation between the species above mentioned, will be examined on another occasion.—Apothecia 0:1—0:2 mm. lata, saxo nigro in- sidentia ideoque non nisi lente valde augente detegenda; amphi- thecium sat crassum, microscopio inspectum obscure fusco- nigrum, parenchymaticum ; paraphyses nulle distincte ; asci in- flato-clavati, pauci, cito disrupti (sporas maturas ascis inclusas invenire non potui); spore utrinque obtuse, mox nigro-fusce et halone pertenui hyalino circumdatz, 0:010-0:014 mm. longs et 0:005-0:007 mm. crasse; gelatina hyalina iodo leviter cæru- leseens. APPENDIX. Upon the lichens the following parasites have been ob- served :— 1. LECIOGRAPHA CONVEXA, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 234. Mount Stephenson, on the thallus of Caloplaca elegans, which was killed by it. The interior parts of the apothecia accord with those of Buellia alboatra, as will be seen from the following descrip- tion:—Hypothecium obscure fuscum; paraphyses leviter cohæ- rentes, apicem versus ssepe crassiores et capitulo nigricante ter- minate ; asci inflato-clavati ; spore Sne, ellipsoides vel oblongo- ellipsoideæ, utrinque obtuse, primum tetrablaste, dein uno alterove loculo longitudinaliter divisz, mox obscurate, nigricantes, 0:012-0-021 mm. longs et 0007-0009 mm. crasse; gelatina hymen. iodo cxrulescens. COLLECTED DURING THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. 369 2. Conrpa Fusca (Mass.), Th. Fr. On stones in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach; Walrus Island, Franklin-Pierce Bay; Cape York. This plant, formerly referred to Arthronia or Coniangium, has certainly no developed thallus, and grows on several other more or less developed lichens, which are thereby deformed in the same manner as I have indicated in ‘ Lich. Scand.’ p. 343, in the case of Arthronia pheobea, Norm. Spore 0:015-0'018 mm. longs et 0:006—0:008 mm. crassæ, episporio subgelatinoso crassiusculo. 3. CONIDA CLEMENS, Tul. On a single apothecium of Lecanora Hageni, ‘Alert’s’ winter- quarters. 4. Expococcus PEnPUSILLUS, Nyl. On Lecanora varia B. polytropa and calcarea, as well as on several sterile crusts of lichens in many places in the vicinity of ‘Alert’s’ winter-quarters; Cape Union, altit. 1200 feet; Cape Sabine; Alexandra Haven.—Spore in ascis inflatis 8næ, ellip- soidez, diblastz, 0-012-0'015 mm. longs et 0:006-0:008 mm. crasse; gelatina hymen. iodo intensius dilutiusve violascens vel violaseenti-rubens. 9. Expococcus pyemaus (Kérb.), Th. Fr. In many places around Floeberg Beach; Discovery Bay; Po- laris Bay; Walrus Island, Franklin-Pierce Bay ; Cape Sabine; Crossing Harbour ; Cape York. On Caloplaca elegans, Lecanora varia /3. polytropa, Lecidea elata, eleochroma, and brachyspora; also on some sterile erusts.—Spor: in ascis inflato-clavatis nume- rosissimse, ellipsoidew vel suboblonge, medio vix constricte, diblastze, 0°005-0:008 mm. longs et 0:003-0:004 mm. crasse ; gelatina hymen. iodo leviter vinoso-rubens. 6. Expococcus TRIPHRACTUS, Nyt: Cape York, on a sterile crust so poor that the apothecia seem to arise from the very stone. This form may be named nuda.— A po- theeia subglobosa, 0:2 mm. cire. lata, medio nonnihil umbilicato- depressa; paraphyses nulle ; anaphyses pro ratione validiusculæ ; spore in ascis sat angustis, subcylindricis vel medio crassioribus 8næ, oblonge vel elongato-oblongsm, utrinque obtuse, rect» vel curvule, tetrablaste (immixtis paucis simplicibus diblastisque), nigricantes, 0:012-0:018 mm. longs et 0°004-0°005 mm. crasso ; 370 ON THE LICHENS OF THE ENGLISH POLAR EXPEDITION. gelatina hymen. iodo colore dilutissime roseo tincta, precedente cerulescentia levissima fugacissima. 7. Potycoccum SpronAsTATIA (Anzi), Arn. Cape Union, altit. 1200 feet, on the thallus of Sporastatia testu- dinea.— Apothecia immersa ; paraphyses distinctze, numerose, gra- ciles; spore in ascis ventricosis 8nx, subellipsoidex vel ovoidex diblaste, altero loculo angustiore, demum nigricantes, 0'018- 0:020 mm. longs et 0:009-0:010 mm. crasse; gelatina hymen. iodo violascens. 8. SPHÆRIA Westward-Ho! Valley, on areol: of Rhizocarpon geographicum, which are killed and made white by it.—A pothecia parva, im- mersa, atra; paraphyses copiose, ramose ; asci cylindrico-clavati ; spore 4næ, una serie dispositz, oblongæ, utrinque obtuse, tetra- blastz, ad septa (precipue medium) nonnihil constricte, in uno- quoque loculo guttulam oleosam centralem lateralemve (rarius duas magnitudine similes dissimilesve) foventes, obscure fuscs, 0:028-0:032 mm. long et 0:009-0:010 mm. crasse. Todo para- physes fulvescunt, contentus ascorum rufescit. 9. SPH RIA : In the vicinity of Floeberg Beach, on a sterile saxicolous crust. —Apothecia parva (ad 0'2 mm. lata), adnata vel semiimmersa, primum subglobosa, dein varie corrugata et apice quasi discissa, atra; paraphyses graciles, ramosæ, anastomosantes ; asci cylin- drico-clavati ; spor 4—6n:e, una serie dispositæ, ellipsoideæ, medio constrictz, utrinque obtuse, diblastze, 0015-0017 mm. longæ et 0:007-0:009 mm. crasse. Iodo non mutatur, nisi quod contentus ascorum fulvescit vel brunnescit. 10. SPHÆRIA Westward-Ho ! Valley, on dead parts of the thallus of Thamno- lia vermicularis.—A pothecia minutissima, tantum lente valde augente detegenda, hyphis nigricantibus toruloideis imposita, atra; paraphyses nulle distincte ; asci ventricosi; spore 8ne, ovoides vel oblongo-ovoiders, utrinque obtuse, diblaste, incolorate, 0015- 0'018 mm. longs et 0:005-0:007 mm. crasse. Iodo insigniore modo non mutatur. * On account of a deficient knowledge of Mycology, I have thought proper not to give names to the following three species, though most probably all are new to science, MR. J. MIERS ON MOQUILEA. 371 Notes on Moquileq,Avith the Description of a new Species. By Joun Mizns, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Dignit. et Commend. Ord. Bras. Rose. [Read April 3, 1879.] LrCcANIA differs from Moquilea more widely than has been sus- pected; forthe two genera have been often confounded together. In their floral structure a notable difference exists. In Licania one half of the stamens are fertile and unilateral, the rest are anantherous, and all are seated consecutively upon the margin of an elevated membranaceous deciduous ring. On the other hand, in 7Moquilea the stamens vary in number in the several species, are altogether free and distinct to their base, uniserially seated in the mouth of the short calyx and most frequently exserted, all bearing versatile anthers, their number varying from 40 to 5. It is, however, in the different organization of the fruit and seed that the greatest difference exists between the two genera. The fruit of Zicania, according to Aublet, at first very thick and fleshy, becomes hard and ligneous; in the fresh state the pericarp is lined with a white fleshy coating, which is edible and of a sweet taste; it is 13 lines long, 7 lines in diameter; it is fur- nished within with rigid hairs (filandreux): the fleshy lining vanishes in drying; and it then adheres firmly to the nucleus, which is unilocular and monospermous, of a pointed oval shape, 6 lines long, 3 lines broad, is osseous and contains a dicotyledo- nous embryo. The fruits in other species of Licania are variously described by Mr. Bentham, and perhaps denote the existence of several yet undefined genera. In one species the fruit is obovate, pyriform, ligneo-coriaceous, containing an erect seed with a membranaceous testa, with an embryo having thick fleshy plano-convex cotyle- dons*. My analysis of Licania prismatocarpat may serve to throw additional light on the subject. Here the fruit is pentagonally cylindrical, subcostate at the angles, falcately attenuated and incurved at the base, obtusely pointed at the summit ; including the stipitiform base it is 13 lines * Gen. Plant. i. p. 606. t Flor. Bras. fasc. 42, p. 19. 372 MR. J. MIERS ON MOQUILEA. long, 4j lines in diameter: the pericarp is fuscous, 1 line thick, is hard, with transverse ligneous cellules; it contains a single seed, which is erect, nearly as long as the cell, and, though once filling its space, is now reduced in size by drying, being 10 lines long and 2 lines broad. The seed is of a dark brown colour, and when cut open shows in the middle a white embryo, 6 lines long, formed of two extremely thin, almost pellicular cotyledons 4 lines long, 1 line broad, the inferior slender radicle being 2 lines long ; after its removal the fleshy envelope in which it was imbedded shows, inside of each half, an impressed figure of the embryo; as this en- velope shows no indication of a raphe or chalaza, it must be albumen ; for the spiral vessels of the raphe were observed in the integument which lines the pericarp. The existence of albumen in the seed of Zicania is not singular in the family, as it exists in Hirtella, as was well demonstrated by Gaertner*; this was acknowledged by DeCandollet. Kunth, in 1828 f, considered that the albumen of Gaertner consisted merely of two large foliaceous cotyledons of the embryo, conferruminated together along their margins; this supposition was adopted by Endlicher in 1840$. This theory was disproved by my analysis of two species of Hirtella examined by me in a living state: the first was mentioned on a former occasion||; the second is shown in my analysis of Hirtella Pohlii from the Corcovado: in the latter case the albumen is 6 lines long, 3lines broad, enclosing an embryo with a small basal radicle and two very thin oblong white cotyledons 3 lines long, 1 line broad. The presence of albumen in the seed of these two species of Hirtella is therefore incon- testable. The structure of the fruit of Licania glabra, Mart. (L. costata Spruce) shows many points of analogy between it and L. pris- matocarpa. The drupe is of considerable size, seated upon a peduncle terminated by two minute, recurved, almost obsolete bracts. In the flower the small urceolated calyx grows to a large size. The fruit is ovate, 14 inch long, 1 inch broad, marked by 8 or 10 prominently costate ridges: the ferruginously tomentose pericarp is hard, composed of numerous ligneous cellules; 1t 18 unilocular, and contains a nucleus considerably reduced in size by drying, and is attached to the base of the cell by a small hilum. * Fructus, iii. p. 40, tab. 185. T Prodr. ii. p. 528. + H. B. K, vi. p. 274, tab. 565. $ Gen. Plant. p. 1252. || Journ, Linn. Soc. © Fl. Bras. fasc. 42, p. 10. MR. J. MIERS ON MOQUILEA. 373 This nucleus is globular, with a small nipple (chalaza) at its apex ; it has a roughish surface, is 71 lines in diameter, the indurated integument being closely agglutinated to it; it is solid, and when cut transversely exhibits a homogeneous hard dark albumen, showing in the axis a longitudinal ehink, corresponding to the position of the slender embryo in Licania prismatocarpa; but here the embryo cannot be seen on account of its extreme tenuity, and I did not like to injure my specimen in searching for it. My analysis of the fruit of Licania heteromorpha* shows a very analogous structure. I will now proceed to show the very different organization of the fruit of Moquilea. I first observed it in examining that of M. Turiuvat. This species is well described by Sir J. Hooker, who noted the size of the fruit but did not analyze it. The fruit is a dry drupe, fusiform in shape, 13 lines long, 44 lines broad in the middle, acute at the summit, shortly narrowing at the base to a breadth of 11line, where it fits into the hollow of the persistent almost unchanged calyx, which is 5-toothed to its base; the pericarp, 4 line thick, is fuscous brown, opaque, coria- ceous, and when macerated gives out a red dye; it is unilocular and monospermous. The most ready way of examining its struc- ture is in its dry state, without softening it by maceration, when, by making two opposite longitudinal incisions through the peri- carp alone, it becomes separated into two halves without difficulty. In one half will be found the nucleus, covered by part of the integument of the seed, the other half of the integument remaining adherent to the inside of the other moiety of the pericarp. The integument or testa thus severed is found to be bilamellar in that part where the raphe is confined within it. The raphe thus exposed to view is seen to be a network of longitudinal bundles of humerous fine spiral vessels, with other threads or bundles anastomosing with them, forming a reticulated network quite white. The integument at its summit is terminated by a polished, fleshy, conical chalaza. The embryo, after the integument is re- moved, appears like a solid body, cylindrical, somewhat pointed at its chalazal extremity, obtuse at its base, faintly grooved longi- tudinally ; it is 10 lines long, 2} lines broad in the middle ; in its * Flor. Bras. fasc. 42, p. 11. t Licania Turiuva, Cham. & Schlect. Linnea, ii. p. 550. Licania aperta, Benth. in Hook, Journ. Bot. ii. p.218. Licania pubiftrora, Benth. 7, c. p. 219. Moquilea turiuva, Hook. in Flor. Bras. fase. 42, p. 25. 974 MR. J. MIERS ON MOQUILEA. transverse section. It is solid for some distance within the peri- phery, and across it an indistinct line shows where the margins of. the two cotyledons are there agglutinated together, while in the centre it is hollow, where the cotyledons are free from one another ; a minute inferior radicle is hidden in the base of the cotyledons. The new species mentioned in the title may be thus described :— MoqUrLEA ORGANENSIS, nob. Ramulis glabris, subtenuibus: foliis elliptico-oblongis, imo repente acutis, et in petiolo subde- currentibus, apice in acumen acutum subito contractis, subcoriaceis, supra pallide ferrugineis, nervis immersis, subtus fere concoloribus, nervis fuscis adscendentibus costaque prominentibus, venis trans- versim reticulatis, undique glabris, nisi in junioribus, unde pilis mollibus luteo-albis sparse pubesceutibus, petiolis canalieulatis limbo 12-15plo brevioribus: racemis axillaribus, subremote alter- natim spicatis, puberulis; floribus parvis, aggregatis, sessilibus : drupa sicca, majuscula, late obovata, convexa, vix compressa, imo breviter stipitata, calyce 5-dentato persistente et fere immutato suffulta, 1-locularis, monosperma ; seminis structura illæ Moguilee Turiuve valde analoga. In montibus Organensibus: v. v. et sicca in herb. meo 4095. I found this plant in February 1838. It has much the habit of Moquilea Turiuve. Its slender branches are glabrous; its leaves, ł inch apart, are 31-44 inches long, including the acumen of 6 lines, 3-14 inch broad, on ehannelled petioles 3 lines long; spikes of the inflorescence 1—2 inch apart, 14 inch broad, supported on a bare peduncle } inch long; flowers in bud 2-1 line in dia- meter; drupe 14 inch long, 1 inch broad, 9 lines thick in the cross direction, rounded at the summit, suddenly narrowed at its base for the length and breadth of nearly 2 lines, where it is seated in the persistent calyx; the pericarp is opaque, minutely roughened, 2 lines thick, formed of reticulated ligneous fibres, 18 hard: the seed fills the cell, is covered’ by a brownish red polished testa, marked by prominent nervures corresponding with the branches of the imbedded raphe ; it is 11 lines long, 8 lines broad. When the opening of the pericarp is properly managed, the testa may be split so as to show the imbedded beautifully snow-white raphe in a fine network of anastomosing spiral vessels, occupy!n8 an area of nearly half a square inch. The exalbuminous embryo; nearly as long as the testa, is oblong, obtuse, subcompressed, formed of two thick fleshy cotyledons agglutinated together at ON THE FLORA OF NORTHERN CHINA. 875 their margins, leaving a hollow space in the axis, where they do not adhere together. I must not omit to mention that when a transverse section of the seed is made (not previously macerated), the embryo is white, extremely hard, with the texture of cow- horn, or nearly as dense as ivory. A Contribütion to the Flora of Northern Chia. By J. G. BaxEn, F.R.S., F.L.S., and S. Lz M. Moors, F.L.S. [Read June 19, 1879.] (Prate XVI.) In October 1877 there reached Kew a collection of 600 speci- mens, made by Mr. John Ross in the province of Schin King, the most northerly portion of the Celestial Empire, and situated between latt. 40° and42°N. Owing to the unfrequented nature of this province, and to the rich returns which have accrued to ex- plorers in neighbouring parts of Eastern Asia, it was our hope to be able to note, by way of excursus, some facts of geogra- phical interest. The collection, as a whole, is by no means devoid of noteworthy points, as is sufficiently evinced by the discovery of such forms as Exochorda serratifolia (an addition to a genus that has for years remained monotypic), Saxifraga Rossii, Brachybotys paridiformis, and Betula exalata. Withal many of the specimens prove to be duplicates, such a number are in too frag- mentary a state to come to any decision about*, and the flora of Eastern Asia is being so rapidly augmented by the labours of Maximowicz, Hance, Franchet, and others as to cause the inva- lidation of any code of results after a very short period. Hence we have relinquished our original intention, and content ourselves with laying before the Society a list with localities of such of the species as could be determined, together with descriptions of those which seem new to science. RANUNCULACEX. CLEMATIS PANICULATA, Thbg. West of Chienshan ; Jaoling. ANEMONE HEPATICA, L. (hairy form). Kwandien mountains. * Among the fragments, we may notice a new Prunus, near P. japonica; a curious Centaurea (8 Rhaponticum), an apparently undescribed Rhodo- dendron near R. dilatatum, Miq.; a very large-fruited Ulmus or Holoptelea, seemingly quite different from any thing hitherto known, several Willows, Carices, &e, 376 MESSRS. BAKER AND MOORE ON THE ANEMONE CERNUA, Thbg. Exposed south side of Fungwhang- shan. Common on good soil on mountains all over Manchuria. A. CERNUA, Thdg., var. Sandy bottom of narrow valley west of Ngauyang; flowers pale lilae.— Foliis minus incisis, floribus quam in exempll. typicis minoribus siccitate brunneis. A. ALTAICA, Fisch. Mountain shades east of Funghwangehung. A. ($ Anemonanthea) Rossi, S. Moore, sp. nov. (Pl. XVI. figs. 1&2.) Pilosiuscula, foliis radicalibus solitariis (an semper ?) longe petiolatis, petiolo tenui basi haud dilatato, lamina ternatim secta segmentis obovatis varie incisis interdum bifissis, scapo tripolli- cari, involucro 3-lobo vel 3-phyllo, lobis vel phyllis valde inzqua- libus incisis aut si minimis subintegris, pedunculo involucrum superante vel subequante, floribus parvulis, sepalis 5 ovalibus, filamentis filiformibus, carpellis octo oblongis hirsutis. Hab. in sylvis ad latera collium prope Funghwangchung. Ex affinitate A. baicalensis, Turcz., abs qua abhorret foliis, floribus minoribus, carpellis hirsutis. A. flaccida, Schmidt, quacum planta nostra melius comparari debet, distat ob involu- crum omnino diversum et flores minores et stamina pauciora. ADONIS APPENINA, L., var. bAVURICA, Ledeb. Corean Gate; shady foot of mountain. Woods south of Corean Gate. RANUNCULUS sCLERATUS, LZ. Dry sandy bed of Hwun River, west of Sarhoo. Roadside, Chienshan. R. acris, Z. Woody hill south of Hingjing. Marshy valleys, Yoongdien and elsewhere. R. repens, L. East of Monkden. R. PENNSYLVANICUS, L. (R. chinensis, Bge.). Chienshan. R. aurtcomus, L. Moist hill-side, east of Funghwangchung. CALTHA PALUSTRIS, Z. Marshy valley, Yoongdien. Marshy ground east of Corean Gate. ERANTHIS STELLATA ?, Mazim. Narrow valleys east of Fungh- wangchung, in woody shade. The specimen is a dwarf one, and in an early fruiting condition. PÆONIA ALBIFLORA, Pall. East of Fooling. P. OREOGETON, S. Moore (sp. nov.). Catile flexuoso, foliis longe petiolatis -biternatis, foliolis membranaceis lanceolato- FLORA OF NORTHERN CHINA. 877 obovatis, lateralibus subsessilibus, terminali longius petiolato, omnibus facie superiore glabris inferiore appresse pilosulis, car- pellis duobus oblongis glabris, stigmatibus brevibus recurvis haud retortis. Hab. Kwandien ad latera montis. Radix deest. Foliola iis P. obovate, Maxim., sat similia. Flores circiter 9 em. diam. Petala elliptica, an lutea? Distat a P. obovata, Max., numero precipue vero forma carpel- Jorum stigmatibusque haud retortis, forsan itaque petalorum colore; a P. Wittmanniana, Hartm., carpellis oblongis glabris. MENISPERMACES. MENISPERMUM DAVURICUM, DC. Jaoling, Fungwhangshan and elsewhere. BERBERIDES. EPIMEDIUM vioLACEUM, Dne. & Morr. Label of locality mislaid. E. macrantuum, Due. § Morr. Hill-sides from Changdien to Quandien ; seen nowhere else. JEFFERSONIA DUBIA, Bth. & Hook. f. (Plagiorhegma, Mazim.). Woody valleys south of Corean Gate. Fungwhangshan. BERBERIS CHINENSIS, Desf. South of Hingjing. East of Fooling. Sarhoo. LEONTICE MICRORRHYNCHA, S. Moore, sp.nov. (Pl. XVI. figs. 3 & 4). Subspithamea, glabra, caule ascendente, foliis floralibus bis ternatim sectis interdum fere biternatis vel segmentis inzqualiter arguteque trilobis segmentis ultimis oblongis vel oblongo- oblanceolatis obtusis emarginatis vel obscurissime cuspidatis basi truncatis vel levissime cordatis venosis membranaceis, stipulis magnis, bracteis amplis, pedicellis gracilibus saltem duplo bre- vioribus, sepalis obovatis 5mm. longis, petalis haud visis, stamini- bus quam sepala paullo brevioribus, ovario ovoideo, stylo bre- vissimo, ovulis duobus, capsula depresso-subglobosa valvulis quinque subzqualibus acutis ad medium dehiscente, seminibus duobus compressis. Hab. in provincia Schin King loco non indicato. L. altaica, Pall. discedit foliis floralibus diversiformibus cras- sioribus, stipulis minoribus, floribus majoribus, capsulis majo- ribus 4-spermis valvulis brevioribus ac latioribus. 378 MESSRS. BAKER AND MOORE ON THE LEONTICE MICRORRYNCHA, var. VENOSA. (Pl. XVI. fig. 5.) Hu- milior, foliis floralibus integris vel inæqualiter bilobis lanceolatis. Hab. in montibus prope Kwandien mense Apr. florens. PAPAVERACER. CHELIDONIUM MAJUS, L. Changdien. Fooling. Corean Gate. SrYLoPHORUM JAPONICUM, Mig. Shady hill-side east of Funghwangchung. FUMARIACE E. Dicentra SPECTABILIS, DC. Mountains of Saimaji. Corypatis AUREA, Willd., var. spectosa, Rgl. d Maack. Narrow mountain-gorges east of Funghwangchung. Kwandien valley. C. REMOTA, Fisch. Shady woods forty miles east of Fungh- wangchung. C. REMOTA, Fisch., var. LINEARILOBA. Dry mountain-sides, Fungwhangshan. C. SOLIDA, Sm., a. TYPICA. Shady mountain-woods forty miles east of Funghwangehung. Marshy ground west bank of Yaloo, about N. lat. 42°. C. SOLIDA, Sm., B. BoTUNDILOBA. Dry mountain-side, Fung- whangshan. CRUCIFERS. CARDAMINE MACROPHYLLA, Willd. Kwandien. Chienshan. NasTURTIUM PALUSTRE, DC. West of Sarhoo. DRABA nemonosa, Z. Jaoling. Exposed south side of Fungwhangshan. DONTOSTEMON DENTATUS. Bge. Chienshan. THLASPI ARVENSE, L. Fooling. South of Hingjing. Jaoling. LEPIDIUM LATIFOLIUM, L. Chienshan. L. RUDERALE, L. East of Fooling. Monkden. CAPSELLA Bursa-Pastoris, L. Fields south of Corean Gate. Changdien valley. FLORA OF NORTHERN CHINA. 379 VIOLACERX. VIOLA BIFLORA, L., var. stipulis parvis deltoideis. Valley east of Funghwangchung. Small shady stream-bank among hills south of Corean Gate. V. Parrtniur, DC. Changdien, Quandien mountains, and else- where. V. CANINA, L., 9. acuminata. Fooling. V. CANINA, L., var. West of Ngaiyang. A form intermediate between a. typica and (3. acuminata, having the habit of the former and the sparse pubescence of the latter. V. PINNATA, L., var. DISSECTA, Zurez. Kwandien mountains. Walls and hill-sides, Yoongdien. V. vERECUNDA, Á. Gray. Chienshan. V. VARIEGATA, Fisch. Dry bank of small stream south of Corean Gate. Valley east of Funghwangchung. V. urnmIPES, S. Moore, sp. nov. (Pl. XVI. fig. 6.) Quadripolli- caris, foliis ovatis e basi profunde cordatis in petiolum elongatum marginatum piloso-hirtum attenuatis margine crenatis glabris, stipulis circiter ad medium adnatis, pedunculo tenui folia equante piloso-hirto sub flore glabro, bracteis linearibus juxta medium pedunculum glabris, sepalis firmis. lanceolatis acutis vel acutius- culis 5-nerviis glabris, auriculis brevibus deltoideis, flore magno forsan pallide violaceo, petalis lateralibus barbatis, calcari magno obtuso, ovario puberulo, capsula ——. -Hab. in montibus prope Kwandien mense Apr. florens. V. phalacrocarpe, Maxim. proxima, abs qua ut ex descriptione optima patet foliis glabris sepalisque lanceolatis discedere vi- detur. Ab omnibus varietatibus V. Patrinii, DC., cujus formam aberrantem priusquam esse existimavi, distat pedunculis pilosis, sepalis firmioribus conspicue nervosis brevius auriculatis, floribus majoribus, neenon aliis notis. PoLYGALACEEX. POLYGALA SIBIRICA, L., var. TENUIFOLIA. Chienshan. Jao- ling. P. Japonica, Thbg. Corean Gate; Changdien hill-sides. 380 MESSRS. BAKER AND MOORE ON THE CARYOPHYLLE FX. SILENE APRICA, Zurez., var. (S. Oldhamiana, Zurez.). East of Fooling. STELLARIA AQUATICA, Fries (sub Malachio). Chienshan. TILIACEX. TILIA MaNDSHURICA, Rupr. § Max. Chienshan. “ Dwanmoo Tree." OXALIDE. OXALIS OBTRIANGULATA, Maw. Shady gully, Kwandien moun- tains. O. AcETOSELLA, L. Modaoling. O. CORNICULATA, L. Chienshan. RurAcEX. DICTAMNUS FnAXINELLA, Pers. West of Hingjing. AILANTHUS GLANDULOSA, Desf. Chienshan. CELASTRINER. Evosxwvs Buneranus, Max. Chienshan. E. Tuunsereianvs, B] Fungwhangshan. E. Taunseratanvs, BL, var. Hingjing. Folia subtus secus nervos puberula. RHAMNACES, RHAMNUS CRENATUS, S. 4 Z. Chienshan. ZIZYPHUS VULGARIS, Lamk., var. INERMIS. Chienshan. SAPINDACER. Acer SrEBOLDIANUM, Mig., var.? Changdien. Differs from the type by reason of the larger more hairy tegmenta, young leaves clothed as in A. japonicum, and apparently shorter pedi- cels. It is perhaps a new species intermediate between japo- nicum and Sieboldianum; but the specimen is in too unsatisfac- tory a state to warrant doing any thing further with it. ACER PIOTUM, Thbg., var.? Kwandien. The lobes of the leaf are obscurely lobulate, and the nerves pubescent on the under- side. ‘‘Sai tree." FLORA OF NORTHERN CHINA. 381 AMPELIDES. VITIS PENTAPHYLLA, Thbg. Jaoling. V. AMURENSIS, Rupr. Jaoling, on trees, but often covering rocks. Sweet small grape. LEGUMINOS2. MELILOTUS PARVIFLORA, Desf. Fooling. INDIGOFERA MACROSTACHYA, Bge. Chienshan. (Forma parva.) ASTRAGALUS CHINENSIS, L. fil. West of Chienshan. VICIA PSEUDO-OROBUS, Fisch. § Mey., var.? Remarkable from the more numerous and larger leaflets and longer and stronger tendril than in the type. There is also no diminution in the number of the leaflets proceeding upwards. It may possibly be a new species. OROBUS LATHYROIDES, L. Chienshan. LATHYRUS PALUSTRIS, L., var. Jaoling. Foliolis angustis, 2- vel 4-jugis cirris fere obsoletis. RosaceEz. RUBUS CRATÆGIFOLIUS, Bge. Chienshan. Prunus tomentosa, Thbg. Saimaji. P. Psevpocerasus, Lld. Mountains north of Saimaji. P. Papus, L., var. PUBESCENS. Jienchang. P. Ssronr, Schmidt. Woods of Fooling. P. sapontca, Thbg. Kwandien mountains. Mountains Corean Gate, Funghwangchung, and elsewhere. ExocuonpA SERRATIFOLIA, S. Moore (Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1255). Narrow gully beside mountain-stream, west of Hingjing. Found nowhere else. PorENTILLA SUPINA, L. West of Chienshan. P. MULTIFIDA, L. Jaoling. Fooling. P. cntyensis, Ser. Chienshan. P. FLAGELLARIS, Willd. Sarhoo. Geum sTRICTUM, Ait. Chienshan. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 2E 382 MESSRS. BAKER AND MOORE ON THE Rosa MULTIFLORA, 770g. Chienshan. R. pavurica, Pall. West of Chienshan. Pynvs Baccata, L. North of Saimaji. South of Hingjing, and elsewhere. P. cuixENsIS, L. Kwandien mountains, Jaoling. CRATEGUS PINNATIFIDA, Bge. Fooling. Chienshan. SAXIFRAGEJE. Saxrrraca (§ IsowERIA) Rossii. Oliv. (Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1258). Hills south of Corean Gate and elsewhere, on almost inaccessible and bare rocks; called by some ** Manchurian Ivy." DEUTZIA GRANDIFLORA, Bge. Kwandien mountains. South of Hingjing; sheltered rocky sides of mountains east of Fungh- wangchung. PHILADELPHUS CORONARIUS, L., var. TENUIFOLIUS. Chienshan. P. CORONARIUS, L., var. Chienshan. A form intermediate between vars. a and » of Maximowiez, who has also seen such (Rev. Hyd. As. Orient. p. 42). CHRYSOSPLENIUM FLAGELLIFERUM, Schmidt. Kwandien. C. ,8p.nov.? East of Funghwangchung. This has the leaf of spherospermum, Max., and inflorescence of pilosum, Max. ÅDOXA MOSCHATELLINA, L. Fungwhangshan and Funghwang- chung. Rives PETRÆUM, Wulf. Yoongdien. A variety with dense racemes. CRASSULACES. SEDUM A1ZOON, L. Chienshan. UMBELLIFERS. ANTHRISCUS NEMOROSA, M. B. Jaoling. SANICULA RUBRIFLORA, Schmidt. Kwandien mountains. ARALIACE E. ÅRALIA SPINOSA, L. Fungwhangshan. Leaves edible. Spines fall off when the tree grows some height. FLORA OF NORTHERN OHINA. 383 CAPRIFOLIACES. VIBURNUM BUREJAETICUM, Rgl. § Herd. Changdien. V. oputus, L. Changdien. Loyicera Ruprecutrana, Rgl. West of Hingjing. L. Maackir Rupr. Jaoling woods. South of Hingjing. Fungwhangshan. DIERVILLA VERSICOLOR, S. 4 Z. Chienshan. Kwandien mountains. West of Hingjing. SAMBUCUSRACEMOSsA, L. Wide valley west of Hingjing; Yoong- dien; Chienshan. RvuBIACES. GALIUM ÅPARINE, L. Chienshan. VALERIANEX. VALERIANA OFFICINALIS, L. Jaoling. COMPOSITÆ. SENECIO CAMPESTRIS, L. Hills south of Corean Gate. Ex- posed south face of Fungwhangshan. Jaoling. ATRACTYLIS CHINENSIS, DC. South of Hingjing. CIRSIUM SEGETUM, Bge. Jaoling. HEMISTEPTA LYRATA, Bge. Chienshan. GERBERA ANANDRIA, Schs. Bip. Changdien. Exposed south face of Fungwhangshan. SCORZONERA MACROSPERMA, Turcz., var. foliis angustioribus. Jaoling. S. AUSTRIACA, Willd., var. Fungwhangshan. Humilis, foliis sublinearibus vaginis intus comosis, pedunculis perbrevibus, invo- lueri bracteis sparsim comosis, capitulis magnis. S. AvsTRIACA, JVilld. Jaoling. Fungwhangshan. ACHYROPHORUS GRANDIFLORUS, Ledeb. Chienshan. TARAXACUM OFFICINALE, Wigg. Exposed south face of Fung- whangshan. Jaoling. Pass west of Ngaiyang. Lactuca VERSICOLOR, DC. West of Sarhoo. Jaoling and elsewhere. 2E2 384 MESSRS. BAKER AND MOORE ON THE Lactuca (IxEgmis) gAMOsISSIMA (Gray). Fields south of Corean Gate ; west of Sarhoo ; Jaoling. CAMPANULACEF. CAMPANULA PUNCTATA, Lamk. Chienshan. ERICACES. RHODODENDRON MICRANTHUM, Z'urcz. Chienshan. PRIMULACES. PRIMULA conTUsOrDES, L. Moist valleys east of Funghwang- ehung. ANDROSACE SAXIFRAGIFOLIA, Bge. Fungwhangshan. A. FILIFORMIS, Retz. Sarhoo. LYSIMACHIA pAnYSTACHYS, Bge. West of Chienshan. L. CLETHROIDES, Duby. Chienshan. OLEINEX. SYRINGA VULGARIS, L. Chienshan, top of mountain (in fruit). ASCLEPIADEJE. VINCETOXICUM SIBIRICUM, Dne. East of Monkden. West of Chienshan. South of Hingjing. GENTIANEX. GENTIANA CTuuwsERGI, DC. Fungwhangshan. Exposed mountain-side, Corean Gate. CoNVOLVULACER. CALYSTEGIA ACETOSELLIFOLIA, Zurez. Sarhoo. Roadsides by cultivated fields throughout Manchuria. CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS, L. Sarhoo. BoRAGINEJX. TRIGONOTIS PEDUNCULARIS, Bth. West of Sarhoo. OmPHALODEs SERICEA, Mag., var. West of Ngaiyang. South of Hingjing. Foliis radiealibus longius petiolatis, petiolis sub- glabris. ECHINOSPERMUM LarrULa, Lehm. East of Fooling. FLORA OF NORTHERN CHINA. 385 Bracttysorrys PARIDIFORMIS, Max., Oliv. in Hook. Ie. Pl. t. 1254. Chienshan. Kwandien mountains. SCROPHULARIACE E. Mazvs srACcuxprroLivs, Mas. (M. villosus, Hemsl.). Jaoling. LABIATA. LAMIUM PETIOLATUM, Royle. South of Corean Gate. Marrvusium tetsum, Bth. Jaoling. Monkden. SALVIA PLEBEIA, R. Br. Chienshan. Nepeta GLECHOMA. West of Hingjing and elsewhere. DRACOCEPHALUM SINENSE, S. Moore, sp. nov. (Pl. XVI. fig. 7.) Caule e rhizomate crassiusculo debili appresse pilosulo, foliis longe petiolatis cordatis vel ovato-cordatis crenato-serratis demum pube- rulis, verticillastris 1—3-floris, pedicellis calyce brevioribus interdum fere obsoletis juxta vel infra medium bracteas duas minimas seta- ceas gerentibus, calycis patenti-pilosuli lobis lanceolatis acutis tubo multoties brevioribus, tribus posticis in labium posticum coalitis, corolla majuscula calycem plusquam duplo superante; nucule ignote. Hab. In montibus prope Kwandien et ad Yoongdien mense Apr. florens. A near ally of D. urticifolium, Miq., which I formerly referred to Nepeta (§ Macronepeta), but which appears to be a true Dra- cocephalum on account of its bilabiate calyx. PnaUNELLA VULGARIS, L. Chienshan. CHENOPODIACEX. CHENOPODIUM FICIFOLIUM, Sm. Monkden. POLYGONACES, Potyconum Facoprpyrum, L. Chienshan. P. SIBIRICUM, Lawm. West of Chienshan. Rumex acetosa, L. Chienshan. SANTALACES. THESIUM CHINENSE, L. Jaoling. LonANTHACEE. Viscum ALBUM, L. Jaoling. Common; grows chiefly on Willows ; berries red or yellow. 386 MESSRS. BAKER AND MOORE ON THE ARISTOLOCHIEJ. ASARUM Sreporpr, Mig. Kwandien. CHLORANTHACES. CHLORANTUUS JAPONICUS, Sieb. Kwandien mountains. East of Funghwangchung. EUPHORBIACEE. Evrnorgsa Esvra, L. South of Hingjing. SECURINEGA RAMIFLORA, Müll. Arg. Chienshan. ULMACES. HEMIPTELEA DAVIDII, Planch. Fooling ULMUS CAMPESTRIS, L. Kwandien. South of Hingjing. CELTIS SINENSIS, Pers. Chienshan. BETULACEE. BETULA EXALATA, S. Moore, sp.nov. (Pl. XVI. figs. 8-10.) Ramulis fertilibus pubescentibus, foliis ovatis acutis obtusisve basi truncatis inequaliter et argute serratis glabris nervis (et precipue ad paginam inferiorem nervulis) appresse hirtis exceptis, utrinque 6-8-nerviis, gemmis puberulis, strobilis cylindricis, samaris ad nu- culam simplicem reductis. Hab. ln summis collium prope Chienshan (1000 ped. alt); Jienchang. “ Ulmus” Sinensium. Folia usque ad 4 em. long. et 8:5 cm. lat., pagina inferiore pal- lidiore punetis resinosis obseurissime obsita; serraturis apice in- duratis; petiolo semipollicari hirto. Strobili subsessiles, erecti vel leviter declinati, 1-5-2 em. longi; squame ciliate, basi cuneate, lobis linearibus lateralibus intermedio duplo brevioribus. Ob samaras exalatas discedit, nisi fallor, ab omnibus speciebus hucusque cognitis, et forsan in sectione propria ponenda. B. cht- nensi, Max. (Fragmenta p. 47) proxima, sed foliis haud rotun- datis squamarum lobis fere subzqualibus atque samara omnino exaltata vix conspecifica. SALICACEJE. SALIX GRACILISTYLA, Mig. Fungwhangshan. S. BABYLONICA, L. Changdien. FLORA OF NORTHERN CHINA. 987 PorvLvs tremuta, LZ. South of Hingjing. P. BALSAMIFERA, L., var. LAURIFOLIA. Corean Gate. CUPULIFERE. CORYLUS AVELLANA, L. Corean Gate. QUERCUS MACCORMICKII, Carruth. Chienshan. Our friend.Dr. Trimen was kind enough to compare our plant with the type specimen in the British Museum. AROIDES. ARISEMA SERRATUM, Schott., var. South of Hingjing. Chien- shan. InipEx. Iris ENSATA, Thbg. Fooling. I. Rossim, Baker, Gard. Chron. N.S. vol.viii. p. 809. Changdien. I. nuruenica, dit. Ngaiyang. LIniace2. ASPARAGUS Davuricus, Fisch. Sarhoo. South of Hingjing. A. OFFICINALIS, L. Fungwhangshan, Jaoling. A. SCHOBERIOIDES, Ath. Sarhoo. A. GIBBUS, Bge. Fooling. Jaoling. POLYGONATUM VULGARE, Desf. Hills of Corean Gate. South of Hingjing. Kwandien mountains. The specimen from the latter locality shows tendencies towards P. japonicum, Morr. & Dne. if, indeed, that is to be regarded as a distinct species. P. VERTICILLATUM, All. Sarhoo. CONVALLARIA MAJALIS, L. South of Hingjing. West of Ngaiyang. DisPoRUM SMILACINUM, 4. Gray. Chienshan. TOVARIA JAPONICA, Baker. Chienshan. T. Rossi, Baker (sp. nov.). Caulis 8-9-polliearis, dimidio in- feriore nudo stricto glabro, dimidio superiore foliato flexuoso pubes- cente. Folia 7 contigua subpetiolata 24-3 poll. longa, facie glabra, dorso obseure pubescentia, inferiora subrotunda obtusiuscula 2 poll. lata, superiora oblonga subacuta 1 poll. lata. Inflorescentia densa subspicata 7-8 lin. longa, bracteis minutis deltoideis, flori- 388 MESSRS. BAKER AND MOORE ON THE bus infimis brevissime pedicellatis, reliquis sessilibus. Perian- thium albidum, 1 lin. longum, segmentis oblongo-oblanceolatis obtusis. Genitalia inclusa. General habit and leaves of T. japonica, from which it differs by its subspicate inflorescence. Hab. Kwandien Mountains. ALLIUM LINEARE, L. Chienshan. A. TEUNBERGII, Don. Chienshan. PARIS opovata, Ledeb. Chienshan. Bank of Ngai River. Kast of Ngaiyang. GaGEA LUTEA, Ker. Woods, moist bank of stream Fung- whangshan. LLOYDIA tTRIFLORA, Baker. Kwandien. Narrow mountain gorge east of Funghwangchung. GRAMINE. ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS, L. West of Sarhoo. HIEROCHLOA BOREALIS, H. § S. Ngaiyang. Hills near Jaku- shan, and elsewhere. PANICUM MANDSHURICUM, az. (ex descript.). Chienshan. AGROSTIS ALBA, Schrad. Chienshan. MELICA scaBROSA, Trin. Jaoling. Poa SPHONDYLOIDES, Trin. Chienshan. Sarhoo. East of Fooling. P. pratensis, D. Chienshan. Jaoling. BRACHYPODIUM SYLVATICUM, Zt. f ©. Chienshan. ELYMUS DASYSTACHYUS, Trin. Jaoling. EULALIA DENSA, Munro. Fungwhangshan. ANTHISTIRIA CILIATA, Retz. Chienshan. CYPERACE. CAREX BnEVICULMIS, Br. Hills south of Corean Gate. C. STENOPAYLLA, Wahl. Ngaiyang. C. peprrormis, C. A. Mey. Hills south of Hingjing. Kwandien mountains and elsewhere. FLORA OF NORTHERN CHINA. 989 CAREX PISIFORMIS, Boott. Chienshan. Hills south of Hingjing. C. HETEROSTACHYA, Bge. Jaoling. C. sapontca, Thbg. Chienshan. The form with short spike- lets. C. FALCATA, Turez. Kwandien mountains. Saimaji. C. prarrATA, L. Narrow mountain-gorges east of Fungh- wangchung; Corean Gate. C. CLANDESTINA, Good. South side of Fungwhangshan. C. NorHa, Ath. Kwandien mountains. CONIFERÆ. Pinus Massonrana, Lamb. Jaoling. SELAGINELLE Æ. SELAGINELLA INVOLVENS, Spring. Shady side of mountains at Fungwhangshan. Common on all eastern mountains. EQUISETACES. EQUISETUM ARVENSE, L. Chienshan.- FILices. ONOCLEA GERMANICA, Willd. Chienshan. O. SENSIBILIS, L. Chienshan. Yoongdien. WOODSIA POLYSTICHOIDES, Eaton. Chienshan. W. MANCHURIENSIS, Hook. Chienshan. DAvALLIA WILFORDII, Baker. Chienshan. ADIANTUM PEDATUM, L. Saimaji. Called * Pheasant's Wing ” by the natives. CHEILANTHES ARGENTEA, Hook. Rock-crevices south of Corean Gate. PTERIS AQUILINA, L. Chienshan. ASPLENIUM (ATHYRIUM) FILIX-FÆŒMINA, Bernh. Chienshan. SCOLOPENDRIUM SIBIRICUM, Hook. Fungwhangshan and all mountains in South Manchuria. ASPIDIUM CRASPEDOSORUM, Maxim. Saimaji. 390 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON AUSTRALIAN LICHENS. ASPIDIUM TRIPTERON, Kunze. Kwandien. NEPHRODIUM CHINENSE, Baker. Fungwhangshan. N. enyTHnOSORUM, Hook. Mountain-gorges east of Fungh- wangehung. N. Firnrx-Mas, Rich., var. ELONGATUM. Chienshan. West of Hingjing. POLYPODIUM LINEARE, Thbg. Fungwhangshan. P. LINEARIFOLIUM, Hook. Saimaji. OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA, L. A very small unlocalized scrap. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVI. Fig. 1. Anemone Rossii, S. Moore. One of its carpels. . Leontice microrhyncha, 8. Moore. — —. Its ovary, magnified. . L. microrhyncha, var. venosa. - Viola hirtipes, S. Moore. . Dracocephalum sinense, S. Moore. Betula exaltata, S. Moore. . Squama from ripe cone of same. . Fruit of B. exaltata, of natural size. NO CUR E MA Om Enumeration of Australian Lichens in Herb. Robert Brown (Brit. Mus.), with descriptions of new Species. By the Rev. J. M. CROMBIE, F.L.S. [Read June 19, 1879.] Tus valuable if not very extensive collection, now deposited 1n tho Herbarium of the British Museum, was made between the years 1802-05, during the voyage of Capt. Flinders to New Hol- land and Tasmania. No complete catalogue of the lichens then gathered was ever published by Brown, though it is evident from his notes on several of the species which it contains that he had at one time intended to do so. -A list, however, of species common to Australia and Europe was given in the Appendix to the narra- tive of * Flinders's Voyage to Australia,’ vol. ii. (1814), and sub- sequently trauscribed by Mr. Bennett in the ‘ Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,’ vol. i. (1866), pp. 69, 70. REY. J. M. CROMBIE ON AUSTRALIAN LICHENS. 391 This list, comprehending a few plants such as Lecidea geographica, Lecanora atra, &c., not present in Herb. Brown, would, in the present state of lichenological science, require considerable revision. The tracts of country in which the following lichens were collected are New South Wales and the adjacent south coast of Australia, the north and south-west district of Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land. As is unfortunately too often the case, both in the older and more recent collections of exotic lichens, no saxicole species are contained in Herb. R. Brown, though these. would have very much added to its value and importance. Family EPHEBACEIL. Tribe EPHEBEI. 1. EPHEBE PUBESCENS (Ach.). The plant is apparently referable to our European species, although in the absence of apothecia, and coming from a region 80 very remote, it cannot with absolute certainty be identified. On moist rocks, Grose River, sparingly and sterile. Coll. Br. no. 522 a, s. n. Lichen pubescens. 2. EPHEBE TASMANICA, Cromb., sp. n. Bubsimilis Ephebe pu- bescenti, sed thallo olivaceo-fusco leviore, simpliciore, spermogo- niis pallidis (receptaculo pallido). Textura sieut in .E. pubescente, sed apothecia nondum visa. Spermogonia in tuberculis pallidis lateralibus semiglobosis, hu- mido statu subincoloribus, basi latit. 011-014 millim. ; spermatia cylindrica, longit. 0:003-0:004 millim., erassit. circiter 0°0007 millim. On moist rocks, Grose River, very sparingly. Coll. Br. no. 522 b, s. n. Lichen pubescens. Family CoLLEMACEL. Tribe CoLLEMET. 1. COLLEMA rMPLICATUM, Nyl. On trees, Derwent River, fertile. Coll. Br. no. 511, s. n. Lichen fascicularis. 2. COLLEMA LEUCOCARPUM, Tayl. (= C. glaucophthalmum, Nyl. Syn. p. 114). On the trunks of trees, Derwent River, Tasmania, and S. coast of New Holland. Coll. Br. no. 549 b, s. n. Lichen obductus. 392 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON AUSTRALIAN LICHENS. 3. COLLEMA NIGRESCENS (Huds.). A state with less rugoso-plicatulate thallus, but evidently refe- rable to this species. On the trunks of trees, Derwent River, fertile. Coll. Br. no. 549 a, s. n. Lichen obductus. 4. RAMALODIUM SUCCULENTUM (R. Br.) Nyl., gen. et sp. n. “ Thallus olivaceo-nigrescens ramalinoideo-divisus, superficie te- nuiter longitudinaliter striatulus, basi pallescens, subdendroideus (altit. circiter 8-9 millim.), ramis teretiusculis inzqualis altitudi- nis (haud paucis crassit. 0:5-12 millim.); apothecia rufescentia biatorina (latit. 0:5-0 8 millim.), in ramis thalli lateralia vel sub- terminalia, erassiuscule marginata; spore 8næ, ellipsoides, sim- plices, longit. 0:010-0:011 millim., erassit. 0°007 millim. Iodo gelatina hymenialis nonnihil cerulescens(thecw presertim tincte). “ Genus distinctum (quocum textura thalli convenit) apotheciis biatorinis, thecis cylindraceis. Thallus quoad superficiem facie Stephanophori. Spermogonia arthrosterigmatibus et spermatiis solitis Collematum. Spermatia longit. 0°004 millim., crassit. vix 0:001 millim.” —Nyl. in litt. Amongst mosses on trunks of trees, River Grose. Coll. Br. no. 551. Family LIcHENACEI. Tribe SPHÆROPHOREI. 1. SPH ZROPHORON CORALLOIDES, Pers. On rocks, Table Mt., sterile. Coll. Br. no. 524, s. n. Lichen globiferus. 2. SPHEZROPHORON AUSTRALE. On semiputrid trunks of trees, Table Mt., sterile. Coll. Br. no. 517, s. n. Lichen fragilis. Tribe STEREOCAULEI. 1. STEREOCAULON RAMULOSUM, Ach. On rocks, Table Mt., and near Grose River, fertile. Coll. Br. no. 526, s. n. Lichen ramulosus. Tribe CLADONIEI. 1. CLADONIA ACUMINATA (Ach). On the ground, Table Mt., fertile. Coll. Br. no. 531. 8. P- Cladonia pulverulenta. REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON AUSTRALIAN LICHENS. 393 2. CLADONIA ADSPERSA, Flk. On the ground amongst mosses, Table Mt., sterile and decor- ticated. Coll. Br. no. 535, s. n. Lichen imperforatus. 9. CLADONIA DEFORMIS, Hffin. On the ground among rocks, Table Mt., sterile. Coll. Br. no. 530, s. n. Lichen deformis. 4. CrADINA SYLVATICA (Hffm.). On the ground, Table Mt., sterile. Coll. Br. no. 527, s. n. Lichen rangiferinus. 5. CLADIA AGGREGATA (Sw.). On elevated heaths, Australia, fertile. Also in its young and sterile condition. Coll. Br. no. 532,s. n. Lichen multiflorus. 6. CLADIA RETIPORA (Ach.). On mountain heaths, Australia, and sterile. Coll. Br. no. 533 and no. 534, s. n. Lichen cribrosus. Tribe RoccELLEI. 1. RoccELLA MONTAGNEI, Bel. On maritime rocks, S. coast of Australia, fertile. Coll. Dr. no. 509, s. n. Roccella ? Tribe SIPHULET. 1. SIPHULA TORULOSA (Thnb. ). On the ground, Table Mt., sparingly and sterile. Coll. Br. no. 501, not named. 2. THAMNOLIA VERMICULARIS (Sw.). On the ground amongst mosses on the sides and the summit of Table Mt., sterile. Coll. Br. no. 528, s. n. Zichen vermicularis. Tribe RAMALINEI. 1. RAMULINA GENICULATA, Tayl. On the trunks of trees, near Port Jackson, fertile. Coll. Br. no. 519, s. n. Lichen fastigiatus. Tribe UsNEEr. 1. UsNEA FLORIDA (Z.). On the branches of trees, River Grose, fertile. Coll. Br. no. 918 a, s. n. Lichen floridus. Li 394 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON AUSTRALIAN LICHENS. 2. UsNEA CERATINA, Ach. Along with the preceding (b), fertile and sterile. Tribe ALECTORIEI. 1. NEVROPOGON MELAXANTHUS (Ach.). On rocks, Table Mt., various states, sterile and stunted. Coll. Br. no. 523, s. n. Lichen ustulatus. Tribe PARMELIEI. 1. PARMELIA SUBCAPERATULA, Nyl.,sp.n. “Est quasi P. ca- perata minor, thallo deminuto adnato, lobis crenato-incisis (infra etiam summo margine nigris); apotheciis pallido-testaceis aut testaceo-rufis (latit. 1-3 millim.), concavis, margine receptaculari tenui subintegro vel obsolete crenulato; spore ellipsoidex vel oblongo-ellipsoidex, longit. 0:014-0:017 millim., crassit. 0*007— 0:008 millim. Iodo vix nisi thecæ cerulescentes. “ Forsan species propria distincta a P. caperata et P. capera- tula, jam sporis minoribus. Thallus nee K, nee CaCl reagens. Spermatia subbifusiformia, longit. 0:005—0:007 millim., crassit. 0:0005 millim.” —Nyl. in litt. On the banks of trees, Derwent River. Coll. Br. no. 539, s. n. Lichen prope L. caperatum. 2. PARMELIA TENUIRIMIS, Tayl., Nyl. On rocks, hills near River Derwent, fertile. With large apo- thecia. Coll. Br. no. 537, s. n. Lichen amplissimus. 3. PARMELIA TILIACEA, Ach. On the bark of trees, near Port Jackson. Coll. Br. no. 506, s. n. Lichen tiliaceus. 4. PARMELIA LIMBATA, Laur. On rocks, near Port Jackson, fertile. Coll. Br. no. 544, s. n- Lichen pinnatus. 9. PARMELIA CONSPERSA (Ehrb.). On rocks, near Port Jackson, fertile. Coll. Br. no. 509. Not named. Var. f. sTENOPHYLLA, Ach. On rocks along with the following variety, sterile. . lj; T Var. MULIPARTITA (R. Br.). Thallus smaller, lacini narrower: REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON AUSTRALIAN LICHENS. 9395 more divided, suberect; otherwise as in the type. On rocks, near Port Jackson, fertile. Coll Br. no. 542 a, s. n. Lichen multipartitus. Approaching somewhat to Parmelia constrictans, Nyl. G. PARMELIA AUSTRALIENSIS, Cromb., sp.n. Thallus albido- flavescens opacus, subtus nigricans nudus, longiuscule laciniatus, laciniis convolutis ; apothecia non visa. Accedit facie ad P. va- gantem, Nyl. Syn. p. 893. Thallus K(CaCl)+ dilute erythrinose ' reagens, On rocks, Table Mt., sterile. Coll. Br. no. 525 a, s. n. Seypho- phorus ? 7. PARMELIA LANATA (L.). On rocks, Table Mt., sterile. Coll. Br. no. 521, s. n. Lichen lanatus. 8. PARMELIA LUGUBRIS, Pers. — On rocks, sides of Table Mt., fertile, with large apothecia. Coll. Br. no. 526, s. n. Lichen affinis L. physodi. 9. PARMELIA PLACORHODIOIDES, Nyl. On the trunks of trees, near Port Jackson, fertile. Coll. Br. no. 514 a, 8. n. Lichen physodes. 10. PAnMELIA MUNDATA, Nyl. On the branches of trees, Derwent River, very sparingly and sterile. Coll. Br. no. 515 a, not named. Var. PULvERATA, Wyl. Lacinie somewhat broader, densely and minutely greyish-white pulverulent. On the bark of Den- drosma lucida, in shady woods, base of Table Mt., sterile. Coll. Br. no. 550, s. n. Lichen dendrosme. 11. PARMELIA PERTUSA (Schrank.). On the trunks and branches of trees, Tasmania, fertile. Coll. Br. no. 514 b, s. n. Lichen physodes. 12. PARMELIA ANGUSTATA, Pers. On the bark of trees, near Port Jackson, sparingly and sterile. Coll. Br. no. 515%, not named. Tribe STICTEI. l. Srrorina crocata (Ach.). On mountain-rocks; locality not specified: sterile. Coll. Br. no. 540 a, s. n. Lichen crocatus. 396 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON AUSTRALIAN LICHENS. 2. SrrcTINA CARPOLOMA ( Del.). On mountain rocks; locality not specified: sterile. Coll. Br. no. 540 b, s. n. Lichen crocatus. 3. LoBARINA SCROBICULATA ( Scop.). On rocks, near Risdon Cove, sterile, Coll. Br. no. 511, s. n. Lichen scrobiculatus. 4. STICTA SUBCAPERATA, Nyl. On shady rocks, Table Mt., fertile. Coll. Br. no. 555, s. n. Lichen filia. 5. Srrora MULTIFIDA, Laur. On wet mossy rocks, near the cataract of the river Anna Maria, fertile. Coll. Br. no. 516, s. n. Lichen dichotomus. 6. STICTA FOSSULATA, Duf. On trunks of trees, near the Derwent River, fertile. Coll. Br. no. 536, s. n. Zichen linearis. 7. SricTA FREYCINETI, Del. On rocks, Table Mt., fertile. Coll. Br. no. 538, s. n. Lichen latissimus. Tribe PELTIGEREI. 1. NEPHROMIUM CELLULOSUM (Ach.). On moist shady rocks, about the cataract of the river Anna Maria. Coll. Br. no. 513, s. n. Lichen antarcticus. 2. PELTIGERA CANINA, f. MEMBRANACEA, Ach. Amongst mosses on heaths, base of Table Mt., and near Der- went River. Coll. Br. no. 510, not named. Tribe PHYSCIEL l. Puyscra CHRYSOPHTHALMA (L.). On branches of trees, Kent's Islands. Coll. Br. no. 545, 8. 2- Lichen chrysophthalmus. 2. Puyscta suBEXILIS, Nyl., sp. n. “Similis Physcie ezili, Mich., sed thallo toto aurantiaco-flavo et sporis nonnihil mna bus (longit. 0011-0015 millim., crassit. 0006-0008 millim.)- Apothecia eroceo-aurantiaca (latit. 1-2 millim.), margine thallino demum excluso.” —Nyl. in litt. REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON AUSTRALIAN LICHENS. 397 On rocks, Kent'sIslands. Coll. Br. no. 545 D, s. n. Lichen chry- sophthalmus denudatus. 3. PuvscrA PICTA (Sw.). On the smooth bark of trees, near Kingstown, fertile. Coll. Br. no. 546, s. n. Lichen pictus. Tribe UMBILICARIET. 1. GyropHora CYLINDRICA, DC. On rocks, summit of Table Mt., very sparingly fertile. Coll. Br. no. 558, s. n. Lichen proboscideus, Huds. 2. GYROPHORA PROBOSCIDEA, Ach. On granite rocks, summit of Table Mt., sterile. Coll. Br. no. 559, s. n. Lichen deustus. Tribe LECANORET. 1. PANNARIA RUBIGINOSA (Thnb.). On the trunks of trees, south coast of New Holland. Coll. Br. no. 555, not named. £ 9. PANNARIA RUBIGINASCENS, Nyl., sp. n. *Subsimilis Pa- narie rubiginose, sed apotheciis biatorinis et sporis minoribus (longit. 0:009-0:012 millim.). * Thallus divisionibus facile marginibus crispis obscure granu- loso-divisis vel mierophyllinis. Apothecia obscure rufa (latit. cir- citer 1 millim.), subimmarginata sepe convexula."— Ny. in litt. On decayed trunks of trees, near Derwent river. Coll. Br. no. 512, s. n. Lichen granularis (nomen ineptum). 3. PANNARIA NIGRO-CINCTA (Mnt.). On the ground, summit of Table Mt. Coll. Br. no. 508, s. n. Lichen aipicolus. 4. CHONDROPSIS SEMIVIRIDIS (F. Mull.), Nyl. “Thallus pal- jido-glaucescens vel pallido-virescens linearis et dichotome lineari- divisus, planus, levis, rigescens, divisionibus divergentibus (latit. circa 2-4 millim.), invicem sinubus sat rotundatis separatis, apicibus vulgo retusis (dichotomia nova incipiente), subtus ochroleucus vel albo-flavescens glaber (obsolete rugulosus); apo- thecia fusca prominula sparsa, margine thallino integro cincta." —Nyl. Syn. tom. ii. p. 57, obs. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 27 398 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON AUSTRALIAN LICHENS. On rocks, Table Mt., sterile. Coll. Br. no. 5255, s. n. Scg- phophorus ? Nylander (7. c.) observes that the systematie place of this pe- culiar plant is very doubtful, on account of only young apo- thecia being present and no spermogones being visible in the specimen seen by him from the Murray River, Australia, s. n. Parmelia semiviridis, Müll. 5. PsonoMA HYPNoRUM (Hffm.). On the sides of rocks, Table Mt. A very fragmentary speci- men with only three apothecia present ; but it seems quite iden- tical with the European plant. Coll. Br. no. 554, s. n. Lichen hypnorum. : 6. PsoROoMA SPHINCTRINUM (Mnt.). On trunks and branches of trees, Derwent River: fertile. Coll. Br. no. 533 a, s. n. Lichen dendresme similis. Var. LEPROLEMA, Nyl., L. Campbell, p. 3. Along with the preceding (b), fertile. 7. PsoROMA ASPERELLUM (Hmp.), Nyl. “Thallus squamulis albido-pallescentibus minutis constans crenatis subdispersis (vel passim imbricatis); apothecia pallido-rufescentia (latit. circa 1 millim.), margine thallino fere crenato (vel subintegro) cincta; spore longit. 0°012-0°016 millim., crassit. 0:008-0:009 millim. Gelatina hymenia iodo vinose fulvo-rubescens (precedente ceru- lescentia levi).” —Wyl. Syn. t. ii. p. 24. On the bark of trees, sides of Table Mt. Coll. Br. no. 547, s. n. Lichen ascendens. Recorded also from the Cape of Good Hope. 8. Psoroma soccATUM (A. Br.) sp. n. Thallus pallidus vel subflavido-albidus (K —), squamulosus, squamulis adnatis varie lobulatis (latit. circiter 0:5 millim.), sæpe in granula sorediosa dis- solutis, hypothallus niger; apothecia testaceo-rufa (latit. circiter 1 millim.), margine thallino crenato cincta ; spore longit. 0'015- 0:017 millim., crassit. 0010-0011 millim. Iodo gelatina hyme- nialis cerulescens, deinde vinose violaceo-rubens (thece presertim tinctz). This is an easily distinguished species, with the squamules more or less scattered or subimbricate on a black continuous hypo- REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON AUSTRALIAN LICILENS. 399 thallus. The spores sometimes have the wall produced at either apex, which is somewhat acute. On dead trunks of trees, base of Table Mt. Coll. Br. no. 502, s. n. Lichen soccatus. 9. LECANORA FERRUGINEA (Huds.). On the bark of trees, Derwent River. Coll. Br. no. 503, not named. In one specimen the apothecia are for the most part crenulated at the margins, =f. crenularia (With.). 10. LECANORA PUNICEA, Ach. On the bark of trees, Middle Harbour and at Port Jackson. Coll. Br. no. 507 and no. 569, s. n. Lichen guttatus. Tribe THELOTREMEI. 1. THELOTREMA LEPADINUM, Ach. On the smooth bark of trees, banks of Grose River. Coll. Br. no. 520, s. n. Lichen ? occultatus. 2. URCEOLARIA SUBOCELLATA, Wyl., sp. n. "Similis Urceola- rie ocellate (Vill), sed thallo (albido) K. lurido-fuscescente et dein ochraceo-colorato. Spore longit. 0°020-0:024 millim., cras- sit. 0'007-0°011 millim. Thallus facile etiam reactione alkalina aecidentali quoque in natura ochraceus invenitur. Forsan sola subspecies Europes U. ocellata." — Nyl. in litt. On the ground, near Risdon Cove. Coll. Br. no. 563, s.n. Lichen lateritius. Tribe LECIDEEI. 1. Canocontum 1MPLEXUM, Nyl. On the smooth bark of trees in shady woods, base of Table Mt. Coll. Br. no. 504, s. n. Lichen spongiosus. 2. LECIDEA LUTEA (Deks.). On the bark of trees, near Derwent River. Coll. Br. no. 529, s. n. Lichen nudus. 3. LECIDEA PARYVIFOLIA (ers.), Nyl. On the smooth bark of trees, Grose River. Coll. Br. no. 552, s.n. Lichen parvifolius. The apothecia are usually white-pubescent around the base. 400 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON AUSTRALIAN LICHENS. 4. LECIDEA FLInDERSII, Cromb., sp. n. Subsimilis Lecidee decoloranti (cujus fere sit varietas thallo gilvo-luteo tenui sub- leproso, apotheciis luteo-rufescentibus, margine gilvo-luteo, inde quasi lecanoroideo), Paraphyses graciles. Spore ellipsoidex simplices, longit. 0011-0:014 millim., crassit. 0°005-0°006 millim. lodo gelatina hymenialis dilute cwrulescens (thece presertim tinctæ). Facies est Lecanore affinis Lecanore sarcopsi. On the ground, Risdon Cove. Coll. Br. no. 565, not named. 5. LECIDEA IMMARGINATA (R. Br.), sp. n. Thallus glauces- cens tenuis rimulosus, ambitu subleprosus; apothecia carneo- rufella convexa (tatit. 0:5-0:9 millim.), intus incoloria ; sporæ 8næ, ellipsoide simplices, longit. 0012-0016 millim., erassit. 07007 . millim., paraphyses mediocres, epithecium et hypothecium inco- loria. Iodo gelatina hymenia cærulescens, deinde thecæ luteo- violascentes. Comparari possit cum Z. anteposita, Nyl., Lich. Port Natal, p. 8, sed ab ea mox differt apotheciis immarginatis convexis. Amongst mosses on the bark of trees, banks of Grose River. Coll. Br. no. 591, s. n. Lichen immarginatus. 6. Lectpra sEPTOSIOR, Nyl., sp. n. “Thallus glaucescens tenuissimus vel evanescens; apothecia nigra prominula, crasse marginata, demum margine (obsolete czsio-pruinoso) explanato, mediocria (latit. 0:5-07 millim.), intus obscure rufescentia ; spore Snæ, acieulares subrectze 19-31-septate, longit. 0:060-0:082 millim., erassit. circiter 0:004. millim., epithecium nigrescens, hy- pothecium dilute luteo-rufescens. Todo gelatina hymenialis cæ- rulescens. " Affinis est ZL, endoleuce, a qua notis datis (apotheciis intus obscuris, &c.) facile distinguenda. K nee epithecium nec hypo- thecium reagenda," — NI. in litt. On the bark of trees, near Port Jackson. Coll. Br. no. 562, not named. 7. LECIDEA VERSICOLOR, Fée. On the bark of trees, Grose River. Coll. Br. no. 548, s. n- Lichen atro-cinereus. 8. LECIDEA pecrrtens (Ehrh.). On the ground, Risdon Cove, sparingly fertile. Coll. Br. no. 567, s. n. Lichen decipiens. ; REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON AUSTRALIAN LICHENS. 401 9. LECIDEA CRYSTALLIFERA, Tayl., Nyl. On rocks thinly covered with earth, Risdon Cove. Coll. Br. no. 564, s. n. Lichen tessulatus. 10. LzcrpEA nrscrronurs (Fr.), Nyl. On the trunks of trees, Port Jackson. Coll. Br. no. 557, s. n. Lichen sordidus. Spores 0:018-0:021 millim. long, 0:008-0:011 millim. thick. 11. LECIDEA PARMELIARUM (Sommrf.). Parasitic on the thallus of Parmelia conspersa, near Port Jack- son. Coll. Br. no. 505. Tribe GRAPHIDIEI. l. Grapuis SOPHISTICA, Nyl. On the bark of trees, near Port Jackson. Coll. Br. no. 560, 8. n. Opegrapha plebeja. 2. GRAPHIS INTRICATA, Fée. On the bark of trees, Grose River. Coll. Br. no. 561, s. n. Opegrapha dendritica. 3. MzLasPILEA CIRCUMSERPENS, Nyl., sp. n. “Thallus vix ullus visibilis; apothecia nigra cylindraceo-linearia radiato-con- ferta (latit. circiter 0'2 millim., longit. 2-3 millim.), supra epithe- cio anguste rimiformi, intus sectione medio late alba ; spore 8n, incolores fusiformes 1-septatz, longit. circiter 0'018 millim., cras- sit. 0-006 millim., paraphyses gracilescentes vix regulares. lodo gelatina hymenialis non tincta. " Species omnino peculiaris apotheciis radiato-confertis centro confluentibus." — NI. in litt. On the bare ground, rarely on stones, hills near Risdon Cove. Coll. Br. no. 566, s. n. Lichen ambiguus. Tribe PYXRENOCARPETI. 1. TRYPETHELIUM CRUENTUM, Mnt. On the bark of trees, near Port Jackson. Coll. Br. no. 568, not named. 402 MR. C. B. CLARKE ON FERNS OF us On Helvella californica. By WrirriAM PufrLrps, F.L.S. [Abstract of Paper read June 5, 1879.] HELVELLA CALIFORNICA is the name of a new species of fungus described by the above author, and an account of which, with a plate, will be issued in the next Part of the Society’s * Transac- tions.’ Its nearest ally is H. erispa, Er., from which it differs in the colour of the hymenium and the stem, and in being a larger species. Science is indebted to Dr. Harkness, of San Francisco, for the collection of this new species, along with other forms of fungi, gathered in 1876 in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Cali- fornia. j Ferns of North India. By C. B. cs E.LS. [Abstract of Paper read June 19, 1879. ] Tur memoir, of which the following is but an epitomized sketch, will subsequently appear in full in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’ It comprises descriptions, in English, with synonyms, of the 380 ferns of Northern India, with notices of the more important varieties, and is illustrated by 30 plates of the new species and critical forms. It is drawn up in the form of an elaborate ap- pendix to the ‘Synopsis Filicum’ of Hooker and Baker; and therefore, unless there is something to add, the account in the Synopsis is not copied. Under “Ferns” is included all the genera of the Synopsis; there is also added a description of the 12 Lycopodiums and 4 Equisetums of North India. Under North India is included all British India, from Chitta- gong westwards and northwards, excluding, therefore, the Deccan peninsula, illustrated by Beddome in his ‘Ferns of Southern India.’ The mountains of North India, from Kashmir to Bhotan and Chittagong, form one large botanic province; the whole of the Deccan, from Gwalior and Chota Nagpore to Ceylon, forms another. The Deccan is the remnant of the ancient southern continent, compared with which the Himalaya is a thing of yesterday. The two regions, distinct alike geologically and botanieally, are separated by the plain of the Ganges and Punjab, MR. C. B. CLARKE ON FERNS OF NORTH INDIA. 403 which, perhaps from its long cultivation, has no well-distinct flora of its own. The Ferns of Southern India have been illustrated completely by Colonel Beddome, who knows them thoroughly in the field ; . and it will not be easy to add very much to his account. Colonel Beddome has also, in his * Ferns of British India,’ illustrated the Ferns of North India; but he has collected very little in North India, and his work has been founded on material, often scanty, forwarded to him. The scope of the present paper is therefore confined to North India. The material compared comprises:—Ist, the Kew collection ; 2nd, my own collection, which, so far as North India is con- cerned, is rather more complete than the Kew collection ; 3rd, the Wallichian Herbarium: a complete reduction of this, so far as the North-Indian ferns are concerned, is appended to the paper. The whole of the descriptions have been written in the Kew Herbarium, with the privilege of consulting Mr. Baker on every point as it arose. After each large tribe was written out, Major F. Henderson, F.L.S., came to Kew and went through the whole material (except Wallich’s type collection) with the MS. The present paper would therefore be better entitled by Clarke and Henderson; the very few and trifling points on which we have not agreed are specially mentioned in the paper as they occur. The paper contains no striking changes nor any new genera. The new species described are but 17 out of 380. The paper is made up mainly of minute corrections, and attempts to define the Species more closely in words. The most important features in the paper are the rehabilitation of many old species of Wallich, and the removal of several imperfectly known species from the positions assigned them by Mr. Baker to new genera or sub- genera. Thus becomes Hemitelia Brunoniana. Alsophila Brunoniana, Wallich, € 1 Diacalpe fzeniculaéea. Aspidium fzeniculaceum, Hook., » I ; Polypodium darexforme, Hook., » Davallia dareæformis. Davallia repens, Baker, » Lindsayarepens. — — Diplasium longifolium, Baker, », Euasplenium longifolium. Lastrea sikkimensis. Aspidium sikkimense, Baker, » s Goniophlebium erythrocarpon, Baker, ,, Pleopeltis erythrocarpa. These alterations, it is hoped, are not likely to be disputed by those who can inspect the new material. 401 MR. C. B. CLARKE ON FERNS OF NORTH. INDIA. Attempt is made to fix more fully, and therefore more ac- curately, the habitats. In the ‘Synopsis’ Baker usually gives “North India" or * Himalaya" only. The moist climate of East Bengal nourishes a large number of ferns in the plains. Of the ferns collected rarely, as full habitats are given as can be got from the tickets. The confusion that has arisen from the quotations of Wallich's numbers is very great, and very diffieult now to set straight. The general rule is that the large-paper type, with the litho- graphed name of Wallieh on it marked A in the Wallichian Herbarium, is to govern the name of the fern, and that the B,C... and small-paper sheets of Wallich’s collection, distributed under the same name, are, when they differ from the large-paper A (as is very frequently the case), of no authority. But even this plain rule cannot be always acted up to; the whole of the duplicate sheets of Wall. Cat. 361, Aspidium fuscipes, Wall, are the fern known (and figured by Beddome) as fuscipes ; but Wallich’s own large-paper A 361 is JVephrodium sagenoides, Baker. As Mr. Moore has already pointed out, the fern described by Sir W. J. Hooker as Asplenium Finlaysonianum, Wall. Cat. 191, is indeed the fern of the duplicate sheets of Wall. Cat. 191; but the whole of the large-paper Wall. Cat. 191 is Asplenium macro- phyllum, while Wallich’s own name for A. Finlaysonianum was A. Hookerianum, Wall. Cat. 2682. Such mistakes are difficult to remove entirely from the pages of botanie history in the case of very common and well-known species, as are the two quoted ; still more difficult to deal with are errors regarding critical or little-known species. It has not been thought judicious in a paper of this nature to attempt any radieal changes in the genera &c. of ferns, though a good deal of matter bearing thereon has been collected. The species are marshalled as in Hk. & Baker's *Synopsis, the leading principle adopted being to make as few changes as possible. MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND LILIACEJE 405 A Synopsis of Colchicacez and tbe Aberrant Tribes of Liliacee. By J. G. BaxeR, F.R.S., F.L.S. [Read February 16, 1879.] Introduction —The present paper is the sixth of a series in which I have attempted to monograph the genera and species of the great natural order Liliacez. As has been explained in a previous paper, it is most naturally separated into three main divisions or suborders :—1st. Liliacee vere, marked by a loculicidal cap- sule, an undivided style, and introrse anthers ; 2nd. Colchicacee, marked by a septicidal capsule, a tripartite style, and extrorse anthers ; and 3rd. Asparagacec, characterized by its baccate fruit. Outside these stand three aberrant tribes, Conantherex, Liriopes, and Gilliesiez, which those who are inclined to multiply the num- ber of natural orders might plausibly regard as distinct orders. In the rotation in which my papers have succeeded one another, I have followed working convenience, and not strict botanical sequence founded upon affinity. The present paper includes the whole of Colchicacex and the genera and species of the three ab- errant tribes just named, and, in addition, three small tribes of Liliaceæ vere which are almost peculiar to Australia, and which Itreat now so as to leave only two well-marked groups to be dealt with on a future occasion :—first, the suffruticose Liliacez (Yucca and Dasylirion with the Aloines); and, secondly, the tribe Allies, which only includes Gagea and Nothoscordum in ad- dition to its large type genus. i The suborder Colchicaceæ includes 39 genera and 153 species. Of the three suborders of Liliaceæ, it includes by far the greater number of genera which deviate from the subordinal characteris tics. In a large number of the genera the dehiscence of the anther is by no means definitely extrorse. In Uvularieæ, the tribe of Colchicaceæ which includes the largest number of genera, the styles are more or less combined. In Anguillarieæ, Helonieæ, Tofieldieæ, and some of the genera of Uvularieæ the dehiscence of the capsule is loculicidal. Altogether 24 out of 39 genera deviate more or less from the ideal Colchicaceous type in the direction of Liliaceæ vere ; so that it seems utterly hopeless to attempt to keep up Colehicacem or Melanthiacew as a distinct natural order, as has often been proposed. Out of the seven tribes here adopted, Colehicez, Merenderee, and Veratres are the only three LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 2a 406 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND in which all the characters just stated as characteristic of the suborder are found combined. The other four tribes, Anguilla- rieæ, Uvulariee, Helonies, and Tofieldiez deviate from it more or less decidedly. Another point to be noticed is that amongst the genera placed under Colchicaceæ we find by far the greater number of those regarded as Liliaceze which recede conspicuously from the ideal Liliaceous type, or connect Liliacez with other natural orders. The principal Colehieaceous genera that fall under this head are the following, viz. :— Weldenia. Segments of the perianth three instead of six. — — Hewardia. Stamens three, and leaves equitant and disti- chous. An excellent connecting link between Liliacesm and Iridacez. Milligania, by its inflorescence, habit, and pilose leaves and flowers much resembles Astelia. Chionographis. Three perianth-segments suppressed, and fila- ments nearly or almost suppressed. Stenanthium and Anticlea. Perianth at the base adnate to the ovary. Pleea. Leaves distichous. Stamens 9-12. Seeds tailed at the tip. : . Triantha. Leaves distichous. Seeds tailed at both ends, as in Narthecium and Juncus. Tofieldia. Leaves as in the two last, but the seeds not tailed. Petrosavia. A true parasitic Saprophyte, with all the leaves rudimentary and scariose, and an apocarpous trimerous pistil. Scoliopus. Ovary unilocular, with three parietal placentas. A certain number of the Cape and Australian genera, as Wurmbea, Anguillaria, Dipidax, and Burchardia, by the firm texture and persistent duration of their flower-wrappers, recede ` from the Liliaceous type in the direction of Juncacex. A large number of the Veratrez and Heloniex are decidedly polygamous— a character almost unknown in Liliacez vere, but found in several genera of Asparagacee. The curious unilocular reniform anther of the Veratrez is unique in the natural order. In Liliacex vere there are many large and few monotypic genera; and they fall readily into natural tribes. In Colchicaceæ none of the genera are large, and many contain only one or two species; and, with THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEJ£. 407 the exception of Veratres and Heloniew, the tribes are not satis- factory. We have in the suborder both the gamophyllous and polyphyllous types of perianth copiously represented, and both the bulbous and non-bulbous types of rootstock. About the geo- graphical distribution of the suborder there is nothing peculiar ; it simply follows the general plan of Liliacem, taking the order as a whole, Colchicaces, broadly speaking, being found in all the floras into which the order enters. Next, as to the aberrant tribes. Conanthere, with six genera and eleven species, is obviously a link of connexion between Liliacee and Amaryllidee. In all the genera except Tecophilea the ovary simply adheres to the perianth towards its base, as in Stenanthium and Anticlea. The anthers always dehisce by ter- minal pores ; but we have this occurring in the suborder Aspara- gaceæ in Dianella. Four of the genera are South-American and two South-African. The habit of all, except Walleria, is Anthe- ricoid. Liriopes and Gilliesiee are both very interesting structurally. Both are small tribes, sharply limited geographically, which ex- hibit in their extreme genera a very striking departure from the Liliaceous type and contain other genera in which the interval is gradually bridged over. In Liriopee we have fourteen species under three genera. In all the three the fruit and seeds are pre- cisely alike, the latter rupturing the pericarp in an early stage, and growing afterwards to a large size and berry-like appearance. In its perianth and stamens, Liriope itself does not in any way recede from the typical Liliaceous type; Fluggea simply differs from it by the ovary being adnate at the base to the perianth ; whilst the extreme genus Peliosanthes shows a partially inferior ovary and a corona apparently homologous with that of Warcissus, inside which the anthers are placed. In Gilliesiew, where we have seven genera almost restricted to Chili, of which five are monotypic, Gilliesia and Miersia represent the extreme difference, and the other five the bridge which connects it with typical Liliacez. 408 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJXE AND SYNOPSIS TRIBUUM ET GENERUM. Subordo I. LILIACEÆ® verx. Anthere introrse. Styli sim- plices. Fructus capsularis loculicido-trivalvis. Tribus I. BonyEx. Perianthium gamophyllum. Herbs» haud bulbose, floribus dense capitulatis, singulis bracteis 2 glumaceis perianthii tubo equilongis stipatis. -Australienses. l. Borya. Stamina6 libera. Herbs humiles suffruticosz, pedunculis simplicibus nudis brevibus. 2. ARNOCRINUM. Stamina 3 connata. Herbe juncoide:e, caulibus ra- mosis elongatis. Tribus II. Sowerszex. Perianthium firmulum 6-partitum. Herbs» haud bulbose, floribus umbellatis, bracteis minutis. Aus- tralienses. 3. SowERB.E£A. Stamina perfecta 3. Acaulis, foliis rosulatis. 4. ALANIA. Stamina perfecta 6. Caulis foliatus. Tribus III. APHyrrANTHEX. Perianthium membranaceum o partitum. Herb rigid: rhizomatose, floribus eapitatis, bracteis magnis glumaceis persistentibus stipatis. * Triandri. 5. JOHNSONIA. Capituli bracteze omnes glumacez. Australia occi- dentalis. 6. STAWELLIA. Capituli bracteee multe exteriores subulatz foliis conformes. Australia occidentalis. ** Hexandri. 7. LAXMANNIA. Folia producta multa subulata. Perianthii segmenta biformia. Australia. 8. APHYLLANTHES. Folia omnia vaginiformia. Perianthii segmenta conformia. Regio Mediterranea occidentalis. Subordo IT. Corcurcacru. Anthere sepissime extrorsm. Styli sepissime liberi. Fructus capsularis sepissime septicido- trivalvis. Tribus I. CorcHicEx. Herbs bulbose. Perianthium gamo- phyllum. Anthere biloculares lineares vel oblongse extrorsum THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEEX. 409 vel margine dehiscentes. Styli liberi. Capsula septicido-tri- ‘valvis. 9. Cotcuicum. Acaulis, floribus radicalibus, perianthio corollino. Europa, Africa borealis, Asia occidentalis. 10. WunMBEA. Caulescens, floribus spicatis, perianthio firmulo. C. B. Spei, Africa tropicalis, Australia occidentalis. Tribus II. MERENpEREx. Herbs sepissime bulbose. Peri- anthium 6-partitum. Anthere biloculares lineari-oblonge ex- trorse. Styli liberi. Capsula septicido-trivalvis. * Acaules, perianthio corollino, segmentis longe unguiculatis. ll. MEnENDERa. Perianthii lamina segmentorum subplana. Europa, Oriens, Caucasus, Abyssinia. 12. ANDROCYMBIUM. Perianthii lamina segmentorum basi cucullata. C. B. Spei, Africa trop., regio medit. ** Caulescentes, perianthio firmulo, segmentis haud vel breviter unguiculatis. 13. Bxometra. Perianthii segmenta distincte unguiculata. Stamina perigyna. Flores spicati vel solitarii. Bulbosa. C. B. Spei. 14. Diprpax. Perianthii segmenta obscure unguiculata. Stamina perigyna. Flores spicati. Bulbosa. C. B. Spei. 15. BuRcHaRDIA. Perianthii segmenta vix unguiculata. Stamina hypogyna. Ebulbosa. Flores umbellati. Australia. Tribus III. Aneuintarte®. Herbs» bulbose. Perianthium 6-partitum. Anthere biloculares oblonge extrorse. Styli liberi. Capsula loculicido-trivalvis. 16. OnNiTHOGLOSSUM. Perianthii segmenta distincte unguiculata, flore expanso reflexa. Styli elongati. C. B. Spei, Madagascaria. 17. IPHIGENIA. Perianthii segmenta vix unguiculata flore expanso patula. Styli breves. Flores corymbosi vel solitarii. Regiones calid. veteris orbis. 18. ANGUILLARIA. Perianthii segmenta vix unguiculata, flore expanso patula. Stylibreves. Flores spicati, raro solitarii. Australia. Tribus IV. UvuraRrkx. Herbs raro bulbose. Perianthium gamophyllum vel 6-partitum. Antheræ biloculares, lineares vel oblong, extrorse. Styli plus minusve coaliti. Capsula septicido- vel loculicido-trivalvis. ALO MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEX AND * Perianthium gamophyllum. 19. SANDERSONIA. Perianthium urceolatum, segmentis deltoideis vel lanceolatis. Caulis foliatus, foliis latis acuminatis. C. B. Spei, Angola. 20. Levcocrinum. Perianthium hypocrateriforme, segmentis 6. Sub- acaulis, foliis linearibus. Amer. bor. 21. WELDENIA. Perianthium hypocrateriforme, segmentis 3. Sub- acaulis, foliis lanceolatis. Mexico. 22. MILLIGANIA. Perianthium campanulatum pilosum. Folia radi- calia rosulata, caulina pauca reducta. Tasmania. ** Perianthium 6-partitum. T Acaulis, bulbosa. 23. BuLBocopium. Genus solum. Europa. tt Scandentes, tuberose, foliis omnibus caulinis. 24. Groniosa. Stylus basi diffractus. Perianthii segmenta reflexa. Reg. calid. veteris orbis. 25. Lirronia. Stylus erectus. Perianthii segmenta diu ascendentia. C. B. Spei. ttt Caulescentes, haud bulbose nec tuberose. 26. HeLoniopsis. Stamina 6. Folia radicalia rosulata multifaria, caulina pauca reducta. Japonia, China. 27. Hewarpia. Stamina 3. Folia radicalia plura disticha, caulina pauca valde reducta. Tasmania. 28. Uvunarta. Antherz lineares basifixe apiculate, filamentis bre- vissimis. Capsula lata. Folia omnia caulina. Amer. bor. orientalis. :29. Tricyrtis. Anthere parve oblonge versatiles, filamentis elonga- tis. Capsula angusta. Folia omnia caulina, Japonia, China, Himalaya orientalis. 30. KnEYvsIGIA. Perianthii segmenta basi haud foveolata, margine glandulosa. Fructus subbaccatus. Folia omnia caulina. Australia ori- entalis. z 3l. ScHELHAMMERA. Perianthii segmenta basi foveolata, margine nuda. Fructus subbaccatus. Folia omnia caulina. Australia orwn- talis. Tribus V. HeLonmæ. Herbe haud bulbos. Perianthium 6- THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 411 partitum. Antheræ minute globose biloculares extrorse. Styli liberi. Capsula loculicido-trivalvis. * Folia dura angusta. Flores bracteati. 32. XEROPHYLLUM. Genus solum. Amer. bor. ** Folia oblanceolata subpetiolata. Flores ebracteati. 33. HELow:rAs. Flores hermaphroditi racemosi, perianthii segmentis 6 productis. Filamenta elongata. Amer. bor. orient. 34, CHAMALIRIUM. Flores dioici racemosi, perianthii segmentis 6 productis. Filamenta elongata. -Amer. bor. orient. 35. CHIONOGRAPHIS. Flores hermaphroditi spicati, perianthii seg- mentis 3 (raro 2 vel 4) productis. Filamenta brevissima vel subnulla. Japonia. Tribus VI. Veratrex. Herbs bulbose vel rhizomatose. Pe- rianthium 6-partitum, raro tubo brevi ovario adnato. Anthere minutz reniformes demum uniloculares extrorse. Styli liberi. Capsula septicido-trivalvis. * Perianthium liberum 6-partitum. T Flores polygami, multi haud fructiferi. 36. VERATRUM. Flores paniculati. Perianthii segmenta neque ungui- culata nec foveolata. Caulis foliatus, foliis szepissime latis plieatis. Regio temperata borealis. 37. MELANTHIUM. Flores paniculati. Perianthii segmenta unguicu- lata et foveolata. Caulis foliatus. Amer. bor. orientalis. 38. ScuanocauLon. Flores subspicati. Caulis nudus. Amer, bor. orient., Mezico.. Tt Flores hermaphroditi. 39. Aw1ANTHIUM. Perianthii segmenta basi neque unguiculata nec foveolata. Flores racemosi. Amer. bor. orient. 40. ZvcApENUs. Perianthii segmenta basi unguiculata et foveolata. Flores szepissime panieulati. Amer. bor. ** Perianthium basi ovario adnatum. 4l. AwTICLEA. Perianthii segmenta lata basi foveolata, Amer. bor. 42. SrENANTHIUM. Perianthi segmenta linearia basi haud foveolata. Amer. bor., Asia borealis, Mezico. Tribus VIL TorrEenprEx. Herbs cespitose, foliis distichis, 412 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJXE AND angustis. Perianthium firmulum persistens 6-partitum. An- therz biloculares, introrsum vel margine dehiscentes. Styli liberi. Capsula septicido-trivalvis. 43. TorrELDIA. Stamina 6. Semina ecaudata. Regiones boreales frigidiores. 44. TRIANTHA. Stamina 6. Semina utrinque caudata. Amer. bor., Japonia. 45. PLEEA. Stamina 9-12. Semina apice setaceo-caudata. Amer. bor. orient. Genera anomala Colchicacearum. 46. Petrosavia. Herba parasitica, foliis omnibus rudimentariis sca- riosis, carpellis 3 liberis. Borneo. 47. ScoLroPus. Ovarium uniloeulare, placentis tribus parietalibus. Amer. bor. occidentalis. TRIBUS ABERRANTES LILIACEARUM. Tribus I. CowawrHEREX. Herbz bulbose, perianthio basi ovario adnato, antheris poris apicalibus dehiscentibus. * Chilenses et Peruviane. 48. CoNANTHERA. Perianthium ad ovarium 6-partitum. Stamina 6, antheris elongatis in conum dispositis. Staminodia nulla. 49. Cumineta. Perianthium hypocrateriforme, tubo supra ovarium producto. Stamina 6, antheris linearibus. Staminodia nulla. 50. Zepuyra. Perianthium hypocrateriforme, tubo supra ovarium producto. Staminodia 2, cum staminibus fertilibus alterna. Antherz oblonge. . 51. Tecopuitma. Perianthium hypocrateriforme, tubo supra ova- rium producto. Stamina 3 anteriora fertilia, antheris oblongis; 3 poste- riora sterilia. ** Africane. 52. CvANELLA. Perianthium ringens, staminibus curvatis inæquali- bus. Folia multa radicalia rosulata, caulina pauca reducta. .C. B. Spei. 53. WALLERIA. Perianthium regulare, antheris in conum contiguis. Folia omnia caulina. Africa tropicalis australis. Tribus II. LrgroeEx. Herbs acaules rhizomatose, perianthio regulari, basi sepissime ovario adnato, pericarpio cito rupto, seminibus drupiformibus in luce maturescentibus. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACES. 413 54. LtRroPE. Ovarium liberum. Corona nulla. Filamenta antheris æquilonga. Asia orientalis. 55. Fiuceea. Ovarium basi perianthio adnatum. Corona nulla. Filamenta brevissima. Asia orientalis, Himalaya. 56. PELIOSANTHES. Ovarium basi perianthio adnatum. Perianthium fauce coronatum, antheris intra coronam inclusis. Asia tropicalis et sub- tropicalis. Tribus IIT. GrirrrEsrEx. Perianthium viridulum liberum, staminibus plus minusve irregularibus, paucis vel multis abortivis difformibus. * Perianthium polyphyllum. 57. Miersia. Perianthium bilabiatum. Stamina biseriata, filamen- tis interiorum in urceolum obliquum connatis, antheris productis 6. Chili. 98. GILLIESIA. Perianthium multifarium. Stamina biseriata, fila- mentis interiorum in urceolum obliquum connatis, antheris productis 3. Chili. 59. TRICHLORA. Perianthii segmenta biformia, exteriora lanceolata acuminata, interiora obovato-cuneata minuta. Stamina uniseriata anthe- ris productis. Peruvia: 60. Geruyum. Perianthii segmenta conformia linearia acuminata. Stamina uniseriata, antheris productis 3. Chiti. ** Perianthium basi gamophyllum, tubo brevi campanulato praeditum. 61. SoLARIA. Perianthii segmenta conformia ovato-lanceolata. Sta- mina uniseriata, 3 fertilia, 3 sterilia minutissima. Chili. 62. EniNNa. Perianthii segmenta conformia lineari-lanceolata. Sta- mina uniseriata, 3 fertilia, 3 sterilia minutissima. Chili. 63. ANcRUMIAa. Perianthii segmenta biformia, exteriora lanceolata, interiora linearia. Stamina triseriata, fertilia 2, sterilia multa minutissima. Chili, Subordo I. LILIACEÆ VERE. 1. Bonxa, Labill. Labill. Nov. Holl. i. 81, t. 107 ; R. Br. Prod.286 ; Endl. Gen. No. 1170; Kunth, Enum. iv. 645; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 70.— Daviesia, Lam. Ill. Suppl. 10, non Smith.—Baumgartenia, Spreng. Syst. iii. 91. Flores hermaphroditi. Perianthium gamophyllum album mem- 414 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND branaceum marcescens, tubo cylindrico, segmentis subequalibus lanceolatis, flore expanso patulis. Stamina 6 ad faucem tubi in- serta uniseriata, filamentis filiformibus, antheris basifixis ovoideis introrsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile ovoi- deum triloculare, ovulis in loculo paucis; stylus filiformis, stig- mate eapitato. Capsula membranacea loculicido-trivalvis, semini- bus in loculo paucis turgidis, testa atra crustacea, albumine car- noso. Herbe suffruticose humiles perennes, fibris radicalibus duris, foliis angustissimis piniformibus confertis rigidis pungenti- bus, pedunculis nudis, floribus in capitulum globosum foliorum ver- ticillo involucratum dispositis, singulis bracteis 2 glumaceis oblongis obtusis perianthii tubo equilongis stipatis. Perianthii tubo segmenta lanceolata duplo breviora. 1. B. nitida. Perianthii tubo segmenta linearia triplo breviora. 2. B. septentrionalis. 1. B. NITIDA, Labill. loc. cit.; R. Br. Prod. 286; Kunth, Enum. iv. 645; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 87.—B. lucens, Poir. Encyc. viii. 615 ; Kunth, loc. cit.—B. scirpoidea, Lindl. Swan River, 57, t. 9; Kunth, loc. cit.— B. gracilis et cataracte, Endl. Pl. Preiss. ii. 43. Herba suffruticosa erecta 2-6-pollicaris, caulibus simplicibus vel basi parce vel flabellato-ra- mosis, deorsum basibus foliorum delapsorum notatis. Folia congesta as- cendentia spe falcata anguste linearia rigida pungentia 9-18 lin. longa 3 lin. lata, szepissime glabra. Pedunculus strictus 1-4-pollicaris. Capi- tulum 3-6 lin. diam., involucri bracteis linearibus pungentibus capitulo sepissime longioribus. Bractez proprie oblongs rigide obtusx brunnez vel atree 2-3 lin. longz. Perianthii tubus 2-3 lin. longus, segmentis lan- ceolatis quam tubus subduplo brevioribus. Australia occidentalis. Var. SUB- LANOSA, Benth. (Drummond 98 !), est forma nana flabellato-ramosa, foliis lanoso-pubescentibus 6-9 lin. longis; B. GRAcCIL1s, Endl., est forma de- bilis foliis paucis, involucri bracteis plerisque obsoletis; B. sPHJEROCE- PHALA, R. Br. Prodr. 286, est varietas robusta, foliis 2-3 poll. longis strictis erectis, capitulis majoribus. 2. B. SEPTENTRIONALIS, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 41; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 71. Herba erecta suffruticosa semipedalis vel pedalis, caulibus sim- plicibus vel furcatis, vetustis basi longe cicatricibus foliorum delapsorum DES Folia producta dense conferta erecta rigida 1-12 poll. longa, 3 lin. lata, apice pungentia. Pedunculus strictus erectus 5-7- -pollicaris. Capitan semipollicare, involueri bracteis linearibus pungentibus 3-4 lin. longis. Bractez propri oblong obtusz albide, sursum brunneze, 3 lin. longz. Perianthii tubus 4 lin. longus, segmentis linearibus quam tubus triplo brevioribus. Australia orientalis in ditione Queensland, Dallachy ! THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEÆ. 415 2. AnNocnINUM, Endl. et Lehm. Endl. et Lehm. Plant. Preiss. i. 41; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 69. Flores hermaphroditi. Perianthium gamophyllum violaceum membranaceum marcescens, tubo cylindrico, segmentis subsequa- libus oblongis flore expanso patulis post anthesin spiraliter con- volutis. Stamina 3 ad faucem tubi inserta, staminodiis filiformi- bus szpissime alternantia, filamentis filiformibus brevibus, an- theris connatis introrsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile obovoideum triloculare, ovulis in loculo 2; stylus filiformis, apice stigmatoso. Capsula membranacea loculicido-trivalvis, semi- nibus turgidis, testa atra crustacea, albumine carnoso. Herbe juncoidee cespitose haud bulbose, collo radicis sepissime dense albo-lanoso, caulibus elongatis vamosis, foliis linearibus rigidulis plerisque radicalibus, floribus minutis dense capitulatis, singulis bracteis 2 glumaceis perianthii tubo equilongis stipatis. Collum radicis dense albo-lanosum. Capitulum parce pilosum ..................... 1. A. Drummondii, Capitulum dense pilosum ..................... 2. A. Preissit. Collum radicis haud lanosum..................... 3. A. glabrum. ].. A. DRUMMONDII, Endl. Pl. Preiss. ii. 41; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 69. Collum radicis crasse albo-lanosum. Folia radicalia anguste linearia rigidula uninervata erecta 13-3 poll. longa plus minus pilosa. Caules pedales vel sesquipedales tenues rigidi glabri simplices vel parce ramosi, nodis paucis, superioribus foliis bracteiformibus minutis deltoideis scario- sis, inferioribus foliis singulis linearibus reductis basi lanosis preditis. Capitula oblonga 6-9 lin. longa parce pilosa, bracteis exterioribus oblongo- lanceolatis 3 lin. longis dorso chartaceis viridibus margine hyalinis ciliatis. Perianthii tubus cylindricus 3 lin. longus, segmentis tubo æquilon- gis. Australia occidentalis ad flumen Cygni etc., Drummond 777 ! Preiss 2640! &e. 2. A. Preissiu1, Lehm. Pl. Preiss. ii. 42; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 70. Collum radicis crasse albo-lanosum. Folia radicalia pauca linearia glabra rigida 2-3 poll. longa. Caules 1-2-pedales robustiores et magis ramosi quam in 4. Drummondii, ramis ad axillas lanosis, foliis superioribus minu- tis deltoideis scariosis, inferioribus radicalibus conformibus sed reductis. Capitula oblonga 6 -9 lin. longa dense pilosa, bracteis exterioribus lanceo- latis cuspidatis 3-4 lin. longis rigidis dorso pallidis pilis albidis lanosis ascendentibus firmulis vestitis, euspidibus nigricantibus interdum leviter squarrosis, Perianthium 4 lin. longum, segmentis tubo squilongis. Aus- 416 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEX AND tralia occidentalis in ditione fluminis Cygni etc., Drummond 778! Preiss 2226! ete. Species imperfecte cognita. 3. A. GLABRUM, Baker. Collum radicis haud lanosum. Folia radica- lia linearia glabra semipedalia. Caules czspitosi bipedales parce ramosi, ramorum axilis haud lanosis. Capitula globosa 3-4 lin. longa, bracteis pallidis firmis lanceolatis glabris acutis. Flores non vidi. Australia oc- cidentalis in ditione fluminis Cygni, Drummond! 3. SOWERBZA, Sowerby. Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 160, t. 6; R. Br. Prodr. 285 ; Endl. Gen. No. 1188 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 641; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 61. Perianthium firmulum campanulatum 6-partitum persistens, segmentis subzqualibus oblongis vel lanceolatis dorso 1-ner- vatis, interioribus paulo longioribus. Stamina 3 hypogyna in- clusa segmentis interioribus opposita, filamentis latis brevibus, antheris bilocularibus basifixis profunde bifidis introrsum longi- tudinaliter dehiscentibus; staminodia 3 ovata vel lanceolata segmentis exterioribus opposita interdum abortiva. Ovarium sessile triloculare, ovulis in loculo 2-6; stylus filiformis, apice stigmatosus. Capsula minuta chartacea loculicido-trivalvis, semi- nibus triquetris, testa nigra crustacea punctata, albumine carnoso, embryone minuto. Herbe glabre acaules haud bulbose habitu Allii, fibris radicalibus gracilibus duris, foliis duris semiteretibus, floribus multis rubellis simpliciter umbellatis, pedicellis apice arti- culatis basi bracteis membranaceis instructis. Staminodia staminibus alternantia. Perianthii segmenta oblonga ..................... 1. S. juncea. Perianthii segmenta lanceolata 2. S. laxiflora. Staminodia abortiva 3. S. alliacea. ey POO ree mee htt, cni iot] s to" l. S. yuNcEA, Smith & auctt. locc. citt. Folia rigidula lineari-subulata subpedalia, supra basin 4 lin. lata, facie plana dorso rotundata, basi dila- tata, marginibus latis hyalinis. Scapus simplex gracilis teres pedalis vel sesquipedalis. Umbella densa globosa 12-15 lin. diam., pedicellis 3-6 lin. longis, bracteis exterioribus ovatis rubellis 2 lin. longis, interioribus albi- dis. Perianthium 3-4 lin. longum, segmentis oblongis 14-13 lin. latis. Stamina perianthio duplo breviora staminodiis lanceolatis alternantia, = theris 1 lin. longis profunde bifidis. Capsula globosa 1 lin. longa, semint" bus in loculo solitariis. Australia orientalis a Queensland ad Victoriam. = THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACE EX. 417 2. S. LAXIFLORA, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1841, t. 10; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 62. Folia semipedalia vel pedalia semiteretia minus rigidula quam in speciebus alteris, basi anguste hyalino marginata. Caulis pedalis vel ses- quipedalis, basi interdum ramosus. Umbella 12-18 lin. diam., pedicellis 3-6 lin. longis, bracteis ovato-lanceolatis 13-2 lin. longis, exterioribus viri- dulis. Perianthium 3 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis acutis. Stamina perianthio paulo breviora staminodiis alternantia. Capsula 13-2 lin. longa, seminibus in loculo 3-4. Australia occidentalis. 3. S. ALLIACEA, F. Muell. Fragm. vi. 180; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 62. Folia rigidula lineari-subulata 6-9 poll. longa 3 lin. lata, facie plana, dorso rotundata, basi angustissime hyalino marginata. Caulis gracilis pedalis basi interdum ramosus. Umbella 6-9 lin. diam., pedicellis 2-3 lin. longis, bracteis minutis lanceolatis. Perianthium 2 lin. longum, segmentis ob- longis 1 lin. latis. Stamina perianthio duplo breviora. Staminodia nulla. Capsula 2-1 lin. longa, seminibus in loculo solitariis. Australia borealis in terra Arnhem, Gulliver ! 4. ALANIA, Endl. Endl. Gen. No. 1168; Kunth, Enum. iv. 644; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 62. Perianthium campanulatum albidum firmulum 6-partitum, seg- mentis :equalibus lanceolatis diu ascendentibus dorso uninervatis. Stamina 6 hypogyna perianthio equilonga, filamentis filiformibus, antheris minutis oblongis erectis introrsum longitudinaliter de- hiscentibus. Ovarium ovoideum sessile triloculare, ovulis in loculo paucis superpositis; stylus filiformis, stigmate capitato. Capsula chartacea loculieido-trivalvis, seminibus minutissimis oblongis, testa nigra nitida crustacea, albumine carnoso, embryone minuto. l. A. ENDLICHERI, Kunth et Benth. loce. citt. Herba suffruticosa gla- berrima, caulibus simplicibus vel furcatis semipedalibus. Folia conferta anguste linearia patula uninervata 3-4 poll. longa 4-3 lin. lata. Pedun- culi nudi laterales foliis subzquilongi. ^ Umbelle inexpanse conice spicatz, bracteis pallidis chartaceis imbricatis, expanse globose 9-12 lin. diam. 30-40-flore pedicellis inarticulatis 2-3 lin. longis, bracteis minutis 13-2 lin. longis. Perianthium 1 lin. longum. Capsula perianthio zquilonga. Gallia nova australis in montibus Ceruleis, A. Cunningham! ete. 5. Jouwsowia, R. Br. R. Br. Prodr. 287; Endl. Gen. No. 1172; Kunth, Enum. iv. 647; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 86 ; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 68. Flores conformes. Perianthium cylindricum 6-partitum marces- 418 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACE/E AND cens, segmentis lanceolatis subeequalibus 3—5-nervatis diu ascen- dentibus. Stamina 3 inclusa profunde perigyna perianthii seg- mentis interioribus opposita, filamentis brevibus applanatis, an- theris linearibus basifixis introrsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Staminodia nulla. Ovarium sessile obovoideum triloculare, ovulis in loculo 2, unico pendulo, unico ascendente; stylus rectus filifor- mis, stigmate capitato. Capsula chartacea obovoidea loculicido- trivalvis, seminibus in loculo sepissime solitariis oblongis con- spicue strophiolatis, testa nigra nitida erustacea, albumine carnoso, embryone centrali. Herbe acaules dense cespitose breviter rhizo- matose, foliis rigidis anguste linearibus omnibus radicalibus, floribus minutis in capitulum oblongum solitarium aggregatis, bracteis magnis lanceolatis acutis planis chartaceis arcte imbricatis flores occultantibus. Elata, bracteis 9-12 lin. longis, inferioribus multis sterilibus reduetis ..................... 1. J. lupulina. Humiles, bracteis 5-6 lin .longis, inferioribus paucis sterilibus reductis. Seapus productus oie eR eerte 2. J. pubescens. Scapus subnullus vel brevissimus ............... 3. J. acaulis. l. J. LuPULINA, R. Br. Prodr. 287 ; Bauer Iil.t.1; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 86; Kunth, Enum. ii. 648 ; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 68. Ubique glabra. Folia erecta anguste linearia pedalia et ultra 1 lin. lata subtiliter crebre nervata. Scapus gracilis strictus compressus 13-2-pedalis supra capituli basin productus 1-3 poll. longus apice subpungente. Capitulum oblon- gum 13-3 poll. longum, bracteis fertilibus 9-12 lin. longis stramineis con- coloribus vel margine purpurascentibus, multis inferioribus sterilibus re- ductis. Perianthium 3-33 lin. longum. Capsula obovoidea 3-3% lin. longa. Australia occidentalis, Drummond 211! 350! Preiss 1579 — J. TERETIFOLIA, Endl. Pl. Preiss. ii. 40 (Preiss 1582 !), est forma foliis subteretibus. 2. J. PUBESCENS, Lindl. Swan River, App. 57; Kunth, Enum. iv. 648 ; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 68.—J. hirta, F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 87, ex parte- Folia rigidula semipedalia } lin. lata glabra vel demum obscure pubes- centia. Scapus gracilis glaber strictus 4—6-pollicaris supra capituli basin in bracteam 9-12 lin. longam productus. Capitulum oblongum 12-18 lin. longum, bracteis pallide stramineis vel brunneo vel margine rubro tinctis acutis arcte imbricatis 5-6 lin. longis ubique glabris vel margine obscure ciliatis, infimis paucis solitariis reductis. Perianthium 2 lin. lon- gum. Capsula perianthio zxquilonga. Australia occidentalis, Drum- mond! Oldfield! THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACE®. 419 Var. J. HIRTA, Lindl. Swan River, App. 57, t. 7; Kunth, Enum. iv. 648. Robustior, foliis ubique pilis brevibus albidis patentibus vel reflexis vesti- tis, capitulis 14-2 poll. longis, bracteis primum dorso pubescentibus. Aus- tralia occidentalis.—J. LoNGiroLtA, Endl. Pl. Preiss. ii. 40 (Preiss 1584), est forma foliis subpedalibus, scapis 2-3 poll. longis.—J. mucro- NATA, Endl. loc. cit. (Preiss 1580!), est forma foliis pubescentibus an- gustioribus subteretibus, capitulis paucifloris, bracteis minoribus dorso viridulo tinctis. 3. J. acAuULIS, Endl. Pl. Preiss. ii. 41; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 69.—J. hirta, F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 87, ex parte. Folia glabra rigidula erecta 4-5 poll. longa lin. lata. Scapi brevissimi vel subnulli supra capituli basin in bracteam linearem rigidam 5-6 lin. longam producti. Capitula ad cæspitem 1-4 oblonga 9-12 lin. longa, bracteis lanceolatis chartaceis glabris pallide brunneis 5-6 lin. longis, infimis paucis sterilibus reductis. Perianthium 2 lin. longum. Capsula perianthio squilonga. Australia occidentalis, Drummond! Preiss 1581 ! Var. DkummMonp11, Baker. Robustior, foliis 2-1 lin. latis ubique pu- bescentibus, capitulis ad cæspitem 6-8 majoribus, bracteis dorso pubescen- tibus. Australia occidentalis, Drummond! 6. STAWELLIA, F. Muell. F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 85: Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 67. Flores dimorphi, capitulorum interiores minores vix fructiferi. Perianthium cylindricum marcescens 6-partitum, segmentis linearibus subzequalibus trinervatis diu ascendentibus. Stamina 3 profunde perigyna inclusa perianthii segmentis interioribus oppo- sita, filamentis filiformibus, antheris linearibus basifixis introrsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile globosum trilo- culare, ovulis in loculo 2, unico pendulo, altero ascendente ; stylus filiformis, stigmate capitato. Capsula chartacea globosa loculicido- trivalvis, seminibus in loculo sspe solitariis, testa nigra nitida crustacea. 1. S. DIMORPHANTHA, F. Muell. et Benth. loce. citt. Herba glaberrima 5-6-pollicaris dense cæspitosa, radicibus firmis fibrosis. Folia radicalia teretia rigidula flexuosa 13-2 poll. longa. Pedunculi stricte teretes gra- cillimi simplices nudi 3-4 poll.longi. Capitula solitaria terminalia, ex- trorsum foliis rigidulis reductis 1-2 poll. longis basi hyalino-dilatatis, in- trorsum bracteis minutis hyalinis deltoideis cuspidatis bracteata, floribus interioribus minoribus, filamentis applanatis. Capsula perianthio duplo brevior. Australia occidentalis, Drummond ! 420 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACE.E AND 7. LAXMANNIA, R. Br. R. Br. Prodr. 285; Endl. Gen. No. 1169; Kunth, Enum. iv. 612 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. S85 Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 63. Perianthium cylindricum sub-6-partitum, segmentis diu ascen- dentibus, exterioribus firmioribus oblongis vel lanceolatis, interio- ribus magis petaloideis inequilongis. Stamina 6 inclusa, 3 seg- mentis exterioribus opposita subhypogyna, 3, segmentis interio- ribus opposita perigyna, filamentis brevibus, antheris minutis oblongis versatilibus introrsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium substipitatum globosum triloculare, ovulis in loculo 2-4; stylus filiformis, stigmate capitato. ^ Capsula membranacea locu- lieido-trivalvis, seminibus turgidis haud strophiolatis, testa nigra crustacea punctulata, albumine carnoso, embryone recto. Herbe perennes caspitose haud bulbose, radicibus gracilibus, foliis tereti- bus rigidulis rudimentariis membranaceis hyalinis laceratis inter- mistis, caulibus supra basin simplicibus vel ramosis, floribus dense capitulatis, capitulis globosis pedunculatis vel sessilibus, involuert bracteis chartaceis ovatis vel lanceolatis arcte imbricatis, receptaculi bracteis minutis laceratis. Caules supra collum radicis simplices, folio- rum cespitibus pedunculatis nullis. Capitula pedunculata. Flores pedicellati 3-34 lin. longi ...... 1. L. grandiflora. Flores sessiles 2 lin. longi ............... 2. L. squarrosa. Capitula sessilia vel subsessilia. Eolia subulata oon n eus 3. L. sessilis. Folia clavata basi angustata............... 4. L. brachyphylla. Caules supra collum radicis simplices vel parce ramosi, foliorum cespite pedun- culato unico. Species sola ... ........... 5. L. minor. Caules supra colum radicis valde ramosi, foliorum cæspitibus pedunculatis pluri- bus. Capitula pedunculata...... 6. L. gracilis. 7. L. ramosa. Waprbuls sessilia eo ene eee 8. L. sessiliflora. l. L. GRANDIFLORA, Lindl. Swan River, App. 56, t. 7 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 643; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 88, ex parte; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 64.— L. squarrosa, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 42, non Lindl. Caules supra collum THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 421 radicis simplices 6-12 lin. longi, foliis productis erectis confertis 1-2 poll. longis, rudimentariis dentibus elongatis subulatis preditis. Pedunculus semipedalis vel pedalis. Capitulum multiflorum 8-9 lin. diam., involucri bracteis pauciseriatis oblongis pallidis dorso brunneis, interioribus 3-4 lin. longis, receptaculi bracteis minutis ad basin fimbriatis. Perianthium albi- dum distincte pedicellatum, segmentis exterioribus lineari-oblongis sub- acutis 3-35 lin. longis, interioribus obovatis 1-13 lin. longis. Stamina segmentis interioribus subzequilonga. Australia occidentalis in ditione fluminis Cygni, etc., Drummond 792! Preiss 1586! 1588! Var. L. PALEACEA, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 159. Minor, foliis rigidis 3-6 lin. longis, pedunculis 1-2 poll. longis, capitulis minoribus, involucri brac- teis multiseriatis. Australia occidentalis, Dempster ! 2. L. savannosa, Lindl. Swan River, App. 56; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 64; Kunth, Enum. iv. 643, non Endl.—L. pauciflora, acuta, sylvestris, et sessilis, Endl. Pl. Preiss. ii. 42.—L. grandiflora, F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 88, ex parte. Caules supra collum radicis simplices 12-18 lin. longi, foliis productis erectis confertis 1-2 poll. longis, rudimentariis membranaceis den- tibus subulatis preditis intermixtis. Pedunculi 3-6 poll. longi. Capitu- lum multiflorum depresso-globosum 3-4 lin. diam., involucri bracteis pauciseriatis oblongis pallide brunneis, interioribus 2 lin. longis, receptaculi bracteis minutis longe fimbriatis. Perianthium albidum sessile 2 lin. longum, segmentis exterioribus lanceolatis, interioribus oblongis 1-13 lin. longis. Australia in ditione fluminis Cygni, Drummond! Preiss 1589- 1592! etc. 3. L. sEss1L1s, Lindl. Swan River, App. 56; Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 42; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 67.—L. grandiflora, F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 88, ex parte. Caules supra collum radicis brevissimi, foliis productis confertis subulatis squarrosis 4-8 lin. longis 4 lin. latis, rudimentariis membranaceis copiosis dentibus multis subulatis elongatis instructis intermixtis, Capi- tula sessilia pauciflora campanulata 2-3 lin. diam., involucri bracteis pauciseriatis pallide brunneis, intimis lanceolatis acutis 2 lin. longis, recep- taculi bracteis ad basin fimbriatis. Perianthium sessile albidum 2 lin. longum, segmentis exterioribus lineari-oblongis, interioribus quam exteriora triplo brevioribus. Australia occidentalis in ditione fluminis Cygni etc., Drummond! Preiss 15901 ete. 4. L. BRACHYPHYLLA, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 158; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 66.—L. grandiflora, F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 88, ez parte. Caules supra collum radicis simplices 6-18 lin. longi, foliis productis oblanceolato-cla- vatis aristatis squarrosis 2-3 lin. longis 3 lin. latis, rudimentariis membra- naceis copiosis dentibus elongatis subulatis intermixtis. Capitula sessilia hemispherica multiflora 3—4 lin. diam., involucri bracteis pauciseriatis ob- longis obtusis, intimis l4 lin. longis, receptaculi bracteis profunde fimbria- Perianthium sessile 2 lin. longum, segmentis exterioribus lineari-ob- 2n tis. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 422 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACE.E AND longis obtusis, interioribus quam exteriora 3-4plo brevioribus. Australia occidentalis in ditione sinus Regis Georgii, Drummond 445! etc. 5. L. minor, R. Br. Prodr. 286; Kunth, Enum. iv. 642; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 65.—L. Roei, Endl. Pi. Preiss. ii. 42; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 88. Caules supra radicis collum simplices vel parce ramosi, foliorum cæs- pite unico peduneulato. Folia producta rigida 6-12 lin. longa, rudimen- tariis albidis dentibus paucis elongatis subulatis instructis intermixtis. Pedunculi gracillimi stricti 2-6 poll. longi. Capitula pauciflora depresso- globosa 3-5 lin. diam., involucri bracteis pauciseriatis brunneis membra- naceis, interioribus 2-23 lin. longis, receptaculi bracteis brevissimis breviter fimbriatis. Perianthium albidum sessile oblongum 2-23 lin. longum, segmentis interioribus quam exteriora paulo "brevioribus. pc occi- dentalis in ditione sinus Regis Georgii, R. Brown! Preiss 1585! 6. L. cRAciLIs, R. Br. Prodr. 286 ; Endl. Icon. t. 97 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 642; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 88; Benth, Fl. Austral. vii. 65.— L. illece- brosa, Reich. fil. Beitr. 72. Herba glabra rigidula semipedalis vel pedalis, caulibus strietis gracillimis supra collum radicis valde ramosis, foliorum cæspitibus multis pedunculatis, internodiis superioribus 3-12 lin. longis. Folia producta subteretia 6-12 lin. longa 4 lin. lata, facie canaliculata, apice . minute mucronata, rudimentariis albis membranaceis ciliatis intermixtis. Pedunculi stricti 2-8-pollicares. Capitula pauciflora vel multiflora 3-4 lin. diam., involucri bracteis paucis quam flore multo brevioribus, intimis 1 lin. longis, receptaculi bracteis profunde fimbriatis. Perianthium bre- viter pedicellatum albidum vel rubro tinctum 2-23 lin. longum, segmentis exterioribus oblongis obtusis, interioribus lanceolatis quam exteriora szepis- sime longioribus. Capsula 14 lin. longa mucronata breviter pedicellata. Australia orientalis a Queensland ad Victoriam. 7. L. ramosa, Lindl, Swan River, App. 56 ; Endl. Pl. Preiss. ii. 43; Kunth, Enum. iv. 643; F, Muell. Fragm. vii. 88; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 66. Habitus omnino L. gracilis orientalis. Folia producta teretia mu- cronata 6-15 lin. longa ? lin. lata. Pedunculi breviores (1—4 poll. longi). Capitula pauciflora globosa 3-4 lin. diam., involucri bracteis 2-1 lin. longis, receptaculi bracteis minutis fimbriatis. Perianthium subsessile 13-2 lin. longum, segmentis exterioribus albis brunneo costatis, interioribus quam exteriora paulo brevioribus. Australia occidentalis in ditione fluminis Cygni, Drummond! Preiss 1587 ! 8. L. SESSIFLORA, Decne, Fl. Timor, 35, t. 16 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 643.— Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 66.—L. minor, Hook. fil. Fl. Tasm. ii. 60; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 89, non R. Br. Herba glabra erecta dense ceespitosa 1-4-pollicaris, vel interdum ramis decumbentibus longioribus przedita, valde ramosa, foliorum cæspitibus pedunculatis pluribus. Folia producta teretia 3-9 lin. longa, rudimentariis copiosis membranaceis dentibus subulatis elongatis praeditis commixta. Capitula sessilia pauciflora 3-4 lin. diam., THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 423 involucri bracteis paucis 3-1 lin. longis, receptaculi bracteis minutis fim- briatis. Perianthium sessile 13 lin. longum, segmentis exterioribus quam interiora szpissime paulo brevioribus. Australia australis et occidentalis, ad 5000 pedes in ditione Victorie ascendens. Var. coNGESTA, Baker. Rami brevissimi, internodiis subnullis, foliis productis paucis 1-13 lin. longis, rudimentariis membranaceis copiosis cili- atis intermixtis; capitula 1i lin. diam., floribus stramineis ] lin. longis. Australia occidentalis ad ripas fluminis Murchison, Oldfield ! 8. APHYLLANTHES (Tourn.), Linn. Linn. Gen. No. 145; Endl. Gen. No. 1171; Kunth, Enum. iv. 646; Salisb. Gen. 72. Perianthium infundibulare tenerum membranaceum 6-partitum, segmentis zequalibus obovato-oblongis obtusis unguiculatis dorso l-nervatis, unguibus in tubum conniventibus, flore expanso su- perne faleatis. Stamina 6 perigyna inclusa, filamentis filiformi- bus, antheris ellipticis dorsifixis versatilibus introrsum longitudi- naliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium stipitatum obovoideo-trigonum triloculare, ovulis in loculo solitariis; stylus filiformis, stigmate trieuspidato. Capsula membranacea loculicido-trivalvis, semini- bus ovoideis haud strophiolatis, testa nigra crustacea, albumine carnoso, embryone cylindrico. 1, A. MONSPELIENSIS, Linn, Sp. 422; Bot. Mag. t.1132; DC. in Red. Lil. t. 483; Gren. Fl. France, iii. 225; Moggr. Cont. Ment. t. 89.—A. juncea, Salisb. Parad. t. 9. Herba glabra dense caspitosa, rhizomate brevi, fibris radicalibus tenacibus ramosis. Caules rigiduli semipedales vel pedales, basi foliis 2-3 scariosis brunneis cincti. Capitula lineari- oblonga 1-2-flora, bracteis interioribus 5 lanceolatis acutis pallide brunneis 3-4 lin. longis basi connatis, exterioribus paucis arcte imbricatis minoribus liberis. Perianthium 8-9 lin. longum violaceum vel album. Lusitania, Hispania, Gallia meridionalis, Italia borealis. Subordo II. COLCHICACES. 9, CorcuicuM (Zourn.), Linn. Linn. Gen. No. 457; Steven in Act. Mose. vii. 65, t. 138-16; Kunth, Enum. iv. 188; Endl. Gen. No. 1086.—Fouha, Pomel, Mat. Fl. Atlant. 2—Monocaryum (R. Br.), Schultes, Syst. Veg. No. 1460 (forma abnormalis),= Paludaria, Salisb. Gen. 53. Perianthium infundibulare, tubo elongato cylindrico sulcato, limbi erecti segmentisconniventibus diu imbricatis subeonformibus 2u 2 4241 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEE AND oblanceolato-oblongis. Stamina 6 inclusa ad faucem perianthii inserta, 3 interiora sepe altiora filamentis filiformibus antheris linearibus vel oblongis versatilibus ad faciem interiorem dorsifixis, margine dehiscentibus. Ovarium triloculare, ovulis in loculo erebris superpositis, stylis liberis filiformibus ex tubo longe ex- sertis, apice stigmatoso integro unilaterali sepissime plus minusve faleatis. Capsula oblonga vel globosa ventricosa ex apice septi- cide trivalvis, seminibus pluribus globosis, testa brunnea ad um- bilicum ventralem strophiolata, embryone cylindrieo ab hilo remoto, albumine carnoso. Herbe acaules bulbose, cormo magno tunicis chartaceis supra collum longe productis vestito, foliis sepe hysteranthiis vernalibus carnoso-herbaceis linearibus vel loratis vel oblongo-loratis, floribus ad spatham sepe pluribus successivis lilacino-purpureis raro luteis. Stirps C. vartegatt. Folia hysteranthia vernalia. Flores autumnales. Perianthii limbus tessellatus. Perianthii limbus conspicue tessellatus. Folia patula humifusa. 1. C. variegatum. 2. C. pulchrum. Folia ascendentia. 3. C. agrippinum. 4. C. Bivone. Folia ignota. 5. C. amabile. Perianthii limbus obscure tessellatus. Grandiflora. 6. C. lusitanum. 7. C. Levieri. 8. C. Tenorii. 9. €. Sibthorpit. Parviflorum. 10. C. eariopictum. Stirps C. AvTUMNALIS. Folia hysteranthia vernalia. Flores grandes autumnales. Perianthii limbus haud tessellatus. Folia lingulata vel oblonga 3-4 poll. lata. 11. C. speciosum. 12. C. byzantinum. Folia linearia vel lanceolata, 1-2 poll. lata. Styli apice distincte falcati, stigmate decurrente. 13. C. autumnale. 14. C. turcicum. Styli apice subrecti, stigmate subcapitato. 15. C. letum. Folia ignota. 16. C. persicum. Stirps C. ARENARII. Folia hysteranthia vernalia. Flores parvi autumnales. Perianthii limbus haud tessellatus. Flores ad cormum plures. 17. C. Troodi. 18. C. polyphyllum. 19. C. wmbrosum. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACE X. 425 Flores ad cormum 1-2, raro 3-4. Styli apice distincte faleati, stigmate decurrente. 20. C. neapolitanum. 21. C. parnassicum.22. C. corsicum. Styli apice subrecti, stigmate subcapitato. 23. C. arenarium. 24. C. alpinum. 25. C. lingulatum. Stirps C. Monrani. Folia synanthia hiemalia vel vernalia. Perianthii limbus haud tessellatus. Flores roseo-lilacini, antheris parvis. Anthere oblongæ purpuresm ............... 26. C. montanum. Antherz lineares lutez. 27. C. Steveni. 28. C. Szovitsit. Flores lutei, antheris magnis ... .............. 29. C. luteum. l. C. vanrEGA TUM, Linn. Sp. 485 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1028; Kunth, Enum. iv. 239; Guss. Syn. Sic. i. 437.—C. Parkinsoni, Hook. fil. in Bot. Mag. t. 6090.— C. fritillarieum chiense, Parkins. Parad. 156, 155. fig. 5.—C. chionense, Hort. Cormus ovoideus 1 poll. crassus, tunicis firmis atrofuscis 3-4 poll. supra collum productis. Folia hysteranthia vernalia 2-3 patula subrecumbentia lanceolata semipedalia obscurius viridia quam in C. autum- nali, medio 12-15 lin.lata, marginibus undulatis. Flores autumnales 2-3 ad spatham. Perianthii tubus albidus 3-4-pollicaris; limbus lilacino- purpureus conspicue tessellatus 2 poll. lougus, segmentis oblongo-lanceola- tis infra medium 5-8 lin. latis veniscirciter 15 percursis e medio ad apicem obtusiusculum attenuatis. Stamina perianthio paulo breviora, filamentis saturate purpureis, antheris purpureis 4 lin. longis. Styli stamina supe- rantes, apice stigmatoso vix curvati. Insule Levantine et Asia Minor. V. v. in hort. Barr. 2. C. PULCHRUM, Herbert MSS. Folia 5-10 vernalia lorata 4-5 poll. longa 9-14 lin. lata canaliculata subrecumbentia obtusa undulata. Flores autumnales sæpius bini. Perianthii tubus albus 1-13 poll. longus $ limbus 2-21-pollicaris pulchre tessellatus, segmentis circiter 1 poll. latis. Fila- menta alba basi lutescentia 3-44 lin. longa, antheris purpurascentibus. Styli pallidi antheras parum superantes, apice stigmatoso curvati. Cepha- lonia et Epirus, hort. Herbert, anno 1846 (non vidi). 3. C. AGRIPPINUM, hort. Angl.—C. tessellatum, hort. Angl. Cormus ovoideus 1-14 poll. crassus, tunicis fuscis 3 poll. supra collum productis. Folia 3—4 vernalia suberecta lanceolata 6-9 poll. longa infra medium 12-15 lin. lata obscurius viridia quam in C. autumnali, marginibus valde undulatis. Flores autumnales, 2-4 ad spatham. Perianthii tubus 2-4- pollicaris albidus; limbus 1à-2i-pollicaris pulchre lilacino-purpureus conspicue albo tessellatus; segmenta oblongo-lanceolata, infra medium 6-9 lin. lata, e medio ad apicem obtusiusculum valde attenuata, mar- 426 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEE AND ginibus undulatis, venis circiter 15 percursa. Filamenta 12-18 lin. longa saturate purpurea, antheris lineari-oblongis purpureis 3-4 lin. longis. Styli purpurascentes staminibus zquilongi vel superantes, apice stigmatoso leviter curvati. Ja hortis Anglicis sepe cultum. ^ Flores omnino C. variegati, sed recedit habitu robustiore et foliis suberectis. 4. C. Bivona, Guss. Prod. i. 453; Syn. Sic. i. 437; Kunth, Enum. iv. 139; Parl. Fl. Ital. iii. 173; Reich. Ic. Germ. fig. 952.—C. variega- tum, Biv. Bern. Cent. i. 27, excl. syn. ; Red. Lil. t. 238.—C. neapolita- num fritillarieum, Parkins. Parad. Terrest. 156, 155. fig. 4. Cormus ovoideus 13 poll. crassus, tunicis duris fuscis 3-4 poll. supra collum pro- ductis. Folia 6-9 vernalia suberecta lorata subpedalia canaliculata, medio 9-15 lin. lata, apice subcucullata, margine plana. Flores autumnales, 1-6 ad spatham. Perianthii tubus 3-5-pollicaris ; limbus 13-2-polliearis pulehre purpureus conspicue albo tessellatus; segmenta oblanceolato- elliptica obtusiuscula 6-9 lin. lata, venulis crebris 16-18 percursa. Fila- menta 6-9 lin. longa, antheris purpureis lineari-oblongis 4 lin. longis. Styli pallide purpurascentes stamina longe superantes, apice stigmatoso leviter curvati. Capsule subsolitarivc oblong: apice obtusiuscule tricus- pidatz. Sicilia in apricis collibus et montosis, Tineo! Parlatore! etc. Forme affines imperfecte cognitea a Calabria, Gussone, Arcadia, Von Heldreich! Dalmatia, Visiani (C. Bivonz, Visiani, Fl. Dalm. 156; C. Vi- sianii, Parl. Fl. Ital. iii. 175), et Mauritania ad montem Tezi, alt. 7000- 8000 pedes, Hook. fil. et Ball! exstant. 5. C. AMABILE, Heldr. in Herb. Grec. Norm. Exsice. No. 764; Atti Intern. Congr. Firenz. 1874, 228. Cormus ovoideo-oblongus nuce avel- lana paulo major, tunicis fuscis. Folia hysteranthia ignota. Flores ver- nales sæpissime solitarii, interdum bini. Perianthii tubns 3-43-pollicaris ; limbus 1}-pollicaris, segmentis oblongo-ellipticis pulchre tessellatis 3-4 lin. latis. Styli apice stigmatoso curvati. Eubea, in cacumine montis . Xerobuni, alt. 4800 pedes, Von Heldreich (non vidi). 6. C. LUSITANUM, Brotero, Phyt. Lusit. 211, tabb. 173-4.—C. lusitani- cum fritillarieum, Parkins. Parad. 154, 155. fig. 3.—C. Bivonz, Willk. $ Lange, Pl. Hisp. i. 194, ex parte. Cormus globosus 14-2 poll. crassus, tunicis firmis nitidis fuscis 3-4 poll. supra collum productis. Folia hie- malia 4-5 suberecta acuta lorata 8-15 poll. longa 1-2 poll. lata supra basin plana obscurius viridia quam in C. autumnali, marginibus haud undulatis. Flores autumnales ad spatham sepissime plures. Perianthii tubus albidus 4—-6-pollicaris ; limbus 1$-2-pollicaris lilacino-purpureus obscure tessel- latus, segmentis oblanceolato-ellipticis obtusis 5-7 lin. latis venis crebris 15-20 pereursis. Stamina limbo subduplo breviora, filamentis 6-9 lin. longis, antheris luteis 3-4 lin. longis. Styli purpurascentes antheras superantes apice stigmatoso leviter curvati. Capsule aggregate oblonge li poll. longe. Lusitania, in collibus saxosis ditionis Estremadure, Maw! THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACES, 427 Goetze! ete. v. v. in Hort. Kew. C. Toparu, Parlat. Fl. Ital. iii. 178, italicum, ex descriptione non potui segregare. C. Bivone hispanicum, Willk. et Lange, non vidi. 7. C. Levieri, Janka in (Ester. Bot. Zeitschrift, 1875, 82. Cormus parvus, tunicis chartaceis brunneis. Folia 4-5 vernalia suberecta lineari- lorata e medio utrinque angustata. Flores autumnales 1-7 ad spatham. Pe- rianthii tubus albidus 4—6-pollicaris; limbus lilacino-purpureus obscure tes- sellatus 2-3 poll. longus, segmentis oblanceolatis venis circiter 20 percursis, exterioribus lengioribus. Stamina stylis breviora, antheris linearibus. Styli limbo subduplo breviora, stigmatibus uncinatis unilateralibus profunde suleatis. Capsule eis C. autumnalis multo minores subglobose spongiosz. Italia in pratis ditionis Florentie, Janka (non vidi). 8. C. Tenor, Parl. Fl. Ital. ii. 157.—C. byzantinum, Tenore, Fl. Nap. iii. 397, non Ker.—C. Bivone, Tenore, Fl. Nap. Prodr. App. v. 11, non Guss.—C. Bisignani, Tenore, teste Janka. Cormus magnitudine me- diocris, tunicis castaneis. Folia vernalia circiter 5 suberecta late lorata obscure viridia supra basin plana, marginibus haud undulatis. Flores au- tumnales 3-4 ad spatham. Perianthii tubus albidus 2-5-pollicaris ; limbus saturate lilacino-purpureus obscure tessellatus 15-2 poll. longus, segmentis oblongo-oblanceolatis obtusis 6-8 lin. latis, venis 12-16 percursis. Fila- menta 9-12 lin. longa, antheris purpurascentibus 3-4 lin. longis. Styli purpurascentes antheras superantes apice stigmatoso vix ineurvati. Cap- sula ovato-subglobos:e apice breviter tricuspidate. Italia in pratis ditionis Neapolis, v. v. ex hort. Elwes. 9. C. SIBTHORPII, Zaker.— C. latifolium, Sibth. & Smith, Fl. Grec. t. 350, quoad flores non folia. Cormus globosus 15-2 poll. crassus, tunicis firmis castaneis longe supra collum productis. Folia 4-5 hyste- ranthia vernalia. Flores autumnales ad spatham plures. — Perianthii tubus sepe semipedalis; limbus lilacino-purpureus obscure tessellatus 21-24 lin. longus, segmentis oblongo-oblanceolatis obtusis 8-9 lin. latis, venis 20 vel ultra percursis. Stamina perianthio triente breviora, antheris 4lin.longis. Styli antheras superantes, apice stigmatoso leviter curvati. Grecia in montibus Attice, Von Heldreich! C. variegatum, Sieber, Herb, Crete Exsic. ! non Linn., est forma imperfecte cognita, verisimiliter affinis. 10. C. VARIOPICTUM, Janka in Œster. Bot. Zeitschrift, 1875, 83. Cormus magnitudine nucis Juglendis, tunicis brunneis firmis vestitus. Folia 5-9 vernalia linearia stricta sp'thamea sepissime 6-8 raro 12 liu. lata, marginibus haud undulatis. Flores autumnales 1-5 ad spatham. Perianthii tubus 4-5-pollicaris ; limbus pollicaris vel paullo longior obscure tessellatus, segmentis oblanceolatis acutiusculis, venis circiter 20 undulatis pereursis, exterioribus longioribus. Stamina limbo subduplo breviora, antheris primum rubellis, demum luteis. Styli elongati interdum exserti, stigmatibus arcuatis profunde suleatis. Capsule vix 12 lin. longz, apice 428 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACE.E AND abrupte longiuscule tricuspidatz. Italia, in pratis ditionis Neapolis, Janka (non vidi) Est forma C. neapolitani, teste Borbas in Just. Bot. Jahrb. 1876, 1066. 11. C. sPEctOoSUM, Steven in Act. Mose. vii. 69, t. 15; Kunth, Enum. iv. 139; Led. Fl. Ross. iv. 204; Hook. fil. in Bot. Mag. t. 6078; Fl. Mag. n.s. t. 235; Garden, June 1877. Cormus pro genere maximus 2 poll. crassus, tunicis brunneis supra collum longe productis. Caulis foliiferus interdum pedalis. Folia 4-5 hysteranthia vernalia suberecta lingulata 12-15 poll. longa, medio 3-4 poll. lata obtusa e medio ad basin an- gustata lucide viridia, marginibus haud undulatis. Flores autumnales ad spatham 1-4. Perianthii tubus 5-9-pollicaris, duplo crassior quam in C. autumnali, sulcatus; limbus 3-33-pollicaris pallide vel saturate lilacino- purpureus haud tessellatus, segmentis obovato-oblongis obtusis 9-15 lin. latis venis 30-40 percursis. Stamina limbo 2-3plo breviora, antheris luteis 5-6 lin. longis. Styli antheras superantes vel equilongi apice stig- matoso unilaterali 2 lin. longo distincte faleati. Capsule oblong 15-2 poll. longæ profunde suleate. Caucasus, Steven! Ledebour! &e. (V. v. in Hort. Kew. &c.) Facile princeps specierum omnium generis. C. IL- LYRICUM, Friv. (C. latifolium, Griseb. Pl. Rumel. ii. 378), est planta Macedonica eadem vel arcte affinis. 12. C. Byzantinum (Parkins. Theat. 154, 155. fig. 2), Ker in Bot. Mag. sub tt. 1028, 1122; Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 1509; Kunth, Enum. iv. 140; Griseb. Fl. Rumel. ii. 378; Regel, Gartenflora, t. 755.—C. flori- bundum, Lawson; Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 329.—C. latifolium byzantinum, Clus. Hist. i. 199-200.—C. latifolium, Sibth. & Sm. Fl. Gree. t. 350, quoad folia.—C. transsilvanicum, Schur. Transyl. 679.—C. zestivale, Boreau, Fl. Cent. edit. 3, vol. ii. 612.—C. autumnale, var. latifolium, Red. Lil.t.463. Cormus globosus pro genere magnus 2-3 poll. crassus, tuni- cis brunneis supra collum 3-4 poll. productis. Caulis foliiferus semipe- dalis. Folia 5-6 hysteranthia vernalia suberecta oblonga obtusa saturate viridia verticaliter plicata 9-12 poll. longa, medio 3-4, interdum 5-6 poll. lata, marginibus haud undulatis. Flores autumnales szpe 12-20 ad spa- tham. Perianthii tubus 2-6-pollicaris, 14-2 lin. crassus; limbus lilacino- purpureus haud tessellatus 11-2 poll. longus, segmentis oblanceolato-ob- longis obtusis 9-12 lin. latis, venis circiter 20 percursis. Filamenta 9-12 lin. longa, antheris luteis 4 lin. longis. Styli staminibus sequilongi, apice stigmatoso breviore, et minus faleati quam in C. autumnali. Capsule ag- gregatz oblongo 13-2 poll. longs. Transylvania et Byzantium. V.v. n hort. Barr. &e. A C. autumnali presertim. recedit foliis latis et floribus numerosioribus. 13. C. AUTUMNALE, L. Sp. 485; Endl. Bot. t. 113; Red. Lil. t. ros Schultes, Syst. vii. 1511 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 149; Reich. Ic. Germ. t. 949, 950; Parl. Fl. Ital. ii. 179.—C. crociflorum, Anders. in Bot. Mag THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 429 t. 2673.—C. multiflorum, Brot. Lusit. i. 597.—C. anglicum album et C. anglicum purpureum, Parkins. Theat. 153-4.—C. patens, Schultz in Bot. Zeit. 1826, 130. Cormus ovoideus 15-18 lin. crassus, tunicis chartaceis atrofuscis 2—4 poll. supra collum productis. Caulis foliiferus 3-4-polli- caris; folia vernalia 3-4 (raro 5-6) suberecta lorata 9-12 poll. longa, 11-2 poll. lata, ad apicem obtusum attenuata, lucide viridia, marginibus haud un- dulatis. Flores 1-4, raro 5-6, autumnales. Perianthii tubus pallidus 4-6- pollicaris; limbi lilacino-purpurei haud tessellati 21-24 raro 30 lin. longi, segmentis oblanceolato-oblongis venis 15-20 percursis, exterioribus 6-8 lin. latis, interioribus paulo minoribus. Stamina limbo 2-3plo breviora, antheris luteis 3-4 lin. longis. Styli antheras sspe superantes, apice stigmatoso unilaterali 2-3 lin. longo, faleati. Capsule oblongze ventricosze i-2 poll. longe. Europa centralis, occidentalis et meridionalis, Mauri- tania, Algeria. C. vERNUM, Schrank, Bav. i. 631; C. vernale, Hoffm. Germ. i. 174; Reich. Ic. Germ. t. 951 ; C. przecox, Spenner, Frib. 215, est status floribus fortuiter vernalibus minoribus, genitalibus szepissime plus minus imperfectis. C. PATENS, Schultz, est forma longistylis, perianthii segmentis magis patentibus. Var. C. PANNoNiICUM (Parkins. Theat. 154, 155. fig. 1), Griseb. et Schenck in Wiegm. Archiv, 1852, 359; Walp. Aun. v. 150.—C. polyan- thos, Ker in Bot. Mag. sub t. 1028.—C. multiflorum, Schur. Sert. 76, ab typo recedit habitu robustiore, cormo majore, foliis paulo latioribus, flo- ribus sepe numerosioribus. Transylvania, Janka! Croatia, Hugue- nin ! &c. 14. C. rurcicum, Janka in (Ester. Bot. Zeitsch. 1873, 242. Cormus magnus, tunicis fusco-nigresceutibus supra collum longe productis. Folia vernalia hysteranthia 6-9, exteriora lanceolata e medio utrinque angustata canaliculata patentissima humifusa undulata, interiora plana linearia sub- erecta, omnia anguste cartilagineo-marginata, ciliis retrorsis vel patentibus preedita, supra lzte lucide viridia, subtus grisea. Flores autumnales 3-8 omnino C. autumnalis, segmentis oblongo-oblanceolatis obtusis nervis cir- citer 20 percursis. Filamenta uniseriata. Styli filamenta superantes vel breviores, apice stigmatoso curvati. Capsule parve exquisite trisul- cate. In agro Byzantino, Janka. Folia C. variegati, cum floribus C, autumnalis. 15. C. LÆTUM, Steven in Mém. Mosc. vii. 66, t. 135 Kunth, Enum. iv, 140; Led. Ross. iv. 204; Dene. in Ann. Sc. Nat. s r. 2, vol. iv. 345; Regel, Gartenfl. 1862, t. 379.—C. Kotschyi, Boiss. ; Walp. Ann. vi. 149.— C. Balansz, Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, vol. iv, 145,—C. candidum, Schott & Kotschy in Kotschy, Pl. Cilic. No. 91a, 333. Cormus ovoideus 14-2 poll crassus, tunicis castancis 4-6 poll. supra collum productis. Caulis foliiferus demum 5-6-pollicaris. Folia 4-6 hysteranthia vernalia lingulata suberecta pallide viridia interdum pedalia 1-2 poll.lata. Flores 430 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEE AND autumnales sepe plures ad spatham. Perianthii tubus 2-6-pollicaris ; limbus 2-21-pollicaris pallide lilacinus haud tessellatus, segmentis oblan- ceolatis obtusis 4-6 lin. latis, venis 12-20 percursis. Stamina limbo 2-3plo breviora, antheris luteis 3-4 lin. longis. Styli stamina sæpissime supe- rantes, apice stigmatoso subcapitati subrecti. Capsule ovoideæ subpolli- cares. Tauria, Caucasus, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia. Ab C. autumnali recedit foliis et perianthii segmentis angustioribus, stigmatibus brevibus vix curvatis, capsulis minoribus. V. v. in Hort. Kew. &c. 16. C. PERSICUM, Baker. Cormus magnus globosus, tunicis atrofuscis 4-5 poll. supra collum productis. Folia ignota hysteranthia. Flores au- tumnales 10-12 ad spatham. Perianthii tubus 3-4-pollicaris; limbus 2 poll. longus saturate purpureus haud tessellatus, segmentis oblanceolato- oblongis obtusis 5-6 lin. latis. Filamenta subpollicaria, antheris luteis 5-6 lin. longis. Styli limbo triente breviores, apice stigmatoso subrecti subcapitati. Persia, in ditione Laristan, Loftus ! (Herb. Mus. Brit.). 17. C. Troop, Kotschy in Unger & Kotschy, Cyprus, 190. Cormus magnitudine mediocri, tunicis fuscis. Folia 3-4 hysteranthia vernalia lorata suberecta 6-12 poll. longa, 9-12 lin. lata, ad apicem obtusum angustata. Flores autumnales 4-5 ad spatham. Perianthii tubus 2-3-pollica- ris; limbus pollicaris lilacino-purpureus haud tessellatus, segmentis lanceo- latis acutis venis 10-12 percursis. Stamina limbo duplo breviora, antheris luteis. Styli stamina superantes, apice stigmatoso brevi curvato. Cap-_ sule aggregate ovoideo-oblongse 8-9 lin. longz distincte pedicellatz, car- pellis apice longe rostratis. Cyprus, in montibus, alt. 4000 pedes, Kotschy, 604! Ab C. neapolitano presertim recedit habitu robustiore, floribus plu- ribus, foliis latioribus. 18. C. POLYPHYLLUM, Boiss. & Held. in Boiss. Diagn. ser. 2, No. iv. 121. Cormus ovoideus magnitudine nucis parva, tunicis membranaceis 3 poll. supra collum productis. Folia plura hysteranthia linearia semipe- dalia 3lin.lata. Flores autumnales 6-10 ad spatham. Perianthii tubus 4-5-pollicaris ; limbus lilacinus subpollicaris haud tessellatus, segmentis oblanceolatis obtusis 2 lin. latis nervis 7-8 percursis. Filamenta limbo Subduplo breviora, antheris luteis. Styli antheras paulo superantes apice stigmatoso brevi unilaterali curvato. Capsule oblonge, carpellis breviter rostratis. Asia Minor, in Cilicia ad radices Tauri, .Balansa, Reinert, Heldreich. C. TRAPEZUNTICUM, Boiss. in Balansa, Pl. Orient. Ezsic. anno 1866, ex exemplis floriferis visis non possum segregare. 19. C. uuBRosUM, Steven in Mém. Mosc. vii. 68, t. 14; Kunth, Enum. iv. 143; Led. Flor. Ross. iv. 204.—C. arenarium, var. umbrosum, Ker m Bot. Reg. t. 541.—C. autumnale, var., M. Bieb. Flor. Taur. Cauc. iii. 181. Cormus parvus ovoideus, tunicis atrofuscis 2-3 poll. supra collum produc- tis. Folia 4-5 hysteranthia suberecta lorata 6-9 poll. longa medio 9-12 THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEZ. 431 lin. lata, e medio ad apicem obtusum angustata. Flores 1-5 autum- nales. Perianthii tubus 2—3-pollicaris; limbus lilacinus haud tessellatus 9-12 lin. longus, segmentis oblanceolatis obtusis 14-3 lin. latis venis 8-12 percursis. Stamina limbo 2-4plo breviora, antheris luteis 13 lin. longis. Styli stamina superantes vel zequilongi apice stigmatoso subcapitato levi- ter curvato. Tauria, M. Bieberstein, Steven. Caucasus, Ledebour ! 20. C. NEAPOLITANUM, Tenore, Neap. v. ll, t. 221. f. 2; Kunth, Enum. iv. 142; Parl. Fl. Ital. iii. 182.—C. arenarium. Gren. et Godr. Fl. France, ii. 171, non W. 4 K.—C. longifolium, Cast. Cat. Mars. 135.— C. castrense, Laram. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, ii. 688.—C. provinciale, Loret in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, vi. 459.—C. Haynaldi, Heuff. teste Borbas in Œster. Bot. Zeitsch. 1876, 182.—C. Janke, Freyn. in (Ester. Bot. Zeitsch. 1877, 361. Cormus globosus l poll. crassus, tunicis brunneis supra collum 13-2 poll. productis. Folia 3-4 hysteranthia vernalia recur- vata patentia ligulata 8-12 poll. longa, medio 6-9 lin, lata obtusa canali- culata e medio ad basin attenuata, marginibus haud undulatis. Flores au- tumnales 1-2 raro 3-4 ad spatham. Perianthii tubus 3—4-pollicaris ; limbus lilacino-purpureus haud tessellatus 15-18 lin. longus, segmentis oblanceolatis obtusis 3-6 lin. latis, venis 15-18 percursis, interioribus an- gustioribus. Stamina limbo subduplo breviora, antheris luteis 3 lin. longis. Styli stamina superantes, stigmatibus 13 lin. longis distincte falcatis. Cap- sulz solitarize ovoideo-oblonge 9-12 lin. longze, carpellorum rostris incur- * vatis. Italia, Gallia meridionalis, Austria, Dalmatia, Mauritania? C. Kocuul, Parl. Fl. Ital. iii. 118 (C. arenarium, Koch, Syn. 836), C. oni- ENTALE, Friv.; Kunth, Enum. iv. 143, et C. TNENSE, Tineo in Guss. Syn. Sic. ii. 818, ex descriptione non possum segregare. 21. C. PARNASSICUM, Sart. Orph. et Held. in Boiss. Diagn. ser. 2, No. iv. 122. Cormus magnitudine mediocri (1 poll. crassus), tunicis castaneis membranaceis 2-3 poll. supra collum productis. Folia 4-5 hys- teranthia vernalia lingulata obtusa. Flores zstivales 1-3 ad spatham. Perianthii tubus 2-3-pollicaris ; limbus lilacino-purpureus haud tessellatus 12-18 lin. longus, segmentis oblanceolatis obtusis 3-5 lin. latis venis 10- 15 percursis. Filamenta 3-6 lin. longa, antheris luteis 3 lin. longis. Styli stamina superantes apice stigmatoso unilaterali distincte faleati. In montibus Grecie Chelmos, Parnassus, §c. alt. 5000-7000 pedes, Pe nides, 465! ete. Ad C. neapolitanum arcte accedit. 22. C. corsicum, Baker. Cormus globosus 6-9 lin. crassus, tunicis brunneis 1-2 poll. supra collum productis. Folia 4 hysteranthia suberecta vel patula lanceolata 2-3 poll. longa supra basin 3-4 lin. lata ad apicem obtusum angustata. Flores autumnales solitarii. Perianthii tubus fili- formis 3-4-pollicaris ; limbus lilacinus haud tessellatus 8-10 lin. longus, segmentis oblanceolatis obtusis 13-2 lin. latis, venis 8-12 percursis. Sta- mina limbo 2-4plo breviora, antheris oblongis luteis 1 lin. longis. Styli 492 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEX AND vix ex tubo protrusi apice distincte faleati. Capsule oblongz 6-8 lin. longz, carpellis breviter rostratis. Corsica in incultis ad Bonifacio, Serafino ! 23. C. ARENARIUM, Waldst. et Kit. Hung. ii. 195, t. 179! Steven in Act. Nov. Mose. vii. 263; Kunth, Enum. iv. 143 ; Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. figs. 944, 945, non Koch nec Gren. § Godr. . Cormus globosus 8-9 lin. crassus, tunieis brunneis 2-3 poll. supra collum productis. Folia 3-4 hysteranthia vernalia suberecta ligulata obtusa canaliculata 3-4 poll. longa, 3-4 lin. lata. Flores autumnales ] vel interdum 2-3 ad spatham. Perianthii tubus 3-4-pollicaris ; limbus lilacinus haud tessellatus 12-18 lin. longus, segmentis oblanceolatis obtusis 3-4 lin. latis, venis 8-12 percursis. Filamenta 3-6 lin. longa, antheris luteis oblongis 2-3 lin. longis. Styli stamina superantes, apice stigmatoso recti subeapitati. Capsule oblong 8-9 lin. longze, carpellis breviter mucronatis. Hungaria, in arenosis siccis, Sadler & Pauer! Fenzl! Janka! ete. Exempla florifera ab Byzantio Aucher-Eloy 2155! et Cephalonia, Schimper & Wiest! non possum segregare. 24. C. ALPINUM, DC. Fl. France, ii. 195 ; Gaud. Helv. ii. 601 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 142 ; Gren. Fl. France, ii. 171; Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. figs. 946- 948; Parl. Fl. Ital. iii. 184.— C. montanum, All. Ped. i. 117, tab. 74. fig. 2. Cormus ovoideus 6-9 lin. crassus, tunicis membranaceis pallide bruuneis 1-2 poll. supra collum productis. Folia 2 raro 3 hysteranthia , vernalia lingulata suberecta vel patula 4-8 poll. longa medio 3-6 lin. lata obtusa canalieulata lucide viridia e medio ad basin sensim attenuata. Flores solitarii raro bini estivales. Perianthii tubus gracilis 3—4- pollica- ris ; limbus lilacinus haud tessellatus 13-15 lin. longus, segmentis oblanceo- latis obtusis 3-4 lin. latis, venis 10-15 percursis. Stamina limbo 3-4plo breviora, antheris luteis oblongis 12-2 lin. longis. Styli staminibus spe breviores, apice stigmatoso subcapitati vix recurvati. Capsula oblonga subpolliearis. Montes Gallie australis orientalis, Helvetie, et Sabaudie in pratis subalpinis. Var. C. PARVULUM, Tenore, Fl. Nap. iii. 339, tab. 221. fig. 2; Kunth, Enum. iv. 143; Gren. Fl. France, 171; Parl. Fl. Ital. 186, ab typo vix re- cedit nisi floribus minoribus, foliis angustioribus. Montes Italie australis, Sicilie et Corsice. 95. C. LiNGULATUM, Boiss. § Spruner in Boiss. Diagn. v. 66; Walp. Ann. i. 874. Cormus oblongus nucis Avellane magnitudine, tunicis nigris vestitus. Folia 4-6 hysteranthia patula lingulata obtusa rigidiuscula glauca sesquipollicaria 5-6 lin. lata angustissime cartilagineo- -marginata. Flores vernales solitarii. Perianthii tubus subpolliearis; limbus lilacinus haud tessellatus, segmentis linearibus acutis vix 13 lin. latis. Filamenta brevissima, antheris luteis oblongis. Styli filiformis limbo parum breviores. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEJE. 433 Capsule parvze, carpellis mucronatis. In regione superiore montis Parnes, Attice, Boissier & Spruner. : 26. C. MONTANUM, Linn. Sp. 485 (quoad plantam Hispanicam in her- bario suo Loflingio lectam!) ; Desf. Fl. Atlant. i. 322; Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 940-943 ; Vis. Fl. Dalm. 54, tab. 6. fig. 1.—C. hermodactylum, Parkins. Parad. 155. fig. 6, 157.—C. bulbocodioides, M.B. Flor. Taur.Cauc. i. 293, iii. 281; Kunth, Enum. iv. 144; Willk. et Lange, Fl. Hisp. i. 194, non Brotero.—C. Bertolonii, Stev. in Act. Mosq. vii. 268; Kunth, Enum. iv. 143; Parl. Fl. Ital. iii. 190.—C. Cupani, Guss. Fl. Sic. i. 452.—C. Valery, Tineo in Guss. Syn. Fl. Sic: ii. 818.—C. parviflorum, Biv. in Biv. Jil. Piant. inedit. 9.—C. pusillum, Sieber in Bot. Zeit. 1822, 248?—C. Ritchii, R. Br. App. Denh. et Clapp. 241 !—C. egyptiacum, Bois. Diagn. v. 66.—C. hololophum, Coss. et Durieu in Balans. Pl. Alger. Exsic. No. 945.—C. nivale, Boiss. & Huet in Huet Pl. Arm. Exsic.—C. triphyllum, Kunze in Bot. Zeit. 1846, 755.—C. crocifolium, Boiss. Diagn. v. 67, non Sims.—C. crocifloram, Schott § Kotschy in Œster. Bot. Wochen. 1854, 97.—Fouha bulbocodioides, Pomel, Mat. Fl. Alg. 2. Cormus ovoideus l- 13 poll. crassus, tunicis brunneis membranaceis, interioribus supra collum 2-4 vel interdum 5-6 poll. productis. Folia 2-3 raro 4-6 synanthia line- aria vel lanceolata tempore florendi faleata suberecta 2-3 poll. longa, demum 6-9 poll. longa, medio 6-9 lin. lata, marginibus anguste cartilagi- neis, interdum ciliatis. Flores 1-4 vernales vel hiemales (Oct.-Jun.). Perianthii tubus gracilis 3-4-pollicaris ; limbus lilacinus haud tessellatus 9-12 lin. longus, segmentis oblongis obtusis vel oblanceolatis subacutis medio 2-4 lin. latis, venis 8-20 percursis. Stamina limbo subduplo bre- viora, filamentis basi luteis incrassatis, antheris oblongis purpureis 1-13 lin. longis. Styli stamina szpe superantes, apice stigmatoso recti subcapi- tati. Capsule 6-9 lin. longe. Per regionem totam Meriditerraneam a Lusitania ad Caucasum, Armeniam, Kurdistan, et Persiam. | Stirps valde variabilis. C. CROCIFOLIUM, Boiss., est forma longicollis, floribus pluri- bus, periantbii segmentis subacutis; C. NIVALE, Boiss. et. Huet, forma nana nivalis uniflora Armeniaca, perianthii segmentis elliptieis obtusis; C. Cupant, Guss., forma nana pauciflora parviflora foliis linearibus; C. wr- NIMUM, hort. Elwes, ab insula Syra, forma uniflora, flore minimo, seg- mentis oblanceolatis obtusis 5-6 lin. longis; C. VALERY, Tineo, forma folis lanceolatis, floribus pluribus, perianthii segmentis ellipticis; C. Rrrcurt, R. Br. (cf. Aschers. in Bot. Zeit. 1878, 434), forma filamentis basi cristatis; et C. FASCICULARE, R. Br. ! (Hypoxis fascicularis, Linn. Sp. 439; Monocaryum fasciculare, Schult. Syst. Veg. vii. 1135; Kunth, Enum. iv. 150 ; Paludaria, Salisb, Gen. 53), forma abnormalis ovario unilo- eulari, stylo unico. 97. C. Stevent, Kunth, Enum. iv. 144 (excl. syn. Desf. yc.). Cormus anguste ovoideus 6-9 lin. crassus, tunicis atro-castaneis duris supra collum longe productis. Folia 3-4 synanthia, tempore florendi linearia suberecta 434 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACE® AND 2-3 poll. longa, demum ligulata 4-5 poll. longa medio 3-4 lin. lata cana- iculata, marginibus anguste cartilagineis. Flores 1-4hiemales (Oct.— Jan.), tubo gracili 3-4-pollicari, limbi pollicaris roseo-lilacini haud tessel- lati segmentis oblanceolatis subobtusis 2-3 lin. latis venis 8-10 laxis per- cursis. Stamina limbo 2-3plo breviora, filamentis basi vix incrassatis, an- theris linearibus luteis 13-2 lin. longis. Styli stamina superantes vel æqui- longi apice stigmatoso recti subcapitati. Capsule pro genere minimz. Syria, Blanche, Rel. Maill. 1767 ! Hooker & Hanbury ! Haussknecht ! etc. Arabia feliz, Schimper 870! Persia, Olivier. 28. C. Szovirsit, C. A. Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1834, 34; Kunth, Enum. iv. 145. Cormus ovoideus 13 poll. crassus, tunicis exterioribus castaneis chartaceis, interioribus supra collum longe productis. Folia 3 synanthia vernalia, tempore florendi lanceolata suberecta falcata 2-3 poll. longa deorsum 1 poll. lata, demum subpedalia basi angustata. Flores 1-2 vernales. Perianthii tubus 2-4-pollicaris, foliorum basibus occultus; lim- bus lilacinus haud tessellatus 1-12-pollicaris, segmentis oblongis medio 3- 6 lin. latis, venis circiter 20 percursis. Stamina biseriata limbo duplo breviora, antheris linearibus luteis 3 lin. longis. Styli stamina superantes apice stigmatoso recti capitati. Capsule ovoidez 1-13 poll. longe, car- pellis apice longe rostratis. In montibus Armenie, Szovits! Kurdistan, Garden! Ab C. montano recedit habitu robustiore, anth eris flavis lineari- bus, foliis adultis majoribus, capsulis multo majoribus. 29. C. LuTEUM, Baker in Gard. Chron. 1874, 33; Hook. fil. in Bot. Mag. t. 6153. Cormus ovoideus 9-12 lin. crassus, tunicis brunneis, interioribus supra collum longe productis. Folia 2-3 raro 4-6 synanthia vernalia ligulata tempore florendi 2-3 poll. demum 6-12 poll. longa, medio 4-6 lin. lata obtusa e medio ad basin attenuata. Flores 1-2 vernales (Dee.-Jun.). Perianthii tubus 3-4-pollicaris ; limbus luteus 1-13 poll. longus haud tessellatus, segmentis oblanceolatis obtusis 2-3 lin. latis, venis 12-20 crebris percursis. Stamina limbo paulo breviora, antheris linearibus basifixis 4-6 lin. longis, filamentis multo brevioribus filiformibus haud incrassatis. Styli lutei stamina sæpe superantes, apice stigmatoso recti capitati. Capsule 1-13 poll. longz, valvis apice recurvatis longe rostratis. — Himalaye occidentalis regio temperata, Thomson! Aitchison 1125! Henderson! Afghanistan, Griffith 5895! Beloochistan, Stocks 1080! . Species mihi nomine tantum note. C. Borsstert, Orphan. in Atti Congres. Intern. Firenze, 1847, 27. C. EUBŒUM, Orphan. loc. cit. C. PanLATORIS, Orphan. loc. cit. C. poLyMorPHuM, Orphan. loc. cit. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEJE. 435 10. WURMBEA, Thunb. Thunb. Nov. Gen. 18; Schlecht. in Linnea, i. 82; Kunth, Enum. iv. 159; Endl. Gen. No. 1075; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 27.—Melanthii sp., Burm., Linn. fil. etc. Perianthium firmum, persistens, gamophyllum, tubo campanu- lato, infundibulari vel cylindrico, segmentis 6 raro 8 lanceolatis vel linearibus zqualibus facie supra basin foveolatis smpissime tubo longioribus. Stamina 6, raro 8, ad faucem tubi inserta, fila- mentis filiformibus perianthii segmentis brevioribus, antheris mi- nutis oblongis versatilibus dorsifixis extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluri- bus superpositis ; carpellis in stylos breves faleatos sensim atte- nuatis apice stigmatosos. Capsula globosa, septicide trivalvis, stylis persistentibus coronata, seminibus globosis, testa brunnea membranacea, albumine firmo, embryone minuto. Herbe firme glabre erecte, bulbo membranaceo-tunicato predite, caulibus foliis paucis segregatis linearibus vel lanceolatis preditis, superioribus sensim minoribus, floribus spicatis ebracteatis pallidis vel purpureis. Ab Anguillaria solum perianthii segmentis basi coalitis recedit. Perianthium tubo distincto campanulato vel cylindrico prw- ditum. ACANA 5. ea a cer Ted eri d A 1. W. campanulata. Australienses............ 2. W. tubulosa. 3. W. Drummondii. Perianthii segmentis basi solum coalitis. Sfc uo pon ~. 4. W. tenuis. 5. W. Kraussii. Australienses ......... 6. W. tenella. 7. W. pygmea. 1. W. caAMPANULATA, Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 265; Lam. Ill. t. 270; Kunth, Enum. iv. 159.—Melanthium monopetalum, Linn. fil. Suppl. 213; Bot. Mag. t. 1291.—M: spicatum, Burm. Fl. Cap. 11.—M. Wurmbeum, Thunb. Prodr. 67; Fl. Cap. 338. Herba glabra erecta semipedalis vel pedalis, bulbo ovoideo longicollo, tunicis brunneis. Folia 3-4 firma, infe- riora linearia 3-9 poll. longa,"superiora lanceolata basi dilatata, caulem amplectentia. Spica 1-3 poll. longa laxiflora vel densiflora, rachi parum flexuosa. Perianthium pallidum 4-6 lin. longum, tubo campanulato 13-2 poll.longo, segmentis lanceolatis acutis supra basin glandula nigra per- spicua foveolatis. Filamenta 13-2 lin. longa. Fructus globosus 2 lin. longus, stylis divaricatis 15 lin. longis coronatus. C. B. Spei in humidis, ad 6000 pedes ad montem Katberg ascendens, Drége 3512! MacOwan 9791 ete. MELANTHIUM REMOTUM, Soland. MSS. !, est forma mera laxiflora; W. PURPUREA, Dryand. in Ait. Hort, Kew. edit. 2, ii. 326 (Andr. Bot, 436 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEE AND Rep. t. 221; Ker in Bot. Mag. t. 694), est forma floribus luride purpu- reis, segmentis tubo campanulato equilengis vel longioribus; M. REvo- LUTUM, Soland. MSS.!, ab purpurea solum recedit segmentis patulis vel revolutis; M. MARGINATUM, Desr. in Lam. Encyc. iv. 29, est forma seg- mentis pallidis nigro-marginatis; W. rRUNCATA, Schlecht., Kunth, Enum. iv. 161 (Zeyher 1722 !), est forma laxiflora, foliis linearibus, segmentis an- gustis stellato-patentibus tubo longioribus, tubo inter lacinias truncato. Flores raro tetrameri. Var. W. LONGIFLORA, Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 266; Kunth, Enum. iv 161.—Melanthium tubiflorum, Soland. MSS.! Varietas robusta, floribus majoribus pallidis (9-12 lin. longis), tubo cylindrico 4—6 lin. longo, seg- mentis tubo zquilongis vel brevioribus. C. B. Spei, Drége 26606! Zeyher! Mader 183! M. inustrum, Soland. MSS.! (Harvey 879!), est forma humilis, perianthio 4 lin. longo, segmentis brunneis tubo cylindrico duplo brevioribus, staminibus limbo equilongis; M. PUMILUM, Ker in Bot. Mag. sub t. 694 ! est forma pollicaris, foliis linearibus, spica 3-4-flora, perianthio 3 lin. longo, segmentis linearibus brunneis tubo brevioribus ; var. LATIFOLIA, Baker (Burchell 6623 !), est forma robusta, foliis lanceo- latis basi cordatis 12-15 lin. latis, floribus 6~7 lin. longis, tubo pallido in- fundibulari 2-4 lin. longo, segmentis purpureo-brunneis. 2. W. TuBULOsA, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 98. Bulbus et folia infima ignota. Folia superiora late lanceolata acuminata. Spica densa circiter 10-flora. Perianthium 7-9 lin. longum, segmentis acutis tubo cylindrico subzequilongis, facie haud foveolatis. Stamina segmentis multo breviora. Ovarium angustum, stylis elongatis. Australia occidentalis ad Champion Bay, Herb. F. Mueller. 3. W. DauMMoxprr, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 98. Bulbus ovoideus 5-6 lin. crassus, tunicis firmis chartaceis atrocastaneis nitidis, collo hypogæo 1-1} poll. longo. Caulis supra terram 1-2-pollicaris. Folia producta 3-4, omnia lanceolata acuta, infimum 13-2 poll. longum 5-6 lin. latum, supre- mum 5-6 lin. longum. Spica 3-8-flora superne densa, inferne laxa. Pe- rianthium pallidum 3-4 Jin. longum, tubo campanulato 3-1 lin. longo, seg- mentis lanceolatis tubo 3-4plo longioribus supra basin brunnco-foveolatis. Stamina segmentis 2-3plo breviora. Styli filiformes ovario zequilongi- Australia occidentalis in ditione fluminis Cygni, Drummond! 4. W. rENvIS, Baker.—Melanthium tenue, Hook. fil. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 229. Herba gracilis ereeta 3-4-pollicaris, bulbo ovoideo 3-4 lin. crasso, tunicis brunneis membranaceis. Caulis gracillimus 1-2-pollicaris. Folia producta 2-3, infimum rigidum lineari-subulatum 2-3 poll. longum flores emineus, superiora multo minora basi dilatata. Spica 1-2-flora. Perianthium 3 lin. longum albidum purpureo tinctum, segmentis oblanceo- latis basi solum coalitis, supra basin glandula brunnea foveolatis. Stamina THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACE E. 437 segmentis duplo breviora. Carpella florifera ad antheras attingentia. Montes insule Fernando Po, alt. 9000 pedes, Mann 1454! 5. W. Kraussi1, Baker.—Melanthii sp., Krauss, Beitr. 165. Bulbus ovoideus, tunicis crassis atro-brunneis supra apicem 2 poll. productis: Caulis gracilis 14-4-pollicaris. Folia producta 2, infimum lineare vel lineari-subulatum 2 poll. longum, supremum lanceolatum 1-14 poll. lon- gum. Spica subdense 5-6-flora. Perianthium pallidum 4 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis acutis basi solum coalitis facie vix foveolatis. Sta- mina segmentis triente breviora, filamentis 2 lin. longis. Ovarium floriferum 2 lin. longum, stylis ovario equilongis. Natal, Krauss 450 Gerrard 549! 6. W. TENELLA, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 28.—Anguillaria tenella, Endl. in Plant. Preiss. ii. 45. Bulbus globosus 5-6 lin. crassus, tunicis membra- naceis atrocastaneis, collo tunicato 13-2 poll. longo. Caulis gracillimus filiformis uniflorus 3-4-pollicaris. Folia producta 2-3, infimum subula- tum 5-6-pollicare, superiora lanceolata vel linearia acuminata 3-15 lin. longa, basi l lin. lata. Perianthium brunneolum 3 lin. longum, segmentis 8 lanceolatis basi solum coalitis, facie media glandula brunnea foveolatis. Stamina segmentis subduplo breviora. Styli 4 floriferi 1 lin. longi. Aus- tralia occidentalis, Drummond ! Preiss 1598. 7. W. rvawEa, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 28.—Anguillaria pygmea, Endl. in. Pl. Preiss. ii. 45. Bulbus globosus 5-6 lin. crassus, tunicis mem- branaceis opacis nigro-castaneis, collo hypogzeo 1-2 poll. longo. Caulis supra terram 1-2-pollicaris. Folia producta 2 erecta linearia acuminata, infimum 3-4 poll. longum, 1-2 lin. latum, supremum 13-2 poll. longum. . Spica laxa 2-4-flora. Perianthium pallidum 2-3 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis brunneo punctatis basi solum coalitis. Stamina segmentis sub- duplo breviora. Australia occidentalis in ditione fluminis Cygni, Drum- mond! Preiss 1599. 11. MERENDERA, Ramond. Ramond in Bull. Phil. 1798, No. 43, t. 12 ; Schult. fil. Syst. No. 1533 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 148; Endlich. Gen. No. 1085 a.— Colchici et Bulbocodii sp. auct. Perianthium eorollinum infundibulare 6-partitum, segmentis lanceolatis longe unguiculatis, unguibus filiformibus diu conni- ventibus. Stamina 6 inclusa ad basin laminarum inserta, fila- mentis filiformibus, antheris bilocularibus extrorsis oblongis ver- satilibus vel linearibus basifixis. Ovarium triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris superpositis, stylis liberis filiformibus apice PCS LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVIT. 21 M 438 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND toso rectis capitatis; Capsula oblonga ex apice septicide trivalvis, seminibus pluribus turgidis, testa brunnea rugulosa ad hilum ap- pendiculata, albumine duro, embryone centrali cylindrico. Herbe bulbose acaules habitu omnino Colchici, foliis sepissime synanthiis, cor mis novis sepe sessilibus interdum ad apicem sobolis egredienti- bus. Ab Bulbocodio solum recedit stylis tribus discretis. Anthere oblonge versatiles parve (1-12 lin. longze). Cormi novi sessiles. 1. M. attica. 2. M. caucasica. Cormi novi ad apicem sobolis producti. 3. M. sobolifera. 4. M. hastulata. Anthere lineares basifixe majores. Parviflorz. 5. M. filifolia. 6. M. robusta. 7. M. abyssinica. 8. M. persica. Grandilora ues... 9. M. Bulbocodium. l. M. arrica, Boiss. et Sprun. Diagn. v. 67.—Colchicum atticum, Spruaer; Tommas., in Flora, 1840, 730.—Bulbocodium atticum, Nyman, Syll. 379. Cormus ovoideus 6-9 lin. crassus, tunicis pluribus firmis atro- fuscis, interioribus 1-2 poll. supra collum productis. Folia 3 linearia synanthia faleata demum 3-4 poll.longa. Flores 1-3 hyemales (Oct.- Dec.) pallide lilacini; segmentorum lamina 9-10 lin. longa medio 13-2 lin. lata lanceolata acuta, venis 10-15 percursa, interiora basi vix auriculata, "unguibus filiformibus 1-13 poll. longis. Anthere oblongæ versatiles 1 lin. longe, filamentis filiformibus 3-4 lin. longis basi incrassatis nectariferis. Styli apice subrecti. Capsule oblonge 6-9 lin. longer. In aridis Attice, Von Heldreich, Orphanides 92! Asia Minor, Montbret ! Aucher-Eloy 2170! et forma affinis, Persia australis prope nives alpis Kuh-daena, Kotschy 705! Ab M. caucasica vix recedit nisi habitu graciliore, perian- thii segmentorum laminis angustioribus acutis interioribus basi vix auri- culatis. 2. M. caucasica, M. Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. i. 293, iii. 281; Pl. Ross. t. 50; Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 3690.—Colchicum caucasicum, Spreng. Syst. ii. 143.— Bulbocodium trigynum, Adam in Web. et Mohr. Beiträge, i. 49; Kunth, Enum. iv. 147; Led. Ross. iv. 205, non Nyman. Cormus ovoi- deus 6-9 lin. crassus haud soboliferus, tae pluribus firmis atrofuscis, nterioribus 1-3 poll. supra collum productis. Folia 2-3 synanthia linearia 'faleata demum 3-4 poll. longa. Flores 1-2 raro 3-4 vernales pallide lila- cini; segmentorum lamina oblanceolata obtusa 9-12 lin. longa 2-4 lin. 1977 777 10-15 percursa, exteriorum basi auriculata, interiorum exanricu- THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEA. 439 lata vel interdum obscure auriculata, unguibus filiformibus 1-2 poll. lon- gis. Anthere oblonge versatiles 1-13 lin. longze, filamentis filiformibus 3-4 lin. longis basi incrassatis nectariferis. Styli stamina sæpe superantes apice stigmatoso recti. Capsule oblongze 9-12 lin. longze, carpellis diva- ricatis conspicue rostratis. Caucasus, Iberia, Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia borealis. Bor, BocoptuM EICHLERI, Regel, Descr. Plant. Nov. vi. 64; Gartenflora, 1878, 294, t. 952, in Caucaso orientali Eichlerio lectum, ab typo recedit segmentis interioribus basi distincte auriculatis. 3. M. SOBOLIFERA, C. A. Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1834, 24; Kunth, Enum. iv. 150. Cormus minimus novus ad apicem sobolis erassi tunicati egrediens, tunicis interioribus 1-2 poll. supra collum productis. Folia 3 syuanthia linearia patula demum 3-4 poll. longa 3-4 lin.lata. Flores 1-2 vernales pallide lilacini; perianthii segmentorum lamina lanceolata acuta 9-12 lin. longa medio 13 lin. lata venis 6-10 percursa, basi in unguem at- tenuata exauriculata; ungues filiformes 1-11 poll. longi. Antherz ob- longz 1 lin. longe versatiles basi profunde sagittate, filamentis filiformi- bus 3-4 lin. longis basi incrassatis nectariferis. Styli apice recti. Capsula oblonga 8-9 lin. longa, valvis apice rostratis. Persia australis et borealis, Szovits! Haussknecht! Asia Minor, Aucher-Eloy 5368 ! 4. M. HasTULATA, Baker.—Bulbocodium hastulatum, Frivald. in Regens. Flora, 1836, 434; Act. Acad. Hung. 1837, t. 2.—B. trigynum, Nyman, Sylloge, 379, non Adam. Cormus minimus novus ad apicem so- bolis erassi tunicati egrediens, tunicis supra collum 1-2 poll. productis. Folia synanthia linearia. Flores solitarii pallide lilacini. Perianthii seg- menta lanceolata acuta l poll. longa medio 12 lin. lata venis circiter 10 percursa basi acute auriculata; ungues filiformes 1-1} poll. longi. Sta- mina distincte biseriata, antheris oblongis versatilibus 1 lin. longis, fila- mentis filiformibus 3-4 lin. longis basi incrassatis nectariferis. Styli sta- minibus zequilongi apice recti. Capsulam non vidi. Rumelia, Frivaldsky ! Ad M. soboliferam arcte accedit. 5. M. FILIFOLIA, Cambess. Enum. Balear. 147 ; Kunth. Enum. iv. 149 ; Lange, Fl. Hisp. i. 193.—M. Tinifolia, Munby, Pl. Alger. Exsic. No. 60. — Bulbocodium vernum, Desf. Fl. Atlant. i. 284, excl. syn.—B. baleari- cum, Nyman, Sylloge, 3/9. Cormus ovoideus 6-9 lin. crassus haud sobo- liferus, tunicis duris atrofuscis 1-2 poll. supra collum productis. Folia 6-10 anguste linearia paulo post flores emergentia, demum 3-4 poll. longa 1-14 lin. lata firma falcata canaliculata apice leviter cucullata. Flores solitarii autumnales; perianthii segmentorum laminis lanceolatis acutis roseo-lilacinis 1-14 poll. longis, medio 3-4 lin. latis venis 10-12 percursis, basi haud auriculatis, unguibus filiformibus laminis equilongis. Stamina laminis duplo breviora, antheris linearibus luteis basifixis 3-4 lin. longis, filamentis filiformibus zquilongis. Styli antheras superantes, apice stig- matoso recti capitati. Capsule vernales 6-12 lin. longe, pedunculo.1-5 22 440 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEH AND poll. longo przditz. Algeria in collibus arenosis, Balansa 37! 236 ! Munby 60! ete. Majorca, Cambessédes ! Maw! 6. M. ROBUSTA, Bunge in Reliq. Lehmann. 339; Walp. Ann. vi. 151. Cormus ovoideus 1 poll. crassus haud soboliferus, tunicis numerosis coria- ceis exsiccatis atrofuscis. Folia 5-7 vel plura synanthia lanceolata, mar- gine serrulato-scaberrima, exteriora demum semipedalia supra basin pollice dimidio latiora. Flores 2-4 vernales; perianthii segmentorum laminis oblanceolatis obtusis 10 lin. longis 3-4 lin. latis, unguibus filiformibus 21 lin. longis. Anther lineares basifixze 4 lin. longe, filamentis filiformibus 2 lin. longis. Styli 21 lin. longi, apice recti vix incrassati. Capsula ses- quipollicaris, pedunculo 3-4 poll. longo. In arenosis deserti Asie occiden- talis centralis, Lehmann. 7. M. ABvssiNICA, A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. ii. 337.—M. Schimperiana, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. No. 1126.—M. longispatha, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. No. 1167. Cormus ovoideus 6-9 lin. crassus haud soboliferus, tunicis brunneis membranaceis, interioribus 1-2 poll. supra collum productis. Folia 4-5 synanthia linearia acuta suberecta falcata tempore florendi 2-3 poll. longa. Flores 1-2 sstivales; perianthii seg- mentorum laminis acutis lanceolatis lilacinis 9-12 lin. longis 13-2 lin. latis, venis 6-8 percursis, basi haud auriculatis, unguibus 1 poll. vel ultra longis foliorum basibus occultis. Stamina laminis duplo breviora, antheris luteis linearibus basifixis 3 lin. longis filamentis filiformibus sequilongis. Styli stamina superantes apice stigmatoso curvati. Capsulam non vidi. In montanis Abyssinie, Schimper 306! 1196 ! 1167! Roth 106! 8. M. persica, Boiss. Diagn. xiii. 37.—M. Aitchisoni, Hook. fil. in Bot. Mag. t. 6012. Cormus ovoideus 9-12 lin. crassus haud soboliferus, tuni- cis brunneis membranaceis, interioribus 2-5 poll. supra collum productis. Folia 4-10 synanthia linearia acuta primum falcata demum patula 4-8 poll. longa 3-4 lin. lata. Flores 1-4 vernales; perianthii segmentorum laminis lanceolatis acutis pallide lilacinis 9-12 lin. longis 1-14 lin. latis venis 8-12 percursis, basi haud auriculatis, unguibus filiformibus laminis 2-3plo longioribus. Stamina laminis duplo breviora, antheris linearibus luteis basifixis 3-4 lin. longis filamento equilongis. Styli antheras supe- rantes, apice stigmatoso recti vel leviter curvati. Capsulz”oblonge 9-15 lin. longer. Teheran ad pedes montis Totschel, Kotschy 80. Afghanistan in pomariis ad Quettah, Griffith 5898! India orientalis in ditione Panjab, Vicary! Aitchison 1294! V. v. in Hort. Kew. 9. M. BurBocopruM, Ramond in Bull. Phil. No. 47. tab. 12. fig. 25 Red. Lil. t. 25; DC. Fl. Franç. ii. 196; Kunth, Enum, iv. 149 ; Gren. Fi. Franc. iii. 169.—Colchicum montanum, Linn. Sp. 485, quoad sy’. Clusii (Hisp. 266, t. 267; Hist. i. 201, cum iconibus).—Merendera mon- tana, Lange, Fl. Hisp. i. 193.—Bulbocodium autumnale, Lap. Pyr. 202. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEJE. 441 — Colchicum hexapetalum, Pourr. Chlor. Hisp. No. 1424.—Geophila py- renaica, Bergeret, Pyr. ii. 184. Cormus ovoideus 6-12 lin. crassus haud soboliferus, tunicis membranaceis brunneis supra collum longe productis. Folia 3 paulo post flores emergentia demum linearia falcata canaliculata 3- 4 poll.longa. Flores 1-2 autumnales; perianthii segmentorum laminis lanceolatis subacutis roseo-lilacinis 1-2 poll. longis 3-4 lin. latis venis 10-12 percursis, basi haud auriculatis, unguibus filiformibus 1-2 poll. longis. Stamina perianthio multo breviora, antheris linearibus luteis basifixis 6-9 lin. longis, filamentis filiformibus 3-6 lin. longis. Styli an- theras sepe superantes, apice stigmatoso recti subcapitati. Capsule ver- nales subglobosz 6-9 lin. long: glandulis fulvis minutis conspersz, pe- dunculo elongato przditz. Pyrenec et montes Hispania (Sierra Nevada, etc.) in regione alpina. Var. BULBOCODIOIDES, Baker.—Colchicum bulbocodioides, Brotero, Lust. 597 ; Phyt. Lust. 119, t. 50, non M. B.—Merendera bulbocodioides, Steud. Nomenc. 594; Kunth, Enum. iv. 149.—Bulbocodium colchicoides, Nym. Syll. 379.—B. Broteri, Welw. Pl. Lusit. Exsic. No. 384, ab typo vix recedit nisi habitu robustiore, floribus szepe majoribus, segmentorum lami- nis 2-3 poll. longis. In collibus calcareis Lusitanie (Serra de Cintra, etc.), Welwitsch 384! etc. 12. ANDROCYMBIUM, Willd. Willd. in Berl. Mag. ii. 21, t.2; Schult. fil. Syst. Veg. vii. 97 & 1526; Schlecht. in Linnea, i. 81; Endl. Gen. No. 1074; Kunth, Enum. iv. 153; Baker in Trimen’s Journ. 1874, 243.— Cymbanthes, Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 329; Gen. 54.—Ery- throstictus, Schlecht. in Linnea i. 90; Schult. fil. Syst. Veg. vii. 94 & 1524; Endl. Gen. No. 1070 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 154.—Melanthii sp. auctt. vett. Perianthium corollinum infundibulare 6-partitum, segmentis conformibus persistentibus conspicue unguiculatis, lamina lanceo- lata vel rhomboidea basi cucullata nectarifera. Stamina 6 inclusa velleviter exserta ad laminarum basin cucullatam inserta, fila- mentis filiformibus deorsum incrassatis, antheris oblongis bilocu- laribus extrorsis leviter versatilibus. Ovarium triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris superpositis, stylis liberis apice stigmatosis. Capsula oblonga vel globosa chartacea septicide trivalvis, carpellis dorso ventricosis, seminibus globosis, testa membranacea brunnea, albumine firmo. erbe bulbifere, bulbi tunicis duris brunneis, collo hypogeo producto, caule epigeo brevi vel nudo, foliis propriis confertis sepe vosulqtis, interioribus corymbum amplectentibus, re- 442 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEH AND liquis interdum difformibus pallidis pulchre striatis, floribus corym- ` bosis raro solitariis albidis viridibus vel purpurascentibus. Folia interiora ovata albida pulchre striata. 1. A. melanthioides. 2. A. subulatum. Folia interiora ovata subscariosa haud striata. Caulis supra terram productus. Folia segregata. 3. A. Dregei. Caulis supra terram nullus. Folia congesta. Folia apice circinata. 4. A. volutare. 5. A, circinatum. Folia apice recta. Parviflora. 6. A. leucanthum. 7. A. cuspidatum. 8. A. Burchellü. Grandiflora. 9. A. eucomoides. 10. A. Burkei. Folia interiora reliquis conformia lanceolata acuta. Capense. : 11. A. longipes. Mediterranea. 12. A. punctatum. 13. A. palestinum. 1. A. MELANTHIOIDES, Willd. in Berl. Mag. ii. 21, t. 2; Schlecht. in Linnea, i. 89; Kunth, Enum. iv. 153; Baker in Trimen’s Journ. 18/4, 244. Bulbus subglobosus 6-12 lin. crassus, tunicis exterioribus nigris firmis, collo hypogzo 1-3 poll. longo. Caulis supra terram sepissime breviter productus (1—4-pollicaris), foliis propriis 3-4 erecto-patentibus lanceolatis 4-8 poll. longis. Folia interiora (bractez) 4-9 corymbum occultantia oblonga vel lanceolata 2-3 poll. longa szpissime acuta albida scariosa venis viridibus vel demum brunneis perspicuis decorata. Corym- bus pauciflorus, pedicellis 3-6 lin. longis. Perianthium albidum 41-6 lin. longum, segmentis rhomboideis acutis ungue quam lamina 2-3plo breviore. Stamina demum exserta, antheris luteis lineari-oblongis 3-1 lin. longis. Pistillum floriferum perianthio zequilongum, stylis 2-3 lin. longis. C. B. Spei in solo humido, Zeyher 1719! MacOwan 464! Burke 285! etc. Transvaal, Dr. Atherstone! Var. ACAULE, Baker. Forma robusta, caule supra terram haud pro- ducto. In ditione Transvaal prope Pretoriam, Roe! (Bolus 3042). Var. A. STRIATUM, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. No. 1338 ; A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. ii. 336. Forma gracilis, caule produeto, foliis linearibus, brac- teis minoribus. Abyssinia in pratis prope Enschedcap, Schimper 1338! No. 323 anno 1853! 2. A. SUBULATUM, Baker in Trimen's Journ. 1874, 245. Bulbus glo- bosus 5-6 lin. crassus, tunicis exterioribus firmis nigrescentibus, collo hypo- geo vix pollicari. Caulis supra terram haud productus. Folia propri THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACE.E. 443 2-3 rosulata subulata ascendentia facie canaliculata 6-8 poll. longa. Folia interiora (bracteze) 3-6 corymbum occultantia oblonga albida 14-23 poll. longa venis crebris perspicuis decorata. Corymbus pauciflorus, pedi- cellis brevissimis. Perianthium albidum 6-7 lin. longum, segmentis rhom- boideis acutis, ungue lamine equilongo. Stamina breviter exserta, antheris luteis oblongis 4 lin. longis. Pistillum floriferum perianthio zequilongum. Africa australis in ditione Transvaal, Baines! 3. A. DnEGzrZ, Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 116; Walp. Ann. i. 875. Cormus subglobosus 22-3 lin. crassus, tunicis exterioribus atro-fuscis duris, collo hypogzeo 13-2 poll. longo. Caulis supra terram 6-12 lin. longus filiformis, foliis 4-5 linearibus graminoideis 1-4 poll. longis basi 1 lin. latis. Folia interiora minuta lanceolata basi dilatata. Corymbus 1-2-florus. Perian- thium viridulum 4 lin. longum, segmentorum lamina rhomboidea acuta, ungue quam lamina 2-3plo breviore. Stamina inclusa, antheris minutis. C. B. Spei, Drége 2705! 4. A. VOLUTARE, Burchell, Trav. i. 213. Bulbum non vidi ; collum hy- pogeeum 13-2 poll. longum. Caulis supra terram haud productus. Folia propria 2 rosulata lanceolata 2-4 poll. longa deorsum 6-9 lin. lata e basi ad apicem acuminatum circinatum sensim attenuata. Folia interiora pauca ovata navicularia corymbum occultantia haud striata obtusa vel sub- acuta 1}-2 poll. longa. Corymbus pauciflorus, pedicellis brevissimis. Perianthium albidum 6 lin. longum, segmentorum lamina rhomboideo- lanceolata, ungue filiformi laminz equilongo. Stamina breviter exserta, antheris lineari-oblongis 13 lin. longis. Capsula subglobosa, carpellis persistentibus uncinatis 3 lin. longis. C. B. Spei in ditione centrali de- serto, Burchell 1215 ! 1400! 5. A. CIRCINATUM, Baker. Bulbus parvus, caulibus pluribus cæspito- sis hypogzis 2-5 poll. longis. Caulis supra terram haud productus. Folia propria linearia rosulata canaliculata 2-3 poll. longa deorsum 2-3 lin. lata apice acuminata circinata. Folia interiora ovata corymbum occultantia inconspicue brunneo striata 1-2 poll. longa obtusa vel apice herbaceo pro- ducto predita. Corymbus pauciflorus, pedicellis brevissimis. Perian- thium 6-7 lin. longum, segmentorum lamina lanceolata, ungue applanato laminz zquilongo. Stamina lamine szequilonga, antheris 2 lin. longis. Pistillum floriferum perianthio zquilongum, stylis 3 lin. longis. C. B. Spei, Drége 2706 ! 6. A. LEUCANTHUM, Willd. in Berl. Mag.ii. 21; Schlecht. in Linnea, i. 87; Kunth, Enum. iv. 153; Baker in Trimen's Journ. 1873, 245.—A. eucomoides, Sweet, Brit. Flow, Gard. t. 165, non Wild.—Melanthium capense, Thunb. Prodr. 67; Fl. Cap. 338.—Anguillaria capensis, Spreng. Syst. ii. 146.—Androcymbium punctatum, Baker in Gard. Chron. 1874, 786. Bulbus ovoideus 6-9 lin. crassus, tunicis exterioribus duris nigres- centibus, collo hypogzeo 2-3 poll. longo. Caulis supra terram nullus vel brevissimus. Folia vetustate purpureo punctata, propria 2-3 ovata vel 44.4. MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEEZ AND lanceolata acuta 4-6 raro 8-9 poll. longa supra basin 1-14 poll. lata, in- teriora 2-4 ovata acuta 1-3 poll. longa haud striata. Corymbus pauci- florus vel multiflorus, pedicellis erassis 3-6 lin. longis. Perianthium albi- dum 6-8 lin. longum, segmentorum lamina rhomboideo-lanceolata, ungue laminz zquilongo. Stamina laminis zequilonga, antheris luteis 1 lin. lon- gis. Carpella coriacea ventricosa in stylos sensim attenuata. C. B. Spei, Sieber 125, Burchell 5628! Zeyher 122! 1720! Drége 2709! Harvey 101! ete. Basuta-land, Cooper 3311! 7. A. CUSPIDATUM, Baker in Trimen’s Journ. 1874, 245. Bulbum non vidi; collum hypogzum 13-2 poll. longum. Caulis supra terram haud productus. Folia propria 1-2 rosulata lanceolata patula acuta 2-3 poll. longa, interiora 3-4 corymbum occultantia, extima ovato-lanceolata e basi ad apicem sensim attenuata, intima scariosa 9-12 lin. longa haud striata ad apicem cuspidatum herbaceum late rotundata. Corymbus pauciflorus, pedicellis brevissimis. Perianthium viridulum 8-9 lin. longum, segmen- torum lamina lanceolata, ungue applauato lamina squilongo. Stamina lamiuz zquilonga, antheris lineari-oblongis flavis 14-2 lin. longis. Pis- tillum floriferum perianthio zequilongum, stylis 4 lin. longis. C. B. Spei, ad ripas fluminis Reed, Burchell 1376! 8. A. BurcHELLII, Baker in Trimen’s Journ. 1874, 246. Bulbum non vidi; collo hypogzo 14-2 poll. longo. Caulis supra terram haud produc- tus. Folia propria 2 rosulata patula ovato-lanceolata obtusa 23-3 poll. longa supra basin 12-15 lin. lata. Folia interiora 2 corymbum occultan- tia subrotunda obtusa 12-15 lin. longa haud striata. Corymbus pauci- florus, pedicellis brevissimis. Perianthium viridulum 7-8 lin. longum, segmentorum lamina lanceolato-deltoidea, ungue applanato quam lamina paulo longiore. Stamina distincte exserta, antheris lineari-oblongis 2 lin. longis. C. B. Spei, in ditione deserti centralis, Burchell 1401 ! 9. A. EUcoMOIDEs, Willd. in Berl. Mag. ii. 21; Schlecht. in Linnea, 1,89; Kunth, Enum. iv. 153; Baker in Trimen's Journ. 1874, 245.— Melanthium eucomoides, Jacq. Ic. ii. 22, t. 452 ; Bot. Mag. t. 641.—Cym- banthes foetida, Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc.i.329. Bulbus globosus 9-12 lin. crassus, tunicis exterioribus duris atro-fuscis, collo hypogzo 2-3 poll. longo. Caulis supra terram nullus. Folia propria 2-4 lanceolata acuta interdum pedalia, supra basin 2-3 poll. lata. Folia interiora 2-4 ovata acuta haud striata 2-4 poll. longa. Corymbus multiflorus, pedicellis crassis 6-12 lin. longis. Perianthium viridulum 9-15 lin. longum, seg- mentorum lamina rhomboideo-lanceolata, ungue applanato laminze zequi- longo. Stamina breviter exserta, antheris lineari-oblongis 2-3 lin. longis. Capsula subglobosa pollicaris, carpellis ventricosis, stylis persistentibus 5-6 lin. longis. C. B. Spei, Burchell 1339! 1395! Drége 2710! etc. 10. A. BunkEr, Baker in Trimen’s Journ. 1874, 246. Bulbum non THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACE JE. 445 vidi. Caulis supra terram haud productus. Folia exteriora 4-5 lineari- lorata erecta firma distincte costata 8-12 poll. longa supra basin 6-9 lin. lata ad apicem acutum sensim attenuata. Folia interiora plura ovata sca- riosa haud striata cuspidata 15-2 poll. longa. Corymbus pauciflorus, pedi- cellis brevissimis. Perianthium 12-13 lin. longum, segmentorum lamina lanceolata, ungue laminz :equilongo. Stamina inclusa, antheris 4 lin. longis. Capsula oblonga, stylis 5-6 lin. longis. C. B. Spei ad ripas flu- minis Vaal, Burke ! 11. A. LONGIPES, Baker in Trimen's Journ. 1874, 246. Bulbus globo- sus 6-8 lin. crassus, collo hypogeo 2 poll. longo. Caulis supra terram haud productus. Folia propria 4-5 rosulata lanceolata patula 6-9 poll. longa supra basin 8-10 lin. lata e basi ad apicem acuminatum sensim attenuata. Folia interiora exterioribus conformia sed multo minora haud striata. Co- rymbus pauciflorus, pedicellis brevissimis. Perianthium 12-15 lin. longum, segmentorum lamina lanceolato-deltoidea, ungue lineari quam lamina duplo longiore. Stamina inclusa, antheris oblongis 4 lin. longis. Pistillum flo- riferum inclusum, stylis 4 lin. longis. C. B. Spei in ditione Somerset, Bowker ! 12. A. PUNCTATUM, Baker.—Melanthium punctatum, Cav. Anal. Cienc. Nat. iii. 49, t. 26. fig. 1; Ic. vi. 64, t. 588. fig. ].—M. gramineum, Cav. Anal. l. c. ; Ic. vi. 64, t. 587. fig. 1.—M. angustifolium, Willd. in Berl. Mag. ii. 23.—Erythrostictus punctatus e£ gramineus, Schlecht. in Linnea, i. 90; Kunth, Enum. iv. 154-155.—E. europeus, Lange Fl. Hisp. i. )92. Bulbus ovoideus 6-9 lin. erassus, tunicis exterioribus firmis brunneis, collo hypogeo 2-5 poll. longo. Caulis supra terram haud productus, foliis 6-10 dense rosulatis lanceolatis acuminatis firmis ascendentibus 4-6 poll. longis, interioribus reliquis conformibus, basi interdum 9-12 lin. latis. Corymbus multiflorus, pedicellis brevissimis. Perianthium pollicare lila- cinum, segmentorum lamina oblonga 2 lin. lata venis 6-8 percursa, ungue laminz zequilongo. Stamina inclusa, filamentis 3 lin. longis, antheris ob- longis 1 lin. longis. Capsule chartaceze oblongo-globose ventricose 8-9 lin. longe, stylis persistentibus 3-4 lin. longis. Mauritania prope Moga- dore etc., Hooker & Ball! Herb. Cosson! Blackmore! Algeria, Kralik ! Hispania meridionalis prope Almeriam, Lange 141!—M. cRAMINEUM, Cav. (M. angustifolium, Willd.), est forma mera foliis linearibus. Flo- ratio vernalis. 13. A. PALEESTINUM, Baker.—Erythrostictus palestinus, Boiss. MSS. Bulbus ovoideus 6-9 lin. crassus, tunicis exterioribus firmis nigrescentibus, collo hypogeeo 13-2 poll. longo. Caulis supra terram nullus vel brevissi- mus, foliis 6-10 rosulatis ascendentibus linearibus vel lanceolatis acumi- natis 2-3 poll. longis, interioribus reliquis conformibus, basi 4-8 lin. latis. Corymbus pauciflorus, pedicellis brevissimis. Perianthium lilacinum 8-9 lin. longum, segmentorum lamina oblongo-lanceolata 2 lin. lata, ungue 446 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEX AND quam lamina subduplo breviore. Stamina lamina subduplo breviora, antheris parvis oblongis. Pistillum inclusum, stylis filiformibus ovario longioribus. Capsulam maturam non vidi. Palestina prope Hierosolymam, Dr. Roth! Jericho, Lowne! Engedi, Hayne! Floratio vernalis. 13. Bmomerra, Salisb. Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 333 (nomen); Gen. 54; Kunth, Enum. iv. 162; Endl. Gen. No. 1077.—Kolbea, Schlecht. in Linnea, i. 80.—Jania, Schultes fil. Syst. Veg. vii. 98 & 1528.— Tulip sp., Zinn.—Melanthii sp., Jacq. Perianthium firmum infundibulare 6-partitum, segmentis lan- ceolatis zqualibus caducis distincte unguiculatis, ungue quam lamina duplo breviore. Stamina 6 inclusa ad laminarum basin inserta, filamentis subulatis, antheris lineari-oblongis versatilibus dorsifixis extrorsis. Ovarium sessile cylindricum triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris, stylis nullis, stigmatibus tribus minutis uncinatis. Capsula coriacea cylindrico-triquetra septicide trivalvis, semi- nibus perpluribus compressis, testa brunnea membranacea, albumine firmo, embryone minuto. 1. D. coLUMELLARIs, Salisb. et Kunth, loce. citt.—Tulipa Breyniana, Linn. Sp. edit. ii. 438.—Melanthium uniflorum, Jacq. Ic. ii. 21, t. 450; Ker in Bot. Mag. t. 767.—M. zthiopicum, Thunb. Desr. in Lam. Encyc. iv. 29.—Kolbea Breyniana, Schlecht. loc. cit.—Jania Breyniana, Schultes fil., loc. cit. Herba erecta glabra semipedalis vel pedalis. Bulbus globo- sus 6-9 lin. crassus, tunicis exterioribus membranaceis nigrescentibus. Folia 6-8 firma segregata persistentia falcata linearia sessilia margine ciliata, inferiora 6-9 poll. longa deorsum 3-6 lin. lata, superiora sensim minora. Flores 1-6 laxe spicati. Perianthium 6-9 lin. longum, intus flavum, extus rubellum. Stamina laminis duplo breviora, filamentis basi purpurascentibus. Capsula 12-21 lin. longa, 2-22 lin. diam. C. B. Spei, Masson! Oldenburg! Burchell 6769 ! Drége 307! Bolus 2836! Mader 184! etc. 14. DrPrpax, Lawson. Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 330 (nomen) ; Gen. 54.— Melan- thium, Linn. fil. ex parte; Schlecht. in Linnea, i. 80; Schultes Jil. Syst. Veg. vii. No. 1541; Kunth, Enum. iv. 155. Flores hermaphroditi. Perianthium 6-partitum caducum, seg- mentis oblanceolatis zequalibus obscure unguiculatis flore expanso patentibus. Stamina 6 perigyna segmentis breviora, filamentis subulatis basi applanatis, antheris minutis oblongis versatilibus dorsifixis extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. ^ Ovarium THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEZ. 447 sessile obovoideum triloculare, ovulis in loculo erebris superpo- sitis; styli 3 liberi subulati faleati apice stigmatosi. Capsula chartacea obovoidea septicide trivalvis, seminibus globosis, testa brunnea membranacea, albumine firmo, embryone minuto. Herbe glabre caulescentes, bulbo tunicis membranaceis vestito, foliis paucis angustis superpositis, floribus spicatis haud bracteatis. Folia plana margine ciliata ........................ l. D. ciliata. Folia subulata glabra |... e ua 2. D. triquetra. l. D. cinraTa, Baker.—Melanthium ciliatum, Linn. Suppl. 213; Thunb. Prodr. 67; Fl. Cap. 338; Schlecht. in Linnea, i. 83; Schultes “fil. Syst. Veg. vii. 1544; Kunth, Enum. iv. 156.—M. capense, Willd. Sp. ii. 267 ; Lam. Ill. t. 269.—Wurmbea purpurea, Drége, Exsic., non Dryand. Bulbus globosus 6-9 lin. crassus, tunicis membranaceis atrocastaneis, collo hypogzo 2-3 poll. longo. Caulis 3-12-pollicaris, sursum sæpe puberulus. Folia producta 3 eaulem amplectentia firma margine ciliata, inferiora lan- ceolata vel lineari-lanceolata 2-6 poll. longa deorsum 6-9 lin. lata, supre- mum multo minus. Flores multi vel pauci dense spicati. Perianthium 3-6 lin. longum, albidum vel rubro tinctum, segmentis oblanceolatis 4-1 lin. latis haud foveolatis, vetustate brunneo-punctatis. Stamina segmen- tis subduplo breviora, antheris oblongis 4 lin. longis. Ovarium turbinatum acute angulatum, stylis 1-14 lin. longis. Capsula semipollicaris apice obtusa umbilicata, ad latera apicibus carpellorum szpe obscure cornuta. C. B. Spei in pratis et inundatis.—MELANTHIUM BLANDUM, Soland. MSS., est forma foliis lineari-lanceolatis, floribus paucis parvis secundis.— M. secunpvuM, Desr., Kunth, Enum. iv. 156, est forma similis perianthii segmentis basi utrinque denticulo praditis—M. Beret, Schlecht. ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 157, est forma nana foliis linearibus floribus paucis pal- lidis.—M. cRaciLE, Desr., Kunth, loc. cit., est forma gracilis uniflora foliis linearibus; et M. LURIDUM, Soland. MSS., est forma foliis brevibus oblongis floribus densis brunneis. Var. M. Garnotrianum, Kunth, Enum. iv. 157. Folia lanceolata. Perianthii segmenta albida, supra unguem brevem foveolis vel maculis dua- bus nectariferis przedita. C. B. Spei.—M. RuBIcuNDUM, Willd., Kunth, Enum. loc. cit., ab Garnotiano solum recedit perianthii segmentis rubro tinctis.—M. ca RULEUM, Ecklon, est forma similis perianthii segmentis ceruleo tinctis; et M. MARGINATUM, Schlecht., et M. SCHLECTENDA- LIANUM, Schultes fil., forme foliis ovato-oblongis perianthii segmentis albis basi maculato-foveolatis. 2. D. rriavETRA, Baker.—D. rosea, Salisb. loc. cit.—Melanthium triquetrum, Linn. fil. Suppl. 213; Thunb. Prodr. 67; Fl. Cap. 340; Schlecht. in Linnea, i. 86; Schultes fil. Syst. Veg. vii. 1547; Kunth, Enum. iv. 157.—M. junceum, Jacq. Ic. ii. 21, t. 451; Bot. Mag. t. 558. 448 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACE AND Bulbus globosus longicollis, tunicis membranaceis brunneis. Caulis l-14- pedalis. Folia 3 superposita glabra subulata, infimum pedale vel ultra, superiora multo minora prope caulis apicem imposita, basi valde dilatata. Spica 1-6-pollicaris superne densa. Perianthium 6 lin. longum, segmentis albis oblanceolatis obtusis 2-3 lin. latis 8-12-nervatis basi maculis duabus nectariferis purpureis przditis. Stamina segmentis subduplo breviora, antheris oblongis purpureis 4 lin. longis. Ovarium parvum oblongum, stylis tribus subulatis faleatis 1 liu. longis. Capsule carpella dorso magis rotundata quam in D. ciliata. | C. B. Spei in pratis et locis inundatis, Masson! Bowie! Hort. Kew, anno 1802! etc. 15. Buncuannia, R. Brown. R. Brown, Prodr. Fl. Austral. 273; Endlich. Gen. No. 1069; Kunth, Enum. iv. 164; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 33. Perianthium firmum albidum 6-partitum rotatum deciduum, segmentis zequalibus oblanceolato-oblongis flore expanso patulis. Stamina 6 hypogyna, filamentis linearibus perianthio brevioribus, antheris oblongis leviter versatilibus prope basin affixis extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile triloculare tri- quetro-ampulleforme, ovulis in loculo pluribus superpositis, car- pellis in stylos breves sensim angustatis, stigmatibus tribus mi- nutis faleatis. Capsula coriacea oblongo-triquetra septicide tri- valvis, seminibus multis minutis compressis, testa membranacea brunnea, albumine firmo, embryone minuto. l. B. UMBELLATA, R. Br. loc. cit. ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 164; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 33.—B. multiflora et congesta, Lindl. Veget. Swan River, 58. Herba gracilis glabra erecta 1-2-pedalis, cauli basi vix incrassato bulboso foliis scariosis haud productis cincto, fibris radicalibus cylindricis. Folia producta 3-4 segregata, inferiora linearia 6-9 poll. longa, superiora multo minora lanceolata. Caulis szepissime simplex, interdum furcatus. Flores pauci vel plures in umbellam dispositi, pedicellis strictis 3—30 lin. longis, bracteis firmis linearibus 13-6 lin. longis, raro majoribus. Perianthium 4-6 lin. longum extus rubro tinctum, segmentis obtusis 13-2 lin. latis. Filamenta 2 lin. longa. Capsula 5-6 lin. longa. Tasmania et Australia temperata occidentalis et orientalis.—B. MULTIFLORA, Lindl., est forma robusta occidentalis, caule sæpe furcato, foliis 5-6 inferioribus pedalibus, pedicellis elongatis. 16. OnNrrHOGLOSSUM, Salisb. Salisb. Parad. t. 54; Gen. 54; Schlecht. in Linnea, i. 81; Kunth, Enum. iv. 163.—Lichtensteinia, Willd. in Berl. Mag. V. 20.—Cymation, Spreng. Syst. ii. 142.—Melanthii sp., Linn. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEE. 449 Perianthium firmum 6-partitum, segmentis equalibus linearibus supra unguem foveolatis flore expanso equaliter vel oblique recur- vatis persistentibus. Stamina 6 hypogyna, filamentis filiformibus medio leviter incrassatis, antheris oblongis versatilibus dorsifixis extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile obo- voideum obtusum triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris superpositis, stylis tribus elongatis filiformibus apice stigmatosis. Capsula chartacea obovoidea obtusa tarde loculicide trivalvis, seminibus globosis, testa crassa carnosa, albumine firmo, embryone minuto. 1. O. cLAvcuM, Salisb. et Kunth, loce. citt.—O. viride, Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew. edit. 2, ii. 327.—Melanthium viride, Linn. Suppl. 213; Thunb. Prodr. 67; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 233; Bot. Mag. t. 994.— Lichtensteinia levigata, Willd. loc. cit.—Cymation levigatum, Spreng. loc. cit. Herba erecta glabra glauca semipedalis vel pedalis, cormo tunica membranacea vestito predita, collo 2-3 ‘poll. longo. Caulis 3-6-pollicaris, foliis 4-6 praeditus, inferioribus crebris lanceolatis acutis 4-6 poll. longis 9-12 lin. latis margine planis, superioribus minoribus lanceolatis. Flores plures cernui suaveolentes in raceinum laxum dispositi, pedicellis floriferis patulis, fructiferis deflexis, inferioribus 1-2 poll. longis, bracteis parvis foliaceis linearibus. Perianthium purpureum 4-6 lin. longum, segmentis subregu- lariter reflexis. Stamina perianthio subduplo breviora. Styli 2-3 lin. longi. Capsula 6-9 lin. longa. C. B. Spei ab ditione australi, occiden- tali et orientali ad Transvaal, Masson! Drége! Chapman & Baines! Burchell 1502! ete. Var. GRANDIFLORUM, Baker. Forma robusta pedalis vel sesquipedalis, foliis latis margine planis, pedicellis reflexis, floribus majoribus segmentis 9-12 lin. longis facie pallidioribus unilateraliter recurvatis, staminibus de- clinatis perianthio paullo brevioribus, stylis 9-15 lin. longis. C. B. Spei, Burchell 1283! 2023.! Drége! Zeyher 1724! etc. Var. MADAGASCARIENSIS, Baker. Pedalis vel sesquipedalis, foliis infe- rioribus linearibus margine planis, racemo laxo pedicellis floriferis et fructi- feris ascendentibus, inferioribus 2-23 poll. longis, floribus parvis atropur- pureis, staminibus perianthio triplo brevioribus. Madagascaria in locis aquosis provincie Emirna, Hilsenberg et Bojer! Var. uxDULATUM, Baker.—Lichtensteinia undulata, Willd. in Berl. Mag. ii. 20.—Ornithoglossum undulatum, Spreng. Cur. Post. 143; Sweet, Brit. Flow. Gard. t. 131.—O. Lichtensteinii, Schlecht. in Linnea, i. 91 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 163. Semipedalis, foliis lanceolatis margine crispatis, caule brevi, pedicellis inferioribus deflexis, floribus var. grandiflori. C.B. Spei, Drége! Zeyher 1721! Ad ripas fluminis Pamka, Burke! Var. ZeYHERI, Baker. Forma nana foliis pluribus linearibus congestis valde crispatis, caule obsoleto, floribus parvis corymbosis pedicellis ascen- dentibus folia haud eminentibus. C. B. Spei, Zeyher 1723! 450 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEE AND 17. IPHIGENIA, Kunth. Kunth, Enum. iv. 213; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 30.—Hypoxi- dopsis, Steud. in Hohen. Pl. Can. No. 1313.—Notocles, Salisb. Gen. 54.—A nguillarie et Melanthii sp. auctt. vett. Perianthium 6-partitum, segmentis caducis equalibus linearibus vel oblanceolatis obscure unguiculatis facie haud foveolatis flore expanso patulis. Stamina 6 hypogyna, filamentis leviter applanatis quam segmenta brevioribus, antheris minutis oblongis versatilibus prope basin affixis bilocularibus extrorsum longitudinaliter dehis- eentibus. Ovarium oblongum vel obovoideum obtusum sessile triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus superpositis, stylis tribus brevibus faleatis apice oblique internestigmatosis. Capsula char- tacea oblonga vel obovoidea leviter suleata loculicide trivalvis, seminibus minutis globosis, testa brunnea membranacea, raphe valida, albumine firmo, embryone minuto. erbe glabre caules- centes, cormo parvo tunicis membranaceis predite, foliis paucis se- gregatis graminoideis, floribus atropurpureis vel albidis parvis soli- tariis vel corymbosis, bracteis linearibus foliaceis. Perianthium atropurpureum, segmentis lineari-subulatis 1. I. indica. Perianthium albidum, segmentis oblanceolatis venis pluribus se- gregatis percursis. 2. I. pallida. 3. I. nove-zelandic. 4. I. guineensis. 1. I. 1npica, Kunth et Benth. loce. citt.; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 74.— Melanthium indicum, Linn. Mant. 226 ; Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 268.—An- guillaria indica, R. Br. Prod. 273; Wall. Pl: Asiat. Rar. iii. 37, t. 259.— Hypoxidopsis pumila, Steud. loc. cit.—Anguillaria Heyneana, Wall. Cat. No. 5086. Cormus globosus 5 6 lin. erassus, tunicis brunneis membra- naceis, collo hypogeo 1-2 poll. longo. Caulis flexuosus 3-9-pollicaris, foliis 4-6 linearibus, inferioribus semipedalibus 2-6 lin. latis, superioribus sensim minoribus. Flores sepissime pauci (interdum ad 27, teste Salis- burio) corymbosi, pedicellis strictis ascendentibus 1-2 poll. longis, bracteis parvis linearibus foliaceis. Perianthium atropurpureum 3-4 lin. longum, segmentis lineari-subulatis unguiculatis flore expanso patulis vel reflexis. Stamina perianthio triplo breviora. Capsula obovoidea 6-9 lin. longa, stylis minutis faleatis atropurpureis. India orientalis tropicalis et subtem- perata in montibus Himalaya ad 6000-7000 pedes ascendens. Burma, Wallich! Zeylania, Thwaites 3680! Australia borealis, Bowman ! etc.— ANGUILLARIA HEgvNEANA, Wall. Cat. No. 5086, est forma mera robusta. —I. RACEMOSA, Kunth, Enum. iv. 213 (Melanthium racemosum, Roth), est THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACE.X. 451 forma parviflora, foliis lineari-subulatis.—I. ? caR1CINAM, Kunth, loc. cit. (Melanthium caricinum, Roth), non vidi. 2. I. PALLIDA, Baker. Cormus globosus 5-6 lin. crassus, tunicis brun- neis membranaceis, collo hypogæo 1-13 poll. longo. Caulis supra terram 3-4-pollicaris flexuosus, foliis productis sæpissime 4 linearibus graminoideis 13-3 lin. latis, inferioribus 3-4 poll. longis. Flores 1-4 corymbosi, pedi- cellis ascendentibus 3-18 lin. longis, bracteis linearibus foliaceis. Perian- thium albidum 3-43 lin. longum, segmentis oblanceolatis acutis 1-14 lin. latis venis crebris pereursis. Stamina segmentis triplo breviora, antheris pallidis filamento quadruplo brevioribus. Ovarium minutum obovoideum, stylis brevissimis liberis faleatis. India orientalis tropicalis in ditione Concan, Ritchie! Stocks! Law! 3. I. Nov.g-ZELANDLE, Baker. Cormus ovoideus 3 lin. crassus, tuni- cis brunneis membranaceis, collo hypogæo pollicari. Caulis supra terram polliearis uniflorus, foliis productis 2-3 linearibus 2-3 poll. longis. Peri- anthium albidum 2-23 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis acutis venis 6-8 longitudinalibus percursis. Stamina segmentis paulo breviora, antheris albidis subglobosis. Ovarium minutum obovoideum, stylis tribus liberis subulatis. Insula Nova Zelandia, Lyall! Armstrong! 4. I. GUINEENSIS, Baker.—Melanthium guineense, Welw. Herb. Cor- mus 4 lin. crassus, tunicis brunneis membranaceis, collo hypogæo l-14- pollieari. Caulis semipedalis, foliis 2 linearibus 2-3 poll. longis instructus Flores 3 corymbosi, pedicellis strictis ascendentibus 12-18 lin. longis. Perianthium 4 lin. longum albidum purpureo tinetum, segmentis oblanceo- latis obscure unguieulatis. Stamina segmentis triplo breviora, antheris pallidis minutis. Ovarium minutum, stylis tribus falcatis liberis subulatis. Angola, Welwitsch 1625-1626 ! 18. ANGUILLABIA, R. Br. : R. Br. Prodr. 27 3; Kunth, Enum.iv.158; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 29, Flores polygami vel omnes hermaphroditi. Perianthium fir- mum 6-partitum, segmentis lanceolatis equalibus sepe supra basin glandula hippocrepiformi foveolatis flore expanso patulis. Sta- mina 6 hypogyna segmentis breviora, filamentis linearibus, antheris minutis oblongis versatilibus dorsifixis extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium obovoideum obtusum, ovulis in loeulo crebris superpositis, stylis filiformibus liberis vel basi coalitis, apice interne stigmatosis. Capsula obovoidea triquetra chartacea loculicide trivalyis, seminibus globosis, testa brunnea membra- nacea, albumine firmo, embryone minuto. Herbe glabre caules- centes, bulbo tunicis membranaceis vestito, foliis paucis angustis 452 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACE.E AND superpositis, floribus spicatis raro solitariis haud bracteatis pallidis persistentibus. ; Flores polygami, stylis liberis ..................... 1. A. dioica. Flores hermaphroditi, stylis basi coalitis......... 2. A. densiflora. 1. A. nrorca, R. Br. Prodr. 273; Kunth, Enum. iv. 158 ; Hook. fil. FI. Tasm. ii. 46; Endl. Icon. t. 35 Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 29.—A. biglandu- losa et uniflora, R. Br. et Kunth, locc. citt.—A. australis, F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 74.—A. monantha, Endl. in Preiss. i. 45.—Melanthium Brownii, Schlecht. in Linnea, i. 86.—Pleea Sieberi, Reich. in Sieb. Pl. Exsic. No. 156. Bulbus ovoideus 3-6 lin. crassus, tunicis brunneis membranaceis, collo hypogzo 1-3 poll. longo. Caulis 3-12-pollicaris gracilis leviter flexuosus, foliis 3-4 productis linearibus vel lineari-subulatis basi dilatatis, interioribus 3-6 poll. longis. Flores polygami vel hermaphroditi pauci spieati vel raro solitarii. Perianthium 3-6 lin. longum, segmentis lanceo- latis sepissime supra basin glandula nigricante hippocrepiformi foveolatis. stamina perfecta segmentis 2-3plo breviora. Ovarium sepe staminibus imperfectis cinetum, stylis liberis 1-14 lin. longis. Tasmania et Australia occidentalis et orientalis.—A. UNIFLORA, R. Br., est forma mera nana uni- flora; A, BIGLANDULOSA, R. Br., forma floribus hermaphroditis, segmen- torum foveola medio diffracta. 2. A. DENSIFLORA, Benth. Fl. Ausiral. vii. 29, Bulbus globosus 1 poll. erassus, tunieis copiosis brunneis. Caulis semipedalis, foliis tribus linearibus basi dilatatis, inferioribus 2-3 poll. longis. Flores hermaphro- diti 3-6 dense spicati. Perianthium 4-5 lin. longum, segmentis lanceo- latis facie haud foveolatis. Stamina segmentis paulo breviora, antheris oblongis 4 lin. longis. Styli 13 lin. longi deorsum coaliti. Australia occidentalis, Murchison ! Gray. 19. SaxpERsONIA, Hook. Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 4716; Harv. Cape Genera, edit. ii. 408. Perianthium corollinum gamophyllum globoso-urceolatum, tubo basi 6-saccato, segmentis 6 deltoideis vel lanceolatis squalibus erectis. Stamina 6 hypogyna, filamentis filiformibus, antheris lineari-oblongis demum versatilibus extrorsum dehiscentibus. Ovarium triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris superpositis; stylus filiformis, stigmatibus tribus subulatis faleatis intus stigmatosis. Fructus ignotus. Herbe erecte glabre, rhizomate tuberoso Glo- rios, caulibus inferne nudis superne crebre foliatis, foliis firmis alternis sessilibus apice acuminatis haud cirrosis, floribus singulis exaxillis foliorum superiorum productis luteis vel purpurascentibus, pedicellis apice cernuis. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACE E. 453 Perianthii segmenta magna lanceolata ......... 1. S. littonioides. Perianthii segmenta parva deltoidea ............ 2. S. aurantiaca. l. S. LirroNt0oi1DES, Welw.; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. i. 262. Caulis sesquipedalis, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis 2-4 poll. longis deorsum 9-12 lin. latis. Pedicelli 1-2 poll. longi. Perianthium auran- tiaco-purpureum 8-9 lin. Jongum, segmentis lanceolatis quam tubus quadruplo longioribus facie maculis atropurpureis decoratis. Stamina perianthio duplo breviora, antheris 13 lin. longis. Ovarium oblongum 3-4 lin. longum ; stylus ovario zquilongus apice tricuspidatus. Angola in ditione Pungo Andongo in sylvis alt. 2400-3800 pedum, Welwitsch ! 2. S. AURANTIACA, Hook. loc. cit. Caulis 1-2-pedalis, foliis linearibus vel lanceolatis 3-4 poll. longis, deorsum 3-9 lin. latis. Pedicelli 6-12 lin. longi. Perianthium aurantiacum 9-12 lin. longum, segmentis brevissimis deltoideis. Genitalia 3 lin. longa. Natal et Kaffraria, Sanderson! Suther- land! Gerrard 527! &c. 20. Leucocrinum, Nuttall. Nuttall, MSS.! A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 150; ege. Enum. iv. 150; S. Wats. Bot. 40th Parall. 349, t. 36. . 1-3. Perianthium corollinum albidum hypocrateriforme marcescens, tubo cylindrico apiee infundibulari, segmentis 6 lanceolatis flore €xpanso patulis tubo multo brevioribus. Stamina 6 ad faucem tubi inserta, filamentis filiformibus, antheris lineari-oblongis basi- fixis margine dehiscentibus post feecundationem spiraliter tortis. Ovarium globosum triloculare ad basin tubi-sessile, ovulis in loculo pluribus biseriatis ; stylus filiformis ex tubo protrusus, stigmate capitato trigono. Capsula parva globoso-triquetra, seminibus in loculo 5-6 atris turgidis. l. L. monranom, Nuttall et auctt. loce. citt. Herba acaulis perennis glabra, rhizomate obliquo, fibris radicalibus pluribus cylindricis, tunicis PNE ibus supra collum productis lanceolatis hyalinis. Folia plura line- aria erecta persistentia canaliculata 4-6 poll. longa 13 lin. lata, margine cartilaginea. Flores 4-8 suaveolentes, pedicellis brevissimis, bracteis linea- ribus hyalinis. Perianthium album, tubo 2-3 poll. longo, segmentis 6-9 lin, longis venis 6-8 segregatis percursis. Stamina segmentis breviora, antheris 2 lin. longis, Capsula 3-4 lin. longa et lata coriacea, valvis dorso haud ventricosis. California et Montes Scopulosi Americe borealis, Nuttall! Fremont 380! Parry 349! &e. Floratio vernalis. Var. Masor. Folia subpedalia. Perianthii tubus 4-pollicaris, limbo expanso 2 poll. lato. Nevada, teste S. Watson loc. cit. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 2k 454 MR. J. Œ. BAKER ON COLCHICACEX AND 21. WELDENIA, Schult. fil.* Schult. fil. in Bot. Zeit. 1829, i.t. 1A ; Syst. Veg. vii. 1136; Kunth, Enum. iv. 152. Perianthium corolinum album hypocrateriforme marcescens, tubo longo cylindrico, segmentis tribus obovatis obtusis flore ex- panso patulis quam tubus multo brevioribus. Stamina 6 ad faucem tubi inserta segmentis breviora, filamentis filiformibus, antheris lanceolatis basi profunde sagittatis affixis, extrorsum. longitudin- aliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium oblongum sessile triloculare, ovulis in loculo 3-4; stylus filiformis ex tubo protrusus; stigmate capi- tato trigono. Fructus ignotus. 1. W. CANDIDA, Schultes, fil. loc. cit. Herba acaulis tripollicaris, ra- dice ignota, tunicis interioribus supra collum productis hyalinis. Folia plura erecta glabra lanceolata 2 poll. longa, deorsum 4-6 lin. lata, inte- riora gradatim angustiora. Flores fere 40 in centro foliorum subsessiles,. singuli spatha tubulosa membranacea hyalina cincti. Perianthii tubus 23 poll. longus ex spatha demum 1 poll. protrusus; limbus expansus polli- caris, segmentis circiter 6 lin. longis 4 lin. latis. Filamenta alba 2 lin. longa. Mexico ad montem Nevado de Toluca, Karwinski. Non vidi. 22. MirrrGaAN1A, Hook. fil. Hook. fil. in Hook. Kew Journ. v. 296, t. 9; Fl. Tasm. ii. 61; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 25. Perianthium membranaceum persistens campanulatum basi ga- mophyllum, segmentis oblongo-lanceolatis multinervatis flore ex- panso patulis vel reflexis. Stamina 0 minuta perigyna, filamentis filiformibus, antheris globosis bilocularibus suberectis secus mar- gines longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium globosum sessile triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus superpositis; styli basi solum vel pæne ad apicem coaliti, apice stigmatosi. Capsula parva membranacea globosa loculicido-trivalvis; seminibus linearibus apice appendiculatis, testa nigra crustacea, albumine carnoso, em- bryone elongato cylindrico. Herbe cespitose sepissime pilose, Soliis pluribus linearibus vel lanceolatis, radicalibus dense rosulatis, caulinis paucis reductis, floribus sepissime copiose paniculatis par- vis albidis, bracteis lanceolatis, pedicellis inarticulatis. Habitus Astelie; recedit floribus hermaphroditis, perianthio basi gamo- phyllo, fructu capsulari etc. * Since the above was written, Mr. C. B. Clarke has procured the original type specimen from the Brussels herbarium ; and the plant proves not to belong to Liliaceæ at all, but to be identical with LaxrnA, Benth., in Commelynace®. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEJE, 455 Styli basi solum coaliti. Panicula laxa. Folia linearia ................«.. 1. M. longifolia. Panieula densa. Folia lanceolata............... 2. AM. densiflora. Styli apice solum liberi. Elores pauci corymbosi. Perianthii tubus oblongus. 9. M. Johnstoni. Flores multi paniculati. Perianthii tubus brevissimus. 4. M: stylosa. l. M. tonerroxia, Hook. fil. & Benth. loce. citt. Herba perennis 1-2- pedalis, rhizomate crasso, collo setis foliorum delapsorum coronato. Folia radicalia rosulata linearia membranacea l-3-pedalia, basi 3-6 lin. lata, utrinque viridia, pilis mollibus patentibus prædita. Caulis 2-1-pedalis dense lanosa, foliis paucis reductis instructis. Panicula laxa semipedalis vel peda- lis, ramis ascendentibus pilosis flexuosis inferioribus valde compositis, pedi- cellis 1-4 lin. longis, bracteis ultimis lanceolatis 3-4 lin. longis. Perian- thium 3 lin. longum, segmentis ascendentibus quam tubus triplo longi- oribus, flore expanso patulis. Stamina minutissima, antheris subglobosis. Styli faleati, basi solum coaliti, Capsula globosa 2 lin. longa in perianthio persistente inclusa. Tasmania ad rupes calcareas, Milligan! Gunn! ete, 2. M. pensirLora, Hook. fil. Fl. Tasm. ii. 62; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 26. Herba perennis pedalis vel sesquipedalis, rhizomate crasso, collo setis haud coronato. Folia radicalia rosulata lanceolata semipedalia vel pedalia subcoriacea utrinque viridia pilis paucis deciduis presertim ad margines instructa, basi 1 poll. lata. Caulis semipedalis dense albido- pilosus, foliis 1-2 reductis erectis praeditus. Panicula densa semipedalis, ramis ascendentibus pilosis, inferioribus valde compositis, pedicellis nullis vel brevissimis, bracteis lanceolatis 3-4 lin. longis. Perianthium 4 lin. longum, segmentis quam tubus pilosus triplo longioribus, flore expanso patulis. Stamina minutissima, antheris subglobosis. Styli falcati basi solum coaliti. Capsula globosa, in perianthii persistentis tubo inclusa. Tasmania ad Montes Sorrel et Lapeyrouse, Milligan! Oldfield! 3. M. Jounsront, F, Muell. in Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 26. Herba perennis 2-3-pollicaris, rhizomate crasso. Folia erecta subcoriacea lanceolata acuta utrinque viridia glabra 1 poll. longa. Caulis gracilis pol- licaris tenuiter adpresse albido pilosus. Flores 3-6 corymbosi albidi, odore hyacinthini, pedicellis subnullis, bracteis magnis lanceolatis flores suboccul- tantibus. Perianthium 4 lin. longum, segmentis faleatis tubo oblongo *quiongis. Stamina minutissima, antheris subglobosis, Stylus apice : breviter tricuspidatus, Capsula in perianthii tubo inclusa. Tasmania in alpibus fluminis Huon, Johnston ! 4. M, srYLosa, F, Muell, in Benth, Fl, Austral, vi, 27. Herba per- 2x2 456 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACE/E AND ennis erecta sesquipedalis, rhizomate crasso duro. Folia radicalia rosulata lanceolata semipedalia vel pedalia acuminata basi 1 poll. lata, facie glabra viridia, dorso albo-incana, margine dense ciliata. Caulis 6—9-pollicaris breviter lanosus, foliis paucis reductis lanceolatis striatis instructus. Pa- nicula subdensa semipedalis, ramis ascendentibus pilosis, inferioribus valde compositis, pedicellis 2-4 lin. longis, bracteis ultimis scariosis lanceolatis 3 lin. longis. Perianthium 2 lin. longum, post anthesin e basi reflexum, tubo brevissimo, segmentis lanceolatis. Stamina perianthio paulo bre- viora. Capsula glabra globosa 14 lin. longa, stylo 1 lin. longo apice breviter tricuspidato. Tasmania ad cacumen montis Lapeyrouse, Oldfield ! Stuart ! 23. BursoconruM, Linn. Linn. Gen. No. 407 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 145 (excl.sp.); Endlich. Gen. No. 1085. Perianthium corollinum infundibulare 6-partitum, segmentis conformibus oblanceolatis longe unguiculatis, unguibus filiformi- bus diu conniventibus. Stamina 6 inclusa ad basin laminarum inserta subuniseriata, filamentis filiformibus, antheris biloculari- bus lineari-oblongis versatilibus basi sagittatis. Ovarium sessile triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris superpositis ; stylus simplex elongatus apice trieuspidatus, ramis stigmatosis subulatis faleatis. Capsula oblonga coriacea septicide trivalvis, carpellis apice rostra- lis, seminibus pluribus turgidis, testa membranacea brunnea ad umbilieum incrassata, albumine corneo, embryone cylindrico. Herba acaulis, habitu Colchici, cormis magnis tunicatis, novellis sessilibus, foliis synanthiis, floribus vernalibus lilacinis. 1. B. vernum, Linn. Sp. 422; Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 153; Red. Lil. t. 197; Schult. fil. Syst. vii. 1134; Kunth, Enum. iv. 146 (excl. syn.) ; Gren. Fl. France, iii. 169; Reich. Ie. Germ. fig. 953-955. Cormus ovoi- deus 6-9 lin. crassus, tunicis multis brunneis membranaceis, interioribus 1-2 poll. supra collum productis. Folia producta szpe 3 synanthia lan- ceolata, demum lorata 6-9 poll.longa medio 6-9 lin.lata. Flores 1-3 ver- nales vel estivales, lilacini; lamina lanceolata 1—2 poll. longa obtusa vel subacuta 3-6 lin. lata venis 15-30 percursa, basi sepissime auriculata ; ungues filiformes 2-3 poll. longi. Antherze lineari-oblongze 1 3-2 lin. longe, filamentis filiformibus 3-6 lin. longis basi incrassatis nectariferis. Stig- mata 3-6 lin. longa. Capsule oblongz 1 poll. longe, carpellis apice ros- tratis. Alpes Delphinatás, Sabaudie et Helvetia. Var. B. VERSICOLOR, Spreng. Syst. ii. 40; Kunth, Enum. iv. 147.— Colchicum versicolor, Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 571, excl. syn. Clusii.—B. ruthe- nicum, Bunge, Ind. Sem. Dorp. 1837, 11; Kunth, Enum. iv. 146; Led. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEX. 457 Ross. iv. 206 : est varietas gracilis, foliis angustioribus, floribus minoribus. Rossia meridionalis, Transylvania, Hungaria —B. EDENTATUM, Schur Transyl. 678; Verh, Sieber Verein, 1851, 163, t. 6. fig. 1, 2, est forma hujus varietatis auriculis laminarum nullis. 24. Gronrosa, Linn. Linn. Gen. No. 418; Schultes, fil. Syst. Veg. vii. 29 et 365.— Methonica (.Herm.), Juss. Gen. 48; Endlich. Gen. No. 1099; Kunth, Enum. iv. 275.—Clinostylis, Hochst. in Flora, 1844, 26. Perianthium corollinum 6-partitum persistens, segmentis sub- æqualibus lanceolatis vel oblongis acutis, unguis lateribus incurva- tis, flore expanso reflexis. Stamina 6 hypogyna segmentis breviora, filamentis filiformibus, antheris lineari-oblongis versatilibus dorsi- fixis extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile oblongum obtusum triloculare, ovulis in loculo erebris superpo- sitis; stylus elongatus simplex filiformis a basi deflexus, ramis tribus faleatis subulatis intus stigmatosis. Capsula magna coriacea oblonga septicide trivalvis, seminibus globosis magnitudine’pisi, testa laxa coccinea intus spongiosa, albumine duro, embryone cylindrieo. Herbe glabre elongate sursum scandentes, tubere magno furcato tunica membranacea predite, foliis sessilibus oppo- sitis vel ternatis costatis ovato-lanceolatis vel lanceolatis raro line- aribus apice acuminatis circinato-cirriferis, floribus corymbosis magnis speciosis sepissime rubro-luteis. Perianthii segmenta valde crispata 3-4 lin. lata. 1. G. superba, Perianthii segmenta plana 6-9 lin. lata ......... 2. G. virescens. Perianthii segmenta plana 12-18 lin. lata. ...... 3. G. abyssinica. l. G. SUPERBA, Linn. Sp. Plant. 437; Bot. Reg. t.77; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 129; Reich. Exot. t.51; Wight, Ic. t. 2047.—G. angulata, Schum. Besk. Guin. 171.—Methonica superba, Lam. Ency. iv. 133; Red. Lil. t. 26; Kunth, Enum. iv. 976. Herba glabra late scandens 10-20-pedalis, caule sursum flexuoso, Folia sessilia oblongo-lanceolata semipedalia 6-24 lin. lata apice circinato-cirrifera opposita vel terna. Flores plures laxe corymbosi, pedicellis cernuis 2—4 poll. raro 6-12 poll. longis basi foliis magnis singulis bracteatis. Perianthium 2-3 poll. longum, segmentis lau ceolatis valde crispatis medio 3—4 lin. latis sursum splendide rubris deor- sum luteis. Filamenta 18-21 lin. longa, antheris 6-8 lin. longis. Ova- num 6-9 lin. longum, stylo 12-2 poll. longo, ramis 3-4 lin. longis. Cap- sula bipollicaris et ultra. India orientalis ad 5000 pedes ascendens, Zey- lania, Birma, Malaya, Borneo, Siam, Guinea, Angola, Natal, Zambesi-land. G. Dontana, Schultes fil. Syst. vii. 366 (Methonica Doniana, Kunth, Enum. loc. cit.), est forma humilis uniflora. 458 MR, J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEE AND Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Folia linearia 3-4 lin. lata. Perianthii segmenta medio 2-3 lin. lata. Africa tropicalis occidentalis ad ripas fluminis Ro- vuma, Dr. Meller! 2. G. virescens, Lindl. in Bot. Mag. t. 2539 ; Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 4938.—G. superba, var. 8, Lam. Encyc. iv. 133.—Methoniea virescens, Kunth, Enum. iv. 277.—M. Plantii hort., Fl. des Serres, t. 865.—M. Pe- tersiana, Klotzsch in Peters’s Reisen. Mossamb. t. 54.—M. platyphylla, Klotzsch in Peters’s Reisen. Mossamb. t. 55. Habitus et folia omnino G. superbe. Perianthium 13-23 poll. longum, segmentis oblanceolatis sub- planis medio 5-6 lin. latis rubro-luteis (M. Plantii hort.) vel luteo-vires- centibus (M. virescens, Lindleyi originale). Filamenta segmentis sub- duplo breviora, antheris 4-43 lin. longis. Stylus 12-18 lin. longus, ramis 3-4 lin. longis. Africa tropicalis occidentalis et orientalis, Natal, Trans- vaal, C. B. Spei. G. cxRULEA, Mill. Dict. edit. vi. No. 2 (G. simplex, Linn. Mant. 62), est species eadem floribus ex exemplis cultis incompletis ab Adansonio in Senegambia lectis male dictis czeruieis. Var. GRANDIFLORA, Baker. (Methonica grandiflora, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5216; Ill. Hort. viii. 273), est forma tropicalis floribus majoribus, peri- anthii segmentis 3-34 poll. longis medio 8-9 lin. latis, antheris 8-9 lin. longis. Guinea ad Grand Bassa, Vogel! Fernando Po, Mann! Ad ripas Nili albi, Petherick! M. Leopoupir, Lemaire in Fl. des Serres, t. 163- 164, est forma similis floribus luteis. 3. G. ABYSSINICA, A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. ii. 322.—Clinostylis speciosa, Hochst. in Flora, 1844, 26. Humilior et minus scandens quam species altera. Folia oblongo-acuminata 12-18 lin. lata. Perianthii segmenta plana oblonga medio 12-18 lin. lata acuta basi cuneata. Filamenta polli- caria, antheris 5-6 lin. longis. Abyssinia in montibus, Schimper 346! 1437 ! Quartin-Dillon & Petit ! etc. 25. Lirronta, Hook. Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 4723; Harvey, Cape Gen. edit. ii. 403. Perianthium corollinum 6-partitum, segmentis equalibus lan- ceolatis acutis planis diu ascendentibus. Stamina 6 hypogyna inclusa, filamentis filiformibus, antheris lineari-oblongis dorsifixis versatilibus extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium oblongum triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris superpositis ; sty lus erectus filiformis, ramis tribus faleatis subulatis intus stigmatosis. Capsula oblonga coriacea septicido-trivalvis, seminibus rubris nitidis globosis. Habitus et folia omnino Gloriose ; solum recedit stylo erecto, perianthii segmentis flore expanso haud reflexis. l. L. monesta, Hook. loc. cit. Herba glabra superne scandens, caule THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACES. 459 suleato. Folia oblongo-lanceolata vel lanceolata apice circinato-cirri- fera, centralia 3-4na 4-5 poll. longa 9-15 lin. lata. Flores ex axillis folio- rum superiorum solitarii, pedicellis 1-2 poll. longis apice cernuis. Peri- anthium flavum 9-15 lin. longum, segmentis acutis medio 3-4 lin. latis. Filamenta 3-4 lin. longa, antheris filamento subduplo brevioribus. Ova- rium 3 lin. longum ; stylus ovario zquilongus, stigmatibus falcatis 1 lin. longis. Natal, Kaffraria, Transvaal. 26. HELONIOPSIS, 4. Gray. | A. Gray, Bot. Jap. 416 ; Miquel in Ann. Mus, Lugd. Bat. ii. 146.—Sugerokia, Miguel, “Versl. en Med. K. Akad. Wet. ser. 2, ii. 88 ;”” Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 144.—Scillæ sp., Thunb. Perianthium firmum viridulum 6-partitum persistens diu cam- panulatum, segmentis oblanceolatis subequalibus laxe multiner- vatis. Stamina 6 hypogyna vel obscure perigyna, filamentis fili- formibus perianthio zquilongis, antheris bilocularibus oblongis leviter versatilibus extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile depresso-globosum triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris; stylus clongatus subulatus, stigmate capitato peltato. Capsula chartacea septicido-trivalvis, seminibus in loculo per- multis minutis utrinque vel basi caudatis. Herbe glabre rhizo- matose, foliis radicalibus subpetiolatis oblanceolatis dense rosula- tis membranaceis. multinervatis, pedunculis foliis paucis reductis amplectentibus praeditis, floribus parvis persistentibus racemosis vel corymbosis, pedicellis inarticulatis ebracteatis. Pedicelli perianthio breviores .................... 1. HM. breviscapa. Pedicelli perianthio squilongi | ............. e 2. H. umbellata. Pedicelli perianthio longiores. Semina utrinque caudata .................. «^4. 9. H. japonica. Semina apice exappendieulata.................. 4. H. pauciflora. l. H. Breviscapa, Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Imp. Petr. vi. 211; Franch. et Savat. Enum. Jap. ii. 87.—H. japonica, Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lug. Bat. lii. 146, ex parte. Rhizoma breve crassum praemorsum. Folia plura oblan- ceolata tempore florendi 3-6 poll. longa 8-9 lin, lata basi longe angustata. Caulis 4-8-pollicaris, foliis 3-4 reductis preditus. Racemus densus brevis 4-6-florus, pedicellis 13-2 lin. longis. Perianthium 4-43 lin. longum, segmentis obtusis 12 lin. latis. Stamina brevissime exserta, antheris ob- longis 1 lin. longis. Stylus purpureus exsertus 3-33 lin. longus. Cap- sulam non vidi. Japonia in monte; ignivomo Wurzen Maximowicz! 460 MR. I. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEEE AND H. GRANDIFLORA, Franch. § Sav. Enum. Jap. ii. 88 & 529, ex icone Japo- nica citata, vix differt nisi floribus paulo majoribus. 2. H. UMBELLATA, Baker in Trimen Journ. 1874, 278. Rhizoma breve gracile. Folia plura oblanceolata mucronata tempore florendi 13 poll. longa 5-6 lin. lata, ad basin angustata. Caulis 2}-5-pollicaris, foliis 4-5 reductis praeditus. Flores 3-10 umbellati, pedicellis 4—4; lin. longis. Pe- rienthium 3-3} lin. longum, segmentis obtusis vix 1 lin. latis. Stamina brevissime exserta, antheris oblongis 4 lin. longis. Stylus exsertus 3 lin. longus. Capsulam non vidi. Formosa, Swinhoe! 3. H. sapontca, Mazim. in Bull. Acad. Petrop. vi. 211 ; Franch. § Savat. Enum. Jap. ii. 87.—Scilla japonica, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 137 ; Icon. Dec. iv. t. 4; Kunth, Enum. iv. 330.—Sugerokia japonica, Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lug. Bat. iii. 145. Rhizoma gracile elongatum premorsum. Folia oblan- ceolata tempore florendi 3-4 poll. longa 1 poll. lata. Caulis 1-2-pedalis, folis reductis 3-4 preditus. Racemus brevis 4-6-florus, pedicellis flore sepissime longioribus. Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum. Stamina exserta, antheris oblongis. Stylus 5-6 lin. longus. Semina utrinque longe appen- diculata. Japonia in sylvis humidis regionis montane, Maximowicz! Buerger! Savatier 1239, etc. 4. I. 'PAUCIFLORA, A. Gray, Bot. Jap. 146; Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Petrop. vi. 211; Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lug. Bat. ii. 146, ex parte. Rhi- zoma gracile const Folia oblanceolata 3-4 poll. longa, | poll. lata, basi longe angustata. Caulis 1-2-pedalis, foliis paucis reductis instructus. Racemus laxus pauciflorus, pedicellis 6-9 lin. longis. Perianthium 6 lin. longum. Stamina perianthio equilonga. Stylus semipollicaris. Semina apice haud appendiculata. Japonia ad Cape Romanzoff, Small! 27. Hewarpra, Hook. Hook. Ic. t. 858 ; Hook. fil. Fl. Tasm. ii. 41 ; Benth. Fl. Austral. vil. 25, non J. Smith. Perianthium sub-6-partitum persistens purpureum, segmentis lanceolatis acutis flore expanso stellato-patentibus. Stamina 3 perigyna ad basin segmentorum interiorum inserta, filamentis brevibus leviter applanatis, antheris bilocularibus erectis basi- fixis ligulatis extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile ampulleforme, ovulis in loculo pluribus; stylus brevis cylindrieus, stigmatibus tribus crassis falcatis. Capsula oblonga coriacea loculicide trivalvis. Semina ignota. Ad Irideas accedit staminibus exterioribus obsoletis et foliis distichis duris equi- tantibus. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 461 l. H. TAsMANICA, Hook. loc. cit. Rhizoma crassum durum, fibris radi- calibus gracilibus. Folia radicalia plura disticha equitantia erecta rigide coriacea linearia 3-6 raro 12 poll. longa 2-3 lin. lata. Caulis 3-12-polli- caris uniflorus, foliis 3-4 lanceolato-navicularibus scariosis 1-3 poll. longis praditus, supremis suboppositis Jridis spatham simulantibus. Perian- thii segmenta saturate purpurea linearia acuta 12-18 lin. longa, 3-4 lin. lata. Genitalia perianthio triplo breviora. Anthere 3 lin. longs. Tas- mania in ericetis et montanis. 28. Uvvurann, Linn. Linn. Gen. No. 412 (excl. sp.); Schultes fil. Syst. Veg. vii. 80 & 367; Endl. Gen. No. 1080; Kunth, Enum. iv. 200. Perianthium corolinum 6-partitum diu campanulatum cadu- cum, segmentis subzqualibus lanceolatis acutis laxe multinervatis. Stamina 6 hypogyna inclusa, filamentis brevibus applanatis, an- theris elongatis linearibus basifixis extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus, connectivo supra loculos plus minusve producto obtuso vel acuto. Ovarium sessile vel breviter stipitatum ovoi- deum triloculare, ovulis in loculo paucis vel pluribus; stylus fili- formis profunde trifurcatus, ramis subulatis faleatis introrsum longitudinaliter stigmatosis. Capsula coriacea triquetra loculicide trivalvis, seminibus globosis, testa brunnea membranacea, albumine corneo, embryone minuto. Herbe erecte sepissime glabre, rhizo- mate reptante gracili, fibris radicalibus cylindricis cespitosis, caulibus gracilibus superne ramosis, foliis latis membranaceis mul- tinervatis alternis perfoliatis vel amplexicaulibus, floribus paucis segregatis breviter pedicellatis terminalibus vel axillaribus teneris luteis. Folia distincte perfoliata. Perianthium intus papillosum. Connectivum longe productum. 1. U. perfoliata. Perianthium intus haud papillosum. Connectivum breviter productum ............ eee eene nennen 2. U. grandiflora, Folia sessilia hand ‘perfoliata. Folia utrinque viridia margine ciliata......... 3. U. puberula. Folia subtus glauca margine nuda. 4. U. sessilifolia. 5. U. floridana. l]. U. PERFOLIATA, Linn. Sp. 437 ; Smith, Exot. Bot. i. 95, t. 49; Bot, Mag.t. 255; Kunth, Enum. iv. 200; A. Gray, Fl. N. States, edit. v. 528, 462 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND —U. perfoliata var. minor, Micha. Fl. i. 199; Red. Lil. t. 184. Herba erecta glabra subpedalis, caule superne fureato. Folia 6-12 perfoliata ob- longa subacuta membranacea viridia 14-3 poll. longa subtus pallidiora. Flores 1 vel pauci cernui terminales, pedicellis 3-6 lin. longis. Perian- thium 9-15 lin. longum pallide flavum, segmentis lanceolatis acutis 2-3 lin. latis intus valde papillosis. Antheræ 5-6 lin. longe, connectivo an- gusto supra loculos distincte producto. Stylus 5-6 lin. longus profunde trifidus antheras haud superans. Capsula sessilis obverse deltoidea trun- cata 3-4 lin. longa. America borealis orientalis a Canada ad Carolinam, in sylvis frequens. U. FLAVA, Smith, Exot. Bot. i. 97, t. 50, est forma floribus majoribus saturatioribus. U. LANCEOLATA, Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. i. 434, est forma mera angustifolia. 2. U. GRANDIFLORA, Smith, Exot. Bot. i. 95. t. 51; Bot. Mag. t. 1112; Kunth, Enum. iv. 201; A. Gray, Fl. N. States, edit. v. 528.—U. perfo- liata, var. major, Miche. Fl. i. 199; Red. Lil.t. 184. Habitus omnino U. perfoliate, sed paulo robustior. Folia oblonga membranacea perfoliata glabra 2-4 poll. longa. Flores 1-3 terminales, pedicellis 6-9 lin. longis. Perianthium pallide flavum 15-18 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis acutis 3-4 lin. latis intus haud papillosis. Antheræ 6-8 lin. longa, connectivo lato breviter producto. Stylus antheras haud superans. Capsula sessilis globoso-triquetra semipollicaris. America borealis orientalis a Canada ad Carolinam et Georgiam. 3. U. PuBERULA, Miche. Fl. i. 199; Sweet, Brit. Flow. Gard. ser. ii. t. 21; Kunth, Enum. iv. 202, ex parte; A. Gray, Fl. N. States, edit. v. 528, non Smith nec Richards. Caulis subpedalis, ramis 2-4. Folia 6-15 oblonga sessilia 14-2 poll. longa acuta vel cuspidata firmiora quam in spe- ciebus alteris, utrinque viridia, margine ciliata. Flores pauci terminales vel axillares, pedicellis 3-9 lin. longis. Perianthium subpollicare, segmen- tis 13-2 lin. latis intus haud papillosis. Antherze 41-5 lin. longz, connec- tivo angusto longe producto. Stylus antheras parum superans. Capsula sessilis late oblongo-triquetra acuta 1 poll. longa. In syivis Virginie et Ca- roline, Curtis! ete. 4. U. SESSILIFOLIA, Linn. Sp. 437; Smith, Exot. Bot. i. 101, t. 525 Bot. Mag. t. 1402; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1262; Kunth, Enum. iv. 201; A. Gray, Fl. N. States, edit. v. 528. Caulis glaber semipedalis vel pedalis, ramis 2-4. Folia 6-15 oblonga sessilia membranacea acuta lj-3 poll. longa, basi angustata, infra subglauca. Flores 1-3 axillares vel terminales, pedicellis cernuis 6-9 lin. longis. Perianthium 8-12 lin. longum pallide flavum, segmentis lanceolatis medio 13-2 lin. latis, intus haud papillosis. Anthere 4-5 lin. longz, connectivo lato breviter producto. Stylus anthe- ras superans ad apicem segmentorum pæne attingens, ramis parte integra subduplo brevioribus. Capsula oblongo-triquetra distincte stipitata. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEX. 463 Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Canada, et Saskatchewan ad Caro- linam. 5. U. FLORIDANA, Chapm. Fl. S. States, 487. Caulis glaber 4-6-pol- licaris. Folia oblonga sessilia membranacea 1 poll. longa subtus glauca. Flores terminales. Perianthium 8 lin. longum pallide luteum, segmentis lineari-lanceolatis intus haud papillosis. Antherze lineares, connectivo di- stincte producto. Pistillum perianthio subduplo brevius. Florida cen- tralis in sylvis umbrosis, Chapman. Species exclusa. U. CIRRHOSA, Thunb, = Fritillaria japonica, Miquel. 29. Triorrt1s, Wallich. Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nep. ii. 61, t. 46; Kunth, Enum. iv. 278; Endl. Gen. No. 1081; Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Imp. Pé. vi. 208.—Compsoa, D. Don, Prodr. Nep. 51.— Compsanthus, Spreng. Cur. Post. 137.—Uvulariæ sp., Thunb. Perianthium corollinum 6-partitum diu campanulatum, seg- mentis lanceolatis acutis caducis, exterioribus basi saccatis necta- riferis, omnibus flore expanso falcatis. Stamina 6 hypogyna vel obscure perigyna, filamentis filiformibus perianthio subæquilongis apice undique divergentibus, antheris linegri-oblongis dorsifixis versatilibus extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. | Ovarium sessile triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris superpositis; stylus rectus filiformis sursum trifurcatus, ramis bifidis subulatis lon- gitudinaliter stigmatosis. Capsula coriacea lineari-triquetra sep- ticide trivalvis, seminibus minutis planis uniseriatis, testa laxa atrobrunnea, embryone minuto. Herbe caulescentes haud bulbi- Sera, fibris radicalibus cespitosis, foliis multis latis multinervatis amplexicaulibus vel subsessilibus, floribus corymbosis vel racemosis inodoris sepissime albido-purpureis conspicue purpureo maculatis. Folia basi profunde córdato amplexicaulia. Caulis pilis patentibus vestitus .................. 1. Z.: hirta. Caulis puberulus. Perianthium albido-purpureum punctatum. 2. T. pilosa. 3. T. latifolia. Perianthium flavum impunctatum ......... 4. T. flava. Folia basi sessilia haud amplexicaulia. Folia oblonga -e ea aee: 5. T. macropoda. Folia lanceolata .......... visa Pes je PH ees .. 6. T. formosana. 464 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEE AND l- T. HIRTA, Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 5355.—Uvularia hirta, Thunb. Jap. 136.—T. japonica, Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lug. Bat. ii. 155; Mazim. in Bull. Acad. Péters. vi. 208; Franch. & Sav. Enum. Jap. ii. 74. Caulis 1-3-pedalis, pilis mollibus albidis patulis ubique vestitus. Folia oblonga cuspidata cordato-amplexicaulia 4-6 poll. longa utrinque viridia tenuiter pilosa. Flores 6-15 racemosi vel subcorymbosi, plerique ex axillis foho- rum magnorum orti, pedicellis pilosis 6-12 lin. longis. Perianthium sub- pollicare, segmentis albidis exterioribus 3-4 lin. latis maculis magnis pur- pureis ubique decoratis. Filamenta perianthio æquilonga. Ovarium gla- brum vel hirtum 5-6 lin. longum; stylus stigmatibus brevior. Japonia in sylvis umbrosis late disseminata. 9, T. PILosa, Wall. Tent. Nep. ii. 52; Kunth, Enum. iv. 279; Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 4955; Flore des Serres, t. 1219.—T. elegans, Wall. loc. cit. sub t. 46; Wall. Cat. 600.—Campsoa maculata, D. Don, Prodr. Nep. 51. Caulis 2-4-pedalis subtiliter pilosus. Folia oblonga cuspidata cor- dato-amplexicaulia 4-6 poll. longa utrinque viridia tenuiter pilosa. Flores multilaxe corymbosi, bracteis omnibus minutis vel abortivis, vel corymbi rami infimi ex axillis foliorum magnorum interdum orti. Perianthium 8-9 lin. longum, segmentis albidis maculis magnis purpureis ubique decoratis. Filamenta perianthio equilonga. Ovarium glabrum 4-5 lin. longum. Stylus stigmatibus duplo brevior. Capsula 12-15 lin. longa, 3-4 lin. diam. Himalaye orientalis regio subtemperata, Wallich 600! Griffith 5867 ! Hook. fil. & Thomson! ete. 3. T. LATIFOLIA, Mazim. in Bull. Acad. Imp. Péters. vi. 209 ; Franch. et Sav. Enum. Jap.ii.74. Caulis glaber flexuosus 2-3-pedalis. Folia glabra profunde cordato-amplexicaulia late oblonga cuspidata vel suprema ore 4-6 poll. longa medio 2-3 poll. lata. Flores pauci in corymbum termina- lem bracteis parvis dispositi, pedicellis erectis puberulis. Perianthium sub- pollicare, segmentis albidis punctis minutis purpureis ubique decoratis, exterioribus 3 lin. latis. Ovarium glabrum 41-5 lin. longum; stylus stigmatibus equilongus. Capsula 12-15 lin. longa. Japonia, Tschonoski ! Savatier 2197, 4. T. FLAVA, Mazim. in Bull. Acad. Imp. Péters. vi. 208 ; Franch. et Savat. Enum. Jap. ii. 75. Caulis humilis sursum obscure puberulus. Folia oblongo-lanceolata acuminata cordato-amplexicaulia. Inflorescentia racemosa, pedicellis axillaribus flore subbrevioribus. Periantbium flavum haud punctatum. Stylus stigmatibus æquilongus. Japonia in hortis ad Yedo solum visus, Maximowicz (non vidi), 5. T. MACROPODA, Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lug. Bat. iii. 155; Maxim. Bull. Acad. Péters. vi. 208; Regel, Gartenfl. t. 613; Franch. et Sav. Enum. Jap. ii. 74; Fl. des Serres, t. 1820. Caulis 2-3-pedalis deorsum glaber sursum puberulus. Folia oblonga acuta 4-5 poll. longa 13-2 poll. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 465 lata sessilia vel brevissime petiolata basi rotundata utrinque viridia facie glabra dorso pubescentia. Flores in corymbum laxum dispositi, bracteis plerisque minutis, pedicellis puberulis 9-12 lin. longis. Perianthium 9-10 lin. longum albido-purpureum punctis minutis purpureis decoratum. Stylus 3 lin. longus, stigmatibus dense glandulosis duplo brevior. Cap- sula glabra 12-16 lin. longa. Japonia in sylvis ad Nagasaki, Maximo- wiez! Buerger! Savatier 1304. China in ditione Kewkiang, Shearer ! 6. T. FORMOSANA, Baker. Caulis pedalis flexuosus, deorsum glaber, superne obscure puberulus. Folia pauca sessilia oblanceolata acuta, basi cuneata, inferiora 4-5 poll. longa, medio 9-12 lin. lata, utrinque viridia, facie glabra, dorso ad veuas exsculptas hispidula, suprema oblonga breviora. Flores pauci in corymbum laxum bracteis parvis lanceolatis dispositi vel . ramum infimum ex folii magni oblongi axilla ortum, pedicellis ultimis bre- vibus apice cernuis. Perianthium albido-purpureum vix punctatum 9-10 lin. longum. Filamenta perianthio paulo breviora. Ovarium glaber 4-41 lin. longum; stylus 2 lin. longus, stigmatibus equilongus. Capsula 9-12 lin. longa. Formosa, Oldham 570! 30. KREYSIGIA, Reich. Reich. Icon. Exot. iii. 18, t. 229; Kunth, Enum. iv. 209 ; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 32.—-Tripladenia, D. Don in Proc. Linn. Soc. 1839, 46.—Schelhammere sp., Lodd. Perianthium campanulatum corollinum 6-partitum, segmentis equalibus oblanceolatis obtusis laxe multinervatis haud foveolatis nec unguieulatis preefloratione induplicativis supra basin margine glanduliferis. Stamina 6 hypogyna perianthio breviora, filamen- tis brevibus linearibus, antheris oblongis basifixis bilocularibus extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile glo- bosum triloeulare, ovulis in loculo 2-4 superpositis; stylus pro- funde tricuspidatus, ramis subulatis faleatis intus stigmatosis. Fructus subbaccatus demum loculicide trivalvis, seminibus supra convexis, subtus angulatis, ad hilum strophiolatis, testa mem- branacea, albumine corneo, embryone minuto. 1. K. MULTIFLORA, Reich. loc. cit.; Bot. Mag. t. 3905; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 71.—Tripladenia Cunninghami, D. Don, loc. cit.—Schelham- mera multiflora, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1511, non R. Br. Herba perennis glabra, rhizomate firmo nodoso, caulibus flexuosis gracilibus 1-2-pedalibus multifoliatis. Folia laxa alterna sessilia membranacea oblonga acuta 2-4 poll. longa costata, venis multis parallelis, basi rotundata, utrinque viridia, Pedunculi ex axillis foliorum multorum producti 1-2- raro 3-flori 4-8 lin. 466 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACER AND longi, pedicellis strictis 9-12 lin. longis basi bracteis linearibus 3-4 præ- ditis. Perianthium 3-4 lin. longum lilacinum raro album segmentis basi utrinque glandulis stipitatis 2-4 luteis instructis. Genitalia perianthio subduplo breviora. Fructus 3-4 lin. diam. Australia orientalis tem- perata, 91. SCHELHAMMERA, R. Br. R. Br. Prodr. 274; Kunth, Enum. iv. 210; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 31. Perianthium campanulatum corollinum 6-partitum, segmentis subequalibus lanceolatis acutis basi foveolatis margine haud glan- duliferis prefloratione induplicativis. Stamina 6 subhypogyna perianthio breviora, filamentis brevibus leviter applanatis, anthe- ris oblongis basifixis bilocularibus extrorsum longitudinaliter de- hiscentibus. Ovarium sessile globosum triloculare, ovulis in loculo paucis superpositis; stylus profunde tricuspidatus, ramis subulatis intus stigmatosis. Fructus subbaccatus tarde loculicide trivalvis, seminibus turgidis ad hilum strophiolatis, testa brunnea membranacea, albumine corneo, embryone minuto. .Herbe per- ennes glabre, rhizomate gracili, caulibus gracilibus cespitosis, Joliis latis sessilibus membranaceis alternis supremis solum 2—4- nalis, floribus parvis lilacinis pedicellatis ad apices ramorum soli- tariis vel umbellatis. Flores solitarii vel gemini........................... 1. S. undulata. Flores ul: umDellah .......... cerise rere 2. S. multiflora. 1. S. UNDULATA, R. Br. Prodr. 274; Bot. Mag. t. 2719; Kunth, Enum. iv. 211; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. /1; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 31. | Caules gracillimi dense czespitosi 2-8 poll. longi, basi ssepe decumbentes. Folia 4-5 oblonga acuta 1-2 poll. longa membranacea utrinque viridia, suprema sepissime opposita. Flores ex axilla foliorum superiorum solitarii vel gemini, pedicellis 6-12 lin. longis, fructiferis erectis. Perianthium 3-4 lin. longum, segmentis oblanceolatis. Stamina perianthio duplo breviora. Ovula in loculo 4-6. Fructus 4-5 lin. diam. Australia orientalis temperata. 2. S. MmuLTIFLORA, R. Br. Prodr. 2/4; Kunth, Enum. iv. 211; F, Muell. Fragm. vii. 72 ; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 32. Caules 3-9 poll. longi simplices vel ramosi. Folia 6-8 oblonga acuta 1-3 poll. longa chartacea utrinque viridia, suprema 3-4 na. Flores ex axillis foliorum superiorum multi umbellati, pedicellis 3-12 lin. longis, fructiferis seepissime cernuis. Perianthium 3-4 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis. Stamina perianthio THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEX. 467 paulo breviora. Ovula in loculo 3-4. Fructus 4 lin. diam., semini- bus in loculo 1-2. Australia orientalis subtropicalis in ditione Queens- land. 32. XEROPHYLLUM, Rich. Rich. in Micha. Fl. Bor. Am. i. 834; Endl. Gen. No. 1065 & 1356; A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. N. York, iv. 128; Kunth, Enum. iv. 177.—Heloniadis sp., Linn. Flores hermaphroditi. Perianthium corolinum albidum 6- partitum, segmentis lanceolatis equalibus flore expanso patulis dorso crebre multinervatis. Stamina 6 hypogyna, filamentis elongatis subulatis, antheris minutis subglobosis versatilibus bilocularibus extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium globosum sessile triloculare, ovulis in loculo 2 erectis collaterali- . bus; styli 3 subulati faleati longitudinaliter stigmatosi. Cap- sula globosa membranacea loculicido trivalvis ; seminibus trique- iris erectis exappendiculatis, testa membranacea nitida castanea, albumine firmo, embryone minuto. 1, X. ASPHODELOIDES, Nutt. Gen. i. 235; A. Gray & Kunth, loc. cit. —X. setifolium, Michz. loc. cit.; Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1613.—Helonias asphodeloides, Linn. Sp. Plant. 485 ; Bot. Mag. t. /48. Herba glabra 14-3-pedalis, rhizomate crasso. Folia radicalia densissime rosulata subu- lata persistentia pedalia vel sesquipedalia, deorsum 1 lin. lata, facie plana venis utrinque costz circiter 3, dorso triquetra, margine denticulata. Caulis 1-2-pedalis, foliis reductis setaceis dense vestitus. Racemus den- sus, floriferus 4-6-pollicaris, 2-3 poll. diam., pedicellis ascendentibus soli- tariis inarticulatis 12-18 lin. longis, bracteis setaceis firmis. Perianthium 3 lin. longum, segmentis 1-13 lin. latis. Stamina perianthio paulo bre- viora. Capsula 2 lin. longa. America borealis orientalis a Nova Cesarea ad Carolinam. Var. X. TENAX, Nutt. loc. cit.—Helonias tenax, Pursh, Flor. i. 243, t. 9. Robustior, foliis deorsum 13-2 lin. latis, venis utrinque coste 5-6, floribus paulo majoribus, bracteis linearibus, staminibus perianthio æqui- longis vel demum exsertis. California et Montes Scopulosi. 93. Hzrowias, Linn. Linn. Gen. No. 458, ex parte; A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. N. York, iv. 130, ex parte; Kunth, Enum. iv. 174. Flores hermaphroditi. Perianthium corolinum 6-partitum persistens, segmentis oblanceolatis subzqualibus dorso laxe ob- 468 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEE AND scure nervatis flore expanso patulis. Stamina 6 hypogyna peri- authio equilonga, filamentis subulatis, antheris subglobosis cæru- leis versatilibus dorsifixis bilocularibus extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile globosum triloculare, ovulis in loculo erebris superpositis; styli 3 subulati falcati intus longitu- dinaliter stigmatosi. Capsula globosa loculicide trivalvis, semi- nibus linearibus, utrinque testa producta appendiculatis. 1. H. BurLATA, Linn. Sp. 485; Amen. Acad. iii. 12, t. 1. fig. 1; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 352; Bot. Mag. t. 747; Red. Lil. t. 13.—H. latifolia, Miche. Flor. i. 212.—Veratrum racemo simplicissimo, Miller, Ic. 181, t. 272.— V. americanum, Miller, Dict. edit. 6, No. 4.— Herba glabra perennis 3-2- pedalis, rhizomate crasso repente. Folia radicalia oblanceolata acuta tem- pore florendi 3-6 poll. longa 9-15 lin. lata costata crebre multinervata ad basin longe angustata. Caulis subscapiformis fistulosus, foliis paucis parvis * bracteiformibus solum przditus. Racemus densissimus 1—3-pollicaris, 9-12 lin. diam., pedicellis patulis ebracteatis, infimis perianthio zequilongis. Perianthium viridi-purpureum 3 lin. longum, segmentis 1 lin. latis. America borealis orientalis in paludosis ab Nova Cesarea ad Vir- giniam. 34. CHAMÆLIRIUM, Willd. Willd. in Berl. Mag. ii.19; Kunth, Enum. iv. 176.—Ophiosta- chys, Delile in Red. Lil. t. 464.—Dasurus, Salisb. Gen. 51.—Di- clinotrys, Rafines. Neog. 3.—Veratri, Melanthii vel Heloniadis sp., auctt. vett. Flores dioici. Perianthium corolinum 6-partitum luteum marcescens, segmentis oblanceolatis equalibus obtusis dorso uni- nervatis flore expanso patulis. asc. Stamina 6 hypogyna, fila- mentis subulatis elongatis, antheris minutis luteis subglobosis versatilibus bilocularibus extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscenti- bus. Ovarium rudimentarium. Fem. Filamenta 6 rudimentaria, antheris nullis. Ovarium sessile obovoideum obtusum triloculare, ovulis in loeulo paucis superpositis; styli 3 subulati faleati intus longitudinaliter stigmatosi. Capsula oblonga chartacea apice loculicide trivalvis, seminibus angustis utrinque alato-appendicu- latis, testa membranacea brunnea, embryone minuto. 1. C. LUTEUM, A. Gray, Fl. N.States, edit. v. 527; Chapm. FI. S. States, 491.—C. carolinianum, Willd. loc. cit.—Veratrum luteum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1479 ; Amen. Acad. iii. t. 1. fig. 2.—Helonias dioica, Pursh, Fi. i. 243.—H. pumila, Jacq. Coll. ii. 260, Ic. t. 253.—H. lutea, Ker in THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEJE. 469 Bot. Mag. t. 1062.—Ophiostachys virginica, Desv. loc. cit. Herba per- ennis glabra erecta 1-3-pedalis, rhizomate firmo obliquo cylindrico pre- morso. Folia radicalia rosulata oblanceolata 3-6 poll. longa 12-15 lin. lata membranacea costata multinervata, utrinque viridia, basi longe angus- tata subpetiolata. Caulis strictus, foliis multis consimilibus plus minusve reductis praeditus. Racemus densus cylindricus 6-12-pollicaris interdum subspicatus 4-8 lin. diam., pedicellis solitariis inarticulatis ebracteatis. Perianthium 1-13 lin. longum. Capsula 4-6 lin. longa. America borealis orientalis a Canada ad Floridam. 95. CHIONOGRAPHIS, Maxim. Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sc. Péters. vi. 209 (Decad. iii.).—Cha- mælirii sp., Miquel.—Melanthii sp., Thunb. Flores hermaphroditi. Perianthium corollinum 6-partitum, segmentis linearibus uninervatis, sæpissime 3 (interdum 2-4) pro- ductis, reliquis obsoletis. Stamina 6 hypogyna, filamentis brevis- simis applanatis inæqualibus vel subnullis, antheris globosis bilo- eularibus versatilibus extrorsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile ovoideum obliquum triloculare, ovulis in loculo 2; styli 3 subulati falcati intus stigmatosi. Fructus ignotus. l. C. saponica, Mazim. loc. cit. ; Franch. & Sav. Enum. ii. 86.— Me- lanthium luteum, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 152.— M. japonicum, Willd. in Berl. Mag. ii. 22.—Helonias? japonica, Schultes fil. Syst. Veg. vii. 1567; Kunth, Enum. iv. 175.—Chamelirium luteum, Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lug. Bat. ii. 144, non A. Gray; So Mokou Zoussetz, vol. v. tab. 46. Herba glabra perennis erecta subpedalis, rhizomate perpendiculari przemorso cylindrico. Folia radicalia oblanceolata membranacea costata 2-4 poll. longa 6-9 lin. — lata subpetiolata basi angustata utrinque viridia. Caulis gracilis, foliis multis parvis sessilibus lanceolatis instruetus. Spica densa vel subdensa, florifera 1-3-pollicaris, 6-8 lin. diam. Bractez nulle. Perianthii seg- menta 3-4 lin. longa. Japonia in aquosis ad Nagasaki, Maximowicz ! Capt. Blomfield! etc. 36. Veratrum (Tourn.), Linn. Linn. Gen. No. 1146; Endl. Gen. No. 1067 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 186.—Melanthium, Thunb. Diss. Melanth., ex parte.—Acedilan- thus, Trautt. et Meyer Fl. Ochot. 94, t. 28. Flores polygami multi imperfecti haud fructiferi. Perianthium 6-partitum persistens, segmentis subszqualibus multinervatis ob- longis vel lanceolatis basi spathulatis facie haud foveolatis flore LINN, JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. ` 2i 470 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEEX AND expanso patulis. Stamina 6 hypogyna, filamentis filiformibus superne divergentibus quam segmenta sepissime brevioribus, an- theris reniformibus dorsifixis unilocularibus extrorsum dehiscen- tibus. Ovarium sessile liberum triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris superpositis; styli 3 liberi subulati faleati apice stigmatosi. Capsula membranacea septicide trivalvis, seminibus multis planis alatis, testa laxa membranacea, albumine tenui, embryone minuto. Herbe perennes valide erecte, rhizomate crasso obliquo premorso, caulibus foliatis, foliis scepissime latis plicatis, floribus copiose pa- niculatis parvis albidis viridulis vel nigro-purpureis,rhachibus griseo- araneosis, bracteis parvis persistentibus. Stirps V. albi. Perianthium albidum vel viridulum. Perianthii segmenta integra vel denticulata. - Pedicelli floribus breviores .................. 1. V. album. Pedicelli inferiores floribus longiores. 2, V. stamineum. 3. V. Maximowiczit. Perianthii segmenta margine fimbriata. ...... 4. V. fimbriatum. Stirps V. nigri. Perianthium nigro-purpureum. Folia inferiora oblonga. Perianthii segmenta oblonga haud unguiculata. 5. V. nigrum. Perianthii segmenta oblanceolata unguiculata. ; 6. V. parviflorum. Folia inferiora oblanceolata. Racemi laxi, pedicellis flore longioribus. Perianthii segmenta basi obscure foveolata. 7. V. Maackii. Perianthii segmenta basi haud foveolata. 8. V. intermedium. Racemi subdensi, pedicellis floribus brevioribus, 9. V. Woodii. 1. V. ALBUM, Linn. Sp. 1479; Jacq. Austr. t. 335; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 341; Red. Lil. t. 447; Fl. Dan. t. 1120; Hayne, Gewiichse, xiii. t. 26 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 186; Reich. Ic. Germ. fig. 937. Herba perennis erecta 3-4-pedalis, rhizomate obliquo crasso premorso, collo fibris coronato. Folia viridia firmula plicata subtus puberula, radicalia oblonga pedalia 5-6 poll.lata. Caulis validus puberulus, foliis 10-12 oblongis semipedalibus, superioribus lanceolatis. Panicula 1-2-pedalis, racemis densis rachibus pubescentibus, expansis 9-12 lin. diam., terminali elongato, lateralibus brevibus erecto-patentibus, pedicellis subnullis vel brevissimis, bracteis del- toideis minutis. Perianthium 41-6 lin. longum, intus albidum, extus basi THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 471 viridulum, segmentis oblongo-spathulatis crispato-denticulatis 14-2 lin. latis, venis 10-12 viridulis percursis, flore expanso patulis. Stamina seg- mentis subdimidio vel triente breviora. Capsula pollicaris, seminibus in loculo 10-12. Montes Europe continentalis et Sibirie occidentalis. Varietates insigniores sunt :— i. V. LOBELIANUM, Bernh. in Schrad. N. Journ. 2, ii. 356; Schult. Jil. Syst. vii. 155 ; Reich. Ic. Germ. fig. 938.—V. viride, Roehl, Germ. edit. ii. 237, non Ait.—V. album var. viridiflorum, Mert. et Koch, Germ. ii. 625. —V. album, var. virescens, Gaud. Helv. vi. 311. Perianthium extus et intus viridulum, segmentis angustioribus. Racemi laterales densi erecto- patentes, bracteis majoribus, interdum floribus vequilongis. Stamina pe- rianthio duplo breviora. Europa meridionalis, etc. Forma Sibiriz orien- talis recedit racemis lateralibus longioribus laxioribus, floribus breviter pe- dicellatis. Forma japonica ( V. album, var. grandiflorum, Maxim.) racemis elongatis laxifloris, pedicellis inferioribus 3-4 lin. longis, perianthii seg- mentis viridibus semipollicaribus. ii. V. ESCHCHOLTZII, A.Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 119; Kunth, Enum. iv. 188.— V. Lobelianum var. Eschcholtzianum, Schultes fil. Syst. vii. 1555.—V. parviflorum, Bongard. Raches panicule pubescentes. Racemi laterales densi szpe reflexi nutantes. Perianthium viridulum 3-5 lin. longum. Stamina segmentis duplo breviora. Ab Kamtschatka et Sitka ad Oregon et Alaskam. Planta californica (V. californicum, Durand, Bolan- der 6255 !) recedit racemis laxioribus floribus paulo majoribus; var. WAT- soNr, Baker (V. album, S. Wats. Bot. 40 Parall. 344, Nevada et Colo- rado) floribus ochroleucis. V. oxySEPALUM, Turcz.; Led. Ross. iv. 209, est planta affinis a Kamtschatka floribus parvis, perianthii segmentis lan- ceolatis, bracteis pedicello brevi longioribus. iii. V. vIRIDE, Ait. Kew. ii. 422; A. Gray in Ann, Lyc. New York, iv. 118; Kunth, Enum. iv. 188.—Helonias viridis, Ker in Bot. Mag. t. 1096, excl. syn.—Melanthium virens, Thunb. Diss. 4.—M. bracteolare, Desv. in Lam. Ency. iv. 26. Rami et folia subtus minus pubescentia. Racemi laterales laxiflori sæpe reflexi. Perianthium viridulum, segmentis lanceo- latis acutis 1-13 lin. latis. Pedicelli inferiores 2-3 lin. longi. Stamina segmentis paulo breviora. America borealis orientalis a Canada ad Georgiam. 2, V. STAMINEUM, Mazim. Decad. vii. 339; Franch. et Savat. Enum. ii. 90. Habitus omnino V. albi. Caulis bipedalis, infra paniculam calvatus. Folia inferiora oblonga plicata semipedalia utrinque viridia glabra, supe- riora oblongo-lanceolata. Panicula semipedalis, rachibus validis griseo- puberulis, racemis densis, expansis 10-12 lin. diam., pedicellis inferioribus 3-4 lin. longis, bracteis linearibus viridibus pedicello »quilongis. Perian- thium viridulum 3 lin. longum, segmentis obovatis obtusis integris. Sta- 2n2 472 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEH AND mina perianthio squilonga vel demum exserta. Japonia in Nippon cen- trali, Tschonoski! 3. V. Maxtmowiczit, Baker.—V. album var. parviflorum, Mazim. in Pl. Jap. iter secund. Caulis basi incrassatus, tunicis in setas copiosas dis- solutis, superne pubescens, sesquipedalis, foliis inferioribus oblongis semi- pedalibus vel ultra utrinque glabris viridibus, superioribus lanceolatis. Panieula pedalis et ultra, rachibus pubescentibus strictis, racemis laxius- eulis, expansis 9-12 lin. diam., terminali elongato fructifero, lateralibus brevibus erecto-patentibus, pedicellis 3—4 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis pedicello subzequilongis. Perianthium viridulum 3 lin. longum, segmentis oblongis subacutis 1 lin. latis venis 6-7 laxis percursis. Stamina perian- thio duplo breviora. Capsula semipollicaris. Japonia in insula Nippon, Tschonoski ! 4. V. riMBRIATUM, A. Gray. Habitus V. aibi. Folia inferiora ob- longo-lanceolata pedalia et ultra medio 4-5 poll. lata utrinque viridia glabra, superiora lineari-lanceolata. Panicula pedalis, rachibus validis griseo-araneosis, racemis laxiusculis, expansis 12-15 lin. diam., laterali- bus strictis erecto-patentibus, pedicellis inferioribus 2-3 lin. longis, brac- teis ovatis brunneis pubescentibus pedicello subzequilongis. Perianthium 43-5 lin. longum viridulum extus puberulum, segmentis rotundo-rhomboi- deis spathulatis flabellato-multinervatis margine fimbriatis flore expanso patulis. Stamina perianthio paulo breviora. California in ditione Men- docino, Bolander! . 5. V. NIGRUM, L. Sp. 1479; Jacq. Austr. t. 336; Red. Lil. t. 416; Bot. Mag. t. 963; Kunth, Enum. iv. 186; Reich. Ic. Germ. fig. 939.— Melanthium nigrum, Thunb. Diss. 4.— Helonias nigra, Ker in Journ. Sc. “ji. 184. Caulis basi leviter bulbosus, tunicis brunneis in fibras dissolutis. Folia inferiora oblonga pedalia plicata 6-8 poll. lata utrinque viridia glabra basi angustata haud distincte petiolata. Caulis validus strictus 2-3-pedalis, folis inferioribus pluribus oblongis, supremis lanceolatis. Panicula an- gusta 1-3-pedalis, rachibus dense griseo-araneosis, racemis densifloris, expausis 9-12 lin. diam., lateralibus multis brevibus erecto-patentibus, pedi- cellis inferioribus 1 3 lin. longis, bracteis minutis deltoideis vel lanceola- tis dorso araneosis. Perianthium nigro-purpureum 2-3 lin. longum, seg- mentis oblongis obtusis haud unguiculatis 1j lin. latis flore expanso subreflexis. Stamina perianthio duplo breviora. Capsula glabra membra- nacea subpollicaris. Europa centralis et orientalis in montibus et per Sibi- riam 2d Manchuriam. Var. JAPONICUM, Baker. Habitus gracilior, racemis laxioribus, pedi- cellis longioribus infimis seepe perianthium superantibus, floribus paucioribus majoribus. Japonia, Small! Maximowicz! 6. V. PARVIFLORUM, Micha. Fl. ii. 250; A. Gray, Fl. N. States, edit. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 473 v. 525; Chapm. FI. S. States, 489.—Melanthium monoicum, Walt. Carol. 120.— M. hybridum, Nutt. Gen. i. 232.—Leimanthium monoicum, Schultes, Syst. vii. 1550; A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 116.—Zygadenus monceeus, Kunth, Enum. iv. 196. Caulis basi incrassatus, tunicis membra- naceis. Folia inferiora oblonga semipedalia distincte petiolata medio 3-4 poll. lata vix plicata utrinque viridia glabra. Caulis strictus 2-3-pedalis, foliis inferioribus oblongis petiolatis, superioribus sessilibus lanceolatis. Panicula laxissima 1-2-pedalis, racemis laxifloris, expansis 9-12 lin. diam., lateralibus multis brevibus ascendentibus, rachibus omnium graduum griseo-araneosis, pedicellis inferioribus 3-4 lin. longis, bracteis minutis del- toideis vel lanceolatis. Perianthium viridulo-purpureum 3 lin. longum, segmentis oblanceolatis acutis 1 lin. latis leviter unguiculatis flore expanso patulis. Stamina minuta segmentis triplo breviora. Capsula membrana- cea semipollicaris. America borealis orientalis in montibus Caroline et Virginie. 7. V. Maacki, Regel, Flor. Ussur. 169, t. 11. figs. 8-14.—Zygadenus japonicus, Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lug. Bat. ii. 146.—V. nigrum, var. Maackii, Mazim. Caulis basi leviter incrassatus, tunicis in fibras dissolu- tis. Folia inferiora lanceolata semipedalia distincte petiolata medio 1 poll. lata plieata utrinque viridia. Caulis gracilis bipedalis superne araneosus, foliis paucis, inferioribus lanceolatis petiolatis, superioribus linearibus ses- silibus. Panicula laxissima semipedalis vel pedalis, rachibus araneosis, racemis laxis expansis 9-12 lin. diam., lateralibus multis brevibus ascenden- tibus, pedicellis inferioribus 3-4 lin. longis, bracteis minutis lanceolatis vel deltoideis. Perianthium nigro-purpureum 21-3 lin. longum, segmentis oblongis haud unguiculatis flore expanso reflexis basi nigrescentibus sub- foveolatis. Stamina perianthio duplo breviora. Capsula membranacea semipollicaris. Siberia orientalis in ditione fluminis Ussuri, Maack! Ja- ponia in inundatis apertis, Oldham 239! Maximowiez! ACEDILANTHUS ANTICLEOIDES, Trautt. § Mey. Fl. Ochot. 95, t. 28 (Sibiria orientalis, Middendorff!), est forma debilis glabra nemorosa perianthii segmentis viridulis, 8. V. INTERMEDIUM, Chapm. Fl. S. States, 489. Caulis basi leviter incrassatus cylindricus, tunicis multis castaneis fibrosis. Folia inferiora oblongo-oblanceolata 6-9 poll.longa distincte petiolata vix plicata utrin- que glabra viridia, medio 2-3 poll. lata. Caulis bipedalis et ultra modice validus tenuiter araneosus, foliis multis, inferioribus latis petiolatis, supe- rioribus lanceolatis sessilibus. Panicula laxissima 2-3-pedalis, rachibus tenuiter araneosis, racemis laxifloris paucifloris, inferioribus erecto-paten- tibus elongatis compositis, pedicellis inferioribus 3-4 lin. longis, bracteis minutis deltoideis. Perianthium nigro-purpureum 4 lin. longum, segmen- tis oblongis obtusis 13 lin. latis haud unguiculatis flore expanso patulis. Stamina perianthio paulo breviora. Carpella florifera puberula. Florida, Chapman! 474 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND . 9. V. Woonn, Robbins; A. Gray, Fl. N. States, edit. v. 525; Chapm. Fl. S. States, 489. Caulis basi leviter incrassatus, tunicis pluribus fibrosis brunneis. Folia inferiora lanceolata pedalia distincte petiolata haud pli- cata medio 1-13 poll. lata utrinque viridia glabra. Caulis 2-3-pedalis cal- vatus strictus modice validus, foliis multis, inferioribus magnis lanceolatis petiolatis, superioribus reductis sessilibus. Panicula pedalis et ultra, ra- chibus tenuiter griseo-araneosis, racemis densifloris, expansis 9-12 lin. diam., multis, lateralibus brevibus erecto-patentibus, pedicellis inferioribus 1-2lin.longis, bracteis minutis deltoideis. Perianthium 4 lin. longum, primum viridulum, maturum nigro-purpureum, segmentis oblanceolatis subacutis 1-13 lin. latis flore expanso patulis. Stamina perianthio sub duplo breviora. Carpella florifera puberula, fructifera semipollicaria. America borealis orientalis in montibus civitatum Indiana et Illinois, Mead! Species dubia. V. SABADILLA, Retz.; Descourt. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Par. iii. t. 6, vi- detur ex plantis duabus commixtis descriptum et delineatum. Fructus et racemus verisimiliter ad Schenocaulon ; folium et flores cum staminibus ad Veratrum nigrum pertinent. Species excluse. V. Dubouzetii, Hombr. et Jacq. Atlas Voy. Astrol. Monoc. t. 4,—Anthe- ricum Rossii, Hook. fil. V. virescens, Martens et Galeotti, Enum. 9, — Anticlea mexicana. V.? malayanum, Jack in Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. /4, = Veratronia malayana, Miquel, Flor. Ned. Ind. iii. 553, — Susum anthelminticum, Blume. 87. MxrawTHIUM (Gronov.), Linn. Linn. Gen. No. 454; A. Gray, Fl. .N. States, edit. v. 525, non Schlecht. nec Kunth.—Leimanthium, Willd. in Berl. Mag. ii. 24; A. Gray in Ann. Lye. New York, iv. 115.—Zygadenus, Kunth, © Enum. iv. 194, ex parte. Flores polygami, multi imperfecti haud fructiferi. Perianthium corollinum 6-partitum, segmentis subzqualibus flore expanso patulis distincte unguiculatis et ad lamins basin distincte foveo- latis. Stamina 6 perigyna, filamentis divergentibus subulatis quam segmenta brevioribus, antheris peltatis unilocularibus dorsifixis extrorsum dehiscentibus. Ovarium liberum ovoideum triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris superpositis ; styli 3 liberi faleati subulati, apice capitato-stigmatosi. Capsula membranacea septicide tri- valvis, seminibus compressis alatis appendiculatis, testa laxa membranacea, albumine tenui, embryone minuto. .Herbe bul- bose, foliis linearibus vel lanceolatis membranaceis glabris, caulibus THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEJE. 475 laxe foliatis, superne cum rachibus pedicellisque pubescentibus, brac- teis minutis navicularibus, floribus parvis ochroleucis copiose race- moso-paniculatis. Segmentorum lamina oblonga ungue triplo longior. 1. M. virginicum. Segmentorum lamina rotunda ungue subæquilonga. 2. M. hybridum. l. M. VIRGINICUM, Linn. Sp. 483 (Gronov. Virgin. 59); A. Gray. loc. cit.—M. polygamum, Desr. in Lam. Encyc. iv. 25.—Zygadenus virginicus, Endl. Gen. 135; Kunth, Enum. iv. 195; Torrey, New York, ii. 316, t. 134.—Leimanthium virginicum, Willd. § A. Gray, loc. cit.— Helonias virginica, Sims in Bot. Mag. t. 985. Caulis basi parum bulbosus, tunicis superne fibrosis. Folia radicalia 4-6 linearia vel lanceolata pedalia vel sesquipedalia 6-18 lin. lata deorsum angustata subpetio- lata. Caulis 3-4-pedalis, foliis multis reductis linearibus instructus, Panicula laxa pedalis et ultra, rachibus omnium graduum griseo-puberulis, racemis multis multifloris 15-18 lin. latis, lateralibus erecto-patentibus terminali brevioribus, pedicellis strictis 3-6 lin. longis, basi bractea minuta oblongo-lanceolata obtusa stipatis. Perianthium 4 lin. longum ochro- leucum extus basi puberulum, segmentorum lamina ovato-oblonga 3 lin.. longa basi glandulis binis nigris conspicuis foveolata, ungue lineari 3 lin. longo. Filamenta ad unguis apicem inserta lamina breviora. Capsula perianthio subzquilonga. In pratis Americe borealis orientalis a Novo Eboraco ad Floridam.—M. B1GLANDULOSUM, Bertol.; Walp. Ann. iii. 649, ex descriptione non potui segregare. 2: M. HYBRIDUM, Walt, Carol. 125.—M. latifolium, Desr. in Lam. Ency. iv. 25.—M. monoicum, Pursh, Flora, i. 241.—M. racemosum, Mich. Flora, ii. 251.—Zygadenus hybridus, Endl. Gen. 135; Kunth, Enum. iv. 196.—Leimanthium hybridum, Schultes, Syst. vii. 1550. Habitus omnino M. virginici sed gracilior. Folia radicalia subpedalia superne 9-12 lin, lata. Panicula laxa pedalis, racemis multis 12-15 lin. latis, pedicellis 3-6 lin. longis, bracteis 1-13 lin. longis ovato-lanceolatis stipatis. Perianthium 21-3 lin. longum, segmentorum lamina rotunda 1-1j lin. longa et lata basi glandula magna nigra foveolata. Stamina subhypogyna, filamentis perianthio duplo brevioribus. Capsula 4-5 lin. longa. In pratis a Canada ad Alabamam et Georgiam. Species dubia. M. ASPERICAULE, Poir. Encyc. Méth. Suppl. ii. 628.—Amianthiun: aspericaule, A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York. iv. 126.—Amiantanthus aspericaulis, Kunth, Enum. iv. 183, “Caulis (ima pars adest) sesquipe- dalis striatus trifoliatus pulverulento-scaber. Folia striata plana sensim 470 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEXE AND acuta (juniora subtus et margine puberula) glabra, basi latiora et semiam- plectentia, infimum fere 6-unciale, superiora sensim breviora, summis ad bracteas diminutis. Panicula spiciformis tomentoso-puberula 2 unc. longa, e racemulis plurimis (superioribus confertis, imis longioribus et sub- distantibus) 3-8-floris compositis. Flores inespansi brevissime pedicellati, bractea cymbiformi ovata striata breviores, braeteola minima juxta perian- thium muniti. Perianthii foliola (ante evolutionem) concava ovali-obovata basi subangustata nec unguiculata. Stamina basi perianthio inserta; an- therz magnz extrorsz uniloculares. Styli brevissimi."— 4. Gray, loc. cit. Prope Columbiam Caroline inferioris, Curtis. 88. Scnanocauton, A. Gray. A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York. iv. 127; Kunth, Enum. iv. 185.—Asagroea, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1839, t. 33; Kunth, Enum. iv. 1*4..33.— Sabadilla, Brandt in Hayne Gewtchse, xii. sub t. 27.— Veratri et Heloniadis sp. auctt. : Flores polygami, multi superiores imperfecti haud fructiferi. Perianthium 6-partitum corollinum, segmentis lanceolatis sub- æqualibus obscure 3-5-nervatis flore expanso reflexis basi obscure foveolatis. Stamina 6 hypogyna, filamentis exsertis leviter ap- planatis flore expanso decurvatis, antheris minutis globosis unilo- cularibus peltatis extrorsum dehiscentibus. Ovarium liberum tri- loculare, ovulis in loculo paucis superpositis, stylis liberis falcatis subulatis apice stigmatosis. Capsula chartacea septicide trivalvis, seminibus compressis exalatis apice caudatis, testa laxa nitida s- tanea, albumine firmo, embryone minuto. Herbe bulbose, foliis omnibus radicalibus anguste linearibus elongatis firmis crebre nervatis, pedunculo nudo elongato, floribus parvis subspicatis viri- dulis vel flavidis minute bracteatis. Folia 3-6 lin. lata 20-30-nervata ............... 1. S. officinale. Folia 1-2 lin. lata 12-18-nervata. 2. S. intermedium. 3. S. Drummondiü. Folia angustissima 8-7 -nervata. 4. S. Coulteri. — 9. S. gracile. eee l. S. OFFICINALE, A. Gray in Benth. Pl. Hartweg. 96; Benth. & Trimen, Med. Plants, t. 287.— Asagroea officinalis, Lindl. & Kunth, loc. cit. —Veratrum officinale, Schlecht. in Linnea, vi. 45; Nees, Off. Pl. Suppl. t. 6; Brandt. & Ratzeb. in Hayne Gewüchse, xiii. t. 27.—Helonias offici- nalis, Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1832, 234.—Asagroea caracasana, Ernst in Seem. Journ, ix. 91. Bulbus ovoideus 1-2 poll. diam., tunicis THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 477 brunneis supra collum longe productis in setas dissolutis. Folia radicalia 6-12 linearia firma 1}-4-pedalia costata deorsum 3-6 lin. lata 20-30-ner- vata. Scapus validus nudus 2—3-pedalis superne teres inferne angulatus. Spica densa cylindrica 6-12-pollicaris, diam. semipollicaris, bracteis minu- tis deltoideis viridibus. Perianthium flavidum 14-2 lin. longum, segmen- tis lanceolatis. Filamenta straminea perianthio demum 13—2plo longiora. Capsula 6 lin. longa, capsulis in stylos persistentes sensim attenuatis, semi- nibus castaneis 4 lin. longis. In campis montium: Mexico, Galeotti 5586 ! Schiede 982! Bourgeau 2282; Guatemala, Hartweg 627 ! Skinner! Vene- zuela, Moritz 910! Fendler 1506! Ernst 219 !—A. cARICIFOLIAM, Kunth, Enum. iv. 666, Veratrum caricifolium, Schlecht., ex descriptione non potui segregare.—AÀ TENUIFOLIA, Kunth, Enum. iv. 700 (Veratrum tenuifolium, Mart. § Gal.), ab officinali dicitur recedere perianthii segmentis ovatis obtusis rubellis. 2. S. INTERMEDIUM, Baker. Bulbus ovoideus 7-8 lin. diam., tunicis brunneis supra collum 3-4 poll. productis in fibras subtiles solutis. Folia rigida anguste linearia sesquipedalia acuminata deorsum 14-2 lin. lata, 15- 18-nervata. Scapus gracilis 3-13-pedalis. . Spica 3-8-pollicaris deorsum laxiuseula expansa 5-6 lin. diam. Perianthium viridulum 1 lin. longum. Filamenta straminea perianthio duplo longiora. Carpella fructifera 6-7 lin. longa, seminibus in loculo 2-3. Mexico prope Zimapan, Coulter 1568! 1570! 3. S. DRUMMONDII, A. Gray in Hook. § Arn. Bot. Beech. 388.—8. texanum, Scheele in Linnea, xxv. 262. Bulbus ovoideus l poll. diam., tunicis productis in fibras subtiles solutis. Folia 6-8 anguste linearia ses- quipedalia deorsum 1-13 lin. lata, 12-15-nervata. Scapus gracilis 1-2- pedalis. Spica densa 3-6-pollicaris, expansa 6-7 lin. diam. Perianthium viridulum 1 lin. longum, segmentis ligulatis. Filamenta straminea perian- thio 2-3plo longiora. Carpella fructifera 6 lin. longa, seminibus in loculo 4-5, 2lin. longis. Texas, Drummond 284 ! Lindheimer, fase. iv. No. 711! fasc. iii. No. 543. i 4. S. Cour TERI, Baker. Bulbum non vidi. Folia angustissima rigida subpedalia deorsum 4 lin. lata trinervata. Scapus teres gracillimus semi- pedalis. Spica subdensa 1-2-pollicaris, expansa 6-7 lin. diam. Perian- thium viridulum 1-1} lin. longum, segmentis ligulatis. Filamenta stra- minea perianthio 2-3plo longiora. Mexico prope Zimapan, Coulter ! 5. S. GRACILE, A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 127; Kunth, Enum. iv. 185; Chapm. Flor. S. U. States, 490.—Helonias dubia, Michz. Flora, i. 213. Bulbus anguste ovoideus 2-12 lin. diam., tunicis brunneis superne in setas dissolutis. Folia 5-6 firma anguste linearia pedalia vel sesquipedalia deorsum j-] lin. lata crebre 5-7-nervata. Scapus gracilis 1j-2-pedalis. Spica cylindrica 4-6-pollicaris, expansa 3-4 lin. diam,, 478 MR. J. Œ. BAKER ON COLCHICACEE AND deorsum laxiuscula. Perianthium viridulum 3-1 lin. longum. Filamenta perianthio duplo longiora. Georgia et Florida in pinetis sabulosis, Torrey ! Leavenworth ! 39. AMIANTIIIUM, A. Gray. A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 121 (excl. sp.); Endl. Gen. No. 1066. 2.—Cyanotris, Rafin. in Amer. Month. Mag. 1809.— Chrosperma, Rafin. Neogen. 3.—Endocles, Salisb. Gen. 51.—Ami- antanthus, Kunth, Enum. iv. 179.—Melanthii e Heloniadis sp. auctt. vett. Flores hermaphroditi. | Perianthium 6-partitum albidum mar- cescens, segmentis zqualibus oblongis obtusis laxe multinervatis flore expanso patulis vel reflexis neque foveolatis nec distincte unguiculatis. Stamina 6 hypogyna, filamentis subulatis perianthio s&quilongis, antheris basifixis reniformibus unilocularibus superne ad marginem dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile globosum vel ob- longum triloculare, ovulis in loculo paucis, carpellis in stylos breves subulatos apice stigmatosos sensim angustatis. Capsula charta- cea septicide trivalvis, seminibus sepe solitariis oblongis vel cylindricis, testa crassa demum brunnea vel atra, albumine car- noso, embryone cylindrico. Herbe subbulbose, foliis pluribus radicalibus, rosulatis angustis planis, caulibus elongatis foliatis, Jloribus parvis copiosis simpliciter racemosis, pedicellis inarticula- tis, bracteis persistentibus. Folia 3-9 lin. lata. Capsula perianthio squilonga, seminibus S ODONIS. «cereos esc eso eccseeseoese T. A. Muscetocicum. Folia 2-3 lin. lata. Goal perianthio en longior, seminibus ÜVIIDOPIOIE 605 ciccis ere pee pt eee aso Usasesessiugess ee ae RUINIS OMIM. 1. A. MuscxToxicUM, A. Gray, loc. cit. ; Fl. N. States, edit. v. 596 ; Chapm. Fl. S. States, 490.—Melanthium Muscetoxicum, Walt. Fl. Carol. 125.—M. litum, Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. i. 488.—M. phalangioides, Desr. in Lam. Encyc. iv. 27.—M. densum, Desr. in Lam. Encyc. iv. 66. —Leimanthium letum et pallidum, Willd. in Berl. Mag. ii. 24.—Helonias læta, Ker-in Bot. Mag. t. 803; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 998.—H. erythro- sperma, Miche. Fl. i. 212.—Anthericum subtrigynum, Jacq. Ic. t. 419.— Melanthium myoctonum, Gmel. Syst. i. 587.—Amiantanthus Muscztoxi- cum, Kunth, Enum. iv. 180. Caulis basi hypogæa parum incrassata, tunicis multis fibrosis. Folia radicalia plura lineari-lorata membranacea subpedalia obtusa 3-9 lin. lata costata utrinque viridia. Caulis gracilis -2-pedalis, foliis paucis valde reductis preditus, superioribus minutis. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEJE. ; ' 479 Racemus densus oblongus, floriferus 2-1 poil. longus, 12-18 lin. diam., pedicellis inferioribus 6-9 lin. longis, bracteis oblanceolato-spathulatis 14- 3 lin.longis. Perianthium 13-2 lin. longum, segmentis 2-1 lin. latis. Carpella fructifera perianthio subzequilonga. Semina in loculo szepissime solitaria, testa carnosa rubella. America borealis orienialis a Nova Cesa- rea ad Floridam. 2. A. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, A. Gray, loc. cit. ; Chapm. Flor. S. States, 490.—Helonias angustifolia, Michz. Flora, i. 212.—H. læta, var. minor, Ker in Bot. Mag. t. 1540.—Amiantanthus angustifolius, Kunth, Enum. iv. 181. Caulis basi hypogeea vix incrassata. Folia radicalia subpedalia 2-3 lin. lata firmiora et magis distincte costata quam in A. Muscetozico. Caulis gracilis pedalis vel sesquipedalis, foliis pluribus reductis instructus, superioribus minutis. Racemus floriferus 1-3 poll. longus, 9-12 lin. diam., pedicellis inferioribus 5-6 lin. longis, bracteis minutis oblanceolatis. Pe- rianthium 14-2 lin. longum, segmentis 3-2 lin. latis. Carpella fructifera . 4-43 lin. longa. Semina cylindrico-triquetra 4 lin. longa. America bore- alis orientalis a Carolina ad Floridam, in sylvis humidis. 40. ZYGADENUS, Rich. Rich. in Michx. Fl. Amer. i. 214, t. 22; A. Gray in Ann. Lye. New York. iv. 111; Kunth, Enum. iv. 194, ex parte.—Chitonia, Salisb. Gen. 51.—Amianthium, A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 121, ex parte. Flores hermaphroditi. | Perianthium 6-partitum corollinum, segmentis oblongis vel oblanceolatis æqualibus flore expanso pa- tulis laxe multinervatis distincte vel obscure unguieulatis et facie supra unguem glandulis nectariferis foveolatis. Stamina 6 hypo- gyna, filamentis filiformibus vel leviter applanatis apice divergen- tibus, antheris parvis reniformibus basifixis demum unilocularibus secus marginem superiorem dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile tri- loculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus superpositis ; styli 3 liberi faleati subulati, stigmatibus capitatis. Capsula chartacea septicide tri- valvis, seminibus in loculo paucis triquetris immarginatis vel anguste marginatis apice alatis, testa laxa brunnea, albumine car- noso, embryone cylindrico. Herbe glabre bulbose vel rhizoma- tose, foliis radicalibus paucis linearibus, caulibus productis laxe foliatis, racemis sepissime pluribus paniculatis, pedicellis, soli- tariis inarticulatis, bracteis persistentibus, floribus parvis vel majo- ribus. § Euzygadenus. Caulis basi rhizomatosus. Species sola ....... ————— 92. PE RI glaberrimus. 480 ` MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEE AND $8 Chitonia, Salisb. Caulis basi bulbosus. Grandiflorus ........ Pau quM eerie ic d PEO MES, e 3. Z. leimanthoides. Pavilions o eei UR | decur 4. Z. .Nuttallü. l. Z. GLABERRIMUS, Michx. loc. cit.; Red. Lil. t. 461; A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 112; Kunth, Enum. iv. 194, excl. syn. Herba glaberrima perennis 2-3-pedalis, rhizomate repente. Folia basalia 4-5 linearia graminoidea acuminata pedalia vel sesquipedalia 3-4 lin. lata utrinque viridia. Caulis strictus, foliis pluribus plus minusve reductis in structus. Racemi multi laxi 5-10-flori laxe paniculati 1-2 poll. longi, pe- dicellis ascendentibus 3-6 lin. longis, bracteis parvis firmis lanceolatis cus- pidatis. Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis oblongis acutis distincte unguiculatis 2 lin. latis, flore expanso reflexis, supra unguem glandulis 2 nigrisfoveolatis. Filamenta subulata perianthio paulo breviora. Ovulain loculo 12-16. Styli 3 lin. longi. Capsulam non vidi. America borealis orientalis in humidis a Virginia et Carolina ad Floridam. 2. Z. Fremontt, Torrey; Wats. in Bot. 40 Parall. 343; Baker in Gard. Chron. 1874, 66.—Z. glaberrimus, Hook. § Arn. Bot. Beech. 160, non Micha.—Z. Douglasii, Torrey in Pacif. R. R. Surv. vii. 20.—Anticlea Fremonti, Torrey, Bot. Whipple, 88. Bulbus ovoideus 8-12 lin. diam., tunicis castaneis membranaceis. Folia radicalia 3-4 linearia firmula pe- dalia vel sesquipedalia 3-4 lin. lata acuminata utrinque viridia. Caulis 1-13-pedalis strictus, foliis paucis reductis instructus. Racemi corymbosi 2-4 poll. longi, expansi 2-3 poll. lati, simplices vel paniculati, pedicellis ascendentibus, inferioribus 1-2 poll. longis, bracteis lanceolatis 6-12 lin. longis. Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis oblongis 13-2 lin. latis obscure unguiculatis ad apicem uuguis glandula magna viridula foveolatis. Stamina perianthio triente breviora. Styli pallidi 1 lin. longi. Carpella fructifera 9-12 lin. longa, seminibus in loculo 15-20 triquetris exalatis atris nitidis 2 lin. longis, California et Montes Scopulosi, Douglas! Coul- ter 746! Hartweg 2009! etc. Var. MINOR, Torrey.—Zygadenus glaucus, Nuttall in Herb. Kew. ex — parte. Semipedalis, foliis 2-3 lin. latis, racemo singulo paucifloro, floribus minoribus. California et Montes Scopulosi, Hartweg 1990! 3. Z. LEIMANTHOIDES, A. Gray, Fl. N. States, edit. v. 525; Chapm. Fl. S. States, 488.—Amianthium leimanthoides, A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 125.—Amiantanthus limanthoides, Kunth, Enum. iv. 183. Caulis basi leviter bulbosus, tunicis brunneis membranaceis. Folia basalia 5-6 linearia graminoidea pedalia vel scsquipedalia 3-4 lin. lata. Caulis . gracilis 2-3-pedalis, foliis paucis reductis instructus. Racemi multi 2-3 poll. longi 9-12 lin. lati laxe paniculati, pedicellis inferioribus 5-6 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis minutis. Perianthium 2 lin. longum, segmen- tis oblongis obscure unguiculatis basi distincte foveolatis. Filamenta THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEJE, 481 subulata perianthio distincte breviora. Ovula in joculo 8-10. Semina in loculo circiter 4 lanceolata anguste marginata apice alata. America borealis orientalis in paludosis a Nova Cesarea ad Carolinam et Novum ` Aurelianum, 4. Z. NuTTALLIZI, A. Gray, Fil. N. States, edit. v. 525; S. Wats. Bot. 40 Parall. 348.—A mianthium Nuttallii, 4. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 1283. —Amiantanthus Nuttallii, Kunth, Enum. iv. 161.—Anticlea Nut- tallii, Torrey, Bot. Whipple, 88.—Helonias angustifolia, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 154, non Michx. Bulbus globosus venenatus 6-12 lin. erassus, tunicis brunneis membranaceis. Folia radicalia 4-6 firma linearia pedalia vel sesquipedalia 3-6 lin. lata. Caulis 3-13-pedalis, foliis paucis reductis instructus, Racemus sepissime simplex superne densus 2-3 raro 4-6 poll. longus, expansus 1-12 poll. diam., pedicellis ascenden- tibus, inferioribus 6-9 lin. longis, bracteis scariosis pallidis lanceolatis acu- minatis pedicellis seepe zequilongis. Perianthium 13-3 lin. longum, seg- mentis oblanceolatis obscure unguiculatis et foveolatis. Filamenta peri- anthio zequilonga deorsum applanata. Ovula in loculo 12-14. Styli pal- lidi 3 lin. longi. Carpella fructifera 5-6 lin. longa, seminibus 2-23 lin. longis anguste alatis apice appendiculatis. Columbia britannica et Cali- fornia ad Texas et Arkansas in pratis, in montibus Scopulosis ad 6000 pedes ascendens. : Var. Z. PANICULATUS, S. Wats. in Bot. 40 Parall. 343.—Helonias paniculata, Nutt. in Journ. Acad. Phil. vii. 57. — Robustior, foliis 6-8 lin. latis, racemis pluribus laxe paniculatis, capsulis 6-12 lin. longis, semini- bus 3-5 lin. longis. California et Montes Scopulosi. 41. ANTICLEA, Kunth. Kunth, Enum. iv. 191.—Zygadenus, A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 111, ex parte.—M.onadenus, Salisb. Gen. 51.—Melanthii sp., Linn. Flores hermaphroditi. Perianthium basi gamophyllum obco- nicum ovario adnatum, segmentis zequalibus lanceolatis vel oblon- gis multinervatis basi distincte foveolatis flore expanso patentibus vel reflexis. Stamina 6 perigyna, filamentis productis filiformibus apice divergentibus, antheris reniformibus unilocularibus margine dehiscentibus. Ovarium triloculare basi perianthio adnatum, ovulis in loculo pluribus superpositis ; styli 3 liberi subulati fal- cati stigmatibus capitatis. Capsula chartacea septicide trivalvis, seminibus multis planiuseulis anguste marginatis apice appendi- culatis, testa laxa brunnea, albumine tenui, embryone minuto. Herbe bulbose, habitu omnino Zygadeni ; solum recedunt perianthio basi gamophyllo ovario adnato. 482 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND Robustiores, perianthii segmentis oblongis 11-2 lin. latis. Flores ascendentes LINER Pe rtece ie ies 1. A. glauca. Flores COPA A IA o ser a E WI 2. A. volcanica. Graciliores, perianthii segmentis 4 lin. latis. ; SMIN INCUBA a a AOL ee 3. A. sibirica. FID) exserta on o as EE HERE 4. A. mexicana. l. A. GLAUCA, Kunth, Enum. iv. 192; Led. Ross. iv. 207.—Zygade- nus glaucus, Nutt. in Journ. Acad. Phil. vii. 56; A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iy. 113; S. Wats. Bot. 40 Parall. 343.—Z. chloranthus, Richards. in App. Frank. Journ. edit. ii. 12 ; Schultes fil. Syst. vii. 156.— Z. commutatus et bracteatus, Schultes fil. loc. cit.—Z. canadensis hort.— Z. speciosus, Dougl. MSS.—Z. elegans, Pursh, Fl. i. 241; Kunth, Enum. iv. 197.—Melanthium Hultgreenii, Soland. MSS.; Thunb. in Mus. Ac. Ups. App. xxvi. 47.—Melanthium glaucum, Nutt. Gen. i. 232.—Leimanthium glaucum, Schultes fil. Syst. Veg. vii. 1551.—Helonias bracteata, Sims in Bot. Mag. t. 1703.—H. glaberrima, Sims in Bot. Mag. t. 1680, excl. syn. Bulbus ovoideus 6-12 lin. diam., tunicis membranaceis brunneis superne fibrosis. Folia radicalia 4-6 firma linearia glauco-viridia crebre nervata semipedalia ad sesquipedalia 3-6 lin. lata. Caulis 3-2-pedalis strictus, foliis paucis reductis przeditus. Racemi laxi 2-4 poll. longi, expansi 1-2 poll. lati simplices vel multi laxe paniculati, pedicellis ascendentibus 6-12 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis pallidis subseariosis 3-9 lin. longis. Peri- anthium 5-6 lin. longum, basi obconica ovario adnata, segmentis oblongis erebre nervatis 14-2 lin. latis albidis dorso viridibus basi glandula magna emarginata viridi foveolatis. Stamina perianthio paula breviora. Styli uncinati patuli 13 lin. longi. Ovula in loculo 20 vel plura. Capsula 8-9 lin. longa, seminibus subcompressis pallide brunneis 24 lin. longis. Ame- rica borealis a sinu Kotzebue, Columbia et California ad Canadam supe- riorem et Mexico Novum, in Montibus Scopulosis ad 8000-9000 pedes ascen- dens. 2. A. VOLCANICA, Baker.—Zygadenus voleanicus, Benth. Pl. Hartweg. 96; Kunth, Enum. iv. 198. Bulbus ovoideus 15-18 lin. diam., tunicis membranaceis superne fibrosis supra collum longe productis. Folia radi- calia 5-6 firma glabra lineari-lorata sesquipedalia 6-9 lin. lata. Caulis robustus strictus 2-3-pedalis, foliis paucis reductis instructus. Panicula laxa pedalis et ultra, ramis ascendentibus laxe racemosis, pedicellis flori- feris cernuis 6-9 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis 3-6 lin. longis. Perian- thium 44-5 lin. longum, basi obconica ovario adnata, segmentis oblongis albidis extus viridulis 7-8-nervatis 14 lin. latis, basi glandula magna viri- dula foveolatis. Genitalia segmentis distincte breviora. Capsula ignota. Guatemala ad Volcan de Agua, alt, 11000 pedum, Hartweg 626 ! THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 483 3. A. siBIRICA, Kunth, Enum. iv. 191; Led. Ross: iv. 207.—Melan- thium sibiricum, Linn. Amen. Acad. 349, t. 11 (Gmel. Sib. i. 45, t. 8); Sp. Plant. 383.—Zygadenus sibiricus, A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York,iv. 112.—Leimanthium sibiricum, Schultes fil. Syst. Veg. vii. 1551.—Anthe- ricum Gmelinianum, Schultes fil. Syst. vii. 481. Bulbus ovoideus 3-4 lin. diam., tunicis brunneis membranaceis. Folia radicalia 3-4 linearia grami- noidea 6-9 poll. longa 2-3 lin. lata. Caulis gracilis semipedalis vel peda- lis, folio unico reducto instructus. Racemi laxissimi pauciflori simplices vel parce paniculati 1-3 poll. longi, expansi 9-12 lin. lati, pedicellis ascen- dentibus 3-9 lin. longis, bracteis minutis lanceolatis viridibus. Perianthium luteo-viridulum 3-4 lin. longum, basi obconica ovario adnata, segmentis linearibus acutis flore expanso reflexis basi glandula magna viridula foveo- latis. Genitalia segmentis distincte breviora. Ovula in loculo circiter 20. Capsulam non vidi. Sibiria altaica, baicalensis et orientalis. 4. A. MEXICANA, Kunth, Enum. iv. 193.—Helonia virescens, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. i. 267 ; Schultes fil. Syst. Veg. vii. 1564.—Veratrum virescens, Mart. et Gal. Enum. 10; Kunth, Enum. iv. 698. Bulbus ovoideus 6-9 lin. diam., tunicis membranaceis. Folia radicalia 4-5 firmula linearia glabra subpedalia 3-6 lin. lata. Caulis gracilis pedalis vel sesquipedalis, foliis 2-3 reductis instructus. Panicula Jaxissima subpedalis, racemis cen- tralibus 4-6 poll. longis, 13-2 poll. latis, pedicellis floriferis 6-12 lin. longis ascendentibus apice cernuis, bracteis lanceolatis viridibus 3-6 lin. longis. Perianthium flavo-viridulum 3-4 lin. longum, basi obconica ovario adnata, segmentis oblanceolatis 4 lin. latis dorso viridibus basi glandula viridula foveolatis. Genitalia exserta. Fructus ignotus. Mexico ad montes, alt. 8000-9000 pedum ascendens, Galeotti 5584! Coulter 1563! Andrieux 70! Jurgensen 821! ete. 42. STENANTHIUM, Kunth. ` Kunth, Enum. iv. 189 ; A. Gray, Fl. N. States, edit. v. 525.— Veratrum e£ Stenanthium, 4. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 120. —Heloniadis sp., Ker.—V eratri sp. auctt. Flores polygami vel hermaphroditi. Perianthium corollinum persistens basi ovario adnatum, segmentis 6 lanceolatis acutis zqualibus 3-7-nervatis flore expanso faleatis neque unguiculatis nec foveolatis. Stamina 6 perigyna, filamentis subulatis segmen- tis 2-4plo brevioribus, antheris minutis globosis unilocularibus extrorsum margine dehiscentibus. Ovarium triloculare basi adnatum, ovulis in loculo multis superpositis, carpellis in stylos subulatos apice stigmatosos sensim attenuatis. Capsula membra- nacea septicide trivalvis, seminibus angustis plus minus compres- sis alatis et alato-appendiculatis, testa pallida laxa membranacea, albumine tenui, embryone minuto. Herbe glabre bulbose, foliis 484 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJS AND radicalibus paucis linearibus, caulinis reductis, racemis laxis sepis- sime paniculatis, bracteis persistentibus, floribus parvis vel magni- tudine mediocribus albidis, viridibus vel purpureis. Parviflorum, floribus permultis imperfectis... 1. S.angustifolium. Grandiflora, floribus omnibus summis race- Jorum exceptis hermaphroditis fruc- tiferis. Perianthium saturate purpureum ..... e 2. S. frigidum. Perianthium viridulum vel purpurascens. Bracteæ pedicellis breviores ............... 3. S. occidentale. Bractex pedicellis longiores ............... 4. S. sachalinense. 1. S. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Kunth, Enum. iv. 190; A. Gray, FI. N. States, edit. v. 525; Chapm. Fl. S. States, 489. "anm (Stenanthium) angus- tifolium, 4. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York. iv. 120.—V. angustifolium, Pursh, Flora,i. 242. Bulbus anguste dr 1 poll. diam., tunicis supra collum longe productis in fibras multas dissolutis. Folia radicalia plura line- aria firmula obtusiuscula sesquipedalia vel bipedalia 4-6 lin. lata. Caulis strictus 2-3-pedalis, foliis pluribus consimilibus reductis instructus. Pani- cula pedalis vel sesquipedalis, racemo elongato terminali cylindrico fructi- fero 6-9 poll. longo, racemis multis lateralibus paucifloris ascendentibus flo- ribus sepissime imperfectis, pedicellis brevissimis, bracteis minutis linea- ribus. Perianthium albidum 3-4 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis triner- vatis. Stamina minutissima segmentis J-4plo breviora. Capsula 6 lin. longa, seminibus in loculo 5-6 pallidis lanceolatis 4 lin. longis. America boreulis orientalis in umbrosis ab Ohio ad Floridam. Var. S. GRAMINEUM, Kunth, Enum. loc. cit, —Helonias graminea, Ker in Bot. Mag. t. 1599.—Xerophyllum gramineum, Nutt. Gen. i. 235. Minor, folis angustioribus, floribus paucioribus. Georgia et Caroline, Curtis ! : 2. S. rRIGIDUM, Kunth, Enum. iv. 190; Flore des Serres, v. 468 L.— Veratrum frigidum, Cham. et Schlecht. in Linnea, vi. 46; Benth. Pl. Hartweg. 53. Bulbus anguste ovoideus l poll. diam., tunicis membra- naceis pallidis supra collum longe productis apice in fibras dissolutis, Folia radicalia 5-6 firma linearia glabra acuta bipedalia 6-8 lin. lata. Caulis 2-3-pedalis, foliis paucis reductis instructus. Panicula laxa peda- lis, floribus omnibus summis exceptis hermaphroditis fructiferis, racemis — lateralibus ascendentibus paucifloris subsecundis, pedicellis cernuis 3-6 an longis, bracteis lanceolatis scariosis pedicellolongioribus. Perianthium saturate purpureum 6-8 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis. Stamina seg- mentis triplo breviora. Capsula perianthio zequilonga, seminibus in loculo 10-12-linearibus pallidis 3 lin. longis. Mezico in montibus ditionis Vera THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEJR. 485 Cruz, etc., alt. 9000-12500 pedum, Galeotti 5583! Hartweg 402! Linden 57! ete. 3. S. OCCIDENTALE, A. Gray in Proc. Amer. Acad. 1872, 405. Bul- bus ovoideus 3-12 lin. diam., tunicis membranaceis. Folia radicalia 2-4 linearia vel lanceolata acuta membranacea glabra viridia semipedalia ve pedalia medio 3-12 lin. lata e medio ad basin angustata. Caulis gracilis semipedalis vel pedalis, foliis 1-2 valde reductisinstruetus. Racemi laxis- simi 4-12-flori 2-4 poll. longi simplices vel pauci laxe paniculati, pedi- cellis apice cernuis 6-12 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis viridibus 4-6 lin. longis. Flores omnes summis racemorum exceptis hermaphroditi fruc- tiferi. Perianthium 6 lin. longum viridulum vel purpurascens, segmentis lanceolatis 5-7-nervatis superne flore expanso falcatis. Stamina seg- mentis duplo breviora. Capsula 6-8 lin. longa, stylis persistentibus 3-4 lin. longis, seminibus in loculo 8-10 linearibus alatis pallidis 3 lin. longis. Montes Scopulosi Americe borealis in ditione Oregon etc., alt. 4000-6000 pedum, Lyall! Bourgeau! Hall 535 ! 4. S. SACHALINENSE, F. Schmidt, Fl. Sachal. 188. Bulbus anguste ovoideus 3-4 lin. diam., tunicis membranaceis. Folia radicalia 3-4 mem- branacea viridia glabra acuta sesquipedalia 3-4 lin. lata. Caulis gracilis semipedalis, folio unico valde reducto preditus. Racemus simplex laxis- simus 3—5-florus, pedicellis 3-6 lin. longis apice cernuis, bracteis lanceo- latis viridibus pedicello longioribus. Perianthium viridulum vel purpu- rascens 6 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis 5-nervatis flore expanso su- perne faleatis. Stamina segmentis triplo breviora. Capsula perianthio zequilonga, seminibus in loculo 6-8 lanceolatis alatis. Insula Sachalin, F. Schmidt! Ad S. occidentalem arcte accedens. 43. TOFIELDIA, Huds. Huds. Fl. Angl. 157; Endl. Gen. No. 1062; Kunth, Enum. iv. 165.—Heritiera, Schrank, Bar. 580.—Hebelia, Gmel. Bad. ii. 117.—Isidrogalvia, Ruiz & Pavon, Fl. Peruv. ii. 69, tab. 302. —Conradia, Rafin. Neog. 3.—Antherici e£ Narthecii sp. auctt. vett. Flores hermaphroditi. Perianthium firmulum 6-partitum per- sistens, segmentis subæqualibus oblanceolatis obtusis flore ex- panso patulis. Stamina 6 subhypogyna, filamentis filiformibus vel leviter applanatis perianthio sæpissime subæquilongis, anthe- ris subglobosis bilocularibus apiculatis basi emarginatis versatili- bus supra basin affixis vel basifixis, introrsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile triloculare, ovulis in loculo cre- bris; stylis sepissime ab initio liberis, apice capitato-stigmatosis. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 2M 486 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACE® AND Capsula membranacea septicido-trivalvis, seminibus minutissimis oblongis turgidis ecaudatis leviter curvatis, testa brunnea mem- branacea, albumine carnoso, embryone minuto. Herbe cespitose sepissime glabre, foliis pluribus radicalibus linearibus distichis equitantibus, caulibus productis foliis 2-3 reductis sepissime in- structis, floribus parvis racemosis vel subspicatis, pedicellis basi bracteatis et sepe etiam ad apicem bracteolis tribus calyculatis. $ TOFIELDIA VERA. Styli floriferi discreti, Perianthium par- vum, segmentis 1- raro 3-nervatis. i Csiyenli nullus oo eu E 1. T. palustris. Perianthium basi calyculo trilobato preeditum. Pedicelli floriferi brevissimi vel subnulli. MORE 2. T. calyculata. 3. T. nutans. Pedicelli floriferi perspicui cernui. 4. T. cernua. 5. T. sordida. 6. T. stenantha. Pedicelli floriferi perspicui ascendentes. Asiatice ... 7. T. nuda. 8. T. gracilis. 9. T. himalaica. Americana 32. E e a a ee 10. T. glabra. $$ Istprogatvra. Styli floriferi concreti. Perianthium majus, segmentis 5—7-nervatis. Species sola ooo ol a 11. Z. falcata. l. T. PALUSTRIS, Huds. Fl. Angl. 157; Engl. Bot. t. 536; Smith in Trans. Soc. Linn. xii. 239; Hook. Fl. Lond. t. 100; A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 134; Kunth, Enum. iv. 166.—T. borealis, Wahl. Lapp. 89. —T. pusilla, Pers. Syn. i. 399 ; Willd. in Berl. Mag. ii. 28.—Anthericum calyeulatum, Linn. Sp. edit. ii. 447, ex parte; Cider, Fl. Dan. t. 36; Smith, Fl. Lapp. tab. 10. fig. 3.—Narthecium pusillum, MicAz: Fl. Bor.- Am. i. 209.—N. boreale, Wahl. in Nova Act. Holm. xxvi. 24. Folia ra- diealia anguste linearia 1-1} poll. longa 1 lin. lata 3-5-nervia, margine scabra. Caulis gracilis glaber flexuosus 3-6-pollicaris, foliis 1-2 reductis navicularibus prope basin instructus. Racemus floriferus subspicatus ca- pitatus 3-6 lin. longus, expansus 2-3 lin. diam., floribus 1-2 infimis ssepe segregatis, pedicellis subnullis vel brevissimis, basi bracteis tribus deltoideis connatis instructis, apice haud calyculatis. Racemus fructiferus laxior, pedicellis ascendentibus, infimis 1-1 lin. longis. Perianthium campanu- latum luteo-viridulum 2-1 lin. longum, segmentis oblanceolatis uninervatis. Stamina segmentis subzquilonga, antheris globosis versatilibus. Capsula subglobosa 1 lin. longa, stylis brevissimis, seminibus in loculo multis brun- neis oblongo-triquetris j-j lin. longis. Zona arctica et montes zone borea- lis temperate totius orbis in paludosis. 2, T. caLvcuLATA, Wahl. Helv. 68; Led. Ross. iv. 210; Kunth, Enum. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEE. 437 iv. 167.— T. alpina, Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 241.—T. stenopetala, Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 243, t. 8. fig. 1; Kunth, Enum. iv. 169.— T. glacialis, Gaud. Helv. ii. 596 ; Kunth, loc. cit.—T. palustris, DC. FI. France, No. 1894; Red. Lil. t. 256, non Huds.—T. anthericoides, Roth, Enum. i. 2, 109.—T. allemanica, Bluff et Fingerhuth, Germ. 478.—T. rubra, Braun in Bot. Zeit. 1820, -496.—Anthericum calyeulatum, Linn. Sp. edit. ii. 447, ex parte.—Narthecium calyculatum, All. Ped. ii. 165. —N. iridifolium, Vill. Delph. ii. 225.—Helonias borealis, Willd. Sp. ii. 274. Hebelia allemanica e£ collina, Gmel. loc. cit.—Antherieum pseudo- asphodelus, Jacq. Vind. 233.—Scheuchzeria pseudo-asphodelus, Scop. Carn. i. 263. Folia 2-6 poll. longa 12-3 lin. lata 6-10-nervata. Caulis semipedalis vel pedalis glaber, foliis 2-3 reductis navicularibus erectis preditus. Racemus floriferus subspicatus 3-3 poll. longus, expansus 43-6 lin. diam., floribus omnibus confertis vel inferioribus segregatis, pedicellis nullis vel brevissimis, basi bractea minuta deltoidea, apice calyculo viridulo dentibus inzqualibus instructis. Perianthium luteo-viridulum 1 lin. lon- gum, segmentis oblanceolatis vel oblongis obtusis l-nervatis, Stamina perianthio equilonga vel breviter exserta, antheris luteis leviter versatili- bus. Racemus fructiferus 1-6-pollicaris, pedicellis ascendentibus, inferio- ribus 1-14 lin. longis. Capsula subglobosa 13-2 lin. longa, stylis 1 lin. longis, seminibus in loculo permultis. Montes Europe et Siberie ad Kamtschatkam et Americam borealem. T. nAcEMOSA, Hoppe, est forma elata pedalis vel sesquipedalis, racemo florifero 2-3 poll. longo superne laxo, pedicellis perspicuis; T. GLACIALIS, Gaud., est forma pygmæa subpollicaris floribus paucis capitatis; T. coc- CINEA, Richard, Kunth, Enum. iv. 167, et T. RUBRA, Braun, forme racemo capitato, bracteis, perianthii segmentis antherisque rubellis. 3. T. NuTANS, Willd. ; Led. Ross. iv. 210; Turcz. Fl. Baic. ii. 231 ; Mazim. Decad. iii. 212. Folia radicalia 1-2 poll. longa 1-2 lin. lata 5-7- nervata, Caulis glaber 2-4-pollicaris, foliis 2-3 reductis, supremo spe’ supra medium imposito, preditus. Racemus floriferus subspicatus capi- tatus 4-6 lin. longus, pedicellis nullis vel brevissimis, basi bractea deltoidea, apice calyculo irregulariter trilobato przditis. Racemus fructiferus 6-9 lin. longus, pedicellis cernuis 1-13 lin. longis. Perianthium 2-1 lin. lonzum luteo-viridulum vel rubro tinctum, segmentis oblanceolatis obtu- sis l-nervatis. Stamina leviter exserta, antheris luteis versatilibus. Cap- sula globosa perianthio zequilonga, stylis 1 lin. longis, seminibus in loculo pluribus pallide brunneis. ^ Siberia orientalis, Turezaninow! Small! Japonia, Tschonski! America borealis ad ripas fluminis MacKenzie, Dr. Richardson! T. cocciNEa, var. MAJOR, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 179, est forma perianthio rubello. 4. T. cERNUA, Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 244; Kunth, Enum. iv. 170; Led. Ross. iv. 210; Mazim. Decad. ii. 212. Folia radicalia 2-3 2M 2 488 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND poll. longa 1-12 lin. lata 5-7-nervata. Caulis gracilis glaber 6-9-pollica- ris, foliis omnibus basalibus vel unico supra basin praeditus. Racemus floriferus laxus 1-2-polliearis expansus 6 lin. diam., pedicellis cernuis 1-15 lin. longis, basi bractea minuta deltoidea, apice calyculo viridulo preeditis. Racemus fructiferus laxior, pedicellis flore subzequilongis. Perianthium 12 lin. longum, segmentis flavidis oblanceolatis uninervatis. Stamina perian- thio zquilonga vel breviter exserta, antheris luteis versatilibus. Capsula obovoidea 2 lin. longa perianthio accreto æquilonga, stylis 1 lin. longis, seminibus in loculo multis. Siberia orientalis, Pallas! Turczaninow! etc. 5. T. SORDIDA, Maxim. Diag. Decad. iii. 212; Franch. et Sav. Enum. Jap.i. 89, 532. Folia radicalia anguste linearia 5-nervata. Caulis subuni- folius foliis paulolongior. Racemus floriferus pedicellis perspicuis cernuis perianthio paulo brevioribus, basi bractea deltoidea pedicello zequilonga, apice calyeulo æqualiter trilobato preeditis. Perianthium cylindricum sor- dide ochraceum, segmentis lineari-oblongis, exterioribus trinervatis, inte-- rioribus uninervatis. Stamina perianthio equilonga, antheris basifixis. Styli ovario zquilongi. Japonia in alpibus ditionis Yedo, Maximo- wicz. 6. T. STENANTHA, Franch. et Savat. Enum. Jap. i. 530.—T. nuda, Franch. et Savat. Enum. Jap. ii. 89, ex parte, non Mazim. Folia radicalia anguste linearia valide 3-5-nervata margine scabra. Caulis gracilis glaber flexuosus 1-3-folius. Racemus floriferus brevis laxus, pedicellis floriferis cernuis perianthio fere equilongis, basi bractea ovata interdum trilobata, apice calyculo oblique truncato przeditis. Perianthium olivaceum sub- cylindricum, segmentis oblanceolatis ascendentibus l-nervatis, Stamina in- clusa, antheris ovoideis luteis basifixis. Ovarium obovoideum substipita- tum, stylis ovario :equilongis. Semina in loculo solitaria. Japonia in locis humidis umbrosis tractus Hakone, Savatier 1235. 7. T. NUDA, Mazim. Decad. x. 416; So Mokou Zoussetz, vol. vii. t. 299; Franch. et Savat. Enum. Jap. ii. 89, ex parte. Folia radicalia line- aria 4-5 poll. longa 2 lin. latatrinervata. Caulis glaber nudus foliis duplo longior. Racemus floriferus laxus 2-3-pollicaris, pedicellis ascendentibus 2-3 lin. longis, basi vix bracteatis, apice bracteola minutissima uninervata obsolete tricuspidata przditis. Perianthium campanulatum albidum 1 lin. longum, segmentis oblanceolatis uninervatis. Stamina perianthio zequi- longa, antheris rubellis versatilibus. Styli ovario oblongo sessili triplo breviores. Japonia. 8. T. GRACILIS, Franch. et Savat. Enum. Jap. ii. 89, 531. Folia ra- dicalia anguste linearia 3-5-nervia scapo vix breviora, margine scabra. Caulis gracilis flexuosus glaber nudus vel unifolius. Racemus floriferus laxus pedicellis solitariis, vel densior pedicellis 2-4nis ascendentibus pe- rianthio subsequilongis, bractea ovata pedicello equilonga, apice calyculo THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACE X. 489 trilobato præditis. Perianthium albidum campanulatum, segmentis ob- longis flore expanso patulis. Stamina exserta, antheris ovoideis violaceis basifixis. Styli graciles ovario æquilongi. Japonia in montibus Nippon borealis, Savatier 3749. 9. T. HIMALAICA, Baker. Folia radicalia anguste linearia 2-4 poll. longa 1-2 lin. lata 3-5-nervata, margine scabra. Caulis gracilis glaber semipedalis, foliis 1-2 lanceolato-navicularibus supra basin preeditus. Ra- cemum floriferum non vidi. Racemus fructiferus laxus 2-4-pollicaris, pedicellis ascendentibus, inferioribus 4-6 lin. longis, basi bractea minuta lanceolata vel oblanceolata, apice calyculo viridulo preditis. Perianthium luteo-viridulum 13 lin. longum, segmentis anguste oblanceolatis uniner- vatis. Stamina breviter exserta. Capsula obovoidea 2 lin. longa, stylis 3-4 lin. longis. Himalaya orientalis in regione alpina ditionis Sikkim, alt. 10000-15000 pedum, Sir J. D. Hooker ! 10, T. GLABRA, Nutt. Gen. i. 235 ; A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York. iv. 170; Kunth, Enum. iv. 170; Chapm. Flor. S. States, 492.—T. glaber- rima, Macbride in Ell. Bot. i. 424. Folia radicalia linearia rigidula semi- pedalia vel pedalia 2-3 lin. lata 6-12-nervata. Caulis strictus glaber 1-2- pedalis, foliis 3-4 erectis reductis przditus. Racemus floriferus densus 2-6 poll. longus, expansus 5-6 lin. diam., pedicellis perspicuis erecto- patentibus perianthio sepe equilongis, basi bractea deltoidea, apice caly- culo trilobato preditis. Perianthium campanulatum albido-viridulum 13 lin. longum, segmentis oblanceolato-oblongis obtusis dorso trinervatis. Filamenta linearia segmentis zquilonga, antheris minutis globosis versati- libus cite deciduis. Ovarium ampullzforme, carpellis in stylos brevissimos faleatos sensim angustatis. Carpella fructifera perianthio accreto æqui- longa, seminibus in loculo 6-8. America borealis orientalis in pinetis Caroline et Arkansas. 11. T. FALCATA, Willd. in Berl. Mag. ii. 29; Kunth, Enum. iv. 172.— T. frigida, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. i. 267; Kunth, loc. cit.—T. flexuosa, Willd. loc. cit.—T. sessiliflora, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 691.—Isidrogalvia fal- cata, Ruiz et Pav. Fl. Peruv. iii. 69, t. 302.—I. Moritziana, Klotzsch MSS. —Narthecium falcatum, Poir. Encyc. Suppl. iv. 61. Folia radicalia line- aria rigida 3-12 poll. longa 3-4 lin. lata conspicue crebre 10-15-nervata, margine scabra. Caulis gracilis glaber pedalis vel sesquipedalis, foliis 3-4 bracteiformibus parvis solum przditus. Racemus floriferus densus vel laxus 1-2-pollicaris, expansus 7-9 lin. diam., pedicellis ascendentibus sub- nullis (T. sessiliflora, Hook.) vel interdum perianthio zquilongis, basi bractea deltoidea vel lanceolata, apice calyculo magno bracteis tribus del- toideis basi solum concretis instructis. Perianthium oblongum albidum 4-5 lin. longum, segmentis oblongo-lanceolatis dorso laxe 5-7-nervatis. Stamina perianthio distincte breviora, filamentis filiformibus, antheris lineari-oblongis basifixis. Ovarium ampulleforme, stylis floriferis concretis, 490 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND stigmate capitato. Capsula ovoideo-globosa 3-4 lin. longa, stylis tri- bus $ lin. longis rectis persistentibus, seminibus in loculo 6-8. Andes a Columbia ad Peruviam, alt. 11000 pedum ascendens. 44. TRIANTRA, Nutt. Nutt. Gen. i. 236 (ut sectio Tofieldie). Flores hermaphroditi. Perianthium firmulum campanulatum persistens 6-partitum, segmentis subeequalibus lanceolatis obtusis flore expanso patulis. Stamina 6 subhypogyna exserta, filamentis filiformibus, antheris minutis subglobosis basifixis basi emargi- natis margine dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile triloculare, ovulis in loculo permultis superpositis ; styli 3 liberi apice stigmatosi. Capsula membranacea subglobosa septicida trivalvis, seminibus minutissimis oblongis apice et basi cauda subulata alba membra- nacea preditis, testa brunnea membranacea, albumine carnoso, embryone minuto. Habitus omnino Tofieldie ; recedit racemis sepe: centrifugalibus, pedicellis ternis, caule pedicellisque scabris, antheris margine dehiscentibus et seminibus, more Narthecii, utrin- que caudatis. Americanze. Caulis glanduloso-scaber. Racemus brevis ... 1. Z. glutinosa. Caulis hispido-scaber haud glandulosus. Racemus elongatus. 2. T. pubens. ui a i a E etre cr 8. T. japonica. l. T. GLUTINOSA, Baker.—Tofieldia glutinosa, Pers. Syn. i. 399; Willd. in Bot. Mag. ii. 29 ; Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 246, tab. 8. fig. 2; Kunth, Enum. iv. 171; A. Gray, Fl. N. States, edit. y. 527.— Narthecium glutinosum, Micha. FI. i. 210. Folia radicalia linearia glabra 4-8 poll. longa 11-2 lin. lata 6-10-nervata. Caulis gracilis flexuosus 6- 18-pollicaris, superne glandulis nigris et pilis paucis brevissimis hispidis scabra, infra medium foliis 2-3 reductis erectis przeditus. Racemus flori- ferus brevis densus vel sublaxus 3-13 pollicaris, pedicellis brevissimis vel brevibus scabris erecto-patentibus ternis basi bractea deltoidea apice caly- culo praeditis. Racemus fructiferus laxior, pedicellis inferioribus 3-4 lin. longis. Perianthium 2 lin. longum, segmentis oblanceolatis obtusis triner- vatis flore expanso reflexis. Stamina breviter exserta, filamentis linearibus, antheris subglobosis violaceis. Capsula globosa 23-3 lin. longa, stylis persistentibus } lin. longis. America borealis a Sitka et insula Vancouver ad Terram Novam et Carolinam. 2. T. puBENS, Baker.—Tofieldia pubens, Dryand, in Ait, Hort. Kew. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 491 2nd edit. ii. 326; Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 245; Willd. in Berl. Mag. ii. 28; Bot. Mag. t. 3859.—T. pubescens, Pers. Syn. i. 399; DC. in Red. Lil. t. 324.—Narthecium pubens, Micha. Fl. Am. i. 209. Folia radi- caliaanguste linearia rigidula glabra semipedalia vel pedalia 13-2 lin. lata 10-12-nervia, marginibus incrassatis. Caulis gracilis 1-2-pedalis pilis his- pidis albidis brevissimis scaber, foliis 1-2 reductis erectis infra medium in- structus. Racemus floriferus laxus 2-4-pollicaris, expansus 6-9 lin. diam., pedicellis ternis erecto-patentibus scabris 2-3 lin. longis basi bractea mi- nuta deltoidea, apice calyculo minuto przditis. Perianthium albidum 2 lin. longum, segmentis oblanceolatis trinervatis flore expanso reflexis. Stamina breviter exserta, filamentis filiformibus, antheris subglobosis vio- Capsula obovoidea perianthio accreto zquilonga, stylis falcatis America borealis orientalis in pinetis a Nova Cesarea ad laceis. 3 lin. longis. Floridam. 3. T. JAPONICA, Baker.—Tofieldia japonica, Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lug. Bat. iii. 201; Franch. et Savat. Enum. Jap. ii. 89; So Mokou Zoussetz, vol. vii. t. 30. Folia radicalia rigidula linearia 6-9 poll. longa acie utraque dense ciliolato-scabrida. Caulis pedalis unifolius, superne cum pedicellis pilis brevibus rigidis glanduliferis scabra. Racemus laxus interdum digitalis, pedicellis ternis erecto-patentibus inferioribus 3-4 lin. longis, basi bractea minuta deltoidea, apice calyculo minuto przeditis. Perianthium 2 lin. lon- gum, segmentis oblanceolatis trinervatis. Stamina segmentis zquilonga. Ovarium obovoideo-oblongum glabrum, carpellis in stylos faleatos atte- nuatis. Japonica in paludosis, Kieske, Savatier 1234. Non vidi. 45. PLEEA, Rich. Rich. in Micha. Fl. Bor.-Amer. i. 246, t. 25 ; A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. 189; Endl. Gen. No. 1063 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 173. Flores hermaphroditi. Perianthium firmum G-partitum, seg- mentis 6 equalibus linearibus acutis flore expanso patulis. Sta- mina 9-12 hypogyna, filamentis leviter applanatis quam segmenta brevioribus, antheris basifixis bilocularibus lanceolatis basi sagit- tatis introrsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium liberum oblongum triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris superpositis, stylis liberis brevibus apice stigmatosis. Capsula rigide coriacea septi- cida trivalvis, seminibus minutis turgidis angustis apice caudatis, testacea chartacea brunnea, albumine firmo, embryone minuto, raphe valida. l. P. TENUIFOLIA, Michx. & A. Gray, loc. cit. Herba glaberrima dura, rhizomate reptante radicibus fibrosis, foliis distichis equitantibus line- aribus semipedalibus acuminatis basi dilatatis rigide coriaceis facie planis 492 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEZE AND venis crebris exsculptis. Caulis strictus durus gracilis 13-2-pedalis, foliis 2-3 reductis erectis praeditus. Racemus laxus secundus 6-8-florus, brac- teis duris acuminatis lanceolato-navicularibus 9-18 lin. longis imbricatis rachin amplectentibus, pedicellis exsertis erectis supra medium bracteolis 1-2 lanceolatis parvis brunneis scariosis przditis. Perianthium 6-7 lin. longum albidum extus viridulum. Carpella fructifera segmentis breviora America borealis in udis apertis Caroline. 46. PETROSAVIA, Beccari. Beccari in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. 7, t. 1. Perianthium coloratum trigonum persistens 6-partitum, seg- mentis 3 exterioribus ovatis, 3 interioribus lanceolatis. Stamina 6 profunde perigyna, filamentis subulatis quam segmenta breviori- bus, antheris oblongis bilocularibus bisifixis introrsum longitudi- naliter dehiscentibus. Carpella 3 libera ad apicem stigmatosum angustata, ovulis in loculo crebris superpositis. Fructus follicu- laris, carpellis stellatim patentibus sutura ventrali dehiscentibus, seminibus ovoideo-ellipticis 7-9-costatis, testa brunnea chartacea. l. P. STELLARIS, Beccari, loc. cit. Herba parasitica erecta gracilis glabra 5-6-pollicaris, foliis omnibus caulinis rudimentariis scariosis brac- teiformibus, inferioribus crebris deltoideis, superioribus segregatis lanceo- latis. Flores 10-12 in corymbum dispositi, pedicellis erecto-patentibus strictis 6-8 lin. longis basi bracteatis. Perianthium luteum, segmentis 14 lin. longis, flore expanso reflexis persistentibus. ^ Carpella fructifera segmentis longiora. Borneo ad montem Poe, prope Sarawak, alt. 3000 pedum, Beccari 2399, 47. ScoLIOPUS, Torrey. Torrey, Bot. Whipple, 89, t. 22. Flores hermaphroditi. Perianthium corollmum 6-partitum, segmentis exterioribus lanceolatis, interioribus linearibus. Sta- mina 6 hypogyna segmentis triplo breviora, filamentis subulatis, antheris oblongis bilocularibus versatilibus extrorsum longitudi- naliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile ampulleforme uniloculare, placentis tribus parietalibus, ovulis crebris superpositis ; stylis tribus brevibus faleatis introrsum longitudinaliter stigmatosis. Capsula oblonga subalato-triquetra, seminibus (immaturis solum visis) compressis raphi valida pereursis. 1. S. BreeLovul, Torrey, loc. cit.; Regel, Gartenfl. 1875, 227, t. 348. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACE E. 493 Herba glabra, rhizomate obliquo cylindrico fibris multis duris gracilibus predito, collo hypogzo 1-2 poll. longo. Folia 2 ad terram producta ob- longa patula 6-8 poll. longa, medio 2-4 poll.lata, acuta vel subobtusa venis primariis 5-7 percursa. Flores 6-12 ex centro foliorum orti umbel- lati, pedicellis flexuosis 3-8 poll. longis. Perianthium sordide purpureum 6-7 lin. longum, segmentis exterioribus 2 lin. latis multinervatis, interiori- bus 4 lin. latis. Pistillum segmentis paulo brevius. California, Bigelow ! Samuels! et forma MINOR ab Oregon, Hall 518! foliis 3 poll. longis 12-15 lin. latis, floribus 2-3 productis. Tribus CONANTHERE X. 48. ConantHera, Ruiz et Pavon. Ruiz et Pavon, Fl. Peruv. iii. 68, t. 31; Endl. Gen. No. 1157; Kunth, Enum. iv. 630 ; Miers in Trans. Soc. Linn. xxiv. tab. 53. figs. 14-22. Perianthium corolinum esruleum basi ovario adnatum, seg- mentis 6 ad ovarium liberis conformibus lanceolatis laxe 3-5- nervatis, flore expanso reflexis. Stamina 6 ad basin segmentorum inserta, filamentis brevissimis applanatis, antheris magnis linea- ribus valvatis in conum diu approximatis basifixis apice acumi- natis poris dehiscentibus. Ovarium i inferum sessile globosum triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus superpositis; stylus rectus filiformis, apice capitato stigmatoso. Capsula globosa chartacea trilobata loculicida trivalvis. Semina non vidi. Habitus omnino Cumingie ; recedit segmentis ad ovarium liberis, antheris magnis diu valvatis. 1. C. BiroLia, Ruiz et Pavon, loc. cit. ; C. Gay, Fl. Chil. vi. 130. Herba glabra erecta fragilis semipedalis ad sesquipedalis. Bulbus ovoideus 6-9 lin. diam. edulis, tunicis pluribus reticulato-fibrosis. Folia radicalia 2-3 linearia graminoidea. Caulis semipedalis vel pedalis foliis paucis re- ductis linearibus convolutis praeditus. Racemi laxiflori pauciflori simplices vel pauci, pedicellis 3-9 lin. longis bracteatis et bracteolatis inarticulatis, floriferis cernuis, fructiferis erectis. Perianthium membranaceum saturate ceruleum 8-12 lin. longum. Anthere lutez 4-6 lin. longe. Chili in campis, Cuming 382! Bertero 195! 928! Bridges 1272! 49. Cumineta, D. Don. D. Don in Loudon Mag. Nat. Hist. 1828,362, fig. 169 a; Kunth, Enum. iv. 631; Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 507, tab. 53, figs. 23-29.— Conanther: sp., Sims ete. 494 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND Perianthium corollinum cæruleum hypocrateriforme basi ovario adnatum, tubo supra ovarium producto oblongo, segmentis oblon- gis obtusis subconformibus flore expanso patulis. Stamina 6 omnia perfecta iu tubo inclusa ad tubi basin uniseriatim inserta, filamentis brevissimis, antheris erectis linearibus basifixis acumi- natis poris apiealibus dehiscentibus. Ovarium globosum sessile semiinferum triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus; stylus filifor- mis, stigmate minuto capitato. Capsula globosa chartacea locu- lieida trivalvis, seminibus parvis triquetris, testa atro-fusca opaca membranacea, albumine firmo, embryone axili. Herbe bulbose chilenses, bulbi tunicis pluribus reticulatojfibrosis, foliis basalibus paucis linearibus, caulinis reductis basi interdum bulbilliferis, Jloribus copiosis eeruleis thyrsoideo-paniculatis, pedicellis inarticu- latis, bracteatis. Grandiflora, capsulis erectis .................. 1. C. campanulata. Parviflora, capsulis cernuis..................... 2. C. parvula. 1. C. cAMPANULATA, D. Don, loc. cit. ; Sweet, Brit. Flow. Gard. t. 257; Kunth, Enum. iv. 632; C. Gay, Fl. Chil. vi. 131; Philip. FI. Atacam, 52.—Conanthera campanulata, Lindl. i» Trans. Hort. Soc. vi. 283; Hook. Exot. Flora, t. 214; Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1193.—C. bifolia, Sims in Bot. Mag. t. 2496, non Ruiz et Pavon. Herba glabra erecta fra- gilis valde ramosa 1-2-pedalis. Bulbus ovoideus 1 poll. diam., tunicis pluribus fibroso-reticulatis apice setiferis. Folia basalia 2-3 linearia gra- minoidea; caulina pauca reducta basi sspe bulbillifera. Panicula laxa thyrsoidea semipedalis vel pedalis, ramis ascendentibus paucifloris sub- corymbosis, bracteis minutis lanceolatis, pedicellis 3-6 lin. longis, floriferis erectis vel apice cernuis, fructiferis strictis erectis. Perianthium ceruleam immaculatum 6-9 lin. longum, segmentis oblongis 5-nervatis tubo aquilon- gis. Antherze 2 lin. longe. Capsula magnitudine pisi profunde lobata. Chili in aridis. —C. rTRIMACULATA, D. Don in Sweet Brit. Flow. Gard. ser. ii. t. S8, est forma robusta grandiflora perianthii segmentis tribus inte- rioribus basi maculis atroviolaceis notatis.—C. TENELLA, D. Don, Kunth, Enum. iv. 633, est forma gracilis semipedalis floribus paucis pallide exru- leis immaculatis 5-6 lin. longis. 2. C. PARVULA, Philippi in Linnea, xxix. 74. — Bulbus globosus 6-8 lin. diam., tunicis multis fibroso-reticulatis. Caulis infra paniculam 1-2- pollicaris, foliis linearibus. Panicula deltoidea 1-13 poll. longa et lata, pedicellis inferioribus 2-3 lin. longis, floriferis et fructiferis cernuis. Pe- rianthium 3-34 lin. longum pallide ceruleum immaculatum, segmentis tubo squilongis. Capsula 14 lin. longa. Chili in aridis prope urbem Valparaiso, Germain ! * THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACE E. 495 50. Zrruvna, D. Don. D. Don in Edin. New Phil. Journ. 1832, 236; Kunth, Enum. iv. 633 ; Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 503, tab. 53. figs. 1-4. -Dieolus, Philippi, Descr. Pl. Nuev. 1873, 74. Perianthium corollinum csruleum hypocrateriforme, basi ovario adnatum, tubo producto cylindrieo sursum constricto, segmentis subconformibus tubo longioribus oblongis vel obovatis obtusis multinervatis flore expanso patulis. Stamina perfecta 4 cum sta- minodiis 2 calcariformibus 2 alternantia ad faucem tubo inserta uniseriata segmentis multo breviora, filamentis brevissimis subu- latis, antheris oblongis basifixis erectis oblique calcaratis, apice poris dehiscentibus. Ovarium triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris ; stylis rectis filiformibus, apice capitato stigmatoso. Capsula membranacea obovoideo-triquetra loculicida trivalvis, seminibus paucis parvis oblongis turgidis, testa rugosa membranacea atro- eastanea opaca, albumine firmo, embryone axili cylindrico. l. Z. ELEGANS, D. Don et Kunth, loce. citt.—Z. amoena, Miers, loc. cit. —Dicolus czrulescens, Philippi, loc. cit. Herba bulbosa glabra erecta ramosa semipedalis vel pedalis. Folia radicalia 3-4 linearia acuminata semipedalia et ultra 3—4 lin. lata; caulina pauca reducta. Panicula delto- idea multiflora interdum semipedalis, ramis erecto-patentibus, inferioribus foliis elongatis bracteatis, racemis subeorymbosis, bracteis ultimis minutis subulatis, pedicellis inarticulatis, inferioribus 9-15 lin. longis, floriferis erectis vel cernuis, fructiferis strictis erectis apice incrassatis. Perianthium 9-10 lin. longum pallide vel saturate cæruleum, tubo 2 lin. longo, seg- mentis 2-3 lin. latis 7~9-nervatis. Stamina l lin. longa. Capsula 4 lin. longa obtusa styli basi persistente mucronata. Peruvia in Monte Lomas prov. Iquique, alt. 3000 pedum, Bollaert! Chili prope urbem Concepcion, Bridges 1312! Cuming 872! Atacama ad Carrizal bago, King! 51. TECOPHILÆA, Bertero. Colla in Mem. Taur. xxxix. 19, t. 55; Herbert, Amaryll. 69, 125, tab. 24. figs. 16-17 ; Miers in Trans. Soc. Linn. xxiv. 504, tab. 53. figs. 5-13.—Distrepta, Miers, Trav. Chil. ii. 529.—Phry- ganthus, Popp. et Endl. Nov. Gen. ii. 71, t. 200.—Poeppigia, Kunze in Reich. Consp. 222 a. Perianthium corollinum hypocrateriforme leviter obliquum basi ovario adnatum, tubi brevi apice constricto, segmentis 6 subcon- formibus oblongis vel obovatis flore expanso patulis. Stamina prope faucem tubi inserta uniseriata, 3 anteriora fertilia filamentis brevissimis, antheris oblongis basifixis -erectis, basi calcaratis, 496 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND apice poris dehiscentibus ; 3 posteriora sterilia linearia. Ovarium sessile triloculare 2-inferum, ovulis in loculo pluribus; stylus rectus filiformis, apice stigmatoso tricuspidatus. Capsula mem- branacea apice loculicida trivalvis, seminibus parvis turgidis, testa nigra membranacea, albumine firmo, embryone axili. Herbe bul- bose, tunicis fibrosis, foliis radicalibus linearibus vel lanceolatis 1—3, pedunculis simplicibus vel ramosis, floribus ceruleis. Folium radicale unicum. Pedunculi elongati BÆpe ramosi. ice Es VEI TE RS AS 1. T. violeflora. Folia radicalia 2-3. Pedunculi breves sim- pices ek: E ces a a e d T YaAneO- TOCCA: 1. T. VIOLÆFLORA, Bertero, loc. cit.; C. Gay, Fl. Chil. vi. 36.—Di- strepta vaginata, Miers, loc. cit.—Phyganthus vernus, Pópp. et Endl. loc. cit.— Poppigia chilensis, Kunze, loc. cit. Bulbus globosus 5-6 lin. diam., tunicis fibrosis apice setosis, collo hypogaeo 1-2-pollicari, Folium radi- cale solitarium erectum lanceolatum firmulum 6-9 poll. longum medio 6-9 lin. latum acutum ad basin caulem amplectentem angustatum, venis pri- mariis perspicuis circiter 7, intermediis crebris tenuioribus. Caulis gra- cillimus erectus 3-6-pollicaris 1—4-florus, bracteis minutis, pedicellis bre- vibus ascendentibus. Perianthium 6-8 lin. longum saturate czruleum, tubo 1 lin. longo, segmentis oblongo-lanceolatis 15-2 lin. latis 7-9-nervatis. Stamina | lin. longa. Capsula 6-8 lin. longa, valvis 2 lin. longis. Chili prope urbem Valparaiso, etc., Bridges 429! Cuming 593! Peruvia in col- libus prope Limam, Nation !—T. AvBtDA, Miers in Trans. Soc. Linn. xxiv. 505; est varietas humilis floribus minoribus albidis. 2. T. cvANEO-cROCEA, Leybold in Seem. Journ. i. 10; Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 505 ; Gard. Chron. 1872, 219. Bulbus globosus 8-9 lin. diam., tunicis fibrosis, collo hypogzo 1-2-pollicari folio membranaceo haud producto cincto. Folia radicalia producta 2-3 linearia acuminata canali- culata undulata 3-6 poll. longa 3-6 lin. lata. Pedunculi 1-3 erecti sim- plices uniflori ebracteati 1-2 poll longi. Perianthium 15-18 lin. longum pulchre ezruleum fauce albidum, tubo 2 lin. longo sursum constricto, seg- mentis obovatis multinervatis 6-8 lin. latis. Stamina 1 lin. longa, antheris oblongis luteis staminodiis paulo brevioribus. Chili in montibus, Ley- bold! Hort. Leichtlin! i Var. REGELII, Baker.—T. cyaneo-crocea, Regel, Gartenflora, tab. 718, ab typo recedit foliis longioribus angustioribus haud undulatis, pedunculis longioribus, perianthii segmentis angustioribus magis oblongis (1 poll. longis, 4-5 lin. latis). 52. CxANELLA, Linn. Linn. Gen. 240; Endl. Gen. No. 1144; Kunth, Enum. iv. 635 ; Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 908.— Cyanella, Trigella, e£ Pharetrella, Salisb. Gen. 46-47. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 497 Perianthium ringens corollinum basi ovario adnatum, segmentis ad ovarium liberis laxe multinervatis oblongis obovatis vel lanceo- latis, superioribus flore expanso recurvatis, inferioribus ascenden- tibus. Stamina 6 plus minus inequalia ad basin segmentorum - inserta, filamentis brevibus filiformibus, antheris lineari-oblongis basifixis poris apicalibus dehiscentibus. Ovarium triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus ; stylus filiformis declinatus apice stig- matoso obscure trieuspidatus. Capsula chartacea tarde loculicida trivalvis, seminibus oblongis turgidis, testa nigra crustacea niti- dula, albumine firmo, embryone cylindrico. Herbe bulbose capen- ses, bulbis tunicatis superpositis, foliis plerisque radicalibus rosulatis, caulinis paucis reductis, floribus versicoloribus laxe racemosis raro solitariis, pedicellis inarticulatis bracteatis et bracteolatis. Pedunculi uniflori. Folia teretia ...... eus I D alba. Flores racemosi. Folia plana. Stathina 3 declinata, antheris majoribus... 2. C. orchidiformis. Stamen 1 declinatum, anthera majore. , Perianthium 3-4 lin. longum ............ 3. C. capensis. Perianthium 6-9 lin. longum ............ 4. C. lutea. 1. C. ALBA, Linn. fil. Suppl. 201; Thunb. in Act. Holm. 1794, t. 7. fig. 2; Flor. Cap. 329 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 640.— Pharetrella alba, Salisb. Gen. 47. Bulbus globosus, collo hypogzo 3-4-pollicari. Folia basalia 12-20 erecta subulata rigidula glabra 3-4 poll. longa, extimum basi dila- tata cupuliformi membranacea reliqua amplectente. | Pedunculi 3-6 sim- plices uniflori semipedales vel pedales nudi vel deorsum folio unico reducto parvo instrueti. Perianthium albidum horizontale 6-9 lin. longum, seg- mentis interioribus oblongis acutis 3-4 lin. latis laxe distincte 5-7-nervatis, exterioribus oblongo-lanceolatis dorso rubro tinctis apice cuspide viridi terminatis. Stamina sub:zqualia perianthio triente breviora, 5 arcuata, 1 declinatum, antheris luteis 3 lin. longis. C. B. Spei, Masson! Mader 135! etc. 2. C. orcHIDIFORMIS, Jacq. Coll. iv. 211, Ic. t. 447; Kunth, Enum. iv. 637.— Trigella orchidiformis, Salisb. Gen. 46. Bulbus globosus mag- nitudine nucis avellanz, collo hypogzeo brevi. Folia radicalia 3-4 ob- longa vel lanceolata 3-6 poll.longa 9-18 lin. lata acuta vel acuminata modice firma distincte multinervata marginibus minute ciliatis. Scapus semipedalis simplex vel parce ramosus foliis 1-2 valde reductis linearibus instructus. Racemus terminalis laxus 3-4-pollicaris, expansus 11-2 poll. diam., pedicellis arcuatis inferioribus 6-9 lin. longis, basi bracteatis, medio bracteolatis. Perianthium 6 lin. longum rubellum vel violaceum, segmen- tis exterioribus majoribus obovatis unguiculatis 3-4 lin. latis laxe 7-9- 498 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEZE AND nervatis, interioribus brevioribus et angustioribus. Stamina perianthio duplo breviora : 3 declinata, filamentis brevissimis, antheris 2 lin. longis; 3 arcuata, filamentis longioribus, antheris minoribus. C. B. Spei, Drége 8602, Pappe! etc. 3. C. capensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 443; Thunb. Fl. Cap. 330; Bot. Mag. t. 568; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 541; Jacq. Hort. Vind. iii. t. 35; Red. Lil. t. 373; Kunth, Enum. iv. 636.—C. csrulea, Ecklon, Verz. Top. 4. Herba erecta semipedalis ad sesquipedalis, bulbo globoso, tunieis crasse fibrosis, collo hypogzo interdum semipedali. Folia basalia 4-6 linearia vel lineari-lanceolata 4-8 poll. longa 6-9 lin. lata rigidula valde undulata distincte multinervata, marginibus minute ciliatis. Caules valde ramosi, folis paucis reductis instructi. Racemi laxissimi, terminales 4-6 poll. longi, expansi 13-2 poll. diam., pedicellis ascendentibus bracteatis et brac- teolatis, inferioribus 6-12 lin. longis. Perianthium violaceum 3-4 lin. longum, segmentis exterioribus oblongis 5-7-nervatis, interioribus sequi- longis oblanceolatis trinervatis. Stamina omnia filamentis brevissimis: 5 arcuata, antheris 1 lin. longis; unicum declinatum, anthera 13 lin. longa. Capsula magnitudine pisi parvi. C. B. Spei, Drége 8600! Zeyher 1718! Burchell 129! 153! 6532! 6584! 4. C. LUTEA, Linn. fil. Suppl. 201; Thunb. Act. Holm. 1794, 195, tab. 7. fig. 1; Fl. Cap. 330; Bot. Mag. t. 1252; Kunth, Enum. iv. 639. Herba erecta semipedalis vel pedalis, bulbo globoso magnitudine nucis avellanz, tunicis reticulato-fibrosis, collo hypogseo 1-6-pollicari. Folia radicalia 4-8 linearia 4-6 poll. longa 3-6 raro 9 lin. lata tenuiora quam in C. capensi, margine glabra vel minute ciliata. Caules sepissime ramosi, foliis paucis valde reductis instructi. — Racemi laxissimi, terminalis sepe semipedalis, expansus 2-3 poll. diam., pedicellis ascendentibus bracteatis et bracteolatis, inferioribus 12-18 lin. longis. Perianthium 6-9 lin. longum pallidum vel rubellum, segmentis exterioribus lanceolatis 5-nervatis, inte- rioribus oblongis trinervatis. Stamina omnia filamentis brevissimis: 5 ar- cuata, antheris 1-2 lin. longis; ] declinatum, anthera 2-4 lin. longa. Cap- sula magnitudine pisi magni (4 lin. diam.). C. B. Spei, Drége 8604! Zeyher 255! 4256! Burchell 1630! 2346! 2256! 4148! 6100! 6174! Cooper 270!—C. rosea, Eckl. MSS.—C. lutea, var. rosea, Baker in Saund. Rep. Bot. t. 259, est forma floribus rubellis.—C. LINEATA, Bur- chell, Travels, ii. 589, est forma nana 3-4-pollicaris floribus confertis roseis subcorymbosis.—C. opoRATISSIMA, Lindl, in Bot. Reg. t. 1111; Kunth, Enum. iv. 637, est forma floribus magnis rubris odoratis. 53. Wattenta, Kirk, Kirk in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 497, t. 52. Perianthium regulare corollinum basi ovario adnatum, seg- THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEJ. 499 mentis ad ovarium liberis multinervatis subeonformibus lanceolatis acutis. Stamina 6 ad basin segmentorum inserta, filamentis fili- formibus brevissimis, antheris magnis linearibus diu in eonum 'approximatis basifixis poris apicalibus dehiscentibus. Ovarium ovoideum triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus superpositis ; stylus rectus filiformis, stigmate minuto capitato. Capsula chartacca loculicida trivalvis. Semina non vidi. 1. W. Macxenzit, Kirk in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 597, t. 52. fig. 2.— W. angolensis, Baker in Trans. Linn. oc. new ser. Bot. i. 262. Herba erecta glabra pedalis vel sesquipedalis, tubere carnoso difformi. Folia 20-30 omnia caulina sessilia oblonga vel lanceolata acuta 2-4 poll. longa infra medium 3-9 lin. lata, inferiora parva reducta. Pedicelli ex axillis foliorum multorum producti simplices vel raro fureati bracteolati ascen- dentes 12-18 lin. longi. Perianthium cxruleum 6-9 lin. longum, segmentis 2 lin. latis 5-7-nervatis. Stamina perianthio paulo breviora, antheris 4 lin. longis. Africa australis tropicalis; montes Manganya, Waller! An- gola in ditione Huilla, Welwitsch! Lacus Tanganika, Capt. Cameron! Var. W. NuTANS, Kirk in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 597, t. 52. fig. 1, est forma gracilis foliis linearibus 3-4 poll. longis, floribus cernuis. Montes Manganya, Waller ! Tribus LIRI0oPEx. 54. LIRIOPE, Lour. Lour. Fl. Cochin. i. 290 (1790).—Ophiopogon, Ker in Bot. Mag. t. 1063 (1808), ex parte ; Kunth, Enum. v. 297.—Ophiopo- gon et Liriope, Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Péters. vii. 320.—Dracene Sp., Linn.—Convallarie sp., Thunb. Perianthium corollinum 6-partitum ovario haud adnatum, seg- mentis subconformibus oblongis l-nervatis diu ascendentibus. Stamina 6 inclusa subhypogyna, filamentis filiformibus antheris tquilongis, antheris oblongis utrinque emarginatis dorso supra basin affixis. Corona nula. Ovarium liberum sessile depresso- globosum triloculare, ovulis in loculo erectis collateralibus ; stylus subulatus, stigmate punctiformi. Semina sepissime solitaria ex pericarpio rumpente protrusa globosa, testa atro-cerulea mem- branacea, albumine corneo, embryone cylindrico. l. L. cRAMINIFOLIA, Baker.—Dracena graminifolia, Linn. Syst, 275 ; Lam. Ency. ii. 324; Thunb. et Dalm. Diss. 3!—Liriope spicata, Lour. Cochin. i. 200.— Convallaria spicata, Thunb. Jap. 141.—Ophiopogon spi- catus, Ker in Bot. Mag. sub t. 1063; Bot, Reg. t. 593; Lodd. Bot. Cab. 500 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACE® AND t. 694.—O. longifolius, Decne in Van Houtte, Fl. des Serres, xvii. 182.— O. gracilis, Kunth, Enum. v. 298.— Fluggea spicata, Schult. fil. Syst. vii. 310.—Ophiopogon japonicus, Wall. Cat. 5139, ex parte, non Ker. Herba glabra ezspitosa erecta semipedalis vel pedalis rhizomatosa stolonifera, fibris radicalibus elongatis gracilibus. Folia radicalia plura erecta linearia graminoidea 1-2-pedalia, 2-3 lin. lata. Scapus nudus sursum angulatus semipedalis vel pedalis. Racemi simplices sublaxi 2-6 poll. longi, expansi 8-9 lin. diam., pedicellis aggregatis erecto-patentibus sub apice articulatis 3-2 lin. longis, bracteis minutis membranaceis persistentibus deltoideis vel lanceolatis. Perianthium violaceum vel albidum 14-2 lin. longum. Stamina perianthio paulo breviora. Semina globosa magnitudine pisi. China et Cochin China. Var. bENSIFLORA, Mazim. loc. cit.—Ophiopogon spicatus, Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 5348 ; Kunth, Enum. v. 299, excl. syn.—O. Muscari, Decne in Van Houtte, Fl. des Serres, xvii. 181. — Robustior, foliis latioribus (4-8 lin. latis), racemis desioribus interdum deorsum compositis, pedicellis apice articulatis, floribus majoribus. Japonia, Formosa, China borealis et insule Loo Choo. Var. MINOR, Mazim. loc. cit., est forma nana japonica foliis angustis, floribus paucis magnis. 55. FLUGGEA, Rich. Rich. in Schrad. Journ. ii. pt. i. 9, tab. 1. fig. A; Kunth, Enum. v. 801.—Ophiopogon, Ker in Bot. Mag. t. 1063, ex parte.—Ophio- pogon e£ Fluggea, Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Péters. vii. 320.—Sla- teria, Desv. in Journ. Bot. i. 244.— Chloopsis, Blume, Enum. 1. 14,—Convallarie sp., Thunb. Perianthium corollinum albidum vel lilacino tinctum, tubo obconico ovario adnato, segmentis 6 subeonformibus oblongis vel lineari-oblongis flore expanso patulis dorso uninervatis. Stamina 6 ad basin segmentorum inserta inclusa, filamentis latis brevisst- mis, antheris lanceolatis subbasifixis erectis introrsum longitudi- naliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium globosum semiinferum trilocu- lare, ovulis in loculo 2-4; stylus erectus subulatus, stigmate . obscure tricuspidato. Semina ad ovarium sspe solitaria ex peri- carpio haud accrescente rumpente protrusa globosa vel oblonga, testa atro-cerulea membranacea, albumine firmo, embryone cylin- drico. Herbe vel raro suffrutices scandentes, foliis sepissime ses- silibus linearibus, pedunculis nudis, floribus multis simpliciter ra- cemosis, pedicellis articulatis sepe aggregatis, bracteis membrana- ceis albidis persistentibus. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACER. 501 Folia sessilia. Pedicelli inferiores 2-8ni ................. ... 1. F. Japonica. Pedicelli inferiores 6-9ni ..... SINCE 2. F. Jaburan. Folia distinete petiolata. Herbacea, foliis 6-9 latis |..................... 3. F. Griffithü. Suffruticosa, foliis 1-2 poll. latis ............ 4. F. dracenoides. > 1. F. Japonica, Richard et Kunth. loc. cit.—Convallaria japonica, ~ Linn, fil. Suppl. 204; Red. Lil. t. 80.—C. japonica, var. minor, Thunb. Jap. 140.—Ophiopogon japonieus, Ker in Bot. Mag. t. 1063.—Slateria japonica, Desv, in Journ. Bot. i. 944. Herba acaulis perennis glabra rhi- zomatosa stolonifera, fibris radicalibus elongatis gracilibus seepe nodulosis. Folia radiealia plura erecta anguste linearia semipedalia vel pedalia deorsum angustata medio l-l; lin. lata 5-7-nervata. Scapus 2-4-pollicaris nudus angulatus. Racemus laxus pauciflorus subsecundus 2—3-pollicaris, pedicellis floriferis cernuis 1-2 lin. longis medio articulatis,inferioribus 2—3nis, bracteis lanceolatis albidis 2-3 lin. longis. Perianthium albidum 2 lin. longum, seg- mentis lineari-oblongis. Semen ad ovarium szpissime unicum globosum, exsiccatum 3 lin. diam. Japonia, Insule Koreane et China borealis. Var, UMBRATICOLA.—Ophiopogon (Fluggea) umbraticola, Hance in Seem. Journ. 1868, 115. Folia pedalia et ultra 14 lin. lata. Scapus semi- pedalis. Racemus laxus semipedalis, pedicellis ascendentibus, floriferis 3-4 lin. longis, bracteis linearibus, floribus parvis. China australis in ditione Canton, Sampson et Hance! Var. F. INTERMEDIA, Schultes fil. Syst. vii. 310: Kunth, Enum. v. 306.—Ophiopogon intermedius, D. Don, Prodr. Nep. 48 ; Royle, Ill, Him. 384, tab. 96. fig. 1.—O. spicatus, D. Don, loc. cit., non Ker.—O. minor, Royle, Ill. Him. 382.—Fluggea dubia et Jacquemontiana, Kunth, Enum. v. 304-305.—Ophiopogon indicus, Wight, Ic. t. 2050.—O. japonicus, var. intermedius, Mazim. loc. cit. Folia linearia 14-3 lin. lata 7-9-nervata. Scapi szpe semipedales vel pedales. Racemi laxi 2-6 poll. longi, pedi- cellis cernuis, inferioribus floriferis 3-4 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis pe- dicellis longioribus, perianthii segmentis 2-3 lin. longis 1-13 lin. latis, seminibus ad ovarium 3-6. Zlimalaya occidentalis et orientalis ad 9000 pedes perveniens, Birma, montes Indie peninsularis occidentalis et Zeylanie. —O. «oris, Royle, Ill. Him. 382, est forma flaccida nemorosa. Var. F. WALLICHIANA, Kunth, Enum. v. 303.—Chloopsis acaulis, Blume, Enum. i. 14.—C. caulescens, Blume, loc. cit.? —Ophiopogon japo- nicus, var. Wallichianus, Mazim. loc. cit.—O. Malcolinsouii, Royle, Ill. Him. 382. Robustior, foliis interdum bipedalibus 3-6 poll. latis 9-13-nervatis subpetiolatis, racemis densioribus, pedicellis brevioribus, floribus majori- bus, perianthii segmentis 3-43 lin. longis 2-2j lin. latis, bracteis magnis LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 2N 502 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND lanceolatis, seminibus ad ovarium 3-6. Himalaya orientalis, Birma, Ja- ponia, China australis, Java. 2. F. JaBURAN, Kunth, Enum. v. 303.—Ophiopogon Jaburan, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1876; Mazim. loc. cit.—Slateria jaburan, Siebold in Act. Bat. xii. 15.—Convallaria japonica, var. major, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 139. Habi:us omnino F. japonice, sed robustior, foliis 13—3-pedalibus 4-6 lin. latis crebre multinervatis interdum albo variegatis. Scapus complanatus 6—24-polliearis. ^ Racemus subsecundus subdensus 3-6-pollicaris, pedi- cellis dense fasciculatis, inferioribus 6-9nis 6-9 lin. longis medio articu- latis, bracteis lanceolatis acuminatis persistentibus, inferioribus 9-12 lin. longis. Perianthium 3-4 lin. longum albidum vel lilacino tinctum. Ovula in loculo 2-4. Semina oblonga 4-6 lin. longa. Japonia in sylvis, Oldham ! Maximowicz! etc. 3. F. GRIFFITHII, Baker. Herba acaulis glabra breviter rhizomatosa, fibris radicalibus cylindricis. Folia ad rosulam plura distincte petiolata ; petiolus complanatus 2—4-pollicaris ; lamina firmula oblanceolata 4-8 poll. longa supra medium 6-9 lin. lata acuta e medio ad basin sensim angustata, facie viridis, dorso glauca, preter apicem distincte costata, venis verticalibus perspicuis crebris percursa. Scapus anceps 4-5-pollicaris. Racemus laxus secundus 3-4 poll. longus, pedicellis arcuatis medio articulatis, inferiori- bus geminis 2-3 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis pedicellis subzequilongis. Flores non vidi. Semina solitaria oblonga cyanea, exsiccata 4 lin. longa. Himalaya orientalis in. sylvis ad Patkaye, alt. 4500 pedum, Griffith 5839! 4. F. DRACÆNOIDES, Baker in Trimen’s Journ. 1874, 174. Suffrutex subscandens glaber, caulibus crassitie calami basi procumbentibus radices plures adventitias emittentibus ad apices floriferos et nodos laterales foliis productis instructis, inter nodos basibus latis membranaceis foliorum delap- sorum cinctis. Folia distincte petiolata (petiolo 1-23 poll. longo) oblongo- oblanceolata eis Dracene ellipitice omnino consimilia 4—5 poll. longa medio 3-2 poll. lata acuta basi longe attenuata haud costata crebre multinervata. Peduneulus nudus gracilis terminalis 1-2 poll. longus. Racemus laxus pauciflorus 2-3 poll. longus, pedicellis floriferis cernuis 1-2 lin. longis, inferioribus geminis, bracteis parvis lanceolatis. Perianthium albidum vel pallide lilacinum 2 lin. longum. Semina oblonga 4 lin. longa. Himalaya orientalis in montibus ditionum Khasia et Sikkim, alt. 4000-6000 pedum, Hook. fil. et Thomson! Species dubia mihi haud visa, F. ? PROLIFERA, Baker.—Ophiopogon prolifer, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. i. 86; Miquel, Flor. Ned. Ind. iii. 569. Rhizoma scandens radicans. Folia glabra ensiformia racemum eminentia. Seapus purpureus. Race- mus subspicatus, floribus aggregatis, bracteis ovatis margine membranaceis quam flores sublongioribus. Perianthium parvum albidum. Ovula in loculo s f THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEX. 503 2. Stylus pyramidalis apice tricuspidatus. In sylvis ad Penang, T. Lewis in hort. Hort. Soc. Lond. anno 1844. 56. PELIOSANTHES, Andrews. Andrews in Bot. Rep. t. 605; Endl. Gen. No. 1194; Kunth, Enum. v. 306; Salisb. Gen. 63.—Teta, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 24; Fl. Ind. edit. Carey, ii. 165.—Bulbospermum, Blume, Enum. Pl. Jav. i. 15; Endl. Gen. No. 1198 ; Kunth, Enum. v. 308. Perianthium corolinum marcescens rotatum viridulum vel atropurpureum, tubo obconico ovario adnato, segmentis 6 equa- libus obtusis flore expanso patulis tubo longioribus. Corona petaloidea faucialis annularis ore subintegro vel 6-dentato. An- there 6 intra coronam subsessiles oblong biloculares introrsum longitudinaliter dehiscentes. Ovariwm semi-inferum triloculare, ovulis in loculo 2-4; stylus crassus brevissimus apice stigmatoso irilobato. Semina maturescentia pericarpium cito rumpentia magna baccoidea turgida oblonga vel globosa, testa carnosa viridi demum atra apice incrassata, albumine corneo, embryone parvo. Herbae acaules cespitose, fibris radicalibus duris cylindricis, foliis latis longe petiolatis basi cuneatis venis pluribus longitudinalibus percursis venulis transversalibus connexis, pedunculis centralibus basi foliis haud productis scariosis cinctis, floribus parvis simpliciter racemosis, pedicellis articulatis basi bracteis persistentibus stipatis. Pedicelli breves solitarii, inferiores cernui. : : 1. P. neilgherriensis. Neilzherrienses go es { i ae 3. P. violacea. | 4. P. macrophylla. 5. P. javanica. Pedicelli longiores erecto-patentes sepissime solitarii. Dpecies sola ou uL 6. P. humilis. Pedicelli elongati erecto-patentes aggregati. 1- E. Teta: 8. P. Griffithit. l. P. NEILGHERRIENSIS, Wight, Ic. t. 2052.—P. longifolia, Steud. in Hohen. Pl. Can. No. 1306. Folia ad rosulam 3-8; petiolus ad 6-9 poll. longi- tudine attingens ; lamina oblanceolata vel oblongo-oblanceolata 4-6 poll. longa medio 9-18 lin. lata membranacea venis verticalibus 10-15, 5 quam reliquæ validioribus percursa, venulis transversalibus perspicuis. Scapus 4-6-pollicaris. Racemus laxus secundus 3-6-pollicaris, pedicellis cernuis apice articulatis omnibus solitariis, inferioribus 1-13 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis scariosis, inferioribus 5-6 lin., supremis 1 lin. longis. Perian- Himalayenses et Malayane ............... 504 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND thium atro-purpureum 2 lin. longum, segmentis late oblongis, limbo ex- panso 3 lin. diam. Os coronz distincte 6-dentatum. Semina exsiccata subglobosa 3-4 lin. longa. India peninsularis ad montes Neilgherries, Wight 2819! Gardner! etc. 2. P. couRTALLENSIS, Wight, Ic. t. 2051.—P. Teta, Wall. Cat. No. 5083 p. Folia ad rosulam 4-6; petiolus pedalis et ultra; lamina oblan- ceolata 10-12 poll. longa medio 13-2 poll. lata membranacea, venis verti- calibus circiter 20, 5 quam relique validioribus, venulis transversalibus per- spicuis. Scapus complanatus 3—4-pollicaris. Racemus semipedalis sublaxus secundus, pedicellis cernuis apice articulatis omnibus solitariis, inferioribus floriferis 15-2 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis pedicello duplo longioribus. Perianthium atropurpureum 2 lin. longum, segmentis oblongis, limbo ex- panso 3 lin. diam. Os coronz profunde 6-dentatum. Semina magnitu- dine cerasi. India peninsularis ad montes Neilgherries, Wight ! G. Thom- son ! etc. 3. P. vioLAcEA, Wall. Cat. No. 5084.—P. Teta, Wall. Cat. No. 5083, ez parte.—P. campanulata, Wall. MSS. Folia ad rosulam 4-8; petiolus semipedalis vel pedalis; lamina oblanceolata vel oblongo-oblanceolata 6-12 poll. longa medio 13-3 poll. lata chartacea, venis verticalibus inzqualibus 20-30 percursa, venulis transversalibus brevibus conspicuis. Seapus 3-4-polliearis, bracteis paucis vacuis lanceolatis preditus. Ra- cemus subdensus semipedalis, pedicellis omnibus cernuis solitariis bre- vibus apice articulatis, floriferis infimis 1-2 lin. longis, bracteis lan- ceolatis scariosis 3-6 lin. longis. Perianthium maximum specie- rum omnium, viridulum vel violaceo tinctum 3 lin. longum, segmentis rotundis 14-2 lin. latis, limbo expanso 5-6 lin. diam. Os corone profunde 6-dentatum. Semina oblonga, exsiccata 5-6 lin. longa. Himalaya orien- talis, alt. 0-4000 pedum, Griffith 5842! Hook. fil. & Thomson! Keenan ! etc. Birma, Wallich! Lobb! Parish! etc. Var. MINOR, Baker. Folia minora sepe semipedalia medio 13-2 poll. lata. Flores minores viriduli, limbo expanso 3-4 lin. diam. Himalaya orientalis, Griffith 5834! 5836! 5838! Helfer 5843! Hook. fil. & Thom- son! C. B. Clarke! Birma, Wallich! T. Lobb! Var. CLARKEI, Baker. Folia longe petiolata firmiora oblanceolata 9-12 poll. longa medio 13-2 poll. lata, venis verticalibus 15-20, venulis trans- versalibus magis conspicuis. Perianthium atropurpureum, limbo expanso 3-4 lin. diam. Khasie montes alt. 0-4000 pedum, Griffith! Hook. fil. & Thomson! C. B. Clarke! Var. PRINCEPS, Baker. Formis reliquis robustior. Petiolus ultra- pedalis; lamina sesquipedalis, medio 4-4} poll. lata, venis verticalibus 30-40, venulis transversalibus perspicuis. Racemus 8-9-pollicaris, pedi- celis erecto-patentibus 1-2 lin. longis. Perianthium viridulum, limbo expanso 6 lin. diam. In Birma prope Moulmein, T. Lobb! THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACE®. 505 4. P. MACROPHYLLA, Wall. MSS. teste C. B. Clarke. Petiolus peda- lis vel sesquipedalis. Lamina pedalis vel sesquipedalis oblanceolato- oblonga chartacea saturate viridis medio 43—5 poll. lata, venis verticalibus ~ 60-70 percursa, 13-15 quam reliquz distincte validioribus, intermediis cre- bris tenuibus, venulis transversalibus brevissimis. Scapus semipedalis vel pedalis, bracteis paucis vacuis lanceolatis instructus. Racemus 6-3-polli- caris superne densus inferne laxus, pedicellis omnibus solitariis cernuis brevibus apice articulatis, inferioribus 1-2 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis, infimis 5-6 lin. longis. Perianthium sordide purpureum 3 lin. longum, segmentis late oblongis tubo triplo longioribus, limbo expanso 5-6 lin. diam. Semina globosa exsiccata 5-6 lin. longa. Himalaya orientalis in ditione Sikkim, alt. 3000—6000 pedum, Hook. fil. & Thomson! C. B. Clarke! Mishmi, Griffith 5841! (forma bracteis majoribus, pedicellis longioribus). 5. P. savanica, Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 116; Miquel, Flor. Ned. Ind. iii. 568.—Bulbospermum javanicum, Blume, Enum. i. 15; Kunth, Enum. v. 309. Folia ad rosulam pauca; petiolus 2-6-pollicaris; lamina oblanceo- lato-oblonga 5-6 poll. longa medio 13-2 poll. lata membranacea, venis longitudinalibus circiter 20 percursa, 5-7 quam reliquz validioribus, venulis transversalibus inconspicuis. Scapus 2-4-pollicaris, bracteis paucis vacuis instructus. Racemus subdensus 1-2-pollicaris, pedicellis solitariis apice articulatis, inferioribus 3-4 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis, inferioribus 5-6 lin. longis. Perianthium viridulum 2 lin. longum, segmentis oblongis tubo triplo longioribus, limbo expanso 3-4 lin. diam. Semina non vidi. Java, Zollinger 454, T. Lobb! Borneo ad Banjarmassing, Motley 1031! 6. P. nuMiLIs, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 634 (forma nana); Bot. Mag. t. 1532; Kunth, Enum. v. 307.—P. Teta, Wall. Cat. No. 5083 c, D, A ex parte. Folia ad rosulam 4-8 ; petiolus ad 6-9 poll. longitudine attin- gens; lamina lanceolata 3-6 poll. longa medio 1-13 raro2 poll. lata mem- branacea venis verticalibus 15-20 inequalibus percursa. Scapus 2-6-pol- licaris; racemus subdensus 2-6-pollicaris, pedicellis erecto-patentibus prope apicem articulatis, omnibus szepissime solitariis, inferioribus 3-4 lin. longis raro geminis, bracteis lanceolatis inferioribus 5-6 lin. longis. Peri- anthium viridulum 13 lin. longum, segmentis oblongis tubo triplo longio- ribus, limbo expanso 23 lin. diam. Os corone 6-dentatum. Semina ex- siccata oblonga 5-6 lin. longa. Himalaya orientalis alt. 4000-6000 pedum. Gomez! Griffith 5835! 5844! Hook. fil. & Thomson! ete. Birma, Fin- layson! Griffith 5837! Penang, Maingay 1709! 7. P. Tetra, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 605; Bot. Mag. t. 1302; Red. Lil. t. 415; R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soc, 1817, 8; Kunth, Enum. v. 307, non - Wall. Cat. No. 5083.—Teta viridiflora, Roxb. loc. cit. Folia ad rosulam 2-7; petiolus ad 6-8 poll. longitudine attingens; lamina chartacea oblan- ceolata subpedalis medio 14-24 poll. lata, venis verticalibus circiter 20 506 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEEX AND valde inzequalibus venulis transversalibus inconspicuis. Scapus 4—6-polli- caris, bracteis paucis vacuis instructus. Racemus laxus 6—9-pollicaris, pedicellis ascendentibus erecto-patentibus aggregatis medio articulatis, in- ferioribus 3-4nis 3-4 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis basi deltoideis inferio- | ribus 4-5 lin. longis. Perianthium viridulum 2 lin. longum, segmentis late | oblongis 1 lin. latis tubo duplo longioribus, limbo expanso 3 lin. diam. Os coronz subintegrum. Semina oblonga 3-uncialia. Himalaya orientalis in ditionibus Chittagong, Assam, Cachar, etc. Hamilton! Masters 588! Keenan ! etc. 8. P. GRIFFITHII, Baker. Folia ad rosulam 5-6; petiolus ad 9-10 poll. longitudine attingens; lamina oblanceolato-oblonga 6-8 poll. longa medio 21-27 lin. lata membranacea, venis verticalibus 20-25, 5 quam relique distincte validioribus percursa, venulis transversalibus obscuris. Scapus brevissimus. Racemus sublaxus 5-6-pollicaris, pedicellis erecto-patentibus apice articulatis, inferioribus szpissime geminis, superioribus solitariis, in- ferioribus demum 3-4 lin. longis, bracteis lanceolatis 5—6 lin. longis. Pe- rianthium 2 lin. longum, segmentis oblongis. Himalaya orientalis in sylvis ad Darjeeling, Griffith 5840 ! Tribus GILLIESIE X. 57. Mrerstra, Lindl. Lindl. in Bot. Reg. sub t. 992, et Miers, Travels Chili, ii. 529 ; Endl. Gen. No. 1175; Kunth, Enum. iv. 486; C. Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 100, t. 68. Perianthium viridulum bilabiatum 6-partitum, segmentis lan- ceolatis vel linearibus acuminatis, 3 superioribus contiguis ascen- dentibus, 3 inferioribus contiguis descendentibus. Stamina bise- riata: 6 exteriora minuta sterilia hypogyna bifida; 6 interiora fertilia, filamentis in urceolum obliquum antice gibbum coalitis, antheris minutis oblongis sessilibus ad urceoli oram sessilibus introrsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovariwm turbinatum triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus; stylus brevis cylindricus, apice capitato stigmatoso. Capsula obovoideo-triquetra membra- nacea loculicida trivalvis, seminibus parvis turgidis, testa atra crustacea, albumine corneo, embryone minuto. Herbe acaules apa foliis flaccidis anguste linearibus, floribus parvis um- ellatis. Perianthii segmenta omnia conformia, lanceolata acuminata. : 1. M. chilensis. Perianthii segmenta superiora lanceolata, inferiora linearia. 2. M. myoides. THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEJE. 507 1. M. cnILEwsis, Lindl. § C. Gay, loc. cit.—M. major, Kunth, Enum. iv. 286. Bulbus ovoideus 6-9 lin. diam., tunicis membranaceis pallide brunneis supra collum haud productis. Folia ad bulbum plura suberecta linearia semipedalia vel pedalia 1-12 lin. lata. Scapi ad bulbum 1-3 2-6- pollieares. Umbella 4-6-flora, pedicellis ascendentibus 1-2 poll. longis, spathz valvis lanceolatis viridulis 5-6 lin. longis. Perianthium 41-5 lin. longum, segmentis conformibus lanceolatis acuminatis 5-7-nervatis. Ur- ceolus stamineus glanduloso-punctatus 1 lin. longus et latus. Capsula 6 lin. longa apice truncata basi cuneata. Chili, Cuming 737! Bridges 294! 295! M.cornuta, Philippi, Nuev., Plant. 1873, 72, ab typo dicitur rece- dere perianthii segmentis paulo brevioribus, capsule carpellis basi breviter cornutis. 2. M. wvorpes, Bertero, Exsic. ; C. Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 100.—M. minor, Kunth, Enum. iv. 487. Bulbus ovoideus 5-6 lin. diam. Folia producta circiter 4 semipedalia 2-2 lin. lata. Scapi ad bulbum 2-3 2-3-pollicares. Umbelle 3-4-flore, pedicellis 6-12 lin. longis, spathe valvis lanceolatis 4-5 lin. longis. Perianthium 2 lin. longum, segmentis superioribus lanceo- latis trinervatis haud acuminatis, inferioribus linearibus l-nervatis paulo brevioribus. Urceolus stamineus lzvigatus antice valde gibbosus, segmentis superioribus 2-3plo brevior. Chili, Bertero, Reed ! 58. Gritresta, Lindl. ` Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 992; Endl. Gen. No. 1174; Kunth, Enum. iv. 487. Perianthium viridulum polyphyllum, segmentis 6 vel 5 (postico intimo obliterato) oblongis vel deltoideis multinervatis, interiori- bus brevioribus. Stamina biseriata: exteriora minuta sterilia subulata pauca vel plura; interiora filamentis in urceolum obli- quum coalitis, antice basi utrinque lobo foliaceo cristata et ore antheris tribus minutis subglobosis introrsum longitudinaliter dehiscentibus przditum. Ovarium globosum triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus ; stylus cylindricus, apice stigmatoso trilobatus. Capsula chartacea loculicida trivalvis, seminibus multis turgidis globosis, funieulo magno persistente, testa atra crustacea, albu- mine corneo, embryone axili. Herbe acaules bulbose, foliis flac- cidis radicalibus anguste linearibus, floribus parvis umbellatis. Perianthii segmenta 5; staminodia sepissime integra. 1. G. graminea. Perianthii segmenta 5-6 ; staminodia 2-3-partita. 2. G. montana. Perianthii segmenta 6 ; staminodia lineari-subulata. 3. G. Gaudichaudiana. 508 MR. J. G. BAKER ON COLCHICACEJE AND 1. G. GRAMINEA, Lindl. loc. cit. ; Miers, Travels Chili, i1. 959 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2716; Poepp. et Endl. Nov. Gen. ii. 27, t. 137 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 489; C. Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 104. Bulbus anguste ovoideus 3-4 lin. diam., tunicis membranaceis pallide brunneis supra collum haud productis. Folia radicalia 2 pedalia vel sesquipedalia flaccida medio 2-3 lin. lata. Scapus unicus gracilis fragilis 1-2-pedalis. Umbella 3-8-flora, pedicellis ascendentibus 1-3 poll. longis, floriferis apice cernuis, spathze valvis lanceo- latis seariosis 6-9 lin. longis. Perianthii segmenta 3 exteriora lanceolata 5-7-nervata 3-4 lin. longa, interiora 2 deltoidea exterioribus 2-3plo bre- viora. Staminodia 4-6 integra subulata. Urceolus stamineus 1 lin. longus, dentibus 3 anticis antheriferis, 3 posticis sterilibus. Capsula obovoideo- oblonga 5-6 lin. longa. Chili in graminosis sylvestribus, Cuming 648! Bridges 215! ete. 2. G. MONTANA, Poepp. et Endl. Nov. Gen. ii. 27, t. 138; Kunth, Enum. iv. 488; C. Gay, Fl. Chil. vi. 103. Habitus et bulbus omnino G. graminee. Folia linearia. pedalia vel sesquipedalia 4-6 lin. lata. Scapus i-2-pedalis. ^ Umbella 4-10-flora, pedicellis 1-2 poll. longis, spathæ valvis lanceolatis. Perianthii segmenta exteriora 3, superiora lanceolata 7-9-nervata 4-5 lin. longa, infimum oblongo-laneeolatum; interiora 2-3 exterioribus duplo breviora. Staminodia 6 bipartita vel tripartita urceolo stamineo adnata. Urceolus stamineus dentibus tribus anticis latioribus antheriferis, tribus posticis sterilibus. Chili australis in Andibus de Antuco, Poeppig. 3. G. GavDICHAUDIANA, Kunth, Enum. iv. 491; C. Gay, loc. cit. Habitus et bulbus omnino G. graminee. Folia sesquipedalia 2-3 lin. lata. Seapus pedalis et ultra. Umbella 3-5-flora, pedicellis elongatis, spathæ valvis 6-9 lin. longis. Perianthii segmenta 6, 3 exteriora multo majora, oblongo-lanceolata, duplo minora quam in G. graminea. Staminodia circiter 6 integra lineari-subulata. Urceolus stamineus dentibus 3 anticis antheriferis, posticis 2 sterilibus. Chili ad Valparaiso, Gaudichaud. 59. Tricutora, Baker. Baker in Hook. Ic. t. 1237. Perianthium viride regulare polyphyllum, segmentis 6 biformi- bus, 3 exterioribus lanceolatis acuminatis, 3 interioribus multo minoribus obovato-cuneatis. Stamina uniseriata: 3 perfecta seg- mentis exterioribus opposita, filamentis lanceolatis, antheris ovato- globosis versatilibus ; 3 segmentis interioribus opposita minuta sterilia squameformia. Ovarium globoso-triquetrum triloculare, ovulis in loculo crebris; stylus brevis columnaris, ramis tribus lanceolatis erecto-patentibus. Fructus ignotus. a E F 1 | THE ABERRANT TRIBES OF LILIACEF. 509 1. T. PERUVIANA, Baker, loc. cit. Bulbus anguste ovoideus mem- branaceo-tunicatus 5-6 lin. diam., tunicis supra collum productis. Folia producta 3-4 linearia .glabra subpedalia flaccida 13-2 lin. lata. Seapus teres fragilis 6-9-pollicaris. Umbella 4-6-flora, pedicellis as- cendentibus 6-24 lin. longis, spathe valvis lanceolatis vel linearibus 9-12 lin. longis. Perianthii segmenta exteriora 7-8 lin. longa basi 1 lin. lata 4-5-nervata; interiora l lin. longa. Genitalia perianthii segmentis interioribus :quilonga. In Peruvia ad Limam, Herb. Kew.! 60. GETHYUM, Philippi. Philippi, Descr. Nuev. Plant. 1873, p. 73. Perianthium atro-purpureo-viridulum regulare 6-partitum, seg- mentis conformibus linearibus acuminatis, singulis ad basin glan- dula violacea preeditis. Stamina uniseriata monadelpha, filamentis deorsum in tubum coalitis superne liberis, antheris tribus superi- oribus productis intus longitudinaliter dehiscentibus, tribus in- ferioribus abortivis. Ovarium ovoideo-cylindricum triloculare ; stylus brevis cylindricus, apice stigmatoso capitato. Capsula glo- bosa loculicida trivalvis, seminibus in loculo circiter 3 turgidis subglobosis, testa atra levi basi in acumen producta. 1. G. ATROPURPUREUM, Philippi, loc. cit. Herba bulbosa, foliis linea- ribus valde elongatis 4 poll, latis. Scapus fragilis elongatus. Umbella 5- flora, pedicellis 4-5 poll. longis, spatha monophylla, bracteolis filiformi- bus. Perianthium 1 poll. longum atropurpureum basi viridulum, seg- mentis deorsum 14 lin. latis. Stamina lj lin. longa. Capsula 3-4 lin. diam. Chili ad Penalolen, Dominz Cienfugos et Hernandez. 61. SOLARIA, Philippi. Philippi in Linnea, xxix. 72.—Symea, Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 260. Perianthium regulare viridulum, basi breviter gamophyllo campanulato, segmentis 6 subconformibus ovato-lanceolatis 8-5- nervatis flore expanso patulis, 3 interioribus paulo minoribus. Stamina uniseriata ad faucem tubi inserta, 3 fertilia filamentis brevibus deltoideis antheris subglobosis dorsifixis versatilibus, 3 alterna sterilia minutissima squameformia. Ovarium globosum triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus; stylus cylindricus, apice capitato stigmatoso. Capsula loculicida trivalvis ; semina matura non vidi. 1. S. MIERSIOIDES, Philippi, loc. cit.—Symea gillesioides, Baker, loc. cit. Bulbus anguste ovoideus membranaceo-tunicatus 1-13 poll. longus, LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 20 510 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE ABERRANT LILIACEÆ. 5-6 lin. diam., tunicis supra collum haud productis. Folium semper uni- cum lineare synanthium suberectum semipedale vel pedale, medio 3-4 lin. latum. Scapus gracilis teres 3-10-pollicaris. Umbella 4—10-flora, pedi- cellis ascendentibus 6-15 lin. longis, spathz valvis lanceolatis 6-9 lin. longis. Perianthium 4 lin. longum, segmentis tubo 4-5plo longioribus, exterioribus 1 lin. latis. Stamina fertilia 3 lin. longa. Capsula 3 lin. longa. Chili in ditionibus Santiago et Linares, Philippi! Reed! Ger- main. 62. EniNNA, Philippi. Philippi in Linnea, xxxiii. 266. Perianthium viridulum regulare, tubo brevi gamophyllo campa- nulato, segmentis 6 lineari-lanceolatis conformibus uninerviis. Stamina uniseriata ad faucem tubi inserta: 3 fertilia, filamentis brevissimis, antheris lineari-oblongis introrsum longitudinaliter de- hiscentibus; 3 sterilia cum fertilibus alternantia subulata perianthii segmentis squilonga. Ovarium globosum triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus; stylus cylindricus, apice stigmatoso trilobato. Fructus ignotus. 1. E. GILLIESIOIDES, Philippi, loc. cit. Herba bulbosa, foliis radica- libus 3 linearibus 6-8 poll. longis circiter 1 lin. latis. Scapus semipedalis. Umbella pauciflora, pedicellis 1-8 lin. longis, spathze valvis lanceolatis 5-7- nervatis 8-12 lin. longis. Perianthium 4 lin. longum, tubo vix 1 lin. longo, segmentis peracutis. Pistillum in tubo inclusum. Chili ad Santiago, Philippi. ; 63. Anorumia, Harvey, MSS. Harvey ; Baker in Hook. Icones, t. 1227. Perianthium regulare viridulum, tubo gamophyllo campanulato, segmentis biformibus flore expanso faleatis, 3 exterioribus lanceo- latis multinervatis acuminatis, 3 interioribus linearibus. Stamina iriseriata: exteriora 6 minutissima sterilia squameformia ; inter- media 6 minuta sterilia squameformia; interiora 3, 2 perfecta, filamentis linearibus, antheris lineari-oblongis versatilibus, tertium sterile squameformie. Ovarium triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluri- bus; stylus filiformis, apice stigmatoso capitato. Fructus ignotus. 1. A. cusprpata, Harv. MSS.; Baker, loc. cit. Bulbus ovoideus tu- nicatus 8-9 lin. diam. Folia 1-2 synanthia linearia flaccida subpedalia medio 3-4 lin. lata, venis crebris immersis. Scapus nudus gracilis teres fragilis sesquipedalis vel bipedalis. Umbella 6-12-flora, pedicellis 1-4 poll. longis, apice cernuis, spathz valvis lanceolatis scariosis 15-18 lin. longis. Perianthium 12-18 lin. longum, segmentis exterioribus 3 lin. latis, tubo 3-4 lin. longo. Genitalia tubo subzequilonga. — CAili in areno- sis ad Guayacan prope Coquimbo, Buchanan (icon !), Harvey ! REV. G. HENSLOW ON THE SO-CALLED SCORPIOID CYME. 511 On the Origin of the so-called Scorpioid Cyme. By the Rey. Grzonax Hengyow, M.A., F.LS. [ Abstract, read November 6, 1879.] Tuis paper in full, with a Plate, will appear in the Society's ‘Transactions.’ The points of importance to which the author called the attention of the Fellows in the reading of the paper may be thus summarized. He pointed out some errors in deducing the scorpioid from the dichotomous cyme, as follows :— 1. Opposite pairs of bracts; being successively in planes at right angles to each other, the resulting sympode would be a volute, and not a helix. : 2. The position of the bracts (when present, as in Borago) is such that they are not opposite to the flowers. 3. There are always two rows of flowers, not a single row, as would be the case. 4. The appearance of a flower in the fork between the two branches of the inflorescence (as in Myosotis) is not usual, and is due to the adhesion between the terminal and the highest axillary raceme. 5. The peculiar arrangement of the flowers has given rise to the supposition that there is a dichotomy of the apex— that while one half continues the axis, the other becomes a flower. The author, however, points out that there is no practical difference between the actual condition presented and lateral budding; so that this theory would seem to be superfluous. Authors have hitherto confounded “the true scorpioid ra- ceme” (Henslow) with spicate degradations of a sympodial inflo- rescence. He (Mr. Henslow) refers it to the indefinite system, and ex- plains its origin by a new principle of phyllotaxis, which he first discovered in Lagerstremia, viz. in resolving opposite and decus- sate leaves into alternate, instead of their lying on a continuous spiral line, the line oscillates through three fourths of a circle; and if such a line be drawn from flower to bract, it will represent the so-called seorpioid cyme of the Boraginer. An intermediate stage is represented by the inflorescence of Lathrea squamaria. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XVII. 2P 512 MR. D. MORRIS ON THE STRUCTURE AND This consists of four vertical rows of bracteate flowers; and a line drawn through each successive bract, and projected on a plane, corresponds with the projection of a similar line for Borago. Note on the Structure and Habit of Hemileia vastatrix, the Coffee-léaf Disease of Ceylon and Southern India. By D. Morris, B.A., Trin. Coll. Dubl., F.G.S., Director of the Botanical Department, Jamaica, late on special duty, Coffee- leaf Disease Inquiry, Ceylon. (Communicated by W. T. TursEeLTON Dyer, M.A., F.L.S.) [Read November 6, 1879.] THE subject of the present note was first described by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley in the * Gardener's Cbronicle' for 1869 (p. 1157, with woodcut). It was afterwards included in the list of Cey- lon Fungi determined by Messrs. Berkeley and Broome, and published in the Linnean Society's Journal (Botany, vol. xiv. p. 93, pl. ii. fig. 10). A short notice appeared in the ‘ Quar- terly Journal of Microscopical Science,’ 1873, pp. 79-81*; and last year the subject was treated in greater detail by the Rev. R. Abbay, in a paper read before this Society, June 6, 1878 (Journ. Linn. Soc. Botany, vol. xvii. pp. 173-184, pls. xiii. & xiv.), which added considerably to our knowledge of the subject. The leaf-disease, as mentioned by Mr. Abbay, first appeared in Ceylon in May 1869; and it soon spread with rapid strides over the cultivated and native coffee of the island. It was noticed in the coffee-districts of Southern India during 1869 and 1870, almost simultaneously with its appearance in Ceylon. In 1876 it was reported on coffee in Sumatra and Bencoolen ; and this year (1879) the Director of the Botanie Garden at Buitenzorg, Java, reports its presence on the coffee-estates of that island in a severe form. It is evident, therefore, that Hemileia vastatrix is gradually ex- tending its ravages over the whole of the coffee-producing areas of the East Indies; and unless decisive steps are taken to con- * In 1876 Dr. M. C. Cooke described and figured the fruit from Indian spe- cimens, in the India-Museum Report, 1876, pp. 4-6. HABIT OF HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. 513 tend with the pest, it is not improbable that it will spread to the West Indies and Brazil, and prove a general enemy to the coffee enterprises of both tropics. As is now well known, the disease consists of a minute fungus which appears as a parasitic growth within the parenchymatous tissue of the coffee-leaf. Its fruit, which appears on the under side of the leaf, is composed of numerous clusters of orange- coloured sporanges borne on minute tufts of threads protruded through the stomata. The disease affects the coffee-tree by the repeated destruction of its leaves, thus gradually weakening it till it succumbs. The effects of the leaf-disease upon the exportation of coffee from Ceylon may be very distinctly traced. In 1869-70, before the disease appeared generally upon the coffee-estates, Ceylon ex- ported 1,009,206 cwt. of coffee, consisting of 860,707 cwt. plan- tation-coffee and 148,499 cwt. native coffee. In 1876-77, when there were 52,000 more acres in bearing, the total exports were only 797,763 cwt., viz. 727,420 cwt. plantation-coffee and 70,343 cwt. native coffee. The average annual deficiency in crop, owing to the presence of leaf-disease in Ceylon, is estimated to represent a loss of not less than £2,000,000. During the present year (1879) an earnest and, it is to be hoped, successful attempt has been made in Ceylon to find means for checking the ravages of the disease. A leaf-disease inquiry was appointed by the local Government; and a series of experi- ments were instituted, with the cordial cooperation of the Plan- ters’ Association and the Chambers of Commerce. As during the inquiry several points of interest have been noticed bearing upon the structure and habit of the Hemileia, these are described, with the view of supplementing the information already laid before the Society on a subject of so great and increasing importance. In Mr. Abbay's paper just mentioned, the chief points added to our previous knowledge of the fungus consisted in determining that the fruit was composed of sporanges containing a number of sporidia or spores, and that when grown under artificial condi- tions, the mycelium of the fungus very frequently produced coni- dioid forms of fruit, termed by Dr. Thwaites in 1874 “ secondary spores.” These latter were produced “in the form of radiating necklace-shaped strings of spherical bodies of uniform size, closely resembling the fructification of an < 8 > E [5] " Z m D o A o o nN Z Z ln] n oe — EMM del. Fitch imp. EXALTATA. =< ,&5,VAR.VENOSA. 6.VIOLA HIRTIPES. -l0-BETULA CHA ROBBY ENSE g So CRM C UM SIN 4 LEONTICE MI 7.DRACOCEPHAL SSII. 3, 12.ANEMONE RO JNFiteh Hth. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bor. Vou. XVII, Px.17. F. Muth Isih? Edin? BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS Linn. Soc. Journ. Bor. Vor. XVII, Pu. 18. v E < E d fa m = 2 N le] E o E =) m Liny. Soc. Journ. Bor. Vor. XVII, Pu. 19. F Huth, Lith” Edin” BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS. Lin. Soc. Journ. Bor. Vox. XVII, PL. 20. ALISMA PLANTAGQ. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bor. Vou. XVII, Pu. 21. F Huth, Lith? Edin! - K.M.Warà, del. 1-8. ANEMONE JAPONICA. 9-11 LUPINUS VENUSTA. a 3 | Unix. Soc. Jovgwr'Boz Yer XVlt Pr. 22 @ "d 2 E = = -H — Fitch imp. 5.11 PYRETHRUM BALSAMINATUM. 14 CENOTHERA BIENNIS. DBlair ith. Linn.Soc.Journ Bor Vor. XVIL Pr.. 23. HM Ward del. Fitch imp. PYRETHRUM BALSAMINATUM. DBlair kth. 24. L4 Vor.XVIL Fu i. HMWard del. T q . r LINN Soc. JOURN Do a- ° Fitch amp JN Fitch lith. 4.9 ANTHEMIS TINCTORIA - TUM faa 3. PYRETHRUM BALSAMINZ E Linn.Soc.JounwBor VoL. XVI Pr..25. HM. War d dei uS XT p, amt ^S ^ a £ LOAI Fitch imp. LANTHEMIS TINCTORIA. 23 VERBASCUM PHLOMOIDES. 412.LOBELIA SYPHILITICA TF: ch lich.