€ (e © p THE 1.3% TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY س OF LON DON. VOLUME XXX. E PART JHE FIRST. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. LONDON: PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET: SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, HOUSE AL UVO, AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, PATERNOSTER- ROW. TARA CONTENTS. PART I.—1874. I. Notes on the Tree Ferns of British Sikkim, with Descriptions of three New Specie: and a few supplemental remarks on their relations to Palms and Cycads. By JOHN Scott, Curator of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. (Communicated 09 THOMAS ANDEENON, MD ELS) =- oe هم مب s Ol II. On some Recent forms of Lagen from Deep-sea Soundings in the Java Seas. By F. W. Owen Rymer Jones. (Communicated by H. T. STAINTON, Esq., Sec. 45955) CT ; Qu. NI. us uus a III. On the Habits, Structure, and Relations of the Three-banded Armadillo o co conurus, Is. Geoff.). By Dr. James Murr, F.L.S., F.G.S., dc. . . 71 IV. Enumeration of the Orchids collected by the Rev. E. C. PARISE in the neighbour- - hood of Moulmein, with SS the New A By Professor H. G. REICHENBACH, E . . . i se e MN THE TRANSACTIONS OF. THE LINNEAN SOCIETY LONDON. VOLUME XXX. be. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. LONDON: PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET: SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON-HOUSE; AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, PATERNOSTER-ROW. M.DCCC.LXXV. A e ac Ynya CONTENTS, PART 1.—June, 1874. m Notes on the Tree Ferns of British Sikkim, with Descriptions of three New Species, and afew supplemental remarks on their relations to Palms and Cycads. By JOHN Scorr, Curator of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. (Communicated by THOMAS ANDAR, ED, PERS . 5. ls. s. A II. -On some Recent forms of Lagen» from Deep-sea Soundings in the Java Seas. By F. W. Owen Rymer Jones. (Communicated by H. T. STAINTON, Bsq., Sec. 439810 oouo 3, oux o ee III. On the Habits, Structure, and Relations of the Three-banded Armadillo uec conurus, Is. Geoff.) By Dr. James MURIE, F.L.S., PAS, $c. . . 71 IV. Enumeration of the Orchids collected by the Rev. E. C. PARISH in the neighbour- hood of Moulmein, with Descriptions of the new 1 Species. a Professor H. G. BEIDHREPAOHO RE ee IB D er coe PODS مر is PART II.—November, 1874. V. On the Lecythidacee. By Joun MIERS, e 5 EB, Y PI, pw et Com- mend. Ord. Imp. Bras. Rose, e... . . 157 VI. Systematic List of the Spiders at present known to inhabit Great Britain and Ireland. By the Rev. O. P. CAMBRIDGE, M.A., C.-M.Z.S. . . . . . 919 PART 111.—March, 1875. VII. Revision of the Suborder Mimosee. m GEORGE BENTHAM, s + FARA, RES; i : ; 27 880 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIET Y. I. Notes on the Tree Ferns of British Sikkim, with Descriptions of three New Species, and a few, supplemental remarks on their relations to Palms and Cycads. By JOHN Scorr, Curator of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Caleutta. (Communicated by THOMAS ANDERSON, M.D., F.L.S.) (Plates I-XVIII.) Read February 17th, 1870. THE Tree Ferns of British Sikkim belong to the genera Cyathea, Hemitelia, and Also- phila,—the former being represented by the only known species in India proper (the C. spinulosa), Hemitelia also by a single species (which seems to me new, the M. deci- piens, n. sp.), and Alsophila by four out of the five known continental Indian species and two others which I do not think have been hitherto described. I thus recognize eight indigenous species; and it is interesting to note that these may all be collected in a three-miles walk from the bungalow on the Cinchona plantations at Rungbee. I need scarcely add that such specific concentrations of tree ferns are rarely to be met with in India. It is also noteworthy that while the temperate forests at elevations of from 5000-6500 feet abound in a variety of the humbler fern forms, two only of the nobler forms occur in these regions. What is therein wanting in variety, however, is largely com- pensated for by the number and luxuriance of individuals; and it is by no means rare to find both species forming extensive groves, in which are specimens from 40 to 50 feet in height, with undivided or branching stems and. many-headed coronas of wide-spreading graceful fronds. The tropical species, on the other hand, are in general much isolated, from the extensive clearances of their habitats by the Lepchas for the cultivation of their maize, millet, eleusine, and other crops; so that along whole ranges of those mountain- flanks, the tree fern rarely greets the eye, and we must needs search for them in the deep recesses of their valleys, by the recky forest-clad banks of rivers, and other uncul- tivable places. There are several such refuges in the lands reserved. by Government for cinchona cultivation; and endemic to them, as Ihave above stated, are, fortunately for their VOL. XXX. Be 2 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. preservation, all the Sikkim species with which I have any acquaintance. These, I may state, have been all lately introduced to the Botanical Gardens, Caleutta; and nearly all. are now thriving surprisingly in a lightly thatched structure, similar to those in use among the natives of various parts of Bengal for the growth of their ** pawn ” or betel-pepper. Simple though these structures be, they are most effective, and, indeed, indispensable, enabling us to grow satisfactorily these shade- and moisture-loving plants, which would barely survive a single day's exposure in the hot season of Lower Bengal. The altitudinal distribution of the species is interesting, and in a few cases increases the range respectively affixed by Mr. Baker in his valuable contribution to fern-geo- . graphy (vide Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. pt. 1, p. 305). Taking the genera in systematic sequence, we have first the Cyathea spinulosa, which scarcely occurs above 2000 feet or descends below 1000 feet, though nowhere common, and decidedly one of the rarest of the Sikkim species. The Lepchas very frequently confound this plant with the next, Hemitelia decipiens, mihi, recognizing them under the name of “ pügzheek-nók," though those of them better up in plant-lore distinguish it under the names of * pánhjüm" and "pügzliock." They resemble each other not a little in habit and armature, occurring also at similar elevations, though 7. decipiens has a more extensive range, ascending to 3000 feet, and of frequent occurrence, especially in the valleys of the Rungbee and the Rungjo. At elevations of 4000 feet Alsophila latebrosa, the ** pügzheek ” of the Lepchas, makes its appearance, becomes abundant at 5500 feet, ascending to elevations of 6500 feet and upwards, as on the birch-hill near Darjeeling. Within this range we have also an abundance of Alsophila comosa, the “ páshin" of the Lepchas, a species of wonderful prolifieness, and forming, in its season of verdure, some of the prettiest and rhost ex- tensive groves that are to be seen in Sikkim. Similar though these species are, how- ever, in their altitudinal range, 4. comosa is notably less widely distributed than 4. late- brosa, which is first'seen on the ascent of the hills from Punkabaree, and that in con- siderable abundance, on the banks of the D rjeeling road, below Kursiong, thence upwards to elevations of 6500 feet, encircling and more or less abundantly interspersed through the whole of these moist forest ranges; while A. comosa is rarely met with until the mountain Sinchal has been reached, when it is by far the more abundant of the two*. Associated with these are a few subarboreous species, and very many kinds of humbler form, The more conspicuous of the forner are Angiopteris evecta, which, at elevations of 6000 feet, attains most gigantic proportions +. The following are the measurements rainy season (the beginning of July, and fully a month earlier than unfold a frond, until the cold season has fairly set that I fear, ere a single cycle has been completed, its season of rest and defoliation will have recurred; the many adventitious buds do not differ, having all remained frondless. + This species is also found in the tropical forests, as in the valley of the Teesta, attaining half the dimensions of those in the temperate forests; indeed the at an elevation of 500 feet; but scarcely “big” and “little Tückbo." Lepchas distinguish them as the ae ERE او Een ی و a E IE PEEN ا Se ne ای با anna in Hd OPT بت کارت all PETIT SE ge et VR ERE A Y E E ER ERE ES e ac he a LN en nz, MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 3 of a plant of this species which Mr. Gammie was good enough to take for me. The plant was growing by the side of the Darjeeling and Rungbee road, at an elevation of 5000 feet; and, as Mr. Gammie remarks, there were many other specimens of larger dimensions in the interior of the jungle. The caudex was 2 feet 4 inches in height, and 2 feet 6 inches in diameter; stipes 5 feet 8 inches long, with a circumference at the base of - 14 inches; frond 15 feet 8 inches in length, and 9 feet 4 inches broad ; and the diameter from apex to apex of opposite fronds was 24 feet. These plants, abundant as they are in the forest ranges, are strikingly ornamental with their glossy dark-green fronds, and surprised me not a little when I first saw them at such altitudes, accustomed as I had been to see them cultivated in stoves at home. Under the latter treatment the stipes are more slender, the fronds less rigid, and the tissues altogether laxer, as is shown by a measurement of Mr. J. Smith (Ferns, Brit. and Foreign, p. 333), in which he speaks of a plant of this species at Kew reaching the height of 12 feet, spreading outwards, forming a diameter of 34 feet. There are several other handsome subarborescent species (Dipla- eium maximum, D. polypodioides, D. latifolium) abundant at the same altitude; and here also occurs, though somewhat locally, the magnificent Gleichenia longissima (@. gigantea, Wall), with stout stipes, 8 to 10 or more feet high, interlacing them- selves amongst low bushes &e., from which they send their large gracefully drooping fronds. "We have also from this altitude, upwards to considerable elevations, the antique-looking Spheropteris barbata, with its densely hoary-scaled stipes, and such other interesting kinds as JVephrodiwm splendens, N. apieifolium, and crinipes, and Polypodium ornatum, all handsome and striking objects in the undergrowth of the forests*. The next of the tree ferns which we find in descending from these elevations are the Alsophila ornata and A. contaminans, the latter in two varieties. These occur at eleva- tions of 3000 feet, and descend in the valleys of the Rungbee and the Rungjo to 1000 feet. A. contaminans, var. Brunoniana, is by far the most abundant of the tropical Alsophile ; indeed I haveonly seen a single specimen of A. contaminans, var. a, in the Rungbee valley. 4. ornata is also extremely rare, though (unlike its ally 4. Andersoni) * After an absence of two years or so from Sikkim, I was much struck on my return with the avidity (so to speak) with which several plants (previously rare in the extreme) had taken to the newly made cuttings of the forest-paths, and sprung up in abundance. Amongst others which struck me I may note Spheropteris barbata and Gleichenia longissima, the former of which was one of the rarest plants on the mountain Sinchal, and the latter confined to a few localities. Now both will soon be amongst the commonest ferns of the mountain ; everywhere above 5000 feet we find them springing up in abundance along the newly eut pathways. The most striking feature, however, was the many kinds of beautiful Strobilanthi, then in full lower, and converting miles of those forest-paths into matchless stretches of beautifully diversified bloom, though in the forest-interiors you might have searched everywhere and rarely found those species, and that only sparingly distributed in isolated groups of a few individuals. ~ I wondered much, and still do wonder, therefore, how they are now so equally distributed along those miles of pathway. In the ease of the ferns, whose spores are carried in every breath of wind, explanations are easy; but with the Acanthacec, whose seeds are alike too heavy for such a transit, and devoid of any apparatus for distribution by birds or animals, there is not a little difficulty. Clearly they could not have thus been dispersed (as we may presume the spores havc been when conditions favourable to their germination presented themselves), but in all probability have been buriec. there for years, though we have difficulty in keeping them even for a few months by our modes of preservation, B2 4 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. it is not confined to these valleys, but is also found in the Khasia and Naga Hills. A. An- dersoni is, so far as yet known, confined to the shadiest forest glades of the Rungbee and the Rungjo, where it is found at elevations of from 1000 to 2500 feet, and there by no means uncommon. It was first discovered by Dr. Anderson, Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens here, in 1867. I have therefore much pleasure in associating his name with one of the handsomest of the Indian tree ferns, and one which seems peculiar to those tracts on which, and in spite of all the many predictions of failure, utter unsuitability, &c. &c., he has nevertheless reared some of the most healthy, vigorous, and extensive Cinchona plantations that are to be seen in India*. 4. glabra is the most strictly tropical of all the Sikkim species occurring in low tropical valleys, and nowhere ascending, I be- lieve, beyond 800 feet. At this elevation, however, it is rare in the extreme, becoming : more abundant downwards, and rather frequent in the moister parts of the Darjeeling Teraie. In passing through the Teraie, on the Ganges and Darjeeling road, I found in an adjoining thicket beyond Gareedhoora several handsome young specimens of this species from 4 to 8 feet in height, springing, with many others in less advanced stages, from a prostrated caudex. Beyond the Balasun river, in the south forests of the Dulka Jhar, I am informed by Dr. Anderson that it is very abundant. The above species (exclusive of the two from the higher altitudes, which are, course, beyond the limits of successful Quina-cultivation) are found on the government-preserved Cinchona-lands; so that in Sikkim, as Humboldt informs us is the case in the natural habitats of the Quina barks, arborescent ferns are usually found associated with the tree which confers such benefits on mankind by its fever-healing bark. Both indicate by their presence the happy region where reigns a soft perpetual spring. (* Aspects,’ vol. ii. p. 28.) In the Darjeeling Teraie, beyond the region of the tree fern, the dwarf herbaceous species are also rare; and of the many which -haunt the dripping forests above, a very few are now seen, and those no longer perennially verdant, but, comporting themselves in accordance with the changed condition, complete their annual growth in the rainy and cold Seasons, and pass in a dormant frondless state the subsequent hot months. The general unsuitableness of these tracts to fern-growth is thus patent to the least observant who have seen the many forms which every 1 forests of the higher altitudes, The list annexed which descend below the tree-fern limits, leeted them in Oetober 1868, within a Bungalow. not (as is too frequently the ease in و Indian plantations) sprinkled with a few plants, merely with a view to increase acreage and, consequently expendi- ture in keeping clear gaps of bare land. ا اج LEE TEN TENA qu SAR i aD Vata EE ERR PRI TR E TS EE TP A a UTR E d Mr O IR e E in nn T E ds emm MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. Those marked * are all found in the vicinity of Calcutta. Gleichenia dichotoma, Willd. Dicksonia scabra, Wall. Lindsaya lanceolata, Lab. *Adiantum caudatum, Linn. x lunulatum, Burm. Cheilanthes tenuifolia, Sw. varians, Hook. — — farinosa, Kaulf. argentea, H., K. Onychium auratum, Kaulf. *Pteris longifolia, Linn. crenata, Sw. aquilina, Linn. var. lanuginosa, Hook. Nephrodium pennigerum, Hook. molle, Desv. *Nephrolepis cordifolia, Baker. *Polypodium proliferum, Presl. * —— irioides, Lam. * سس quercifolium, Linn. —— punctatum, Thunb. var. rugulosum, Labill. Vittaria lineata, Sw. *Acrostichum scandens, J. Sin. *Lygodium dichotomum, Sw. scandens, Sw. — — pinnatifidum, Sw. *—— japonicum, Sw. RR A OP IUE LUE Rel O O u Y ng Picts eee ee SER biaurita, Linn. *Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brong. * Blechnum orientale, Linn. * Asplenium esculentum, Presl. Nephrodium extensum, Hook. Ophioglossum nudicaule, L. fil. vulgatum, Linn. Lycopodium cernuum, Linn. Selaginella imbricata, J. Scott. semicordata, J. Scott. The Gleichenia dichotoma, though very generally distributed in the tropical and sub- tropical regions of both hemispheres, and even extending to temperate altitudes, as in Sikkim, where it is found at elevations of 5000-6000 feet, is rarely seen in the plains of Bengal. In the present instance it is not at all uncommon, forming on dry banks near the Julpigoree road a dwarf rigid scrub (on which the goats browse) from 1 to 2 feet or so in height. In the moister and shadier localities adjoining, it ascends amongst the branches of shrubs to the height of 6 feet.’ In the latter habitats it is usually associated with Dicksonia scabra, Lindsaya lanceolata, Lygodium dichotomum, japonicum, and scandens. 'The latter species is especially abundant and extremely ornamental, com- pletely enveloping many of the shrubs, and even small trees 20 feet in height. Chei- lanthes tenuifolia, varians, and C. farinosa are locally abundant on many of the drier banks of the Julpigoree roads, occasionally interspersed with a few plants of Onychium auratum. Pteris aquilina, var. lanuginosa, Y found only in the ruins of an old brick building near the banks of the Mahanudi. In similar habitats, Polypodium punctatum, var. ruguloswm (which in all except the fructifieation so much resembles the last species), is by no means rare. Ceratopteris thalietroides is an annual, frequent in the rainy season in excavations by the sides of the roads &e.; and very frequently the banks of these are covered with the drooping branchlets of the Lycopodium cernuum, and more rarely with patches of the above-named Selaginelle. Both the latter are strietly plants of the rainy season, or at least disappear early in the cold season. Ophioglossum nudicaule seems to be an exceedingly rare plant, and was found by me only on dry sandy banks near the Mahanudi. O. vulgatum (if really distinct from the po is of more —— occurrence in moist and shady lands. These plants, however, 6 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. appear to me very doubtfully distinct, and to merge into one another as they pass from 1 moister to drier habitats, so that they are with difficulty separable. Economic Uses.—The central cellular parts of the stems of three species of the Sikkim tree ferns are eaten by the Lepchas in times of scarcity, when other and more palatable food cannot be obtained ; and when their favourite “mürwah” fails them, they extract from the tree ferns also a similarly intoxicating drink. The preparatory process is as follows; and the species used are Cyathea spinulosa, Alsophila comosa, and A. Andersoni. They first strip the caudex of its hardened rind-like substance and the woody laminze, and then eut and slice into small pieces the central cellular interior, which they then boil for an | hour, apparently with the view of expelling the tannic and gallie aeids, which are always more or less present, and then steep in cold water for about twenty-four hours, when it is placed on a plantain or other large leaf and thoroughly dried in the sun, so as to pre- serve it as required for use. Some eight or ten days previous to its being required it is mixed and fermented with about one third of its bulk of boiled rice, when, as in the case _ of the “ mürwäh,” it is placed in the joint of a bamboo, filled up with warm water, and sucked through the slender branchlets of a bamboo. This moisture is called by the Lepchas * rückshie," and is said to be even more intoxicating than the mürwáh, though they much prefer that. It is therefore chiefly used (as Mr. Munro, of the Cinchona plantations, Poomang, informs me) in the early part of the rainy season, when their old murwa grain is done, and their new unripe. It is noteworthy that they will not eat nor extract the “rickshié” from the cellular matter of the Alsophila contaminans, var. Brunoniana, though it is entirely free from the woody bundles, which are the only reason they assign for not using the Alsophila latebrosa and glabra. They assure me that the pulpy matter of A. contaminans, var. Brunoniana, when eaten, causes nausea, vomiting, and purging, with griping and distention of the stomach. Such at least is the account given me by our Lepcha plant-collectors and one or two it must possess some noxious quality or another ; otherwise the Lepcha would not trouble himself by a hill-ascent of some 4000 feet for 4. comosa, when he might have an abun- dance of the other species in proximity to his another species used for food by sia dde SE recognize two varieties—one in which the interior of the caudex, dull greyish white. In no other characters, however, do they present any differences, so that even the Lepchas, accustomed to gather them from their infancy, can enl distin ui the two by cutting the caudex. I may remark, however that as Solon dii : do not arise, as might be suspeeted, from their fr i ae ; and the characters are | The red variety is called by the Lepchas eae ae hi are a few others of the dwarfer and sub t MM "venie in their curries, dic, Botrychium daucifolium, which is exceedingly M wes pr of Sikkim at elevations of from 3000 to 9000 feet or more, is a in Roll فا NIE by Dr. Hooker. This species has also (as its congener B. Tan in Scotland in olden times) magical virtues ascribed to i | young and old individuals. arborescent species, of which they use the young other of their sirdars: anyhow . dwelling. The Angiopteris evecta is — the Lepehas, much as they would a yam, by slicing and appendages is of a light pinky red, and the other in which it is a the white “ Tückvöo-doom.” There - t; and on certain days the | MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 7 Lama, or high priest of the Lepchas, has the interior of his temples and altars strung with moonwort for one or other of his gods. "The Lepchas also, like many other of the natives of India, cook the insipid tubers of Nephrolepis tuberosa—the poorest fare of all, and one certainly on which man or beast will be more likely to die than live. The Lepcha, however, in his native forest, would scarcely starve, so well does he know the qualities, and so readily can he pounce upon the more or less nutritious roots, the pulpy stem, leaves, or seeds—a knowledge evidently acquired by hard experience, and trans- mitted from generation to generation. It seems, indeed, with this race, a parent's first duty to acquaint his child with the products, nutritious and noxious, of his native forests ; and the aptitude with which they acquire this knowledge is truly surprising, and rather the result of the operation of instinct than that of experience or previously ac- quired knowiedge through the senses. Anyhow the necessity of circumstances stimu- lates the acquirement of such knowledge, and well supports Mr. Darwin’s view, that from innumerable experiments made through dire necessity by the savages of every land, with the results handed down by tradition, the nutritious, stimulating, and medicinal properties of the most unpromising plants were probably first discovered. Anatomy of Caudex.—The following remarks under this head, though possessing but slight claims to originality, will, I have thought, be of some service in their negative or affirmative relations to the statements of other observers, which are in several points very conflicting and still, in fact, sub lite. Thus, according to Mirbel, the caudex consists of “a simple fascis of petioles or leaf-stalks" (Elémens de Phys. Végét. i. p. 121), an opinion indorsed by Lindley, Balfour, and others in their class-books; while Schleiden considers what he terms the attempt “ to represent the stem of the fern as merely com- posed of leaf-stalks grown together, is so entirely at variance with the law of its develop- ment, and consequently so totally devoid of foundation,” that he does not deem it worth while to contest the point. “Germination,” he continues, “shows that there is a rudi- ment of the stem prior to the formation of the leaves and leaf-stalks " (Schleiden’s * Prin- ciples of Bot.’ p. 197). Less decided though apparently similar opinions are held by Mohl; so also Hofmeister, in his paper on the development of Pieris aquilina (* Higher Cryptogams, p. 225), remarks that *the distribution of the vascular bundles in the unbranched frondless ends of shoots exactly corresponds with that of the frond-bearing stem, a convincing proof that the arrangement of the vascular bundles in the stem is not dependent upon the position of the appendicular organs, or the number and form of the bundles occurring in such organs." With reference to the mode of ramification of the stems of ferne there is also a difference of opinion. Brongniart, Hofmeister, and others confine normal ramification to the bifureation of the apex of the stem above the youngest frond of the bud, and explain the frequent lateral position of one fork of the branch by the more vigorous development of the other. This is the lateral bud ramification of Hofmeister as distin- guished from normal diehotomy, in which there is an equal development of the bifur- cated apex of the stem; while adventitious buds are such as make their appearance underneath the insertion of the youngest appendicular organ, whether on the outer surface or in the interior of the tissue. This view is, of course, perfectly accordant with 8 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. the frequent definite relations between the positions of the branches and jme ir ke main axis. Karsten and Mettenius, having regard to those positional re ations of the branches and the fronds, do not consider that the ramification of ferns is in any respect different from that of pheenogams, both originating in the development of lateral buds, which have a definite positional relation to the appendicular organs. This opinion Met- tenius supports by the occurrence of what he considers truly axillary buds in various species of Trichomanes and the variously posed infra- or extra-axillary buds of the Da- valliee. Under the same category Mettenius places the buds found on the stipes of Pteris aquilina and Aspidium Filix-mas, though these are evidently, as Hofmeister remarks, “ adventitious buds distinct from the true ramifications of the stems." The real difference between the views, then, resolves itself into the question whether the bifurcation of the caudex, and the genesis of buds at the base of the stipes, are cognate phenomena, and relatively to the main axis analogous to the axillary buds of phzenogams. Hofmeister replies in the negative, and supports his position by various arguments, which I shall subsequently notice. The general structure of the caudex has been skilfully treated by Mohl (vide Martius, Ic. Plant. Crypt. Bras. p. 40.) ; but as there are still differences of opinion, as I have above shown, on several important points, and others in which there seems to mea - general misconception, I have taken advantage of the opportunities afforded me in the : Sikkim forests to secure stems of the various species; and the result of my examinations of these I now beg to submit to this Society. | | The structure of the caudex is pretty clearly illustrated in the accompanying drawings. | Of these I may first refer to the various transverse sections shown on Plates I., II, & III. " The section of Alsophila latebrosa (Pl. I. fig. 2), from a newly cut stem, presents a large central mass of parenchyma, in which are imbedded a number of isolated fibro-vasculat bundles, with a triple series of sinuous woody laminz on its periphery, and externally - encased in a sort of hardened rind. In fig. 4, it will be observed that the number of the | large isolated woody bundles in the central cellular axis is greatly reduced, and indeed _ chiefly confined to the periphery, while in Pl. 11. fig. 4 they are entirely absent. So 4 | also we find variations presented in the degree of continuity of the woody laminse, each loop eorresponding to the origin of a frond. This character, however, unlike those of the isolated woody bundles, is by no means specifically characteristic, but variable even in the same individual, and largely dependent on the health of the plant, and of course on the angular divergence of the frond. This is well shown by reference to Pl. IV. figs. 1, 2, & 3, representing three sections of Alsophila contaminans. Fig. 1 represents a section at two feet from the base, and presents only three plates arising from 4 frond- arrangement, while in fig. 2, of a reduced seetion at 8 feet from the base, there are five distinet plates corresponding with a $ angular divergence of the fronds. The section from the dried stem (fig. 3) exhibits the peculiar W-like lamin as generally represented in botanical manuals, and, as in fig. 2, is characterized by a 2 frond-arrangement. d lamina is simply a result of the contraction of the cellular occurs in the line of origin of a new frond in the lamina 4 en effected with the adjoining lamina û. Mohl, in his treatise parts. The disjunction before a union has be AA EC DLE r خخ خخ A Ss یس ی ی rl RSS ۶ و e SENE STE ee Tine > a E ee ad xs E A A E el TP Tal u e ESTE we MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 9 referred to above (tab. xxix. fig. 2), gives a section of the stem of Alsophila excelsa of an octangular outline, which I have never seen any fern assume. This section presents a noteworthy peculiarity also in the peripheral line of large isolated vascular bundles, which occur in none of the specimens that have come under my observation. I suspect, however, that, though in no way distinguished by Mohl from normal woody bundles, they are merely isolated masses of parenchyma, such as we often find dried sections pre- senting, and, indeed, partially illustrated in the section of Hemitelia decipiens (PL 1. fig. 4). This receives a further confirmation by reference to the magnified portions of the above section (Mohl, tab. xxxii. figs. 1 & 2), which present no vascular tissue in the corresponding stratum. The soft central mass consists of parenchyma, interspersed (as in Pl. I. fig. 2) more or less with, or nearly destitute of, isolated vascular bundles. These bundles present externally a layer of hard brown pleurenchyma, succeeded by a layer of soft paren- chyma, which surrounds a trachenchymatous axis. With regard to the development of these bundles, the generally received opinion (in unison with the theoretical distinction of acrogens) is, that they grow from below upwards, and never in any case extend below the point at which they originated. "This opinion, however, by no means agrees with my observations, throughout which I have invariably found that they originate partly from the axial tissues in proximity to the hard brown diaphragm of the frond, and partly from the margins of the meshes in the woody lamine at the point of origin of the latter. This is very clearly demonstrable by examination of the nascent fronds of Alsophila ornata and latebrosa. The transverse section of the apex of a caudex of A. latebrosa (Pl. TIT. fig. 3) shows the structure and arrangement of the young fronds. Now, in examining these, we find as we pass from those on the periphery to those in the centre the number of free vascular bundles decreasing, and wholly disappearing in the younger or nascent fronds—a result, of course, equally accordant with either view of their origin. Longitudinal sections, however, afford us conclusive evidence, showing the vascular bundles in various stages of development (and, as they appeared to me, always younger and less perfect towards their respective extremities) in the young frond and parenehymatous axis. In their centre, or line of separation of the frond and the caudex, they consist of parallel lines of trachenchymatous tissue, surrounded by thin elongated cells, which pass by a gradual transition into the ordinary parenchymatous tissue of the stem, as in their upward growth they pass by a similar transition into the cellular tissue of the rachis. ; As supporting the view I have taken, I may further remark on the comparative absence of the bundles from the apieal part of the stem, and the non-appearance of any such in an upward course of development. In all cases in which I have been able to trace them to their extremities, I have invariably found a developing apex below and a more perfectly developed tissue upwards, -passing into a stipe. Furthermore, 1 have in no instance observed upwardly-developing ramifications from lower bundles, which evidently should have occurred had the theory of development from below been correct, whereas all seem to. me confirmatory of the opposite view, and point to the inosculations of descending bundles. In 4. latebrosa the free vascular bundles are VOL. XXX. 0 10 . MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. considerably more elongated and less disposed to ramify and anastomose Man are those of A. glabra, so that, as shown in the above-noted plates, their | peines. much simplified. Those bundles from the fully matured fronds I have frequently found to have a downward extension of from 12 to 18 inches and upwards, while those from the younger fronds are always much shorter, indicating a certain reciproci ty of develop; ment. Iam of opinion that the downward development of the bundle is continued until the frond is fully matured. But for such a limitation to the development, the lower parts of the stem would have been much more crowded (and, indeed, ultimately filled) with the descending bundles. This is not the case; and reflecting on the above relations between the development of the younger and older fronds and their respective vascular bundles, I consider myself justified in holding the above view of the limitation of the growth of the latter. ۱ As further supporting the view of an inverse or polar development of the free vascular bundles, I would also direct attention to the very marked difference in the ramification of the bundles in the eaudex and those in the frond. In the latter they are arranged in various planes with an almost specifie regularity, agreeably to a correlated development with the other part ; whereas in the former we find them distributed in a most irregular and complicated manner, which appears to me only explicable when we consider them developed subsequently to the parts in which they are found. Certainly, had they - originated at their lowest point (which must have always been in proximity to the © growing-point, as shown by their appearance in the nascent fronds); and undergone development with the other parts of the caudex, they must necessarily have extended in nearly straight lines between their points of origin and attachment to the diaphragm of the fronds, which, as I have shown, takes place in their earliest stages of de- velopment. ۱ ۱ Schleiden, in criticising Martius's views on a similar development of the vascular — bundles of Palms (Principles of Botany, p. 258), remarks “ that he [Martius] has left ۱ the meaning of the term onward growth of a vascular bundle equivocal. If it means _ that the already existing elongated cells become transformed into vascular bundles, it deseribes no peculiar process of growth; the vascular bundles were already to be dis- " tinguished in their elementary condition: but if it means that the cells themselves of * which the vascular bundles are composed are produced subsequently, originating above 3 | first, and proceeding downward, this is, I believe, erroneous." If, as Schleiden states, — BEN has expressed himself ambiguously (though I can scarcely doubt that his " guage implies other than an organizing force at both extremities), Gaudichaud distinctly states that their development commences in the centre, whence an ascending and descending portion are gradually organized (vide Recherches gén. sur l'Organo- "uode &e. 1841). Schleiden, in opposition to such views, maintains (and is supported: y Henfrey and others) that the lower extremity of the vascular bundles indicates the | point of origin, whence they grov | tions on the stems of the various palms which I have had an o here, I am convinced that both of the above views require modification, and that a portion only of the woody bundles develops from both extremities, while in the others ٠ å me Y [4 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. ONE growth is confined to the upper extremity ; so that we have exemplified in them both the simultaneous and definite modes of vascular growth. This will be best explained by reference to the supplemental plate which I have added, showing a vertieal section of Euterpe. olivacea. The youngest or nascent leaves are in this wholly composed of cellular tissue; and it is by no means difficult to trace the origin and development of those vaseular bundles characterized by growth at both extremities. "Tho first indications of these are to be found in the younger leaves in the form of parallel lines of elongated cells continuous with others similarly characterized in the stem, which by graduated stages of development pass in the older leaves into the normal vascular bundles., These appeared to me to have their origin on the summit of the stem, on lines corresponding with the axis of the leaves, whence they grow upwards into the leaf and downwards into the stem. These are the analogues of, though differing in structure from, the free woody bundles of the Fern stem. In all the Palm stems which I have examined (Areca gracilis and Catechu, Euterpe edulis, Arenga saccharifera, Caryota urens, Borassus, Livistona, and Cocos nucifera), I find a further concordance in the course of these bundles in the stem, which, proceeding from the base of the fronds, pass more or less into the central parts of the stem, though by no means at a uniform angle, whence with a slight outward curve they pass down and insinuate themselves in a more or less parallel manner amongst the adjoining bundles. In none of the many sections I have made, however, could I find any traces of that regulated curving or spiral turning of the bundles, which is usually represented in diagrams of the Monocotyledonous stem. Henfrey has remarked in his interesting paper on some points in the structure and growth of Monocotyledons (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 183), ** In speaking of crossing, it must always be recollected that this term is used rather loosely, as the upper bundles take very variable courses to get to the outer sides of the lower ones .... so that it is only here and there that a section will exhibit a direct crossing like that usually shown in diagrams." This is, no doubt, quite correct so far as a continuity of the individual bundles is con- cerned; but it fails to show why in every section of a palm-stem (at least in all that I have made) the fibro-vascular bundles are seen passing from the fronds towards the centre, but none passing thence to the periphery: manifestly if such had been the arrangement, every radial section of any length ought to have shown at least portions of the bundles on both courses, which they certainly do not *. * The remarkable and frequently sudden enlargement of the caudex of certain palms towards the middle has been frequently remarked by travellers in the tropies. Various illustrations of this have been given by Martius in his great work, as also by Wallace in his more accessible and interesting treatise on the Palms of the Amazon. In the Indian species this bulging tendeney seems to be developed in no very marked degree, and, so far as I have observed, confined to the Arecinem. Several of our garden specimens of Oreodowa regia and Euterpe edulis exhibit it in a more or less marked manner, and afforded me materials for the following observations. The finest specimen of Oreodoxa here is over 70 feet in height, with a basal girth of caudex of 92 inches, tapering upwards to 63 inches at 5 feet, whence it thiekens upwards to 68 inches at 8 feet, to 78 inches at. 10 feet, thence undiminished to the top. Now looking at such a specimen, it is impossible to offer a hint as to the probable cause for the enlargement. Young specimens, however, as it appears to me, are more suggestive. Thus in looking over a long avenue of these, in height (caudex) varying from 4 to 8 feet, I observed a few with very marked enlargements at about 4 feet from the base, while the others tapered gradually from the base to the top. To illustrate, in one specimen the basal cir- EX c2 12 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. The development of the vascular bundles composing the am I d e rounding the central cellular axis of the fern-stem, unlike that of th iiir j limited io their upper extremities. In a transverse d of a, : inn M stem (vide Pl. II. figs. 1 & 2) the woody bundles ih ses x: ans Mee spiral manner, on an expanded, nearly horizontal sur ac 2 odo (indieating the points of origin of the future fronds), passing Lol ae tions into sinuous plates. In tracing the developmen of this p | m e deam that the dotis of cells has but limited radii, and = d = periphery of the flattened apex and before its incipient paris have assume vei er position on the stem, all inerease is by simple expansion of the already forme i which become from four to seven times às large. It is only by this increase (caused by cell-expansion) of the bulk of the pith, remarks Hofmeister, that the net of hee bundles is lifted up by degrees and projected upon a cylinder. It is easily d y counting the cells during and after the transition of the net of vascular bundles from the form of a paraboloid to that of a cylinder, that the increase in thickness of the E is not caused by any subsequent new formation of parenchymatal cells, either within > e pith or in the neighbourhood of or between the rudimentary vascular bundles (Higher Crypt. p. 231). The vascular bundles surrounding the apertures of the incipient fronds, cumference (which, I may remark, aequires in nearly all palms a considerable increase from the on gare: advent roots to which it gives origin) was 50 inches, 21 inches at 3 feet, and 18 inches at 4 feet, thence cylindrical to the top. Again, in a second specimen the basal girth was 52 inches, decreasing to 23 inches at 4 feet, e again e what suddenly increasing to 27 inches at 5 feet, thence cylindrical. Now in regard to the first specimen (as to all those in the avenue with unbulged caudices), it had been thus far infertile, while in the other spadices had ven produced, and that where the caudex first undergoes an enlargement, The spadices are henceforward produced with great regularity from every axil, the caudex increases in thickness to the point of origin of the sixth or seventh spadix, where it seems to attain its normal diameter, and is continued eylindrically upwards. It thus appears to me that the bulging of the caudex is due to the additional development of woody bundles from the spadix; and I am disposed to attribute such sudden enlargement as those of Iriartea ventricosa to periods when every axil gives origin - to a strong and vigorous spadix, and, on the other hand, the decrease to their frequent abortion. I have further to remark that gouty stems have been observed only amongst the Arecinew, and confined to species with markedly r long sheathing fronds, and almost stem-encircling footstalks of spadices. In the other tribes 3 and Cocoine®) the ligule are short, the petiole at once passes off, at a less or more acute I general very slightly developed, and the spadices by no means originate - developed internodes, (Borassine®, Coryphinee, angle,from the caudex, the internodes are in from every axil; the non-enlargement, however, ment of the woody bundles of the spadix in the Palms") Again, Caryota and Sagus, with centrifugal inflorescences and monocarpie caudices, I may be wrong in the above views ; yet, in reviewing my little aequaintanée with palms, I ean recall no really disproving facts. A few years ago there were several little in these cases may be connected with peculiarities in the develop- tending to settle the question, I may at least produce any report when bursting— further, Euterpe, and other Arecinez, the anthers be permitted to cast my vote, which certainly is that spadices do not of the spathe does not differ, either as to the cause or mode, from the fall of any other articulated organ, undeveloped internodes (vide Schleiden’s * Views on the Stems of | : in the Coryphinez with terminal inflorescence the caudex is cylindrical throughout, and so also in . against ; and, if I mistake not, it yet remains sub lite. Without pre- that in those cases in which I have attended to it, Cocos, Oreodowt, d | do not reach maturity for several days after the splitting up of the interior : 1 face of the spadix, which is further a gradual process, and sometimes extends over four days. The disarticulation — : Se ad E سسکا MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 8 which seem in the transverse sections to have an isolated position, have not really such, as will be seen by a reference to the longitudinal section of A. glabra (Pl. V. fig. 2), in which the woody laminz are continued upwards and along the flattened apex. At this period of development the structure scarcely differs from that of a young Dicotyledonous stem, with whieh type they further agree in undergoing a certain degree of lateral development, until all unite and form a simple tabular circle with spirally arranged lozenge-shaped openings, enclosing a central parenchymatous mass, and enveloped in a cellular rind. There, however, the analogy ceases; and the vital activity, no longer directed to the lateral development in the periodical addition of layers (as in Dicotyledons) to these closed portions, is continued upwards in newer cycles. A lateral and a front view of the woody framework of A. latebrosa, prepared by maceration, is shown on Pl LII.; and I have also given, by way of comparison, sections from the stem of Asplenium esculentum (Pl. XII.) The latter presents a more or less regular series of lozenge-shaped meshes, from the lateral angles of which two vascular bundles pass off into the fronds. In the stems of tree ferns the woody framework is much more largely developed, and a numerous series of branches proceeds from the whole margin of the ellipsoidal spaces for the supply of the fronds, and is not limited, as in the herbaceous species, to the anastomoses of the main bundles. It will also be observed, by a reference to Pl. III. fig. 4, that these lateral or frond-bundles pass off from the main framework in an isolated-cylindrical state, rarely dividing again as they penetrate the diaphragm of the frond. | The arrangement of the woody tissue in the stems of the dwarf herbaceous species is, as might be expected, much less regular than in those of the arborescent species. The irregular distribution of the former is well shown in the various sections of Asplenium esculentum represented in Pl. XII. These differences in the distribution of the woody tissue in the dwarf and arborescent species are no doubt due to the inverse relations, pointed out by Spenser, between the formation of woody tissue and the subjection to mechanical strain. This seems to me borne out by the fact that individuals of the same species when frequenting different habitats—for example, the Asplenium esculentum above referred to, which indifferently occurs on dry banks and old walls, or under the deepest shade (in ditches and by the sides of tanks)—present considerable differences in the degree of development of the woody tissue, those presenting the greatest amount of the latter being invariably the individuals from the deepest and most sheltered habitats. In the arborescent species we also find considerable differences: in the individuals from dense forest-clad ravines the woody laminæ are decidedly thinner and interposed with thicker layers of parenchyma, the arrangement of the fronds becomes less regular, and the interspaces are frequently greatly increased. The, sections of A. contaminans, represented on Pls. IV. € IX., show this in a very marked manner. The latter of these, with the distantly arranged fronds, oblong scars, with irregularly distributed inner vascular bundles, is drawn from a living specimen in the fernery of the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, and presents a striking contrast to the symmetrically arranged quadrate scars and arcuately distributed vascular bundles which were afforded by the other section of a specimen which I cut on the Poomong Cinchona-lands (Pl. IV. 14 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. fig. 3). The plant grew amongst moist rocks, comparatively free from all other ] arborescent vegetation, and unsheltered from sun and winds. 1 The distribution of the vascular woody bundles in the stipes of tree ferns has also very _ evident relations to mechanical conditions. In the sections of the different species +: represented in Pl. VIL, the woody bundles form rings concentric with the periphery of | the stipes, with either rafter-like strutts passing off at an acute angle from the upper 1 sides towards the interior, or somewhat irregularly distributed towards the upper — periphery, but in either case increasing the strength of the upper planes. Now in the - large horizontal spreading fronds of ferns it is evident that the greatest pressure will - fall upon the upper side, so that the above arrangement perfectly accords with the - mechanical conditions. In the sarmentose and rhizomatous species similar relations are obvious, the development of woody tissue in these organs having generally an - inverse relation to the fronds which they support; and they are very markedly influenced - by habitat. Thus Polypodium phymatodes, when growing in its indigenous habitats, - has à much-hardened parenchymatous stem, studded in the central parts with slender — woody bundles, and a ring of larger bundles near the periphery. In culture, under shade, it becomes softer and less tenacious in all its parts. So also the sarmentum of Acrostichum scandens, which has a a central pith-like substance surrounded by a layer of woody matter and an excentric ring of unequal-sized woody bundles (the larger | corresponding to the sides applied to the shoots around which it winds, and of course that of greatest pressure), with a more slender peripheral ring of the same imbedded in an extremely tenacious parenchyma, which again becomes comparatively soft in individuals grown under shade and shelter. I know of no better illustration of this hypothesis than that afforded by the Dipteris Wallichü. This species has a 8 freely ramifying rhizome, rarely more than half an inch in diameter, with large stout- textured flabelliform fronds (posed in vertical planes), sometimes 30 inches in length and 40 inches broad, supported on slender tapering stipes upwards of 4 feet in height. To support and counteract the strain of such a frond demands considerable strength in. both stipe and rhizome, so that what they decidedly want in thickness must be sup- plemented by density and tenaeity: and so we find it to be. The rhizome is separated - into four distinct parts—first, a central medullary parenchyma, encased in a. thin ring of. rhizome, and somewhat distant, while the slender wiry roots are indifferently produced | from its whole surface, though most abundantly from the underside. The species affects | social habits, and is usually found in large patches, thus affording in a partial manner a mutual protection and support. It is evident h ‘ Nen di E nt, however, that even under the most even in the dry balanee their leverage, PN Paler in those slender stipes and rhizomes; and I do regard the remarkable increase | direct result of frond-tension. That the rhizome and stipes should not have undergone MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 15 a similar increase laterally is, I believe, due to the flabellate venation, which radially concentrating the organizing force in the frond, thus demarcates and limits the growth of the stipe in a much more decided manner than is the case in fronds with laterally developed segments, in which the stipe blends into the rachis *. I may in this place cursorily refer to the opinion that the trunks of tree ferns are hollow when fully formed, as stated in most of our botanical class-books. I can scarcely think that this is founded on observations of living or at all fresh specimens, but that it rather has an origin in the examination of dry museum specimens, which are then of course hollow. I at least have seen no such appearances in the many tree ferns I have seen growing in their native habitats. On the contrary, I have found, as shown in Plate L, representing the basal portion of a trunk of Alsophila latebrosa 7 feet high, that there is a greater tendency to consolidation by the descent of woody bundles from the fronds than to any rupturing or hollowing of the internal parts, throughout which at least a passive vitality is long continued. There is this, however, to be said, that species vary much in the tendency to throw out adventitious roots (e. g. Hemitelia decipiens has those roots confined chiefly to the base of the stem, while under the same conditions in * À cognate and, in my opinion, very excellent illustration of the influence of mechanical actions on the formation of wood is presented by those huge buttresses which we find so common in many of the timber- and other trees of India. Probably the Paddlewood of Guiana (Aspidospermum excelsum), the Logwood (Hematoxylon campechianum), $e. have a like origin; and I do not doubt that the degree of fluting will be found to vary in individuals with their mechanical and physical conditions. But that this is the case with Logwood I have evidence from the plants in the Calcutta Botanic Gardens. I may particularly mention the Teak tree, Tectona grandis, the value of which is much deteriorated by this buttressing process, which seems to me not a specific, but rather a local characteristic. In the Botanic Garden here the buttresses are generally large in proportion to the diameter of the trees ; and we find the roots in no case deeply penetrating the soil, but distributed in a horizontal manner near the surface—a result, no doubt, of the saturated state of these alluvial clays from June to November, which are so little above the water-level as to render drainage impracticable. Even in those conditions, however, Teak springs up with a wonderful rapidity and vigour, indicating that, for the production of first-class timber, drainage is alone wanted, to induce a deeper penetration of their roots, reduce the size of the buttresses, and render them less liable to be uprooted in the storms which of late have so frequently visited these parts. The buttresses are thus, in my opinion, simply an effort of nature to com- plement the stability lost in the distribution of the roots near the surface of the soil; and as further confirmation of this, we find individuals with deeply penetrating roots comparatively free from buttresses and with plane unfluted boles. The accordance of this with the above views is evident when we consider the respective mechanical conditions. Thus in those with roots more or less acutely penetrating the soil, there will be an inverse merging of the axis of resistance in lines concentric with the main axis of the tree, and a consequently graduated equality in the develpment of the woody layers as afforded by the plane and rounded boles. Again, in those with roots diverging at obtuse angles, there must necessarily be an isolation in the strains or resisting axes, each root forming, as it were, an independent point d’appui, and the consequent result will be an increased development of woody ' matter in axes continuous with those of the roots, decreasing upwards with the convergence of these axes. This: accords with the phenomenon in question—buttresses do decrease upwards, and blend in a more or less plane and rounded surface. I have also observed that trees with branches diverging at more or less acute angles from the main trunk are generally more strongly buttressed than those with stout horizontal spreading branches, the mechanical explanation of which is, of course, that the weight and force of the wind on the main axis must be considerably less in the latter than in the former condition. As further illustrating this mechanical theory, it is noteworthy that the buttresses of a tree are rarely (I believe, never) directly opposite, as might have been expected had their production been simply a question of nutrition ; furthermore, in the Botanic Gardens here—I have not particularly noted this point elsewhere—the largest buttresses are, or rather were (for the cyclones have left us few to look at) on the side of the prevailing winds. 16 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. Alsophila ornata and contaminans they form a dense mass extending high up the stem), and that in the densely rooting species there is a greater tendency to a general decay of the lower parts; but this is, again, only when a massive basis of adventitious roots has all but neutralized the strain on the base of the stem. Anyhow, I may state that in no case have I seen the interior decay in uninjured specimens extending a foot above the ground-level. » Ramification of Stems.—Ramification of the caudex of tree ferns is occasionally pro- duced by the suppression of the terminal bud, more frequently by the development of adventitious buds. Hofmeister, as I have stated in my prefatory remarks, further divides the former mode into those in which the bifurcations are equally developed, and those in which one of the forks forms the principal axis and gives to the other a lateral position. To the former he applies the term Dichotomy; the latter he distinguishes as lateral buds. The application of the latter term in the sense mentioned is apt to mislead ; and indeed the distinction appears to me superfluous. Practically these so-called lateral shoots are ultimately in many cases undistinguishable from those having an adventitious origin. Hofmeister, indeed, maintains that there is a “real difference between the internal structure of the forked branches of the stem, and that of the place of junction of the prineipal stem with the buds which I have regarded as adventitious and seated on the stipes. The former exhibit throughout their entire length the peculiar structure of the stem, while the collar of the latter, on that part between the principal axis and place of origin of the bud, exhibits the characteristic arrangement of the vascular bundles of the stipes" (Hofmeister, * Higher Cryptogams,' p. 266). Differences in the internal structure of the two forms of buds are by no means and in all cases thus easily distin- guished ; and certainly in the buds of tree ferns which have come under my observation I have in no case found such distinctive characteristies as the above; adventitious buds, though presenting a structure somewhat akin to that of the stipes in an incipient, have little in common with them in the mature state. I have examined many of those buds in nearly every stage of development on the Alsophila gigamtea and comosa, both of which are singularly prolific. In both these species the adventitious buds most frequently occur on the outer base of the stipes, though they are by no means rare on the interspaces between the fronds. Now these differently posed buds present differences in structure— the former directly communicating with the interior of the stem, through the frond- meshes, while the woody laminse are interposed in the latter. These stipal buds, being thus manifestly in a very similar relation to the main axis as are the displaced lateral aves of the forked end of stems, a considerable similarit assumed. This is confirmed by observation. Differences in the developmental force of the axis of a fork are generally manifested in the incipient stage: growth is more or less completely suppressed in the weak axis; the latter is forced out on the side of the stem and presents a contraction at the collar (vide Pl. X. fig. 2) similar to that of adrenn ai buds, from which it scarcely differs in structure. The disguise is thus in many cases very complete, so much so that a long-latent and subsequently developed main axis is only distinguishable from the adventitious buds by its more complete and direct union with the interior woody framework; and even this is also much disguised when a s nd A y in structure might be justifiably | RENTE ات MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. , 17 vigorous bud is developed on the young and softer parts of the stem. With all this simi- larity of structure, however, there can be no question as to their affinities (as urged by Hofmeister) being other than analogical, and that they are distinct from each other and the axillary buds of pheenogams. Their homology with the latter organ has been suggested by Karsten, and espoused by Mettenius. The latter author has endeavoured to support this view from the apparently axillary partition of the buds in several species of Tricho- manes, and the transitional condition of those in certain Hymenophylla and Davallie, which, with axillary buds, have others spinging from the upperside of the superposed frond. These are but isolated instances, however, and in my opinion are casual rela- tions, inasmuch as we find in both Trichomanes and Davallia axillary buds on certain portions of the rhizome, while others are irregularly posed on various parts, and by no means confined to the line of the fronds. Moreover, in many cases, those buds are truly the result of bifurcation of the main axis; and as such there is no reason why they might not be occasionally subtended by a frond, and so assume an apparently axillary character. This is by no means a rare phenomenon in the erect tufted caudices of Trichomanes java- nicum and in some of the Indian sarmentose species; in the latter, buds (the results of bifurcation) appear on the frondless end of the stem, and have not unfrequently an axillary relation to a subsequently developed frond. in the proliferous tree ferns buds most frequently occur on the exterior base of the stipe, and, though not uncommon (as in Alsophila comosa and glabra, vide Plates X. & XI.) in various extra-axillary positions, I have never observed them in the axil of a frond. The Alsophile referred to are remarkably prolific, and, singularly enough, occur in the extremes of altitudinal range of the Sikkim species, viz. 4. glabra in low tropical valleys, while the habitats of 4. comosa are the temperate forests. In the normal conditions of | growth of the above species a varying number of adventitious buds are always being produced; but for a full exhibition of their wonderful prolifieness it is necessary to examine plants which, through some cause or other, have received a check in the deve- lopment of the main axis. I was much struck with this in an uprooted plant of 4. glabra. This plant I found on the banks of a mountain-steam near the Ganges and Darjeeling road, in the Sikkim Teraie, whence it had no doubt been brought from higher . elevations while the stream was flooded, as no other plants of its kind were to be found in the vicinity. Anomalous, therefore, did it appear to observe in a single uniform line of 15 feet, twenty-three young plants of A. glabra, varying from 6 inches to 4 and 8 feet in height. Certainly I thought they had been artificially planted, and should have gone onin that belief but for the prostrate and still vegetating stem whence they had their origin, and to which (with many others in less advanced stages) they were yet attached. The production of adventitious buds in A. comosa is similarly copious, and more in the natural process of growth; even with a vigorously developing main axis plants are by no means rare in which the exterior bases of the stipes in the older parts of the caudex are studded with shoots and buds in various stages of development. By these means the individual plants frequently attain most bulky proportions; a plant which I measured had an erect caudex 20 feet in height, and presented from 8 feet downwards an elongated cone, with a base 10 feet in circumference, formed by the conjoined adventitious roots VOL. XXX. D 18 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. and stems of sixty fairly-developed frond-bearing shoots, varying from 2 inches to 6 feet in length, and from 3 to 13 inches in circumference. A. gigantea never (that I have seen) attains these proportions; and there is another noteworthy difference in the deve- lopment of their respective buds. In A. gigantea simply pinnatifid fronds are produced almost contemporaneously with the appearance of the bud as a distinct organ on the stem, or before it is larger than a mustard-seed. On the other hand, in A. comosa, from the appearance of the fronds, there is generally a considerable development of the axial parts (vide Plate II.), which assume a pyriform shape, enveloped upwards in brown subulate scales, and below in a fascicle of short, slender adventitious roots. Thus ere a single frond has appeared they have a sufficient amount of independent vitality to be separated from the parent stem, and give rise to new individuals, presenting in this respect an analogy to many other proliferous Aill-plants. The normal forking of the main axis I have observed in three of the Sikkim species, viz. Alsophila latebrosa, A. ornata, and A. gigantea. In the two latter, however, rami- fications occur much less frequently by this process than by the production of adven- titious buds, which I have never observed on the first-named species : indeed ramification in amy form is rare in the extreme in this species; and of the many specimens which I have seen of it in the Sikkim forests, one only was branched, and that, singularly enough, in a very striking manner, as is partially shown by the representation (Plate I). This specimen had a clear erect bole 25 feet in height, whence, nearly in a verticil and pro- bably by division of the terminal bud, proceeded seven stout symmetrical branches. I have said by division of the terminal bud, which I consider the more probable origin of these shoots, as all were in unbroken continuity with the main stem, and in this respect differed from those originating as adventitious buds, which, moreover, I believe, as just. stated, are never produced by this species. At about six inches above the pseudo- vertieil one of the shoots bifurcates, as shown on the plate; and again, at a height of about 2 feet, two others are forked, thus producing a ten-headed specimen. The indi- vidual shoots are all very perfectly developed, varying in length from 5 to 12 feet, in cir- cumference from 7 to 13 inches, and each s | urmounted by a corona of intertangling fronds*. In the sketch of a triple-headed specimen (Plate IX. fig. 3) of 4. ornata which 1 found in Sikkim, the origin of the ramifications is very clearly shown. The constriction evident on the main stem, immediately under the divisions, indicates of the terminal bud as a cause for the lateral divergenee of the though in the majority of instances division occurs structure of the stem in the above case had all the appearance, at first sight, of a normal * When I first looked on that noble speeimen, I thought of it E botanical museum ; and, but that it lay on a road SHE ae Mia kien plantations, and not in the midst of an unfre ‚would indeed have been a prize to any g opened out to the Government Cinchona the partial arrest .MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 19 trifurcation, the dwarfed (and what I was disposed to regard as the original) axial bud occupying an apparently median though somewhat deflected position on the same plane as the other two. The dissections, however, show that this is not the case, but that it is simply the result of a bifurcation repeated on one of the axes, the bifurcation of the terminal bud giving rise to shoots 4 and B, the latter undergoing a secondary furca- tion, and giving rise to C, a few lines higher. The points of origin of the different forks thus differing so slightly in the transverse sectional drawing, we find all presenting much the appearance of having had a consentaneous origin. With reference to Hofmeister's mode of distinguishing buds from normal ramifications, the difficulty is here exemplified. In the primary forks we find the shoot 4, from the more vigorous development of the shoot B, laterally displaced and suddenly contracted at the base, presenting very slightly more continuity with the main axis than do many lateral buds, which readily shows the difficulty there must be in cases of more complete suppression (of such terminal shoots) to distinguish them from ordinary lateral buds. This we will here attempt to exemplify more fully by reference to the very viviparous A. comosa, a specimen of which is represented in Plate II. We there find that nearly all the young buds originate around the exterior base of the stipes, and always below the diaphragm of the latter. The stems of these adventitious buds are ultimately continuous with the woody base of the stipes, and, as a matter of course, with the interior woody strueture of the stem, as shown in the transverse section of 4. comosa, Plate IL., fig. 4. In structure these are very different from those originating on the other parts of the stem, in which the woody parts are reduced to a slender root-like process, connected with the external woody laminz of the stem, and always readily distinguishable as adven- titious buds. "These, I suspect, are the normal adventitious buds of Hofmeister, while the others seem to me to hold an intermediate position between those and the lateral buds of that author. Though it is thus by no means so easy to distinguish the different forms of adventitious buds from bifurcations of the apex, there can be no question, as Hofmeister has rightly insisted, that the ramification of the vascular eryptogams has only an analogical relation to the axillary position of the branches of phznogams. The buds of Trichomanes, which Mettenius considered truly axillary, are much too variable to afford any satisfactory conclusion, as are also those: of the Davallie, as admitted by Mettenius, The Stipal Loculi.—Around the external base of the frond of all tree ferns (vide Plate VIIL) we«find a series of irregularly shaped perforations, filled, in the mature state, with a brown, glossy, carbonaceous powder. The various appearances they present are shown under the respective species ; but it is difficult to conjecture what purpose they serve in the economy of the plant. Though placed directly in the bud-region, they in no case give origin to these ; nor do rootlets ever protrude from them. They are found in the earliest stages of the frond's development, and are then filled with a green cellular tissue; and as they are on the same plane as the fleshy parenchyma of the frond, I have been frequently disposed to consider them the aborted tracings, corresponding to the costeo, of a strongly auricled-frond-bearing progenitor. This view seems to me sup- ported by the fact that similar perforations are continued up the sides of the frond, ۳ D 2 20 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. as is shown in the figures of A. latebrosa, which are doubtless abortive pinnae. More- over the basal and lateral loculi have primarily the same contents; and indeed the ultimate difference is by no means important—namely, the reduction of the contents ' of the basal cells into a loose brown sporoidal matter, while the upper or lateral retain their original cellularity, though not unfrequently we find their contents passing gradually into one another. Hugo Mohl. (‘De Structura Filicum Arborearum,’ p. 45, $ 12) describes these organs as occurring in several Brazilian species of Alsophila, and gives various sections of them in tab. xxxv., but offers no opinion as to their signifi- cation in the economy of the plant, further, indeed, than a reference to that of Martius, 1 who had suggested their analogy with the antheridial organs of other cryptogams, prior, of course, to the detection of the true sexual organs by Leszezyc-Suminski. Their ana- logical resemblance to the imbedded axillary capsules of Isoetes and the pulverulent contents anyhow shows that Martius's view was more than a mere unfounded hypothesis (vide Schleiden, Prineip. Bot. p. 194) ; and, indeed, there may be still those who, in spite of Schleiden's sneer, may (perhaps not incorrectly) be disposed to regard them as the aborted spore-cases of some ancient progenitor. It is curious that a somewhat correlated organ of dubious import should also occur in Lycopods. Karl Müller was the first to detect this organ, which he describes in his paper * on the Development of the Lycopo- diaces,” in the Bot. Zeitung, July 31st, 1846. This, which he terms an * acces- sory organ," he finds present in all stages of the plant's existence. In the terminal bud of the germ-plant it is fully developed, and. placed between the bud of the branch and the bud-envelope. It is again met with in the axils of both forms of leaves; in the terminal bud it occurs soon after the development of the leaf from the stem, and is always placed between them; it is also found between the oophoridium and the anthe- ridium and their involueral leaves. It is usually of a pyriform shape, consisting of a | number of delicate transparent parenchymatous cells filled with a finely granular 1 matter of a reddish eolour. With its full development it becomes truncated at the top, | wih i lees spent won sen Pm copla, wien it vt à SL dim opment. Karl Müller continues :—* It is difficult with respect to this enigmatical orean to mak approximation to its real import . Its analo : sa a buds viii SE I. = a : gues appear to me to occur in those eryptogams, as, for example, in the axils of the leaves of Bryum annotinum and others. Here, however, it must not be forgotten that in our case the cells ‘xever have green pep which they have in the loculi of ferns; consequently they cannot Se re- garded as buds, Are they abortive branches? or are they radicular organs? Reasons they seem to me inadequate MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 21 that the production of adventitious buds in the genus Lycopodium is by no means a frequent occurrence ; and I have as yet observed it on two species only, L. nummulari- folium and a handsome new species akin to L. Phlegmaria, which has been lately intro- duced to the Gardens from Sumatra. Defoliation.—The fall of the frond is in general gradual; and in Sikkim one only of the species is truly deciduous. This, as I have previously remarked, is the Alsophila comosa, which casts its leaves about the beginning of August, and so remains for from four to five weeks, when another cycle of fronds is rapidly unfolded. The fall of the leaf in this plant during August is singular and anomalous. Through all those wide forest- stretches every tree and bush in the height of their rainy season is in verdure, while this tree fern, like some imperfectly acelimatized intruder, stands bare and leafless. The fall of the leaf in this case therefore cannot be attributed to the ordinarily assigned causes, such as change in the season, nor the other less or more potent influence of axillary buds. It is, indeed, difficult to conjecture as to the cause of defoliation in this case. Its congener, Alsophila latebrosa, is in full verdure, as are all their more humble congeners. I have carefully examined the base of the fronds of this plant, and eompared them with those of other non-deciduous species, without finding any ex- planatory difference. In all the species we find the parts much as H. Von Mohl described them as having place amongst phenogams. A <“ separating layer” of cortical tissue, originating in the axillary side of the leaf, extends downwards, and ultimately forms a complete line of demarcation between the stem and distant parts of the leaf. With this process of vegetation, corresponding to the maturity of the frond, all further development of the distant parts of the frond ceases (and we may suppose that it will tend to direct the sap-current into newer and younger channels), the separating layer becomes hard and woody, and forms a clean detaching surface. This “ separating layer ” appears as a very thin membrane in the earliest stages of development of the frond, and forms a distinct line between the distal and proximal parts of the leaf*, A similar membrane is, I believe, more or less distinetly present in all leaves, forming a line of demareation between the axial and lateral organs. In many cases, as in nearly all monocotyledons, and generally in all lax-textured petioles, a slight constrietion in the nascent leaves is the only indication we find of this organ, which becomes absorbed in the more rapidly developing longitudinal tissues, In dieotyledons, on the other hand, with a more equable development of the tissues, the separating layer is very generally present, increases in thickness with the transverse tension of the leaf, and forms a distinct articulating surface, whence, as they individually reach maturity, they drop from the axis. Such are the phenomena presented in the fall of the leaf of A. comosa and a few other ferns, though here, as in endogens generally, the majority undergo decay from above downward to the hardened bases of the stipes, which often retain their attach- ment to the stem for several years. HH * For details on the development of leaves, I can but refer to Eichler's excellent thesis, of which an abstract, with original observations and comments, has been communicated to the Botanical Society, Edinburgh, vide Trans. 1865, 1866, by Dr. M*Nab. It is there shown that the incipient leaf is divided into proximal and distal portions, * hypophyll " and * epiphyll ” of Dr. MeNab, the latter giving rise to the lamina, and the former to the stipulary organs when present. 22 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. Circination, though not peculiar to ferns, is certainly one of their most striking characteristics. The adaptation of the circinate mode of vernation to the development of the young fronds is very evident when we reflect on their early isolated position on the axis and their acrogenous development—unlike what occurs in Palms and Cycads, both of which are characterized by a straight vernation, though singularly enough we find in all class-books the latter order as “ frequently represented by a circinate verna- tion." "This occurs in no Cycad which I have had an opportunity of seeing; certainly not in the genus Cycas, which, if I mistake not, is the one referred to by authors. In all the Indian species of this genus I have found a simply involute vernation, the edges only of the pinns rolled inwards, and in no case have I observed the rachis rolled spirally downward. This, as in palms, is always straight; the fronds, arranged in large clusters, form a mutual protection to the young unfolding parts, rendering a circinate vernation superfluous and, indeed, impossible. In ferns, as I have said, the arrangement of the parts is altogether different. In these we have a flatly paraboloidal terminal apex, on which the young fronds are almost horizontally arranged. The inerease of the number of cells is entirely confined to very short apical radii, beyond which all increase is by a simple cellular expansion; this goes on rapidly, so that the horizontally placed fronds and other parts are, as Hofmeister expresses it, * lifted up by degrees and projected upon a cylinder," the caudex. This causes the isolation of the fronds, and consequently increases their liability to injury, which, however, is admirably guarded against by their cireinate habit. This habit, Imay further remark, | axis) decreasing outwards, we might theoretically assume that the longitudinal develop- ment of the rachis will go on more rapidly along the lower than the upper planes. This we find to be the case, Thus the first appearance of the fronds is as simple papille, near the apex of the axis: and on all the tree ferns which have periodical growths, and simultaneously unfold one or, at the most, two cycles of fronds (the number of which is limited by the spirals in a cycle) annually, the further development of the rudimentary frond in length and thickness is extremely slow, cell-development proceeding, as I have n the upper planes, an evident curvature is à comparatively rare mode of vernation, should also especiall: : , e | x (Droseraces), and further, as I am disposed to think, y characterize Sun-dews, tion. Cireination in the inflorescence, as in certain of the Boragines and others, has, I believe, more relation to the fertilization of MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. | 23 the flowers than any merely protective agency; anyhow this is highly probable from the relations so well explained by Herbert Spencer (vide * Principles of Biology,” chap. x. p. 146, vol. ii.) It is there shown that all radially symmetrical flowers have vertical axes, and that deviations from this symmetry are in all probability adjustments to the fertilizing process. Mr. Herbert, adopting Darwin's views, reasons thus :—* So long as the axis of a flower is vertical and the conditions similar all round, a bee or butterfly alighting in it will be as likely to come from one side as from another; and hence hindrance rather than facilitation would result if the several sides of the flower did not afford it equally free access. In like manner, flowers which are distributed over a plant in such ways that their disks open out on planes of all directions and inclinations will have no tendency to lose their radial symmetry ..... but flowers so fixed as to open out sideways in tolerably constant altitudes have their petals differently related to insect- agency..... A long undermost petal or lip, by enabling the insect to settle in such a way as to bring its head opposite to the opening of the tube, aids its fertilizing agency "( p.153). Now, in the cases of circination referred to (for example, in Myosotis), we find first radial symmetry of the flowers with a second arrangement, so that as the stem unfolds the flower passes from the inverted to the upward position of the mouth, and ultimately, and probably after the fertilization, assumes a lateral position on the axis. "Thus, as I believe, circination, though subserving (as in the above cases) distinct ends in the plant's economy, has been acquired through “natural selection," which, “ working” (as Mr. Darwin well expresses it in reference to somewhat cognate cases; vide * Origin of Species,’ 3d ed. p. 213) “for the good of each being, and taking advantage of analogous variations, has sometimes modified in very nearly the same manner two parts in two organic beings, which beings owe but little of their structure in common to inheritance from the same ancestor." I will now briefly summarize the peculiarities and affinities of tree ferns, commencing with the development of the embryo plant. l. The first product of the spore is the prothallium, with its antheridial and arche- gonial cells, which by a fertilizing process give origin to an embryonie body, whence proceed the fronds and caudex. 2. In the earliest stages of the caudex transverse sections exhibit only one vascular bundle. The point of origin of this in the stem is predetermined by the first frond, whence the longitudinal axis of the nascent fibro-vascular bundle is directed. This fibro-vascular bundle grows upwards and outwards into the first frond, with which it is subsequently simultaneously developed; again, from the lower end of the bundle a branchlet passes out into the first root. With the development of the primary frond and root there is a simultaneous and somewhat rapid apical growth of the young stem, and a continuation of the primary vascular bundle to the point of origin of the second frond. A similar development of the stem and vascular bundle is continued until the appearance of the sixth or even the ninth frond. In all the Sikkim species of which I have had an opportunity to examine young plants, the frond-arrangement is thus far tristichous, and the angular divergence, of course, one third. The stem is now very per- ceptibly increasing in thickness, and depressed or flattened at the apex; the angular 24 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. divergence of the fronds gradually passes into the pentastichous; and the until now solitary vascular bundle gives off branches to each frond. These run up the stem in a wavy manner, anastomose laterally at the points of origin of the fronds, and form a peri- pherical network, similar in all respects to the arrangement of the fibro-vascular system in the fasciculate herbaceous species. 3. The pentastichous arrangement of the frond is in general adhered to until the stem has attained some five or six inches in height and from three fourths to one inch in diameter. By the time the stem attains the above height the vascular system, which previously consisted of slender cylindrical bundles, is now much more developed, forming narrow laminae, and thus reducing much the diameter of the interspersed meshes. The diameter of the stem undergoes a rapid increase; the angular divergence of the fronds is reduced; and their five-ranked arrangement gives place to a more complex one. The development of the stem thus proceeds; and on its attaining the height of from ten inches to one foot, we find that the softer and more cellular-stemmed species (e. g. A. comosa, A. contaminans) have nearly attained the full diameter of stem, and the fronds ‚their normal arrangement—a condition which is in general attained at a much later stage in such species as 4. latebrosa, A. glabra, and others characterized by an increased development of the fibro-vascular system. 4. Longitudinal sections of the stem now present the following appearance; and for illustrative purposes I select A. glabra as presenting the greatest development of the fibro-vascular system, and consequently the most complex conditions. we have a most complicated anastomosing of the woody bundles, base of the stipes, pass downwards into the interior of the stem, and coalesce with the inner of the peripherical woody lamine, extremity free in the inner and cellular parts of the stem. Enclosing these are the woody lamine, consisting first of two blackish-brown exterior lamin, followed by two thicker pale straw-coloured strata of irregular parenchyma, surrounding a central stratum of soft pale-brown trachenchyma, mixed with thin-sided parenchymatous tissue, : In this species which, originating at and either curve outward or remain with their lower bundles proceeds from the centre, or point of origin at the base of the frond, by both extremities, the lower growing downwards in the elow. the dia i ) '5; and though undergoing occasional bifurcations in the stipes, I have in no instance detected any of them coalescing, as so fre- lower extremities in the caudex. وه 1. The continued descent of free woody bundles in the caudices of those species so pie on > ۱ Se nis nn Pe ew 9 A ur ROW NETT TET = EE ne eee RS gs ات ی CRT oS EE are eae ia a NO ا NIE ia ia sinn A ENTE TM TETTE EET X T T 5 e TER, بات هس هی مش ار از ی خی N تفت زد نس رن MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 25 characterized, and the consequent compression of the surrounding cellular tissue, render it denser and harder, so that the lower parts are always much harder and more woody than the upper. Mechanical strains are also potent agents in the increase of the dense deposits; and we have further, in the general distribution of the woody system, a peripheral woody casing surrounding a cellular core, the simplest though not the least effective mode of resisting such tensions. 8. In transverse sections the woody framework appears in from three to five detached peripheral laminze, the difference in number being due to variations in the frond-arrange- ment of the different species. The interspaces indicate the position of the fronds, and vary in width, according as they are more or less near the axis of the latter, as explained by their lozenge-shaped appearance in the longitudinal sections. In fresh sections the woody lamins usually present concavo-convex surfaces, less commonly irregular wavy outlines; in sections of dried specimens, on the other hand, the laminse present various curvatures, according to the less or more regular drying of the stem. In this process the laminz are frequently broken ; so that there are frequently more of them than normally characterize the species. 9. The transverse sections of the apex of the stem have a somewhat complex arrange- ment, representing the nascent woody system, and indieating the points of origin of several successive cycles of fronds. The points of origin of the fronds are thus organically predetermined by the vascular system; and their distribution can have nothing whatever to do with the distribution of this, and of course infinitely less in its compaction. The idea of the caudex as a product of the coalescent bases of the fronds is wholly unfounded. i 10. The caudex of ferns retains its solidity to the last, and has, as aboye explained, a tendency to increase in density and hardness. It is a mistaken notion of authors to represent the stem as frequently hollow at the base by the rupture of the central cellular axis. This view could only have been founded on the examination of dried caudices, in which, as a matter of course, we find the cellular parts irregularly ruptured or, indeed, wholly absent. Such results do not occur in the living plant, or at least could there only be the result of physical injury or the destructive inroads of the boring beetles. ll. The distribution of the vascular system in the caudices of the dwarf herbaceous species differs only in the degree of development from that of the arborescent species. Longitudinal sections exhibit no continuous strata; all are short and detached, and wanting in the regularity of distribution of the arborescent kinds, though the general woody filaments, as in young individuals of the Jatter, form a peripherical network with more or less regular lozenge-shaped meshes. The fibro-vascular bundles of the fronds are given off along the sides of the meshes, and pass into the stipes in a laminar form, in this respect differing from the arborescent species, as also in the entire absence of the free woody bundles. In those species where one bundle only passes into the Stipe, it is given off at the upper angle of the mesh. The distribution of the fibro-vascular system is very clearly shown to be in no way causally effected by the disposition of the fronds by an examination of the tubers of Nephrolepis tuberosa, in which we find radiating from the solitary vascular bundles of the stolon a number of thin wiry fibres variously anasto- VOL. XXX. E 26 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. mosing, and forming a polygonal network concentrie with the cellular knob. Again, in no respect do the elongated frondless ends of the shoots of such species as Acrostichum (Stenosemia) scandens, Polypodium (Phegopteris) punctatum, and other widely creep- ing species, differ from the frond-bearing parts. e 12. Adventitious roots originate indifferently on the cortical region and the interior woody laminz. Those originating in the former region are most abundantly produced in certain species (Alsophila latebrosa and A. contaminans), and give quite a shagreen- like eovering to the stem in their younger stages. It is only in the moistest forest tracts where these undergo any considerable degree of development; and that strong thiek matting which so frequently surrounds the caudex (exceeding by many times the diameter of the latter) is chiefly composed of those roots which spring from the interior laminz. The points of origin of the adventitious roots are by no means fixed, appearing in all the interfrondal spaces of the caudex. In no case, however, are they continua. > tions of the free woody bundles, nor do they partake of their anastomosing character, ` though greatly exceeding them in their tendency to ramify. 3. The diaphragm or “separating layer,” between the proximal and distal parts of the frond, occurring (as I stated above) in both deciduous and nondeciduous species, can scarcely, in my opinion, be regarded as a truly causal agent in the phe- nomena of defoliation. Von Mohl and Eichler, who have studied the subject, and were the first to detect the * separating layer," afford but slight grounds for the suppo- sition of its causal relations to the fall of the leaf; nor do they afford us any sort of explanation as to how this secondary growth may have been initiated. With regard to the first point, while admitting certain incidental relations which might have justified the adoption of the views of Von Mohl in the absence of any positive evidence of a negative character, we have the occurrence of the <“ separating layer" somewhat indif- ferently in deciduous and non-deciduous species, as, for example, in the tree ferns noted above; then there is the regulated specific periodicity of the fall of the leaf, which we must take into consideration as probably related to those physico-vital processes less or more active in all vegetable development. The fall of the leaf occurs, as we all know, at definitely recurring periods, varying somewhat in individuals, just as in floral periodicity, from an inherited peculiarity, originating in a correlation of conditions less or more favourable to the development of their progenitors. Tt has been stated that deciduous trees grown in the tropies become evergreen—the Cherry for example, Of this I know nothing from personal observation ; but if like the Vine, the Pear, and the Apple, which live and vegetate in the plains of Bengal, this is only partly correct. These trees are rarely utterly leafless ; nevertheless they have, as in their indigenous habitats, stated periods of vernation and defoliation, with this difference, that a constant Tidi is sustained by the continued evolution of young shoots and leaves. The older leaves are shed with considerable regularity twice a year, first at the close of the cold season and the ushering in of the hot, and again between the termination of the rainy and the com- mencement of the cold season. In view of the foregoing evidence, T am thus disposed 1 to believe that we must yet continue to regard these phenomena as the result of a tem- MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 27 porary cessation of the vegetative forces, brought about by the vicissitudes of climate, or at least specific periodicities of rest and action in the vegetable economy. I may now briefly remark on the probable causes which may initiate the secondary growth or “separating layer" of the leaf. This I am disposed to attribute to mechanical strains and an acquired habit of disarticulating at certain periods. In support of this view I may note its occurrence at the point where the strain must evidently be greatest, near the junction of the leaf with the stem, or where the flexibility of the petiole is lost in the comparatively inflexible stem; and in accordance with this or the greater down- ward strain of the generality of leaves, we find the separating layer originating in the axillary side of the leaf, thence growing downwards at right angles to the plane of the leaf: possibly an examination of phyllodia might show a simultaneous growth from either side. The commencement of the above organ is early apparent in the constriction of the petiole adjoining the **pulvinus." Several illustrations of a disforming character might, as 1 am aware, be adduced; butit is to be remarked that many such are only apparently so, and depend on more or less evident modifying agents, as, for example, the loose thickened tissue and great sheathing petioles of many monocotyledons, which, equalizing the strain, leave no traces of constriction or “ separating layers.” 14. Circination, protective in the unfolding leaves, assists in the economy of fertiliza- tion when characterizing the inflorescence, and in both cases is the result of an unequal development of the cells on opposite sides of the rachis. 15. The lacune at the base of the fronds of tree ferns have been compared by Lindley to the perforations in the rhizome of Nymphea; but these, as shown by Trecul, and as I, from personal observations, ean confirm, are simply the base of decaying adven- titious roots. Martius, guided by analogy, suggested their affinity with the antheridial organs of other Cryptogams. The subsequent discovery of the antheridial organs has displaced this view, though their analogy with those of Isoetes and Lycopodium renders it by no means improbable that they may really be abortive representatives of those organs. They have also relations to those accessory organs described by Karl Mueller as occurring in the axils of the leaves of Lycopods, though here, again, we are alike in utter ignorance, as admitted by Mueller, of the import of these organs. After a full consideration of the above views, I am rather disposed, as I have above stated, to regard them as the aborted costes of a sessile strongly aurieled frond, in which view I am supported by a line of very similar perforations on the lower parts of the rachis, in the plane of the primary divisions of the frond, of which parts they are clearly abortions. 16. The scars of the frond in the fully developed caudex are arranged with great regularity, and, from their varying — divergence in closely allied paus afford good discriminating characters. 17. The prolificness and bifurcation of the caudex occurs frequently in several species, though we rarely find both characters strongly pronounced in a single species. In pro- liferous species the buds are most frequently on the exterior base of the stipes, also in various extra-axillary and lateral positions; but in no case have I observed them truly axillary. Adventitious buds are in certain cases with diffieulty, as I have above ex- plained, distinguishable from normal bifurcations of the axis. This is especially the case E 2 ~ 28 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. in those buds which, originating on the base of the stipes, have a direct connexion with the interior parts of the stem by the meshes of the fronds, as compared with the fre- quently occurring early arrested ramification of the stem. The buds of tree ferns are all truly adventitious, and distinct from the axillary buds of pheenogams; and in no case have I observed them on the surface of the frond, as in many of the dwarf herbaceous species. Ramifications of the main axis are produced either by suppression of the growing point and the development of lateral shoots, or by simple or more or less com- pound bifurcations. Illustrations of these have been given. The prolificness and axial ramifications of the dwarfer species of ferns are in no respect different from those of the arborescent species. . 18. Concluding remarks on the anatomical relations of the Caudex.—The arborescent ferns present somewhat complicated affinities, and, it must be admitted, no very close relations beyond their own alliance, which may be largely due to their ancient origin. So far as known, they appeared first in the Devonian period, were largely represented, and apparently formed one of the most striking features of the succeeding Carboniferous flora, whence they have persisted, without any marked change, to diversify and enrich all subsequent floras. The tree ferns at the present day, as in their most ancient repre- sentatives, are characterized by a soft cellular central part, surrounded by a woody cylinder, whieh is again enveloped in a hardened cortex, exteriorly marked by large elliptical or rhomboidal scars, left by the fall of the fronds, and also (as in the Psaronites of the Permian period) by a dense mass of adventitious roots much exceeding in thickness the caudex. The frond-arrangement also, as indicated by the scars, is similar in ancient and modern species. Thus in the majority of the latter the arrangement is quincuncial, as was the case in Caulopteris primeva and others of the Carboniferous epoch ; or, again, as in Alsophila glabra, the scars are in continuous lines parallel to the longitudinal axis of the caudex, as was likewise the arrangement in the ancient Ptychopteris macrodis- cus. In those epochs there was no lack of related forms, as the gigantic Lepidoden- dron, Calamites, and Sigillaria, of which the latter connects them very closely with Cycads; but these have long ago had their periods of waning and extinction; and we now find the ancient arborescent form of ferns differing much in mould and structure from all its living compeers. The relations, as founded on the structure of the stem, wh own alliances, are perhaps, upon the whole, closest with Pa to have much in common with Nympheeas, Euphorbiaces, Aselepiads, and other dicotyledonous plants with undeveloped internodes. First, then, they agree with Palms in their mode of growth, and in the manner in which 2 leaves are arranged. I fail to see why the growth of the one should be termed eg = the other ee 1f the peculiarity of endogeneity is the down- — m ae ss ot vascular bundles from the leaves in a curvilinear mode, im periphery, not a few of the tree ferns have very similar characteristics. In both, diametrically and longitudinally, erowth is stri tly apical; i both the stems are limited in their diametrical growth ind from the fir » ge formation the axial and re a 2 e tirst traces of their opments are simultaneous, and as soon as the en we pass beyond their whence they pass to Cacti, the succulent Ims, though they also seem 1 3 | 1 1 ۱ A و o و ای a a TUERI YR TERR E MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 29 normal thickness has been attained, all further peripheral increase ceases, and the axis grows upward in a cylindrical form. In Palms the growing point is conical, and in tree ferns terminally flattened ; so that in the one case the nascent vascular bundles are almost horizontally arranged on the apex, in the other they are, from the beginning, vertical; but in both all cellular increase of the body of the axis has ceased ere the fronds have attained their full development. Another point in which they agree, is in the development of a system of free vascular bundles, which, originating in the apex of the stem, grow upwards into the fronds and downwards in the axis. In other respects they present many important points of difference, as in the free anastomoses of the fibro- vascular bundles, and the formation of a woody circle surrounding the central ceilular axis, which, however, is partially represented in certain Palms (vide Plate XII.), as Fu- terpe oleracea, by a dense zone of vascular bundles, which very distinetly separates the central, in which cellular tissue predominates, from the peripherical and essentially vascular. The tissues of this median zone are developed, I believe, exclusively from below upwards, the growing points surrounding the apex of the stem, and passing out- wards into the fronds. Dense though this zone is, the bundles do not, in any case that I have observed, inosculate with each other. Another important difference is presented in the passage of these bundles to the fronds. In Ferns small ramifications of the bundles only pass into any given frond, while in Palms the entire bundle enters the frond. I need scarcely remark that there are also important differences in the minute structure of woody bundles of Ferns and Palms, the former being much more simple, though apparently similarly limited in their period of growth. In thus noting the struetural affinities and differences of the stems of tree ferns and palms, I by no means ascribe to them an equal grade of organization; tree ferns are decidedly inferior in rank. They have, however, sufficient in common to justify the opinion of their being differently diverged and progressed forms of a common ancestor, which must have been of great antiquity, considering that both apparently presented much the same characteristics in the Carboniferous epoch as they do now. | The anatomical relations of the caudex of tree ferns to the less perfectly developed dicotyledonous stem is of much interest in theoretical natural science, as showing us the graduated steps by which the simpler condition of the fibro-vascular system and stem- structure of the arborescent Filices is related (and that mayhap ancestorially) to that of the more highly developed dicotyledon. The vascular system has been well distin- guished by Schleiden as “simultaneous,” “definite,” and “indefinite.” The first two modes of developement are almost peculiar to the higher cryptogams and monocoty- ledous, though the first is the more especial characteristic of the former, as the second is of the latter class, while the indefinite mode characterizes nearly the whole of the dicoty- ledonons division. In the present remarks it is necessary to notice those only of the latter series presenting the least-perfect forms. This, I believe, is represented by the. Nymph:eas, which present the following anomalous arrangement—a central parenehy- matous mass, interspersed with variously directed isolated woody bundles, with an irre- gular circle of larger bundles surrounding it. From the latter branches proceed through the external parenchymatous mass towards the appendicular organs, and present a very 30 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. complicated arrangement. The vascular system is destitute of the cambium layers, and apparently simultaneously developed with the apex of the stem, inasmuch as (from examination of longitudinal sections) we find it as largely developed towards the apex (though naturally less hardened) as in the lower and older parts. Cell-development seems to me confined to the flattened apex, all further peripherical increase being due to | cell-expansion, as shown by the enlarged size of the latter as compared with the former. Waving, then, the difference in the anatomy of the bundles and the other structural and morphological characteristics of Nymph:eas and Ferns, we have evidently a considerable analogy in the growth and development of the main axis, in the apparently simultaneous | development of the vascular bundles, with an absence of the cambium layer, and in the origin of the adventitious roots from the base (generally) of the rootstalks of the leaves —all characters common to both forms. The affinity of the nymphzaceous stem with the monocotyledonous has been urged by various authors; and there can be no doubt they have many characters in common; indeed, if we have regard to stem- structure only, the. characters, aberrant though they be, are more strongly mono- than . dicotyledonous. Here, however, we must be. guided by the embryo, which, as shown by the authors of the ‘Flora Indica,’ p- 235, is truly dicotyledonous. Slight stress can be laid on Trecul’s objection that the cotyledons are retained within the seed, which seems to me but a natural adaptation to the conditions under which germi- nation usually takes place. The slightest reflection on the function of these organs, and the fact that the seeds often germinate under many feet of water, teaches us how, by the * survival of the fittest,” the ordinary mode of development may have been de- parted from by arresting the cotyledonary development, economizing the then feeble vegetative forces for the development of the plumule and the projectio leaf to the surface of the waters. The degradation, so to stem, is also a very probable result of the conditions of gr of mechanical strain on the leaves of these plants indi development of the woody system may have been gra generation, until it reached its present aberrant condition. that mechanical action is a most potent agent in the building it is of high interest to trace such retrogressions as the ab The interest in the present ease is owth; the comparative absence cates, in my opinion, how the > so many characters in common with tree ferns, and the most placid environments) 1 in giving to them their anatomical characters, which differ i geners, and which they have so unch many long geological periods. Schleiden remarks that “the who to that of the arborescent ferns, and the difference of dimension.’ le structure of certain C allowing for the different nature of the vascular bundles And, again, he elsewher omy of Nymphea has thus retrograded and presented | n of the primary " speak, in the structure of the dually reduced, generation after - : Reflecting, then, on the fact | “up of the woody structure, — ove under its reduced action. — © remarks, * T believe it would E e PIT CE TERRE ET actacex bears great similarity T A IRE T ERIS خن Morem TETTE MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 31 not be difficult to prove that all the modifications of woody tissue in ferns oceur in every essential point in the Cactacese and the succulent Euphorbiacez." With reference to this I have to remark that the arrangement of the vascular bundles in the first stages differs but little from that characteristic of the young shoots of dicotyledonous plants in general, and that ultimately they seem to me to find their closest relationship, struc- turally and physiologically, in Cycads, more remotely with Nympheeas. They (the Caeti) have thus buta very indirect connexion with the Ferns; and I should not have noticed them here but for Schleiden's remarks, from which I may assign the following reasons for differing :— In Cacti, the composition of the stem is :—1st, a central parenchymatous mass ; 2nd, a zone of vascular bundles separated concentrically, and also in a partial manner radially, by thin cellular layers; and, 3rd, a largely developed cortical parenchyma. In Cycads the general arrangement is much the same, the difference being more in degree than kind; thus, the concentrie zones have thicker layers of cellular niatter interposed, and the intrusion of the cortieal parenchyma in vertical planes is very much more marked, giving to.the wood a peculiar tendency to split up, when dry, into thin radial laminse. Such, then, are a few of the more prominent structural relations of Cycads and Cacti, to which I may add the following physiological ones. It is well known that Cacti are singularly tenacious of life; but it is not so generally known that Cycads possess the same quality in an equally high degree. An uprooted Cycas, even in ordinary forest shade, will produce adventitious roots and an abundance of adventitious buds from all parts of its stem ; so also with Caeti, though with much less facility when the stem is otherwise uninjured. Again, when the stems of a Cycas are broken off, the surface is readily closed over by a development of the cortieal and intravascular parenchyma, whence adventitious buds sooner or later proceed. In Cacti the intra- vascular parenchyma is less active than the cortical; and we find that under similar conditions to those noted in Cycas a thick surrounding “ callus" is developed from the cortex, while a few cellular papille, <“ embryo buds," are the products of the intravascular cellular layers. In all the above characters therefore there is a con- siderable similarity between Cycas and Cacti. There is thus evidently a wide gap between the anatomy of the stems of Cacti and tree ferns, between which, if I mistake not, Nymph:eas may be very naturally interposed, as combining a living type of exogenous flower structure with an acrogenous development of the stem. With regard to habit and arrangement of the reproductive organs, the tree ferns, as has been frequently remarked, have considerable affinity to Cycads; but from my observations their further relationship by a circinate vernation is unfounded. 1 have been particularly observant on this point, and write from repeated examination of plants in their own habitats as well as those in the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta ; and in no case have I seen circinate fronds on a Cycad. While I now write I have before me the young unfolding fronds of the following species :—Cycas circinalis, Linn., C. Rumphu, Miq., C. revolula, Thunb., C. siamensis, Miq., all of which have a straight vernation, with involute pinne ; and this, I suspect, has been the origin of the opposite view now so generally adopted by authors, apparently on the authority of Linnzus and Roxburgh’s 32 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. C. circinalis, and Thunberg’s C. revoluta, both of which are singularly inapplicable, Indeed the close imbrication of the fronds in the bud of Cycads renders all but im- possible a gyrate vernation, which, for my part, I should have as soon looked for in the choicest of a florist's roses or camellias. The vernation and other characters of a few Cycads are shown in Plate XII. | The Ophioglossaces have more characters in common with Cycas than the Poly- podiacez, e. g. the straight vernation, the distribution of the sporangia on the margins - of a spicate branch, as in Ophioglossum, or in glomerate tufts, as in Helminthostachys. | In the latter and perhaps most highly organized genus of the Ophioglossacex, we have - | the nearest approach to Cycas in the stem-structure. This stem consists of a central | column of parenchyma, surrounded by compact vascular lamine, a thin layer of | elongated thin-sided cambioid tissue, merging into the main parenchymatous mass, which is again enveloped in a thin rind, and thus much resembling the developing H apex or young frondless shoots of Cycas, with this difference, that while the incipient _ fronds are successively enveloped by the sheathing bases of their cyclical predecessors, _ edis Such are some of the _ points of approximation between Adder's-tongues and Cycas, i.e. before the latter have f These relations, however, are of 1 a converging tendency from the A CN NR aS a a DEM UU is LP much theoretic interest as showing retrogressively higher to the lower grades of structure. In concluding this part of my communication, ledging my deep indebtedness to Dr. T. Anderson, Superintendent of the Botanic i Gardens here, who has ever been as ready to afford me the necessary facilities for the _ examination of the tree ferns of Sikkim in their native forests, and also for kindly placing in my hands his own collections. I have very great pleasure in acknow- _ Description of the Species. CYATHEA, Sm. Sori on a vein, or in the axil of Involucre globose, inferior. 1. C. sPINULOsA, Wall. Stipes and main rachis stron - fronds glabrous, ample, subflaccid ; pinnules oblong, acuminate; lobes acute, " serrulate, with small bullate scales on the costules beneath ; sori copious, elose to the costules ; involucre globose, very thin, membranous, fragile, soon breaking | regularly... (Syn. Fil. p. 285. Walli Gap a. 178 ; Wall. in herb. 1823; Hook. - Sp. Fil. vi. p. 25; Moore's Ind. Fil. P. 273; Bedd. Fil. p.19, 1.57.) < Pauhyüm" - and “ pügzhóck of the Lepchas. 1 This is one of the rarest of the Sikkim tree ferns, of the sorts eaten by the Lepchas, indigenous gly aculeated, often dark purple; | probably owing to its being one 1 to their own tropical valleys, and " MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 33 so got with much less difficulty than their own favourite the 4. comosa (** pashin’’) of the higher altitudes. C. spinulosa is known to the Lepchas under the names of * pánhjüm " and * pügzhöck ”—the former name being applied to a somewhat 1 dwarfed form, with caudex rarely exceeding 6 feet in height, found in the drier ۱ valleys of the Teesta, the latter to the fully developed form, 30-40 feet high, of 1 the valleys of the Rungbee and the Rungjo, up to an elevation of 2000 feet. The | specimens from the valley of the Teesta were brought to me by our Lepcha col- lectors; but I have myself seen a few specimens of it in the valleys of the Rungbee and the Rungjo. When seen from a little distance, it might be mistaken for Hemitelia decipiens, n. sp., though readily distinguishable by its much more flaccid membranous texture and the differently formed involucres. The caudices below are always enveloped in a dense matted mass of strong adventitious roots, and upwards with the strongly armed bases of the persistent stipes, terminating in a handsome corona of pale green fronds. These are from 5 to 8 feet long by 14-24. inches in diameter. : IA ERAS ۴ HEMITELIA, Br. Sori globose, dorsal upon a vein or veinlet. Receptacle elevated. Involucre a scale situated on the underside of the sorus, varying in size and shape and texture, often indistinct, and often very deciduous.—Mostly tropical and arborescent, with the habit of Cyathea, a connecting link, as it were, between the latter genus and Alsophila, consequently often difficult to recognize. (Syn. Fil. p. 27.) HEMITELIA DECIPIENS, n. Sp. Arborescent; caudex occasionally dichotomous, 30-40 or more feet high, covered upwards with the persistent bases of the past year's fronds, and downwards with a mass of adventitious roots; stipes of a mahogany-brown colour, strongly aculeate at the base, paleaceous, muricated, furfuraceous, and of a pale brown colour upwards ; fronds 10-12 feet long, somewhat rigidly coriaceous, glabrous, with a few small fringed bullate scales on the costules, drying of a blackish green above, greyish green below; primary pinna 20-30 inches long, 9-12 inches wide, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; pinnules 4-8 inches long, and 10-12 lines broad, pinnatipartite; segments linear-oblong, acute, falcate, sérrate ; veins once to thrice forked, or pinnate, with 3-5 veinlets ; sori conspieuous, copious, close to the costule, and below or upon the axil of the lowest fork, usually on more or less contracted segments with recurved margins; involucres deciduous, varying in size from a small scale at the base of the sorus to large, semicalyciform, 2-lobed or irregularly broken; paraphyses small, filiform.— Alsophila decipiens, Bedd. Fil. Brit. Ind. t. 311. Hab. Sikkim, near the junction of the Rungbee and the Rungjo, at 2000 feet elevation, and in the Poomong Cinchona plantation at 2500 feet. This is the “ pügzbeek-nök ” of the Lepchas. In my notes which I attached to the specimens of this when collecting I had referred it to Hemitelia; but in subsequent examinations of dried specimens, too mature when gathered, which showed but slight traces of an involucre, I doubtfully placed it amongst the Alsophile, near A. late- VOL. XXX. | F 34 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. brosa. It has been published by Beddome (vide ‘ Ferns of British India,” t. 311) as an Alsophila. Lately, however, I have had young specimens, which show it to be a true Hemitelia. It is perhaps most closely allied to, though I believe truly distinct from, the more strongly muricated forms of H. Walkere, especially those with the more elongated falcate segments. Under Cyathea spinulosa 1 have noted its resem- blance to that species; it also considerably resembles certain of the more strongly armed peninsular states of A. contaminans. Aside from generie characters, however, they are easily distinguished by the opener sinuses and less strictly dichotomous vena- tion of H. decipiens, and the glaucous hue of the underside of the fronds of A. con- taminans. They also differ much in the structure of the stem, the interior of the stem of H. decipiens being abundantly interspersed with free woody bundles, which are nearly absent in A. contaminans. The fronds are also heptastichously arranged in a 7 angular divergence in the former species, with long persistent bases; in the latter the angular divergence is $, the stipe altogether less woody, rapidly decaying down to the stem, and leaving upon it, as in the truly articulated species, prominent ovate scars, 4 inches long by 2 inches wide. I may here note that the origin of the Lepcha name, “ pagzbeek-nok," or the black pagzbeek, is from its resembling, in armature and . development of the fibro-vascular system, 4. latebrosa, their * pügzbeek ;" the adjective has its origin in the darker-hued stipes. ALSOPHILA, Br. Sori globose, dorsal on a vein or in the forking of a vein. Receptacle mostly eleväted, frequently villous. Involucre absent. Arborescent, chiefly tropical, ferns, with the general habit of Cyathea and Hemitelia. (Syn. Fil. p. 31.) : l. A. LATEBROSA, Hk. Stipes aculeate at the base, muricated upwards, dark maho- gany-brown in colour; primary pinne oblong-acuminate, 12-24 inches long, 6-8 inches broad; pinnules lanceolate-acuminate, 3—4 inches long, 3 an inch broad, and cut down nearly to the rachis into numerous, linear-oblong, blunt, slightly toothed lobes on each side; texture herbaceous, upper surface dark green, naked, lower surface naked, or slightly hairy and scaly; veins all once forked; sori elevated, conspicuous, occupying often the lower two thirds of the segment *,— Hook. & Baker, Syn. Fil. p. 43; Moore, Ind. Fil. p.52; Bedd. Fil S. Ind p. 19 t. 58; Polypodium latebrosum, Wall. Cat. n. 318, < Pügzbeek" of the I chal by many of whom it is called « Sürüngó-pálüh," or temperate pálüh. is Hab. An exceedingly abundant species in the Sikkim forests, and having an altitudinal range of from * Several of the Sikkim plants which I have examined h (quite different in texture from the bullate scales of the rac ave what appears to me a truly his and costa), jan Hemitelioid inyolucre eis might almost justify their reference to distinguish them from the truly non- u ya Lie de Fee nis. ی a. See kee ZU Bun zu LE ER TY aa Sn eam TEXAS WE, TTA MT MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 85 3000-6000 feet on the mountain Sinchal. It is, however, most common at elevations of 5500 feet ; and at the lower and higher elevations noted above it is but sparingly distributed. The extreme forms when seen growing are so very dissimilar in general appearance that, but for the many intermediate forms, they might be regarded as specifically distinct. It is the first of the tree ferns which greets the eye in the ascent of these hills by the Ganges and Darjeeling road, as at Kursiong, where there are several fine groves and many isolated plants. These, however, rarely exceed 20 feet in height; and it is only at elevations of 5000 feet and upwards that we find them with fully de- veloped, simple, rarely forked caudices, 30-50 feet high. In one specimen which Mr. Gammie was good enough to measure for me on Sinchal, at an elevation of 5200 feet, the caudex was 43 feet high and 7 feet in circumference near the base. I pre- sume, however, that the girth-measurement was taken round the large cone of adventitious roots, as the thickest specimen which 1 have seen measured only 43 feet round the clean caudex. 2. A. CONTAMINANS, Wall. Stipes and rachides paleaceous at the base, purplish brown, glossy, aculeate, with short prickles tipped with a gland : fronds ample, coriaceous, glabrous, black-green above (when dry), glaucous beneath; primary pinne 2 feet and more long, oblong-ovate, acuminate; pinnules sessile, 4-5 inches long, $ to nearly 1 inch wide, deeply (nearly to the costule) pinnatifid, linear-oblong, sub- faleate, entire, the fertile ones often more contracted, with margins (when dry) revolute, obseurely erenate; veins once or twice forked; sori nearer the costule than the margin, a minute shallow-lobed and cut membrane surrounding the base of the receptacle after the capsules are fallen.—Syn. Fil. p. 41; 4. contaminans, Wall. Cat. in Index; Bedd. Fil. Brit. Ind. t. 85; Polypodium contaminans, Wall. in herb. 1823 ; Cat. n. 320. “ Pálüh-doon" of the Lepchas. Var. ß (A. Brunoniana, Wall. Cat. n. 7073 B.) unarmed, stipes densely pulverulent ; segments more elongated, 5-7 inches long, $-1 inch wide, obtuse; sori extending nearly to the apex of the segments.—A. glaucescens, Wall. n. 7074 ; A. Wallichiana, Présl, Tent. Pterid. p. 62. “ Pálüh" of the Lepchas. The normal form of this species is a rare plant in Sikkim, becoming more abundant in the Khasia hills, and frequent in the Malayan peninsula and islands of the archi- pelago. The var. ß, on the other hand, is one of the commonest of the tropical tree ferns of Sikkim, equally abundant also in the Khasia and adjoining hill-ranges, ex- tending to Burmah, the Malayan peninsula and islands. In Sikkim its altitudinal range is from about 2000-3000 feet: var. « rarely exceeds 25 or 30 feet in height, and from 3-4 feet in circumference: var. B is altogether more graceful, with a tall and slender stem, from 30-50 feet high, and 1-3 feet in circumference, conspicuously and regularly marked with the large scars of the fallen fronds. The base of the stipes and young unfolding fronds are in both densely clothed with long glossy chestnut- coloured scales, and throughout covered (more densely in var. 8) with a yellowish grey puberulous matter. The fronds are from 10-18 feet long and 4-8 feet wide. The | : Fr 2 36 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. glaucous hue of the fronds beneath will distinguish it (4. contaminans, var. Brunoniana) . from Hemitelia Walkere, with which it has a very considerable resemblance in habit, structure of stipe and rachis, form and texture of pinn®. This is specially the case when those forms of H. Walkere with imperfectly developed involucres (scarcely cos- tules) and elongated slightly faleate segments are compared with the /ess-fertile speci- mens of A. contaminans, var. Bà jana. i I was at first disposed to regard var. ß as a good and distinct species, as it is always readily distinguishable from var. a in Sikkim by its non-aculeate stipes. An examina- tion, however, of an extensive suite of specimens from the hill-ranges of Eastern Bengal Burmah, and the Malayan peninsula, clearly shows that they are but forms of one species. The var. Bis, I think, without doubt the 4. Brunoniana, Wall., as there seems to be no other species at all approaching the description of the Sp. Fil. in the Sylhet mountains. 3. A. ORNATA, n. sp. Arborescent; stipes paleaceous at the base, slightly muricated, and, as well as the main rachises, of a glossy purplish brown colour; fronds bi- tripinnate, 7-9 feet long, 3—4 feet wide, herbaceo-membranaceous, upper surface glabrous, brownish green when dry, lower pale green, sparingly scaly on the rachis and costae ; primary pinne oblongo-lanceolate, rather abruptly contracted into a short deeply pinnatifid apex; costa and costules slightly scaly below, glabrous above; pinnules 3-5 inches long, 6-8 lines broad, sessile, or with one or more of the basal segments petiolate, and more or less lobato-serrate; segments oblong, or linear- oblong when fertile, slightly faleate, obtuse, crenato-serrate; veins variable, simple to thrice, usually once forked, or pinnate, with 3-5 veinlets ; sori between the costule and the margin, small, extending on the more fertile specimens to near the apex of the segments, with a few delicate caducous bullate scales at their base.—** Daug- páshin ” of the Lepchas. Hab. Sikkim, on the banks of the Rungbee, at an elevation of 2500 feet. Dr. Anderson and I have also — collected it there and on the banks of the Rungjo. It is an exceedingly handsome species, with a somewhat slender caudex, from 20-40 _ feet high. It is allied to A. comosa, but easily distinguished by its | rachises and costee, the latter being scaly below, which is nearly always simple in 4. comosa, and again, in the living plants, by its simple or bifurcating caudex void of those adventitious buds so copiously produced by the former, and the large development of woody bundles in the interior of the stem. In the latter character it resembles 4. latebrosa. The Lepchas, as indicated by their - native name “ daug-päshin,” recognize its resemblance to 4. comosa, their “ páshin,” 1 and “daug,” signifying warm, from its being found in the moist tropical valleys. I have + also heard it called * sirüh-pálüh," or the black <“ páluh.” ۱ nearly glabrous and the more compound venation, 4. A. comosa, Hook. Unarmed; stipes paleaceous, pale brown, as well as the rachises, Jronds herbaceous and scaleless ; with long linear-subulate scales, which are tawny-villous on the upper side; primary pinne 14-16 inches long, 6-8 inches | MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 37 wide; pinnules oblong-acuminate, from a rather broad and truncated sessile or shortly petioled base, serrated two thirds of the way to the costule, pinnatifid, with . very narrow sinuses; lobes close-placed, oblong, serrated; veins rarely forked; sori orange-coloured, rather distant between the costule and the margin, nearer the latter (in Sikkim plants always near the costule) ; receptacle small, very slightly elevated.—Syn. Fil. p. 41; Bedd. Fil. Brit. Ind. t. 84; Polypodium comosum, Wall. Cat. n. 319. ** Páshin” of the Lepchas. Hab. Sikkim, in the temperate forests, at elevations of 5000-6000 feet. On the east- by-south-east flank of the mountain Sinchal it is very abundant, and there forms beautiful groves. It is the “pashin” of the Lepchas, an interesting and remarkably proliferous species, producing adventitious buds from nearly every part of the surface of the caudex and the bases of the stipes, a peculiarity which has not an origin, as might very naturally be suspected, in the germination of the plant's own spores amongst the appendages of the caudex. It is truly a specific peculiarity, different degrees of organie connexion between the buds and caudex being evident, as I have shown above, in every dissection. This power of reproduction by gemm:e, though a well-known character of the dwarf herbaceous species, has not, so far as I am aware, been hitherto noticed in the caudex of the tree ferns. By the continued production of new buds and the growth of the old, together with the profusion of adventitious roots to which they give origin, many of the plants attain very bulky proportions. Thus one of the plants which I measured on the east flank of Sinchal, at an elevation of 5200 feet, much exceeded in thickness, I be- lieve, any that have been previously recorded. This had an erect caudex 26 feet in height, with eleven main ramifications on the lower parts, varying from 6-10 feet in length, and 10-16 inches in circumference. Six other fully developed shoots from 5-8 feet long had been lately broken off, and then lay by it. The circumference at base of main caudex was 9 feet 10 inches, and immediately under the first ramification, at a height of 4 feet, 7 feet 6 inches; fronds 11-13 feet long, 4$-6 feet broad, with stout stipes 44 inches in cireumference at the base. Another, whose dimensions I had from Mr. Gammie,was 21 feet and 7 feet 8 inches in cireumference, with 54 shoots in various stages of development. It presents another peculiarity in the fall of the fronds; in all the other species this is effected gradually, while this is strictly deciduous, and this, singularly enough, at a period when the surrounding vegetation is all in its highest vigour. "This is about the middle of August, and of course during the periodical rains, when latent vegetation in any truly indigenous plant would indeed be an anomaly, but preeminently so in the case of ferns, which above all others delight and are most luxuriant (each in its own habitat) in that period of the year when the temperature is highest and the degree of atmospheric humidity greatest. Of the many ferns inhabiting those forests I know of none which affords a parallel to .4. comosa; all others are vigorous and verdant; it alone stands in great groups, with bare, bulky, and unshapely caudices, conspicuous in their barrenness, and looking like the imperfectly habituated denizens of other climatic conditions. | The extreme height of this species is, I believe, about 25 feet; but this is only attained in the least-proliferous individuals ; and much more frequently we find these at from 38 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF RRITISH SIKKIM. 10 to 20 feet, with fronds 6-10 feet long and 4-5 feet wide, the stipes invested with brown mahogany-coloured scales. 5. A. ANDERSONII, n. sp. Arborescent; caudex 20-30 feet high; stipes muricato-aspe- ۱ rous, ebeneous, rather densely clothed below, sparingly upwards, with lanceolate- | subulate deciduous scales; main rachises tawny-villous above; fronds 8-10 feet long, herbaceo-membranaceous, pilose; primary pinne oblong-lanceolate, acumi- " nate, 12-30 inches long, and 6-9 inches wide; pinnules 3-5 inches long, 6-12 lines wide, shortly petiolate downwards, oblong-lanceolate, pinnatipartite, with narrow acute sinuses, and an attenuated serrated apex; segments broadly ob- long, blunt, serrated; veins simple or once forked, and more or less hairy ; sori - 6-14 on each segment, conspieuous, globose, arranged in slightly oblique lines - towards the costules, and nearer the latter than the margin; capsules mixed with - jointed, deeiduous hairs.—Bedd. Fil. Brit. Ind. t. 310. « Pálüh-nok" of the Lepchas. Hab. In the moister parts of the valleys of the Rungbee and the Rungjo, at elevations of 1000-2500 - feet (Dr. T. Anderson, myself, and others). This species is most closely allied to 4. glabra, but at once distinguished by the softly | tawny-villose fronds, and the sori more nearly parallel with the midrib than in that species. It has also a much less proliferous habit than 4. glabra: see specimens with even three ramifications from the main originate from adventitious buds, never, that I have seen, It is the * pálüh-nok" of the Lepchas, or the black <“ dark ebony-coloured stipe from the light mahogany (A. contaminans, var. Brunoniana). it is by no means rare. There are others of the Sikkim larger fronds; yet I know of no more handso of beautifully graceful fronds, from 18-20 feet in diameter. by bifurcation of the axis. 6. A. GLABRA, Hook. Stipes asperous, paleaceous at th rachises, purple ebeneous, polished; fronds sube HER 1a ous; primary - ex; pinnules, upper ones oblong-acuminate, 3-6 inches E way to the costule, rarely more ; i pinne 13-2 and more feet long, deeply pinnatifid at the ap sessile, lower ones petiolate, from a truncated base, long, 5-9 lines wide, pinnatifid from one fourth to half lobes triangular or rounded, rarely ovate, sori on most of the lobes, generally arran ing to the apex of the lobe.—Syn. Fil. p. 43; Ind. p. 22, t. 60; Polypodium altissimum, Cat. n. 180; Polypodium giganteum, Wall. Cat. p. 64; Polypodium sexpedale, Hamilt. MS. * Pilüh-küp ” Hab. In Sikkim strictly confined to the tr | tions of 800 feet. I have also fou serrated ; veins pinnate, veinlets all simple; nd it in a thicket near to the Ganges and D indeed it is rare to _ caudex; and these always _ pálüh, as distinguished by its -brown of those of their ** pálüh " 1 Though much less common than the latter species, | Species with taller stems and 1 me species than this, with its dense corona i e base, and, as well as the main EO 1 h umbrosum, — up” ofthe Lepchas. - opical valleys, occurring on the banks of the Teesta at eleva- _ arjeeling road beyond — ai ine. an AAN N ES kr EN ERR ONT MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 39 Gareedhovra ; and I suspect it is the same species which, Dr. Anderson informs me, is so abundant in the forests of the Dulha Jhar, from two to three miles south of the Balasun river, and about six miles from Punkabaree. An interesting species, with an exceedingly proliferous and occasionally dichotomous caudex. In the Sikkim valleys it varies from 6 to 15 feet in height, and in this respect differs from the lofty specimens of the Khasia hills, Malayan peninsula (50 feet high, Wall.) and islands. It is, as remarked in the Sp. Fil, “so variable in the form and size of the pinnules in our copious specimens, that it is scarcely possible to define them In words 2.2. “on some specimens 2-4 inches long by 3 an inch broad, on others 6 inches long and 1 inch broad; segments also varying much in length and in the depth of the sinus.” I may add, it also varies much in the venation, and even in the position of the sori, though the more or less V-shape is very characteristic. These variations are shown in many figures of the pinne of this species from two plants which I collected in Sikkim. In the first three specimens, from one plant, the venation varies from simple to forked, with the veinlets occasionally uniting again before they reach the margin; sori on one segment parallel to and placed nearly on the margin, in the other tending to the triangular arrangement, though distant from the costule. In the series from the other plant the venation is simple and forked, the sori are marginal and obliquely tending towards the costule. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. PLATE I. Fig. 1. Portion of the base of caudex of Alsophila latebrosa: a-b entire, showing the slender tapering. inferior extremity; b-c in longitudinal section, showing the sudden expansion of the caudex towards the upper extremity, and the reduction of the interspaces between the fronds—b being the point of origin of the 20th frond, while in the shorter portion between this and c! 30 fronds are given off. Nat. size. Fig. 2. Transverse section of the caudex of A. latebrosa: a, epidermal layer; 5—5, stipes in different stages of development; c, woody laminz, consisting of an outer layer of dark-brown pleuren- chyma (c), a stratum of parenchyma (c°), and a central layer of pale-brown trachenchyma (œ); d, central parenchymatous mass, with imbedded fibro-vascular bundles, e. Nat. size. Fig. 3. Longitudinal section of the woody laminz of the above prepared by maceration, showing the arrangement and shape of the frond-meshes—with recurved margins, from which branches are given off to the latter. Nat. size. ۱ Fig. 4. Transverse section of the caudex of Hemitelia decipiens ; the references are the same as in fig. 2; adventitious roots concretions of cellular tissue resembling the free vascular bundles. ;Nat.size. PrarE II. | Figs. 1 & 2. Lower and upper surfaces of a half-inch-thick section of the caudex of Alsophila comosa at 40 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. the growing-point: fig. 1, upper; fig. 2, lower surface; a-a*, fronds in different stages of deve- 1 lopment ; 4, the incipient woody laminae arranged on the flattened apex, indicating the points | of origin of future cycles of fronds, c. Nat. size. : Fig. 3. Lower section of the same, showing the normal distribution of the vascular system : a, epidermal layer; û, adventitious roots; c, woody laminae; d, central parenchyma; e, bases of fronds in various stages of development. Nat. size. | , Fig. 4. Another section of the same, with similar references, showing the derangement in the distribu- tion of the vascular system caused by the development of adventitious buds, f. In the most perfectly developed bud secondary ones are observable as round protuberances of cellular | matter, g. Nat. size. 1 Figs. 5 & 6. Outer and inner view of the base of the stipes of the above, showing the stipal loculi arranged E in an intramarginalline. Nat. size. : Prate III. Figs. 1 & 2. Outer and inner surface of the base of a stipe of Alsophila latebrosa, showing the large elliptical loculi continued laterally upwards along the stipe, in the line of the pinne, fig. 1, ex- 1 ternal surface: a, basal loculi; a’ lateral loculi; 5, adventitious rootlets ; fig. 2, internal sur- - face, with similar references, showing the enlarged saccate appearance of the loculi; c, the ۱ fibro-vascular bundles of the stipe. Nat. size. 4 Vig. 3. Transverse section of the growing-point of a caudex of A. latebrosa : a, bases of the young fronds i b, woody laminz, showing the demarcation of the points of origin of future fronds (c c) and illus- trating the independence of the origin and distribution of the vascular system on the latter | organs. Nat. size. Xx Fig. 4. A lateral section of the above, similarly prepared, but representing more. clearly the arrangement | and peculiar ramifications of the vascular bundles: a, stipal loculus; 5, scales of the stipes 7 ] c, prolongation of the woody laminæ beyond the developed frond-region to near the growing : apex of the axis. Nat. size. 1 Vig. 5. Base of a stipe of the above species extracted from the caudex, with its elongated free vascula | bundles: a, the armed epidermal layer; b, base of the stipe; c, diaphragm of frond; d, woody. laminz ; e, the inosculatory and ramifying bundles. Nat. size. - - (tH 1 Prats IV. Fig. 4. alos ien s Alsophila glabra: a, epidermal layer; b, adventitious roots; c, base of pes 3 @, young fronds; e, woody lamina, continued out int th 3 "o 9, central parenchyma, Nat. size, E into the frond e’; f, free woody bundles Fig. 5. Transverse section of the same, with similar references. Nat. size. PLATE V. 13. 1. Longitudinal section of the trifurcate a true bifurcation of the apex; a, e»! caudex of Alsophila ornata: A & B, shoots originating epidermal layers ; 2, woody laminæ; e, points of origin of t MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 41 - fronds; d, central parenchyma; e, fibro-vascular bundles imbedded in the latter; 4, apex of the third and least-developed shoot.. Nat. size. Fig. 2. Base of the frond of the same, showing the form and arrangement of the stipal loculi. “Nat. size. Fig. 3. Longitudinal section of the base of a young stipe, exhibiting the diaphragm (a) of the frond. Nat. size. Fig. 4. Longitudinal section of shoots 4 and C, showing the origin of the latter also in a division of the stem. Its somewhat lateral position is due to the more vigorous development: of the others. The references are the same as in the above; f, the undulating surface, is here due to the partial decay of the young fronds; g & h have reference to the following sections. Nat. size. Fig. 5. Transverse section of the undivided caudex of the above at the point g in fig. 4, showing marked irregularities in the distribution of the vascular system, and a partial lobing of the caudex, indicating the commencement of the subsequent bifurcations: j, an adventitious shoot; k, ad- ventitious roots enveloping the epidermis. The other letters correspond with the previous figures. Figs. 6&7. Lower and upper surfaces of sections at the points A and i in fig.4. Fig. 6 exhibits the lower surface, and shows a ternary segregation of the woody lamin, and the origin of another adventitious shoot at the point /, Fig. 7, of the upper surface, exhibits clearly the completed ternary division. m, horizontal woody plates continuous with the main woody framework, but unprojected laterally, apparently from the derangement of the vegetative forces, consequent on the trifurcation of the caudex. The other references agree with those above. All the above sections are of the natural size. PLATE VI. Fig. 1. External portion of a dried caudex of Alsophila latebrosa cleared of the bases of the stipes, so as to show the regular arrangement and form of the scars in that species. Nat. size. Fig. 2. Vertical section of the caudex in the line of two frond-scars, exhibiting the free woody bundles in the central parts of the scar, and the origin of the others from the main woody framework. Nat. size. Fig. 3. A scar separated, with its woody laminz, showing below a portion of the loop of a lower frond: ; a, the branching-off of a marginal series of bundles, 5, which pass along the periphery of the stipe ; c, d, the diaphragm of the frond , exhibiting the arrangement of the free vascular bundles, e. Nat. size. Fig. 4. A portion of the rhizome of Polypodium proliferum prepared by maceration: a, central parenchy- matous axis; Û, vascular bundles giving off branches to the fronds, c. These branches, it will be observed, pass off indifferently from the inosculations and intermediate parts of the bundles. Nat. size. | Fig. 5. Sections of the tubers of Nephrolepis cordifolia, showing the reticulated marginal distribution of the vascular fibres on the main parenchymatous mass. Nat. size. Fig. 6. Longitudinal section of the dichotomous caudex of Nephrodium molle, with its very imperfectly developed woody system surrounded by a dense mass of adventitious roots, from which protrude the stout knob-like bases of the old, though still living, stipes, Nat. size. Prate VII. Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of the stem of Asplenium esculentum, showing the irregular distribution of the vascular bundles as compared with that of tree ferns. Nat. size.. VOL. XXX. G 42 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. Fig. 2. Portion of the woody framework of the same, prepared by tion : a, the continuation of the woody laminze from the margins of the meshes, 5. Nat. size. bis Fig. 3. Transverse section of the same near the base of the caudex, with the irregularly distributed vascular bundles (a) in the parenchymatous axis (4), the epidermal layer (c), the adventitious buds (d), the stipes (e), and a thick matting of adventitious roots (f). Nat. size. Fig. 4. A similar section higher up on the axis, which shows a considerable reduction in the diameter of the caudex, and a more regular distribution of the vascular system. The references agree with 1 those in the previous figure. Nat. size. Figs. 5 & 6. Sections of the stipe, with two T-shaped woody laminz in the basal section (fig. 5), uniting upwards, as shown in the higher section (fig. 6). Nat. size. ' Figs. 7-14. Sections of the stipes of the several species of tree ferns subsequently described, showing the differences in the arrangement of the free vascular system in the respective species : fig. 7. Cyathea spinulosa, near the base ; fig. 8, higher up on the stipe; fig. 9. Alsophila latebrosa ; fig. 10. A. contaminans, var. Brunoniana ; fig. 11. 4. ornata; fig. 19. A. comosa ; fig. 13. A. An- dersonii ; fig. 14. A. glabra. Al nat. size. - Longitudinal and transverse sections of the rhizomes of Acrostichum scandens. The vascular system is concentrically arranged in from 10 to 14 isolated bundles, and inosculate somewhat rarely. "The transverse sections exhibit a larger central bundle, with a median ring, a zone of | slender isolated bundles, and a second on the periphery composed of still more tiny bundles. The thickened. bundles, a, correspond with the side of the attachment of the rhizome. Nat. size. Fig. 16. Longitudinal and transverse sections of the rhizome of Polypodium phymatodes : a, transverse section of rhizome and base of a stipe ; a”, pulvinus ; b, transverse section of rhizome and an offshoot ز c, transverse section of rhizome; e, the same of a stipe; d, longitudinal section of rhizome and stipe. Nat. size. spinulosa, showing the large obovate scars, the small elliptic essions of the adventitious roots, of which some of ass of stout elongated adventitious roots. "The stipal "pper central frond, but more clearly in the detached base, fig. 8. Nat. size. : 4 Ten à : PrarE IX. Fig. 1. Portion of the caudex of 4. contaminans, var. Brunoniana, a short way below the apex, enve- loped below in the adventitious roots, upwards in scales. The Scars on this species are very prominent, with the exserted ends of the vascular bundles, “18: 2 ia a detached base ol ML Dador | j | ر Which are | thi i and of very irregular shapes. Nat. size, i Sr ett ae Fig. 3. Trifureated apex of the caudex of A. ornata. The adventitious roots in this of the others, originate almost entirely from the base of the stipe linear verticillate manner, as shown in the figure. Nat. size. : species, unlike some extending round it in a PLATE X, ch n of ie caudex of A. comosa, exhibiting the closely set protuberant scars with their markedly pronterous bases... The specimen represented is from near the "pper portion of a somewhat MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. 43 slender eaudex, as showing best the frond-scars and points of origin of the offshoots, which are completely hid in the lower parts with the adventitious roots. At the lower left-hand corner of the figure a strong perfectly developed shoot has its origin, while upwards very many others in various stages of development are shown. Nat. size. Fig. 2. An aborted shoot of a normal bifurcation of the main axis, which is now with difficulty dis- tinguishable in structure from an adventitious bud from the base of the stipe: a, epidermal layers ; 5 and 0’, the inner and outer strata of the woody lamine; c, vascular bundles of the shoot; d, a loculus of the stipe; e, e, part of a progeny of buds which surrounded the whole surface of the shoot; f, the partially decayed apex. Fig. 3. Base of stipe, showing loculi and adventitious buds. Fig. 4. Section of base of stipe, showing diaphragm. PLATE XI. Fig. 1. Portion of a young caudex of Alsophila Andersonii, with the stout persistent bases of the fronds all densely covered with scales. Fig. 2 is the base of a stipe denuded of scales, to exhibit the disposition and form of the loculi, which are in both respects very irregular. Nat. size. Fig. 3. Portion of the caudex of A. glabra, which, unlike most of the other species, has the long per- sistent bases of the stipes overlapping each other in linear lines, giving it an appearance alto- gether unlike any other tree fern with which I am acquainted. It is singularly proliferous, giving off buds somewhat indifferently from stipes and caudex. The lineal superposition of the fronds is the cause of another peculiarity, in the adventitious roots having first an upward ascent until they reach the broken extremity of the frond below; thence they pass downwards in a curving radial manner, as shown in the figure. Nat. size. Fig. 4. Base of stipe of A. glabra, showing loculi and adventitious rootlets. PLATE XII. Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of half the apical portion of the ‘caudex of Euterpe oleracea, exhibiting the arrangement of the vascular system :. a, the central parenchymatous mass sparingly interspersed with woody bundles; 4, a dense zone of the latter, curving round below the flattened apex to the developing bud ; c, the looser-structured external zone, with the bundles partly arranged parallel to the axis, and partly in an irregular curving manner; d, the latter bundles, which have their origin at a later period than the former, and are, moreover, characterized by growth at both extremities, the upper growing up into the frond, the lower downward in the caudex ; e, bases of the fronds, with the nascent inflorescences, f, in their axils; each frond, it will be observed, originates in the sheathing base of its predecessor. Nat. size. Fig. 2. Apical section of the stem of Cycas revoluta, Thunb., exhibiting the straight involute vernation, and differing from palms in the free origin of each frond on the apex, as is the case with tree ferns: a, central parenchyma; 5, woody layers; c, the external layers of parenchyma, inter- spersed with fibro-vascular bundles. Fig. 3. Seedling plant of Cycas Rumphii, Miq. (C. circinalis, Roxb.), four months old, in longitudinal section : d, the central vascular bundle of the main root; e,adventitious roots; f, the hardened spermoderm ; g, the perisperm ; the other references as in the previous figure. Nat. size. The venation in this species also is straight and involute; and the young frond at the stage represented in the figure is not unlike the fertile branch of the Ophioglossums. Fig. 4. An unfolding frond of ee spherica, Roxb., showing the involute character of the vernation. Nat. size. e 2 44 MR. JOHN SCOTT ON THE TREE FERNS OF BRITISH SIKKIM. Fig. 5. Section of a three-months-old seedling of Cycas pectinata, Griff, which also shows, even from the first frond, the involutely folded pinnae, without the slightest disposition to curvature of the : rachis. Nat. size. PLATE XIII. A. Cyathea spinulosa, Wall. : fig. i. Porboh of a frond, nat. size; fig. 2. Portion of the rachises with two pinne ; fig. 3. An upper view of a portion of the rachis; fig. 4, Segments with sori, magnified ; fig. 5. Magnified barren segment, showing the venation. . Puate XIII. B. Alsophila latebrosa; Hook. : fig. 1. Portion of a frond; fig. 2. Portion of the rachis ; fig. 3. Pinne : all nat. size. Fig. 4. A magnified soriferous segment ; fig. 5. A magnified barren segment, showing the characteristic venation, | PLATE XIV. Hemitelia decipiens, Scott: fig. 1. Portion of a frond; nat. size; fig. 2. Portion of the rachis; fig. 3. ' < Pinne, nat. size; figs. 4-7. Magnified segments exhibiting the venation and variations in the degree of development of the involucre; fig. 8. A magnified barren segment; figs. 9-11. Sori, more magnified. Pram XV. A. contaminans, Wall., var. Brunoniana : fig. 1. Portion of a frond, nat. size ; fig. 1 a. Two fertile pinne, nat. size; figs. 2 & 3. Portions of the rachis, exhibiting its entirely unarmed lower and upper surfaces ; fig. 4, A magnified sporiferous segment; fig. 5. Portion of the strongly armed rachis of Alsophila contaminans, Wall., for comparison with the unarmed rachis of the var. Bruno- niana; fig. 6. A magnified barren segment, showing the venation ; fig. 7. Pale: of the base of the stipe, nat. size. PLATE XVI. ۰ Alsophila ornata, n. sp.: fig. 1. Portion of a frond ; fig. 2, of the rachis, and fig. 3, of two pinnae : all nat. size. pinna, to show the venation. showing the upper surface; Fig. 4. Magnified fertile pinna; and fig. 5. A sterile : Sae PLATE XVI. 5. Alsophila comosa, Wall. : fig. 1. Portion of a frond; fig. 2, of the rachis, showing the upper surfaces; and fig. 3, of two pinnæ: all nat. size. Fig. 4. Magnified fertil segment, to show the venation.. PraTE XVII. Alsophila Andersonii, n. sp.: fig. 1. Portion of, a frond; fig. 2, of two pinnz: nat. size. Figs. 3 & 4. Magnified segments, the former fertile, the latter sterile, showing the venation ; fig. 5. A . receptacle, more magnified, showing the jointed hairs. : PraTE XVIII. Alsophila glabra, Bl.: figs. 1 & 2. Portions of different fronds from a single plant, showing the differences ۱ in the form and cutting of the pinnz. Nat. size. Figs. 1 a, 2a, & 3 a. Segments from a single plant, showing the variations in the position of the sori; and figs. 1 û, 25, and 7 | agnified segments of the same ; figs. 4a, 5 d inne from another plant, all nat. siz 8 a, and 6a are p e; and 45, 5 b, and 65 are ifi : the variability of the venation. de magnified segments to show e segment; fig. b. A barren - Tnaaus.Liun. Soc VoL XXX Tan]. au o am E EP = AEE i = ٠ شر ی — nn. = — -= 3 "MO ET t ne i : تا : una 1 Lon لین 3 N ۱ N = O : x met - SN RC x MOSSOS ÁS , mae. SSS SDA ida. A AS IS RES UN ee at un E ee ES AT e ih e IS EN e lo o Kt iens Grote. ecıpı è i A latebrosa Y Isophila 4 Hemitelia d Al ry 9 Trans. LINN. Soc. VoL. XXX T an. 2. JN Fitch imp. W.H Fitch del et lith. Alsophila comosa kh. oL.XXY Tas, 3, NN.Doc Vi T 1. TRANS d W. H. Bitch del et hth. Alsophila latebrosa. Hk Trans . Law. Soc Voi XXX An 4 W.H. Fitch del et lith hila contaminans Mall mrBrunoniana, Figs.1,3. Alsop 77 -p aye + SE 1 4 O A1 Trans. Linn. Soc Vor XXX Tan 5. A Zn تست مه ee JN Fitch imp Alsophila ornata Scott. W.H Fitch. del .et ith . Trans Lum. Soc Ve oL.XXX Tan 6. Figi-3 . Alsophila latebrosa Hi. Fig.4 . Polypodium S icum Prost. fu 5 Nechrolepie cordifolia. Baker J.N Fitch mp T. Trans. linn. Soc Vor XXX Tan 7. W.H. Fitch. del et lith . JN Fitch, imp figs 1-6. Asplenium esculentum. Fest Figs. 1. 8. Cyathea. spinulosa, Wall. — 9. Alsophila latebrosa. Hk. 10, Alsophila contaminans. Wall vardrunanana. | IL Alsophila ornata. Scott 12. Alsophila comosa, , - | 14. Alsophila glabra, Hk 13. Alsophila Andersom. Scott. 15. Acrosticham scandens Fee 16. Polypodium phymatodes. Û. W.H.Fuch del et hth. Trans. Linn. Soc Vor. XXX Tan.8 an à 0 a A c£. "o x 4 mS, J.N Fitch, ump HAglCyathea spinulosa. Mal, ha 2 Hemiteha. decipiens. do Trans. LINN. Soc Vor. XXX Tap 9. u a re J.N Fitch „map W.H Fitch delet hth , Fig 1. Alsophila contammans . Wall. var Brunomiana phila ornata, . Sc. - fig.2.Also 1 Trans.Linn.Soc Vor XXX Tas 10. WE Fitch del et hth. J.N.Fitch imp Alsophila. comosa, Zh . Trans. Linn Soc Vor. XXX Tanll. | Uu ll W 1 | A | ۱ ا N "n | ۱ ۱ i red av. | i WA 1/6 Ali. 1) NER ۱ à MALUS 4 ۱ ۳ i i NAN? pm y PO Fy.3 Figs 1 2 Alsophila Andersoni. Swt 1 | P Trans. Linn. Soo Von XXX Tan 12 . IN Fıtch imp CO UO ۱ {tof et? Fig.4 3. 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[45 ]
II.—On some Recent forms of Lagenze from Deep-sea Soundings in the Java Seas. By
F. W. OWEN Rymer Jones. (Communicated by H. T. STAINTON, Esq., Sec. L. Soc.)
(Plate XIX.)
Read June 6, 1872.
HAVING devoted my time for some months past to the investigation of some packets
of mud from deep-sea soundings in the Java seas, which were kindly transmitted to
my father by Lieutenant A. Ross, one of the officers on board H.M.S. ‘Serpent,’ sent
out on a surveying expedition in the latter part of 1868, I propose giving the results
of my labours in a series of papers treating of the Foraminifera therein contained,
beginning with the simple monothalamous group Lagena, many varieties of which,
I believe, have not hitherto been figured. Though much valuable information regarding
the minute organisms of the Foraminifera has of late years been brought to light, yet
their distribution is so extensive both in a fossil and in a recent state, and they play so
important a part in the economy of our earth, that our knowledge of them, even
morphologically speaking, is still very incomplete. From the pole to the equator and
from the equator to the pole, in littoral deposits and through every varying grade
to the abyssal depths of ocean, these microscopic atoms teem in incalculable myriads,
steadily increasing in numbers, and silently but surely forming, with the accumulated .
shells of ages, one of the most, if not the most, important of the potent agents in the
remodelling of the surface of the earth.
The sounding (No. 2) from which all the forms figured in this paper were drawn, was
brought up from a depth of about a mile and a quarter (1080 fathoms), ten miles south
of Sandalwood Island (lat. 8° 30’ S. long. 115° 10’ E.), October 13th, 1868; and when
brought up to the surface, the mud * had a greenish look and was very soft, with a
consistency of jelly. Its temperature was 47^ F.; and when the hand was applied
it felt like ice." When I received the packet, it had the appearance of a thick cake of
dry light-grey mud *. i |
Amongst the forms which are most powerfully represented, both as regards number
and size, those of the Rotaline series seem to claim the precedence. Botalia is abundant,
and occasionally attains a good size (comparatively speaking ; for all the forms from this
sounding, with very few exceptions, are extremely minute). .Discorbina and Planor-
bulina are abundant, but smaller. The Uvigerine and Bulimine are plentiful and well
developed ; but Bolivina, though well developed, is more rare. Textularia is abundant ;
and its uniserial variety, the Bigenerina of D'Orbigny, is occasionally met with; while
Cristellaria is rather rare and feeble. Nodosaria is well developed but not very
abundant, as also is its Dentaline variety, though the latter is still more scarce.
Globigerina is common. Nummulina is rather rare; but its variety Operculina ammo-
noides, Gron., is more abundant. Cornuspira is present, though moderately rare ; and
* Vide note on page 69.
46 MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA.
the Miliole *, including Biloculina, Quinqueloculina, Triloculina, and other varieties, are A
not uncommon. In this sounding I have also met with a few very perfect Rotaline
“ casts,” probably of Operculina.
The Polycystine are also abundantly represented by many very beautiful forms,
of which I believe are new to science. a
The Diatomacee, too, are very numerous, and are well represented by Coscinodiscus, — |
Campylodiscus clypeus, Amphitetras ornata, Asteromphalus elegans, Cerataulus turgidus, —
and Triceratium favus, Ehr., the last of which is rather rare, though the quadrilateral — |
form of this species is very common. IDEE
The “tests” of Foraminifera are plentifully met with, and present great variety of — |
shape and texture, some being merely an agglomeration of irregular coarse sand grains; —
while others are composed of smooth, straight sponge-spicules, sometimes loosely inter- =
woven, or compactly and longitudinally arranged; and those of a third variety are —
formed by a very translucent exudation from the contained living body, which is 2]
strengthened in parts or allover by small sponge-spieules, sand grains, and minute
shells of Rotalia. iod
The valves of Ostracoda appear in considerable abundance ; amongst which are those |
of Cythere clathrata, Reuss, Bairdia amygdaloides, Cytherideis maculata, Cyther eis =
lacerata, Heterodesmus Adamsii, Brady, and many other varieties. | E
The spicules of Sponges which are met with so profusely in the * Spongitenkalk" =
of Germany, and in the Upper Greensand and Oolitie and Carboniferous Limestones of T
. our own country, are also abundantly present in these seas, and form an important item —
in the sedimentary deposits of the present deep-sea bed. "Their forms are very varied ‘
and beautiful, presenting so many diversities of shape that the study of these alone is P
full of interest. de
The spines of Echini also are not by
elaborate and perfect.
The Lagene, which are now under consideration, are tolerably abundant and well
developed in this sounding, though as a rule they are very small. The largest forms
1 have met with measure about 30 Of an inch long by ¥ of an inch wide, the
rud A ios er oe attaining 350 Of an inch in length by eio -
with an a pes sind met with perfect Entosolenian forms (those ue ;
inch long b is : 8 وه ute that their shells measured no more than 500 of. "
or hd i "- en ineh broad. Making, therefore, a rough calculation, i;
doubtedly ES — of the shell-walls, which a great majority of them =
these microsco icf PME Mould contain upwards of a million and a quarter %
about 58,000 : pene: e calcaire grossier of the Paris basin is estimated to cou
organisms in the — N and D’Orbigny estimated the number of these minute
متا aes nt quantity of sand from the Antilles at upwards of 32 millions.
y of figures even for one cubie inch of this mud passes far beyond our
some
any means uncommon, many of them being very - ?
P Appears to have its representatives in 4% E
‘means uncommon to meet with young speci a porcellaneous, arenaceous, and vitreous series, as it is by ^
-walls of which are as transparent as glass.
MR. F. W. 0. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENE. 47
appreciation ; but when we consider that this is repeated throughout the whole length
and breadth of ocean, we may indeed fling arithmetic to the winds.
There is, perhaps, no family of the Foraminifera which presents such a varied and
rich collection of forms of such marvellous delieaey and exquisite beauty of contour as
the Lagenidz ; and yet withal, they present a simplicity of structure and decoration as
beautiful as it is simple. Flasks, amphore, goblets, water-carafes, and flagons all have
their representatives among this mimic throng ; yet all are so delicately sculptured, and
present so great a variety of shape and surface-decoration, that it would be difficult to find
a more perfect type of grace and elegance than some of these microscopic forms possess.
The wider a survey one takes of the Foraminifera the more closely do forms which,
taken separately, are entirely differentiated as regards shape, approach each other
through so many intermediate gradations, that it becomes far from easy to define the
proper limits of each family; and it is this which makes a natural classification of them
so difficult of attainment. Nor are the Lagene exceptions to this variability ; for
‘though, as a rule, there is throughout a general family likeness, yet they differ so
greatly, both as regards shape and external decoration, that it becomes extremely
difficult to define with precision any peculiar characteristics of sufficient limitation
and unvarying combination to separate them from each other even specifically.
With regard to the isomorphisms of Lagena they are by no means uncommon. With
Nodosaria Lagena blends so imperceptibly that it becomes a matter of uncertainty to
which group some of these forms belong, while some of the ** wild " growths bear a degree
of resemblance to Polymorphina. . I have in my cabinet a two-chambered form, occupying
the neutral ground between the two-chambered Lagene and Nodosarie, which takes a
decided Dentaline curve, the elongated necks being excentric, though the septal line is
very constricted, and thus preserves the true Nodosarine character. Among the Miliole
this isomorphism is very remarkable, one porcellaneous form being monothalamous, and
having the shape of a subglobular neckless flask, the exterior of which is ornamented
with three small longitudinal riblets on either side. Another has the form of a very
narrow elongated flask with a well-formed external neck, the older chambers being
enclosed within the flask and lying close to one of the sides. A somewhat similar
occurrence is observable in some of the arenaceous varieties of Miliola, where the last
chamber becomes greatly enlarged, and encloses the smaller ones within its walls.
"These points of similarity, however, are of no importance, as these shells in other
respects differ so materially that they are widely separated. _
The shell-walls of the Lagene are usually perforated with pseudopodial orifices, though
this characteristic is subject to great variation. In some shells these canal-pores appear
to be entirely wanting, the walls being beautifully smooth and of glassy transparency ;
while in others, such as L. levis, Montagu, figured by Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones
(Foram. from the N. Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, p. 349, pl. xiii. fig. 22), the foramina
occupy only the lower third of the shell. Sometimes, as in L. marginata, Montagu,
(Pl. XIX. fig. 28), they are clustered round the margin of the shell in a wide horseshoe-
like band. A somewhat similar example from the Hunde Islands, is figured by Messrs.
Parker and Rupert Jones (loc. cit. pl. xiii. fig. 44). In one shell (Z. marginata) these
MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON. SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA,
A8 ۰ E L] .
: : i over the shell-surface, but leave a small
ne... و and imperforate ; while in others the
BP موی E qnom. radiating from the centre (Z. radiato-marginata,
u
"pes er ne meh perfection in their recent form from the Australian
: a loc. cit. pl. xviii. fig. 5 a). Some of the two-chambered varieties, howerer,
nn Là d straight. style of foramination in the same shell, the
o vi dmn ile in the second chamber th
imordial chamber sometimes having them radiated, while in the s ey
= directly from without to the interior (figs. 60, 62). In Mme. i
Lagene, such as.the L. striato-punctata of Parker and Rupert J Ones, t e A Me
passages are said to be confined to the base of each riblet, at either side of whie ey
i of punctations.
بویت یز flask-like forms are provided with an internal tube, which, how
ever, is not seldom absent. When present, it shows great variability, sometimes یس
in a straight line to the bottom of the cavity, where it terminates (fig. 36), or even P
round at right angles and runs along the bottom for a short distance ; or, 2 E.
other hand, the tube is cut short at any intermediate point between the orifice and ih |
base. In others it becomes greatly flexed, taking a more or less serpentine form, A
sickle-shaped (fig. 1), while occasionally it takes a sigmoid curve, or even curls aa
at the top like a pig’s tail. The mode in which the tube terminates is also e
In some it ends abruptly, without any apparent increase in diameter towards :
end; while in others the free end becomes patulous or trumpet-shaped, and in 7
cases it widens out like the bottom of a sailor’s trouser-leg. r
This internal tube is not, however, peculiar to the Lagene, though its 7705
most commonly observable among these shells. A similar tube is also present E |
of the Polymorphine and in the ultimate segment of forms of Dentalina legumen, D 2 ۱
of whieh I possess more than one example; in some of these shells the anterior e |
is also produced into a long slender external neck. Among some members Ee
Nodosari@ the internal tube is also well developed, as I have before me a tree = |
bered, striated, and marginate form, each chamber of which is provided with a W E
formed internal stolon-tube, MES
In the following pages I have endeavoured, as far as possible, to follow the nomen -
: ters
clature proposed by Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones, and set forth in Dr. Carpen :
Great Britain’ (Ray Soc.) 1858
> P. 4) in preference to that of sulcata of Walker an
Jacob, from the fact that not
only would the employment of such terms as L. e :
dictory, as Prof. Williamson has pointed out, bu se. n
cata, var. globosa, are made use of, it would create pu
mind a wrong impression of the organism; for it would infer that the shell is DDP
Whereas it is smooth. The substitution of the name vulgaris obviates all this. . isi
With regard to specific names, the shells of this group pass so imperceptibly by |
gradations into each other, that structures the most dissimilar are found to be ۴
MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA. 49
‚connected by intermediate links, and ean therefore be regarded only as varieties of one
specific form, as Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones have already observed. Many of the
shells here delineated, which have not, to my knowledge, been hitherto drawn, present
many features of interest to the students of these Microzoa. These I have for the most
part arranged as subvarieties of forms already named; and I have endeavoured, as far as
expedient, to add as few new names as possible to the already too perplexing medley of
synonyms.
I do not expect the following pages to be exempt from those faults which are so apt
to creep in when studying such minute forms as those here described; but as all these
shells have been drawn and studied by me while in a recumbent position on an invalid's
couch, I trust that all defects will meet with a lenient criticism. Shut out in a great
measure, as I unavoidably have been, from access to many of the works of reference, and
unable to retain the few I sueceeded in obtaining, except for a very short time, I have
had to contend with many disadvantages; and therefore, if through these pages there are
errors of synonymy or the like, those who have learnt from experience the difficulties
Which a person cut off from the advantages of our libraries, and never allowed to assume
even a sitting posture from one year's end to another, has to contend with, will, I am
sure, look with an indulgent eye on all minor shortcomings.
Those who are desirous of becoming more thoroughly, acquainted with these and other
Foraminifera cannot do better than to study Dr. Carpenter's * Introduction to the study of
the Foraminifera’ *, and the monograph by Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones on those of
the N. Atlantic and Arctic Oceans +, and their several memoirs on the nomenclature of
the Foraminifera 1, and, for those of our own coasts, the excellent monograph by Prof.
Williamson. The Paris basin and several recent deposits have been well explored by
M. d’Orbigny ; while the fossil forms from several foraminiferous deposits in Germany
have been copiously figured and described by Prof. A. Reuss, who has furnished us with
a series of pictures unsurpassed both as regards numbers and excelleney of drawing, and.
one of whose memoirs is entirely devoted to the Lagene §.
To the valuable information thus accumulated I now append these forms from the
abyssal depths of the Java seas, with the hope that they may help to extend our
knowledge of these marvellous little beings, and awaken the curiosity of many to search
for themselves among this uninteresting-looking “mud,” which forthwith, touched as
it were with a magician’s wand, ;
« Shall have a voice, and give them eloquent teachings.”
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. (Entosolenia) globosa, Montagu. (Figs. 1, 2.)
Shell free, symmetrical, of very variable shape, passing through every intermediate
Stage between a globular, ovoid, and cylindrical contour. External walls smooth,
* «Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera,’ by W. B. Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S., assisted by W. K. Parker,
Esq., F.R.S., and Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S. (Ray Soc. 4to, 1862).
+ In ‘Phil. Trans. London, 1865, vol. clv. pt. i. m
+ Papers on the Nomenelature of the Foraminifera, in the * Annals & Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ 1850-1863. —
$ “Monographie der Lagenideen,” in Sitzungsber. der Acad. der Wissenschaften in Wien, Band 46, Abth. i. 1863.
VOL: KIKO y . MISSOURI H
BOTANICAL
GARDEN.
50 MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA.
hyaline or semiopaque, very coarsely foraminated in some, while in others the canal.
pores are very fine or entirely wanting; orifice central, circular, and more or less lipped;
situated at the anterior extremity, and most commonly communicating with the interior
by means of an internal, slender, straight or flexed tube of very variable length, some.
times ending abruptly or becoming patulous at the free end. The base of the shellis
very variable, presenting in some à widely rounded form, which even becomes flat or
dimpled in the centre, while in others it is furnished with a small mucro, or becomes
very peaked, insensibly passing into the apiculate varieties figured by Prof. Reuss, and
between which there seems to be no line of demarcation. The anterior portion of the
shell is equally variable, in some being very bluntly rounded, while in others the reverse
is the case.
Prof. Reuss figures a form under the name L. emaciata, the only difference being in
its more slender and elongated shape; but this difference, together with that exhibited
by the square variety, .L. inornata, of D'Orbigny, passes by so many intermediate grada-
tions into the egg-shaped and globular ones, that they cannot with propriety be
separated.
The amount of variation among this species is very remarkable; and at first sight it
seems difficult to regard them all as belonging to the same species; but like as the leaves
of the oak or the ivy-vary greatly even on the same tree, and yet present unmistakable
points of resemblance between one and another, so among the shells of this group,
though their contour is extremely variable, yet they present so great a family likeness,
both as regards shell-structure and absence of ornamentation, that it would be wrong to
separate them. |
These forms are, as a rule, symmetrical; but in a few cases this uniformity of contour-
is impaired. These examples, however, are only adventitious. :
Occasionally one meets with shells having a suture-like mark on their shell-wall—the
shell having most probably been accidentally broken, and repaired by the contained
foraminifer (fig. 2). |
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. apiculata, Reuss. (Figs. 3-5.) i
The shells of this variety are in all respects similar to those of the L. (Entosol i)
globosa, saving that in these forms the base is more or less truncated or furnished with®
mucro of very variable length. These varieties seem to form an intermediate link
between the the L. globosa, and L. levis on the one hand and the Z. distoma on the
other. Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones unite under this name several forms, the base
of which is provided with an aperture; but though such shells are undoubtedly vr
closely allied to the apiculate varieties, yet many forms occur in which this apiculatiot
of the base assumes a more caudate character, and forms a solid and sometimes CU! de
basal appendage ; and therefore I am disposed to regard those with a true basal apertum
as belonging to the distomatous series, and to admit, under the name apiculata, only
ES
those structures which, though produced at the base, are still imperforate. These Ue
pee E er gradually from those with a rounded base that I question the prof"
a. them from Z. globosa and L, levis, except for the sake of convenience —
ccasionally one meets with abnormal growths, many of which are very reu
MR. F. W. O: RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA. 51
Prof. Williamson depicts a form of Z. (Entosolenia) squamosa, var. hexagona, which has
the appearance of two similar forms joined at their bases; while Messrs. Parker and
Rupert Jones delineate three fossil structures of L. levis (pl. xviii. figs. 10, 11, & 12),
from the Grignon beds (Eocene), which take on a second lateral chamber. A rather
interesting “wild” growth from the Java seas is depicted in fig. 5, in which the flask-
shaped form not only takes on a second upper chamber, but the walls of this cell become
double, and enclose a third, while a fourth chamber extends up the whole length of the
exterior of the opposite side.
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. fissurina, Reuss. (Figs. 6-8.)
The chief distinguishing characteristic of this group is the compression of the orifice
into a wide “ ornithorhynchoid " beak; and Prof. Reuss has therefore raised it to the
rank of a special genus, under the name Fissurina. It, however, so narrowly resembles
Lagena in all save the compression of the aperture, that it has been considered by
Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones to be insufficiently differentiated to be separated from
them, from the fact that among the compressed forms of Lagena, many of which are
included by Prof. Reuss in this genus, the orifice would naturally have a tendeney to
become flattened in proportion to the amount of compression of the lateral walls, espe-
cially where there is no internal tube to counteract this; and therefore the chief charac-
teristic of Fissurina loses its generic value, especially as in fig. 8 is delineated a form from
the Java seas in which the shell possesses a decided external neck—an occurrence
which more effectually breaks down the partition-wall between Lagena and Fissurina.
Still the compression of the septal aperture undoubtedly does occur even among forms
provided with an internal tube (figs. 7, 8); and therefore I have for the present retained
the name as that of a varietal form. Fig. 6 somewhat resembles the F. apieulata of
Reuss (Monogr. taf. vi. fig. 85), but is more produced, while fig. 7 is an elegant entoso-
lenian variety of the more elongated and tubeless F. oblonga, Reuss.
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. gothica, Nov. (Fig. 9.)
Shell ovate, tapering towards the anterior, gently rounded at the base. Walls thin,
hyaline, smooth, and finely foraminated. Internal tube very short and stumpy.
The external decoration is very remarkable, consisting of several delicate, narrow,
longitudinal bands of milky whiteness, passing three fourths up the shell, where they
curve over and form elegantly pointed arches. These are about six in number, and are
very slightly, if at all, raised from the surface. The shell appears slightly broken at the
orifice, and is at present the only one of the kind I have met with.
LAGENA VULGARIS typica, Williamson. (Figs. 10-13.)
These forms resemble L. globosa in all its many modifications of contour, the chief
difference being in the possession of an external neck. The base of the shell also varies
in outline, sometimes being more or less apiculate (figs. 10, 11; and L. en William-
H
MISSOURI
BOTANICAL
GAR DEN.
52 MR. F. W. 0۰ RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENJE.
son, pl. i. fig. 6), or gently rounded (fig. 12), presenting very variable and elegant shapes
of water-carafes, vases, &c. The extremity of the neck is generally surrounded bya
thickened marginal rim, which occasionally curves over, forming a deep lip (fig. 11).
In the globular structure depicted in fig. 11, there projects from the centre of the hase
what appears to be an extremely short and narrow internal tube, which apparently com.
municates with the exterior. silt
A similar tube I have also observed in a form of L. striata, and also in L. pertuso-
marginata (fig. 47) ; but, owing to the extreme minuteness of this tube and the smallness
of the shell, its presence might easily be overlooked.
In the symmetrical form, of which fig. 13 is a copy, the stolon-tube is produced into a
well-formed straight central neck, the rim of which becomes thickened, and is ornamented
with a few slender recurved spines round its external margin.
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson. var. glacialis, Nov. (Fig. 14.)
Shell, symmetrical, amphora-shaped, widest just above the middle, from which it
tapers towards the base, where it is bluntly rounded. Anteriorly it contracts into a pro-
longed wide neck, which in this speeimen appears to be broken. Shell-wall transparent
. and glassy, composed of irregular plates of shell-substance, which crowd together and
overlap each other like a field of broken ice. p
No internal tube. um
LAGENA VULGARIS, var. semistriata, Williamson. (Fig. 15.)
Shell flask-shaped, more or less elongated, resembling the typical form in its numerous -
gradations of contour. The „posterior portion is ornamented with a variable number of i
fine strise, which are sometimes very feeble, or, becoming more apparent, pass up the
exterior, not unfrequently as high as the upper third of the structure. In some the
striations project beyond the base, forming a coronal of sharp spikes, or the shell is pro
vided with a small mucro. The walls vary considerably in different individuals 35
regards perforation and hue, in some being densely foraminated and of a dirty white
colour (fig. 15), while in others they are transparent and glassy and apparently imper
forate. Anteriorly the shell tapers into a more or less elongated neck, which is ۳
mounted at the orifice by a “turned” rim. This neck is generally smooth ; but in some :
rieties, such as the Oolina striaticollis of D'Orbigny (Voy. dans. ’Amer. Mérid. Foram: -
p: 21, tab. 5. fig. 14), it is ornamented with a neat spiral. This peculiar style of decori-
tion, however, is not confined to these forms, being observable in L. striata (fig. 18), an E
pee L. sulcata (fig. 26), where it becomes greatly developed. E
Fig. 15 somewhat resembles the smooth Z. vulgaris, var. clavata, of Williamson; bit
onical. These semistriated forms unite the smooth with the stri
most probably but incipient growths of L. striata. qa
varieties, and are
em a ULGARIS, Williamson, var. striata, Montagu. (Figs. 16-20.) ^
; general shape of these flask-like forms is subglobular or widely elliptical, 5"
MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA. 53
times subcylindrical and elongated, passing through every intermediate modification of
contour, while the shell-walls are glassy and transparent, not unfrequently being some-
what opaque and finely foraminated.
The exterior is ornamented with a variable number of thin trenchant riblets, which
pass longitudinally up the shell-wall, terminating sometimes at the base of the neck or
extending up its sides, and also occasionally project from the base, forming a more or
less wide coronal (fig. 20). Sometimes these striations are more or less interrupted
(fig. 18), some of them occupying the middle portion of the flask only.
The greater number of these forms taper towards the anterior more or less gradually
into a well-formed external neck, though examples occasionally occur which are deficient
in this respect. Among these is one which somewhat resembles the L. Haidingeri,
Czízek (Reuss, Monogr. p. 326, taf. iii. fig. 41), the only apparent difference being that
in the shell depicted by that author the neck is external, while in that from the Java sea
the tube is introverted.
The L. amphora of Prof. Reuss, from the Septarian clay of Pietzpuhl (taf. iv. fig. 57),
is a slightly bulged variety. In a somewhat slender form there is a small swelling
near the top of the neck, which resembles the cicatrix on the body of a wounded
earth-worm, the small portion of neck-tube above this being slightly bent out of the
axial line—giving the appearance of having been broken, and repaired by the contained
microzoon. |
Around the base of the neck of the globose form depicted in fig. 18 are observable a
few feeble parallel rings of exogenous shell-deposit.
In the entosolenian structures (figs. 19, 20) the walls contract towards the anterior
into a very stumpy lipped neck, while the.base is rounded or sharply apiculate. The
shell-walls are more glassy and the strize fewer in number than in the preceding figures,
being reduced to about six. "These take their origin from the margin of the rim, and pass
longitudinally down the sides to the base in transparent trenchant lamellae, which are
sometimes narrow and become incorporated in a small basal mucro (fig. 19), or,
becoming more strongly developed, terminate abruptly near the base, forming a coronal
of knife-like edges encircling the rounded and smooth base (fig. 20) A still greater
modification of surface ornamentation is occasionally met with among members of this
group. In one ectosolenian form these riblets are reduced to four. These are formed
by the bending over of the apertural rim of the neck, and pass down the sides in very
strong blunt ribs, which are of unusual width at their commencement, but, gradually
narrowing as they approach the base, project in the form of long thick spines.
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. striato-areolata, Nov. (Figs. 21, 21 a.)
Shell subspherical, transparent, glassy, ornamented with a considerable number
(upwards of forty) of fine longitudinal strise, a few of which are continued partway up
the neck. Anteriorly the flask-walls pass into a very long, straight, smooth tube of
unusual length, and of equal diameter throughout. Walls minutely foraminated.
This shell, through some accident, got broken after I had made a drawing of it—
a misfortune which has proved beneficial, as it has disclosed the surface of the base,
54 MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENE.
which is very remarkable. The longitudinal stris, instead of being continued to the
ntre of the base, or projecting from it in a coronal of sharp spikes, as is frequently the
Bos among these striated forms, suddenly discontinue their rib-like decoration at the
extreme base of the shell, and all the strie spread over the external surface of the base,
and, anastomosing with each other, form an irregular network, the meshes of which have
constant size or shape (fig. 21 a).
~ This union of the E and areolated styles of decoration on the same shell is, as
far as my observations have gone, very uncommon.
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. caudata, D'Orbigny. (Fig. 22.)
Shell symmetrical, ovate or subeylindrical, widest at the posterior half, gently tapering ۱
towards the anterior, which is more or less produeed into an external neck; someni
provided with an internal tube (Entosolenia globosa, var. lineata, Williamson, pl. i ۱
fig. 17); posteriorly the shells are slightly truncate or gently rounded, while the extreme —
71
base is provided with a solid mucro of variable length, which frequently assumes a more
caudate character, and is often slightly bent. The exterior of the shell is decorated with :
E
a variable number of longitudinal stris. ;
à
In fig. 22 these are also supplemented by a few shorter ones, which are confined * i
the neighbourhood of the base. This form, though retaining a general resen
the L. caudata of Reuss, differs from it in many respects, being much more conp
and tapering very gradually into a slender external neck, the orifice at the end d
which is surrounded by a thickened rim. The basal mucro is more slender an
slightly bent. >
Shell-walls finely perforated.
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. desmophora, Nov. (Figs. 23, 24.)
Shell hyaline, smooth; ova
te, sometimes elongated, flask-shaped, passing anteriorly -
into a more or less produced
and thickened round the rim.
MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENZ. 55
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. sulcata, Walker & Jacob. (Figs. 25, 26.)
This variety, which has been chosen by Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones as the typical
form of Lagena, passes through every modification of contour from the subglobular to
the flask-shaped or more or less elongated structures, the external neck also being often
absent, or, when present, of very variable length, as also is the internal tube. The
external walls are furnished with a variable number of thick longitudinal ribs, which
are often-blunt or rounded (fig. 25), passing from the base to the neck, which is some-
times left smooth. Not unfrequently these ribs take a somewhat spiral direction, as is
seen in the flask-shaped form depicted by Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones (Trans. Roy.
Soc. vol. clv. pt. i. 1865, pl. xiii. fig. 24), and sometimes, changing their character on the
external neck, wind round it in an irregular, interrupted, oblique spiral (fig. 26), or
encircle it with a number of transverse parallel rings. This character is also observable
on varieties of L. striata (fig. 18), and is seen in great perfection on a recent form of
L. hispida, Reuss (fig. 50). Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones have united the
L. striata, L. interrupta, and Entosolenia costata of Prof. Williamson with this sulcate
variety, to which ought to be added the L. filicosta, L. mucronulata, and L.Villardeboana,
L. Isabella, with its variety L. raricosta, D’Orb., of Reuss (Monogr. taf. iv.
figs. 50-56).
_ These sulcate forms appear to be of rare occurrence at this depth (1080 fathoms), the
only entire specimen I have met with being that delineated in fig. 25; there are,
however, a few fragments of stronger and better-developed examples (fig. 26).
The form of which fig. 25 is a representation has the ribs very blunt and rounded,
some projecting slightly from the base, and extending in more or less interrupted and
wavy lines to the orifice, which is wide in diameter and lipped.
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. marginata, Montagu. (Figs. 27-32.)
` Shell compressed, subglobular, lenticular, pyriform, or flask-shaped, passing through
very diverse forms, from that of a compressed sphere to that of an elongated flask.
This group constitutes the Compress of Prof. Reuss, and is one of the most varied of
all the Lagene. The base is most generally widely rounded, though occasionally some-
what apiculate. The anterior is furnished with a more or less elongated neck-tube,
which in some of the entosolenian forms is often absent. The ! mode in which this
external tube is “ set on ” is subject to great modification, gently tapering in some from
the flask-wall, while in others it is inserted very abruptly. The shape of the orifice is
likewise inconstant, sometimes being circular, while in some of the entosolenian forms
it is more or less compressed. The periphery of the shell is encircled by a wide thin
marginal keel of transparent shell-substance, which varies greatly in different indi-
viduals, sometimes being hardly apparent, while in others it is very large. In some
forms this thin ridge becomes greatly thickened, appearing more rib-like (figs. 34, 35),
and gives rise to sharp spikes towards the base; while in other structures the periphery
becomes bluntly angular (Williamson, Monogr. pl. i. figs. 19-21), and is supplemented
by a smaller ridge on each side of it. In many forms these marginal outgrowths are
very wide, and double, united so as to form one, like the membranes of a leaf (figs. 38, 39),
56 MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA.
or are separate, and three or four in number (tigs. 40, 41), in some of which varieties
the lateral shell-wall is also ornamented with a few irregularly disposed trenchant costa:
(fig. 40). This marginal keel is sometimes strengthened by a series of sharp straight
spines, which. project into it from the periphery of the shell (fig. 42). In fig, 43,
however, these spines are somewhat modified, and assume a flat triangular shape,
resembling a circlet of shark's teeth.
The foramina, as a rule, pass directly from within to the exterior, and are, scattered
broadcast over the whole surface. But even this is found to have its exceptions; forin fig.28
they occupy only the margin of the.shell, crowding together round it in a broad band.
The shell-walls are for the most part smooth, glassy, and finely foraminated, not
unfrequently becoming considerably coarser. Lo
These compressed forms vary greatly in their degree of compression, some being so
little flattened that, were it not for the marginal border, it would undoubtedly be more
appropriate to place them amongst the typical L. vulgaris, especially as this marginal
film is seen to be in a very incipient state in many of the forms here depicted. It seems
undesirable, however, to separate these less compressed and keeled forms from the true
marginate ; for the shell delineated in fig. 28 is evidently a form of the ۰ (Entosolenia)
marginata mentioned by Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones (Monogr. p. 349), and has E
the eireumambient layer of shell-deposit still undeveloped round the sides and base.
So completely do these forms pass into each other through numberless intermediate
gradations, that any classification of them similar to the present must necessarily he
artificial—though, for the purpose of identification, itis useful thus to create, as it were,
several nuclei around which each company can be congregated.
A few of these marginate organisms have their exterior covered with more or les
blunted knobs, which are dispersed over the whole surface, and form an intermediate,
link with the AsPrER x of Prof; Reuss.
Among these shells the marginal keel is found in every stage of development, m: m
times making its appearance at each side of the neck or extending with a greater or 168 4
development round the periphery.
. The example delineated in fig. 27 is very cylindrical, and * squared" at the twoen®
the Keel being confined to the base, and appearing unusually thickened, while the shell
is destitute of either external or internal tube.
The orifice is provided with a circlet of tooth-like processes similar to those of the D
entosolenian varieties figured by Prof. Reuss (Monogr. taf. i. figs. 1-12); but un
characteristie seems to be rare in th
I have noticed in which it occurs.
It is not uncommon to find amon
is furnished with two
The organisms in which this is the case y
examples which bear a close resemb
i lance to that figured by Prof. Williamson (Monogt ۰
pl. i. figs. 19-21). er,
WR]
e forms from this sounding, as it is the only exampl f :
g these structures examples in which the periti a
supplemental ribs, which beeome incorporated. in the s .
ary considerably in contour, sometimes Br a
somewhat squared and entosolenian, while the same is observable on ectosolem? —
e
a
Hon
Fig. 28 is a somewhat flattened form, gently rounded at the base. The external m 2
MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGEN E. 57
is short, bounded by the transparent “keel,” which extends about one third down the
sides, where it disappears, and again becomes apparent round the extreme base in a very
narrow ridge. Internal tube bent towards one side, and ending halfway down in a
. trumpet mouth. Shell-walls smooth and semitransparent, the foramina being confined
to the margins, where they cluster and form a wide band.
In some of the entosolenian and marginate structures two wide supplemental “ plates ”
are observable, one on each side of the circumambient keel, but confined to the base only.
Fig. 29 is a very symmetrical bottle-shaped form, provided at the centre of the base
with a small mucro. External neck wide and well developed, with a thick lip round
the orifice, from either side of which arises the marginal border, and passes down to the
base. Walls bulging, and coarsely granulated. Hue pale brownish-yellow. No in-
ternal tube. £ ,
Figs. 30, 31, appear to be essentially the same as the form depicted by Messrs. Parker
and Rupert Jones (Monogr. pl. xvi. fig. 12). The walls are very glassy and smooth,
and the peripheral margin translucent. In some examples the anterior portion is very
pointed, but wide and rounded at the base, to which end the marginal keel is sometimes
confined, while in others the shell becomes more oval, and the transparent border passes
entirely round in a moderately wide and thickened band. In fig. 30 the shell becomes
more lenticular, the flattened margin being well developed and very trenchant. The walls
are sometimes considerably bulged, as is seen in the form delineated in fig. 31, which repre-
sents a similar shell as seen from a three-quarter basal view. The internal tube is very
variable.
A remarkable modification is observable in fig. 32, the shell being compressed and the
walls considerably bulged, while their exterior is covered with numerous short acicular
spines; the external neck is very slender; and the periphery of the shell is encompassed
by two narrow keels of transparent shell-substance.
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. radiato-marginata, Parker and Rupert Jones.
(Fig. 33.) ۱
Shell very compressed, entosolenian, encircled at the periphery by a thickened trans-
parent rim. Shell-walls smooth, semitransparent, the pseudopodial passages taking an
oblique radial direction. These canal-pores are more strongly developed in the form
from the Australian coral reefs, depicted by Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones (Monogr.
pl. xviii. fig. 3).
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. spinicosto-marginata, Nov. (Figs. 34-36.)
Shell very closely resembling the preceding form in general outline ; but the walls are
somewhat more bulging, and the pseudopodial canals pass directly from within outwards.
The thick marginal rib is still present, and gives rise to from two to four blunt or acicular
spines, which project from the basal portion of the shell In fig. 34 the spines are
blunt and only two in number, projecting from the point of junction of the side walls
VOL. XXX. I
58 MR. F, W. 0. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA.
and the base. The shell has a very short internal tube; and a few blunt bosses are irre.
gularly disposed over the external walls.
Some forms are provided with an additional pair of spines, which occupy the extreme
base, and the knob-like protuberances are absent from the shell-walls. |
In the lenticular form depicted in fig. 35 the spikes are still present; but the outlying -
pair are removed a little higher up the sides, the intervening space between them being —
occupied by a thin film of transparent shell-substance, which passes round the base. The
internal tube is also deficient. Prof. Williamson has figured a young form from Shet-
land (Monogr. p. 10, pl. i. fig. 214) the base of which is furnished with a row of about
nine sharp, feeble spikes.
In a more elongated and pyriform example represented in fig. 36 the periphery is
encompassed by a narrow marginal border, which projects at the centre of the base into
a two-pronged spike, one of which (perhaps originally both) bears at its apex a small a
round knob. 1
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. elypeato-marginata, Nov. (Fig. 37.) 1
Shell subovate, somewhat shield-like and compressed, very broad at the base, and d
rapidly narrowing above, where it is produced into a tolerably long neck-tube, the walls ; :
of which are very solid throughout, especially at the apex, thus giving more the appear. :
ance of a straight canal than of a neck properly so called, which also passes into the a
interior in a very short straight internal tube. From the middle of the base project two |
spikes (one only being seen from each lateral aspect), which are sometimes very short ٠
and blunted. | :
The periphery is encompassed by a wide marginal * outwork ” formed of three layers 3
of shell-substance, which are strengthened and united for a considerable distance by à
transparent rim along their outer border, originating at the anterior end, and, passing.
under the basal spike, overlap the base of the flask below the insertion of the spine. The
two outer layers are tolerably regular in outline, and pass round the base in a gentle
curve. The middle one, however, projects beyond these, and is extremely translucent T
and irregularly serrated. The greater part, especially the anterior portion of this com-
pound margin, is not so glassy, being more opaque, and having a somewhat ia
appearance. The walls are smooth, transparent, and very finely foraminated. E
The shell appears as though it were formed by the union of two shield-like valves—™
appearance which is the more noticeable from their each terminating in the long spine,
and by the marginal lamellæ passing under instead of over each spike ; but this, though
apparently, is not really the case. A
1 similar spike-li : lso in the form
depicted in fig. 41. spike-like formation gente also b
Lacuna : YN ۱
VULGARIS, Williamson, var, petasma-marginata, Nov. (Figs. 38, 39.)
Shell ovate or globose,.
with minuto granules. "Tho perishes u i itè external walls densely FE
The periphery of the shell is encompassed by a wide
MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENE. 59
layer of semiopaque shell-substance, which in fig. 38 is also finely granulated, though
to a less degree than the shell-walls proper. ۱
In the lenticular form (fig. 38) the internal tube extends nearly to the bottom of the
cavity, and passes out at its upper part, forming a short external canal embedded in the
outlying film, and widens out at the aperture, where it becomes lipped. The marginal
lamina appears to be double, being formed by two layers which are united like the mem-
branes of a leaf, and passes down the upper part of the shell in a wide even band. In
fig. 38 this regularity of outline suddenly ceases round the basal half of the periphery,
the marginal layer becoming irregularly and deeply rowelled.
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. bracteato-marginata, Nov. (Figs. 40, 41.)
Shell subspherical, somewhat compressed, entosolenian, the tube passing to the ex-
treme base of the cavity, where its free end becomes patulous. Anteriorly the tube
passes out of the flask to a variable distance, resembling more a canal than an external
neck, as it is still embedded in the shell-substance. Around the periphery project three
or more wide lamelliform plates of great transparency, parallel to each other, though
quite distinct, the middle one often being the most prominent. The marginal border of
these layers is tolerably even at the apertural end of the shell; but it becomes very
irregular round the basal half, where these filmy plates sometimes become so translucent
that it is often diffieult to follow their outline, and to count with certainty the number
of “ plates.” The lateral walls of the shell are also sometimes furnished with a greater
or less number of trenchant riblets, as in fig. 40, where there are three on either side.
In this form the walls are whitish, semitransparent, and coarsely foraminated, while
others are more opaque, and of a light brown tint. ۱
Fig. 41 differs considerably from the preceding shell, being very smooth and glassy,
while the walls are apparently imperforate. The marginal plates are about four in
number, and are laid side by side more compactly than in the abové-mentioned examples,
and pass round the periphery with more regularity and evenness throughout, the serrated
portion being more regular, and confined to the extreme base, Around the margin of
(and immediately on) the shell-wall is also an a
becomes lost in the walls at the upper part; while at the extreme base,
jects a thin pointed spine, similar to that observable in fig. 37.
dditional narrow flattened ridge, which
on each side, pro-
LAGENA vULGARIS, Williamson, var. spinoso-marginata, Nov. (Figs. 42, 43.)
Shell subglobular, lenticular, or ovoid, smooth, densely foraminated. External neck
long, straight, and narrow, passing abruptly from the upper end of the structure, and
patulous, lipped, and sometimes “scalloped” round its outer rim. The peripheral
margin of the shell is ornamented with a wide single or double layer of shell-substance,
which passes two thirds up the neck, and becomes incorporated in its walls. : In fig. 42
‚this band is single, and of film-like transparency, and is strengthened by a series of long,
slender, straight spines, which radiate from the cireumference of the shell, and form a
` single and parallel row round the flask. At the middle of the base these ۳ become
:
60 MR. F. W. 0. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA.
rather longer and somewhat bent; and at the anterior extremity, near the point of
insertion of the neck-tube, they are deficient, their place being supplied by long fils.
mentous appearances, which are apparently minute canals. The walls in this specimen
are very coarsely foraminated, and the tubular neck considerably elongated, being about _
once and a half the length of the ovoid portion. This tube still contains what is
apparently the dried sarcode stolon of the once living Foraminifer. A form in all
respects similar to fig. 42, but which, unfortunately, was accidentally broken, had an
additional row of shorter spines around the periphery, but recurved, so as to forma |
secondary circlet bent back over the margin of the shell proper. 2
The form delineated in fig. 42 is somewhat defective—the flask-walls being broken, and -
the marginal film incomplete at the base. 3
In the more lenticular form (fig. 43) the shell-walls are more transparent, and finely -
perforated, while the external neck is considerably shorter. The marginal border appears |
to be composed of a double layer of shell-substance ; while on each side of this the spines -
of fig. 42 are represented by a circlet of short, flat, triangular processes of a milky-white —
hue, somewhat resembling a shark's teeth, and which project from the periphery of the 0
shell. Atthe centre of the base, below this outlying border, is visible a very minute -
transparent spike. :
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. alato-marginata, Nov. (Fig. 44.) |
Shell symmetrical, flask-shaped, occasionally somewhat elongated. Walls sparsely
seattered over with small granules. External neck short, sometimes formed by the :
gradual tapering of the shell-walls, or more abruptly inserted. Internal tube short.
Sometimes the diameter of the flask is widest below the middle, or the walls become -
more straight, while the base is gently rounded. The periphery of the shell is encom
passed by a narrow thickened keel, which is sometimes transparent or somewhat
granulated (fig. 44), and disappears about halfway up the neck. Along the sides of the
neck appears a second pair of marginal outgrowths, which, originating at the summit 0i
the neck, pass down its two sides over the before-mentioned keel, and terminate some
what abruptly at some point along the anterior half of the shell. These wing-Likt
P TS are crowded with small granules along their inner margin, their outer
remaining of glassy transparency. |
dn
A
۱ LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. clavato-marginata, Nov. (Fig. 45.)
ards both
the
Um ghtly bulged “ soda-wat er-bottle." Internal:
Miey is o halfway down, and slightly widening towards its free énd
whole she "a three transparent lamelliform <“ keels,” which encom
; ole shell, and terminate j ,
7 وی ust below the everted an. : -4dle one being
largest, and Projecting furthest from the flask. apertural lip, the middle
MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA. 61
The shell is further decorated by four longitudinal rows of blunt or rounded bosses, a
few minute granules being also sparsely scattered over the otherwise smooth surface.
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. pertuso-marginata, Nov. (Figs. 46, 47.)
These elegant, symmetrical, flask-shaped structures are chiefly characterized by the
perforation of their shell-walls, the external surface being covered with deep “ pittings,”
in the hollow of each of which the pseudopodial orifices most probably open. In fig. 46,
which appears to be a young shell, the pittings are smaller and the walls transparent ;
while in the more opaque form, delineated in fig. 47, the perforations are larger, and are
visible only partway up the neck, the upper half of which suddenly becomes imperforate
and glassy. The anterior of these shells tapers more or less gradually into a well-developed
external neck, the orifice of which, in fig. 46, is encircled by a patulous and lipped
border. The periphery of the flask is encompassed by a marginal keel, which in fig. 46
is very narrow and translucent, passing completely round the base and up the sides of
the neck; while in fig. 47 it presents a more plicated appearance and is more opaque, in
addition to which it is absent at the extreme base, and also at the upper part of the
neck. The base of this form (fig. 47) is provided with an exceedingly short basal tube
of very narrow diameter, which projects into the shell. This would seem to indicate the
existence of an orifice at the basal end also; and on subjecting it to a high magnification
such appears to be the case. The tube, which measures about 4555 of an inch in length
by 3000 ofan inch in diameter, communicates with the exterior of the shell by an
orifice of equally small dimensions, but which does not project externally beyond the
shell-wall. A basal tube in all respects similar to the above is also present in fig. 12.
LAGENA vULGARIS, Williamson, yar. helophoro-marginata, Nov. (Fig. 48.)
Shell subglobular, compressed ; walls thick, of a dirty white hue, widely curved at the
base and anterior end, and covered with blunt rounded bosses. Internal tube flexuous,
reaching almost to the bottom. Anteriorly this tube passes out into a short neck, the
orifice of which is thickened by a “turned” rim. Around the periphery of the shell
passes a narrow, trenchant, keel-like, transparent band, which extends along either side
of the external neck-tube, enveloping it, and giving it the appearance rather of a straight
tubular eanal than of a neck. At the base this projecting keel forms two transparent
and blunt horns, between which is a third and smaller one.
In external ornamentation this form bears a close resemblance to the Z. aspera and
L. rudis of Reuss (Monogr. taf. vi. figs. 81, 82); but, unlike them, it is provided with
the marginal keel and external neck-tube.
LacENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. siliqua, Nov. (Fig. 49.)
Among the innumerable protean forms which are found among these monothalamous
organisms, one oceasionally meets with shells which depart so greatly from the true
Lagena character, that it becomes a matter of some difficulty to determine whether they
are true varietal forms or merely abnormal growths.
The shell represented in fig. 49 is perhaps one of the most remarkable, differing con-
62 MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA.
siderably from the ordinary Lagene, yet still presenting points of resemblance which are
unmistakable. ao
The general outline of the whole organism is somewhat spindle-shaped—being very long,
and gently tapering towards either end, not unlike a pair-oared “ outrigger.” uc
About the middle of the whole length of the structure is situated the central cavity, —
which is small, ovate, and compressed, but slightly peaked at its basal end. From the -
middle of the anterior portion of the flask extends a very long, slender, and straight tube, +
which, passing through a second chamber, enters a long straight neck, the orifice of -
which is surrounded by a coronal of short blunt denticulations. ur
This second chamber laps round the anterior portion of the ovate central cavity in the |
same axial line, its side walls being moderately straight, and its anterior inner wal |
gently arched, though the outer ones taper into the long external neck. At both sides
of the central cavity the walls of this chamber are continued, passing down in the fom -
of a very narrow, blunt, angular ridge, which, encompassing the whole basal half of the.
central cavity, project in one long flattened and tapering basal apophysis, the
tremity of which is solid and slightly blunted. |
On each lateral aspect of the shell are two remarkable lamelliform riblets, one
either side, which, emerging from the shell-walls of the foremost cavity, pass down in
very narrow ridge, and, extending round the base in two plate-like layers, reach f
down the basal prolongation, where they gradually disappear in the more solid shell-
substance. |
e which is unique in my cabinet, unites in its structure the characteristics
the marginate with those of the apiculate series, though the amount of apieulation 4
exaggerated beyond that of any shell I have seen in the latter group.
its walls are semitransparent and smooth, and are perforated with rather coarse pseudo- i
podial orifices. ;
da DR abruptly into a long slender external neck. The shell-walls
covered with thin spines, which are sometimes continued up the neck. In fig |
bd and absent from the neck, which is inserted = ab
ings . portion, and is ornamented throughout with a number ot p?
i a REA occupy the entire neck from ition with the body to?
P E. Pisos smaller and closer together towards the terminal aperture.
M 2. appearance is also observable in Z. striata (fig. 18), though
E S en and in the Oolina striatic llis- Ty . VY Amér. ۱
e ۲۰ 21, tab. 5. fig. 14). wollis:of D'Orbigny (Voy. Ww
shaped forms en RUR dirty brownish white. Occasionally one meets with ! :
densely covered with > - external ornamentation greatly modified (the surface :
necting link bebiréen tho 1 oe protuberances), and which seem to fore
۰ pou x oh “VIGATE and AsPERÆ of Prof Reuss. These are 6997
MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA. 63
the same as the fossil form depicted by that author (Monogr. taf. v. fig. 66) from the
Septarian clay of Pietzpuhl, near Potsdam, and Which Prof. Reuss raised to the rank
of a special genus under the name of L. oxystoma. These characteristics, however, are
too variable to be of importance.
LAGENA VULGARIS, var. squamosa, Williamson. (Fig. 51.)
Shell subglobular or ovate, slightly compressed, somewhat prolonged anteriorly, at the
centre of which is situated the aperture, Walls semiopaque and of a dirty white hue.
Internal tube short. The external surface is ornamented with numerous large areolæ,
arranged in longitudinal rows, each series of areolar spaces being so disposed that the
transverse walls of each alternate with those on either side of it.
In the form here depieted these depressions are very large and four-sided, their lateral
diameter being generally greatest. These quadrilateral spaces, however, have a ten-
. dency to become hexagonal, the shell being evidently a marginate variety of E. squamosa,
var. scalariformis, of Prof. Williamson- (Monogr. p. 13, pl. i. fig. 30), though the lon-
gitudinal ridges in the form here delineated (fig. 51) are almost straight instead of
being zigzag, and are, together with the transverse ribs, very well developed and
trenchant. The periphery of the shell is encompassed by a well-developed marginal
keel.
Dr. Macgillivray has noticed this compressed character in his Lagenula reticulata
(* Molluseous Animals of Aberdeen,’ p. 28), which Prof. Williamson, however, considered
to be merely adventitious; but the shell here depicted, the only reticulate form I have
met with in this sounding, has this peculiarity very apparent; and I am therefore inclined
to regard it as a normal variety of the Reticulate series, with which it forms an inter-
mediate link.
LAGENA vULGARIS, Williamson, var. ampulla-distoma, Nov. (Fig. 52.)
This shell closely resembles some of the varieties of Z. globosa, having the shape of a
distended globe, the walls, however, being roughened by exogenous shell-deposit. From
the anterior of the shell there projects an internal straight tube, passing three fourths
down the cavity, and terminating in a trumpet-shaped orifice; at the centre of the base,
however, there projects a short external tube in the same axial line as the internal one.
Owing to its roughened exterior, it cannot be classed among the smooth forms of
L. distoma-polita of Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones; and therefore it must, for the
present at any rate, be considered a separate variety, for which I propose the designation
L. ampulla-distoma. : iis
These distomatous organisms are connected with the smooth entosolenian varieties
through the apiculate forms, to which they are closely allied, the base of the shell being
more or less drawn out and perforated (see, for example, fig. 53). Messrs. Parker and
Rupert Jones have united these with the apiculate varieties under the names Z. apicu-
lata, Reuss, and caudata, D’Orbigny (Monogr. p. 358); but as I have already adopted
D'Orbigny's name caudata for the striated form depicted in fig. 22, which also in
this respect resembles his Oolina caudata, 1 have united the organism depicted in fig. 53
64 MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENE. 3
with the variety L. distoma-polita, Parker and Rupert Jones, restricting the designation
L. apiculata of Reuss to those structures which, though more or less produced and
pointed at the base, are still unprovided with an aperture *. |
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. distoma-polita, Parker and Rupert Jones. (Figs.53-57.)
This elongated distomatous variety, which is generally smooth, semitransparent, and
finely foraminated, is subject to considerable modification of contour. Most commonly
it is a slender fusiform shell, tapering towards each end to a narrow tube, one of which
is sometimes prolonged into a well-formed neck, with a flattened rim encircling the
aperture, the other tube, though occasionally long, not unfrequently being very short
and undeveloped.
In some forms (fig. 56) the greatest width is in the middle of the shell, where it
becomes decidedly angular; and the axis of the shell in this particular form is slightly
curved. Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones figure a somewhat similar example from the ——
Red Sea and Australia, which, however, is perfectly straight (Monogr. pl. xiii. fig. 8).
Sometimes the greatest diameter is removed nearer one end, and the shell becomes
more or less amphora-shaped (Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones, Monogr. pl. xiii. fig. 21),
several examples of which occur in these soundings; or the walls taper equally towards
each end, both the necks being equal and very slender (fig. 55).
An elongated smooth form is depicted in fig. 53, the anterior being provided witha —
fissurine orifice, communicating with the interior through a straight internal tube, while |
E 2g gradually tapers into a second narrow infundibular prolongation of considerable
ength. | |
A rather interesting modification of the distomatous series is observable in fig. 54
In this form the chambered portion, or shell proper, is more or less elongated, narrowing
at either end, the upper part passing into a very long and neck-like extension, which in . |
fig. 54 is almost as wide as the flask-shaped body. The lower end of the shell is also
slightly drawn out, and furnished with a basal aperture, which in some forms is equal in —
diameter to that at the opposite end, but in fig. 54 is much smaller. In the figure her —
delineated this long tube appears broken; and in a somewhat similar structure in my
cabinet, which is even more elongated, though the neck is slightly narrower in diameter,
both ends seem to be defective, so that how far it extended when entire I am unable t0
say. Shell-walls smooth and semitransparent. _ | 1
ie = e we m is depicted in fig. 57. It consists of an extremely long,
flasks ich ker dues f ... en ze N هت 2 1
nen d = the base of a third in ‚the same axial line, the she : a
RT ughout. The largest of these portions has the form of a 0 4
> Princated cone, tapering gradually towards one end almost to the extremity,
the apex of which is situated a very small circular orifice. At the “basal” end of thus
met with any striated distomatous forms in this sounding —
organism, Succeeding forms of this series are arranged as subvarieties
ves
*
MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA. 65
portion the shell-walls contract for a short distance, but soon bulge out again, and form
a second flask, with the two bases in juxtaposition. "The body of this middle chamber is
rather stunted, its strength having been apparently expended in the formation of a very
disproportionately long neck, which again widens out into a symmetrical flask-shaped
body, more ovate in form and somewhat wider in diameter than the preceding chamber,
the anterior part being also produced into a short straight neck. The shell is unique in
my collection, although I have met with a few forms which might possibly be fragments
of similar organisms, and would seem to connect Lagena with Nodosarina.
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. distoma-patera, Nov. (Fig. 58.)
Shell somewhat goblet-shaped, with very bulging walls, slightly contracted round the
top, where it terminates suddenly. Posteriorly the walls are well rounded ; and from the
middle of the base projects an external tube of variable length and diameter. This tube
is formed by the inflection of the shell-walls, and terminates very abruptly. The shell
‘is of a dirty white hue and very coarsely foraminated, the external walls also some-
times becoming irregular with exogenous shell-deposit. The basal tube has evidently been
slightly broken; whether this is the case with both ends I do not know; but I have
met with many forms of this shell, and, though varying slightly in contour, they ail
present very little difference from the example here delineated.
In general outline this somewhat resembles the smooth form shown in fig. 54, the
neck being deficient and the basal tube more perfect.
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. Janeta, Nov. (Figs. 59, 59a.)
This shell is perhaps the most remarkable and interesting of all the distomatous
forms, having a peculiarity of structure which is unexampled in any other of these
microzoic forms. The shell-walls throughout are smooth and glassy, being also apparently
imperforate. The anterior portion of the structure has the form of a very elegantly
shaped flask, the base of which is rounded, and provided at its centre with a very small
circular orifice. "This flask rests in, and opens into, a small * eup," which has a slight
constriction round its walls, and is perforated at its posterior extremity. From the base
of this eup the shell-walls form a long tube, which commences by turning suddenly to
one side, out of the axial line, and, enveloping part of the side wall of the cup, makes the
channel of communication only half the width it would otherwise have been. It then
takes a downward. course, though still at a considerable angle, and, widening gradually as
it inereases in length, terminates very abruptly, after having attained more than half the
length of the entire structure. FÉ d
Whether this is an adventitious or a normal growth, I leave for future investigations
tosolve. For the present, at any rate, it must be enrolled as a distinct variety.
Fig. 59a represents a sectional outline, showing more clearly the details of the
Structure,
LAGENA VULGARIS, Williamson, var. bicamerata, Nov. (Figs. 60-62.)
Shell consisting of two chambers, the primordial one being more or less globular, and
VOL. Xxx, K
66 MR. F. W. 0. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA,
sometimes compressed. The second chamber encloses the anterior portion of the primor.
dial one, into which the latter opens by a very “ sessile" and wide central aperture, This
orifice, however, may be provided with a short-lipped neck. The second chamber is
generally very large and flask-shaped or globose, the walls being sometimes very bulging
. and produced at the anterior end into a long, central, more or less slender stolon tube,
The aperture is sometimes dentate, or is encircled by a smooth lip, the outer margin of
which is occasionally “ scalloped.”
The form depicted in fig. 60 appears to be more allied to the marginate series, the
primordial chamber being lenticular, compressed, and surrounded by a well-developed,
thick marginal keel, terminating on each side of the aperture, which is central, * sessile,”
and inside the second chamber. This second portion is also slightly compressed, embracing
the primordial one at about its anterior fourth. In outline it is somewhat bottle.
shaped, tapering forwards into a well-developed neck, which swells out slightly at the
apex, where it is largely dentate. | |
This chamber is somewhat bent out of the axial line, and is not unlike a champagne
bottle—a simile which the dentate aperture rather strengthens. |
Along the two sides of the neck also extends a transparent ridge, which, however, is
more developed on one side than on the other, and is soon lost in the shell-walls, which —
are semitransparent, white, and densely foraminated. These canal pores are differently
disposed in the two chambers, those of the larger one passing directly from within out- -
wards, while those of the primordial chamber take a radial direction, similar to the form
depicted in fig. 33. e
A double-chambered Lagena is represented in fig. 61, the primordial one of which is
provided at its base with a small central mucro. The walls are finely foraminated
ornamented with about fourteen delicate longitudinal riblets. A little above the mi ui
it becomes enclosed by the second chamber, into which it opens through a stumpy ne i
This portion of the structure is much larger, presenting the appearance of a very bı
symmetrical, smooth flask, passing at the anterior end into a well-developed neck, ۳
in this example is somewhat broken. The walls of this flask are also finely perfor
but, unlike the primordial chamber, are perfectly smooth and ribless.
Fig. 62 closely resembles fig. 61 in ‘general outline—the upper flask, however, ٩
much more bulged, and the neck more fully developed and lipped at its terminatio i
compressed, and encircled by a thick marge
centre of the base. The inferior portion of t
riblets, which are very rudimentary, and com
however, is ornamented with about fourteen W
۰ -
mu ex
those of the larger chambe s ion, a few only (those occupying the central
à Bs Y-W ) 2 dir 1 . . rds. The DI.
Chamber appears broken "t passing directly from within outwa
MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENE. 67
These double-chambered forms might possibly, at first sight, be regarded as be-
longing rather to the Nodosarie than to the Lagene; but from a careful examination of
the forms which have come under my own observation, I am inclined to consider them
true varietal forms of Lagena.
Dr. Wallich depicts an elongated and striated two-celled form (North Atlantic Sea-
bed, pl. v. fig. 18; and Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones, Monogr. pl. xviii. fig. 13),
which may be regarded as either a two-chambered Lagena or Nodosaria scalaris, Batsch ;
but the development of the upper chamber in the forms delineated in figs. 61 & 62,
together with the several minor characteristics which they have in common with other
Lagene, allies them more intimately with the former than with the Nodosarine series.
INDEX TO THE PLATE.
PLATE XIX.
Fig. 1. Lagena vulgaris, Williamson, var. (Entosolenia) globosa, Montagu, x 200 diameters.
Fig. 2. The same: shell which has apparently been broken and repaired, x 300 diam.
Fig. 3. L. vulgaris, Williamson, var. apiculata, Reuss, x 300 diam.
Fig. 4. The same: shell provided at the base with a caudate appendage, x 200 diam.
Fig. 5. The same: monster form, front view, showing elongated side-chamber, x 300 diam.
Figs. 6, 7. L. vulgaris, Williamson, var. fissurina, Reuss, x 300 diam.
Fig. 8. The same, provided with an external neck, x 400 diam.
Fig. 9. L. vulgaris, Williamson, var. gothica, Nov., x 300 diam.
Fig. 10. L. vulgaris, typica, Williamson, x 200 diam.
Fig. 11. The same, x 400 diam.
Fig. 12. The same: subglobular flask, provided with a minute internal basal tube, x 200 diam.
Fig. 13. The same : flask-shaped form, furnished with a circlet of spines round the orifice, x 300 diam.
Fig. 14. L. vulgaris, var. glacialis, Nov., x 200 diam.
Fig. 15. L. vulgaris, var. semistriata, Williamson, x 140 diam.
Fig. 16. L. vulgaris, var. striata, Montagu, x 400 diam.
Fig. 17. The same, x 100 diam.
Fig. 18. The same: globular form, furnished with a few transverse rings on the neck, x. 200 diam.
Fig. 19. The same: entosolenian form, the riblets being reduced to about six, x 200 diam.
Fig. 20. Ditto, ditto, the riblets projecting from the base, x 300 diam.
Fig. 21. L. vulgaris, Williamson, subvar. striato-areolata, Nov., x 100 diam.
Fig. 21 a. The same: magnified portion of the base, showing the areole, x 200 diam.
Fig. 22. L. vulgaris, Williamson, var. caudata, D'Orbigny, x 100.
Fig. 23, L. vulgaris, Williamson, var. desmophora, Nov., x 140.
Fig. 24. The same, x 200 diam.
Fig. 25. L. vulgaris, Williamson, var. sulcata, Walker and Jacob, x 300.
Fig. 26. The same: fragment, showing spiral ornamentation of the neck, x 200 diam.
K 2
68 MR. F. W. 0. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA,
Fig. 27. L. vulgaris, Williamson, var. marginata, Montagu : subcylindrical form, showing dentate coronal
round the orifice, x 300 diam.
Fig. 28. The same: shell in which the foramina cluster round the margin in a wide band, x 300 diam, |
Fig. 29. The same: symmetrical bottle-shaped form, marginal keel defective, x 200 diam.
Fig. 30. The same: lenticular form, having the marginal border very wide, x 140 diam.
- Fig. 31. Ditto, ditto, three-quarter basal view, x 140 diam. |
Fig. 32. The same: shell bordered by a double marginal keel, walls covered with acicular spine, -
x 140 diam.
Fig. 33. L. vulgaris, Williamson, var. radiato-marginata, Parker and Rupert Jones: shell in which the
pseudopodial passages take an oblique direction, x 140.
Fig. 34. L. vulgaris, Williamson, var. spinicosto-marginata, Nov, : marginal border giving rise to spine
towards the Hase, x 140 diam. |
Fig. 35. The same, x 140 diam.
Fig. 36. The same, x 300 diam. ;
Fig. 37, L. vulgaris, Williamson, subvar. clypeato-marginata, Nov., x 200 diam.
Fig. 38. L. vulgaris, Williamson, subvar. petasma-marginata, Nov., x 140 diam.
Fig. 39. The same: fragment of shell, x 50 diam.
Fig. 40. L. vulgaris, Williamson, subvar, bracteato-marginata, Nov., x 200 diam.
Fig. 41. The same, x 200 diam.
Fig. 42. L. vulgaris, Williamson, subvar. spinoso-marginata, Nov.: marginal layer strengthened by a
row of thin spines, x 50 diam. .
Fig. 43, The same : periphery surrounded by a row of triangular tooth-like processes, x 200 diam. .
Fig. 44. L. vulgaris, Williamson, subvar. alato-marginata, Nov.: marginal keel supplemented by a par
of wing-like processes, x 200.
Fig. 45. L. vulgaris, Williamson, subvar. clavato-marginata, Nov.: periphery encompassed by à triple,
keel, x 300 diam.
Fig. 46. L. vulgaris, Williamson, subvar. pertuso-marginata, Nov.: young shell, x 200 diam.
Fig. 47. The same : older shell, furnished at the base with a minute internal tube, x 140 diam. |
Fig. 48. L. vulgaris, Williamson, subvar. helophoro-marginata, Nov.: marginate shell, covered with 4
round bosses, x 140 diam. 1
Fig. 49. L. vulgaris, Williamson, var. siliqua, Nov., x 200 diam. ;
Fig. 50. Z. vulgaris, Williamson, var. hispida, Reuss: subglobular form, the neck ornamented with à
: number of rings, x 140. eo
Fig. 51. L. vulgaris, Williamson, var. squamosa, Williamson : shell-walls compressed, encompassed by* -
peripheral keel, x 200 diam.
L. VULGARIS, Williamson, var. DISTOMA, Parker and Rupert Jones. r
Fig. 32. L. vulgaris, Williamson, subvar. ampulla-distoma, Nov. : subglobular form, walls roughened by E
M s exogenous deposit, and furnished at the base with a short external tube, x 120 diam. | E
Fig. 53. L. vulgaris, Williamson, subvar, distoma-polita, Parker and Rupert Jones: entosolenian form a
i with fissurine aperture, x 200 diam. r
Fig. 94. The same : shell extending out into a very long and wide * neck," x 200 diam,
Fig. 55. The same: elongated and slender spindle-shaped form, x 100 diam.
" = MM : slightly angular form, bent out of the axial line, x 140 diam.
ue . the same: elongated, three-chambered distomatous form, x 100 diam. mi
Fig. 58. L. vulgaris, Williamson, subvar. distoma-patera, Nov.: shell somewhat goblet-shaped, vins E
basal tube, x 200 diam.
Fig. 59. L. vulgaris, Williamson, var.
“rating wit h long i
ات Janeta, Nov. : flask- ۳ th a long
‚tube, x 300 diam. s ov.: flask-shaped structure, communicating E
MR. F. W. O. RYMER JONES ON SOME JAVAN DEEP-SEA LAGENA. 69
Fig. 59 a. The same: sectional outline of, x 300 diam.
Fig. 60. L. vulgaris, Williamson, var. bicamerata, Nov.: somewhat compressed and marginate two-celled
form, with oblique foramina in the primordial chamber, x 140.
Fig.61. The same: two-chambered shell the lower end of which is covered with délicate riblets,
x 140 diam.
Fig. 62. The same: two-chambered shell, the upper chamber of which is ornamented with coste, which are
also visible at the extreme base of the primordial chamber, x 140 diam.
NOTE.
The temperature of 47° F. at 1080 fathoms may seem somewhat higher than might be
expected at that depth ; but this portion of the ocean is so enclosed by shoals and reefs,
that the deeper and colder waters of the more open seas are in a great measure cut off;
and consequently, though its depth is considerable, its temperature is much higher than
at equal depths in the outer ocean. A similar contrast is observable between the tem-
perature of the Sulu Sea and that of the China Sea, as shown by observations made by
Commander Chimmo, the temperature in the former being as high as 50° F. at the depth
of 1778 fathoms. Mos
The thermometers used for these soundings were “ Johnson's patent metallic spring,’
placed in stout perforated gutta-percha cases.
ae
I9
-Soc Vou XXX Tap
TRANS.LINN
fiket
III. On the Habits, Structure, and Relations of the Three-banded Armadillo (Tolypeutes
conurus, Js. Geoff.). By Dr. James Muniz, F.L.S., F.G.S., ۰
(Plates XX.-XXVL)
Read February 15th, 1872.
CONTENTS.
I. Introductory and Remarks concerning Habits. | VI. Myology.
II. Measurements of the Body, Head, and Limbs. Muscles of the Hind Quarters.
III. Body exteriorly. Spinal and Cranial Muscles.
As in Motion and when rolled up. Muscles of the Fore Quarters.
The Dermal Armour. VII. The Skeleton.
Chambers for Limbs and Tail. Skull and Mandible.
Tegumentary Aspect of Head and Feet. The Spine.
IV. Apparatus for drawing the Body together. Sternum, Coste, and Pelvis.
V. Visceral Organs. Pectoral and Pelvic Extremities.
` Contents of Abdomen ۰ VIII. Relations to Recent and Fossil Genera.
Chest, Mouth, Larynx, &c. IX. Description of the Plates.
Vessels, Brain, and Nerves.
I. INTRODUCTORY AND REMARKS CONCERNING HABITS.
ON the vast continent of South America, the present home of the Edentates or Bruta,
now and again remains of colossal animals turn up, which, studied in the light of
anatomy, reveal the existence of an ancient fauna typical of more recent forms. These
old denizens of the tropical glade and plain, whilst foreshadowing the construetion now
borne by their comparatively tiny heirs of the realm, yet, ancestral-like, possessed solid
characters of their own. Such characters, though firmly impressed on their skeletons,
are less conspicuous than the majestic magnitude of the animals themselves. To the
travellers and naturalists who have exhumed, under difficulties, those heirlooms of past
ages, all honour is due. No less creditable is it to paleontologists that they should press
on through toil and moil revivifying to the wondering multitude snatches of that long
vista of the cainozoic times. Here the labours of the zoologist and anatomist supply
data from the present fauna which unfold the known and often explain the unknown.
‘Thus what may be supposed trivial details are afterwards frequently of the highest
service in expounding abstruse points.
Preceding writers have sufficiently called attention to the anatomical and paleeontolo-
gical memoirs! on the Loricate section of the Edentata, in which the names of Cuvier,
Owen, Rapp, Lund, and Burmeister take a first rank. The latter, as Director of the
Museum at Buenos Ayres, has lately kindled afresh the interest concerning fossil Eden-
. | As regards the history of the discovery and determination of the remains of the Hoplophorids, eonsult Part i.
of Huxley’s paper “ On the Osteology of the genus Glyptodon” (Trans. Roy. Soc. 1865, p. 31).
12 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
tates, and in his series of splendid monographs has shed a halo of honour on the institu.
tion with which he is connected. Long may this tried savant be spared to continue the
good work ! |
Live Armadillos are far from uncommon in the menageries of this country; never.
theless few, if indeed any, of the three-banded species have hitherto been imported,
except the subject of the present sketch. Its rarity is equalled by its being one of the
most interesting forms of the group. Of the organization of the species, save carapace
and skeleton, in part, there is, I believe, no published record. To make good this gapin "
the literature of the Edentates is the object of the paper now laid before the Fellows of
the Linnean Society. : |
The animal, a full-grown male, was received by the Zoological Society, in exchange,
March 4th, 1865; and it lived and was exhibited in the Regent's Park Gardens until
June 8th 1866. For a considerable time it was kept in one of the monkey-cages along
with some other species of the Armadillo tribe. This afforded a good opportunity for
watching and comparing the habits of the different kinds. :
.. The deportment of the commoner species, the Weasel-headed Armadillo (Dasypus sez-
cinctus) and the Peba (Tatusia peba), is in many ways very different from the Mataco or
Three-banded Armadillo ( Tolypeutes conurus). This contrast is the more marked, seeing
that the bodies of the two former are (one would suppose from the number of their
movable zones) better adapted for being coiled together than is that of the more rigid-
shielded latter animal. Be this as it may, when in confinement the following peculi-
arities are very evident. j
The Peba and Encoubert are by no means sluggish animals, which their heavy and i
squat figure seems to betoken. In the large cage they walk and amble about generally as :
if intently tracking some faint scent or searching for earth-hidden edible treasure; hither "
and thither they wander, earrying their head down-fixed and sniffing, their tail almost í
Vj یا REP NA Steal SE rsh SIUC RETTEN rS PE Sra M
trailing on the ground behind, and their stout somewhat waddling body supported on `
the full length of the soles of their feet. a
Not so Tolypeutes; for his is the active sprightly gait of a light-footed messenger, 1
spite of more solid cuirass. The body is more lofty and narrow; the legs longer, slenderer, = |
and the fore ones with immense nails. The tail usually hangs perpendicularly, and dis- s
tant from the ground, as is the head. But, strangest of all, he poises himself on tiptoe, T
and, as if on hasty errand, trips trot, trot forwards and trot, trot backwards, ever speeding 7
in ceaseless journey. | ۱
MOI
The commoner Armadillos seem heavier sleepers during the daytime than is the three, —
banded species. The latter, as I shall more particularly describe, at such times 3
itself into a ball; the former bend themselves snugly together, but without assuming d —
spherical figure. og
. In the Gardens the same food was given to all—namely, bits of raw chopped Dr. >
hard-boiled eggs, |
and bread and milk. These they appear to relish and thrive ۰
partaking of food they employ the tongue much, which is rapidly protruded and ۳
drawn Anteater-fashion, but of
ot course with nothing like the elongate thrust and sp?"
recoil peculiar to Myrmecophaga. 2 if |
DR J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 78
Lastly, I may incidentally recount a scene of drollery between the Armadillos and their
mischievous companions the monkeys. Occasionally, and when in high spirits, the latter
take to teasing the former. Watching the harmless and defenceless Dasypus issue from
his sleeping-box, one monkey, more bold and fuller of fun than his brethren, would sud-
denly catch hold of the Armadillo's tail and drag him backwards. With frantic glee and
chattering, the monkey's companions join; and all who can lay hold, haul might and
main, and tumble and toss about our scaled friend to their heart's delight, in spite of his
scratchings and struggles. But once caught, again shy ; and a touch would send Arma-
dillo bolt into his sleeping-berth, only to emerge thenceforth as dusk approached and the
enemy retired to rest. With Tolypeutes such a game was not so easily played; the short
tail, in his case, was tucked in; head and legs followed ; and there lay a solid ball, which
they poked about rather suspiciously, and did not quite enjoy the long sharp claws, or
were suddenly scared and fled as the sphere started to its feet and set off at a rapid run.
In the subjoined footnote' I make some extracts from travellers who have witnessed
the Armadillos and our species in their wild state.
* A free translation from Azara runs thus:— The habitat of the Tatou Mataco [ Tolypeutes conurus] is southwards
of the 36th degree. Itis the only species of this family that, when frightened, hides its head, tail, and fore legs by
rolling its whole body into a ball, which cannot be opened with the hands ; but it is easily killed by striking it against
the ground. It walks always with the body contracted, and more slowly than the other species. The fore and hind
legs are weaker; and the claws are so little adapted to dig the earth, that I doubt if they are used for that purpose.
It is fourteen inches long without the tail, which is two inches and two-thirds in length ; the root of it is not round,
as in the other species, but flat, and covered with scales, shaped like large grains or projecting knobs. It has three
dorsal bands, broad above and narrow at the ends. Its scales are irregular, rough, and of a dull leaden hue. It has
five toes to the hind foot, and four to the front ones.— Apuntamientos, vol. ii. p. 161.
In recounting faets concerning the Armadillos, it is said, “When hard pressed by the hunters they frequently
contract and roll themselves down a precipice like a hedgehog, and usuälly escape without injury, being protected by
their coat of mail; but they have not the same means of escape when they are found in the plains; they are then
easily taken; and when they roll themselves up are compelled to resume their natural form by means of fire. The
three-banded species run very fast in a straight line, being prevented by the conformation of the armour from
making turns."— Hist. of Chili, translated by Abbé Don J. Ignatius Molina, Lond. 1809, vol. i. p. 253.
Darwin, in his ‘Journal of the Voyage of the “Adventure” and “ Beagle,"' (vol. iii. p. 113) remarks :—“ Of
Armadillos three species occur, namely the Dasypus [Euphractus] minutus or Pichy, the D. [E.] villosus or Peludo,
and the Apar [Tolypeutes tricinctus?]. The first extends as far south as lat. 50°, which is about ten degrees further
than any other kind. A fourth species, the Mulita [Tatusia hybrida ?] only extends as far south as the Sierra Ta-
palguen, lat. 37° 20', which is north of Bahia Blanca. The four species have nearly similar habits; the Peludo,
however, is nocturnal, while the others wander by day over the plains, feeding on beetles, larva, roots, and oven
small snakes. The Apar, commonly called Mataco, is remarkable by having three movable bands, the "- of its
tessellated corneous covering being nearly inflexible. It has the power of rolling itself into a perfect sphere, like one
kind of English woodlouse. In this state it is safe from the attack of dogs ; for the dog not being able to take the
whole into his mouth, tries to bite one side, and the ball slips away. The smooth hard covering of the Mataco offers
& better defence than the sharp spines of the Hedgehog. The Pichy prefers a very dry soil; and the sand —_ near
the coast, where for many months it can never taste water, are its favourite resort. In the course of A day's ride
near Bahia Blanca several were generally met with. The instant one was perceived it was enn in nm to
catch it, almost to tumble off one's horse; for if the soil was soft the animal burrowed so quay that its hind
quarters had almost disappeared before one could alight. The Pichy likewise often tries to escape notice by squatting
close to the ground.”
VOL. XXX. L
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
II. TABLE or MEASUREMENTS OF THE BODY, HEAD, AND LIMBS.
Body.—Total length from tip of nose to tip of tail in straight line .
Vertical thickness (depth) opposite movable zones à
Scapular shield.—Length along a curve in the middle line of ۳9
Length at lower edge from angle to angle .
Distance between its anterior angles
Distance between its posterior angles
Three movable zones.— Length along the middle of back .
Pelvie shield.—Length following curve in middle line of back
Length along lower edge from angle to angle
Distance between its anterior angles
Distance between its posterior angles . و
Thoracic chamber.—(Fore limb) antero-posterior measurement. .
(Fore limb) depth, taken from free edge of iis Mi shield
Abdominal chamber.—(Hind limb) antero-posterior measurement .
(Hind limb) depth .
Isthmus separating the chambers for the fore xd hind limbs à
Head.—Length from end of snout to occipital end of Sen ^
Length from snout to the inner canthus
Length from snout to root of ear .
Width at level of the ears
Length of gape :
Distance from end of snout | ما vul of یت
Ear.—Long diameter
Width
Eye.— Length . à
Tail.— Length from the hie edid of anus to € of tail
Length of the free part
Width at the root :
Width nine tenths of an idi trol the apex
Thickness (depth) at root . i
Thiekness nine tenths of an inch from the apex
Teats.—Two in number; each in length , ‘
Distance from end of sternum to line j joining a teats .
Distance between the two .
Distance from a line joining these 55 the root of n penis
Penis.— Length à Bur.
Diameter at root ae
Diameter at end of prepuce ha. .
Anus, —Distant sga the posterior margin of penis
Diam
^ Fore limb. Cm poc frein axilla "i point of Jongest dee
x Length from olecranon to root of carpus .
Length from root of carpus to end of ae der (in a straight i in
Greatest breadth of the palm .
Claw of second toe, length in a viis lis.
Claw of third toe, length in a straight line
|
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 75
inches,
Fore limb.—Claw of fourth toe, length in a straight line . . . . . . . . . . . 080
Hind limb.—Length from groin to extremity of longest toe, with limbs fully extended . 4°65
Length from knee to ankle. 202/40 01 2079 22.85 . 2:50
Length from extremity of heel to end of middle toe . . . . . . . +. TO
Length from extremity of heel to end of inner toe . . . . . . . . 180
Length from extremity of heel to end of outer toe. . . . . . . . . 120
Greatest breadth of the sole of foot ۰ . . ربمم +...» 0:60
III. DESCRIPTION oF THE Bopy EXTERIORLY.
1. Aspects when in motion, rolled up, and extended.
. The attitude of the animal during life and when running about was such that the
cephalie shield looked almost directed forwards ; and the dorsal line of the body formed a
tolerably even curve from the one end to the other. The body was supported upon the
tips of the great claws of the fore limb and upon the anterior callosities of the hind limb,
the heel being raised. In this attitude it moved at a very rapid trot. Pl. XX. repre-
sents the animal in the said act. The drawing, an accurate copy from a photograph, is
very characteristic, although it is from the dead body, which I fixed in as life-like a
posture as possible.
The tail, in spite of its massive defensive armour almost indissolubly welded to the
bones at its termination, is nevertheless provided with the same musculo-tendinous dis-
tribution which obtains in such perfection in those mammals whose lengthened caudal
appendage is an instrument empowered with movement in every direction. Lateral, and
especially upward motion of the tail in Tolypeutes is necessarily of a limited kind, and
lashing or eurling is per force checked; but, on the other hand, an almost hinge-like
movement is attained in perfection. Usually the tail hangs nearly perpendicular to
the end of the pelvie shield; but in the rolling-up action of the body the tail is flapped
inwards, and lies flattened alongside the head upon the abdominal parietes.
When the animal coiled itself up, the cephalic shield closed the anterior aperture of
the scapular shield, the ears being folded up in the interval between the two. The
posterior angles of the scapular shield, passing over the lateral scutes of the free zones,
which closely overlap one another, fitted into the groove between the marginal scutes of
the greater part of the pelvie shield and the ineurved lateral seutes of the anterior trans-
Verse row of that shield. The extremity of the tail passed up on one side of the head,
between the cephalie shield and the scapular shield; à small interval, however, by which
the animal eould breathe, was left between the head and tail and the approximated edges
of the scapular shields. In this position the legs were retracted into chambers, which
. Vill afterwards be described. By extension 1 allude to the flaccid condition of the body
When the spine is partially straightened the movable zones apart below. The head then
hangs loosely forwards, the tail backwards, and the limbs drop, folded or partially so,
Into their respective chambers (vide Pl. XXII.).
2. The Dermal Armour.
The dermal armour is divisible into a cephalie shield,
zones, pelvic shield, and the caudal armour. But there are no nuc
scapular shield, three movable
hal scutes, such as
L2
EM E DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
exist in Dasypus sexcinctus: the integument of the back of the neck is quite soft and
flexible, presenting only a few scattered longish hairs.
Cephalic Shield. —This is ovoid in contour, the anterior end being pointed, and the ..
posterior end narrow and rounded. Its length is three inches, and its greatest Width jg —
1:5 inch, the position of the greatest width being 2:3 inches from the anterior end, It
consists of a series of principal marginal scutes and scales, enclosing a number of central
scales, and flanked anteriorly by some lesser marginal scales. The principal margina]
scales are twenty in number. There is one in the middle line behind and one in the
middle line in front. The scales are in the main quadrilateral, the outer edges being
straight; but there is a certain tendency to become pentagonal in front. The posterior
nine are larger than the others, and their inner edges are obliquely bevelled off. The
median scales are altogether ten in number; four succeed each other in the middle line,
from before backwards, without interruption; and two similarly oceupy the anterior
portion of the space between the prineipal marginal scales: but a pair of scales meet in
the middle line between the first and last-mentioned series; and another pair of scales are
placed between the third and fourth, counting from behind forwards, and the marginal
scales. The hindermost median scale is rounded behind and at the sides, and has a
straight anterior margin. The second is nearly square, inclining to be hexagonal. The
third is nearly triangular, and the fourth lozenge-shaped. The surface of these median
scales is much more distinctly granulated than that of the posterior marginal scales, The
secondary lateral scutes are small, and skirt the anterior third of the lateral edges of the
shield. There are five on the right side, and four on the left; they are longer than they
are deep, and are moderately smooth on the surface.
Scapular Shield. —The seapular shield has seven complete transverse rows of scutes,
The first anterior row fringes the margins of the anterior aperture of the shield, which
has the form of an arch 2:3 inches high and 1-8 wide. The second row from the front runê
strictly parallel with the first, "The third row is parallel with the second. In the fourth
row the middle plate is thrown a little backwards by the meeting of the next two plates
in front by it; and the lateral portions of this fourth row are separated from the third at a
the sides by the intercalation of four incomplete rows between the fourth and the third. | |
The fifth row meets the fourth at the margin; but between the margin and centre there ۱
' I find Burmeister has
lation :—* Among the tru
of the Panochthus by the
leetion the vertical shield
given a description of the cephalic shield of our species, of which the following ER e
e Armadillos, the Mataco (Tolypeutes conurus)has the cephalie shield very similar io d :
corresponding differences of the plates of which it is composed. In the Mataco a e
is a prolonged oval, with an acute margin, black as far as that; and in front ths sides F p |
ibis Las 1 of two large central symmetrieal plates at the top, one behind the other, and Eur Ri |
continued by a pair of symmetrical Plates between the eyes, and, furthermore, four symmetrical ona adi
. In the circumference of the central group there are nine plates, on each side s xi ٠
es have the margins acute and projecting. Besides there are five very diminutive In 1, 2 4
and four, a little larger, on each side anterior to the eyes forwards towards the mage niu
Plates in the head. shicld, which is 23 inches long and 14 inch wide at its posterior part. ۰
Dasypus have a vertical Shield less regular and not so systematic in composition as the
Bueno وم di
| i ibed.” —Anales del Museo Publico
Aires, 1871, tom. ii. P. 117. Panochthus, which has been described.”—Anales
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 17
is an interealated incomplete row. The sixth row meets the fifth at the margin, but
there is an intercalated incomplete row at the side. The seventh and hindermost row is
parallel and contiguous with the sixth throughout.
There are twenty-three scutes in the first, and twenty-nine in the seventh row.
The seutes of the first row are granulated on the surface, with bevelled and acute free
edges, and quadrate or pentagonal in contour. The other scutes are quadrate, penta-
gonal, or hexagonal. Those of the seventh, in the middle line especially, are considerably
longer than they are broad. |
The edges of the scutes which form the lateral margin of the shield are straight and
bevelled off, without projecting points. Here and there short hairs project from the
hinder edges of the scutes ; but this is more especially at the sides, the hairs being very
few and short or absent on the middle part of the shield.
Movable Zones.—The scapular shield fits loosely from side to side, although its
parts are firmly united together. It is connected by a fold of soft and flexible integu-
ment with the anterior edge of the three movable zones; and these zones are similarly
united with one another, and with the anterior margin of the pelvic shield.
The folds of skin are so disposed that each movable part overlaps that which lies
behind it. There are twenty-five scales in the first movable zone, and there are twenty-
seven in each of the others. The middle scales in each row are oblong, and 0۰9 inch long
by 05 inch wide. They diminish in length at the sides, and lessen in width. The
two terminal ones differ from the others in being more nearly square, in having their
posterior edges nearly free, and in being devoid of sculpture on their exterior. The
lower scute of the second is almost triangular; and a flat brush of long hairs projects
from the free margin of the integument beneath it; but these terminal scutes are not
recurved or pointed.
The total length of the middle scute of the anterior zone is 1:6 of an inch; and of this
0775 of an inch is covered by the scapular shield.
Pelvic Shield.—The pelvic shield is shaped like a quarter of an egg, the small end
being posterior. It is very convex from side to side, and also from before backwards in
tho middle line of the back. It presents fifteen complete transverse rows of scutes,
extending right across the shield from one margin to the other. These scutes are for the
most part hexagonal and granular upon the surface. The marginal scutes have bevelled
edges; but only a few of those of the hindermost row present any points. They are
tuberculated on the surface, except those on the margin; and the tuberculation has often
a rosette-like pattern.
The fifteen rows of scutes are all parallel, and in contact with one another, except the
middle portions of the fourteenth and fifteenth, between which is left a triangular space
occupied by one central seute, surrounded by seven others.
The number of scutes in the fifteenth row is about thirteen. In the most anterior row
there are twenty-five scutes. The marginal scutes in this front row are bent-in differently
from the others, and have a certain resemblance to the corresponding scutes in the free
zones.
The Tail.—The short tail is so broad and flattened at its base as to be almost triangular
78 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
in outline; it is also much flattened from above downwards at the base; but towards the
extremity it is flattened in the reverse way, or from side to side. |
The scales are arranged quincuncially rather than in regular zones. On the dorsal
surface of the middle and basal parts of the tail there are coarse rounded tubercles,
separated by widish intervals, while on the under surface and the extremity these are
flattened and overlapping plates. A space on the middle and under surface of the tail,
for a distance of 0:9 of an inch from the anus, is smooth and devoid of scales. At the
root of the tail the scutes are so arranged as to form a kind of lateral ridges. :
Numbers of Scutes.—On my examination of the carapace of Tolypeutes, in the first
instance, I did not deem it of importance to count with precision the total number of
scale-covered osseous pieces composing the cuirass. Subsequently, on studying Bur-
meister’s masterly memoirs, I found he had computed the number of tesseræ associated
in the coat of mail in some of the great fossil Glyptodonts. By this time I had cut up
my three-banded Dasypode; and what with injury to the pieces, and inherent diffieulty
of mastering count of the smaller units of dermal armour, what I here reckon must be
taken as but an approximation pour servir. Thus on the cephalic shield 1 made out
some thirty on the top, and twenty of unequal sizes round the edges, or about fifty
in all; on the scapular shield at least 340, whereof seventy are marginal. On the —
three movable zones the numbers already mentioned are equivalent to seventy-nine, —
The pelvic shield contains close upon, if not somewhat more than 360 pieces, including
those of the ischial arches. The tail, with great and small bony scutes, has no less than
130. In rough computation, then, the total number of segments or tesseræ would be 960,
or possibly even between that and 1000. i
9. Special Receptacles for Limbs and Tail.
Chamber for withdrawal of Fore Limbs.—The outer surface of the shoulder is perfectly
free, and covered with integument bearing very long brown hairs as far as the spine of
the scapula, and is only then reflected on to the inner side of the scapular shield. E
chamber Is thus formed between the shoulder and pectoral shield, into which the fore —
limb can be retracted. ۱
ی ا ii behind by the integument which passes from the e
att iud y: E — side ot the second free zone. As already mentioned, b vi
it ey ts pe er is constituted by the integument of the shoulder, and 1s © ái
Beso: dá es between two and three inches in length, which proceed from da
مسا ها — scales of 0۰16 magnitude. In this respect the inner wall
BU rau See striking contrast to the outer wall, which is almost smooth. p :
B e. ws scattered here and there until towards its convex part, where t ۷
horny plates of th in) horny plates, forming a kind of continuation i
E ame © proper scapular shield (vide fig. 8).
متفه vieni M of the fore limbs and the thorax, the front part of
and ts or logs di, and under surfaces of the hind limbs, are covered with Me
| tinct scales. The root of the penis and circumference of anus, how
ever, are almost
Tugous integu E from these appendages; and upon the penis itself the loose
ment is devoid of hair or scales.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. "TID
Isthmus of Skinfolds.—That which in the table of measurements is spoken of as the
isthmus, is a fold of integument which passes obliquely, like a kind of diaphragm, from
the region of the penultimate and antepenultimate rib to the first, second, and third
movable zones and the pelvie shield. This fold of integument forms the front wall of
a chamber which reaches to the middle line of the back above, in the dorsal and lumbar
regions, and to the summit of the ilium at the point of junction with the carapace. It
is bounded behind by the junction of the ischium with an inward process of the pelvic
shield; and by the last-named structures it is separated from the caudal chamber.
. Chamber for withdrawal of Hind Limbs.—Just as the inner wall of the chamber for the
anterior limb was formed for the shoulder, so this chamber for the posterior limb is
bounded internally by the posterior wall of the thorax, the lateral walls of the abdomen,
and the lateral walls of the pelvie region. "This inner boundary is not nearly so hairy as
in the case of the anterior chamber, there being far fewer scales and only shorter and
scantier hairs. The inner lining of the outer wall, formed by the integument of the
pelvie shield, appears to be absolutely smooth, except towards the lower aperture of the
chamber, where a few scales extend upwards in continuation of the pelvie shield.
Tail-chamber.—Between the two last-mentioned chambers on each side there is a sort
of chamber for the root of the tail, bounded at the sides by the integument covering the
eonjoined ischii and process of pelvie shield, and above by the termination of the pelvie
shield, which forms a kind of arch 1^3 wide. Longish hairs fringe the integument
where it passes from the underside to the lateral boundaries of this chamber.
4. Tegumentary Aspect of Head and Feet.
Skin of Head.—The integument of the head beneath the shield has no bony scutes
under the eye or elsewhere. On the snout the hairs are short and scanty for the most
part; but upon £he sides of the cheeks, lower jaw, and partly gular region, there is a
great number of small bony plates, with thin convex borders, which project forwards ;
and from these long brown hairs proceed. The extremity of the snout, between the
nostrils, is smooth and bald. The nostrils themselves are completely terminal, and the
septum narium is only 0۳۰07 at its narrowest. Each nostril is about 7 wide, and is
almost divided into two passages by a fold of integument proceeding from the outer
wall of the nose downwards and inwards.
The Ear.—The concha of the ear is very remarkable, forming a kind of funnel, the
margins of which naturally fold upon. themselves along a line directed from above
. obliquely downwards and forwards. The concha thus comes to have an anterior lobe or
division and a posterior lobe. The anterior lobe is not quite as broad as the posterior
one when the two are folded together, the latter overlapping it by 07716. When the
two lobes of the ear are completely spread out, it presents an oval expansion, the margin
of which is slightly notched at the two lines of folding. The proper aperture of the
meatus auditorius lies between the anterior and posterior folds, and is a narrow elongated
slit about 0^2 in length. The posterior lip of this slit rises into an undulating ridge,
Which is continued down to the lower margin of the posterior lobe. The anterior lip is
pR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
80
similarly produced into à ridge, which eurves round the upper curvature of the latter,
and dies away upon the posterior lobe at the base of a small elongated elevation, In
front of this ridge, upon the lower half of the anterior lobe, there is a longitudinal ridge,
and above it and disconnected from it on the same side, a smaller one. When the two
lobes of the ear are folded together, the ridges which have been described interlock,
The outer surface of the lobe is covered by numerous minute horny scales, which horny
scales are continued all round the margins of both lobes, and on the inner surface of
each lobe as far as the ridges, wliere they die away. From the outer surfaee of the
posterior lobe these scales are far more scanty than from that of the anterior lobe, 4
fold of integument extends from the zygoma, just behind the eye, to the under surface
of the anterior row of scapular scales, and connects the sides of the head and neck
with the scapular shield. |
Feet. The fore foot exhibits only three toes '. Of these three toes the innermost is
the longest, irrespectively of the.claw; but the middle toe is by far the stoutest. "The
middle and inner toes are connected together as far as the root of the claw by a web-like
membrane, and the outer toe is similarly enclosed to the base of the claw. |
The nails are all eonvex forwards on their dorsal surface, and deeply grooved on the
palmar surface. |
The innermost nail is not much curved; and its inner edge is thinner and more pro- .
duced than its outer edge. Its end is obtusely pointed. The middle nail is very strong,
and greatly curved backwards; it is thick upon the inner side, thin and produced on its
outer edge, and truncated at the extremity. The outermost nail, the smallest of all, is
nearly straight. It is thieker on the inner edge, produced and thinner on the outer
edge, and sharply pointed at its extremity. y
There is this peculiarity to be noted, that in the fore limb the longitudinal axes of the
second and fourth digits, if produced, are the axis of the claws of those digits; but that —
is not the case with the axis of the middle digit, which is only coincident with thatof —
the basal half of the claw, the distal half having a gentle twist outwards. ۱
The scales which have been mentioned as covering especially the fore and inner fe |
of ihe fore limb beeome particularly large upon the dorsal surface of the manus, and the —
- which proceed from their inner edges are very long. Three such scales lie onthe .
inner side of the innermost digit; but there is no trace externally of a pollex or of the
o cum vocan surface is covered by a bald and wrinkled integument, on which ۲
si E c PM different from the fore limb. It presents three a : 1 |
vim et : : of the middle digit being broadest and most convex feu ی
jw adi b a and pointed nails correspond to the hallux and "-
oiii ei x of the sole of the foot corresponding with the undersurface O
een ۱ orms a broad callous cushion, on which the weight of the body
VT Gray observes :—< The
Mr. Bartlett and Dr. Peters, has
to be the normal number, In
specimen living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society, I have been informei :
only three front claws. All those in the British Museum have four, which
other respects the animals are similar.”—P. Z. S. 1865, p. 381.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 81
evidently supported during life. A deep fold, occupied by wrinkled integument, sepa-
rates it from the hinder division of the foot, which bears the two lateral digits.
Each of these lateral digits sends in a little rounded cushion directed downwards and
inwards, and which probably contributed its share in supporting the body, while the rest
of the sole of the foot, as far as the heel, has a thin wrinkled integument.
Seales, with subjacent pencils of long hairs, extend over the dorsum and sides of the
foot, as they do over corresponding regions of the manus.
IV. APPARATUS FOR DRAWING THE DODY ETC. TOGETHER.
Muscles of Carapace and subjacent Layer.
Protractor of the Scapular Shield. —There is a broad muscle which extends from the
posterior part of the zygoma and meatus auditorius (outwards and backwards when the
head is protruded) to the inner surface of the second row of scutes in the pectoral shield,
and spreads out over the anterior fifth and lateral part of the shield.
Contractor of the Scapular and Pelvie Shields.—The rest of the inner surface of each
half of the pectoral shield is oceupied by the broad and sheet-like anterior attachment of
a digastric muscle. The posterior fleshy fibres of this muscle are similarly attached by a
‚broad expansion to the inner surface of each lateral half of the pelvic shield. The two
portions are connected beneath the movable zonés by a flat silvery tendon, the fibres of
which eross each other, the deeper ones passing in front and to the outside, backwards
and inwards, while the superficial fibres take a course from the front and inside back-
wards and outwards. A broad aponeurotic membrane extends from the region of the
hindermost ribs to the front edge of the pelvic shield and the outer edge of this mem-
brane, which forms the basis of the partition between the anterior and posterior limb-
chambers, and plays the part of a sort of pulley. * 1 may further remark that the
numerous slips which ascend from the contractor in the six-banded Armadillo, reduced
to three in Tolypeutes, are in the latter partially separate from the great fore-and-aft
plane of muscles (vide figs. 7 & 8).
Protractor of the First movable Zone.—A muscle arises from the edge of the anterior
movable zone (its third outer scute), near the middle line, and is inserted into the
anterior part of the spine of the scapula. The action of this muscle is to pull the
scapula backwards; or, if the scapula is fixed, its fibres draw the anterior movable zone
forwards.
Retractor of Scapular Shield.—There is a small thin sheet of muscle proceeding from
the vertebral angle (antero-superior) of the scapula ; and passing forwards and upwards,
it is inserted into the front part of the pectoral shield at about the middle line.
These two last-mentioned muscles are both unrollers of the carapace, and they are
retractors of the shield when the limb is fixed.
Panniculus Carnosus.—This is but feebly developed, and forms a layer quite beneath
the preceding. It is, as usual, a broad sheet of fibres; but the fleshy constituents are
very scanty, giving it more the appearance of superficial fascia, or loose fibrous tunic,
than of a true muscular envelope. It is attached towards the middle line of the back
VOL. XXX. x
82
from about opposite the last two ribs, and extends to the lumbar fascia and the anterior
crest of the ilium by a very delicate web of areolar tissue intermixed with tendinons
fascia. This spreads out in a fan-like manner, the posterior insertion being the anterior
surface of the hind limb as low down as the knee, reaching inwards, and being united
with the inner edge of the flexors of the back of the leg. The anterior and abdominal
insertions of the panniculus are lost in the superficial fascia and skin covering the axilla
and median line of the abdomen.
The weak condition of this muscle, as also its attachments, tends to show that it entes —
little into the rolling-up action of the body and carapace. It rather seems to be relaxed ۱
aud loose while the limbs are being drawn towards each other as they are retracted into
their respective chambers. |
The foregoing muscles, besides their interest as appurtenances to the mechanism
whereby movement of the one portion of the carapace towards the other is effected,
possess an additional interest homologically. Before collating argument thereon, I
shall advert to the researches of the Italian, Prof. Alessandrini’, as showing that in —
species of Dasypus, which have less power of rolling and unrolling themselves than "
Tolypeutes, carapace-muscles similar in kind obtain. Cuvier’, in D. cinctus, has more i
partieularly illustrated the subjacent sheet, or what more commonly goes by the name of _
pannieulus carnosus. In Chlamydophorus truncatus, Hyrtl* fully notices the distribu..
tion of the latter, and expresses absence of the shield-contractor, so conspicuous in other
genera of the loricate Dasypodes. 1
By way of comparison I select the Apteryx and the Hedgehog, for these reasons, that
they equally have marked and well-defined cutaneous muscles, and that Owen and
Cuvier's terms are distinct, though evidently applied to homologous structures in the
classes Aves and Mammalia. ax
In the Apteryx* our English anatomist defines :—1, a constrictor colli, situate at the
upper back part of neck, with chiefly transverse fibres; 2, sterno-cervicalis, enclasping
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
1 * Structura integumentorum Armadilli," in Nov. Comm. Acad. Bonon. 1849. I would, however, more partieularly
refer to his monograph in the Mem, Accad. d. Sci. Bologna, tom. vii. 1856, * Cenni sull’ Anatomia del Dasipo mi-
nimo, Desmarest, Dasypus sexcinctus et octodecimcinctus, Linn.” In this, tab. 13. fig. 1, he demonstrates the inner
muscular layer of the dorso-lumbar scutes with its offshoots to the movable zones. I append part of his nia
of the same, inverting the order of his two paragraphs, that the main muscle (= the bellies of my contractor of the 1
scapular and pelvic shields) may take precedence,
d d dee che, foro Ia regione dorsale, attraversa tutte le zone mobili, ed in parte ancora le vidas "
ax dd. . PER e posteriore, Sul quali anzi fissandosi, può condurre ora anteriormente ora posteriormente. $3 |
7 M ancora la flessione laterale del tronco. e, J 9, h, i, k, sei striscie muscolari, che nu Wn E
aversano lo spazio, chiuso da integumenti molli, interposto alle singole zone mobili, manifestamente E
destinate alla : | :
ها alla adduzione delle zone stesse, Le Quattro striscie anteriori hanno la medesima estensione, ma le due pos- ;
Sono più brevi.”— 7, e, p. 329. m
lling up the body, refers to the observations of the Prince Maximilian von Neuwied, ‘Bale
> vol. ii. p. 934, as somewhat opposed to Alessandrini's inferences.
I.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 83
the lower nuchal region; 3, sterno-maxillaris, almost like an anterior continuation of
the last mentioned ; 4, dermo-transversalis, oblique upper postnuchal fibres; 5, platysma
myoides, with a gular distribution; 6, dermo-spinalis, from the three foremost dorsal
spines to the scapular region; 7, dermo-iliacus, between iliac and scapular regions.
8, dermo-costalis, joins the preceding, and comes from the seventh and eighth costal
appendages ; 9, dermo-ulnaris, from the last to back of elbow-joint ; 10, dermo-humeralis,
abdomen to humerus.
Cuvier's lettering and nomenclature! of the skin-muscles of mammalia runs:—
1, fronto-occipital (occipito-frontien) ; 1a, sourciliers (fronto-sourciliers) ; 2, facien ; 3, cer-
vico-facien; 3a, dorso-occipitien; 4, thoraco-facien ; 5, dermo-humérien ; 5a, portion
scapulaire; 5b, portion dorsale; 5e, portion latérale; 5d, portion ventrale; 5e, der-
mo-coceygien. Excepting 3a, muscules or muscular slips corresponding to the abov
are shown in his dissection of Hrinaceus (Myologie, pls. Ixxiv. and Ixxv.). The names
of themselves sufficiently denote their situation. I may as well note that in the same
savant's drawings of Dasypus sexcinctus (l.c. pl. celix.) nos. 3a, 4, 5, and de, are lettered
accordingly.
Having in view, then, the determination of what cutaneous muscles obtain in the
Three-banded Armadillo, as indicated by those of the struthious bird and the Insectivore,
I think we may correlate what has been denominated protractor of the scapular shield
with Cuvier's facien, cervico-facien, and thoraco-facien divisions, and partially with the
so-called sterno-cervicalis and sterno-maxillaris of Apteryx. The protractor of the first
movable zone appears to be homologous with the dermo-transversalis and dermo-spinalis
in the bird, and with the scapulaire portion of the dermo-humérien in the mammal; it
agrees also with Cuvier's * acromio-maxillaire."? In the same way the retractor of the
scapular shield in Tolypeutes most nearly corresponds with “la portion dorsale du dermo-
humérien," though evidently also combining regionally and functionally the avine and
mammalian slips named in the preceding sentence. After what has been said, there is a
difficulty in ascribing the preeise counterparts of the digitations to the movable zon es
though these may bear a relation to exuberant quill-slips—to Owen's dermo-costalis, or
offshoots of Cuvier's p. latérale ; at all events the zonal digitations (“ striscie muscolari ”
of Alessandrini) in Dasypus sexcinctus are the counterpart of the fascicles in Tolypeutes.
With regard to the contractor of the scapulo-pelvie shields, it undoubtedly coincides, in
its action, situation, and true homology, with the orbieular muscle of some authors in
the Hedgehog, with Cuvier's main * portion latérale des muscles peauciers " in the same
animal; and it moreover may inelude or be bound up with his *' dermo-coccygien.” In
some respects it answers to Owen's ** dermo-iliacus ” in the Apteryx, the dermo-costalis
being related thereto. Respecting the deeper envelope of feeble pannieulus carnosus
in the Mataco, its throat-area, the strips to the fore limbs, the belly part, and that
to the groins agree in most partieulars with what, in the struthious form, is specified
as platysma myoides, constrietor colli, dermo-ulnaris, and dermo-humeralis; it Em
pertains distinctly to the “portion ventrale, latérale, dermo-humérien, thoraco-facien,
de. in the Insectivore.
۱ « Myologie,' and * Leçons, 2nd ed. tom. iii. p. 594. * Legons, iii. p. ea
84 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO,
The hinge of generalization unfolding the homologies and significance of this pseudo.
complex system of cutaneous muscles, I believe, turns on the fact that the whole belongs
to a single or partially double fleshy envelope, the panniculus carnosus. In some caseg
this is most expansively distributed, in others reduced to a minimum. In One group of
vertebrates a limited portion alone may be well developed, which Portion, on the con.
trary, is feebly represented, but not utterly absent, in another series of forms. (eq.
sionally the fleshy fibres are very thick within a circumscribed area, and serve a special
purpose in the animal’s economy. Again, even when moderate in quantity, a set of
fibres, by attachment or otherwise, may acquire prominence, and receive a name accord.
ingly. Equally in Mammalia, Aves, and some Reptilia, superficial fasciculi, few or
numerous, emerge from the main mass, and act separately or in combination with the
diffused sheet, as erectors dic. of the tegumentary coverings and appendages, On the
other hand, deep-placed bundles, sparse or abundant, interblend with the subjacent
muscles and fasciæ of the head, body, and limbs. Although generally recognized, and
differently named, from position, course of the fibres, or functional aptitude, the so-called
individual muscles of this harmonious fleshy cutaneous tunic thoroughly deeussate the
one with the other. In this respect, therefore, the whole may appropriately be considered
in unity ; for it is only very exceptionally that belly and tendon are present, or clear lines
of demarcation other than devious direction of fibres obtain. It is foreign to the pur-
port of the present paper to support the foregoing broad assertion by amplitude of proof,
The subject of itself is most interesting in a variety of ways; and towards its elucidation
I trust ere long I shall find an opportunity of throwing together my notes and reflections
thereon in the form of a separate paper. In the present instance of Tolypeutes I
have distinguished by names afresh, as applied to their actions, the several muscular
slips of shields and zones, desiring thereby to accentuate their uses rather than suppress
them in a homological cloak, ۱
V. THE VISCERA.
l. Contents of the Abdomen.
Relative Position of the Abdominal Viscera.—The unusually large liyer occupies the
left as well as the ri
the stomach.
The cardiac end of the stomach occupies comparatively a small space behind the liver;
and between the greater curvature of the stomach and the enlarged left kidney is the
spleen, consisting of three lobes, viz, a short curved lobe, turned towards the dorsal side,
ckwards, forming a distinct omental pouch or sac.
ght hypochondrium ; and its left lobe also lies completely in front of ;
er lobe, placed posteriorly, The lesser omentum, which 2
ardiac end of the stomach, passes from the middle of ی
‚and leaves the extremities of the lobes free. Te
۹ o lesser, and passes off from the greater curvature E
stomach its whole length. Its f : Sr ib
: : ront la i he duodenum, alt —
. then is reflected M Ld ond bs yer 18 continued back on to the :
|
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 85
foramen of Winslow is of a moderate size, and lies between the duodenum and the free
inner margin of the right half of the liver.
These parts, the left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, the left kidney, and
part of the intestines, occupy the whole of the left half of the abdominal cavity. The
right half of the cavity contains, in front, the middle lobe of the liver, and, behind,
the chief portion of the convolutions of the intestines, and deeper the right and caudate
lobes of the liver, with the right kidney.
As soon as the cesophagus has passed through the diaphragmatic aperture and entered
the abdominal cavity, it receives an investment of peritoneum. This, the gastro-hepatic
omentum &c., is adherent to the cesophagus and cardiac end of stomach ; and its layers,
uniting on the opposite side, form a sort of of mesogastrium, which fixes the lower end of
the esophagus and cardiac end of stomach to the spine.
The stomach itself I shall further make allusion to, but here note that the duodenum
passes at once to the right side of the spine, and then turns backwards alongside of the
vertebral column. It then goes to the upper and posterior part of the brim of the pelvis,
and is there fixed by peritonseum. Transferring our description of the visceral attach-
ments to the rectum, I may observe that this is very wide. It passes up the middle line
of the vertebral column as far as the pylorie end of the stomach, where, becoming a truly
large intestine, it makes a loop, passes over to the right side of the spine, and bends
back to near the level of the upper end of the right kidney. It then is flexed upon itself
forwards, and, suddenly narrowing, passes into small intestine without forming a diver-
ticular cecum. The part of it which arches across, obviously corresponds to the trans-
verse colon, and is bound to the vertebral column by a comparatively small mesocolon.
The mesocolon is continuous backwards with the mesentery, which extends as far as
the brim of the pelvis. The mesentery stretches to the right side of the body; and to
the greater part of its broad plaited margin the several coils of the small intestine are
fastened. The last one and a half inch of the great intestine is, properly speaking, con-
tained in the commencement of the mesentery.
To a most serviceable description and figures of the viscera separately, Alessandrini! has
superadded a ventral view of the opened body, with organs in situ of an adult male
D. sexcinctus, and of a full-grown 9 foetus of D. 9-cinctus. In both the exposed portion
of the liver is much greater than in the present (fig. 10, Pl. XXIII.), and, on the con-
trary, the stomach and greater intestine occupy a less prominent position. "The said
relative disposition does not altogether agree with what I have met with in dissections of
the same species; albeit in them the great breadth and fulness of the anterior mass of
the liver is considerable. Hyrtl’s figure? of the eviscerated parts of Chlamydophorus
supports in resemblances Alessandrini's delineations.
Stomach, Intestines, &c.—The gastric organ is pear-shaped, the elongate pylorie
extremity narrowing into the duodenum. The cardiac end is somewhat dilated; and
the gullet enters about the middle of the viscus. The rough measurements of the
stomach, when distended, are 14 in short, and 21 inches in long diameter. The wall of
' Memoir, 1856, already referred to, pl. xii. & pl. xvii. fig. 2. * Tab. v. fig. 1 of his Monograph, p. 45.
86 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
the cardiac division is thin, that of the pyloric end thicker. The inner coat of the former
is almost wanting in permanent ruge superiorly, but inferiorly and in the pylorie end
they are well marked, though not very numerous. Some three or four narrow, forked,
but sweeping folds exist within thé surface of the lesser curvature and right moiety of
the posterior wall, reaching from the cesophageal aperture towards the pylorus, Several
others of a similar kind well nigh at right angles to the former, floor the great eurya.
ture. The thickening of the pyloric parietes is due to increase of the submucous and
muscular coats, besides the additional free mucous folds. To the naked eye the mucous
membrane appears almost smooth ; but with a hand-lens many apertures of gastric glands
are visible; and between the latter the character is finely villous.
The small intestines are 52 inches long, and with a nearly uniform diameter of about
1 of an inch thoughout. A fair-sized Peyer's patch lies within a $ of an inch of the
pylorus; and others are met with at wide intervals. Valvulze conniventes are wanting,
A nipple-like process, 1 inch from the pyloric ring, marks the aperture of the pancreatic
and common bile-duct. There is no cecal diverticulum, nor ileo-czecal valve. The divi.
sion between ileum and colon is indicated by an enlargement of the latter. Near its
commencement, where widest, this simple colon is no more than an inch in diameter;
and it narrows steadily for a distance of 5 inches or more, the last 3 inches (or what
corresponds to rectum) again widening. The entire length of the great gut is
93 inches.
In the stomach being less round, the csophagus more to the right, absence of
pyloric division, no valvular protuberance (although the pylorus is thick, and orifice
narrow), Tolypeutes coincides with the six-banded species of Dasypus and Ohlamy-
dophorus, and not with the Peba (Tatusia). But in deficiency of a pair of short cecal
appendages it agrees with the latter, and differs from the two former”. Again, the
gut is altogether very much shorter than in either genera compared. |
The thick bifid spleen, with free limbs of unequal length, is firmly adherent, by a short
gastro-splenic omentum, to the lower left end of the stomach. It is less than a couple
of inches in extreme length. Owen? mentions that this organ is broader and flatter in
a sexcinctus than in D. (Tatusia) peba; and in the former he observed that “a small -
ed o was lodged in the head of the pancreas.” In my own disseetions
The Ped e I difference of size, no variation obtained from Tolypeutes. |
Bee EL ckish, but flat, nodulated, and 14 in. in diameter. } e
vc n is 1 m Un the most common size and shape resembling a Sp ña
Liver .— This bo dis je de aggregated in a semicontinuous mass. d
of the left hypochon pa E Psy 18 ec enormous volume, occupying, as said, we
right kidney. The e ig the right side descending as far as the summit 0 jd
which the right is fall n Agament divides the liver into right and left moi
y as big as the left, viz. as 3 to 2. The left moiety is divided by? -
fig.1; Alessandrini, en An 080. 100 Pp. 143-155; Rapp, ‘Die Edentaten, 2nd ed. p. 76 &e., tab. s :
" , 295, pl. xvi, figs, 5-7, and pl. xvii. fig. 3 &c.; Hyrtl, L e. p. 47, pls. Y» x
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 87
deep fissure, extending from the front surface of the liver obliquely inwards and back-
wards to near the middle of its posterior surface, into two lobes, an inner and an outer
(4 and 5, fig. 11), of which the inner is by far the smaller. The right moiety is divided
by two externally deep fissures, which extend from the convex anterior and outer surface
of the liver nearly to its posterior face, into three lobes—an anterior, a middle, and a
posterior (3, 2, 1, fig. 11). The anterior of these is the smallest; and its convex anterior
face is marked by a deep groove, which extends towards the middle line, and ends
towards the faleiform ligament. The under surface of this lobe carries the gall-bladder,
which is elongated, straight, and fusiform, and half sunk in a deep fossa. On the left
this lobe is bounded by the median fissure, posteriorly by the transverse fissure, into
which the vessels enter as usual. "The space or region of the under surface of this lobe,
between the gall-bladder and median fissure, answers to the lobus quadratus. The part
which might be regarded as the lobus Spigelii is prolonged backwards, and passes into the
other two divisions of the right moiety of the liver. "The posterior surface of the second
of these (1, fig. 11) is coneave, and exactly receives the convexity of the kidney. After
having been thoroughly soaked in spirits, and therefore much contracted, I noted that
the left lobe (No. 5) measured 2 inches by 14 across. No.4 was less, and No. 3 above an
inch in diameter. Nos. 2 and 1 were each about a couple of inches long and from
1 to 13 inch at widest.
The right coronary ligament is connected with the posterior superior angle of this
division, and passes thence to the spine, and is continued upwards by the side of the
spine to the diaphragm. _
The free edge of the falciform ligament extends from the notch which divides the right
and left halves of the organ to the under surface of the xiphoid process. The ligament
itself passes back along the under surface of the diaphragm on the one hand and the
front surface of the liver on the other, to the place of reflection of the coronary
ligaments.
The left coronary ligament takes its origin opposite to the last rib, and is continued
thence, presenting a free margin backwards to the left lobe of the liver, to which it is
attached, about three tenths of an inch from its free margin.
In species examined by myself—among others the Weasel-headed Armadillo, .D. 6-
cinctus (=D. encoubert)', the Peludo or the Hairy Armadillo, Euphractus villosus, the
Pichy or Little Armadillo, Zuphractus (= Dasypus) minutus, and Cachiame, D. (Tatusia)
peba—the liver is essentially identical with that of Tolypeutes in the number and
general disposition of the lobes &c. But there is this difference, that the latter peculiar
genus has a larger mass on the right side drawn out posteriorly and covered by»gut—a
condition or variation, possibly an adjustment, reconcilable with its remarkable power
of body-flexion. The Pichiciago (Chlamydophorus) has a liver, in divisions and general
figure, most nearly agreeing with the commoner Armadillos than with the Mataco.
Kidneys.—The situation of these has been incidentally mentioned in the relative
position of the viscera. The left one had such a remarkably rotund appearance, and so
1 See Alessandrini, 1. c. fig. 6, tab. 14 &c.; likewise Cuvier's remarks, * Leçons, tom. iv. pt. ii. p. 460.
88 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
filled the deep lumbar cavity, that at first sight I was inclined to regard it as a great
tumour, which further examination and its structure quickly dispelled. It was 1:35 inch
long and 111 inch thick. The dimensions of the right renal organ were somewhat under
this, and it reached a trifle further backwards, the area in advance being partially occu.
pied by the middle, right, and caudate lobes of the liver. The capsule of the kidney is
strong, and in this case was very firmly bound to the lumbar peritonzeum, and with little
or no fatty envelope. In a transverse section displaying the sinus &c., the infundibula
are seen to be few but deep. |
Alessandrini affirms he found traces of lobulation in the kidneys of foetal Armadilloes,
instaneing D. novemcinctus ! (Tatusia peba?). In the numerous examples of the group
examined by myself, adolescent or adult, the surface has been smooth and without indi-
cation of lobular sulci. In all, the shape and position is similar to the above, any differ-
ence rather depending on the configuration of the bones and fleshy bed than in the glands
themselves.
Each suprarenal body caps the rotund kidney, and thence lies close and firmly against
the side of the spine. Its figure is trihedral, 3 an inch in diameter and flattish.
Genitalia.—In the Armadilloes the male intromittent organ is long, but in Tolypeutes
inordinately so. In the flaceid condition it is more than one-third the entire length of
the animal (vide table of measurements, anted p. 74) ; consequently, when erect, it must
exceed this. Such great antediluvian Loricate forms as the Glyptodons (Hoplophorus,
Panochthus, &c.) must needs, therefore, have been provided with amazing genitalia. Did
the same proportion obtain, say, in Cetacea, which also have a conical penis; then in the
larger species this organ would attain a magnitude of between 20 and 30 feet—a thing
monstrous and absurd. Owen? suggests of the penis of the Armadillo, that it “has a
disproportionate length in relation to the mechanical obstacles to coition presented by
the body-armour."
Tolypeutes, in the construction of its generative parts, accords with the living genera
Dasypus and Tatusia. There are a pair of Cowperian glands, in shape and size like
small flattened French beans; and their ducts open in the floor at the fore part of the
bulbous portion of the urethra. The prostate gland has a long diameter of about 2 of
an inch, with breadth and thickness in proportion. Its figure is somewhat quadran-
codi T this case with the left upper border defective and eccentric. The con-
> buscó wan be nis was more pyriform than in the dilated oval figure of that
lbi. ^ d y > essor Alessandrini. I did not observe that medio-antenor
BO: toll eid me ms to by Owen in D. 6-cinctus*, The urethral bulb 18
نس ot is i sh, the crura immensely strong for such a small animal. Tie
ng retractores of the penis, the bulbo- and the ischio-cavernosus muscles, ale P
well developed. Posteriorly the corpus spongiosum is of la lib d diminishes by
degrees forwards, terminatin thinly at th $ : ee pie f con-
siderable size, as in the oth S y at the orifice of the urethra. The testes, oF 0%
other Armadilloes, are lodged within the abdomen ; and there 1$
' L. c. fig. 8, tab. 17. Hyrtl (1. c. fig. 5, pl. v.) sho io halla
باه DUC Maurer ri en
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 89
an inguinal cremasterie band connected therewith. The superior and inferior extre-
mities of the epididymis (globus major and minor) are each elongate and of good size.
There are no vesiculz seminales.
2. Thoracic Parts and Midriff.
Heart, Lungs, and Trachea.—No speciality is exhibited in the heart.
The lungs are each three-lobed. The two anterior together are about equal in dimen-
sions to the posterior division. The middle lobe is narrow and remarkably elongate.
When the lung is inflated, it meets its fellow of the opposite side, and thus they enclasp
the cardiac apex. The posterior lobe, when contracted, is short—though, under other con-
ditions, it must necessarily be considerably lengthened, and with an inward or semispiral
twist behind, to fit the thoracie pocket beneath the fleshy ligamentum areuatum and
lesser muscle of the diaphragm.
I counted fifteen soft flexible rings in the trachea, from the cricoid to the bronchial
fork. These do not meet behind. The tube altogether seems narrowest in the middle,
and slightly wider below. Its length is 1.9 inch; and each bronchus is less than
i an inch.
In Dasypus 9-cinctus, according to Owen', Rapp?, and Alessandrini?, there are but
two lobes to the left lung and three to the right, though the latter's figures point to an
ineision or semidivision of the sinistral upper lobe. The last-mentioned anatomist
demonstrates quadripartition of the right lung and a trifid left lung of D. 6-cinctus; but
in Owen's specimen there were three lobes on both sides. Chlamydophorus* agrees with
the Peba in lung-segmentation. It has 16, the Encoubert 13, and the Peba from 18 to
22 tracheal rings.
Fleshy Septa and action of Walls of Chest.—Regarding the diaphragm, its construction
and attachments, though answering to what in common obtains among the greater
number of mammals, is yet worth separate mention on account of its being functionally
accessory to the visceral displacement during flexion of the trunk. There is a large
trefoil central tendon girdled by a fleshy plane with ordinary fastenings. The so-called
ligamentum arcuatum externum and internum run together; and this backward exten-
sion of the greater muscle of the diaphragm is fleshy and not ligamentous. It extends
from the last rib rearwards to the diapophyses, parapophyses, and rudimentary transverse
processes of the two lumbar vertebre behind that to which the posterior rib is partially
articulated. Tt is also inserted upon their bodies, and, by a narrow angular union with
the opposite moiety, leaves a small aortic opening. What corresponds to the lesser dia-
phragmatic muscle of human anatomy is thoroughly muscular in 7 olypeutes ; and it
spinally mingles with the greater, as above described. Its left (and not the right) crus
is best developed, and proceeds beyond the cesophageal cleft, quite up to the inferior vena
cava. Indeed a few muscular fibrille from it even appear to encircle that vessel.
It is not a little remarkable that the representative of the quadratus lumborum muscle
BZ. S. 1831, p. 143. 2 «Die Edentaten,’ 2nd. ed. (D. longicaudus), p. 96.
* Memoir J. c. p. 308, tab. xiii. fig. 7, and tab. xvi. figs. 3 & 4. t Hyrtl, 1.6. p. 45, pl. v. fig. 2.
VOL. XXx. N
90 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
is situated entirely within the thoracic cavity. Itis recognizable in weak narrow muscular
fasciculi, which lie alongside the spine and heads of she r ibs, from the 8th dorsal back.
wards. The said fleshy part terminates in five or six semiunited, flat, weak, subequal
tendons, which are inserted on the lateral surfaces of the bodies and anterior Zygapophyses
of the 9th, 10th, and 11th dorsals and two anterior lumbar vertebrw!. I may further
remark in this place that although the rectus capitis anticus major does enter the chest,
its volume is small and insignificant as respects power. of dorso-vertebral curvature,
The series of intercostal muscles, both external (which, as usual, cease at the junetion
of ribs and costal cartilages) and internal, are strong; so are the levatores costarum,
which are very manifest, and, indeed, all things considered, powerful to a degree. Some
few fibres I differentiated are analogous to the so-called subcostal muscles of Man. The
triangularis sterni is weak, and stops short of the xiphoid bone and cartilage. |
I shall again have occasion to show that the chief axis of movement in the spine
during the act of flexion is between the second and third lumbar vertebree. The thorax
of itself, under ordinary circumstances, has a considerable antero-posterior or spinal
eurvature—and when the body is bent, one well nigh equal to that of the sacral region.
In this posture, moreover, the ribs are thrown widely out, particularly the five hindmost,
the costal cartilages are thrust forwards and in part override, and the ensiform sternal
segment, by relaxation of the abdominal muscles, yields and falls down wards. It further
results that the abdominal viscera are shoved forwards; and as the lungs and heart are
necessarily confined and pressed against by the liver and diaphragm, their bulk dimi-
nishes in proportion. The heart then tilts well to the left; the lungs bulge out poste-
riorly, so that the liver is well provided with stowage-room. Moreover it seems to me
that those muscular fibres of the diaphragm which surround the inferior vena cava so
compress it as to prevent the return of the blood towards the heart, the return of blood
to the heart being temporarily through the superior cava.
3. Cavily of Mouth, Laryngeal Apparatus, $e.
Palate and Dentition.—The palate is long, narrow, and elliptical in configuration,
and from anterior apex to pharyngeal arch measures 21 inches. Of this nearly 1 inch
behind (chiefly soft palate) is smooth and flat ; the remainder (hard palate) is ridged—its
anterior moiety being slightly concave, the posterior moiety or mid third of the whole
palatal surface having a tendency to median raphe. There are eleven distinct and onè
indefinite ridge. The fourth, sixth, and eighth do not arch quite across; the remainder
do; and all have a more or less forward curvature.
This specimen. presented no difference in its dental formula from that enunciated by j
` Wi E E ie |
G d Pur: the thoracic region of Chlamydophorus truncatus, one sentence of Hyrtl’s is worthy of quota- ;
A mtr icd cin columnas vertebralis flevor. Hune museulum, in interno thoracis ambitu reperiundum, hie
WE LE magis commodi defectus imperat; Columns vertebrali proxime utrimque adstans, a prm?
terioribus thoracis War a xd d tendine exoritur, qui protinus carnosam induit naturam, et sex m |
bel dida dik » cerescit, quarum. columnam deorsum curvabit, et thoraci id erit, quod Quadratus m | :
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 91
Cuvier! of l'Apar (three-banded species), viz. =, premaxillary denticles being absent.
The foremost and the hindmost tooth are smaller than the intervening series, the former
in the lower jaw barely protruding beyond the gum.
Glands, Tongue, and Pharyna.—By reference to the excellent plates of Wilhelm von
Rapp? and Antonio Alessandrini, showing in inferior views the peculiarities of the
salivary glands, and comparing these with the partial dissection in profile of our speci-
men (fig. 12), it is evident that their salivary apparatus closely correspond. One remark-
able structure (to wit, a small sae or salivary reservoir) has been suecessively and inde-
pendently described by Winker*, Jäger’, and Owen‘, in the 9-banded Armadillo. The
observations of the latter on 6-cinctus, Alessandrini and myself on other genera and
species, and Hyrtl* on the Chlamydophorus pretty well establish the fact of this salivary
` sacculus &c. being common to the Armadillo group. I need not, then, recapitulate dif-
fusely : suffice it to mention that enlarged submaxillary glands reach backward almost to
the sternum ; several diminutive ductlets collect the secretion into the sacculus, situate
under the mandibular angle, whence it is conveyed by a long duct to the symphysis
menti, and there penetrates the lingual membranes. The parotid is small, has an addi-
tional socia parotidis ; and there is a series of sublingual glandular crypts which, inside
each horizontal ramus, are firmly attached to the periosteal membrane.
When within the mouth, the tongue is a couple of inches long ; but it ean be thrust out
very considerably more. Ordinarily, from the tip to the freenum it measures 1 inch.
In its elongate conical shape the lingual organ is exactly like that of the other Arma-
dilloes; and it has the same finely villous surface, which seems almost smooth to the eye.
There are also a pair of fossulate papillze on the dorsum near the root‘.
The muscles composing and acting upon the tongue seem to be a modification of what
Owen describes in the Great Anteater?, the decussation of fibres and constituent layers
being less complicate. I could not differentiate what he denotes sternoglossi, but in
their place observed that the relatively voluminous sternohyoidei and sternothyroidei
were closely incorporated and sprung broadly from the inner surface of the manubrium.
An imperfect division forwards is attached to the thyroid cartilage, representative there-
fore of sternothyroid. The uppermost layer goes to the hyoid bone (= sternohyoid), is
fastened to the front and sides of the anchylosed basi- and thyrohyals. Moreover the
* * Ossemens Fossiles; 3rd ed. tome v. p. 123. -* Op. cit. tab. vii.
* L.c. tab. xii. € tab. xvii. figs. 2, 3.
* * Dissert. sistens observ. anat. de Tatu novem-cincto, Tübing. 1824, p. 10.
* Quoted by Rapp. The original paper I have not seen.
° P. Z. S. 1831, pp. 144 € 157; also fig. 303, and redescrip. of saliv. appar. in Armadillo, p. 400, vol. iii. Anat.
of Verteb. 7 Monog. p. 42, tab. ۲۰ fig. 3.
* Further consult authorities already mentioned. Truthfully delineated by Alessandrini in D. 6-cinctus, fig. 6,
tab, xiii., and D. 9-cinctus, fig. 6, tab. xvi.
° Trans. Zool. Soc, vol.iv. p. 125. Of the muscles of the mandibular and hyoid arches and tongue
are figured and dilated upon :—Mylohyoideus (quadripartite),” constrictor salivaris, ceratohyoideus,
geniohyoideus, sternothyroidei, cricothyroidei, thyrohyoidei, intercornualis, sternoglossus, genioglossus (complex),
epihyoglossi, hyo-epiglottideus, constrictores pharyngis (=ceratopharyngeus, epipharyngeus, hyopharyngens, thyro-
pharyngeus, cricopharyngeus), retractor pharyngis, and dermal and facial muscles generally. 1
N
the following
stylohyoideus,
99 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
muscle does not appear to stop here, but is continued superficially on to the under
surface of the tongue, and, without any precise line of definition, merges into what I take
to be the mylohyoid. Still more deeply short fasciculi are inserted on the nodular cerato.
hyals, and partially to the extrinsie lingual muscles at the inferior root.
The mylohyoidei have no mesial raphe, but together form a long, flat, narrow,
tapering plane, fixed to the lower inner margin of each half of the horizontal mandibular
ramus, and posteriorly attached to the hyoid, being continuous, as above said, with the
sternohyoidei. Beneath the preceding are two long narrow bands, with symphysial and
hyoidean attachments, to wit, the geniohyoidei. The pair of hyoglossus muscles do not
meet in the middle line, and posteriorly are affixed to the ceratohyals. The genio. .
hyoglossi are very characteristic and structurally compound. Rearwards their internal
portions are fastened to the basihyal between the geniohyoidei ; and their exterior more .
to the epihyals. Each styloglossus is a weak and narrow slip, situate in front of the hypo-
glossal nerve, and from the cranial origin of the stylohyal proceeds forwards and joins
the hyoglossus muscle outside and opposite the dovetailing of the geniohyoglossus.
A narrow weak slip, representative of stylohyoid, and a better-marked broader stylo-
pharyngeus are readily distinguished. The constrictores and other pharyngeal muscles
I did not follow with desirable accuracy.
The isthmus and pillars of the fauces are well defined ; and from the prominence of the
middle and two lateral glosso-epiglottie membranous folds a pair of fair-sized 8
obtain at the rear of the tongue. The small tonsils are very distinct, each, however,
being hidden in a faucial recess, the fore part of which they occupy. The velum pen-
dulum palati is worthy of the name, as it constitutes a wide-arched curtain, which in
the usual contracted condition reduces the pharyngeal passage to an opening Zo of an
inch in diameter. When looked at from the front (see sketch, fig. 19), this narrow
aperture appears split in two by the epiglottic septum, and superiorly is overhung bys
relatively large and thick uvula.' Es
A second sketch, also of natural size, which 1 have shown in fig. 20, displays the
pharyngeal cavity, the soft palate being divided and thrown back. In this the three
frænula, or glosso-epiglottic folds, are brought into relief, as are a couple of depressions
between them and the epiglottis. The pharyngeal cavity is of a good size, its mem-
branous walls only of moderate thickness and thrown into a few lateral parallel folds
below. On each side of the larynx is an external laryngeal fossa, deepish elliptical-
shaped and 0'2 inch long. Although the mucous surface is somewhat smooth, it is
plentifully supplied with glands.
LE is ew 2} inches long, and rather wide, its fleshy coat being ye
hits lining k sig: there are several longitudinal narrow plicee; but inferiorly ™
er. Here and there, especially towards the pharyngeal extremity,
are small raised seed-shaped glands; but besides these, and distributed everywhere 90
minute orifices or glandular puncta.
a nai —The thyro- and basihyals are bony, firmly anchylosed together,
anterior mesial carina. Each osseous moiety is 0*4 inch long.
it exhibi idish s ge :
ts a widish spear-shaped plate, with deepish and wide basal emarginati —
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 93
The middle keeled basal division has a superior articular prominence for the attachment
of the ceratohyal, and below is produced into a broadish terminally blunt (barely bifid)
apex. The depth of the hyoid at its carinal aspect is 0:25 inch. The ceratohyal is a
small nodule of bone, with bursal and a free fibroid connexion with the basi-, thyro-,
and epihyal. The latter bone is stoutish and 0:3 inch long. The stylohyal is slenderer
and fully longer, its cranial end being tipped with a short cartilage.
As respects the larynx, it is composed of very soft flexible cartilaginous material,
a restricted narrow triangular area at the pomum adami and inferior margins of the
wings alone showing ossific deposit. The thyroid ale are inflated and rounded, with a
. pronounced middle antero-inferior widish cleft. Superior and inferior cornua are short.
In front the cricothyroid membrane and space are large and transversely diamond-
shaped. The cricoid cartilage forms a complete ring, and anteriorly presents consider-
able depth. Posteriorly it has a broad and somewhat chevron-shaped outline, with a
central most unusually prominentridge. Besides, the lateral edges are also much raised,
leaving a deep depression for the cricoarytenoid muscles. The triangular arytenoid
cartilages are flat but fair-sized; and from their anterior apex is a small cartilaginous
offshoot, answering either to the cartilage of Santorini or Wrisberg*. The epiglottis
isa wide and large leaflet, very soft and flexible, and apically slightly notched’. The
fissure of the rima glottidis is 0-2 inch long, narrowed behind ; and there is an absence of
pouching in the interior of the larynx.
` The variation of figure &e. of the larynx in Dasypus and Tatusia is but slight, the
depth and fulness of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages being, mayhap, relatively greater.
Hyrtl (J. c. tab. vi. fig. 5), in a magnified view, shows by a section the inner laryngeal
aspect of Chlamydophorus, and in his text refers to the vocal cords &c., obviously not
unlike the same in Tolypeutes.
Among the muscles attached to the foregoing parts, the thyrohyoidei are well
developed; and there are fair and clearly differentiated representatives of erieothyroidei,
posterior cricoarytenoidei, and aryteno-epiglottidei, with normal attachments. Others
doubtless are present, but less appreciable from their small size.
4. Vaso-Nervous Arrangements.
Vessels.—I distinguished but a single vena cava descendens and one ascendens.
The arch of the aorta, as Owen? observes of Dasypus (Tatusia) peba, splits into main
trunks precisely as in the human subject—w. e. a short innominate, wherefrom a right
subclavian and common carotid are derived, the left carotid and subclavian arteries
issuing separately from the arch.
mancano interamente, circostanza
! Alessandrini remarks, “ Le cartilagini accessorie del Santorini e del Wrisberg
ano descritto é piuttosto
avvertita anche dal piü volte lodato De Rapp, asserendo in genere che negli Armadilli l'org
semplice" (l. c. p. 308).
* Owen states that in D. 9-cinctus the epiglottis projects through the arch of the soft palate (P. 2۰ 8. 1831,
p. 144). Under certain conditions such may take place ; but certainly it was not found so in my dissection of Toly-
peutes
* P.Z.8, 1831, p. 143.
04 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
The subelavians pass over the broad first rib in a groove immediately in front of the
axillary plexus of nerves. The brachial artery accompanies the median nerve through the
supracondyloid foramen, as Wenzel Gruber’ has already recorded in Dasypus tricinctus.
At the intervertebral line marking junction of the last lumbar and first sacral vertebra,
the abdominal aorta sends off on either side an artery equivalent to the external iliac.
This passes to the inside of the process of the sacro-iliac synchondrosis, and, reaching the
pelvic basin, proceeds to the middle of the groin, becoming the femoral. In its course it
lies upon the tiny tendons of the psoas parvus, afterwards obliquely crosses the psoas iliacus
and gracilis ere reaching the adductors &e. About a quarter of an inch below the
origin of the external iliacs, another pair of arteries, internal iliacs, spring from the stem
of the aorta abdominalis. Each of these dips behind the deep pelvic muscle, reenters the
pelvis at the saerococcygeus : gluteal and other branches were not followed.
As I did not dissect in detail the peripheral vascular subdivisions, I am unable to say
if Tolypeutes presents the retial peculiarities offered by the six-banded Armadillo, to
which attention has been directed by Profs. Allman”, Rapp °, and others‘. My rapid
examination, however, seems to point out that its arterial distribution is of the type
prevalent amongst other loricate edentates, not excepting the curious Chlamydo-
phorus’. |
Brain.—As regards the brain, I carefully extracted this and placed it in spirits; but "
unfortunately an accident befell the specimen ere I was prepared to figure and describe
it. This is to be regretted, as hitherto it has not been investigated. The deficiency has
to some extent been temporarily supplied by Professor Gervais? in a sketch of a cast of
the cerebral cavity of Tolypeutes tricinctus. He remarks, “ L’Apar a les lobes olfactifs
encore plus gros, surtout plus larges et déjà séparés de la partie antérieure des hémi-
sphères par une sorte de collet; ses hémisphères sont allongés, à plis également rares;
son cervelet est plus large et moins long." ۱
Judging from Gervais's illustrations, it presents in eontour closest agreement with
Euphractus (Dasypus) sexcinctus, somewhat less with E. villosus (=D. vellerosus, Gray),
and still less with Priodontes gigas. The accuracy of Gervais’s figure and his remarks
are substantiated in my outline of the interior basis cranii, Plate 26, where, moreover, the
large maxillary and frontal sinuses have been opened up.
Figures of the brain of Dasypus peba, given by Rapp’ and Alessandrini*, and of
Dasypus sexcinctus by Turner’, seem to confirm the above statement.
The Nerves.—Ramifications of these were traced in a fugitive manner. There isa
relatively voluminous bundle of infra-orbital nerves, important in connexion with the
naso-labial parts. Many of the twigs lie between and underneath the upper and lower
levatores muscles.
1 ۷ 4 4 i » ۱ ; |
ou pic > d. St. Pétersb.1867,tom. x. 2 Trans. Brit. Assoc. 1843, p.08. * Op. dE p e
Physiol. et Anat. Comp. tom. iii
? ۰ tom. 111. p. 544, where,
literature will be found. :
* Hyrtl, monog. on Chlamydophorus cited.
* “Les formes cérébrales des Edentés,’
" Op. cit. tab. viii.fig, 3
besides a discussion on retia generally, copious references to the
' Nouv, Archives du Muséum, 1869, tom. v. p. 41, pl. ii. fig. 8.
* Memoir 1. e, tab, xvii. fig. 9, * Journ. of Anat. 1867, voli pSb —
The facial nerve is likewise large, and, emerging from the upper part P
system der Edentaten," Hyrtl, Denksch. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, 1849. Milne-Edwards, —
1
umm O T NETT با
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 95
of the parotid gland, crosses the masseter about its middle. The hypoglossal nerve goes
in front of the stylohyoid muscle, and enters the root of the tongue, where the hyo-
glossus and geniohyoglossus muscles meet. The lingual nerve pursues its course in
advance of the hypoglossal.
Notwithstanding abbreviation and thorough anchylosis of some of the neck-vertebree,
the ordinary number of the cervical nerves obtains. The 1st nerve appears to issue from
the foramen on the outside of the atlas, and to be distributed to the muscular tissues
hard by. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th nerves are united separately from as many foramina in
the coalesced trivertebral axial division. The fourth nerve is much thicker than the two
preceding ; and the three together constitute the cervical plexus, the first being apart, as
in Chlamydophorus truncatus.
The brachial plexus is formed by the 5th to 8th nerves inclusive, and a com-
municating branch from the fourth. The long thoracic is only partially derived from
thefifth. The median and the ulnar nerves are each a thick cord ; and the latter passes
through the internal condyloid foramen. At the sole of the foot the radial nerve is
large, intimately adherent, and partially distributed to the palmar fascia as well as
muscles. The increase of neurotic power concomitant with thickness of cord doubtless
eontributes to and has considerable influence on the tension of the great nail-borne foot.
Of the lumbar and saeral plexus, I noted that the erural or femoral trunk came chiefly
from the foramina between the second and third lumbar vertebree, entirely posterior,
therefore to the quadratus lumborum muscle, but anterior to the ilium, and outside the
peculiar long lumbo-iliac (psoas) ligament. The femoral nerve lies on the surface of the
ilio-psoas muscle, and, in company with but exteriorly to the femoral artery, proceeds to
thegroin. What answers to the obturator nerve is made up of branches from the 3rd and
4th lumbar nerves. It lies to the inside of the psoas parvus and close to the synchon-
drosis, passes just inside the pelvic brim, and escapes posteriorly through the obturator
foramen.
The most notable of the nerves composing the sacral plexus are those constituting the
ischiatic—the remaining posterior branches being diminutive, covered by and supplying
the infracaudal muscles. The pair of largest cords contributing to the great sciatic
emerge from the foramina just within the pelvic basin.
۷ ۲. ۰
In comparing the muscular structure of the present form with others of the Armadillo
tribe, I shall have occasion more especially to cite the annexed authorities, with recourse
now and again to writings on allied Edentata &e. in illustration of points at issue,
1, ‘Recueil de Planches de Myologie, Cuvier et Laurillard, * Tatou à six bandes,"
pls. 259, 260. ^ i
2. ‘ Hunterian Lectures’ by Huxley, 1865. Abstract Med. Times and Gaz. His MS.
of Lects. 8 & 9, however, containing notes of dissection of Dasypus 6-cinctus, he has
kindly placed at my disposal.
3. “The Muscles of the Fore and Hind Limb in D. 6-cinetus,” Galton, Trans. Linn. Soc.
vol. xxvi.
96 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
4, References to muscular anat. of several Armadilloes, in Macalister’s pàper on
Bradypus, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. 1869. | ۱
p. “ Caputte „tium, MYOL 0614,” Hyrtl's <“ Ohlamydophori truncati cum Dasypode gyms
AS comp.," Denksch. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien, 1855, vol. ix. pls. i. to vi.
1. Muscles of the Hind Quarters.
In Tolypeutes the musculo-aponeurotic strip of the tensor vagin® femoris answers
tolerably well to the clear description given of it by Mr. Galton in Dasypus, save the sixth
dorsal band. It assists in drawing the femur forwards, upwards, and slightly inwards,
the main fixed points being the anterior iliac spine and front of third trochanter, In
the attitude of walking it is partially hidden by the gluteus maximus.
The muscular fibres of the gluteus maximus are thin, the strongest being situate
superiorly and posteriorly, whilst the interspace between great and third trochanter
comprises only transparent fascia. By tendinous fasciculi it stretches from the anterior
erest or spine of ilium along the dorsum of the sacrum to where the pelvie shield joins
the ischial tuberosity (i.e. the osseous arch), and with an attachment to that bone. Its
tendinous sheet of insertion upon the third trochanter encloses that process as a semilune,
The anterior fascia unites with that of the tensor vaginse femoris, the aponeurosis of the
two passing on to the surface of the vastus externus as low even as the outer condyles and
the patella, while the posterior part of its tendinous fascia runs well into the anterior edge
of the biceps femoris muscle.
Its actions are chiefly an anterior and posterior movement, together with a semi-
rotatory motion and abduetion of the limb from the side of the body.
Similar to the above in other Armadilloes—though, in the Pichiciago, Hyrtl’ speaks of
as if composed of three. portions. `
The gluteus medius and minimus are inseparably united, and of a somewhat rhom-
boidal form. They have origin from the superior scooped surface of the prismatic-shaped
ilium, and are inserted into the whole of the upper border of the great trochanter. They
together are much stronger and fleshy than the gluteus maximus; and the anterior edge
and upper surface of their origin is tendinous superficially. From the direction of their
fibres a power of drawing the head of the limb forwards and inwards is indicated.
Galton” seems to think the gluteus minimus is absent in the 6-banded species, though 1
other writers? aver confluence with the gluteus medius. |
Beneath the preceding, as in Dasypus, there is a narrower elongate triangular muscle,
which, I agree with Galton, represents a pyriformis. It springs from the side of the
sacrum, at the large ovoid ilio-sacral space = great sciatic foramen), and trending $
inserted by a stout tendon into the posterior upper border of the great : 18 بیان
e The thick cord of the sciatic nerve runs beneath it. :
| Behind the last a pair of feeble gemelli obtain. The anterior comes from the surae f
۶ بر ۵ 39. * Porti t ti » 1 el :
spinæ, ab hoe تت ad ne. a, non solum ad dictum trochanterem terminatur, sed per a a |
* L. c. p. 550 ylum usque externum continuate, longitudinem diffunditur." pra
۰ 3 Cuvier's al, fig. 3; H yrtl, p. 39.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 07
of the bone immediately behind the sacro-seiatie space ; the posterior is implanted rather
on a small nodosity of the ischium above the obturator foramen. Neither reaches
upwards to the sacrum; and both pretty well conjoined are inserted by a short tendon
behind the trochanteric fossa.
Close to, but further back than, the gemelli is a longish goodly-sized quadratus femoris.
This springs from the vertical plate of the ischium in front of its tuberosity, and descends
to the third trochanter. The sciatie nerve goes beneath it, but superficial to the gemelli,
thus dipping between the two.
I distinguish, under the temporary name of ischio-femoral, a long, narrow, fleshy band
- on the same plane as the quadratus femoris, but its origin placed considerably behind it
and eonverging below. It lies and erosses obliquely the surface of the biceps femoris,
‘springs from the ischial tuberosity and partly, by extension of fascial tendon, from the
arch of the pelvic shield. Inferiorly it is inserted on the third trochanter behind and
somewhat lower than the quadratus femoris.
None of the authors quoted mentions this extra muscle, unless it be included in their
bieipital divisions. Iapprehend avine and reptilian characters in it, inasmuch as in some
birds there is a somewhat similarly situate muscular strip, which passes from the side of
the tail to the middle of the femur. In the kingfishers I name this “ caudo-femoral.”
Mr. Mivart! describes and figures in the Zguana tuberculata an accessory muscle,
designated ilio-peroneal, and another as femoro-caudal. The latter nearly corresponds
with that of Tolypeutes, though agreeing more with my caudo-femoral in the bird.
As regards the gemelli and quadratus femoris in Dasypus and Chalmydophorus, these in
the main coincide with the condition extant in the three-banded Armadillo.
According to my reading, the biceps femoris in Tolypeutes has but a single head of
origin, viz. from the tuberosity of the ischium and the side of the bone in advance
of that process. The anterior moiety of origin is strongly tendinous. The fleshy fibres
forming the belly of the muscle broaden out as they descend ; and some proceed nearly to
the middle of the fibula, The insertion, however, is an extensive aponeurotic fascia,
Which, partly wrapping round the limb behind, stretches from above the outer femoral
condyle down to patella, head of tibia, and the fibula as far as the malleolus and even the
os caleis, being attached to the latter by rather a strong tendon.
Cuvier’s drawing, fig. 2, q, denotes greater fulness of this muscle, but no counter.
indieation of duality—in this, therefore, agreeing with Huxley's observation and sin-
gleness of its origin in the same species, D. 6-cinctus. Galton (l. c. p. 554), however, looks
upon it as made up of two distinct factors. His anterior division is in some respects,
suggestive of my ischio-femoral slip; but it includes considerably more, as its main part
terminates by fascia heelwards. His second, postero-superior division, with origin from
ischial tuberosity, he mentions has connexion above with the gluteus maximus, and below
with the gastrocnemius. Chlamydophorus has a biceps essentially, as I have above de-
scribed, Hyrtl (7.0. p. 40) even grouping the next pair of muscles along with it en masse.
The very long semitendinosus springs chiefly by thin fascia from the postero-outer
surface of the ischium, close to the lower roughening of the arch ; and its insertion is about,
ı P, Z.S. 1867, pp. 789-794, figs. 15, 16, 17, 18.
YOL. XXX. 0
98 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
the middle of the inner edge of the tibial shaft, by a broad, thin, but nevertheless strong
aponeurosis, common to it, the semimembranosus, and gracilis. The semimembranosus
is broader, but equally thin at its ischial origin, which is before and beneath that of the
semitendinosus, but behind those of the adductor magnus and quadratus femoris, Ttg
fibres narrow and thicken towards the insertion, which is by a very strong round tendon
upon the inner side of the neck of the tibia. This tendon is hidden by the fibrous sheath
of insertion of the gracilis muscle. 0
These two muscles, semitendinosus and semimembranosus, act in producing flexion of
the lower leg; and they, along with the biceps, also cause a withdrawal of the leg into the
abdominal chamber, by the direction of their forces being altered through the partially -
fixed aponeurosis of the latter muscle at the popliteal space. |
The gracilis arises from the junetion of the ischium with the pubis, also along the
symphysis and nearly the whole length of the pubie brim of the pelvis. It is broad
above, with thin fleshy fibres; below, its aponeurotic insertion into the tibia is extensive,
mingling, as aforesaid, with that of the semitendinosus.
The letters 7, s, u in the illustrations in the * Recueil,’ and Galton’s description, show
absolute identity of the three last-mentioned muscles in ۰
The rectus femoris is tolerably well developed. It has a very strong tendon of origin
from the superior [inferior] spinous process of the ilium ; and there is a second head, faintly
indieated by a diminutive slip of fleshy fibres, situate towards the acetabulum. Its
patellar insertion is separate, and in front of those of the vasti muscles. Of the vastus
externus and internus, the former is much the larger and stronger. Its museular fibres
fill the interspace between the base of the great and the anterior free edge of the third
trochanter. The fleshy fasciculi of the vastus internus interweave with those of the vastus
externus in front. Crureus absent, or is not to be differentiated from the vasti In |
D. 6-einetus, according to Galton, the rectus division of the quadriceps extensor has bub —
a single point of origin, the vasti agree with those of Tolypeutes, and there is no distinct
erureus, as is the case in Chlamydophorus.
Hyrtl, in his myology of the last-mentioned animal, the * Pichiciago’ of the Chilian
Indians, alludes to the sartorius muscle in these terms :—“ Sartorius insolita plane
excellit origine, dum non ab ossis ilei spina, seda tendine psoico enascitur. Proceram et
— — fasciolam, quee cum adductorum insertione femorali decussatur, et ad
Meman artieulationis genu regionem delabitur, ubi cum adductorum tendine robusto,
I penes, coalescit á q. C. p.39). The editors of the posthumous < Planches de
A yologie have, in the right groin of the animal, figured in pl. 260 and lettered a musele
a Bec e (= sartorius), which appears to come from about the
Galton’s disseetion of tig. ung e es eim * E: E
given (Lc. p.558),. This arises kid of Dasypus, a description of a delicate pec |
RARA ARAN we
action as equivalent to a kind of « EEEE nes RA 9 au d:
wall; Notioejataken by him 0: tensor fascie femoris internus," the origi being |
y him of the diversity of opinion between Meckel' and the editos
Anat, Comp. vol, vi, p. 399 (French ed.), ;
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO: 99
of Cuvier's * Legons””, of the abnormal position of the sartorius in the Ai (Bradypus),
which Macalister? afterwards decides in favour of the great German anatomist. In
Tolypeutes, a small abnormally attached sartorius, I believe, does exist, although in my
notes of the dissection I appear partially to have confounded it with the tensor vagina
femoris.
There is, however, a very apparent though small pectineus, spoken of by Hyrtl in the
Chlamydophorus and Galton in the 6-banded Armadillo—in this case springing from the
pubic rod in front of the ilio-peetineal eminence, and passing towards the root of the inner
trochanter.
Adductores.—Instead of there being only a single adductor muscle, as interpreted by
Galton in Dasypus 6-cinctus and depicted by Cuvier and himself, I find there are at least
three, if not a fourth division, in Tolypeutes; and a many-headed adductor obtains in
Chiamydophorus. That which I take to be an adductor magnus, as in Man, converges
in two planes, and is relatively large and strong. It has origin from the whole of the
front of the upward (horizontal) and descending pubic rami, and from the ischial surface
around the posterior border of the obturator foramen. By its insertion, the posterior
and somewhat flattened superficies of the femoral shaft, from third trochanter to both
outer and inner condyles, is occupied. The muscle answering to adductor longus is
smaller than the preceding. It springs in close relation with it above and on the upper
(outer) end of the horizontal ramus of the pubis, and inferiorly it is fixed to the posterior
surface of the lesser (tibial) trochanter. The adductor brevis at the pelvis comes from
the outside of adduetor longus, and it goes to the inner edge of the femoral shaft below
the tibial trochanter as far as midway between it and the inner condyle. There is,
moreover, an additional slip of fleshy fibres lying beneath the two last-mentioned muscles.
This has an origin betwixt them, and is insert upon the sharp inner edge of the lesser
trochanter. |
I defer notice of the obturatores until mentioning the inner pelvic and subcaudal
muscles,
: The tibialis anticus has a broad origin from the whole of the outer surface of the tibia
(excepting just above the malleolus), also from the interosseous membrane. Its tendon
is inserted upon the entocuneiform, but not to the metatarsal. In D. sexcinctus Galton’
mentions it as likewise possessing a considerable fibular origin; but he, Huxley‘, and
Macalister agree as to a single inferior tendon; so does Hyrtl*, in the Ohlamydophorus,
“ossi naviculari insertum."
An extensor longus hallucis is wanting. It is present’, though small, in the last-men-
tioned animal and in the six-banded Armadillo. In the first an external malleolar,
and in the second a fibular origin is assigned it.
' (2nd ed.) vol. i. p. 519. * Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1869, vol. iv. p. 64.
* Paper quoted p. 558. * MS. Hunterian Lectures, 1865,
* Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1869, vol. iv. p. 65. * L. c. p. 40.
* Recorded by Huxley and Galton; termed extensor proprius hallucis by the latter (I. e. p. 562); 27 € ri
same lettered 2, fig. 2, pl. 259, * Planches de Myologie * =long extenseur du pouce (peronée-sus-onguier); it is the
ext. hal. proprius of Hyrtl and Macalister. 9
0
~
100 | DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
` The extensor longus digitorum is equal in bulk to the tibialis anticus. Its origin i
from between the heads of the tibia and fibula, and from the anterior edge of the shaft
of this latter bone for half its length. The muscular belly divides into three nearly
equal-sized tendons above the malleolus, whereof the outermost of these divisions bifur.
cates and sends slips to the fourth and fifth digits, the fourth being the longest of the
two. The middle tendon goes singly and broadly to the fourth digit. The innermost
tendon divides in the middle of the dorsum, and sends two broad and flat slips to the ,
second and third digits. E
This muscle in the Encoubert, according to Huxley ', divides but into a pair of main
tendons, the fibular division as above, the tibial splitting and supplying 2nd, 3rd, and
4th toes. In Galton's? dissection a treble division existed. The middle tendon was
joined by the outer slips of the extensor brevis, then parted into two, terminating in 4th
and 8rd digits; the inner tibial tendon was joined by the median short extensor muscle,
subdivided into two, but ended with tripartite tendon on the back of the 3rd and 2nd toes,
Moreover there was a fibrous junction of the latter with the tendon of the extensor
proprius hallucis. Divided into four tendons, going to as many outer digits in the
Chlamydophorus. Ä
The extensor brevis digitorum is composed of a few fleshy fibres, which come from .
the outer malleolus, the external lateral ligament, and the anterior upper edge of the os
ealeis. The fibres divide into two separate slips, ending in thin tendons, which join
beneath those of the long extensor, going to the 2nd and 4th digits. From the slip
joining the 2nd digit à very minute secondary slip of muscle, ending in a still finer
tendon, could be traced coming from it, and, mingling, was lost in the long tendon of the |
3rd digit. I observed a small sesamoid bone in the latter tendon at the joint. Huxley's
and Galton's observations and Cuvier's illustration (fig. 2 ¢) of D. 6-cinctus nearly coin-
cide, the fleshy e. b. d. being somewhat trifid, and joining the tendons of the long ex-
tensor as above mentioned. Hyrtl alludes to quadruple tendons in C. truncatus and the
Dasypodes. |
Peronei.—Comparatively weak in muscular fibre; the p. longus has origin from the
fibula, the anterior surface of its head and upper fourth of the shaft of the fibula. lis
tendon commences at the middle of the leg, glides under the outer malleolus, and pro-
ceeds deeply across the foot to the proximal ends of the 2nd and 1st metatarsals?. The
p. brevis is much larger than the preceding both in belly and tendon. It springs from
the upper half of the outer and slightly backward aspect of the fibula, the strong external
ligament separating it and the peroneus longus above. It has superficial tendinous
fibres in nearly the whole of its belly; but the real tendon commences about the uppê
end of the lower third of the fibula, gus —
ds passes in company with the tendon of the p. lon uel
a Pici below the outer malleolus, and is inserted into the outer side of the distal xu
e fourth metacarpal bone. Besides the foregoing, I made out by careful mani: —
' lee. cit me.
* Galton makes mention of an addi 4. 6. p. 560, pl. 44. fig. 5.
tional patellar origin in D . : : 2 lations of the x
antar tendon Eu gin in D. 6-cinctus, and follows in detail the relations ^ ©" —
pati finally ending in the hallucial metatarsal, Z, 6. p. 559. :
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 101
pulation the presence of a peroneus tertius and p. quinti digiti. "They are very delicate,
but nevertheless clearly appreciable. They arise by sparse muscular fibres from the outer
posterior surface of the external lateral ligament of the knee-joint, appearing continuous
with the p. brevis. Their fine tendons continue downwards along with that of the
p. brevis, and, after passing the outer malleolus, continue along the outside of the foot.
` Ap. longus, p. brevis, and p. quinti digiti have been alluded to in the Armadillo by
Huxley and Macalister. Galton (p.559) more specifically describes a p. longus and
pp. brevis and tertius in the D. sexcinctus. The two latter are united above, have
femoral, patellar, and fibular attachments: the tendon, which terminates under the
5th metatarsal, he ascribes to p. brevis; the other, which is inserted outside the proximal
phalanx of the same digit, he regards as that of p. tertius. Hyrtl assigns a p. longus
and p. brevis to Chlamydophorus (l. c. p. 42).
There are two heads, as usual, to the gastrocnemius; and its insertion below is the os
ealeis. This muscle is of considerable size, and offers no variation in other Armadilloes,
though, by including the soleus, Macalister makes it appear as three-headed (/. c. p. 65).
- The plantaris arises along with, but beneath, the external head of origin of the
gastrocnemius. It has a strong muscular belly, but is so incorporated with the gas-
‚troenemius as to be with difficulty separated until, becoming tendinous, about halfway
down the leg. Its tendon, a long round one, passes to the inner side, and is inserted
into the os calcis, the plantar fascia not being a continuation of it as in Dasypus sea-
cinctus. The largest of the three muscles of the calf is the soleus. It is fleshy for the
whole length of the fibula and head, some of its fibres, the deepest, reaching the os
calcis; und these are tendinous superficially. The soleus is in apposition deeply with
the combined flexors (f. com. and f. long. hallueis), which lie to its inner side. It is similar
in the 6-banded Armadillo; and Hyrtl notes in C. truncatus four plantar fascicular
fascize proceeding to the sole of the foot, aiding the long digital flexores (7. c. 41).
In Tolypeutes the superficial plantar fascia is strong, and has attachment to the os
ealeis and inner malleolus. It entirely covers the sole, being firmly adherent to the
plantar sesamoid bone and vessels, as also the tendons of the deep flexors. It sends
slips more or less to all the digits; the second and third only are perforated. In D. 6-
cinctus the plantar fascia, a continuation of the plantaris muscle, has a trifid division on
the sole, the hallux and 2nd and 3rd digits being acted on by its tubular prolongations.
In relation to the other muscles of the calf of the leg, the popliteus is large. At the
usual origin on the outer femoral condyle there is a small sesamoid bone. The insertion
ofthe popliteus is continued nearly halfway down the inner posterior aspect of the tibia.
Although Mr. Galton speaks of a double head to this muscle in the 6-banded Armadillo,
as does Hyrtl, in Chlamydophorus, neither makes allusion to its containing a sesamoid ;
and Macalister distinctly avers there is none in ۰
Flexor longus hallucis and flexor communis digitorum are conjoined. Their fleshy
belly, of moderate bulk, occupies the whole of the posterior surface of the interosseous
membrane, and about the middle fourth of the shaft of the tibia. Together the muscles
form a strong tendon, a little above the malleolus. This lies in the deep groove of the
102 DR .J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
q. nues on to the sole, broadening out as it is transfo
M nth en i UM en The ossicle is 0:25 inch long, nearly flat, or ni
veta aii on the surface, but wedge-shaped deeply: qu ha bursa between it
and the tarsal bones. From the distal end of the plantar bone ve tendons, placed
semicircularly, arise; they go to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th digits respectively,
Excepting the fifth, which is a small one, they are very broad and strong, and each has
small sesamoidei previous to insertion. us
With the exception of an extensive fibular origin, this long compound flexor has essen-
tially a similar arrangement in Dasypus 6-cinctus (Huxley, MS. notes, and Galton, 1. c,
p.557). Hyrtl (in mem. cited, p. 41) takes cognizance of the plantar ossicle and con-
nexion with long digital flexors in D. setosus (=the 6-banded ; species), in .D. novem-
cinctus (= Tatusia peba), and in D. gymnurus (= Xenurus unicinctus), remarking of
Chlamydophorus that it possesses a trihedral cartilaginous nodule in place of the bone,
the distal tendons, however, being five in number.
In the hind foot of this specimen of Tolypeutes conurus there were three lumbricales:
—the first from the superficial and ulnar side of the second tendon of the flexor longus,
and which is inserted into the fibular side of the same digit; the second lumbricalis
springs from between the second and third tendons, and is inserted upon the ulnar side,
of the third digit; the third lumbrical belly arose from between the third and fourth
flexor tendons, and it ended upon the fibular side of the third digit.
In his account of the anatomy of the six-banded Armadillo, Prof. Huxley’ stated he
met with six lumbricales in the left foot :—one to the fibular side of the hallux ; one to the
tibial side of the second toe, and another to its fibular side; one to the tibial side of the
third digit; one to the tibial side of the fourth toe; and, lastly, one to the tibial side of
the fifth toe. In the right foot of the same animal there were seven lumbricales in all,
the additional one going to the fibular side of the fourth toe. Mr. Galton’ recounts
having found seven lumbricales, with an arrangement corresponding to the right foot in
Huxley's specimen. Cuvier’s drawing, pl. 260, does not justify conclusions therefrom;
and Hyrtl, while admitting plantar lumbricales in the curious Chilian Pichiciago, leaves
their number and insertions untold.
The tibialis posticus has origin by asomewhat laterally compressed aponeurotic tendon
from the head of the fibula, and by fleshy fibres from the back of the shaft of the tibia
to the inner side and below the popliteus, as far as the upper end of the lower fourth of
the shaft. Its tendon, rather a strong one, glides in a separate groove behind the
inner malleolus, passes beneath the internal lateral ligament, and is inserted into the "m
ternal euneiform bone, The small extra tibialis postieus of Owen is also present. This |
arises perfectly separate from the last, viz. from the inner malleolus, as a slight muscular
s and it is inserted into the extra free portion of bone at the proximal end ofthe —
ux.
d Bare ofa double tibialis posticus among the Dasypodidze would seem rather tobe
e than the exception, Owen’, as above hinted, distinctly notes its having been ne
t .
MS. notes of Hunterian lectures, 1865. * 1. c. p. 563. 3 P, Z. S. 1832, p. 138.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 103
with by him in D. 6-cinctus ; it was alluded to by Huxley! asa differentiated muscle going
to the sesamoid. Galton’, in the same species of Armadillo, very clearly describes the
relations, course, and insertions of the compound tibialis posticus, and observes, “ May
not the latter of the two muscles described above be regarded as a “ tibialis posticus se-
cundus vel internus?" He also takes notice of the fact that in Cuvier's * Myologie'? the
last differentiated slip is lettered as tibialis posticus and its companion as flexor longus pos-
ticus. A second tibialis posticus obtains in Chlamydophorus*, the two-toed Sloth’, the
Ornithorhynchus *, several other vertebrates, and occasionally, as an abnormality, in Man’.
2. Inner Lumbo-pelvic, Caudal, and Belly-muscles.
In an earlier section, anted p. 90, I have drawn attention to the small quadratus lum-
borum as being quite within the cavity of the chest, a trace of its tendons only emerging
beyond the diaphragmatic crura. Psoas muscles, again, are so aborted as to leave the
lumbar region meagrely clothed, indeed almost fleshless, a perfect contrast therefore
to what obtains in some of the Marsupialia, Carnivora, and Rodentia. This one might
notbe prepared to find ; for from the remarkable facility with which Tolypeutes curves
the body and again unrolls it, the supposition that the loin-muscles would take an active
share therein seems plausible. But, on the other hand, our animal and the Armadilloes
generally have but feeble saltatory power and habit; and, as has been shown in the three-
banded species at least, the great digastric muscle expanded within the carapace seems to
supplant lumbar contractile effort. But, looking to adaptation of parts, the absence of fleshy
masses within the loins serves well the economy of Tolypeutes ; for greater space results,
conducing to the neat packing of the abdominal viscera during the curvature of the body.
Psoas ligament,—I apply this term to a well-marked and unusual ligament, in some
measure almost taking the place of psoas muscles. Somewhat like a backward con-
tinuation of the quadratus lumborum, or, indeed, rather simulating a rearward extension
of the erural tendons of the diaphragm, there is beneath and on each side of the bodies
of the posterior loin-vertebre a stout tendon which proceeds towards the pelvic brim.
Anteriorly this springs from or is firmly fastened to a ventral carinal process of the second
lumbar vertebra, and therefrom, with a slightly outward divergent course, is continued
to and inserted on a small eminence answering to the anterior inferior spinous process of
the ilium in human anatomy. The psoas ligament is about 14 inch long, narrow, flat,
and glistening, and at its pelvie termination partly covers and mingles with the super-
ficial facial structures of the sacro-iliac synchondrosis. It appears to have an important
bearing in spinal flexion, forasmuch as the hinge of movement at the loins turns on a pivot
at the intervertebral cartilage between the second and third lumbar vertebrae. Thus its
office may be compared to a guy-rope steadying and partially regulating the curvilinear
tension of the pelvic parts to the spine in advance.
1 Hunterian Lectures, 1865. 2 L.e. p. 558. » Pl. 260.
* Hyrtl’s Monograph on its Anatomy, l. c. p. 41.
* Galton * On the Myology of Cyclothurus didactylus," Ann. € Mag. Nat. Hist. Oct. 1869. $ : ;
* Meckel’s Anat. Comp. French ed. vol. vi. p. 424, and his memoir * Ornithorhynchi paradoas Descript. Anat.
T See Wood’s Remark, Proc. Roy. Soe. vol. xiv. p. 389.
* Witness Prof. Owen's remarks on the movements of the living Armadillo. P. 2.8. 1832, p. 135.
104 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO,
What has been denominated psoas ligament, may be eritically considered by others the
homologue of a psoas parvus muscle. It certainly is altogether devoid of fleshy fibre;
Lu moreover there is ón additional factor suggestive of the latter. This, for contrast,
then, I shall regard as psoas parvus. It is à tiny slip posteriorly inside the so-called
ligament, and composed of slender fleshy fasciculi coming from the sides of the third and
fourth lumbar vertebree, and inserted by a delicate tendon on the inner aspect of the
ilium, just below the last. l p
The muscle answering to the ilio-psoas of Galton and psoadiliacus of Macalister is
clearly of a compound character in Tolypeutes. That moiety which best answers to و
psoas magnus covers the ventral surface of the ilium by a layer of flesh, and is inserted
by a strong tendon on the upper point of the lesser femoral trochanter. The narrower
outer segment, or iliacus, springs more from the edge of the bone, and descending along.
side the first, in close proximity to it and the rectus femoris, is muscularly fastened in
front. of the lesser trochanter below the femoral neck. ۱ 1
An obturator internus is said to be wanting in Dasypus' and Chlamydophorus? ; butin
Tolypeutes a thin fleshy sheet covering the interior surface of the ischium around the
obturator is evidently the muscle in question, in spite of the difficulty raised, viz. ossifica-
tion and obliteration of the lesser sciatic notch. There obtains likewise a well-developed
obturator externus agreeing: pretty well with that of Dasypus (Galton), and not so
bound up with the gemelli &e. as in Chlamydophorus (Hyrtl). |
I have already made my remarks on the pyriformis, and here, along with the obturators,
speeify an anomalous sacro-pelvie muscle. It may be (and this is not improbable) a
deep layer or division of the pyriformis. In this case it is so distinctive that I class
it separately among the inner pelvic muscles, and append the cognomen of oblique sacral
to it, the rather to mark its presence than denote its importance. Its origin is from the
pelvic surface of the narrower portion of the sacrum, and in a broad fleshy layer fills up
the great sacrosciatic space. Its posterior border impinges upon upon the infracaudal,
the sacrococeygeus, and the obturator internus. The sacrosciatic nerve escapes at its
fore border and lies on its dorsal surface, separating it therefore from that previously
described as a pyriformis. Its fibres and those of the latter do not coincide in direction,
but pass at an acute angle to each other. l
This oblique sacral certainly does not belong to the category of the ordinary caudal
muscles, neither does it answer to the obturator tertius met with by Mivart and myself
in Hyrax capensis’. Without being absolutely identical, it best harmonizes with the
coceygeus of human anatomy, and partially with the same muscle in the Hyraz.
Depressores caudee.—Of these, three pairs are easily made out, their fleshy bellies being
fully developed though flat. That to which the name infracoceygeus or infracaudal is —
epe covers the mesial line of the sacrum posterior to its narrowing at the sciatic —
eni eim of opposite ees Pr:
the mail dd Gil for dict inte fie Maa e.chevron bones, thence pr p
, ee Ear and Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1869, vol. iv. p. 63. 2 Hyrtl, I. c. p. 39.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 105
- The sacrococcygeus, lying outside, has a broader origin, which does not extend so far
forwards as thelast. Its caudal tendons, one to each vertebral element, are most delicate
towards the end of the tail, yet tough and the reverse of weak.
The third, a short fleshy muscle, is covered almost entirely by the sacrococeygeus. It
answers partly to the ischiococcygeus of some mammals and birds. Of a widish trian-
gular shape, apex behind, it is spread out on the ischium inwards from below the neigh-
bourhood of the tuberosity to the outer margin of the infracoceygeus. Posteriorly it is
fixed to the lower surface of the incurved arch of the pelvic shield, viz. on the rear angle
of the hind-leg chamber of the carapace. |
Whilst the first-mentioned pairs of muscles flex the tail itself, the third pair act on the
pelvie shield, forcibly dragging it down and at the same instant forwards as the animal
rolls the body together. |
` Levatores caudze.— These are also three in number on each side. The levator caudæ
externus and internus commence by aponeurotic fascia which lies close against the
spinous edge of the sacrum, in proximity to the end of the spinalis dorsi &e. and there not
readily separable. As the transverse processes of the sacrum broaden, fleshy fibre in-
creases; and this again diminishes and separation of the caudal tendons follows, opposite
the arch of the pelvic shield. The usual distribution of tail-tendons takes place within
the bony tunnel (vide fig. 12, Tab. XXIV).
“The lumbo-caudalis!, a small muscle lying outside the preceding, is narrower and
weaker than the ischiococcygeus. It springs from above and inside the ischial tuber-
ösity, terminating by a partially compound tendon on the side of the root of the tail,
opposite the posterior apex of the arch of the pelvie shield. |
The external oblique muscle of the abdomen arises by ordinary digitations from eight
or nine of the posterior ribs, the digitations however being short. It has also attachment
to the whole of the last rib, the lumbar fascia, transverse processes of the loin-vertebre,
and anterior spine of the ilium. I omitted registering remarks on the internal oblique,
but noted that the rectus abdominis narrowed anteriorly, and reached, but barely pro-
ceeded beyond, the xiphoid cartilage. Poupart's ligament, however, is very considerably
accentuated, and conspicuously defines the rear of the abdominal parietes in the flexed
eondition of the hind limbs. The testes fit into the hollow just within, and seem to peer
out at the abdominal ring.
Cranio-facial Muscles. رو
- Belonging to the face 1 took note of the following series :—
1. The uppermost of a pair (or three ?) long levators or retractors extending between
orbit and snout, springs from the orbital surface of the maxillary bone ; by a. flat fleshy
belly. This develops a large tendon which proceeds straight forwards to the root of the
upper narial cartilage.
2. The next, similar in character, although situate inferiorly, partially overlaps the pre-
ceding at its origin. It has somewhat more of an infraorbital and jugal attachment. At
the side of the superior maxilla it splits into two, the tendons of which continue in a nearly
! See remarks on this muscle in the Manatee &c., Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. viii. p. 147, pl. 21.
VOL. XXX. E T P
106 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
parallel direction forwards, one being fixed to the lateral cartilage of the nostril ; the other,
more delicate, goes more downwards and terminates on the lowest lateral cartilage
(=sesamoid ?). The terminal branches of the infraorbital nerves so intertwine with the
tendons as to make the latter be mistaken for nervous cords.
3. From the infraorbital region there is a short, broadish, entirely fleshy layer, which
strikes obliquely downwards towards the upper lip, near the angle of the mouth,
4. There is a long levator labii inferioris corresponding in part with the nasal retrac-
tors, but quite single and weaker than these; it blends rearwards with the fibres of the
cheek-muscle or buceinator.
The orbicularis palpebrarum possesses a widish area ; and intermingled with it behind is
the forward extension and jugo-orbital insertion of the protractor of the first movable
zone.
The buccinator is well developed, as also are the horseshoe-shaped fibres of the orbi-
cularis oris.
As faras made out, the masseter is single, broad, and with a wide attachment to the
mandibular angle.
The moderate-sized temporalis, besides a usual coronoid insertion, runs well down -
and outside the ascending ramus, in a groove which extends below the level of the teeth,
There are two strong fleshy pterygoidei. |
I shall compare the foregoing with the admirable description and illustrations of the
muscles of the nose, lips, and jaws of the Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata’), given
by Prof, Owen. It becomes apparent ceteris paribus, that our loricate specimen, in its
fleshy facial development, presents a much greater likeness to the large hairy edentate
than the elongate tenuous snout-formation of the latter would warrant. From this we
may infer that the type is preserved, however much the contour of physiognomy is
altered. As another corollary we may admit that, though narrowed and lengthened, the
nasal retractores are in verity homologues of the naso-labial levatores of Man.
Owen specifies a levator nasi, the counterpart of my No. 1. His retractor anguli oris,
retractor alee nasi, and retractor labii superioris are comprised in Tolypeutes by the com-
pound muscle numbered 2 above. In ita tertiary and not binary tendinous distribution may
have been present, though not detected by me, the nerves, fascia, and tendons being
involved together in a tough matted structure. We agree as to a retractor labii inferioris,
though in the Anteater it possesses a more distinct superficial maxillary origin. What
is named accessorius ad orbicularem oris by Owen, is No. 3 in Tolypeutes. Differences
in the other muscles may be ascribed solely to the longer, shallower head of Myrme-
cophaga jubata. In Chlamydophorus truncatus, Hyrtl mentions (l. c. p. 30) the presence
id — anguli oris, zygomaticus, levator labii superioris or retractor rostri, besides the
usual jaw-muscles. 1
4. Muscles of the Spine, the Neck, and the Back, superficially.
The long dorsal muscles ! : Mes
strength of their tendons. have, on. the whole, a paucity of flesh compared with the
* Trans. Zool. Soc, vol, iv. p. 133, pl. 39.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 107
' The sacro-lumbalis belies its name, reaching neither the sacrum nor loins. Its costal
attachment is narrow and thin, covering the ribs a little way beyond their angles; it has the
ordinary subsidiary tendons, the foremost being inserted into the head of the first rib. I
did not make out an extension of cervicalis ascendens with clearness.
The thickest part of the longissimus dorsi is where it lies under the eave of the last
three dorsal and first two lumbar metapophyses. "These processes in a manner protect it ;
and this more fleshy part lodged in the bony groove doubtless exerts a pulley-action in
the return spring of the spine from its flexed condition. As it has an insertion upon the
last three cervical vertebre, this anterior portion, which is strong, comes under the defi-
nition of transversalis cervicis, as applied to the muscle in Man and other animals.
The spinalis dorsi, though not voluminous, is certainly compact. It occupies the trough
between the metapophyses and spinous processes. Immediately beneath is a very appre-
ciable development of semispinalis. The component fascicular bundles of this cover two
vertebral laminze each, but lie well against the spines, posterior to the first dorsal. In
the neck the s. colli has a flatter position. There is another fair-sized deeply placed neck-
muscle outside the last, and with attachments (from cranium to last cervical) indicative
of its being a complexus major. Whatever significance may be borne by the long spinal
museles in Tolypeutes, as regards reflection when the body is inturned, it is obvious from
Hyrtl’s description and Cuvier's plates that there is hardly any variation in the other
Armadilloes.
Unless the part described under the cutaneous sheets may represent a cephalic end, the
otherwise weakly developed trapezius has no forward or occipital extension in Tolypeutes.
The more evident constituent of the muscle is a tenuous dorsal layer coming from the
first and second, and expanding towards the sixth and seventh vertebral spines; the sca-
pular insertion covers the triangular space of that bone. Cuvier, fig. 2, pl. 269, denotes
greater expansion of the cucullaris ; and Meckel’s', Macalister's, and Galton's observations
substantiate its duplicity in Dasypus. The latter writer, in admitting two factors=“ les
portions occipitale et dorsale ” of Cuvier, notes that the first arose from the neck for five
inches behind the occiput, and without clavieular fastening was inserted along the sca-
pular spine; the second had attachments from the third dorsal rearwards to the lumbar
region. He describes (J. c. p. 527) moreover an “ acromio-basilar”” muscle, stretching
from supraocciput to the metacromial process (Parker); this is Cuvier's “ portion cer-
vicale " of the trapezius, and also regarded as an accessory division thereof by Meckel
dc. This last differentiated segment is analogous to a small roundish muscle met with
by me in Tolypeutes. It sprang from the back of the skull, outside the rhomboideus
capitis, and, running parallel with it, terminated in the said acromial projection. Accord-
ing to Macalister?, in the Armadillo, with a clavicular insertion, the above acromio-basilar
strip of Galton is a levator clavicule or trachelo-acromial (omo-atlantie, Haug "iibi —
vico-humeral, Humphry). "This decision, as regards Tolypeutes, I might acquiesce in, a
clavicular levator otherwise seemingly not being differentiated ; but Galton specially dis-
tinguishes the presence of acromio-basilar and levator clavicule in the same specimen.
1 French trans. vol. vi. p. 222. * « Myology of Bradypus,” l.c. p. g^ 2
108 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
In Chlamydophorus a condition of the cucullaris similar to that in Dasypus ob tains, E
also the additional part (=acromio-basilar P). Hyrtl (7. c. p. 33) suggests the name of
« capitis extensores ” to the planes in question, and afterwards shows the rhomboidej
and levator scapulee are much as I shall describe. : bieno 1 1 ۱
Rhomboidei.—The anterior of these, that to which r. capitis! is applicable, Springs by
a strong tendon from the back of the neck, and, at first fleshy and round, thiekens and
broadens as it goes backwards to be fastened into the supraspinous fossa between the
metacromial process and the anterior scapular angle. It lies entirely outside the inser.
tion of the protractor of the movable zones, and in its course it crosses the spinous and
other muscles of the neck. Rhomboideus major and minor are united, and at their origin
(second to fifth dorsal vertebre) they are intimately connected with the longissimus
dorsi. They have an insertion upon the scapula, its surface and vertebral border of spine,
except so much as is occupied by the serratus magnus, ۲
Equally in the three- and many-banded Armadilloes and the Chlamydophorus there is
no trace of an omohyoid. |
The splenius in Tolypeutes is very long and narrow, but of tolerable bulk. By short
tendons it springs from the second, third, and fourth dorsal spines, and by a single small
but moderately strong tendon is fixed to the paramastoid (?) behind the meatus auditorius
externus. Assimilation of splenius capitis and colli obtains in Chlamydophorus ; and the
next pair, as in Tolypeutes, are separate. There is a fulness in the first of these, the
complexus major, which arises from five anterior dorsal and two or three of the posterior
cervicals, being occipitally attached anteriorly; the other, complexus minor, comes from
the cervical transverse processes, and cranially is lodged beneath the tendon of the
splenius. | |
The deep, short muscles of the back of the neck are fleshy, and altogether form a
defined V-shaped area between axial spine and occiput. "Though partially coaleseed, the
usual divisions can be traced. The rectus capitis anticus major is mesially tendinous,
outwardly fleshy, and with. oblique fibres. Anteriorly it is adherent to the basiocciput,
about the middle lies on the outer margins of the cervicals, and posteriorly enters the
eavity of the chest to the third dorsal body. There is a smaller, i. e. r. c. a. minor, with
normal attachments. A representative of longus colli reaches from the second to sixth
ceryicals ; its inner possesses oblique, its outer moiety longitudinal fibres . |
Whether owing to nuchal semi-anchylosis or related to the disposition of transverse
processes and considerable calibre of the cervical plexus of nervés, &c., a scalenus anticus
is deficient ; and what trifling development of muscle there is appears to be homologous
ی den d mayhap, in addition, the s. medius of Man—an opinion enter-
y Hy . €. ). i | p
ot اي oan I need ‚alone repeat the fact that the authors 50 en
clei a ae x 2 ously 1n genera of the Armadillo tribe separation m
VM atte Negeri = With a greater clavicular breadth of the former, ans
9۹ | ter to the cartilage at the sternal end of the clavicle,
This is the oceipi
seeipito-scapular segment of Galton, Macalister, and others, and'in part levator. scapule of Hyrtl.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 109
Galton’s' graphic description of the condition and relations extant in D. 6-cinctus
answer admirably to Zolypeutes. |
- The most interesting point is the Y-shaped elongation from opposite sides of the inner
divisions to the xiphoid. What relation does it bear to the anomalous variety in human
myology the so-called ‘musculus sternalis, ‘prasternalis,’ ‘rectus sternalis, ‘ ster-
nalis brutorum ’ and ‘thoracicus’ of various anatomists? Professor Turner’s observa-
tions? and historical account embrace complete argument on the question. He himself,
with others, considers it a remnant of panniculus carnosus, as opposed to opinions
advanced of its being an upward continuation of the rectus abdominis, a downward
extension of sternomastoid, a muscle sw generis, or mayhap allied to the supra- or
sterno-costalis. From a study of the data, I am inclined to hold a middle view. In the
human subject it may retain a special name in favour of its variable nature and possible
junction of two different muscles and layers. To my mind Turner’s excellent delinea-
tions &c. prove that it has nothing to do with the supracostales (primus and secundus *),
whose plane is deeper and direction of fibres nearly at right angles. Again, it cannot
be confounded with rectus, since the latter, when produced to the foremost ribs (whether
by aponeurosis or otherwise), passes beneath the supracostal*. Its transitory con-
nexions to the pectoralis major and obliquus externus none have advocated as supporting
its claim to be a production of either; nor do I think there are good grounds to justify
such an assumption. It.may be admitted as unique in Man, forasmuch as it fre-
quently conjoins sternomastoid and external oblique &c.; but this by no means implies
absence of its representative elements in animals. On the contrary, by its very irre-
gularity is its composition best evinced. Where alone developed inferiorly (posteriorly,
“origin” of Turner), it is a true homologue and rudiment of the panniculus ) thoraco-
facien " of Cuvier), as Hallet, Turner, and Galton surmise; but its superior end, in rela-
tion to sterno-mastoid, does offer similarity to the rearward prolongation of that muscle
existing in Tolypeutes and other forms—to wit, the opinion held by Bourienne, Thiele,
and Henle. The difficulty thrown out by Wilde and Turner of its lying on a plane beneath
the platysma myoides strengthens rather than weakens its tegumentary character; for
in many mammals (I may specify the Manatee) an almost distinct sheet of the general
robe of the panniculus starts from over the sternum, passes forwards beneath the trans-
verse platysmal fibres en route to the malar arch. The latter anatomist’s cases, figs. 4, 5,
and 6, are those that best uphold continuity with sternomastoid ; but should it be shown
hereafter that in verity, tendon or otherwise, it goes superficial to, and does not become
thoroughly fused with, the manubrial extremity of the sternomastoid, then undoubtedly
the musculus sternalis is none other than a remnant of the lower mammalian cutaneous
sheet. ead dome! i
* L. e. p. 527, and “Extremities of Orycteropus capensis,” Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 568, fig. 1, tab. 45.
* * On the Musculus Sternalis," Journ. of Anat. & Phys. vol. i. p. 246, pl. xii.
3 Although the supracostal in animals is ordinarily single, yet a pair on each side are occasionally met with,
Witness Lemur catta, > Anat. of the Lemuroidea,” Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii. p. 51, pl. iv. fig. 12.
+ In Bourienne's solitary case mentioned in footnote p. 250 (Turner, l c.), instancing continuity of rectus and
sternalis, may this not have been a development of supracostal in apparent, not real, continuity with rectus? ,
110 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
Serrati.— The s. magnus is strong. Attachments nine anterior ribs, transverse pro:
cesses of two or three postcervicals, and, as usual, scapula. There does not appear to
be an s. postieus superioris ; and the s. posticus inferioris might be taken for a continua.
tion of the latissimus dorsi. It arises by fascicular tendons from the metapophyses of
the last three dorsal and 1st lumbar vertebr& ; and its muscular insertion is into the 3rd
and 4th hindmost ribs. Dasypus 6-cinctus has a double s. magnus, one to lst and 2nd
ribs, the other to 3rd to 6th coste (Galton); Chlamydophorus 8 front ribs, and united
to levator scapule (Hyrtl).
The Latissimus dorsi and dorsi epitrochlear muscles bear intimate relations. One sheet
of this associated duplex muscle is interwoven with the rhomboidei and with the posterior
serratus, and comes from the 6th to 9th dorsal spines. As it winds over the posterior
angle and the scapula, its fibres become distinct from those of the rhomboidei, and have
an attachment to the inferior (posterior) border of the scapula, at the middle blending
with the scapular head of the triceps; thence it descends to the olecranon region and
fascia beyond. The second division springs fleshy from the posterior border of the
scapula, in junction with the teres major; but it also derives origin from the thorax, 5th
to 2nd ribs near their sternal ends. It is continued out to the shaft of the humerus,
terminating in a strong tendon. Described at greater length, and comprising lumbar
fascia, the above pair of muscles are essentially alike in Dasypus and Chlamydophorus',
Cuvier's figures? are in concord with Galton’s observations’. Huxley's memoranda I
append as a footnote *.
| 6. Muscles of the Fore Quarters.
Pectorales.—From its comparatively great length, the p. major would seem to have
more retractile than adducting power. It extends abdominally half an inch behind the
xiphoid cartilage, there narrow and tapering. It reaches forwards to the manubrium,
but is meagre in costal attachment, though fastened to the inner clavicular cartilage and
bone for about a third of its length. Its tendinous insertion is the inner edge of the
prominent deltoid process, fascia continuing to the forearm. What may constitute a
deep layer of the preceding, or, as lief, a pectoralis minor, is a long narrow strip, with an
origin from the 5th and 6th sternal ribs. In trending outwards and forwards, it goes
over the surface of the biceps, and there, weak and tenuous, is fastened in part on its
tendon, while some fibres continue upwards towards the shoulder-joint. The preceding
condition answers well to what is recorded of the pectorales in Chlamydophorus. Huxley
assigns a wide clavicular origin to the p. major in Dasypus sexcinctus, and describes à
Hyrtl, l c. p.33. He terms the two divisions “ vertebral et costal.”
* Recueil, pls. 259, 260. 2 L.c. p. 531
4 8 x 1
The notes of Prof. Huxley's dissection of D. sexcinctus run thus :—“ The latissimus dorsi has an extraordinary
origin by a broadness of fibres, which arise near the junction of the sternal and vertebral ribs, interdigitating Wib —
those of th تور ۱
* serratus and external oblique—and an ordinary origin, which is exceedingly extensive, and where the
E Nec and میا connected with the angle of the scapula. These latter are for the most part
ery large ‘dorsi epitrochlear, which passes down on the back of the arm as a sort of accessor}
extensor, and is inserted : : ۱
muscles, and is etch id ^ the fascia covering the olecranon, and partly into that which covers the u
(MS. Lectures, 1865.) e palm. The rest M the muscle goes to the ordinary insertion into the hen
fibres converge,
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 111
‚minor—that also referred to by Meckel, but which doubtless is the subclavius’,
Cuvier's sketches rather reciprocate my determination. Galton’s observation, echoed by
Macalister, points to absence of a p. minor and of clavicular origin to the p. major. The
ensiform origin in the “Tatu” Meckel ascribed as influencing respiration during the
rolling up of the body”. In Tolypeutes it doubtless deflects the xiphoid segment, but
that to give stowage-room to the abdominal viscera, the assistance to respiratory function
probably being a sequence.
A distinct subclavius arises from the expanded end of the first rib, close to the sternum.
It passes under the clavicle, is connected to that bone and to the deep cervical fascia,
being finally inserted upon the tendinous arch between the coracoid and acromion.
Hyrtl recognizes it in his monograph *; but it has been mistaken by others, as mentioned,
for a p. minor, though Galton has correctly appreciated its character‘.
There is a supracostalis derived from the sternal end of the 1st rib ; thence it covers
the outer halves of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sternal ribs, extending beyond to the 5th, 6th,
and 7th by a thin glistening fascia. This, the sterno-costal muscle of Cuvier, I presume
is the rectus thoracicus lateralis of Macalister’. With the latter author, however, I do
not agree in recognizing it as a prolongation of the rectus abdominis. . In its oblique
inward diagonal direction to that muscle, the fact that the rectus in many instances runs
beneath it with quite a separate first costal fastening, and the occasional presence of a
second external supracostal, we have similitude to additional though abnormal scaleni, or
to deep pectorales, rather than to extension and differentiation of the abdominal rectus.
Humeral Extensors.—The deltoid has an extensive origin, partly from the outer half
of the clavicle, partly from the acromion process and scapular spine to its expansion,
thereafter mingling with the dorsal fascia. Fleshy below, it is fastened to the outer
humeral. neck and deltoid process, excepting what is occupied by the pectoralis-major
tendon. The scapular head of the triceps is very broad, one border, as already stated,
intermingling with dorsi epitrochlear. Its olecranal insertion is extensive, according
therefore with the enlargement of this ulnar process. The long humeral division of the
muscle is smaller than the preceding ; and the third shorter head has origin below the
teres major. Besides what may be regarded as an anconeus externus, there is a well-
marked and fleshy representative of an anconeus internus, the “ epitrochleo-anconeus " of
Prof. Wenzel Gruber’. The presence of the latter in D. 6-cinctus is attested by Cuvier*
and Galton”.
' MS, Hunterian Lectures. 2 French ed. tom. vi. p. 372. > p.32. ٩ L. c.p. 528.
* Ann, Mag. N. H. July 1869, p. 55. * Recueil, pl. 260 u’.
* Loc. cit. p. 539, pl. 44. fig. 2, x A. i
* Mém. d. 1, Acad. Sci. d. St.-Pétersb. tom. x. 1867. In his dissertation on this anomalous anconeus in Man and
‚ animals, Gruber specially depicts that of the Three-banded Armadillo (Dasypus tricinctus), tab. ii. fig. 3, in u dissec-
tion of the right axilla and fore limb. He has given a full description of the same (p. 20), which I quote at length
in his own words :—“ Bedeckunglage.—Der muskel ist von dem latissimus dorsi kommenden anconeus fleischig be-
deckt. Er liegt zwischen dem triceps brachii, dem nur mit einem kopfe von der ulna entspringenden ulnaris internus
und dem epitrochl tspri den muskeln im suleus epitrochleo-anconeus über den nervus ulnaris und über einen
von der medialen fläche des olecranon entspringenden 6 lin. breiten und 3-4 lin. breiten fleischkopf des flexor digi-
112 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
The scapular muscles offer little, if any, variation from the recorded examples of
Dasypus, Tatusia, and Chlamydophorus. The subscapularis reaches but does not
go beyond the ossified cartilage. The supraspinatus .slightly overlaps the bone at the
neck, and at its vertebral end fills the fossa, save what space pertains to the rhomboideus
capitis and protractor of the first movable zone. Like the above, the infraspinatus has
an ordinary humeral insertion. As the teres major starts from the inferior posterior
border of the downward projecting scapular angle, it is in close junction with the second
division of the latissimus ; its humeral insertion is below and deeper than the latter.
There is a rudimentary teres minor.
` Of humeral flexors, the biceps is double-headed, its scapular tendon strong compared
with the coracoid one. The powerful distal tendon glides in the lower humeral grooye
and over the coronoid process to the pit beneath, the coronoid eminence acting as a
fulerum in flexion. In Dasypus both singleness and duplicity of origin and. insertion
have been met with by different observers *, the neck of the radius receiving a share
of the terminal tendon. Chlamydophorus has a biceps agreeing best with that of
Tolypeutes: I find the coraco-brachialis to be single, with a usual origin in conjunction
with the biceps. . It has but a moderately fleshy belly, and a very slender insertion upon
the inner condyle over the supracondyloid arch, therefore equivalent to the coraco-
brachialis longus of Prof. John Wood ?. This condition is that mentioned by Meckel vin
the Tatu, and similarly figured by Cuvier in D. 6-cinctus—though Galton“, with whom
Macalister coincides, describes a second head of origin (short variety of Wood) in the
latter species. "The flat, strong brachialis anticus comes from behind the humeral
neck, eurves forwards below the deltoid bridge, and terminates by tendon in the coronoid
pit of the ulna, along with but outside the biceps.
A single supinator muscle alone is indicated, this in itself being indefinite. Some
fascia with obscure fleshy fibrille comes from below the brachialis anticus, and appears
to go to the radial neck. Both s. longus and s. brevis are deficient in Chlamydophorus;
but in Dasypus a muscle better developed but with similar relations to that in Tolypeutes
obtains. Huxley and others regard it as a supinator brevis.
EI
“rum proftndus. hinübergespannt, Gestalt.—Der muskel hat eine dreiseitig pyramidale gestalt mit einer medialen
و hintern fläche. Grösse.—Der. muskel hat eine länge von 1 z.; eine breite von 2 lin. am ursprunge
e lin. an der insertion; eine dicke von 3 lin. muskel ist der absolut dickste der bis jetzt untersuchten thiere..
و bep entspringt mit einer kurzen und sehr starken sehne vom epitrochleus, aber mit keiner ver-
a e die — — des canalis supracondyloideus humeri darstellenden knochspange an dem ganz
ea c, der 1-14 in diske: coracobrachialis zum schnitze des durch. den canal durchtretenden nervus medi-
kn er vas. brachialia sich ansetzt. Insertion.—Der muskel inserirt sich an die mediale fläche des olecranot
iste Pon longas und zwischen dem anconeus internus und ulnaris internus medianwärts von einem fes
خی aim. digitorum profundas) welcher ihn von der ellenbogengelenk-kapsel scheidet mit dem 90 —
thieren, di ıaris internus ist der müskel an der insertion-stelle verwachsen. Nerve.— Dieser kommt wie bei andern- n
with it سب sd € and Macalister, papers cited; but the latter, with Prof. Haughton, hsm
Arma: 0, speci 418a ۱ ' y
dea 1887, 9:61. species not certified. Journ. of Anat. 1868, p. 285. : :
© L. e; p. 534 3 Anat, Comp. (Paris) vol. vi. p. 280.
22 , PL 44. figs. 1 & 2 CB cB). and 2 5 ° " $ Lid
Des Ate NS MS. notes, dissection of D. 6-cinctus.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 113
Extensores carpi radialis longior et brevior are met with in distinctness. The
former, fair-sized, has origin below the supinator, and between it and the external con-
dyle. As its distal tendon, at first broadish, narrows inferiorly, it passes over the end of
the radius, and is inserted upon the protuberant internal knuckle and top of the trapezio-
trapezoid bone. The latter, second muscle is more compressed, and starts by tendon from
the external condyle, but ends by a fleshy insertion on the outer edge of the radius
to about the middle of the bone. With unity of belly, the carpo-radial extensor in
the six-banded Armadillo is provided with two terminal tendons, one to the indicial
metacarpal, the other to the third metacarpal'. In Chlamydophorus an indicial ten-
dinous insertion is alone mentioned.
The extensor communis digitorum is derived equally from the external condyle and the
intermuscular fascia. It divides into a pair of tendons above the wrist-joint. The
broader and much the stronger one supplies the enlarged middle digit, the lesser goes
to the fourth or outer digit, both being partially fastened to the powerful rigid claws as
well as the bone. Hyrtl, in Chlamydophorus, and Meckel and Galton, in Dasypus, state
that the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th digits receive tendons, the latter authority figuring’ two
oblique phalangeal intercommunieations ; whilst Huxley alludes to a tendinous expansion
on the back of the manus.
There is a smaller muscle arising from the external condyle outside the common
extensor. It passes separately to the outer groove on the back of the distal extremity
of the ulna, previously splitting into two unequal-sized tendons. The smaller and
shorter goes to the outside of the fourth digit. The larger inner one has a double
insertion, viz. broadly into the top of the root of the fourth toe, and by a narrower
tendon on the outside of the great clawed third toe. Besides attachment to the carpo-
metacarpal fascia, the latter is in connexion with an inner recurrent tendon fixed to the
ex. communis. No slip was sent on to the third digit in the opposite left limb. The
above evidently represents an extensor minimi, and in part an e. medius digiti. Besides
the foregoing, an extensor indicis is present. This hasan ulnar and interosseo-membranal
origin, and it sends a flat tendon on to the terminal phalanx of the inner second digit.
There is, moreover, an extensor ossis metacarpi, but no extensor primi and secundi
internodi. The former of these three comes from the upper outer surface of the ulna
below the olecranon, and partly from the interosseous membrane. 1t winds round the
radius, arching over the long radio-carpal extensor, and is inserted into the trapezium. :
In the 6-banded Armadillo, Galton’ carefully registers and figures :—an ex. minimi
digiti, with a single tendon to the metacarpal and proximal phalanx of the outer digit ;
an ex. annularis, with tendon bifurcating to proximal phalanx of 4th and ungual
phalanx of 5th digit; an ex. indicis, with a large tendon to the index and a e ^d
the pollux; an ex. o. m. pollicis, terminating on the radial side of the pollicial meta-
carpal. Compared with these observations, 2 slight variation in absence of pollicial
tendon to the ex. indicis and of ex. o. m. pollicis is what Meckel* avers of the Tatu.
4 L. c. fig. 5, pl. 44.
4 Anat. Comp. (French ed.) vol, vi. p. 326.
Q
* Galton as cited.
* L.c. pp. 542, 543, and figs. 1 and 2.
VOLS XYX.
114 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
As showing a certain agreement in the Chlamydophorus, Hyrtl” speaks of a “ radialis
externus" to the indicial metacarpal, an “extensor digiti quarti et quinti,” and an
« ius digiti minimi."
ay pec Aunt longus of considerable size, with an inner condylar and inter.
muscular fascial derivation, and firmer connexion with the flexor muscles beneath. Its
tendon, placed well to the inner aspect of the limb, ends in a powerful palmar fascia,
which, fastened to the sesamoid ossicle, spreads more thinly over nearly the entire palm,
ending in slips to the middle and outer toes. Excepting the slight division in this pal.
maris, there are no true perforated tendons to the digits. "The termination of the radial
nerve is intimately adherent to the fascia, as alluded to in the description of the brachial
plexus. What I may term palmaris brevis, but which, more strictly speaking, represents
a flexor brevis manus?, has rather a fleshy derivation from the superficies of the palmar
ossicle; and it divides into two slips ending in tendons, one on either side of the inner-
most or second digit. Huxley (MS.) hints separation of a palmaris longus inserted -
into the fascia of the manus; but other observers speak of its complete fusion with the
flexor sublimis in Dasypus.
The flexor carpi ulnaris possesses an olecranal origin and insertion into the pisiform
bone. The flexor carpi radialis is smaller, and with a much shorter belly, than the
preceding. Its lower tendon commences about opposite the upper end of the lower third
of the radial shaft, and, going behind the styloid process, lies in a groove in the scaphoid
and is ultimately inserted into the trapezio-trapezoid bone. In apposition with the radial
flexor, a representative of pronator radii teres is derived from the inner condyle and inter-
muscular fascia. Its widish tendon of insertion occupies the third lower quarter of the 7
shaft of the radius upon its internal aspect. As regards these three muscles in the
genera Dasypus, Tatusia, and Chlamydophorus there is no distinction worth mention; and
neither in them nor Tolypeutes is there a pronator quadratus.
The next muscle or set of muscles includes representatives of flexor sublimis, flexor
profundus digitorum, and possibly flexor longus pollicis. Without tearing asunder the
fleshy fibres it cannot well be separated above ; at the wrist it divides into several great
tendons fixed to the proximal end of the palmar ossicle; and at the further digital
extremity three fresh tendons are furnished. Reducing the upper mass to apparent
constituents, I resolved these into five. 1. The portion simulating a flexor sublimis is
but moderately bulky; it comes from the internal condyle, intermuscular fascia, and —
partially adnate fellows, and below forms superficially a strong tendon attached to the
inner prominence at the proximal end of the palmar bone. 2. The largest portion of the
muscular combination arises from the inner surface of the olecranon and whole of the inside
of the ulnar shaft, a short slip moreover springing separately from the internal condyle.
a roue v^, which possesses a tendinous exterior, terminates broadly 2
NA u ELLE; superficially its proximal end, except the prominent?
the previous division. 3 and 4. Beneath are two small cord-like sips -
' Mem. cited, p. 38, | E
* See an account of this muscle bv Mi . ; r T |
raris conternng tho palmaris reri in Duet en mie ar
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 115
ending in tendons somewhat fused to the last. They arise chiefly from the sigmoid notch
under the first-mentioned museular division. 5. This, the shortest and deepest division,
arises from the whole of the interosseous membrane and posterior surface of the shaft of the
fibula. It has a more muscular insertion than the others into the entire breadth of the
proximal end of the palmar ossicle, but deeper than the foregoing. The palmar bone in
question is about 0:5 inch long, 0'3 inch broad at its upper end, where widest, and 0:2
inch in greatest thickness. It is heart-shaped; the proximal end is bifid, or with well-
marked tuberosities ; the distal extremity has a blunt apex. Superficially it is convex,
but deeply concave or with a longitudinal broad mesial furrow.
As already intimated, three tendons are derived from its digital extremity; these
proceed respectively to the toes. "The middle one is enormously broad, thick, and cor-
respondingly powerful, the others much less so, though strong. Their length bears a
ratio to that of the digit, the innermost being longest. In all three toes secondary
sesamoid ossicles are developed over the joint at the root of the clawed phalanx ; but the
middle tendon alone possesses within its substance an additional tiny sesamoid, which is
situate close to the palmar bone.
Six most competent anatomists, viz. Meckel, Cuvier, Owen ', Huxley, Macalister, and
Galton, have investigated the preceding complex and remarkable muscle in the fore limb
of Dasypus. "The account rendered by the last-mentioned author is the most critical in
detail, though the French savant's illustrations have an inherent diagrammatie value,
and Owen's terse summary catches at the gist of the thing. It appears to me that what
is recognized as sublimis includes my long palmar ; and while Cuvier, Owen, and Galton
state it to have two, Meckel adds a third pollicial tendon. My 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
divisions are Galton’s 1st muscular mass &e. of flex. prof. dig., and Owen's two portions
of same. My 5th part more nearly corresponds to Owen's 3rd portion (longus pol-
licis) and Galton's 2nd, with its accessory parts. Five terminal tendons are given off
from the palmar ossicle. Allowing for difference of dietion and homological relation of
parts, it results that this compound muscle in Dasypus bears close agreement with that of
Tolypeutes, the latter necessarily being deficient in pollieial tendon. In Chlamydophorus
the muscular bellies are a counterpart of the preceding, Hyrtl being in doubt as to
division of long palmar and sublimis, the palmar aponeurosis, however, dividing to the
four outer digits. Of the tendons derived from the palmar ossicle, he remarks :—
* Flexor digitorum brevis, quorum singuli digiti, excepto pollice, binos obtinent." The
manner of digital ensheathments and absence of true perforated tendons all these authors
less or more agree to. i
After having dissected the feet, a mishap befel them ere my notes were duly registered
concerning the small deep muscles. I clearly made out strong interossei and other
flexores breves. These were fewer in number than specified by Galton in Dasypus ; but
in absence of precision I omit further notice of them.
1 «Notes on the Osteology of the Weasel-headed Armadillo,” P. Z. S. 1832, p. 137, and the other writers as
already quoted.
Q 2
116 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
VII. Or THE SKELETON.
After Cuvier' s excellent chapter in his * Ossemens Fossiles' !, wherein the bony frame.
work of the Three-banded Armadillo is brought into comparison with others of tá
group, Turner's critical summary of characters of Tolypeutes tricinctus’, Owen's
notices of osteological specimens in the Hunterian Museum’, Giebel’s article » Where
T. conurus is submitted to descriptive analysis, Gray's?, Burmeister's?, and others’
remarks, my instituting a long and minute verbal account of the skeleton wodi be super-
fluous. I have preferred to figure most of the bones separately, or in connexion (where
relation of segment is concerned), along with a characteristic view of the flexed skeleton.
Thus the greater number of parts needful for comparison in a palæontological point of
view, are rapidly surveyed and readily comprehended. I limit written material, there-
fore, to the more equivocal portions, or such as have hitherto been meagrely dwelt on.
1. Skull and Mandible.
inches
Extreme length of the cranium و . . a a ee
Greatest width (at descending portion of jua) Eit aon Teste SOIN
Breadth at the mastoidal region . . ERTL این SOV AE BE
LM OL the piste ae ai ae os 0003 18
Each row of teeth in length . . . 1 er Se eee ener
Diameter, from the outside of one E to the pus Vs a A
The preemaxille in length (superiorly). . M. pola * c cr. E OF
Greatest depth of the skull without the mehdible A LL n AE
Extreme length of the brain-cavity . . Eu. o3 wo. U ES
Its narrowest diameter (at debito ما : oT E
Its widest diameter (which applies to magic idi tempor myisi ser O9
Lower jaw in extreme length . Go E E oo ee
From the anterior root of dico ramus fedis TEST Haoine ET
Height, from tip of coronoid process dropping تن enga LO
In the view of the interior base of the skull (fig. 51) a portion of the frontal has been
removed, which exposes a large surface of the frontal and maxillary sinuses. These are
very extensive, and occupy within a trifle of the cranial breadth at this part. The
general direction of the main septa is radial to the ethmoid bone, many transverse
and oblique minor partitions to these constituting the distinguishing loculi. Besides
these, laterally and in front, there is a very capacious maxillary chamber. This reaches
from the front of the zygoma forwards nearly the whole length of the superior maxillary,
and it materially produces the skull’s maxillo-frontal breadth. It answers to the
antrum of Highmore in humananatomy. At the sides of the thin ethmo-vomerine plate
' Tom. v. * Sur l'Ostéologie des Tatous et de POryctérope.”
* * On the Arrangement of the Edentate Mammalia," P. Z. S. 1851, p. 215.
* Osteol. Cat. vol. ii. spee. nos. 2297-2315.
* “Zur Characteristik der Gürtelthiere,” in Zeitsch. f. d. gesam. Naturwis. (1861), Band. xviii. p. 93.
* B. M. Catalogues and « Entomophagous Edentata," P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 379.
* * Reise d. La Plata,’ vol. ii., and > Anales d. Mus. Pub. d. Buenos Aires,’ vols. i. meg ii. (various notices).
net MEET den nn a Cum E M
DR. J. MURIÉ ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 117
(partially visible, fig. 51) are the upper nasal passages, here rather narrow than otherwise.
Outside them and in front is the reduced continuation of the frontal cells. The shell
of the bone in the entire area spoken of is thin, and remarkably so at some parts. "Thus
whatsoever be the office of these air-cells, every provision is made for them, as they claim
a major share of the front of the skull.
Prof. Gervais's cast in outline of the cranial cavity of Tolypeutes tricinctus (already
mentioned) amply characterizes the figure of the interior osseous basal view of that of
T. conurus. There is a broad trapezoidal olfactory section, a lengthened slightly forward
tapering cerebral or mid division, and a short but wide cerebellar portion. "The level of
the first is considerably higher than that of the second and third. The cribriform plate
of the ethmoid is completely cellular in structure; the crista galli is thick, rounded,
centrally ridged, and with a marked upward and forward inclination, the top being
perforated by many foramina. The parietal areas are relatively narrow, vertically high,
and impressed with but few and faint sulci. In this specimen the transverse suture
between the orbito- and basisphenoid has imperfectly coalesced, leaving a linear fissure ;
but, I find, in other genera of the Armadillo its closure is also long delayed. The optic
` foramina, of fair size, pierce the bone in front of the said suture and the sphenoidal
fissures at each side. H.N.Turner remarks, as characteristic of the Dasypodide, that
“the foramen rotundum is included in the foramen spheno-orbitarium ” (2. c. p. 211);
such appears to be the case in Tolypeutes, though in my 7. conurus I may record the
presence of a minute foramen midway between the sphenoidal and carotid apertures.
Internally this was more notable on the right side; but although I passed a bristle into
it almost 0:2 inch, I could detect no exterior aperture. The reverse was the case on the
left side, where interiorly an orifice was barely visible even with a magnifier ; but exteriorly,
equidistant between the foramen ovale and the sphenoidal cleft, a foramen of some depth
existed; but which I could not make out to communicate interiorly. I am left in doubt,
therefore, if this be an occluded representative of foramen rotundum. There is a wide
and relatively long groove for lodgment of the trunks of the trifacial nerves and the
Üasserian ganglion. The foramen ovale is more elliptical antero-posteriorly and further
distant from the sphenoidal opening than in the larger-skulled ۵ CE. villosus).
The foramen spinosum is not behind the foramen ovale within the skull, as in the last-
named genus, but to the inside, and situate between it and the carotid groove, though
exteriorly it opens in front of the foramen ovale. The trihedral periotie has a consider-
ably forward elongate apex; and the fossa behind the prominence of the semicircular
canals (equivalent to the sigmoid groove of the lateral sinus in Man) is excavated deeper
fhan in most of the Armadillos. The latter feature tallies with the well-developed
floeeulus of the cerebellum. Lower than and one line within the fossa is the scale-
covered fissure of the aqueeductus vestibuli ; an emargination of the bone below this, and
a trifle in advance, hides the aqueeductus cochlew. The clefts, viz. foramina lacerum,
medium, and posterius, are each long and patent; a narrow bar of bone separates the
large anterior condyloid foramen from the jugular fossa e
* This and the Subsequent descriptive footnotes on the bones of the Apar (Dasypus [Tolypeutes] tricinctus) are
Prof. Owen’s own comments attached to the specimens presented to the College of Surgeons by Mr. Charles Darwin
118 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
Regarding the exterior configuration of the eranium of Tolypeutes, "Turner, Owen,
and Giebel have demonstrated its salient characters, to which l shall only add remarks
on the tympanie region, for reasons afterwards to be specified. Those authors justly
allude to the laminar, imperfect annular nature of the tympanic, and its differing, there.
fore, from that of certain other Armadillo genera.
In 7. conurus I find the tympanie to be 3 of a circle (0:25 inch in diameter), deeply
grooved on its inner aspect for the reception of the membrana tympani. It is fastened
behind to acircumscribed ledge at the fore part of the descending mastoidal element, and,
while partially free in circumference, impinges anteriorly and above upon the broad end
of the malleus : the latter nearly completes the osseous ring. In the recess at the back
of the jaw-articulation a postglenoid foramen leads into the cranial diploé above, a
secondary communication opening outside behind the root of the zygoma. At the fore
margin of the tympanic, and between it and the glenoid surface, is a considerable-sized
oblique opening, with downwardly continued bony groove, which I apprehend to be
the Eustachian foramen; for alongside and immediately beneath is a cleft, converted
into a tunnel by membrane &e., answering best to the fissura Glaseri. Inward from
these is the carotid orifice, all but continuous with the foramen lacerum posterius. Below
the tympanie plate a roughened exostosis on the petrosal is apparent; and on removal
of the tympanie and auditory ossicles this so-called tympanohyal becomes more con-
spicuous. The cochlear prominence is moderate, partly hiding the fenéstra rotunda, the
long diameter of this aperture being obliquely towards the anterior condyloid foramen.
The fenestra ovalis is situate 01 inch higher. The names of these fenestra are reversely
appropriate as regards shape; and the latter is the smaller of the two. Encompassing
them rearwards is a well-marked furrow, apparently equivalent to the aqueduet of
Fallopius, overarching which is the mastoidal segment. This barely evinces trace of
a styloid process, the narrow ledge in its position supporting the tympanic as aforesaid.
Above, and close by, however, is a stylo-mastoid foramen; behind, a short nipple-
shaped mastoid process, posterior and at the root of which a large mastoid foramen
obtains.
Of the small ear-bones, the malleus has an expanded trihedral base, tenuous centrally,
and thicker at the margins; that on the right side in this specimen possessed an outward
after his return from the voyage ofthe* Beagle? Iam notaware of their having been published in a separate paper;
and as, disjoined in the Osteologieal Catalogue, they are likely to eseape the notice of writers, I here append them in
a somewhat connected form. Affixed to the quotations are the numbers of the specimens in the said vol. ii., transposed,
however, to the regional distribution of the bones, and not numerically consecutive.
Skull.
“ The jam ced is a distinct lamina of bone bent in a half circle; the membrane connecting its inner and under
border with the lower part of the petrosal is not ossified so as to form a continuous tympanic bulla as in the
D. peba. The mastoid is also distinct, is perforated by a vein from the lateral sinus, and terminates below in the usual
N Thate - ga paroccipital, The lachrymal is large, and forms a triangular plate upon the face outside the
orbit. The alisphenoids join the parietal ; the chief expansion of the skull is for the lodgment of the large olfactory
pes There are two small prenasal ossicles. "There are no teeth in the premaxillary bones, but nine on each side
the maxillaries, and the same number on each side of the lower jaw” (2307).
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 119
apical (capitular) recess. The long process curves round the tympanic ring. The
handle presents its thin edge to the tympanie membrane, and is bent sharply downwards
and obliquely forwards. The incus has a more bulbous body, its limbs wide apart; the
stapes appears to be perforated.
2. The Spine, Chest, and Pelvis.
According to my computation there are 7 cervical, 11 dorsal, 4 lumbar, 12 sacral, and
11 caudals in 7. conurus,=a total of 45 vertebrz. Prof. Giebel, in the same species,
mentions (7. c. p. 102) that there are 7 to the neck, 14 to the back, of which 11 bear coste
(dorsal), and 3 ribless (lumbar), 3 more, attached to the ilium ; 3 free follow these, and
another 3 are attached to the ilium, behind which are 2 longer ones (in all 11 sacral),
' followed by the encased tail-vertebre, the number of which he does not state. The
subjoined footnote' contains Owen's annotations on the spine of T. trieinetus in the
* Vertebre and Pelvis.
Atlas.—'* It has no large transverse processes; the sides of the vertebra appear to be truncate ; they present near
the back part a rudiment of a parapophysis and diapophysis. The side of the vertebra is perforated anterior to them,
and leads to a canal which bifurcates, one branch terminating within the neural arch, above the articulation for the
condyle, and the other perforating the neural arch. There is also a foramen at the back part of the hæmal arch,
above the articular surface for the odontoid. There is no spine either above or below the vertebral ring " (2308).
Cervicals and Dorso-lumbar.—“ The spine of the third cervical has completely coalesced with that of the dentata,
which is thick and high, but more extended forwards than backwards. The spine of the fourth cervical is applied
toits back part. The neural arches of the suceeeding cervieals have no spines, but form thin transverse bars of
bone, which in the middle are incomplete above the fifth and sixth cervicals, upon which the antecedent vertebrae
are strongly bent backwards. Their bodies are extremely broad in proportion to their length or antero-posterior
diameter. The articular bed for the head and tubercle of the first dorsal rib is contributed to in equal shares by the
last cervical and first dorsal vertebre. Ten vertebra show the impression of the articulation of the head of the rib
in addition to the first dorsal; and the neurapophyses of these eleven dorsal vertebrae are directly perforated by the
spinal nerves, The articulation for the last rib is as equally divided between the two contiguous vertebrw as is
that of the first rib. The prominence supporting the artieular surface for the head of the rib answers to the
‘parapophysis,’ just as the prominence supporting the articulation for the tubercle of the rib represents the
‘diapophysis.’ The prominence in the first lumbar vertebra which articulates with the under part of the
anapophysis of the last dorsal, repeats or tallies with the prominence in that dorsal which articulates with the
head of the last rib: it is therefore a * parapophysis.’ The diapophysis projects, as in the dorsal vertebrae, from
the upper and outer part of the base of the short and thick anapophysis ; and this anapophysis presents, as in other
Armadillos, two articular surfaces, one above for the under part of the metapophysis, another below for the upper
part of the parapophysis. Thus the vertebre are interlocked by tenon and mortice joints, as Cuvier has described ;
but it is by distinct parts of the vertebrz from those which form the corresponding joints in the backbone of
serpents ” (2297).
Sacrum and Pelvis.— The sacrum includes 12 vertebra, the spines of which unite to form a continuous bony crest.
The anterior tuberosities of the ilia and the posterior tuberosities of the ischia are distinct epiphyses in this young
specimen ; the former are supported by the metapophyses of the first sacral vertebra, which also develops laterally wo
articular parapophyses. Ossification has not so far advanced as to unite the pubic bones together at the symphysis.
The posterior sacral vertebrae present the same remarkable breadth which charaeterizes the other species of the genus
Dasypus” (2298).
À Caudals.— The transverse processes are long, broad, and depressed, with their outer ends Swollen into a Fügous
kind of exostosis, The hemal spines of the last five vertebree present a similar modification at their extremities,
Which relates to the attachment of the dermal bony sheath of the tail. Metapophyses begin to be developed upon
120 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
Hunterian Museum; but as to the numbers of vertebree in the said specimens I make
out the formula to be C. 7, D. 11, L. 4, S. 12, C. 12 — 46.
Baron Cuvier long ago enunciated of the neck of the —— " Laxis ne fait déjà
qu'un avec la troisiéme dans de trés-jeunes sujets ; avec läge - quatri&me s'y unit
également, et probablement dans les vieux cette union va plus loin " (Oss. Foss, ۲۰ 131).
Giebel alludes to T. conurus as having 2nd, 3rd, and 4th soldered ; and such I found the
condition in my specimen. Both body and processes of 2nd and 3rd were completely
fused; but whilst the body and lateral processes were adnate in the 4th, the neural arch
to a certain extent was free. Owen’s observations in other respects apply to the cervical
series of my different species. What he says further concerning the dorsal and lumbar
vertebre holds good, though I may add a few words by way of appendix to his and
Giebel's descriptions. .
A notable feature in the spine of the Three-banded Armadillo is variation of angle
and curve; these are partly of a permanent kind. The 1st to the 5th neck-vertebra,
under ordinary circumstances, have a decidedly upward tilt. Those vertebrz hinging
upon 5th and 6th are freely movable upwards and downwards as a whole, 2nd, 3rd, and
4th being totally rigid between themselves. The 6th cervical has but little freedom, and
7th still less: the two form the promontory of an angle dividing the neck from the tho-
racic cavity. The bodies of the three foremost dorsal vertebrae are inclined almost
perpendieularly to the long axis of the spine; and the succeeding dorsals continue on-
wards to the loins by a sweeping curve which is on a less or more horizontal plane.
Thence the pelvis forms a great arch, its hinder end nearly assuming the vertical, which
is completed by the armour-clad tail. The caudals, in contrast to the cervicals, flex
downwards and forwards. :
Among the extinct Hoplophoride or Glyptodontes (notably the genus Panochthus of
Burmeister and Hoplophorus of Lund) there obtains a most unusual anchylosis of three
vertebre—to wit, the so-called “ trivertebral bone ” of Huxley. By him it is regarded as
a union of the 7th cervical and two foremost dorsals. Burmeister, on. the other hand,
contended that it was three anterior dorsal vertebra in union, although this authority in
his later memoirs seems to have modified his opinion in favour of the former view. Itis
highly interesting, then, to find in Tolypeutes an approach to the unique condition
exhibited by those old armour-plated giants in this particular, furthermore to trace in
the living three-banded Armadillo evidence of two other peculiarities of the fossil forms,
viz. a partial ginglymoid jointing in the lumbar region, and a synovial articulation
betwixt manubrium and first mesosternal piece. The condition of the parts certainly
is not precisely like that of the fossil genera; still one may assume that what obtains is
first stage of anomaly. Perchance it may help to explain difficulties as regards trunk-
psg bn the extinct solid cuirassed forms, or at least strengthen the clue to affinities
and habits, D 7
the tw 1
مهن aras end continue after the anterior zygapophyses have disappeared on the seventh caudal
yses ated to the interspaces between the second and third, and so on, to the seventh caudal
vertebre inclusive, and in the following y : ۱
ttened : erteb ا
and expanded beneath ” (2308), ebræ are directly articulated to the under part of the poro ; Myr
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 121
As respects the representative of the Glyptodon **trivertebral bone” in Tolypeutes, the
body of the last cervical is firmly soldered to the first dorsal. An intervertebral line of
demarcation is barely appreciable except at the outer margins. Between the lamine a
delicate fissure can in part be traced. The spinous processes are separate, the cervical only
impinging against the root of the dorsal; indeed in this case the fragile diminutive
7th cervical spine was broken off during manipulation, whereby an incomplete arch is
shown in my plates. Of the two vertebre in question their transverse processes and
associated articular facets are alone apart. The cervical transverse process is slightly
thelonger of the two, bears a trace of bifurcation, and appears to have no vertebral
foramen at its foot as has the vertebra in front of it (i. e. 6th cervical) The body of the
2nd dorsal, while closely adnate to the 1st, exhibits a shade less of anchylosis than be-
tween the latter and 7th cervical. Its long neural spine is free, and rakes backwards like
that immediately preceding it.
Separation between the 2nd and 3rd dorsals is more marked; and, as far as I could
make out, the fore thoracic flexion takes place betwixt them. The remaining dorsals
have thin intervertebral cartilages, and but very slightly play upon each other.
A small, backwardly extending, tuberous ridge on each side of the inferior surface of
the body of the 2nd lumbar announces the presence of hemapophysial elements, which
otherwise are wanting in the spinal column, save the tail. The final lumbar vertebra is
firmly anchylosed to the sacrum and ilia; the penultimate is securely fastened to that
behind, but without osseal adherence. Between the 8rd and 2nd there is, on the con-
trary, such freedom of movement that the ,pelvic region flexes upon this intervertebral
space in an up-and-down direction, equivalent, in fact, to a kind of ginglymoid arti-
culation. What I have termed the psoas ligaments, fastened anteriorly to the hemal
processes, are the lower stays of this restricted lumbar joint. The first and, indeed,
second lumbar act somewhat in unison with the posterior dorsals, so far as angular tilt
of the dorsal lumbar region is concerned.
In my specimen ossific union had taken place between the tuberosities of the ischium
and the transverse processes of the last sacral vertebra. The final sacral and 1st Caudal
parts act upon each other as a ginglymus ; and the solid armoured tail (as one indivisible
piece), in bending downwards and forwards, carries with it the posterior arciform and
inflected apical portions of the pelvic shield (vide figs. 8, 9 & 35). In other words, while
the pelvis and its superincumbent shield descends, its posterior short ineurved arch
assumes a horizontal position, the rounded teceral plate of the root of the tail fitting
into the semilunar cavity on the lower surface of said arch and terminal border of
carapace. There further results a ligamentous union between the tips of the transverse
processes of the 2nd caudal and the pelvic shield, and between the latter and ischial
tuberosities. Again, the first moves freely upon the second caudal with its rearward
less Yielding successor ; the transverse processes of the two former as well as of the last
sacral possess sliding articular facets. "Thus the 1st caudal in some respects resembles a
crum; and, what between the one and the other ligamentous bindings, that remarkable
inversion of the tail and forward sweep of the terminal border of the pelvic shield is
accomplished, ۱ |
VOL. XXx, R
122 | DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
Pelvic admeasurements.
Length from anterior spinous process of ilium to tuberosity of ischium in a straight line Ba
Length from anterior spinous process of Hn to obturator edge of acetabulum Nx 90
Length from ilio-pectineal eminence (a acera buran) to — pubo-ischial tuberosity 1:3
Greatest vertical depth, viz. a line from sacral spine to symphysis pubis . . . . . ,
Narrowest exterior diameter, viz. behind anterior iliac processes (which are a trifle wider). 0:85. -
Widest outward diameter, at front edge, rim of the acetabulum . . . . . . . . . 17%
Width from spine to spine adjoining the lesser sciatic-foramen notches . . . . . . 145
Diameter taken across the tuberosities of the ischium . . . . . . . . . . . . 17%
Vertical or conjugate diameter of the brim of the pelvis . . . . s . . . . . م 17
Transverse diameter or same . و + + s+ + ett eee, 10
The oblique diameter (sacro-iliac synchondrosis to opposite outer pubic brim) . . . . 16
From the pubis to the spine of posterior ischio-pubie outlet . . . . . . . . .' . 14
‘The nar OF ischial diameter of the same . . —. . نج a vt... 221.7 DD ZEE
Greatest oblique diameter of posterior pelvic outlet . . . . . . . . تم . . . . 15
The outline of the brim of pelvisis somewhat egg-shaped, the symphysial being rather
wider than the sacral end. The posterior or ischio-pubic outlet, a segment of an oval
in figure, is considerably wider and shorter. The slender symphysis pubis is a wide low
bridge of bone, with distinct centres of ossification from the outspread descending limbs
ofthe areh. Another point I may as lief note is the presence of a double tuberculous
elevation (sp, fig. 35) immediately adjoining what represents an abortive lesser sciatic
notch. ۱
The strong flat and broad first ribs are so firmly fastened to the manubrium as almost
to restriet this costo-sternal arch to short antero-posterior movement during the
respiratory aet. There is not absolute anchylosis, as M. Nodot! and subsequent writers
affirm is the case in Glyptodon ; but it is possible that, as age advances, a true bony
union may also result in Tolypeutes. Withal it is but a grade of solidification; for
otherwise, as concerns respiration &c., the functional effects must have a certain
identity. The 2nd rib has a long ossified costal cartilage (sternal rib), which arti-
eulates laterally with the manubrium. The succeeding four ribs, with increased and wide
arching, possess proportionally very lengthened sternal appendices. These latter are
almost entirely true bone, the semicartilaginous part being that attached to the ribs—
and by a synovial joint, as Parker? has shown in Tatusia, Xenurus, and Dasypus.
During the rolling-up action of the body the six anterior (true) ribs and inner segments
have a tendency to be huddled together and override. Asa provision, the sternal pieces
are widest outwards; and between each other there exists an articular facet. The
sternal appendix of the 7th (foremost false) rib is united by bone inwardly to the 6th.
The last (11th) rib is longer than the lst, and distinguished from it and the 2nd by being. ۱
straighter. : ;
Each piece of the breast
i -bone has an interest attached to it; and as a chain of bones
their construction is ad ;
۱ mirably adapted to the modified positions which the animal
* Comptes Rendus, 28th Aug. 1855,
and Mém. de Acad. E | i
* Ray Soc, Monog. 1868, “ Shoulder e 1 Acad. Imp. de Dijon, tom. v. 1857
-girdle and sternum," p. 205, pl. xxiii.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 123
assumes. There appear to be five bony segments in all, a number less by one than in
most Armadillo genera. The anterior and posterior are fair-sized, the intermediate
ossicles small, the 4th especially so. The stout manubrium (preesternum) is slightly
keeled, emarginate anteriorly, or with short clavicular forks. Besides articulations for
1st and 2nd ribs, there are additional facets at the rear outer border for the 3rd ribs—
further a slightly concave articular surface, which receives the convexity of the second
piece (mesosternum). This opisthoccelous sternal joint corresponds to the Glyptodon
condition, commented on by M. Serres and others’, and by Serres presumed to be a
mechanism concerned in head-retraction. In the embryo Dasypine, however, Parker has
proved (l. c. p. 206) that it is the rule rather than the exception. The2nd, 3rd, and 4th
sternal bones, each octagonal-figured, diminish serially. "They are articulated synovially
with four ribs apiece. The 4th diminutive segment is barely visible ventrally, being
partially overlapped by the 6th coste. The xiphoid resembles a flattened caudal
vertebra, but with an outspread cartilaginous apex. It freely articulates by a double
concave facet upon the posterior tuberous surfaces of the inner ends of the 6th sternal
ribs, which meet and exclude opposition with the 4th mesosternal ossicle. The joint is
a true ginglymus ; and when the viscera are pressed forwards the xiphoid is thrown down-
wards and forwards.
3. Pectoral and Pelvic Limbs.
The clavicle is exactly an inch long. It is a thin, uniformly slender rod, with a slight
middle forward curve; the inner moiety is flattened towards the ribs, the outer reversely
so, or anteroposteriorly compressed. The truncate acromial end is a trifle expanded, the
opposite tapering ; and this latter is connected with the manubrium through the interven-
tion of a flexible cartilaginous bar, 0-2 inch long. It is mainly the presence of this pliant
sternal attachment that determines the great freedom of motion of the scapula &e.
The shoulders being thus readily thrust forwards, conveniently permit of packing and
infolding of the limbs, consentaneous with curvature of the body.
_ My illustrations of the segments of the limbs of T. conurus elicit the characteristic
points, and, with Owen’s remarks on T. tricinctus’, supply what is wanting in detail.
* Serres, Compt. Rend., May and June 1863; Huxley, Trans. Roy. Soc. 1865 ; Pouchet, Journ. Anat. et Physiol.
March 1866 ; Burmeister, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1866, &c.
2 Fore Leg.
Seapula,—* The clavicular half of the long acromion is an epiphysis.
a tubercle beneath the glenoid cavity. The suprascapular element is represented by a subtriangular coarsely ossified
cartilage attached to the base of the scapula ” (2310).
Humerus.—* It is short, thick, strongly eurved, with prominent deltoid and supinator ridges,
above the inner condyle” (2300).
AManus.—* The four carpal bones of the proximal row are distinct from one another ;
TOW has coalesced with the metacarpal of the enormously developed digitus medius. The base of the metacarpal of
the index is wedged between that metacarpal, the trapezoides, and the trapezium. The unciform also supports part
of the middle metacarpal, as well as the short cubical metacarpus of the fourth finger and the rudiment of that of the
fifth. The index digit has three phalanges. The medius and anitularis have each two, and resemble each other in
the character of their modifications, although greatly differing in size. The chief peculiarity, however, in this
specimen is the very large sesamoid bone developed in the flexor tendons and filling the palmar aspect of the fore
R 2
The coracoid is short and obtuse. There is
and is perforated
the os magnum in the second
124 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
The College-of-Surgeons skeleton, however, differs from the present specimen in the
RE four digits to the fore foot, which appears to be the normal number in the
AT the distal ends of the tibia and fibula, which are soldered together into a single
bony piece, the inferior extremities of the radius and ulna possess each a separate epi-
physis. These latter approach and adhere by a thin fibr o-cartilaginous film. The
inferior articular facies of the radius is triangular, slightly concave, and with a descend.
ing tubercle or styloid process. The radius glides upon the scaphoid and semilunar
bones. The ulnar end is oblong, transversely subeompressed ; and its depending semi.
lunar articular facet plays in the cuneiform and pisiform trough.
The proportionally large pisiform is applied against the cuneiform, so as to exclude
the latter from the palm. Trapezium, trapezoides, and os magnum are coalescent,
What appears to represent the first two on the dorsum articulates with the scaphoid,
indicial metacarpal, and, partially, a corner of the mesial metacarpal. The magnum,
anchylosed with the last, chiefly abuts against semilunar and unciform, though a small
facet is in contact with the scaphoid. The unciform grasps the outer knuckle of the mid
metacarpal, and presents a narrow facet towards the proximal metacarpal of the outer
(4th) digit. Posteriorly it is in contact with the euneiform, and, by an angle, touches
the semilunar. To its outer margin a longish sesamoid is affixed. On the palmar aspect
the os magnum is marked by the more prominent backward extension of the mid
metacarpal. ۱
Comparing the foregoing annotation on the manus of the 3-toed animal with Owen's
4-toed specimen (infra), the differences consist only in greater anchylosis of inner meta-
carpals, magnum, and trapezio-trapezoid, with entire absence of the 5th digit.
It is in a great measure owing to this soldering of the main carpo-metacarpals, thereby
producing rigidity, and to the enormous development of palmar sesamoid bone acting as
support, brace, or fulerum to the well-knit muscles and broad tendons of the palm, that
the animal is empowered to tread upon the very tips of its fore claws.
The powerful femur, contrasted with humerus, is noteworthy, though the character is
Oe SE A A o
foot; a second sesamoid is attached by ligament to the apex of the large palmar one” (2304). “The scaphoid is the
smallest of the four bones of the proximal row. The large pisiform articulates to the posterior interspace between
the lunare and euneiform, and forms, with the lunare, a large articular cavity, upon which the palmar patella plays.
There is no distinct trapezium ; if its homologue exist in rudiment, it is connate with the trapezoides. The magnum
has coalesced with part of the base of the great cubical metacarpal of the digitus medius. The outer part of the base
of that metacarpal rests upon the unciforme, which also supports the small, but thick, cubical metacarpus of the
annularis, and the rudiment of the metacarpal of the minimus. The medius and annularis have each but two pha-
langes; the long and slender index retains the normal number of two phalanges” (2312).
a Hind Leg. —- er
i a on T ی above the base of the third trochanter. There is a small ossification at m
dile of the outer semilunar cartilage,- The tibia and fibula are attached at both ends to a similar commo?
epiphysis " (2313).
Pes.—* The scaphoid is remarkable for its two inferior tuberosities, the interspace between which receives the
TE en the entocuneiform bone. The metatarsals and the phalanges of the middle digits are preserved, with
ungual phalanx of the innermost one or hallux ” (2305), ۱
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 125
one belonging to the group rather than a generic distinction. The trochanters are
equally large, the 3rd rather low in position. The inner, larger condyle descends
furthest. The patella is elongate and narrow.
Tibia and fibula are coossified at either extremity. Their proximal articular surface
is convex, with a mesial sulcus; their thin distal end biconvex, or with a middle ridge.
An external and an internal malleolus are fairly developed. The former fits into a
grooved facet on the outer border of the astragalus; the latter clasps the said bone
behind. "There is considerable lateral compression of the tibial and fibular shafts.
As respects the 5-toed hind foot, departure from the normal type is less obvious than
in the manus. The calcaneal process is of medium length, and has a slight inward
swerve. The inner border of the naviculare sweeps broadly round the astragalus; and,
as Owen observes, its plantar aspect is doubly knuckled. Upon the outer one of these
and an inferior tuberose enlargement of the cuboid are two opposing facets and a narrow
gutter; in this the deep-keeled surface of the strong plantar sesamoid slides. Subsidiary
sesamoid ossicles underlie each phalangeal joint.
Some measurements of the long bones of the extremities.
inches,
Scapula.—In extreme length (coronoid process to vertebral border) 2:35
Greatest width of vertebral border . . . . . . . . jot ae a er
Diameter, tip of coracoid process to anterior vertebral corner . . . . 1°65
Humerus.— Extreme long diameter 18
Ulna.—In extreme length . . s e e s o> 21
Its olecranon process, tip to upper edge . 0'7
1:37
Radius.—U pper articular surface to end ofstyloid process. . . . . . +
Manus.— Greatest length, viz. of wrist-joint to point of claw phalanx of mid digit . 7
Femur.—In extreme length -x v Cu dG o Ba vS 2:65:
Perpendicular height, summit of head to end of inner condyle . . . . 23
From upper end of 3rd trochanter to lowest point of outer condyle . 1:8
Tibia.—In extreme length .—. 4 a as 2°35
Fibula.—Head to malleolar CRONE I cs su o Ro oor لا هه 2:3
Pes.— Greatest length, viz. end of tuber calcis to tip of mid ungual phalanx . . . 17
VIII. ConsIDERATIONS RESPECTING THE RELATIONS OF T'OLYPEUTES.
Without attempting a comparison of all the minutiz, I shall be content to glance at
the points indicative of alliance, or expressive of functional correlation, The group
Loricata, including the families Dasypodide and Glyptodontidz, is in some ways a
natural and well-defined one, Nevertheless in it characters erop up directing, like
finger-posts, to other family relationships. Whilst the Glyptodontes exclusively belong
to the postpliocene epoch, some of the Dasypodes, on the contrary (exemplitied by the
senera Huphractus and Tolypeutes), disinterred from the same strata, have survived nr
to the present time, and that, it seems, without perceptible variation in their organi-
zation. From this it may be inferred that the bulkier forms have been exterminated
by undetermined causes, which agents have not succeeded in altering or decimating the
undersized genera. The contemporaneous existence of the two sorts invalidates the idea
126 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
| á ho! tiary epoch. Whatever other geogra hica]
of their او وت di ici s e iite é aout that a gu pr e
relations pertain, was was at one period inhabited by the two families in question.
ee. jes euis in connecting the cainozoic with the recent Loricate fauna of
edens x fs "I UNUM Armadillo claims paramount interest,—this because
jer) ar rd tructural organization, and because of its exceptional habits, which
pim و Nee of explanation of anomalies in the Hoplophoridze or Glyp-
together afford a is risht or track the significant imprint “of a conformation of the
Heg E mim unknown in the mammalian, indeed in the vertebrate series,"
موب it in reference to the latter fossils, is of itself justification for the present
> oleis are taunted with theirs not being a precise science ; v: never ad s" be :
till piles of conscientious observations enable safe deductions to be ae is oy t e
fruits of accumulated labour that astronomers, like the prophets of old, dare to predict e
future path of orbs whereon human foot has never trod, and eye alone seen. Thus the
past, the present, and the future are indissolubly linked, and every step brings to us
e : r shows یب
A lower base and upper cranial view of the skull of the Apar, Tolypeutes tricinctus (Linn.). The latter
cx . vide PAS.
the supraorbital bony nodules, a specific character. (Woodeut used by permission of Dr. Gray; vide
1865, p. 380, and B. M. Cat.)
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
TABULA XX.
Fig. 1. Life-size representation of the animal in its usual trotting attitude. Drawn from "P a tion
of nearly the natural magnitude, taken by Dr. Murie from the dead body but fixed uM
according with life.
TAB. XXI.
Fig. 2. A profile of the right side of the carapace,
limits of its closure.
he utmost
&c., when the body is rolled up but not to the u
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 127
Fig. 3. Appearance inferiorly when the body is bent together. This figure shows how the head, tail, and
limbs are packed within the partially closed carapace. The body is less bent than "x re
preceding figure. i
Fig. 4. The palmar surface of the right fore foot.
Fig. 5. Sole of the left hind foot as far as the heel.
These four drawings (Nos. 2 to 5) are exact copies of photographs from the dead animal; in
the case of figs. 2 & 3, the body was flexed into a position similar to what had been observed
during life. Each figure corresponds in dimensions to nature. The lettering, applicable
to all, is as subjoined. :
Cp, cephalic. shield, i ۳, right and left fore legs and feet with-
Sc, scapular shield. drawn towards the body.
Pv, pelvic shield. hf & hf*, right and left hind feet; the sole and
T, tail. nails of same peering out of their re-
Z', first, - | spective chambers.
Z?, second, movable zones. Tch, tail-chamber.
Z3, third, ; Pe, penis retracted and bent alongside the tail.
ea, ear. IL, III, IV indicate nail-digits, fore and hind
ey, eye, its surrounding orbital membrane. foot respectively.
Sn, snout where bare. h, heel.
c, callous cushion or pad.
Tas. XXII.
Fig. 6. A view of the under or abdominal surface of the animal, with head and tail extended, and the
limbs more or less withdrawn into their shield-cavities. This figure is slightly less than natural
size, and lithographed from a photograph by Dr. Murie.
‘ey, Eye seen closed; ea, ear upturned; Sc, scapular, and Pv, pelvic shields; Cp, lateral
margin of cephalic plate; Z', Z^, Z^, movable zones; T, tail; ar, inturned bony arches of the
post-inferior end of the pelvic shield; A, the wide anal aperture; Pe Pe*, penis; Af, right
hind foot and leg partially withdrawn; Hl ch, left-hind-leg chamber, a portion of the foot and
three nails being visible between the pointers; Fl ch, shadows indicating the unoccupied
portion of the fore-leg chamber. ۱
TAB. XXIII.
Fig. 7. Reduced diagrammatic sketch, showing the muscular fibres which act on the carapace. The
latter has been removed to about the median line of the back.
Fig. 8. Portions of scapular and pelvie shields and three movable zones of the left side, seen on the
inside, and displaying the digastric muscle which drags these armoured plates together. Drawn
slightly less than natural size— partially from a photograph, and from the specimen itself.
The same lettering answers in these two figures, viz. :—Csps, contractor of the scapulo-pelvic
shields; Sc, scapular, and Pv, pelvic shields, seen on edge in fig. 7 and below in fig. 8, where
their marginal scutes and scales are visible; Z', Z', Z', moyable zones, their cut edges and
inferior surfaces terminally tipped with hairs. |
Fig. 9. Tolypeutes conurus in profile, when rolled up as in fig. 2, only in this case in a reversed attitude, or
on the left side. The dermal armour has been cut away almost to the median line, exposing
the body, head, limbs and tail stowed away in the least possible space, Part of the tegument
remains on the limbs. The dermal muscles of the carapace (consult fig. 7) are removed $ and
the thin aponeurotic panniculus carnosus leaves the body and extremities in relief. Litho-
graphed from a photograph.
128 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
Sh, shoulder over the scapula. Af, hind foot and lower leg.
Rb, ribs on the thoracic region. ff. fore leg in part. eg
Hp, prominence of hip-joint. ar, cut bony arch of pelvis shield at root of tai]
Kn, side of the knee-joint. Other letters as in preceding figures.
Fig. 10. Reduced sketch of the opened abdomen, displaying the visceral relations.
L, liver; St, stomach ; Sp, spleen; duo, glimpse of the duodenum; ره coils of small
intestine, the asterisk (*) denoting junction of ileum with Co, inflate colon, cæcal appendages
being absent; Pe, penis; te, left testicle.
Fig. 11. Another sketch of the abdominal cavity, the stomach, intestines, &c. being removed.
k, k*, right and left kidneys ; te, te*, abdominal situation of the testicles ; ud, urinary bladder;
gb, gall-bladder; L, liver; 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5, its several lobes.
Tas. XXIV.
Fig. 12. Muscles &c. of the body generally on removal of the body-armour, save a small part on the
tail. The limbs of the left side have been taken away.
asp, anterior spinous process of ilium. Tz, trapezius.
tb, ischial tuberosity. Lad, latissimus dorsi.
ar, parts of arch of pelvic shield, the inner Dep, Dorsi epitrochlear.
articulating with tuber ischii. 7۳ $ T^, triceps, first and second divisions.
tu, tubercles studding dermal bony armour D, deltoid.
of dorsal surface of tail. Pma, pectoralis major.
pl, osseous plates ventral superficies of tail, Ba, brachialis anticus.
also anchylosed to the caudal vertebrae. Ecr! & ?, extensor carpi radialis, longior and
Inc, infracoccygeus. brevior.
Sc, tendon sacrococcygeus. Ecd, extensor communis digitorum.
Lee & i, Levatores caude, externus and in- Ei, extensor indicis.
ternus. ` Emd, extensor medii & minimi digiti.
Led, representative of lumbocaudalis. Ecu, Extensor carpi ulnaris. |
Gmz, gluteus maximus. Feu, Flexor carpi ulnaris.
Tf, tensor vagine femoris. Fs & Fp, combined flexor sublimis, pro-
Rf, rectus femoris, in part. | ` fundus, and longus pollicis.
Ve, vastus externus.
Bf, biceps femoris.
Admg, adductor magnus.
Sm & t, semimembranosus and -tendinosus.
*, slip of tendon from cutaneous muscle, and
Rhc, rhomboideus capitis.
Ab, acromio-basilar, or levator clavicule
muscular slip.
Co, complexus.
gl, submaxillary and parotid glands.
acting on pelvic shield. r, reservoir or sacculus of the submaxillory
Ga, gastrocnemius. gland.
So, soleus.
sd, Steno's duct.
7۷۸ & Fed, flexor longus hallucis and flexor Ma, masseter.
communis digitorum,
P: 1 : . Bu, buccinator.
: 4 mm ongus. Te, temporalis.
: ee brevis, tertius, and quin- op, orbicularis palpebrarum.
ons. é
z, zygomatic muscular fibres.
Eld, extensor longus digitorum. Oo, orbicularis oris
pe, penis, a im ‘
Eo ER f obli ion, infraorbital plexus of nerves.
, ۰
Smg PR 1, 2, 2*, 3, 4, retractores or levatores nasi et
» Serratus magnus (its digitations).
labii (consult text).
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 24.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 129
The distended stomach and the spleen.
ee, esophagus ; duo, duodenum; sp, spleen.
A transverse section of the kidney, showing calyces, papilla, &e.
A dissected view of the genital parts, the penis being cut across towards its root.
UB, urinary bladder; Pr, prostate gland; Cgl, Cowper’s gland, below and anterior to which
is a section of the crus penis; Be, bulbo-cavernosus; Isc, ıschio-cavernosus, in part; Rp,
retractores penis severed.
TAB. XXV.
Heart and lungs of the Three-banded Armadillo, somewhat in the position they assume when the
body is rolled up, but shrunk after immersion in spirits.
1, 2, 3, lobes of right and left lung; i, innominate artery ; rs, ls, right and left subclavians ;
rc, lc, the common carotids, right and left.
. À view of the mouth, soft palate, &c.
. The tongue (7) as retracted within the lower jaw, the fleshy gums being left attached.
cp, circumvallate or fossulate papille ; cr, coronoid process; cd, condyle.
. Sketch of the interior of the mouth at the root of the tongue, to display the isthmus and pillars
of the fauces when contracted. About natural ۰
T, tongue ; £o, tonsillar recess; ره uvula; ep, epiglottis dividing the pharyngeal passage.
. Another sketch of the faucial cavity, the velum pendulum palati being cut through and reflected
and the glottis &c. exposed.
rg, rima glottidis; ep, epiglottis ; gef, glosso-epiglottic folds.
. The hyoid bones, the larynx, and the upper portion of the trachea in profile and of natural
dimensions.
. The same parts in front, i.e. their inferior aspect.
The lettering to these is as follows :— 7, thyroid cartilage; C, cricoid cartilage ; m, crico-
thyroid membrane or ligament; tr, trachea; bh and th, united basihyal and thyrohyal
elements; ch, ceratohyal; eA, epihyal; sh, stylohyal tipped with (*) a cartilaginous apex.
Bones of the right three-toed fore foot of this d specimen of Tolypeutes conurus, shown in three-
quarters lateral view—that is, partly from the front and outside. (i
The same right foot on its posterior or palmar surface, displayed somewhat on its inner aspect.
The large ossicle of the flexor tendons has been taken away; but the phalangeal sesamoidea
remain.
Fig. 24 a. The superior or wrist-joint articular surfaces of the proximal row of the carpal bones of the
- The inferior surfaces of the cervical and part of the foremost dorsal vertebr:e,
right manus.
To the three foregoing figures the same letters apply :—s, scaphoid ; و lunare ; c, cuneiform ;
P, pisiform; t, trapezio-trapezoid ; m, magnum; 4, unciform; me, metacarpals; ph, pha-
langes; s, sesamoidea ; 11, 111, 1v, digits.
. The right hind foot, its upper articular superficies. |
. Sole, or under view, of the bones of the same foot, the tarsal, metatarsal and phalangea
sesamoid ossicles being left in plaee. ienifi
In these two figures the digits are marked 1, 11, IL, IV, V. Of the tarsal une od viuit ۹
astragalus; ca, calcaneum; na, naviculare; cb, cuboid; رم internal cuneiform; c°, middle
cuneiform ; e*, external cuneiform ; s, several sesamoid bones.
| sternum, inner
eeding attached sternal ribs or ossified costa
ends of clavicles, first ribs entire, and the suce :
VOL, XXX.
130
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
28.
29.
30.
©
hy,
Hg,
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
cartilages. The neck-vertebrz are exhibited with less angularity than is natural to the
parts. a : f
C, the cervical series; 1, atlas; 2, 3, 4, coalesced bodies of the axis, third, and fourth
vertebra; 5, fifth; 6, sixth, and 7, the seventh nuchal segment; cl, clavicle; f, fibrocar-
tilaginous inner end of clavicle (the precoracoid piece of Parker) ; R', first rib; sr, sr‘, second
and sixth sternal ribs ; m, manubrium or presternum ; 2, xiphisternum ; *, terminal cartilage
of same.
Upper or laminar surface of the cervical and first two dorsal vertebre of Tolypeutes, straightened
and showing in part the open spinal canal.
C, cervical series; 1, atlas; 2, 3, conjoined second and third vertebre ; 4, partially separate
arch of the fourth cervical; 5, 6, 7, succeeding cervicals, the last somewhat adherent to the
dorsal; D', first dorsal; D*, second dorsal vertebra. j
A front view of the seventh cervical and foremost two dorsal (= the trivertebral bone of Huxley
in the Glyptodon) vertebral ribs and manubrial portions. Letters as in the two preceding figures,
and all these of natural dimensions.
Posterior surface of the last sacral vertebra and anchylosed ischial tuberosities, showing the
articular facets of ischia whereon the bony arch of the pelvic shield play during curvature of
the body and inflexion of tail.
tb, tuberosity of ischium ; Z, wide transverse process of sacral vertebra; Û, body; c, spinal
canal; pf, postarticular facet; af, process surmounting anterior articular facet; n, neural
spine.
. Sketch showing foreshortened view of the fleshy snout and open nares; n, narial orifices, with
incurved sesamoid cartilages.
. Dissection, lower aspect of, of jaws, neck, and chest. On the left side a superficial, and on
the right a deep layer is exhibited. Reduced to about 4 nat, size. Lettering employed `
as undermentioned :—
On right side. On left side.
geniohyoideus. Mh, mylohyoideus; Ma, masseter.
styloglossus. Shy, stylohyoideus ; f, trachea.
hypoglossal nerve. Sth, sternohyoideus.
hyoglossus muscle. Sim, sternomastoid, and Stm* its thoracic
ca, carotid artery. ` extension.
Rama, rectus capitis anticus major. Clm, cleidomastoid ; D, deltoid.
Cpz, cervical plexus of nerves (included Pmi, pectoralis minor, near insertion.
within dotted line). ~ Pma. pectoralis major; B, biceps.
Bpx, brachial plexus of nerves. T, triceps, its third and first divisions.
Sb,
subelavius muscle. Ai, anconeus internus.
Spe, supracostalis. Lad, latissimus dorsi ; Eo, external oblique.
Fig. 33. A greatly reduced sketch, in profile, of some of the pelvo-femoral muscles, &e.
Os, a portion of the so-called oblique sacral muscle as it traverses the great sciatic foramen; —
sn, great sciatic nerve at different parts of its course; 17, iliacus ; Py, pyriformis ; Ge, gemeli; —
Qf, quadratus femoris; Rf, rectus femoris ; Ve, vastus externus; Adl, small portion of the | À
adductor longus: Zf, the ilio-femoral strip of muscle; Bf, biceps femoris; Admg, adductor —
magnus; Smó & t, semimembranosus and -tendinosus ; 1 the great, and 3 the third trochanter. —
Fig. 34. View embracing a dissection of the abdominal surface of the diaphragm and deep lumbo-pelvie —
of the
have been exposed by removal of a segment
parts. On the left side the lung and heart
DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO, 131
Dph, diaphragm.
vc, orifice of vena cava.
oe, esophagal opening, beneath which is the
Qi, quadratus lumborum emerging from
chest.
Ips, ilio-psoas muscle.
aortic cleft. Pe, pectineus. |
H, heart. J, lung. Inc, infracoccygeus or infracaudal.
ao, abdominal aorta. Sc, sacrococcygeus.
psl, psoas ligament. Isc, part of ischiococcygeus, at origin.
a & n, external iliac artery and anterior crural ` Os, oblique sacral muscle.
nerve. P, pubic arch.
ii, internal iliac arterial division. of, obturator foramen.
Tas. XXVI.
Fig. 35. A side view of the endoskeleton of Tolypeutes conurus, minus the limbs, in illustration of the
curvature of the spine and the manner in which skull (in outline) and tail are tucked together
when the body is rolled up: compare figs. 2, 8 & 9. Nearly nat. size. A cut portion of the
inferior arch of the pelvic shield remains in situ.
Fig. 36. Bones of the pelvis and tail, from above, the carapace being removed. Reduced in size.
Letters in this and preceding figure correspond, and are as follows :—C, cervical vertebrae ;
1, atlas; 2,3, coossified axis to third; 4, 5, 6, 7, remaining neck-pieces; x, xiphisternum ;
N (arrow) pointing between 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebre denotes the axis or hinge of eur-
vature of the posterior part of the spinal column; s, spinous process, or neurapophysis ;
m, metapophysis ; A, hemapophysis ; af, articular facets, or anterior zygapophyses ; pf, post-
articular facets (= postzygapophyses) ; 5, body and hemal process; ¢, transverse process ;
ch, chevron bone (= hsemapophysis) ; L',last lumbar vertebra; ass, anterior superior spine
(crest of ilium) : ais, anterior inferior iliac spinous process; a, acetabulum; gsf, great sciatic
foramen; of, obturator foramen; p, pubic arch ; sp placed between two tubercles equivalent to
a double ischial spine; tb, tuberosity of ischium ; ar, section of part of the bony arch of the
exoskeletal pelvic shield.
Fig. 37. The left humerus, its anterior face. Of natural size.
d, deltoid eminence; cf, condyloid foramen; A, head ; o, outer, and i inner tuberosities.
Fig. 38. Exterior surface of the same bone.
Fig. 39. A lower segment of the humerus on its internal aspect.
Fig. 40. Left radius and ulna on their outer aspect.
Fig. 41. The same bones as seen from behind.
U, ulna; R, radius; s, sigmoid notch; o, olecranon ; st, styloid process of the radius.
Fig. 42. A segment of the right scapula, to exhibit by a post-inferior view, 9, the glenoid surface, and
a, the inner curvature of the acromion. :
Fig. 43. The outer dorsal superficies of the same entire shoulder-blade, also of nat. size. 21
a, acromion; m, metacromion ; c, coracoid ; y, glenoid fossa ; pi, ossified post-inferior angle.
Fig. 44. Left femur, from the front: £ greater, f lesser, and f third trochanter.
Fig. 45. Inner border of same thigh bone: A, head.
Fig. 46. Front aspect of the left tibia (T) and fibula (F) ; ep, lower epiphysis. i r
Fig. 47. Their united inferior articular surface, i. e. part of ankle-joint. This and last nat. size.
Fig. 48. A foreshortened view of the hinder end of the left lower jaw.
cr, coronoid process; cd, condyle; a, angle of mandible.
Fig. 49. Inferior base of the skull of the Three-banded Armadillo (Tolypeutes conurus).
Fig. 50. Skull and inferior maxilla in profile.
132 DR. J. MURIE ON THE THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO.
Fie. 51. Cranium from above. The calvarium has been removed, exposing the brain-cavity, frontal,
»* e . ; id
illary, and nasal sinuosities, &c. on
" Wi UF figures are of natural dimension. The lettering in them bears correspondence,
N, nasal bone.
os, prenasal ossicles.
Pmz, premaxillary bone.
Mz, maxillary (superior).
F, frontal.
L, lachrymal.
Ma, malar, or jugal.
Pa, parietal.
Sq, squamosal.
Ty, tympanic.
Bo, basioccipital.
Bs, basisphenoid.
Ps, presphenoid.
_As, alisphenoid.
Os, orbito-sphenoid.
E, ethmoid (cribiform plate).
Pl, palatine.
pt, pterygoid.
io, infraorbital foramen and canal.
f, mental foramina.
m, mastoid process.
mf, postmastoidal foramen.
c, condyle,
na, anterior apertures of nares.
. ap, anterior palatine foramen.
fla, foramen lacerum anterius.
fim, foramen lacerum medius.
flp, foramen lacerum posterius.
ms, maxillary sinus (= antrum maxillare),
fs, frontal sinuses.
cg, crista galli (preethmoid).
op, optic foramen.
sp, sphenoidal fissure.
fo, foramen ovale.
f$, foramen spinosum.
fr,? foramen rotundum.
vc, Vidian canals.
ca, carotid aperture.
pg, postglenoid foramen.
tyh, tympanohyal ossicle.
me, meatus auditorius internus.
ac, anterior condyloid foramen.
fm, foramen magnum.
la, depression of lateral sinuses.
a, angle of lower jaw.
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IV. Enumeration of the Orchids collected by the Rev. E. C. PARISE in the neighbour-
hood of Mowlmein, with Descriptions of the new Species. By Professor H. G.
REICHENBACH, f.
(Plates XXVIL-XXXIL)
Read April 17th 1873.
'THE neighbourhood of Moulmein had been visited by Wallich’s collectors, by Dr.
Helfer the German botanist, by Dr. Griffith, the eminent English botanist, and by
Thomas Lobb, the English collector for the firm of Messrs. Veitch. ۱
Beginning with 1859, Sir William Hooker acknowledged the receipt of very interest-
‘ing Moulmeinese plants coming from Mr. E. C. Parish ; and Dr. Lindley spoke very
highly of the sketches, and of a few specimens of Orchids he obtained from the same
source. At the same time more and more Moulmeinese Orchids appeared in the trade,
amongst which the beautiful Phalenopsis Lowii and a crowd of wonderful Dendrobia
were the most striking. The names of the collectors were kept secret. It was, however,
afterwards well known that the plants were sent by Mr. Parish and Colonel Benson.
The rich Kew Herbarium contained several interesting specimens and sketches sent
by the first-named gentleman. When he came home in 1871 he brought with him a
beautiful collection of careful water-colour drawings, with analytical sketches, which
have proved exceedingly trustworthy. The collection of specimens and copies of the
drawings were presented to the Kew establishment by their possessor. Having been
invited to undertake the examination of the collection, I have compared them with the
types preserved at Kew and with those in my own collection. It is my duty to acknow-
ledge that Mr. Parish had done his best to name the plants correctly. I have therefore
affixed to all the new species here described Mr. Parish's as well as my own name.
The Indian terrestrial Orchids, which appear to be generally widely spread over the
Indian, Southern Chinese, Southern Japanese, Malayan, and even Northern Australian
areas, contain a few very curious things, among which the most striking plant is the
beautiful Gymnadenia Helferi, discovered more than thirty years ago by my unfortunate
countryman. |
The Epiphytes show a great tendency to approach the Malayan types. Up to the
elevation of 5000 ft., where some of the Himalayan and Assam species appear, such as
Calanthe biloba, Phalenopsis Parishii, Celogyne precoz, C. prolifera, C. fuscescens, we
find numerous species with a decided Malayan aspect or affinity, of which the very
numerous Erias and Bolbophyllums, the Thrixspermums, Thelasises, Trichoglottis,
Renantheras, Appendiculas, and Podochiluses may be mentioned as proofs. ۱
Excepting, perhaps, those plants which throw an entirely new light upon botany, none
are more welcome than such as have been lost for a long time. I may name two of that
kind: 1. Dr. Lindley's Oberonia Myosurus, named from very insufficient materials
VOL. xxx, T
184 PROF. REICHENBACH ON THE ORCHIDS COLLECTED BY
gathered at Taka, in Nepal, 1821 (and unluckily combined with an Fria of the Section
Phreatia, the Epidendrum myosurus of Forster), has appeared once more in the present
collection, and in such a state as to enable me to give a full description.
2. Much more fortunate for us was the rediscovery of the genus Monomeria of Dr.
Lindley. It has only been found once by Wallich's collectors. When Dr. Lindley
described it, he regarded it as the only Orchid that had no petals, though he afterwards
found a similar instance in Aviceps; and I have observed it in an Acianthus. The
Lindleyan dietum as to Monomeria proves, however, to be a mistake, very easily under-
stood from the miserable state of his specimen. The petals were ascertained to be
present in the Moulmeinese plant; and I afterwards observed them in the Nepalese
plant also. Thus the plant would have been degraded to a very indifferent Bulbophyl-
lum if Mr. Parish had not observed that it bore the full pollen-apparatus of the Vandee.
I have the fullest belief in the statement, but feel very sorry I could not see it myself,
since no anthers were at my disposal.
It is a very curious circumstance that Orchids appear to change a good deal under
climatic influences. Such altered forms I have retained as subspecies; but to any one
who judged the plants not by dissection of the flower, but by general appearance, they
would appear to be new species, as, for instance :— Celogyne ochracea, subspecies con-
Jerta, a stout little plant, exceedingly unlike the tall Assam form; and Bolbophyllum
cupreum, subspecies stenosepalum.
Aörides crassifolium might be mentioned as a third instance. It is closely allied to
Aérides falcatum, Lindl. (A. Larpente of gardens), of which the geographic origin ap-
pears to be unknown up to the present day. I have been induced, however, by the very
different shape and thickness of the leaves, to keep it as a species, the more so as the
colours of the flowers are very different. I may have made a mistake in doing so.
Vegetable morphology, finally, has gained something by the collection of Habenaria
pelorioides, a Habenaria having six nearly equal parts of the perigonium, like a Scilla or
an Ornithogalum, without any spur. It is a very remarkable instance, bearing a highly
curious analogy to the well-known Dendrobium normale, Falc., and the Aclinia of Grif-
fith, notes on which, by Dr. Lindley, are to be found in the Journal of the Linnean Society,
vol. iii. pp. 9-11.
Bulbophyllum lemniscatum, however, is the greatest glory of all the discoveries of
Mr. Parish, a Bulbophyllum having, at the point where the chief vascular bundle of the
sepals ends, a long, thin, nearly cylindrical, horny body, half pellucid, with ten wings
radiating from the thin filiform axis, like the spokes of a wheel. This organ is deciduous-
` Whether it has any use in the economy of the plant, or is a beautiful ornament only, we
do not know. The plant flowered at Kew ; and a figure was given by Dr. Hooker in the
* Botanical Magazine’ for 1872 (tab. 5971). The minute investigation of these organs is
exceedingly difficult, on account of their thinness and want of entire pellucidity. I
hope to give a better account in a short time. The only thing like those organs which
has been hitherto observed is in Dr. Blume's J avan genus Zpierianthes, where six
threads are represented in lieu of the petals. |
After these few genera] remarks I proceed to give the list of the species, with
—
=
rhe os
p
DAS
THE REV. E. C. PARISH IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MOULMEIN.
135
descriptions of those which I regard as new ones, under the authority Parish and
Reichenbach.
Catalogue of the observed Species.
A. MONANDRE.
I. OPHRYDEZ.
'
Aceras angustifolia, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch.
p. 282.
Platanthera Susanne, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch.
p. 295. |
, Gymnadenia Helferi, Rehb. f. in Flora, 1872,
p. 276.
. Peristylus constrictus, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch.
p. 300.
—— goodyeroides, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch.
p. 399.
—— Parishii, Rchb. f.
Habenaria pelorioides, Par. et Rchb. f.
—— tipulifera, Par. et Rchb. f.
—— chlorina, Par. et Rchb. f.
, — digitata, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 307.
. — spatulefolia, Par. et Rchb. f.
. —— vidua, Par. et Rchb. f.
. —— corymbosa, Par. et Rchb. f.
. ——trichosantha, Lindl. Gen. et Sp.
Orch.
324.
II. OPERCULATEA.
1. NEOTTIACER.
5. Cnemidia semilibera, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch.
. 463.
P
. Cheirostylis flabellata, Wight, Te. t. 1727.
. —— malleifera, Par. et Rehb. f.
. — pubescens, Par. et Rchb. f.
. —— Griffithii, Lindl.
in Journ. Linn. Soc.
i. p. 188
. Anecochilus niu. Par. et Rchb. f.
. Monochilus flavum, Wall., Lindl. Gen. et Sp.
Orch. p. 487.
. Etzeria moulmeinensis, Par. et Rchb. f.
- Hemaria discolor, Lindl., var. Dawsoniana,
Rehb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1872, p. 321.
2. ARETHUSEE.
24. Pogonia velutina, Par. et Rehb. J:
25
26,
.— ۱۷۳ Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch.
p- 415.
— maculata, Par. et Rehb. f.
27.
28.
29.
oo OO
AT.
E
5
49.
. Cyrtopera Macrobulbon, Par. et Rehb. ر
. Cymbidium tigrinum, Par. Bot. Mag. ۰
Thunia Bensone, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5694.
—— pulchra, Rchb. f. in Flora, 1872, p. 276.
Galeola altissima, Rchb. f. Xenia, ii. 77?
9. VANDEZ.
. Monomeria Crabro, Par. et Rchb. f.
. Thecostele alata, Par. et Rchb. f.; Thecostele
Zollingeri, Rchb. f. Seem. Bonpl. v. 37
(1857) ; Xenia, ii. t. 147! p. 133; eus
dium alatum, Rozb. !
. Acriopsis indica, Wight, Ic. t. 1748.
javanica, Reinw. in Flora, 1825, ii. 4;
Blume, Bijdr. 376; conf. Syll. Pl. Ratisb.
1829, L
. Calanthe biloba, Lindl. Fol. Orch.; Calanthe,
n. 5, var. obtusata, Par. et Rchb. f.
. Eulophia graminea, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch.
p. 182.
- موی ani Rehb. f. in Flora, 1872,
p. 376.
bracteosa, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch.
p. 180.
5407.
Parishii, Rchb. f.
. Phalaenopsis Lowii, Rchb. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1862,
p. 214. |
سس Parishii, Rchb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1865,
p. 410. |
— — Wightii, Rchb. f. in Bol. Zeil. 1862,
p. 214.
Trichoglottis Dawsoniana, Rchb. f. in Gard.
Chron. 1872, p. 699.
Cottonia Championi, Lindl. in Hook. Kew
Journ. vii. p. 35.
Luisia brachystachys, Lindl., B. flaveola, Par.
et Rchb. f.
platyglossa, Rehb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi.
p. 622.
نت Psyche, Rehb. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1868,
p. 38.
—— primulina, Par. et Rchb.f.
T 2
136 PROF. REICHENBACH ON THE ORCHIDS COLLECTED By
50. Vanda Bensoni, Veitch, Rehd. f. in Gard. Chron.
1867, p. 180; Baten. in Bat. Mag. t. 5611
(nomine nostro sumto).
51. — Parishii, Reth, f. Xenia, ii. p. 188 ; Gerd.
Tavoy. Never seen on the mainland )
53. — bilinguis, Rehd. f. Xenia, i. p. 7, t. 4
` 54 Cleisostoma lanatum, Lindl. im Journ. Hort
iii. p. 219; Pomatocalpa spicatum, Kuh) ef
v. Hass. Orch. tab. xv. ? (tum analysis enset
56. Camarotis obtusa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. Mise.
71.
57. Sarcanthus laxus, ReAd. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1866,
p. 378.
58. — densiflorus, Par. et Reha. f.; Saecola-
bium densiflorum, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch.
p. 220.
59. — oxyphyllus, Wall in Lindl. Bot. Reg.
xxvi. Mise. 123.
60. —— insectifer, Rehb. f. im Bot. Zeit. 1857,
p. 159.
61. —— erinaceus, Rchb. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1864,
p. 298.
` 62. —— Williamsoni, Reid. f. in Hamb. Gert.
. Aérides
64. Saccolabium Griffithii, Par. et ReAb. f.
ELSET UU vega bOrd Crn. UN,
P.
p 34
M) — tsierophy liwe, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch,
p 234
$1. Geodorum candidum, Lindl. Fw. Orch.
dorum, n. Y.
102. Eria extinctoria, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5910.
104, — ustulata, Par. et Rehb. f.
105. — dasyphylla, Par. et Rehb. f.
106. —— Ania, Rchb. f. in Walp, Ann. vi. p. 270.
107, — fragrans, Rech. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1864.
108. —— hologlossa, Par. et Rehb. f.
109, —— muscicola, Lindl.
110, — perpusilla, Par. et Rehb. f.
111. — elongata, Griff. Lindl, in Journ. Linn.
Soe. iii. p. 49.
112. — pannea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1842, Mise.
p. 79.
118. —— sicaria, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. p. 50.
114. —— pulchella, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1841, Mise.
p. 106.
115. —— obesa, Lindl. Gen. el Sp. Orch. p. 68.
116. —— acervata, Lindi., Part. Fl. Gard. i.
p. 170.
117. —— affinis, Griff. Notul. iii. p. 297.
118. —— myristiceformis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t.
5415.
119. —— Eriopsidobulbon, Par. et Rchb. f.
120. —— concolor, Par. et Rehb. f.
122. — dasypus, Rchb. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1864,
p. 416.
123. — Griffithii, Rchb. f. Xenia, ii. p. 163.
124. — floribunda, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840,
Misc. p. 56.
125. — ringens, Rchb. f. in Bonpl. 1855, p. 222.
126. — pumila, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 68.
127. —— merguensis, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc.
iii. p. 52,
128. Cryptochilus meirax, Par. et Rehb. f.
5. MALAXIDEA.
129. Dendrobium acerosum, Lindl, Bot. Reg.
. 1841, Misc. p. 86 (D. subteres, Lindl. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 4).
E — stoperpureum, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii
p.644,
lc opi ei i A BÓ.
iii. p, 4.
THE REV. E. C. PARISH IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MOULMEIN. 137
133. Dendrobium multiflorum, Par. et Rehb. f.
134. —— serra, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii.
p. 3.
135, —— anceps, Sw. in A. A. Holm. 1800, p. 246.
136, —— pachyglossum, Par. et Rehb. f.
137. —— bambusefolium, Par, et Rchb. f.
188, —— Findleyanum, Par. et Rehb. f.
139, —— Parishii, Rehb. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1863,
p.236; Bateman, in Bot. Mag. t. ۰
140, سس gratiosissimum, Rchb. f. in Bot. Zeit.
1865, p. 99.
141. —— Devonianum, Part. Mag. i. p. 169, 8.
Soe. iii. p. 15.
143. —— crumenatum, Sw. in Act. Holm. 1800,
p. 246.
144. —— revolutum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840, Misc.
p. 110.
145. —— capillipes, Rchb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1867,
897
p. 897.
146. —— luteolum, Bateman, in Bot. Mag. t.
5441.
148. —— dixanthum, Rchb. f. in Gard. Chron.
1865, p. 674.
Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch.
Bot. Mag. t. 5918).
156. —— moschatum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. p. 83,
t. 195.
157. —— Dalhousianum, Pazt. Mag. xi. p. 145.
PROF. REICHENBACH ON THE ORCHIDS COLLECTED BY
. Dendrobium ciliatum, Par. in Bot. Mag.
t. 5430.
xanthophlebium, Lindl. in Gard. Chron.
1857, p. 268.
. —— Jamesianum, Rchb. f. in Gard. Chron.
1869, p. 551.
. —— draconis, Rehb. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1862,
p. 214.
, —— infundibulum, Lindl. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. iii. p. 16.
. —— cumulatum, Lindl. in Gard. Chron.
1855, p. 756.
. — parcum, Rchb. f. in Gard. Chron.
1866, p. 1042.
. —— Celogyne, Rchb. f. in Gard. Chron.
1871, p. 136.
. —— pumilum, Roxb. Pl. Ind. iii, p. 479,
. —— fugax, Rehb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1871,
p. 1287.
——— densiflorum, Lindl. in Wall. Pl. As.
Rar. 34, t. 40.
, —— Chrysocrepis, Par. et Rchb, f. in Bot.
Mag. t. 6007.
. Bulbophyllum oblongum, Rchb. f. in ۰
Ann. vi. p. 349.
. —— pictum, Par. et Rchb. f.
. ——nasutum, Rchb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1871,
p. 1482.
, —— Lobbii, Lindl., 8. siamense, Rchb. f. in
Saunders's Refugium, ined.
macranthum, Lindl. Bot, Reg. 1844,t.13.
capillipes, Par. et Rchb. f.
. —— moniliforme, Par. et Rchb. f.
. —— penicillium, Par. et Rchb. f.
, —— lemniscatum, Par. in Bot. Mag.t.5961.
. —— lemniscatum, 6. tumidum, Par. et
Rchb
. —— alcicorne, Par. et Rchb. f.
xylophyllum, Par. et Rchb. f.
. —— khasyanum, Griff. Notul, p. 284.
. —— sicyobulbon, Par. et Rchb. f.
. —— cupreum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1838, Misc.
p. 183; subsp.
Rehb. f.
stenopetalum, Par. et
. —— parviflorum, Par. et Rchb. f.
. —— auricomum, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch.
p. 50.
. —— luteola, Lindl.
. Bulbophyllum Lindleyanum, Griff Notul.
p. 387.
gracile, Par. et Rehb. f.
limbatum, Par. et Rchb. f.
triste, Rehb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 253.
odoratissimum, Lindl. Gen. et ap Orch.
p- 55.
radiatum, Lindl.
p. 55. |
stenobulbon, Par. et Rchb. f.
lasiochilum, Par. et Rchb. f.
Gen. et Sp. Orch.
. — pumilio, Par. et Rehb. f.
picturatum, Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi.
p. 262. |
retusiusculum, Rchb. f. in Gard. Chron.
1869, p. 1182.
bootanense, Par. et Rchb. f.
. —— Griffithianum, Par. et Rehb. f.
. —— tripudians, Par. et Rchb. f.
merguense, Par. et Rchb. f.
. —— Blepharistes, Rchb. f. in Flora, 1872,
p. 378.
. Drymoda picta, Lindl. Sert. Orch. p. 8.
. Malaxis Myosurus, Par. et Rchb. f.
iridifolia, Rehb. f. in Walp. Ann. ۰
p. 208
ensiformis, Sm. in Rees’s Encycl.
. —— Griffithiana, Rehb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi.
p. 308.
. —— Brunoniana, Rehb. f. in Walp. Ann. ۰
p. 209.
. Liparis paradoxa, Rchb. f. in Walp. M vi.
-p. 218.
—— paradoxa, Rehb. f., B. flavida, Par. et
Rchb. f.
Jovis-pluvii, Par. et Rchb. f.
stenoglossa, Par. et Rehb. f.
bistriata, Par. et Rchb. f.
Pachypus, Par. et Rchb. f.
spatulata, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840, Misc.
p. 189.
condylobulbon, Rchb. f. in Hamb. Gart.
Zeit, 1862, p. 34.
Gen. et Sp. Orch.
. Microstylis Rheedii, Lindl, Gen. et ۰ Orch.
p. 21
THE REV. E. C. PARISH IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MOULMEIN. 139
919, Microstylis Wallichii, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. 222. Cypripedium villosum, Lindl. in Gard. Chron.
Orch. p. 20. 1854, p. 135.
990, —— biloba, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 20. 223. Parishii, Rchb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1869,
pp. 814, 1858.
B. CYPRIPEDIEE.
921. Cypripedium concolor, Par. in Gard. Chron.
1865, p. 626.
Descriptions of new Species, and notes upon some of those described before.
I. ۰
3. GYMNADENIA HELFERI, Rchb. f. Flores purpurei, seu albi, seu albi purpureo striati,
seu viridi-flavi. Labellum latum seu angustum. |
4 PERISTYLUS CONSTRICTUS, Lindl. Florum sepala viridi-brunnea, reliqua. organa
eburneo-alba.
6. PERISTYLUS PARISHIT, Rchb. f, tuberidiis maximis oblongis, caule valido pedali,
vaginis amplis cucullatis, foliis 3-5 in medio caule rosulatis oblongis acuminatis, superne
vaginis 2-3 abrupte bractexformibus, racemo plurifloro nunc subsecundifloro, bracteis
lanceolato-acuminatis ovaria superantibus, sepalis triangulis, petalis triangulis, labello
medio trifido, laciniis triangulis, calcari globoso apiculato ovario pedicellato duas tertias
ad dodrantem breviore. Planta sicca nigrita.
7. HABENARIA PELORIOIDES, Par. et Rchb. f., ultrapedalis, valida, caule calamum `
columbinum superante, foliis cuneato-oblongis acuminatis, tribus bene evolutis, vaginis
in caule quinis in bracteas lineares acuminatas abeuntibus, racemo plurifloro densiusculo,
bracteis flores inferiores zequantibus, sepalis semilanceis limbo mieroscopice ciliolatis,
quinquenerviis, petalis ligulatis obtuse acutis brevioribus binerviis, labello cuneato lan-
ceolato acuminato trinervi ecalcarato, cum petalis minute ciliolato, anthers canalibus
elongatis, cruribus stigmaticis productis parallelis.— Amherst, 1862.
Plate XXVII. I. Habenaria pelorioides. 1. Side view of flower. 2. Column, seen from above.
3. Side view of column, showing the insertion of sepals and lip over the base.
8. HABENARIA TIPULIFERA, Par. et Rchb. f., ultrabipedalis, tuberidiis oblongis, foliis
in medio caule lineari-ligulatis acuminatis, ad 4, prope sex pollices longis, ultra unum
pollicem latis, foliis bractexformibus superne ad 2, racemo elongato plurifloro laxifloro
usque pedali, bracteis triangulo-acuminatis ovaria pedicellata sequantibus, perigonio
connivente, sepalo summo triangulo uninervi, sepalis lateralibus cuneatis ligulatis obtuse
acutis, petalis ligulato-faleatis uninerviis, labello supra basin tripartito lamina transversa
supra unguem, partitionibus lateralibus divaricatis setaceo-caudatis elongatis, partitione
mediana lanceolata porrecta, anthera obtusa, calcari a basi constrieta plus minus clavato
tertiam partem ovarii sequante, canalibus juxta brachia stigmatica adnatis, brachiis stig-
maticis cochleatis.
Obs. Huc omnino videtur pertinere 0 tentaculata, Lindl., peraffinis speciei
nostre. Recedit rosula foliorum altius inserta, ovariis et caleari. Que laudantur ab
ill. Lindley bursicule, has ego brachia stigmatica cochleato-convoluta habeo. Bursiculæ
Semper organa exigua, nunquam adeo speciosa, conspicua. Valde affinis est Peristylus
140 PROF. REICHENBACH ON THE ORCHIDS COLLECTED BY
aristatus Lindl.!, a quo P. exilis Wight! herb. non differt, dum icon t. 1698 plante
nostree similis, labelli lacinia media basi cornuta recedit, de qua descriptio Wightiana
omnino silet.
9. HABENARIA CHLORINA, Par. et Rchb, f., ultrabipedalis, validiuscula, tuberidiis a
tenui basi stipitata oblongis obtusatis, vaginis baseos laxis, foliis evolutis ternis seu
quaternis ligulatis acuminatis ad quinque pollices longis, duos pollices latis, foliis
superioribus in bracteas abeuntibus, senis seu octonis, superioribus angusto-lanceolatis
cuspidato-acuminatis, paulo imbricantibus racemo cylindraceo densifloro, bracteis tri-
angulo-setaceis ovaria pedicellata inferiora attingentibus margine scabris, sepalo dorsali
ovato acutiusculo tri- ad quinquenervi, sepalis lateralibus triangulis deflexis, quin-
quenerviis, petalis ligulato-faleatis binervibus, labelli tripartiti partitionibus lateralibus
subulato-linearibus partitione media lineari paulo brevioribus, calcari a basi filiformi
clavato ovario pedicellato tertia breviore, anthere canalibus ultra crura stigmatica
obtusata porrectis, staminodiis ligulatis.—Flores in alia icone Parishiana simpliciter
flavo-virides, in alia icone ejusdem coloris et brunneo maculati. Primum sunt virides,
dein paueimaculati, demum maculatissimi, tandem brunnei ex cl. Parish. Prope
Wagroo.
Similis H. acuifere, Lindl., calcari multo longiore subzequali, nec abrupte clavato
gaudet.
10. HABENARIA DIGITATA, Lindl. Sepala viridia. Sepalorum partitio superior
viridis, inferior ac partitiones labelli virides, basi albe. Ill. Bentham, Australasicas
Orchideas describens, hane ab H. digitata, Lindl., eo differre monet, quod partitiones
petalorum in hac approximate in illa distantes. Ceterum H. digitata est planta micro-
phylla, heec macrophylla, platyphylla.
11. HABENARIA SPATULEFOLIA, Par. et Rchb. f., humilis, caule vix spitham:eo, foliis
spatulatis oblongis obtuse acutis ternis, usque pollicem latis, quatuor pollices longis,
pedunculo basi mediove folio uno vaginiformi instructo, racemo uni- seu bifloro, bracteis
ovatis acutis retinerviis ovarii pedicellati rostrati tertiam partem sequantibus, sepalo dorsali
ovato acuto ventricoso cucullato, sepalis lateralibus obliquis ovatis acutis deflexis, petalis
ligulato-faleatis obtuse acutis binerviis, labello supra basin tripartito, partitionibus fili-
formibus aeuminatis, lateralibus ...., partitione mediana sepala lateralia superante,
calcari filiformi apice valde clavato acuto ovario pedicellato sublongiore arcuato, anthera
erecta gracili, canalibus elongatis, cruribus stigmaticis abbreviatis.—Similis Habenari@
vidue, sed foliis, bracteis, inflorescentia biflora recedens, nec non scabritiei defectu ac
petalorum figura diversa. Sepala lateralia etiam candida videntur. Labelli partitionum
lateralium apices omnes deleti. Ä
12. HABENARIA VIDUA, Par. et Rchb. f, caule subpedali, foliis cuneato-ligulatis
acuminatis approximatis evolutis quaternis, caule superne minute scabro papilloso, foliis
in braeteas abeuntibus duobus, racemo novemfloro laxifloro, floribus porrectis, bracteis
triangulis acuminatis seu elliptico-acuminatis quam ovaria pedicellata scabra bene
rostrata quater brevioribus, sepalo dorsali ovato obtuso acuto cucullato, sepalis late
ralibus triangulis demum convolutis retusis retrorsis, petalis triangulis binervibus obtusis,
THE REV. E. C. PARISH IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MOULMEIN. 141
labello tripartito partitionibus omnibus filiformibus acuminatis, lateralibus erectis, par-
titione mediana deflexa, antherze canalibus elongatis, cruribus stigmaticis inferne canali-
bus adnatis, calcari filiformi apieem versus ampliato acuto ovario pedicellato sublongiore.
— Occurrit floribus duplo minoribus. Icon Parishiana sepalum dorsale et petala offert
alba, reliquas partes virides. ۱
Plate XXVII. II. Habenaria vidua. 4. Flower, side view. 5. Sepal. 6. Lateral sepal. 7. Ex-
pandedlip. 8. Column, lateral sepal, and ovary, side view. 9. Column, seen above.
13. HABENARIA CORYMBOSA, Par. et Rchb. f, ultratripedalis, caule inferne calami
eyenei crassitudine vaginis multis retusis, foliis evolutis cuneato-ligulatis acuminatis
quinque polliees longis, plus unum pollicem latis, foliis in bracteas abeuntibus ad
tredecim distantibus lanceolato-acuminatis, inflorescentia densissima superne corymbosa,
bracteis lanceolato-acuminatis ovaria fusiformi-rostrata capillaceo-pedicellata haud
equantibus, sepalo dorsali oblongo acuto, sepalis lateralibus semioblongis acutis deflexis,
petalis bipartitis, partitionibus lineari-setaceis, labelli tripartiti partitionibus lineari-
subulatis, subzequalibus, anthersz erecte canalibus porrectis, cruribus stigmaticis acutis
porrectis, staminodiis ligulatis erectis.
II. OPERCULATA.
1. NEOTTIACEX.
17. CHEIROSTYLIS MALLEIFERA, Par. et Rchb. f, pusilla, vix tres pollices alta, tota
calva, eaule crassiusculo, foliis evolutis 3-5, vaginis amplis, petiolis bene brevioribus,
laminis oblongis acutis, racemo paucifloro, bracteis triangulis acuminatis uninerviis
ovario subiequalibus, sepalis anguste triangulis, lateralibus alte connatis, petalis faleatis
obtuse acutis, labello oblongo ventricoso antice tridentato, dentibus lateralibus triangulis
abbreviatis, dente mediano ligulato acuto porrecto, callis in fundo geminis manubrio
brevissimo, callo ipso semilunato, malleiformibus, columnx euspidibus geneticis bene
evolutis.—Simillima Cheirostylidi parvifolie, Lindl., que labelli indole ae pube ovarii
recedit.
18. CHEIROSTYLIS PUBESCENS, Par. et Rchb. f., bene spithamea, foliis ad sex a basi
seu supra basin aggregatis, vaginis amplis, petiolis tenuibus laminæ sextam æquantibus,
laminis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis, peduneulo puberulo triangulato, vaginis parvis,
racemo usque septemfloro, bracteis semilanceolatis ovaria pedicellata subequantibus,
ovariis ealvis, sepalo dorsali obtuse galeato cum sepalis lateralibus altius connato, sepalis
lateralibus alte coalitis bidentatis, petalis obtusangule dimidiatis, labelli basi ampliata
utrinque lamella una serrata basi adnata ceterum incumbente, dein in unguem apice
rum supra laminam apicalem incumbente, lamina terminali divergenti biloba, lobis
— subquadratis extus serratis, rostelli lobis ligulatis apice dilatatis, suppositis
gulis sursum apice angulato-dilatatis. |
T ANECOCHILUS ALBOLINEATUs, Par. et Rchb. f, humilis, carnosus, Crassus,
veut arctiusculis, petiolis brevibus lamina quinquies brevioribus, laminis oblongis
jon ts obliquis, linea alba per medium et reti albo, pedunculo وت ore meson
142 PROF. REICHENBACH ON THE ORCHIDS COLLECTED BY
in bracteas abeuntibus duas, bracteis cucullatis triangulis acuminatis ovaria supe-
rantibus, perigonio extus pilosulo, sepalis triangulis obtusis, petalis falcatis, calcari
ovario pedicellato multo breviore acuto sulcato (hine apicibus appositis geminis), labelli
ungue marginibus involutis antice acuto inflexis, callis rhombeis serratis geminis in basi,
lacinia antica utrinque setis ad sex elongatis, lamina anteriore trifida, lacinia media
triangula minuta, laciniis lateralibus porrectis divaricatis dolabriformibus, columne
lamella anteposita adnata forcipata, rostello bidentato.
99. ETARIA MOULMEINENSIS, Par. et Rchb. f., ultrapedalis, eaule validiusculo, foliis
sparsis, vaginis foliorum hyalinis amplis, petiolis angustis, laminis cuneato-oblongis,
vaginis in caule superne glandipili tribus distantibus, racemo laxifloro rhachi et bracteis
dorso et margine glandipilibus, bracteis ligulatis acuminatis uninerviis ovaria pedicellata
calva haud sequantibus, sepalis triangulis acutis uninerviis, petalis dimidiato-semiovatis
acutis uninerviis, labello basi ventricoso, isthmo canaliculato, apiee acuto in portionem
anticam expansam quadrato-bilobam extus dentieulatam incumbente callis flabellatis
duobus in fundo baseos ventricosee, carina parva ی abrupta.
Huic speciei affines sunt tres :—
E. abbreviata, Lindl, Gen. et Sp. Orch. 481, que ungue (isthmo) ante lebellumi apice
dilatatum bilobum optime recedit, sed eandem carinam et utrinque callum ostendit.
E. anomala, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 185, labelli parte posteriore humili, carina
humillima (non lamellseformi) callo laciniato didymo utrinque et ungue ante labelli
apicem involuto bene recedit. Praterea sepala extus et ovarium bene pilosa.
E. lanceolata (Dossinia lanceolata, Lind). in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 186), nostrse quam
maxime affinis, optime recedit lamellis in ventre geminis, quod jam in India accura-
tissime delineavit ill. J. D. Hooker.
23. HAMARIA DISCOLOR, Lindl., var. DAWSONIANA, Rchb. f. Nuper cl. Blume Ludisie
nomen utpote quod antiquius Lindleyano nomini preetulit. Hec sunt documenta: In
Dictionnaire classique d'Histoire Naturelle, viii. Févr. 1825, p. 456, sub Goodyera: “On
a décrit récemment en Angleterre, sous le nom de Goodyera discolor, une autre plante,
mais qui ne nous semble pas appartenir à ce genre. Elle en differe surtout par son
labelle non concave mais offrant à sa base une petite bourse bilobée, par son pollen
dont les deux masses sont caudiculées et sans glandes. Nous pensons que cette espèce
forme un genre nouveau, que nous décrirons sous le nom de Ludisia. V. ce mot.” (A.R.)
In vol. ix. tamen (1826), sub littera L, Zudisia non occurrit. Apud Lindley, Orchi-
dearum sceletos, p. 9: * Hemaria (Godyera discolor, Ker)," nomen tantum, sed in
Endlicher, * Genera,' p. 214 (1837) Hemaria, Lindl, inseritur cum descriptione et in
Lindley * Genera et Species Orchidearum' (1840), p. 489, pariter adest cum descriptione.
Ex his patet, “ A. R." (Achille Richard) plantam stabilire voluisse, sed id non fecisse,
eum dubium hesisse. Ill. Lindley contra stricte genus proposuit. Inde genus Richardi-
anum non accipiendum esse declaro, ut omnia illa genera hypothetice introducta.
2. ARETHUSER.
24. POGONIA VELUTINA, Par. et Rchb. f., sequenti elatior, folio amplo cordato elliptico
acuto utrinque hispido, pedunculo subspitham:eo, vulgo bifloro, vaginis quaternis amplis
CoU EE NA E
THE REV. E. C. PARISH IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MOULMEIN. 148
cucullatis acutis, bractea triangula minutissima pedicellum ovarii bene evolutum vix
equante, floribus nutantibus seu porrectis magnis, sepalis petalisque cuneato-lineari-
lanceolatis, labello circa columnam voluto oblongo obtusiusculo sepalis subbreviore seu
breviore, columna valida clavata.— Flores magni ultra pollicem longi, purpureo-virides.
Labellum album nervis purpureis lineaque mediana fulva.
96. PogoNIA MACULATA, Par. et Rchb. f., parvula, folio reniformi-elliptico acuto
sinuato nigromaculato, pedunculo quadrivaginato, racemo unifloro seu bifloro, bracteis
triangulis minutis, floribus nutantibus, sepalis petalisque lineari-lanceolatis, sepalis late-
ralibus in mentum minutissimum productis, labello rhombeo acuto utrinque medio
unidentato omnino levi, columna clavata.—Folia ex pictura Parishiana obscure viridia,
maculis in disco atropurpureis in plicis inter angulos. Flores virides, labelli nervi
obscurius virides. Columnz apex purpureus.
9. VANDEZ.
30. MONOMERIA CRABRO, Par. et Rchb. f. Videtur generis species primaria in
paucissimis herbariis reperiri et nonnisi ex distributione Walliehiana. Sine dubio exstat
in herbario Wallichiano. Ego vidi in herbario Lindleyano et Hookeriano et tandem duo
ipse exemplaria obtinui ex collectione Wallichiana, quee nunc mea, olim domini Maille
Parisiensis erat. Omnia specimina flores gerunt, qui examini haud idonei, forsan aque
fervide quondam: immissi. Ill. Lindley petala nulla reperit, sed ex icone Wallichiana
(Sertum Orchidaceum, Frontispiece) seriem dentium parvorum pingere jussit dominam
Drake. Ego tandem ipsissima petala in flore Wallichiane plante reperi, dum jam prius
Rev. Parish in illa planta, quam prope Taok, Februario 1871, unicam legit, eadem
organa indicavit. Idem vir oculatissimus apparatum pollinicum detexit valde diversum
ab illo, quem ill. Lindley noster in maneis floribus reperit. Adsunt pollinia quaterna sub-
parallela, caudicula rigida linearis, atque glandula bene separabilis. Hine planta vere
JMazillariis afnis evadit. Diagnoses utriusque speciei hic edo.
Monomeria barbata, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 61, pseudobulbis cylindraceis mono-
phyllis, foliis petiolatis oblongo-ligulatis (ultra 2" latis) apice amplis bilobis, pedunculis
erectis plurifloris, ovariis pedicellatis prope semipollicaribus, petalis semiovatis fimbriatis
latis, labelli carinis multierenatis, column pede curvo. :
(Dendrobium tripetaloides, Roxb., quod in herbario Lindleyano hue ducitur, ex icone
authentica in herbario Kewensi asservata est Bulbophyllum auricomum, Lindl.)
Monomeria Crabro, pseudobulbis pyriformibus monophyllis, foliis petiolatis oblongo-
ligulatis (11" latis) apice attenuatis bilobis, peduneulo plurifloro porrecto, ovariis pedi-
cellatis pollicaribus, petalis triangulis fimbriatis angustis, labelli carinis integerrimis,
columna recta.
Planta hee rhizoma videtur habere longe scandens illi Bulbophylli Blepharistidis,
Rehb. f, equale. Folium ultrapedale. Pedunculus longior, basi vaginis paucis luridis,
superne violaceus, multiflorus. Bractez ovariis pedicellatis plus triplo breviores.
Sepalum dorsale ovato-triangulum, acuminatum, citrinum, extus violaceo-tristriatum.
Sepala lateralia oblongo-ligulata, apice introrsum obliqua, acuta, vulgo € contigua,
U
144 PROF. REICHENBACH ON THE ORCHIDS COLLECTED BY
flava, maculis violaceis. Sepala flava, apice violaceo-marginata. Labellum violaceum,
margine lamine flavum. | Columnz utrinque limbo curvo apice acuto.
Plate XXVIIL 1. Side view of flower. 2. Anterior view of column with petals. 3, Pollinarium,
from Rev. Parish's drawing. 4, Bud. 5. The same, lateral sepal taken away for showing column,
petal, and lip. 6. Lip, seen from above. 7. Lip, seen from underneath. 8. Column and anther fallen.
From Dr. Reichenbach's sketches. y
31. THECOSTELE ALATA, Par. et Rchb. f. Ex icone Rev. Parishii, pseudobulbi breviter
ovoidei costati, valde aggregati. Pedunculus pendulus. Perigonia albida, hinc flavo-
lineata, maculis purpureis.
Plate XXIX. 1. Parts of flower, seen from above. 2. Side view of flower, sepals and petals
absent. 3. Lip, front view. 4. Top of column. 5. The same, oblique view.. 6. Anther, 7. Polli-
narium.
94. CALANTHE BILOBA, Lindl., (3. OBTUSATA, Par. et Echb. f., labelli laciniis anticis
obtusis. Ex icone Parishiana sepala et petala brunneo-atropurpurea, labelli lacineæ
laterales disco flavee, nervis brunneis.— Planta major quam Sikkimensis.
38. CYRTOPERA MACROBULBON, Par. et Rchb. f., pseudobulbis subspheericis, foliis ob-
longis acuminatis, pedunculo validissimo, basi vaginis paucis approximatis, medio
squamis quibusdam lineari-setaceis bracteseformibus, apice longe racemoso, bracteis
lineari-setaceis, ovaria pedicellata sequantibus seu superantibus, sepalis ligulatis acu-
minatis, petalis cuneato-ovatis acutis, labelli mento obtusangulo conico bene producto,
lamina oblonga apice triloba, lobo medio obtuso longiore supra discum asperulo et
pilosulo, lobis lateralibus obtusangulis bene brevioribus, antherz vertice appendice
semiovata.—Sepala et petala brunnea. Labellum flavidum, maculis in loborum discis
rufis. Columna alba, anthera purpurea.
40. CymBıpıum Parisa, Rehb. f., juxta C. eburneum, foliis ligulato-linearibus acutis,
pedunculo paucifloro ad tri-floro, vaginis scariosis lanceolo-faleatis acuminatis, floribus
magnis, sepalis oblongo-ligulatis acutis, petalis oblongo-ligulatis acutis, labello a basi
angusta flabellato-dilatato, antice trifido, laciniis lateralibus oblongis acutis antrorsis,
lacinia media euneato-ovata acuta undulata sericeo-tecta ac sericeo-fimbriata, callo in
disco antieo bilobo cum apieulo utrinque sericeo-villoso.— Prope C. eburneum, Lindl,
quo paulisper minus, Dum hee scribo habeo ad manus typos Lindleyanos (Myrung,
Griffith) et flores ex horto Veitchiano. Bractex in hoc nunc longiores, petala semper
longiora, acuminata. Bene recedere videtur callo ac pube ae laciniarum figura. La-
bellum album purpureo-striatum ac maculatum.—Meritissimo cl. Parish dicatum,
certe puleherrimum omnium Cymbidiorum.
46. LuIsIa BRACHYsTACHYsS, Lindl., B. FLAVEOLA, Par. et Rchb. t floribus flavis,
hypochilii disco toto purpureo, striis in labello purpureis. (Ex icone Parishiana.)
47. Luista PLATYGLOSSA, Rchb. f, sepala atropurpureo irrorata. Petala flavida,
purpureo aspersa. Labellum flavum. ۱
49. LUISIA PRIMULINA, Par. et Rchb. f, validissima, foliis teretibus crassis paucis,
racemis paucifloris, sepalis oblongo-triangulis brevibus, petalis cuneato-oblongis obtusis
acutisve, hypochilio carnoso sellæformi parvo, epichilio triangulo basi obtusangulo,
THE REV. E. C. PARISH IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MOULMEIN. 145
antice hinc lobato obtuso.—Flores ochroleuci. Hypochilium violaceum. Glandula basi
lunata. i
Plate XXX. I. Luisia primulina. l. Flower. 2. The same, side view. 3. Column and base of lip,
side view. 4, 5. Pollinaria.
64. SACCOLABIUM GRIFFITUIL, Par. et Rchb. f., vultu Angreci disticha, Lindl., cauli-
bus erectis seu ascendentibus densissime distiche foliatis, foliis aneipitibus triangulis
utrinque paulo obtusangulis, racemis unifloris axillaribus paucivaginatis, sepalis peta-
lisque ligulatis acutis, labello pandurato acuto, calcari saccato brevi.—Specimina paucos
pollices alta. Folia 2-3" longa, 14” lata. Flores candidi, minuti. Juxta specimina
sicca et iconem b. Griffith in herb. Lindl.
66. SACCOLABIUM BIPUNCTATUM, Par. et Rchb. f., caule gracilento radicante superne
foliato, foliis lineari-ligulatis apice insequali bidentatis ad 5" longis, 4” latis, pedunculis
subbifloris brevissimis, sepalis petalisque lineari-falcatis, labello trifido laciniis late-
ralibus ligulatis obtusis valde abbreviatis, lacinia media ligulata acuta longe producta,
calcari brevi saecato, callo in fundo inter lacinias, eallo membranaceo superne denti-
eulato utrinque in fundo.—Sepala et labellum ad 3" longa. Sepala et petala flava.
Labellum album. Lacinie laterales purpureo preetextze. Calcar viride (colores ad
ic. Par.).
07. THRIXSPERMUM LEOPARDINUM, Par. et Rchb. f., caule ascendente validiusculo,
radicibus aériis plurimis, foliis cuneato-ligulatis apice insequaliter bilobis, ad 6” longis,
2-4" latis, racemis abbreviatis, folia prima anthesi non dimidio sequantibus, rhachi com-
pressa, bracteis triangulis, ovariis pedicellatis bene brevioribus, sepalis triangulis, petalis
paulo angustioribus, labelli laciniis lateralibus anguste triangulis obtusis, lacinia media
carnosa rotundula:multo breviore, gibbere didymo superposito, calcari clavato oblongo
acuto multo longiore.—Perigonium ex icone Parishiana flavum maeulis purpureis.
Labelli lacinise laterales ejusdem coloris, lacinia media alba, maculis purpureis. Calcar
cylindraceum album.
71. THRIXSPERMUM HYSTRIX, Rchb. f.? Eadem planta adest in herbario Lindleyano.
Mergui, Griffith n. 1066 !
72. AüRIDES CRASSIFOLIUM, Par. et Rchb. f., valde affine Aéridi falcato, Lindl., sed
recedere visum foliis crassis abbreviatis apice insequali bilobis nec pergameneis elongatis,
labelli partitionibus lateralibus latioribus, partitione mediana expansa ecarinata. Florum
color demum in hac specie rufo-purpureus, labelli lacinia media obscurior. Calear
flavidum, apice viride.
15. THELASIS pyemma, Lindl. Dense cæspitosa. Pedunculi vagine ac bractex
intense brunneze; flores viriduli. é
79. PODOCHILUS LucEscENs, Blume, saltem Lindl. Labellum candidum, apice maculis
paucis purpureis.
83. GEODORUM crrrivum, Jacks. in Bot. Rep. t. 686, B, albido-purpureum, Par. et
Reh. f., foliis melius petiolatis, floribus albido-flavis, labello purpureo disco flavido.
callis in labello nullis. ۱
۰
146 PROF. REICHENBACH ON THE ORCHIDS COLLECTED BY
4. EPIDENDREA.
87. CŒLOGYNE (ERECTE) UNIFLORA, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 43. C. biflora, Parish,
Gard. Chron. 1865, p. 1035. Epidendrum, Griff. Posth. Pap. tab. ecexiii. Felicissime
nuper cl. Parish indigitavit, hane bifloram veram esse Cologynem unifloram, Lindl., et
quidem conductus colore labelli. Basin labelli ab ill. Lindley haud bene visam esse dentes
laterales in ipsissimo herbarii specimine typico demonstrant.
88. CŒLOGYNE (ERECTA) OCHRACEA, Lindl., subsp. CONFERTA, Par. et Rchb. f., humilis,
compacta, pseudobulbis pyriformi-conicis, foliis petiolatis oblongo-acutis geminis, pedun-
culis tota basi vaginis nitidis obtectis apice plurifloris, bracteis oblongo-ligulatis ovaria
pedicellata longe excedentibus, sepalis petalisque ligulato-lanceolatis acuminatis, labello
trifido, laciniis lateralibus reetangulis, lacinia antica elliptica acuta, carinis per discum
ternis cruribus basi angulatis, lateralibus extrorsum exsilientibus.—Forsan propria
species, sed characteres ad separandam speciem idonei nulli in promptu, nisi forsan ovaria
pedicellata adeo brevia, quod tamen et dispositione loci explicari potest. Color florum
ex icone Parishiana exacte talis, qualis in Lindl. Bot. Reg: 1846.
Plate XXX. II. Celogyne ochracea. 6. Flower, side view. 7. Lip. 8. The same, expanded.
89. CŒLOGYNE (ERECTA) GRAMINIFOLIA, Par. et Rchb. f., pseudobulbis seriatis pyri-
formi-ligulatis costatis diphyllis, foliis linearibus acuminatis valde strietis, racemis basi
a vaginis contectis ante pseudobulbi formationem paucifloris (3) erectis, bracteis anthesi
dejeetis, sepalis lanceolatis, petalis linearibus acutis, labello trifido, laciniis lateralibus
obtusangulis, lacinia media cuneato-ovata acuta, carinis geminis per longitudinem incras-
satis, interposita antice carinula incrassata tertia. |
90. CŒLOGYNE (ERECTE) LENTIGINOSA, Lindl. (Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5958). A simili
C. trinervi, Lindl., energetice differt carinis ancipitibus rectis, nec plicatis.
92. OWLOGYNE (PROLIFERE) RIGIDA, Par. et Rchb. f, pseudobulbis approximatis
oblongis ancipitibus, hine -costatis diphyllis, foliis petiolatis lato-oblongis acutis ultra-
spithameeis duos pollices latis, pedunculis nudis, sub inflorescentia pauciflora stricta seu
fractiflexa distiche vaginatis, sepalis triangulis, petalis filiformi-linearibus, labello basi
subsaceato trifido, laciniis lateralibus erectis obtusangulis, lacinia media cuneata elliptica
biloba, earinis geminis plicatis per discum carina tertia parvula interposita.— Flores illis
Pholidotarum valde similes, vix ultra dimidium pollicem longi, pallide ochracei, labelli
carinis fusco preetextis.
93. CELOGYNE (PROLIFERE) UsTULATA, Par. et Rchb. f., rhizomate brevi, pseudo-
bulbis aggregatis fusiformi-ovoideis diphyllis, foliis petiolatis ovatis acutis, pedunculo —
gracili sub racemo paucifloro, vaginis distichis brevibus, bracteis ovatis obtuse acutis
fores subsequantibus, sepalis ligulatis acutis, petalis linearibus, labello trilobo, lobis
lateralibus semiovatis, lobo medio retuso lobulato, carinis geminis obscuris per discum,
columna "poe ampliata.—Pseudobulbi sesquipollicares. Folia duos pollices longa, duas
pollicis tertias lata. Flores minuti illis Celogynes micranthe subequales. Calogyné
THE REV. E. C. PARISH IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MOULMEIN. 147
flavida satis recedit foliis, pseudobulbis aggregatis, &c. Flores ex icone Parishiana
flavidi, brunneo preetexti.
95. CELOGYNE (FILIFERE) CYCNocHzs, Par. et Rchb. f, pseudobulbis cylindraceis
brevibus dense seriatis diphyllis, foliis cuneato-oblongo-ligulatis acuminatis, racemo
paucifloro anthesi bracteato, bracteis spathaceis ovaria pedicellata superantibus, sepalis
lineari-ligulatis, petalis linearibus, labello trifido, laciniis lateralibus antrorsum acutis,
lacinia media ab isthmo brevi cordata transverse ovata acuta, carinis per discum ternis |
depressis in basi lacinise anticze dilatatis.
Affinis Celogyne brunnee, a qua bene recedit ipsa statura duplo minore, bracteis anthesi
persistentibus, carinarum indole inzequali, floribus viridibus fusco pretextis. Labelli
dimidium superius viride, dimidium anticum albidum brunneo pictum.
101. EnrA (CONCHIDIUM) PLEUROTHALLIS, Par. et Rchb. f., pseudobulbo minutissimo a
vaginis tecto, monophyllo, folio petiolato oblongo triangulo apice insequali obtuse biden-
tato coriaceo, pedunculo capillari unifloro elongato laterali sericea villoso, bractea acuta
ovarium pedicellatum sequante, sepalis ligulato-triangulis trinerviis pilosulis, lateralibus
(supremis!) basi saccata obtusangulis, petalis linearibus, labello ligulato antice trilobo,
lobis lateralibus obsolete angulatis, lobo antico transverse trilobulo, carinis obsoletis
geminis ante lobum anticum.—Pusilla. Folia vix duos pollices longa. Pedunculus vix
2 pollicis longus. Flos illo Erie floribunde, Lindl, adhue minor. Ex icone Parishiana
flores candidi striis purpureis. Labellum album lobo antico flavo. Strie in labello
purpurese.
Plate XXX. III. Eria Pleurothallis. 9, 10. Flowers. 11. Upper sepal. 12. Sepal. 13. Lip, seen
from above. 14. Lip, side view. 15. Column, side view. 16. Anther-case, underside. 17. Polli-
narıum, :
103. Erıa (Concuri1um) Parisi, Lindl. & Rchb. f., affinis Erie Jerdoniane, Lindl.,
pseudobulbis depresso-spheericis minutis, vaginis demum in rete solutis, foliis geminis
ovatis acutis margine ciliatis, racemis sessilibus unifloris seu bifloris, mento obtuso
tumido, sepalis triangulis, lateralibus alte coalitis extus prope calvis, petalis linearibus
trinerviis, labello ligulato acuto brevissimo.— Perigonium ex icone Parishiana testaceum
basibus atro-brunneis.
104. ERIA (CoNCHIDIUM) USTULATA, Par. et Rchb. f., affinis Erie Jerdoniane, Lindl.,
pseudobulbis depresso-spheericis, vaginis in rete fascieulorum vasorum demum solutis,
foliis in pseudobulbis juvenibus geminis ovatis acutis abbreviatis ciliatis et hinc asperulo-
papulosis, racemo sessili nunc bifloro, perigonio extus hispido, sepalo summo triangulo
acuminato, sepalis. lateralibus basi saccatis, apice liberis, dentibus uncinatis deorsum
versis, petalis lanceolato-falcatis trinerviis, labello oblongo-acuto undulato, umbone in ipsa
basi.—Flores ex icone Parishiana atro-brunnei.
105. EnrA (CONCHIDIUM) pAsYPHYLLA, Par. et Richb. f., rhizomate repente, omnibus
vaginis hispidis, foliis spatulatis obtuse coriaceis pilosis geminis nunc solitariis, pedunculo
exserto hispido apice bracteato, bractea ovarium hispidum longe non sequante, mento
‚obtuso, sepalo summo angusto triangulo, sepalis lateralibus multo majoribus, petalis
ligulatis acutis, labello rhombeo retuso obtusangulo, columna obtusa.
148 PROF. REICHENBACH ON THE ORCHIDS COLLECTED BY —
Planta a me semper pro Bulbophyllo habita, uti ab ill. Lindley, donec cl. Parish polli.
narium inspexit. Acrosticho minuto comparabile. Folia carnosa a Parish dicuntur,
Near Henzai-basin, also road to: Meta-Tavoy, Parish.—Mergui, 18 Jul. 1818; Leonga
river on Mangifera, Helfer (hb. Hook. !); Sikkim, Dr. Hooker! Kurz!
108. ERIA (ANIA) HOLOGLOSSA, Par. et Rchb. f., toto habitu simillima Erie bicorni,
Rchb. f., racemo sublaxiore, bracteis triangulis ovaria pedicellata longe non »equantibus,
. sepalis lineari-ligulatis acutis, petalis subzqualibus, labello ecalearato oblongo, obtuso
utrinque ante medium nune minute angulato, carinis ternis per discum lateralibus pli-
catis, carina mediana longiore subrecta, anther vertice inornato.
109. Erra (MusctcoLa) MUSCICOLA, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 47. Hue refero
Parishianam plantam ob apicem cuspidatum recurvum labelli, sed vix crediderim Eriam |
Dalzelli, Lindl., vere esse diversam.
110. ERIA (PHREATIA) PERPUSILLA, Par. et Rchb. f., pseudobulbis depresso-spheericis ۱
costatis, pedunculis ex caulibus novellis basi vaginatis gracilibus teretiusculo-filiformibus
bivaginatis, vaginis brevibus triangulo-ochreatis apice racemosis (racemis nunc nutan-
tibus ?), bracteis scarioso-membranaceis triangulis uninerviis, mento modico, perigonio
tenuissimo, sepalis triangulis uninerviis, petalis lineari-faleatis uninerviis, labello lineari-
ligulato uninervi basi subsaecata.— Flores albi uti crystalla sacchari. Columna et
ovarium viridia. Etiam a Lobbio in herb. Lindl. |
119. Erıa (HYMENERIA) ERIOPSIDOBULBON, Par. et Rchb. f., pseudobulbis oblongis
minutissime insculpto-rugosis, junioribus basi vaginis 6 membranaceis foliisque 2-3 ligu-
latis acutis quintam ovarii pedicellati puberuli partem subsequantibus, mento obtus-
angulo, sepalis petalisque faleatis acutis, sepalis extus pubescentibus, labello a cuneata
basi medio trifido, laciniis lateralibus angulato-faleatis, isthmo angustissimo, lacinia antice
cordato-obreniformi cum apiculo in sinu. ©
120. ERIA (HYMENERIA) CONCOLOR, Par. et Rchb. f., pseudobullbis cylindraceo-abbre- ——
viatis (3" altis) paucifoliis, foliis membranaceis ligulatis acutis, racemis lateralibus ad |
quinquefloris, rhachi parce pilosula, bracteis ovatis acutis ciliolato-dentatis ovaria pedi-
cellata dimidia scabrula haud sequantibus, mento obtusangulo, sepalo dorsali ligulato
acuto, sepalis lateralibus triangulis, petalis linearibus acutiusculis, labello trifido, laciniis
lateralibus anticis obtusato-rectangulis, lacinia antica porrecta ligulata retuso-emarginata
tota incrassata, carinis incrassatis ternis a basi in basin lacini; antiee.—Flores illis
Erie Griffithii, Rchb. f., equales, ex icone Parishiana flavidi. Labelli laciniz laterales
virides, carine brunnese. Cl. Rev. Parish observavit hanc ex pseudobulbis junioribus
foliatis Julio, dein ex vetustis aphyllis Februario florere.
128. CRYPTOCHILUS MEIRAX, Par. et Rehb. f., pseudobulbis depresso-turbinatis, fibrarum
fasciculis simplicibus non reticulatis, floribus ante folia evolutis, bractea membranacea
spathacea acuta perigonii basin superante, ovario calvo, sepalis alte connatis acutis,
lateralibus basi in calcar spurium obtusum coalitis, petalis euneato-ovatis acutis ciliolatis,
lamina intus pilosa, labello obtusangulo triangulo undulato, angulis baseos obtusatis,
callo bilobo in basi.
uH
THE REV. E. C. PARISH IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MOULMEIN. 149
5. MALAXIDER.
180. DENDROBIUM ATROPURPUREUM, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 644.— Ozystophyllum atro-
purpureum, Bl. Rumphia, iv. 241; Aporum concinnum, Lindl. MSS. distr. Wallich.
131. DENDROBIUM (APORUM) TERMINALE, Par. et Rchb. f., caule tenui ancipiti, foliis
(ex icone Rev. Parish in vita) approximatis ensatis (siccis nervosis) abbreviatis, floribus
subterminalibus, mento curvulo triangulo obtuso, sepalis triangulis, petalis linearibus
acutis, labello cuneato flabellato bilobo, lobis obtusis, callo carinali nullo.
Aporum micranthum, b. ill. Griffith, facillime distinguendum carina unica a basi usque
ante apicem bifidum excurrente, ibi abrupta (cfr. Cale. Journ. iv. t. xvi. f. 7 JE
133. DENDROBIUM (APORUM) MULTIFLORUM, Par. et Rchb. f., caule validiusculo anci-
piti, foliis distantibus triangulis ensatis, floribus lateralibus seu terminalibus, nune gemi-
natis, mento bene angulato producto, sepalis ligulato-triangulis, petalis linearibus obtusis,
labello ligulato flabellato emarginato lateribus lobulato, carinis obscuris elevatis geminis
a basi usque ante apicem.—F lores flavi.
Plate XXXI. II. Dendrobium multiflorum. 5. Flower, front view. 6. Sepals and lip, expanded.
7. Column, anterior yiew.
136. DENDROBIUM (EUDENDROBIUM) PACHYGLOSSUM, Par. et Rehb. f., caulibus usque
quinque pollices longis, tenuibus sulcatis vaginis junioribus nigro hispidis, foliis in supe-
riore eaule linearibus acuminatis, floribus lateralibus solitariis seu geminis parvulis,
sepalis triangulis, lateralibus in calear extinctoriiforme obtusum extensis, petalis linea-
ribus acuminatis, labello cuneato oblongo-ligulato apice trilobo, lobis lateralibus obtu-
satis, lobo medio brevissime producto semiovato, carinis geminis per discum, columna
apice bidentata.—Flores in icone cl. Rev. Parish musei Kewensis albidi. Sepala brunneo
striata. Labellum albidum, basi brunneo-tristriatum, apice viride. Apud nos «estuario
gaudet striis viridibus, et tale depinxit Rev. Parish in icone, quee in herb. ill. di. Lindley,
mutuata.—Simillimum est Dendrobium attenuatum, Lindl.! Typi tamen recedunt caule
multo breviore, foliis longioribus, pluribus, longius persistentibus, labelli lacinia antica
majore porrecta crenulata multipapulosa, laciniis lateralibus crenatis. Certe non idem.
137. DENDROBIUM BAMBUSJEFOLIUM, Par. et Rchb. f., juxta D. salaccense et luzonense,
Lindl., caule calami columbini crassitudine, vaginis arpophyllaceo-serobieulatis, foliis
distichis linearibus acuminatis, siceis papyraceis, usque 7" longis, 3" latis, florum fasciculis
lateralibus 1-3-floris, sepalo summo triangulo, sepalis lateralibus triangulis in mentum
retrorsum obtusangulum extensis, petalis euneato-ovatis acutis, labello ligulato flabellato
Auc obscurissime trilobo retuso, medio utrinque obscurissime obtusangulo, apice
ilobo.
Simillimum Dendrobium heemoglossum, Thw. (Thw. Hook. f. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 429 !), bene
recedit labello acuto, quod ipse vidi.
138. DENDROBIUM FINDLEYANUM, Par. et Rchb. f., pseudobulborum articulis a basi tenui
clavato-incrassatis, vaginis parvis, foliis cuneato-lanceolatis acutis apice bidentatis, pedun-
culis uni- bifloris, sepalis linearibus acutis revolutis, petalis a basi cuneata ovato-triangulis,
labello cuneato oblongo obtuso integro hine microscopice denticulato, toto disco velutino
asperulo, lineis asperulis 5 ante callum basi abruptum, columna verisimiliter inornata.
VOL. Xxx, X
150 : PROF. REICHENBACH ON THE ORCHIDS COLLECTED BY
Simile D. crassinodi, Bens. et Rchb. f., cujus nodi dilatati ae breviores, sepala et
petala lilacina, labellum disco flavum, ceterum album lilacino marginatum striolis pur-
pureis quibusdam in basi.
142. DENDROBIUM SCABRILINGUE, Lindl. (D. hedyosmum, Batem. in Bot. Mag. t. 5515).
Hac planta ab ill. nostro Lindley in Borneo insula fuit indicata. Cum egregius collector
Lobb ibi que ac in Burmah collegerit, facile conjiciendum, eum lapsu quodam plantam
inter Borneenses transtulisse.
166. DENDROBIUM PUMILUM, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 6, est ipsissimum D. pu-
milum, Roxb. Ic.! et Roxburghii descriptio diagnostica (Fl. Ind. iii. p. 479) usque ad
“where it blossoms during the rains," est veræ plante. Omnia reliqua pertinent ad
Eriam flavam, Lindl., qus in eadem tabula Roxburghii repræsentatur. Griffithii de-
scriptio brevis quidem, at certe primitus optima (Notul.iii. 315). Ill. beatus Lindley |
veram habuit plantam, sed florem, eheu! spurium, forte D. pygmei.
Cxspitosum, parvum, pseudobulbis a basi tenui elongatis subtetragonis nitidis, usque
. 4 longis, diphyllis, foliis oblongis obtuse acutis, floribus solitariis terminalibus, sepalo
dorsali triangulo, sepalis lateralibus subzequalibus in angulum obtusum extensis, petalis
linearibus acutis, labello ligulato flabellato bilobo.—Flores albi, labelli disco flavo.
Plate XXXI. I. Dendrobium pumilum. 1. Flower, side view. 2. Sepal. 3. Expanded lip. 4. Side
view of column.
169. DENDROBIUM (DENDROCORYNE) CHRYSOCREPIS, Par. et Rchb. f., caulibus adultis
a basi tenui dilatata compressis paucifoliis, foliis euneato-oblongo-ligulatis acuminatis
carnosulis, pedunculis ex pseudobulbis vetustis lateralibus unifloris, mento angulato,
sepalis lateralibus ligulatis acutis, petalis latioribus obtuse apiculatis, labello ab ungue
latiusculo elongato calceolari, apice retuso involuto paulisper fisso, utrinque lobulo
superposito insiliente, extus velutino, intus pilis incurvis pluribus, columna brevissima
antice villosa.—Juxta .D. euphlebium, Rchb. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1859, p. 7, valde
diversum labello, ac caule vix dubie tetragono. Caules in D. Chrysocrepide juvenes
subteretes, foliis. 4 seu 5, vaginis ancipitibus, adultiores evadunt plani, ac laterales ramos —
edunt.
171. BULBOPHYLLUM (TRIAS) ProrUM, Par. et Rchb. f., pseudobulbis turbinatis annu-
latis monophyllis, foliis cuneato-oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis, pedunculis unifloris,
sepalis abbreviatis lato-triangulis angulatis, petalis cuneato-ovatis apiculatis bene brevi-
oribus, labello oblongo-ligulato acuto utrinque medio dente erecto obscuro obtuso parvo,
columna antice in angulis omnino equali, anthera proboscidea elongata angusta.—Albo-
viridulum maeulis pluribus purpureis, ex icone Rev. Parish. :
175. BULBOPHYLLUM (MowawTHA) CAPILLIPES, Par. et Rchb. f, rhizomate vali-
diusculo annulato, pseudobulbis distantibus, pyriformi-fusiformibus tenuibus monophy. llis,
basi a fibris stipatis, foliis cuneato-ligulatis acutis, pedunculis tenuissimis valde abbre-
viatis, bracteis ..... ‚ Sepalo dorsali triangulo, sepalis lateralibus ovato-triangulis multo
majoribus, omnibus septemnerviis, petalis oblongis apiculatis septemnerviis sepalo dorsali
subequalibus, labello in column pede elongato oblongo obtuso acuto, utrinque medio
angulato-dentato, eucullato, columna ebrachiata.
-— — rover AS IAS A ae AA
THE REV. E. C. PARISH IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MOULMEIN. 151
Ex icone Rev. Parish sepala et petala straminea venis rufis. Labellum purpureo-viola-
ceum. Columna extus flava, antice brunnea, Pseudobulbi usque pollicares. Folia
usque 6 pollices longa, dimidium pollicem lata. Flores mire ludunt illos Polystachye
Ottoniane seu P. pubescentis, Rchb. f, quibus equimagni. Ortum peduneuli atque
bracteam examinare non potui.
Plate XXXII. I. Bulpophyllum capillipes. 1. Sepals and petals expanded. 2. Lip, oblique side view.
3. Column.
` 176. BULBOPHYLLUM (MONANTHA) MONILIFORME, Par. et Rehb. f., rhizomate tenui
fibroso, pseudobulbis depresso-spheericis monophyllis seriatis rhizomati adnatis, foliis
P, , pedunculo capillaceo tenui basi vaginata, bractea cupulari, floris elongati
mento abbreviato, sepalis ligulatis acutis, dorsali irinervi, lateralibus quinquenerviis,
petalis bene brevioribus ligulatis obtuse acutis, labello ligulato obtuse acuto, margine
posteriore utrinque erecto, basi rotundata, columna biseta, setis erectis.—Flores minuti,
vix 23 lin. longi, flavidi.
177. BULBOPHYLLUM (PTILOGLOSSUM) PENICILLIUM, Par. et Rchb, f, pseudobulbis
pyriformibus haud valde distantibus, monophyllis, foliis petiolato-oblongo-lanceolatis
acutis, pedunculo folium spithamzeum longe excedente paucivaginato, apice longe race-
moso, bracteis triangulo-setaceis ovaria pedicellata subeequantibus, sepalis triangulis,
petalis oblongis obtusis brevibus ciliatis, labello a basi latiore acuminato papillis fili-
formibus multis plumoso, columnz angulis aristato-porrectis.
179. BULBOPHYLLUM (LEMNISCOA) LEMNISCATUM, Par., 8. TUMIDUM, Par. et Rchb. f.,
peduneulo porrecto curvato superne valde tumido, racemo deflexo, bracteis lato-triangulis
xanthinis (nec lineari-setaceis acuminatis), ovariis valde hispidis, sepalis ovato-triangulis
hispidis decidue lemniscatis, petalis lineari-lanceolatis uninerviis, labello cordato trian-
gulo crasso obtuso brevi, column aristis incurvis.
180. BULBOPHYLLUM (RACEMOSA) ALCICORNE, Par. et Rchb. f, rhizomate repente
valido, pseudobulbis minutis monophyllis, folio cuneato spathulato oblongo obtuse
acuto, 4” longo, supra 1” lato, pedunculo gracili ima basi bivaginato, superne distanter
bivaginato, racemo nutante multifloro, bracteis triangulis uninerviis minutis ovaria pedi-
cellata subzequantibus, sepalis triangulo-ligulatis obtuse acutis ad apicem prope connatis,
petalis ovato-triangulis subserratis uninerviis, labello unguiculato basi sagittato laciniis
erectis, ligulato carnoso obtuso, columns brachiis tridentatis.—Flores ex minoribus,
albidi, lineis atropurpureis. Labellum flavidum. Simile Osyricere crassifolie, Bl.
181. BULBOPHYLLUM (RACEMOSA) XYLOPHYLLUM, Par. et Rchb. f, juxta B. khasy-
amt, Griff., rhizomate repente valido, pseudobulbis distantibus subnullis (seu valde
parvis), foliis petiolatis late oblongo-ellipticis carnosissimis, pedunculis tenuissimis,
vaginis duabus acutis folium subzequantibus, floribus capitatis, bracteis triangulis ovaria
pedicellata subæquantibus, floribus bene coriaceis, sepalo dorsali triangulo, sepalis infe-
rioribus semiovatis obtuse acutis, petalis ligulatis acutis trinerviis brevioribus, labello
carnoso ligulato obtuso flexo utrinque supra basin angulato, column® brachiis tridentatis,
dente medio majore.—Flores viriduli, minuti. 9
*
152 PROF. REICHENBACH ON THE ORCHIDS COLLECTED BY
183. BULBOPHYLLUM (RACEMOSA) SICYOBULBON, Par. et Rchb. f., rhizomate valido,
pseudobulbis conicis monophyllis, folio cuneato oblongo-ligulato acuto, pedunculo validi
usculo parte florida porrecta, vaginis in basi pluribus, sursum duabus laxis amplis,
racemo plurifloro densifloro, bracteis linearibus acutis uninerviis flores subeequantibus,
sepalo dorsali oblongo-triangulo breviusculo trinervi, sepalis lateralibus ligulatis acumi.
natis quinquenerviis longioribus, petalis triangulis hine dentato-serratis aristatis uni.
nerviis, labello carnoso basi utrinque falcula parva antrorsa ligulato, margine velutino,
columna biseta, setis erectis. (Etiam Lobb in herb. Lindl.)
184. BULBOPHYLLUM (RACEMOSA) CUPREUM, Lindl, subsp. STENOPETALUM, Par. et
Rchb. f., pseudobulbis. conico-turbinatis, monophyllis, foliis cuneato-ligulatis acutis,
racemis longis cernuis, bracteis lineari-setaceis ovaria subzequantibus, sepalo dorsali
triangulo abbreviato, sepalis lateralibus triangulis porrectis, petalis minutis triangulis
integerrimis, labello porrecto ligulato aeuminato basi rotundato utrinque unifaleato,
columnee setis aristeeformibus ereetis.— Flores flavido-aurantiaci.
185. BULBOPHYLLUM (RACEMOSA) PARVIFLORUM, Par. et Rchb. f., rhizomate repente
valido, pseudobulbis sphzerico-depressis, monophyllis, foliis a petiolorum basibus ligulatis
acutis, peduneulis gracilibus parce (5-) arcte vaginatis, superne longe racemosis, minuti-
floris, bracteis triangulis uninerviis ovaria pedicellata non sequantibus, mento angulato,
sepalis triangulis trinerviis ciliatis, labello a basi cordata linguseformi obtuso medio piloso
crasso, columna triseta, seta postica plumosa, setis anticis calvis acuminatis.—Flores
albidi, minuti, illis B. pendul adhue minores. Labellum viride. Affine B. auricomo.
186. BULBOPHYLLUM (RACEMOSA) AURICOMUM, Lindl. Re vera petala sunt ciliata in
ipsissimis typis Lindleyanis. Prius ob has cilias a b. Lindley non descriptas nominatum
fuit B. feenisecii, Parish! Ipsissimus tamen Rev. Parish plantam esse eandem felicissime
auguravit.
188. BULBOPHYLLUM (RACEMOSA) GRACILE, Par. et Rehb. f., pseudobulbis dense aggre-
gatis depresso-spheericis siccis gibbosis, peduneulo capillaceo basi vaginis paucis acutis
distantibus, apice longe racemoso, bracteis triangulo-setaceis ovaria pedicellata sub-
zequantibus, sepalis triangulis tri- quinquenerviis extus hispidulis, petalis linearibus uni-
nerviis, labello cordato ligulato obtuso ancipiti, columna triseta, setis acutis paulo longi
oribus. Flores breves atropurpurei, bene secundi. Racemus valde tenuis.
189. BULBOPHYLLUM ( RACEMOSA) LIMBATUM, Par. et Rchb. f., pseudobulbis rotundulis,
vaginis in fibras solutis, foliis euneato-ohlongis apice minute bilobulis, cartilagineo-
marginatis, superne obscure viridibus, inferne luride violaceis, racemo erecto basi paucr
vaginato, apice racemoso paucifloro, bracteis triangulis scariosis ovario pedicellato non
eequalibus, mento valde obliquo, sepalo dorsali oblongo obtuso, sepalis lateralibus li-
gulatis obtuse acutis, medio obtusissime carinatis, petalis brevissimis lato-linearibus,
a triangulis erosis, labello trifido, laciniis lateralibus triangulis, superne denticulatis, |
lacinia medio lato ligulato carnoso papilloso ciliolata, carinula una in basi, carinulls
duabus divergentibus, una utrinque in laciniam lateralem exeunte, columna trigona apice 1
hiis tridentata.—Sepalum dorsale rufum, punctis plurimis flavis transparentibus. E
epala lateralia linea mediana viridi, ceterum omnino brunnea, maculis pluribus flaridis
THE REV. E. C. PARISH IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MOULMEIN 153
Sepala viridula apice atropurpurea. Labellum atropurpureum. Columna flavida, antice
et limbo atropurpurea. (Ad vivum ex horto Saundersiano.)
193. BULBOPHYLLUM STENOBULBON, Par. et Rchb. f, rhizomate longissime repente
tenui, pseudobulbis teretiusculis apice attenuatis monophyllis distantibus, foliis cuneato-
oblongo-ligulatis apice bilobo obtusatis paulo attenuatis (23" longis, 4” latis), pedunculis
ex basi pseudobulborum et ex rhizomatis vaginis 3-5-vaginatis, vaginis angustis apice
racemosis, floribus ad 3, bracteis triangulis ovaria pedicellata non sequantibus, sepalis
triangulis ligulatis trinerviis, petalis oblongis obtusis trinerviis tertia brevioribus, labello
a basi cordata ligulato-lineari obtuso, columna brevi apice biaristata.—Flores minuti,
vix 2 lineas longi, flavi. Pseudobulbi duas pollicis tertias longi.
194. BULBOPHYLLUM (CIRRHOPETALUM) LASIOCHILUM, Par. et Rehb. f., pseudobulbis
distantibus ovoideis costatis monophyllis, foliis cuneato-oblongis obtusatis, pedunculo
` unifloro, sepalo dorsali ligulato acuminato, sepalis lateralibus a basi cuneata ligulatis
subliberis apice cohserentibus, petalis falcatis acuminatis ciliatis, labello ancipiti compresso
utrinque angulato in ungue peltato pilis sericeis antrorsis multis vestito, columna apice
sexdentata, dentibus geminis apice linearibus porrectis, reliquis minutis, angulo utrin-
que juxta foveam.—Olim ab ill. Griffith detectum, nunc iterum lectum.
195. BULBOPHYLLUM (CIRRHOPETALUM) PUMILIO, Par. et Rchb. f., valde affine
B. retusiusculo, Rchb. f., sed floribus nutantibus, sepalo dorsali apice attenuato, sepalis
lateralibus rectis, nec tortis recedere visum, ne dicam de statura duas tertias imminuta.—
Pseudobulbi distantes, conici, monophylli; folia cuneato-ligulata acuta. Pedunculus
gracilis, hine ultra duos pollices altus, capillaris, apice pauciflorus, umbellatus. Bractes
triangulo-setacex ovariis pedicellatis plus duplo breviores. Sepalum dorsale triangulum,
trinerve, nervis clavatis. Labellum a basi sagittatum, triangulum, anceps. Columna
apice erecto bicornis. Sepala et petala albido-flavida nervis atropurpureis. Sepala late-
ralia flava, Labellum flavum, intus basi purpureum. Columna flava.
198. BULBOPHYLLUM (CIRRHOPETALUM) BOOTANENSE, Par. et Rchb., f., rhizomate longe
repente, pseudobulbis distantibus conieis monophyllis, foliis cuneato-oblongis obtuse
acutis, peduneulis bifloris (ex Griff. trifloris), bracteis oblongis acutis convolutis ovaria
pedicellata dimidia non zequantibus, sepalo summo ovato acutiusculo brevi, sepalis late-
ralibus oblongo-ligulatis convolutis, mento basilari obtusangulo, petalis semilanceolatis
acuminatis, labello semisigmoideo carnoso flexo ancipiti, columns auriculis erectis
aristatis.—Flores exicone Rev. Parish viriduli brunneo-purpureo maculati. Cirrhope-
talum bootanensis, Griff. Notul. iii. 286; Griff. Ic. Plant. As. pl. cexcix. |
; Plate XXXIL II. Bulbophyllum bootanense. 4. Side view of flower. 5. Dorsal view of flower. 6. Side
view of column and lip. 7. Sepal.. 8. Side view of column. 9. Pollinia, back side view.
199. BULBOPHYLLUM (CIRRHOPETALUM) GRIFFITHIANUM, Par. et Rchb. f, pseudo-
bulbis distantibus, conico-tetragonis monophyllis, foliis cuneato-oblongis acutis, pedun-
culis arcte bivaginatis, floribus bene umbellatis, sepalo dorsali triangulo setaceo ciliato,
sepalis lateralibus cuneato-oblongo-ligulatis acutis trinerviis, petalis triangulis acuminatis
ciliatis, labello ancipiti sigmoideo utroque latere incrassato, columnze auriculis obtusatis.
154 PROF. REICHENBACH ON THE ORCHIDS COLLECTED BY
A Rev. Parish cum Cirrhopetalo gamosepalo, Griff. Notul. 206, comparatur, quod
labello acuminato sepalisque lateralibus punctatis recedere videtur.—Flores ex icone
Rev. Parish albidi, brunneo striati. Columna purpureo maculata.
200. BULBOPHYLLUM (CIRRHOPETALUM) TRIPUDIANS, Par. et Rehb. f., pseudobulbis
depresso-conicis, foliis ..., peduneulo vaginis arctis ternis distantibus, apice. prono,
racemo breviusculo disticho, bracteis latis scariosis brevissimis ovatis apiculatis deciduis,
sepalo dorsali perbrevi oblongo acuminato ciliato lacero fornicato, sepalis lateralibus
ligulatis acutis in areum connatis, petalis triangulis margine ciliato-fimbriatis acuminatis,
labello carnoso pandurato brevi utrinque incrassato, pilorum fasciculis tecto, columne
setis utrinque productis.—Ex icone Rev. Parish sepala ochracea. Labellum violaceum.
Petala ochracea striis geminis violaceis. Columna albida, bracteis violaceis. Simillimum
Cirrhopetalum Wallichii, Lindl. !, jam bracteis acuminatis elongatis, facillime distin-
guitur, quæ persistunt.
201. BULBOPHYLLUM (CIRRHOPETALUM) MERGUENSE, Par. et Rchb. f, rhizomate
repente, pseudobulbis oblongis costatis nitidis monophyllis, foliis cuneato-oblongo-ligulatis
obtuse acutis, pedunculo bivaginato apice bractea lanceolata brevi unifloro, sepalo dorsali
triangulo acuminato ciliato apice clavis deciduis fimbriato, sepalis lateralibus linearibus
acutis tortis valde longioribus, petalis triangulis ciliatis apice clavis deciduis onustis,
labello cordato-triangulo obtuso carnoso, columna apice utrinque obtusangula.—Color
floris albido-flavus. Sepala et petala purpureo striata. Labellum purpureum. Columna
flavida. Hæc ad iconem Rev. Parish.
Obs. Professor Oliver kindly informs me that a living specimen, sent by M. Berkeley,
jun., shows strictly five-angled pseudobulbs.
204. MALAXIS (OBERONIA) Myosurvs, Par. et Rchb. f., cespitosa, paucifolia, acaulis,
foliis prope cylindraceis minutis papulis obtectis, pedunculo basi paucivaginato, superne
cylindraceo racemoso, bracteis lanceis, margine microscopice denticulatis, sepalis trian-
gulis obtusis, petalis linearibus, labello oblongo, apice longe bifido laciniis filiformibus,
utrinque quinquedentato, quasi bipectinato, dentibus superioribus ternis obtusis, infe-
rioribus acuminatis.— Oberonia Myosurus, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 16, descriptio et
planta Wallichii, excl. syn. Forst.; planta Wallichii in herbario Lindleyano, n. 1947 €,
Nepalia, 1821; planta Wallichii in herbario Hookeriano, n. 1947, lecta ad Taka
Nepalize, Martio 1821.— Folia usque 5 pollices longa. Hucusque omnino obscura.
211. LrPAnis JovIs-PLUVII, Par. et Rchb. f., affinis Liparidi paradoxe, Rchb. f., foliis
membranaceis 2-4 nunc limbo albo viridique tessellatis, cuneato-oblongis acuminatis
bene nervosis, pedunculo longe exserto apice racemoso, racemo plurifloro, bracteis lineari-
lanceolatis deflexis, floribus minutis, sepalis linearibus, petalis filiformibus, labello:
columns per unguem adnato dein cordato oblongo acuto, columna apice utrinque
quadrato-auriculata. 7
ak LIPARIS STENOGLOSSA, Par. et Rehb. f., spithamzea, foliis membranaceis quaternis
: a a longiuseula ovatis bene acutis, summo quidem folio multo angustiore, racemo
laxifloro, bracteis triangulis quam ovaria pedicellata infima subbrevioribus, quam reliqua
THE REV. E. C. PARISH IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MOULMEIN. | 155
bene brevioribus, sepalis lineari-ligulatis lateralibus obliquis, petalis anguste linearibus,
labello ligulato apice retuso bilobo, columna gracili apice utrinque rotundato alata.
913. LIPARIS BISTRIATA, Par. et Rchb. f., humilis, pseudobulbis cylindraceis (?),
caule florido amplo vaginato diphyllo, foliis pergameneis cuneato-oblongo-ligulatis api-
culatis, racemo plurifloro, rhachi superne alata, bracteis anguste triangulis uninerviis
ovaria pedicellata sequantibus, sepalis lineari-ligulatis, petalis lineari-filiformibus, labello
lineari-pandurato apice retuso denticulato, columna apice ampliata.—Flores virides.
Lines in labelli basi dus brunneze a cl. Parish observato.
214. Laparis PACHYPUS, Par. et Rchb. f., humilis, pseudobulbis crassis brevibus pyri-
formibus monophyllis, folio pergameneo cuneato ligulato acuminato, pedunculo alato
racemoso, bracteis lineari-acuminatis ovaria subeequantibus, sepalis linearibus trinerviis,
petalis lineari-filiformibus, labello cuneato flabellato emarginato-bilobo crenulato ima
basi obscure bicalloso, columna basi et apice ampliata.— Flores viriduli. —
Trans Linn. Soc Voi. XXX Tan 2 7.
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THE
TRANSACTIONS
THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
VOLUME XXX.
PART THE SECOND.
MISSO
BOTANICA
GARDEN.
LON DOR:
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET:
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON-HOUSE;
AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, PATERNOSTER- ROW.
M.DCCC.LXXIV.
CONTENTS.
PART IL—1874.
V. On the Lecythidaceze. By JOHN Miers, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., aie and Commend
Ord. Imp. Bras. Rose, &c. . ; page 157
VI. Systematic List of the Spiders at present known to inhabit Great Britain and
Ireland. By the Rev. O. P. CAMBRIDGE, M.A., C.M.Z.S. . 819
۲ 18 |
V. On the Lecythidacee. By JOHN MizRs, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., Dignit. and Commend.
Ord. Imp. Bras. Rose, $c.
(Plates XXXIIL-LXIV .)
Read June 5th, 1873.
Tug great family of the Myrtacee was divided by De Candolle (in 1828) into 5 tribes':—
1. Chamelaucee, with a unilocular ovary and fruit; 2. Leptospermee, with a dry
multilocular fruit; both tribes confined to Australia; 3. Myrtee, with a softish
drupaceous fruit, more or less plurilocular, cosmopolitan in their origin,—all these
tribes being distinguished by opposite leaves, marked by pellucid dots; 4. Barringtoniee,
with a drupaceous fruit and alternate impunctate leaves, all natives of the vast regions of
Asia, Africa, the Malayan and Polynesian islands; 5. Lecythidee, with leaves always
alternate and impunctate, a hard fruit opening by an operculum, with many solid
nuciform seeds, or several imbricated winged seeds; its flowers have numerous stamens
seated upon an expanded process quite peculiar to the group; they are wholly confined
tothe New World. Subsequently (in 1842) he united the two latter groups into his
4th tribe, Barringtoniec ?.
Lindley (in 1830)? regarded the foregoing characters as of sufficient value to warrant
the separation of the Barringtoniacee and Lecythidacee as distinct natural orders—a
view originally suggested by Richard and Poiteau ‘.
More recently Bentham and Hooker? combined the 4th and 5th tribes of De Candolle
with their 4th tribe Barringtoniee, which they divided into 3 subtribes, 1. -Barringtoniez,
2. Lecythidee, 3. Napoleonee.
I prefer the arrangement of Lindley for many strong reasons. The leading characters
which mark the Lecythidacee as a family distinct from Myrtacee are not only their
alternate impunctate leaves, but the epigynous (not perigynous) insertion of the stamens ;
they have also the large conspicuous petaloid development exclusively belonging to this
group, and upon which the stamens are seated; they have likewise fruits and seeds
remarkably different from those of Myrtacee.
De Candolle first showed, in his analytical drawings of his first three tribes of Myrtacee”,
that their numerous stamens, with long slender filaments, are all seated upon a
perigynous disk agglutinated to the tubular portion of the calyx, the petals being fixed
at the same time upon the outer margin of this disk, often regarded as a part of the
calyx ; and this portion, so united with the disk, forming the most conspicuous character
of the Myrtacee, is called the hypanthium by Berg: it is persistent upon the fruits of
that group, the disk being marked by cicatrices where the fallen filaments were arti-
culated upon it.
, Prodr. iii. 207. 2 Mém. Myrt. p. 54. 3 Nat. Syst. p. 46 ; Veg. Kingd. pp. 739 € 754,
* Mém, Mus, xiii, 141. 5 Gen. Plant. i. 605.
° Mém. Myrt. pls. 1-8 for the Chamelaucies and Leptospermee, pls. 9-21 for the Myrtec.
VOL. XXX. Y
»
158 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
For the present, the consideration of true Barringtoniee will be deferred until the
Lecythidacee have been fully examined, premising that Gustavia must certainly be .
transferred to the latter group.
In the Lecythidacee there is no hypanthium in the sense above indicated; but the
very numerous stamens, always very small and short, are borne upon as many append-
ages, crowded upon à basal ring adnate upon a narrow flat annular epigynous disk ; and
this ring is always expanded into a peculiar development, called by Berg an urceolus,
but which, by right, should bear the more appropriate name of an androphorum, long
before given to it by Mirbel'. This process is signally manifested in Gustavia, offering
an undeniable reason for excluding it from the Barringtoniee, where it has been erro-
neously placed.
In Gustavia (Plate XX XIII.A) the inflorescence, in its general features, resembles that of
most Lecythidacee ; its large yellow flowers, upon pedicels, having in their middle 2 short
bractlets, possess a ealyx adnate to the ovary, with a raised border, which is either short
and nearly entire, or is longer and divided into 6 acute sepals; it has 6 or 8 very large
petals, unequal in size, imbricated in eestivation, severally inserted by their claws between
the disk and the base of the androphorum, where they are all agglutinated together, so
that, after fertilization of the ovary, the petals and androphorum, still united, fall off
together. The androphorum differs from that of most others in this family in being
equally expanded all round : it is very large, in the shape of an orbicular broad shallow
eup, and seemingly composed of several superposed plates agglutinated together, suc-
cessively smaller in diameter, all alike deeply cleft on their broad free margins, into
numerous subulated segments, standing in many imbricated whorls which curve inwards
toward the style, the inner series very short, the rest gradually lengthening outwards,
until those of the outer series are nearly as long as the semidiameter of the cup. These
segments have generally been mistaken for the filaments of the stamens; but in reality
they are not so, being subulated divisions of each plate, truncated or clavated at their
extremity, where the true filament is inserted, this being terete, very slender, and usually
shorter than the linear 2-celled anther, which at first opens by 2 apical pores. This
feature is well depicted by Berg?. The inferior ovary is divided into 6 cells, with many
ovules in each, severally suspended by distinct funicles from the placentary expansion of
the central axis ; it is crowned by the sepals and annular disk, as before mentioned, the
vertex or space within the latter being flattish, with a short conical style in the centre.
The epigynous disk subsequently acquires a peculiar development in the fruit—a con
spicuous feature throughout the whole family. The fruit is a globular pyxidium about
the size of an apple, flattened on its summit, where it is encircled by a band (the enlarged
disk) enclosed within two parallel zones, the lower one formed by the vestiges of the
decayed sepals; the upper one denotes the inner margin of the enlarged disk, and forms
the line of its opercular dehiscence: the pericarp is coriaceous, normally 6-celled, with
' Mirbel, Elém. i. 240. The more modern name andracium, as opposed to gynecium, is better applicable to the
whole system of male organs, comprehended by Mirbel under the title of androphorum, while this latter name T
— as is here done, to that peculiar system of male organs found only in Zecythidacee.
In Mart. Flor. Bras. fasc. 18, tab. 55. fig. 14.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 159
a thick fleshy column in the axis attached to the operculum, when, on the ripening of
the fruit, the dissepiments and placentz become resolved into a pulp, which envelops
the seeds, all escaping together with the decay of the operculum. There are usually
6 seeds in each cell, nearly the size and shape of a common bean, suspended within the
pulp by a fleshy tortuous funicle of nearly its own size; the testa is polished, crustaceous,
with a large annular micropyle; a thin inner integument invests an exalbuminous embryo,
consisting of two large oval plano-convex cotyledons, conjoined near the hilum by a
small terete radicle, and embracing within their margin a conspicuous plumule.
In Couroupita (Plate XXXIII. 5), as in the following genera, we find a floral structure
analogous in its peculiarities to that of Gustavia, but offering a different appearance,
owing to a modification in the form of its singular androphorum. The flowers are large,
supported upon a short pedicel, with 1 bract above and 2 below it, all very deciduous ;
the free portion of its adnate calyx rises above the ovary in the form of 6 smallish fleshy
very convex sepals, somewhat imbricated in estivation ; it has 6, rarely 7, very large
concave coloured petals, of unequal size, deeply imbricated in zestivation, their claws
being inserted between the epigynous disk and the staminiferous ring of the andro-
phorum, all these fixed together as in Gustavia, The androphorum is large, with a
shallow cup-shaped annular ring at its base, covered by numerous short appendages,
each bearing a stamen ; but this ring does not expand equally all round as in Gustavia ;
on the contrary, its enlargement takes place on one side only, under the form of a ligular
fleshy plate, twice the length and as broad as the basal staminiferous ring, bare between
its parallel margins, coiling gradually inwards, and considerably at its extremity, where
it forms an inverted globular hood, concealing the ovary and basal ring; the interior
of this hood is densely echinated by numerous subterete appendages, truncated at their
summit, where each bears a stamen, consisting of a short thread-like filament, sup-
porting a small anther of 2 collateral oval cells, bursting outwardly and longitudinally.
The staminiferous appendages of the basal ring differ from the others only in being much
shorter. By analogy we may infer that this androphorum, as in Gustavia, is composed
of many superposed plates agglutinated together, gradually shorter in length, fringed by
the incision of their marginal extremities into numerous segments or appendages,
assuming an imbricated and echinated appearance. We may see that this structure
is not hypothetical but real, by a section made across the fleshy plate of the ligula, when
it is seen marked by many particoloured lines indicating a stratified structure analogous
to the inner bark of Lecythis, which beaten when dry resolves itself into many mem-
branaceous sheets. The vertex of the ovary of Cowroupita, within the area of the
epigynous disk, is much elevated in a pulvinate form, and is deeply hollow in the
middle, where a short thick conical style is seen, surmounted by a 6-rayed sessile sul-
cated stigma ; the inferior portion of the ovary is 6-celled, with several ovules in each
cell, in a double series, suspended by separate funicles from the bilamellar placentze,
Which extend from the upper part of the axis into the cavities of the cells. "This pla-
centation is considered by Dr. Crüger' to be normally parietal, as in Cucurbitacee, the
radiating parietal lamellary placentae (dissepiments) having their ovuligerous margins
! On the development of the flower of Couroupita, in Linnea, xxi. p. 774.
Y2
160 | MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
introfleeted into the cavity of the cells, leaving the axis hollow: this circumstance,
he adds, alone suffices to make an ordinal distinction between Myrtacee and Lecythi. -
dacee. The structure of the ovary in Couroupita is correctly described, though wrongly
interpreted by him. It appears to me to differ little from the ordinary axile pla.
centation, the only divergence arising from the hollow style, a hollow continued to the
point where the placentz branch off near the summit into the cavities of the cells,
leaving the axile column solid below that point for the greater portion of its length,
Dr. Berg figures the ovary in Couroupita surinamensis as being superior’; this appears
to me a mistake, as in all the species I have seen it is certainly inferior. The fruit has
been well described by Poiteau and others; it is a heavy globular pyxidium, like a
cannon-ball, showing two zonary lines, one near the summit, denoting the small oper-
culum, the lower one marking the vestiges of the sepals; the operculum does not fall
off, as is usual in the Lecythidacee, but is drawn inwards by the contraction of the
central column attached to it. The pericarp, 4-2 in. thick, consists of 3 layers—a thinnish
hard ligneous epicarp, an inner thin osseous endocarp, and a thicker intermediate subfleshy
mesocarp. There is some descrepancy in the details of different authors regarding the
structure; but all agree that the operculum does not fall off. Aublet states’ that the epi-
carp is ligneous and 2 lines thick—that the endocarp is thin, hard, and brittle—that the
mesocarp between them is thicker, succulent, and fibrous, which at maturity becomes
deliquescent. He adds that in order to preserve the fruit it is necessary to bore two
holes on opposite sides, to allow the fluid mesocarp to escape, when the endocarp be-
comes detached and free. Poiteau corroborates the same facts*, adding that the osseous
endocarp is 1 line thick, the epicarp rather thin, though firm and crustaceous, and that,
after the escape of the deliquescent mesocarp, the detached endocarp rolls about freely
within. Aublet gives a figure of the endocarpie lining thus detached, which is quite
` spherical, rounded and smooth at the summit, without any indication of the continuity
of the axile column with the stigma, or of the endocarp with the summit—a circumstance
which admits of great doubt: it is more probable that, owing to the extreme tenuity of
the brittle endocarp at its summit, it easily breaks off there when violently shaken, and
thus becomes detached as described. Dr. Berg figures a section of the fruit of another
species from Surinam, and corroborates the facts stated by Aublet and Poiteau; but, from
the incompleteness of the drawing, no light is thrown upon the doubt I have stated.
The endocarp is 6-7-celled, divided by dissepiments, which with the placenta, as in
Gustavia, are resolved into a copious pulp; this, exposed to the air as it escapes through
the opercular opening, becomes purple or dark red, emitting a nauseous odour ; from
30 to 40 seeds are enveloped in the pulp, each suspended, as in Gustavia, by a thick
funicle of half its length. These are broadly ovate, less than half an inch in diameter,
the outer tunie being somewhat coriaceous, and with the funicle clothed by velvety
articulated hairs; this testa splits along one side round the large micropy Je, thus
allowing the nucleus to escape; the embryo, covered by a thin integument, is ۳
buminous, globular, consisting of a terete radicle and 2 fleshy foliaceous cotyledons,
* In Mart. Flor. Bras. l. c. tab. 58, last figure on third line.
* Aublet, Pl. Guian. ii. pp. 708, 711, tab. 282. 3 Mém. Mus. xiii. p. 152, tab. 7 (6).
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE E. | 161
which first descend and then ascend in a hippocrepiform manner, being corrugately
` plicated as in Couratari and Cariniana.
Bertholetia (Plate XXXIII. c) has an inflorescence in axillary or terminal racemes,
shorter than the large leaves, its flowers being nearly sessile, with 3 deeiduous bracts at
their base ; they are easily recognized by their calyx, the free, cup-shaped portion of which
is divided into 2 large fleshy concave sepals, notched at their apex by 3 small teeth;
they have 6 oblong coloured petals, slightly reflected at the apex, and patently expanded,
unequal in size, some of them often cleft, appearing like 9 petals; these are fixed by their
. elaws, agglutinated between the androphorum and disk, as in the preceding genera. The
androphorum resembles that of Couroupita, but differs in the echinated appendages of
the hood, which are obtusely subulate, and void of stamens; the inner surface of the
eup-shaped ring, however, is densely furnished with short club-shaped appendages, each
bearing a fertile stamen with a short slender filament and a small oval 2-celled anther,
and is well figured by Poiteau' and by Berg?; the inferior ovary is turbinated, 4-grooved,
4- rarely 5-celled, with about 5 sessile ovules in each cell, radiating from the axis; its
vertex is slightly concave, with a long, terete, incurved style in the centre, surmounted
by a minute, globular, papillose stigma. Its pyxidium greatly resembles that of Cou-
roupita in size and shape, marked by two zonal lines, the lower one, some distance below
, the summit, caused by the vestiges of the fallen sepals, the upper one forming an oper-
eular opening only half an inch in diameter; when dry it is covered by a thick brittle
bark-like epicarp, which in one species peels off irregularly, leaving a ligneous or sub-
osseous shell: within are seen the remains of 4 coriaceous dissepiments; the columella
is too thick to allow of its escape at the summit, and, shrinking by drying, sometimes
draws the operculum attached to it into the cavity of the fruit: for the same reason the
seeds cannot effect their escape, and remain in the shell until it rots upon the ground:
the 4 cells contain about 20 to 30 dry seeds, closely compacted round the columella, to
which they are attached by a hilum near their base. Berg asserts? that the seeds are
enveloped by a yellow fleshy pulp, which, by desiceation, leaves each enclosed in a di-
stinet sort of cell: the fruits I examined afforded no trace whatever of any such pulp;
and Bonpland, Poiteau, and Schomberg, who examined them in the living state, and give
abundant details concerning them, are all silent as to the existence of pulpy matter: we
have, however, direct evidence on this point, in a specimen belonging to the Linnean
Society, where a cluster of 5 seeds, evidently the contents of one cell, are agglomerated
very elosely together upon a portion of the columella, without the slightest trace of any
pulp or of any funicle: we have here, therefore, à strong proof of the inaccuracy of
Berg's statement regarding the fact. The seeds, well known as the Brazil nuts of the
Shops, are easily distinguished from Sapucaia-nuts by their acutely trigonoid form, well
figured by Poiret, Bonpland, and Berg; the outer covering, or testa, is thick and coria-
ceous, with broad longitudinal channels at the angles, filled with numbers of spiral
! Mém. Mus. xiii. 149, tab. 4. fig. 6. ood.
;
Fl. Bras. 1. c. tab, 60, on the fourth line of figures, the last of which shows tbe sterile appendages of the h
In Mart. Fl. Bras. J. c. p. 479.
162 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
vessels belonging to the branching raphe ; a solid nucleus fills the testa, covered bya
very thin integument; it has no albumen, is homogeneous in substance—in fact is a
gigantie radicle, as in Lecythis, with extremely minute cotyledons, situated at the ex.
tremity contrary to the hilum: these are generally overlooked ; but at that point two
converging grooves may be seen, caused by the overlapping of the edges of the minute
cotyledons, so smoothed by pressure as to be scarcely visible except under maceration;
they are better seen in a longitudinal section of the nucleus, when beneath them a
roundish plumula is distinetly perceptible, from which a line extends all round, parallel
with the periphery, which marks the line of union between the external lamina of the
exorhiza and the internal neorhiza, which forms the main body of this gigantic radicle,
This view of the structure is confirmed by a specimen in the Kew Museum, where, in a
germinating seed, the plumula expanding into the nascent stem is seen forcing its
way between the minute cotyledons, while at the opposite extremity the mammillary
point of the neorhiza protrudes downwards to form the root. The account given by
Berg is, that although the nucleus seems ** pseudo-cotyledonous," it is in reality dieoty-
ledonous, adding in a parenthesis the words of Martius ':—** Cotyledones tamen 2 adsunt
plerumque insequales, commissura arctissima sibi per transversum seminis applieite;
rostellum (radicula) fere in medio semine laterale, parum conspicuum.” In accordance
with this account, longitudinal sections are given to express his meaning”, where 2 large -
superposed cotyledons, horizontally in contact, show in a chink on one side a small
imbedded radicle at the point of their union. Any one who cuts through a Brazil nut
will see that Berg's description is wholly incorrect; and it is deeply to be regretted that
so palpable a mistake on this important point of structure should mar the value of the
copious analyses in a work of such beautiful execution as the * Flora Brasiliensis.’ 1
may add, also, that my view of the structure of the embryo is essentially the same as that
given by Richard *.
The genus Lecythis (Plate XXXIV. A) is numerous in species ; but more than one half
of those referred to it by authors belong to other genera, as I propose to demonstrate; the
details of its floral and carpological structure here given apply therefore to this genus
as now restricted for the first time. These species form some of the most ornamental
trees of the forests, being generally from 20 to 60 feet high, with a copious foliage, à
solid timber of considerable use, with a soft inner bark of some thickness, easily de-
tached, and which, beaten while fresh, resolves itself into numerous distinct membranous
sheets. Poiteau relates‘ that he counted as many as 110 of these lamin® in ۵
flake of the bark; it is called estopa (oakum) in commerce, and is applied to man
useful purposes. The leaves of the true Lecythis, compared with those of the excluded
Species, are generally smaller, of much thinner texture, of a brighter colour, and
serrated on the margin; but in some few species they are entire, with small specks "
the margin, indicating the abortive teeth. The inflorescence is racemose OF -
axillary or terminal: the flowers, often of large size, sometimes mediocre in dimensions
+: Mart. Flor. Bras. 1. c. p. 479. * Loc. cit. tab. 60, in the lower line of ym
Observations on Fruits and Seeds (edit. Lindley), pp. 62 & 72. + Mém. Mus. xiii. p. ۰
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE A. 163
are supported upon short bracteolated pedicels; the tubular calyx, adnate to an inferior
ovary, is crowned by a border of 6 free, rather small sepals, slightly imbricated in zesti-
vation; they have six, seldom fewer, large petals, somewhat unequal in size, broadly
imbricated in «stivation; the androphorum is large and conspicuous, attached to the
claws of the petals and to the disk by its basal annular ring, which is densely covered
with short staminiferous appendages; it is expanded on one side into an incurving bare
ligula, terminating in an inverted hood, similar to that of Bertholletia, and, in like
manner, densely echinated with innumerable imbricated appendages, which are terete,
bearing in all the lower series, on their clavated summits, each a fertile stamen ; but the
upper ones longer, incurved, are mostly bare of stamens ; the stamens consist of a short
slender filament, supporting a small anther, formed of 2 oval collateral cells, without
connective, which burst along the margin by a longitudinal suture, when they expand
into 2 parallel plates. The ovary, always more or less inferior, is crowned by the per-
sistent disk, and an inner vertex, generally flat, bearing in the centre a slender terete
style, sometimes as long as the sepals, rarely reduced to an umbonate form ; it is termi-
nated by a minute, globose, papillose stigma; the ovary is 4-celled, with several ovules
in each cell, in 3 or 4 series, all radiating from a fleshy placenta in the axis, each borne
upon a distinct funicle. By these characters alone any species of true Lecythis can be
distinguished from all others. The fruit is a pyxidium, generally of great size, very
thick, densely ligneous, extremely variable in form, and always marked by 2 concentric
lines, as in the preceding genera; the lower or calycary zone owes its origin to the
tumescent bases of the sepals, while the upper zone, or opercular line of dehiscence,
indieates the junction of the disk with the vertex, as seen in the ovary ; the operculum
proceeds from the growth of the vertex alone, while the interzonary band simply arises
from the enlargement of the disk. The fruit, from its weight, naturally hangs in an
inverted position ; and when ripe a swelling is at first noticed around the opercular zone ;
and afterwards, by the rupture of the central column, the operculum falls off with a
portion of the column attached to it: the numerous seeds, sustained by their funicles,
now hang down in a bunch and soon fall to the ground, the main body of the shell
remaining long suspended from the lofty tree; at this period the fleshy mass of the
funicles ferments, and exhales a very nauseous odour. The suspension of the seeds, each
by a fleshy funicle nearly as large as itself, is a cireumstance hitherto unrecorded in any
botanical work: the confused statement of Von Martius, given in a note by Berg”, does
not describe any such funicle; on the contrary, it says “funiculum non prodit;" its
existence, however, cannot be doubted, and is a cireumstance of especial importance, as
it offers a broad line of distinction between Lecythis and Eschweilera, genera hitherto
confounded together. The seeds of a species abundant in the province of Para are
exported to Europe in considerable quantities, and sold here in the shops as Sapucaia-
nuls : they have a hard, almost osseous covering, are oblong, somewhat angular, furrowed
by 6 to 10 costate ridges, all branching from the hilar scar; and these ridges contain
bundles of spiral threads, which belong to its branching raphe ; at first their thick cover-
> Mart. Flor. Bras. l. c. p. 481.
164 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACER.
ing is somewhat soft, but in drying becomes so hard that it is difficult to break it without
injuring the nucleus, which tightly fills it; this nucleus, covered by a very thin integu-
ment, often marked by a small chalaza at its lower extremity, is an amygdaloid, exalbu.
minous embryo, of an oblong form, obtuse at both extremities, consisting, as in Bertho.
letia, almost entirely of a gigantic radicle, showing an obsolete mammillary point at the
upper or hilar extremity, and presenting at the lower end 4 minute decussately imbricated
teeth, which are cotyledons, so smoothed by great pressure as to escape notice; they are
more distinctly seen in a longitudinal section, where a rounded nipple (plumula) is seen
beneath the cotyledons; and continuous with it we perceive the conferruminated line of
junction between the exorhiza and neorhiza of the radicle, running parallel with the
periphery of the nucleus. The germination of this seed takes place as I have described
` it in Bertholetia ; the plumular extremity swells, and protrudes itself between the coty-
ledons, which it forces aside, and extends so as to form the ascending stem of a new
plant, furnished with scale-like leaflets, while the opposite end of the neorhiza, bursts
through the thin pellicle of the exorhiza, to form the descending root. Lindley states
that the Lecythidacee are distinguished from Rhizophoracee by the seeds having no
power to germinate in the seed-vessel’; but I have figured in Plate XXXIV, A a seed of
Lecythis in a germinating state, which 1 found within a fruit, and which completely
confirms the structure above indicated. It is essential here to correct another error of
Martius, supported by Dr. Berg, where it is affirmed that the seeds of Lecythis are
partly covered by a soft, fleshy, lobed or lacinulated arillus”; but I feel assured, by
actual observation in its live state, that no such arillus exists there, as my specimens,
preserved in alcohol, evidently show. The appearance to which Martius here refers is
more probably accounted for by the small quantity of pulpy matter due to the dis-
integration and softening of the dissepiments, which occur only at a late period, in the
extremely ripe state of the fruit.
Chytroma (Plate XXXIV. 2) is a new genus?, founded on several species necessarily
separated from Lecythis. The plants composing it resemble that genus in general habit
and inflorescence; the flowers have similar sepals and petals; the basal ring of the andro-
phorum is rather broad, with an elevated margin, and is covered inside with very
crowded, short staminiferous appendages, while the ligular portion terminates in an
inverted hemispherical hood, densely echinated within by imbricated appendages, as in
Lecythis; but these are mostly sterile. The ovary is very different, as it wants the long
style of that genus; it is half superior; and its vertex, instead of being concave, 11505
considerably in a semioval or cupola-shape, surmounted by a very short, conical, obtuse
style; although 4-celled, it has no central column or prominent placente, which are not
needed, because its few ovules, without funicles, are attached at the base of the cells,
and erect: these are important distinctions. The pyxidium is much smaller than in
Lecythis, and of thinner consistence; it has the two zones universal in the family ; the
operculum, without a columella attached to it, is concave inside, with a cruciform ridge
* Veget. King. p. 739. 2 Mart. Fl. Bras. J. c. p. 481 in adnot.
3 ۳ MER $ وه
So called from xúrpos, olla, duds, similis, from the shape of its fruit.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 165
(part of the dissepiments), and is furnished inside, within the margin, with a velarium
(a name given to the portion descending within the mouth of the shell, seen in Zschwei-
lera and Jugastrum) ; the coriaceous pericarp is 4-celled, cruciately divided by persistent
membranaceous dissepiments, which meet in the centre, without any thickening in the
axis: when the fruit ripens, the operculum does not fall off immediately, but remains for
some time, until the membranaceous dissepiments become lacerated by decay. As the ovules
were erect within the ovary, so we find the seeds, which fill the cells of the fruit,
attached to the bottom by a large basal hilum ; these are large, 1 to 3 in each cell, have
no funicle, are of an oblong-oval shape, erect, and, according to Dr. Spruce, in his species
turbinata, * are enveloped in an exceedingly aromatie arillus, which the ants speedily
devoured”'. This, I presume, was mucilaginous ; for I found no trace of it in the dried
state. Their testa is thinly coriaceous or testaceous, showing on the ventral side a
broadish ribbon-like band, extending from the base to the apex, free on both edges, and
only connected with the testa by a nerve-like line; this band contains a cord of spiral
vessels, and is the main branch of the raphe; the testa is also marked by several broad,
prominent, cancellated ramifications, also furnished with spiral vessels, and leaving the
intervening depressed areoles slightly granulated, while the branches are paler, smooth,
and polished: the contained nucleus, enveloped in a membranous integument, is an
exalbuminous embryo, tough in texture, of a dark greenish colour, of an extremely bitter
taste, homogeneous throughout, and very different in appearance from the white, sweet,
amygdaloid kernel of the Sapucaia-nut; from the concentric line, visible in a longitu-
dinal or in a transverse section, it seems formed of a thick exorhiza, encircling a much
smaller neorhiza, without the signs of any cotyledon. Aublet’s Lecythis amara may
be considered the type of the genus, which he has figured in flower and in fruit *.
The genus Eschweilera (Plate XXXIV. c), originally suggested by Von Martius, but
afterwards confounded with Lecythis by Berg, is here at length established upon a satis-
factory basis. De Candolle, upon the brief and insufficient notes of Martius, first pub-
lished it in 1828°, hinting at the same time that it might prove to be only a section of
Lecythis; but in 1837, in order to correct this misunderstanding, Martius gave a fuller
outline of his genus*. Endlicher, in 1841, again complicated the matter, by absorbing
Eschweilera into Lecythis, on the imperfect ground suggested by De Candolle?; he was
then evidently unacquainted with the diagnosis of Martius published four years previously.
All subsequent botanists followed Endlicher: even Berg, author of the beautiful mono-
graph of the Lecythidacee, published under the ægis of Martius, with the aid of his
valuable materials, so far mystified the subject that he had to modify the characters of
Lecythis in order to bring Eschweilera within its limits, quoting the memoranda of
Martius only as foot-notes. It is clear that Berg had no precise knowledge of the struc-
ture of either genus. Eschweilera comprises numerous species, all trees, some of great
magnitude, others only low trees, all with the habit and inflorescence of Lecythis. The
flower has 6 small sepals, 6 much larger petals, and the usual androphorum, the hood being
* Hook. Kew Journ. v. p. 170. 2 P], Guian. ii. 716, tab. 286 € 285 4. ? Prodr. iii. 293,
* Bot. Zeit. (1837) xx. part 2, p. 89. * Gen. Plant. p. 1235.
VOL, Xxx. Z
166 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE Æ.
echinated inside by pointed linear appendages, which are generally bare of stamens. The
ovary, as in Chyiroma, is semiinferior, its vertex being raised, conical, longitudinally
striated, and gradually narrowed into an obtuse style; it differs, however, from that genus
in being constantly bilocular; it has few ovules, which are always uniserial, erect, and
sessile in the base of the cells. The pyxidium, as in Chytroma, is comparatively small,
and of a subglobular or depressed turbinate form ; the coriaceous pericarp is at first
2-celled ; but its membranaceous dissepiment, without the trace of an axile column, soon
becomes evanescent ; and it then appears unilocular, like a hollow cup. Berg figures a
species! (which I have not seen) where the dissepiment is as thick as the pericarp, and is
persistent. The upper or opercular zone is nearly equal in diameter to the lower or
calycary zone : the convex opereulum, which soon falls off, is hollow and conchoid within,
with scarcely a trace of the dissepiment, and, as in Chytroma, is furnished near its
margin with a pendent velarium, which descends within the mouth of the pericarp, from
which at maturity it becomes detached ; the latter contains 4, sometimes 6 seeds, which
fill its cavity; these are ovoid, erect, and sessile, attached to the bottom of the eup by a
broad hilum ; they shrink much in drying, and differ in appearance greatly from those
of Chytroma, having a very dark testa, tolerably thick and coriaceous, ecostate, scrobicu-
larly rugulose all over, marked by irregular grooved lines, which, ascending from the
hilum, indicate the main branches of an embedded raphe, which is again subdivided into
innumerable threads, distributed through the entire fabric: within the testa are two
distinet submembranaceous integuments, the outer one the size of and slightly clinging to
the testa, the inner one adhering to the other on the ventral face, but free from it on the
dorsal side, where it is much shorter and narrower, owing to its insinuation between the
folds of the very corrugated surface of the embryo on that side: between these two integu-
ments we perceive, in the dried state, a quantity of black pulverulent matter in clots,
appearing as if deposited from a gelatinous fluid that had existed between the two integu-
ments : this structure was constant in all the seeds I have examined: the embryo, much
contracted by drying, is of a dark green colour, smooth on the ventral face, with a sharp
scutiform margin, pulvinated and deeply corrugated on the dorsal side; this embryo,
when eut across in different directions, appears homogeneous in substance, as in Chy-
troma, with a thick external exorhiza, and an internal neorhiza subtruncated at its sum-
mit, obtuse towards the base? Here, then, we find a large amount of differential cha-
. racters; the absence of a long terete style, a semisuperior and 2-celled ovary, with only
2 or 3 ovules in each cell, which are erect (not suspended by funicles), a much smaller
and thinner pyxidium, always 2-celled, without any columella, a thin conchoid oper-
* Mart. Flor. Bras. l. c. p. 494, tab. 73. fig. 1.
* I regret that while in Brazil I omitted to examine critically the seeds of Eschweilera in their fresh state. With-
` out success I have since repeatedly solicited my friends in Rio de Janeiro to send me the fruits preserved in spirits.
I have examined numerous seeds in the dry state, with the results above detailed; and, in addition, I may et
remark that I have invariably observed in the furrows of their surface, in some species a white, in others a :
pulverulent efflorescence, indicating perhaps the existence of a fugitive thin cellular deposit, analogous to the arilloid
envelope seen by Dr. Spruce in the seeds of Chytroma. I recommend this circumstance to the attention of future
observers.
sie El ea IN an OO
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 167
culum provided with a velarium, no pulp, few erect sessile seeds (not costate, nor
suspended by large fleshy funicles), different seminal integuments, an embryo of another
shape and structure, not white and edible, but extremely bitter, offer characters so
diametrically opposed to Lecythis, that it is difficult to fancy how Eschweilera could
ever have been confounded with it.
Jugastrum (Plate XXXV.) is a genus proposed for a group of plants! of which few
species are yet known; they form trees, sometimes 100 feet high, with trunks 3 to 6 feet
in diameter, while others do not exceed 10 or 20 feet in height; and they have the
general habit and inflorescence of Lecythis : the flower has 6 thick, unequal sepals, 6
obovate, subequal petals, and an androphorum with a somewhat broad basal ring,
densely covered with short staminiferous appendages extending halfway up the ligula,
the remainder of which is bare ; the hood is very convex, saddle-shaped, inverted, lacinu-
lated along its margin, and densely echinated within by shortish, strap-shaped, ascend-
ing appendages, most of which, especially at the upper extremity, bear stamens, like
those of the basal ring; the ovary is more than semisuperior, its vertex being high,
dome-shaped, and terminated by a short conical style; it is 2-celled, with very numerous
ovules in several series, sessile in the bottom of the cells. The pyxidium resembles in
size that of some species of Eschweilera; but it has a much thinner pericarp; it is sub-
globose or turbinate, with two parallel zonal cinctures, the persistent sepals, unchanged
in form, often remaining on the lower zone; the upper or opercular zone is generally of
equal diameter, leaving the interzonal band often very narrow and erect; the opereulum,
obtusely umbonated, is thin in substance, hollow and conchoid inside, showing within
its margin a descending velarium, as in Chytroma and Eschweilera; though normally
2-celled, it becomes unilocular by the evanescence of its membranous dissepiment, the
vestiges of which can only be seen on the wall of the pericarp and operculum; conse-
quently there is no central column : the pericarp is coriaceous, thinner than a shilling,
and contains from 10 to 20 seeds, closely packed, filling the entire space when fresh ; but
they shrink considerably in drying, in which state only have I been able to examine
them ; they are subeylindrical, acutely 4-angular at the sides, tapering towards the basal
hilum, convex at the summit by pressure against the operculum, erect, affixed in 3 series
to the bottom of the cell, where the cicatrices at their hilar points of attachment con-
stantly remain: in some species the seeds are fewer, much broader, much compressed,
and convex on the dorsal face ; the testa, acutely angular, is coriaceous, about the thick-
ness of a thin card, is smooth, opaque, and brownish outside, coarsely granulated inside
by pressure against the nucleus; and in its substance is found a dense network of white
Spiral vessels: in drying, the nucleus contracts considerably within the testa, but
preserves the same shape, is of a saffron-colour, deeply corrugated all over: the inner
integument is finely membranaceous, adhering to the testa, and presenting a similar
surface; the nucleus, when cut through, appears homogeneous in texture, of a pale
brown colour, spotted all over with minute dark oil-cells: if a section be made longi-
tudinally through the ventral angle, we see a continuous line near the periphery, indi-
* So named from ¢ úyacrpo», arcella, in reference to the shape of the pyxidium,
z 2
168 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
cating the junction of the exorhiza and neorhiza, the latter truncated at its summit, and
obtusely pointed towards the base; and in the middle of the ventral side we see it
enlarged by a nipple-shaped protuberance, which touches the margin opposite to a small
external knob in the exorhiza, having a longitudinal slit; the protuberance is the
plumule; the knob consists of 2 minute cotyledons, a structure offering much analogy to
that in Bertholletia and Lecythis ; in germination this plumule is extended into the
ascending stem of the new plant, while the base of the neorhiza forces its way through
the exorhiza, to form the root. I have not witnessed this germination; but Martius
describes it, and Berg portrays it in several analytical figures under the head of Le.
cythis coriacea 1 On comparing the details of the structure of the nucleus given above
(the exactness of which I can affirm with confidence) with the analytical figures and
description of Berg, several discrepancies will be seen. Berg confirms the position I
have assigned to the plumule, and the existence of an external knob, with a slit in it,
through which it forces its way in germination to form the ascending stem; but there is
evidently a mistake in the position he assigns to the sprouting rootlet, which he places
in the middle of the dorsal face: this assuredly would spring from the bottom of the
neorhiza, the existence of whieh was wholly unknown to him. Berg made his analytical
drawings entirely from the old notes of Martius, and under the belief that the nueleus
was a single gigantic cotyledon, instead of a monstrous radicle, as it appears to me and
under which point of view the phases of its germination are best explained. Berg
affırms that the inner integument, as in the testa, contains many spiral vessels; but I
have not been able to detect them there.
Although the genus Couratari (Plate X X XV. 8) is one of the oldest and best-known of
the family, its floral structure has not yet been correctly described; the only figures hitherto
published are those of Richard, under a reduced size ? and of Cambassédes *, all of which
are incorrect. Aublet never met with the flower; nor did Poiret, who derived all his
details from Richard. Berg, in his monograph of the family, has created much con-
fusion by his thorough misunderstanding of the subject; even when he saw a flower of a
true Couratari, he failed to recognize it, but described and figured it, as well as its fruit,
under the name of Lecythopsis*, while his generic character and his several analytical
drawings, given under the name of Couratari?, actually belong to Cariniana. Its species,
which are not many, all form noble trees, with the foliage and general inflorescence of
Lecythis and Couroupita: the flowers are rather large, upon short pedicels, furnished
with 3 deciduous bracts; they have 6 fleshy, ovate, expanded, subequal sepals; 6 very
large oblong unguiculated petals, of which the two exterior are largest; a large andro-
phorum, formed of an oblong, subpatelliform basal ring, attached to the claws of the
petals, and furnished inside with a triple series of crowded, short, clavate appendages
staminiferous at the apex, the stamens formed as in Lecythis ; the ligula, as broad as the
* Mart. Flor. Bras. l. c. p. 491, tab. 72, where the two upper rows of figures show the pyxidium with its enclosed
seeds, the two lower rows of figures delineating the badly drawn shape of the seeds and the mode of their germination
* Ann. Sc. Nat. 1° Ser. i. p. 329, tab. 21. > Flor, Bras. Mer. ii. 379, tab. 199.
* Mart. Flor. Bras, Z. c. p. 503, tab. 75, 76. * Thidem, p. 506, tab. 78-82.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE X. 169
basal ring, is long and bare, suddenly coiling twice inwards into a fleshy knob, and again
quickly recurved in the form of a large inverted semiglobose head, densely echinated
with pointed, flat, imbricating appendages on the upper side (not on the inside, as in
Lecythis), and concealing the involuted fleshy knob; these external appendages are quite
destitute of stamens. The turbinate ovary is inferior, 3-celled, with several ovules fixed
in the base; the vertex is hollow, with a raised crenated ring within the disk, and is
furnished in its centre with a very broad, elevated, umboniform style, surmounted by an
articulated, polished, globose stigma, hollow in the middle. The fruit and seed were
first figured by Aublet', afterwards well drawn by Poiteau? and Richard’, lastly by
. Berg, as before stated, under the name of Lecythopsis*. The pyxidium is trigonoidly
cylindrical, often obconical in form, with two zonal lines near the summit, and a narrow
interzonal band, the lower line formed by the vestiges of the sepals, the upper one
denoting the line of dehiscence round the depressed umbonated operculum; this latter is
agglutinated to the thick triangular central column, whose cüneiform angles form as
many thickened dissepiments, at first attached to the inner wall of the pericarp, thus
leaving three equal intervening spaces, or flat cells: when the fruit ripens, this columella
shrinks, and the edges of the dissepiments become detached from the wall of the pericarp,
the opereulum and columella fall out, carrying with it the many large-winged seeds,
imbricately attached to it, to be soon scattered by the wind: the cylindrical pericarp,
now rendered vacant and unilocular, is coriaceous, somewhat thin in substance, with a
cracking bark, which covers a reticulated latticework of woody fibres. The seeds, about
6 in each cell, are large in area, extremely thin, oblong in form, with a compressed
scutiform cellule in the centre, one third of its length, and surrounded equally all round
by a broad submembranaceous wing, all collaterally imbricated and attached by their
base to the lower portion of the columella; the scutiform centre contains an exalbu-
minous embryo, which fills its space, and is covered by a membranaceous inner integu-
ment; the embryo consists of a long terete radicle, pointing downwards towards the
hilum, and curving abruptly at its summit, is there united to 2 longer descending coty-
ledons, which are broad, foliaceous, deeply plicated and corrugated, thus, in an inverted
form, resembling the embryo of Couroupita.
The genus Cariniana (Plate X XXV. c) of Casaretto has been acknowledged by few bota-
nists; but its floral and carpical characters have been well illustrated by Berg, under the
name of Couratari, for which he singularly mistook them. Cariniana, however, is a
valid genus, containing several species, all trees of noble proportions, mostly from 100
to 120 feet in height, with gigantic trunks, often spreading out in large buttresses. The
species, some of which are known.only from their fruits, extend from Central Brazil to
the Amazonas region, one being known from Trinidad. The leaves vary much in size in
the several species, in some 1 inch long, in others more than a foot in length; but the
inflorescence, more constant in character, is peculiar, always in wide-spreading, very
* Pl. Guian. tab. 290. 2 Mém. Mus, xiii. tab. 8.
3 Ann, Sc. Nat. l. c. tab. 21. 4 Flor. Bras. 1, c. tab. 75, 76.
170 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
slender panicles, charged with numerous flowers, which are minute compared with those
of all other Lecythidacee. They have 6 small rounded sepals, united in a short flat eup,
which extends a little beyond the adnate portion of the calyx: petals 6, longer, linear.
oblong, equal, slightly imbricated along their margins, somewhat adhesive at their sum-
mits; and though they sometimes expand rotately of their own accord, they often adhere,
enclosing the androphorum, and fall off united with it, like a bonnet, The androphorum
differs in its shape from all others; it is erect, urceolate, or tubular for half its length,
and without any ligula, expands upwards on one side more than on the other, curving
over the summit in the form of an aleove, and is deeply laciniated all round the margin
into subulate incurving appendages; inside its tubular portion it is every where echinated
with similar, shorter, staminigerous appendages, either fixed in few concentric series, or -
more densely erowded, all clavate, each bearing on its obtuse summit a short filament,
supporting a 2-celled anther. The inferior ovary is 3-celled, with several erect ovules in
the base of each cell; its vertex rises pulvinately or conically, bearing a short style and
a small 3-toothed stigma. The pyxidium has the trigonoidly cylindrical or obeonical
form of that of Couratari; but it is much thicker, heavier, and more solid in substance :
it has the usual two zonary lines near its summit ; but the opercular zone is placed upon
or is somewhat within the vertex ; the operculum is often slightly convex, sometimes does
not rise above the upper zone, being quite flat, in both cases thick and cylindrical for
some distance within the tubular mouth of the pericarp, and is continuous with the
central eolumella, of equal diameter, which descends to the base, thus forming a solid,
cylindrical plug, chamfered off on three sides, the intervening angles touching the wall of
the pericarp, and leaving three compressed spaces or seminiferous cells; when ripe, tbe
columella shrinks a little, and falls out, so that the pericarp remains with a clean cylin-
drieal bore throughout its length. The seeds, though winged, are very different from
those of Couratari; the wing is much narrower, and placed at one end only of the much
shorter embryoniferous escutcheon, equal to it in breadth : the seeds are attached to
the columella by the bottom of the wings in pairs, rising imbricatively to the top of the
cells, where we see deep impressions left by the convex surfaces of the several eseutcheons,
caused by pressure while the parts were soft; the apical escutcheon is oblong-oval,
oblique at its base, convex outside, flat on the back, is thinly coriaceous, and contains
an exalbuminous embryo, consisting of a slender terete radicle of its whole length,
pointing downwards towards the hilum, suddenly incurved at its summit, and there united
to 2 descending cotyledons shorter than it, closely and corrugately plicated together, as
in Couratari and Couroupita.
Allantoma’ (Plate XXXVI. A) is anew and very curious genus. It consists of several
species, some (probably all) vast trees, with the habit and inflorescence of Couratari, and
leaves with similar venation: but the flowers are not so large; they have 6 sepals,
roundish and expanded, slightly imbricated at their base in eestivation; they have
6 longer membranaceous petals, 4 of which are linearly oblong, and 2 very large and roun
more exterior, and very imbricated, so as to conceal the others in eestivation ; the
androphorum is quite peculiar, is of a deep rose or reddish colour, very fleshy,
* So named from ¿Aás, botulus, duds, similis, the fruit resembling a sausage in form.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 171
exuding a purple-staining juice when slightly pressed; it has at its base a shallow cup-
shaped ring attached to the disk, charged inside with short densely crowded stamini-
ferous appendages, and laterally expanded into a smooth incurving ligula, which sud-
denly coils round into a fleshy knob, as in Couratari; it then widens into a semiglobose
inverted hood, which is again retroflected upward, and obsoletely fringed on its margin ;
this is not echinated as in Couratari, but the appendages are all consolidated into a soft
fleshy mass which envelops and conceals the knob ; each club-shaped appendage of the
basal ring bears a short filament and a 2-celled anther; the ovary is quite inferior, semi-
globose or turbinate, mostly 4-celled, or 3-celled in one species, 5-celled in another, with
about 6 collateral ovules in each cell, all erect, and fixed on the bottom of the central
axis; the vertex is slightly concave, with a thick short fungiform style in the middle,
and an umbonate stigma as in Couroupita. The pyxidium is not nearly so thick and
solid as in Cariniana; in texture and shape it more resembles that of Couratari, being
quite cylindrical, round at the base, truncated at its summit, where it is marked by the
usual two zones, with a narrow band between them ; it opens on the opercular zone, which
has the same diameter 'as the pericarp; the opereulum above is depressed, slightly
pulvinated, concave and umbonated in the centre, and beneath is intimately conjoined
with the columella, which at first is 3-5-angular, the angles united to the wall of the
pericarp so as to form the cells, as in Couratari and Cariniana ; at maturity the columella
shrinks very much, becomes tapering and free from the pericarp, when, still attached to
the operculum, it falls to the ground, leaving the seeds to drop also. The seeds are few,
arranged imbrieatively, and fixed to the columella by a basal hilum; they are linearly
oblong, thickish, somewhat flattened on the anterior and posterior faces, acute and much
jagged on the straight margins, have a dark or reddish colour, are rough behind, cor-
rugate-tuberculous in front, unequally 2-lobed at the base, the hilum being on the
posterior side of one of these lobes; and thus they bear the form and appearance of the
seeds of Tyloderma, a genus of the Hippocrateacee, formerly described '; the testa, as
thick as a sixpence, is filled everywhere with bundles of spiral vessels, is smooth inside,
and lined with a semiadherent blackish membranaceous inner integument, which covers
the exalbuminous embryo ; this latter is of a long fusiform shape, slightly compressed
and tapering towards each extremity, is of an opaque white colour; and when boiled in
water or soaked in that fluid for a few days, it becomes as soft as a custard, but is again
consolidated by drying. It appears to me a homogeneous macropodous radicle, con-
sisting of an external exorhiza easily softened, and a harder terete internal neorhiza of
its entire length, obtusely pointed at each extremity; and it probably germinates as
in Lecythis, one end protruding in its growth to form the ascending stem, the other to
extend into a root. ۹
Grias (Plate XXXVI. C) was established, in 1753, by Linnzus °, upon a Jamaica plant,
first mentioned by Sloane? under the name of Anchovy-pear, and by P. Brown as a species
of Calophyllum*, Jussieu in 17895, favouring the idea of Brown, placed it among the
ifere. Swartz first gave a good diagnosis of its generic characters in 1791".
* Linn. Trans. vol. xxviii, p. 413, tab, 29. 2 Sp. Plant, 732; Gen. Plant. (edit. Schreb.) 732.
* Jam. ii, 123, tab. 217. figs, 1 & 2, * Ibid. p. 245. * Gen. p. 257. * Obs. p. 215.
172 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA,
Sir J. Smith!, in 1819, described the genus upon the materials of preceding authors,
De Candolle, in 1828, placed Grias among the abnormal genera of Myrtacee*: but
Endlicher, in 1841 °, removed it to the dubious genera of Lecythidacee ; Lindley, on the
other hand, arranged it among the uncertain genera of Barringtoniacee*, Seemann, in
1852°, considered Grias a genus of the latter family, placing it between Careya and
Gustavia. Fnally, it has been located by Bentham and Hooker in their tribe Lecythidee,
intermediate to Gustavia and Couratari. It consists of 4 known species, all from
tropical America, being very lofty trees with extremely large leaves, sometimes 3 feet
long, and an inflorescence generally springing from the trunk or bare branches, in
fascicles of 6 or 8 flowers, each on a distinct pedicel, bracteated at its base, all erowded
upon a gemmiform peduncle. The flower is of mediocre size, with an inferior ovary,
crowned in the bud by an entire globular calyx, which afterwards splits into 2 or 4 sub-
equal concave submembranaceous segments, persistent in the fruit: it has 4 alternate
oblong fleshy petals, with parallel sides, imbricated in «estivation, then rotately expanded,
inserted by their claws between the androphorum and disk; the androphorum is half
the length of the petals, resembling somewhat in form (though greatly reduced in its
proportions) that of Gustavia ; it is regularly urceolate, deeply cleft round its margin into
numerous segmental appendages, and is charged inside with 3 or 4 concentric series of
similar gradually shorter appendages, like those in Cowroupita, the inner row very short,
all at first erect, and suddenly incurved at the apex, a little below which, dorsally affixed
upon each, is the short slender filament of a stamen, bearing 2 distinct oval anther-lobes,
collaterally attached at a point above their middle, and opening laterally by longi-
tudinal fissures: the vertex of the ovary is concave within the inner crenulated margin
of the disk, and is broadly umbonated in the centre, where it bears a sessile 4-rayed
stigma, in which respect it resembles Couroupita: the inferior ovary is semiglobose,
4-celled, with 2 to 4 ovules in each cell, suspended from the summit. The fruit in the
Jamaica species is the size of a small pear, of a russet colour, smooth and 8-grooved; by
abortion of 3 of its cells, it produces only a single seed, of an oblong form, grooved and
pointed at both ends, being an edible amygdaloid embryo, probably homogeneous, as in
Bertholletia, and germinating in the same manner. Lunan relates that these seeds,
after their fall in moist places, propagate in this manner so thickly that they become
interlaced in thick clusters”. The trees always grow by river-sides, or in very moist places.
The Pirigara tetrapetala* of Aublet belongs to this genus ; its flowers correspond in every
respect with those of the other three species ; but its fruit is globular, 4-celled, void of pulp.
and contains a few irregular-shaped seeds, suspended from the summit by thick funicles.
The genus Cercophora? (Plate XXXVI. B) completes the eccentrie varieties of forms
observed in this family. It is founded upon a single flower that had fallen upon à
| panicle of Chytroma Spruceana, in which it was entangled: this was one of Spruce’ -
plants, No. 3695, from the Rio Negro; so that we do not yet know the kind of leaves it
1 Rees's Cyclop. vol. 17. * Prodr. iii, 296. * Gen. No. 6335. * Veg. Kingd. 755.
* Bot. Her. p. 126. * Gen. PLi.729. 7 Hort. Jam. i. p. 20. * Pl Guian.i. 487, tab. 102 |
* A name derived from képros, cauda, pépw, fero, from the caudate expansion of the androphorum.
LU FAR IU uU rm
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE X. 173
has or the character of its inflorence; it probably belongs to one of 15 species! which he
was there obliged to pass by, as they were far too high and quite out of his reach. The
flower expanded is 13 in. in diameter, has 6 subequal oval fleshy sepals, dorsally rugu-
lose, with membranaceous denticulate margins ; 6 petals, six times as long as the sepals,
somewhat unequal in size, oblong, membranaceous, fixed by their distinct claws between
the disk and the base of the androphorum; the latter is comparatively small, with a
broad deep cup-shaped ring at the base, covered inside by 5 series of crowded short
appendages, somewhat 4-grooved and truncated at their summits, each bearing there
a short slender filament that supports a 2-celled anther ; similar staminiferous appendages
are extended over a short and rather broad incurving ligula (an expansion of the basal
ring) which widens into a concave hood inverted over the centre; this hood is cor-
rugated outside, and is formed into a hollow purse-shaped cavity, truncated at its mouth,
and on the middle of its outer edge it is expanded into a tongue-shaped strap, which is
again incurved beneath the sacciform hood: there are no appendages upon any part of
the hood, though they abound on the ligula; the inside of the sack is marked by many
parallel prominent nerves or coloured ridges, which do not quite reach the margin of the
mouth, but terminate in as many spots: the ovary is inferior, 3-celled, with many small
ovules in each cell, fixed to a nearly basal placenta in the axis; the vertex is somewhat
concave within the disk, radiately striated, having in the centre a curving terete style,
longer than the sepals, as in Zeeythis, and terminated by a small whitish stigma of
3 short erect lobes.
This review shows that notwithstanding the great diversity of structure in the
Lecythidacee, there is always a sufficient degree of uniformity in its general characters to
maintain them as a distinct natural order in the fullest sense of that term. They consist
of trees of immense growth, rarely of smaller size, with leaves always alternate, gene-
rally quite or obsoletely serrated, without pellucid dots; the flowers, often of great size,
arein axillary or terminal racemes or panicles; the adnate calyx has generally 6 free
sepals: the petals, equal to them in number, are large, oblong, very imbricated, with
their claws insinuated beneath the androphorum, and agglutinated with it upon the
annular epigynous disk : all have a remarkable androphorum, mostly of great size, which
is petaloid under the modifications previously described: the very numerous and very
small stamens have short slender filaments, with 2 minute anther-cells, never fixed
immediately upon the disk, but always borne upon much longer distinct appendages,
originating upon the basal ring of the androphorum or upon its expanded head ; these
appendages are clavate in the former position, are much longer, subulately linear,
imbricatively echinate, and very frequently barren in the latter: the ovary, generally
quite inferior, more rarely semisuperior, has 2 to 6 cells, with ovules (not very nume-
rous) either suspended by funicles from the axis, or erect and sessile at the base of the
cells; the style is not much longer than the sepals, terete, slightly incurved, or short
and broadly conical, with a minute stigma. The fruit is always a woody pyxidium, with
opercular dehiscence under different modifications, and is quite peculiar: the seeds are
t Kew Journ. iv. p. 283.
VOL. XXX. 2 A
174 ` MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
generally large, each often suspended by a fleshy funicle nearly as large as itself, often
imbedded in pulp, at other times dry, erect and sessile in the base of the fruit, winged
or bare, often costate, all with an exalbuminous embryo, sometimes of singular develop-
ment. We have here a sum of remarkable characters, in reference to which we find no
parallel whatever in the Myrtacee.
On the other hand we see in the Myrtacee, properly restricted, opposite leaves, with
punctate glands, often concealed within a thick parenchyma, but generally apparent, pel-
lucid, and of aromatic flavour : the flowers, generally small, 4- or 5- rarely 6-merous, have
an inferior ovary, with 4, 5, 6, or more cells, with many horizontal or ascending ovules;
a circular annular disk agglutinated to the free tubular portion of the calyx, and there-
fore unmistakably perigynous, which bears the petals upon its outer margin, and is
charged all over with numerous stamens in several series, except when, rarely, they are
uniserial; the filaments are very long and slender, coiled and replicated in sestivation:
the disposition of the calyx, charged with its staminiferous disk, is so peculiar that
it has received the name of an hypanthium: the fruit, in the first tribes, is generally
capsular, but drupaceous or baccate in the Myrtee: all are plurilocular, or by abortion
rendered 1-celled, with bare fleshy erect exalbuminous seeds’. Compared with these
trenchant features, no correlative characters are to be found in ۰
Under such cireumstanees it appears to me injudicious to agglomerate into a single
natural order groups so utterly distinct as the Myrtacee, Lecythidacee, Barringtoniacee
and Napoleone@: a family so congregated can hardly be said to possess a single positive
peculiarity, because under the fusion of so many opposing characters, each of the ordinal
features necessarily becomes negative, and, according to my view, tends to destroy the
uniformity and utility of any system of arrangement based on such a principle.
On a future occasion I will proceed to detail the structure of the Barringtoniacee,
and will endeavour to show by evidence the affinity they bear to the above and to other
families. I propose also to demonstrate that the Napoleonee have no relationship with
the above order or with Myrtacee, and that the 2 genera composing it have no mutual
affinity, and belong to other different orders. I am also prepared to deal with the
many dubious genera referred to the group of the Lecythidacese: Couponi, Aublet,
forms a singular genus (Cupirana) of the Apocynacee ; Cupheanthus, Seem., certainly
belongs to the Lythracee ; Fetidia, Lam., appears to me to belong to the same family;
Calostemma, Benth., seems referable to the Pomec in Rosacee; Tropiera offers a near
affinity with Glossopetalum in Celastracee. And I have also to describe and figure a new
genus Harmena, founded on a plant from New Caledonia, noticed by Dr. Seemann in his
Fl. Vit. as a specimen of Barringtonia speciosa; this forms an interesting genus of
' Dr. Berg makes a distinct tribe of his genus Feijoa (Orthostemon) because of its albuminous seeds (Mart. Fl. Br.
l. c. pp. 467 & 615). The two species on which it is established do not appear to differ much from others growing in
the same locality, referred to his genus Myrcieugenia. He seems to have had some misgiving on the subject, because
he neither describes the albumen in the copious details of the text above cited, nor has he figured it in plate 54,
where the ripe fruit is shown. So loose a statement cannot be received as evidence of a fact of such importance,
which would form a unique exception to the universal structure of the whole family. It will be remembered that
a very analogous error was made in the same work in the case of Maytenus (see Linn. Trans, vol. xxvii. p. 326).
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. - 175
Rhizophoracee, which tends to confirm my notion that the Barringtoniee gravitate
towards that family rather than to the Myrtacez.
The Lecythidacee, as above analyzed, are here divided into 12 different genera; and I
now proceed to give a distinct diagnosis of each and a deseription of their several species.
Every specimen to which access was attainable has been carefully examined; and in
describing the species to which they belong, one uniform system has been adopted in the
arrangement of their characters. In those species described by previous authors, and
which I have had no opportunity of examining, the characters so given are redistributed
under the same order of sequence as that adopted in my own enumeration, so that their
mutual differences may be more easily compared. It is necessary to premise that few
herbarium specimens can be identified with the large fruits preserved in museums. I
have never attempted in any case to associate them without good authority ; conse-
quently the fruits not duly provable appear here as separate species, thus increasing their
number to more than circumstances would otherwise warrant; but it is better to suffer
this disadvantage than to give a false character to any species. The specific features
afforded by the fruits are excellent, and quite equal in value to those furnished by the
plants and flowers. No difficulty whatever has been found, in the absence of the fruit;
to determine with tolerable accuracy, from the structure of the ovary in the bud, the
genus to which any specimen belongs—a result which can hardly be said to have been
attainable before. This is a great point gained in our knowledge of the family. The
characters, especially those of the ovary, are therefore carefully noted in the several
species, as they serve to justify the position to which the different specimens are assigned.
1. GusTAVIA (Plate XXXIII. A).
This beautiful genus, one of the oldest of the family, has been considered by most
botanists to belong to the Barringtoniee, or has been regarded as an anomalous
member of the Myrtacee ; but my analysis demonstrates that it is truly Lecythidaceous.
The most prominent rank is here given to it, as the typical genus of the family, because,
from its more regular development, it affords a key to a better comprehension of the
singular structure found in the other genera. It differs little, in fact, from Couroupita
and Cariniana except in the regularity of its development, all the parts being quite
similar in their nature and position. Grias more nearly approaches it in the regularity
of the parts of the androphorum, although these are more stunted in growth.
GUSTAVIA, Linn.
Pirigara (in parte), Aubl.; Jeniparandiba, Marcg. T5 oe
Calyx adnatus, limbo brevi, aut integro, vel in lobos 4-6 diviso. Petala 6-8 magna, inzequalia, oblonga,
concava, valde imbricata, expansa, unguibus ad discum agglutinata. Discus epigynus, annularis,
planus. Androphorum magnum, petaloideum, ambitu orbiculare, et petala excedens, centro excisum,
et ad ungues petalorum hine adnatum, et deinde cum petalis deciduum, imo usque ad medium, in
eyathum latum, brevem, carnosulum, e laminis plurimis extus gradatim majoribus arcte agglutinatis
formatum, laminarum marginibus liberis, et undique in lacinias, seu appendiculas, numerosas, subu-
lato-loriformes fimbriatim. divisis , serie interiore brevi, reliquis imbricatim sensim longioribus, om-
! a : 2 ۸ 2
176 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
nibus incürvatis et circa stylum conniventibus, singulis sub apicem obtusulum staminiferis ; Staming
hine numerosissima, brevissima, equalia; filamenta filiformia tenuia; anthere lineares, 2-lobe
9.sulez, apice poris 2 dehiscentes; pollen lenticulare, subtriquetrum. Ovarium inferum, e
globosum, aut leve, vel angustissime alatum, 6-loculare, ovulis in quoque loculo pluribus, a placenta
axillari protrusa funiculis suspensis ; vertice intra discum depresse pulvinato, radiatim striato : stylus
brevis, umboniformis : stigma minutum, obsolete lobatum. Py«idium globosum, pomi molis,
paullo sub apicem zona calycari lineari e sepalis marcidis cinctum ; vitta interzonali brevi, sub-
introrsum convexa; zona superiore circulari, integra; operculo orbiculari depresse convexo, con-
cavo aut planato, imo columella angulata amplificata: pericarpium tenuiter coriaceum, sublignosum,
leve vel 6-alatum, loculis 6, vel abortu paucioribus, dissepimentis in pulpam carnosam reductis :
semina in quoque loculo 6, vel abortu pauciora, fabæ mole, in pulpa nidulantia, funiculis oblongis
paullo minoribus carnosis intus spiraliter fibrosis suspensa : testa crustacea, nitida, summo micropyle
magna signata: integumentum internum tenue: embryo exalbuminosus, cotyledonibus 2, ovalibus,
plano-convexis, carnosis, radicula supera, brevi, tereti, plumula conspicua immersa.
Arbores vel arbusculi Americe meridionalis, frondosi ; folia alterna, oblonga, subserrata, breviter petiolata,
sepe conferta : flores terminales vel axillares, fasciculati, magni, albi, rosei aut flavi, sepe odorati ;
pedicelli medio 2-bracteolati; bractez parve.
1. Gustavia AUGUsTA, Linn. Dissert. Pl. Surinam. p. 17, cum icone; Amoenit. Acad.
viii. 266, tab. 5; Linn. fil. Suppl. 313; Willd. Sp. iii. 846; DC. Prodr. iii. 289 (excl.
syn.): Gustavia augusta, var. Gui روز Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. fasc. 18, p. 410,
tab. 56 (excl. tab. 55); in Linn. xxvii. p. 442: Gustavia urceolata, Poit. Mém. Mus.
xiii. 156, tab. 5; DC. Prodr. iii. 289: Gustavia insignis, Willd. hb.: Gustavia meizo-
carpa?, Gaertn. Fr. ii. 264, tab. 138 : ramulis angulatis, striatis, fuscis ; foliis majus-
culis, alternatim confertis, oblongo-lanceolatis, a medio deorsum sensim cuneatis,
apice gradatim obtusatis, aut subacutis, supra medium distincte serratis, vel erenu-
latis, leviter chartaceis, supra viridibus, nervis divergentibus juxta marginem nexis,
semiimmersis, reticulatis, subtus paullo pallidioribus, opacis, nervis costatis venisque
reticulatis prominentibus, petiolo semitereti, fusco, limbo 24-plo breviore: floribus
axillaribus, solitariis, vel 2-4 congestis, maximis, speciosis ; pedicellis longis, validis,
apice crassioribus, supra medium 2-bracteolatis; calycis limbo brevissimo, integro,
‚erenulato, subreflexo; petalis 8, quorum 4 majoribus, 2 multo minoribus, oblongis,
unguieulatis, crassiusculis, rosaceo-albis, extus granulatis et griseo-puberulis, intus
parce tomentellis ; androphoro magno, extus punctulis pallidis minute granulato;
ovario infero, hemispheerico, ecostato, puberulo, 6-loculari, ovulis plurimis ad axin
funiculis suspensis, vertice intra discum elevatum concavo, glabro, granulato ;
stigmate parvo fere sessili, 6-lobo, umbonato : pyxidio pyriformi-globoso, viridi, levi;
zona calycari paullulo sub apicem lineari, integra; vitta interzonali angustissima;
operculo orbiculari, plano, centro breviter umbonato; pericarpio tenuiter coriaceo,
6-loculari, paucispermo; seminibus oblongo-ovatis, nigris, funiculis crassis longis
torte corrugatis suspensis.—In Guiana (Poiret): v. s. in hb. Hook. Surinam (Host-
mann, 276), Guiana (Talbot), Guiana (Schomburgk), Guiana (Appun, 1856), fluv.
Maná (Sagot, 268), Cayenne (Martin), Brasilia (Burchell, 10,080), in hb. Mus:
. Brit. Guiana (Martin), Guiana (Aubl.), Surinam (sine nom. in hb. Smith.)
This species was originally described and well figured by Linneus in 1775; another
E
:
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2
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1
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. ۱ 177
good account, with an excellent figure, was afterwards contributed by Poiteau. Berg,
however, has created much perplexity by figuring a very different Species, and con-
founding with it several other plants. It seems confined to Guiana; for Burchell's
specimen from the vieinity of Pará, from its paler leaves and different aspect, probably
belongs to some other species. It grows chiefly in the savannas, forming a tree 20—40
feet high, with a trunk 1 foot in diam., with thick branches; the leaves, approximated
at the end of the branches, are 10-18 in. long, 21—4 in. broad, on a petiole 4-2 in. long,
and with about 20 pairs of nerves: the peduncle, about 2 in. long, bears 2-4 pedicels 2 in.
long, with 2 small opposite bracts in the middle: the flower expanded is 6 in. across;
the larger petals are 2% in. long, 13 in. broad; the cup of the androphorum is 14 in.
broad, the appendages of the outer row are 9 lines long, all converging to the centre ;
anthers 13 lin. long, sublinear, 2-celled, opening by 2 pores at the apex and supported by
a short slender filament: the globular pyxidium, turbinate at base, truncated at the
summit, is 24 in. in diam. in the middle: the interzonary band is about 1 line high, the
flat umbonated operculum is 13 in. in diam.; the seeds are 1 in. long, $ in. broad,
smooth, suspended by a twisting plicated fleshy funicle of nearly its length.
Gaertner's drawing of the fruit probably belongs to some other species, as it is more
globular, deeply sulcated and subtorulose. Sagot’s specimen also belongs to another
species, as the bracts are placed near the summit of the pedicel.
2. GUSTAVIA SUPERBA, Berg in Linn. xxvii. 444: Gustavia augusta, DO. (non. Linn.)
Prodr. iii. 289: Gustavia angustifolia, Seem. (non Bth.) Bot. Her. p. 126: Gustavia
insignis, Hook. Bot. Mag. tab. 5069 : Pirigara superba, H. B. K. vii. 262 : ramulis
glabris, pallidis, striatis, cicatrisatis, fistulosis: foliis congestis, lanceolato-oblongis,
imo spathulato-cuneatis et fere sessilibus, apice acute acuminatis, remote et argute
serratis, glaberrimis, translucenter submembranaceis, utrinque pallidissime viridibus
et opacis, nervis tenuibus, divaricatis, arcuatim nexis, prominulis, transversim valde
reticulatis, subtus costa nervisque stramineis prominentibus, petiolo glabro, semi-
tereti, lineatim marginato, limbo 9-10plo breviore: racemo brevi, terminali, vel e
trunco nascente ; floribus purpurascentibus, odoriferis ; rachi petiolo paullo longiori ;
pedicellis alternatim congestis, puberulis, infra medium bracteolis 2 parvis imo
connatis munitis; calycis limbo brevi, integro, vel obsolete 6-lobato et crenulato;
petalis 8, oblongis, quorum 4 angustioribus, intus albis, extus rubescentibus, ungue
flavo; androphoro albo; ovario turbinato, ecostato, glabro, vertice depresso, velu-
tino: fructu flavo-viridi, eduli. In Nova Granada, prov. Carthagena, prope Tur-
baco (-Bonpland) : v. s. àn herb. Hook. prov. Panama (Seemann, 579), Nova Granada
(Barclay), Ecuador (Sinclair).
This is a well-marked species, easily recognized by its large membranaceous reticulated
leaves coarsely serrated on the margins, the inflorescence of fine handsome flowers
springing from the trunk. It grows near Carthagena, where it is known by the name
of Membrillo (Quince) from its edible fruit. It abounds in the inner parts of the
province of Panama, where it forms entire forests; it is a tree 50 feet high, with a
durable scentless wood, used for building; its branches are simple and erect, marked
<
178 | MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
by the cicatrices of the fallen leaves: the leaves are 9-24 in. long, 31-51 im. bro ES
on a petiole 1-21 in. long, and with about 20 pairs of nerves; the pedicels in the
bud are 2 in. long, but they finally attain a length of 23 in.; the petals are 2 im. long,
12 in. broad.
Sir Wm. Hooker's drawing of this species, under the name of Gustavia insignis,
was taken from a plant cultivated at Kew, and sent by Linden, probably from New
Granada.
3. GUSTAVIA CONFERTA, Spruce MSS.: Gustavia augusta, var. conferta, Berg in Mart. Fl.
Bras. J, c. p. 471: ramulis pallide brunneis, interrupte striatis, lenticellatis; foliis
elongato-oblongis, imo sensim cuneatis, supra medium angustioribus et in acumen
obtusulum gradatim attenuatis, marginibus inferioribus integris, sursum vix aut
leviter serratis, dentibus obtusis, tenuiter chartaceis, supra fusco-viridibus, opacis,
nervis patentim divaricatis, intra marginem arcuatim nexis, costaque paullo pro-
minulis, subtus leviter brunneis, opacis, valde reticulatis, costa nervis venisque
prominentibus, petiolo brevissimo aut vix ullo: racemo axillari, brevi, 3-4-floro;
raehi brevi, fusca, angulato-striata ; pedicellis confertim alternis, crassiusculis, sul-
catis, ferrugineo-pruinosis, supra medium 2-bracteolatis ; calycis limbo brevissimo,
rotundato-undulato, obsolete 6-lobato, ferrugineo-opaco; petalis 6-8, spathulato-
oblongis, carnosulis, in alabastro ferrugineo-pulverulentis : ovario turbinato, ecostato,
fusce opaco, granulatim ruguloso, 6-loculari, vertice intra discum subplanum griseo-
pubescente; stylo brevissimo, conico; stigmate brevissimo 6-lobo, intus papilloso.
In Brasilia, v. s. in herb. Hook.; in Amazonas inter Santarem et Barra (Spruce,
1165); Rio Negro, Parahuámirim dos Ramos (Spruce, 1011) ; Rio Negro (1574 bis,
sub @. fastuosa).
A species very different from @. augusta, of which it was considered to be a variety by
Dr. Berg ; but it differs in its leaves being darker, of more lurid hue, almost sessile, and
in its smaller flowers. Itis a small tree, 5-15 feet high; its leaves are 8-10 in. long,
21-8 in. broad, on a petiole 1—2 in. long. The rachis of the inflorescence is only a few
lines long ; the pedicels 2—1 in. long; the flower expanded is 41 in. in diam. ; the spathulate
petals 2 in. long, 1 in. broad ; the androphorum 13 in. in diam.
4. GUSTAVIA LACINIOSA, nob. : Gustavia augusta, var. calycaris in parte, Berg, l.c. ۰ 471:
foliis approximatis, elongato-oblongis, vel elliptico-oblongis, a medio deorsum sensim
angustioribus, imo in petiolum subito acutis, apice breviter et obtuse acuminatis,
v marginibus laciniose et grosse serratis, chartaceis, glaberrimis, supra viridibus,
nervis subpatentim divaricatis juxta marginem arcuatim nexis, subtus luride viri-
dibus, petiolo subtenui, limbo 14-plo breviore : racemo terminali, 4-6-floro, floribus
odoriferis ; pedicellis alternis, medio 2-bracteolatis ; calycis limbo 6-dentato, dentibus
late rotundatis; petalis roseis, margine pallidioribus; androphoro albo: ۴
turbinato, eeostato: fructu flavido-viridi (sicco fusco), lenticellis flavidis crebre
maculato, subgloboso, supra basin paullo constricto et sub zonam caleycarem 09
tato; hzc undulatim 6-loba, membranacea; vitta interzonali brevissima; vns
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 179
superiore integra. In Brasilia: v. s. in herb. Hook. ad ostium Rio Negro (Spruce,
1574 in parte sub G. augusta): v. fruct. s. in Mus. Kew. (Spruce, 1574, sub
G. fastuosa).
It isa bushy tree, 15-20 feet high, with leaves 19-13 in. long, 32 in. broad, on a
petiole 2—1 in. long, and about 22 pairs of nerves: the raceme is about 3 in. long, the
pedicels, 3-6 lines apart, are 1-11 in. long. The pyxidium is 12 in. long, 13 in. broad in
the middle, contracted to 12 in. below the calycary zone, which is 14 in. in diam., the
interzonal band 1 line high; upper zone 12 in. in diam. |
- In the form of its leaves it approaches G. superba, but differs in their much thicker
texture, coarser and blunter teeth, a more obtuse acumen and more slender, longer,
distinct petioles, in the more slender inflorescence, ecostate ovary, with 6 acute teeth.
For the same reasons it differs from G. conferta and G. calycaris, with which it is con-
founded by Berg.
5. GUSTAVIA ANTILLANA, nob.: ramulis pallidis, opacis, profunde sulcatis: foliis con-
fertis, cuneato-lanceolato-oblongis, supra medium sensim acuminatis, marginibus
subrevolutis, crenato-serratis, rigide chartaceis, utrinque pallidissimis, opacis, nervis
divaricatis juxta marginem nexis, costa supra striolata prominula, subtus promi-
. nente, fulvida, striolata, nervis venisque reticulatis prominentibus, petiolo supra
convexiusculo, subtus convexo, striolato, subpruinoso : inflorescentia ignota : pyxidio
subparvo, globoso, sub zonam coarctato; zona calycari lineatim circulari: vitta
interzonali angustissima, horizontali ; zona superiore circulari; operculo concavo;
periearpio tenui, crustaceo, pallide brunneo, lenticellis granosis flavidis erebre
maculato. In Antillanis: v. s. in herb. Hook. S. Vincente (Guilding, sub G. hexa-
petala), v. fruct. s. in Mus. Kew. (Guilding).
À species remarkable for its extremely pallid rigid leaves and the smallness of its
fruit. The leaves are 8-10 in. long, 21-3 in. broad, on a stoutish flattened petiole 4 in.
long ; the specimen has no flower; the pyxidium is 1 in. high, 1 broad in the middle;
the calycary zone, searcely prominent, is 1 in. in diam.
6. GUSTAVIA DUBIA, Berg; Linn. xxvii. p. 446 (excl. syn.) : foliis oblongis, vel oblongo-
lanceolatis, utrinque angustatis, medio subserratis, chartaceis, supra nervis sub-
patulis, tenuibus, prominulis, valde reticulatis, costa planiuseula, subtus costa
prominente, nervis costatis, petiolo limbo 16-20plo breviore: inflorescentia ignota :
pedicello fructifero longo, medio minute 2-bracteolato ; fructu globoso, levi, tenu-
issime velutino. In Nova Granada ad fluv. Magdalena (spec. malum in Mus Bero-
lino, herb. Willd., no. 10155, sec. cl. Berg): non vidi. |
This plant is evidently a Gustavia, to which Berg referred the Lecythis elliptica and
L. dubia of Kunth, which most certainly are two very different plants. 1t appears to
come very near G. Antillana: its leaves are 71-81 in. long, 24-2} in. broad, on a petiole
1-6 lines long; the peduncle of the fruit is 14 in. long, the pyxidium is 14 in. in diam.
The specimen is said to be very incomplete.
180 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
7. GUSTAVIA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Benth. Voy. Sulph. p. 99; Seem. (non Benth.) Bot. Her,
p. 126; Berg, Linn. xxvii. 443 : ramulis crassiusculis, albidulis : foliis subsessilibus,
anguste oblongis, basi longe sensim angustatis, apice acuminatis, acumine obtusulo,
marginibus subrevolutis obsolete serratis, tenuiter chartaceis, supra viridibus, opacis,
nervis planis et suleatulis arcuatim nexis, venis valde reticulatis et prominulis,
subtus paullo pallidioribus, nervis venisque prominentibus, utrinque opace pruinosis,
petiolo brevissimo, aut vix ullo : floribus terminalibus, 3-4, subfasciculatis, sepe e
trunco nascentibus, griseo-puberulis, pedicellis striatis, imo braetea late lanceolata,
et paullo sub apicem bracteolis 2 minutis donatis; calycis limbo brevissimo, sub-
integro, vel obsoletissime 6-lobo;. petalis sepius 6, oblongis, obtuse rotundatis, albis
aut purpurascentibus, extus puberulis ; ovario turbinato, ecostato, tomentello. In
America tropicali : v. s. in herb. Hook. Columbia (Hinds).
A very distinct species: its leaves are 10-17 in. long, 23-4 in. broad, almost epetio-
late; flowers sometimes appearing on the trunk; the pedicels are slender, 10 lines
long; their basal bract is 4-5 lines long, the 2 minute bracteoles placed 2 lines below
the apex; the limb of the calyx is extremely narrow; the petals are 11 lines long,
5 lines broad. Mr. Bentham states that the leaves are pellucid-punetate; but they
have no pellucid glands, as in Myrtacee; the translucent dots are due only to the -
thinness of the parenchyma in the small areoles formed by the reticulations of the
coarse veins. |
This species differs from G. superba, from the same region, in its smaller, more
chartaeeous, almost sessile leaves, subpuberulous on both sides, and much smaller
flowers.
8. GUSTAVIA PUBESCENS, Ruiz et Pav. vol. ined. p. 306, tab. 351; Berg in Linn. xxvii. 443:
foliis sessilibus, spathulato-oblongis, imo sensim longe et gradatim angustatis, supra
medium latioribus, apice breviter acuminatis, serrulatis, chartaceis, supra opacis,
d glabris, nervis utrinque circ. 62 divaricatis marginem versus arcuatis, puberulis,
subtus molliter pubescentibus, nervis costatis, costaque media prominentibus, et
‚tomentosis: inflorescentia ignota: floribus speciosis, magnis, petalis ovali-oblongis,
coriaceis. In Ecuador ad Guayaquil: non vidi.
The specimen in the Berlin herbarium, according to Berg, consists only of a single leaf,
a few petals, and an androphorum ; but all the other details are derived from Ruiz's
details and his drawing: from these it appears a very good species. The leaves are 32)
in. long, 7 in. broad above the middle, 10 lines broad at the insertion; so that they must
be somewhat auriculated at their base: the petals of their handsome flowers are 2-2 1
in. long, 15-17 lines broad. It is suffieiently distinct from the preceding species.
9. GUSTAVIA GRACILLIMA, nob. : ramulis pallidis, profunde suleato-striatis, sparse lent- E
cellatis, apice creberrime foliiferis ; foliis lanceolato-linearibus, sub medium sensum 1
spathulatis et in petiolo longe decurrentibus, apice gradatim attenuatis, acumine E
obtusulo, tenuissime chartaceis, flaccidis, marginibus subundulatis et crenulate- 1
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE X. 181
serrulatis, dentibus brevibus, obtusulis, utrinque pallide viridibus et valde opacis,
nervis numerosissimis, divaricatis, intra marginem adscendentibus, supra semi-
immersis, subtus prominulis, costa utrinque prominente, petiolo tenuissimo, elon-
gato, tereti, superne marginato, limbo 7plo breviore: racemo plurifloro; pedicellis
crebre approximatis, tenuibus ; floribus majusculis, speciosis; calycis limbo brevis-
simo, crenulato ; petalis 6, elongato-oblongis, obtusis; ovario infero, ecostato. In
regno Granatensi: v. s. in hb. Hook., Nova Granada (Purdie).
A very distinet and beautiful species, apparently with pendent slender b cadres
crowded at the extremity with slender leaves: the leaves are 10-131 in. long, 1 in.
broad, on a very slender petiole 15-2 in. long: the petals are 3 in. long, 1 in. broad.
10. GusTAVIA VERTICILLATA, nob.: ramulis virgatis pallidis, striatis, cum axillis remo-
tiuseulus; foliis in verticellis pluribus, congestis, recurvis, pro genere parvis,
anguste oblongis, utrinque acutis, marginibus cartilagineis, integris vel subundulatis,
glabris, rigide chartaceis, supra pallide viridibus, ad nervos sulcatis, opacis, nervis
tenuibus, patentibus, longe intra marginem arcuatim nexis, subprominulis, subtus
paullo pallidioribus, opacis, costa striolata nervisque flavescentibus prominentibus,
petiolo tenui, canaliculato, marginato, limbo 4plo breviore : floribus in axillis paucis,
vel terminalibus 4-5 congestis, mediocribus ; pedicellis breviusculis, recurvis, pallide
brunneis, striatis, rigide puberulis, supra medium bracteolis 2 ovalibus munitis;
calycis limbo angustissimo, integro, crenulato; petalis 8, anguste oblongis; andro-
phoro magno, cupulari; ovario turbinato, subparvo, obsolete costato, puberulo,
vertice intra discum angustum plano, opaco, stylo brevi umbonato. In Nova Gra-
nada: v. s. in hb. Hook., prov. Mariqueta, Rio Magdalena (Triana, 4167).
A species very distinct from all others; its virgate branchlets are 1} line thick, with
axils about 13 in. apart: leaves about 5 in each verticel, very pendulous, 4-7 in. long,
12-2 in. broad, on a petiole 1-14 in. long; pedicels 6 lines long, with 2 bracts 1 line
long, placed 4 lines above the base ; the calycine limb is 5 lines in diam.
ll. Gustavıa SPECIOSA, DC. Prodr. iii. 289; Berg in Linn. xxvii. 445: Pirigara spe-
` ciosa, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. vii. 262: foliis maximis, oblongo-lanceolatis, infra medium
longe spathulato-angustatis, imo breviter obtusatis, apice in acumen obtuse acutum
. attenuatis, marginibus integris aut undulato-sinuatis, rigide chartaceis, supra
dense viridibus aut pallidioribus, opacis, nervosis, creberrime reticulatis, costa
valida, subtus viridibus, opacis, costa nervisque flavidis prominentibus, petiolo semi-
tereti, canalieulato, fusco, limbo 8plo breviore: racemis terminalibus, vel trunco
enatis, 4—5-floris ; pedicellis tomentosis, medio bibraeteolatis; floribus speciosis
albis vel roseis, odoriferis ; calycis limbo angusto, obsolete lobato, utrinque prui-
noso; petalis 6, maximis, oblongis, carnosis, quorum 3 sæpe angustioribus : ovario
turbinato, minime 6-costo, tomentoso, 6-loculari, vertice concavo, albide tomentoso ;
stylo breviter conico, glabro, 6-suleato: fructu 6-loculari. In Nova Granada ad
Mariquita (Bonpland) et in Brasilia: v. s. in hb. Hook., Rio Negro, Barcellos
(Spruce, 1535); Barcellos, gapo de Barraroa (Spruce, 1933).
VOL. XXx. 2 8
182 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
A bushy tree 20-30 feet high, on the Rio Negro. The leaves are 9-24 in. long, 314
in. broad, on a petiole 1-23 in. long, with about 30 pairs of nerves: the pedunele is
about 2 in. long; the pedicels 2-3 lines apart, are 1 in. long; the limb of the calyx
sub-6-lobed, 13 line broad ; the petals 2-3 in. long. The species is well distinguished by
the long petioles of its large lanceolate leaves. I have not adopted Berg’s amended
diagnosis, because it was altered to embrace the following species. Spruce’s plants are
here considered to be specifically the same as Bonpland's plant from Mariquita, as there
is scarcely any difference in the characters assigned to it. 0
12. GUSTAVIA LATIFOLIA, nob.: Gustavia speciosa, Benth. (non DO.), Pl. Hartw. p. 176;
Berg, Linn. xxvii. 445 : foliis cuneato-oblongis, imo gradatim spathulatis, ad medium
ample latioribus, apice acumine brevi obtusulo constrietis, marginibus subintegris,
aut obsolete serratis, irregulariter repando-erenatis, submembranaceis aut flaceide
chartaceis, supra viridibus, pruinoso-opacis, ad nervos divaricate arcuatim nexos
sulcatulis, subtus pallidioribus, flavescentibus, opacis, minute granulosis, subpube-
J rulis, costa nervisque prominentibus ; petiolo semitereti, elongato, fusco, limbo
5-6plo breviore: racemis abbreviatis, 4-8-floris, ramis vetustis enatis, pedicellis
longiusculis, congestis, subvalidis, flavide tomentoso-puberulis, imo bractea rotun-
data concava, et supra medium bracteolis 2 minutis munitis ; calycis limbo brevi,
crassiusculo, patenter subcampanulato, irregulariter crenato; petalis 6, ovato-oblongis,
puberulis, albis: ovario hemispheerice turbinato, obsolete 6-costato, granulato, ferru-
gineo-pubescente, 6-loculari, vertice intra discum crenato-pulvinatum concavo,
radiatim striolato et tomentoso; stylo brevissimo umbonato: fructu eduli. In
America tropica: v. s. in hb. Hook., Guaduas in prov. Bogota (Hartweg, 981),
Panama (Seemann, sine num.).
This is a slender tree 30-40 feet high; its leaves are 101-12 in. long, 44-42 in. broad,
on a petiole 21-23 in. long, having about 18 pairs of nerves; the inflorescence sometimes
terminal, more generally springing from the wood of its bare branches, has a thick
peduncle 4 in. long, bearing almost fasciculated flowers; the stout pedicels are curved,
13-12 in. long, the basal bract 3 lines long, and broad, and 2 minute bracts 3 lines
below the summit ; the limb of the calyx is $ line broad and 9 lines in diam. ; the flower
expanded is 23 in. or more in diameter.
The species is very distinct from G. speciosa, to which it has been referred : although
approaching it in its lengthened petioles, the leaves are double the breadth in proportion,
obtusely and shortly constrieted at the apex (not long and sharply acuminated at the
summit), and having only 18 pairs. of nerves (instead of 30): in the Panama specimen
the leaves are more glabrous, and the petiole flatter.
13. Gustavia PULCHRA, nob.: foliis elongato-oblongis, imo longe spathulatis et in pe-
tiolo decurrentibus, a medio sursum latioribus, apice subrotundatis, supra medium
repando-serratis, marginibus revolutis, chartaceis, supra viridibus, opacis, pu ۱
tenuibus prominulis, costa convexa, subtus luride fuscioribus vel hepatice viridibus,
valde opacis, nervis pluribus prominentibus, venis transversim reticulatis, petiolo
An Ha A Ta PA a ni MN
ES
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 183
subtenui, canaliculato, fusco, limbo 35plo breviore: racemis subbrevibus, expansis,
alternatim 6—10-floris, (trunco enatis?); floribus magnis, roseis, odoriferis; pedi-
cellis subtenuibus, longiusculis, rugulosis, opace ochraceis, pruinosis, angulato-
striatis, ultra medium 2-bracteolatis; calycis limbo anguste et breviter acute 6-den-
tato; petalis 8, oblongis, carnosulis, in alabastro albido-tomentosis; androphoro
magno, subgloboso, appendieulis tenuibus: ovario turbinato, obsolete 6-costato,
pulverulento, vertice subconcavo, reticulato ; stylo breviter conico, 6-sulcato ; stig-
mate niveo 6-radiato coronato. In Venezuela et Brasilise confinibus : v. s. in herb.
Hook., Rio Casiquiare (Spruce, sine num.), Rio Uranaeuá (Spruce, 1983).
A tree 20—30 feet high, growing by the side of rivers, and apparently confined to the
upper tributaries of the Rio Negro; it is near G. speciosa, differing, as Dr. Spruce well
observes, in the thinner texture of its leaves, a less number of nervures, in their more
spathulate form, rounded on the summit, decurrent at base, on a shorter petiole, more
numerous flowers on longer and more slender pedicels, bracteolated above the middle,
the calycine limb more distinctly and acutely lobed. The leaves are 17-25 in. long, 3-43
in. broad, on a petiole 3-2 in. long, with about 24 pairs of nerves, at a distance from
each other of 10 lines: the raceme, apparently torn from the trunk, has a peduncle 1-2
in. long, pedicels 13-24 in. long; limb of calyx 13 line long, 7 lines in diam.; the petals
2-21 in. long, 2-1 in. broad ; the flower expanded is 43-5 in. in width. I have corrected
the locality given by Spruce, the river properly spelled is Uaranaeuá (not Uanauaca); it
is near Carvocira.
14. Gustavia MARCGRAAVIANA, nob.: Gustavia augusta, Berg in parte (non Linn.) in
Mart. Fl. Bras. fasc. 18. p. 469, tab. 55, 56: Janiparandiba, Marcg. Bras. cap. 9,
p.109; Japarandiba, Pis. 9. p. 172: ramulis crassiusculis cinerascenti-brunneis,
striolatis, lenticellis verruculosis: foliis erebre alternis, subsessilibus, oblongis vel
lanceolato-oblongis, imo sensim cuneatis, ultra medium amplioribus, apice in acumen
subacutum gradatim aut subito attenuatis, margine tenui nervigero vix revoluto
serratis, flaccide chartaceis, supra leete viridibus, subnitentibus, costa tenui, nervis
tenuibus paullo prominulis, venis crebriter transversis reticulatis, subtus fere conco-
loribus, costa valida, striolata, nervis costatis, venis prominulis, petiolo lato, brevis-
simo, seepe nullo: floribus speciosissimis, in ramulis novellis ex axillis brevissimis
terminalibus; rachi brevissima, pluribracteolata, 1- ad 6-flora ; pedicellis subvalidis,
pallide opacis, glabris, angulato-striatis, crebre granulatis, paullo ultra medium
bracteolis 2 parvis acutis donatis; calycis limbo brevissimo, integro, undulatim
recuryulo; petalis 9, quorum 6 maximis, oblongis, obtusis, imo sensim unguiculatis,
utrinque levibus, glabris, subinzequalibus, carnosulis, planis, albis ?, siecis aureo-
luteis; androphoro magno, subgloboso, fusciore, subtus hemisphzerice cupulato, mar-
gine et intus appendiculis longis lineari-subulatis erebre pluriserialibus ineurvatis
staminigeris munito: ovario infero, turbinato, ecostato, opace pruinoso, 4-loculari,
ovulis plurimis, a placentis crassis centralibus appensis et cum funiculis multiseri-
atis radiantibus, vertice intra discum elevatum subconcavo, sparsim albide piloso ;
2 ظ 2
184 | MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
stylo brevi, conico; stigmate minimo, 4-lobatim globoso: pyxidio subgloboso, In
Brasilia : v. s. in herb. variis, Pernambuco (Gardner, 1022).
A small tree, common in woods near Pernambuco; its branchlets are 1-2 in. thick
3
with a soft wood, almost fistulous, or filled with a large quantity of pith; the axils ka
alternately 3-4 lines apart; the leaves are 6-18 in. long, 3-5 in. wide, on a broad petiole
1 line long, or sometimes decurrent to its base, and they have about 20 pairs of nerves:
the pedicel is 14 in. long, with 2 bracteoles, 1 in. above the base, 1 line long, and pube-
rulous: the flower expanded is 53 in. in diam. : the calycine border is 3 line broad, very
crenulated and undulated; the unequal petals are 13-23 in. long., 3-1 in. broad; the
cup of the androphorum is 13 in. in diam., its outer appendages 9 lines long, $ line
broad. I doubt much whether the pyxidium figured by Berg under G. augusta belongs
io this species. I therefore do not cite the dimensions he gives of it. According to
Maregraaf, it is rather larger than an apple, flatly truncated at the summit, 2 or 3 hanging
together in a bunch, greyish externally, yellow within: the seeds are oblong, the size of
an almond-nut, shining, somewhat angular, and cordate where they are attached to the
coiling thick funicles. The plant of Gardner is unquestionably identical with the Jani-
parandiba of Marcgraaf from the same locality, and is certainly distinct from G. angusta,
Linn., to which it is referred and figured in Berg's plates 55 & 56.
15. GusrAVIA LONGIFOLIA, Pöpp.: Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. Z. c. 472; in Linn. xxvii.
p.442: arbor parva; foliis magnis spathulatis, sessilibus, apice obtusiuscule
acutatis, leviter serrulatis, chartaceis, supra cano-virentibus, opacis, creberrime et
subtilissime punctatis, nervis crebre parallelis, subpatulis, marginem versus adscen-
| dentibus, prominulis, subtus puberulis, nervis venisque tenuissimis reticulatis pro-
minentibus: racemis 1-4-floris e trunco vel ex axillis inferioribus ortis; pedicellis
puberulis, infra medium 2-bracteolatis, bracteolis minimis, ovatis; calycis limbo
fere integro, vel breviter rotundiusculo et 3—4-lobo; petalis 8, obverse oblongis,
alternatim angustioribus, roseo-purpureis : ovario infero, turbinato, puberulo, vertice
depresse orbiculari, 4-loculari, loculis pluriovulatis; stylo obsoleto; stigmate obso-
lete 4-sulcato: pyxidio globoso, sanguineo, 3—4-loculari, 3-4-spermo; seminibus
obovatis. In Peruvia, ad Yurimaguas, in prov. Maynas (Pöppig, 2094) : non vidi.
A small tree 6 feet high, scarcely ramose, called Chope or Sachavaya by the natives.
The leaves are 13-2 feet long, 5-73 in. broad above the middle, 10-18 lines broad at the
sessile base, and without petioles; pedicels 8-16 lines long ; lobes of calyx 2 lines broad,
4 line long; greenish petals, broader ones 1 in, long, 5 lines broad; androphorum 5 lines
long, incurved; filament 4 lines long, anther bursting at summit by 2 short longitudinal
fissures; ovary 4 lines long; disk 5 lines in diam.; pyxidium 2 in. in diam., with 2
single seed in each cell; a very distinet species, remarkable for its large, very broad,
sessile leaves, with very close parallel nerves, and puberulous beneath; flowers of mode-
rate size, upon long pedicels.
16, Gustavia PŒPPIGIANA, Berg in Mart. Fl, Bras. l. c. p. 471; Linn. xxvii. 442 : foliis
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 185
in apice ramulorum congestis, elongato-oblongis, imo longe et anguste sensim
spathulatis, apice obtusatis, aut breviter obtuse acuminatis, repando-serratis, glabris,
nervis plurimis, erecto-patulis, intra marginem adscendentibus, utrinque promi-
nentibus, petiolo limbo circ. 60plo breviore; racemo brevi, terminali, plurifloro ;
pedicellis brevibus, medio 2-bracteolatis; calycis limbo brevi, integro; petalis albis,
demum roseis; ovario infero, turbinato, velutino, 4-costato ; pyxidio globoso, ma-
jusculo, 4-costato, cinereo-viridi, summo plano, 4-loculari. In Alta Amazonas,
ad Ega (Pöppig, 2658): non vidi.
A species very near G. speciosa, apparently differing only in its shorter petioles, and
somewhat smaller flowers: its leaves are 6-16 in. long, 2-5 in. broad above the middle,
on a petiole 1 to 3 lines long, and with about 20 pairs of nerves: the pedicels are 4 lines
long, bracteoles oval, 13 line long; ovary 4 lines long; petals 2 in. long; fruit 3 in. in
diam.; seeds cuneately angular.
17. GUSTAVIA CALYCARIS, nob.: Gustavia augusta, var. calycaris, Berg in Mart. Fl.
Bras. l.c. p. 471: ramulis fusco-griseis, rugulosis; foliis sepius maximis, oblongo-
lanceolatis, imo longe spathulato-angustatis, et in petiolum sensim obtusatis, supra
medium sensim latioribus, sursum gradatim angustioribus, et in acumen acutum
constrictis, marginibus fere integris aut undulato-sinuatis, rigide chartaceis, supra
viridibus, opacis, nervis tenuibus utrinque circ. 24 remote divergentibus, juxta
marginem nexis, vix prominulis, costa prominula, striolata, subtus paullo pallidi-
oribus, nervis fulvidis, prominentibus, venis transversim reticulatis, petiolo sub-
valido, subcanaliculato, fulvido, limbo 30plo breviore: racemo axillari, brevi, alter-
natim 10-floro; rachi opace .brunnea, striata; floribus speciosis, roseis, odoratis ;
pedicellis longiusculis, angulato-sulcatis, fusco-pruinosis, paullo sub apicem bracteolis
2 lineari-aeutis munitis; calyeis limbo brevi, in dentes 4 latos acutos rotatos diviso,
utrinque pruinoso; petalis 10, valde imbricatis, subzequalibus, ovato-oblongis, car-
nosulis, roseis, utrinque griseo-opacis et pulverulentis: ovario turbinato, fusco-
tomentoso, leviter 4-costato, 4-loculari, vertice intra discum elevatum valde con-
cavo, flavide opaco; stylo brevi, conico, umbonato; stigmate inconspicuo. In
‘Amazonas: v. s. in herb. Hook., inter Santarem et Barra (Spruce, sine num.); Rio
Negro usque ad Solimóes (Spruce, 1574); Rio Negro (Spruce, 1574 bis, sub G. fas-
tuosa).
This species is very distinct from G. conferta, and is noted by Berg as differing from
it by its 4-lobed calyx; but he has confounded the specimens of Spruce's plants referred
to them respectively. Spruce says it is a bushy tree, 15 to 20 feet high; its leaves are
10-14 in. long, 2-33 in. broad, on a petiole 4-6 lines long, with nerves diverging at a
distance of 2 in. apart in the larger leaves; the raceme, apparently axillary, is about 2}
in. long; the pedicels 3-14 in. long, with bracteoles 4-1 in. above the base, each 3
lines long: the flower expanded is 3} in. broad; the limb of the calyx is subquadrate,
1 line long at the lobes, 4 line broad in each sinus, the lobes opposite to the slender
costal ridges; the petals 14-2 in. long, $ in. broad; the androphorum is white; the
fruit of a yellowish-green colour.
186 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
18. Gustavia RUIZIANA, Berg, in Linn. xxvii. 444; Gustavia augusta, R. & P. (non
Linn.), in Fl. Peruv. tom. v. ined. p. 117, tab. 485: ramulis crassis, cortice rugoso,
suberoso ; foliis spathulato-lanceolatis, imo longe angustatis, apice acuminatis,
leviter serratis, chartaceis, supra glabris, nervis utrinque 30, subdivaricatis, juxta
marginem adscendentibus, haud prominulis, reticulatis, subtus puberulis, nervis
prominentibus, costa crassiuscula; petiolo valido, limbo 20plo breviore: floribus
plurimis, congestis ; pedunculis validis, tomentellis, supra medium minute 2-brac-
teolatis; ovario infero ecostato calyceque leviter 4-lobo tomentellis. In Ecuador
ad Guayaquil (Ruiz): non vidi.
This species appears to differ from G. angustifolia in its petiolated, thicker, nar-
rower leaves, glabrous above, and its 4-lobed calyx ; from G. augusta in its petiolated
thinner leaves, puberulous below, subdivaricately costate nerves, tomentose pedicels, and
4-lobed ealyx. The leaves are 19 in. long, 3 in. broad, on a petiole 16 lines long: the
pedicels are 2-23 in. long.
19. GUSTAVIA PTEROCARPA, Poit. Mém. Mus. xiii. 158, tab. 6 et 7; DC. Prodr. lii,
290; Hook. Bot. Mag. 5239: Gustavia fastuosa (in parte), Berg (non Willd.), in
Mart. Fl. Bras. 2. c. p. 473; Linn. xxvii. 446: cortice suberoso, rufescente;
ramulis brunneis, profunde et interrupte striatis, rugosis, et subverruculosis ; foliis
elongato-elliptieis, imo cuneatim angustioribus, valde acutis, apice in acumen
breve acutum vel obtusulum constrictis, distincte repando-serratis, rigide char-
taceis, supra viridibus, ad nervos sulcatis, nervis tenuibus, subpatentibus, sub-
immersis, costa tenui, subtus pallidioribus, opace flavescentibus, costa nervisque
nitenti-rubidulis et prominentibus, petiolo fusco, subtenui, canaliculato, marginato,
limbo 16plo breviore: floribus terminalibus, 3-6 congestis; pedicellis angulosis,
pruinoso-puberulis, medio 2-bracteolatis, bracteolis acutis; calycis limbo ad basin
in sepala 6 diviso, sepalis lanceolato-triangulatis, acutis, fuscis, crassis, erectis,
utrinque granulato-rugulosis, marginibus undulato-crispatis; petalis 6, quintuplo
longioribus, oblongis, obtusis, subunguiculatis, subequalibus, albis, imo subroseis,
extus ad basin niveo-tomentosis, intus levibus: ovario infero, turbinato, ferru-
gineo-opaco, granulato, alis 6 angustis undulato-crispatis et imo mucronatis, sepalis
alternis donato, 6-loculari, pluriovulato, vertice intra discum plano, pruinoso; stylo
brevissimo, obtuso; stigmate parvo, radiatim 6-lobato, albo: pyxidio globoso, eri
patim 6-alato, calyce persistente coronato, opereulo plano, umbonato. In Guiana:
v. s. in herb. Hook., fluv. Maná (Poiteau); Acarauari (Sagot, 950); Surinam
(Hostmann, 1910) : in herb. Mus. Brit., Guiana (Sagot, 950).
leaves are 5-10 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, on a petiole 5-8 lines long, and with about 12- M.
pairs of nerves; the pedicels are 3-14 in. long, with 2 bracteoles 2 lines long near he
middle 1 the flower-buds, Fin. in diameter, are snow-white and tomentose ; the flown e
panded is 2-2} in. across; the sepals 3 lines long, 23 lines broad ; the petals 10-14 lines |
-
A species confined to the region of Guiana, forming a tree 30 feet high, growing in moist à
places, with a trunk 1 foot in diam., having a yellowish hard wood with a fetid smell:its |
E
ET | SSS UT ENORMES S.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE E. 187
long, 5-7 lines broad; the cup of the androphorum is 8-10 lines broad, the slender
appendages 6 lines long, 3 line broad; the pyxidium in an immature state is 92 in. in
diameter. This species, as elsewhere stated, was wrongly confounded by Dr. Berg with
G. fastuosa, Willd.; but it is well distinguished from it by its congested terminal inflo-
rescence, its larger flowers on pedicels 2-bracteolated at. base, its ovary with broader
more undulated wings, terminating at their base in a mucronate tooth, and crowned
with 5 long broad sepals carinated within, in its larger whiter petals, in its winged
fruit double the size.
20. GusTAVIA BRASILIANA, DC. Prodr. iii. 290 (excl. var. B); Mart. Med. Bras. p. 72;
Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. 7۰ c. p. 472, tab. 7. fig. 160 (excl. syn.); in Linn. xxvii. 446 :
ramulis crassiusculis, fuscis, profunde sulcatis, rugulosis; foliis superioribus crebre
congestis, inferioribus sparsis, ovato-ellipticis, imo sensim cuneatis, medio latioribus,
apice in acumen breve obtusulum recurvulum subito constrictis, ad marginem
eartilagineum subrevolutum repando-undulatis et obsolete serratis, rigide chartaceis,
supra fusce et profunde viridibus, subopacis, costa prominula, striolata, nervis
tenuibus, patente divaricatis, marginem versus arcuatis, paullo prominulis, subtus
pallidioribus, hepatice rubescentibus vel rubro brunnescentibus, opacis, costa nervis
venisque transversis reticulatis prominentibus, petiolo latiusculo, late marginato,
fusco, limbo 12plo breviore: floribus terminalibus 5-6, subfasciculatis, magnis,
odoriferis ; pedicellis subvalidis, acute angulatis, fuscis, pruinoso-tomentellis, medio
2-bracteolatis; calycis limbo in sepala 6 diviso, laciniis late triangularibus, acutis,
coriaceis, granulatis, opace pulverulentis, fuscis, persistentibus ; petalis 6, magnis,
obovato-oblongis, subconcavis, albis ; ovario infero, turbinato, alis 6 sepalis alternis
angustis undulato-crispatis munito, fusco, granulatim strigoso, 6-loculari, pluri- :
ovulato, vertice intra diseum latum valde elevatum margine intus acutum sub-
concavo, opaco, sparse puberulo; stylo brevi, angulato, umboniformi; stigmate
parvo, inflexim lobato : pyxidio subgloboso, anguste 6-alato, operculo concavo calyce
coronato, flavo, abortu 2-5-loculari; seminibus in quoque loculo 4-6, subglo-
bosis, pallide flavis, nitidis. In Brasilia, Rio Negro, prope Garupá (Martius):
v. pl. s. (cum floribus) in herb. variis, San Carlos, Rio Uahaupes, Rio Negro (Spruce,
2514).
A handsome spreading tree, 20—30 feet high, with leaves 4-9 in. long, 14-3 in. broad on
a petiole 5-7 lines long, with 18-20 pairs of spreading nerves; the pedicels are 1-13 in.
long, with 2 small bracts above the middle; flowers 7 in. across, white, odoriferous;
ovary 6 lines in diam.; sepals 3 lines long and broad; androphorum 1 in. broad;
pyxidium (according to Martius) 14 in. in diam., crowned by the persistent sepals
8 lines long.
This species, which is confined to the region of the Rio Negro, approaches G. ptero-
"pa, agreeing in its winged ovary and fruit crowned by 6 acute sepals; but it differs
in its more approximated, much darker, broader, more rigid leaves, with more numerous
and more patent nerves, with a broader and stouter petiole, and finally by its much
larger flowers. Berg was certainly wrong in making it identical with the Janiparandiba
188 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
of Maregraaf and Piso. It differs from G. fastuosa in its terminal congested raceme,
larger flowers, winged ovary and fruit, both crowned by 6 broadly triangular sepals,
21. Gustavia FAsTUOSA, Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 847; DC. Prodr. iii. 290; Berg in parte
(non Willd.) in Mart. Fl. Bras. l. c. p. 473: Pirigara hexapetala, Aubl. Pl. Gui.
i. 490, tab. 193: ramulis fuscis, striatis, cortice rimoso, lenticellato; foliis Sparsis,
cuneato-ellipticis, imo sensim angustatis, supra medium latioribus, apice in acumen
subbreve recurvulum acutissimum subito attenuatis, margine grossule dentatis,
supra fusco-viridibus, vix nitidis, nervosis et reticulatis, petiolo subcrasso, semitereti,
canaliculato, limbo 16plo breviore: floribus in axillis solitariis, mediocribus; pedi-
cello longiusculo supra medium 2-bracteolato; calycis limbo longiusculo, in sepala 6
acute triangularia coriacea diviso; petalis 6 late ovatis, subunguiculatis, rotun-
datis, albis, earnosulis; androphoro albo; ovario infero, turbinato, vix costato,
6-loculari: pyxidio parvo, calyce coronato, operculo concavo, abortu 4-5-loeulari,
loculis l-spermis. In Guiana et Amazonas: v. s. in herb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne in
sylvis (Aublet); Cayenne (Van Rohr); Guiana (Martin): im herb. Hook. et alior.,
Santarem (Spruce, 827); Lago de Quiriquira (Spruce, 525); Santarem (Spruce,
1019).
A tree 15 to 20 feet high, growing in moist woods, with a spreading head and a trunk
13 foot thick, with a hard yellowish fetid wood, and called Pirigaramépe by the natives;
its leaves are 4-6 in. long, 13-24 in. broad, on a petiole 3-4 lines long, with about 12
pairs of nerves; the pedicel is 1 in. long; the ovary is 3 lines long, not costate, as Berg
affirms, crowned by a short ring formed by the united sepals, which are 3 lines long ; the
petals are 6-10 lines long, 4-6 lines broad; the fruit is globular, greyish, smooth, 14
lines in diam., by abortion 4-5-locular, each cell containing a single oval seed 9 lines
long, 4 lines broad, suspended by a thick fleshy funicle of equal length.
This species was established by Willdenow upon the materials furnished by Aublet.
Dr. Berg was quite unjustified in confounding it with another very distinct species, well
figured and described by Poiteau (G. pterocarpa): its chief distinguishing features
are its alternate flowers, their smaller size, the acutely 6-lobed limb of the calyx,
the wings of the ovary vanishing at base, and its much smaller smooth greyish fruit,
by abortion 4—5-locular, with monospermous cells. Berg’s diagnosis of the species is
therefore rejected, and its characters are remodelled above, in unison with Aublet's
materials. ۱
| 2. CovRouPITA. (Plate XXXIII. 5.)
Couroupita, Aubl.: Pekea (in parte), Juss.
Calyx adnatus, limbo 6-sepalus ; sepala subparva, subrotundata, convexa, crassiuscula, sestivatione sub-
imbricata. Petala 6, rarius 7, majuscula, oblonga, valde concava, expansa, imbricata, unguibus
_ discum androphorumque agglutinatis. Discus epigynus, annularis, planus. Androphorum magni")
petaloideum, ambitu valde gibbosum, imo cupulare, poculiforme, et in centro excisum, subtus ad
ungues petalorum discumque agglutinatum, supra staminigerum, latere antico in ligulam marginibus
subparallelis :equilatam et duplo longiorem expansum, hine carnosulum, et sensim incurvatum, deinde :
in galeam concavam semiglobosam latiorem super stylum inflexam auctum, appendiculis nume- |
EE i-i mn
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 189
' rosissimis stäminigeris tereti-clavatis munitum, iis intra cupulam brevioribus, crebriter erectis, intra
galeam longioribus, undique echinatim creberrimis et imbricatis. Stamina parva, apici appendicula-
_ rum insita; filamenta tenuiter filiformia, brevia, erecta; anthere ovate, 2-lobe, lobis collateralibus,
medio ad filamentum affixis, rima longitudinali extus dehiscentibus. Ovarium inferum, semi-
globosum, 6-loculare; ovulis in quoque loculo plurimis, funiculis a placenta axillari bilamellatim
prominente suspensis, anatropis, vertice intra discum annularem alte pulvinatum radiato-crenatum
valde concavo; stylus subnullus; stigma in cavitate sessile, subglobosum, 6-8-sulcatum, apice
6-8-radiatum, radiis glutinosis. Pyzxidium majusculum, globosum, circa medium zona calycari sub-
‘lineari cinctum ; vitta interzonali fere semiglobosa; zona superiore valde minore, orbiculari, integra :
operculum parvum, vix elevatum, subtus ad columellam conjunctum : pericarpium crassissimum, pon-
derosum ; epicarpio subosseo, textura granoso, duro; mesocarpio submolli demum deliquescente et
effugiente, hine vacuum reliquit (an semper ?) ; endocarpio crasso, osseo, primum 6-loculari, deinde
dissepimentis columellaque in pulpam resolutis, pulpa firme carnosa, subglutinosa, 1-loculari, 30—40-
spermo : semina ovata, funiculis totidem carnosis pubescentibus dimidio brevioribus suspensa; testa
subcoriacea, velutino-pubescens, circa hilum magnum rimosa: integumentum internum membrana-
ceum : embryo exalbuminosus, radicula equilonga, tereti, ad hilum superne spectante, cotyledonibus 2,
modo hippocrepiformi adscendentibus, magnis, foliaceis, corrugato-plicatis.
-^
نی ی AA
Arbores Americe tropice et Antillane sepe procerrime, trunco crasso, valde ramose : folia elliptico-oblonga,
petiolata, nervis parallelis divergentibus : inflorescentia racemosa.
1. COUROUPITA GUIANENSIS, Aubl. Pl. Guian. ii. 708, tab. 282; Poit. Mém. Mus. xiii.
152, tab. 7; DO. Prodr. iii. 294; Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. /. c. p. 475; in Linn.
xxvii 461: Lecythis bracteata, Willd. Sp. ii. 1174: Pekea Couroupita, Juss.: ra-
mulis crassiusculis, rugosis, cicatricibus foliorum post lapsum signatis, brunneis,
cinereo-pruinosis, apice creberrime foliiferis: foliis elongato-oblongis, imo obtusi-
uscule obtusis, apice sensim obtusis vel in acumen breve obtusum repente con-
strietis, marginibus subintegris vel obsoletissime crenulatis, chartaceis, supra
profunde viridibus, subnitidis, nervis numerosis, tenuibus, parallele divergentibus,
intra marginem arcuatim nexis, flavidulis, costaque tenui semiimmersis, subtus
pallidioribus, subnitidis, vel subopacis, costa crassiore prominente, pruinosa, nervis
tenuibus venisque transversim reticulatis prominentibus; petiolo tenui, subtereti,
subpuberulo, marginibus tenuibus valde involutis, limbo 10plo breviore: racemis
e trunco vel e ramis nudis ortis, folio fere «equilongis ; rachi valida, rectiuscula,
alternatim nodosa : pedicellis persistentibus, imo bractea fere sequilonga acuta
decidua munitis, apice bracteolis 2 minutis signatis : floribus majusculis, ad pedi-
cellos articulatis, plerumque caducis, odoratis; sepalis 6, ovalibus, crassis, concavis,
viridibus; petalis 6, quorum 4 majoribus, 2 minoribus, oblongis, concavis, roseis,
unguibus pallidis earnosis; androphoro albo-roseo, appendiculis rufis; ovario infero,
turbinato, 6-loculari, vertice intra discum elevatum subconvexo; stylo nullo;
stigmate globoso, radiatim 6-suleato : fructu globoso, ut in charactere generico. In
Guiana : v. s. specim. typic. (sine flore) in herb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Aublet).
This is a tree stated by Aublet to have a thick trunk, 20-30 feet high, often more than
2 feet in diameter. The leaves in the typical specimen are 6-12 in. long, 24-4 in. broad,
on a petiole 7-10 lines long, with 22-24 pairs of nerves, all conjoined within the margin ;
VOL. XXX. 2 0
190 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
the rachis of the raceme is 12 in. long, judging from Aublet’s figure of a diminished size,
and bearing 10 or 12 alternate flowers. Poiteau relates that these racemes are often
seen on the bare branches of preceding years, or upon the main trunk, often attaining a
length of 3 feet, and bearing 100 flowers, each on a pedicel 13-2 in. long, with 1 bract at
its base and 2 at its summit : from Aublet's drawing, allowing for the diminution of the
figure (3), the pedicel would appear to be nearly 1 in. long, the flower expanded 4 in,
across; the lobes of the calyx 3 lines long and broad; the petals, 12 in. long, are of a
pale rose-colour; the pyxidium is globular, 6 in. in diam., the pericarp nearly + in. thick,
the epicarp and endocarp hard and ligneous; the mesocarp subfleshy, which, becoming
gelatinous, escapes and leaves a hollow in its place; the pericarp is filled with pulp
enclosing numerous oval seeds, each suspended by a long fleshy funiele: the seeds
constructed as shown in the introductory remarks, and as I have figured them. Poiteau's
description of the fruit, derived from Tussac's details, refers to C. Antillana.
9. COUROUPITA SURINAMENSIS, Mart., Berg in Mart. El. Br. 7. c. p. 476, tab. 57, 58, 59;
Linn. xxvii. 462: ramis transversim rimosis, glabris, junioribus compressis, badiis:
foliis sparsis, oblongis, imo obtusis aut subacutis, apice sensim obtusate angustioribus,
remote glanduloso-denticulatis, submembranaceis, nervis plurimis patule diver-
gentibus vix prominentibus, transversim reticulatis, costa paullo prominente, subtus
pallidioribus, costa nervisque prominentibus, puberulis, in axillis barbatis; petiolo
canaliculato, pilosiusculo, limbo 5-6plo breviore: racemo terminali, folio sub-
longiore; rachi validissima, angulata, puberula, multiflora ; pedicellis validis, lon-
giuseulis, suberectis, apice bracteolis 2 parvis oppositis, et imo bractea oblonga obtusa
ciliata puberula decidua munitis; floribus majusculis; sepalis 6, rotundato-ovatis,
subinsequalibus, imo in eupulam brevissimam connatis; petalis ovali-orbicularibus,
concavis, crassiusculis, albo-roseis ; androphoro albo ; antheris mucronulatis ; ovario
semiinfero subhemispheerico, 5-7-loculari, ovulis numerosis, a placenta centrali
funieulis tenuibus suspensis; stylo parvo, depresse orbiculari, vertice intra discum
convexo; stigmate sessili, 8-radiato, papilloso: pyxidio speciei typicalis mole, peri-
carpio serobiculato-verrueuloso; pulpa purpurea. In Guiana Batava, Surinam, prope
Paramaribo (non vidi). ,
A very large tree; the axils of the leaves are 2-3 lines apart: the leaves are 3-6 in.
long, 1-25 in. broad, on a petiole 8-12 lines long, with about 18-20 pairs of parallel
nerves: the rachis of the raceme is 6-12 in. long; pedicles 3-2 in. apart, 8-12 lines
long; its basal bracts are 4 lines long, its upper bracts 2 lines long. The flower
expanded is 33—4 in. in diam.; the larger petal 24 in. long, 13 in. broad, the smaller
ones 14 in. long, 1 in. broad; the androphorum j in. in diam., and 14 in. long when
extended; the calyx expanded is 9 lines in diam., its sepals 3 lines long, 2 lines broad:
. It appears to me there must be a mistake in Berg’s drawing of the ovary in his plate 51
(lower flower), where it is represented as being quite superior and globose ; and this B —
repeated in plate 58, in its longitudinal section (third line, last figure). In all the —
species I have seen, the ovary is more than semiinferior, with a convex vertex ; and that
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE X. 191
this ought to be the case here is proved by his drawing of the fruit, where the line of the
calycary zone is shown somewhat above the middle.
3. COUROUPITA NICARAGUENSIS, DC. Prodr. iii. 294; (Erst. Myrt. p. 16; Berg in Linn.
xxvii. 462: Lecythis Nicaraguaensis, Mog. & Sess. Fl. Mex. Icon. ined. Species
vix nota: foliis obtusis; calycis margine lobato; petalis obtusis. In America
centrali prope Nicaragua: non vidi.
This scarcely known species is said to differ from C. Guianensis in its obtuse leaves,
smaller flowers, of a reddish white colour, and the blue tint of the pulp of the fruit.
Perhaps it scarcely differs from the C. odoratissima of Seemann, which may be said to
grow in the southern limit of the same region.
4. COUROUPITA ANTILLANA, nob.: Couroupita Guianensis, Hook. (non Aubl.) Bot. Mag.
lix. tab. 8158 ; Tuss. Ant. ii. tab. 10 et 11 ; Descot. Ant. v. 349 ; Crüger, Linn. xxi. 737:
ramulis patentibus, subvalidis, teretibus, sulcatis, glabris, levibus, rufescentibus ;
foliis in apice ramulorum congestis, elongato-oblongis, sub medium valde angustatis et
cuneatim acutis, apice subobtusato-acutis, aut breviter acuminatis, integris, vel obso-
lete serratis, submembranaceis, supra pallide viridibus, nervis subpatule divaricatis
et suberebre parallelis prominulis, costa tenui, vix prominula, subtus pallidioribus,
costa nervisque tenuissimis paullo prominulis et obsolete puberulis; petiolo tenuissimo,
puberulo, limbo 10plo breviore: racemis in trunco et ramis annosis longis, multi-
floris; pedicellis subproximis, longis, subtenuibus, erectiusculis, persistentibus, imo
bractea oblonga et apice bracteolis 2 parvis munitis ; floribus maximis, cum pedicellis
articulatis, et hine sepe caducis; sepalis ovatis, subacutis, erectis, margine cilio-
latis, estivatione quincuncialiter imbricatis; petalis 6, rarius 7, magnis, 2 exte-
rioribus amplioribus, obovatis, expansis, extus flavide roseis, intus sanguineo-lila-
cinis; androphori basi late orbiculari galeaque lata incurva appendiculis multi-
seriatis staminigeris, in illa clavatis, in hac longioribus teretibus, rubris intus tectis,
ligula lata nuda; ovario infero, vertice intra diseum annularem alte convexo; stig-
mate fere sessili, 6-radiato: pyxidio globoso, 8-pollicari. In Antilles: v. s. in hb.
Hook., San Vincente ( Guilding) ; Trinidad (Lockhart).
A tree 50-60 feet high, with a trunk more than 2 feet thick, and a soft wood; leaves
73-10 in. long, 22-3 in. broad, on a rather slender downy petiole 2 in. long, with about
24 pairs of nerves: the racemes, growing upon the trunk and old bare branches, are
1-3 feet long, with sometimes as many as 100 flowers of a somewhat crimson colour,
each 5 in. broad when expanded; the peduncle of the raceme is straight, about 3 lines
thick, elosely beset with the suberect pedicels, which are persistent, about 1} in. long,
with a larger bract at base and 2 small oblong bracteoles at the summit, where the
caducous flowers are articulated; hence the trunk and main branches have the appear-
ance of being armed with numerous spiny shoots ; the turbinated adnate calyx is crowned
by 6 rounded sepals, 3 lines long and broad; petals roundish, concave, fleshy, unequal,
imbricated and expanded, yellowish outside with a tinge of red, crimson-lilac within,
1}-2 in. long, 14-2 in. broad; androphorum large, 2 in. in diam., its basal ring 1} in.
2c2
192 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE ۰
across, closely beset with numerous short fusiform staminiferous appendages ; anthers
small, oval, yellow; ligula 1} in. long and broad; appendages of hood reddish, 6 lines
long; the inferior ovary is 6-celled, surmounted by a prominent epigynous disk, on —
which the base of the androphorum and claws of the petals are agglutinated ; within its
concavity the vertex of the ovary rises in a cupola-form, with an almost obsolete style
terminated by a 6-rayed stigma. The pyxidium, from an outline sketch round Mr.
Guilding's drawing, would seem to be 8 in. in diameter.
"The species differs from C. Guianensis in being a tree of much greater height, in its
more cuneated leaves, more acute at the apex, in its much longer racemes, with more
numerous flowers much greater in size and differently coloured, and much larger fruit.
5. COUROUPITA PERUVIANA, nob.: ramulis teretibus, validiusculis, fusco-rufescentibus,
luride opacis, suleato-angulatis, apice crebre foliiferis ; foliis oblongis, a medio
deorsum sensim angustioribus, imo obtusis, et hinc in petiolo breviter decur-
rentibus, apice obtusis, breviter obtuse aut acutiuscule acuminatis, margine obso-
letissime serrulatis, tenuiter chartaceis, supra viridibus, nervis plurimis, rectiusculis,
parallele divaricatis, subimmersis, venis tenuissimis, reticulatis, subtus pallidius
viridibus, opacis, costa striata prominente, nervis imo barbatis venisque crebre
reticulatis prominentibus; petiolo supra sulcato, subruguloso, parce puberulo, limbo
quadruplo breviore: racemis axillaribus ; rachi longissima, crassissima, simpliei vel
in. ramos 3-5 alternos interdum divisa, angulato-suleata, ochraceo-pruinosa, verru-
culosa, multiflora; pedicellis longiusculis (rarius bifurcatis et 2-floris), subvalidis,
rectis, subadscendentibus, firme persistentibus, imo bractea parva ciliata et apice
bracteis 2 calycem involucrantibus munitis; floribus cum istis articulatis, plerum-
que caducis, majusculis, odoratissimis; sepalis suborbicularibus, valde .convexis,
extus granulato-rugulosis, puberulis, margine anguste membranaceis et ciliatis;
petalis majusculis, late oblongis, concavis, imo breviter unguieulatis, carnosulis,
extus pallide carneis, intus rubris vel lateritiis, siccitate flavide punctulatis, extus
granoso-rugulosis; androphoro albo, ligula rubra; ovario turbinato, 6-suleato, sub-
infero, flavide pulverulento, 6-loculari, ovulis plurimis axi affixis, vertice intra
discum alte pulvinatim. annularem convexo, et stylo brevi obtuso umbonato; stig-
mate majusculo, depresse orbiculari, 6-lobato, lobis suleatis : pyxidio majusculo, fere
globoso, imo angustato, apice subdepresso, paullo supra medium zona calycari sub-
. lineari cincto, 6-loculari. In Peruvia alta: v.s. in hd. variis; Tarapota, in sylvis
secus rivulos (Spruce, 4495). ۱
_ A very large tree about 100 feet high, with a softish wood, known by the name of
Aiaúma (caput mortui), probably from its large round fetid fruit. The axils at the ends E
of its pendent branchlets are close, about 4 line apart ; the leaves are 4-54 in. long, 1
1i-2 in. broad, on a petiole $-1 in. long, with 18-20 pairs of straight parallel nerves: —
the rachis of the inflorescence is 2-3 lines thick, 8-9 in. long, with axils 3 lines apart;
the nearly erect. persistent pedicels are 9-12 lines long and 1-14 line thick; the oval
braets at the apex of each pedicel are 2 lines long and broad, concealing the ovary
which is articulated upon the pedicel; the sepals are 1} line long and broad; the fleshy
ET eee ER A DE s7
.MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 193
petals are 18 lines long, 13 lines broad, flesh-coloured outside, brick-red within; the
androphorum is 4 lines in diam., white, with a reddish ligula. "The pyxidium, according
to Spruce's notes, is almost globular, 7-75 in. in diam., somewhat narrower towards the
base, rather depressed above, with a linear zone a little above the middle, showing there
the vestiges of the sepals ; the upper zone and operculum are small; the pericarp is
3 in. thick, the epicarp and endocarp hard and osseous, the latter subtomentous inside ;
the fleshy mesocarp, becoming fluid, escapes, and leaves the space it occupied quite
empty; the ۵ fleshy dissepiments, at first firm and distinct, are soon resolved into a
mueilaginous pulp, whieh envelops many smallish seeds arranged in 2 series: this
pulp on exposure to the air becomes black and fetid. It is used by the natives to cure
skin-diseases in animals.
This species in many respects approaches C. Surinamensis, especially in the hairy
tufts in the axils of the nerves; but it differs in its larger leaves upon longer petioles,
more numerous nerves, in the more slender persistent pedicels of the inflorescence (not
artieulated at the base), in its smaller flowers, in its much larger fruit not quite
spherical. + - - | |
6. COUROUPITA ODORATISSIMA, Seem. in Hook. Kew Journ. iii. 301; Bot. Her. p. 126:
ramis divergentibus; ramulis validiusculis, teretibus, pallide opacis, striatis, len-
ticellis flavidis odoriferis crebre verruculosis : foliis oblongis, imo sensim cuneatis,
apice in acumen breve repente constrietis, integerrimis, vel obsolete sinuatis et
minute denticulatis, margine ciliatis, tenuiter membranaceis vel subchartaceis,
supra viridibus, vix nitidis, sparse pilosulis, nervis tenuibus plurimis parallelis
patentim divaricatis haud prominulis, venis transversim retieulatis, costa tenui,
subimmersa, subtus concoloribus, sparse puberulis, in nervis costaque prominulis
densius pilosulis ; petiolo crassiusculo, supra plano, subtus convexo, dense puberulo,
limbo 15plo breviore; stipulis parvis, subcordatis, puberulis, caducissimis: racemis
terminalibus, vel a trunco enatis, folium subsequantibus و rachi valida, angulato-
suleata, glanduloso-verruculosa, tomentosa, multiflora; floribus speciosis, odora-
tissimis; pedicellis sublongiusculis, rufo-tomentellis, demum glabratis, suberectis,
imo firmatis, apice cum floribus articulatis; sepalis obtusis, ciliatis; petalis oblongis,
obtusis, margine fimbriatis, carneolis, luteo-striatis ; androphoro splendente aureo;
ovario ut in spec. precedente; stigmate 6-radiato. In Veraguas: v. s. in hb. Hook.,
in sylvis Rio Jesus (Seemann, 1151).
A lofty tree, 60-80 feet high, growing in the forest, the trunk bare to the height of
20 feet, and bearing many racemes, with handsome flowers as large as those of a passion-
flower, from a resemblance to which it bears the vernacular name of Granadillo: it is
also called Palo de paraiso. The axils of its branchlets are $ in. apart; the leaves are
6-73 in. long, 21-3 in. broad, on a stout petiole 5-6 lines long, and they have about
20 pairs of slender parallel nerves arcuately joined near the margin ; the rachis of the
terminal raceme is 7 in. long, 2 lines thick; pedicels alternately 2-4 lines apart, 6 9
lines long, with flowers articulated on their summit, which are 11-2 in. broad when
expanded; stamens very numerous, crowded upon both the annular ring and head of the
194 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
androphorum, with very short capillary filaments seated upon dark tetragonous appen.
dages truncated at their summit ; anthers of 2 bright yellow oval lobes divaricated at
their base; the fruit is unknown. The fragrance of the flowers can be perceived at a
distance of half a mile.
7. CoUROUPITA MEMBRANACEA, nob.: ramulis teretibus, angulato-sulcatis, brunneis,
glaberrimis, sublucentibus ; foliis elongato-oblongis, deorsum sensim angustioribus
et imo cuneatim acutis, apice in acumen breve obtusulum subito constrictis,
marginibus obsolete et remote crenatis, cum dente parvo glanduloso, valde mem-
branaceis, utrinque lete concoloribus, glaberrimis, supra nervis tenuissimis paral-
lele divaricato-adscendentibus venisque transversim reticulatis prominulis, subtus
costa tenui nervisque sparsim pilosulis et in axillis subbarbatis; petiolo tenuissimo,
imo crassiore, canaliculato, puberulo, limbo 8-9plo breviore: racemis ultrapeda-
libus, a trunco enatis; rachi crassa, angulato-sulcata, pallide brunnea, puberula;
pedicellis alternis, subremotis, imo firmatis, apice cum flore articulatis. In Nueva
Granada: v.s. in hb. Hook., Santa Marta, in planitiis ad Molinas in valle Dupar
(Purdie). |
This species, though in many characters approaching the preceding, is yet very distinet
in its deeply suleated glabrous branchlets, without the peculiar odoriferous glands that
distinguish the Veraguas plant; it differs also in its longer racemes, much larger leaves,
‘upon much longer and more slender petioles: a similar membranaceous texture of the
leaves occurs in both the preceding species. It is a tall tree, occurring in plains (not in
the forests), and, as in some other species of the genus, with the inflorescence issuing
from the main trunk or its bare branches. The axils of its branchlets are ¿4 in. apart;
the leaves are 81-9 in. long, 22-31 in. broad, on a slender petiole 1 in. long: the rachis
of the racemes is much above a foot in length, with pedicels 3 lines apart and 8 lines ۱
long; the petals are very thick and dark when dry, when fresh are succulent, and yield
a blue juice when squeezed.
8. COUROUPITA LENTULA, nob.: ramulis ramosis tenuibus, fusco-brunneis, subcompressis,
striolatis, sparse verruculosis; foliis ovatis, vel oblongo-ovatis, imo obtusis, vel
rotundiuseulis, apice sensim acutis, aut subobtusis, crenato-serrulatis eum dentibus
obtusis, membranaceis, friabilibus, supra viridibus, opacis, nervis tenuissimis venisque
reticulatis immersis, subtus vix pallidioribus, fulvide opacis, costa nigra, tenu,
prominula; petiolo tenui, limbo 15-18plo breviore: forma inflorescentis ignota;
petalis oblongis, apice rotundatis, submembranaceis (an rubris ? siccis fuscis), na
ginibus tenuissimis pallidis ; androphoro majusculo, ligula sensim ampliata, striata,
galea intus concava, appendiculis numerosissimis crebris staminiferis donata. In
Brasilia: v. s. in hb. Hook., Theos (Moricand, 2636, sub Couroupita).
The leaves are 23-33 in. long, 14-13 in. broad, on a petiole 13-2 lines long: thers =
no inflorescence on the specimen, only the petals and androphorum glued to the sheet;
the latter has a broad oblique cup-shaped ring, widening considerably into a very ue ۲
naked ligula, continued into an inverted hood of equal length and breadth, which 5 —
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 195
covered inside all over, somewhat laxly, with longish adpressed staminiferous append-
ages, the outer row fimbriating the margin: it is altogether, including the basal ring,
18 lines long, 6 lines broad, the hood being 7 lines long and broad; nearly the entire
surface of the basal ring is crowded with short staminiferous appendages in many series.
This structure is in confirmation of Moricand's determination that it is a species of
Couroupita. |
9. COUROUPITA CRENULATA, nob.: ramulis rufo- vel cinereo-brunneis, opacis, rugulosis,
obsolete striatis; foliis ovalibus, aut late ovatis, imo rotundatis, subito brevissime
acutatis, et in petiolo decurrentibus, apice rotundatis, et in acumen recurvatum
brevissimum canaliculatis, in marginibus cartilagineis vix revolutis irregulariter
crenatis, chartaceis, supra pallide viridibus, nervis tenuissimis subpatentibus vix
prominulis, valde reticulatis, costa tenui, circa basin dilatata et plana, subtus fere
concoloribus aut brunnescenti-viridibus, opacis, costa nervis venisque prominulis;
petiolo supra plano, late marginato, margine involuto, limbo 8plo breviore : racemo
terminali, folio longiore; rachi flexuosa, subcompressa, striolata; pedicellis paten-
tibus, calyce brevioribus, fuscis, rugulosis; sepalis subrotundatis, rotatis, fuscis,
granoso-rugosis; petalis suborbicularibus, insequalibus, concavis, margine ciliatis ;
ovario infero, turbinato, subangulato, granoso, 4-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo
plurimis, e placenta axillari prominente, funiculis centrifuge radiantibus, vertice
intra discum latiusculum paullo prominente, subconcavo, nitido, radiatim striato,
margine crenato; stylo centrali, brevi, depresse globoso, 4-suleato; stigmate sessili,
hoe minore, depresse globoso, obsolete 4-lobo, lobis styli suleis oppositis. In Brasilia :
v. pl. sicc. in hb. Mus. Brit., Bahia (Blanchet, 302), cum specimine ligni: i» Ab.
Hook., Ilheos (Moricand, 2417).
The sample of wood sent by Blanchet is about 3 inches in diameter; it may be part of
the main stem, but more probably of one of its branches: the leaves are 3-4} in. long,
2-2? in. broad, on a petiole 3-4 lines long, with about 18 pairs of nerves arcuately con-
joined far within the margin; the rachis is 5-6 in. long, bearing about 15 flowers, 1-2 in.
apart.
3. BERTHOLLETIA. (Plate XXXIII. c.)
The general features of this genus having been so amply demonstrated in the preli-
minary remarks (ante, p. 161 et seq.), no further observations are here necessary. Only
a single species has been hitherto recorded; but I think two or more may easily be recog-
nized in our herbaria.
Bertholletia, H. & Bonpl.
Calyx adnatus, limbo libero, breviter tubulato et poculiformi, 2-lobato, lobis tubo duplo longioribus,
oblongis, rotundatis, valde concavis, patentibus, coriaceis, apice undulato-crenatis, vel obtuse 3-den-
tatis, demum circumscissis. Petala 6, oblonga, triplo longiora, inzequalia, nonnulla sepe fissa et
plura simulantia, imbricata, unguibus inter discum et androphorum agglutinata. Discus epigynus,
196 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
annularis, subplanus. Androphorum magnum, petaloideum, ejus Couroupite forma, imo cupu-
latum, margine crenatum, centro excisum, intus appendicibus numerosissimis creberrime ereetis
brevibus clavatis apice staminigeris munitum, ligula paullo longiore et sensim latiore, nuda, incurva,
galea gradatim reversa, semiglobosa, intus concava et appendiculis longiusculis lineari-subulatis
sterilibus densissime echinata ; stamina parva, in appendices basales solum insita; filamenta bre-
vissima, filiformia; anthere parve, ovatz, 2-lob:, lobis collateraliter adnatis, in sinu imo aflixis,
rima marginali longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium inferum, semiglobosum, 4-suleatum, 4- (ra:
rius 5-)loculare, ovulis in quoque loculo 5, sessilibus, e basi radiatim erectis, vertice intra discum
planum subconcavo ; stylo tereti, leviter incurvo; stigmate minute globoso, papilloso. Pyzidium
majusculum, globosum, longe vel paullo supra medium zona calycari lineari cinctum; vitta interzo-
nali valde convexa ; zona superiore minima, circulari, fauce intus declivi, vel acuta et subtus concava ;
operculo parvo, aut alte mammeformi, levi, vel depresse pulvinato radiatim striato, et breviter umbo.
nato, ore secedente intus retracto, subtus ad -columellam agglutinato; columella cylindrica,
4-suleata, apice attenuata, mox ad basin descendens, imum versus latior et seminifera; peri-
carpio crasso, ponderoso, epicarpio grosse corticoso, rimoso, sspe resiliente; endocarpio cras-
siusculo, osseo, durissimo, extus leviter scrobiculato et pluricostato, intus plerumque 4-loculari,
epulposo, dissepimentis columellaque siccatione demum evanidis. Semina in quoque loculo con-
stanter 5, vel 8 triseriata, sine funiculo ad basin columelle erectim affixa, oblonga, pressione acute
triquetra corrugulatim rugosa, hilo versus angulum basalem signata; testa crasse coriacea, duris-
sima, indehiscente, cum canalibus 3 intra angulos pertusa, his vestigiis vasorum spiralium ab hilo
ad apicem adscendentium repletis, quee mox in telam araneam per testam undique subdivise raphen
valde sparsam constituunt : integumentum internum submembranaceum, brunneum, opacum, nucleo
arcte adherens. Embryo exalbuminosus, oblongus, utrinque obtusus, amygdalino-homogeneus,
edulis; re vera radicula gigantea est, cujus neorhiza crassa, interna, ab exorhiza externa undique
cincta, atque insuper ad extremitatem ab hilo remotiorem cotyledones 2 minutissime vix visibiles eum
plumula lata in eis abscondita: in germinatione, plumula per cotyledones protrusa, caulem squa-
mosum propullat; quandoque neorhiza, ex extremitate opposita expulsa, radicem efficit. .
Arbores Americe tropice, gigantee, trunco nudo, altissimo, crassissimo, superne valde ramoso : folia alterna,
majuscula, ad. apicem ramorum approximata, oblonga, utrinque subacuta, cum petiolo plus minusve
elongato: racemi sepe paniculati, axillares et terminales, multiflori; rachi crassa, geniculatim
nodosa; flores fere sessiles, imo bracteis 3 deciduis donati, petalis cum androphoro simul caducis.
1. BERTHOLLETIA EXCELSA, Bonpland, Pl. Aquin. i. 122, tab. 36; Poit. Mém. Mus. xiii.
148, tab. 4 (nec 8); DC. Prodr. iii. 293; Mart. Reise, 1130, pl. 11; Berg in Mart.
Fl. Bras. /. c. p. 478; Linn. xxvii. 460 : procera, ramis deflexis, ramulis teretibus,
subangulatis, interrupte striolatis, fusco-brunneis, opace pruinosis, lenticellato-verru-
culosis; foliis oblongis, vel elongato-oblongis, imo subrotundatis, et in petiolum
breviter acutatis, apice rotundatis, et in acumen breve acutum canaliculatim re-
flexum subito constrictis, subintegris, vel marginibus crenulato-undulatis, obsoletis-
sime serratis, chartaceis, supra profunde viridibus, subopacis, minutissime granulatis,
nervis tenuissimis, divaricatis, longe intra marginem arcuatim nexis, vix prominulis,
venis immersis et laxe reticulatis, costa tenui, mox sensim latiore, et late canalicu-
lata, pruinosa, subtus pallidioribus, fusco-umbrinis, pulverulento-opacis, nervis per
minulis, costa crassiore, prominente, striolata; petiolo elongato, semitereti, margini-
bus latis valde introflexis, brunneo-pulverulento, corruguloso, limbo 6-10plo bre- .
viore: panicula racemiformi, terminali, folio æquilonga, cum ramo solitario elon-
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 197
gato erecto, vel racemo simplici axillari; rachi crassa, angulata, geniculata, nodis
alternis prominulis et approximatis, circa 50-flora ; floribus sessilibus, cum nodis
articulatis, bracteis 2 obtuse ovatis stipatis; calycis limbo breviter cupulato, pro-
funde fisso in sepala 2 ovata, apice obtuse 3-dentata, valde concava, patentia,
coriacea, tomento brunneo opace pruinosa; petalis 6, ovato-oblongis, obtusis, con-
cavis, ochroleucis ; ovario infero, semigloboso, 4-loculari, ovulis triseriatim erectis,
sessilibus, vertice intra discum subplano, radiatim striato; stylo subulato, sub-
eurvato, sepalis dimidio breviore; stigmate minimo, papilloso-lobato: pyxidio
majusculo, oblongo-ovali, cortice levi, pallido, suberasso, vix rimoso, paullo supra
medium zona calycari lineata circulari notato; vitta interzonali convexa; zona
superiore minima, fauce obtusa, superne concava; operculo alte mammeformi, a
columella cylindrica mox soluto et caduco; endocarpio crassissimo, pallide lignoso,
4-loeulari, vel e septis evanidis tandem 1-loculari, 40—60-spermo, seminibus imbri-
cato-erectis. In America tropicali, Rio Orinoco (Bonpland) et in Guiana: v. s.
plant. in herb. variis, Guiana (Schomb. 439); in herb. Hook., Para (Riedel, 611);
regione Amazonica (Burchell, 9473-9879): v. fruct. in Mus. Kew., in Trinidade
introd. (Purdie).
A magnificent tree, above 100 feet high, with a trunk 24 feet thick ; the axils of the
terminal branchlets are $ in. apart; the leaves are 8-24 in. long, 34-6 in. broad, on a
petiole 9-18 lines long, and with about 25 pairs of nerves, with others intermediate and
shorter. The terminal panicle is 8 in. long, with a single branch nearly equal in length,
with a rachis 2 lines thick when dried, its zigzag turns (with prominent nodes) 2 lines
apart; the oval bracts very small; the lobes of the calyx 7 lines long, 5 lines broad; the
petals 15 lines long, 8 lines broad; the androphorum 1 in. in diam.; the pyxidium
(Plate XXXVII. figs. 1-4) 6 in. long, 5 in. in diam., with a smooth palish lenticellated
bark, which does not crack and fall off; the calycary zone, 2 in. below the apex, is 3 in. in
diam. ; the opereular zone, 8 lines in diam., is contracted within into a depressed concave
mouth, 6 lines in diam. ; the operculum is cylindrical, 5 lines broad, 5 lines high, round
and umbilicated at the summit; as the attached columella withers, it breaks away and
falls off, as Bonpland has well shown both in his upper and lower figure; and this offers
a marked distinction between this and the following species. Poiteau wrongly inferred
two errors in Bonpland's drawings—one that in the lower figure the fruit is inverted, the
other that the columella and mode of attachment of seeds are reversed: but this is not
so; for Bonpland's drawing is quite correct. The pericarp is very thick, is originally
4-celled, with from 6 to 10 seeds in each cell, which can only escape after the decay of
the shell.
2. BERTHOLLETIA NOBILIS, nob.: Bertholletia excelsa, Berg (non Bonpl.), in Mart. Fl.
Bras. J. c. p. 478, tab. 60-61 quoad inflorescentiam et fructus; Poiteau (in parte)
Mém. Mus. xiii. tab. 8 (nec 4); Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 74: procerrima, trunco crasso,
ad alt. 100 ped. nudo, superne ramosissimo, ramis deflexis, ramulis validis, teretibus,
fusco-brunneis, glauco-pruinosis ; foliis oblongis, imo obtusatis et in petiolum subito
VOL. xxx. 9D
198 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
acutatis, apice rotundatis, et in acumen breve acutum repente constrictis, margi-
nibus grossule et crenulato-serratis, supra sublucentibus, vix opacis, rufescenti.
viridibus, subcoriaceis, nervis pruinosis patentibus arcuatim nexis, venis creberrime
reticulatis, costa. striolata, immersa, subtus pallide vel ochraceo-brunneis, subniten-
tibus, costa striolata nervisque prominentibus ; petiolo valido, supra plano et margi-
nato, subtus convexo, limbo 24plo breviore : panieula terminali, laxe ramosa, folio
subequilonga, ramisque vix crassis, longiusculis, patentissimis و rachi crebriflora,
angulato-striata, rugulosa, prominenter nodosa ; floribus sessilibus, cum nodis articu-
latis ; calyce primum globoso, demum in lobos 2 diviso, lobis hemispheericis concavis,
erassiusculis, patentibus, apice obsolete crenulatis, extus pruinosis ; ovario infero,
turbinato, 4-loculari, vertice intra discum parvo, radiatim striato ; stylo subbreyi,
subinflexo. In regione Amazonica et Guiana : v. s. in herb. Hook., Para (Martius) ;
in Amazonas, sine loco (Burchell, 9226, 9314, 9879 in parte): v. fr. s. in Mus. Kew.
(Spruce); in Mus. Brit. (sine loco).
This species differs from the former in its loftier growth, its immense trunk bare to a
great height, stouter branches, leaves of a more rufescent hue, with more numerous closer
nerves, more reticulated, on much shorter petioles, in its broader panicle with several
long branches spreading horizontally, in the rounder and more entire calycine lobes. It
forms a tree above 120 feet high, with a trunk 14 feet in diam. up to a height of 50 feet,
and quite bare to the height of 100 feet; its leaves are 10-15 in. long, 32-4$ in. broad,
on a petiole 3 to 6 lines long; the panicle is about 10 in. long, with about 5 horizontal
branches 3-5 in. long; the floriferous nodes are 1—2 in. apart. The fruit (Plate XXXVIL
figs. 4-7) is globular, 4-43 in. in diam., with a much thicker, rougher, darker, and
more cracking resilient bark 3 lines thick; the endocarp is 4 lines thick, subosseous;
the inconspicuous calycary zone is 9-12 lines below the summit; the upper zone, 6 lines
in diam., has a sharp edge, concave and widening inwards ; the operculum, of the same
diameter, rises little above the mouth, is pulvinately depressed, radiately sulcated,
shortly umbonate at the apex, persistently attached to the columella, which is at first
slender, 4-angular, gradually swelling to the base into a club-shaped placenta, upon
which the erect crowded seeds are affixed by a nearly basal ventral hilum ; as this colu-
mella shrivels in drying, it draws along with it the operculum into the cavity of the cell;
the cavity of the shell, originally 4-celled, becomes unilocular by the withering of the
slender dissepiments, and contains 20 sharply triquetral seeds, which are closely com-
pacted, entirely filling the cavity, without the trace of any pulp.
These seeds are known in commerce as Brazil nuts; the amount exported from Para
alone in six months of the year 1863 was 18,862 alquieres ; and from Manáos, on the Bio
Negro, 9976 alquieres. Taking this to be the average export for 1 year, the yield 3
amounts to about 24 millions of the fruits, or 50 millions of seeds, occupying ue 4
bulk of 60,000 bushels: this does not include the several other large quantities exported E
from the Rio Orinoco, Demerara, Cayenne, Maranhao, and other places. These seeds, 18
Brazil, may be valued at about 30 shillings per bushel. The hard fruits which fall to thè
ground are broken in the forests by Indians, where a man and a boy will break about E
MR. J. MIERS ON TEE LECYTHIDACEZX. 199
300 of them daily, yielding them about 2 alquieres of the nuts. The kernels of these
nuts, broken in a similar manner, are subjected to pressure, when they yield an oil
greatly esteemed for domestic purposes and for export, each pound of the kernels fur-
nishing 9 ounces of oil, valued at 2 shillings per pound. This oil, according to Martius,
consists, per cent., of 74 parts of eleine, and 26 of stearine. The finely laminated
inner bark of the trunks is also a valuable article of commerce, especially adapted for
the caulking of ships and barges, being worth about 18 shillings per ewt.
The question here naturally arises, how do the seeds germinate and strike root, con-
fined as they are in an inextricable prison? For it is manifest they cannot find an exit
through the opercular opening, and they cannot escape by any other means than by the
rotting of the thick pericarp on moist ground ; and it would probably require three years’
exposure to the sun and moisture before so thick a shell could decay sufficiently to allow
of the liberation of the seeds, and then perhaps another year's exposure before the thick
testa of the seeds could rot sufficiently to allow the embryo to germinate. This shows an
extraordinary power of vitality in the embryo, which would seem to remain four or five
years in a dormant state. Oily seeds are generally supposed to ferment and decay soon ;
but that perhaps is where the oil-cells are contained in albumen; here, however, we find
a reverse condition. I have been told that when the embryo of Bertholletia has been
extrieated, and planted under the most favourable circumstances, it takes a whole year
before it begins to germinate. Is this inertness due to the large amount of stearine in
the oil-cells, which preserves it from decay ?
4. Lecytuis. (Plate XXXIV. A.)
The many points of structure hitherto unknown to botanists, among the several plants
referred to Lecythis, render it necessary to define the genus anew, and to separate from
it all those species where, in the ovary, the ovules are erect, unsupported by funicles, and
where in the fruit the operculum is not attached to a central eolumella, where the
seeds are bitter (not edible), are not suspended in pulp by a large fleshy funicle or
strophiole, but are always dry, erect, and attached to the base of the fruit by a large
hilum. The species so distinguished from Lecythis proper are here deseribed under the
distinct genera Chytroma, Eschweilera, and Jugastrum. The androphorum in Lecythis
is similar in structure to that of Bertholletia ; that is to say, the imbricated appendages
within the hood are always bare of stamens, terminating in flexible points, all centring
around the style, where they form a kind of brush, the probable function of which is to
collect and distribute the pollen derived from the fertile stamens placed over the epigy-
nous disk, We find in Chytroma and Eschweilera an androphorum constructed as in
Bertholletia; but not so in Jugastrum, where the appendages within the head bear
fertile stamens, as in Couroupita and sometimes in Lecythis. These conditions form
differential features by which Lecythis may at all times be easily distinguished from
other genera of the family: its diagnosis may now be summed up in the following
manner :—
2D2
200 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE.
LECYTHIS, Loefl., Linn.
Calyz adnatus, limbo libero in sepala 6-7 brevibus diviso. Petala 6-7, multo majora, sepius inequalia,
oblonga, subreflexa, unguibus intra discum et androphorum semel agglutinata et cum androphoro
caduca. Discus epigynus, annularis, planus. Androphorum magnum, petaloideum, ei Bertholletie
simile, imum annulare disco agglutinatum, intus appendiculis brevibus erectis staminiferis creberrimis
munitum ; ligula nuda, carnosa; galea subito inversa, extus depresse convexa, intus appendiculis
longioribus teretibus dense echinata, his plerumque staminiferis, supremis longioribus et sterilibus ;
stamina iis Bertholletie similia. Ovarium inferum, semiglobusum, vel turbinatum, vertice intra
discum planum convexo, 4- raro 5-loculare ; ovula in quoque loculo plurima, a placentis crassis cen-
tralibus funiculo distincto pluriseriatim suspensa, anatropa: stylus longiusculus, teres, subincurvus ;
stigma minimum, subglobosum, papillosum. Pyxidium sepius maximum, ovale, turbinatum, vel
globosum, ad varias altitudines zona calycari e sepalis incrassatis plus minusve tumidis cinctum ; vitta
interzonali modo vario elevata; zona superiore orbiculari, et hinc dehiscente ; operculum majusculum,
subcirculare, crassissimum, ligneum, vel fibroso-coriaceum, supra convexum, seepe umbonatum, subtus
ad columellam longe descendentem 4-angulatam arcte agglutinatum, et simul deciduum : pericarpium
crassum, ligneum, durum, 4- vel incomplete 5-loculare: semina in quoque loculo 4-6, oblonga,
utrinque obtusa, tusca, longitudinaliter costato-sulcata, ab hilo subsupero funiculo (seu strophiola)
albo carnoso fere :wquimagno suspensa; testa crassa, dura, sublignosa, et raphes ramis intra costas
sepultis munita; infegumentum internum tenuiter membranaceum, chalaza infera ssepe signatum :
embryo exalbuminosus, edulis, albus, amygdalinus, utrinque obtusus, homogeneus, seu re vera radi-
cula gigantea, cujus exorhiza externa neorhizam internam distincte et undique cingit, cofyledonibus
4, minutissimis, decussatim imbricatis, valde depressis, vix distinctis, ab hilo remotis, cum plumula
obtusa sub iis abscondita, ita ut in germinatione plumula per cotyledones propulsa nove plante cau-
liculum squamigerum gignat, et neorhize incremento radicella, e mamilla hilo proxima, erumpat.
Arbores Americe tropice et Antillane sepius mazime, trunco crasso, dure ligneo, cortice coriaceo, libero,
e laminis numerosissimis solubilibus confecto, ramose : folia elliptica, vel oblonga, raro cordata, sepius
glabra, integra vel serrata, petiolata ; panieule aut racemi axillares et terminales, pluriflori: flores
pedicellati, albi, rosei, aut lutei.
1. Lecyrats OLLARIA, Loefl. Itin. p. 159; Linn. Sp. p. 734; DC. Prodr. iii. 291 (excl.
syn.); Berg in Mart. Flor. Bras. l c. p. 615; in Linn. xxvii. 449: arbor vasta;
ramulis verrueulosis; foliis ovatis, imo cordatis, apice obtusis, subserratis, firme
chartaceis, subundulatis, supra fusco-viridibus, petiolo subnullo : racemo terminali,
spicato, rachi angulata; pedicellis e nodis alternis, horizontalibus, bractea ovata
decidua munitis; floribus nutantibus ; sepalis 6, oblongis, insequalibus, exterioribus
rotundioribus, concavis, persistentibus ; petalis 6, multo majoribus, patulis, sub-
insequalibus, oblongis, vel subrotundatis, concavis, marginibus oblique reflexis,
albis; androphoro luteo: ovario infero, 4-loculari, vertice depresso; stylo sub-
brevi; stigmate obtuso : pyxidio magno, imo subrotundo, supra medium zona caly-
cari subannulari obtuse 6-lobata cincto; zona superiore integra; pericarpio lignoso.
ioci, ad Barcelona (Zefling) ; in Cumaná? Humboldt (sec. cl. Berg): no?
i.
We know nothing more of this species, that can be depended upon, beyond the above
details, quoted from Leefling; the few additional characters offered by Berg are here
;
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 201
omitted, because he obtained them from a specimen collected by Humboldt in Cumaná,
now in the Berlin herbarium, and which has no flower; it is certainly doubtful whether
that specimen is identical with Leefling’s plant, because the characters assigned to it by
Berg apply equally to his Lecythis cordata, from Barcelona, which, in like manner, has
sessile cordate leaves of similar shape. Indeed this latter plant might have been con-
sidered identical with .L. ollaria, were it not for the structure of the ovary, which is said
by Berg to be 2-locular, with a shortish style, and which, therefore, must be referred to
the genus Eschweilera. We know of another Venezuelan species with cordate leaves
(from Tovar), L. tenaz, Berg, which, for a similar reason, is also an Zschweilera, as I
have verified.
Linnseus never saw the plant; nor does it appear that any botanist since the time of
Lefling (1758) has met with it, if we except the doubtful instance of Humboldt.
2. LECYTHIS AMPULLARIA, nob.: planta ignota: pyxidio maximo, vasiformi, oblongo-
ovato, medio sensim ventricoso, et 12-sulcato, zona calycari paullo supra medium
lineari cincto; vitta interzonali conica, diametri dimidia parte alta, incurvata,
infra summum subito expansa, labium prominens simulante; zona superiore cir-
culari, integra, fauce intus in labrum latissimum nitens producto; operculo ignoto;
periearpio crasso, leviter lignoso; seminibus magnis, elongato-oblongis, utrinque
obtusis, pallide brunneis, cum costis prominentibus circa 7, intervallis angulatis
et transversim corrugulatis. In Nova Granada: v. fr. s. in Mus. Kew., Nova
Granada (Triana) ; Antioquia (Jarvis).
Whether these fruits belong to L. integrifolia, R. & P., or some other species from the
same locality, we have no evidence to determine. The two specimens in the Kew Museum
have evidently been used as water-bottles, their bottoms being truncately cut to enable
them to stand upright. Their thin bark has been smoothed off, leaving a fibrous surface,
with twelve longitudinal furrows, which cease at a transverse line which I take to be
the calycary zone. The larger specimen (Plate XX XVIII.) is 84 in. long, 64 in. broad at
the ventricose middle, 54 in. at the calycary zone, which is 23 in. below the upper zone;
the Interzonary band is contracted below the lip-shaped mouth to a diameter of 4 inches ;
the upper zone is 5 in. in diam., with a rather obtuse margin; and this inclines inward
t form the lip, which has an enamelled surface 12 in. broad, where it narrows gradually
Into a contracted mouth 3 in. in diam.; the pericarp is 3 in. thick at the interzonal
5 Ea the middle, and much thicker at the base; the inner space is 72 in. deep,
renim the middle; the seeds are 3 in. long, 1 in. broad, rather narrower at ^
Antioquia, is im rms extremity with a lateral hilum. The smaller cr Pd
Kuchen ni y half the size of the above, and is probably only half-grown ; 115 surtac
Ped off in a similar manner. !
3. Lecyry
io US AMAZONUM, Mart., Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. l.c. p. 484, tab. 66, 67: planta
"gnota : pyxidio maximo, late oviformi, imo hemispheerice rotundato, longe supra
“ona calycari obsolete 6-lobata vix prominente cincto; vitta interzonali
202 ^ MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
convexiuseula, conice inclinata, diametri circa quintam partem alta; zona superiore
quam inferiore multo angustiore, integra, circulari; operculo vittz altitudine,
spheerice convexo, solido, subtus columella intra faucem valde incrassata hine obco-
niea, profunde 4-suleata et longe descendente aucto; pericarpio crassissimo, sub-
spongiose lignoso, subleviter opaco, vel granulis parvis elevatis subirrorato, obsolete
4-loculari. In Brasilia, prov. Pará (Martius) : non vidi |
This species, seen by Von Martius, was a tree too lofty to obtain a specimen of its
leaves or inflorescence. The pyxidium is 9 in. long, 74 in. broad in the middle; the
calycary zone is 6} in. above the base, 6 in. in diam. ; the interzonary band is 1 in. high;
the superior zone and operculum 32 in. in diam., height of the latter 12 in., the colu-
mella filling the mouth and descending to the depth of 4 in.; pericarp 3 in. thick, its
inner mouth 3 in. broad, depth of cell below upper zone 74 in., its internal diameter
64 in.; seeds 1 in. long, 8 lines broad.
4. LECYTHIS URNIGERA, Mart., Berg in Mart. Flor. Bras. J. c. p. 493, tab. 64: ramulis
rugosis, subgriseis, opacis, subsuleatis; foliis ovalibus, imo rotundatis, apice sæpis-
sime obtusatis, ad marginem subtenuem flavescentem serrulatis, dentibus obtusis,
subchartaceis, supra viridibus, opacis, nervis tenuissimis patentim divaricatis vix
prominulis, creberrime reticulatis, subtus pallidioribus, nervis venisque prominulis,
costa prominente; petiolo tenui, supra sulcato et marginato, subtus fusciore, limbo
10plo breviore: inflorescentia brevi (invisa); pedicellis fructiferis valde incras-
satis: pyxidio maximo, ovali-oblongo, infra vel ad medium subventricoso, longe
supra medium zona calycari vix prominula annulari circumdato, margine acutius-
culo erecta, undulata et obsolete 6-loba, ambitu circulari ; vitta interzonali imo
coarctata et anguste canaliculata, dein conice convexa, diametri quartam partem alta;
zona superiore integra, inferiore angustiore, fauce crassissima, introrsum inclinata,
ore Zona dimidio minore; operculo rotundiuscule et conice convexo, vitta duplo
altiore, solido, subtus columella aucto, hac primum valde crassa, faucem implente,
dein subbreviter obconica, 4-sulcata ; pericarpio crassissimo, subscabride granuloso
vel scrobiculato-rugoso, granulis flavidis creberrime signato, interdum sublacunose
tuberculato, obsolete 4-loculari; seminibus 16-24, ovato-oblongis, profunde sulcatis,
costis furcatis, funiculo magno carnoso suspensis. In Brasilia, prov. Rio Janeiro
(Cantagallo): v. pl. s. in herb. meo, Marica (Mattos); v. fr.s. ex eodem loc. (Mattos),
in Mus, Fry. et meo, Novo Friburgo (Cox); Ilheos (Hawkshaw).
Specimens of the plant, without flowers, but attached to the fruit, were lately received
from Sen. Mattos; I also obtained the fruit in a fresh state many years ago in Rio de
Janeiro. The species forms a tree of immense size, unquestionably the same as L. urni-
gera, Mart., which extends over the province from Maricä to Cantagallo, and even as far
north as Ilheos. The leaves are 3-34 in. long, 2-21 in. broad, eH a petiole 31-4 lines
long ; and they have about 15 pairs of nerves, with others shorter and intermediate, all
anastomosing. "The pyxidium (Plate XXXIX.) is 7-10} in. long, 6-74 in. broad; the
calycary zone 51-61 in. in diam., 5-74 in. above the base ; the interzonary band is 1-13 in.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA, i 208
high ; the upper zone is circular 34-44 in. in diam., the inner mouth contracted and slant-
ing downward to a diameter of 15-2 in. ; the operculum is 34-44 in. in diam., 14-2 in.
high, solid, with the attached columella, at first 14 in. thick, 21 long, extending down-
wards to an obtuse point; the pericarp is nearly 1 in. thick, depth of inner space from
upper zone 5-7 in., the internal diam. 4-6 in.; the seeds are 13-2 in. long, 1-12 in.
broad, suspended by white fleshy funicles of nearly the same length; the fruit is borne
` upon along, thick, woody support. This pyxidium resembles that of L. Amazonum in
size, but is more elongated, with a longer operculum, a shorter columella, and a more
contracted mouth, and larger seeds. The larger dimensions above given are those of
Berg, the smaller ones from some of my own specimens. The leaves were not seen by
Berg. |
It is distinguished from L. Velloziana by its shorter axils, more ovate leaves, not
acuminated, more finely serrated, by its more robust pyxidium, more rounded at the base,
of a paler yellowish colour, lighter consistence, with a smoother subgranular surface, by
its lobeless annular calycary zone, showing inside of it a deep circular channel.
9. LEOYTHIS VELLOZIANA, nob: Lecythis ollaria, Vell., non Linn., Fl. Flum. p. 222, Icon.
v. tab. 88: foliis ellipticis, imo in petiolum sensim subacutis, apice gradatim acute
attenuatis, subgrossule serratis, petiolo limbo 12plo breviore: floribus ignotis:
pyxidio magno, late ovato, vasiformi-cylindrico, imo valde rotundato, medio sensim
paullo constricto, supra medium zona calycari subannulata, obsolete 6-lobata, am-
bitu subhexagona, margine sursum spectante cincto; vitta interzonali subconica,
apice rotundiore, diametri tertiam partem alta; zona superiore orbiculari, inferiore
multo minore ; operculo convexo, vittee fere altitudine, solido, columella crassissima
Imo obconica et 4-suleat a aucto; pericarpio crassissimo, subponderoso, luride
brunneo, opaco, granulatim irrorato, obsolete 4-loculari. In Brasilia, prov. Rio de
Janeiro: v. Jruct. in Mus. Fry.; pl. non vidi.
The axils of its branchlets are about 11 in. apart ; the leaves are 3-3 in. long, 13-13 in.
broad, on a petiole 3 lines long; the pyxidium (Plate XL.) is 84 in. long, 63 in. broad ;
NY Cary zone, 53 in. above the base, is 62 in. in diam.; the interzonary band is
39 high; the upper zone and operculum 4 in. in diam.; the latter, 1 in. high, is
uh. beneath by the portion filling the mouth, 2 in. deep, and further lengthened
of 4 the descending obconical portion of the columella ; pericarp 4-$ in. thick ; depth
vimm Space below the upper zone 53 in., internal diameter 4$ in., the contracted
t ° of the mouth being 22 in. broad; the seeds are 24 in. long, 1 in. broad, con-
tacted at each extremity.
The Species differs from Z. urnigera in the more elliptic shape of its leaves, its more
ding nerves, and a very different pyxidium.
6, : SU
RR reviter rotundato, longe supra medium zona calycam ambitu an
> Paullo prominente undulatim 6-loba cincto, lobis subrotundis, compressis,
erectis; vitta interzonali circa lobos concava, dein introrsum convexe aecliva, dia-
=.
204 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
metri quintam partem alta; zona superiore integra, quam inferiore multo angustiore ;
opereulo pulvinato, valde depresso, centro paullo convexo, subtus columella fibroso-
spongiosa intra faucem crassissima dein obconica et 4-sulcata aucto; pericarpio
crasso, fibroso-lignoso, cortice tenuissimo pallide brunneo pruinose opaco minute
granulato tecto, obsolete 4-loculari. In Nova Granada: v. fr. sicc. in Mus. Brit.,
Bogota.
This is very distinct from all others of Peruvian origin. The pyxidium (Plate XLI.) is
remarkable for its size, shape, lightness of texture, and flattened operculum ; it is 84 in.
long, 64 in. broad; the calycary zone, 7 in. from the base, is 7 in. in diam.; the inter-
zonary band is 1 in. high; the upper zone and operculum are 4 in. in diam., the latter
only ¿ in. high, the fibrous ‘base of the attached columella, within the mouth, being
3 in. thick.
7. LECYTHIS VASIFORMIS, nob. : planta ignota : pyxidio vasiformi, infra medium turbinato,
imum versus constricto, truncato, et umbilicato, medio late cylindrico, longe supra
medium zona calycari annulari ambitu circulari subacuta aut obtusa prominente obso-
lete lobata eincto ; vitta interzonali subdepressa, paullo convexa, diametri 6-10mam
partem alta; zona superiore integra, inferiore multo angustiore; operculo depresse
eonvexo, late et obtuse umbonato, inferne columella valde incrassata primum trun-
cata dein obconica et 4-suleata aucto; pericarpio crassissimo, levissime lignoso,
brunneo, areolis irregularibus paullo impressis variolato, obsolete 4-loculari, oper-
culo extus tuberculato-rugoso; seminibus pluribus, late oblongis, obtusis, irregu-
lariter costatis, costis furcatis paullo prominulis, brunneis, glauco-opacis, minute
granulatis. In Brasilia, prov. Rio de Janeiro: v. s. in Mus. Fry.
Of this species, remarkable for the extreme lightness of its pyxidium (Plate XLII. fig. 1),
I have seen two specimens ; they are 7 in. long ; the calycary zone 51—53 in. from the base,
61-7 in. in diam; the broad, much inclined interzonal band is 1-14 in. high, the upper
zone and operculum 34-34 in. in diam., the latter 1-i in. high, expanded below by the
extremely inerassated base of the columella, of nearly its diameter, and perpendicular;
there itis 1-13 in. in thickness, where it fills the mouth, thence narrowing into a short
obtuse 4-sulcated cone, making it altogether 13 in. long; the pericarp is nearly ۰
thick; the internal space below the upper zone is 4i in. deep, 4-44 in. in diam.; the
seeds 13 in. long, 13 in. broad.
8. LECYTHIS AMPLA, nob.: planta ignota : pyxidio majusculo, urniformi, cylindrico, imo
hemispheerice rotundato, supra medium zona caleycari undulatim 6-lobata margine
acute brevissimo sursum spectante cincto; vitta interzonali primum subconcava,
dein adscendente, sensim erecta, diametri dimidii altitudine; zona superiore quan
inferiore multo minore, integra; operculo vittz fere altitudine, primum convexo et
pulvinato, dein late umbonato, solido, subtus columella basi erassissima tune longe
obconica et 4-suleata aucto; pericarpio crasso, pallide brunneo, opaco, cortice tenui
subrimoso, lenticellis flavidis granuloso; seminibus oblongis, utrinque obtusis,
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE £. 205
fusco-brunneis, glauco-pruinosis, irregulariter costatis, costis paullo prominentibus.
In Nova Granada : v. fr. sicc. in Mus. Kew., Antioquia (Jervis).
The fruit (Plate XLIII. fig. 1) is extremely different from Z. ampullaria from the
same locality. The pyxidium is 83 in. long, 5£ in. broad; calycary zone 54 in. above
the base, 6 in. in diam. ; interzonary band 13 in. high; operculum 9i in. in diam., 12 in.
high; columella, with a neck filling the mouth 9 lines thick, is altogether 4 in. long ;
pericarp $ in. thick, internally 6 in. deep from upper zone, and 44 in. broad; it is covered
by a rather thin cracking bark, granulated with raised hollow lenticels ; the seeds are
12 in. long, 1 in. broad.
9. 17۳0۲1۲۲۲8 VALIDISSIMA, nob.: planta ignota: pyxidio late vasiformi, imo rotundato,
supra medium zona calycari annulatim prominula et obsolete 6-lobata margine
erecta cincto; vitta interzonali primum concava, dein conice convexa, diametri
Tmam partem alta ; zona superiore circulari, inferiore minore ; operculo altiore, pulvi-
nato, valde crasso, subtus columella descendente aucto, hae orificium implente,
dein anguste obconica et 4-sulcata; pericarpio crassissimo, lignoso, ponderoso,
brunneo, granulatim scrobiculato, obsolete 4-loculari ; seminibus oblongis, obtusulis,
opace brunneis, subgranulatis, costis rubellis prominulis irregulariter fureatis. In
Guiana : v. s. in Mus. Brit., sine loco et forsan indigena; in Mus. Kew., ins. Mauri-
tiana eult. (J. Duncan).
The former specimen (Plate XLIV.) agrees in size, shape, and other respects with the
latter, which is cultivated in the Mauritius, and is one of the three kinds transported from
Cayenne in 1760, by order of the French government (the other two species being
۳. and L. Zabucayo). It much resembles the latter in form, but is much
ig and of much heavier consistence. It is 74-73 in. long, 53-61 in. broad; the
1 E 64-63 in. in diam., and 6 in. above the base; the interzonary band is
mg 3 SEDET Zone and operculum are 44-44 in. broad, the latter 14 in. high,
expanded E by the columella, which fills the mouth, where it is } in. thick, and is
ithe E HEN 4-grooved conical form, reaching the middle of the cell ; the pericarp
à specimen is $ in., in that from the Mauritius 1 in. thick.
" (CK cule nob. : planta ignota : pyxidio urniformi, imo sensim angustiore :
annulati x umbilicato, medio subventricoso, longe supra medium zona calycari
Umm prominente obsolete 6-loba ambitu circulari cincto, lobis late rotundatis,
primum de ect, vel paullo inflexis, compressis ; vitta interzonali valde depressa,
demissa Nn ced a dein convexiuscula, paullo elevata, vel interdum subter zonam
minore: o e alitas depressa; zona superiore integra, circulari, inferiore multo
faucem 5 "d ereulo convexo, tubereulato, rugoso, subtus columella brevi, intra
et danla E subtruncata cavernis 4 insculpta dein subito brevissime obconica
vel o P arpio ecorticato, subcrasso, glauco-brunneo, :
que tuberculat; "pm areolis impressis et foveolis profundis variolato (vitta operculo-
obtuse oblon E gos ix foveolatis), sub- 4-loculari; seminibus 24, majusculis,
VOL, xxx. S18, castaneis, costis crassis irregulariter furcatis ور me sub-
¿E
206 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE ۰
nitidis, obsolete rugulosis. In Brasilia: v. s. in Mus. Brit. (Capt. Burton) : exempla
2 in Mus. Kew. e Brasilia (sine nomine) : in Mus. Fry. et meo, Rio de Janeiro.
The specimens vary in size, though all possess similar characters, one being remark-
able for its nearly horizontal interzonary band sunk almost below the level of the
calycary zone. Burton's larger specimen (Plate XLV.) is 7} in. long, 52 in. broad; the
calycary zone, 6 in. above the base, is $ in. broader; the interzonary band is j in. high,
(in the second specimen 2 in., in the third $ in. above the top of the zone); the upper
zone and operculum are 31 in. broad, the latter 2 in. high; that portion of the columella
which fills the mouth is 3 in. thick, and is further extended into a short 4-grooved cone
of about the same length; the pericarp is $ in. thick; the seeds 13-2 in. long, 1-1} in.
broad.
In my own specimen the calycary zone is 5 in. in diameter and 4} in. above the sub-
hemispheerical base, the interzonary band is 4 in. higher; the upper zone 33 in. in diam.,
with its mouth inflexed and 3 in. in diam. ; the pericarp is } in. thick, the depth inside
below the upper zone is 3 in. ; the opereulum is 3 in. broad, 1 in. high; the descending
truncated portion is 1 in. long, and deeply 4-channelled.
11. LECYTHIS LANCEOLATA, Poir. (non Berg), Encyc. Méth. vi. 27 ; DC. Prodr. iii. 291:
ramulis tenuiter virgatis, teretibus, brunneis, substriatis, lenticellatis ; foliis ob-
longis vel lanceolatis, imo subobtusis et in petiolo decurrentibus, apice longiuscule
sensim acuminatis, creberrime serrulatis, submembranaceis, supra leete viridibus,
sublucentibus, planis, nervis tenuibus venisque creberrime reticulatis prominulis,
subtus paululo pallidioribus, subopacis, costa tenui, suleata, prominente, nervis
prominulis ; petiolo tenuissimo, canaliculato, subtus ruguloso, limbo 10plo breviore:
racemis axillaribus, folio subsequilongis, rachi tenui, angulata, pruinosa, sub-10-flora ;
sepalis 6, pedicello paullo longioribus, aeute ovatis, extus pruinosis, marginibus
membranaceis, ciliatis ; petalis 6, ovatis ; stylo brevi; stigmate parvo, 4-lobo; ovario
infero, parvo, 4-loculari, vertice plano, radiatim striato : pyxidio majusculo, oblongo-
ovato, imo rotundato, medio subeylindrico, supra medium zona calycari paull
prominente annulari obsolete 6-lobata cincto, lobis brevibus, rotundatis, erectis,
margine sursum acutiusculis; vitta interzonali primum concava, dein acclivi,
diametri quintam partem alta; zona superiore integra, inferiore minore; operculo
pulvinatim convexo, vitta 2—3plo altiore, subtus columella conica longe descendente
4-suleata aucto; periearpio erasso, sublignoso, subponderoso, cortice tenui, brunneo,
crebrigranoso, subtus impresse areolato, areolis albide granulosis, obsolete 4-loculari ;
seminibus circ. 12, oblongo-ovatis, utrinque obtusatis, fuscis, fureatim late costatis.
In Guiana incola et in insulis Mauritianis culta: v. pl. siccam in herb. Soc. Linn.
(Smith), Isle of France (Commerson ex herb. Thouars., no. 382) : v. fr. sie. in Mus.
Brit., Guiana (sine nomine); Bourbon (sine nom.): in Mus. Kew. Mauritius
(Duncan) ; altera sine nomine (forsan indigena). |
> cori sem a a. icm "inen in 17 70, by order of the French Government, 5
Pa sti dis ourishes. It is a lofty tree: the axils of its vga
| 471 In. apart; its bright green thin leaves are 21-31 in. long, zi
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE X. 207
broad, on a petiole 3-4 lines long; the rachis of the raceme is 2-23 in. long; the pedicels
are 1j line long; the flower in bud is 4 in. in diam., the sepals 13 line long. The
pyxidium (Plate XLVI.) is 52 in. long, 44 in. in diam. ; the calycary zone 4 in. above the
base; the interzonal band is $ in. high ; the operculum is 31 in. in diam., 14 in. high,
the columella attached beneath it, being there 34 in. broad, 27 in. long, conical, 4-angled,
with 4 deep hollows ; the pericarp is 3 in. thick ; the depth of the cellis 31 in., its internal
diam. 3 in., the inner mouth under the operculum being 2 in. in diam. In Duncan's
. specimen the thin granulated bark is partly scraped away, showing beneath it many
impressed whitish areoles. The indigenous specimen in the Kew Museum is rather
wider, and the operculum broader and of more fibrous consistence. The specimen in the
British Museum, from the Island of Bourbon, is smaller and immature ; its operculum
is taller and more pulvinate, and contains 12 immature seeds only 14 lines long.
Dr. Berg (Fl. Bras. Z. c. p. 482) confounded this Guiana species, which he had not
seen, with Velloz's Lecythis minor from Rio de J aneiro, a species well known by me, and
to be presently described under Lecythis tuberculata.
12. Lrovrurs Zasucavo, Aubl. Guian. ii. 718, tab. 288 (excl. syn.) ; DC. Prodr. iii. 293 ;
Berg in Linn. xxvii. 453 : ramulis subteretibus, subangulato-striatis, ad axillas com-
pressis, fusco-brunneis, lenticellis flavis creberrime verruculosis, junioribus tenui-
oribus, leevibus; foliis oblongis, vel lanceolato-oblongis, imo obtusis aut acutioribus,
apice repentino longiuscule et acute attenuatis, subintegris, vel obsolete erenulato-
serratis, chartaceis, supra pallide viridibus, subopacis, nervis tenuibus subpatentibus
vix prominulis, retieulatis, costa tenui prominula, subtus fulvis, opacis, minute
granulosis, nervis venisque prominentibus, costa flava, striolata, prominente ; petiolo
fusculo, supra plano, marginato, subtus ruguloso, limbo 24plo breviore: racemis
axillaribus et terminalibus, folio multo brevioribus, paucifloris; rachi flexuosa,
prumosa, crebre nodosa; floribus mediocribus, pallidis, glutinosis; pedicello sub-
angulato, sepalis breviore; sepalis pallidis, crassiusculis, ovato-acutis, subcarinatis,
opacis, imo gibbosis, marginibus anguste membranaceis, erosulis; petalis ovatis,
bis; androphoro roseo; ovario infero, turbinato, vertice subeoncavo, 4-loculari,
| i B eub ^s apice axi affixis, an has te ie 2
Obsolete 6-loba ci t A ۳ ae ine a ree ee i í acutiusculis; vitta
eat: x neto, lobis late obtusis, sursum incurvu IS € viet i in
en son E concava dein conice convexa, diametri 3-4tam pa : ; 2
ari, inferiore angustiore ; operculo depresse convexo, subtus columella
fau :
implente Crassissima aucto, hac obeonica, 4-suleata, longe descendente;
SA crassissimo, pallide brunneo, minute granuloso, leviter ponderoso. In
( ya he 8. plant, (specim. typic.) in herb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Aublet) ; Guiana
A tree 60 و Um id Puct. in Mus. Kew. sine loco (Booth). =
tar: the en high, with Spreading branches; the axils of the branchlets ar in.
BUE n I 01-72 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, on a petiole 9-5 lines long ; = er
imple raceme : itia ed nerves, with others shorter and intermediate: the Hn s of its
mc long, when panicular 5 in. long, with er in. long.
25
208 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
The specimen of the fruit at Kew (Plate XLVIT.), without locality, agrees with the
dimensions given by Aublet, and another in the British Museum, which differs only in
having the operculum somewhat higher; they are all 64 in. long, about 5 in. broad ;
the calycary zone is 41-42 in. above the base and 5 in. in diam. ; the interzonary band is
4-1 in. high; the upper zone and operculum 33-33 in. broad, the latter {-14 in. high;
the columella in the mouth is extremely thick, descending in a long 4-sulcated cone.
It must be understood that this species is not indigenous in the Mauritius. It
appears that the Comte d'Estaing, during a visit to Cayenne in 1758, was so much
delighted with the seeds of the Zabucaya, that he carried away with him twelve living
plants of the tree, which he conveyed to the Mauritius, planting them in the garden of
Réduit. Aublet saw them there in a flourishing condition in 1762, when he returned to
France; but he feared they perished soon afterward through neglect. M. Poivre, the
botanist, arrived at Port Louis in 1761, as intendant of the colony; and in 1768 he
founded the Botanie Garden at Pamplemousses, and applied to the French government
to have fresh plants transported from Cayenne: these afterwards arrived in good
condition, and were planted there and in the Isle Bourbon, and would seem to be still
flourishing there. We can therefore account for the presence in the Kew Museum of
the fruits of 3 species sent from the Mauritius, viz. L. Zabucayo, L. lanceolata, and
L. validissima, all derived originally from Cayenne.
13. LrcvrHis USITATA, nob.: Lecythis ollaria, Spruce (non Linn.), Hook. Kew Jo. ii.
74: Lecythis Zabucayo, Hook. (non Aubl), /. c. i. 21: ramulis brunneis, sub-
tenuibus, teretibus, rugoso-striatis, lenticellis verruculosis ; foliis ellipticis, imo
rotundiusculis, ibi canaliculatis et in petiolum breviter acutatis, apice in acumen
subbreve mucronulatum subrecurvulum subito attenuatis, marginibus vix revo-
lutis serrulatis, tenuiter chartaceis, supra profunde viridibus, subnitidis, nervis
tenuibus patentim divaricatis paullo prominulis, costa prominula, striata, sub lente
minute granulatis, subtus pallidioribus, brunnescentibus, glauco-opacis, nervis venis-
que prominulis, costa prominente ; petiolo subtenui, supra plano, subtus corruguloso,
limbo 12plo breviore: racemis axillaribus et terminalibus, folio multo brevioribus,
rachi flexuosa, nodosa (flores desunt): pyxidio globoso-ovato, imo ovali, ad medium
zona calycari paullo prominente ambitu circulari obsolete lobata eincto ; vitta inter-
zonali sensim conice subconvexa, diametri tertiam partem alta; zona superiore in-
tegra, inferiore dimidio angustiore ; operculo ignoto ; pericarpio crasso, subponderoso,
opacissimo, cortice tenui ochraceo-brunneo in areolis rimoso ; seminibus plurimis,
majusculis, oblongis, utrinque subacutis, irregulariter costatis, cum rugis trans-
versis in intervallis, grate edulibus. In Brasilia, prov. Para, inde abundat: v. pl.
s. in herb. Hook., ins. Caripé (Spruce, 23) : v. fr. s. in Mus. Kew., Caripé (Spruce);
Brasilia (Wetheral).
This is the species which produces the well-known Sapucayo nuts of commerce, and is
very different from the Lecythis Zapucayo of Aublet : it abounds in the island of Caripe
and other parts of the province of Pará, and is mentioned by Spruce in the list of his
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE A. 209
contributions to the Kew Museum (Hook. Kew Jo. ii. 74, no. 23).. The axils of its
branches are 4-8 lines apart; the leaves are 3351 in. long, 11-2 in. broad, on a petiole
24-3 lines long; they have about 12 pairs or more of nerves, with others shorter and
intermediate, all anastomosing. The raceme is 11-3 in. long, the nodes of the rachis
2-3 lines apart, supporting a pedicel 1 line long ; the sepals are 2 lines, the petals 15 lines
long, and 9 lines broad. The pyxidium (Plate XLVII. fig. 2) is 42 in. long, 52 in. broad
at the calycary zone, which is 22 in. above the base; the interzonary band is 12 in. high;
the upper zone 3$ in. in diam., the operculum being lost in both specimens; the mouth
is$ in. deep, and contracted to a diameter of 24-2} in. ; the pericarp is ¿ in. thick, the
depth of the internal space is 33 in. below the upper zone, and its internal diam. is
31 in. ; the seeds are 2 in. long, l iù. broad. There are 2 specimens in the Kew Museum,
one sent by Dr. Spruce, the other by Mr. Wetheral, who contributed many vegetable
productions from the Amazonas region.
14. Lecytuts PoHttr, Berg, in Mart. Fl. Br. l. c. p. 484, tab. 7. fig. 150 et tab. 68;
Linn. xxvii. 452 (excl. syn.): ramis nigrescentibus, ramulis teneris, brunneis,
minute verruculosis, subpruinosis ; foliis ovato-oblongis, oblongis, vel oblongo-lan-
ceolatis, imo rotundatis et in petiolum ssepe breviter acutatis, apice in acumen
angustum longissimum acutum attenuatis, serrulatis, dentibus subminutis, tenuiter
membranaceis, utrinque leete viridibus, supra nitidis, nervis tenuissimis, patentim
divergentibus, prominulis, crebre reticulatis, costa tenuissima, subtus vix opacis,
nervis prominulis, costa utrinque striolata; petiolo tenuissimo, marginato, limbo
30plo breviore: racemis (sec. cl. Berg) axillaribus, folio ssepius brevioribus; rachi
gracili, pauciflora; floribus parvis; pedicellis sulcatis, minutissime puberulis,
calycem vquantibus; sepalis obovatis, subpatentibus, pruinosis; petalis obovatis ;
ovario semiinfero, parvo, 4-loculari, vertice convexo, puberulo; stylo tereti:
pyxidio subgloboso, imo rotundato; supra medium zona calycari obsolete 6-lobata
ambitu circulari vix prominula cincto; vitta interzonali primum incurva, dein
acclive convexa, diametri quartam partem alta; zona superiore circulari, inferiore
Paullo minore; operculo valido, vittæ dupla altitudine, spheerice convexo, subtus
columella primum crassissima et truncata, mox obconica et 4-suleata, longiuscule
descendente aucto; pericarpio crassissimo, dure lignoso, griseo-fuscescente, obsolete
Scrobiculato, evanide 4-loculari; seminibus oblongis, utrinque obtusulis, irregula-
one costatis, badiis. In Brasilia, prov. Goyaz, ad Pilar (Pohl, 4311): v. pl. s. in
a : ook. prov. Goyaz (Burchell, sine flore, 9865) : fr. non vidi.
are Eo resembling in habit Z. Pisonis, but with a very different fruit, which
> es xm form that of Z. Marcgraaviana. The axils of its slender branchlets
2.5 in um 3 Ms extremely membranaceous leaves, with a long N mnes
| 1728» 1-12 in. broad, on a petiole 1-14 line long; the axillary racemes are
whic e emen 1-2 lines long ; the sepals 1 line, the petals 3-5 وی یو رن
figure) is 5 in nn in diam. ; the pyxidium (Plate XLV ILL: fig. 3, copie 7 -
* 1008, 42 in, broad; the calyeary zone, with 6 obsoletely erect lobes, 18
E. eigen
م۳ = and equally broad; the interzonary band is 10 lines high; the
210 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
upper zone and close-fitting operculum are 33 in. in diam., the latter 14 in. high, its
attached columella fills the much-thickened mouth (which is contracted to a breadth of
23 in.), and extends down wards for a length of 2 in. ; the pericarp is £ in. thick, its internal
diam. 3$ in., its depth 3 in.; seeds 13 in. long, 2 in. broad.
We find here another instance of the unfortunate guesses of Dr. Berg in respect to
his synonyms: in the Flor. Bras. p. 482, he regarded the Z. minor of Velloz (non Jacq.)
as identical with his L. lanceolata (non Poir.): in his supplementary memoir in the
Linnea (vol. xxvii.) he abandoned that synonym, and applied it to his L. Pohlii (l c.
p. 452); but this latter is quite as unjustifiable as the former, as I have elsewhere
shown.
15. Lecyruis MARCGRAAVIANA, nob.: Jacapucaya Brasiliensis, Marcg. Hist. Nat. Bras.
(edit. 1648), p. 128: procerissima, trunco magno, cortice griseo, ligno duro; foliis
rotundato-ovatis, imo cordatis, apice breviter acuminatis, grosse serratis, incurvatis,
breviter petiolatis : pyxidio subgloboso, imo oblato-hemispheerico, supra medium
zona calycari annulari prominente ambitu circulari margine acutiuscula sursum
spectante et obsoletissime 6-loba cincto; vitta interzonali subito canalieulatim
recessa, dein acclivi, diametri quartam partem alta ; zona superiore circulari, integer-
rima, inferiore multo angustiore, fauce crassa et deorsum inclinatim contracta ; oper-
culo depresse convexo, vitta paullo demissiore, margine acutissimo ad zonam arcte
applicito, subtus columella crassa aucto, hac primum crassa et faucem implente,
dein descendente obconica et 4-sulcata ; pericarpio crassissimo, dure lignoso, pon-
deroso, cortice tenui rimoso, opace brunneo, granuloso-ruguloso, obsolete 4-loculari ;
seminibus plurimis, ovato-oblongis, irregulariter sulcato-costatis, castaneo-brunneis,
subpruinosis, interdum intra fructus germinantibus. In Brasilia, a Marcgraavio
in Alagoas olim inventa: v. fruct. sice. im Mus. Soc. Linn. ab eadem regione
(G. Don).
The above fruit corresponds well with Maregraaf's Jacapucaya; and I have no hesi-
tation in affirming their identity. The pyxidium (Plate XLVIIL. fig. 1) is 52 in. long, 6 in.
in diam. below the calycary zone, and 6i in. across it, which is 32 in. above the
base; the interzonary band is 1j in. high ; the upper zone 3$ in. in diam., the mouth
} in. thick, is contracted to a diameter of 2} in.; the operculum is 1 in. high, and its
sharp margin fits so closely to the upper zone, that it is difficult to introduce the edge
of a knife between them ; it is thickened below by the body of the columella, which fills
the mouth and descends in a conically 4-grooved form to the total depth of 24 in.; the
pericarp is 1 in. thick, as dense as ironwood, the internal cavity (showing the vestiges
of 4 dissepiments) is 3% in. deep and 4 in. in diam. ; the seeds are 14 in. long, 4 in. broad,
the testa thick and hard, the nucleus white and edible. I found some of them beginning
to sprout at both extremities.
Maregraaf describes it as a very lofty tree, with a very hard timber, covered by a grey
bark. It is probably the same which Gardner saw (Trav. p. 92), who describes an
enormously large tree, the ground beneath it being covered with the fruits, the large
coverlids of which had fallen off on the ripening of the seeds: most of them were
MR. J. MIERS. ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 211
empty, the seeds having been devoured by the monkeys, who are very fond of them.
The great height of the tree prevented him from obtaining specimens of it. He observed
itin a forest near Catuca, twenty miles W. of Pernambuco and about sixty miles from
Alagoas. Marcgraaf says the size and shape of the leaves are like those of the mulberry,
and are therefore about 33 in. long and 2} in. broad.
16. LecyTHIs DENSA, nob.: planta ignota: pyxidio globoso-ovali, dense ponderoso, imo
. hemisphærico, fere ad medium zona calycari obtuse annulari vix lobata ambitu
circulari cincto; vitta interzonali alte conica, diametri tertiam partem alta; zona
superiore quam calycari dimidio minore, circulari, fauce crassa et declivi ; operculo
convexo, diametri tertiam partem alto; columella crassa faucem implente, subtus
truncata et 4-cavernosa, dein in conum 4-suleatum angustum longe descendentem
constricta; pericarpio crassissimo, densissimo, ecorticato, fusco, crude tuberculato,
impresse areolato, cum granulis interspersis. In Brasilia: v. fr. s. in Mus. Brit.
(Sloane, 7798), loco ignoto.
. This may possibly be the fruit of Z. ollaria ; it approaches L. Pisonis in its general
character; the pyxidium (Plate XLIX. fig. 1) is 62 in. long, 53 in. from the upper zone
to the base, 61 in. broad across the calycary zone, which is 3 in. above the base; the
interzonary band is 2 in. high; the upper zone 33 in. across the mouth, which is ? in.
deep, and contracted to a diameter of 2 in.; the operculum is 34 in. in diam., 1 in. high;
the attached columella, 2 in. thick, fills the mouth, and descends in a conical form to a
further depth of 2 in. ; the pericarp is 1j in. thick at the calycary zone, 1 in. thick above
and at the base.
17. Leorruns Pisonis, Camb. Fl. Bras. ii. 377 (excl. synon.); Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras.
l. ¢. p. 480, tab. 82 (excl. syn.); id. in Linnea, xxvii. 499 (excl. syn.): arbor
posu, trunco maximo, cortice quercino, crasso, irregulariter rimoso ; ramulis
gracilibus, pallide brunneis, pruinosis, striolatis, verruculosis; foliis oblongo- vel
lanceolato-ellipticis, imo rotundiuscule obtusis, apice sensim angustioribus et in
acumen acutum longiusculum constrictis, crebre et obtusule serrato-denticulatis,
chartaceis, Supra valde viridibus, subnitentibus, nervis tenuissimis stramineis ar-
en nexis, venis crebre reticulatis costaque tenui prominulis, subtus vix pallidi-
oribus, Opacioribus, costa fusca nervis stramineis venisque prominulis ; petiolo fusco,
esto marginato, subtus ruguloso, limbo 20-30plo breviore 4 racemis (sec.
: ) folio brevioribus, rachi gracili, creberrime 5-10-flora; pedicellis calyci
Tillongis; floribus majusculis; sepalis ovatis, obtusis, atro-violaceis, obsolete
E pelis obovatis, inæqualibus, violaceis, demum albidis, extus E ne
orm Infero, 4-loculari, ovulis plurimis ab axi radiantibus: pyxidio (sec. Fus
versus zo ) ajusculo, imo hemispheerico, umbilicato et interdum 6-lobato, me is
vitta Teg calycari annulari 6-nodata subprominente ambitu fere circulari cincto ;
calycari vun convexa, diametri plusquam dimidium alta; zona superiore quam
Cid ad dimidium angustiore ; fauce decliva, latiuscula, margine foveolis erebre
Xin terebrata ; opereulo crasso, convexo, vittze fere altitudine, subtus columella
212 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACER.
aucto, hac primum crassa, faucem implente, subtus cavitatibus 4 infossata, et dein
obconice descendente late 4-sulcata ; pericarpio crassissimo, fere osseo, extus corru-
gulato et varioloso, obsolete 4-loculari; seminibus majusculis, oblongis, irregulariter
costatis. In Brasilia, prov. Espiritu Santo et Minas Geraes ad ripas Rio Doce:
v. 8. pl. sine flore in hb. Hook. ( Burchell, 9650, sine loco); fructus ab eadem regione
(non vidi).
I have no doubt of the identity of Burchell’s flowerless specimen with that of St.-
Hilaire, described by Cambessédes, as it was through the same region that Burchell
travelled on his way to the Rio Tocantins; its characters agree well with Cambessédes’
description, especially in its finely serrulated leaves, differing essentially from Berg’s
plant from Rio de Janeiro, the leaves of which are larger and crenately dentate. Berg’s
diagnosis of L. Pisonis (except that of the fruit) must therefore be rejected, as it appears
to me well adapted to Z. Velloziana, nob. (L. ollaria, Vell. non Linn.) I have accepted
Berg's character of the fruit from Xipote, as it comes from the same region as St.-
Hilaire’s plant, near the source of the Rio Doce. On the other hand Cambassédes’
account of the fruit cannot be received, as he did not see it, and wrongly assumed it to
be identical with the Jacapucaya of Maregraaf, from Alagoas.
In Burchell's specimen, the axils of the slender branches are 1-13 in. apart: the leaves `
are 23-5] in. long, 13-2 in. broad, on petioles 1-2 lines long; they have about 18 pairs
of slender nerves, with others shorter and intermediate. The raceme, according to Cam-
bessödes, is 3-4 in. long, the pedicels 2-3 lines long, the sepals 2-23 lines long, the
petals 9 lines long, the androphorum 7 lines in. diam. In Plate LI. I have copied the
pyxidium from Berg's drawing, with the addition of the operculum; it is altogether
8} in. high; the calycary zone is 8 in. across, and 91 in. above the base; the interzonal
band is 2 in. high ; the upper zone and operculum 4 in. in diam. ; the latter, as stated by
Berg, is 23 in. high; the breadth of the rim of the mouth 9 lines, its orifice 3 in. wide;
the columella descends 2 in. lower; the pericarp, 9 lines thick, weighs 3 or 4 Ibs. ; the
seeds are 13 in. long, 14 in. broad.
18. LECYTHIS SPHÆROIDES, nob. : planta ignota: pyxidio majusculo, subspheerico, imo
semigloboso, eirca medium zona calycari annulari ambitu circulari paullo promi-
nente cincto; vitta interzonali subacclivi, diametri tertiam partem fere alta; zona
superiore integra, orbiculari, quam calycari paullo minore; operculo circulari,
pulvinatim convexo, vitta dimidio breviore, subtus columella primum crassissima
dein subito conica et profunde 4-cavernosa aucto; pericarpio subleviter lignoso,
erassissimo, extus in lacunas longiusculas irregulares profunde corrugulato, circa
zonam calycarem leeviusculo; operculo subruguloso, intus obsolete 4-loculari. In
Amazonas : v. fr. s. in Mus. Morson. et meo, Cametä (Farriss).
The pyxidium only is known (Plate LIL), which somewhat resembles that of L. Pi-
sonis, but has a much wider upper zone and opereulum, with a broader marginal mouth
and a much thicker pericarp of a lighter woody tissue. It is 7 in. high, 74 in. broad at
the slightly undulating calycary zone, which is 34 in. above the base; the interzonary
band is 2} in. high; the upper zone is 5} in. in diam., with a flattish inclined mouth
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE E. 915
1 in. deep, narrowing the inner mouth to a breadth of 4 in.; the pericarp is 1} in. thick
at the interzonal band, 14 in. thick in the lower moiety.
19. LECYTHIS BISERRATA, nob.: Lecythis lanceolata, Berg (non Poir.) in Mart. Fl. Bras.
l.c. p. 482, tab. 7. fig. 156, tab. 62 (excl. syn); Linn. xxvii. p. 452: Lecythis
-ollaria, Saldanha (non Linn. nec Vell.), Configuração, p. 70, Desenhos, tab. 8: arbor
magnifica frondosa, ramis patentibus, ramulis pendentibus, tenuissimis, subflexuosis,
lenticellatis, glauco-opacis ; foliis lanceolatis, imo subrotundatis, aut subito cuneato-
acutis, apice longiuscule attenuatis, acumine obtusulo, rigidule chartaceis, inzequa-
liter biserrulatis, dentium margine ciliato-pruinoso, supra leete viridibus, utrinque
nervis tenuissimis venis crebre reticulatis costaque tenui prominulis, subtus olivaceis,
nervis flavidis; petiolo tenui, limbo 12plo breviore: panicula terminali, ramis laxis,
racemosis, vel racemis axillaribus, folio longioribus, sub-10-floris ; rachi tenuissima,
ovatis, obtusis, extus cano-pruinosis; petalis obovatis, crassiusculis, violaceis, imo
pallidis ; androphoro albo ; ovario infero, turbinato, 4-loculari, vertice plano, radiatim
striato; stylo brevi, crassiusculo ; stigmate subgloboso : pyxidio majusculo, depresse
globoso, imo turbinato, profunde suleato et umbilicato, longe infra medium zona
calycari prominente annulari subundulata cineto, ambitu circulari ; vitta interzonali
parum convexa, zonze calycaris diametri tertiam partem alta; zona superiore ampla,
paullo angustiore, subquadrato-orbiculari ; operculo lato, pulvinatim depresso, dia-
metri fere septimam partem alto, subtus columella crassa truncata imo 4-suleatim
obeonica aucto; pericarpio obsolete 4-loculari, crasso, subspongioso-lignoso, areolis
magnis irregularibus impresso. In Brasilia, prov. Rio de Janeiro: v. pl. in herb.
Hook., Montibus Organensibus, ad Mandiocca (Riedel, 4) ; fruct. non vidi.
^ magnificent tree, according to Sen. Saldanha, with a trunk more than 2 feet in
diameter, bare to the height of 80 feet, when it separates into three short sections, sub-
divided into numerous wide-spreading branches, with copious foliage, the branchlets
leni extremely slender and pendulous ; the axils are $ in. apart; the leaves are 2-4 in.
he 3-14 in. broad, on petioles 2-3 lines long, having about 16 pairs of very fine nerves,
hs many others intermediate and shorter, all anastomosing into a very close and pro-
dg ~ reticulation ; the branches of the terminal panicle are 1-3 in. long; the rachis of
al racemes is 1} in. long; the pedicels are 1 line long; the sepals 2 lines; the
cm e long, 5 lines broad; the flower expanded 13 in. xem The pyxidium
hoa +), with the addition of the operculum, according to Berg s drawing from a
zone e Berlin herbarium, is nearly 6} in. high; the EEE O the Em
xm £ in. in Hen, and 2 in. above the base; the interzonary band is 22 "s پم و a
Er dedu 18 67 in. across, the opereulum being of the same diameter, and 16 lines high ;
ی of Vie mouth is 9-10 lines broad, the orifice 47 1n. wide. Vae
k we - 'anha s full description of this species is good, and his drawing ot 1 8
ا gure of the fruit, reduced to 1 nat, size, must be rejected, because it s ows al
۳ as the operculum is twice the diameter of the upper zone, on which it
OL. Xxx, | TRE
floribus aromaticis; pedicellis calycem sequantibus, minutissime puberulis ; sepalis
214 MR. J- MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
ought to fit elosely; and the interzonary band is much too short. He is unquestionably
wrong in referring the species to L. ollaria, Linn.
Berg's account is more than usually full of errors. He first refers it to Poiret's Guiana
species, to which certainly it does not belong, as I have verified in Commerson's spe-
cimen; and secondly he identifies it with Velloz’s L. minor, an extremely different
plant both in its leaves and fruit, as I have elsewhere demonstrated. There is another
great error in his account of the fruit. This is at variance with his drawing, which is
taken from a specimen collected in Rio de Janeiro by Pohl, and now in the Berlin
Museum. In this the diameter of the upper zone is 63 in., whereas in the description it
is stated to be only 34 in., a diserepancy which might be attributed to a typical error if
it had not been accompanied by the word “parvo.” I have copied that drawing in my
Plate LIT., with the addition of the operculum, 16 lines in height, as he states it to be
in the specimen. Riedel’s specimen of the plant agrees with Saldanha's figure, and bears
on the accompanying ticket in Riedel’s writing “ Lecythis Pohlü, teste Berg." It is,
however, certainly different from that species, showing how loosely Berg gave his autho-
rity from memory, without comparing the plants.
20. LECYTHIS LIMBATA, nob.: pyxidio latissime urceolato, imum versus subconstricto,
profunde 6-suleato, -lobato et umbilieato; supra medium zona calycari latissime
expansa ambitu sinuato-hexagona angulis subacutis subreflexis cincto ; vitta inter-
zonali sensim acclivi, diametri fere 4tam partem alta; zona superiore circulari,
ampla, fauce crassiuscula et convexe declivi; operculo ignoto; pericarpio crasso,
subleviter lignoso, grosse ruguloso, cum areolis impressis medio lenticellis flavidis
granulatis signato, obsolete 4-loculari. In Brasilia: v. fruct. siccum in Mus. Brit.
(sine altera indicatione).
The pyxidium of this very distinct species (Plate LIII.), from the mouth to the base, is
61 in. long; its diameter beneath the calycary zone is 52 in. ; the latter, suddenly project-
ing like a reflected cornice, is 83 in. in diam., and 41 in. above the base ; the interzonary
band is 13 in. high, 7 in. in diam. at its base, where it rises from the zonal lobes, curving
and narrowing upward to the upper zone, which is 44 in. in diam. ; the mouth inclines
inwards, narrowing to an orifice 22 in. broad; the periearp is 3 in. thiek below the
calycary zone, and 13 in. thick at the interzonary band; the depth of the internal space
below the upper zone is 32 in., its internal diam. is 41 in.
21. LECYTHIS VENUSTA, nob. : Lecythis grandiflora, Benth. (non Aubl.) in Hook. Journ.
Bot. ii. 324: ramulis teneris, fuscis, opacis, striolatis, rugulosis, lenticellis flavidis
verruculosis; foliis elliptico-lanceolatis, vel oblongis, imo obtusis, vel subacutis,
apice in acumen brevissimum acutum subito constrictis, integris, vel obsoletissime
serrulatis, marginibus subrevolutis, chartaceis, supra profunde viridibus, leviter
. opacis, minutissime granulatis, nervis semiimmersis, venis reticulatis, subtus rubi-
dule brunnescentibus, opacis, costa striata nervis flavidis venisque prominentibus;
petiolo tereti, canaliculato, subtus corruguloso, limbo 9-12plo breviore: paniculis E
axillaribus et terminalibus, brevibus; floribus plurimis, mediocribus, incarnatis; :
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 215
pedicellis calyci sequilongis, fuscis, corrugulatis; sepalis 6, ovatis, subaeutis, imo
gibbosis, fuscis, minutissime scabridulis; petalis ovalibus; ovario subinfero, imo
toruloso, 4-loculari, ovulis paucis e funiculis radiantibus, vertice depresse pulvinato,
radiatim costato; stylo tereti subtenui, sepalis «equilongo: pyxidio longiuscule tur-
binato, imo angustiore profunde suleato et umbilicato, corpore obconico, supra
medium zona calycari ambitu hexagona prominente 6-lobata cincto ; lobis longius-
culis compressis, late cornutis, subacutis, inflexis, linea undulata nexis ; vitta inter-
zonali altiuseula, imo concava, dein convexa et fere erecta, diametri 4tam partem
alta; zona superiore inferiore minore, circulari ; operculo vittee altitudine, pulvinato,
. depresse convexo, obtuse umbonato, solido, subtus truncato et in fossis 4 cavato, co-
lumella obconica 4-suleata cum eo continua ; pericarpio crasso, ponderose ligneo, pal-
lide brunneo, lacunis plerumque profundis granulatis cancellatim areolato ; operculo
simillime signato. In Guiana: v. s. in herb. Hook. et Mus. Brit., Berbice (Schomb.
286); Guiana (Martin) ; Surinam ( Hostmann, 1802) ; v. fruct. in Mus. Soc. Linn.
Guiana (Schomb. sub L. grandiflora) ; in Mus. Kew. et meo, Demerara (Boughton).
This is a large tree, called Cacarola; its branchlets with axils 4-1 in. apart; the
leaves are 33-9 in. long, 1-31 in. broad, on a petiole 5-7 lines long, and with about 15
pairs of prineipal nerves, with others shorter and intermediate; the many-flowered
cd raceme is 31-5 in. long; the pedicels 2-3 lines apart, 1-2 lines long ; the sepals
2 lines long, 1 line broad; the petals 10 lines long; the style curved, as long as the
. Sepals; the pyxidium (Plate 55) is 64 in. long; the calycary zone, 5 in. above the
base, is 54-51 in. in diam. ; interzonary band lin. high; diam. of upper zone 3-34 in.,
contracted in its mouth to 2 in., with a shelving surface; depth of cell 33-4 in., its
Internal diam, 9lin.; the fruit is identified with the plant, both bearing the same name, |
annexed to them by Schomburgk. The oblong seeds, 13 in. long, 2 in. broad, are of a
dark-brown colour, with several furcated costate ridges, pruinosely opaque ; and they are
suspended a little below the summit by a fleshy funicle of nearly similar size. This
Species differs from Z, grandiflora, Aublet, to which it was referred by Schomburgk, in
7 narrower elongated lanceolated leaves, its shorter racemes, with a more slender and
Straighter rachis, very much smaller and more approximated flowers, of a pink colour,
Pean shorter pedicels, in its ovary with a more depressed vertex, in its more turbinate
poem with an impressed cancellated surface, in a different calycary zone, a paro
PPer zone, with a more contracted and shallower mouth.
22. مها COGNATA, nob.: ramulis rubidule brunneis, opacis, striolatis, lenticellis
flavidis verrueulosis; foliis ovato-oblongis, vel elongato-oblongis, imo obtusis yel
paullulo acutioribus, apice acute acuminatis, marginibus subintegris, chartaceis,
Supra lete aut pallide viridibus, subnitidis, nervis divaricatis, subtus pallidioribus,
tubescentibus, aut fulvioribus, costa nervisque prominulis, valde reticulatis ; petiolo
x supra canalieulato, subtus transverse corrugulato, limbo 11-14plo breviore:
Paniculis terminalibus, ramosis, rachi rufescente-pruinosa, sulcata, nodosa; pedi-
cellis subnutantibus ; sepalis oblongis, crassiusculis, concavis, un carinatis,
e F
216 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
imo gibbosis ; petalis oblongis, flavis ; ovario semisupero, imo breviter turbinato, cor-
rugulato, vertice alto, conice cupulato, flavide maculato, distincte 4-loculari, ovulis
paucis, funieulatis; stylo tereti, subbrevi. In Guiana: v. s. in herb. Hook. ( Talbot).
The entire plant presents a rufescent hue; the axils of its branches are about 13 in.
apart; the leaves are 53-9 in. long., 3-31 in. broad, on. a petiole 6-7 lines long; the
rachis of the paniele is about 5 in. long, of its branches 2-3 in. long, distance between
alternate flowers 6 lines; pedicels 3 lines; sepals 2 lines long, 1 line broad ; petals 6 lines
long. It differs from L. amara, Aubl., in its more acuminated leaves, which are not
very reticulated, in its longer inflorescence, its petals not glutinous, and the structure of
the ovary by which the two plants fall into two distinct genera. It differs from L. ve-
nusta in its general appearance, in its inflorescence, especially in its semisuperior ovary,
dome-shaped vertex, whieh is smooth and covered with minute red spots; the fruits
of the two species, in consequence, will probably be very different in form.
23. LEOYTHIS TUMEFACTA, nob. : planta ignota: pyxidio urceoloto-turbinato, imo sensim
angustiore, 4-lobatim sulcato, rotundiusculo, et circa pedicellum crassiore et umbi-
licato, paullo supra medium zona calycari ambitu. sinuato-hexangulari prominente
cincto; lobis cum angulis 6, magnis, conyexis, valde tumidis; vitta interzonali ogivalo-
convexa, diametri 4ta parte alta; zona superiore circulari, integra, inferiore dimidio
angustiore; operculo vitta altiore, crassissimo, valde pulvinato et convexo, cum
columella infra adnata, hac acute obconica, 4-suleata, fere ad basin loculi descen-
dente; pericarpio crasso, spongiose lignoso, fulvo-brunneo, pulverulenti-pruinoso,
areolis majusculis ferrugineo-granulatis cancellatim impressis exsculpto, obsolete
4-loculari ; seminibus in quoque loculo circa 5, oblongis, pallide brunneis, irregu-
lariter costatis, subscrobiculatis, funiculo albo carnoso paullo minore suspensis. In
Guiana Britannica: v. fruct. sic. in Mus. Kew., tria exempla sine operculo, et in
meo cum operculo ; Demerara (Boughton),
The fruit of this species (Plate LV. fig. 4) approaches that of the following (crassi-
noda), but differs in being smaller, in its calycary zone placed above the middle, not
sharply angular in its periphery, in being tumidly swollen, with its lobes very rounded
and thick, in a less elevated interzonal band, a smaller upper zone; the operculum is
more pulvinate, quite convex, and the columella longer; the seeds are smoother, less
granulated.
It is 5 in. long, the calycary zone 31 in. above the base, with an undulating sharpish
edge, orbieular in form, hollowish beneath, 53 in. in diam., the tumesecent lobes being 2
in. thick; the interzonal band is im. high; the upper zone 3 in. in diameter, with an
inclined aperture in the mouth, 2 in. across; the operculum 14 in. high, 34 in. broad
at its pulvinate base, the attached columella 3 in. deep; the pericarp is £ in. thick, the
inner space 3} in. deep, and 54 in. in diam.; the seeds are 13 in. long, ? in. broad.
24. LECYTHIS CRASSINODA, nob. : ramulis tenuibus, teretibus, brunneo-opacis, angulato-
striatis; foliis oblongis, vel elongato-oblongis, imo subobtusis et in petiolum sub-
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 217
acutatis, apice in acumen breve acutissimum subito constrictis, tenuiter char-
taceis, subintegris, aut levissime crenato-serratis, margine paullo revoluto, supra
lete viridibus, subopacis, nervis tenuissimis subimmersis, costa tenui prominula,
subtus pallide viridibus, opacis, costa nervisque prominentibus, venis reticulatis vix
conspicuis ; petiolo tenui, canaliculato, marginibus incurvis, subtus ruguloso-striato,
limbo 9plo breviore: inflorescentia ignota: pyxidio majusculo, urceolato-vasiformi,
imo angustiore umbilicato, infra medium turbinato et profunde 6-sulcato, supra
medium zona calycari prominente ambitu acute hexagona ad angulos grosse 6-lobata
eincto, lobis valde tumidis; vitta interzonali ogivaliter inflexa, grosse rugosa, dia-
metri tertiam partem alta; zona superiore circulari, integra ; operculo alte pulvinato
ogivali, truncatim convexo, centro obsolete umbilicato, diametri tertiam partem alto,
obsolete granulato, subtus columella descendente aucto, hae primum faucem im-
plente, dein acute conica et 4-sulcata; pericarpio crassissimo, subligneo, pallide
brunneo, opaco, grosse foveolato, foveolis impressis granulatis, 4-loculari ; seminibus
in quoque loculo circ. 12, oblongis, sub-6-costatis, undique creberrime granulosis,
ferrugineo-brunneis. In Guiana: v. s. in herb. Hook., Rio Massaruni, Essequibo
(Appun, 4, sub L. grandiflora); v. fruct. in Mus. Brit., Guiana (Appun).
The fruits were sold among the late Mr. Appun's effects, and may be taken to belong
to the plant above quoted, which has no inflorescence. It belongs to a tree bearing the
vernacular name of Wadaduri; its leaves are 3—4 in. long, 1-13 in. broad, on a petiole
4-5 lines long, and have about 12 pairs of nerves, arcuately conjoined near the margin.
The pyxidium (Plate LIV.) is 84 in. long, much constricted and sulcated near the base,
subeylindrieal and 6-sulcate below the calycary zone, which is 43 in. above the base, and
projeets 1 in. all round, being there sharply hexangular, acute at the thickly tumified
angles, the lobes, 14 in. thick, being connected by a sharp linear ridge; the interzonal
band ascends from the lobes in ogival form, and is 2 in. high; the superior zone is 32 in.
across, having within it a nearly horizontal mouth, contracted at its sharp edge to a
diameter of 1l im; the operculum, pulvinate at its base, is 3$ in. broad, and 1g in high,
_ with a thick flattened convex summit.
25. Lecyruts CoXIANA, nob.: ramulis subtenuibus, pendentibus, griseo-pruinosis, strio-
latis, lenticellatis ; foliis ellipticis, imo subito acutis, apice in acumen acutum con-
strictis, tenuiter chartaceis, marginibus breviter obtuseque serrulatis, et versus
petiolum revolutis, supra saturate viridibus, nervis tenuibus venisque creberrime
reticulatis semiimmersis, costa prominula, subtus paullo pallidioribus, costa ner-
visque flavidis prominulis; petiolo tenui, supra suleato, subtus corrugulato, limbo
l2plo breviore: inflorescentia ignota: pyxidio turbinato, imo subito constricto,
obsolete 6-suleato, zona calycari valde explanata ambitu ansis 6 crassis tumes-
entibus margine acutis cum sinibus totidem alternantibus cincto; vitta interzonali
paullo elevata, aeclivi ; zona superiore orbieulari; fauce convexe decliva; ore minore ;
Pericarpio levi pondere, extus rugose corrugato et tuberculato, foveatim vario, lato,
218 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
obsolete 4-loculari; seminibus oblongis, costis subparallelis crenulatim rugosis,
funieulis carnosis majusculis suspensis. In Brasilia, prov. Rio de Janeiro, ad fluv.
Macacú, v. pl. s. et fruct. a cl. C. Cox donati.
A tree growing along the margin of the Rio Macacü, which flows from the eastern
extension of the Organ Mountain-range into the N.E. extremity of the great bay of Rio
de Janeiro; the axils on its branches are about 1 in. apart; the leaves have a very lurid
appearance on both sides, are 3-44 in. long, 131-2 in. broad, on petioles 3-43 lines long,
having about 15 pairs of very fine nerves, with others shorter and intermediate.
The pyxidium (Plate LVI. figs. 3, 4, 5) is 4$ in. long, 64 in. broad at the calycary zone,
which is very prominent, and about 3 in. above the narrow constricted base; the inter-
zonal band, much inclined, is $ in. high; the upper zone and operculum are 44 in. in
diam. ; the latter is ¿ in. high, with a low umbonate knob in the centre, and is furnished
beneath with a columella 2 in. thick, where it fills the mouth, then suddenly contracted
and 4-grooved to a further depth of 1 inch ; the seeds are apparently only 1-seried, 13 in.
long, $ in. broad, suspended by fleshy funicles 2 in. long. The periearp is 1 in. thick at
the sides, 12 in. at the base, its inner space being 2 in. deep below the orifice, and 3 in.
wide. Specimens of the fruit and suspended seeds were sent to me preserved in spirits.
26. LECYTHIS TUBERCULATA, nob.: Lecythis minor, Vell. (non Jacq.), Fl. Flum. p. 222,
Icon. v. tab. 85 : arbor mediocris; ramulis tenuissimis teretibus, pallide brunneis,
griseo-pruinosis, sparse lenticellatis, apice foliiferis, imo nudis, cum racemulis
floriferis ex axillis nudis: foliis oblongis, vel lanceolato-oblongis, imo in petiolum
breviter acutatis, apice in acumen anguste obtusulum subrepente attenuatis, dis-
tincte serratis, dentibus obtusis, subchartaceis, supra leete viridibus, subnitentibus,
nervis tenuibus venis reticulatis costaque carinata prominentibus, subtus pallidi-
oribus, nervis venisque albidis prominentibus, costa prominente, pruinosa ; petiolo
tenui, supra plano, limbo 24plo breviore: racemis axillaribus, brevissimis, pauci-
floris, aut foliis delapsis longius spicatifloris ; rachi opace pruinoga, circ. 6-8-flora ;
floribus mediocribus; pedicellis brevibus, recurvulis, sulcatis, pruinosis ; sepalis
ovalibus, extus granulato-pruinosis, margine ciliolatis; petalis ovatis; ovario infero,
turbinato, 4-loculari, ovulis pluribus axi radiatim affıxis, vertice plano radiatim
striato; stylo brevi, apice crassiore; stigmate parvo, albido: pyxidio turbinato, imo
rotundato, suleato et umbilicato, supra medium zona calycari annulari valde
prominente cincto, hac ambitu hexagona, angulis tuberculis 2 magnis donatis ; vitta
interzonali convexe acclivi, diametri 4tam partem alta; zona superiore suborbiculari
quam inferiore angustiore; operculo convexo, solido, cum columella adnato, hac
infra medium obconice 4-sulcata aucto ;. pericarpio fusco, ecorticato, crasso, lignoso,
obsolete 4-loculari, extus operculoque grossiuscule et profunde tuberculato ; semini-
bus oblongis, utrinque obtusis, irregulariter costato-sulcatis, fuscis, funiculo magno
carnoso albo suspensis. In Brasilia: v. v. pl. et fruct. in prov. Rio de Janeiro, ad
Freixal.
A small tree, of no great height, abundantly branched, found at the head of the Bay
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 219
of Rio de Janeiro; it agrees well with the characters of that found by Velloz at Ilha
Governador in the same bay. The axils of its branchlets are 2-1 in. apart; the leaves
are 2-4 in. long, 14-12 in. broad, on a petiole 2 lines long, with about 12-15 pairs of
slender nerves, with others shorter and intermediate, all anastomosing ; the axillary
raceme is 13 in. long, its floriferous nodes 2 lines apart, the pedicels 2 lines long ; the
sepals 14 line long; petals 4 lines long, 5 lines broad, concave, yellow; androphorum
globosely inflected, 6 lines in diameter; the pyxidium (Plate LVI. fig. 1) is 52 in. long,
4in. broad below the calycary zone, which is 6 in. in diam., and 4 in. above the base ; the
interzonary band $ in. broad; operculum 3 in. in diam. and $ in. high, increased beneath
by the columella, which fills the mouth, where it is 1 in. thick, and then descends
obconically to the middle of the cell; the pericarp is $ in. thick, its inner space 4 in-
deep below the opercular zone, and 4 in. in diam.; the seeds are 1i in. long, $ in. broad,
suspended from a large lateral hilum a little below the summit by a fleshy funicle of
nearly equal size; the nucleus is amygdaloid, edible, and of a pleasant flavour.
27. LECYTHIS GRANDIFLORA, Aubl. ii. 712, tab. 283, 284, 285, in parte (non excl. syn.
Benth.); DC. Prodr. iii. 291; Berg in Linn. xxvii. 454: arborea; ramulis fuscis,
striolatis, lenticellis sparse verruculosis; foliis majusculis, ovato-oblongis, imo
rotundiusculis, et in petiolum brevissime constrictis, apiee obtusis, in aeumen bre-
vissimum acutum repente attenuatis, crenulatis, margine revoluto punctato, char-
faceis, supra viridibus, subopacis, nervis adscendentibus venisque reticulatis paulo
| prominulis, costa imo crassiore sulcata, subtus fere concoloribus, valde opacis, costa
. valida nervis flavidis venisque prominentibus ; petiolo validissimo, fusco, marginibus
tenuibus involutis, limbo Splo breviore: racemo terminali, folio breviore; rachi
validissima, angulato-sulcata, valde geniculata, longe nodosa, crebre lenticellata, sub-
remotiflora : pedicellis validis, angulato-corrugulosis, imo bractea majuscula decidua
oblongo-ovata crassa subsessili recurvata donatis; sepalis orbieularibus, concavis,
submembranaceis, lenticellatis, pruinosis; petalis maximis, oblongis, subinzequalibus,
concavis, roseis; ovario semiinfero, 4-loculari, ovulis numerosis affixis, vertice alte
pulvinato, conice convexo, radiatim striato; stylo tereti, longiusculo: pyxidio
majuseulo, turbinato-oblongo, supra medium zona calycari annulari prominente
obsolete 6-loba ambitu subhexagona cincto; vitta interzonali introrsum sigmoideo-
convexa, diametri 4tam partem alta ; zona superiore integra, inferiore dimidio angus-
tiore; operculo vittæ altitudin e, pulvinatim convexo, apice umbonato, solido, cum
columella crassa primum obconica dein acuta et profunde 4-sulcata continuo; peri-
pio, crasso, obsoletissime 4-loculari : seminibus plurimis, magnis, oblongis, sub-
oe magno carnoso suspensis ; nucleo eduli. In Guiana: v. pl. 8. spec.
: : Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Aublet); Guiana (Martin) : fruct. non vidi.
“a wd tree, with a trunk 30 feet long; the axils of its stout branchlets are 2—11 in.
in: Dig are 6-10 in. long, 23-4 in. broad, on a petiole 2-1 in. long, and with
iei of divaricated nerves and others shorter intermediate, all anastomosed
ards the margin ; the rachis of the raceme is 31-6 in. long, with projecting nodules
= ZEN cic A A o A üz ——— —
220 MR. J. MIERS ON THE ۰
2 lines long and 4-9 lines apart ; each nodule bears an articulated pedicel 4 lines long ; the
reflected bract is 6 lines long, 3 lines broad ; the flower expanded is 45 in. in diam.; the
sepals 5 lines in diam.; the petals 14-2 in. long, 1} in. broad; the androphorum $ in.
broad, curving into a semiglobose summit, and 3 in. long; fertile stamens over disk upon
truncated processes 14 line long, sterile processes on hood 4-6 lines long; the pyxidium
(Plate LVII. fig. 1) is 6} in. long, calycary zone 5 in. in diam., its height from base 4 in. ;
interzonary band 1 in. high; upper zone and operculum 3 in. in diam., 1$ in. high;
mouth of upper zone contracted to 12 in.; depth of columella 34 in.; pericarp ¿ in.
thick : the admeasurements from Aublet’s reduced figures are here restored to their
proper size; seeds 12 in. long, 1 in. broad. The fruit is called in Cayenne Canari-
macaque, or Monkey-pot.
28. LECYTHIS VARIOLATA, nob.: foliis ovatis, imo subrotundatis et subito in petiolum
longiuseule productis, apice sensim obtusis, marginibus dentibus parvis sursum
mueronatis serrulatis, subcoriaceis, supra leete viridibus, nervis subpaucis diver-
gentibus venisque crebre reticulatis prominulis, costa subtus prominente; petiolo
lato, subtenui, canaliculato, alte marginato, limbo 5plo breviore: floribus in axillis
superioribus solitariis, flavis ; pedicellis validiusculis, subnutantibus, calyce 3plo
longioribus, imo bracteola rotunda minima munitis; sepalis 6, rarius 7, obtusis,
imo latioribus, expansis, extus convexis; petalis 6-7, duplo longioribus, rotun-
datis, concavis, reflexis, membranaceis; ovario turbinato, ssepius 4- rarius 5-locu-
lari, vertice subconcavo, radiatim striato, margine elevato et crenulato ; disco la-
tiusculo; stylo brevissimo, umboniformi ; stigmate minute 4-lobo: pyxidio sub-
spheerice turbinato, paullo supra medium zona calycari annulatim subprominula
undulata ambitu obsolete hexangulari cincto ; vitta interzonali subconvexa, diametri
4tam partem alta; zona superiore circulari, integra, quam calycari $ minore; oper-
culo conformi, margine subacuto, subdepresse convexo, diametri 4tam partem alto,
obsolete umbonato, cum columella primum truncata et faucem implente, 4-caver-
nosa et dein subito obconica et 4-suleata; pericarpio obsolete 4-loculari, sub-
erasso, leviter lignoso, pallide brunneo, opaco, grosse corrugato, areolis granulosis
majusculis irregularibus impresso-variolato, vitta grosse torulosa; operculo foveis
minoribus variolato; seminibus plurimis, oblongis, costatis, funieulis carnosis fere
e quimagnis suspensis. In Brasilia, Rio Janeiro, in Monte Corcovado et vicinis,
in sylvis primzevis : v. pl. s. et fruct. Tejuca (Bennett), Rio Macacú (Coz).
Specimens of the flowers preserved in spirits, and of the seeds and funicles in the same
manner, as well as the dried fruits, were sent to me by Mr. Bennett. I have obtained
several other specimens of the fruit from other localities within the province. The leaves
a 15-24 in. long, 14-2 in. wide, on a broad channelled petiole 3-4 lines long, and have
‘ pairs of divergent nerves arcuately conjoined: the solitary pedicel is very thick.
gradually incrassated, 4 lines long; the calyx expanded 8 lines across, the sepals 3 lines
| long, 24 lines broad at base; the petals.6 lines long, 5 lines broad; the androphorum
large, the head is 12 lines long and 9 lines broad, its imbricated subulated appendages
4-5 lines long, mostly antheriferous. The inflorescence is described from specimens
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 221
preserved in spirit; the fruit in sections, with the seeds suspended from their large
funieles, was sent preserved in the same manner. The pyxidium, of a pale fawn-colour
(Plate LVII. fig. 4), is 51-6 in. long; the calycary zone, 3 in. above the base, is 6-61 in,
indiam.; the interzonary band is 13 in. high; the upper zone 3% in. broad, its inner
mouth 3 in. in diam. and $ in. below the zone; the operculum 33 in. broad, ¿ in. high;
the eolumella, filling the mouth, flatly truncated beneath, is suddenly contracted into a
narrowish suleated cone, descending halfway into the main cell; the pericarp is 2 in. thick
at the sides, and 1 in. at the base; the seeds are 14-13 in. long, 3-1 in. broad, suspended
on a yellowish fleshy funicle 1-12 in. long, £ in. broad.
2). LECYTHIS MINOR, Jacq. (non Vell) Amer. i. p. 168, tab. 109; edit. 8vo, p. 210;
DC. Prodr. iii. 294; Berg in Linn. xxvii. 452: ramulis tenuibus, brunneis, sub-
flexuosis, angulato-striatis, glabris ; foliis longe ellipticis, imo obtusis, et in petiolum
breviter acutatis, apice longiuscule et acute attenuatis, erebre serrulatis, submem-
branaceis, leete viridibus, utrinque concoloribus, nervis tenuibus supra subimmersis,
subtus costaque paullo prominulis; petiolo fusco, canaliculato, tenuiter marginato,
limbo 16plo breviore : racemis axillaribus et terminalibus, folio brevioribus; rachi
Crassiuseula, crebriflora ; floribus majusculis, odoratis, albis ; pedicellis brevissimis,
crassis ; sepalis subparvis, rotundato-ovatis, patentibus; petalis anguste oblongis,
planis, subinzequalibus; ovario subinfero, 4-loculari, ovulis plurimis, radiantibus,
vertice depresse convexo; stylo brevi, conico, erasso: pyxidio subgloboso, minore,
imo hemispheerico, paullo supra medium zona calycari angulato-annulari sub-6-lobata
prominente eincto, lobis tumidis ; vitta interzonali latiuscula, subconvexa, diametri
quintam partem alta; zona superiore integra, quam calycari minore; operculo pulvi-
natim convexo, solido, subtus late truncato, cum columella breviter cuneata 4-sulcata
adnato ; periearpio crassiusculo, sublignoso, extus scrobiculatim rugoso, disse-
Pimentis 4 fere evanidis ; seminibus 6-8, oblongis, angulato-costatis, amaris. In
Nova Granada ad Cartagena (Jacquin): v. pl. s. in hb. Hook. (hort. cult. sine flore) ;
v. fr. 8. in Mus. Kew., Cartagena (Archer) ; in Mus. meo, Costa Rica.
À handsome tree, 60 feet high, growing in woods; its branchlets are slender, with
axils m in. apart; the leaves are 6 in. long, 2-22 in. broad, on a petiole 13-2 lines long,
im about 15 pairs of nerves and reticulated veins. Jacquin states that the raceme
E 3 in. long, with a stout straight rachis : the Kew specimen has no inflorescence : the
"i a E almost sessile; the sepals are 2 lines long; the petals 1 in. long, > in. broad ;
ue sd of the ligula of the androphorum and the basal ring are staminiferous ;
m 5100096 head is densely filled inside with echinated appendages, perhaps sterile,
_ "ih the anthers fallen off. The pyxidium (Plate XLIII. fig. 3) is 3 in. high, 3 in. in
t ۸9 idem the prominent calycary zone, which is annular, with 6 obtuse knobs ; its
; r 18 24 In, below the calycary zone, which is 14 in. above the base ; the interzonary
es high; the upper zone and the opercular opening are 2% in. in diam. ;
m, of the same breadth, is flatly convex, 8 lines high ; the pericarp is 3 lines
p are lin. long, 1 in, broad. = wm
292 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
The fruits are said to be collected in large quantities on the Rio Magdalena, and
exported from Cartagena for the purposes of tanning.
30. LECYTHIS ELLIPTICA, H. B. K. vii. 259; DC. Prodr. iii. 329; Berg, Linn. xxvii. 449;
Gustavia dubia, Berg, l. c. 446 : ramulis pallide brunneis, opacis, ochraceo-pruinosis,
tenuissime striolatis; foliis oblongis, imo rotundiusculis, et in petiolum breviter
acutatis, aut ibi seepe obsolete cordatis, apice latiuscule obtusis, et interdum subito
breviter apiculatis, marginibus vix revolutis, crenato-subserrulatis, chartaceis, supra
pallide viridibus, opacis, sub lente minute granulatis, nervis tenuibus patenter diver-
gentibus semiimmersis, reticulatim venosis, costa tenui pruinosa, plana, imo dilatata
et canaliculata, subtus pallide opacis, costa striolata pruinosa nervis venisque paullo
prominulis, petiolo supra plano, dilatato, late marginato, subtus pruinoso, limbo
16-18plo breviore: panicula terminali, folio breviore, ramis paucis, brevibus, paten-
tibus; rachi angulosa, opaca, nodis alternis et subapproximatis florigeris; pedicellis
validis, brevissimis; sepalis subovatis, crassiusculis, expansis, extus carinatis et
pallide pruinosis, marginibus membranaceis pectinato-denticulatis ; petalis obovato-
oblongis, obtusis, crassiusculis ; ovario semiinfero, subsulcato, 4-loculari, vertice
vix elevato subpulvinato radiatim striato; stylo sepalis breviore, subtereti, obtuso:
pyxidio subparvo, cupulari, sub medium angustiore rotundato, 6-sulcato, medium
versus zona calycari prominente annulari ambitu 6-lobata cincto, lobis tumidis;
vitta interzonali convexa et sensim acelivi, apiee introrsum convexa, diametri
dimidio altitudine; zona superiori latissime circulari, ore suberecto; operculo
ignoto: pericarpio pallide brunneo, imo crassissimo, lateribus tenuioribus, coriaceo-
lignoso, minute granuloso et impresse varioloso, obsolete 4-loculari; seminibus
oblongis, rufo-brunneis, leviter costatis. In Nova Granada, ad Morales, prope Rio
Magdalena: v. pl. s. in hb. Hook., prope Santa Marta (Purdie, 51); prope Car-
tagena (Purdie, 624) ; in hb, Hanbury (Purdie); v. fr. s. in Mus. Kew., Rio Mag-
dalena (Purdie). |
This plant agrees well with Kunth's description of Bonpland's specimen from the same
locality, and is said to be a wide-spreading shrub, 4-6 feet high, but sometimes a large
tree 40 feet high, common in the swamps of the Magdalena. The leaves are 61-02 in.
long, 25-34 in. broad, on a petiole 4-5 lines long, and having about 16 pairs of nerves,
with others intermediate shorter, all archingly connected near the margins. The
raceme is 8-12 in. long, with prominent nodes 3 lines apart, thick pedicels 2 lines long ;
sepals 23 lines long, 12 line broad; petals 15 lines long, 7 lines broad; the pyxidium
(Plate LI. fig. 2) at its basal portion is 3 in. in diam., 14 in. high, above which the
calycary zone suddenly expands to a diam. of 4 in. ; the interzonary band is 1} in. high,
3} in. in diam. ; upper zone 2} in. in diam. ; the pericarp, 3 in. thick below, 4 lines thick
on the sides, is 2 in. deep, and 23 in. in diam. inside,
Dr. Berg (in Linn. xxvii. pp. 446 & 449) doubted the propriety of retaining this
species ; but the excellent speeimens of Purdie prove the correctness of Kunth's diagnosis.
OON M Esc
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 228
31. LECYTHIS DUBIA, H. B. K. (non Berg), n. gen. vii. 259; Berg in Linn. xxvii. 460 et
446 : foliis oblongis, imo anguste cuneatis, apice acuminatis, basin versus integris,
medio obsolete et obtuse dentatis, subcoriaceis, glabris, supra nervosis et reticulatis,
subtus costa nervisque prominentibus; petiolo semitereti, glabro, limbo 12plo
breviore: inflorescentia ignota; pedunculo fructifero longiusculo, glabro: pyxidio
subparvo, subpoculiformi, imo rotundato et profunde 6-suleato, paullo supra basin
zona calycari prominente annulato ambitu 6-gono cincto, cum lobis 6, tumidis, sub-
reflexis; vitta interzonali cylindrica, levi, diametrum fere alta; zona superiore oper-
euloque orbicularibus et integris; operculo depresse pulvinato, diametri sextam partem
alto, subtus columella aucto, hac primum faucem implente, dein repente conica et
profunde 4-sulcata; pericarpio 4-loculari, pallide brunneo, imo crasso, latere
tenuiore, leviter lignoso, extus lacunis plurimis rubellis variolato; seminibus 8, —
oblongis, rufo-brunneis, leviter costatis. In Nova Granada ad Rio Magdalena, ubi
legit plantam Bonpland (pl. non vidi): fructus vidi in Mus. Kew., Rio Magdalena
(Purdie).
The incomplete specimen brought home by Bonpland is said by Kunth to consist only
of a single leaf and an immature fruit in a decayed state; the leaf is 10-11 in. long:
33 in. broad, on a petiole 94 lines long; the peduncle (or rather part of the rachis of
mme ?) is I} in. long. In the Kew Museum, accompanying the pyxidium of L. ellip-
lica, is another fruit, evidently belonging to a distinct species. The characters of that
plant and those of the above show they are nearly allied, though very different species.
The fruit of L. elliptica is well identified by Purdie's specimen ; and I think we may safely
refer the other fruit (Plate LI. fig. 3) to the species under consideration; and I have
therefore added the particulars of it to Kunth's diagnosis. It is 22 in. long, the basal
portion } in. high; the calycary zone, immediately above this, is 3j in. in diam.; the
onary band is nearly erect, and 14 in. high; the upper zone and operculum are
«i in. in diam., the latter } in. high, its columella fills the mouth, descending below in
a conical form, deeply channelled; the pericarp is £ in. thick at its base, 2 in. thick at the
r i the seeds are 14 in. long, + in. broad.
uo species was confounded by Dr. Berg with another specimen in
rium, as related by me under Gustavia dubia (ante, ۰ 179).
the Berlin her-
parvo, imo exacte globoso,
obsolete 6-loba
diametri 4tam
operculo
32. LECYTHIS PILARIS, nob.: planta ignota: pyxidio sub
paullo supra medium zona lineari vix prominente sursum acutiuscula
ambitu fere circulari eincto; vitta interzonali acelivi, paullo convexa, |
partem alta; zona superiore integra circulari, quam calycari angustiore ; ;
ignoto; pericarpio crassissimo, dense lignoso, cortice Crasso brunneo, opaco, d
culatim rimoso, obsolete 4-loculari. In Brasilia: v. 8- fr. in Mus. Fry. (Rio de
Janeiro).
In shape this fruit (Pl. XLIT. fig. 3) much resembles that of L. Pohlii, but is nearly
4 Of its size. Without the operculum, the pyxidium is 9 in. high, and 28 broad below the
Yeary zone, which is 14 in. above the base, and 24 in. in diam. the e band
224 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE X.
is ğ in. high; the upper zone is 13 in. in diam., its inner mouth contracted to 1 in.; the
lip 4 in. broad; the internal depth below the upper zone is 12 in., its internal diam.
1j in.
33. LECYTHIS CUPULARIS, nob.: planta ignota: pyxidio subparvo, imo hemispheerico,
medio extrorsum subcurvato, supra medium zona calycari valde prominente annulari
sub-6-loba cincto, lobis tumidis, margine acutis, supra planis, subtus convexis;
vitta interzonali brevi, erectiuscula, subconvexa, diametri quintam partem alta; zona
superiore integra, circulari; operculo ignoto; pericarpio haud crasso, spongioso-
lignoso, cortice areolatim rimoso, ochraceo-brunneo, granulatim scrobiculato, obsolete
4-loculari, orificio verticali. In Brasilia Amazonica: v. s. in Mus. Kew., vernac.
“ Monkey's Stewpan” (sine altera indicatione).
The above pyxidium (Plate XLIX. fig. 2) somewhat resembles that of L. levicula, but
it is more globose, with a narrower erect interzonary band, a more acute calycary zone,
and an erect mouth; it is 2 in. long from the base to the upper zone; calycary zone
1} in. above base and 3 in. in diam. ; interzonary band scarcely $ in. high; upper zone
2 in. in diam,, with an erect inner mouth; pericarp + in. thick, depth of cell 12 in., its
inside diam. 2 in., showing the traces of 4 dissepiments ; externally it is not tuberculate,
but subsmooth or finely granular, with a thin bark cracking into angular areoles,
34. LECYTHIS LAVICULA, nob.: planta ignota; pyxidio parvo, subgloboso, imo hemi-
spheerico, medio extrorsum curvato, supra medium zona calycari annulari prominente
obsolete 6-loba ambitu subhexagona cineto, lobis subtumidis ; vitta interzonali convexe
acclivi, diametri quintam partem alta; zona superiore circulari integra subminore ;
operculo ignoto; pericarpio suberasso, coriaceo-lignoso, levi, pallide brunneo aut
cinereo, indistincte tuberculato et minutissime granulato, obsolete 4-loculari. In
Guiana Brit. : v. s. in Mus. Kew., Demerara (Parker).
The pyxidium is small (Plate XLIX. fig. 3), only 2} in. long from the base to the
upper zone, which is 2 in. broad ; the calycary zone, 13 in. above the base, is 22 in. in
diam.; the interzonary band 4 in. high; the very light pericarp is 3-4 lines thick; the
depth of inner cavity below the upper zone is 2 in., its internal diam. 2 in., the con-
tracted mouth being 1۶ in. broad.
35. LECYTHIS PLATYZONE, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. Z. c. p. 485: planta ignota: pyxidio sub-
globoso, imo turbinato et anguste truncato; supra medium zona calycari obsolete
lobata et undulatim lineata margine acuto sursum spectante cincto; vitta inter-
zonali apice obtuse acelivi, diametri quintam partem alta; zona superiore circulari,
integra, ore contracto; operculo ignoto; pericarpio crassiusculo, suberoso-lignoso,
extus exasperato, intus obsolete 4-loculari. In prov. Rio de Janeiro : non vidi.
The pyxidium of this species (Plate LII. fig. 2) differs from that of Z. pilaris in its
somewhat larger size, in being turbinate below, and in having a narrower interzonary
band, in its thinner and more coriaceous substance, and its scrobiculately rugose (exas-
perate) surface. Itis 3 in. long from the base to the upper zone, 3% in. broad in the
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 225
middle; the calycary zone is 23 in. above the base; the interzonary band is + in. high;
the upper zone is 2 in. in diameter, contracted at the mouth in a channelled acutelip. A
species near L. pilaris; but why it is called platyzone it is difficult to see.
36. LECYTHIS LONGIFOLIA, H. B. K. vii. 260; DC. Prodr. iii. 291; Berg in Linn. xxvii.
452: racemis teretiusculis, tenuissime canescenti-hirtellis; foliis sparsis, lanceolatis,
imo acutis, apice acuminatis, conduplicatis, marginibus obsolete et remote dentatis,
subcoriaceis, glabris, nervis parallele divergentibus, venis reticulatis, subtus costa
nervisque prominentibus; petiolo subtereti, limbo 16-20plo breviore: inflorescentia
ignota; floribus pedicellatis, pedicello glabro. In Venezuela, prov. Caraccas, in
Aragua, ad ripam fluv. Orinoci, legit Humboldt: non vidi.
A tree seen by Humboldt and Bonpland, who collected an incomplete specimen,
without inflorescence, with a single mutilated flower. It is called by the natives Coco de
Mono (Monkey-pot), and is therefore most probably a true Lecythis; but Berg, without
any assigned reason, doubts this, and, with some hesitation, refers it to Gustavia. The
leaves are 8-10 in. long, 22-26 lines broad, on a petiole 4 in. long; the pedicel is nearly
an inch long. The species seems near L. Zabucayo, Aubl. |
37. LECYTHIS INTEGRIFOLIA, R. & P., Syst. Fl. Per. 8vo vol. ined. p. 529: ramulis
teneris, teretibus, brunneis, opacis, striatis, lenticellatis; foliis elongato-oblongis,
imo rotundatis vel obtusis, apice in acumen acutum subbreve subito constrictis,
marginibus tenuibus integris, vel obsolete crenatis, tenuiter chartaceis, supra planis,
lete viridibus, opacis, nervis paucis tenuissimis semiimmersis, divergentibus et
longe adscendentibus, valde reticulatis, subtus brunnescentibus, opacis, costa tenui
nervis venisque flavidis prominentibus; petiolo tenui, marginibus valde involutis,
limbo 15-18plo breviore. In Ecuador: v.s. in herb. Hook. Guayaquil (Pavon),
ex hb. Limens. a Mathewsio acquisitam (sine flore).
! Mathews quotes this species as described in p. 529 of the Syst. of Ruiz and Pavon,
I" one of the unfinished volumes, which I have not seen, as the last published does
not extend beyond p.455. He sent a specimen of the plant, without flowers, to Sir Wm.
Hooker, obtained from the Pavonian herbarium in Lima, from which the above diagnosis
's obtained. The axils of its slender branchlets are 2-1 in. apart; the leaves are 5-8 1n.
Ys 8 2-24 in. br oad, on a petiole 4-5 lines long, and they have about 6 pairs of nerves,
With other shorter and intermediate ones, all anastomosed. We do not, therefore, know
Dr certain that this plant is a true Lecythis; it bears more the appearance of an
Eschweilera, |
93. Lecrrars LANGSDORFFIT, Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. l. €. ۰ 615: ramulis angulato-
Sulcatis, rimosis ; foliis oblongis, vel elliptico-oblongis, imo complicatis ev m nm
lum breviter attenuatis, RE in acumen breve recurvum abrupte constrictis, sub-
integris, vel ad marginem subrevolutum punctis obsolete serrulatis, chartaceis,
Supra luride viridibus, valde opacis, ad nervos impressos sulcatis, venis crebre reti-
Culatis immersis, subtus spadiceo-brunneis, valde opacis, subpulverulentis, costa
'
226 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
prominente, nervis venisque prominulis, petiolo sulcato crenulatim marginato,
limbo 14plo breviore: racemis terminalibus, folio dimidio brevioribus; rachi angu-
lata, verrueosa ; pedicellis brevibus, recurvis, angulatis, rugulosis, pilosulis; sepalis
oblongis, subacutis, insequalibus, margine membranaceis, apice ciliolatis, maculatis,
parallele striatis, breviter sparse et adpresse pilosulis; petalis obovatis, albis, mem-
branaceis; ovario infero, hexagone turbinato, ruguloso, 4-loculari, ovulis plurimis
ab axi 3-seriatim radiantibus, vertice intra discum subconcavo, radiatim striato,
medio conice elevato; stylo tereti, subincurvo; stigmate parvo, sub-4-lobo, albo.
In Amazonas: v. 8. in herb. Hook., San José, Rio Negro (Riedel, 1450).
This plant quite agrees with the characters assigned to this species by Berg, although,
in evident forgetfulness, the name of ** Lecythis Riedelianum teste Berg " was written by
Riedel on the specimen, the latter being a species of Eschweilera. It is a tree 20 feet
high, found by Riedel at the fort, Marabitana, S. José, opposite the confluence of the
rivers Negro and Casiquiare, on the confines of Brazil and Venezuela; its leaves are 3-5
in. long, 1-2 in. broad, on petioles 3-6 lines long, and have about 12 pairs of nerves; the
rachis of the terminal raceme is 3} in. long, with flowers about 3 lines apart; the
pedicels are 14 line long; the sepals 2 lines long, 1 line broad; the rounded petals 6-8
lines long, 4 lines broad; the androphorum has a very convex semiglobose head lacinu-
lated and incurved at the margin, densely charged inside with shortish appendages, most
of which are antheriferous.
39. Lecvruis Martini, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. p. 616: ramulis teneris, verruculosis ;
foliis oblongis, vel ovali-oblongis, imo obtusatis et breviter acutis, apice recurvato-
acuminatis, subintegris, vel ad marginem e punctis fuscis obsolete serrulatis, char-
taceis, nervis patulis, marginem versus adscendentibus et arcuatim nexis, cum aliis
brevibus interjectis, costa carinata, flexuosa, prominente, subtus costa incrassata
prominente ; petiolo canaliculato, limbo 6—7plo breviore : racemis axillaribus, vel plu-
ribus congestis et terminalibus, folio brevioribus ; rachi gracili, angulata, pruinosa ;
bracteis oblongis, deciduis; pedicellis recurvatis et verrucoso-torosis ; sepalis quam
his longioribus, insequalibus, pruinosis, oblongis, obtusis, carinatis ; ovario semiinfero,
4-loculari, loculis pluriovulatis, vertice convexo ; stylo longiusculo. In Cayenne
(Martin) : non vidi.
Berg states that this species is near .L. corrugata, Poit.; but as its ovary is 4-locular,
this position cannot be accepted: it is also said to be near Z. salebrosa, Berg, differing
in its leaves being obtuse at base, in the smooth vertex of its ovary, and oblong sepals ;
the leaves are 3-5 in. long, 14-2 in. broad, on a petiole 6-7 lines long ; rachis of raceme
13-2} in. long; bracts 2 lines long; pedicels 3 lines long; sepals 3 lines long, 13-2
lines broad.
10. LecYTHIS RUBICUNDA, nob.: ramulis pallide brunneis vel griseo-opacis, striolatis,
lenticellis verruculosis ; foliis ovatis, vel oblongis, imo obtusis, et in petiolum breviter
ac subito acutioribus, apice in acumen acutum, aut obtusulum, subrecurvum repente
A RR OR
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 227
attenuatis, subintegris, vel margine tenui vix revoluto leviter crenato-serrulatis,
rigide chartaceis, supra opacis, sub lente minute granulosis; nervis adscendenter
divaricatis, vix prominulis, costa tenui, subtus rubescentibus, opacis, costa valida
striata, nervis venisque areolatim reticulatis prominentibus, petiolo fusco, tereti,
subcanaliculato, subtus ruguloso, limbo 12-17plo breviore: panicula e racemis
3-4 approximatis, axillari vel terminali ; rachi subflexuosa, folio breviore, angulato-
suleata, fusca, granulatim pruinosa, subapproximatim nodosa; floribus ad nodos
articulatis; pedicellis sepalis dimidio brevioribus, sspe recurvulis, subtenuibus,
verruculosis ; sepalis elongato-oblongis, intus concavis, extus subcarinatis, gibbosis
et torulosis, opacis, margine membranaceo-crenulatis; petalis ovatis, unguiculatis ;
ovario infero, extus verruculoso, 4-loculari, ovulis paucis, paululo sub apicem axi
suspensis, vertice concavo, radiatim striato; stylo longiusculo, subincurvo. In
Guiana Batava: v. s. in herb. Mus. Brit., Guiana (Martin) ; in herb. Hook., Surinam
(Hostman, 1260).
This is a tree with white flowers. The species differs from L. Martini in its leaves being
double their size, and upon shorter petioles, in a paniculate raceme double the length,
and with a stouter rachis. The axils of its branchlets are 13-23 in. apart; its leaves are
3-8] in. long, 13-3 in. broad, on a petiole 3-5 lines long, and they have 12-14 pairs of
nerves, with others shorter and intermediate, all anastomosing ; the panicle or raceme is
2-33 in. long; the pedicels 1 line long; the sepals 2 lines long; the petals 7 lines long,
?-4lines broad ; androphorum 9 lines in diam.
1l. LECYTHIS SETIFERA, nob.: ramulis tenuibus dichotomis; foliis suborbiculatis, imo
petiolum versus abrupte acutis, apice in acumen lineare subito constrictis, mem-
branaceis, dentieulatis, dentibus setiferis, supra viridibus, opacis, subtus vix palli-
dioribus, opacis, costa nervisque tenuibus paullo prominulis; petiolo tenui, subcana-
liculato, limbo quintuplo breviore: floribus axillaribus, solitariis; pedicello sepalis
paullo longiore ; sepalis obtuse ovatis, expansis ; petalis triplo longioribus, oblongis; .
androphori appendieulis longiusculis, fere omnibus antheriferis; ovario infero, tur-
binato, 4-loculari, vertice vix elevato, radiatim striato ; stylo brevi obtuso. In
Brasilia: o. s. in herb. Hook., Rio de Janeiro (Glasiou).
À very distinct species, remarkable for the setiferous teeth of its leaves; the axils
tes are 7-1 in. apart; the leaves are 13-24 in. long, 13-2 in. broad
3 lines 9 their suddenly acute point 3 in. in length, and 13-2 lines broad), on petioles
ong. The pedicels are 4 lines long, each bearing a single flower; the calyx
panded is 9 lines in diameter; the sepals 2 lines long, 3 lines broad at the base; the
"nlla expanded is 1} in. across; the androphorum 9 lines wide. ,
á Species non satis nota.
; Bs SUBBIFLORA, R. & P. Fl. Per. iv. tab. 461, ined. ; Don, Dict. ii. 873: foliis
"8o-lanceolatis, acuminatis, integris, petiolatis ; pedicellis seepius binis, 1-floris ;
petalis obtusis, Peru (non vidi).
228 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEZ.
Of this plant nothing more is known, the drawing of Ruiz and Pavon not being
accessible in this country; it is therefore impossible to say to which genus this species
should be referred.
Species ۰
Lecythis acuminatissima, Berg ~ . = Eschweilera acuminatissima *.
—— albiflora, DC. . . . . . . = Eschweilera albiflora *.
—— amara, Aubl. . . . . . . = Ohytroma amara *.
angustifolia, Berg . . . . . = Eschweilera angustifolia, Mart. سس
basizone, Berg . e. + + = Chytroma idatimon *. سس
Blanchetiana, Berg . + + + = Eschweilera Blanchetiana *. سس
— bracteata, Willd. . . . . .' = Couroupita Guianensis, Aubl.
— bracteosa, Pópp., ue . . „. = Eschweilera bracteosa *.
chartacea, Berg . . « +. +. = Chytroma chartacea *. سس
— compressa, Vell. . . . . . = Eschweilera compressa *.
—— cordata, Berg . . . . . . = Eschweilera cordata *.
coriacea, DC. . . . . . . = Jugastrum coriaceum *, سس
corrugata, Poir.. . . . . . = Eschweilera corrugata *. سس
— elegans, Berg . . . . . . = Eschweilera elegans *.
— fagifolia, Berg . . = Allantoma fagifolia *.
—— grandiflora, Benth. ( non à Anbl ) = Lecythis venusta *,
grandifolia, Berg . . . . . = Chytroma grandifolia *. سس
—— idatimon, Aubl. . . . . . = Chytroma idatimon *.
idatimonoides, Berg . . . . = Eschweilera idatimonoides *.
—— levifolia, Griseb. . . . « = Eschweilera levifolia *.
—— lanceolata, Berg (non Poir.). . = Lecythis biserrata ۰
longipes, Poit. . . - + . = Eschweilera longipes *. سس
— longipes, Benth. (non Poit ). . = Eschweilera lutea *.
— longipes, DO., var. platycarpa . = Eschweilera platycarpa *. i
—— Luschnattii, Berg . . . . . = Eschweilera Luschnattiana *.
= O, EN . - . . . . .. rz Bechwelles lutea *.
—— macrophylla, Berg . . . . . = Eschweilera macrophylla *.
— Morawyentie, Beg... . = Chytroma Marawyensis *.
= Martiano, Berg. . . .-. . == Oouratari Martians *.
— micrantha, Berg . - + +. = Eschweilera micrantha *.
— minor, Vell. (non J T ). . . =Lecythis tuberculata *.
— monosperma, P. 7 — Chytroma monosperma *.
—— multiflora, Smith ۰ « « . , = Allantoma multiflora *.
—— nana, Berg . . = Eschweilera nana *.
icaraguensis, Mos & in . = Couroupita Nicaraguensis, DC.
kms "etiem - + . . = Eschweilera obversa *.
we Popp: 7. S. D Vo Rud odora *.
—— odoratissima, Balam. * . . . = Eschweilera Blanchetiana.
ine
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 239
Vello... vom Lecythis Velloziana *. منوت
—— ollaria, Sald. . . . . . . = Lecythis biserrata *.
—— ollaria, Hook. . . . . . . = Lecythis usitata *.
ovalifolia, DC. . . . . . . = Chytroma ovalifolia *. سس
ovata, Camb. . . . . . . = Eschweilera ovata, Mart.
—— ovata, Berg, var. acuminata . = Eschweilera acuminata *.
—— ovata, Berg, var. laurifolia . . = Eschweilera laurifolia *.
—— ovata, Berg, var. obscura . . = Eschweilera gracilis *.
—— ovata, Berg, var. ovalifolia . . = Eschweilera Blanchetiana *,
—— pachysepala, Spruce et Berg . = Eschweilera pachysepala *.
_—pameulata, Berg . . . . = Eschweilera paniculata *.
—— parviflora, Aubl. . . . . . = Eschweilera parviflora *.
— parviflora, agot . . . . . = Eschwellera Sagotiana *.
— parvifolia, Mart. . . . . . = Eschweilera parvifolia *.
—— pedicellaris, DC. . . . . . = Eschweilera verruculosa *.
— pilosa, Popp.. . . . . . . = Eschweilera pilosa *.
—— platycarpa, Poit. . . . . . = Eschweilera platycarpa *.
—— Poiteaui, OT Vv wy. ugastrum Poiteaui *,
—— retusa, Spr. et Berg. . . . „ = Chytroma retusa *.
Riedelii, Berg . . . . . . = Eschweilera Riedelii *. سس
rorida, Spr. & Berg. . . . st Obhyttoma roridó *. ——
—— rosea, Berg . . . . . , , = Chytroma rosea *.
—— salebrosa, Berg . , . . , = Ohytroma salebrosa *.
—— schomburgkiana, Berg . . , = Chytroma Schomburgkiana *.
—— Siberiana, Berg. . . . . . = Eschweilera Siberiana *.
—— Spruceana, Berg . . . , , -Ohytroma Spruceana *.
—— subglandulosa, Berg . . , . = Eschweilera subglandulosa *.
— tenaz, Moritz & Berg. . . , = Eschweilera tenax ®.
—— Zenuifolia, Berg DM _ „ = Eschweilera tenuifolia *.
—— turbinata, Berg. . . , . , = Chytroma turbinata *.
~ verruculosa, Berg . . . „ . = Eschweilera verruculosa.
EAN Wullfschlegelii, Berg _ == Eschweilera macrophylla *.
——- Zabucayo, Hook. & S an = Lecythis usitata *.
Mahi ) pruce (non yt
The à; 5. CHYTROMA. (Plate XXXIV. B.)
it on] differences between this genus and Lecythis having been amply described in p. 164,
y remains to give the following diagnosis :— |
E a ey this, in parte, auct, Calyz adnatus, limbo in sepala 6-8 diviso. Petala 6-8, multo
> «eps inzequalia, valde imbricata, unguibus inter discum et androphorum agglutinatis. An-
Vertice į ut m Lecythide, sed galeze appendicule ananthere. Ovarium semiinferum, turbinatum,
E ag nen planum elevato, 4-loculare ; ovula in quoque loculo pauca, sessilia, e gs ib
H ۰ ۰ "
Vor, Re stylus brevissimus » obtusus; stigma minimum, subglobosum, cur ud yzidiun
230 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEZ.
mediocre, vel parvum, turbinatum, supra vel circa medium zona calycari sublineari cinctum ; vittu
interzonali altitudine varia; zona superiore orbiculari; operculo circulari, mox solubili et deciduo,
supra convexo et spe umbonato, subtus valde concavo, sine columellz vestigio, dissepimentis sub.
membranaceis intus signato, cum velario intra marginem prope faucem paullo descendente munito ;
pericarpio (operculoque) subtenuiter coriaceo, 4-loculari, dissepimentis membranaceis, sepe persis-
tentibus. Semina in quoque loculo 1-3, sicca, ovata, rarius per pressionem obtuse angulata, utrinque
rotundata, levia, erecta, hilo majusculo basali affixa: testa crustacea (spe arillo mucilaginoso tecta ?),
raphe ab hilo ad apicem faciei ventrali adscendente, valde compressa et loriformi, lateribus liberis,
nervo longitudinali solummodo ad testam adheesa, cum ramis aliis longitudinalibus, seepe furcatis,
elevatis signata; integumentum internum membranaceum ; embryo conformis, exalbuminosus, homo-
geneus, fuscus, cereo-carnosus, amarus, neorhiza interna exorhiza externa undique cincta sistens
- (cotyledonibus nullis visibilibus). `
Arbores frondose Americe Meridionalis, habitu Lecythidis. ۲
1, CHYTROMA SCHOMBURGKIANA, nob.: Lecythis Schomburgkii Berg, in Linn. xxvii. 456:
ramulis cinereo-brunneis, rugulosis, interrupte striato-sulcatis, cortice subtrans-
versim rimoso, pruinosis, obsolete verruculosis; foliis ovatis, utrinque rotundatis,
sepe in acumen brevissimum abrupte canaliculatim recurvatis, rigide chartaceis,
marginibus cartilagineis revolutis, integerrimis, supra lete vel pallide viridibus,
levibus, subopacis, nervis tenuibus subimmersis, sub lente creberrime foveolato-
reticulatis, costa subprominula, subtus pallidioribus, opacis, costa nervisque pro-
minulis ; petiolo superne plano, marginato, limbo 10-12plo breviore : racemis axilla-
ribus et terminalibus, folio sub:equilongis, aut simplicibus vel pluribus congestis ;
pedicellis recurvis, alabastro brevioribus, sulcatis, pruinosis ; sepalis obtuse oblongis,
extus granulosis, carinatis, pruinosis, marginibus late membranaceis, ciliolatis ;
petalis insequalibus, obovato-oblongis, apice rotundatis, membranaceis ; ovario in-
fero, turbinato, granuloso, 4-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 3, e basi erectis, vertice
intra diseum valde concavo, radiatim striato; stylo tereti, sepalis dimidio breviore;
stigmate parvo, papilloso : pyxidio cylindrico, subovato, longe supra medium zona
calycari e sepalis dilatatis adpressis linea nexis cincto; vitta interzonali subangusta,
fere verticali, diametri 5tam partem alta; zona superiore circulari, integra ; operculo
pulvinato valde depresso, superne late concavo, subtus concavo et 4-septato, sine
columella, cum velario intra faucem longius dependente, 4-loculari, dissepimentis
membranaceis, persistentibus, loculis sequalibus, singulis 2-spermis; pericarpio ligneo-
coriaceo, non crasso, rufescenti-brunneo, areolis pallidis impressis granulosis macu-
lato; seminibus ovatis, angulato-compressis, imo erectim affixis, collateralibus, fusco-
brunneis, raphe loriformi ad angulum ventralem ab hilo basali majusculo ad apicem
adscendente dehine iterum in ramis elevatis descendentibus signato; testa crassa,
coriacea, embryone immaturo submareido, corrugato. In Guiana Brit.: v. pl. s. in
herb. variis, Guiana (Schomb. 458, 792); v. fr. sicc. in Mus. Kew. (Schomb.).
The above fruit is marked “ Schomburgk ” in Mr. Bentham's handwriting; and I
have no hesitation in referring it to this species rather than to Schomburgk’s other
Guiana specimen (C. chartacea), because of the peeuliar hollow summit of the oper-
culum, which agrees in this respect with the hollow vertex of the ovarium, quite an
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE. NL
unusual occurrence. Berg states that the ovary is 3-celled, probably a typographical error,
as I have found it constantly 4-celled, with erect ovules. The axils of the branchlets are
3-1 in. apart; the leaves are 22-37 in. long, 12-2 in. broad, on a petiole 3 lines long, and
with about 10 pairs of nerves, with others shorter and intermediate; the rachis of the
raceme is 2-23 in. long, with prominent nodes 2-3 lines apart; pedicels 1 line; sepals
lines long, 13 line broad; larger petals 9 lines long, 6 lines broad; androphorum 6 و
lines in diam. ; the pyxidium (Plate LVIIL. figs. 1 & 2), of a humming-top shape, is 22 in.
long, 2} in. broad at the calycary zone, which is 12 in. above the base, and is formed of
the almost unchanged sepals united by a line; the interzonal band is 5 lines high; the
upper entire zone is 2 in. in diam.; the pulvinate opereulum, of similar diameter, is
4 lines high, is broadly concave above, concave and septate beneath, with a velarium
descending 4 lines within the mouth; the pericarp is 23 lines thick, is divided by thin
membranaceous dissepiments, continuous with those of the operculum, subsequently
ruptured to allow the escape of the seeds. This contains 8 erect seeds, which are
immature, erect and shrivelled.
2. CHYTROMA CHARTACEA, nob.: Lecythis chartacea, Berg in Linn. xxvii. 450: ramulis
teretibus, opace vel glauco-brunneis, interrupte striatis; foliis ovatis, imo rotundatis
et in petiolo late decurrentibus, apice in acumen breve obtusulum vel acutum
canaliculatim recurvum repente constrictis, integris, vel ad marginem cartilagineum
revolutum punctis fuscis obsolete crenulato-serrulatis, chartaceis, supra subopacis,
nervis tenuibus, patule divaricatis, paullo prominulis, valde reticulatis, subtus palli-
‘dioribus, brunnescentibus, opacis, costa prominente, nervis venisque prominulis ;
petiolo subtenui, late sulcato, marginato, limbo 12plo breviore: paniculis termina-
libus et axillaribus, pauciramosis, aut racemis axillaribus folio brevioribus; rachi
angulata, flexuosa, nodosa, 6-12-flora; pedicellis brevibus; sepalis oblongo-ovatis,
subimbricatis, fuscis, extus punctis minutis albidis scabridulis, margine membra-
naceo ciliolatis ; petalis ovatis, concavis, rubris, marginibus fimbriato-ciliatis ; andro-
phoro globoso, luteo ; ovario semiinfero, pilis brevissimis scabridulo, distincte 4-lo-
culari, ovulis in quoque loculo pluribus, e basi erectis et radiantibus, vertice conico,
striato; stylo subbrevi. In Guiana Brit. : v. s. in herb. Hook., Pomeroon (Schomb.
191, 1432). |
= amg certainly congeneric with C. Schomburgkianum, from which it ae its
its red ۹ leaves, ita scabridulous sepals with a narrower membranaceous bor in
apart ae » and conical vertex of the ovary. The axils of its branchlets are x din
have about EB o. 2-4 in. long, 14-21 in. broad, on a petiole 2-4 lines > ; A i
oig Een of nerves, with others shorter and intermediate ; the in 2 0
9 lines lon ie "n long, the pedicels 4 line long, the sepals 2 lines long, the pe
E lower in bud 4-5 lines in diameter.
3. CHYTRoOMA
fig. 1-4 AMARA, nob.: Lecythis amara, Aubl. Pl. Guian. ii. 718, tab. 286-285 a,
DC. Prodr. iii. 299 ; Berg in Linn. xxvii. 453: ramulis teretibus, fusco-
| > 2H 2
{
\
x
232 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE.E.
brunneis, opacis, lenticellis flavidis verruculosis, striatis; foliis elongato-oblongis,
vel ellipticis, imo obtusis et subito acutatis, apice in acumen acutum constrictis, sub-
integris, vel ad marginem cartilagineum revolutum obsoletissime serrulatis, sub-
coriaceis, supra sublucentibus, nervis tenuibus subimmersis patule divaricatis, venis
creberrime reticulatis, ad costam prominulam suleatis, subtus pallidioribus, seepe
rubentibus, nervis venisque favoso-reticulatis prominulis, costa validiore prominente ;
petiolo fusco, canaliculato, marginato, subruguloso, limbo 12plo breviore: racemis
terminalibus, seepe axillaribus, folio multo brevioribus; rachi ferrugineo-pruinosa,
angulata, interrupte striata, nodosa; bracteis majusculis concavis, margine ciliatis,
caducissimis ; floribus subparvis ; pedicellis tenuibus, corrugatis ; sepalis 6, his duplo
longioribus, oblongo-ovatis, pruinosis, crassiusculis, carinatis, ciliatis; petalis 6,
ovatis, duplo majoribus, concavis, flavis; ovario fere omnino supero, imo brevissime
turbinato, cum pedicello toruloso, distinete 4-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 2
e basi erectis, vertice valde elevato, conice convexo, flavimaculato, levi; stylo
brevi, obtuso: pyxidio oviformi, paullo infra medium zona calycari e sepalis per-
sistentibus 6 inerassatis subdivergentibus linea nexis cincto; vitta interzonali in-
trorsum suberecta, diametri fere dimidiam partem alta; zona superiore integra,
quam inferior paulo minore; operculo orbiculari, subhemispheerice convexo, apice
breviter umbonato, intus concavo, cum velario intra faucem dependente, et dissepi-
mentis 4 (sine eolumella) ruptis diviso; pericarpio coriaceo, subcrasso, intus 4-locu-
lari, dissepimentis submembranaceis ; seminibus in quolibet loculo solitariis, erectis,
oblongis, ventre subangulatis. In Guiana: v. s. pl. in herb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne,
in sylvis (Aublet); in herb. Hook., Guiana (Talbot) : fr. non vidi. |
A species very near the preceding, differing in its much larger, more elongated leaves,
and its more ovoid fruit. It isa tree of considerable size, with a copious head and a
thiek trunk, bare for the height of 10 feet. The axils of its branchlets are 3-1 in. apart;
the leaves are 4-7) in. long, 13-2} in. broad, on a petiole 5-7 lines long, with about 16
pairs of parallel very divergent nerves, with others shorter intermediate, all anasto-
mosing. By the fall of the upper leaves, the axillary racemes often assume a panicular
form; the rachis is 14-2} in. long, with nodes 3-5 lines apart ; pedicel 4 lines long ; sepals
13 line long; petals 4 lines long, 3 lines broad ; upper moiety of ovary above disk 13 line
high ; style 13 line long; the pyxidium (Plate LVIII. figs. 8, 9) is 3 in. long, 24 in. broad
at the ealyeary zone, which is 11 in. above the base; the interzonary band is nearly 1 in.
high; the entire upper zone 13 in. in diam.; the operculum, of the same breadth, is 8
lines high, coneave within, with a velarium descending 4 lines within the mouth; the
membranous dissepiments persist, both in the lower portion and in the operculum ; the
periearp and opereulum are rather thin in substanee, and somewhat fragile; the seeds
are very bitter, as in all other species of this genus.
4. C HYTROMA INCARCERATA, nob.: planta ignota: pyxidio filiformi, depresse globoso,
paulissime sub apicem zona calycari e sepalis acutis vix prominulis linea nexis
cıncto ; vitta interzonali introrsum aeclivi, diametri octavam partem alta; zona
superiore orbieulari, margine acuta, quam inferior minore ; opereulo subhorizontali,
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE A. 233
summo paullulo concavo, medio breviter umbonato, inferne concavo, dissepimentis 4
` tenuibus diviso, cum velario late extrorsum expanso, ore multo latiore, et hinc ad
maturitatem soluto, tamen inextricabili ; pericarpio subtenui pallide brunneo, rugu-
lose scrobiculato, 4-loculari, dissepimentis membranaceis persistentibus : seminibus
majusculis, in loculis solitariis, ovalibus, ventre subangulatis, hilo basali affixis;
testa levi, fulva, pergaminea, raphe ventrali late loriformi flavida, cum ejus ramis e
basi adscendentibus; embryonis structura generis. In Brasilia: v. fr. s. in Mus.
Brit. (sine loco).
_ From this singular development of the fruit the operculum and seeds remain im-
prisoned after the period of maturity; for though the velarium becomes detached from
the pericarp, the operculum, not being able to fall outward, is drawn inward by the
desiccation of the dissepiments; except for this peculiarity there would be little to
distinguish it from the fruit of C. cistella except its smaller vertex and more depressed
form. The pyxidium (Plate LVITI. figs. 3, 4) is 2 in. long, 28 in broad ; the calycary zone
is 1$ in. in diam., and 12 in. above the base ; the interzonal band is + in. high; the upper
tone 12 in. in diam.; the tightly fitting operculum is of the same diameter, and does
aot rise above the zone, is slightly concave and umbonate at the summit, is of thin
texture, concave below, with the thin dissepiments attached toit ; but its velarium expands
oubwardly at a considerable angle, and descends half an inch below the mouth, at first
attached to the pericarp; but after maturity it there becomes detached, when by the
shrinkine of the dissepiment the operculum is drawn inwards, as above explained; the
pericarp is about 14 line thick at the sides, 3 thick at the bottom, where it is suddenly
swollen ; the seeds are 13 in. long, 1 in. broad.
5. CHYTROMA CISTELLA, nob.; Lecythidis sp., Spruce in Hook. Kew Journ. v. 239.
n. 69: planta ignota: pyxidio poculiformi, imo globoso, longe supra medium zona
calycari sursum acutiuscula undulato-lineari cincto ; vitta interzonali valde angusta,
suberecta ; zona superiore circulari, integra, inferiore vix minore ; operculo brevis-
Simo, depresse pulvinato, late concavo, subtus concavo et 4-septato, sine columella,
cum velario dissepimentis continuo longe intra faucem descendente; pericarpio
crasso, leviter lignoso, cortice tenuiter suberoso, rimoso, brunneo, granulato vel
‚erobieulato-ruguloso, obsolete 4-loculari, intus imo cicatricibus hilorum signato.
n Brasilia, prov. Amazonas: v. f. s. in Mus. Kew. (Spruce, 69, 233).
There aro 3 specimens of this fruit in the Kew Museum, which I have referred to this
E = account of the eicatrices of the attachment of the seeds. n is shown on
i m. figs, 6, 7, where the height from the base to the upper zone is 27 1n. ; e
EL middle is 3 in., that of the calycary zone 22 in.: that of the upper zone 28,
d at the inner mouth to a breadth of 12 in. ; the interzonary band is 3 lines high ;
tam is 37 in. in diam., only 2 lines high, depressed in the centre, hollow
T5 Where a 18 4-celled, with a velarium deseending 5 lines within the mouth ; the
M E m. thick ; the mouth below the upper zone is 1} in. broad, the en
and its depth 14 in. It resembles the fruit of C. Schomburgkianum n its
234 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE X.
` short very depressed operculum ; but it differs in its quite orbicular form, with a pericarp
of twice its thickness. The tree from which these fruits were obtained is very lofty,
growing in the forests near the Barra do Rio Negro.
6. CHYTROMA TURBINATA, nob.: Lecythis turbinata, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. /. c. 493,
tab. 73 (icon. fruct. distort.): Lecythis, sp., Spruce in Hook. Kew Journ. v. 170,
no. 4: ramulis pallide et opace brunneis, ramosis, rugosis, substriatis, lenticellis
verruculosis; foliis majusculis, elongato-oblongis, imo in petiolum sensim acutis,
apice in acumen sublineare longum acutissimum subito attenuatis, integris, vel ad
marginem cartilagineum subrevolutum punctis obsoletissime serratis, rigide is,
supra pallide viridibus, opacis, nervis tenuissimis vix prominulis, costa tenui carinata
prominente, subtus pallidioribus, fulvo-opacis, costa crassa pruinosa, nervis flavidis
venisque prominentibus ; petiolo valido, canaliculato, marginato, subtus corruguloso,
limbo 16-20plo breviore: racemis terminalibus et axillaribus, folio multo breviori-
bus; rachi nodosa, cire. 10—14-flora; pedicellis subtenuibus; sepalis oblongis, cras-
siusculis, persistentibus ; ovario 4-loculari: rachi fructifera incrassata, flexuosa,
valde nodosa, pruinosa: pyxidio globoso, imo hemisphzrico, seepe gibboso et difformi,
cirea medium zona calycari e sepalis 6 linea nexis cincto; vitta interzonali sub-
acclivi convexa, diametri sextam partem alta; zona superiore quam calycaris paullo
minore, eirculari ; operculo isti conformi, quam vitta fere triplo altiore, valde con-
vexo, obtuse umbonato aut sublevi, subtus valde concavo, cum velario intra faucem
descendente; pericarpio coriaceo pallide brunneo, subrugoso, lenticellis granosis
flavis maeulato, primum 4-loculari (aut abortu 1-2-loculari), sicco dissepimentis
evanidis pseudo-1-loculari et 4-spermo (aut abortu 1-spermo) ; seminibus uniseriatim
imo affixis, ovatis, dorso convexis, ventre subangulatis, testa lxvi, flavescente, raphe
ad angulum ventralem lata, ramis linearibus furcatis. In Amazonas: v. pl. s. in hb.
variis, Barra do Rio Negro (Spruce, 1167, cum fruct. distort.); in Ab. Hook.,
Barra (Spruce, 1238) ; cum fruct. normal. in Mus. Kew. (Spruce, 1238) ; etiam Rio
Arepicurü (Spruce), sine numero.
This very distinet species belongs certainly to this genus, and not to Lecythis, because
of its fruit and seeds. Berg’s drawing of the monospermous fruit is correct and like that
of my own specimen (Spruce, 1167); but these are of abnormal growth, 1-locular by the
abortion of the other cells, and, in consequence, of a very gibbous form. The second
specimen of the plant (Spruce, 1268) has a note attached to it, saying that the fruit is
sent separately ; and accordingly we see in the Museum at Kew a fruit marked with that
number, so that no doubt can exist as to their identity. It is quite similar to another
collected at Rio Arepicurú by Spruce, and is one of the kind called Macacarecuya.
(Monkey-cups) by the natives.
The species forms a low tree, much branched, growing in the Iguarapés (inundated
lands) of the rivers ; the axils of the branches are 2—12 in. apart ; the leaves are 7-9$ in.
long (including the narrow acumen 1 in. long), and 12-3 in. broad, on a petiole 5-6 lines
long ; and they have about 12 pairs of nerves, with others intermediate anastomosing
with them ; the rachis of the racemes is slightly flexuous, 14 in long, with 10-12 ۳
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE &. 235
minent floriferous nodes, 2-3 lines apart. The pyxidium (Plate LIX. figs. 9 & 13) is
13-2 in. long; the calycary zone, 9-10 lines above the base, is 2-23 in. in diam. ; the inter-
zonal band is 4-5 lines high: the upper zone and operculum are 13 in. in diam., the
latter 6 lines high, depressed on the summit, without an umbonate point, which is seen
only on the imperfect fruit; it is quite hollow within, with the traces of 4 evanescent
dissepiments, and furnished within its margin by a velarium which descends 4 lines
within the mouth ; the pericarp is 2 lines thick, showing inside the indications of the
withered dissepiments; the 4 erect seeds are 1 inch long, 10 lines broad, yellowish, sub-
polished, marked with the veins of the raphe as in the foregoing species. The single
seed in the abnormal fruits is similar in size and shape to the above, and is marked in the
same way. |
Ina note attached to the specimen of the fruit, Spruce states that * when gathered it
had an exceedingly aromatic arillus, which the ants speedily devoured.” We may pre-
sume this “ arillus ” covered the testa ; but no trace of it now exists.
7. CHYTROMA SPRUCEANA, nob. : Lecythis Spruceana, Berg (in parte) in Mart. Flor. Bras.
l. c. p. 487 : ramulis fusco-brunneis, subflexuosis, profunde et interrupte sulcatis,
obsolete verruculosis; foliis ovatis, vel oblongo-ovatis, imo obtusis, et in petiolum
acutatis, apice obtusis et in acumen spe angustum longe cuspidato-mucronatum
subito constrictis, chartaceis, ad marginem revolutum et undulatum obsolete crenato-
serrulatis, supra opace sublucidis, minutissime granulatis, nervis tenuibus parallele
divergentibus et longe adscendentibus subimmersis, reticulatis, costa prominula,
subtus subochraceo-pallidioribus, opace pruinosis, nervis flavidis prominentibus,
venis prominulis, costa striolata prominente; petiolo fusco, canaliculato, marginato,
ruguloso, limbo 10plo breviore : panieula terminali, pluriramosa ; rachi subflexuosa,
angulato-sulcata, verruculosa, prominente nodosa: pedicellis ad nodos alternos arti-
culatis, suleatis ; sepalis ovatis, subzequalibus, extus parallele striatis et granulatim
punctatis, marginibus erosulis ; petalis obovatis, albis (siccis flavis), extus rugulosis ;
ovario infero, turbinato, 4-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 3, e basi distinctissime
erectis, vertice intra discum plano, radiatim striato ; stylo subulato, incurvo, sepalis
breviore: pyxidio subgloboso, medio zona calycari e sepalis 6 lineatim nexis cincto ;
vitta Interzonali Suberecta, subconvexa, diametri quintam partem alta ; zona superiore
integra ; operculo vitto) altitudine, supra convexo, intus concavo, vestigiis septorum
signato, cum velario intra faucem descendente vitta dimidio breviore munito ;
Pericarpio Suberasso, coriaceo, extus opace brunneo et ruguloso, intus 4-loculari,
mentis submembranaceis mox evanidis ; seminibus in quoque loculo 2, erectis.
Ri silla: o, s, in herb. variis, Panuré, Rio Uahüpes (Spruce, 2700) : San Carlos,
0 Negro (Spruce 3695).
, de * eo 30-50 feet high, growing on the margins of rivers, and bearing white
long, Uh flowers ; the axils of the branchlets are 1 in. apart; the leaves are 31-53 in.
er broad, on a petiole 5-6 lines long, and with about 14 pairs of nerves, with
sh : à ۱ i E
orter and intermediate: in my specimen the panicle is 34 in. long, with 1 to 4
236 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE.E.
lateral branches 2 in. long and 4 lines apart; the nodules on which the pedicels are
articulated are 4 line long, 2-3 lines apart; the pedicels 1 line, the sepals are 2 lines
long, 1 line broad; the petals 12 in. long, 1 in. broad ; the androphorum is 1 in. in diam. ;
the flower expanded 4 in. across; the erect ovules are distinctly fixed at the very base of
the axis in the ovary ; the immature pyxidium (Plate LIX. figs.3, 4) is 14 in. high; the
calycary zone is 1} in. in diam. ; the interzonal band 3 lines high; the upper zone and
operculum are 1j in. in diam.; the latter 6 lines high, concave beneath, and with a
velarium descending more than 3 lines within the mouth; the pericarp is 2 lines thick;
the seeds were destroyed and agglomerated by caries in all the specimens I have seen.
8. CHYTROMA IBIRIBA : Zbiribá, Mareg. & Piso. Hist. Nat. Bras. p. 136: ramulis tere-
tibus, subeinereis lenticellato-verruculosis, cortice subrimoso ; foliis oblongo-ovatis,
vel oblongis, imo rotundiusculis vel obtusis et in petiolo brevissime decurrentibus,
apice in acumen brevissimum acutum vel obtusulum recurvulum abrupte attenuatis,
subintegris, aut ad marginem cartilagineum subrevolutum obsolete crenatis, char-
taceis vel subcoriaceis, supra pallide viridibus, lsevibus, subopacis, nervis divaricatis
vix prominulis, costa tenui, striolata, prominula, subtus pallide brunneis, luride
opacis, pulverulento-pruinosis, nervis tenuissimis venisque paullo prominulis, costa
striata prominente; petiolo canaliculato, striato-rugoso, limbo 15plo breviore:
racemo terminali, pauciramoso, folio multo breviore; rachi geniculata, nodosa,
crebre 6-10-flora ; rachi fructifera pedicellisque incrassatis : pyxidio immaturo sub-
globoso, sæpe gibboso, utrinque convexo, ad medium zona calycari e sepalis foliaceis
auctis linea nexis cincto; vitta interzonali angusta, erecto-convexa, diametri tertiam
partem alta; zona superiore circulari; operculo majuseulo pulvinatim convexo, um-
bonato, intus concavo cum velario seque alto intra faucem descendente; pericarpio
crasse coriaceo, fusco-brunneo, lenticellis flavidis maeulato, scrobieulatim ruguloso,
intus 4-loculari, interdum abortione sub-1-loculari; seminibus -paucis, oblongis,
fuseis, testa crasse coriacea; embryone generis. In Brasilia: v. s. in hb. Hook.
Maccio, prov. Alagoas (Gardner, 1411); ibidem (Gardner, 1312); Bahia (Sello):
v. fruct. matur. in Mus. Kew., Maccio (Gardner). 3
This is evidently the plant described by Marcgraff as a tree about the height of a peat —
tree, growing in Alagoas, where it bears the name of Ibiribä, and where also Gardner —
found it as a small tree: the axils of its branchlets are 1-13 in. apart; the leaves are
34-6} in. long, 143 in. broad, on a petiole 2-4 lines long, with about 10 pairs of nerves,
with others shorter, anastomosing with the veins; the raceme is 2—4 in. long, with nodes
2-3 lines apart; the fructiferous pedicels are 3-6 lines long; the immature pyxidium
(Plate LIX. figs. 14, 15) is 10 lines high, 18 lines broad; the calycary zone (formed of
6 patent sepals 2 lines long) is 5-8 lines above the base ; the operculum is 15 lines in
diam., 6 lines high, concave within, with the remains of a dissepiment, and with 3
velarium descending halfway down within the mouth of the pericarp; this is rather 1
thick, with a persistent stoutish dissepiment, one cell abortive, narrowish, the other ed -—
containing a single erect seed, with other abortive ovules around the place of its attach-
MESA A ee EF Ip d E Ems
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 237
۱ ment; the immature seed is 10 lines long, 7 lines broad, with a thick coriaceous testa,
“containing a dark embryo, with an internal neorhiza of a paler colour.
9. CHYTROMA CINCTURATA, nob.: Lecythidis sp., Spruce in Hook. Kew Journ. v. p. 239.
n.67: planta ignota: pyxidio subgloboso, imo brevi, convexo, paullo supra basin
zona calycari e sepalis 6 acutis patentibus et linea nexis cincto; vitta interzonali
eylindrice suberecta, diametri quartam partem alta; zona superiore orbiculari, inte-
gra; operculo fere ejusdem altitudinis, hemispherice convexo, apice interdum breviter
obtuse umbonato, infra concavo, cum velario intra faucem descendente, septi ves-
tigiis signato; pericarpio crassiuscule coriaceo, fusco-opaco, rugoso-scrobiculato,
6-spermo; seminibus ovatis, utrinque rotundatis, ventre subangulatis, dorso con-
vexis, raphe ventrali, late lineari, marginibus liberis, cum ramis prominulis, lon-
gitudinalibus, cancellatim furcatis ab hilo adscendentibus. In Amazonas: v. fr.
sicc. in Mus. Kew., Barra do Rio Negro (Spruce, 67).
This fruit, according to Spruce, belongs to a tree 60—80 feet high, growing in forests
near the Barra, furnished with weak branches, too lofty to obtain the leaves. The fruit,
called by the natives Macacarecuya (Plate LIX. fig. 7), is 1$ in. long, 2 in. broad,
the depth below the calycary zone being 5 lines, the interzonary band 7 lines high, the
opereulum near 2 in. in diam., 8 lines high, the velarium descending 2 lines within the
mouth; the seeds are 12 lines long, 8 lines broad, with a coriaceous testa like that of
the typical species.
10. CHYTROMA URCEOLATA, nob.: planta ignota: pyxidio urceolato, imo campaniformi,
paullo supra medium zona calycari annulari e sepalis 6 dentiformibus linea nexis
cincto ; vitta interzonali erecta, diametri quintam partem alta; zona superiore circu-
lari, integra, inferiore æquali ; operculo depresse pulvinato, vertice late concavo, intus
plane concavo, eum velario subbrevi intra faucem descendente ; pericarpio subtenui,
intus obsolete 4-loculari ; seminibus 4, ovatis, ad faciem ventralem subangulatis,
hilo basali affixis, erectis, fusco-brunneis, raphe lata, ventrali, cum lineis aliis lon-
S'udinalibus immersis e basi adscendentibus furcatis; embryone generis. In
Amazonas, v. Fr. sice. in Mus. Kew., Barra do Rio N egro (Spruce).
ura » one of the kinds of fruit called by the natives Macacarécuya, or Monkey-cups.
: E um (Plate LIX. fig. 5) is 1% in. long, 14 in. broad at the calycary zone,
re lines above the base; the interzonary band is 5 lines high and 13 in. in
shape 8 A ی of the same diameter, is 3 lines high, and precisely of jud E
e of C. Schomburgkii, but thinner in substance, and very different v 9m
۰ وت ing species : it is broadly concave in the summit, quite hollow p ^ T
line thick within the margin descending 2 lines into the mouth ; the periearp 18 ge y
1 seeds) 13 I: the vestiges of the dissepiments, which have disappear ed (and it contains
> -9 ‘ines long, 9 lines broad. ۱ ۱
11. Car : |
s 44 GRANDIFOLIA, nob.: Zschweilera grandiflora, Mart. obs. 3071; DC.
VOL, E 293; Lecythis grandiflora, Berg, Fl. Bras. l. c. p. 494, e di fig. 1;
238 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE X.
Linn. xxvii. 453: ramulis teretibus, fusco-cinerascentibus; foliis oblongis, vel
oblongo-lanceolatis, imo obtuse rotundatis, apice in acumen breve sspe angustum
abrupte attenuatis, integerrimis, vel serraturis obliteratis subundulatis, rigidule
chartaceis, supra viridibus, nitidis, nervis plurimis, longe a margine arcuatim nexis,
prominulis, retieulato-venosis, subtus costa demum nigrescente nervisque promi-
nentibus; petiolo tereti, canaliculato, limbo 24plo breviore: racemis axillaribus,
folio brevioribus ; rachi angulata, flavide fuscescente; floribus cum pedicellis validis
fere sessilibus: pyxidio turbinato, infra medium zona calycari e sepalis acutis
lineatim nexis cincto; vitta interzonali quam diametrus dimidio breviore, erecta et
apice subito paullo rotundata; zona superiore circulari, quam inferior paullo
angustiore; opereulo orbiculari, pulvinato, brevissimo, valde depresso, subumbo-
nato, intus concavo, cum velario brevi intra faucem descendente ; pericarpio cras-
siusculo 2-loculari (?), dissepimento crassiuscule coriaceo, persistente, loculis 2-sper-
mis; seminibus oblongis, ventre subangulatis, dorso convexis, erectis, imo affixis.
In Brasilia septentrionali ad fluv. Japuré (Martius): non vidi.
A species much resembling Eschweilera macrophylla; but it is a much larger tree,
being 50-60 feet high, and differing in several characters, especially in its nearly sessile
flowers; the axils of its branchlets are somewhat remote; the leaves are 6-84 in. long,
11-24 in. broad, on a petiole 3-4 lines long. The pyxidium (Plate LIX. fig. 1) is
2 in. long, the calycary zone 9 lines above the base and 2 in. in diam. ; the interzonary
band is $ in. high, suddenly narrowed at its mouth into the superior zone 12 in. in diam. ;
the operculum of this breadth is only 2 lines high, or 3 lines at the umbonate summit ;
the pericarp is 2 lines thick, with a dissepiment of nearly equal thickness ; the seeds are
14 lines long, 9 lines thick, fixed by their base, with a thin pergamineous testa, having a
raphe of several longitudinal bands, that along the ventral angle being broadest, as in
the other species, and obscurely described by Berg, * angulo receptaculo albo carnoso
lineari involuto;" the nucleus is of a yellowish colour. There appears to me some
mistake in Berg's drawing and description ; for in all the other species the dissepiment
is thin and membranaceous, rarely persistent, but here it is shown to be as thick as the
pericarp itself; and each cell appears again 2-locular in the transverse section, for it can
hardly be meant to represent a section of the seeds, because he describes their testa as
thin and pergamineous (not thick and coriaceous).
12. CHYTROMA PILACARPA, nob.: planta ignota : pyxidio subgloboso, imo hemispheerico,
infra medium zona calycari lineari 6-denticulata cincto; vitta interzonali erecta,
diametri tertiam partem alta ; operculo cum zona superiore orbiculari, vitta breviore,
primum valde depresso, mox valde convexo, apice levi, intus concavo, vestigiis
septorum 4 signato, eum velario subbrevi intra faucem descendente; pericarpio sub-
tenuiter coriaceo, opaco, fusco, lenticellis flavis verrueuloso, cortice tenui subrimoso,
obsolete 4-loculari. In Brasilia: v. s. in Mus. Kew., Barra do Rio Negro (Spruce,
1452, sub Swartzia argentea).
This fruit is 2 in. high, 2 in. broad; the calycary zone 10 lines above the base; the
FORE A he De Em ja SE nal ice
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE ZA. | 239
interzonal band 8 lines high; the operculum nearly 2 in. in diam. and 7 lines high.
There is another specimen 2$ in. in diam., both without seeds: the reference on the
ticket to Spruce's specimen of Swartzia argentea must be a mistake.
` The pyxidium (Plate LVIII. fig. 12), from its erect interzonary band, bears a re-
semblance to that of Ohytroma cincturata, but is of thinner texture, its operculum is
very depressed at first, then gradually rounded in an ogee-form curve.
13. CHYTROMA MONOSPERMA, nob. : Lecythis monosperma, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. l.c.
p. 485, tab. 67. fig. 2: planta ignota: pyxidio subparvo, ovali, imo obtuse rotun-
dato, paullo sub apicem zona calycari e sepalis 6 acutis depressis linea nexis cincto ;
vitta interzonali breviuscula, convexa, diametri tertiam partem alta ; zona superiore
quam inferior minore, orbiculari, integra; operculo ignoto; pericarpio crassius-
eulo, spongioso-lignoso, granulis parvis flavidis irrorato, vitta levi, abortu 1-loculari
et monospermo, loculis 3 septisque membranaceis ad latus simul detrusis, et ovulis
basalibus abortivis instructis; semine loculum fertilem implente, oblongo-ovato,
testa duriuscula, castanea, raphe ramisque subplanis ab hilo basali adscendentibus
notata. In Brasilia, prov. Pará (non vidi).
The pyxidium (Plate LVIII. fig. 10) is remarkable for its egg-like shape : it is 21 lines
long, without the operculum, 16 lines broad in the middle; the calycary zone is 16 lines
above the base, 15 lines in diam.; the interzonal band is 4 lines high, the upper zone
lllines across; the pericarp apparently is 2 lines thick ; the seed is erect, attached to
the base of the cell, 14 lines long, 9 lines broad, covered by a testa resembling that
of other species of Chytroma, and very different from that of an Eschweilera.
14. CHYTROMA BASILARIS, nob.: planta ignota: pyxidio pallide brunneo, semigloboso,
subquadrato, imo depresso, convexo, corrugulatim scrobiculato, paullo supra basin
Zona calycari anguste laminiformi obsolete 6-lobata cincto ; vitta interzonali paullo
elevata, extrorsum. valde acclivi; zona superiore quadratim orbiculari, in labium
annulare prominens expansa; operculo ista paullo angustiore, altissimo, semi-
globoso, apice subito umbonato, extus grosse tuberculato-rugoso, crassiusculo, intus
concavo, vestigiis septorum 4 signato; velario nullo; pericarpio parte inferiore
depresso-pateriformi, crassiusculo, extus grosse rugoso, obsolete 4-loculari, 8-spermo.
: Guiana Brit.: v. s; in Mus. Kew., Demerara (Parker).
i (Plate LVIII. fig. 13) is of a very unusual form, extremely different
thë iin. ES it is 1$ in. high; the calycary zone is 14 in. in diam., only 2 lines above
ajia E Interzonal band, extrorsely cup-shaped, is 3 lines high; the annular Hp ;
TER ^ odia rim of the upper zone is 22 in. in diam., the opercular mouth being.
road : the opereulum is in the form of a lofty dome, is somewhat 4-gonous at the
P Where it is 2 in. across the angles sud 12 in. across the intermediate lines of the
"omia it * about 11 lines high, 6 lines deep inside, and 23 lines thick ; the depth
i l cavity of the lower portion is 2 lines.
> CHYTROMA InATrMON, nob.: Lecythis Idatimon, Aubl. Pl. Gu. ii. unda d
21
240 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE E.
DC. Prodr. iii. 291 (excl. syn.) ; Berg in Linn. xxvii. 453 : Lecythis basizone, Berg
in Mart. Fl. Br. Z. c. p. 617: arbor magna, ramulis teretibus, cinereo-brunneis,
obsolete striatis, subverruculosis; foliis oblongis, imo obtusis, apice in acumen
obtusum subbreve subito attenuatis, margine subrevoluto obsolete crenato-ser-
ratis, rigide chartaceis, supra fusco-viridibus, subnitentibus, vel subopaeis, nervis
tenuibus, subpatentibus, semiimmersis, creberrime reticulatis, costa tenui, subtus
opacis, cinnamomeis vel hepatice ferrugineis, nervis venisque flavidis paullo pro-
minulis, costa prominente, nitida; petiolo profunde suleato, marginato, subtus
currugulato, limbo 15plo breviore: recemis axillaribus, brevissimis ; rachi flexuosa,
valde verruculosa, nodosa; floribus approximatis, subparvis; pedicellis calyce lon-
gioribus, validis, rubris, lenticellis albis verruculosis; sepalis acute ovatis, rugu-
losis; petalis subinsequalibus, ovatis, concavis, imbricatis, incarnatis: pyxidio
parvo, subgloboso, imo turbinato; paullo supra basin zona calycari annulari e
sepalis reflexis 6-lobata cincto; vitta interzonali erecte subconvexa, diametri 4tam
partem alta; zona superiore integra ; operculo alte convexo, umbonato, intus concavo,
4-septato, cum velario latiuseulo intra faucem dependente; pericarpio crustaceo-
coriaceo, 4-loculari, dissepimentis membranaceis sistentibus; seminibus in quolibet
loeulo solitariis," ventre angulosis, nervosis, amaris. In Guiana: v. s. pl. in herb.
Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Aublet) (fructum non vidi). |
The fructiferous specimen collected by Poiteau in Guiana, and called by Berg L. basi-
zone, is evidently identical with Aublet's plant. The same species is said to grow in
Trinidad, where it is called Guaticari ; in Cayenne it is known by the name Idatimon.
Its trunk is 60 feet high, with a branching head; the axils of its branchlets are 3 in.
apart; the leaves are 5-5} in. or more long, 13-2 in. broad, on a petiole 4-5 lines
long, and with about 18 pairs of nerves, with others shorter intermediate, all anasto-
mosing; the rachis of the raceme is 13-2 in. long; the pedicels, curved and deflected,
4 lines long; the sepals 3 lines long; the petals about 3 in. long; the pyxidium (Plate
LIX. fig. 17) is 1} in. long, 1} in. broad; the calycary zone is 11 in. in diam., and
6 lines above the base; the interzonary band is about 3 lines high ; the upper zone 1$ in.
in diam.; the operculum, of the same breadth, is 6 lines high, with a velarium which
descends 3 lines within the mouth.
16. CHYTROMA SALEBROSA, nob.: Lecythis salebrosa, Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. 7. c. p. 488:
arborea, ramulis griseis, striatis, verruculosis ; foliis sparsis, ovali-oblongis, sspe
complicatis, imo in petiolum angustatis, apice recurvato-acuminatis, marginibus
subrevolutis integris, vel obsoletissime serrulatis, utrinque nitidis, concoloribus,
nervis erecto-patulis, mox in venis vix tenuioribus prominulis anastomosantibus ;
petiolo canaliculato, limbo 6-9plo breviore: racemis axillaribus et terminalibus,
foliis brevioribus, dense pruinosis; rachi gracili, flexuosa, angulosa; bracteis ca-
| ducis; pedicellis torosis, recurvis; sepalis parum brevioribus, ovatis, vel ovato-
oblongis, obtusis; petalis subrotundis, denticulatis; ovario infero, toroso, 4-loculari,
ovulis e basi erectis, vertice radiatim striato; stylo longiusculo. In Guiana Batava,
ad colonia Berlyn (Wellschlegel, 1472) : non vidi.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 941
- Berg states that this species comes near L. corrugata (which belongs to the genus
Eschweilera) : it is nearer Chytroma Idatimon, and perhaps does not differ from it spe-
cifically. The leaves are 3-6 in. long, 16-28 lines broad, on a petiole 6-8 lines long;
the racéme is 2-3 in. long, 3-1 in. broad; the pedicels 2 lines long; the bud 5 lines ۰
in diam.; the sepals ¿-2 lines long, 2-1 line broad; petals 5 lines long; style 13
line long. ۱
17. CHYTROMA vALIDA, nob.: ramulis validis, teretibus, pallide brunneis, pruinoso-
opacis, subrugosis vel interrupte striolatis, verruculosis; foliis ovalibus, utrinque
rotundiusculis, apice brevissime et subito constrietis, marginibus valde undulatis,
integris vel obtuse serratis, rigide chartaceis aut subcoriaceis, supra pallidis, opacis,
minutissime granulatis, nervis parallele patentibus et sensim incurvatis prominulis,
costa suleata, subtus concoloribus, costa nervis venisque reticulatis prominenti-
. bus; petiolo profunde sulcato, late costato-marginato, limbo 9plo breviore : racemis
validis, subpanieulatis, terminalibus, foliis brevioribus, aut longioribus; rachi crassa,
compresso-angulata, ochraceo-opaca, pruinosa, nodis crassis subapproximatis pro-
minentibus; floribus caducis ; pedieellis brevibus, crassis, lenticellato-verrueulosis,
ad nodos articulatis ; sepalis obtuse obovatis, glauco-pruinosis, crassiusculis, mar-
sinibus tenuibus laceratis; petalis oblongis; ovario semiinfero, erebre flavido-
maculato, verruculoso, 4-loculari, ovulis 4 in quoque loculo basilaribus, vertice intra
discum latiusculum conice elevato, et stylo brevissimo umbonato, lenticellis crebre
EB om In Nova Granada: v. s. in herb. Hook., inter Plato et Pinto ( Horton,
29).
This species has much of the habit of a Couroupita ; the axils of its branchlets are 1 in.
“part; the leaves are 64 in. long, 31 in. broad, on a thick petiole 9 lines long, 2 lines
E they have about 18 pairs of parallel nerves arcuately joined ; the racemes are
1 line an long, 2-23 lines thick, its prominent nodes are 3-5 lines apart; the pedicels
_ Ong; the semiinferior ovary is obconical, 2 lines long, 3 lines broad; the sepals
ÉD i». RE broad; the flower expanded is 1 in. in diameter. From the resem-
a. ^ habit to that of Lecythis elliptica, it might be placed alongside of it, were
erect ovules; but it resembles greatly that of Chytroma retusa.
pa Currroma RUBRIFLORA, nob.: ramulis striatis, rimosis, subferrugineo-ochraceis,
E ops lenticellis verrueulosis; foliis ovato- vel oblongo-ellipticis, imo
Es et in petiolum breviter acutatis, apice in acumen breve ee
و E Tecurvatum constrictis, rigide chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, وی *
Nery; Sinibus cartilagineis subrevolutis crenulatis, supra fusco-viridibus, subopacis,
18 patentim divaricatis semiimmersis, reticulatis, costa tenui prominula, subtus
Subnitent; : :
Rent, luride vel hepatice opacis, costa striata, pulverulenta, prominente,
venisque stramineis prominulis, undique minute granulatis; petiolo semi-
cd canaliculato, marginato, subtus corruguloso, limbo 7 plo breviore: pani-
axillari et terminali e racemis 3-4 congestis; rachi striata, crebre nodosa ;
242 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
floribus parvis, rubris, vel roseo-purpureis; pedicellis recurvis valde corrugulatis,
calyci zequilongis ; sepalis subimbricatis, ovatis, obtusis, fuscis, crassiusculis, rugu-
losis, marginibus submembranaceis rubris; petalis parvis, rubris; ovario infero,
parvo, turbinato, corrugulato, 4-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 3-4, e basi erectis,
vertice subconvexo, radiatim striato; stylo tereti, subincurvo; stigmate parvo, albo.
In Guiana: v. s. in herb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Van Rohr), Karaouary (Sagot,
1032, bis).
This plant was confounded by Sagot with another of his collection under the same
number, described by me under Eschweilera corrugata : from this it differs in its shorter,
broader, more obtuse leaves, of a rufescent hue, with a different nervation, in its inflo-
rescence, and in its 4-celled ovary. It is not unlike Zecythis rubicunda in its general
appearance, but differs in its broader more obtuse leaves, in its inflorescence, in its
rugulose pedicel and ovary, and in the vertex of the latter; it has also fewer ovules, erect
(not suspended).
It is said to be a lofty tree, with red flowers: the axils of its branchlets are 3-1 in.
apart; the leaves are extremely dark when dried, 3-5 in. long, 11-21 in. broad, ona
petiole 5-6 lines long, and with about 10 pairs of nerves, with several others shorter
and intermediate, all anastomosing in a transverse reticulation. The very branching
panicle is 3 in. long, its slender branches about 2 in. long, with nodes 1 line apart; the
pedicels 2 lines long; the sepals 14 line long.
19. CHYTROMA ROSEA, nob.: Lecythis rosea, Spruce; Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. /. c. p. 488:
ramulis subteretibus, subflexuosis, fusco-brunneis, lenticellis flavidis verruculosis;
foliis subapproximatis, ovatis, vel ovali-oblongis, aut sublanceolatis, imo obtusis,
vel in petiolum sensim acutioribus, apice obtusis, vel brevissime et acute acuminatis,
subintegris, vel in margine revoluto obsoletissime serrulatis, seepe complicatis,
rigide chartaceis, supra profunde viridibus, nitidiusculis, et ad venas reticulatas sub-
foveolatis, nervis subpatentibus et marginem versus arcuatim nexis omnino im-
mersis, subtus opacis, ferrugineo-hepaticis, glauco-pruinosis, nervis tenuibus venis-
que reticulatis prominulis, costa valida, striolata, valde prominente ; petiolo pruinoso,
profunde suleato, marginibus tenuibus introflexis, subtus ruguloso, limbo 11-14plo
breviore: racemis axillaribus, vel pluribus terminalibus, paniculam simulantibus,
folio brevioribus; rachi fusca, glauco-pruinosa, striata, subapproximatim longe
nodosa; bracteis infra nodos caducis; pedicellis ad nodos articulatis, corrugatis,
refractis, quam sepala longioribus ; floribus mediocribus ; sepalis oblongo-ovatis, sub-
obtusis, subinequalibus, crassis, fuscis, pruinosis, rugoso-carinatis, imo gib i
marginibus membranaceis et ciliolato-denticulatis ; petalis obovato-oblongis, 3plo
longioribus, crassiusculis, marginibus membranaceis et dentieulatis ; ovario semi-
infero, parvo, corrugato, 4-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 4, e basi erectis, vertice
intra discum elevato, conico, radiatim striato; stylo subulato subineurvo ; stigmate
minimo,squamuloso. In Brasilia, prov. Amazonas: v.s. in herb. variis, Rio Negro»
inter Barra et Barcellos ( Spruce, 1920).
The axils of its branchlets are $ in. apart; the leaves are 31-8 in. long, 14-24 in.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE. _ 243
broad, on à petiole 3-6 lines long: the terminal raceme is 21-3 in. long, with nodose
axils about 4 in. apart; the refracted pedicels are 3 lines long ; the sepals 3 lines long,
2 lines broad; the petals 4-6 lines long, 2-3 lines broad; the androphorum 4 lines in
diam.; the style 2 lines long: the flower expanded is 14 in. in diameter.
20, CHYTROMA RORIDA, nob.: Lecythis rorida, Spruce, Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. Z. c. 488:
ramulis crassiusculis, fuscis, flexuosis, angulato-striatis, corrugulosis, verruculosis,
roride pruinosis, junioribus tenuioribus et levioribus; foliis subapproximatis, obo-
vatis, imo obtusis et subito cuneatim acutatis, apice rotundatis, et in acumen sub-
breve acutum recurvulum repente constrietis, sepe complicatis, subintegris, vel
ad marginem subrevolutum punctis fuscis obsolete serratis, rigide chartaceis, supra
profunde viridibus, valde opacis, ad nervos subsulcatis, nervis tenuissimis subpatenti-
divaricatis semiimmersis et flavide pruinosis, valde reticulatis, costa pruinosa, pro-
minula, subtus pallidioribus, brunnescentibus, pruinoso-opaeis, costa striolata ner-
visque costatis prominentibus, venis prominulis ; petiolo supra plano, marginibus late
introflexis, subtus corrugato, limbo 9plo breviore: panicula terminali pluriramosa,
ramis folio subzequilongis aut brevioribus, ramulis paucis brevibus, curvatim ad-
scendentibus ; rachi recta, fusca, angulosa, transversim corrugulosa, albido-pruinosa,
verruculosa, approximatim valde nodosa; floribus 30-50, mediocribus; pedicellis
imo articulatis, anguloso-corrugulosis ; sepalis istis zequilongis, subequalibus, rotun-
dato-obovatis, extus convexis, granulato-rugulosis, ad marginem membranaceum
subciliatis ; petalis subinsequalibus, ovatis, imo sensim unguiculatis, marginibus late
membranaceis; ovario semiinfero, 4-loculari, ovulis 2 in quoque loculo, placenta
basali erectis, vertice intra discum valde elevato conico radiatim striato ; stylo tenui
ineuryulo, brevi, apice cavo, albidulo. In Brasilia, prov. Amazonas; v. s. in herb.
variis, ad Rio Negro prope Barra (Spruce, 1797). :
- Ihave referred this species to Chytroma on account of its few erect ovules in each of
the 4 cells of the ovary. The axils of its branchlets are } in. apart; the leaves are 4-5
in. long, 13-23 in broad, on a petiole 4-6 lines long; and they have about 14 pairs of
nerves, with others shorter, intermediate, all anastomosing; the panicle is 7 in. long, its
ie in. long, its branchlets 1-3 in. long, all floriferous, with nodose axils 1-2 lines
ah B pedicels 1-2 lines long; the sepals 2 lines long, 1 line broad; the petals 6
S, 4 lines broad ; androphorum 4 lines in diam. ; style 2 lines long.
21. 0۳۲۲۲0 RETUSA, nob. : Lecythis retusa, Spruce, Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. /. c. P- 487 :
ramulis validis subangulatis, fuscis, vel cinereo-fuscis, rugosis, verruculosis, sub-
Pruinosis ; foliis late ovatis, vel late oblongis, imo obtusis et in petiolum latiuscule
ce Subito acutatis, apice truncatis, profunde retusis, interdum eum acumine brevis-
“mo acutiore curyato in sinu subito constrictis, subintegris, vel marginibus undulatis
Subrevolutis punctis fuscis obsolete serrulatis, coriaceis, supra subnitentibus, pro-
um viridibus, reticulatione impresso-rugulosis, minutissime granulosis, ad nervos
RUN nervis tenuibus, recte divaricatis, parallelim subapproximatis, pruinosis,
"umersis, creberrimo reticulatis, costa plana, imo latiore, pruinosa, subtus canescenti-
244 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACER.
pallidis, vel luride et fulvide pruinosis, nervis costatis, venisque reticulatis promi-
nulis, costa valida fusca striata prominente; petiolo valido, fusco, pruinoso, supra
suleato, submarginato, subtus corrugulato-striato, limbo 10plo breviore: panicula
axillari, sepius terminali, multiramosa, folio longiore; ramorum rachi valida, ad-
scendente, angulato-rugosa, opaca, crebre longe nodosa; floribus majusculis, ap-
proximatis; pedicellis ad nodos articulatis, fuscis, rugosis, angulato-suleatis; sepalis
rotundatis, fuscis, erassiusculis, granulato-verruculosis, gibbosis, marginibus mem-
branaceis ciliato-denticulatis; petalis subinequalibus, oblongis, unguiculatis, cras-
siuseulis, extus granulato-maculatis, marginibus membranaceis, ciliatis; ovario -
infero, breviter turbinato, vel semigloboso, ruguloso, 4-5-loculari, aut interdum
3-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 2-4, e basi erectis, vertice intra discum latum:
subconcavo, radiatim striato; stylo tereti, striato, sepalis paullo breviore; stigmate
albo, 4-lobulato. In Brasilia prov. Amazonas, v. s. in herb. variis, Rio Negro
prope Barra (Spruce, 1166).
From its general resemblance, especially in the venation of its leaves and the peculiar
character of the inflorescence, this species bears more the appearance of a Cowroupita ; but
the section of the ovary shows that it belongs to Chytroma; it closely resembles Chy-
troma valida. The axils of its rather stout branches are about 3 in. apart; the leaves
are 31—63 in. long, 23-44 in. broad, on a petiole 6-12 lines long,; they have about 18
pairs of parallel nerves, with others shorter intervening, all anastomosing. The panicle
is about 8 in. long, its branches 2-21 in. long, their prominent nodes 2-3 lines apart;
the pedicels 1 line long; the sepals 14 line long; the petals 11 lines long, 7 lines broad;
androphorum 9 lines in diameter. | |
22. CHYTROMA OVALIFOLIA, nob.: Lecythis ovalifolia, DC. Prodr. iii. 292; Berg in
Mart. Fl. Br. /. c. p. 486; in Linn. xxvii. 453: ramulis teretibus, striatis, ochraceo-
opacis ; foliis majusculis, oblongis, vel lanceolato-oblongis, imo rotundatis, vel ob-
tusis, apicem versus sensim angustioribus et in acumen breve obtusatum attenu-
atis, subintegris, vel punctis fuscis obsoletissime serrulatis, supra viridibus, lzevibus,
nervis numerosis divergenti-adscendentibus paullo prominulis, retieulatis, costa
tenui, imo crassiore, subtus concoloribus, valde opacis, nervis tenuibus stramineis
prominulis, costa striolata prominente; petiolo semitereti, supra plano, marginato,
corruguloso, limbo 15-20plo breviore: racemis binis, terminalibus, folio multo
brevioribus; rachi subvalida, nodoso-flexuosa, pallide ochracea, pruinosa, crebre
verruculosa; pedicellis validis, patentibus, verruculosis, sepalis sequilongis, imo
3-bracteolatis ; sepalis subzequalibus, subrotundis, ochraceo-pruinosis, gibbosis, mar.
gine ciliatis; petalis ovatis, convexis, velutino-pruinosis; ovario semisupero, 4-locu-
lari, ovulis in loeulis paucis, uniserialiter radiantibus, vertice altiuscule annulari,
subconcavo, striatim radiato ; stylo obtuse conico, umbonato. In Brasilia, prov.
Amazonas, 6۰ 8. in herb. Hook., Rio Negro (Martius). |
This typical plant of a species referred by DeCandolle and Berg to Lecythis, appears
to me to belong to Chytroma, because of its eaves, its inflorescence, with three bracts at
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 245
the base of the thick pedicels, and a half-superior 4-celled ovary obtusely umbonated at
the summit. The axils of its branchlets are 3-12 in. apart; the leaves are 5-10 in. long,
134 in. broad, on a petiole 4-6 lines long; the rachis of the raceme is 3-4, in. long, its
nodes 2-23 lines apart; the bracts, 2 lateral, 1 exterior, are 14 line long; the pedicels
2 lines long; the sepals 1 line long, 13 line broad; the petals 10 lines long.
It has quite the habit of the other species of Chytroma before enumerated.
23. CHYTROMA APICULATA, nob. :—ramulis brunneis, opacis, lenticellis verrueulosis ;
foliis ovato-ellipticis, imo obtusis (in junioribus ad petiolum breviter acutatis), apice
in acumen breve vel longius, acutum, sspe recurvulum subito apiculatis, sub-
integris, vel in margine cartilagineo revoluto punctis obsolete serrulatis, rigide char-
taceis, supra pallide viridibus, subnitentibus, minutissime granulatis, nervis paullo
prominulis, reticulatis, costa striata, subtus brunnescentibus, opacis, eosta validiore
prominente, nervis venisque prominulis; petiolo fusco, canaliculato, corruguloso,
limbo 15-20plo breviore: racemo axillari, simplici, folio multo breviore, vel 2-3
terminalibus congestis; rachi nodosa, fusca; pedicellis tenuibus; calyce duplo lon-
gioribus, angulatis, rugulosis; floribus majusculis; sepalis ovalibus, carnosulis, imo
gibbosis et rugulosis ; petalis ovatis, majusculis, concavis; ovario semisupero,
tubereulatim rugoso, 4-loculari, ovulis paucis e basi erectis, vertice depresse pulvi-
nato, elevato, radiatim striato, stylo brevi, obtuse conico umbonato. In Brasilia:
v. 8. in herb. Hook., sine loco (-Burchell, 9618).
À species probably from the Amazonas region, judging by Burchell's number: it is
plaeed in this genus on account of its nearly superior ovary umbonated by a short
conical style, and approaches the preceding in several characters. The axils of its
branches are lin. apart; the leaves are 31-54 in. long, 13-23 in. broad, on a petiole 3-4
lines lo ‚and have about 10 pairs of nerves, with others shorter and intermediate, all
Anastomosing ; the terminal raceme is 2-3 in. long ; nodes of rachis 1-2 lines apart; the
flower in bud is 4 in. in diam.; sepals 13 line long, petals 7 in. long, 6 in. broad.
24, Cuyrroma MARAWYNENSIS, nob.; Lecythis Marawynensis, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. /. c.
489, tab. 69 . ramulis subrugosis cinereis; foliis ovato-oblongis, vel oblongis, imo
obtusis et in petiolum longiuseule acutis, apice in acumen breve obtusulum sæpe
Técurvatum subito constrictis, chartaceis, subundulatis, integris vel obsoletissime
۱ “errulatis, nervis tenuibus subpatulis arcuatim nexis venisque reticulatis parum
Prominulis ; petiolo limbo 8-9plo breviore : paniculis vel racemis axillaribus et
mem), bus, amplis, pruinosis; rachi gracili; pedicellis cernuis; bracteis ovatus,
, anaceis, caducis ; sepalis pedicello zequilongis, inzequalibus, oblongis, obtusis,
„ine membranaceis et crenato-denticulatis; petalis obovatis, albis, in siccitate
"IS; ovario semiinfero 4-5-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 4, biseriatis, e basi
"idis vertice convexo, radiatim striolato; stylo longiusculo. In Guiana Batava,
am (Wullschiegel, 1473): (non vidi).
À speci |
vor, Species apparently near C. chartacea, differing in its leaves somewhat- cuneate at
XXX. 5 5 o
246 MR. J. MIERS ON THE ۰
the base, but agreeing in its semiinferior ovary, with erect ovules, on which account it
is referred to this genus; the leaves are 2-3 in. long; 9-17 lines broad, on a petiole 3-4
lines long ; racemes 3 in. long; pedicels 15-2 lines long; sepals 1-2 lines long; petals
5 lines long; androphorum 5 lines in diam.; style 1 line long.
25. CHYTROMA PERSPICUA, nob.: ramulis fuscis, subeinereis, lenticellis flavidis verru-
cosis; folis oblongis, imo subacute obtusis, apice acutis, vix acuminatis, tenuiter
chartaceis, subintegris, vel in marginem tenuiter cartilagineum subrevolutum punctis
nigris obsoletissime serratis, supra viridibus, subnitidis, minutissime granulatis,
nervis tenuibus prominulis, subtus paullo pallidioribus, valde opacis, sub lente lenti-
ginose pruinosis, nervis venisque reticulatis flavidis prominentibus; petiolo canalicu-
lato, fusco, limbo 12plo breviore : racemis axillaribus, fere terminalibus, folio multo
brevioribus, plurifloris ; floribus mediocribus; pedicellis subreflexis ; sepalis 8, sub-
sequalibus, oblongis, obtusis, crassis, fuscis, valde convexis, rugulosis, imo gibbosis,
imbricatis; petalis 8, istis 5plo longioribus, obovatis, concavis, submembranaceis,
imbrieatis, androphori carnosi galea selliformi, appendicibus creberrimis, subbre-
vibus, plerumque antheriferis, seriebus 2 exterioribus latis acutis sterilibus; ovario
infero, 4-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo plurimis radiantibus, vertice intra discum
valde convexo, radiatim striato ; stylo brevi, crasso, umboniformi. In Guiana: v. s.
in herb. Hook., Guiana (Poiteau, sub Lecythis platycarpa).
A species differing from Lecythis platycarpa, Poit., in its less-pointed leaves, its shorter,
straight, and slender raceme (not long, stout, and geniculated), its much smaller flowers,
its 8 sepals, 8 petals, and a 4-celled ovary. It approaches much nearer to Chytroma
amara in its habit and inflorescence ; but its leaves are less pointed, have shorter petioles,
flowers with 8 sepals, 8 petals, and an ovary whose vertex is less elevated, and a more
umboniform style. Its leaves are 61-7 in. long, 23-23 in. broad, on petioles 6-7 lines
long; the raceme is 1-14 in. long; pedicels 4 lines long, striated; sepals 3 lines long,
2 lines broad; petals 12 lines long, 6 lines broad.
6. EscHwEILERA. (Plate XXXIV. C.)
The previous remarks upon the structure of this genus (antà, p. 165), showing how it
diverges from Lecythis, with which it has been generally confounded, are sufficiently
ample, requiring no further elucidation here. It differs from Chytroma in its ovary
being always 2-locular, and its pyxidium constantly 2-celled; its seeds are more rugose,
with an imbedded raphe. Its generie characters may be summarized in the following
manner :—
Escuweızera, Mart.; DC. Prod. iii. 293: Lecythis (in parte) Berg, Camb.: calycis adnati sepala et
petala ut in Lecythide : androphorum ei ejusdem simile, sed cum galex appendiculis ssepius anantheris:
ovarium semiinferum, turbinatum, vertice intra discum planum elevato, semper 2-loculari; ovula m
quoque loculo pauca, sessilia e basi erecta, anatropa: stylus brevissimus, obtusus ; stigma minimum,
subglobosum, papillosum. Pyzridium mediocre vel subparvum, turbinatum, supra, vel infra, aut ad
medium zona calycari e sepalis sepe persistentibus linea nexis cinctum : vitta interzonalis altitudine
vana: zona superior orbicularis : operculum isti conforme, mox solubile et deciduum, supra convexum
p.
۳
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 247
sepius umbonatum, infra valde concavum, sine columella, dissepimenti mox evanidi vestigio signatum,
cum velario intra marginem prope faucem descendente munitum : pericarpium (operculumque) paullo
erassum, coriaceum, sine axi centrali, primum 2-loculare, dissepimento sepius evanido. Semina in
quoque loculo 1-3, sicca, ovata, interdum pressione subangulata, utrinque rotundata, erecta, hilo
majusculo basali affixa: testa crasse crustacea, vel coriacea, scrobiculatim rugosa, cum raphe ab hilo
ad apicem faciei ventralis adscendente omnino immersa, cujus ramis plurimis longitudinaliter descen-
dentibus et furcatis ibi dispersis signata : integumentum internum firme membranaceum, seepe laxum,
et mucilagine fusca grumosa sæpe intus instructum : embryo exalbuminosus, ovatus, homogeneus,
fuscus, cerco-carnosus, amarus, structura ei Chytrome similis. 0
Arbores frondose Americe meridionalis, habitu Lecythidis.
l ESCHWEILERA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Mart. Fl. Ratisb. xx. (1887), Beib. ii. 89: Lecythis
angustifolia, Berg (excl. syn.) in Mart. Fl. Bras. 7 c. p. 489, tab. 7. fig. 162;
tab. 70 et 71: ramulis tenuibus, teretibus, fusco-brunneis, corrugulato-striatis, ob-
Solete verruculosis; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis, imo subacutis, apice in acumen
angustum calloso-mucronatum sensim acuminatis, margine cartilagineo subrevoluto
leviter erenato-serrulatis, chartaceis, supra viridibus, opacis, ad nervos subremotos
sulcatis, venis reticulatis prominulis, subtus brunnescentibus, opacis, costa nervis-
que prominentibus ; petiolo fusco, tenuissimo, submarginato, ruguloso, limbo
10-12plo breviore : racemis terminalibus, folio brevioribus, rachi tenui, lenticellata,
5-8-flora ; pedicellis calyce longioribus minute granulosis; calyce brevi, rotato-
cupuliformi, margine crenato-lobato, lobis 6 obsolete rotundatis extus minute
verruculosis; petalis distincte 4, ovato-rotundatis, concavis, subeequalibus, albis,
flavide punctatis; ovario subinfero, hemispheerice turbinato, flavide verruculoso,
2-loculari, ovulis plurimis, e basi radiatim erectis, vertice depresse pulvinato
radiatim striato, stylo brevi, obtuse: umbonato: pyxidio subgloboso, imo hemi-
Sphzerico et stipitato, infra medium zona calycari lineari-circulari cincto; vitta
tnterzonali acclive convexa, diametri 7am partem alta; zona superiore quam altera
minore, integra, circulari ; operculo vitta duplo altiore, sensim convexo, apice um-
bonato, intus concavo, septi vestigio notato, intra marginem velario descendente
aucto ; pericarpio suberassulo, coriaceo, striato-ruguloso, septo evanescente demum
l-loculari, 10-spermo ; seminibus angulato-ovatis, erectis, 2-seriatis. In Brasilia,
prov. Rio de Janeiro: v. ¢ in hb. Hook., Monte Corcovado in sylvis (Martius, 61) ;
Coreovado (Graham) ; Serra d' Estrella (Langsdorf ) : fructus mihi non visus.
"im E^ originally described in the Ratisbon Flora, is distinguished from all others
ML us by its 4-petalous flowers. It is a tree 30-40 feet high, bearing the
Spreadin "ame of Tbiridá-rána. Its trunk is bare to the height of 20 feet, with a wide
21-31 E the axils of its slender branchlets are 12 in. apart; the leaves are
via : ae lines broad, on a petiole 2-3 lines long, with about 8 pairs of sub-
margin of the ¢ M raceme is 1-14 in. long, the pedicels 13-2 lines long, the ien
ded 9 ; ayx 4 lines in diam., less than 1 line broad, obsoletely lobed ; the ower
t accor poros the 4 petals 10 lines long, 8 lines broad: and this number is con-
always 6 "s M Martius, as shown in the plates quoted ; but Berg states that he ona
D Probably in those of the following species, which he confounded with
2K 2
248 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
this. The pyxidium (Plate LIX. fig. 20) is 21-3 in. long, 24-3} in. broad in the
middle, the portion below the calycary zone 1 in. high, upon a stipitate prolongation
. Fin. long; the interzonary band is 5-6 lines high; the operculum 2-3 in. in diam.,
1-14 in. high, hollow within, provided within the margin with a descending velarium
4-5 lines deep; the pericarp, obsoletely 2-locular, is 3—4 lines thick on the sides, nearly
} in. at the base, where it is marked by the hilar cicatrices of 10 erect seeds, which are
1 in. long, ĉin. broad. Martius says that the seeds are imbedded in pulp, “ carne parca
e septo propullante," an improbable cireumstance when the seeds, in 2 series, are sessile
upon the bottom of the pericarp, and contrary to what occurs in every other species.
2. ESCHWEILERA COMPRESSA, nob.: Lecythis compressa, Vell. Fl. Flum. p. 222, Icon. y.
tab. 87: ramulis brunneis, teretibus, rugose striolatis ; foliis ellipticis vel elliptico-
oblongis, imo obtusis, ssepe subito acutatis, apice longiuscule attenuatis et recur-
vule acuminatis, grossiuscule sinuato-dentatis, dentibus obtusis, marginibus paullo
reflexis, chartaceis, supra pallide viridibus, planis, opacis, nervis pluribus, tenui-
bus, semiimmersis, valde reticulatis, costa tenui, subtus opacis, brunnescentibus,
costa nervis venisque prominentibus; petiolo subtenui, supra plano, subtus leviter
striolato, limbo 15-20plo breviore: racemo terminali, subbrevi; rachi subtenui,
striata, minute granulata, 5—6-flora; floribus mediocribus; pedicellis brevissimis;
calyce subeupulari, usque ad medium in lobos 6 diviso, lobis obtusis, margini-
bus membranaceis; petalis 6, rotundatis, concavis, extus flavide maculatis, ex-
teriore majusculo et latissimo; ovario subinfero, corrugulato, 2-loculari, ovulis
paucis, in unica serie erectis, vertice depresse conico, striato, stylo brevi obtuso
apiculato: pyxidio depresse globoso, imo hemispheerico, non stipitato, paullo supra
medium zona calycari linea irregulari vix prominente cincto; vitta interzonali
aeclive convexa, diametri 4 partem alta; zona superiore quam altera paullo minore,
irregulariter circulari; operculo subconice convexo, umbone crasso obtuso apiculato,
intus concavo, septi vestigio signato, intra marginem velario crasso faucem descen-
dente aucto; pericarpio crassiusculo, pallide brunneo, subscrobiculatim ruguloso,
intus levi, dissepimento omnino evanido, imo seminum cicatricibus notato; Se
minibus ssepius 6, vel paucioribus, 1-seriatis, compresse ovatis, dorso convexis, hilo
lato basali affixis, fusco-brunneis, undique scrobiculatim rugulosis, lineis nigris cir-
citer 6 suleatim immersis ab hilo curvatim adscendentibus signatis. In Brasilia, prov.
Rio de Janeiro : v. v. in flore et fructu ad Botofago, in sylvis non longe a mari.
This species, though closely allied, is manifestly different from the preceding, being of
smaller stature, with larger, thicker, paler leaves coarsely serrated, a raceme with fewer
flowers half their size, a more distinctly lobed calyx, and 6 oval petals. It is a tree
about 12 feet high, growing near the sea, the species being well represented in the
drawing of Velloz : the axils of the branchlets are? in. apart ; the leaves are 3-5 in. long,
1-M in. broad, on a petiole 21-3 lines long, and with about 11 pairs of nerves; the
raceme is ¿-1 in. long, with axils about 4 lines apart; pedicels 3 lines long; the calyx
expanded is 4 lines across (the disk being 2 lines in diam.), the smaller petals suborbi-
eular, 5 lines long and broad, the outer petals 7 lines long, 6 lines broad, extremely
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE EX. 249
eonvex, pale yellow ; androphorum 5 lines in diam.; the pyxidium (Plate LIX. fig. 21)
is 2 in. long, 23 in. broad, the calycary zone 9 lines above the base, the interzonal band
is 42 lines high, the upper zone and operculum 24 in. in diam., the latter 1 in. high,
hollow, sub-2-celled within, with a velarium descending 3-4 lines within the mouth; the
pericarp, 2 lines thick, shows upon the inner surface the line of the evanescent dissepi-
ment; the seeds are 1 in. long, $ in. broad; the coriaceous testa is 1 line thick on the
dorsal face, slightly thinner on the opposite face. |
3. ESCHWEILERA RIGIDA, nob.: ramulis fulvo- vel fusco-brunneis, pruinoso-opacis, sub-
angulatis, interrupte sulcatis, cortice rimoso subverruculosis; foliis elliptico-ovatis,
imo in petiolum breviter et subito acutatis, apice in acumen recurvatum acutissimum
repente attenuatis, subintegris, vel marginibus cartilagineis vix revolutis punctis
nigris obsolete serrulatis, rigide chartaceis, supra viridibus, subopacis, minutissime
granulatis, nervis parallele divergentibus, prominulis, costa carinata, subtus pal-
lidis, opacis, valde ochraceo-pruinosis, nervis venisque grosse et crebre reticulatis pro-
minulis, costa striata, prominente; petiolo canaliculato, marginato, subtus corru-
gulato, limbo 10-12plo breviore: panicula terminali, 3-ramosa, ramis simplicibus,
alternatim 16-20-floris ; pedicellis sulcato-corrugulosis ; sepalis obovatis, rotundatis,
margine denticulatis, extus carinatis, ovarioque granulatim rugosis, pruinosis ;
petalis ovatis, erassiusculis ; ovario infero, turbinato, 2-loculari, ovulis 2-3 in quo-
que loeulo, e basi erectis, vertice plano, paullo elevato, radiatim suleato ; stylo tereti
sepalis dimidio breviore: pyxidio oblongo-ovato, utrinque obtuso, imo pyriformi,
circa medium zona calycari e vestigiis sepalorum obsolete 6-lobata cincto ; vitta inter-
zonali verticali, diametri 4tam partem alta ; zona superiore integra circulari ; operculo
vitta multo altiore, pulvinato et alte obtuso-umbonato, subtus concavo, linea disse-
pimenti signato, cum velario crasso intra faucem descendente; pericarpio coriaceo,
crasso, granulatim serobiculato, pallide brunneo, 2-loculari. In Venezuela, versus
Brasilim confinia : v. pl. s. in flore et in fructu immaturo in hb. Hook., Rio Guainia
(Spruce, 3505); v. fr. s. in Mus. Kew. Rio Guainia (Spruce).
A comparatively small tree, 20 feet high, from the banks of the river Guainia, or
principal source of the Rio Negro, flowing from the mountains of New Granada,
ie ES of the racemes are 1-13 in. apart; the leaves are 33-6 in. long oe
about B e aper 3 in. long), 2-21 in. broad, on a petiole =. mute: ;
the E of parallel immersed scarcely visible nerves; the raceme-li 21 inso :
og Mate 3—4 in. long, with prominent nodes about 3 lines apart; the pedicels
, 9n8; the sepals 13 line long, 1 line broad. The unripe fruits upon the flowering
ege àre more depressedly turbinate, 2 in. long, 1 in. broad : but the ripe sen nn
fen, meh (Plate LX. fig. 1), from the same locality, is extremely m eren =
cim 8 to the supposition that it might belong to another species "n d x
the base, and an LY elongated in form, 33 in. long, with a calycary zone 13 in. en:
the cium 2$ in. in diam.; the interzonary band is 2j in. in diam., and en 3 ;
with; vr and operculum are 24 in. in diam., the latter 1$ in. high, quite hollow
: a trace of a single dissepiment, and a thick velarium descending into the
250 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE E.
cell for a depth of 5 lines; the operculum is 2 in. thick at the umbonate summit, 3 lines
thick at the sides; the body of the pericarp is $ in. thick at the bottom, 4 lines thick at
the sides; within are 4 cicatrices, where the seeds were attached.
4. ESCHWEILERA SERRULATA, nob.: ramulis teretibus, fuscis, substriatis, lenticellatis ;
foliis ovatis, imo rotundatis, et in petiolum breviter acutatis, sursum sensim paullo
angustioribus, et in acumen subbreve obtusulum subito constrictis, in margine
cartilagineo subrevoluto crenato-serrulatis, dentibus fusco-glandulosis, chartaceis,
supra profunde viridibus, valde opacis, subplanis, nervis tenuibus divaricatis vix
prominulis, reticulatis, costa tenui, carinata, flavida, prominula, subtus luride brun-
nescentibus, pruinoso-opacis, nervis venisque flavidis prominentibus, costa striolata,
flavida, prominente; petiolo marginato, corruguloso, limbo 15plo breviore: racemis
terminalibus, folio multo brevioribus ; rachi subflexuosa, subnodosa : pyxidio sub-
globoso, imo hemispheerico ; ad medium zona calycari indistincta cincto ; vitta inter-
zonali acclive convexa, diametri 5tam partem alta; zona superiore integra, quam caly-
caris paullo minore; operculo convexo, apice umbone majuseulo obtuso apiculato,
intus concavo, dissepimenti vestigio signato, cum velario intra faucem descendente;
pericarpio crassiuscule coriaceo, fusco-brunneo, opaco, sublevi, lenticellis flavidis
sparsis maculato, intus obsolete 2-loculari, imo cicatricibus seminum signato. In
Brasilia septent. : v. pl. s. in Mus. Brit., Maranhaó (Gardner, 6028) ; v. fr. s. in Mus.
Kew. (Gardner). |
A low tree or shrub, 8-12 feet high, in dry woods near Maranhaó: it isa species near
E. compressa, differing in its larger and more ovate leaves and somewhat larger fruit ; the
axils of its branchlets are 3-1 in. apart; the leaves are 3-53 in. long, 13-23 in. broad, on
a petiole 23—4 lines long, with about 13 pairs of yellow nerves.
Gardner says (Trav. p. 107) that its fruit is different from that of another species he
saw at Pernambuco (Chytroma Ibiriba) The pyxidium (Plate LX. fig. 4) is 24 in.
long, 2$ in. broad at the calycary zone, which is 1 in. above the base; the interzonal band
is $ in. high ; the upper zone and operculum 24 in. in diam., the latter 9 lines high, with
the velarium descending 3 lines within the mouth ; the pericarp is about 2 lines thick;
the seeds are about 1 in. long, 6-8 lines broad, dorsally rounded, angular on the faces,
not granosely rugose (as in P. compressa), but, smoother, subrugose, minutely granular,
with the branehes of the raphe semiimmersed.
5. ESCHWEILERA FENDLERIANA, nob.: ramis crassis, rugosis: ramulis fuscis, opacis,
subbreviter flexuosis, angulato-striatis ; foliis ovalibus, imo rotundatis, vel obtusis,
apice rotundiusculis, et in acumen brevissimum obtusulum recurvum abrupte con-
strictis, subintegris, vel ad marginem cartilagineum revolutum punctis obsolete
serrulatis, rigide coriaceis, supra pallide viridibus, crebre punetato-granulosis, nervis
tenuissimis omnino immersis, eveniis, opacis, cirea costam prominulam sulcatis, subtus
pallidissimis, opacis, nervis prominulis, venis crassis ereberrime favoso-reticulatis, costa
prominente, imo crassiore et fuscata ; petiolo profunde canaliculato, fusco, corrugulato,
limbo 12plo breviore : racemis in ramulis novellis terminalibus, hine panieulam pauci-
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE X. 951.
floram simulantibus; floribus majusculis, pedicellis longiuseulis, sulcatis, rugulosis ;
sepalis ovatis, subinzequalibus, subgranulosis, rubentibus, pulverulento-opacis, mar-
gine membranaceo subdenticulatis ; petalis ovatis, submembranaceis, luteis; ovario
. fere supero, 2-loculari, ovulis paucis erectis, vertice alte conico ; stylo subbrevi conico
umbonato cum stigmate minimo subobsolete ciliato : pyxidio depresse globoso, imo
turbinato et obtuse sulcato, infra medium zona calycari e vestigiis sepalorum cincto ;
vitta interzonali fere erecta, summo subconvexa, diametri quartam partem alta; zona `
superiore orbieulari; operculo valde depresso-pulvinato, subplanato, medio obtuse
umbonato, subtus concavo, dissepimenti vestigio signato ; pericarpio coriaceo, sub-
tenui, 2-loculari; seminibus in quoque loculo 2, majusculis, oblongis, lateribus plani-
oribus, imo affixis; testa rufula, granoso-scrobiculata. In Venezuela: 4. c. v. s. in
herb. Hook., Tovar (Fendler) ; v. Jr. s. in Mus. Kew. (Fendler).
This species comes near F. ovata in appearance : the axils of its flexuous branchlets are
about $ in. apart; the leaves are 2-23 in. long, 13-13 in. broad, on a petiole 3 lines long,
and have about 8 pairs of divaricated nerves curving near the margin, the reticulation
of the veins being notably areolated ; the panicle is 3 in. long, its branchlets 1-14 in. long,
bearing few flowers; the smooth slender pedicels are 7 lines long; the flower expanded
is 2 in. across; the calyx expanded is 6 lines across ; the sepals 2 lines long and broad;
the petals 10 lines long, 5 lines broad; the ligula of the androphorum, including the
basal ring, is 11 lines long; the semiglobular head, 10 lines in diam., is densely echinated
with flattened linear acute appendages : the pyxidium (Plate LX. fig. 6) is 13 in. long,
2} in. broad, its turbinate base 9 lines below the calycary zone, which is 23 in. in diam.;
the interzonal band, somewhat convex, is 8 lines high ; the operculum is 2 in. in diam.,
nearly flat, and, including the umbonate tip, is 4 lines high; the pericarp is about ¿ in.
thick ; the seeds are 1 in. long, 3 in. broad.
6. ESCHWEILERA GUANABARICA, nob.: ramulis teretibus, cinerascentibus, opacis, corru-
gato-striatis, lenticellis flavidis sparse verruculosis; foliis ovato-oblongis, imo ob-
tusis, vel acutioribus, apice subito acute acuminatis, in marginibus revolutim
crenatis punctis obsoletissime serrulatis, chartaceis, supra viridibus, in nervis semi-
"inediam suleatulis, transversim reticulatis, costa tenui paullo prominula, subtus
dioribus, costa nervisque prominentibus; petiolo tenui, fusco, supra sulcato,
4 ginato, corruguloso, limbo Splo breviore: racemis brevibus, axillaribus, pauci-
floris; pedicellis fructiferis brevibus, incrassatis: pyxidio mediocri, truncato-turbi-
nato, ve] subhemisphærico, medio zona calycari subevanida cincto; vitta interzonali
suberecta, acclive convexa, diametri quintam partem alta ; zona superiore quam caly-
sas "XX angustiore, circulari ; operculo depressissimo, minime convexo, centro
im e raso, rarius breviter obtuse umbonato, intus concavo, en
brunneo - ra marginem velario ad faucem descendente aucto en (ie
or caco. meca ess es Ia Deua, pe"
o A. 5 e : mee ae, ut in oh di US.
h; Di . pl. > ructum in herb. meo, ۱ | USB
es, from the Province of Rio de Janeiro, on the coast towards Ca r10,
.252 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
very distinct from the two first mentioned. The axils of its slender branchlets are ¿2 in.
apart; the leaves are 2-22 in. long, 11-21 lines broad, on a petiole 3-43 lines long, and
with about 10 pairs of nerves. I have not seen the inflorescence; but the fructiferous
raceme is 1 in. long: the pyxidium (Plate LX. fig. 7) is turbinate below the middle, is
2 in. long, 24 in. broad at the calycary zone, which is 13 lines above the base; the inter-
zonary band is 5 lines high; the upper zone and operculum 2$ in. in diam.; the latter
is much flattened above, is only 3 lines high, obsoletely bossed in the centre, or with an
obtuse umbonate point, 2 lines high; it is concave and subbilocular below, not very
thick, and with a velarium descending 3 lines within the mouth.; the pericarp is stouter
than in E. compressa, is 3 lines thick, white, opaque, and granulose in the mouth to a
depth of 4 lines, where the velarium was attached, subpolished and brown below, where
it is transversely ridged by the evanescent dissepiment. The seeds are ovate, subangularly
rounded, scrobiculated and grooved along the furcated branches of the imbedded raphe,
are 11-12 lines long, and 9 lines broad; in all the hollows of their surface we see a
white efllorescence, noticed before in p. 166.
7. ESCHWEILERA IDATIMONOIDES, nob.: Lecythis idatimonoides, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br.
l. c. p. 496, tab. 73. fig. 3: arbuscula, ramulis pulverulentis, verruculosis; foliis
sparsis ovali-oblongis, imo in petiolum attenuatis, apice acuminatis, subintegerrimis,
vel in marginem revolutum punctis obsolete serrulatis, chartaceis, supra nervis
tenuibus, patentim divaricatis, paullo prominulis, costa sulcata, subtus nervis venisque
reticulatis prominulis, costa prominente ; petiolo canaliculato, limbo 16plo breviore :
racemis axillaribus, folio brevioribus; rachi valida, flexuosa, pauciflora; floribus
majusculis; pedicellis validis, sulcatis, recurvis, calyce 2—4plo longioribus; sepalis
ovatis, vel ovato-oblongis, obtusis, inzequalibus, crassis, convexis, carinatis ; petalis
obovatis, aureis; ovario semisupero, 2-loculari, vertice elevato, verruculoso, stylo
brevi conico umbonato: pyxidio turbinato, imo rotundato, infra medium zona caly-
cari e sepalis majusculis acutis inflexis linea nexis cincto; vitta interzonali sub-
verticali, diametri Svam partem alta; zona superiore integra; operculo circulari,
quam vitta 3plo altiore, quam zona latiore, pulvinato, dein conice convexo, obtuse
umbonato, irregulariter rugoso, subtus concavo, cum velario subangusto intra
faucem descendente. In Guiana Batava (Wullschlegel, 203) : non vidi.
The above acount is taken from Berg's description; it appears to differ from Z. Ida-
timon, Aubl., in its arborescent habit, somewhat smaller leaves, longer pedicels, much
larger flowers, longer and narrower sepals; from ZL. Wullschlegelii (E. macrophylla), in
its much smaller leaves, more acute at base, with shorter petioles, and stouter racemes.
It approaches E. longipes, and perhaps scarcely differs from it; it has the same-shaped
leaves (though smaller and with shorter petioles) ; its inflorescence is remarkably like, a
stout flexuous rachis of the same length, with few very large flowers upon very long
pedicels, thickened at the apex, and its fruit of similar size and of the same proportions ;
it differs from E. ovata in its more oblong leaves, in its shorter raceme, with fewer
flowers, on shorter and stouter pedicels. Its leaves, somewhat distant, are 4 in. long,
1} in. broad, on a petiole 2-3 lines long; the rachis of the raceme is 14-2} in. long;
Be any Sr Si LR INI
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 253
stout, flexuous, few-flowered ; flowers very large ; pedicels thickened above, 10 lines long;
sepals 2-23 lin. long, 13-2 lin. broad ; petals 14 lines long; androphorum 9 lines in diam. :
style 2 line long: pyxidium (Plate LX. fig. 9) 20 lines long; calycary zone 7 lines
above the base, 2 in. in diam., with persistent sepals 6 lines long, and as broad at their
base; interzonary band nearly 2 in. in diam., and 8 lines high; operculum 2 in. in diam.,
11 lines high.
8. ESCHWEILERA CORRUGATA, nob. : Lecythis corrugata, Poit. Mém. Mus. xiii. 145, tab. 3;
DC. Prodr. iii. 292; Miq. in Linn. xxii. 175; Berg in Linn. xxvii. 453: ramulis
subvalidis, teretibus, obsolete rugoso-striatis, fuscis vel pallide brunneis, flavide
lenticellatis; foliis elongato-oblongis, vel obovato-oblongis, imo obtusis, et in petio-
lum breviter aut sensim. acutatis, apice in acumen acutum vel obtusulum sspe
canaliculatim reeurvum sensim aut repente attenuatis, integris vel in marginibus
cartilagineis subrevolutis punetis obsolete serrulatis, coriaceis, supra leeviusculis,
opacis, nervis tenuibus fere immersis, obscure reticulatis, costa paullo prominente,
subtus pallidioribus, ferrrugineo-opacis, nervis venisque reticulatis prominulis, costa
valida prominente ; petiolo fusco, canaliculato, valde corrugulato, limbo 12plo bre-
viore: racemis in axillis solitariis, vel 2-3 fasciculatis et terminalibus, folio bre-
vioribus; rachi flexuosa, longe nodosa, angulato-striata, nodis approximatis cum
pedicellis articulatis ; pedicellis recurvulis rugosis, ovarioque transversim valde
corrugulatis; sepalis oblongis, crassiusculis, granulatim rugulosis, carinatis, margi-
nibus membranaceis obsolete denticulatis; ovario semisupero, 2-loculari, ovulis
pluribus erectis, vertice alte conico, levi, stylo brevissimo tereti apieulato: pyxidio
turbinato, imo obconico, creberrime et grosse corrugato-rugoso, supra medium zona
calycari e sepalorum vestigiis linea nexis cincto; vitta interzonali diametri tertiam
partem breviore, erecta; zona superiore orbiculari; operculo pulvinato, convexo,
sensim obtuse umbonato, intus concavo, vestigio dissepimenti signato, cum velario
intra faucem late dependente ; pericarpio coriaceo, crebre transversim corrugulato,
dissepimento fere evanido obsolete 2-loculari; seminibus in quoque loculo binis,
Ovatis, basi affixis. In Guiana : e. s. in herb. Mus. Brit. et Hook., Cayenne (Martin) ;
Karaouary (Sagot, 1032); Demerara (Parker); v. fr. s. in Mus. Kew. (Parker).
ds Erw tree, the trunk covered by a thick bark composed of op n P
eaves are 43-10 in. long, 12-3 in. broad, on à petiole 3-6 Us B El 2 نا
rg ۴ pre is 34 in. long; flowers pink ; pedicels 4-5 lin. long » nu Y m
X. figs. 10, 11 dm NA 5 lin. broad; androphorum 5 lin. diam. ; jm ۳۳ E
and 1-13 E 1 ) 18 13 "n: long, 14-12 in. broad ; calycary zone 6-7 re ue an ,
6 lines Sich E diam. ; interzonary band 2-3 lines high; poorer am ae P
» With a velarium 1 line deep; pericarp 23 lines thick.
9. Es M
were, LONGIPES, nob. : Lecythis longipes, Poit. (non Benth.) Mém. Mus. xii.
3 tab. 1 et tap, 6^; DC. Prodr. iii. 292; Mig. Linn. xxii. 175; Berg, Linn. xxvii.
| mulis rugosis, sulcatis, fusco-ferrugineis, opacis, pruinosis, verruculosis ;
۱ foliis i i . . ۰ i:
VOL. xxx, oblongis, imo obtusis et in petiolum sspe acutatis, apice in acumen sub
2L.
254 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
acutum vel obtusulum abrupte constrictis, subintegris, vel in margine tenui valde
revoluto obsoletissime serrulatis, subcoriaceis, supra pallide viridibus, opacis, in
nervis semiimmersis sulcatis, reticulatis, costa plana, immersa, fusca, pruinosa, imo
crassiore, subtus pallidis, opacis, nervis venisque valde prominentibus, costa strio-
lata, fusca, prominente; petiolo fusco, suleato, marginato, subtus ruguloso, limbo
10plo breviore : racemis axillaribus et terminalibus; rachi valida, angulata, fusco-
ferruginea, scabride pruinosa, 6-15-flora ; floribus majusculis, leete violaceis; pedun- `
culis tenuibus, longissimis, striatis, subscabridule velutinis, fuscis; sepalis oblongis,
obtusis, crassiusculis, subinzequalibus, rugulosis, carinatis, margine ciliatis; petalis
magnis, oblongis, concavis; ovario infero, semigloboso, granulato-rugoso, 2-loculari,
ovulis plurimis, erectis, vertice plano, flavide opaco, vix striolato; stylo brevissimo,
umbonato: pyxidio depresse turbinato, imo rotundato, infra medium zona calycari
e sepalis acutis inflexis linea nexis cincto; vitta interzonali erecta, diametri 8vam
partem alta; zona superiore integra; operculo primum pulvinatim convexo, dein
. late rotundatim umbonato, vitta 3plo altiore, subtus concavo, cum velario intra
faucem descendente; pericarpio obsolete 2-loculari; seminibus 2-4, ovali-oblongis,
costatis. In Guiana: v. s. in herb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Martin) ; fruct. non vidi.
A tree 25-30 feet high; the axils of its branchlets 2—1 in. apart; the leaves are 53-7
in. long, 24-34 in. broad, on a petiole 5-7 lines long, with about 16 pairs of nerves, very
prominent beneath, irregular in their direction; the rachis of the raceme is stout, about
4 in. long, its nodes 2-3 lines apart; the slender pedicels, slightly thickened above, are
10-18 lines long; the sepals 23 lin. long, 2 lin. broad; petals 15 lines long, 10 lines
broad ; androphorum 1 in. in diam. The pyxidium (Plate LX. figs. 12, 13) is 14 in. long,
2 in. broad at the calycary zone, which is 6 lines above the base; the interzonary band
3 lines high; the operculum 2 in. in diam., 9 lines high ; pericarp apparently thick, with
2, sometimes 4 seeds, 6 lines long, 4 lines broad. 3
10. ESCHWEILERA LUTEA, nob.: Lecythis lutea, Aubl. Pl. Guian. ii. 721: Lecythis lon-
gipes, Benth. (non Poit.) in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 321: ramulis teretibus, sulcatis,
brunneis, opacis, verruculosis ; foliis lanceolato-oblongis, imo obtusis, apice sensim
longe et acute acuminatis, subintegris, vel ad marginem cartilagineum revolutum
punctis obsoletissime serrulatis, subcoriaceis, supra pallide viridibus, opacis, nervis
patule divergentibus, dein adscendentibus, paullo prominulis, reticulatis, costa strio-
lata, subtus pallidis, opacioribus, minutissime granulatis, nervis venisque promi-
nentibus ; petiolo fusco, sulcato, subtus corrugulato, limbo 4—5plo breviore: racemo
terminali, brevissimo, 3-floro; pedicellis approximatis, calyce 4plo longioribus,
tenuibus, apice inflexis; sepalis 5, oblongis, obtusis, crassis, extus convexis, opacis,
granulatis, imo gibbosis, marginibus vix tenuibus, obsolete denticulatis : ; ovario fere
omnino supero, 2-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 6, e basi erectis, vertice pulvinato,
eleväto, flavide opaco, corrugulato; stylo late conico; stigmate minuto, papilloso,
albido. In Guiana (Aublet): v.s. in herb. Hook., Guiana Brit. (Schomburgk, 438).
This plant quite agrees with Aublet's short description of his Lecythis lutea. It
* oe aes MID: UST EON TUITION RE ES
== duo: b el A ae P A A o A a Se IU
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 255
differs from Lecythis longipes, Poit., in its narrower, more lanceolate leaves, gradually
much attenuated, less coriaceous, not sulcated in the nervures, with different nervation,
upon shorter petioles, in the extremely short rachis of its terminal receme, bearing only
3 approximated flowers upon more slender pedicels, in having only five sepals, an almost
superior ovary, with an elevated conical summit. The leaves are 43-72 in. long, 11-21
in. broad, on a petiole 23-4 lines long; pedicels 16 lines long, slender and striated;
sepals 4 lines long, 23 lines broad; the petals and androphorum are wanting in the
specimen I have seen.
. 11. ESCHWEILERA VERRUCULOSA, nob.: Lecythis verruculosa, Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. J. c.
502: Lecythis pedicellaris, DC. (in parte) Prodr. iii. 292 : ramulis gracilibus, cortice
pallido, lenticellis verruculosis; foliis sparsis, ovali-oblongis, imo obtusis et in peti-
olum subito brevissime acutatis, apice sensim attenuatis, subintegris vel in margine
tenui revoluto et subundulato obsoletissime serrulatis, tenuiter chartaceis, supra
viridibus, subconvexis, minutissime granulatis, nervis plurimis tenuissimis parallelim
patule divaricatis, semiimmersis, reticulatis, costa prominula, subtus albide pruinosis,
nervis paullo prominulis, costa crassiuscula prominente ; -petiolo canalieulato, limbo
l0-15plo breviore: racemis 3-4 congestis, axillaribus, vel plurimis aggregatis et
terminalibus, folio brevioribus; rachi recta, angulosa, flexuosa, subrubescente,
18-30-flora; bracteis ovatis, concavis, deciduis; pedicellis recurvis, subsecundis,
rubentibus, corrugulatis ; sepalis oblongis, rotundatis, brevibus, patentibus, crassis,
corrugulatis, rubenti-viridibus, dorso convexis, margine membranaceis et ciliolatis ;
petalis obtuse vel rotundato-ovatis, viridi-albis; ovario fere supero, turbinato, gros-
sule verruculoso, 2-loculari, ovulis plurimis e basi erectis, vertice intra discum
elevato, conice pulvinato; stylo brevi umbonato. In Brasilia ad Amazonas, in Rio
Negro (Mart, 2817) : non vidi.
; Dr. Berg states that DeCandolle founded his Lecythis pedicellaris on three specimens
in Martius’s herbarium, consisting of the leaves of this species mixed with the flowers of
Lecythis albiflora ; and as the flowers have long pedicels in the latter, and short ones in
the present instance, he suppressed the species named by DeCandolle, and established
= Perfect plant under the more appropriate designation of verruculosa. Berg says it
ve from E, corrugata in its more membranaceous leaves and racemose flowers. The
are 23-43 in. long, 2-2 in. broad, on a petiole 3-4 lines long; the rachis of the
raceme is stout and straight, 13—44 in. long, bearing 18 to 30 flowers, the pedicels are
t B . 4 le
«line long; the flower in bud 6 lines in diam.; calyx expanded 6 lines in diam. ;
sepals 1 line long. iv |
12. Esc ii ;
; HWEILERA BLANCHETIANA, nob.: Lecythis Blanchetiana, Berg in. Mart. Fl. Bras.
۰ €. p. 495 ۰
cs gli in Linn. xxvii. 455: Lecythis ovata, var. ovalifolia, Berg in .. Fl.
sarete ^- PP. 498 et 618, pl. 7. fig. 154: Lecythis odoratissima, Salzm. MSS. : ra-
ovalib ag de brunneis, vel cinereis, interrupte striatis, valde verraculosis : foliis
- 4S, 1mo rotundatis vel obtusis, et in petiolum brevissime acutatis, - sensim
| | 2L
256 MR. J. MIERS ON THE ۰
obtusis, e£ in acumen breve obtusulum sspe recurvulum constrietis, subintegris,
vel ad marginem cartilagineum subrevolutum punctis obsolete serrulatis, coriaceis,
supra pallide viridibus, subopacis, nervis vix prominulis, subtus ochraceo-opacis,
nervis venisque reticulatis prominulis; petiolo crassiusculo, limbo 20plo breviore:
panicula terminali vel in ramulis novellis racemiformi, folio tertia parte breviore;
rachi fusca, angulata, creberrime nodosa; pedicellis calyci subequilongis, ad nodos -
articulatis; sepalis insequalibus, rotatis, oblongis, crassiusculis, rugulosis, margine
vix ciliolatis ; petalis late ovatis, concavis ; ovario semisupero, imo obsolete turbinato,
2-loculari, loculis superioribus, ovulis plurimis e basi radiantibus, vertice intra discum
elevato, depresse pulvinato, radiatim striato; stylo late et breviter conico umbonato; .
stigmate minimo, subgloboso: pyxidio subgloboso, paullo supra medium zona caly-
cari indistincta cincto; vitta interzonali acclive convexa, diametri 4tam partem alta;
zona superiore orbiculari, quam inferior paullo minore; operculo depresse pulvi-
nato, umbonato, subtus concavo; pericarpio coriaceo, 2-loculari, loculo uno fere
abortivo, altero paucispermo; seminibus ovatis, angulato-subcompressis, pallidis;
testa cartilaginea, raphe ramosa signata. In Brasilia, Bahia (sec. Berg, Blanchet
382 et 3110 A.): v.s. im herb. Hook., Bahia (Salzmann); Bahia (Talbot): fruct.
This species is considered by Berg a variety of E. ovata ; but it differs in its more
apiculated leaves, in its inflorescence, more superior ovary, and its fruit; from F. tenaz
in its smaller, more oval leaves, and almost panicular terminal inflorescence. The leaves
are 33—41 in. long, 16-24 lines broad, on a petiole 2-3 lines long, and have about 12
pairs of nerves, with others shorter intermediate, all anastomosing: the rachis of the
racemes is 1-1} in. long, with flowering nodes 1 line apart; pedicels 2 lines long; flower
expanded 1j in. across; sepals 2 lines long, 13 line broad; petals 8 lines long, 6 lines
broad; ligula of androphorum covered at its base for half its length with staminiferous
appendages, with the hood densely echinated with sterile appendages. The pyxidium
(Plate LX. fig. 14, from Berg’s description) is 14 in. long, 13 in. broad; calycary
zone 9 lines above the base; interzonary band 4 lines high; operculum 12 in. in diam.,
5 lines high.
13. ESCHWEILERA LAVIFOLIA, nob. : Lecythis levifolia, Griseb. MSS. : ramulis angulato-
striatis, verruculosis ; foliis maximis, ovato-oblongis, imo rotundis, apice obtusis,
vel in acumen breviusculum subacutum recurvulum attenuatis, subintegris, vel in
margine cartilagineo subrevoluto obsolete serratis, valde coriaceis, supra viridulis,
Opacis, in nervis late sulcatis, nervis parallele subdivergentibus, vix prominulis,
crebre reticulatis, subtus ochraceo-pallidioribus, valde opacis, subpruinosis, nervis
prominulis, costa striata prominente, imo latiore; petiolo valido, fusco, profunde et
anguste canaliculato, subtus corrugato, fusco, limbo 14plo breviore: paniculis ter-
minalibus, folio subbrevioribus ; rachi crassiuscula, fusca, ramisque nodosis angulato-
striatis ; pedicellis longiusculis, validis, sulcatis, obsolete verruculosis ; sepalis ovatis,
crassiuseulis, imo gibbosis, extus pulverulentis, verruculosis, intus flavidis; petalis
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE EX. 257
ovatis, convexis, submembranaceis, flavis, extus imo subvariolatis; ovario infero,
minute lenticellato, 2-loculari, ovulis 4—6 in quoque loculo, érectis, vertice depresse
pulvinato, stylo. brevi crasso. umbonato: pyxidio turbinato, imo obconico, sulcato,
sub medium zona calycari e sepalis 6 linea nexis eincto; vitta interzonali acelive
convexa, diametri dimidium alta; zona superiore circulari, integra; operculo ignoto.
In ins. Trinidad: v. s. in herb. Hook., in flore et in fr. immaturo (Prestoe) ; idem
(Oruger, 302) ; idem in sylvis (Purdie, 37); v. fr. s. in Mus. Kew. (Purdie).
The axils are 2-1 in. apart; the leaves are 43-12 in. long, 32-64 in. broad, on a petiole
4-8 lines long, and with about 13-15 pairs of nerves, with others shorter and interme-
diate; the branches of the panicle, or rachis of the racemes are 2-3 in. long; with nodes
2-4 lines apart; the pedicels are 3 lines long; the calyx expanded is 6 lines across ; the
sepals 2$ lines long and broad; the petals in the bud 9 lines long, 6 lines broad ; the
androphorum, with a fleshy bare ligula 4 lines wide, has a broader semiglobose head, very
convex, very densely echinated within by innumerable sterile appendices; the style is
3 line long; the pyxidium (Plate LX. fig. 15) is a little gibbous by the semi-
abortion of one of the cells, is 14 in. long without the operculum; the calycary zone is
7 lines above the base, li in. in diam. ; the interzonary band, very convex, is 8-9 lines
high; the upper zone entire, 14 in. in diameter.
l4. ESCHWEILERA OVATA, Mart. : Lecythis ovata, Camb. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. 378, tab. 158;
Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. J. c. p. 467 (exc. syn. plur.); Linn. xxvii. 454: ramulis rugu-
losis, interrupte striatis, pallide brunneis, vel glauco-opacis, lenticellis majusculis
flavidis verrueulosis; foliis ovali-ellipticis, imo obtusis, aut acutioribus, supra
medium sensim rotundiusculis, apice in acumen acutum vel obtusum canaliculatim
Tecurvum constrictis, in margine paullo revoluto obsolete serratis, aut fere in-
tegris, subcoriaceis, supra pallide viridibus, sublucentibus, nervis prominulis, reti-
eulatis, subtus pallidioribus, opacis, nervis tenuibus venisque paullo prominulis,
costa striata prominente ; petiolo canaliculato, marginato, granulatim ruguloso, limbo
12plo breviore: racemis in ramulis novellis terminalibus, solitariis vel binis, folio
*quilongis; rachi tenui, tereti, striata, lenticellata; floribus majusculis, odoratis ;
pedicellis tenuibus, longiuseulis, fuscis, striatis, patentibus vel nutantibus; sepalis
oblongis, obtusis, carinatis, marginibus crenulatis et serrato-denticulatis; petalis
9 longis, concavis, margine denticulatis; ovario infero, turbinato, pilosulo vel
pruinoso, 2-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo, erectis, vertice depresse pulvinato, ra-
diatim striato; stylo subbrevi, imo conico, sensim tenuiore ; stigmate minimo albo :
Lyxidio immaturo parvo, subgloboso, paullo supra mediam zona calycari e sepalis
6 acutis radiantibus linea nexis cincto; vitta interzonali angusta, erecta, diametri
am partem alta ; zona superiore inferiorem «equante, orbiculari ; oper culo depr T€
a, convexo, longe et obtuse umbonato, intus concavo, cum velario crassi-
sin intra faucem descendente; pericarpio coriaceo, 2-loculari, "onim et jas
0 ne unilaterali; seminibus paueis, hilo er dod bos £08)
atis, B. : s d uco (Ga 1029); >
ES us eae : v. 8. in hb. variis, circa Pernam
| » Pernambuco (Gardner).
258 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
A. small tree, about 20 feet high, abundant in sandy woods about 10 miles from Per-
nambuco. St.-Hilaire found it as far south as Espiritu Santo; and the specimens agree
well with his drawing. The axils of its branches are 3-1 in. apart; the leaves are 21-41
in. long, 14-23 in. broad, on a petiole 2-4 lines long, with about 12 pairs of nerves and
others intermediate anastomosed; the rachis of the terminal raceme is 12 in. long, with
prominent nodes 2-3 lin. apart; pedicels gradually shortening from 8 to 4 lines long ;
flower in bud 3 in. broad, globular; sepals 24 lin. long, 2 lin. broad; petals 10 lin. long,
5 lin. broad ; style 1} line long; pyxidium (Plate LX. fig. 16) 14 in. high, 12 in. broad; caly-
cary zone $ in. above base ; interzonal band 3 lines high; upper zone and operculum 12 in.
in diam.; operculum in. high, its velarium 1 in. in diam. and 1 line deep; pericarp 2-celled.
15. EscHwEILERA LUSCHNATIL, nob.: Lecythis Luschnatii, Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. J. c.
p. 499, tab. 74: ramulis teretibus, pallide brunneis, rugulosis et verruculosis; foliis
elliptico-oblongis vel anguste oblongis, imo obtusis et petiolum canaliculatim mar-
ginantibus, apice breviter et obtusule acuminatis, seepe complicatis, integris, vel ad
marginem cartilagineum paullulo revolutum obsoletissime crenulatis, rigide charta-
ceis, supra pallide viridibus, sublucentibus, nervis venisque reticulatis prominulis,
ad costam tenuem prominulam sulcatis, subtus luride brunnescentibus, opacis, nervis
venisque prominulis, costa striolata prominente; petiolo subtenui, patente, marginibus
ineurvis profunde canaliculato, subtus ruguloso, limbo 20plo breviore: racemis in
ramulis axillaribus, vel pluribus congestis et terminalibus, simplicibus, folio dimidio
brevioribus; pedicellis tenuibus, recurvis, calyce 4-6plo longioribus, pruinosis; sepalis
oblongis, fuscis, opace pruinosis, imo gibbosis, margine membranaceo ciliato-denticu-
latis ; petalis oblongis, marginibus denticulatis ; ovario semisupero, turbinato, sulcato,
pruinose irrorato, 2-loculari, ovulis in loculis pluribus, e basi erectis, vertice pulvinato,
striato ; stylo brevi, conico, obtuso : pyxidio immaturo depresse globoso, imo obconice
turbinato, ad medium zona calycari e sepalis auctis divaricatis cincto; vitta inter-
zonali brevi, subconvexa, diametri decimam partem alta; zona superiore circulari;
operculo convexo, pulvinato, apice alte et obtuse umbonato, cum velario intra faucem
descendente ; pericarpio verruculoso, striato, punctis flavidis maculato, 2-loculari. In
Brasilia (sec. Berg), in prov. Ilheos (Luschnatt, 65): v. s. in hb. Hook. sine loco
(-Burchell, 9883 bis, cum fructu immaturo). 1
A middling-sized tree, with the axils of its branchlets about 4 in. apart ; leaves 31-44
in. long, 14-14 in. broad, on a petiole 21-3 lin. long, and with about 12 pairs of nerves,
with others shorter and intermediate, all anastomosed ; rachis of panicle 21 in. long, its
branchlets 9 lines long, each 1-2-3-flowered ; slender pedieel 6-12 lines long ; flower in
bud 6 lines broad; sepals 2 lines long; petals 8 lines long; immature pyxidium (Plate
LX. fig. 17) 10 lines long; calycary zone 5 lines from base, 14 in. in diam. ; interzonal
band 2 lines high ; opereulum 1 in. in diam., 3 lines high. Martius states that its fruit
resembles that of J. Idatimon, Aubl., but is a little longer.
16. ESCHWEILERA PLATYCARPA, nob. : Lecythis platycarpa, Poit. Mém. Mus. xiii. p. 146;
Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. 1. c. p. 618: Lecythis longipes, var. platycarpa, DC. Prodr. iii.
|
:
3
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEZX. 259
292: ramulis brunneis vel rubescentibus, lenticellis elongatis flavidis verruculosis ;
foliis ovato-oblongis vel oblongis, imo subrotundatis et in petiolum brevissime acu-
tatis, apice in acumen acutum subito attenuatis, crenulato-serratis, vel in margine
cartilagineo paullo revoluto punctis obsoletissime serrulatis, rigide chartaceis, supra
pallide viridibus, opacis, nervis tenuibus, subimmersis, arcuatim divaricatis, crebre
reticulatis, subtus opace flavidioribus, costa striolata nervis venisque prominentibus ;
petiolo validiusculo, fusco, tereti, marginato, limbo 16-20plo breviore: racemis
axillaribus et terminalibus, folio dimidio brevioribus; rachi valida, geniculatim
flexuosa, valde nodosa, pluriflora; floribus majusculis; pedicellis in alabastro brevi-
bus, demum longioribus, cum nodis articulatis, apice crassioribus, fuscis, pruinosis,
striatis; sepalis oblongis, obtusulis, pruinosis, convexis, crassiusculis, gibbosis,
medio tuberculatis, marginibus membranaceis. et ciliolatis; petalis ovatis, albis ;
androphoro luteo ; ovario semiinfero, turbinato, 6-sulcato, 2-loculari, ovulis paucis e :
basi erectis, vertice elevato, pulvinato, radiatim striato; stylo brevi, obtuse conico;
stigmate obsolete 2-lobato: pyxidio subparvo, depresse lentiformi, imo convexo, ad
‘medium zona calycari e sepalis inflexis linea nexis cincto; vitta interzonali brevis-
sima ; opereulo circulari depresse convexo, umbonato, intus concavo, cum velario
angustissimo intra faucem descendente aucto ; pericarpio coriaceo, 2-loculari, loculis
monospermis. In Guiana: v. s. in hb. Mus. Brit. in flore, Cayenne (Martin);
Guiana (Anderson) ; in hb. Hook. et Mus. Brit., Karaouary (Sagot, 1139).
A large suffruticose tree, found in savannas round the town of Cayenne. It is easily
distinguished from E. longipes by its larger and smoother leaves, longer inflorescence,
— granulated rachis, more slender pedicels, and other characters. Its leaves are
5-72 in. long, 21-31 in, broad, on a stout petiole 3-5 lines long, and have about 12 pairs
of slender nerves, with several others shorter intervening, all anastomosing ; the rachis
` vs raceme is about 23 in. long, with prominent geniculate nodes 2-3 lines apart, with
pedicels articulated on the nodes 2 lines long in the bud, 10 lines long in the flower ; the
Mai are 3 lines long, 2 lines broad; the flower in bud is globular, 1 in. in diam. ; the
Pyxidium (Plate LX. fig. 18) is 12 in. in diam., 6 lines high.
17. BSOHWEILBRA PARVIFOLIA, Mart. in DC. Prod. iii. 293: Lecythis parvifolia, Berg in
Mart, Fl. Br. 7. c. p. 496 et 618 : Linn. xxvii. 455 : ramulis teretiusculis, pruinosis ;
foliis ovato-oblongis, imo obtusis, apice sensim acuminatis, integerrimis, supra
Pallidis, leevigatis, nitidis, nervis venisque reticulatis vix visibilibus, costa pro-
minente, Subtus opacis, nervis tenuibus venisque prominulis, costa prominente ;
ix tenui, canaliculato, limbo 10plo breviore: racemis axillaribus et terminali-
Dus, folio. brevioribus ; rachi gracili, 6-13-flora ; floribus mediocribus ; sepalis sub-
s qualibus, ovato-oblongis, obtusatis, pedicello dimidio brevioribus, imo gibbis,
margine ciliolatis ; petalis ovato-oblongis; ovario semiinfero, 2-loculari, stylo bre-
emen obtuso umbonato: pyxidio parvo, oblongato, imo turbinato, paullo supra
۳3 ee calycari e sepalis recurvatis linea nexis cincto ; vitta interzonali altius-
vexo, obtus, zona superiore circulari, inferiori æquilata; operculo altiusculo, oa
e umbonato; pericarpio coriaceo, rugoso, obsolete 2-loculari, abortu
260 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEZ.
monospermo. In Amazonas, fl. Solimoes, Ega, in sylvis inundatis prope ripas lacus
(Póppig, 2507) ; non vidi. ۱ ۱
'The above description is taken from that of Berg, and must not be confounded with
L. parviflora, Aubl. It is a tree 30-40 feet high ; the leaves are 2-63 in. long, 8-36 lines
broad, on a petiole 5—7 lines long; and they have about 10 pairs of imbedded nerves,
arcuately anastomosed and reticulated, scarcely visible above, little prominent below:
the rachis of the raceme is 1-14 in. long; the flower in bud ğ in. in diam. ; sepals 1} line
long; petals 6 lines long; style 1 line long: the pyxidium (Plate LX. fig. 21) is 14 lines
long, 6 lines broad ; calycary zone 9 lines above the base; interzonary band 2 lines high;
operculum 34 lines high. ۱
18. ESCHWEILERA PARVIFLORA, nob.: Lecythis parviflora, Aubl. Pl. Gu. ii. 717, tab. 285
et 287; DC. Prodr. iii. 202; Berg in Linn. xxvii. 453: ramis dichotomis, ramulis
tenuibus, fusco brunneis, striatis, verruculosis; foliis oblongis, imo obtusis, apice in
acumen subacutum abrupte attenuatis, integris vel in margine cartilagineo sub-
revoluto punctis obsoletissime serrulatis, chartaceis, supra pallide viridibus, sub-
nitidis, nervis tenuissimis subimmersis, reticulatis, costa tenui carinata flavida pro-
minula, subtus fulvide pallidioribus, opaeis, nervis venisque prominulis, costa
suleata prominente; petiolo fusco, subtenui, marginato, subtus corruguloso, limbo
12plo breviore: paniculis axillaribus et terminalibus, folio subzequilongis, ramosis ;
rachi subtenui compressa, nodosa, pruinosa, ramis subtenuibus; floribus parvis,
odoratis; pedicellis tenuibus, brevibus, minutissime granülosis: pyxidio ovato, supra
medium zona calycari e sepalis divaricatis in lineam nexis cincto; vitta interzonali
diametri quintam partem alta, acclive convexa; zona superiore circulari ; operculo
vitte sequialto, convexe pulvinato, apice obtuse umbonato, intus concavo, dissepimento
tenui persistente, cum velario intra faucem longe descendente ; pericarpio coriaceo,
incomplete 2-loculari, loculis 1-spermis ; seminibus oblongis, longitudinaliter striatis,
hilo basali affixis. In Guiana: v. s. in hb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Aublet).
A shrub with a trunk 3 feet high; the axils of its branchlets + in. apart; the leaves
are 3-5 in. long, 14-13 in. broad, on a petiole 3-4 lin. long, and with about 12 pairs
of nerves divaricating and ascending near the margin, with others shorter and inter-
mediate, all anastomosing ; the panicle is 2 in. long, the slender pedicels 2 lin. long : the
pyxidium (Plate LX. fig. 19) is 1 inch long; the calycary zone 7 lines above the base,
and 10 lin. in diam.; the interzonal band is 9 lin. high; the operculum 8 lin. in
diam., 3 lines high, with a pendent velarium 3 lines deep; the seeds are 9 lin. long,
4 lin. broad.
19. ESCHWEILERA MICRANTHA, nob.: Lecythis micrantha, Berg in Linn. xxvii. 454:
ramulis subtenuibus brunneis, interrupte striolatis, opacis, remote verruculosis;
folis oblongis vel lanceolato-oblongis, imo obtusis aut sspe acutioribus, apicem
versus sensim angustioribus et in acumen longiuseulum sspe acutissimum vel
obtusulum sensim attenuatis, integris vel in margine cartilagineo valde revoluto
punctis obsoletissime serrulatis, chartaceis, supra lwviusculis, subopace viridibus,
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE X. 261
nervis patentim divaricatis et curvatis, semiimmersis, reticulatis, subtus ochraceo-
opacis, nervis venisque prominulis, costa prominente; petiolo fusco, canaliculato,
` marginato, subtus granoso-ruguloso, limbo 22plo breviore: panicula in ramis
novellis tenuibus terminali; rachi tenui, striata, fusco-pruinosa; floribus parvis;
pedicellis tenuibus, ealyee duplo longioribus; sepalis parvis, rotundato-ovatis, valde
. eonvexis, imo gibbosis, rotatis, marginibus membranaceis, ciliatis; petalis obovatis,
concavis; ovario semiinfero, granuloso, 2-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 2, e basi
erectis, vertice pulvinatim elevato, radiatim striato, stylo brevissimo apiculato. In
Guiana Brit. interiore: v. s. in hb. variis, Rio Branco, Parimo (Schomb. 865).
This scarcely differs from L. parviflora of Aubl.; but its leaves are more pallid, with a
somewhat different venation, with rather smaller flowers; the leaves are 33-52 in. long,
13-2 in. broad, on a petiole 2-3 lines long, and with about 14 pairs of nerves, with others
shorter and intermediate, all anastomosed; rachis of racemes 13 in. long; pedicels
3-1 lin. long; flowers in bud 3 lines in diam.; sepals } line long and broad; petals
4 lines long. ۱ |
20. ESCHWEILERA SIBERIANA, Mart.: Lecythis Siberiana, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. l. c.
p. 501: frutex, ramulis verruculosis; foliis ovalibus vel ovato-oblongis, imo rotun-
datis et in petiolum breviter acutatis, apice breviter acuminatis, subintegris vel in
marginibus undulatis obsoletissime subserrulatis aut serrulatis, ehartaceis, supra
nervis tenuibus venisque reticulatis parum prominulis, subtus nervis costaque pro-
minulis; petiolo canaliculato, limbo 12plo breviore: racemis axillaribus, folio di-
midio brevioribus ; rachi gracilenta, flexuosa, paueiflora, pruinosa; floribus majus-
culis; sepalis parvis, inzequalibus, rotundatis; petalis 12plo longioribus, obovatis ;
ovario subinfero, 2-loculari, ovulis pluribus basilaribus, vertice subplano, stylo
brevissimo vix umbonato : pyxidio subparvo, subgloboso, imo turbinatim rotundo,
ad medium zona calyeaxi e sepalis linea nexis cincto; vitta interzonali subconvexa ;
zona Superiore convexa, integra; operculo orbiculari, convexo. In Brasilia ad Pará
(Siber) : non vidi. |
m " tree or shrub, with leaves 3-44 in. long, 16-30 lines broad, on a petiole ie lines
E cepe of raceme 2-21 in. long ; sepals 4-1 line long; petals 1 in. long; pyxidium
۱ fig. 22) 10 lines long, 12 lines broad; calycary zone 5 lines above base; inter-
usn band 2 lines high; opereulum 10 lines broad, 3 lines high. Berg states that this
igi near Chytroma Spruceana, differing in its shorter petioles and its 2-celled ovary.
s BAOHWEILBRA NANA, nob.: Lecythis nana, Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. J. c. p. 617:
umilis, caule suffruticoso, dense verrucoso; foliis sparsis, subsessilibus, ovatis vel
ee. imo obtusis vel subcordatis, apice apiculatis, serrulatis, glabris, supra
am o-viridibus, glaucescentibus, nervis tenuibus venisque reticulatis, prominulis,
bus costa nervisque prominentibus, petiolis vix ullis: racemis axillaribus et ter-
pna folio longioribus; rachi valida, angulosa, flexuosa, nigro-violacea, glabra,
Won; pedicellis validis, alabastro brevioribus; sepalis oblongis, obtusis, in
"qualibus, pedicello duplo longioribus, pallide marginatis, denticulatis, dorso sub
B > i 1 1 ۰ ۰ ۰ ۰
VOL, E وت ی obovatis, imo subcoalitis, luteis, sepalis duplo pana ie ; andro-
262 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
phoro majusculo ; ovario infero, 2-loculari ; stylo crasso, conico : pyxidio 2-3-spermo.
In Brasilia meridionali, prope Camacuam (Riedel) : non vidi. j :
A small shrub, according to Riedel, not more than a foot high, found by him in the
south of Matto-grosso, not far from the northern limit of Paraguay. It is a species
remarkable for its low stature and rather large sessile leaves, which are 21-74 in. long,
3-43 in. broad; its racemes are 4-7 in. long ; the stout pedicels 2-3 lines long ; sepals 4-5
lines long, 3-4 lines broad; petals 9-10 lines long; androphorum 8 lines broad; style
llinelong. According to Berg, it differs from his Lecythis coriacea in its low stature,
subsessile leaves, racemes longer than they, larger and more obtuse sepals, and pyxidium
with few seeds. |
22. ESCHWEILERA LURIDA, nob.: ramulis fusco- vel cinereo-brunneis, substriatis, len-
ticellis oblongis flavidis creberrime verruculosis; foliis lanceolato- vel elliptico-
oblongis, imo rotundatis, supra medium sensim angustioribus, apice in acumen
longiusculum acutum subrepente et valde attenuatis, margine denticulis parvis
duplicato-serratis, tenuiter chartaceis, supra planis, luride viridibus, opacis, nervis
tenuissimis, vix prominulis, creberrime reticulatis, subtus ferrugineo-pulverulentis,
valde opacis, nervis stramineis paullo prominulis, costa tenui prominente; petiolo
subtenui, canaliculato, ruguloso, limbo 14plo breviore: racemis in ramulis novellis
terminalibus, folio multo brevioribus, rachi crassiuscula, pauciflora; pedicello in
fruetu incrassato, valido, longiusculo: pyxidio (adhue immaturo) turbinato, imo
obconico, medio zona calycari e sepalis acutis divaricatis linea nexis cincto; vitta
interzonali alta, pulvinatim valde convexa ; zona superiore circulari, quam calycaris
multo minore; operculo convexo, radiatim striato, umbone alto et conico terminato,
undique lenticellis flavidis maculato. In Brasilia septentrionali: v. pl. s. sine flore,
cum fructu immaturo (Burchell, 10,000).
A species near Æ. nana, but apparently of much taller growth: its axils 2-1 in. apart,
the leaves are 4-7} in. long, 13-21 in. broad, on a petiole 3-5 lines long; the rachis of
the raceme is 1 in. long, bearing the cicatrices of several flowers; the thickish pedicel is
3 lines long; the pyxidium (Plate LX. fig. 23) is 1 in. long, 2 in. broad at the caly-
cary zone, formed of 6 acute persistent sepals, each 5 lines long, 4 lines broad ; inter-
zonary band 3 lines high ; upper zone and operculum 5 lines in diam., the latter pulvinate
depressed, 4 lines high, with an elevated umbonate point.
23. ESCHWEILERA SAGOTIANA, nob.: Lecythis parviflora, Sagot, MS. (non Aubl.): ramis
validis, fuscis, rugulosis ; ramulis subteretibus, griseo- vel rubro-brunneis, cortice
rimoso, lenticellato-verruculosis; foliis ovalibus vel ovato-elliptieis, imo obtusis aut
acutioribus, apice in acumen brevissimum acutum subito apiculatis, subintegris, vel
in margine tenuiter cartilagineo et subrevoluto obsolete crenatis, coriaceis, supra
pallidissimis, opacis, nervis immersis, reticulatis, costa prominente, subtus valde
fulvo-opacis, nervis venis costaque sulcata prominulis; petiolo subvalido, rubidulo,
late marginato, extus ruguloso, limbo 10-16plo breviore: paniculis axillaribus et
terminalibus, folio brevioribus, simpliciter ramosis, rachi compressa, angulato-striata,
nodulosa ; pedicellis tenuibus, imo 2-bracteolatis, calyce duplo longioribus ; bracteolis
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE. ` 263
ovatis, membranaceis, caducis ; floribus subparvis, odoratis; sepalis oblongis, rotun-
datis, patentibus, imo crassis, gibbosis, granulato-rugulosis, margine late submem-
branaceis et subdenticulatis ; petalis triplo longioribus, obovatis, concavis, inzequali-
bus, albis et flavide punctulatis; androphoro luteo; ovario fere supero, imo um-
bilieatim 6-lobo, 2-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 3, erectis, vertice intra discum.
elevato, depresse pulvinato, radiatim striato, stylo brevi obtuso umbonato. In
Guiana: v. pl. s. im hb. Mus. Brit. et Kew., Karaouary (Sagot, 1104, sub Lec.
. parviflora).
Its leaves are 33-53 in. long, 13-23 in. broad, on a petiole 3-4 lines long, and with
about 8-10 pairs of nerves arcuately conjoined with others shorter, very reticulated ;
rachis of racemes slender, 2-24 in. long, branches + in. long, bearing 2 flowers ; pedicels
slender, 21-3 lines long; bracts 1 line long; sepals 14 line long, 1 line broad; petals
5 lines long ; androphorum 5 lines in diameter.
This species in no way approaches E. parviflora; it differs in its more corrugated
branches, its much larger, broader, more oval, and very coriaceous leaves, which are
pallid and smooth above, with nerves entirely immersed, ochreous below, with very pro-
minent midrib and nerves, with thicker corrugated petioles, in the branches of the
panicle compressed, flat, stouter, ferruginous, subpolished and striated, and in its white
(not golden-coloured) petals. ۱
24. ESCHWEILERA MACROPHYLLA, nob.: Lecythis macrophylla, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. /. c.
p. 616: Lecythis Wullschlegeliana, Berg, /. c. p. 493: ramulis teretibus, pallide
brunneis, vel fuscioribus, opacis, lenticellis flavis verruculosis, junioribus teretibus
subleevibus ; foliis oblongis, imo obtusis, apice in acumen angustum seepe recurvum
subito attenuatis, subintegris vel in margine cartilagineo revoluto punctis obsole-
tissime serratis, subcoriaceis, supra pallide viridibus, nervis tenuibus divaricato-
adscendentibus vix prominulis, crebre reticulatis, subtus pallidioribus, opacis, costa
valida nervisque flavidulis prominentibus ; petiolo crassiusculo, sulcato et marginato,
corrugato-granuloso, limbo 15-24plo breviore: racemis axillaribus et terminalibus,
folio dimidio brevioribus, rachi subtenui, valde geniculata, angulata, subflexuosa,
longe nodosa, fusca; floribus majusculis, cirea 8-12; pedicellis subtenuibus, calyce
2-3plo longioribus, scabride granulosis; sepalis oblongis, obtusis, convexis, imo
valde gibbosis, fuscis, subpruinosis, margine ciliatis; petalis flavidis ; ovario semi-
infero, ruguloso, 2-loculari, ovulis pluribus basifixis, vertice elevato, depresse pulvi-
nato, stylo crasso brevi umbonato. In Guiana Gallica (Poiteaw); in Guiana Ba-
tava, Paramaribo (Wullschlegel, 1471): v. s. in herb. Mus. Brit., Guiana Batava
(Anderson).
the i in diam
petals 14 in, long; androphorum 1 in. in diameter. 2x2
M
264 . ' MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
This species is near E. platycarpa ; but the rachis of the inflorescence is more slender,
more geniculated, the pedicels more slender, shorter, and the sepals smaller.
25. ESCHWEILERA FLACCIDA, nob.: ramulis subvirgatis, teretibus, cinerascenti-brun-
neis, striolatis, subleevibus ; foliis late oblongis, vel elliptico-oblongis, imo obtusatis,
apice in acumen subacutum subito constrictis, in margine tenui revoluto punctis
obsolete serrulatis, flaccide submembranaceis, supra leete viridibus, opacis, minute
glauco-granulatis, nervis tenuissimis venisque reticulatis prominulis, costa promi-
nente, subtus fere concoloribus, opacioribus, costa striolata nervis venisque promi-
nentibus, sub lente minutissime granulatis; petiolo fusco, limbo 12-14plo breviore:
racemis in ramulis novellis terminalibus, rachi brevi, rugosa, erebre nodosa ; floribus
majusculis; pedicellis calyce longioribus, superne crassioribus, angulato-sulcatis,
minute granulosis; sepalis sequalibus, oblongis, obtusatis, crassis, fuscis, opacis,
medio rugulosis, imo gibbosis, erectiusculis; petalis androphoroque sicco flavis;
ovario semiinfero, turbinato, 2-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 6, uniseriatis, e basi
adscendentibus, radiantibus, vertice elevato, depresse pulvinato, radiatim striato,
stylo brevi conico umbonato; stigmate minimo, niveo. In Guiana Gallica : v. s. in
herb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Van Rohr).
A species near E. macrophylla, differing in its slender branchlets, broader leaves, which
are flaccidly membranaceous, in its short terminal racemes, with closely approximated
flowers. The leaves are 43-8 in. long, 14-32 in. broad, on a petiole 4-6 lines long; the
raceme is 1} in. long, with nodes } line apart; the pedicels are 5 lines long; the sepals
4 lines long, 13 line broad; the androphorum 9 lines in diameter.
26. ESCHWEILERA SIMPLEX, nob. : ramulis subtenuibus, teretibus, paullo flexuosis, pallide
brunneis, interrupte striolatis, verruculosis; foliis subremotis, elongato-oblongis vel
lanceolato-oblongis, imo obtusis vel sensim subacutis, apice in acumen longiuscule
angustum obtusulum subrepente attenuatis, integerrimis, vel obsolete crenulatis,
margine subcartilagineo et subrevoluto, chartaceis, supra pallide et leete viridibus,
subopacis, nervis tenuissimis subimmersis, parallele divergentibus, reticulatis, costa
vix prominula, subtus concoloribus, costa granulatim punctata nervis venisque
prominentibus ; petiolo semitereti, fusco, ruguloso, limbo 40—50plo breviore: racemo
terminali, folio 6plo breviore ; rachi tenui, 1-flora; floribus majuseulis. In Guiana:
v. 8. in herb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Martin).
A species near Æ. lutea, but easily recognized by its slender branches, its distant leaves
on extremely short petioles, and its slender, single, terminal flower. Its axils are 13-2
in. apart; the leaves are 8-94 in. long, 14-2 in. broad, on a petiole 1 line long, and with
about 12 pairs of nerves, with 1 longer and 2 shorter intermediate nervures ; the rachis of
the terminal raceme is about 1 in. long, bearing on its summit a single flower, the slender
pedicel of which is 14 in. long; the petals are about in. long, the androphorum 7 lines
in diameter, all pulverulent outside. As there is only a single flower glued to the sheet,
I could not ascertain its structure. |
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE. + 265
27. ESCHWEILERA PACHYSEPALA, Mart.: Lecythis pachysepala, Spruce, Berg in Mart. Fl.
Br. l. c. p. 494: ramulis teretibus, subtenuibus, cinereo- vel pallide brunneis, rugoso-
striatis, tuberculis parvis verruculosis; foliis elongato-oblongis, imo obtusis et in
petiolum sensim acutioribus, apice in acumen angustum longiusculum seepe canali-
eulatim recurvum attenuatis, marginibus subrevolutis, punctis obsolete erenulatis,
chartaceis, supra pallide viridibus, opacis, minutissime granulatis, nervis patentim
divaricatis et adscendenter curvatis, paullo prominulis, crebre reticulatis, subtus pal-
lidiusculis, flavidioribus, valde opacis, subpulverulentis, nervis venisque pallidioribus
prominentibus, costa carinata prominente; petiolo fusco, canaliculato, corrugulato,
limbo 12plo breviore: racemis axillaribus, vel plurimis in panieula terminalibus ;
rachi genieulatim flexuosa, longe nodosa, angulatim striata, opaca, pulverulente
granulosa; pedicellis longis, fuscis, angulatis, striolatis, sursum incrassatis; sepalis
majuseulis, oblongis, obtusis, subinzequalibus, valde incrassatis, convexis, pruinosis,
corrugulatis, margine tenui sinuato-denticulatis; petalis majusculis, obovatis, siccis
flavis, membranaceis, venosis, margine ciliatis; ovario semisupero, 2-loculari, ovulis
pluribus e basi dissepimenti radiatim erectis, vertice intra discum pulvinatim ele-
vato, corrugato-striato, stylo conico brevissimo umbonato. In Guiana et Brasilia
septentr.: v. s. in herb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Van Rohr); in hb. variis, Rio Negro
(Spruce, 1912).
This is a tree 40—50 feet high, growing in a gapo (inundated land) between Barra and
Bareellos; it is one of the kinds whose fruit is called Mocacarecuya. The leaves are
33-63 in. long, 13-22 in. broad, on a petiole 4—6 lines long, and have about 14 pairs of
nerves, with others shorter and intermediate, all anastomosing; the raceme is 3-6 in.
long, with nodes 1-1 line long, and 4-4 in. apart; pedicels 8-13 lines long; sepals 2-4
lines long, 11-3 lines broad; petals 9 lines long, of a red colour; androphorum 6 lines
in diam., of a pale sulphur; flower expanded 2 in. broad.
~-
28. ESCHWEILERA PANICULATA, nob. : Lecythis paniculata, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. l. c.
P. 501: ramulis cortice rimoso, fusco-ferrugineis, pruinosis, rugoso-striatis, sub-
verruculosis ; foliis elongato- vel angustius oblongis, imo obtusis, apice in acumen
longiusculum obtusulum subito attenuatis, integris, yel ad marginem cartilagineum
revolutum integris aut obsoletissime serrulatis, subcoriaceis, supra læte viridibus,
vix lucentibus, aut opacis, nervis venisque reticulatis subimmersis, subtus cinna-
momeo-pallidioribus, valde opacis, nervis venisque prominulis, costa validiuscula
Prominente; petiolo subvalido, marginato, fusco, pulverulento, corruguloso-striato,
limbo 14-16plo breviore: panicula terminali, ramosa, ramis rectis, patentibus, rachi
longe nodosa ; pedicellis nutantibus, angulatis, ferrugineis, pruinoso-opacis; sepalis
calyci sequilongis, acute oblongis, crassiusculis, pruinosis, imo gibbosis; petalis
oblongis, subinsequalibus, albis; ovario infero, 2-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo
Paucis, erectis, vertice rotundatim pulvinato, radiatim granuloso, stylo brevi api-
3610) . In Amazonas: v. s. in herb. variis, S. Gabriel, Panuré, Rio Uahupes (Spruce,
266 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
A. tree 40 feet high, growing in low woods near the banks of the river; its leaves are
41-8 in. long, 13-24 in. broad, on a petiole 5-6 lines long; the main rachis of the
panicle is straight, 4-6 in. long, its branches 1-2 in. long, 8-12-flowered, pedicels 13-2
lines long, about 4-4 in. apart; sepals 23 lines long; petals 5 lines long, 3 lines broad ;
androphorum 4 lines in diameter.
29. ESCHWEILERA TENUIFOLIA, nob.: Lecythis tenuifolia, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. 1. c.
p. 502: ramulis ferrugineo- vel pallide brunneis, cortice valde rimoso, interrupte
striatis, pruinosis, crebre lenticellato-verruculosis ; foliis oblongis vel elliptico-
oblongis, imo obtusis et in petiolum sensim vel abrupte breviter acutatis, apice in
acumen angustum sepe recurvulum acuminatis, marginibus subcrenatis, vix serru-
latis, rigide chartaceis, junioribus tenuioribus, supra lete viridibus, opacis, costa
paullo prominente, nervis tenuibus, subpatulis, vix prominulis, reticulatis, subtus
fere concoloribus, vel luride pallidioribus, opacis, costa striolata prominente, nervis
venisque paullo prominulis; petiolo subcorrugato, canaliculato, opaco, limbo 13-15plo ,
breviore: racemis axillaribus et terminalibus, folio brevioribus; rachi tenui, remo-
tiuscule et longe nodosa, angulato-striata, verruculosa, pauciflora; pedicellis bre-
vibus, imo articulatis; sepalis ovatis, extus rugulosis, pruinoso- vel strigoso-granu-
latis, marginibus membranaceis, ciliolatis; petalis obovato-oblongis, flavis, punetis
albidis maculatis, ciliato-denticulatis; ovario semiinfero, breviter turbinato, flavido-
maculato, 2-loculari, ovulis plurimis e basi radiantibus, vertice elevato, depresse
pulvinato, radiatim striato, stylo brevi conico umbonato. In Brasilia septentr.:
v. 8. in herb. variis, Rio Negro inter Barcellos et Barra (Spruce, 1884 et 2031) ; in
herb. Hook., Santarem (Spruce, 698).
The speeimens from Rio Negro and Santarem, if not specifically distinct, form two well-
marked varieties, the one having broader, more shortly acuminated, more membranaceous,
greener leaves, on shorter petioles. "The former is a bushy tree, 30 feet high ; the leaves
are 5-71 in. long, 12-21 in. broad, on a petiole 4-6 lines long, and with about 5 pairs of
nerves, and others intermediate, all anastomosed ; the rachis of the raceme is 24-34 in.
long, with nodes $ line long, equal to the pedicels articulated upon them; the flower
expanded is 2 in. in diam.; the sepals are 1} line long and broad ; the petals 10-12 lines
long, 7-9 lines broad; the androphorum is 6 lines in diameter. In the Santarem plant
the leaves are 34-5 in. long, 14-12 in. broad, on a petiole 2-3 lines long; the rachis of
the raceme 3-4 in. long.
30. ESCHWEILERA SUBGLANDULOSA, nob.: Lecythis subglandulosa, Steud., Berg. in Linn.
xxvii. 459: ramulis subvalidis, subflexuosis, brunneis, opacis, subangulatis, striatis,
lenticellato-verruculosis; foliis ovato-oblongis, imo rotundatis, canaliculatis, et in
petiolum breviter acutatis, apice sensim obtusioribus et in acumen acutum vel
obtusum szepe recurvatum attenuatis, ad marginem cartilagineum valde revolutum
punctis obsolete serrulatis, valde coriaceis, supra pallide viridibus, opacis, subcon-
vexis, nervis divaricatis longe intra marginem adscendentibus subimmersis, venis
valde reticulatis omnino immersis, circa costam prominulam sulcatis, subtus
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 267
ochraceo- vel ferrugineo-pallidis, valde opacis, nervis immersis, venis foveatim areo-
latis, costa imo crassiore prominente ; petiolo valido, canaliculato, marginibus inflexis,
ruguloso, limbo 15plo breviore: panieula terminali, folio subzequilonga, ramosa,
ramis simplicibus, fusce rufescentibus; floribus majusculis; pedicellis sulcato-
striatis, calyce duplo longioribus; sepalis oblongis, obtusis, crassiusculis, extus
rugulosis, imo gibbosis, marginibus tenuibus et subdenticulatis; petalis oblongis;
` ovario fere omnino supero, distincte 2-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 4, ad basin
radiatim affixis, erectis, vertice intra discum valde elevato, pulvinato, radiatim
striato, stylo alto late conico terminato. In Guiana Batava: v. s. in hb. Mus. Brit.
et Hook., Surinam (Hostmann, 186 et 886).
A very distinet species, easily recognized by its smooth, coriaceous, pale, broadly ovate
leaves, and its terminal paniculated inflorescence; the axils of its branchlets are 2—1 in.
apart; the leaves are 6-74 in. long, 23-34 in. broad, on a petiole 5-6 lin. long, and with
about 10 pairs of nerves, with others shorter and intermediate, all anastomosing; the
‘terminal panicle is 4 in. long, its branches 14-2 in. long; its pedicels 3 lin. long; the
flower expanded is 12-2 in. broad; its sepals 2 lin. long; petals 8 lin. long, 6 lin. broad.
31. ESCHWEILERA PALLIDA, nob.: ramulis fusco-brunneis, ruguloso-striatis, lenticellis
flavidis verruculosis; foliis oblongis, imo rotundatis, apice in acumen breve mu-
cronulatum subrecurvum subito attenuatis, subintegris vel in margine cartilagineo
revoluto punetis obsolete serrulatis, chartaceis, supra pallidis, opacis, planis, costa
tenui flavida carinata subprominente, nervis semiimmersis, subtus pallidissimis,
costa striata, nervis tenuibus venisque transversim reticulatis prominulis; petiolo
fusco, tereti, canaliculato, marginibus inflexis, subtus ruguloso, limbo 16plo breviore :
racemo terminali, folio breviore; rachi subvalida, flexuosa, angulato-striata, cum
nodis subremotis longiuscule prominulis; pedicellis fuscis, roride pulverulentis ;
sepalis ovatis, obtusis, extus rugulosis et pulverulentis, imo gibbose incrassatis,
margine membranaceo; ovario semisupero, 2-loculari, ovulis pluribus basilaribus,
vertice elevato, depresse pulvinato, planiusculo, radiatim striato, stylo fere obsoleto
umbonato. In Guiana: v. s. im hb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Martin); Karaouary
(Sagot, 269).
The axils of its branchlets are 3-1 in. apart; the leaves are 33-6} in. long, 13-37 in.
broad, on a petiole 3-4 lines long, and with about 10 pairs of nerves; the rachis of the
raceme about 2 in. long, stout, with geniculate prominent nodes 1 line long, and 5 lines
apart; pedicels 7 lin. long; sepals 3 lines long ; bud $ inch in diameter.
32. EscnwErLERA OBVERSA, nob. : Lecythis obversa, Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. l. c. p. 503 :
ramulis subtenuibus, subflexuosis, striato-suleatis, pruinosis, minute verruculosis ;
foliis oblongo-ovatis, imo obtusis, aut sepe angustioribus et in petiolum breviter
acutatis, apice in acumen acutum canaliculatim reflexum attenuatis, chartaceis,
margine cartilagineo subrevoluto punetis obsoletissime crenulato-serrulatis, supra
viridibus, sublucentibus, sub lente minute granulosis, nervis costaque tenuibus pro-
268 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
minulis, reticulatis, subtus brunnescenti-pallidioribus, opacis, nervis venisque vix
prominulis, costa striolata prominente ; petiolo plano, marginato, subtus corrugulato,
limbo 12-16plo breviore: panicula ramosa, terminali, vel racemis in ramulis novellis
terminalibus, folio brevioribus, paucifloris, rachi flexuosa, longiuscule nodosa; flo-
ribus majusculis; pedicellis suleatis, calyce vix longioribus, cinereo-pruinosis;
sepalis subrotundatis, margine membranaceo ciliolatis; petalis majusculis, luteis,
oblongis, rotundatis; ovario breviter turbinato, cinereo-pruinoso, subinfero, 2-locu-
lari, ovulis paucis e basi radiantibus, suberectis, vertice plane pulvinato, stylo brevi
conico umbonato. In Amazonas: v. s. in hb. variis, Santarem (Spruce, 826 et 892).
This is a tree about 30 feet high, growing, I presume, near the banks of the Ama-
zonas, near Santarem, as its vernacular name is Castanheira das aguas; its flowers are
white, with a strong smell of primroses. The leaves are 2-53 in. long, {-2 in. broad, on
a petiole 2-3 lines long, with about 12 pairs of nerves, with several others shorter and
intermediate, all anastomosing ; the racemes are 13-2 in. long; the pedicels 2 lines long;
the sepals 1} line long; the petals 9 lines long, 5 lines broad; the androphorum 6 lines
in diameter.
33. ESCHWEILERA ELEGANS, nob.: Lecythis elegans, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. /. c. p. 499:
ramulis teneris, irregulariter striatis, cinereo- vel fulvide pulverulentis ; foliis lanceo-
lato-oblongis, vel elongato-oblongis, imo obtusis, apice a medio sensim angustioribus
et in acumen angustum subacutum sensim attenuatis, subintegris, vel ad marginem
cartilagineum revolutum punctis obsolete serrulatis, chartaceis, supra pallide viri-
dibus, opacis, sub lente minutissime granulatis, nervis plurimis divaricatis versus
marginem longe adscendentibus venisque reticulatis immersis, subtus fulvide palli-
dioribus, valde opacis, nervis vix prominulis, costa prominente; petiolo marginato,
corrugulato, limbo 20-24plo breviore: panicula e racemis 3 congestis terminali, "
folio breviore; rachi tenuissima, erebre nodulosa, subgenieulata, striata, circa 20-
flora; pedicellis calyci zequilongis ; sepalis parvis, rotundato-ovatis, extus pruinosis,
imo gibbosis; petalis rotundatis, luteis, flavide maculatis ; androphoro aurantiaco;
ovario semiinfero, 2-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo paucis, e basi erectis, vertice
pulvinatim elevato, striato, stylo brevi conico umbonato. In Amazonas: v. $. in
hb. Mus. Brit. et Hook., Rio Negro, inter Barcellos et S. Isabel (Spruce, 1665).
This species, according to Berg, is near E. micrantha; but I cannot perceive such an
approximation. It is a slender tree, 25 feet high; its leaves are 34-5 in. long, 1-14 in.
broad, on a petiole 2-2} lines long, and with about 10 pairs of nerves, with others inter-
mediate, all anastomosed ; rachis of the racemes 3-12 in. long; flowers in bud 5 lines in
diam.; sepals 2 lines long and broad; the flower, when softened, becomes pale and semi-
glutinous, as in E. amara.
34. ESCHWEILERA ALBIFLORA, nob. : Lecythis albiflora, DC., Prod. iii. 292; Berg in Mart.
Fl. Br. l.c. p. 509 ; in Linn. xxvii. 455: ramulis pallide brunneis, glaucis, striatis,
junioribus tenuioribus ; foliis oblongis, imo sensim acutis, apice gradatim attenuatis,
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 269
longiuseule et acute, acúminatis, rarius obtusioribus, margine tenui vix revoluto
subintegris vel obsolete crenatis, tenuiter chartaceis, supra pallide viridibus, opacis,
planis, nervis divaricatis subimmersis vix prominulis, reticulatis, costa tenui pro-
‘minula, subtus luride brunnescentibus, opacis, costa nervis venisque flavidis promi-
nulis; petiolo subtenui, canaliculato, limbo 10plo breviore: panieulis axillaribus et
terminalibus, apice subramulosis, folio brevioribus; rachi fusca, nodosa ; pedicellis
longiusculis; sepalis oblongo-ovatis, crassis, fuscis, carinatis, rugosis, imo gibbosis,
marginibus membranaceis; ovario infero, 2-loculari, vertice valde depresso, radiatim
striato, stylo brevi conico obtuso umbonato. In prov. Amazonas: v. s. in hb. Hook.,
Rio Negro in sylvis (Martius). E
A tree 50-60 feet high; the axils of its branchlets 4 in. apart; leaves luridly brown
below, 4-8 in. long, 14-34 in. broad, on a petiole 5-7 lin. long, and with from 15-18
pairs of nerves, with others shorter intermediate, all anastomosing; panicle 4 in. long,
its branches 13-23 in. long; slender pedicels 6-9 lines long; sepals 3 lines long, 14 line
broad; petals 10 lines long ; androphorum 6 lines in diameter.
| 85. ESOHWEILERA REIDELIANA, nob.: Lecythis Reideliana, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. 1. c.
p- 618: ramulis patentibus, pruinosis; foliis ovato-oblongis, imo latioribus et in
petiolum breviter et subito acutatis, apice obtusis et breviter acuminatis, obsolete
serratis, chartaceis, supra glabris, nitidis, nervis erecto-patulis, remotiusculis, sub-
immersis, arcuatim nexis, venis reticulatis, subtus fuscescentibus, opacis, nervis venis
costaque prominentibus; petiolo limbo 10—14plo breviore : inflorescentia racemosa ;
floribus majusculis ; pedicellis brevissimis; sepalis rotundatis vel ovato-rotundatis,
inzequalibus, pruinosis, margine ciliolatis; petalis albis; androphoro luteo; ovario
semiinfero, 2-loculari, multiovulato, vertice convexo, striato, stylo brevissimo um-
bonato. In Amazonas, prope Santarem, in humidis inundatis (Reidel): non vidi.
A tree 30 feet high; leaves 31-7 in. long, 13-81 in. broad, on a petiole 4-6 lin. long;
flower in bud 8 lin. in diam. ; sepals 1-1} line long, 1} line broad; petals 10 lin. long;
androphorum 6 lin. in diam. It is said to differ from Z. albiflora in its leaves gradually
acuminated, in its smaller pedicels and flowers, and its rounded ciliolated sepals.
36. ESCHWEILERA TROCHIFORMIS, nob. : ramulis crassiusculis, rectis, teretibus, rufo-brun-
Eu Opacis, pruinosis, ruguloso-striatis, verruculosis; foliis late ovatis, imo trun-
catis vel obtuse rotundatis, aut subcordatis et subito breviter ad petiolum decur-
rentibus, apice rotundatis et emarginatis, marginibus revolutis obsoletissime crenu-
latis, coriaceis, valde convexis, et ad nervos late sulcatis, supra pallide viridibus,
paullo opacis, e reticulatione creberrima foveatim rugulosis, nervis tenuibus, iit!
motiuseulis, semiimmersis, divergentibus, arcuatim nexis, venis transversum reticu-
" costa subeonvexa, imo latiore, rufule pruinosa, subtus sordide pallidis, glauco-
"Pacis et roride pruinosis, costa valida, rugulosa, nervisque valde prominentibus,
yu prominulis ; petiolo valido, profunde canaliculato, alte marginato, limbo 20plo
ore: racemo terminali vel axillari, folio paullo breviore, rachi valida, helvole
VOL. xxx, : 3 ' ! IN
270 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
pruinosa, compresse angulata, transversim corrugulata, flexuose crasse nodosa,
pauci- vel pluriflora; floribus majusculis ; pedicellis cum nodis articulatis, crassis,
striatis, pruinosis; sepalis pedicello aequilongis, valde imbricatis, ovatis, submem-
branaceis, demum subcrassis, granulatim pruinosis, marginibus submembranaceis
ciliato-denticulatis ; petalis oblongis, submembranaceis, albis, siccis fulvidis, punctu- _
latis, concavis; ovario semisupero, tuberculato, 2-loculari, ovulis pluribus basilaribus
erectis, vertice intra discum pulvinato, stylo conico umbonato, stigmate minuto
subgloboso : pyxidio turbinis lusorii majusculi mole; estera ignota. In Brasilia,
prov. Pernambuco: v. 8. in hb. Mus. Brit.et Kew., Serra da batalha, Rio Preto
(Gardner, 2876) ; prov. Goyaz (Gardner, 3189). .
According to Gardner this is a small tree, about 10 feet high, growing in the upland
campos, with white flowers, and a fruit about the size of a large top; the structure of the
ovary shows that it belongs to this genus. The axils of its branches are 3-1 in. apart;
the leaves have a very peculiar aspect, are 44-64 in. long, 34-5 in. broad, on a thick
broad petiole 2-3 lines long, and have about 14 pairs of nerves, with others intermediate,
all anastomosed ; the rachis of the terminal raceme is 2-10 in. long, with thick prominent -
nodes 2-5 lines apart and 1-2 lines long; the pedicels are 1line long; the flower in bud
10 lines in diam. ; the inferior portion of the ovary is 2 lines long and 3 lines broad.
37. ESCHWEILERA CORDATA, nob.: Lecythis cordata, Berg in Linn. xxvii. 457: ramulis
teretiusculis, suleatis, pallide fuscis, brunneo-pulverulentis; foliis rotundato-ovali-
bus aut suborbieularibus, imo cordatis, apice rotundatis et retusis, aut in acumen
brevissimum obtusulum recurvulum repente constrietis, marginibus repandis et
integerrimis, pergamineis, supra pallidis, glauco-opacis, nervis semiimmersis, tenui-
bus, divergentibus, marginem versus adscendentibus, reticulatis, subtus nitidioribus, |
nervis venisque prominentibus; petiolo vix ullo, valido, canaliculato: racemis ter- ۰
minalibus, folio longioribus ; rachi valida, angulata, pulverulenta, 24-flora ; pedicellis
crassis, calycem «quantibus, bracteolis caducis; sepalis ovatis, obtusis, subzequali-
bus ; ovario semiinfero, 2-loculari, vertice conico-elevato, pulviniformi, pulverulento,
radiatim striato; stylo brevi. In Venezuela, ad miss, Angustura Manas de Bar-
celona (Moritz, 585) : non vidi.
This species, in the size and shape of its leaves, much resembles Lecythis Ollaria from
the same neighbourhood; but the structure of its 2-locular ovary shows clearly that it
belongs to the genus Eschweilera : it differs little from E. tenax except in its more se sile
leaves. The leaves are said to be 23-23 in. long, 11-21 in. broad, almost sessile; the
rachis of the raceme is above 4 in. long ; pedicels 3 lines long; sepals 3 lines long ; petals
2 in. long. à
38. ESCHWEILERA TENAX, nob.: Lecythis tenax, Moritz, Berg in Linn. xxvii. 456: cor-
tice tenacissimo; ramulis validis, interrupte striatis, fusco- vel cinereo-brunneis,
obsolete verruculosis ; foliis ovatis vel oblongo-ovatis, imo rotundatis, 6 sub-
cordatis, apice in acumen breve obtusulum recurvum abrupte constrictis, ma-
ginibus revolutis cartilagineis suberenatis, vel e punctis fuscis obsolete serratis,
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE X. 271
coriaceis, supra convexis, pallide viridibus, opacis, nervis divaricatis venisque reti-
culatis immersis, ad costam prominulam sulcatis, subtus pallide brunneis vel luride
ochraceis, opacis, costa striata, crebre reticulatis, nervis venisque prominentibus ;
petiolo valido, fusco, canaliculato, marginibus inflexis, rugoso, limbo 10-14plo
breviore: racemis axillaribus et terminalibus, folio brevioribus ; rachi subvalida,
angulata, crebriflora; floribus flavis; pedicellis subvalidis, calyce 3plo longioribus,
recurvis; sepalis rotundato-oblongis, subaqualibus, rotatis, extus carinatis et granu-
losis, imo glandulose gibbosis ; petalis obovatis, citrinis, carnosulis, margine erosulis ;
ovario semiinfero, granulis flavidis creberrime punctulato, 2-loculari, ovulis in quo-
que loculo circ. 5, e basi erectis, vertice valde elevato, conico, striato; stylo brevi,
conico ; stigmate minimo, globoso. In Venezuela: v. s. in herb. Mus. Brit. et Hook.,
Colonia Tovar, in sylvis humidis et frigidulis (Moritz, 1880).
A tree found in moist woods: the axils of its branchlets are about 3 in. apart; the
pallid coriaceous leaves are 11—31 in. long, 1-14 in. broad, on a petiole 2-3 lin. long, and
with about 10 pairs of divaricating ascending nerves arcuately anastomosing ; the rachis
of the raceme is 2-23 in. long, with prominent nodes 1-2 lin. apart; the pedicels 6-8
lines long; the calyx expanded 8 lines across ; the sepals 3 lines long, 2 lines broad; the
larger petals 1 in. long; the androphorum 8 lines in diameter, and twice that length,
its ligula bare, 6 lines long, its antheriferous basal appendages crowded, very short,
those inside the hood linear, pointed, sterile, densely echinated, adpressed.
The bark of the tree is very tough, and is used for cordage.
99. ESCHWEILERA MOoRITZIANA, nob.: ramulis pallidis, opacis, rectis, tenuiter striolatis,
ad axillas compressis; foliis late ellipticis vel oblongis, imo obtusis, apice in acumen
subobtusum sspe revolutum constrictis, integris vel marginibus cartilagineis revo-
lutis crenulatis obsoletissime serrulatis, tenuiter chartaceis, supra pallide viridibus,
subopacis, sub lente minute granulosis, nervis tenuibus paullo divaricatis vix pro-
minulis, reticulatis, in costa tenui sulcatis, subtus fere concoloribus, opacis, costa
striata valde prominente, nervis venisque stramineis prominentibus ; petiolo subtenui,
fusco,canaliculato, marginato, corrugulato, limbo 16plo breviore: inflorescentia
racemosa, pedicellis brevibus, angulato-sulcatis, granulosis ; sepalis 6 ovato-oblongis,
valde imbricatis, fuscis, convexis, crebre granuloso-verrucosis, marginibus tenuibus,
crenulatis; petalis 5 vel 6 late oblongis, medio carnosis, concavis, extus subgranu-
losis; ovario infero, verruculoso, 2-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 4-6 e basi
erectis, vertice concavo ; stylo tenuiter tereti, sepalis longiore. In Venezuela: v. ۰
n herb. Mus. Brit., circa Chupé, Cape Augustin (Moritz, 548). ۰
va small tree, called Naranjillo. The axils of its branchlets are 4-1 in. apart Ai
2 ves are 63-8 in. long, 23-33 in. broad, on a petiole 4-6 lin. long, and a oie
lo pairs of nerves, with others intermediate, all anastomosed; the pedicels are © lines
: uns sepals 3 lin, long, 2 lin. broad; petals 8 lin. long, 5 lin. broad ; the androphorum
٩ 9 lines in diameter; basal ring staminigerous, and the incurved head of the andro-
pho
“um is charged with longish adpressed appendages, mostly antheriferous.
2N 2
212
MR. J. MIERS ON THE 1۰
40. ESCHWEILERA LAURIFOLIA: Lecythis ovata, var. laurifolia, Berg in Mart. Fl Br.
l. c. p. 498: ramulis fusco- vel cinereo-brunneis, rugosis, verruculosis; foliis ovali.
bus aut elliptico-ovatis, imo rotundatis, in apice rotundo subito emarginatis, vel
in acumen obtusum breve subrepente attenuatis, subintegris, marginibus revolutis
obsolete serrulatis, rigide chartaceis, supra viridibus, subopaeis, nervis tenuibus,
subtus luride brunnescentibus, opacis, nervis venis costaque prominentibus ; petiolo
fusco, profunde sulcato, marginato, limbo 15plo breviore: racemis in ramulis
novellis brevibus, terminalibus, folio tertia brevioribus; rachi tenui, subflexuosa,
nodosa, fusca, circ. 10-flora; floribus parvis; pedicellis calyce longioribus, tenuibus ;
sepalis acute ovatis, subinsequalibus, imo gibbosis, carinatis, rugosis, marginibus
membranaceis et ciliatis; ovario turbinato, semiinfero, 2-loculari, ovulis plurimis e
basi erectis, vertice elevato, pulvinato, stylo conico obtuse umbonato. In Brasilia:
v. 8. in herb. Hook. sine loco (Sello).
The axils of the branchlets are 2 in. apart; the leaves are 23-43 in. long, 1-2 in. broad,
on a petiole 2-3 lin. long; the rachis of the raceme is 13 in. long; the pedicels 3-5 lines
long; sepals 2-3 lin. long; petals 8 lin. long. ۱
This species is certainly remote from .L. ovata, differing in its less-coriaceous leaves,
darker and luridly brown below, rounded at base, much shorter raceme, with fewer and
much shorter flowers, on shorter and more slender pedicels.
41. ESCHWEILERA GRACILIS, nob.: Lecythis ovata, var. obscura, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br.
l. c. p. 498 : ramulis tenuibus, fusco-brunneis, rugulosis ; foliis ellipticis vel elongato-
oblongis, imo acutis vel subobtusis, apice sensim acutis aut repente acuminatis, sub-
integris vel ad marginem subcartilagineum punctis obsolete serrulatis, flaceide
chartaceis, supra pallide viridibus, granulatim opacis, nervis tenuibus semiimmersis,
retieulatis, subtus rufule brunnescentibus, pulverulento-opacis, costa prominente,
nervis venisque reticulatis parum prominulis ; petiolo tenui, profunde canaliculato,
fusco, ruguloso, limbo 12plo breviore: racemis in ramulis novellis terminalibus aut
e foliis sepe caducis paniculam efformantibus, ramulis remotiusculis, gracillimis;
rachi folio dimidio breviore, flexuosa, tenui, compressa, nodulosa, 8-10-flora, brac-
teolis acute linearibus, caducis. In Brasilia: v.s. in hb. Hook. (Sello, 383, cum flore
unico effceto).
The leaves of this slender plant are 2-33 in. long, 10-16 lines broad, on a petiole 23
lin. long; the terminal rachis on the young leafless branchlets is 1-13 in. long.
It bears no resemblance to Æ, ovata, to which Berg referred it as a variety.
42. ESCHWEILERA ACUMINATA, nob.: Lecythis ovata, var. acuminata, Berg. in Mart. Fl.
Br. 7. c. p. 497: ramulis tenuibus, teretibus, fuscis, cinereo-opacis, substriolatis, Ye
ruculosis ; foliis ellipticis vel elliptico-oblongis, imo sensim subacutis et ibi canali-
eulatis, apice longiuscule et acute acuminatis, subintegris vel in marginibus revolutis
punetis obsolete serrulatis, chartaceis, supra pallide lina; opacis, nervis divari —
catim adscendentibus paullo prominulis, reticulatis, costa tenui prominula, subtus
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 273
` fere concoloribus, opacioribus, costa nervis venisque prominentibus ; petiolo tenuis-
simo, profunde canaliculato, ruguloso, limbo 12plo breviore: racemis axillaribus,
folio 4plo brevioribus; rachi tenui, pauciflora ; pedicellis brevibus, angulatis ;
sepalis oblongo-ovatis, fuscis, carinatis, subrugulosis, marginibus anguste mem-
branaceis et ciliatis; petalis oblongis, concavis, submembranaceis, sinuato-den-
ticulatis ; ovario infero, 2-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo 3 ad basin dissepimenti
erectis, vertice depresso, stylo brevi,stigmate minuto apiculato. In Brasilia: v. s. in
hb. Hook., prov. Bahia (Sello, 479). : |
The branchlets are slender, with axils 3—4 lines apart; the leaves are 21-3 in. long,
1-12 in. broad, on a petiole 21-3 lines long, and have about 9 pairs of nerves, with others
shorter and intermediate, all anastomosed: the raceme is 4-1 in. long, bearing 6-9
flowers, on pedicels (including the base of the ovary) 3 lines long; the sepals 2 lines long,
1 line broad; the flower in bud 3 in. broad; style 4 line long.
43. ESCHWEILERA ? ODORA, nob.: Lecythis odora, Pöpp., Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. l. c.
p. 492: arbor procera, ramulis pulverulento-tomentellis ; foliis ovali-oblongis, imo
obtusis vel breviter acutis, apice abrupte acuminatis, obsoletissime serrulatis, sub-
coriaceis, supra subnitidis, nervis pluribus subimpressis, reticulatis, subtus nervis
costatim prominentibus venisque reticulatis prominulis, costa crassa ; petiolo valido,
anguste canaliculato, subpuberulo : racemis interdum paniculatis, folio dimidio bre-
vioribus ; rachi gracili, flexuosa, 13-25-flora ; pedicellis ealyce 5plo longioribus ; flori-
bus majusculis, odoratis, niveis; sepalis subinsequalibus, ovatis, acutis aut obtusis,
imo gibbosis, carinatis, pruinoso-pulverulentis, margine ciliolatis ;' petalis obtuse
obovatis, eiliolatis; ovario semiinfero, 2-loculari, ovulis pluribus uniseriatim radi-
antibus, vertice altiusculo, pulvinato, stylo brevi conico umbonato. In Amazonas
ad Ega in sylvis (Póppig, 2754) : non vidi. et e
This species very probably belongs rather to Jugastrum, as according to Berg it is near
his Leeythis coriacea, differing in its thinner leaves, abruptly acuminated, its shorter
racemes, longer pedicels, and its sepals.. It forms-a tree 50 feet high; its leaves are
31-9 in. long, 21-4 in. broad, on a stout petiole, and with about 15-20 pairs of nerves;
the olin of the raceme is 21-5 in. long; the pedicels 6-8 lin. long; sepals 1} lin. long ;
Petals 6 lin, long; androphorum 5 lin. in diameter. |
" EscHWEILERA ACUMINATISSIMA, nob.: Lecythis acuminatissima, Berg in Mart. Fl.
Br. 8 C. P. 494; Linn. xxvii. 455: ramulis gracilibus, pruinoso-pilosulis ; foliis ob-
longis vel lanceolato-oblongis, imo acutis, apice in acumen longum et angustis-
: Denn abrupte attenuatis, subintegris vel in marginibus subrepandis punetis obso-
etissime Sexrulatis, submembranaceis, supra pallide virentibus, subnitidis, nervis
divaricato-adscendentibus arcuatim nexis, subtus brunnescentibus, opacis, nervis
venisque reticulatis prominentibus, costa utrinque prominente ; petiolo limbo 9-140
fez, 0} racemis axillaribus et terminalibus, folio brevioribus; rachi angulosa,
Sa; pedicellis calyce duplo longioribus; sepalis oblongis, obtusis, imo gibbis,
274 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
carinatis, roseis, margine ciliolatis; petalis obovatis, obtusis, pallide sulfureis, apice
. denticulatis; ovario semiinfero, 9-loculari, vertice alte pulvinato. In Amazonas,
ad Ega (Pöppig, 2710) : non vidi.
This species is said by Berg to be near E. pilosa, Pópp. ; it forms a tree 25 feet high,
with a very hard wood. The leaves are 43-8 in. long, 13-22 in. broad, on a petiole 6-7
lin. long; the racemes are 18-28 lin. long; the pedicels 6-9 lin. long; the sepals 5 lin.
long; the petals 10 lin. long.
45. ESCHWEILERA BRACTEOSA, nob.: Lecythis bracteosa, Pöpp., Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. /. c.
p. 495; Linn. xxvii, 455: arbor procera; foliis ovali-oblongis, imo breviter acutatis,
apice breviter acutis, marginibus leviter late crenatis, coriaceis, supra nervis pluribus
parallelis divergenti-adscendentibus parum prominulis, reticulatis, subtus pallidi-
oribus, nervis costato-prominentibus; petiolo valido, recurvulo, limbo 12plo breviore:
racemis axillaribus aut paniculatim terminalibus, folio paullo brevioribus; rachi
nutante, angulata, roride pulverulenta, densiflora; pedicellis longis, pendulis, imo
3-braeteatis; bracteis ovalibus, pedicello triplo brevioribus; floribus majusculis;
sepalis subzequalibus, rotundatis, extus pruinosis, margine ciliatis ; petalis triplo
.longioribus, obovatis, pulverulentis, ciliolatis, albis; ovario infero, 2-loculari, ovulis
8-10 e basi uniserialiter radiantibus, vertice plano, stylo brevi umbonato. In Ama-
‚zonas ad Ega, in ripa lacus (Pöppig, 2565) : non vidi. |
A lofty tree, in its habit, its leaves with a peculiar venation, its inflorescence with
3-bracteated pendulous pedicels, its approximated large flowers much resembling a
Bertholletia or a Couratari, but with an ovary corresponding to Eschweilera ; the leaves
are 5-7 in. long, 23-2$ in. broad, on a petiole 5-7 lines long, and have about 13 to 17
pairs of diverging and ascending nerves costately prominent beneath, with others
shorter and. intermediate, all anastomosing ; the raceme is 4-5 in. long, with pedicels 14
lines long, and bracts 3-5 lines long; the sepals 3 lin. long; petals 8-15 lin. long.
46. ESCHWEILERA PILOSA, nob.: Lecythis pilosa, Pöpp., Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. ۰
p.500; Linn. xxvii. 455: arborea, ramulis cortice rimoso, pulverulento-puberulis ;
foliis ovali-oblongis, imo obtusis vel breviter acutis, apice acuminatis, integerrimis,
chartaceis, supra obscure viridibus, nitidis, nervis divaricatis prominulis, reticulatis,
costa planiuscula, subtus pallidioribus, opacis, nervis venis costaque prominentibus P
petiolo valido, limbo 20-24plo breviore : racemis folio 5plo brevioribus, sub-10-floris ;
pedicellis validis, calyce duplo longioribus, pulverulentis, pendulis ; sepalis inzequa-
libus, ovatis vel ovali-oblongis, obtusis, ciliolatis; petalis oblongis, obtusis, cilio-
latis, violaceo-purpureis, siccis flavidis; ovario fere supero, 2-loculari, multiovulato,
vertice alto. In Amazonas, ad Ega, in lacus littoribus (Póppig, 2669) : non vidi.
A tree 30 feet high ; its leaves are 5-8 in. long, 2-31 in. broad, on à petiole 2-4 lin.
long, with about 15 pairs of nerves, with others shorter intervening, all anastomosing ;
the rachis of the raceme is 1-13 in. long; its stout pedicels 6-14 lines long; sepals
lin. long; petals 22 lin, long, 11 lin. broad ; androphorum 1 in. in diameter.
one ee ee ee
SE Ae Te o a a TA
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE. 275
7. JUGASTRUM. (Plate XXXV. 4.)
| The peculiar features which separate this genus from Lecythis are still more decided
than in the two preceding genera; they have been already amply described (ante, p. 167) ;
and it is only necessary now to give its generic diagnosis. _
J UGASTRUM, nob.
Lecythis (in parte) auct.
Calycis adnati sepala et petala ut in Lecythide. Androphorum mediocre, petaloideum, carnosum,
imo semiannulare, subcupulare, hic ad discum epigynum annularem cum unguibus petalorum
interpositis agglutinatum, et uno latere in ligulam «equilatam expansum, intus appendiculis nume-
rosissimis ultra basin ligule extensis brevibus subclavatis staminigeris creberrimis onustum ; ligula
summo nuda, sensim incurva, galea inversa, selleeformi, crasse carnosa, supra convexa, extremitate
laciniata, intus appendiculis basilaribus longioribus staminigeris densissime echinata. Stamina
parva, appendiculis insita : filamenta brevissima filiformia; anthere parve, ovate, 2-lobe, collatera-
liter adnate, extus longitudinaliter hiantes. Ovarium inferum, turbinatum, vertice intra discum
planum elevatum, semper 2-loculare; ovula in quoque loculo plurima, sessilia, e basi erecta, 2-3-se-
rialia, anatropa: stylus brevis, conicus: stigma minutum, globosum, papillosum. Pysidium sub-
paryum, turbinatum vel subglobosum, circa medium zona calycari e sepalis linea nexis cinctum ;
villa interzonali sepius angusta; zona superiore subcirculari; operculo isti conformi, mox solubili
et deciduo, supra depresse pulvinato vel convexiore, sepius umbonato, infra valde concavo, vestigio
dissepimenti signato, cum velario intra marginem prope faucem descendente munito; pericarpio
(operculoque) subtenuiter coriaceo, primum 2-loculari, dissepimento mox szepius evanido: semina
plurima. (10-20) bi- triseriatim basi affixa, erecta, sicca cuneato-cylindrica, pressione acute 3-4-an-
gulata, apice truncata et convexiuscula ; testa tenuiter coriacea, extus levis, intus impresso-granosa ;
| raphe in fibras spirales multidivisa per testam totam immersa; infegumentum. internum tenuiter
membranaceum, ad testam adherens: embryo test forma, exalbuminosus, cereo-carnosus, cro-
cinus, extus guttato-granosus, medio ad angulum ventralem mamilla longitudinaliter fissa sig-
natus, homogeneus, neorhiza interna cuneato-oblonga apice obtuse truncata, imo subcuneats,
medio anguli ventralis plumula prominente mammeformi marginem fere tegente, extus evor hiza
subcrassa undique cincta. (Germinatio ita fit: plumule prolongatio per fissuram lateralem exorhizee
horizontaliter propulsa et in cauliculum squamosum aucta, dein adscendit,et eodem tempore a neorhize
meremento basali, radicella descendens apparet: hoc modo planta nova oritur.)
Arbores America intertropice, Lecythidis habitu. | |
l. JUGAsTRUM CORIACEUM, nob.: Lecythis coriacea, DO. Prodr. iii. 201 (non Seem. Bot.
Her. 126); Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. l. c. p. 491 (tab. 72, fructus); Linn. xxvii. 499:
Eschweilera coriacea, Mart. MS.: arbor procera, ramulis teretibus, subvalidis,
Tugoso-striatis, fusco-brunneis, lenticellato-verruculosis ; foliis: majusculis, ovato-
oblongis vel elongato-oblongis, imo obtusis, apice obtusis vel latioribus et in acumen
acutum aut obtusulum recurvulum subito attenuatis, in mar ginibus subcartila-
Sneis revolutis paullo erenulatis, vel sepius integrioribus et punctis obsololissime
serrulatis, chartaceis, supra pallide viridibus, paullo opacis, sub lente minutissime
Sranulatis, nervis divarieatis, longe adscendentibus, immersis, reticulatis, costa
sR paullo prominente, subtus ferrugineo- vel brunneo-opacis, Be. en E
minulis, costa validiore, prominente, sulcata ; petiolo fusco, canaliculato, ruguloso,
216 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACER.
limbo 12plo breviore: paniculis terminalibus, pauciramosis, folio triplo brevioribus;
rachi fusca, angulata, rugulosa, geniculatim nodosa; pedicellis tenuibus, imo arti-
culatis, patentibus vel recurvis, calyce duplo longioribus و sepalis ovatis, obtusis,
verruculosis; petalis ovatis, concavis ; ovario semiinfero, distincte 2-loculari, loculis
late expansis, brevissimis, multiovulatis, ovulis erectiusculis, vertice subdepresse
pulvinato, radiatim striolato ; stylo tereti, obtuso: pyxidio ad medium subturbinato, .
imo subtruncatim rotundo et suleatim 4-lobo, supra medium zona calycari irre-
gulariter annulata cincto; vitta interzonali angusta et acclivi; zona superiore
integra; operculo orbiculari, depresse pulvinato, umbonato, infra concavo, septo
signato, cum velario brevissimo descendente ; pericarpio fusce suberoso et coriaceo,
lenticellis flavidis sparse maculato, 2-loculari, dissepimento permanente ; seminibus
10-14, subeylindrieis, acute angulatis, apice truncatis, imo gradatim angustioribus,
ubi hilo basali biseriatim affixis. In Amazonas: v. s. in hb. Hook., Rio Negro
(Martius); fruct. mihi non viso.
According to Von Martius this is a tree 100 feet high, with a straight trunk 3 to 6 feet
in diameter, supported below by long projecting buttresses, growing om the banks of the
river Amazonas as far as Ega, and known by the name of Matamata. It is said to be of
lower stature when growing in open plains; but this observation is applicable, with
greater probability, to either of the two following species. The axils of its branchlets are
2-1) in. apart; the leaves are 5-71 in. long, 2-4 in. broad, on a petiole 3-5 lines long,
and have from 12-14 pairs of nerves, with others shorter and intermediate, all anasto-
mosing ; the rachis of its several racemes is 3-84 in. long, with prominent nodes 2 lines
apart; the pedicels are 1 line long; sepals 2-3 lines long; petals 9 lines long, 7 lines
broad; pyxidium (Plate LXI. fig. 1) is 23 in. long; calycary zone 13 in. above base,
3$ in. in diam. ; interzonal band 3 lines high; upper zone and operculum 23 in. in diam.,
latter 9 lines high, with a large terminal umbonate apex, hollow beneath; the pericarp
is 2 lines thick, with a membranaceous dissepiment; the seeds are 18 lines long, 6 lines
broad, 4-angular, the outer series dorsally roundish. This description of the fruit and
seeds is taken from Berg (7.c.), and corresponds with that of the following species
examined by me. Its laminated inner bark, called Estopa, is much used for caulking
ships, but is not equal in value to that of Bertholletia ; it fetches in the markets of Pará
the price of 1$:500 per arroba, or 15s. per ewt. Engl. iq (s
2. JUGASTRUM OBTECTUM, nob.: Lecythis, sp., Spruce in Hook. Kew Journ. v. ۰ 239,
n. 68: ramulis teretibus, substrictis, pallide brunneis, ruguloso-striatis, lenticellis
verruculosis ; foliis late ovatis, imo rotundate obtusis et in petiolum subito latiuscule
acutatis, apice in acumen acutum breve canaliculatum recurvum subito constrictis,
` ad marginem tenuiter cartilagineum revolutum crenulatis vel in punctis obsoletis-
sime serrulatis, supra subopacis, luride viridibus, in costa nervisque sulcatis, nervis
tenuibus parallelis omnino immersis, venis reticulatis, subtus pallidioribus, luride
brunnescentibus et glauco-pruinosis, costa nervis venisque prominulis ; petiolo supr?
plano, subtus corruguloso, limbo 11plo breviore : inflorescentia ignota : pyxidio sub-
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 277
globoso, imo turbinato, ad medium zona calycari irregulariter lineari cincto; vitta
interzonali angustissima; zona superiore integra; operculo orbiculari, conice hsemi-
spherico, apice breviter et obtuse umbonato, infra concavo, septo obsoleto signato,
eum velario brevi intra faucem dependente; pericarpio undique ochraceo, brunneo,
lenticellis flavidis maculato, tenuiter coriaceo, obsolete 2-loculari; seminibus plu-
rimis, subeylindraceis, acute 4—5-angulatis, apice truncatis, erectis, in series 9-3
dispositis, hilo basali affixis. In Amazonas: v. pl. s. in hb. Hook., Barra do Rio
Negro (Spruce); fruct. in Mus. Kew. (Spruce, 68). —
À spreading tree, 15 feet high, with a trunk 6 in. thick, called Pao de Macáco, growing
near streams running into the river; the axils of the long weak branchlets are 14-14 in.
apart; the leaves are 44-43 in. long, 24—24 in. broad, on a petiole 44-5 lines long, and
have about 12 pairs of subimmersed nerves, with others shorter and intermediate, all
anastomosed. The pyxidium (Plate LXI. fig. 7) is 13-24 in. long, 22 in. broad at the
calycary zone, which is 3-1 in. above the base; the interzonal band is 3 lines high; the
opereulum is 24 in. broad, and 13-15 lines high, with a velarium descending 2 lines
below the mouth ; the pericarp and operculum are about 11 line thick, both marked by
the traces of the dissepiment; it contains about 16 seeds, with a thickish coriaceous
testa 11-13 in. long.
3. JUGASTRUM PLATYSPERMUM, nob.: ramulis tenuibus, teretibus, griseo-brunneis, angu-
losis, verruculosis ; foliis ovatis, imo obtusiusculis et in petiolum breviter acutatis,
apice in acumen subobtusum recurvatum constrictis, ad marginem cartilagineum
reyolutum obsolete crenato-serratis, chartaceis, supra subpallide viridibus, opacis,
costa paullo prominula, nervis tenuibus subimmersis, reticulatis, subtus pallidioribus,
slauco-pruinosis, costa sulcata nervis venisque prominulis; petiolo canaliculato,
marginato, subtus ruguloso, limbo 12-13plo breviore: inflorescentia ignota : pyxidio
subgloboso, imo hemispheerico, ad medium zona calycari sublineari cincto ; vitta
Interzonali ejusdem diametri 5—6tam partem alta; zona superiore integra; operculo
orbiculari subdepresse pulvinato, apice convexo vel obsolete umbonato, infra con-
“avo, cum velario vittee dimidio altitudine intra faucem dependente ; pericarpio sub-
tenuiter coriaceo, ochraceo-brunneo, punctis flavidis farinosis maculato, 2-loculari,
pimento fere evanido ; seminibus plurimis, majusculis, latissime obovatis, apice
truncatis, valde angulato-compressis, hilo basali biserialiter affixis. In Amazonas:
v. pl. s. in hb. Hook., Barra do Rio N egro (Spruce, 1519); v. fruct. in Mus. Kew.
(Spruce, 1519), in Mus. Brit. (Wallace). :
AN Spreading tree, with a thick trunk, abundant in the swampy plains along the
id E called Máta-máta and Páv de Macáco: the axils of its branchlets are 32 in.
With « ٩ leaves are 3-43 in. long, 13-2} in. broad, on a petiole 3-4 lines long, and
I ps of slender semiimmersed nerves, with others shorter and intermediate,
; the pyxidium (Plate LXI. fig. 9) is 12-22 in. long, 2-23 in. broad at
high; e “one, which is 3-14 in. above the base; the interzonary band : 4-5 Fun
VOL, Xxx. Pereulum, 28-23 in. broad, is 4-6 lines high, with a e E ing
278 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE.
2 lines within the mouth; the pericarp and opereulum are about 1j line thick, both
marked by the traces of the dissepiment; it contains about 16 seeds, with a coriaceous
testa, about 14 in. long, 3-1 in. broad, and 4 of that thickness; the embryo presents the
singular structure of the genus. ۱
4. JUGASTRUM SUBCINCTUM, nob.: planta ignota: pyxidio depresse globoso, imo bre- _
vissime et acute turbinato, paullulo supra basin zona calycari e sepalis 6 acutis sub-
erectis linea nexis cincto ; vitta interzonali fere erecta, diametri ¿$ partem alta ; zona
superiore circulari, integra, equilata; operculo vitta 3-4plo altiore, convexo, obtuse
umbonato, intus concavo, septi vestigio signata, cum velario intra faucem de-
scendente ; pericarpio pallide brunneo, crustaceo, granuloso-rugoso, lenticellis flavidis
maeulato, obsolete 2-loeulari ; seminibus plurimis, late oblongis, acute angulatis, apice
truncatis, imo gradatim angustioribus et hilo basali biseriatim affixis. In Amazonas:
v. fr. 8. in Mus. Kew., Rio Negro (Spruce).
The specimen of the fruit of this species in the Kew Museum differs from that of the
preceding species in the nearly basal calycary zone. The pyxidium (Plate LXI. fig. 4)
is 1$ in. high, 2-21 in. broad at the calycary zone, which is 2-3 lines above the base;
the interzonal band is 3-4 lines high; the upper zone and operculum are 2-2} in. in
diam.; the latter 11-12 lines high, with a velarium descending 2 lines within the
mouth; the pericarp and operculum are 2 lines thick; the seeds much resemble those of
J. obtectum.
5. JUGASTRUM DEPRESSUM, nob.: planta ignota: pyxidio valde depresso, imo breviter
late turbinato, sub medium zona calycari imo circulari e sepalis 6 obtusis vel acutis
linea nexis cincto ; vitta interzonali angusta, suberecta, diametri 8-10mam partem
alta; zona superiore orbiculari, caleycarem subzequante ; operculo pariter «quali,
depresse pulvinato, superne fere planato aut subconcavo, centro breviter et obtuse
umbonato, vitte fere altitudine, intus plane concavo, cum velario subbrevi intra
faucem descendente, obsolete 2-loculari, intus imo eicatrieibus seminum 10 biseriatis
notato; pericarpio subtenuiter coriaceo; seminibus angulatis, erectis, structura
generis. In Amazonas: v. s. fr. in Mus. Brit., Rio Negro (Wallace) ; in Mus. Kev.
(Spruce).
These fruits probably belong to one of the many species of Macacarecuya which
Dr. Spruce saw near the banks of the Rio Negro, far too high to obtain specimens,
the fruits being found on the ground beneath them. The pyxidium (Plate LXI. fig. 13)
is 1-12 in. high, 2-21 in. in diam. at the calycary zone, which is + in. above the gradually
contracted base; the interzonary band is 2-3 lines high ; the upper zone and operculum
are 2 in. in diam., the latter 3 lines high, very flattened above, and shortly umbonated
in the middle, very concave within, where it is marked by the evanescent dissepiment,
its velarium descending 3 lines within the mouth; the pericarp is rather thin and
coriaceous, marked within along the sides with the trace of the dissepiment, and in the
bottom by 10 cicatrices in 2 rows, where the seeds were attached; the seeds are like
those of J. obtectum.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA, 279
6. JUGASTRUM PorrEAUI, nob.: Lecythis Poiteaui, Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. J. c. p. 615:
ramulis teretibus, subtenuibus, rugoso-striatis, lenticellis verruculosis, junioribus
nigrescentibus ; foliis oblongis, imo obtusis, apice in acumen angustum attenuatis,
ad marginem tenuem revolutum. obsolete serratis, subchartaceis, supra nitidis,
nervis plurimis tenuissimis subpatule divaricatis semiimmersis, venis reticulatis,
costa tenuissima vix prominula, subtus pallidioribus, luride fulvidis vel cinnamomeis,
valde opacis, pruinosis, conspicue nigro-punctatis, costa nigra nitente prominente,
nervis venisque nigris paullo prominulis; petiolo nigrescente, canaliculato, limbo
18-24plo breviore: racemo terminali folio eequilongo ; rachi flexuosa, crassa, longe
nodosa, transversim dense rugulosa, paueiflora; floribus majusculis ; pedicellis sub-
remotis, erassiusculis, rugulosis, recurvis ; sepalis 6, oblongis, obtusis, ineequalibus ;
petalis 6, albo-virescentibus ; androphoro albo ; ovario infero, turbinato, subgranoso-
rugoso, 4-loculari, ovulis in quoque loculo circ. 6, e basi erectis, vertice intra diseum
depresso; stylo longiusculo. In Guiana: v.s. in hb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Martin) ;
in hb. Hook., Guiana Gallica (Sagot, 270, sub Lecythis racemiflora).
As Sagot’s plant agrees so well with Berg’s species, I have referred it to this genus on
account of the structure of its androphorum and of its ovarium: it is closely allied to
Jugastrum coriaceum. The leaves are 3-6 in. long, 13-27 in. broad, on a petiole 2-3
lines long, and they have about 24 pairs of nerves, with others shorter and intermediate,
all anastomosing; the rachis of the raceme is above 6 in. long, bare at its base for half
its length, where it is 13-3 lines thick; the pedicels, thickened above, are smooth,
recurved, nearly 1 in. long; the flower in bud is 9 lines in diam., very broad when
expanded ; sepals 4 lines long, 3 lines broad; petals small when compared with the
androphorum, 10 lines long, 7 lines broad ; androphorum globose, 8 lines in diam. in the
bud, expanded 28 lines long, 8 lines broad at the basal ring, 12 lines broad in the globose
hood, which is lined with very numerous adpressed staminiferous appendages ; the turbi-
nate MAI is 4 lines long, 5 lines broad across the annular disk; the style is 2 lines long.
| 8. COURATARI (Plate XXXV. B.).
e history of this genus is already given (ante, p.168), showing how its characters
ا completely misunderstood and described as those of a new genus, under the
ecythopsis ; it only remains. to offer an outline of its true generic features.
COURATARI, Aubl.
ا Sehrank, Berg: Cariniana (in parte), Berg (non Casar.).
adnati sepala 6, oblonga, obtusa, crassiuscula, subrotata. Petala 6, magna, oblonga, imo
areas, apice rotundata, concava, carnosula, subimbricata, subinzqualia, unguibus ad discum
ine oT agglutinata et cum isto decidua. Discus epigynus, annularis, planus. eea
intus ? petaloideum, imo in poculum disco adnatum reductum, centro nen 1 ,
pen dieulis numerosis brevibus subclavatis creberrimis staminigeris instructum, hinc uno
ligula un longissimam æquilatam crassam canaliculatam nudam sensim ee. APEN
Sphæri ene, reduplicatim contorta, et in nodum contracta, gales termi acta EA ad
Ca, reversa, “ppendiculis numerosissimis lineari-subulatis sterilibus adpresse قوف از eR
۱ 0
280 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACES.
averse echinata. Staminain appendiculis basalibus solummodo insita, iis Lecythidis similia. Ovarium ۰
omnino inferum, turbinatum, 3-loculare, vertice intra discum concavo, radiatim sulcato, margine
elevato-crenato ; ovula in quoque loculo plurima, e basi erecta, anatropa. Stylus subbrevis, late
conicus. Stigma articulatim globosum, nitidum, centro cavum. Pyxidium subtrigone cylindricum,
imo sæpe obconicum, paullo sub apicem zona calycari irregulariter lineari cinctum ; vifta interzonali
angusta, erecta ; zona superiore trigono-circulari: operculum isti conforme, breve, supra pulvinatum,
radiato-suleatum, subconcavum, centro breviter umbonatum, subtus columella ad basin descendente
auctum : columella solide coriacea, crassissime trigona, angulis ad parietem adnata, hoc modo loculi 3
seminigeri intermanent, et angulis demum a pariete solutis mox cum operculo seminibusque decidit :
pericarpium exinde viduum 1-loculare apparet, tenuiter coriaceum, intus nitidum, lineis 3 cicatricatis
signatum, epicarpio tenuiter suberoso, mesocarpio cancellato-fibroso. Semina in quoque loculo 4-6,
hilo basali ad fundum columella affixa, erecta, imbricata, rotundatim oblonga, compressissima ; scuta
(seu teste pars embryonifera) centralis, oblonga, compressa, pergaminea, ala lata submembranacea
undique cincta: embryo exalbuminosus, hippocrepiformis, radicula eequilonga, tereti, imo paullo
crassiore, ad hilum basalem spectante, apice subito recurvata, cum cotyledonibus 2 descendentibus,
magnis, ovalibus, foliaceis, carnosulis, valde corrugato-plicatis, subzequilongis.
Arbores Americe tropice et Antillane, procere, frondose : folia oblonga, vel elliptica, petiolata: racemi
terminales, pluriflori ; flores speciosi, pedicellati; pedicelli bracteis 3 caducis muniti.
1. COURATARI GUIANENSIS, Aubl. Pl. Gu. ii. 724, tab. 290; A. Rich. Ann. Sc. Nat. i.
329, tab. 21 ; Poit. Mém. Mus. xiii. 159, tab. 8. figs. 7-13; DC. Prodr. iii. 204; Berg
in Mart. Fl. Br. Z. c. p. 507; Linn. xxvii. 463: ramis patentissimis; ramulis sub-
tenuibus, fuscis aut subeinereis, lenticellis minutis verruculosis; foliis oblongis, imo
obtusis et subito breviter acutatis, apice in acumen acutum repente constrictis, ad
marginem tenuem crenulato-undulatis et obsolete serratis, submembranaceis, supra
brunneo-viridibus aut rufescentibus, sublucentibus, nervis plurimis divergentibus
semiimmersis, venis reticulatis, costa tenui, plana, striolata, subtus pallide brunneis,
opacis, nervis tenuibus fuscis vix prominulis, costa tenui, fusca, paullo prominula;
petiolo fusco, profunde canaliculato, ruguloso, limbo 20plo breviore: racemo ter-
minali, folio dimidio breviore; rachi subtenui, nodosa, 12-15-flora ; pedicellis
brevibus, recurvulis, cum nodis articulatis; calycis limbo campanulato, in lobos
6 acutos erectos diviso; petalis 6, insequalibus, crassiusculis, obtuse obovatis ; ovario
subinfero, 3-loculari; ovulis in quoque loculo 4, e basi erectis, stylo breviter subu-
lato, stigmate parvo globoso terminato: pyxidio cylindrico, subtrigono, imo obtuso
paullo sub apicem zona calycari lineari cincto; vitta interzonali erecta, diametri 1
partem alta, margine tenui, paullulo reflexo ; zona superiore suborbiculari ; operculo
alte pulvinato, radiatim suleato, centro umbilicato et umbonato, subtus columella
solida triquetra elongata aucto; pericarpio sublevi, obsoletissime multicostato,
opaco, brunneo, lenticellis flavidis maculato, coriaceo-lignoso, epidermide rimosa,
primum 3-loculari, post columelle casum 1-loculari; seminibus ut in char. generico.
In Guiana : v. s. pl. sine flore in hb. Mus. Brit., Cayenne (Aublet); v. fruct. sice. in
Mus. Brit.
A tree of immense size, growing on the borders of rivers, with a straight trunk,
60 feet long and 4 feet in diam., affording an excellent timber ; and its inner bark, ۳
posed of several scores of laminee, is applied to many useful purposes. The axils ot c
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 98]
branehlets are 4-34 in. apart; the leaves are 33-53 in. long, 11-21 in. broad, on a petiole
2-3 lines long, and they have about 9 pairs of very fine nerves, with others shorter and
intermediate, all anastomosing; rachis 33 in. long, with projecting nodes 4-5 lines
apart; flower expanded1 $ in. broad ; petals 8 lines long, 43 lines broad; the pyxidium
(Plate LXII. fig. 113) is 334 in. long, 14 in. broad; calycary zone 4 lines below the
summit; the upper zone is 1j in. in diam.; the opereulum, of the same breadth, is
6 lines high, attached to the columella, which is 1 in. in diam., triquetrous, and the
length of the cell, but contracts considerably in drying; the seeds are 22 in. long, 8 lin.
broad, membranaceous on the margin, with an embryoniferous escutcheon 1 in. long,
2 in. broad, the radicle terete and of that length, pointing to the basal hilum, and with
corrugated cotyledons reflected downwards.
2. COURATARI GLABRA, Camb. Fl. Br. Mer. ii. 379: Lecythopsis glabra, Berg in Mart.
Fl. Br. Z. c. p. 505, tab. 76: glabra, ramulis teretiusculis; foliis sparsis, oblongo-
lanceolatis, utrinque gradatim angustatis, obsolete serrato-dentatis, subtus glabris,
costa prominente, nervis vix prominulis, reticulatis ; petiolo semitereti, canaliculato,
glabro, limbo 12-16plo breviore: racemis axillaribus et terminalibus, folio brevi-
oribus; rachi angulosa, glabra, 5—7-flora; pedicellis crassis, brevibus; sepalis late
ovatis, acutiusculis; petalis subinzequalibus, obovato-rotundis, concavis, flavidis,
glabris ; androphoro luteo ; ovario turbinato, semiinfero, 3-loculari, ovulis in quoque
loculo 8, e placentis basilaribus erectis et uniserialibus, vertice elevato, complanato,
glaberrimo ; stylo brevi, obtuso: pyxidio subeylindrico, vix trigonoideo, zona caly-
cari irregulariter lineari paullo sub apicem cincto ; vitta interzonali angusta, paullulo
convexa; operculo depresse pulvinato, radiatim sulcato, concavo, centro late et
breviter umbonato, cum columella longe descendente subtriquetra agglutinato ;
periearpio brunneo, opaco, subtenuiter coriaceo, primum 3-loculari; seminibus in
quoque loculo 4, imbricatim e basi adscendentibus, compressissimis; scuto embryo-
nifero ovato centrali et ala lata membranacea cincto. In Brasilia, in sylvis primevis
prope Rio de Janeiro (non vidi).
A tree 20-30 feet high, which did not come under my observation, although growing
m the Woods at the foot of the Corcovado within a mile of the locality of the subsequent
"Pedes. Tt is distinguished from that by many salient characters, especially by its com-
plete baldness, The leaves are 2-4 in. long, 8-12 lines broad, on a petiole 2-3 lin. long;
the pedicels are 2 lines long ; the sepals 2 lin. long; the petals 7 lin. long, 6 lin. broad ; the
Pyxidium (Plate LXII. fig. 5) 4 in. long; the calycary zone 21 in. in diam. and 33 in.
den base ; the interzonal band 4 in. high ; the upper zone and operculum 2 in. vui
m ۶ 3 lines high, its columella being more than 3 in. long; the seeds, somewhat o
‚and narrower towards the base, are 13 in. long, 14 in. broad, with a central flat-
mA escutcheon 1 in, long, $ in. broad, marked by a linear raphe descending to the
ilar hilum,
3. ۳ RUFESCENS, Camb. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. 380, tab. 159: Lecythopsis, sp.,
— in Act, Acad. Monac, vii. 241 (1820): Lecythopsis rufescens, Berg in
rt. Fl. Bras, 7, e. p. 504, tab. 75, fig. 1: Lecythis pyramidata, Vell, Fl. Flum.
282 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
p. 222, Icon. v. tab. 86: ramulis validiusculis, teretibus, subflexuosis, angulato-striatis,
ferrugineo-tomentosis ; foliis ovato-oblongis, junioribus angustiore oblongis, imo sub-
rotundatis vel obtusatis, apice sensim angustioribus et in acumen obtusum sepe
recurvum attenuatis, marginibus undulatis, vix recurvulis, remotiuscule et grosse
crenato-dentatis, rigide chartaceis aut subcoriaceis, supra leete viridibus, valde opacis,
glaberrimis, sub lente minutissime granulatis, nervis tenuibus divergentibus paullo
prominulis, venis t is creberri ticulatis, costa tenui, subprominula,
imo latiore, plana, straminea, subtus paullo pallidioribus, opacis, nervis venisque
prominentibus, costa valida, latiuscula, striolata, prominente, pilis brevibus rufulis
pubescente; petiolo valido, supra late sulcato, marginato, rufo-pubescente, limbo
16plo breviore: racemis axillaribus et terminalibus, folio subzequilongis, simplicibus,
rarius ramosis; rachi subtenui, rufo-pubescente, 16-20-flora ; pedicellis brevibus,
crassiusculis, dense pubescentibus, imo articulatis et 3-bracteolatis; bracteolis ob-
longis, acutiusculis, deciduis, pubescentibus; sepalis 6, rotundatis, acutis, valde
imbricatis, extus carinatis et dense pubescentibus; petalis 6, obovatis, unguiculatis,
majuseulis, flavidis, extus puberulis ; androphoro majuseulo, flavo ; ovario turbinato,
subinfero, pubescente, 3-loculari, ovulis pluribus ad axin basi affixis, erectis, vertice
pulvinato, dense pilosulo, centro concavo, stylo in cavitate late umbonato, glabro,
stigmate paullo minore semigloboso cavo glabro apiculato: pyxidio turbinato-cylin-
drico, obsolete trigono, opace brunneo, scrobiculato-ruguloso, cortice rimoso, paullo
sub apicem zona calycari irregulariter lineari cincto ; vitta interzonali brevi, diametri
4tam partem alta, basi erecta, apice introrsum convexa; zona superiore quam in-
ferior paullo minore, integra, orbiculari; operculo orbiculari, depresse pulvinato,
crenato-suleato, centro concavo et umbonato, subtus columella crassa subtriquetra
elongata aucto; pericarpio post operculi casum 1-loculari, tenuiter coriaceo, glabro;
seminibus in loculis 3, ad columellam imo affixis, erectis, imbricatis, margine ala
lata membranacea undique cinctis. In Brasilia: v. v. in Jlore et in fructu, Barro
Vermelho, Rio de Janeiro. :
al avata
ULU YOUL
A noble tree, with a straight trunk 40-60 feet high, with a wide-spreading head; its
branchlets, 23 lines thick, have axils 13-2 lines apart; the leaves are.4—7 in. long,
2-4} in. wide, on a broad petiole 2 lines long; the raceme is 2—7 in. long, the pedicels
3 lines long; the sepals 3 lines long and broad; the petals 15—17 lin. long, 9-10 lines
broad; the pyxidium (Plate LXII. fig. 8) is 3 in. long, 13 in. broad; the interzonary
band is 4 lines high, and below the mouth, which is 1; line broad, the operculum, of the
same size, is 2 lines high, attached to the descending columella of nearly the same
diameter; the seeds are much larger in proportion than in the other species, being 2 in.
long and 11 lines broad, the embryoniferous disk in the centre being 14 lines long and
6 lines broad. |
4. COURATARI MARTIANA, nob.: Lecythis Martiana, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. 7. c. p. 487:
glabra, ramulis teretiusculis, suleatis, fuscis; foliis sparsis, ovali-oblongis, imo
acutis, apice obtusis et breviter acuminatis, marginibus vix serrulatis, supra pallidis,
nervis divaricatis, arcuatim nexis, cum aliis interjectis et anastomosantibus, venis
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE A. 283
` reticulatis, costa vix prominula ; petiolo limbo 9plo breviore: racemis axillaribus et
- terminalibus, folio brevioribus; rachi valida, angulata; pedicellis brevibus, crassis ;
sepalis brevibus subrotundis, glabris; ovario 3-loculari: pyxidio majusculo, sub-
eylindrico, aut obsolete trigono, lineis plurimis longitudinalibus obsoletissime costato,
fusco-brunneo, opaco, lenticellis flavidis maculato, paullo sub apicem zona calycari
cincto; vittainterzonali erecta, diametri 6tam partem alta, margine tenui extrorsum
paullulo reflexa; zona superiore suborbiculari; operculo isti conformi, depresse
pulvinato, radiatim suleato, centro umbilicato et umbonato, subtus columella solida
triquetra aucto; ceeteris precedentium. In Brasilia, prov. Pará: plantam non vidi ;
v. fr. s. in Mus. Brit. et Kew. et in Mus. Soc. Linn.
This species is evidently a Couratari, because of its 3-locular ovary, and appears to be
near C. glabra; the leaves are 43-6} in. long, 11—31 in. broad, on a petiole 6-8 lines
long; the rachis of the inflorescence is 2-4 in. long ; the pedicels 12 line long ; the flower
in bud is 6-S lines in diameter. The fruit of this species (Plate LXIT. fig. 1), common
in collections, is most frequently mistaken for that of C. Guianensis; it is larger and
broader, with a more depressed and broader operculum; it is 5-53 in. long, 12-2 in.
broad; the calycary zone is 14-13 in. in diam., and 6-8 lines below the mouth; the
upper zone is 12 in. broad; the opereulum of the same diameter is 4 lines high; the
seeds are 21 in. long, 5 lines broad.
5. OOURATARI CORIACEA, Mart., Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. /. c. p. 510, tab. 75. fig. 2: planta
ignota: pyxidio obconice cylindrico, manifeste subtrigono, paullo sub apicem zona
calycari lineari cincto; vitta interzonali angusta, erecta, vel extrorsum subconvexa,
quam diameter 6plo breviore; zona superiore subtrigona, orbiculari, margine acuto ;
operculo ignoto ; pericarpio subtenui, coriaceo, extus leevigato, intus septorum 3
vestigiis signato ; pedunculo pollicari. In Brasilia, prov. Pará (non vidi).
The pyxidium, of thinnish substance, is 22 in. long, with a calycary zone 2} in. above
the base, and 1 in. in diam. ; upper zone 14 broad, acute, with the interzonary band erect
and slightly convex, 2 lines high.
6. CovRATARI Paraiinsts, Mart., Berg in Mart. El. Br. Z. c. p. 510, tab. 79. fig. 4: planta
ignota : Pyxidio cylindrice oblongo, imo urceolato, medio subinflato, paullo sub
apicem zona calycari lineari cincto; vitta interzonali angustiuscula, erecta; zona
Superiore inferiorem eequante, orbiculari, integra; operculo ignoto; pericarpio cori-
aceo-lignoso, subtenui, scabridiuscule verruculoso, intus septorum 3 vestigiis signato.
In Brasilia, prov. Pará (non vidi).
rong idioma figured is 12 in. long, 13 in. in diam. across the middle; the caly cary
. 2 311. above the base, is 1 in. in diam., the upper zone of the same width, with an
nterzonary band 4 in. high,
T. se
ar Tavarr, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. l c. p. 509; Hook. Kew Journ. e:
is teretibus, striatis, fuscescentibus; foliis sparsis, late ovatis, imo obtusis et
284 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
in petiolum angustatis, apice longe acuminatis, subintegerrimis, supra fusco-vir
dibus, nididis, nervis utrinque 10—12 patentim incurvis adscendentibus et cum venis
immersis reticulatis anastomosantibus, costa prominente ; petiolo canaliculato, limbo
12plo breviore: inflorescentia et fructu ignotis. In Brasilia, in prov. Pará, ad
Tanaü, in fluv. ripis (non vidi).
Spruce saw this species growing at Tanaü, here it was too lofty to procure specimens
of its leaves. Martius, however, obtained its leaves, though without flower or fruit, so
that we are not certain that it belongs to this genus. It is a magnificent tree, with a
straight trunk, strengthened at its base by strong buttresses, and affords a valuable hard
timber of a palish colour, used in ship-building, yielding logs 65 feet long and 18 in.
square. The name Taüari is also given to its laminated inner bark, consisting of many
thin whitish sheets of the substance of paper, well known in commerce, being extensively
used for the covering of cigarettes. The leaves are 3-5 in. long, 13-3 in. broad, on a
petiole 3-5 lines long. Either this species or another producing an inner bark, bearing
the name of Tañari, is found in the province of Maranhao.
8. COURATARI VRIESII, nob.: planta ignota: pyxidio cylindrico imo gradatim conico,
obsoletissime trigono, costulis parallelis subprominentibus circa 12 signato, intervallis
tenuiter reticulatis, paullo sub apicem zona calycari e sepalis 6 parvis acutis linea
nexis cincto ; vitta interzonali angusta, erecta; zona superiore suborbiculari, margine
acuta; operculo ignoto; pericarpio tenuissime coriaceo, brunneo, intus vestigiis
septorum 3 notato. In Guiana, v. f. s. in Mus. Kew., Surinam (De Vriese).
The pyxidium is 3 in. long, gradually attenuated downward from the calycary zone,
which is 2} in. above the base, and 14 in. in diam. ; the interzonary band is 3 lines high;
the upper zone entire, acute on the edge, and 1j in. in diam.; the pedicel is slender,
13 in. long.
9. CARINIANA. (Plate XXXV. c.)
It was shown (ante, p. 169) that this genus of Casaretto was not accepted by botanists,
and that its species were described and figured by Berg under the name of Couratari.
It differs, however, most essentially from that genus in its smaller flowers, cup-shaped
calyx, smaller, equal petals, in the structure of its androphorum, in the very thick peri-
carp of its fruit, and in its seeds, winged only at one extremity.
| CARINIANA, Casar.
Couratari, Berg (non Aubl.).
Calyx adnatus, limbo libero, brevi, cupulari, margine in lobos 6 rotundatos vel acutiores diviso,
rotatus. Petala 6, parva, lineari-oblonga, subzqualia, apice imbricata et hic seepius adhaerentis,
imo soluta, et sepe cum androphoro modo calyptre caduca, rarius explanata. Androphorum pat
vum, urceolato-campanulatum, ore valde obliquo, margine in appendices lineares staminiferas
laciniato, cum appendicibus aliis similibus intra tubum pluriseriatis, inferioribus gradatim brevis-
simis, cunctis introrsum inflexis, tubo margine basali ad diseum affixo. Stamina parva, in appen"
dicula insita, iis Couroupite simillima. Discus epigynus annularis, angustissimus. Ovarium omnino
inferum, turbinatum, 3-loculare, vertice intra discum concavo, radiatim striato, margine ders
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE E. 285
crenato; ovula in quoque loculo plurima, e basi erecta, anatropa. Stylus longiusculus, tereti-subu-
latus, paullo incurvus. Stigma parvum, obsolete 3-dentieulatum. — Pyzidium cylindraceum vel
pyriforme, summum versus zona calycari indistincte lineari cinctum ; vitta interzonali angustissima ;
zona superiore circulari ; operculum conforme, cylindricum, faucem implens, apice nullo modo pro-
minens et plano-truncatum, vel breviter exsertum et pulvinato-convexum, subtus cum columella
»quilata ad basin descendente continuum ; columella lignosa, trigona, angulis parieti adnata, quare
loculi 3 seminigeri intermanent; angulis demum à pariete solutis, hoc modo decidit; pericarpium
exinde viduum, 1-loculare apparet, crassissimum, dens elignosum, intus nitidum, cicatricibus 3 line-
-aribus et impressionibus seutorum signatum. Semina in quoque loculo 4-8, fundo columelle affixa,
erecta, collateraliter imbricata, elongata, apice in scutum embryoniferum (testa) subovale plano-
convexum pergamineum et infra in alam :equilatam membranaceam, 3plo longiorem expansa : embryo
ei Courataris similis, sed cotyledonibus multo brevioribus.
Arbores Americe intertropice indigene, procerrime, trunco amplissimo, comose, ramosissime ; folia petio-
lata, elliptica vel lanceolato-oblonga, subserrulata ; panicula terminalis, ramis expansa, multiflora ;
flores parvi, inconspicui.
1. CARINIANA EXCELSA, Casar. Dec. x. p. 46; Walp. Rep. v. 757: Couratari Estrellensis,
VOL,
Raddi, Mem. Soc. Ital. Modena, xviii. 403; Mem. Pl. Bras. Add. p. 25, fig. 2; D.C.
Prodr. iii. 296; Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. /. c. p. 511, tab. 79. fig. 5, et tab. 81:
ramulis rufescentibus, teretibus, striatis, verruculosis ; foliis ellipticis, imo sensim
acutis, in petiolo revolutis et breviter decurrentibus, apice in acumen breve
anguste obtusulum subito constrictis, crebre crenato-serrulatis, rigide chartaceis,
supra pallide viridibus, opacis, costa nervisque tenuibus paullo prominulis, venis .
transversis reticulatis, subtus ochraceo-brunneis, opacis, nervis costaque striolata
prominulis; petiolo fusco supra plano, tenuiter marginato, limbo 9plo breviore:
panieulis axillaribus et terminalibus, in ramulis superioribus e foliis lapsis, in
thyrsam laxe expansam dilatatis; rachi remote ramulosa; ramulis tenuissimis,
compressis, ochraceo-pruinosis; floribus parvis, subapproximatis, breviter pedicel-
latis; calyce breviter campanulato, margine in lobos breves 6 glanduloso-ciliatos
crenato ; petalis oblongis, membranaceis, luteis, extus granulatim pulverulentis ;
Ovario semiinfero, 3-loculari, vertice convexo; ovulis plurimis, biserialiter erectis,
imo affixis; stylo brevissimo; stigmate minimo, 3-lobo: pyxidio elongato, ventri-
cose eylindrico, imo acutiore, longiuscule sub apicem zona calycari inconspicuo a
sepalorum vestigiis linea undulata nexis cincto; vitta interzonali suberecta et
paullo inflexa, diametri dimidiam partem alta ; zona superiore cireulari, quam inferior
tertia parte angustiore, et ad faucem acutam dentibus plurimis subremotis munita ;
operculo ejusdem diametri, exserto, convexo, ad columellam fere æquilatam ligno-
"am triquetram longe descendentem arcte connato ; pericarpio crasso, lignoso, denso,
co-brunneo, obsolete ruguloso et lenticellis flavis granosis verruculoso, intus
demum 1-Iocul
"um signato; seminibus in quoque loculo 6-8, biseriatim erectis, structura generis.
is Brasilia, in montibus Organensibus et insula S. Sebastiäo (lat. 24^. S.) in sylvis
E (Raddi) : v. pl. s. in hb. Hook., prov. Minas Geraës ad Jaquará (Riedel) ,
e ue sine loco) ; v. fr. in Mus. Kew. (sine indicio), Brazil (Burchell, 9077*).
: 7 2P
ari vestigiis septorum 3 et impressionibus profunde excavatis semi.
286 | MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE E.
This is a tree with a trunk of immense diameter, and 120 feet high, not infrequent in
the province of Rio de Janeiro, affording a valuable timber, and bearing the name of
Jequitibá branca, which is much employed in the Campos for sugar-cases. The axils of
its branchlets are 2-1 in. apart; the leaves are 13-34 in. long, 11-2 in. broad, on a petiole
4-5 lines long, and they have about 12 pairs of nerves, with others intermediate, very
short, all anastomosed ; the panicles are 3—4 in. long, with 3 or 4 shorter branches; the
pedicels 1 line long; the calyx 4 line; the petals 2 lines long, 3 line broad ; the pyxidium
(Plate LXIII. fig. 6) is 44 in. long (sometimes a little shorter), 12 in. in diam. in
the middle, the calycary zone is 3$ in. above the base, and 13 in. in diam.; the
interzonary band is 8 lines high; the upper zone 1 in. broad; the operculum is of the
same diameter, 43 lines high, the columella 4 in. long, 10 lines thick within the mouth
for the length of 4 lines, then tapering downward, and trigonously ehambered ; the pericarp
is # in. thick; the seeds 16 lines long, 5 lines broad, membranaceous below, bearing
à coriaceous embryoniferous escutcheon 5 lines long, 4 lines broad.
2. CARINIANA DOMESTICA, nob.: Cowratari domestica, Mart. Fl. Ratisb. 7. c. p.127;
Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. Z. c. p. 510, tab. 80: ramulis crebris, teretibus, glabris, juni-
oribus subpuberulis; foliis ovato-oblongis, imo acute obtusis, apice in acumen sub-
breve obtusulum attenuatis, marginibus cartilagineis subrevolutis, leviter crenato-
serrulatis, chartaceis, erebre parallele nervosis, nervis patenter divergentibus sub-
immersis, venis transversis, reticulatis, costa crassiuscula ; petiolo canaliculato, mar-
ginato, limbo 12plo breviore: paniculis axillaribus et terminalibus, seepe binis, folio
2-3plo longioribus, pauciramosis, bracteolis minutis donatis; ramis densifloris,
angulatis, puberulis; pedicellis brevibus; calyce breviter campanulato, margine in
lobos 6 rotundos expansos diviso ; petalis spathulato-oblongis, obtusis ; ovario infero,
3-loculari, vertice plano; stylo brevi, conico, obtuso: pyxidio urceolato-cylindrico,
subcostatim hexagono, longe supra medium zona calycari annulatim prominente
cincto ; vitta interzonali introrsum inclinata, diametri 3tiam partem alta ; zona supe-
riore integra, quam inferior angustiore; operculo orbiculari, depresse convexo,
cum columella fere sequilata continuo, hac summo breviter cylindrica, dein 3quetra,
longe descendente ; periearpio erasso, dure lignoso, fusco, opaco, obsolete tubercu-
lato; ceteris ut in precedente. In Brasilia, prov. Goyaz, Cuyabá (Silva Manso):
plant. non vidi; v. fruct. in Mus. Kew. (Burchell, 9877*).
This is a lofty tree, also bearing the name of Jequitibá : the axils of its branchlets are
Hi in. apart; the leaves are 3-43 in. long, 11-21 in. broad, on a petiole 3—4 lines long,
and have about 24 pairs of parallel nerves; the panicle is 2-2} in. long, bearing about
3 branchlets, 13 in. long, erowded with small flowers ; the short calyx is 1 line long ; the
petals, verging from yellow to red, and margined with white, are 3 lines long, 1 line
broad; the yellow androphorum is 2 lines long and broad, and is charged within with
very numerous short staminigerous appendages. The pyxidium (Plate LXIII. fig. 4) 8
2; in. long, the calycary zone is 12 in. in diam., is 1$ in. above the base; the interzonary
band is 5 lines high; the upper zone is 10 lines in diam.; the opereulum, of the same
breadth, is 1 line high; the columella and seeds as in the preceding species.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 287
3. CARINIANA BRASILIENSIS, Casar. Dec. iv. 36; Walp. Rep. v. 757: Couratari legalis,
Mart. Fl. Ratisb. xx. Beibl. ii. 88; Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. l.c. p. 512, tab. 7.
fig. 151 et 163, tab. 82: ramulis brunneis, interrupte striatis, obsolete verruculoso-
rugosis; foliis ellipticis vel elongato-elliptieis, imo acutis, marginibus basalibus
subito breviter revolutis et in petiolo decurrentibus, apice in acumen sublineare
obtusulum aut emarginatum repente constrictis, marginibus cartilagineis grossule et
obtusule serratis, chartaceis, supra nitentibus vel opacioribus, profunde viridibus,
nervis divergentibus tenuissimis venisque transversis reticulatis prominulis, costa
tenui, subtus pallidioribus, brunnescenti- vel- glauco-opacis, costa nervis venisque pro-
minulis; petiolo tenui, canaliculato, limbo Splo breviore: paniculis terminalibus,
folium subsequantibus, ramosis, ramis subbrevibus; rachi tenui, angulata, com-
pressa, cum floribus subparvis subcongestis flavide pulverulenta ; pedicellis brevibus ;
sepalis parvis, latis, subacutis, imo in tubulum breve connatis, pulverulentis ;
petalis lineari-oblongis, obtusis, extus flavide pulverulentis ; androphoro brevi ; ovario
infero, turbinato, tuberculato, pruinoso, 3-loculari, vertice plano, ovulis in quoque
loculo 4-6 e basi adscendentibus; stylo longiusculo, conico, imo crassiusculo, subu-
lato, apice eurvulo ; stigmate minimo, cavo: pyxidio parvo, cylindrico, imo obtuso,
paullo sub apicem zona calycari lineari cincto ; vitta interzonali introrsum valde cur-
vata, convexa, diametri tertiam partem alta; zona superiore quam inferior dimidio
angustiore; operculo parvo, orbiculari, planatim truncato, faucem implente, cum
columella ejusdem diametri continuo, hac mox triquetra et longe descendente;
pericarpio lignoso, crassissimo, cortice crasso suberoso ruguloso rimoso tecto, intus
post columelle casum 1-loculari, cylindrico, impressionibus seminum excavato;
seminibus in quoque loculo 4-5 imbricatim erectis, char. gen. conformibus. In
Brasilia, prov. Rio de Janeiro: v. v. in flore et fructu, in Monte Corcovado; v. s. in
hb. Hook. (Martius, 60, sine loco) ; (Riedel, 1238) ; (Sello).
This is a tree of immense size, with very broad, lofty, spreading branches, its trunk
producing a timber of much value, useful in works of construction and ship-building,
Which is known by the name of Jequitibá rosa. The axils of its slender branchlets are
H B. apart; the leaves are 13-2 in. long, 9-13 lines broad, on a petiole 3-4 lines long,
ins li about 8 or 10 pairs of nerves arcuately conjoined near the margin, and guis
Ma transverse veins, much reticulated. In my specimens they mer
with p dead and opaque and a trifle smaller; the terminal panicle 15 la 2 ze
ix * es 4-8 lines long, each bearing 4—6 flowers on pedicels 3 line long; : e = “a
} line Eos the petals 13 line long, $ line broad; the ovary is line long, A 2 3
p ida style nearly 1 line long ; the pyxidium (Plate LXIII. fig. 1) is | E 2 i
the ab es broad, the calycary zone being 3 lines below the summit, 8 lines in gn 5
= “onary band 3 lines high, the upper zone and operculum 3 lines 1n zs : : >
plug WE : ois flat at top, not exserted; the columella, being se the sores ora x
: qual diam, 15-18 lines long, triquetrous below, with 3 flat sides, the angles
ly conjoined 3 lines below the summit; the linear seeds are 10 lines long, 3 lines
lin low, in form of a thin membrane, with an apical embryoniferous escutcheon 3—4
*$ long, ?
9P2
288 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
4. CARINIANA RUBRA, nob.: Couratari rubra, Gardn. MSS.: ramulis teretibus, sub-
validis, subbrunneis, opacis, rugoso-striatis, verruculosis; foliis ovatis, imo trun-
cato-rotundatis, a medio sursum gradatim paullo angustioribus, apice obtusis et in
aeumen breve obtusum recurvulum subito constrictis, marginibus cartilagineis
paullo revolutis serrulato-crenatis, rigide chartaceis, supra subpallidis, opacis, nervis
plurimis patenti-divergentibus parallelis tenuibus subimmersis, venis transversis
reticulatis, subtus luride brunnescentibus, valde opacis, costa nervis venisque pro-
minulis; petiolo valido, supra suleato et marginato, rugoso-striato, limbo 10plo
breviore: paniculis terminalibus, multiramosis, rachi ramisque pallide brunneis,
opace pruinosis, striato-angulosis; floribus parvis, approximatis, brevissime pedi-
cellatis; sepalis 6, acute oblongis, imo breviter connatis, lateritiis, extus carinatis,
granulato-pruinosis, margine ciliatis; petalis 6, subzequalibus, obovatis, extus prui-
nosis, fimbriato-ciliolatis; androphoro urceolato, subbilabiato, labio antico brevis-
simo, postico longiore, concavo, galeatim inflexo, ad margines et intus undique
appendieulis staminiferis numerosis crebre munitis ; ovario infero, 3-loculari, vertice
depresse pulvinato, radiatim striato; ovulis plurimis e basi erectis; stylo brevi,
conico ; stigmate minuto: pyxidio turbinato-cylindrico, subhexagono, angulis sub-
costeeformibus apice areuatim nexis, imo obtuso, longe supra medium zona calycari
crasse annulata subprominente cineto ; vitta interzonali introrsum convexa, diametri
tertiam partem alta; opereulo ignoto; pericarpio crassissimo, dure lignoso, fusco-
brunneo, opaco, cortice suberoso, cancellatim rimoso, vix scrobiculato, intus vestigiis
septorum 3, et impressionibus seminum signato: seminibus in quoque loculo 6,
triseriatis, imbricatis. In Brasilia, prov. Goyas: v. pl. s. in hb. Mus. Brit. et Kew.,
fruct. in Mus. Kew., ad Natividade (Gardner, 9473).
A large tree, with an inflorescence greatly resembling that of C. Uahupensis, but with
very different leaves and different fruit; the latter is called Cachimbo de Macaco
(Monkey's pipe). "The axils of the branchlets are 3-1 in. apart; the leaves are 41—51 in.
long, 23-31 in. broad, on a petiole 5-6 lines long, and have about 16 to 18 pairs of
nerves arcuately conjoined near the margin ; the terminal panicle is 6 in. long, with
lateral branches 13-24 in. long; pedicels 3 line apart and + line long; the flowers are of
a brick-red colour, with a yellow androphorum; the calyx expanded is 2 lines across,
its segments 4 line long and broad; petals 3 lines long, 2 lines broad, narrowing to-
wards the base; the androphorum 11 line long and broad ; the pyxidium (Plate LXIII.
fig. 10) somewhat like that of C. domestica, but broader and stouter; it is 3 in. long
(sometimes 4 in.), 1} in. broad; the calycary zone, 24 in. above the base, is nearly 13 in.
in diam. and 3 lines thick ; the interzonary band is 6 lines high ; the upper zone 9 lines
in diam. ; the pericarp is 5 lines in thickness,
5. CARINIANA UAHUPENSIS, nob. : Couratari Uaupensis, Berg in Mart. Fl. Bras. J. c. p. 508,
tab. 78: Amphoricarpus Uaupensis, Spruce MS.: ramulis cortice crassiusculo
rimoso tectis, cinereo-opacis, tortuose striatis, pruinosis; foliis magnis, oblongis,
imo sensim obtusis, et in petiolum breviter acutatis, apicem versus rotundatis et in
acumen longiusculum angustissimum mucronatum subito attenuatis, subintegris,
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 289
marginibus cartilagineis valde revolutis et ündulatis, subcoriaceis, supra pallide aut
| profundius viridibus, nitidiuseulis, nervis plurimis parallelis. recte: divergentibus
paullo prominulis, venis tenuissimis creberrime transversis reticulatis, costa fusca
semiimmersa, subtus ochraceo-pallidis, valde opacis, costa nervisque rufescentibus
valde prominentibus ; petiolo valido, profunde canaliculato, marginato, subtus corru-
gulato, limbo 14plo breviore: paniculis axillaribus, ultimis e foliis delapsis thyrsam
folio breviorem simulantibus, laxe expansis, remotiuseule alternatim ramosis, ramis
iterum longiuscule ramulosis, ramulis rectis, angulato-striatis, subflexuosis, crebre
multifloris; floribus parvis, sessilibus, eburneis (siccis fuscis); calyce patelleeformi,
margine expanso, in lobos 5 brevissimos rotundatos diviso ; petalis 5, lineari-oblongis,
carnosulis, rarius expansis, seepius apicibus imbricatis agglutinatis et in forma calyp-
tre caducis ; androphoro urceolato-tubulari, sub-2-labiato, labio antico breviore fere
ad basin in appendiculas 4 subulatas diviso, postico 2plo longiore, margine in appen-
dices 6 laciniato, appendiculis cunctis cum aliis brevioribus tubo 2-seriatim ortis
staminiferis; ovario: infero, 3-loculari, vertice plano; ovulis plurimis e basi erectis ;
stylo ealyce 2plo longiore, subulato, subincurvo; pyxidio cylindraceo, imo rotun-
dato, paullo sub apicem zona calycari indistincte lineari cincto; vitta interzonali
prominente, annulari, convexo, diametri 8vam partem alta; zona superiore inferio-
rem :equante; operculo ignoto ; pericarpio crassissimo, lignoso, cortice erassiusculo
suberoso longitudinaliter valde rimoso tecto, opace brunneo, lenticellis flavidis crebre
maculato, intus demum 1-loculari, vestigiis septorum 3 et impressionibus seminum
signato. In Brasilia: v. pl. s. in hb. variis, cum fruct. in hb. Hook., prope S. Carlos,
Rio Uahupes (fluv. N igri tribut.) in ripis (Spruce, 2510).
A tree of vast size, with a trunk 100 feet high, five feet in diam., strengthened at its
base by Projecting buttresses, and called Chorão and Choro by the natives, signifying
magnificent : I have amended Spruce's specifie name to its more correct spelling. The
axils of its branchlets are 1 in. apart; the leaves are 94-11 in. long, 32-5 in. broad, on a
thick petiole 8-9 lines long; they have 22-27 pairs of nearly straight parallel nerves,
archingly united close within the margin, with very close transverse parallel veins; the
Panicle is 5-73 in. long, 3-6 in. broad ; the branches 3-4 in. long, the branchlets 1 in.
long, 3 lines apart, with sessile flowers 1-1 line apart, 3 lines long, 2 lines in. diam. in
the bud; the calyx expanded is 2 lines across; the petals are 3 lines long, 1 line broad;
à androphorum 24 lines long. Besides the 10 external appendages, there are 20 others,
say Short and in 2 series, inserted on the tube, one series basal, all staminiferous at the
2 Curved apex; the filament is very short and slender, bearing a small oval anther of
1 Parallel cells bursting longitudinally; the pyxidium (Plate LXIII. fig. 9) is 31 d
En the opereulum, and 13 in. in diam.; the calycary zone is 3 lines high, 2 in.
m3 the upper zone 13 in. in diam. ; the pericarp is 3 lines in thickness.
6.0 : : ee
Sorge EXIGUA, nob. : ramulis teretibus, substrictis, rufo-brunneis, pruinosis, ver-
| odi; foliis lanceolatis vel elongato-oblongis, imo obtusis et subito versus
pei um brevissime constrietis, a medio sursum gradatim attenuatis, acutiuscule
290 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE E.
acuminatis, margine tenui pallido crenato-serrulatis, chartaceis, supra profunde
viridibus, sublucentibus, sub lente minute granulatis, nervis plurimis tenuissimis
patenti-divergentibus semiimmersis, venis transversis reticulatis, costa vix promi.
nula, pruinosa, subtus pallide brunneis, opacis, costa striolata, prominula, sub-
puberula, nervis prominulis, in axillis subbarbatis; petiolo tenui marginatim canali-
culato, limbo 30plo breviore: paniculis 1 vel 2, axillaribus et terminalibus, vel in
ramulis supremis e foliis delapsis in thyrsam latam expansis, axillaribus, folio paullo
longioribus, rachi verruculosa; ramulis paucis, patentibus, tenuissimis, puberulis ;
floribus minimis, subapproximatis, tenuiter pedicellatis; sepalis 6, imo in cupulam
brevissimam connatis, oblongis, membranaceis, subviridulis, puberulis, ciliatis;
petalis 3-4plo longioribus, lineari-oblongis, expansis; androphoro imo breviter
cupuliformi, ligula late ovata, erectiuscula, intus undique et in marginibus
appendiculis staminiferis crebre vestito, antheris didymo-globosis; ovario semi-
infero, 3-loculari, vertice alte conico, leevi, ovulis paucis, e basi biserialiter erectis;
stylo tenui, brevi; stigmate minimo, obtuso. In Antillis: v. pl. s. in hb. Hook., in
insula Trinidad, in hort. bot. cult. (Prestoe).
A tree 60 feet high, apparently first discovered by Purdie, and now cultivated in the
Botanic Garden of Trinidad. The axils of its slender branchlets are i in. apart; the
leaves are 3 in. long, 1 in. broad, on a petiole 13 line long, and they have about 20 pairs
of parallel nerves, with very fine parallelly transverse reticulated veins, with the axils of
the nerves barbated beneath: the branches of the compound panicle are 3 in. long, with
branchlets very slender, $-1 in. long, bearing flowers on short pedicels, 2 lines apart;
the flower expanded is 7 lines broad ; the sepals are 1 line long; the petals 3 lines long,
1 line broad; the ligula of the androphorum is 1 line long and broad; the semiinferior
ovary is $ line in diam.
7. CARINIANA PYRIFORMIS, nob. : planta ignota: pyxidio pyriformi, urceolato-cylindrico,
ab imo obtuso sursum sensim ampliore, longiuscule supra medium zona calycari
lineata cincto; vitta interzonali acclivi, convexa, diametri 3tiam partem alta; zona
superiore quam inferior fere dimidio minore; operculo omnino applanato, nullo
modo exserto, imo cum columella exacte obconica solidissima infra apicem triquetra
longe descendente continuo; pericarpio crassissimo, solidissimo, brunneo, opaco
subruguloso, post columelle casum 1-loculari, intus exacte obconico, vestigiis sep-
torum 3 sub apicem arcuatim nexis et impressionibus seminum signato; seminibus
in quoque loculo 6-7, biseriatim imbricatis, erectis, imo affixis, structura generis.
In Bolivia: v. fr. s. in Mus. Soc. Linn., Betania, Rio Sinu, Bolivia (Anthoine) ; in
Mus. Kew., exempla 3 (sine loco).
The label attached to the Linn. Soc. specimen, in Anthoine's handwriting, says
" Betania rivière sinu Plato Bolivia, New Granada," which I interpret to mean some
small river Betanie flowing into the Magdalena near Plato. The pyxidium (Plate LXIII.
fig. 11) is 3} in. long, 24 in. in diam. on the calycary zone, which is 24 in. above the
base; the interzonal band is 10 lines high; the upper zone and operculum are 12 in.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE £. 991
broad, the latter, descending to a length of 3 in., is plug-shaped, as in C. Brasiliensis,
but larger and more obconical, it is triquetral, the angles archingly united 4 in. below the
summit; the seeds are 17 lines long, 3 lines broad, membranaceously winged below,
with an apical embryoniferous escutcheon, obliquely oblong, 5 lines long and 3 lines
broad.
x 10. ALLANTOMA (Plate XXXVI. A).
The very peculiar structure of the androphrorum and of the seeds readily distinguish
this genus from Couratari, its peculiarities having been already noted (ante, p. 170).
ALLANTOMA, nob.
Lecythis (in parte), Smith, Berg : Couratari (in parte), Berg.
Calycis adnati sepala 6, parva, rotundata, subimbricata, rotata: petala 6, insequalia, quorum 2 exte-
riora multo majora, altera in «estivatione omnino tegentia, oblonga, concava, unguiculata, 4 interiora
minora, lineari-oblonga. Discus epigynus, annularis, planus. Androphorum petaloideum, succoso-
camosum, imo in poculo parvo disco adnato centro exciso signatum, intus appendiculis nume-
rosissimis brevibus subclavatis staminigeris creberrime iustructum, hinc uno latere, in ligulam
longam zquilatam crassam canaliculatam nudam sensim incurvatam expansum, extremitate re-
duplicatim in nodum crassum contorto ; galea convexa, hemispherica, reversa, et subito sursum
retroflexa, margine fimbriata, intus appendicibus sterilibus in massam carnosulam arcte agglutinatis.
Stamina in appendicibus basalibus solummodo insita, iis Couratari similia. Ovarium omnino inferum,
turbinatum, 4—5- rarius 3-loculare, vertice intra discum subconcavo ; ovula in quoque loculo 4—6, col-
lateraliter 2-3-serialia, imo affixa, erecta. Stylus brevis, crasse teres. Stigma parvum, fungiforme.
Pyzidium cylindricum, ei Couratari simile, paullo sub apicem zona calycari lineari cinctum ;
vitta interzonali angusta, erecta, plana vel convexa; zona superiore circulari: operculum conforme,
breve, depresso-pulvinatum centro breviter umbonatum, subtus ad columellam longe descendentem
agglutinatum : columella solida, crassissima, 3-5-gona, angulis parieti adnatis, quare loculi 3-5 inter-
manent, angulis demum a pariete solutis, hec cum seminibus decidit: pericarpium exinde viduum
Lloculare apparet, crassiuscule sublignosum, intus nitidum, cicatricibus signatum, extus cortice
hen rimoso vestitum, vel ecorticatum. Semina in quoque loculo 4-6, lineari-oblonga, plano-con-
vextuscula, ad faciem exteriorem ginesq gulata, imo 2-auriculata, erecta, imbricata, hilo parvo
dorsum auricule alterius ad columellam affixa : testa subcoriacea, vasis spiralibus innumerabilibus
repleta: integumentum internum tenuissimum : embryo exalbuminosus, lineari-cylindricus, fusiformis,
Subcompressus, albido-opacus, maceratione mollissimus, homogeneus, neorhiza‘ centrali, elongata,
tereti, in erorhiza carnos
۱ a externa sepulta. Germinatio ignota.
pas Plerumque vaste, Americe intertropice, ramosissime : folia petiolata, in summo ramulorum sub-
we ovata, vel oblonga. Flores in paniculis terminalibus subparvi, succo purpureo sepius
i.
l AtLANtoma MULTIFLORA, nob.: Lecythis multiflora, Smith in Rees's Cycl. xx. n. 8;
> Prodr, iii. 293; Berg in Linn. xxvii. 460: ramulis valde rugosis, angulato-
DR lenticellis pallidis crebre verruculosis, junioribus tenuioribus, brunneis,
ea rer Vel pulverulentis, lenticellatis; foliis ovatis, imo rotundato-ob-
| >. m petiolum breviter acutatis, apice in acumen obtusulum attenuatıs, mar-
EN Subrevolutis obsolete crenato-serratis, rigide chartaceis, supra kuride viridibus,
Paull F m curvatim divergentibus, subprominulis, venis reticulatis, subtus
9 pallidioribus, Opacis, nervis venis costaque striolata prominentibus ; petiolo
292 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
subtenui, marginatim canaliculato, limbo 12plo breviore: racemis axillaribus et
terminalibus, folio brevioribus; rachi rugosa, compresse striata, ferrugineo-opaca,
subpuberula, lenticellata, spicatim multiflora; pedicellis longissimis tenuibus, re-
curvatis, striolatis, imo articulatis; sepalis parvis, ovatis, subacutis, patulis, margine
membranaceo-ciliatis; petalis rotundatis, subinzequalibus; androphoro carnoso, gra-
nulatim ruguloso, structura generis; ovario infero, semiovali, subgranulato, pube-
rulo, 3-loculari, ovulis plurimis basi affixis, erectis, vertice plano, radiatim granulato;
stylo brevi conico. In Guiana: v. s. in hb. Hook. (Parker, cum foliis et floribus); -
in hb. Mus. Brit. et Soc. Linn., Cayenne (Martin, foliis diremptis). :
Parker's specimen enables us to recognize those of Martin, where all the leaves are
wanting, and upon which Sir James Smith first established the species, which has since
been doubtfully acknowledged. The axils of its slender branchlets are 3-1 in. apart ; the
leaves, generally caducous, are 33-4 in. long, 13-14 in. broad, on a petiole 3-4 lines long,
and with about 12 pairs of parallelly divergent arching nerves, with others shorter and
intermediate, all anastomosed; the panicle is 5 in. long, has several: slender branches,
with approximated prominent nodes 2-3 lines apart, each bearing a very slender pedicel
1-1 in. long; the flower, before expansion, is 3 in. in diam. ; the sepals are 14 line long;
the development of the androphorum closely resembles that figured in Plate XXXVI. 4;
its semioval head is 2 lines long and broad.
2. ALLANTOMA SUBRAMOSA, nob.: ramulis subcinereo-opacis, rugoso-striatis, subver-
ruculosis, junioribus lzvibus et striatis; foliis ovatis, vel ovali-oblongis, imo rotun-
datis aut rotundo-obtusis, szepe circa petiolum breviter acutatis, marginibus undu-
latis fere integris, obsoletissime serrulatis, subcoriaceis, supra pallidis, opacis, nervis
plurimis semiimmersis, crebre parallelim divergentibus, rectiusculis, cirea marginem
nexis, venis transversim reticulatis immersis, costa sulcata, subtus ochraceo-opacis
et granulato-pruinosis, aut fuscioribus, nervis venisque transversis prominentibus ;
petiolo profunde canaliculato, marginibus submembranaceis introflexis, limbo 5-8plo
breviore: panicula terminali, valde ramosa ; rachi cinerea, rugulosa ; ramis fuscis,
approximatis, tenuioribus, valde nodosis, plurifloris ; pedicellis teretibus, gracilibus ;
floribus subparvis, roseo-purpureis ; sepalis parvis, rotundatis, subimbricatis, fuscis,
extus pruinosis; petalis 6, quorum 4 interioribus, lineari-oblongis, subinzqualibus,
membranaceis, 2 exterioribus majoribus suborbiculatis, valde membranaceis, extus
farinoso-pruinosis ; ovario infero, hemisphserico, 3-loculari, ovulis plurimis basi
aflixis, erectis, vertice ,concavo, radiatim striolato; stylo pulvinato; stigmate
rotundato: fructu ignoto. In Guiana Batava: v. s. in hb. Mus. Brit. et Hook., ad
Karavoury (Sagot, 271, sub Couratari Guianensis). | |
This plant is very different from Aublet's Couratari Guianensis in the shape, texture,
and venation of its leaves. Notwithstanding its 3-celled ovary, I have placed it in the
genus Allantoma, on account of its ramosely paniculate inflorescence, its long slender
pedicels, and more especially because of the peculiar development of its androphorum.
From its smallish flowers, upon the long slender pedicels of a very branching panicle
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 293
from its hemispherical 3-celled ovary, and the peculiar structure of the androphorum,
it is unquestionably congenerie with the other species here enumerated. |
The axils of its rugose branchlets are about 3 lines apart; the leaves are 41-01 in.
long, 23-22 in. broad, on a petiole 8-10 lines long; and they have about 24 pairs of
straight parallel nerves, united near the margin by an arching line; the terminal panicle
is 21-31 in. long, with many irregular branches, each 1-3 inches long, all rough and
with articulated prominent nodes 1 line apart; the pedicels are 7-9 lines long; the
sepals 1 line long and broad; inner pair of petals 7 lines long, 21 lin. broad, 2 interme-
diate 9 lin. long, 3 lin. broad, 2 exterior 12 lines long, 10 lin. broad, tapering towards the
hase, all membranaceous and of a roseate pinkish colour ; the androphorum, of a deep red
or purple colour, consists of a shallow cup-shaped ring, attached to the disk and charged
with very numerous short staminiferous appendages; and this is expanded on one side
into along fleshy canaliculated ligula, coiling round inwards, and terminating suddenly in
a fleshy knob, where it is as suddenly recurved in the same direction, finally expanding
into a galeated hood, convex outside, concave within, and simply fimbriated or toothed
on its margin, all coiled into a globular head, 3 lines in diameter. This structure agrees
vith that of the preceding species.
9. ALLANTOMA TORULOSA, nob.: arbor alta; ramulis crassis, angulosis, in axillis crebris
transversim annulatis ; foliis oblongis, imo acutis, apicem versus breviter et obtuse
acuminatis, marginibus leviter serrato-crenatis, tenuiter chartaceis, supra brunneo-
viridibus, Opacis, costa planata, nervis plurimis crebriter parallelis, erecto-patulis,
subimmersis, subtus vix pallidioribus, costa fusca convexa, nervis pallide brunneis
prominentibus, venis creberrime et transversim parallelis: pyxidio in ramis sessili,
eylindrieo, imo rotundato, zona calycari paullo sub apicem vix manifesto; vitta
interzonali convexe erecta, diametri 4tam partem alta; zona superiore circulari, fauce
erecta aeuta ; operculo conformi, vittee altitudine, pulvinatim convexo, medio obtuse
umbonato, subtus columella crassissima ad basin descendente aucto; columella
solida, acute 5-gona, angulis ad parietem adnatis; pericarpio primum 5-loculari,
casu eolumelle deinde 1-loculari, intus nitido, lineis 5 longitudinalibus eicatricatis
notata, extus toroso-tuberculato, ochraceo-brunneo, opaco et minute granulato;
seminibus 20, ut in char. gener. In prov. Pará: v. s. folium et fructus in Mus.
Brit., in sylvis ad Culantigo, Rio Maranhäo (Farries, 69) ; in Mus. Kew., sine oper-
culo (Farries).
Accompanying the specimen in the British Museum there is only a single leaf, much
Ru that of the preceding species : it is 7 in. long, 21 in. broad, with about 20 pairs
Pa 2 ang nerves running up close to the margin ; the petiole is wanting à the
apart; the e Span. an annulated branchlet 3-1 in. thick, m transverse axils 3 lines
is 6 in, longa (Plate LXIV. fig. 1) is 71 in. long, 23 in. broad; the calycary vá
acute edge a e base E the interzonal band is 7 lines high; the upper zone wit m
high; { ig d the fitting of the operculum, are 24 in. in diam., the latter being 3 m
long 4 Pu 18 coriaceous, 3 lines thick; the hard dark-coloured seeds are 2 in.
cm road, and 2 lines thick. Mr. Farries states, in à pus va that the
294 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
fruit is called “ Honkey-pot,” that when ripe it discharges the lid and seeds, the vacant
shell hanging upon the branches. He found it “ in woods in Culantingo, Maranhão
river" (is not this Curuatingo, a river flowing from the south side into the Amazonas
9 leagues to the east of Santarem ?): this pronounced by blacks (who always transmute
r into J, shortening the syllable) would be Culantingo.
4. ALLANTOMA CYLINDRICA, nob.: planta ignota: racemi fructiferi rachi subtenui, an-
gulato-striata, subtereti, ochraceo-opaca, crebre nodulosa: pyxidio eylindrico, imo
rotundato, longe supra medium zona calycari e sepalorum vestigiis linea nexis sub-
prominente cincto; vitta interzonali erecta, margine tenui, subreflexo, eujus dia-
metri 7mam partem alta; operculo orbiculari, pulvinato, radiatim striato, vertice con-
cavato, cum umbone brevi obtusulo in cavitate, subtus columella crassa 4-angulata
longe descendente aucto; pericarpio brunneo-opaco, lenticellis flavidis crebre punc-
tato, crassiuscule coriaceo, intus leviter cylindraceo, vestigiis septorum 4 arcuatim
nexorum signato; seminibus grate edulibus, in quoque loculo 4, lineari-elongatis,
compressis, valde corrugulatis, apice truncatis, imo breviter 2-auriculatis, 2-seria-
liter ad columellam hilo fere basali erectim affixis. In Amazonas: v. fr. s. in Mus.
Kew., in insula prope Cametá, prov, Pará (Farries).
The pyxidium (Plate LXIV. fig. 4) is 5 in. long, regularly cylindrical, and 12 in. in
diam.; the calycary zone, of the same diameter, is 41 in. above the base; the interzonal
band is 4 in. high; the operculum is 12 in. in diam., 3 lines thick, the columella shrink-
ing much in drying; the pericarp is nearly 3 lines in thickness, is quite smooth, and
eylindrical inside, marked by 4 longitudinal lines, where the angles of the columella
have become detached, and which are arcuately conjoined near the summit, 6 lines below
the mouth; the seeds are lj in. long, 3 lines broad, lline thick, with a structure ex-
plained in the generic character (p. 291). The fruit only of this species was found by Mr.
Farries, on one of the islands near the town of Cametá, which is situated on the south bank
of the Amazonas, near its confluence with the river Tocantins, about 45 miles south of the
City of Pará. It differs from that of the preceding species in its smaller size, in being
regularly cylindrical in form, with a smoother surface, a thinner pericarp, which is
4- (not 5-)celled. It differs from A. Burchelliana in its more cylindrical shape, a much
thinner and ecorticated pericarp, a vertical smooth interzonal band. Mr. Farries states,
on the ticket attached to it, “that its flat seeds are good eating, yielding a crop once a
year; the fruit is called by the natives Castanheira da serra, and by the English skittle-
nut, because it is like a skittle.”
9. ALLANTOMA BURCHELLIANA, nob. : ramulis teretibus ; foliis oblongis, imo rotundatis,
sursum gradatim angustioribus, apice in acumen longiusculum acutum attenuatis,
subintegris, vel in margine cartilagineo subrevoluto obsolete crenulatis, firme
chartaceis, supra subnitidulis, vel sub lente granulato-opacis, apud nervos tenues
paullo prominulos sulcatis, nervis plurimis crebriter parallelis, patentim divaricatis,
fere rectis, eveniis, costa tenui, plana, subimmersa, subtus subnitentibus, badiis,
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE X. 295
costa striolata nervisque prominentibus et rubescentibus, venis tenuissimis paullo
prominulis crebre transversim reticulatis, petiolo latiusculo, supra plano, limbo
40plo breviore: racemo terminali, folio fere equilongo; rachi subflexuosa, nodosa;
floribus sessilibus; ovario infero, subgloboso, granulose rugoso, opaco, 4-loculari,
ovulis plurimis, e placentis basalibus erectis, vertice plano, pruinoso, stylo brevis-
simo umbonato : pyxidio cylindrico, imo rotundato paullo ampliore, sub apicem zona
calycari irregulariter lineari cincto ; vitta interzonali annulatim prominente, convexa,
quam diametri quartam partem alta; zona superiore integra, orbiculari, inferiorem
sequante; periearpio crasso, coriaceo-lignoso, cortice crasse suberoso, rimoso, sub-
levi, opace einnamomeo, glandulis flavidis maculato, intus septorum 4 vestigiis
signato; seminibus lineari-oblongis, compressis, apice truncatis, imo 2-auriculatis,
toruloso-rugulosis, rufescenti-opacis, erectis, cum embryone generis. In Brasilia,
- regione Amazonica: v. pl. s. in hb. Hook., et fruct. in Mus. Kew. (Burchell, 9314).
- In habit this plant greatly resembles the three first-mentioned species, agreeing in the
peculiar vernation of the leaves; these are 6-7 in. long, 2-24 in. broad, on a petiole 3
lines long, and have a semimetallie bronzy hue, with about 24 pairs of approximate
nerves, running straight towards the margin, close within which they are simply con-
joined. The rachis of the raceme is about 5 in. long, with prominent nodes, about 3
lines apart. The pyxidium (Plate LXV. fig. 6) is 53 in. long without the operculum,
2-27 in. in diam. above the base, narrowing gradually to the calycary zone, where it is
2 in. in diam.; the interzonal band is 24 in. in diam. in its middle, is 4 in. high, and 13
m, in diam. at the upper zone; the pericarp is 24 lines in thickness, showing inside the
ون of 4 dissepiments. It resembles that of 4. torulosa in shape, especially in its
prominent tumid interzonary band, but it is broader towards the base, and more trun-
cated, and is covered with a much thicker, more widely cracking, yellowish red bark,
Pony raised yellow granules. The seeds, like those of the preceding species, but
er and of a dark-red colour, are 13 lines long, 4 lines broad, and 3 lines thick.
6. ALLANTOMA MACROCARPA, nOb.: Couratari macrocarpa, Mart.; Berg in Mart. Fl.
ae d o, p. 509. tab. 79. fig. 1.: planta ignota: pyxidio cylindrico, imo rotundato
peullo ampliore, sursum gradatim angustiore, paullo sub apicem zona calycari
neart cincto; vitta interzonali erecta, diametri 5tam partem alta, apice breviter
extrorsum inflexa; zona superiore integra, circulari; operculo »quilato, depresse
pulvinato, vertice convexo et obtuse umbonato, vel concavato et radiatim striato,
cum umbone brevi in centro; columella adnata, longe descendente, solida, 4-5-gona,
e parieti adnatis ; pericarpio hinc 4—5-loculari, denique 1-loculari, crassiusculo,
ipe fusco-brunneo, extus cortice suberoso, valde rimoso, intus cylindraceo
hie: Eis 4-5 cum impressionibus seminum 4 in quoque loculo signato.
nid ema, In prov. Pará, legit Mart: v. fr. s. in Mus. Kew. (sine indicat.).
ate IXIY pe too ee to obtain specimens of its leaves or flowers. The pyxidium
Wards to a N ) is c in. long, 21 in. in diameter near the base, diminishing up-
۱ of 1 in. at the calycary zone, which is 4$ in. above the base; the
| 0 ۱ 902
296 MR. J. MIERS ON THE ۰
interzonary band is 4 lines high ; the upper zone is 2 in. in diam., has a sharp lip turn- -
ing outwards ; the operculum, a trifle wider, is 24 in. in diam., and 3 lines high. Martius,
as well as Burchell, collected the fruits lying on the ground, but did not find the seeds.
7. ALLANTOMA SCUTELLATA, nob.: planta ignota: racemis fructiferis axillaribus, longi-
usculis, angulatis; rachi crebre nodosa, multiflora; floribus sessilibus: pyxidio
obconice cylindrico, ochraceo-brunneo, valde opaco, imo sensim obtuso, paullo sub
apicem zona calycari subacute lineari prominula cincto; vitta interzonali acclive
convexa, diametri 7tam partem alta; zona superiore circulari, calycari angustiore;
operculo tenuiuscule scutelliformi, depressissime pulvinato, vertice concavo, medio
breviter umbonato; columella ei infra adnata, fere ad basin descendente, solide
crassa, faucem implente, subtus 4-angulata, 4-sulcata, angulis ad parietem agglu-
tinatis et hoc modo loculos 4 efficientibus; angulis demum solutis hece cum semi-
nibus decidit; pericarpio subtenuiter coriaceo; seminibus paucis, lineari-oblongis,
compressis, imo 2-auriculatis, undique grossule rugosis, fuscis, erectis, cum hilo
subventrali et basalari. In Brasilia: v. s. fruct. in Mus. Soc. Linn. (sine loco),
Capt. Sir E. Home; in collect. Mus. Brit. (sine indicat.). |
There ean be no doubt that this fruit belongs to Allantoma, The rachis of its many-
flowering raceme is about 6 in. long, with alternate prominent cicatrices 1-2 lines apart ;
the pyxidium (Plate LXV. fig. 1) is 33-32 in. long, 13-2 in. in diam. below the
calycary zone, and tapering downwards; the calycary zone, 3 in. above the base, is 12-23
in. in diam. ; the interzonal band is 3—4 lines high, very convex, narrowing above; the
upper zone is 12-18 in. in diam.; the operculum is orbicular, of the same diameter, is
13 line high, with a rounded edge, umbonate in its concave vertex, is attached to a
central columella 2 in. long, filling the mouth of the pericarp, descending to the base,
sharply 4-angled, with 4 broad hollowish intervals, which form the: cells; pericarp 13
line thick, cylindrical within; seeds, by abortion, only 4 in the specimen examined, 19
lines long, 4 lines broad, 1 line thick, fuscous, attached to the base of the columella at
the inner face, by a small hilum upon one of its basal auricles. There is a little differ-
ence in the somewhat broader shape and narrower interzonal band in the British-
Museum specimen, which wants the operculum and seeds. ——
8. ALLANTOMA AULACOCARPA, nob.: Couratari aulacocarpa, Mart., Berg in Mart. Fl. Br.
l. c. p. 509, tab. 79. fig. 2: planta incognita : pyxidio late cylindrico, imo rotundato,
longe supra medium zona calycari lineatim prominula cincto; vitta interzonali
erecta, apice paullulo convexa, diametri 6tam partem alta; zona superiore integra cir-
culari; operculo ignoto; pericarpio coriaceo-lignoso, crasso, cortices pisso-suberoso
valde rimoso et secedente tecto, intus demum 1-loculari, cylindrico, vestigiis sep-
torum 4, et impressionibus plurimis seminum signato. In Brasilia, prov. Parás
legit Martius (non vidi).
This fruit (Plate LXV. fi
g. 9) differs from that of 4. maer in its erect inter-
zonal band, turned inwards ocarpa in its
at the summit (not outwardly), and in its thicker bark; it is
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE E. 297
44 in. long, 24 in. in diam.; the calycary zone, of similar diameter, is 33 in. above the
base; the interzonal band is 4 lines high; the pericarp is 3 lines thick.
9, ALLANTOMA DICTYOCARPA, nob.: Couratari dictyocarpa, Mart., Berg in Mart. Fl. Br.
l.c. p. 010, tab. 79. fig. 3: planta ignota: pyxidio subovali, subeylindrico, imo
rotundato-obtuso, medio subventricoso, paullo sub apicem zona calycari lineari
cincto; vitta interzonali diametri 8vam partem alta, erecta ; zona superiore inferiori
equilata, integra; operculo orbiculari, pulvinatim paullo latiore, depresso, supra
plano, medio obtuse umbonato; pericarpio crassiusculo, extus leevigato, cortice
resiliente, mesocarpio fibris lignosis reticulatis signato, primum 4-loculari. In
Brasilia, prov. Pará (non vidi).
This species is placed in Allantoma on account of 4-celled fruit; the pyxidium (Plate
LXIV. fig. 10) is 2% in. long, 14 in. in diam. in the middle, contracted to 12 in. at the
calycary zone, which is 2} in. above the base; interzonary band 3 lines high; upper zone
Min in diam.; operculum somewhat overhanging, 13 in. in diam., 3 lines thick, with
an umbonate point of equal height.
10. ALLANTOMA LINEATA, nob.: Couratari lineata, Berg in Mart. Fl. Br. /. c. p. 508,
tab. 7 et 77: arbor, ramulis teretibus, sulcatis, lenticellatis; foliis ovatis, vel ob-
longo-lanceolatis, imo obtusis, apice longissime et acutissime acuminatis, vix serru-
latis, nervis plurimis, recte parallelis, suberecto-patulis, adscendentibus, impresso-
immersis, costa parum prominente, utraque facie badiis concoloribus, costa nervis
costatis venisque transversim reticulatis prominentibus ; petiolo valido, canaliculato,
limbo 8-12plo breviore: racemo fructifero e cicatricibus 19-80۳0 : pyxidio sessili,
eylindrico, basi rotundato, obsolete 5-sulcato, paullo sub apicem zona calycari lineari
haud manifesta cincto; vitta interzonali brevissima, erecta, diametri 20mam partem
alta; opereulo ignoto; pericarpio ochraceo-opaco, intus cylindraceo, septorum ves-
tigiis 5, et impressionibus seminum 4 in quoque loculo signato. In Brasilia, ad
insulam Collares in delta Amazonica juxta Pará (Pöppig, 3636) : non vidi.
The axils of its branches are 3-2 in. apart; the leaves are 4-83 in. long, 2-22 in. broad,
on a petiole 6-8 lines long, with about 14 pairs of nerves, arcuately conjoined near the
SA; the pyxidium (Plate LXV. fig. 4) in its full size, without the operculum, is
m in 1$ in. in diam. above, a trifle narrower at the base; these are the dimensions
y Berg in the text, with which his figure does not quite agree.
ALLANTOMA CORBULA, nob.: planta ignota: pyxidio oblongo, convexe ventricoso,
E tan, sursum gradatim angustiore, paullo sub apicem zona calycari lineari
ce um cincto ; vitta interzonali erecto-conica, diametri 5-6tam partem alta;
= Eare circulari, integra, inferiore paullo minore; opereulo ignoto; peri-
tui eeinsoulo, coriaceo-lignoso, cortice fusco-brunneo spisse suberoso longi-
| tar = transversim in frusta quadrantia rimoso tecto, intus demum cylin-
0.8 “o vestigiis septorum 5 intra faucem conjunctim arcuatis signato. In Brasilia :
. ® collect, Mus. Brit. (sine indicat.).
298 : MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE E.
The fruit (Plate LXV. fig. 10) is very distinct from all others of the genus in its very
ventrieose or lagenoid shape, with a very short interzonal band, and a thick cracking
bark. It is 3$ in. long, 2 in. in diam. above the base, narrowing to a breadth of 14
in. at the calycary zone, the interzonal band being 24 lines high; the upper zone is 14
in. in diam.; the pericarp is nearly 3 lines thick, and is borne upon a short thickish
pedicel. | :
12. ALLANTOMA ? FAGIFOLIA, nob.: Lecythis fagifolia, Berg, Linn. xxvii. 451: ramulis
gracilibus, striatis, fuscis, junioribus badiis, subpuberulis; foliis ovali-oblongis, imo
sensim acutis, apice obtusule acuminatis, obsolete serrulatis, submembranaceis,
glabris, supra nervis patule divergentibus et adscendentibus parum prominulis,
reticulatis, costa plana, subtus pallidioribus, nervis costaque prominentibus ; petiolo
canaliculato, limbo 5-6plo breviore: racemis axillaribus et terminalibus, folio multo
brevioribus; rachi subpuberula, multiflora; pedicellis longiusculis, gracilibus,
puberulis; sepalis rotundatis, ciliatis; petalis ovalibus, tenuibus; ovario infero, .
turbinato, puberulo, 3-loculari, vertice plano, stigmate fere sessili. In Guiana
Batava, ad ripas fluv. Marowyna (non vidi). ۱ |
This plant cannot belong to Lecythis, owing to the absence of a style. I have referred
it here because of its habit, its inflorescence with long slender pedicels, and the near
obliteration of its style; it approaches A. Burchelliana, differing in the thinner texture
of its smaller leaves, which are somewhat cuneate at base, its longer petiole, and
shorter racemes. It is a tree with slender branchlets; leaves 24-4 in. long, 12-13 in.
broad, on a petiole 6-8 lin. long; racemes 3-2 in. long; pedicels 9-11 lines long;
sepals 1 line long; petals 8 lin. long; androphorum 5 lines in diam., with a ligula
1 in. long.
11. Grias. (Plate XXXVI. c).
The history of this genus and the account of its general structure has been given in a
preceding page (p. 171); we have therefore only to delineate its generic character, and
describe its species, noticing the similarity in the structure of its calyx to that of
Bertholletia. .
Grias, Linn.
Calophyllum (in parte), P. Brown; Pirigara (in parte), Aubl.
Calyx in alabastro globosus et indivisus, demum in sepala fissus : sepala 2 vel 4, subzequalia, oblonga,
concava, rigida aut submembranacea, persistentia. Petala 4, alterna, oblonga, obtusa, marginib
subparallelis, estivatione imbricata, unguibus inter discum et androphorum iis agglutinatis. Discus
epigynus, annularis, planus. Androphorum depresse urceolatum, petalis dimidio brevius, centro
excisum, margine subexpanso in appendiculas lineares breviusculis apice staminiferis fimbriato-
incisum, intus appendiculis similibus incurvis pluriserialibus gradatim brevioribus crebris undique
munitum : filamenta brevissima, tenuiter teretia : anthere parvulz, ovate, 2-lobze, lobis didymis sub-
globosis, medio ad filamentum affixis, rima laterali longitudinaliter dehiscentibus, demum m
cymbali adpresse expansis. Ovarium inferum, hemisphzricum, subquadratum, 4-loculare, ovulis x
quoque loculo plurimis, axi suspensis, vertice intra discum concavo, extus crenatim elevato, radiatim
striato : stylus brevissimus, crassiusculus; stigma illo latius, sessile, depressum, ad medium 4-par-
titum, lobis cruciformibus, obtusis, rotatis, recurvatis. Pyzidium globosum, 4-sulcatum, aut ob-
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE A. 299
longum, pyri mole, subrufum, et 8-sulcatum, paullo sub apicem zona calycari e sepalis persistentibus
linea nexis coronatum; vitta interzonalis brevis; zona superior orbicularis; operculum conforme,
. depressum; pericarpium 4-loculare cum loculis 6-7-spermis, vel abortu 1-loculare et monospermum.
Semina oblonga, funiculo magno carnoso suspensa; embryo amygdaloideus, edulis, textura homo-
genea, macropodus, in germinatione modo Bertholletie e duabus extremitatibus propullans.
Arbores procere in America tropica et in Antillis vigentes, trunco sursum gradatim graciliore pro majore
parte nudo, apice brevissime ramifero ; folia magna, in apice ramorum creberrime approximata, cuneato-
oblonga, subsessilia vel breviter petiolata, glaberrima : flores simpliciter pedicellati, plurimi, congesti,
vel in pedunculo brevissimo subpaniculati, terminales, aut e trunco enati.
1, GRIAS CAULIFLORA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 732; Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1159; Swartz, Obs. p. 215;
"d DC. Prodr. iii. 296; Lunan, Jam. i. 19; Smith in Rees's Cycl. vol. xvii. : Anchovy-
pear, Sloane, Jam. ii. 122, tab. 216-217: Calophyllum, sp., P. Brown, Jam. p. 245 :
procera, trunco erecto, sursum gradatim graciliore, subnudo, apice breviter ramifero
et foliifero; foliis in apice ramorum creberrime approximatis, cernuis, oblongo- vel
lanceolato-oblongis, imo sensim anguste cuneatis, apice obtuse attenuatis, et in
acumen breve subacutum subito constrictis, integerrimis, vel in margine revoluto
siepe erenato-undulatis, rigidule chartaceis, supra viridibus, nervis plurimis, parallele
divergentibus, juxta marginem nexis, venisque omnino immersis, subtus pallidi-
E oribus, valde opacis, ochraceo-brunneis, costa carinata nervisque prominentibus,
| venis nullis visibilibus ; petiolo brevissimo, late marginato : floribus 5-6, odoratis, in
gemma pedunculiformi trunco enata crebre congestis; pedicellis in alabastris
subzequilongis, imo bracteola parva munitis; calycis laciniis oblongo-ovatis, obtusis,
subcoriaceis ; petalis 3plo longioribus, obtuse oblongis, concavis, crassiusculis, albis ;
androphoro petalis 3plo breviore, appendiculis 5-serialibus, sensim brevioribus,
cunctis staminiferis: csetera ut in diagnosi generica. In Antillis: v. s. in hb. Mus.
Brit., J amaiea (Swartz).
The trunk, about 5 in. in diam., rises to heights of from 20 to 50 feet, tapering upwards -
almost to a point, bare nearly for its whole length, marked with the cicatrices of the
! x and clothed near its summit with several very short branches, closely |
3 A short a ue aggregated leaves are pendent, from 8 to 36 in. long, 23-6 in. broad, on
tered f S un along which the limb is decurrent to the base; the pedicels of the clus-
ER wi about 6 lines long, the flower expanded is about 13 in. in diam. Purdie
crowded ms BEINE near Port Antonio in 1843 (Hook. Lond. Jo. Bot. iii. 533), with
سا " sessile on the trunk of ‚the tree. The fruit (which I have not seen) is
Pad 4 RAD, as of the size and shape of an alligator's egg, a little more attenuated
pO ere 16 is crowned by the persistent sepals, and of a brown russet colour;
wild, y di © or 8 lines thick, soft-fleshy, and edible, enclosing a single oblong nut,
Sulcated ; but of its internal structure nothing is known.
2.0 |
| Oat nob, : Gustavia tetrapetala, Reusch, DC. Prodr. iii. 290 : Pirigara
di eng ubl. Fl. Gu. i. 487, tab. 192 (synon. exc.): ramosa, ramulis Ermas;
ob igi, eet Subverticillatim confertis, superioribus alternis, amplis, sessilibus,
» Imo sensim spathulatis, apice gradatim acuminatis, serratis, supra viridibus,
300 | MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
levibus, nervis plurimis divergentibus cirea marginem adscendentibus, subtus cos-
taque preesertim prominentibus, valde reticulatis : racemis axillaribus, rachi brevis-
sima ad nodum pluribracteolatum reducta, szepe 1-flora ; peduneulo quam flos bre-
viore, supra medium bracteolis 2 parvis munito ; calycis limbo in lobos 4 fisso, lobis
sequalibus, rotundatis, subconcavis, marginibus inflexis et undulatim crenatis, crassis,
coriaceis, viridibus, intus albescentibus; petalis 4, dimidio majoribus, sequalibus,
crasse carnosulis, rotundato-ovatis, concavis, margine undulatis, expansis, candidis,
ad unguem rubro-striatis ; androphoro brevi, imo cupulari, ad marginem et intus
appendicibus numerosissimis breviuseulis clavatis staminigeris munito; antheris
oblongis, 2-locellatis, rimis lateraliter dehiscentibus; ovario infero, turbinato, ecos-
tato, 4-loeulari, ovulis in quoque loculo pluribus, funieulo supensis, vertiee intra
diseum plano, stigmate sessili 4-lobo umbonato: pyxidio globoso, 4-sulcato, zona
calycari e vestigiis loborum coronato; vitta interzonali angustissima ; zona supe-
riore integra; operculo conformi, plano, stigmate umbonato; pericarpio coriaceo,
rufescente, sicco, 4-loculari; seminibus in quoque loculo 6-7, oblongis, pressione
subangulatis, funiculo majusculo carnoso contortuplicato suspensis; embryone
dicotyledoneo. In Guiana (Cayenne, Aublet); non vidi.
A species hitherto universally referred to Gustavia, but unquestionably belonging to
Grias, there being scarcely any difference in the size, number, and disposition of the
parts from the flower of Grias Peruviana and others. It is a small tree, about 20 feet
high, having a trunk 3-4 inches in diam., with a softish white flexible wood, having a
fetid odour. The larger leaves are more than a foot long, 4 in. broad, quite sessile, the
upper ones alternate, about 1 in. apart, 7 in. long and 2 in. broad; the pedicels are
9 lines long, surmounted by an ovary 4 lines long; the sepals are 43 lines long and
broad; the petals 6 lines long and broad; the androphorum 7 lines in diam., and
2-3 lines high; the globular pyxidium, shown in Plate XXXVI., is nearly 3 inches in
diam. (depieted half this size in Aublet's drawing); the seeds 16 lines long, each sus-
pended by a funicle of nearly its size: the embryo is said to be amygdaloid.
3. GRIAS FENDLERI, Seem. Bot. Her. p. 126 : glabra, foliis sessilibus, spathulato-oblongis,
imo sensim cuneatis et in petiolo brevi seu costa decurrentibus, apice acu-
minatis, integerrimis, costa nervisque utrinque prominulis : racemis e trunco nas-
centibus; rachi brevi; floribus subsessilibus aut breviter pedicellatis; calyce in
alabastro globoso, demum in sepala 2 sequalia rotundata concava irregulariter
fisso, his opacis, pallide flavidis, granulatis; petalis 4 vel 5, obovato-oblongis,
crassis, margine undulatis, utrinque granulatis; androphoro cupulato, appendiculis
numerosissimis, crebre pluriseriatis, in serie exteriore longioribus circa 24 æquali-
bus, subcontortim introflexis et conniventibus; ovario infero, oblongo-turbinato,
4-gono, 4-loculari, ovulis plurimis axi centrali affixis, vertice intra discum subconico,
radiatim striato; stigmate umboniformi, cruciatim 4-lobo. In Panamá: v. v. in M.
Hook., Chagres ( Fendler, 185).
This species is found in the forests of Panama, where it is a tree with sessile leaves
18-24 in.long, 6-8 in. broad, having about 38 pairs of nerves, and much resem i
. MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 301
those of Cespidesia macrophylla, Seem. The pedicels are 9 lines long, angulately
striated, with a basal bract 1 line long; the flowers are 1-13 in. broad ; petals coriaceous,
with imbricate zestivation ; the androphorum bears about 100 staminiferous appendages ;
the ovary is 7 lines long, 4 lines broad.
4. Grias PERUVIANA, nob.: foliis majusculis, spathulato-oblongis, longe supra medium
amplioribus, imo sensim angustissimis, in petiolo decurrentibus, apice in acumen an-
gustum acutum abrupte constrictis, marginibus subrevolutis sinuato-serratis, char-
taceis, supra pallidis, opacis, nervis plurimis rectis, parallele divergentibus, et in
£- nervum marginalem terminantibus, nervis costaque paullo prominentibus, venis
transversis tenuiter reticulatis, subtus fuscioribus, pallide brunnescentibus, sub-
opacis, nervis subtenuibus costaque brunnea prominentibus, venis immersis ; petiolo
subtenui, tereti, marginibus late foliosis reflexis, ochraceo-granulato, limbo 20plo
breviore: racemis plurimis fascieulatis, brevibus, e trunco enatis; pedunculo brevi,
vel in nodum imbrieatim bracteolatum reducto, 3-floro; pedicellis tenuibus, calyce
3plo longioribus, imo 2-bracteolatis ; calyce primum subgloboso, demum in sepala
4 wqualia ovata submembranacea fisso; petalis 4, sequalibus, sepalis 5plo lon-
-gioribus, oblongis, obtusis, imo latioribus, crassis, marginibus undulatis; andro-
phoro brevi, cupulari, appendieulis numerosis, pluriserialibus, in serie exteriore
longioribus, petalis 4plo brevioribus ; ovario infero, sepalis 3plo breviore, granu-
latim maculato, semigloboso, 4-costato, scabridulo, 4-loculari, ovulis in quoque
loculo pluribus, apice suspensis, vertice intra discum latum subconcavum; stylo
brevi, late conico, stigmatis lobis 4, horizontaliter radiantibus. In alta Peruvia:
v. 8. in hb. Hook., Tarapota (Spruce, 4541); Rio de la Ventana (Spruce).
A tree 20-40 feet high, with few elongated branches, terminated by several approxi-
E large leaves ; the leaves are 18-27 in. long, 31-6 in. broad, on a petiole with
may decurrent reflexed margins li in. long; the peduncle is about 3 lines long;
4 nr Hu in. long; the sepals 1$ line long, 2 lines broad ; petals 7 lines long, 5 lines
E S d androphorum 5 lines in diam.; fruit large, with an edible pulp.
12. CERCOPHORA (Plate XXXVI. B).
The outlines of this
remarkable an have been previously given
(page 172), d abnormal genus p y gi
| CERCOPHORA, nob.
Sepala 6, subequalia, ovata . 2 B * ‘ uli te
» Margine denticulata. Petala 6, sepalis 6plo longiora, subinsequlia, su
En Ln. oblonga, patentia, unguibus inter discum et androphorum insinuatis et cum iis agglu-
rinm, in EM Heg planus, annularis, Androphorum petalis vix majus, imo qupulatam, centro
in Zigulam vi ia Icibus staminiferis brevibus numerosissimis 5-serialibus munitum, latere antico
tectam, Cir nk en carnosulam incurvatam pro majore parte appendicibus similibus erebre
culis marginibne € I^ singularem latam expansum : galea ligula latior, e laminis 2 crassius-
2 S et marsupium compressum ore aperto fingens, lamina interna nuda, exte-
Ore intus neryi E. T » inte
VOL, xxx, y Plurimis longitudinaliter parallelis signata, apice subito constricta, in A longam
R
302 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACER. |
anguste lineare incurvum prolongata. Stamina parva, singula apice appendicule tenuiter lon-
giuscule clavate insita; filamentum brevissimum, filiforme; anthera didyma, lobis subglobosis,
rima longitudinali lateraliter dehiscentibus : ovarium inferum, semiglobosum, 3-loculare, ovulis in
quoque loculo plurimis, ad axin circa basin affixis, suberectis, vertice intra discum planum sub.
convexo, radiatim striato; stylus subulato-teres, sepala paullo excedens, subcurvatus; stigma
minutum sub-3-lobum, papillosum.
Arbor Amazonica, de qua nihil nisi flos cognatum est.
1. CERCOPHORA ANOMALA, nob. : planta et inflorescentia ignota : sepalis 6, ovalibus, extus
subcarinatis, minute granulatis, fusco-opacis, marginibus late membranaceis et
ciliato-denticulatis; petalis 6, spathulato-obtusis, rotundatis, inequalibus, sepalis
6plo longioribus, submembranaceis, siccis flavis; ovario parvo, turbinato. In regione
Amazonica : v. florem s. in hb. meo, San Carlos, Rio Negro (Spruce).
As mentioned in a preceding page (p. 172), I found this single flower entangled in the
panicle of my speeimen of Chytroma Spruceana (Spruce, 3695) from San Carlos, on the
upper branch of the Rio Negro, just within the confines of Venezuela. The pedicel is 11
line long; the sepals 13 line long, 1 line broad ; the larger petals are 8 lines long, 6 lines
broad ; the androphorum coiled up, 43 lines in diameter, expanded 9 lines long.
This singular genus seems to approach Cariniana in its 3-locular ovary, erect ovules,
and long style, and to agree generally in its floral parts; but it differs in its andro-
phorum, unilaterally expanded by the addition of its anomalous purse-shaped hood.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXXIII.
Section A. Analysis of Gustavia. ;
Fig. 1. The androphorum of G. Marcgraaviana, seen from beneath, with one of the petals attached to its
base (the others removed).
Fig. 2. The same, shown laterally.
Fig. 3. The same, seen from above. :
Fig. 4. The ovary, surrounded by the sepals, to show the epigynous annular disk to which the andro-
phorum is agglutinated by the intervention of the claws of the petals. |
Fig. 5. A longitudinal section of the flower, showing the relative position of the above parts, and their
attachment to the disk; the inferior ovary is also seen where ovules, supported by funicles,
radiate from the central axis: all nat. size.
Fig. 6. One of the outer and one of the inner row of the many-seried staminiferous appendages of -
androphorum : magnified.
Fig. 7. Summits of 2 of the appendages, seen before and behind, showing how they support the filaments
and anthers, and the peculiar mode of dehiscence of the latter : more highly magnified.
Fig. 8. One of the seeds suspended by its spirally twisted fleshy funicle of nearly equal size: it is draw?
from a specimen preserved in spirits in the Kew Museum, and from another in the British
Museum, sent by Lockhart.
LI
- MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE EX. 303
Fig. 9. Half of its testa removed, to show the enclosed embryo.
. Fig. 10. The embryo, consisting of 2 large fleshy cotyledons, with an imbedded small superior radicle.
Fig. 11. One of the cotyledons, showing the position of the radicle: all nat. size.
Section B. Analysis of Couroupita.
- Fig. 1: A flower expanded of C. Peruviana.
Fig. 2. The ovary invested by the calyx, and margined by 6 sepals, seen sideways.
Fig. 3. The same, seen from above. : ;
Fig. 4. A longitudinal section of the same, showing several ovules in each cell, radiating from the central
axis: all nat. size. —
Fig. 5. The annular epigynous disk surrounding the raised pulvinated vertex of the ovary, hollow in the
centre, where there is a short thick style, surmounted by a depressed 6-rayed stigma.
Fig. 6. A transverse section of the inferior 6-celled ovary, with ovules attached: both magnified.
Fig.7. The androphorum seen sideways, with the numerous staminiferous appendages upon its basal
ring, and others in densely imbricated series within its inverted semiglobular hood.
Fig. 8. The same straightened, to show the bare ligula which intervenes between the basal ring and
the hood, both of which are charged within with numerous staminiferous appendages in closely
imbricated series: both nat. size. ۱
Fig. 9. Three of the appendages of the hood.
Fig. 10. Two of the appendages of the basal ring: both magnified.
Fig. 11. Summit of one of the same, showing how the short filament is inserted upon it. -
Fig. 12. An anther: all magnified.
Fig. 13. One of the many seeds of C. Guianensis, copied from Poiteau's drawing. It is covered by a
pubescent brittle testa, supported by a short funicle and imbedded in pulp.
Fig. 14. The testa splitting, to allow the embryo to escape.
Fig. 15. The embryo enclosed within the testa, showing the two plicated ascending foliaceous cotyledons,
: similar in length to the terete radicle, curved below, and pointing upwards to the hilum.
Fig. 16. The exalbuminous embryo expanded : all nat. size.
Led Section C. Analysis of a flower of Bertholletia nobilis.
" A flower in bud, showing its entire floral globular calyx, which conceals the other parts.
Fig. 3 ie zone, of full size and in its expanded state.
Fig bor calyx, which splits into two semiglobular segments, each tridentate at the apex.
serons EC same, seen from above, showing the epigynous annular disk and the vertex of the inferior
Á a ent) section of the same, with the ovules in each cell attached to the central axis.
Me? tiii "n of the inferior ovary, showing its 4 cells. :
Bes Th androphoram 1n its natural shape. à
: the same somewhat straightened, to show the bare ligula between the basal ring and concave
Fig. 9, ws Which are both densely charged with numerous appendages, all seen sideways.
Fig. 10, Bu. from within: all nat. size. bd
Fig. 11. eas a appendages of the hood, bare of stamens.
Pig. 12. An erect 4, appendages of the basal ring, all bearing fertile stamens : both magnified.
Fig. 13 ۱ triquetral seed, showing the hilum at the lower ventral angle.
۰ The thick نز so : |
I gneous testa in a longitudinal section, showing one of the channels which are filled
.. ^e mam chords of the ascending raphe. ۱
2R2
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE.
. l4. A transverse section of the same, showing the channels with the three main cords of the im-
bedded raphe in the three angles.
. 15. The edible nucleus, removed from fig. 13. This is the ordinary well-known Brazil-nut.
. 16. A transverse section of the same, seen sideways.
. 17. The same, seen from above, showing in its summit the traces of the almost obsolete minute
cotyledons.
. 18. A longitudinal section of the same embryo, slowing it to be a gigantic radicle, with an external
exorhiza surrounding an internal neorhiza.
.19. The same in a state of germination, as seen in a specimen preserved in spirits in ihá Kew
Museum : all nat. size.
Prate XXXIV.
Section A. Analysis of Lecythis.
. 1. A flower expanded.
2. The inferior ovary surmounted by 6 sepals, viewed sideways.
. 8. The same, seen from above, showing within the sepals the epigynous disk that encircles the elevated
vertex of the ovary : all nat. size.
. 4. A transverse section of the inferior ovary, usually 4-celled. |
5. A longitudinal section of the same, showing also the sepals, disk, vertex, and style, with several ——
ovules in each cell, suspended by funicles from the middle or summit of the central axis : both
somewhat magnified. :
. 6. The androphorum removed, showing its inverted head.
. 7. The same straightened, to show the bare ligula between the basal staminiferous ring and the hood
echinated inside with very numerous staminiferous appendages.
. 8. The same viewed sideways, to show the basal ring where it is agglutinated to the disk by the
intervening claws of the petals.
. 9. Three of the staminiferous appendages of the hood.
. 10. Three of the same belonging to the basal ring: all nat. size.
. 11. Three of the appendages of the hood, enlarged, showing the anthers fixed on their summits.
. 12. Those of the basal ring, with the anthers before and after dehiscence: all magnified.
. 18. One of the seeds suspended within the fruit by a large fleshy funicle, which is attached to the
summit of the solid columella descending from the operculum: this is more clearly shown in
Plate LVI.
. 14. A seed without the funicle.
. 15. A longitudinal section of its thick coriaceous or ligneous testa, with its enclosed nucleus.
. 16. A transverse section of the same, showing the several cords of the branching imbedded raphe.
. 17. The nucleus removed, which is the ordinary Sapucaya nut; it is a homogeneous embryo or
gigantic radicle, like that of Bertholletia.
. 18. The same, seen below, to show the almost obliterated basal minute cotyledons.
. 19. A transverse section of the same, showing the neorhiza surrounded by the external exorhiza.
. 20. The same germinating. This I found in the fruit of L. Marcgraaviana : all nat. size.
Section B. Analysis of Chytroma.
. l. A flower expanded, with the androphorum removed to show the sepals and petals.
. 2. The calyx and semiinferior ovary: both nat. size.
. 3. The same, enlarged, to show the annular disk which encircles the elevated vertex of the ovary,
terminated by a short umboniform style.
. A longitudinal section of the same, showing the ovary to be half-superior, and that its ovules ۴
erect in the base of the cells.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEZ, 305
Fig. 5. A transverse section of the same above the level of the disk, as seen from above, surrounded by
: the expanded calyx ; the ovary is 4-celled, and its ovules always erect and sessile : all magnified.
Fig. 6. The androphorum : nat. size.
. Fig. 7. An enlarged view of the same, showing its inverted hood.
Fig. 8. The same straightened, to show the staminiferous appendages of the basal ring, the bare ligula,
and the hood densely echinated within, with sterile appendages.
Fig. 9. The same, viewed sideways: all magnified. —
Fig. 10. Some of the sterile appendages of the hood.
Fig. 11. Some of the fertile appendages of the basal ring : both more or less magnified.
Fig. 12. A seed, seen on its dorsal face, showing the cancellated bars of the imbedded branching raphe.
Fig. 13. The same, viewed on its ventral face, showing the basal hilum, from which ascends the main
branch of the raphe-like fillet with its edges free, but adhering to the testa by a linear nerve.
Fig. 14. The same with half of the testa removed, showing its thin brittle texture, and the prominent
main branch of the raphe, the enclosed embryo being contracted by drying.
Fig. 15. The lower moiety of the testa, seen from above, with a portion of the fillet of the raphe thrown
back.
Fig. 16. The nucleus, removed, which is solid, of a dark colour, very bitter in taste, and homogeneous in
texture. ۲
Fig. 17, A longitudinal section of the same, showing its structure to be analogous to that of Lecythis, but
with a much thicker exorhiza, which leaves an open fissure between it and the neorhiza:
all nat. size. |
Section C. Analysis of Eschweilera.
Fig. 1. A flower expanded.
Fig. 2. The inferior ovary, showing the 6 sepals, the annular disk which surrounds its elevated vertex, and
: the umboniform style: both nat. size. |
Fig. 3. An enlarged view of the same, from above.
Fig. 4. À transverse section of the same, showing it to be 2-celled. ;
Fig. 5. A longitudinal section of the same, showing the cells to be half-superior, with severaliovalos an
: each cell, always erect and sessile in its base: all magnified.
Fig. 6. The androphorum. |
Fig. 7. The same straightened and seen from within, showing its basal ring covered n : v2
staminiferous appendages, the intervening bare ligula and He licia uM را ای
densely echinated inside with many imbricated appendages, most ی موی و Meile sat. tome
; times, though rarely, they bear fertile stamens. r
nig 8. Some of the sterile appendages of the hood.
E 9. Some of the fertile appendages of the basal ring : all nat. size.
18. 10. Two of the same appendages, bearing short filaments and anthers,
" dehiscence: magnified. ۱
ig. 11. A seed, shown on its.dorsal face, and having a granularly scrobiculate surface,
versely below the middle.
Fig. 12, SES seen edgeways, showing the basal hilum,
imbedded raphe are seen t te. EUN |
The same, en on its Ser Pu where the main vpn a of the raphe aacends from
the hilum, and from which other sulcated branches are spread. : :
A longitudinal section of the same, showing its thick coriaceous testa, in the a of n
the branching raphe is imbedded: within itis a lax thin integument, and a Ae n ça
pad in drying, flat on the ventral face, where it and the ipfe iod
e testa,
shown before and after
swelling trans-
from which the sulcated branches of the
Fig. 13,
Fig. 14,
306 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
Fig. 15. A transverse section of the same, showing the same parts.
Fig. 16. The lax inner integument and the smaller nucleus, shown in یو section.
Fig. 17. The same in transverse section.
Fig. 18. The pale integument cut open, showing where it is coated within by a grey pulverulence, and one
side is charged with clots of black powdery matter. `
Fig. 19. The dark bitter nucleus, seen on its dorsal face.
Fig. 20. The same, shown edgeways.
Fig. 21. A longitudinal section of the same, showing its homogeneous texture, its thickish exorhiza often
separated by a fissure from the internal neorhiza, a structure analogous to that of Chytroma.
Fig. 22. A transverse section of the same: all nat. size.
PLATE XXXV.
Section A. ARMAS, of Jugastrum.
Fig. 1. A flower before expansion.
Fig. 2. The same after expansion.
Fig. 3. The 6 sepals, the annular disk, and elevated vertex of the ovary, terminated by a very short style.
Fig. 4. A longitudinal section ofthe ovary, which is 2-celled, the vertex dome-shaped, the cells half-supe-
rior, with several ovules erect in the base of each cell.
Fig. 5. A transverse section of the same, showing it to be 2-celled, with several ovules erect in each cell.
Fig. 6. The androphorum, with a convex hood.
Fig. 7. The same straightened and viewed from the inside, showing the many staminiferous appendages
on its basal ring, its bare ligula, and its hood echinated with very numerous staminiferous
appendages.
Fig. 8. The appendages of the hood.
Fig. 9. Those of the basal ring: all nat. size.
Fig. 10. The staminiferous appendages of the hood.
Fig. 11. Those of the basal ring, with the anthers before and after dehiscence : both magnified.
Fig. 12. A seed of J. obtectum.
Fig. 13. A longitudinal section of the same, showing its thin coriaceous testa, smooth outside, granulated
within.
Fig. 14. A lower moiety of the same in transverse section.
Fig. 15. The nucleus or embryo, with a granulated surface, nearly filling the testa, with a split nil í m
the middle of the ventral angle.
Fig. 16. A longitudinal section of the same, showing it to be homogeneous in texture; it is of a darkish
colour, with an external exorhiza, very thin near the nipple, and opposite a protuberance of the
neorhiza: all nat. size.
Fig. 17. The same, magnified.
Fig. 18. The macropodous embryo in germination : naf. size, after Berg.
Fig. 19. The compressed seed of J. platyspermum, seen on the ventral face.
Fig. 20. The same, seen edgeways.
Fig. 21. A transverse section of the testa.
Fig. 22. A longitudinal section of the nucleus : all nat. size.
Section B. Analysis of Couratari.
Fig. 1. A flower expanded : nat. siz ;
Fig. 2. The inferior ovary, 6 free is the annular epigynous disk, the elevated pulvinated and erenated
vertex, hollow in the middle, where there is a broad conical short style, surmounted by a a hollow
globular stigma,
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA. 307
Fig. 3. A longitudinal section of the same, showing several ovules erect in the basal angle of each cell.
Fig. 4. A transverse section of the same, which has 3 cells, with erect ovules: all somewhat magnified.
Fig. 5. The androphorum, viewed sideways.
Fig. 6. The same straightened, to show the basal ring charged with staminiferous appendages, the loug
intervening bare ligula, and the reversed hood attached by a fleshy knob in the summit of the
ligula, the hood being echinated outside (contrary to the general rule) with numerous sterile
appendages.
Fig. 7. Three of the appendages of the hood.
Fig. 8. Three of the staminiferous appendages of the basal ring: all nat. size.
- Fig.9. Two of the same, with the anthers before and after dehiscence: magnified.
- 1۱2, 10. A seed, which is much compressed, with a broad circumambient membranaceous wing, placed
round an oblong testaceous escutcheon.
. The same, seen edgeways. ۱
. The very thin inner integument, which fills the escutcheon and encloses the exalbuminous
embryo.
. 18. The embryo removed, showing its form when embraced by the integument.
Fig. 14. The same expanded to exhibit the long terete club-shaped radicle pointing to the basal hilum,
‚and shortly curved at its upper extremity, where it is continuous with 2 broad plicated foliaceous
cotyledons equal to it in length: all nat. size.
i Section C. Analysis of Cariniana.
Fig. 1. A flower: nat. size.
Fig. 2. The same: greatly magnified.
Fig. 3. Two of the six petals, seen from within and sideways.
Fig. 4. The inferior ovary, seen from above: all equally magnified.
Fig. 5. A vertical section of the same, showing the 6-dentate cupular free border of the calyx, the annular
disk, the somewhat concave vertex, the long terete style, the inferior cells containing few or
more erect ovules fixed near their base.
Fig. 6. A transverse section of the same, showing the three cells and the ovules in each: both more
magnified.
Fig. 7. The androphorum, on the same scale as fig. 2, showing its very gibbous tubular form, slightly
convex at its summit; it is fringed on the margin and echinated over its whole surface inside,
ny with staminiferous appendages in many series, and has no basal ring or ligula : in this respect
Fg. " approaches Gustavia and Grias.
i > ^u same, seen sideways,
"m x same cut open, to show the many series of staminiferous appendages, the upper ones being
Fig. 10, y Best, the others gradually shortening in length to that of the lower short series : magnified.
. The appendages of the upper and 1 ies : ified
Fig. 11. OSR = . pper and lower series: more magnified.
BEEN ۰
Fig. 13. The ts anthers after dehiscence, seen sideways and from above.
Fig 14 A m. anc part of the style: magnified. - 5
mm va sem in front, with its long basal membranaceous wing and the apical embryoniferous
en o
Big, 1. nd thin Inner mtegument removed from the escutcheon, the space of which it fills.
i i base] ,» removed from that integument, consisting of a terete descending radicle pointing to
ee curved suddenly at its summit, and continuous with the descending cotyledons :
308
Fig.
Fig.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
18. The same, with the cotyledons pps which are foliaceous, plicated, and shorter than the
radicle: magnified.
Puare XXXVI.
Section A. Analysis of Allantoma.
. 1. A flower: nal. size.
. 2. An enlarged view of the same.
. 3. The six unequal petals, removed.
. 4. The inferior ovary surmounted by. six free sepals and the annular epigynous disk, which surrounds
the vertex and umbonate style.
. 5. A longitudinal section of the same.
. 6. A transverse section of the same in the instance where it is 4-celled.
. 7. The same where it is 3-celled ; in other species it is 5-celled.
. 8. The androphorum in its natural form, partially opened to show the several convolutions of the
ligula and the semiglobular hood, bare of appendages on both faces, though they are seen
along its margins.
. 9. The same, with the ligula partly straightened, seen from within.
. 10. The same, viewed externally, where the last convolution is reversed in a contrary direction.
.ll. The same, viewed externally, where the ligula is further straightened and biplicated, and
showing how the bare hollow hood is reversed upon the extremity of the ligula: all magnified
on the same scale. i
. 12. One of the seeds, on its dorsal face.
. 13. The same, seen sideways.
. 14. The same, shown on its smoother ventral face, where the position of the hilum is seen on one
of its basal auricles.
. 15. The same, with half of the thick subcoriaceous testa removed to show the relative form and size
of the enclosed nucleus.
ig. 16. The nucleus removed, seen on its face.
. 17. The same, seen edgeways.
. 18. A transverse section of the same: all nat. size.
g. 19. A longitudinal section of the nucleus, showing the exorhiza — the neorhiza:
magnified. |
Section B. Analysis of Cercophora.
. l. A flower expanded : nat. size.
. 2. One of the six petals.
. 8. The inferior ovary surmounted by a border of six free expanded sepals: all nat. size.
. 4. The same, showing the annular disk, flat vertex, and long terete style.
. 5. A longitudinal section of the same, omitting the sepals, showing the cells of the inferior ovary;
with its ovules erect from the base.
+ 6. A transverse section of the same, to show its three cells: all magnified.
. 7. The androphorum.
. 8. The same straightened : both nat. size.
. 9. The same, enlarged, showing the inversion of its hood and the further inflexion of its caudal
extension,
10. The same straightened, seen from within, showing the usual basal ring, with a short incurved
ligula, both charged with staminiferous appendages, and the bare sacciform hood with its caudal
extension,
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE. 309
Fig. 11. A longitudinal section of the same, seen edgeways, showing the hollow purse-shaped hood and
its caudal extension.
Fig. 12. The same, with the inner face of the hood cut through and thrown back to show its peculiar
: nervation : all magnified. à
Fig. 13. One of the staminiferous appendages: nat. size.
Fig. 14. The same, magnified.
Fig. 15. A portion of the style and stigma: magnified.
Section C. Analysis of Grias.
Fig. 1. A flower of Grias Peruviana in bud, closed by the entire globular limb of the calyx.
Fig. 2. The same after expansion, the calycine limb now split into 4 equal sepals : both nat. size.
Fig. 3. The same, enlarged, showing the inferior ovary, the 4 sepals, and the 4 equal petals somewhat
larger than the sepals. ;
Fig. 4. The same, seen from above, showing the petals surrounding the androphorum.
Fig. 5. The inferior ovary, surmounted by the four sepals, the annular disk, and the umbonated vertex.
Fig. 6. A transverse section of the ovary, showing it to be 4-celled. |
Fig. 7. A longitudinal section of the same, with the ovules in the cells: all somewhat magnified.
Fig. 8. The same, showing more distinctly the annular disk with its crenulated margin surrounding the
concave vertex, the umboniform style, surmounted by the sessile 4-rayed stigma, the ovules in
each cell suspended by funicles from the top of the axile column.
Fig. 9. The stigma: both more highly magnified.
Fig. 10. The androphorum in its natural shape, consisting of a shallow basal cup, regular in form,
bordered by the external series of much longer staminiferous appendages.
Fig. 11. The same cut open, to show how it is covered internally with several series of staminiferous
appendages, the lower one short, the others gradually longer, the external series longest: both
little magnified.
Fig. 12. Two of the same appendages, which are somewhat incurved, subtetragonous,
۳ summit, where the filaments are inserted : more magnified.
ig. 13. A stamen, with two oval anther-cells, almost disjointed, upon the apex of the filament.
A 14. The same after dehiseing laterally by a longitudinal suture: both more highly magnified. —
Fig. 15. A fruit of Grias Aubletiana, drawn in its natural dimensions as given in the text of Aublet, and
e T from his drawing, stated to be half-size. :
: ^» A transverse section of the same, showing it to be indehiscent and 4-celled, e
" ing 6 or 7 seeds.
18. 17. One of the seeds suspended by a fleshy funicle, as in Gustavia: all nat. size.
truncated at the
ach cell contain-
PLATE XXXVII.
Represents the fruit of two species of Bertholletia.
w Museum, collected by Purdie in the
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of B. excelsa, from a specimen in the Ke i
s figure of his specimen from the river
island of Trinidad: it corresponds well with Bonpland"
Fig. 2, A ae fth he f f the opercular pening
i of the upper part of the shell, showing the form 0 :
"i£ 8. The extruding piedan, which naturally wo off from the summit of the internal columella,
“a deem in the Kew specimen and in Bonpland’s drawing. —
e Pyxidium of B. nobilis, from Pará, from specimens sold in London shops
guished by its smaller and more globular form, its darker thick coriaceous
and falls a fox ;
VOL. Xxx. way in fragments. 25
. This is distin-
Fig. 4,
bark, which splits
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
e
al
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
. A section of the upper part of the shell, showing the difference in its opercular opening.
. The incarcerated depressed operculum.
A cluster of five seeds, not quite ripe, the contents of one of the cells, fixed by their basal angle to
a portion of the columella. There is here no trace of any pulp, which Berg asserts to surround
the seeds; the specimen is in the Museum of the Linnean Society : all nat. size:
PLATE XXXVIII.
. The pyxidium of Lecythis ampullaria, from a specimen in the Kew Museum. One quarter-
segment is taken away, to show the size of the cavity and the thickness of its shell.
. A seed in the Kew Museum, brought by Triana from Nueva Granada.
Prate XXXIX.
. The pyxidium of Lecythis urnigera, procured by myself and others in Rio de Janeiro, where they
are sold in the open market.
One of its seeds, suspended by its white fleshy funicle, from a drawing made by me while in the
fresh state; its nucleus is edible, and called Supucaya : both nat. size.
PLATE XL.
. The pyxidium of Lecythis Velloziana, from a specimen belonging to Mrs. Fry, who obtained it
in Rio de Janeiro; it agrees sufficiently with the rude drawing in the * Flora Fluminensis,? where
the opereulum is wanting.
One of its seeds : both nat. size.
PLATE XLI.
The pyxidium of Lecythis Bogotensis, from a specimen from Bogota iu the British Museum : nat. size.
c
go w
PrATA XLII.
. The pyxidium of Leeythis vasiformis, from 2 specimens obtained in Rio de Janeiro by Mrs. Fry,
and now in her possession.
One of its seeds.
The pyxidium of Lecythis pilaris, from a specimen brought from Rio de Janeiro by Mrs. Fry;
the operculum has been lost: all nat. size.
PLATE XLIII.
The pyxidium of Lecythis ampla, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, sent from Antioquia, in
New Granada.
One of its seeds.
The pyxidium of Lecythis minor, from two specimens in my possession, said to come from Costa
Rica, but probably from Cartagena, as it corresponds with Jacquin’s drawing: all nat. size.
PLATE XLIV.
The pyxidium of Lecythis validissima, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, obtained from ۶
tree growing in Mauritius, and introduced from Guiana; another specimen is in the British
Museum, from Guiana, which exactly corresponds in size and shape with the above.
. One of its seeds: bath nat. size.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE. 911
dots: Prats XLV.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Lecythis lacunosa, from a specimen in the British Museum brought from Brazil
by Capt. Burton. I have two specimens of the same from Rio de Janeiro. There are also two other
specimens in the Kew Museum, one of which has its interzonal band depressed below the level
of the calycary zone ; but as it agrees with the above in other particulars, I have referred it here.
Fig. 2. A seed of the same: both nat. size.
PLATE XLVI.
The fruits of Lecythis lanceolata, Poir. (non Berg).
Fig. 1. The pyxidium from a specimen in the Kew Museum, from a Guiana tree cultivated in the Mau-
ritius. There is another specimen, somewhat broader in proportion, in the same Museum,
probably indigenous and from Dutch Guiana.
Fig. 9. An unripe specimen in the British Museum, sent from Ile Bourbon,
duced from Guiana; its operculum is higher and more convex: both nat. size.
there cultivated and intro-
PLATE XLVII.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Lecythis Zabucayo, from a specimen in the Kew Museum,
i from Hamburg, probably derived from Guiana.
Fig. 2. Two of its seeds, seen in front and sideways.
Fig. 3. The pyxidium of Lecythis usitata, from a specimen in the K
: Dr. Spruce. Its operculum has been lost.
Fig. 4. One of the seeds. This quite resembles in size and form
shops, and imported from Pará: all nat. size.
sent by a collector
ew Museum, sent from Pará by
the Sapucaya nuts sold in the London
PLATE XLVIII.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Lecythis Marcgraaviana, from a specimen in the Museum of the Linnean Society.
Fig. 2. One of its seeds.
Pig. 3. The pyxidium of Lecythis Pohlii, copied from the drawing of Berg.
1g. 4. One of its seeds : all nat. size.
Pras XLIX. . |
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Lecythis densa, from a specimen m the British Museum
a collection. |
8. 2. The pyxidium of Lecythis cupularis, from a specimen in the
: province of Pará. 64 '
Fig. 3. The pyxidium of Lecythis levicula, from à specimen in the Kew Museum sent from Demerara :
all nat. size. ۱
derived from Sloane’s
Kew Mnseum, probably from the
PLATE L.
The pyxidium of Lecythis Pisonis, copied from Berg's drawing, with the addition of AP ©
described in his text: nat. size.
PLATE LI.
Fig. 1. The من 2 n llection : nat. size.
: pyxidium of Lecythi i ۱ cimen in my own co e :
Fig. 2 cythis spheroides, from a spe ¿he Kev Museum, sent, together with the
2s
. The pyxidium of Lecythis elliptica, from a specimen in
312 MR. J. MIERS ON THE ۰
dried plant, by Purdie, the latter agreeing well with Kunth’s description of his plant from the
same locality.
Fig. 3. The pyxidium of Lecythis dubia, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, also sent by Purdie, from.
the locality indicated by Bonpland : all nat. size. |
PuaATE LII.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Lecythis biserrata, from a drawing made by Dr. Berg from a specimen from Rio
de Janeiro, which he wrongly referred to Lecythis lanceolata, Poir., a Guiana species, and also
to Lecythis minor, Vell. (non Jacq.). I have added to Berg's drawing the operculum there
omitted, but which he describes in his text.
Fig. 2. The pyxidium of Lecythis platyzone, from the description given by Berg: both nat. size. -
PLATE LIII.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Lecythis limbata, from a specimen in the British Museum ; the operculum has
been lost: nat. size. |
Fig. 2. A view of the same from above, to show the contour of its calycary zone: half its nat. size.
PLATE LIV.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Lecythis crassinoda, from a specimen in the British Museum: nat. size.
. The same, seen from above, to show the outline of its calycary zone: reduced to half-size.
Fig. 3. One of its seeds : nat. size.
e
o
©
PLATE LV.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Lecythis venusta, from a specimen in the Kew Museum and my own collection :
nat. size.
. The same, seen from above, to show the form of the calycary zone : reduced to half-size.
Fig. 3. One of its seeds. |
4. The pyxidium of Lecythis tumefacta, from a specimen in the Kew Museum and another in my
own collection: both nat. size .
. The same, seen from above, to show the outline of the calycary zone : reduced to half-size.
Fig. 6. One of its seeds: nat. size.
^
ds
vo
=
ds
ex
PLATE LVI.
1. The pyxidium of Lecythis tuberculata, from a specimen in my own collection : nat. size.
Fig. 2. The same, seen from above, to show the form of the calycary zone: reduced to half-size.
8. One of the seeds suspended by its fleshy funicle: nat. size.
Fig. 4. The pyxidium of Lecythis Coxiana, from two dried specimens, and another preserved in spirits,
in my own collection, showing one of its cells, and its seeds suspended by their fleshy funicles |
in their true position: nat. size. ۱
Fig. 5. The same, seen from above, showing the peculiar contour of its.calycary zone : reduced to half-size.
be:
PLATE LVII.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Lecythis grandiflora, copied from Aublet's drawing, and restored to the dimen
sions given in the text: nat. size. | :
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACE. 313
Fig. 2. The same, seen from above: half nat. size.
Fig. 3. One of its seeds : nat. size.
Fig. 4. The pysidium of Lecythis variolata, from 4 specimens in my own collection.
Fig. 5. The same, seen from above, with the operculum removed, showing the outline of its calycary zone :
reduced to half nat. size.
PLATE LVIII.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Chytroma Schomburgkiana, from a specimen in the Kew Collection, partly in
longitudinal section.
Fig. 2. The same, seen from above, after the removal of the operculum, showing it to be 4-celled.
Fig. 8. The pyxidium of Chytroma incarcerata, partly in longitudinal section, showing that, the velarium
being broader than the zonal aperture, the operculum cannot fall off.
Fig. 4. The operculum of the same released, shown sideways, connected with the four dissepiments.
Fig. 5. One of its erect seeds : all nat. size.
Fig. 6. The pyxidium of Chytroma cistella, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, shown partly in longi-
tudinal section.
. Fig. 7. The same, seen from above, after the removal of the operculum, showing it to be 4-celled.
Fig. 8. The pyxidium of Chytroma amara, copied from Aublet's drawing, restored to its natural size, as
stated in the text, partly in longitudinal section. :
Fig. 9. The same, seen from above, with the operculum removed, showing it to be 4-celled.
Fig. 10. The pyxidium of Chytroma monosperma, copied from Berg's drawing, shown partly in longi-
tudinal section.
Fig. 11, Its single seed, the rest being abortive.
Fig. 12. The pyxidium of Chytroma pilacarpa, partly in longitudinal section. ;
Fig. 13, The pyxidium of Chytroma basilaris, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, shown partly in
longitudinal section.
Fig. 14. The same with the opereulum removed, as seen from above, showing it to be 4-celled : all
nat. size.
PLATE LIX.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Chytroma grandifolia, copied from Berg's drawing, and partly in longitudinal
section.
Fig. 2. One of its seeds.
Fig. 3, The pyxidium of Chytroma Spruceana, from a specimen in the Kew Museum,
longitudinal section.
Fe 4. The operculum of the same, seen from below, showing the dissepiments of its four cells. i
E-5. The pyxidium of Chytroma urceolata, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, shown partly in
longitudinal section.
Fig. 6. One of its seeds.
Fig. 7. The pyxidium of Chytroma cincturata, from three specimens m Me Rer
in longitudinal section.
Fig. 8. One of its seeds,
shown partly in
Museum, shown partly
Fig. 10,
Fig. 11.
*pecimen in the Kew Museum, and from another in my 0
e
c
>
« 8.
. 9.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
. The operculum of the same, removed.
. One of its seeds.
The pyxidium of Chytroma Ibiribä, from a specimen in the Kew Museum.
. Another specimen of the same, less matured, where the operculum is somewhat umbonated,
shown partly in longitudinal section.
. One of its seeds.
The pyxidium of. Chytroma Idatimon, copied from Aublet’s drawing, shown partly in longitudinal
section.
. The operculum of the same, removed, showing the 4 seeds partly embraced by its 4 dissepiments.
The pyxidium of the same with its operculum removed, seen from above, showing its 4 cells:
all nat. size.
. The pyxidium of Eschweilera angustifolia, copied from Berg’s drawing.
. The pyxidium of Eschweilera compressa, from several specimens in my own collection,
. The same with the operculum removed, showing, from the vestiges of the evanescent dissepi-
ment, that it was originally 2-celled; the cicatrices of the hilar attachment of the seeds are
seen in the base.
. One of its erect seeds, shown on its dorsal face.
. The same, viewed from below, showing the position of the hilum at the bottom of the basal
angle: all nat. size.
PLATE LX.
. The pyxidium of Eschweilera rigida, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, shown partly m |
longitudinal section.
One of its seeds, seen on its ventral face.
. The same, on its dorsal side.
The pyxidium of Eschweilera serrulata, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, shown partly in
longitudinal section.
One of its seeds.
. The pyxidium of Eschweilera Fendleri, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, shown partly in +
longitudinal section.
The pyxidium of Eschweilera Guanabarica, from several specimens in my own collection, shown
partly in longitudinal section; in some of them the umbonate prominence of the operculum
almost disappears, leaving the summit quite flattened.
One of its seeds.
The pyxidium of Eschweilera Idatimonoides, copied fon Berg's drawing, shown in longitudinal à
section.
10. The pyxidium of Eschweilera corrugata, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, from Demerara,
shown partly in longitudinal section.
. The same, copied from Poiteau's drawing. :
. The pyxidium of Eschweilera longipes, copied from Poiteau's drawing, shown partly in longıtu-
dinal section.
. The same with the operculum removed, to show it is originally 2-celled, the dissepiment be-
coming withered.
. The pyxidium of Eschweilera Blanchetiana, drawn from Berg’s description.
. The pyxidium of Eschweilera levifolia, from a specimen in the Kew Museum.
. The pyxidium of Eschweilera ovata, from a specimen in the Kew Museum sent by Gardner
from Pernambuco, partly in longitudinal section.
. The pyxidium of Eschweilera Luschnatii, from Burchell’s specimen in the Kew Museum.
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE. 915
Fig. 18. The pyxidium of Eschweilera platycarpa, copied from Poiteau's drawing, partly in longitudinal
section.
` Fig. 19. The pyxidium of Eschweilera parviflora, copied from Aublet’s drawing, shown partly in longi-
tudinal section.
Fig. 20. One of its seeds.
Fig. 21. The pyxidium of Eschweilera parvifolia, from Dr. Berg's description.
Fig. 22. The pyxidium of Eschweilera Siberiana, from Dr. Berg's description, shown partly in longitu-
dinal section.
Fig. 23. The pyxidium of Eschweilera lurida, from Burchell’s specimen in the Kew Museum: all nat.
size.
PLATE LXI.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Jugastrum coriaceum, copied from Dr. Berg’s drawing, and shown partly in
longitudinal section.
Fig. 2. The same with the operculum removed, seen from above, showing the seeds in one of its two
cells, the seeds being removed from the other that the cicatrices may be seen in the base, to
denote the points of attachment of the erect seeds.
Fig. 3. One of its seeds.
Fig. 4. The pyxidium of Jugastrum subcinctum, from specimens in the Kew Museum, shown partly in
longitudinal section.
Fig. 5. The same, from another specimen in the same Museum.
Fig. 6. One of its seeds.
Fig. 7. The pyxidium of Jugastrum obtectum, from a specimen in the Kew Museum.
Fig. 8. One of its seeds,
Fig. 9. The pyxidium of Jugastrum platyspermum, from a specimen in the Kew Museum.
Fig. 10. One of its seeds, shown on its ventral face.
Fig. 11, The same, seen on its edge.
Fig. 12. Another pyxidium of the same, from a specimen in the British Museum.
Fig. 18. The pyxidium of Jugastrum depressum, from a specimen in the Kew Museum.
Fig. 14. Another specimen of the same, in the British Museum.
Fig. 15. One of its seeds: all nat. size.
| | Prate LXII. :
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Couratari Martiana, from a specimen in the British Museum, shown partly in
longitudinal section.
Fig. 2. The operculum and its columella, removed, much contracted in drying.
Fig. 3. One of its seeds, shown on its face.
Fig. 4. The same, seen on its edge. |
Fig. 5. The pyxidium of Couratari glabra, copied from Berg's drawing,
section.
> 6. Its operculum and columella, contracted in drying.
E- 7. One of its seeds.
Fig. 8, The Pyxidium of Couratari rufescens, from three specim
: 1n longitudinal section.
E 9. Its opereulum and columella, contracted in drying. :
18. 10. A transverse section of the same when in the fresh state, showing
columella,
Fig. 11. One of its seeds, seen on its face.
: 12, The same, seen on its edge.
shown partly in longitudinal
ens in my own collection, shown partly
the 3 cells formed round the
316 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
Fig. 13. The pyxidium of Couratari Guianensis, from specimens in my own and other collections, shown. 5
partly in longitudinal section.
Fig. 14. The opereulum and columella of the same, shrunk in drying. |
Fig. 15. A transverse section of the same when in the fresh state, showing the 3 cells round the columella, - 7
Fig. 16. One of its seeds: all nat. size.
PrarE LXIII.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Cariniana Brasiliensis, from several specimens in my own collection, shown -
partly in longitudinal section.
Fig. 2. The operculum and columella, removed.
Fig. 3. Two of its seeds. 8
Fig. 4. The pyxidium of Cariniana dübvatioa; copied from Berg's drawing, shown partly in longitud ۱
section. y
Fig. 5. The operculum and columella of the same.
Fig. 6. The pyxidium of Cariniana excelsa, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, shown partly in
longitudinal section, and where the teeth are seen in its mouth. 3
Fig. 7. The operculum and columella of the same, contracted in drying.
Fig. 8. 'The seeds of the same, in different positions.
Fig. 9. The pyxidium of Cariniana Uahupensis, shown partly in longitudinal section.
re section.
Fig. 11. The pyxidium of Cariniana pyriformis, from a specimen in the collection of the Linnean Society
and three others in the Kew Museum, shown partly in longitudinal section.
Fig. 12. The operculum and columella of the same, showing the impressions left by its imbricated seeds.
Fig. 13: The seeds, seen in front and on the edge : all nat. size.
PLATE LXIV.
Fig. 1. The pyxidium of Allantoma torulosa, from a specimen in the British Museum. There is another,
somewhat smaller, in the Kew Museum; it is shown partly in longitudinal section.
Fig. 2. A transverse section of the same when in its fresh state, showing the 5 cells round the col
Fig. 3. One of its seeds.
Fig. 4. The pyxidium of Allantoma cylindrica, from a specimen in the Kew Museum and another in my
own collection, shown partly in longitudinal section.
Fig. 5. A transverse section of the same when in a fresh state, showing its 4 cells round the m
Fig. 6. One of its seeds, seen in front. :
Fig. 7. The same, shown on its edge.
Fig. 8. The same, seen on its dorsal face, showing the hilum on one of the basal lobe
Fig. 9. The pyxidium of Allantoma macrocarpa, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, which age
with the drawing of Berg: it is shown partly in longitudinal section.
Fig. 10. The pyxidium of Allantoma dictyocarpa, copied from Berg’s drawing: all nat. size.
PLATE LXV.
. 1. The pyxidium of Allantoma scutellata, from a specimen in the Museum of the Linnean Soc 7
shown partly in a longitudinal section, with its columella much shrunk in
Fig. 2. A transverse section of the same when i drying.
1 in a fresh stat the "m
Fig. 3. One of its seeds, sh state, showing the 4 cells round
A
AF
MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEE. 317
Fig. 4. The pyxidium of Allantoma lineata, copied from Berg's drawing.
Fig. 5. A transverse section of the same when in its fresh state, showing the 5 cells round the columella.
Fig. 6. The pyxidium of Allantoma Burchelliana, from a specimen in the Kew Museum, shown partly in
longitudinal section. ۰
Fig. 7. A transverse section of the same when in a fresh state, showing its 4 cells round the columella.
Fig. 8. One of its seeds. :
Fig.9. The pyxidium of Allantoma aulacocarpa, from Berg's drawing, shown partly in longitudinal
section.
Fig. 10. The pyxidium of Allantoma corbula, from a specimen in the British Museum, and shown in
partly longitudinal section.
Fig. 11. A transverse section of the same when in a fresh state,
mella: all nat. size.
showing the 5 cells round the colu-
POSTSCRIPT.
I received from my friend Sen" Mattos entire
After the above memoir was in type,
which serve to throw additional
specimens of ripe fruits of Lecythis preserved in spirits,
light upon the carpological structure of that genus. The specimens of L. Coxiana,
alluded to in p. 218, were mere portions of a pyxidium, intended to show the existence
of the large funicle attached to each seed: but they were insufficient to enable me to
determine whether the attachment was at the base or near the summit of the columella;
and in deciding between these alternatives the wrong inference was drawn. As the
fruit, from its great weight, always hangs in an inverted position, the seeds in a longi-
tudinal section of the specimen appear, as in their natural growth, suspended ; but when
the fruit is placed in an erect posture, the seeds then stand upon their large funicles,
which are attached to the base of the columella, as they are correctly shown in Plate LVI.
In consequence of this explanation the following corrections are needed :—
ERRATA.
Page 163, 11 lines from bottom, for suspension read attachment
» 166, 2 lines from bottom, for suspended read supported
» 167, line 2, for suspended read supported
» 192, erase nob. and insert Berg in Linn. xxxi. p. 261.
» 200, line 17, for ab hilo subsupero read ad hilum subinferum
» » lime 18, for suspensa read sustenta
» 902,11 lines from bottom, for suspensis read sustentis
» 203, line 6, for suspended by read supported on
» 205, under LECYTHIS LACUNOSA
erase planta ignota: and insert ramis griseo-brunneis,
in petiolo decurren
pruinosis, subtus pallidioribus, opacis, costa utri
reflexim marginato, subpuberulo, 14plo breviore : m
VOL. XXX.
x
318 MR. J. MIERS ON THE LECYTHIDACEA.
And at the end add the leaves are 2-23 in. long, 1-13 in. broad, on petioles 13-23 lines long. A
specimen of the fruit of this species in section, and another of L. tuberculata, both preserved in
spirits, are deposited in the British Museum.
Page 216, 17 lines from bottom, for suspensis read sustentis
» 218, line 2, for suspensis read sustentis
» » 8 lines from bottom, for suspensis read sustentis.
„ 219, line 13, for suspended read supported for lateral read sublateral and dele alittle below the
summit
Û lines from bottom, for suspensis read sustentis » رو
» 220, 11 lines from bottom for suspensis read sustentis
» 221, line 8, for suspended read supported — .
» 304, under Plate XXXIV. fig. 13, between seeds and suspended insert as it appears and for summit
read base
» 910, under Plate XXXIX. fig. 2, for suspended by read attached to
» 812, in Plate LVI. fig. 1, after collection insert with the seeds and funicles in their true position
» » infig. 3, for suspended by read supported on ۱
» » infig. 4, line 2, for suspended by read supported on
C. VOL. XX
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TRANS. LINN. Soc. VoL.XXX. TAB. 46.
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[E :
VI. Systematic List of the Spiders at present known to inhabit Great Britain and
Ireland. By the Rev. O. P. CAMBRIDGE, M.A., C.M.Z.S. .
Read February 19th, 1874.
DURING the last five years a constant communication and interchange of typical
examples of spiders has been going on between Dr. T. Thorell, of Upsala, Sweden, Dr.
L. Koch, of Nürnberg, Bavaria, Mons. Eugéne Simon, of Paris, myself, and others,
with a view to a determination of the synonymie identity of the spiders recorded as
indigenous to Europe, but principally to Sweden, England, Germany, and France. The
results of this investigation have been published by Dr. Thorell in a most laborious and
exhaustive work, lately completed, *On the Synonyms of European Spiders. The
effect of this work is to give priority to names of many British Spiders, described by
Mr. Blackwall and myself, other than the names they bear in our works; the time,
therefore, appears to have arrived when a list, complete to the present time, of the
known spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, under the names to which, according to the
laws of priority, they appear to be entitled, seems to be a desideratum. Dr. Thorell,
indeed (Syn. Eur. Spid. p. 471), gives a list of British Spiders ; but it is complete only to
the date of Mr. Blackwall’s work the * Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland’ [1859-1864],
since the publication of which the number of known indigenous species has increased
by more than one half.
The systematic arrangement
pearing, as it did, to be too artificial an
of Mr. Blackwall has not been adopted in this list, ap-
d based on insufficient (though in some respects
convenient) characters, and moreover never to have found favour with other puo
gists. ‘The present arrangement (though it has no pretensions to finality) is d
of a long and tolerably careful study of spiders from many and widely eem pc 0
the world. It begins at the opposite end to that where At Thorell = “5 ji egin
their systematic arrangements; but it is yet in the main not very : c e d x
of the former of those authors, as put forth in RE dd 3 : e = x
European Spiders,” a work to which I am indebted for many m >
by Mr. Blackwall and myself in former works ارو نم ی ی تسس
x guae been icd broken up, following mainly ur. rn.
b x asl in the work above mentioned. The genera Linyp > iecit an 4 alc i
í ho however, have been left almost as limited by Mr. Blackw. —no vis y a
as to myself, but because I have been as yet unable to arrive at a metho
f satisfactorily dealing with those difficult groups; though my attention ís at this moment
of satis
۰ : $ t ۰ " .
particularly directed pie ge onto considered to. be now entitled toa uu different
fr i iuh. ior do til under which it was formerly published by Mr. ARE x dt
om and prior | | U
voL. XXX.
320 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BRITISH SPIDERS
self, the name so published is added after the one to which priority appears to be due;
and in all cases the name of the author to whom priority has been ascertained to belong -
is appended in the usual way to the name of the spider, whether generic or specific.
` All other synonyms and references, as well as descriptions and figures, may be found in
the following :— e
i *A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, by JOHN BLACKWALL,
Esq., Lond., 1859-64; together with papers by the same and other authors there
referred to; and also other papers subsequently published by Mr. Blackwall in Annals
& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1864—72.
ii. Papers published by the Rev. O. P. CAMBRIDGE in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvii.
pp. 393-463, pl. liv.-lvii., with papers by the same, there referred to ; also in Trans. Linn.
Soc. vol. xxviii. part 3, pp. 433-458, pls. xxxiii-xxxv.; and part 4, pp. 523-555,
pls. xlv.-xlvi.; Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xi. pp. 530-547, pls. xiv. & xv.; Proceedings Zool.
Soc. 1878, pp. 747—769, pls. Ixv. & Ixvi.
iii. ‘On European Spiders, by Dr. T. Thorell. Upsala, 1869-70, pp. 1-242; and
‘Synonyms of European Spiders,’ by the same author. Upsala, 1871-73, pp. 1-644.
Class ARACHNIDA,
Order ARANEIDEA (or ARANEJE).
Fam. THERAPHOSIDES.
Gen. Arypus, Latr.
Atypus piceus, Sulz. A. Sulzeri, Bl.*, ad partem (2).
——- affinis, Hichwald. A. Sulzeri, Bl., ad partem (3).
Fam. DYSDERIDES. |
Gen. Ooxors, Templeton.
Oonops pulcher, Templ.
Gen. ScHENOBATES, Bl.
Schenobates Walkeri, Bl.
Gen. DYSDERA, Latr.
Dysdera Cambridgii, Thorell. D. erythrina, Bl.
—— erocota, C. Koch. D. rubicunda, Bl.
Gen. HARPACTES, Templ.=Dysdera, Bl., ad partem.
Harpactes Hombergii, Scop.
Gen. SEGESTRIA, Latr.
Segestria florentina, Rossi. S. perfida, Bl.
senoculata, Linn.
= LI LI 3 i
Here, and in ‘many other instances in this secondary pertion-of the list, the author quoted is not nece y
the one to Whom the name attached to the spider is due; it «merely:points out that the author had adopted that
specific name in some one or-more of his works above referred to. |
BY THE REV. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE.
1 Fam. DRASSIDES. | :
Gen. MICARIA, C. Koch. = Drassus, Bl., ad part T
Micaria pulicaria, Sund. D. nitens + D. micans, Bl.
Gen. Drassus, Walck. = Drassus, Bl., ad p
Drassus ferrugineus, Bi.
Blackwallii, Thor. D. sericeus, Bl.
reticulatus, Bl.
—— sylvestris, Bl. .
—— cupreus, Bi.
troglodytes, C. Koch. D. clavator, Cambr.
— — lapidicolens, Walek.
—— pubescens, Thor. D. pubescens, Thor., Cambr.
—— ? subniger, Cambr.
Gen. GNAPHOSA, Latr. = Drassus, Bl., ad partem.
Gnaphosa anglica, Cambr. D. lucifugus, Bl.
—— lucifuga, Leach.
Gen. PROSTHESIMA, L. Koch. = Drassus, Bl., ad partem.
Prosthesima pedestris, C. Koch.
Petiverii, Scop. D. ater, Bl.
—— nigrita, Fabr. D. pusillus, Bl:
electa, C. Koch. D. pumilus, Bl,
Gen. CLUBIONA, Latr. = Clubiona, Bl., ad partem.
Clubiona grisea, L. Koch. C. holosericea, Bl.
terrestris, Westr. C. amarantha, Bl.
—— pallidula, Clerck. C. Ta Bl.
—— corticalis, Walek. ,
—— brevipes, Bl.
comta, C. Koch.
—— — trivialis, C. Koch.
—— subtilis, L. A09. 8; pallens, B
—— pallens, C. Koch. C. diversa, vd
—— Tutescens, É. Koch. ©. assimilata, Cambr.
— — neglecta, Cambr.
—— formosa, Templeton, Bl.
— holosericea, De Geer.
voluta, Cambr.
reclusa, Cambr. ;
Gen. CHIRACANTHIUM, C. Koch. = Clubiona, Bl., ad partem.
Chiracanthium nutrix, Westr. non Bi.
سس erraticum, Bl. “Clubiona erratica, Bl.
— — carnifex, C 0. Koch.
— Pennyi, Cambr s
C. deinognaths, Cambr.
322
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BRITISH SPIDERS
Gen. ANYPHENA, Sund. = Clubiona, Bl., ad partem.
Anypheena accentuata, Walck.
Gen. Acraca, Westr. = Agelena, Bl., ad partem.
Agroeca brunnea, Bl.
proxima, Cambr.
Gen. Liocranum, L. Koch. = Clubiona, Bl., ad part. + Agelena, Bl., ad part.
+ Drassus, Cambr., ad part.
Liocranum domesticum, Reuss- Vid.
—— gracilipes, Bi. ۱
preelongipes, Cambr.
——— P? celans, Bl.
Gen. HECAERGE, Bl. -
Hecaérge maculata, Bl. H. spinimana, Bl.
—— nemoralis, Bl.
Gen. PHRUROLITHUS, C. Koch. = Drassus, Bl., ad partem.
Phrurolithus festivus, C. Koch. Drassus propinquus, ۰
Fam. DICTYNIDES.
Gen. Enzsvus, Walck.
Eresus cinnabarinus, Oliv.
Gen. DICTYNA, Sund. = Ergatis, Bl.
Dictyna arundinacea, Zinn. Ergatis benigna, ۰
uncinata, Westr. E. arborea, Cambr.
—— pusilla, Wesir.
—— latens, Fabr. 0
variabilis, C. Koch. E. pallens, Bl., var.
Fam. AGELENIDES.
Gen. ARGYRONETA, Latr.
Argyroneta aquatica, Clerck.
Gen. AMAUROBIUS, C. Koch. = Ciniflo, Bl., ad partem.
Amaurobius fenestralis, Stream. A. atrox, Koch, Bl.
سس similis, Bl.
ferox, Walch.
Gen. LETHIA, Menge, = Ciniflo, Bl., ad partem.
Lethia puta, Cambr.
—— humilis, Bi,
—— Mengii, Cambr.
Gen. Ccrorzs, Bl,
Czelotes atropos, Walck. C. saxatilis, Bl.
—— ? meerens, Cambr.
——? immaculatus, Cambr.
Gen. AGELENA, Walck. = Agelena, Bl.
Agelena labyrinthica, Clerck.
—— Hyndmannii, Templ., Bl.
—— prompta, Bi.
Gen. TEGENARIA, Latr. |
Tegenaria Guyonii, Guér, T. domestica, Bl.
atrica, C. Koch. |
— — campestris, C. Koch.
— — Derhamii, Scop. T. civilis, Bl.
cicurea, C. Koch. |
Gen. TEXTRIX, Sund. ;
Textrix denticulata, Oliv. T. lycosina, Bl.
—— boopis, Cambr. Agelena boopis, Cambr.
Gen. CRYPHÆCA, Thor. = Tegenaria, Bl, ad partem.
Cryphæca silvicola, C. Koch.
Gen. Hannıa, C. Koch. = Bl., ad partem.
Hahnia elegans, Bl.
nava, Bl. Agelena subfusca, Cambr.
montana, Bl.
Fam. SCYTODIDES.
Gen. SCYTODES, Latr. :
Scytodes thoracica, Latr.
Fam. PHOLCIDES.
Gen. PhoLcus, Walek.
Pholcus phalangioides, Fuessl.
Fam. THERIDIIDES.
Gen. Errsixvs, Walck. = Theridion, Bl., ad partem.
Episinus truncatus,
Gen. PHOLCOMMA, Thor. = Theridion,
Pholcomma gibbum, Westr.
Gen. THERIDION, Walck. = Theridion, Bl., ad on
Theridion formosum, Clerck. T. sisyphum, DI.
tepidariorum, 0. Koch.
riparium, Bl.
سس sisyphium, Clerck. T.
denticulatum, Walck.
— — familiare, Cambr.
varians, Hahn.
tinctum, Walck.
— — simile, C. Koch.
Cambr., ad partem.
pervosum, Bl.
BY THE REV. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE.
Walck. Theridion angulatum, Bl.
Theridion projectum, Cambr.
323
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BRITISH SPIDERS
Theridion venustum, Walck.?, Creer.
coracinum, C. Koch.
—— triste, C. Koch.
—— spirifer, Cambr.
—— pulchellum, Walek.
سس ? auratum, Templ., Bl.
— bimaculatum, Zinn. T. carolinum, JValck., Bl.
—— albens, Bl.
—— pallens, ۰
Gen. Nesticus, Thor. = Linyphia, Bl., id Ades
Nesticus cellulanus, Clerck. Linyphia erypticolens, Bl.
Gen. PHYLLONETHIS, Thor. = Theridion, Bl., ad partem.
Phyllonethis lineata, Clerck.
——— instabilis, Cambr. Theridion sabia Cambr.
Gen. DIPENA, Koch. = Theridion, Bl., ad partem.
Dipcena melanogaster, C. Koch. Theridion congener, Cambr.
Gen. STEATODA, Sund. = Theridion, Bl., ad diuque
Steatoda bipunctata, Lina.
sticta, Cambr.
——— guttata, Reuss- Wid.
prona, Menge, Cambr.
—— ? hematostigma, Templ. Bl.
— — versuta, Bl.
Gen. BURYOPIS, Menge. = Theridion, Bl., ad partem.
Euryopis inornata, Cambr. Theridion inornatum, Id.
—— Blackwallii, Cambr. |
—— — ? fusca, Bl.
—— flavomaculata, C. Koch.
Gen. AsAGENA, Sund. = Theridion, Bl., ad partem. _
Asagena phalerata; Panz. Theridion signatum, BL
Gen. NERIENE, Bl., ad partem.
Neriene atra, Bl. N. longipalpis, Bl. nec und.
—— longipalpis, Sund.
— promiscua, Cambr.
—— dentipalpis, Reuss- Wid.
——— graminicola, Sund.
——— pascalis, Cambr.
—— nigra, Bl. —
—— tibialis, Bl.
—— longimana, C. Koch. N. vagans, Bi.
— — pygmeea, Bl.
BY THE REV. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE.
Neriene rufipes, Sund. N. munda, Bl.
rubens, Bi. M 7
isabellina, C. Koch. N. rubella, Bl.
——— bifida, Cambr. x
—— vigilax, Bl.
—— herbigrada, Bl.
—— Huthwaitii, Cambr.
affinis, Bl.
— — dentata, Reuss- Wid.
— — fusca, Bi.
agrestis, Bl. |
— — retusa, Westr. N. elevata, Cambr..
——— uncata, Cambr.
gibbosa, Bl.
— — tuberosa, Bl.
apicata, Bl.
—— cornuta, Bl.
bituberculata, Reuss- Wid.
excisa, Cambr.
Clarkii, Cambr.
latebricola, Cambr.
—— fugax, Cambr.
—— neglecta, Cambr.
livida, ۰
albipunctata, Cambr. Drepanodus, Menge.
rufa, Reuss- Wid. N. rubripes, Bi.
abnormis, Bl.
? saxatilis, Bl.
Sundevallii, Westr. سس
— — lucida, Cambr.
— — viaria Bl.
— — lapidicola, Thor. N. rufipes, Bl.
ica, Bl.
er 0. Koch. N. gracilis, Bl., + N. flavipes (BL).
penicillata, Westr. N- corticea, Cambr.
incisa, Cambr.
— — innotabilis, Cambr.
سس subtilis, Cambr.
conigera, Cambr.
— — cornigera, Bl.
—— pallipes, Cambr.
—— decora, Cambr.
سے anomala, Ca
325
326
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BRITISH SPIDERS
Neriene pavitans, Cambr.
—— clara, Cambr.
—— prudens, Cambr.
——— morula, Cambr.
—— mollis, Cambr.
—— arundineti, Cambr.
—— formidabilis, ۰
——— aspera, Cambr.
—— aperta, Cambr.
—— hispida, Cambr.
—— furva, Bl.
—— pulla, Bl.
—— lugubris, Bi.
——— avida, Bl.
——— timida, Bl.
—— minima, Walck. N. parva, Bl.
—— bicuspis, Cambr.
—— sulcata, Bl.
—— dubia, Bl.
—— montana, Bl.
——— pilosa, Templ. Bl.
—— pallidula, Templ. Bl.
—— carinata, Templ. Bt.
Gen. WALCKENAERA, Bl.
Walckenaéra subeequalis, Westr. W. fortuita, Cambr.
pratensis, Bl,
—— brevis, Reuss-Wid. W. depressa, ۰
—— brevipes, Westr.
— — scabrosa, Cambr.
—— Meadii, Cambr.
— — preecox, Cambr.
—— incurvata, Cambr.
—— diceros, Cambr.
—— saxicola, Cambr.
—— Hardii, Bi.
cuspidata, Bl. سس
—— unicornis, Cambr.
—— monoceros, Reuss- Wid.
—— obtusa, Bl.
— — nudipalpis, Westr.
punctata, Bl. سس
sordidata, Thor. W.atra, Bl. سس
BY THE REV. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE.
Walckenaéra parva, Bl.
turgida, Bl.
bicolor, Bl.
bifrons, Bl.
— — exilis, BE
— — Vete, Jb
— humilis, Bl.
affinitata, Cambr.
cristata, Bl.
— — cucullata, Koch.
antica, Reuss- Wid.
permixta, Cambr.
——- fuscipes, Bl.
cirrifrons, Cambr.
—— ignobilis, Cambr.
scabrieula, Westr. W- aggeris, Cambr.
——— parallela, Bl. [ Reuss- Wid., non Westr.).
pumila, Bl.
obscura, Bl.
——— flavipes, Bl.
hiemalis, ۰
——— latifrons, Cambr.
implana, Cambr. س
Beckii, Cambr.
——— picina, Bl.
—— pusilla, Reuss-
erythropus, Westr.
—— — nemoralis, Bl.
— — ludicra, Cambr.
— —- similis, Cambr.
س altifrons, Cambr.
Thorellii, Westr.
—— nodosa, Cambr.
__— trifrons, Cambr.
frontata, Bl.
acuminata, Bl.
—— — furcillata, Menge.
Gen. PACHYGNATHA, Sund.
Pachygnatha Clerckii, Sund.
Listeri, Sund.
—— Degeerii, Sund. |
—Linyphia, Bi., ad partem.
Bl., Reuss- Wid.
W. fastigata, Bl.
Gen. TAPINOPA, Westr.
Tapinopa longidens,
VOL. XXX.
Wid. W. minima, Cambr.
W. borealis, Cambr.
327
328 | SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BRITISH SPIDERS
Gen. LINYPHIA, Latr. = Linyphia, Bl., ad partem+Neriéne, Bl., «d partem
+Theridion, Bl., ad partem+ Bathyphantes, Menge, ad partem.
Linyphia frenata, Bl., Reuss- Wid.
— — thoracica, Reuss- Wid. L. cauta, Bl.
—— nebulosa, Sund. L. vivax, Bl.
—— leprosa, Ohl. L. confusa, Cambr.
— — minuta, Di.
— — tenebricola, Reuss- Wid. L. terricola, Bl., + L. tenuis, Bl.
— obscura, Bl.
—— variegata, Bl. Neriene variegata, Bl.
—— lepida, Cambr.
—— alacris, Di.
——— albula, Cambr.
circumcincta, Cambr.
—— setosa, Cambr.
——— socialis, Sund.
—— luteola, Bl. L. alticeps, ۰
—— alticeps, Sund.
—— crucigera, Bl.
——— cristata*, Menge. Bathyphantes cristatus, Menge.
سس explicata, sp. n, N. L. decolor, Cambr.
سس cingulipes, Cambr.
—— flavipes, Bl.
nigrina, Westr. L. pulla, ۰
—— pullata, Cambr.
— Meadii, Bi.
approximata, Cambr.
——— dorsalis, Reuss-Wid. L. anthracina + L. Claytonie, Bl.
gracilis, Bl.
eriezea, Bl.
circumspecta, Bi.
—— angulipalpis, Westr.
—— experta, Cambr.
——— errans, Bl. Neriene errans, Bi.
—— oblonga, Cambr.
— — rufa, Westr. :
—— bicolor, Bl. Neriene bicolor, BE
—— linguata, Cambr.
——— retieulata, Cambr.
—— — prudens, Cambr.
——— arcana, Cambr.
: * This € is now recorded for the first time as British. It was received in 1872 from Mr. J. Hardy, by whom
it was found in Berwickshire, and has hitherto been confused with L. explicata, sp. n. (L. decolor, Cambr.).
BY THE REV. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE. 329
Linyphia eontrita, Cambr.
— — parvula, Westr. L. longipes, Cambr. Bathyphantes longipes,
Menge.
inconspicua,. Cambr.
oblivia, Cambr.
oblita, Cambr.
—— microphthalma, Cambr.
| —— pallida, Cambr.
E. decens, Cambr.
| —— — finitima, Cambr.
concolor, Reuss- Wid. Theridion filipes, ۰
insignis, Bl.
|
| impigra, Cambr.
; —— clathrata, Sund. Neriene marginata, ۰
| — — furtiva, Cambr.
— — buceulenta, Clerck. Neriene trilineata, ۰
——— marginata, C. Koch. L. triangularis, Bl.
—— montana, Olerck. L. marginata, Bl.
triangularis, Olerck. L. montana, Bl.
—— peltata, Reuss- Wid. L. rubea, Bl.
—— pusilla, Sund. L. fuliginea, Bl.
— — hortensis, Sund. L. pratensis, Bl.
— pernix, Bl.
nigella, Bl.
——- pulchella, Bi.
—— farva, Bi- |
— — tenella, Bi. |
—— natata, Templ., Bl. |
Gen. Eno, C. Koch.— Theridion, Bl., ad partem. Tien | |
Ero thoracica, Reuss- Wid. T. variegatum, Bl.
Mace Ne
Fam. EPEIRIDES.
Gen. Mura, C. Koch. = Epeira, Bl., ad partem.
Meta segmentata, Clerck. Epeira inclinata, Bl., + E. Mengii, B3.
— — Merians, Scop. Epeira antriada, Bl., + E. celata, ۰
___ Menardi, Latr. Epeira fusca, Bl.
Gen. TETRAGNATHA, Latr.
| Tetragnatha extensa, Linn.
| e Gen. CYRTOPHORA, Sim. = Epeira, Bl. ad patea:
| Cyrtophora conica, Pall. E. conica, Bl.
Gen. SINGA, C. Koch. Epeira, Bl., ad partem.
Singa hamata, Clerck. Epeira tubulosa, Bi.
390 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BRITISH SPIDERS
` Binga pygmsea, Sund. Epeira anthracina, Bl.
— sanguinea, C. Koch. Epeira Herii, Bl.
سس albovittata, Westr. Epeira calva, Bl.
Gen. CERCIDIA, Thor. = Epeira, Bl., ad partem.
Cercidia prominens, Westr. Epeira bella, Meade.
Gen. ZILLA, C. Koch. = Epeira, Bl., ad partem.
Zilla x-notata, Clerck. Epeira similis, ۰
— — atrica, C. Koch. Epeira calophylla, Bl.
Gen. EPEIRA, Walck., Thor. = Epeira, Bl., ad partem.
Epeira cucurbitina, Clerck. -
——— adianta, Walck.
—— ceropegia, Walck.
—— alsine, Walck. Epeira lutea, Bl.
— — dioidea, Walck. E. albimacula, ۰
—— diademata, Clerck. E. diadema, ۰
—— scalaris, Walck.
—— angulata, Clerck.
—— arbustorum, C. Koch. E. bicornis, Bl.
—— agalena, Walek.
—— cornuta, Clerck. E. apoclisa, Bl.
—— patagiata, Clerck.
سس sclopetaria, Clerck. E. sericata, Bl.
—— quadrata, Clerck.
—— umbratica, Clerck.
acalypha, Walck.
solers, Walck.
—— Youngii, Cambr.
signata, Bl.
—— ornata, Bl.
Fam. ULOBORIDES.
Gen. ULOBORUS, Latr. = Veleda, Bl.
Uloborus Walckenaerius, Latr. Veleda lineata, Bl.
Gen. Hypriores, Walek. = Mithras, Bl.
Hyptiotes paradoxus, C. Koch.
Fam. THOMISIDES.
Gen. Tuomisus, Walck., Thor.=Thomisus, Bl., ad partem.
Thomisus onustus, Walck. T. abbreviatus, Bl.
Gen. Misumena, Latr.=Thomisus, Bl., ad partem.
Misumena vatia, Clerck. Thomisus citreus, Bl.
—— truncata, Pall. Thomisus horridus, Fabr., Cambr.
BY THE REV. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE. 391
Gen. DIZA, Thor.=Thomisus, Bl., ad partem.
Disea dorsata, Fabr. Thomisus floricolens, ۰
2 formosa, Bl. |
Gen. Xysticus, C. Koch. = Thomisus, Bl, ad partem.
Xysticus cristatus, Clerck.
——— viaticus, C. Koch, Cambr.
——— pini, Hahn. Thomisus audax, Bl.
—— cinereus, Bl., sp. inc.
— — lanio, C. Koch, Cambr.
sabulosus, Hahn.
brevipes, Bl., sp. inc.
—— lynceus, Latr. T. atomarius, Bl.
luctuosus, Bl.
morio, C. Koch.
Cambridgii, Bl.
— Gloveri, Bl.
erraticus, Bl.
— — ulmi, Hahn. Thomisus Westwoodii, Cambr.
— — bifasciatus, C. Koch.
— — luctator, C. Koch. X. impavidus, Thor. T. Cambridgii, Cambr.
praticola, C. Koch. Thomisus incertus, Bl.
claveatus, Walck.
—— sanctuarius, Cambr.
trux, Bl.
atomarius, Panz. T. versutus, Bl.
___ horticola, C. Koch. T. pallidus, Bl.
simplex, Cambr.
Gen. PHILODROMUS, Walck., Thor. = P
Philodromus dispar, Walck.
— — margaritatus, Clerck.
— — aureolus, Olerck.
— cespiticolus, Falck.
preedatus, Cambr.
— — Olarkii, Bl.
variatus, Bl.
— — mistus, Bl.
— — elegans, Bl.
— — fallax, Sund.
h. — Philodromus, Bl., ad partem.
hilodromus, Bl., ad partem.
P. pallidus, Bl., + P. jejunus, Cambr.
P. deletus, Cambr.
Gen. Tuanarus, C. Koc
Thanatus oblongus, Walck.
__— hirsutus, Cambr.
332 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BRITISH SPIDERS
Gen. MICROMMATA, Latr. — Sparassus, Bl. |
Micrommata virescens, Clerck. S. smaragdulus, Bl., + S. ornatus,
Bl., var. ۱
Fam. LYCOSIDES.
Gen. OcYALE, Sav. — Dolomedes, Bl., ad partem.
Ocyale mirabilis, Clerck.
Gen. DoLOMEDES, Latr.=Dolomedes, Bl., ad partem.
Dolomedes fimbriatus, Clerck. D. fimbriatus, ‘BI. D. ornatus, Bl.,
var. jun.
Gen. PIRATA, Sund. = Lycosa, Bl., ad partem.
Pirata hygrophilus, Thor. L. piscatoria, Bl.
piscatoria, Clerck. L. De Greyii, Cambr.
—— piratieus, Clerck. L. piratica, Bl.
سس latitans, Bl.
—— leopardus, Sund. L. cambrica, ۰
Gen. TrocHosA, C. Koch.=Lycosa, Bl., ad partem.
Trochosa biunguiculata, Cambr.
——— cinerea, Fabr. L. allodroma, Bl.
picta, Hahn, |
ruricola, De Geer. L. campestris, Bl. |
—— terricola, Thor. L. agretyca, Bl. |
Gen. Lycosa, Latr.=Lycosa, Bl., ad partem. |
Lycosa amentata, Clerck. L. saccata, Bl.
—— agricola, Thor. L. fluviatilis, Bl.
—— Traillii, Cambr. ;
—— Farrenii, Cambr.
—— lugubris, Falck.
—— pullata, Clerck. L. obscura, Bl. |
—— nigriceps, Thor. L. congener, Cambr. |
—— herbigrada, Bi. |
|
—— palustris, Linn. L. exigua, Bl.
—— monticola, Clerck. |
Gen. TARENTULA, Sund.=Lycosa, Bl., ad partem. |
Tarentula miniata, C. Koch. L. nivalis, Cambr. L. miniata, Id. |
—— pulverulenta, Clerck. L. rapax, Bl.
cuneata, Clerck. L. armillata, Cambr.
—— andrenivora, Walek.
—— fabrilis, Clerck.
Fam. SPHASIDES.
Gen. Oxyorzs, Lofr.—Sphasus, Bl.
Oxyopes lineatus, Latr.
BY THE REV. O, PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE. 399
Fam. SALTICIDES.
Gen. EPIBLEMUM, Hentz.=CALLIETHERA, O. Koch.—Salticus, Bl., ad partem.
Epiblemum scenicum, Clerck. Saltieus histrionicus, C. Koch, Cambr.
S. scenicus, Bl., saltem ad partem.
cingulatum, Panz. Salticus scenicus, C. Koch, Cambr., et Bl., ad
partem ? |
affinitatum, Cambr. S. affinitatus, Cambr. |
Gen. HELIOPHANUS, C. Koch. = Salticus, Bl., ad partem. |
Heliophanus cupreus, Walck. i
expers, Cambr. |
flavipes, C. Koch, Cambr.
Gen. BALLUS, C. Koch. = Salticus, Bl., ad partem.
Ballus depressus, Walek. Salticus obscurus, Bi.
Gen. MARPESSA, C. Koch.=Salticus, Bl., ad partem.
Marpessa muscosa, Clerck. Salticus tardigradus, Bl. t
Blackwallü, Clark. 1
—— nigrolimbata, Cambr. 8. nigrolimbatus, ۰
Gen. Evorurys, C. Koch. = Salticus, BL, ad partem.
Euophrys frontalis, Walck.
promptus, Bl.
reticulatus, Bl.
—— sequipes, Cambr.
— — petrensis, C. Koch. Salticus eoecociliatus, Cambr. f:
Gen. Puınaus, C. Koch. = Salticus, Bl., ad partem.
Philæus chrysops, Poda. S. sanguinolentus, Linn., Cambr.
Gen. Arrus, Walck.=Salticus, Bl., ad partem.
Attus pubescens, Fabr. $. sparsus, Bl. S. terebratus, Cambr. S. pra-
tincola, Id.
caricis, Westr. 7
—— notatus, Bl.
— — Jenynsii, Bl. ;
سس gracilis, Bl., Sp. me.
—— n poor S. distinctus, Bl.
— — xanthogramma, Bl., sp. ine. |
falcatus, Clerck. 8. coronatus, Bl. | |
—— grossipes, Degeer ?, Cambr.
citus, Cambr.
floricola, C. Koch, Cambr.
Bl., ad partem.
Gen. ÆLurors, Thor. = Salticus,
Ælurops fasciatus, Hahn.
i
|
; Pa
334
—
~q
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DARDOS wwe
SHSAISKESESSSSSENRRRESSESSSE
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BRITISH SPIDERS.
Gen. YLLENUS, Sim.=Salticus, Bl., ad partem.
Yllenus V- insignitus, Clerck. S. quinquepartitus, Walck., Cambr.
—— saltator, Cambr., Sim. ۰ floricola, Bl.
Gen. SALTICUS, Latr. = Salticus, Bl., ad partem.
Salticus formicarius, Walck. :
Summary of Genera and Species of Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland.
Schoenobates
Dysdera .
Harpactes
Segestria
Micaria .
Drassus .
Gnaphosa
Prosthesima
Clubiona .
Chiracanthium
. Anyphena .
. Agreca .
. Liocranum .
. Hecaérge
. Phrurolithus
. Eresus
. Dictyna .
Argyroneta .
Amaurobius
. Lethia
. Celotes .
. Agelena .
. Tegenaria
. Textrix
. Crypheeca
. Hahnia .
. Scytodes
. Pholcus .
Episinus .
. Pholeomma .
. Theridion
Nesticus .
. Phyllonethis
. Dipena .
Steatoda .
. Euryopis.
Asagena .
Species.
3
سر سر وج سر وج سا و f» QN
-
Or
HK RAH o m DEE سر HOE M OUO C? ون ون TH HD dO جر سا
Genera.
. Nenene .
. Walckenaéra
. Pachygnatha
Tapinopa
. Linyphia.
: HE
. Meta .
ea
. Misumena
Diea .
. Xysticus.
. Philodromus
. Thanatus
. Micrommata
- Ocyale
Dolomedes .
. Ballus
Total, 78 Genera; 457 Species.
Species.
. 76
. 55
c — سر
ron. نب جات وه کج nn 6 ۵ pur mm m تس با و ون 5 و سر وق ون oe heo وچ بت
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF
THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
VOLUME XXX.
PART THE THIRD.
A ت ee
سس سس ne
LONDON:
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION OOURT, FLEET STREET:
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON-HOUSE;
GREEN, READER, AND DYER, PATERNOSTER- ROW.
AND BY LONGMANS,
M.DCCC.LXXV.
: M
px
7
[ 835 1
VII. Revision of the Suborder Mimosex. By Gronds BENTHAM, Esq.,
F.R.S.
(Plates LXVI.-LXX.)
Read June 18th, 1874.
I HAVE within the last few years had occasion to lay before the Society some observa-
tions on two groups of plants which, however different in most respects, are both of them
remarkably distinct in their circumscription, and as constantly uniform in those cha-
racters which it has been the custom to regard as the most essential. To the two might,
indeed, have been assigned equal grades in the hierarchy. of the Natural System, were it
not for the enormous disproportion in the number of their species. Upon abstract prin-
eiples, Cassia and Composite might equally well be treated as good genera ; both are per-
feetly isolated ; the pistil and seeds are uniform in each ; the variations in the corolla are
scarcely more marked in the one than in the other; the andreecium and fruit present
perhaps more important diversities in Cassia than in Composite : but Cassia has only
350 species, whilst Composite number 10,000. Cassia has therefore been universally
retained as a single one, or at most only three genera, whilst Compositee are variously
divided into from 750 to 1200 genera. I have now to offer a few remarks on a third
group, almost as definite in cireumscription, and intermediate, as it were, between the two
as to uniformity and numbers. The 1200 Mimose: are as uniform in their pistil as the
350 Cassias and 10,000 Composite; the corolla is more uniform than in either; the
andrecium and fruit are, as in Cassia, much more varied than in Composite. Like
Cassia, the Mimosex were established by Linnzus as a single genus; and perhaps, if
Composite had not been so largely extratropical, and consequently presented ‚to ‚his
observation in eonsiderable numbers, if he had only known that proportion of tropical
forms which he possessed of the two other groups, he would probably have considered
them also as forming only one or three genera; or, on the other hand, had not his
specimens of Mimosex been so very few and meagre, or fragmentary, he would probably ,
from the first, have divided them into at least three genera. At the present day Cassia,
almost restricted constitutionally to the shrubby nae arborescent plant-form and tropical
climate, and even there not prospering as a race in all stations, has remained within
1 ae d is still regarded as a single genus, divisible into
manageable limits as to numbers, an TR = BE
three marked sections. Mimosez, which, with one great southern exception,
remained constitutionally, as well as geographically, within "jmd gos — À a se
Caseta have, however, nearly four times as many species, an ra vain a 3
a aborde divisible into three marked tribes and some ibis ^ 0 : y E ; an
nodus with their prevalent herbaceous or low shrubby plant- prm, vis ng espe-
: i , f ountain climes, shunning only low tropical forest ands, have
ply in aM of Cassia, and have accordingly been sub-
i i f species ordin
an gam d on characters which in Cassia and
divided into innumerable gone often founde 14
VOL. XXX. P
7
336 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEJE.
Mimosez would scarcely be considered specifie—a disproportionate treatment probably
aggravated by the circumstance of the small number of botanists who have access to good
working-materials in Cassia and Mimosez, whilst every beginner has Compositee at hand
to exercise his ingenuity in discovering minute differences in the pappus, the bracts, and
other reduced organs, in indumentums or in stigmatic papille. |
After Linnsus, the subdivision of his Mimosa into several distinct genera was first
proposed by Willdenow, as based chiefly on the fruit; and his views have been generally
followed out. Poiret, in the Supplement to the Encyclopædia, adopted his genera as sub-
genera of Mimosa, which he still retained in its substantive collective character. Des-
fontaines, in the third edition of the Catalogue of the Paris Garden, united most of
Willdenow's genera with Acacia. De Candolle, in 1825, with materials but little better
than those which Willdenow had at his disposal, and in the absence of specimens of a
large proportion of that author's species, reinstated his genera, adding a few exceptional
species as monotypic or small genera. Martius, working on a limited number of Brasi-
lian species, without any general survey of the group, proposed several additional genera
founded upon Willdenow's principles; and when, in 1842, I undertook the publication -
of the rich collections, chiefly American, of the Berlin, the Hookerian, my own, and a
few other herbaria, I found the limits and cireumscriptions of the genera so confused and
vague, that I thought it necessary to remodel them, ab initio, upon principles somewhat
different from those which had till then prevailed, giving especially a first rank to cha-
racters derived from the androecium, which had been in a great measure disregarded.
Twenty-seven years have now elapsed since I completed a series of Synopses in Hooker's
Journals; and my genera appear to have been favourably received by the generality of
botanists, with the exception, however, of Grisebach, who, misled sometimes by mis-
matched specimens, or by misunderstanding some of the characters I had given, has
reverted to the preeminence of carpological over staminal characters. Here and there
also individual botanists who have met with pods apparently different from those of
their congeners, have proposed monotypie genera, upon grounds which appear to me
insuffieient. On the other hand, I have within these twenty years had the opportunity
of inspecting a large number of typical species in the herbaria of Paris, Berlin, Vienna,
Munich, Geneva, and Turin, and, on the occasion of working up the suborder for the
Flora Brasiliensis, found reason to modify several of the details of my former Synopsis,
to confirm a few of the genera about which I had some doubts, to give greater precision
to the characters of others by the transfer of a few species to which, from insufficient
specimens, I had assigned a wrong place, and especially to clear up a large number of
doubtful synonyms. I have therefore thought the following general revision, with
short characters for the whole of the speeies, might not be unserviceable to future inves-
tigators, to whom I must now leave the task of dissipating the obscurity which still pre-
vails over a considerable number of them. I would also commence by a few observations
on the generic characters I have adopted, and on geographical distribution.
The primary importance I attached to the staminal character appears to have stood
the test of subsequent experience. No ambiguous species have presented themselves to
invalidate the delimitation of the three great groups, nearly equal in point of numbers :—
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSE ۰ 337
Eumimosee, with definite stamens; .4caciee, or the genus Acacia, with indefinite
stamens, free or very shortly and irregularly united at the base in the centre of the
flower; and Inge, with indefinite stamens united, at least at the base, in a tube sur-
rounding the pistil. Grisebach, it is true (Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 220), rejects the character
because “ decandrous species still exist among Bentham's Acacie and Calliandre, e. g.
A. tamarindifolia, W., and C. mollissima, Benth." But, as to one of them, he has mis-
matched the flowers of Mimosa with the fruiting specimens of the true Acacia tamarindi-
folia, which has always above 50 stamens; and Calliandra mollissima, although figured
by Kunth as having 10 stamens, appeared to me to have them few, indeed, but variable
in number; and they are accordingly described by Kunth as being about (not exactly)
10; they are also monadelphous at the base, not free as in the truly decandrous genera.
A secondary character, however, by which I had separated Adenantheres from Eumi-
moseze, the presence of a glandular appendage to the anthers, has failed in a few instances.
The genera Parkia, Piptadenia, and Prosopis, in which the anthers are usually pro-
vided with that appendage, have each of them one or two species in which it is wholly
wanting, even in the unexpanded flower; and Desmanthus, where it is usually deficient,
has a Madagascar species with a minute eland sometimes, if not always, present. Xylia
also, which I had inadvertently placed among the eglandular genera, has, on the con-
trary, very prominent glands to the anthers.
I have now been able to introduce as a new generic character, apparently absolute,
and especially useful for distributing the Eumimosee into two subordinate groups, but
Which I had formerly neglected, the presence or absence of albumen in the seeds. I was,
indeed, aware that Schleiden and Vogel (Nov. Act, Nat. Cur. xix. part ii, 68) had ascer-
tained the existence of albumen in some seeds only of Mimosew ; but as they also stated
that they found no constancy in this respect in the same genus, as I had not then the
opportunity of verifying the eircumstance in a sufficient number of cases, and as I was
aware of the variability in this respect in some natural genera, such as Polygala, I did
not feel justified in making amy use of it in my generic characters. I now find, from the
examination of a large number of seeds, that the albumen is constantly present or absent
in each genus, as modified in my synopsis, although variable in some Willdenowian
genera. Schleiden cites, as examples of inconstancy , three species of ی و سيم
thocarpa, A. farnesiana, and A, Berteriana, in which albumen 1s present, whilst in tl ß
` ons. But of those three the first is, in its
majority of species the seeds are exalbuminous. Er. xpi
stamens and other characters, a Mimosa, and not an Acacia, A. farnesiana is a true
Acacia; but I think there must be some mistake on the part of Schleiden. I have
£n many specimens grown in widely different
examined half a dozen seeds taken from as y spe
i of them. The seed is much thicker
localities, and found no trace of albumen in any o! n. : وه
than in most species, the cotyledons remarkably thick, giving the embryo a globular or
o thick in this as in several other of the
- the testa is als
ovoid shape, not at all flattened ; the intermediate layer of it is somewhat cartila-
: : rather us 1
Gummifere, and the inner OF, , O amen of Mimosa; but it is continuous,
: : | arance
ginous, having almost the ron: the seed, not tapering towards the margins of the
and of equal thiekness throu 1 on ;
2% | ner lining as from the outer coating of
cotyledons, and is inseparable as well from the in i 9 ۲ 9 ۷
338 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSE Æ.
the testa, and remains so after soaking for days; whilst the true albumen of Mimosa is
quite detached from the testa, and after soaking for a day or two resolves itself into a
transparent jelly. In Acacia Berteriana, which proves to be identical with my Pithe-
colobium fragrans, belonging to an exalbuminous group, I do find within the testa, on
each side of the embryo, a small quantity of an almost gelatinous substance, the origin
of which remains to be ascertained. It is certainly different in many respects both from
the undoubted albumen of Mimosa, Leucena, and their allies, and from the above-men-
tioned inner coating of Acacia farnesiana ; but whether it is an exudation from the inner
seed-coating, or a real albumen, as supposed by Schleiden, remains doubtful. I find no
trace of it in the seeds of the nearest allied species, Pithecolobium polycephalum.
The universally acknowledged importance of carpological characters in the general
classification of phenogamous plants has induced the majority of botanists to rely mainly
upon them for the detailed subdivision of Mimosez, with results above alluded to as
being far from satisfaetory. There are species of Piptadenia, of Acacia (Vulgares), and
of Albizzia, of which the pods can scarcely be distinguished from each other, whilst in
flowers and all other characters these Piptadenie are much more nearly allied to Ade-
nanthera or Entada, the Acacie (Vulgares) to Acacie (Gummifere), and the Albizzie
to Pithecolobium, all with very different fruits; and the great diversities in the pods of
some of the most natural groups, such as Acacia (Phyllodinee), Acacia (Gummifere),
Inga, Mimosa, &e., may be seen by a glance at Plates LXVI. to LXX. The modifications
of the pod are, indeed, rarely structural, more frequently limited to outward form, con-
sistency, or degree of dehiscence, characters resulting from diversity of development
during enlargement as they approach maturity, affording no indication at or immediately
after the period of fecundation ; as, however, in some instances the characters derivable
from the pod have acquired so great a degree of constaney as to be really available for
the separation of more or less natural groups, it may be useful to pass in review such of
these differences as have been, or may be, made use of with more or less of advantage.
The consistency of the pod, that is of the pericarp, thin and papery, thicker and
coriaceous, woody, thick and spongy, or fleshy and suceulent, has lost much of its sup-
posed value, as almost all the varieties are observable in one or two species, at least, of
the natural and well-defined genus Acacia; the fleshy or succulent pericarp upon which
the genus Inga was originally founded, entailed the including in it many species which
are more naturally distributed in the 'genera Parkia, Stryphnodendron, Pithecolobium,
and even Acacia, and is by no means constant in Inga itself, the pod of several species
of the sections Leptinga and Bourgonia being apparently dry and coriaceous; the
suceulent pod, however, is nearly general in Inga, Parkia, and Stryphnodendron, pre-
valent in Pithecolobium, very rare in Acacia, Calliandra, and Piptadenia, and never
observed in Albizzia, Mimosa, Leucena, or perhaps in any genus with albuminous seeds
except Stryphnodendron.
With regard to dehiscence, or the separation of the two valves at maturity, the
absolute difference between the dehiscent and nondehiscent species is not very defined.
Generally indehiscent in Inga, usually, but by no means always, dehiscent in Acacia,
Piptadenia, and Albizzia, very variable in Pithecolobium, the pod is, I believe, always
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSE E. j 339
dehiscent in Calliandra, and in all the genera with albuminous seeds. The mode of
dehiscence gives sometimes rather more available generic characters; for it appears
to depend rather more upon internal structure. The obliquely elastic woody pods of
Pentaclethra have been commented on by Oliver (Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 415). The
elastic dehiscence of Calliandra neatly characterizes a large group which was at first
thought to be geographical as well as natural, having been supposed to be strictly limited
to the warmer regions of America. "Three or four species are now known to exist in
tropical Asia ; these, however, are all very distinct and but little-varying species, and all
of very limited area, and may be set down as in all probability old races in the course
of extinction, whilst the American races appear to be in the full vigour of life, mul-
tiplying, varying and spreading, with specific limits often as yet very ill-defined; and in
future ages it may be expected that Calliandra, with its elastieally revolute pod-valves
and other characters, may become a more and more distinetly natural as well as
geographical genus. A similar dehiscence, but accompanied by very different floral
characters, is observable also in three species of Acacia (A. nigricans, A. obscura and
A. strigosa), forming a small distinct group, with a very limited range, in the neigh-
bourhood of King George's Sound, in South-west Australia, and in two or three northern
species of the phyllodineous group, all of them apparently very local; the character is
` Otherwise, as far as known, strictly confined to the Calliandre of the true American
type.
The closely united nerve-like margins of the two valves, persistent after the remainder
has fallen away leaving a so-called replum, is eminently characteristic of the genera
Entada, Mimosa (including Schrankia) and Lysiloma, and is not, as far as I am aware,
to be met with in any other genus. It is, therefore, perhaps the most important cha-
racter derivable from the fruit, and is almost always well marked when the pod can be
observed at or near maturity. It is only in one or wo of the small thiek-fruited species
of Mimosa that the margins appear sometimes to split with the valves at the apex of the
pod; and in Acacia Guachapelle, H., B. et K., which I have transferred with some
hesitation to Lysiloma, this margin has appeared to me to remain quite consolidated on
the exterior or dorsal edge of the pod, but to split with the valvés on the inner ventral
or seminiferous edge. This requires, however, further investigation from perfectly ripe
fruits, which have not been ‚observed. The plant is, moreover, an exceptional one,
a native of Guayaquil, with the habit and flowers of us more eastern tropical —
Pithecolobium Saman, and of the Asiatic Albizzia Lebbeck, both with very dif-
ns seem valves—that is, the separation either of the whole pod or of its deciduous
| PE istent margin at maturity into distinct articles by a transverse
valves within the persisten ften been given as an absolute character sufficient
ar has 0 1
division between each two seeds, ies from all others, however closely allied in all other
Sim مس Mandl marked in the majority of nr of 2 =. v;
is by no means constant either in the whole genus or m en 1 bs crm im ; quina d
into which it can be divided, whilst in enin nn, ee of یبویا a d i
and even in some single species either of Eumimosa Meticutose cantho-
340 i MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE.
carpæ it appears to be vaguely defined or variable, depending perhaps in some measure
on soil and weather. The articulation is less decided in the thick fleshy or hard pods of
a few species of Pithecolobium, both from the Old and the New World, and of Acacia
concinna, and in the flat pod of Albizzia stipulata, several of which species have been
proposed as genera solely on account of this articulation. In Entada and Plathymenia
it is limited to the endocarp, from which the valves fall away with the margin in Plat-
hymenia, usually without it in Entada.
The twisting of the valves after dehiscence of many species of Pithecolobium and of
the common Adenanthera, the development of a spongy or pithlike endocarp of Prosopis, .
the central longitudinal wings or angles on the valves of Tetrapleura and Gagnebina, the
woody texture of the valves of Xylia, are all very secondary characters, more or less
distinctly exemplified in scattered species of the very natural genus Acacia.
Of the nature and origin of the * pulp” which has been supposed to characterize the
pods of Inga, Pithecolobium, Prosopis, Stryphnodendron, Dichrostachys, Acacia farne-
siana, &c., I can find no good account; and it is very difficult to form an opinion from
dried specimens. In most cases it appears to be a development of, or an exudation
from, the endocarp or inner layer of the substance of the pericarp ; in Inga it is described
as a “ pulpy arillus,” which the dried fruits do not enable me to verify. In most,
perhaps in all, species of the section Unguis-cati of Pithecolobium, the funicle is dilated
into a fleshy arillus, often half enveloping the seed, but of a very different aspect from
that of the remains of dried pulp often adhering to the seeds of Inga. That any real
development of the funicle, however constant in the above-mentioned section of Pithe-
colobium, is not generally of much beyond specific importance in Mimosesze, is evidenced
by the extraordinary variety in the forms of the funicle in the Australian Acacia, noted
in the specific descriptions in my Flora Australiensis.
In considering the systematic value of the characters by which the different ۶۵
are to be distinguished, it is further necessary to take into account how far they may
have been affected by geographical distribution. In this respect I need not here refer to
such plant-forms as the arborescent, the herbaceous, the scandent and others, in respect
of which the Mimosez afford no data different from those derived from plants generally,
and which have been worked out by Grisebach, in as far as dependent on external
physical conditions only ; but there are a few others which may require a short mention,
as resulting in some measure from genealogy, acting independently of or in combination
with physical and other causes. |
The phyllodineous development of the common petiole of the leaves, with a total
arrest of the pinnz and leaflets in all but the seedling and first following leaves, is an
essentially Australian character, and yet cannot well be attributed to physical influences.
It extends equally over the whole territory in its varied climates, spreading sparingly to
the islands of the Pacific, but is limited in the Mimosex of these regions to the single
genus Acacia. It is exemplified, however, in no less than 270 Australian species. There
are no traces of the tendency in Asia or in Africa. In South America it reappears in à
slight degree, but affecting a different group of the suborder. Two Brasilian species of
Mimosa and an extratropical one of Prosopis, as also, if I was correct in the deter-
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 341
mination of a single small specimen in the Berlin Herbarium, a San-Domingo species of
Mimosa, have the leaves reduced to single phyllodia. No peculiar connexion of the
phyllodia with any local circumstances has been observed.
The simply instead of doubly pinnate foliage is, in the suborder, exclusively American,
and definitely characterizes a large genus (Inga including Afonsea), without any trace
of it in any other genus of American Mimosex, nor even in the nearest allied of Asiatic
forms, no passage from the one to the other either in the same species as in Gleditschia,
Ceratonia * or Moldenhauera, or in the different species of one genus as in Cesalpinia,
thus raising the character to the rank of a good generic one.
The general tendency of frutescent plants in stony deserts to degenerate into spinescent
scrubby almost leafless shrubs, is exemplified also in a few Mimoses, such as some
Acacie in Australia, Dichrostachys in Africa, Prosopis and Mimosa in extratropical
South America, but without exhibiting any thing of a genetic character. The develop-
ment, however, of prickles and of spinescent stipules appears to be influenced by genea-
logical as much as by physical causes. The prickles (aculei), whether scattered or in-
frastipular, are characteristic of groups of Piptadenia, Mimosa (including Schrankia)
and Acacia, variously dispersed over America, Asia, and Africa, but have never found
their way into Australia, and are unknown in all other genera of Mimosem. When
hooked, they are particularly developed in scandent species, which they aid in sup-
porting ; but there are scandent species in other genera which entirely dispense with
their aid. |
There are three east-tropical Asiatie species of Albizzia (A. Millettn, A. rufa, and
A. pedicellata), a genus otherwise absolutely without thorns or prickles, in which, how.
ever, a peculiar hooked appendage is often developed under the leaf, which hardens into
a woody hook, and appears to partake more of the nature of a thorn than of an epidermal
prickle, although its position bears no relation to any u. developed pi qme in nf other
Mimosea, the infrafoliar prickles of a few species of Mexican or of African Acacie are,
like the infrastipular ones, strictly epidermal. The species bearing these hooks are not
reported as climbers, and are sometimes noted as arborescent ; no such hooks = known
in any other Mimoseæ ; and the circumstances favouring i ose són gd
few species, only observed in South China, Malaeca, and Java, are as y irely
unknown.
Spinescent stipules are met with in various groups, especially in the deacie —
and Pulchelle, and a fow Phyllodinee, in a very few Calliandre and P pooped m
in Mimosa, Albizzia, Inga, nor in the smaller genera, and, as far as e gem 0 "py Pe
always independent of physical conditions. These spinescent stipu ma in : e ctm
Gummifere, whether from tropical America, Africa, or Asia, offer i a ne;
menon of an extraordinary development ER n pm pum MENU uv 2. t
of them, assuming the aspect of horns of cattle. Such hornlike enlarger | 4 os
à ‘ons: but as far as the information of collectors can be relied on,
generalin dry hof Meets ted by them are from the richest moist forest-regions of
many of the p ever appear to affect the whole of the stipules of any one
OPEM gem n sim. Rendic. R. Accad. Se. Naples, 1874, March.
342 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰
bush, varying in degree of development in the several pairs of stipules of the same
branch, but affeeting special forms and tinges of colour, from an ivory-white to a livid
purple, for each species. They are generally hollow, with a small opening in one horn of
each: pair leading to the cavity, which is continuous throughout, and, in America at
least, are usually, like the swellings at the base of the leaves of some South American
Melastomacez, in the stems of some South American Labiatee, or Malayan Rubiacex,
&c., tenanted by colonies of stinging ants, much to the annoyance of collectors. For
careful observations as well as for speculations on the supposed relation of these abnormal
developments to the preservation of the species as well as to the welfare of their tenants,
I may refer to Belt's most interesting * Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p.218. I am not
aware of any special attention having been paid to them in the Indian peninsula, in
Arabia, or North-east Africa, where these productions abound; nor are we informed
even whether they are there, as in America, occupied by ants. I know of no instance
where any similar enlargement takes place in the spinescent stipules of the Australian
Acacie of the Phyllodinee or of the Pulchelle groups, nor in those of Pithecolobium,
section Unguis-cati, or of Calliandra colletioides, C. geminata, &c. Very much, there-
fore, has yet to be observed before we can be said to be well acquainted with the history
of these productions; all that can now be stated generally is, that they appear to be
the combined result of hereditary constitution, of soil and climate, and of the working
of ants, What share eaeh cause has had in the general effect remains to be as-
certained.
The geographical dispersion of the more essential differences in character, such as the
limited and indefinite number of stamens, the glanduliferous and eglandular anthers, the
agglomeration and freedom of the pollen-grains, the albuminous and exalbuminous seeds,
and even the succulent and dry, as well as the articulate and inarticulate pods, would
tend to confirm that conclusion of the antiquity of these differences which we might
derive from the consideration of their systematic importance, i. e. of their stability and
definiteness; and that antiquity must have been remote enough for the differentiation
to have taken place during a period previous to the geographical disruption of the race
of Mimosex consequent on the change from a former to the present physical and
geological configuration of the earth's surface. For of all the above pairs of distinctive
characters both types have been developed in the Old World as well as in the American
forms, and not very differently so. We only observe generally that definite stamens,
albuminous seeds, and suceulent articulate and indehiscent pods have been more favoured
in the New than in the Old World, and are unknown in races of Australian birth
except in a very few belonging to the north-eastern region and forming part of the
Indo-Australian rather than of the strictly Australian flora; whilst the Old-World
developments have been chiefly in the direction of the characters more or less specially
distinetive of or connected with the genus Ácacia.
Upon the principles commented upon in the foregoing notes, the Mimosee are con-
veniently divided for systematic purposes into the 29 genera, forming 3 tribes, as detailed
in the latter portion of the present paper; but in considering, as I shall now proceed to
do, their genealogy and geographical distribution, more natural grades of subordination
TUN (ts He pecca tn A ee AMIGO ee
M: sepiaria, &e., the history of whose
b SU mo
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 943
may be exemplified by distributing them into 7 tribes or collective genera, and 46 genera
or subgenera, viz. :—
1. PENTACLETHRA, almost as near to Cæsalpinieæ (Dimorphandra) as to Mimosex proper. 2 species.
9. PARKIA, also partaking of a Ceesalpinieous «estivation, but much nearer to Mimosez proper. 2 sub-
genera, 16 species.
8. Pırranenıex. Definite stamens. No albumen. 7 genera or subgenera, 53 species.
4. ADENANTHERE. Definite stamens. Albuminous seeds. Anthers usually glanduliferous. Pod
usually succulent, spongy, or woody. 9 genera or subgenera, 39 species.
5. Eumimosra. Definite stamens. Albuminous seeds. Anthers usually without glands. Pod usually
dry, thin or coriaceous. 6 genera or subgenera, 312 species.
6. Acacra. Indefinite stamens, all free, or the central ones united at the base. No albumen. 6 sub-
genera, 429 species.
7. Inorz. Indefinite monadelphous stamens. No albumen. 15 genera or subgenera, 408 species.
In the investigation of the history of the Mimoseæ thus constituted, the first point
that strikes us is that we have fewer indications-of great antiquity in their case than in
that of the Compositee or of the Cæsalpinieæ (to which Cassia belongs). We have but
of doubtful affinity, isolated genetically, none of those remark-
of long geographical isolation. The generic or sectional
races common to regions now widely separated are neither numerous nor varied ; and the
common or representative species in the New and the Old World are remarkably fev.
This may be in some measure owing to the tropical character of the suborder. If it be
true that long periods of great, but gradual, refrigeration and of restoration of heat have
followed each other on our globe, and that to such a degree as at one time to have almost
extinguished tropical heat, or at another to have melted down arctic glaciers, in each
case creeping on slowly from region to region, and forcing, as it were, the gradual
migration of races that can endure a temperate or cool climate, they would have no such
effect on plants requiring more extreme temperatures, and especially on those accus-
tomed to extreme heat. If no place of refuge unaffected by the change were at hand
they would simply perish; and their migrations, their actual p " "dp gid
separated by apparently insurmountable haie can scarcely be explained bui by the
1 i causes actually in operation, :
i ig pa of land d water very different from what it now is. How far
this dispersion in the case of Mimoses can be attributed to the one or the other cause
may best be considered by taking severally the known instances of species common to the
few well-marked species,
able insular forms indicative
or else by the supposition of an ancient
New and the Old World. udi
: | ies, such as Pithecolobium dulce, Mimosa pudica,
Nedavyindle isum A T ین E into the Old World from the New is
gh they are now 0 abundant in many parts of the
collectors and described as indigenous. These
| g shown by these and other
modern and well authenticated, seals
Old World as to be frequently sent by col a
are only mentioned here to show the facility for colonizin
species of the suborder. lena, and Calliandra portoricensis,
nthus virgatus, Neptunia p
Leucena glauca, 0 | nists from America into the Old World,
might perhaps be added to the list of modern colo | 22
VOL. XXX.
944 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA.
although the evidences of their transmission are not so positive as in the ease of the two
first-mentioned species. iu
The Mimosez really common to the New and the Old World, without any evidence of
modern transportation, or any reasonable doubt as to their having been established in
both hemispheres, are, I believe, only four— Entada scandens, Neptunia oleracea, Mi-
mosa asperata, and Acacia farnesiana.
Entada scandens varies from a trailing shrub to a gigantic climber, well known for
its enormous sabre-like pods. It is widely spread over tropical Asia, and especially
abundant in some parts of tropical Africa, and is also said to be frequent in several of
the West-Indian Islands, as well as in the Isthmus of Panama and other parts of Central
America, but scarcely extends into South America, except perhaps in a few places along
the northern coast. It isa very distinct though variable race, no other species being
closely allied to it. The genus is common to South America and tropical and south-
eastern Africa ; the species most numerous in the latter continent, and amongst them are
those which, upon the whole, approach the nearest to the Æ. scandens. It might be con-
jectured, therefore, that this species had its origin either in eastern tropical Africa, or in
that extent of land, now submerged, which many naturalists suppose to have extended
far to the eastward of tropical Africa; and it may at some time have been carried out to
the West Indies, although no means of transport previous to the discovery of America
have been suggested. The species is sufficiently prevalent near the coasts for its seeds
to find their way into the sea; and the sea will certainly carry them (possibly with
masses of sea-weed) to great distances. They are occasionally thrown up on the shores
of Britain, and those thus cast up have been made to germinate; but this is only one of
many instances of drifts having been brought by the gulf-stream from the West Indies
to the North European coasts; none that I know of are recorded of drifts from Africa
reaching the West Indies. This wide geographical disseverance of Entada scandens (of
which Gyrocarpus Jacquini affords another instance) remains to be accounted for.
Neptunia oleracea is an aquatic plant whose floating stems root at the joints, and
spread rapidly in any slow-running tropical river or large piece of fresh water into which
they may have been introduced. It was found abundantly in tropical waters by the
early botanical explorers of South America, as well as of tropical Asia and Africa. The
genus has several species in extratropical North America, in tropical Asia, and in Aus-
tralia; but these belong severally to three groups, distinct from the N. oleracea; the
only species really nearly allied to it is the terrestrial N. plena, abundant in South Ame-
rica, but perhaps, as above mentioned, a colonist only in the Old World, where it is
scarce. We might conclude, therefore, that N. oleracea is a species of South-American
origin, carried over perhaps in comparatively ancient times by some of those agencies
which are known to facilitate the dispersion of aquatic plants, although they have not
yet been fully investigated. |
Mimosa asperata is a very common weed, if such a word can be applied to a tall
shrubby plant, over the greater part of South America, where it passes almost gradually
into more than one allied species, and which is also the country of the whole group to
which it belongs, It may therefore be concluded with but little hesitation that it is of
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 945
American origin; and yet its wide distribution over tropical Africa and the Mascarene
islands, where it was found by early explorers in widely different localities, seems to
show that it was already there before the discovery of America, and that in a form or
variety which is precisely one of the commonest in South America. It cannot very
reasonably be included among the remains of some primitive flora from which those
both of Africa and South America have been derived; for in that case it would have
followed the example of others which give evidence of such a common origin, and would
have diverged into specially African varieties or representative species. We must
therefore, upon such data as we as yet possess, come to the conclusion that, like the
Neptunia oleracea, it has been carried over in early days from South America to Africa
independently of human agency, although not enjoying the peculiar facilities for such
transport exemplified in aquatie plants.
The dispersion of Acacia farnesiana is more difficult to explain. It is now very
abundant in almost all countries enjoying a tropical or subtropical climate, both in the
New and the Old World; but it has been so long cultivated for the scent of its flowers,
and spreads so readily from cultivation, that it is in east tropical South America, as in
Asia and Africa, most frequently recognized as a colonist only; but yet it is said to have
every appearance of being really indigenous in the Indian archipelago, and perhaps in
tropical Africa; and it was gathered by the early explorers in tropical Australia. Its
real home, however, is most probably Western America. It ranges there from Chili to
Mexico and Texas, varying considerably, and passing not only into the closely allied
species or variety .4. cavenia (which is exclusively American), but also sometimes
scarcely to be distinguished from some forms of the A. tortuosa and eyen of 4. macra-
Bebe hor Tee seats region ; whilst in the Old World it departs but little from
the common cultivated form, and has no very near allies, none nearer than the tropical
African 4. Sieberiana, which, however, is only connected with it through the American
i herefore, as far as can be judged from the
A. macracantha. Acacia farnesiana may t : 1
data before us, like Mimosa asperata, be set down as a colonist only in the Old World,
although a very ancient one.
If, however, we may be justifie
order Mimosex, now found to be ident
d in considering these few species of the tropical sub-
ical in the New and the Old World in countries
now so widely separated by apparently impassable barriers, as ge wee —
colonists from the one to the other, as having passed from the one y san " ee = er
physical conditions not very different from those which و زب کی e: iie
different with representative or nearly allied spectes. These, apum.
i ined i fm
i ;4 and on Composite, or explained in some of my
I have adopted in my notes on Cassia an po uadit dose of
: ۱ f a co
nu: "MGE es ee m or both of the now aE ge
As to what was this common stock, whether identical with or cui deum z un
in one of the regions, or more or less distinct from oe Gm sid Sapa sane a
in any part of the present dissevered common us > cre ~ by subigit
formerly in connexion with the s Lie from the scantiness of the data at our
geological changes,—these are qu 222
346 | MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰
command, must be in a great measure speculative or conjectural, but which may yet be
deserving of a passing notice.
Under this head of representative Mimosee in the two hemispheres we may fairly
include the following nine :—
|
America. Old World.
PENTACLETHRA FITAMENTOSA. Common in North Brazil PENTACLETHRA MACROPHYLLA. Limited range in west
and Guiana, extending to Central America, and tropical Africa, without any Old-World connex-
connected, though not very closely, with the Brazi- ions.
lian Dimorphandre.
Prerapenta RIGIDA. South tropical and subtropical PIPTADENIA AFRICANA. West tropical Africa, extend-
Brazil and Paraguay, and closely connected with ing perhaps aeross to the lower Zambesi, but with-
a series of tropical Brazilian species. out any newly allied Old-World species.
MIMOSA POLYANCISTRA and M. cERATONIA. West Indies Mimosa NAMATA and M. RUBICAULIS. East India, the
and Central America, and closely connected with former (so near to the American species that one
several species ranging from Brazil to Mexico. variety is scarcely distinguishable from M. polyan-
LEUCÆNA DIVERSIFOLIA. Tropical Mexico, and con- Lzvoxxa Forsrerr. South Pacific islands, from New
nected with several species from West Tropical Caledonia to Tahiti, without any near Old-World
America. connexions,
ACACIA MACRACANTHA. West tropical America and Acacia SIEBERIANA. Western tropical Africa, with a
West Indies, with several closely connected tro- limited range, the nearest Old-World connexions
pical American species from the same region, some in South Afriea, but not nearly so close as the
with a wider range. American connexions of A. macracantha.
ACACIA LACERANS. Brazil. A distinct species, but Acacia PERVILLET. Madagascar. No Old-World species
rather- more nearly connected with allied species approaching it nearly so closely as the A. lacerans.
s Ss same country than is the case with A. Per-
vitet.
ACACIA PANICULATA and A. RIPARIA. Both with a wide Acacta PENNATA and A. casta. Both with a wide
range over tropieal America, and connected with range over tropical Asia, and one, if not both, ex-
several other species common over a great part of tending over tropical Africa, connected with two
the same area more local species, one from south-east Africa, the
other from the Malayan archipelago.
In studying the above list, the first point which strikes us is the marked American
character of seven out of the nine pairs of species. They are there surrounded bya
numerous, flourishing, and widely diffused kindred, whilst in the Old World they are
comparatively, or even absolutely, isolated and limited to small areas. A hasty con-
clusion might therefore class them with the identical species of the previous list as old
colonists, distinguished only as having acquired their idiosynerasy by a longer isolation.
But a further consideration discloses a marked difference in the two cases. Although
time and isolation are important elements in the modification of races, yet it requires
something more to produce a change of specific character. Circumstances must have
occurred to bring natural selection into play. A race which has acquired a prosperous
stability by having settled into a constitution suited to the circumstances in which
it is placed, will, if brought to colonize in a country offering similar conditions, most
likely there also preserve its identity for an indefinite period, or become too slightly
modified to be specifically distinguished. But it is different with a race gradually ex-
tending itself in different directions over bordering regions where physical or social con-
ditions are more or less modified. In the former case, notwithstanding the innumerable,
Genera or Subgenera. America. Old World.
"nal. 1 isolated sp. | P. macrophylla, Africa, 1 isolated sp. as
| PENTACLETHRA ..---- E: er East tropical, p rag
eg oup as the |4 or 5 East Asiatic and Archipelago sp.
۳ A Teer 3 Bae ad i n "g^ pe p با ae (not all as yet sufficiently known), an d
Columbi forming ing a rather distinct 3 African sp. all of a subgenus repre-
Pune. ted in America. 1 from the Indian
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. 347
although slight, variations produced in every generation, not one, either in the parent or
in the adopted country, may succeed in superseding the typical form fixed through a
long period of unchanged circumstances. But as this typical form gains a footing in
new ground under new conditions, it may gradually become modified by natural selection
at both extremities of its thus extended area. The divergencies thus established will
probably, as I have on several occasions observed and specially exemplified in my Cassia
paper and in my Address of 1870, be in different directions in the two new countries,
however similar the external conditions may be in both. ‘Two new species will be pro-
duced, all the more distinct if the typical form comes to disappear with the country
which gave birth to it. "Thus it is that we have representative species in distant regions
having a common origin, but not derived the one from the other as in the case of
colonists.
Returning now to the list, and keeping the above considerations in view, we may con-
ceive that Acacia Sieberiana and A. Pervillei may have been colonists from America of
very ancient date, whieh have become slightly modified from their typical forms, A. ma-
cracantha and A. lacerans, although even here we should have much doubt; and all the
others suggest rather a common descent only from some typical race more or less distant
from both its descendants. This places them in the same category as widely dissevered
congeners, which we may now proceed to consider.
The following table exhibits such natural generic or subgeneric groups of Mimosee,
as we find represented in both the New and the Old World, in their respective propor-
tions and characteristic relations. The representative species of the last table are here
again included; but the few identical ones which have, as it were, lost their nationality
are passed over :—
J
sen
EE Archipelago, described as very different,
but unknown to me. None from Aus-
i : inflorescence of | 7 Africa
ENTADA ...........>» 3 sp. 1 Brazilian, with T oa یی None from Asia, Australia, or the Mas-
the African ones; ; ۱
tro- carene islands (except E. scandens of the
DE doen identical table). r E
: * on tend- | 4species. 1 African, a chiefly western re-
PIPTADENIA ...----+ 33 sp., chiefly Brazilian, pnt 24 er من M an Ami die n
ing westwa * the Old- World above; 1 East Indian, apparently local
‚ing to the same nt > sections unrepre- (in Oude), with a slight affinity to a
ones, 9 gra, World. Columbian sp.; 1 Madagascar, very dis-
sented in the tinet ; the 4th African, but insufficiently
known to be certain of its genus. None
Australi dm
" and | 3 sp. 2 West Asiatic, scarcely tropical,
Pomorie... ses ار 120r 13 sp» either € sec- Propia] African, those of each countr
southern وین :n the Old World. forming a section distinct from the
tions unrepresented In American ones. None in Australia or
the Mascarene Islands.
ن
PRSE H iig cuc c pM
348
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE.
Genera or Subgenera.
America.
Old World.
on n و و و و و و و و
4 € erê OE
Mruosa (RubIcAULES). .
AcacrA (GUMMIFERA)
SUMMIBRACTEATJE.
— — MEDIBRACTEATE..
—— — BASIBRACIEATA..
Acacia (VULGARES)
Prrnxcotosrum (Sama-
NEA) SUBARTICULATE.
4 sp. Ups the identical noe» 2 tropical
and 2 northern extratropical
9 sp. 2 widely-spread tropical and sub-
opieal wee northern و
and subtropical.
About 15 species, spread over tropical Ame-
rica, the representative ones and their
nearest allies chiefly from the West
Indies and Central America. The whole
genus, very abundant within and near
= Ale containing about 270 Ame-
an sp., all (except the above 15 and
the identical M. asperata) belonging to
groups unrepresented in the Old World.
sp., all western tropical, or northern
subtropical,
9 sp., all western or West Indian.
2 sp., Mexican-Texan, resembling some of
the Old-World species, but scarcely
representative
5 sp., Mexican-Texan or Central American,
all well marked.
.| 42 sp. mai 24 ی or Columbian,
and most of them n extended
The genus contains also 2 d s to
a group (Filicine) not O very
far from Central Ameri
Nearly 100 sp., chiefly tropical, scarcely
separable into distinct groups, many of
them very variable, and some of rather
extended areas, 2 or 3 found beyond
the tropics north or south.
5 sp. Brazilian with 1 western," the section
containing also 3 other groups (18 spe-
Syra purely — and the genus
rican sections with
iod 60 species.
3 8 1 from the Indian Peninsula, too di-
tin assed as representative of
or the Mascarene Islands (except the
e r one
, Madagas car, very distinet from the
eh of the genus. None in Asia, Africa,
or tlie except as modern colo-
nis
8 sp. The two representative ones Asiatic,
the other 6 Mascarene or east tropie
frican ; none fro us a or west
tropical — re no others of the
genus in the O
d World, except the.
identical M. pene
1 sp. South Pacific Islands; none in Asia,
ica, or Australia.
4 sp., all African. 1 west tropical, and re-
presentative of an American one; 3
south extratropical.
About 40 sp. 27 or 28 African, of which 2
northern extratropical, 9 southern ex-
tratropical, 16 or 17 tropical, 1 extend-
and west
ninsula, all well marked. No Mascarene
or Australian
24 sp. 3 spread | over tropical Africa and
Asia, 7 confined to tropical Asia, 9 to
tropical Africa, 4 to South Africa, 1
Mascarene. No Australian.
The genus contains also nearly 300 sp. be-
longing 3 از sections or
groups, of which the Phyllodines alone
are onmes by 5 Polynesian and 1
Mascar
spec:
very distinct, although more or less
alied to American forms. None in
Africa or gea comet
4 sp. 1 from tropical Australia and the
(ren 1 hon the Indian Penin-
sula and Ceylon Madagase
species of this Old- World section.
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSE X.
349
The following genera are limited to one of the two hemispheres :—
Genera.
Old World.
ELEPHANTORHIZA ....
.. مه و و و و و ۰
v. 9 9. «t
و و و و ۰
a
+ هم م ۰ و مه ...+ .. و و وه
weine
. ۰ .
wann syo nee IN A و @
.. 9 o£ 3 9 do 9 € 9 5 9 ^ o3 9 & .. . v o 6 n o» » o. ^on p t «o...
...| 9 sp., Brazil and Guiana. No close affinity
| 3 sp., Brazil. Properly a section of Inga.
^c.
except a general one with the 4 follow-
ing Old-World genera.
o's 9 »à 9*9 $9 à» ها s! M4 9.59999. E A O
o DER E Eg NU ON NOTAE laca lo 49 و او و و و
6 sp., of which 2 Brazil to Columbia, 4
dei. Extratropical, or Central, all
forming more appropriately an Ame-
rican section of Mimosa than an inde-
pendent genus. i :
10 sp.,Columbian, West Indian, and Mexican,
ite unrepresented in the Old World.
. ۰
IE DA ee
5 sp., Brazil to West Indies, properly a sec-
tion of Pithecolobium.
...o+..ss
DOUG y Qum بش A ری ی وی to E
vee ۵ و و و او
Paes nic eee OS a giu PA S a io R
۰
erica, 1 or 2 sp. only crossing
About 140 sp., spread over all parts of tro-
pical Ameri nl
the tropies north or sou
t separated
2 sp. extratropical or subtropical South
a,
1 sp., East India and the Archipelago, with
i affinities.
3 sp., tropical Africa.
3
1 sp., Mascarene.
1 sp., South Afri
Prosopis.
7sp. 4 African, tropical or southern sub-
40 sp.,
5 sp
near the Entade of the same
country.
no immediate
2 tropical Asia, 1 tropical Australia.
A
e above four genera distinct, but gene-
rally allied to Stryphnodendron and
tropical, 1 Mascarene, 1 Indo-Austra-
lian, 1 Australian tropical. A distinet
genus, generally allied to Prosopis and
' ' Neptunia.
ica, Mascarene Islands, Asia
to
Afri
and Australia, slightly corresponding
ium of
the American section
Pithecolobium (2 Mexican sp.).
. 1, Malacca and the Archipelago; 4,
islands of the South Pacific.
2 sp., tropical Australia. |
The last 2 genera perhaps sections of Pithe- |
colobium.
|
|
pe 2.22 E
The distribution of the species in the two hemispheres may be generally summed up
in the following table, in which I have no
the American regions from each
without definite limits; but I have been able
. other; as being too much blended together, ۱
to ‘ees owes regions, with but very few overlapping species which have
to be repeated in two or more columns.
350 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۷ ۷ ۰
` Genera and Subgenera. America. | Africa. —€— E Asia. | Polynesia. | Australia. | Total.
Pek PORT A se ae : - 1 2
E O 3 8 6 | 19
» PARYPHOSPHERIA .......... 7 .
INVADE: a da eR ICH e 4 8 3 11
8 || ELEPHANTORHIZA ....eeen o n 9 = 9
H ball. هم ws oe ve 2 er > ill. 2
3 4 | PIPTADENIA EUPIPTADENIA.......... y 2 1 $ E:
s » ^ITYROCARPA .....+.++.++ e :
= » BOE ییا vov 4 E:
aD E 1 1
STRYPHNODENDRON ...... etn 8 J > ea d 8
: A a os oo AO a as > 3 1 4
S TENUERE rd UN 3 si 5 3
2 CAMINA e ca IRAE E e be 2i 1 1
t< | Prosopis ALGAROBIA .....-.... ss 13 en “= :
3 » ^ ARORA E 1 P. & : 16
E 95. AD Lis cro e n i ix s 2 ;
"TI odana o, وی CI : 1 > = v 1
Diem: cs à 4 1 1 2 7
RE A O rere ده 5 1 1? 2» 2 8
g memes BL مه sews : 9 1 1 ux TN 10
a ORE EDMINOBR. هه هه 30 ex > is ..
E A a bi. 141 3 5 2 \ Yi
SUI LL DEN LL C Rer horae 6 dw RE 6
Im essen 8 E 1 9
Acacia Pure... à 1 1 4 271
BOUHEYONFRALAE La ees ron : : ; E 10
h^ RULO il e = 5 0
: MED o eser) 17 35 iis 9 4 =
pj. CUM es eo a 42 22 1 9 E
s OFUIIEB زاجم ها 2 à = J
II LORON iecit sor ee aes 10 و - IV:
DOLEO. union و LX 95 i 1 4 id is 100
We RE ER Er 21 5 18 6 5 52
PITHECOLOBIUM UNGUIS-CATI ........ 19 ne xs r: E e
= XU ای ار a = à 19 1 3 |
A ABAREMOTEMON ...... 18 m c . . “+
à » ARMA uuo 24 1 1 2 1 [» 108
&4 » ORTHOLOBIUM ...... 2 = i xs .
A $s 1 16 i . |
CHLOROLEUCON ...... 6 ; ۰
ENTEROLOBIUN .......... E تس 5 : 9.
BADEN S a ic kee. es 1 4 .. >
ANOR OB دم ی ما d . . 2 A
AR oI Me IR 140 . 140
CTRA es oe kee. AN 3
Tribes. America. | Africa, — Asia, | Polynesia. | Australia. | Total.
EDER
ee Te a, 1 1 A ae ; . 2
PA AS 10 3 e 6 s 19
Los. QU o e 40 12 1 3 i 54
IIA ces 21 9 2 6 T. 3 40
BE را موی ای As 299 4 7 4 1 2 311
RE 61 57 2 19 4 293 432
Inge را L, 331 22 TIL 11 11 405
Total Mrxosgm.......... 763 108 19 82 16
V RUNS NET m PRIN Ret m YN
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEX. , 351
In considering the data supplied by the above tables, the most striking feature is the
great American predominance not only of the whole order, but, if we deduct those
Australian and African Acaeie which have less of a tropical character or are quite
extratropical, of every tribe and of the great majority of the genera and principal sub-
genera. Piptadenia, Prosopis, Mimosa, two sections of Acacia, five sections of Pithe-
colobium, and Inga, with a few of their minor satellites, show each a large number of
American species, mostly of a comparatively extended area and rich in varieties ; whilst
Asia has only Albizzia, one section (Clypearia) of Pithecolobium, and in a less degree
two sections of Acacia, exhibiting the same character; and Africa is still further
deprived of Clypearia.
This high degree of recent luxuriance and prosperity of American races, however, can
by no means be relied upon as evidence as to local origin, or even as to comparative
remoteness of antiquity ; for that may rather be sought for where there are the greatest
number of highly differentiated monotypes or oligotypes of limited areas and fixed
characters, exhibiting the last remains, as it were, of expiring races; and these are
undoubtedly to be met with chiefly in the Old World, in the first place in East Afrien
and the Mascarene Islands, and secondly in the Malayan archipelago. But this
question of what might have been the original birthplace of Mimosez is involved in too
much obscurity, and the few conjeetures that might be hazarded are connected with too
great a variety of disputed geological conditions and histories to be here discussed. It
may suffice to observe that there is every reason to suppose that the seven tribes, and a
few at least of the genera or subgenera, had been differentiated and spread over the
common area whence the tropical floras of America and Afriea had been derived, for a
sufficient time before its disruption or disappearance to allow of their being all com-
municated to both the regions now so widely dissevered. A few words may also be
devoted to the consideration of how the several races have subsequently prospered in
each of the hemispheres, as far as can be judged of by the present aspect of what still
survives. Of the several races which have entirely perished in the one or the other
hemisphere, the records are, I believe, as yet too few and imperfect to form the basis
of ti y conclusions.
€— pai isis in both hemispheres, inhabiting the moist forest regions of
North Brazil and Guiana in America, and of west tropical Africa in the Old World,
The two species are in the present day generically isolated and specifically distinct.
Neither of them shows any tendency to €T , - p socie toni سیر
: iring races. They may also be ۳
harte = ya se hus (Dim orphandrez) than with Mimoseze, and perhaps with
some of those races which, like Cassia (P icte), had lon 8 left ۳3 pP moriens,
in Africa, and in Australia, If the nearest connexion, Dimorphandra, is purely Ame-
rican, the next step, Erythrophleum, is common to Africa and Australia. :
d hical character of Pentaclethra, but more extended, It is
Karkia. AMA ed from the common stock of Cesalpiniee and Mimose:e,
u E - 2 — It is still luxuriating in the moist forest regions of both
ut much nearer to the ۰ ۱ SR Ä
fedes ue DM Hn proinde 4 or Bimpecios 1n. te Malayan
VOL. XXX.
352 y MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA.
archipelago and neighbouring Asiatic districts (not extending, however, to Australia),
and about 3 African ones, all nearly allied, variable, and of rather extended range. In
America it has gone further. Besides 3 Brazilian species, not very far removed though
specifically distinct from the Old-World ones, it has developed into a mere local subgenus
Paryphospheria, of which 5 species are known from North Brazil, Guiana, or Columbia.
I say nothing at present of a few imperfectly described Malayan-archipelago species,
such as P. singularis and P. sumatrana, Miq., of which I have seen no specimens,
as it appears very uncertain whether they really belong to the genus.
The Piptadeniee, or Mimosez with definite stamens, exalbuminous seeds, and alode
always glanduliferous anthers, including 7 genera or subgenera, have the geographical cha-
racter of the order—39 American species in 5 genera or subgenera, of which 3 are endemic,
12 African in 3 genera, of which 1 endemic, 1 Mascarene species, and 3 Asiatic in 3 genera,
of which 1endemie. Of the 5 (or perhaps, rather, 4) genera, Piptadenia, belonging to the
moist forest regions, in its typical and what may be presumed to be the nearest to the
original form, has representatives in all four countries—in America 24 species, chiefly
east of the Andes, but with lor 2 extending westward to the Pacific, several of them
with a wide range as well as variable, besides 9 species belonging to two distinct genera,
but with similar specific wide range and variability, especially the Miope, in Africa
2 species (one of them imperfectly known), in the Mascarene islands 1, and in Asia 1, all
of definite character and limited area. The genus may thus well be classed amongst the
races in the full tide of prosperity in America, but expiring in the Old World. و۵
after deducting Æ. scandens, which is identically luxuriant in Asia and Africa, and to a
certain degree in America, has a more African character, having there developed 7
endemic species, and only 3 in America. The latter belong to the same forest region of
North Brazil and Guiana as the majority a the Piptadeniee, whilst in Africa the genus
is less exclusively tropical, 2 species ext tl 1 to the Natal district, where also
has arisen the endemic allied genus or sulgenus Elephantorhiza with 2 (or 3?) species.
Plathymenia is an endemic Brazilian genus of 2 species, closely connecting Piptadenia
with Entada; and Xylia is a very distinct monotypic genus, which, if we neglect the
above-mentioned identical Entada scandens, is the sole survivor of the ancient race of
Piptadenies in tropical Asia, but is there luxuriant, having maintained an extended
range from the Peninsula to the Malayan Archipelago. Like Pentaclethra and Parkia,
the tribe, if it ever spread to Australia and Polynesia, has there left no traces of its
existence. ;
The only exceptional species of the tribe without glands to the anthers are two Ame- -
rican Niope, in other respects closely resembling two genuine species of the subgenus,
and all four showing an approach in habit, though none in any other essential character,
to some species of Acacia.
Adenanthere@, or Mimosex with definite stamens, albuminous seeds, and almost
always. glanduliferous anthers, still show an American preponderance, but in a less
degree; the forms are more generically diversified though still specifically variable, and
ithe characters much less tropical. In America we have 21 species in 2 genera or sub-
genera, both endemic; in Africa 9 species in 4 genera or subgenera, of whioh 3 endemic: 3
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. '853
in the Mascarene islands 2 species in 2 genera, of which 1 endemic ; in Asia 5 species in
3 genera or subgenera, of which 1 endemie, and in Australia 8 species in 2 genera.
Stryphnodendron, with 8 species, is the only genus of the tribe which luxuriates in the
moist tropical forests east of the Andes, with systematic as well as geographieal characters
showing an approach to the Piptadeniex, but with the albuminous seeds and thick
scarcely dehiscent pods of Prosopis and its allies. Algarobia, including Strombocarpa,
the American subgenus of Prosopis, has a very different geographical constitution from
any of the preceding Mimosex. Scarcely known east of the Andes, and certainly absent
from the forest regions of Brazil and Guiana, it has one tropical species so variable that it
has been divided into from two to about a dozen supposed species, extensively planted, but
appearing to have a really indigenous range of remarkable extent, from extratropical
Chili along the tropical Andes and coast of the Pacific to Mexico and the West Indies.
11 other American species are extratropical or nearly so, southern or northern, none of
the Argentine or Chilian ones absolutely identical with the Mexican or Texan, but some-
times closely representative. Adenopis, the Asiatic subgenus of Prosopis, with 2 species,
extends from the western extratropical districts to the Indian peninsula ; Anonychia, the
African monotypic subgenus, is more tropical, but affects rather the desert than the
forest region. Adenanthera, 3 species from tropical Asia and Australia, and Tetrapleura,
3 tropical African species, are, like the American Stryphnodendron, inhabitants of the
forest. Xerocladia is a single strongly differentiated South-African extratropical
species; Gagnebina, a single Mascarene species. The more tropical Dichrostachys has a
wide range with more variable species, but it is still more abundant in the open regions
of the Acacie (Gummifere) than in the moist forests. We have 4 African, 1 Mascarene,
1 Asiatic and 2 Australian species, those of each country quite distinct, although the two
nearest allied, the wide-spread and variable African D. nutans and the Indian-peninsula
. ei idered as representative.
Bins one: popa the ek that as the character becomes less tropical, the
hemispheres are more marked; not only have representa-
ere is no subgenus of Adenanthereæ common to the New
ecturing that Mimoseæ originated
duced races. with a constitution
specific divergences in the two
tive species disappeared, but th ا
and the Old World—one amongst other ee e
d have only here and there pr i
mr à multiply in more temperate climates.
tribe without glands to the anthers are two species
of extratropical South American Prosopis, in other respeets showing an approach, rather
in habit than in character, to some species of Mimosa from the same region.
à : ۴ with definite stamens, albuminous seeds,
The tribe Eumimosece, or Mimoses proper d very rarely thick or fleshy, has its Ame-
| ndular anthers, and the po |
reni con decided than any other. The 6 genera » magnes ccm
rican, with about 300 species, mostly tropical, some is sas abo تن MT d ی و
variable others very local and distinct, and a 1er semp idt and 2 closely (ib:
whilst the Old World has but 13 species, of which 2 E vas AAA
sentative of American ones. In America one ic mmn West-Indian or extra-
groups of Mimosa, with about half a hundred species ar
in a tropical region,
sufficiently hardened to flourish and
The only exceptional species of the
354 | MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE 1۷۲۲1۲0 ۰
tropical, with limited areas; but the great mass of the species are either widely spread
. over tropical America, chiefly east of the Andes, or are more local in southern Brazil and
adjoining districts. In Africa, besides 2 species, an aquatic Neptunia and a Mimosa, iden-
tical with American ones, there are only 2, both belonging to the Mimose (Rubicaules),
and almost representative of American ones. The Mascarene islands have a very distinct
Desmanthus, which might almost rank as a subgenus, and 5 species of Mimosa, all
belonging to the same group of Rubicaules, but some of them rather more distinct than
the Asiatie and African ones. In Asia, besides the aquatic Neptunia identical with the
African and American one, there is a rather distinct endemic species of that genus, and
2 of Mimosa (Rubicaules), both closely representative of American ones. In Polynesia
there is a Leucena, distinct from, but not very far removed from, an American one, and
the only Old-World representative of that West-American genus. In Australia the sole
members of the tribe are 2 species of Neptunia, forming a section distinguished from the
rest of the genus by the reduction of the stamens to a single instead of a double series, à
character not observed in any other Old-World Mimosex, and repeated only in the
. American subgenus Humimosa.
As a whole, the Zumimosee, although evidently very early established in the Old
World, with the presumably Mascarene or African centre of the suborder, have with
difficulty maintained their ground there, whilst in America they have prospered and
acquired enormous dimensions, The few exceptional species of the tribe, with more or
less prominent glands to the anthers, belong to the small scattered genus Neptunia,
which, however, in other respects, is closely connected with Mimosa. t
The Acacia tribe differs from all the preceding in its comparative prosperity in the
Old World, and especially in its wonderful development in the southern hemisphere, in
Australia, and to a certain degree in South Africa; but in both cases the progress seems
to have been from the tropics southward, as there is no trace of the genus in the extreme
south of America, nor in New Zealand, nor any connexion between the extratropical
African and Australian species. The former belong to a widely spread tropical subgenus,
the latter to three specially Australian, subgenera, of which one only has remained
sparingly persistent in the Mascarene, Malayan, or South Pacific islands. I would observe
that, geographically, I here speak of these divisions of Acacia as subgenera, because they
appear to me, in a genealogical sense, to have the same importance as the subgenera of
Mimosa, Pithecolobium, and others, although, being distinguished by vegetative characters
only (chiefly foliage and inflorescence), to the utter neglect of numerous floral or carpo-
logical differences, they are, for systematie purposes, under the rules usually followed,
treated as series only, with adjective instead of substantive names. 3 |
The three extra-Australian subgenera are all American; one, a very small one, the
Filieine, is endemic and of limited range in Central America, Mexico, Texas, and the
West Indies; but its two species appear to be abundant within their areas, and so
variable as to have been described under some eight or ten different names, The Amo-
rican preponderance is also maintained in the Vulgares, with 42 species, the majority of
which are tropical, with their chief seat in the forest regions east of the Andes, some of
them widely spread, very variable, and having Old-World representatives. But there
MR. G: BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 955
are also western or extratropical species, north and south, of limited areas and very
definite character, remnants of ancient races now evidently expiring. In the third extra-
Australian subgenus, the Gummifere, the circumstances have changed ; it is at once less
tropical and less American. Only 14 species are known in the New World to 47 in the
Old; and those 14 are either Western, West-Indian, or extratropical north and south,
Not one (except the generally introduced 4. farnesiana) is to be met with in tropical
South America east of the Andes, although some, within their areas, appear to be abun-
dant and variable. | |
In Africa the Acacie constitute more than half the whole number of the Mimoseæ of
that continent, and form a very prominent feature in the desert landscape of the dry
distriets both within and south of the tropies, extending in some places northward to the
Mediterranean, and eastward, connected through Arabia with Western India. They
belong to the two above-mentioned American and Asiatic subgenera Vulgares and Gum-
mifere. Of the former, 22 species (to the American 42) include some forest races of
wide range, representative both of Asiatic and American ones. The African Gummifere,
on the other hand, far surpass those of any other region, comprising at least 35 species,
often wide-spread, some very variable, and two at least apparently identical with West-
Asiatic ones, but others again local and definite. From the Mascarene islands 1 only
know of 2 species of Acacia; one, belonging to the Yulgares, is remarkable as being
elosely representative of the Brazilian A. lacerans, and much further from any African
or Asiatie species; the other, A. heterophylla, is an. extreme outlying species of the
Australian subgenus Phyllodinee, and closely representative of the extreme outlying
species in an opposite direction, the 4. Koa of the Sandwich Islands. Asia has 19 species
of Acacia, 9 each of the African and American subgenera Vulgares and Gummifere, and
some of them closely representative of species from either continent ; the remaining one,
one of the Phyllodinee from Amboyna, is unknown to recent botanists ;
but if Rumphius’s accounts are correct, it must be closely allied to, if not identical with,
a North-Australian species. Polynesia, from New Caledonia. to the Sandwich Islands,
presents us with 4 species, all belonging to the same Australian subgenus Phyllodinee,
and nearly allied to North-Australian species. Whether the above six extra- Australian
Phyllodinee have migrated from Australia, or whether they are the persistent remnants
of the race in its ancient home, we have no means of judging; but conjecture and ana-
oed — nn eg has met with the largest development, having
Sontiahed wo all precedent, and rivalling, or even — in maa ELIE
of America. Of 393 speciess 4 only, including the ubiquitous farnesiana, ; >
mifere, but appear to be very local in North Australia; the
the generally spread Gu mife ER 18 forming two small subgenera purely endemic;
remainder are ge cem dineg, many of them very variable and widely spread,
and no less than 27 ub d whole subgenus bearing a conspicuous part in the arbo-
others local and definite, à f Most ent part of Australia and Tasmania. Origi-
— or Malayan region, where it has left, as above men-
its forms with the greatest profusion,
A. Mangium,
356 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA.
spreading southwards till stopped by the ocean, which it has been unable to cross even
to Norfolk Island and New Zealand.
The Ingee, or Mimoseæ with indefinite monadelphous stamens, are exclusively
tropical, and show a very great American preponderance, although a few races also have
prospered in the Old World; and the two hemispheres have very little in common.
There are no identical or closely representative species ; and even the genera or subgenera
are mostly distinct. America has 330 species in 11 genera or subgenera, of which two
only are slightly represented in the Old World, and the latter has 78 species, of which
only 9 are allied to American forms, the remaining 69 forming 4 genera or subgenera
unrepresented in the New World.
Of the American genera, Lysiloma alone, with 10 species, is limited to the western
tropies or West Indies; the other 10 genera or subgenera ranging generally over
tropical America, but specially abundant in the forest regions as well as in the Brazilian
campos east of the Andes. The Old-World Inges are also mostly forest inhabitants.
Albizzia, with 40 species, is generally spread over the whole tropical region, with one
species exceptionally established in extratropical Australia. Clypearia, with 22 species,
and Serianthes, with 5, are limited to the Indo-Australian tropical region, the three
genera including many variable races of extended range. Archidendron is exclusively
Australian, with 2 species of limited areas. The 5 Asiatic or Mascarene Calliandre
and the 4 Asiatic Mascarene or African Samanee, are quite local and definite in cha-
racter, whilst their numerous American congeners are remarkable for their variability
and wide dispersion.
Inga itself, including Affonsea, 142 species, is remarkable for its simply, not doubly
pinnate leaves, a character otherwise unknown among Mimosez, and in that suborder
developed in America only; for the Indian bifoliolate Calliandra cynometroides must
probably be noted as a reduction of a doubly compound leaf to its simplest elements of 2
unifoliolate pinnae, not as a reduction of a simply pinnate leaf to a single pair, although
the double articulation of the very short petiole is not evident, as in the corresponding
American bifoliolate Calliandra hymeneoides.
With regard to the local distribution of Mimosez in each of the several continents,
the subject is too closely connected with the general flora of each, and therefore too
large to be treated of on the present occasion; 1 would only add a few words on the
northern and southern extension of the suborder beyond the tropics.
We have seen that in America the northern and southern extensions exemplified in
the genera Prosopis, Mimosa, and Acacia have taken place in those groups only which
are, under the tropics, restricted to the western margin of the continent, a region where
the mountain-chain and the adjoining sea have allowed a certain continuity of physical
conditions still to exist, a continuity which may well have been much greater during
former periods. As a result, the new races produced north and south, although discon-
nected in character as well as in area, have in many instances remained closely repre-
sentative; and this is in accordance with what has been pointed out in many other
classes of plants. In the Old World, however, as I have on other occasions observed,
the ranges of mountains and impassable deserts and seas run much more east and west,
AD رم ی مت وا s mr M ی اقا n.
- become differentiated as to have est
‚under ordinary circumstances, they have by na
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSE E. 357
disconneeting more completely the northern and southern temperate regions. The
extension therefore of Mimosex, as of other races of plants northward and southward,
has been quite independent. In the Adenantheree, for instance, the Persian and
Oriental Prosopides they have produeed in the north have no connexion with the
extratropical Dichrostachydes and Xerocladia developed in the south; even the few
Acacia (Gummifere) which may have passed the northern tropical line are by no means
representative of those of the Cape Colony, whilst the extraordinary luxuriance of the
Phyllodineous and other.Australian races of Acacia have nothing to correspond with
them in extratropical Asia.
I cannot quit the consideration of dissevered representative races without alluding to
an instance which it is quite out of my power to account for. The connexion of the
tropical flora. of North-east Australia with that of the Malayan archipelago and
Eastern Asia generally, is exemplified in a large number of Orders, genera, and species ;
but then this Indo-Australian flora is strictly limited to the north-eastern quarter of
Australia, or at most, in a very few cases, extends further down the east coast, and is
always observed to be very remote from that of the south-west ; and yet in the genus
Albizzia we have two species so closely allied as to leave doubts whether they ought
really to be regarded as specifically distinct, and together perfectly isolated from any
other forms assumed by the genus; and yet the one, A. montana, inhabits the moun-
tains of Java, whilst the other, 4. lophantha, is limited to extratropical South-west
Australia. The other spicate Albizzi@, chiefly New Caledonian, are very different in an
essential character, the shape of the seed, as well as in many other respects.
The conjectural conclusions hazarded from the above considerations may be summed
up as follows :—
That Mimosez originated in some ancient warm country, whence they were enabled to
spread gradually over the various tropical regions they now occupy. P
۱ That, before the disruption or disappearance of their original country, they had so far
ablished the majority, but by no means all the genera,
now distinguish.
to areas separated by obstacles insurmountable
tural selection established new races of
less local, some of which have been enabled to spread
gly in the northern, more successfully in the
subgenera, or other larger groups we can
That since their original disseverance 1n
higher or lower grades, more or |
into more temperate regions, very spar
(ct s cer n where the northern and southern «erit "n are "
have been connected by cool mountain-ranges, the northern an ۳ - ۳ gm
have been more or less connected, juo i = و یت have tim
southern races, whilst in the Old World the northern and southe
k é e . . il results.
quite pss: e Le has been favourable to colonization, which had in
That the constitution races
ig ich we can only vaguely con-
1 historic times, by means whic
: SS Ree s dois has been much more frequent in consequence cf
sa Se pe Mp human intercourse and commerce, and that to these causes
e facilities affor | :
358 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA.
may be referred the absolute identity of a few tropical species in the New and the Old
World.
I now proceed to the enumeration of the genera and species of Mimoseze more or less
known to me, with short diagnoses of the more essential distinetive characters, referring,
for more details as to genera, to our * Genera Plantarum,’ vol. i. pp. 462 and 588, and, as
to species, to the various works quoted under each. I have, however, given the post-
Linnean synonymy as complete as I have been able to ascertain it, and added fuller
descriptions to the several species now first established as new.
CONSPECTUS GENERUM.
Tribus 1. PARKrEX. Calycis dentes brevissimi imbricati.
1. PrNTACLETHRA. Stamina 5,staminodia 5,10 v. 15. Spice elongate. Legumen lignosum, elastice
dehiscens.— Africa, America.
2. Parga. Stamina 10. Capitula densissima, globosa v. clavata, floribus inferioribus neutris stami-
nodiis 10. Legumen carnosum, indehiscens.— America, Africa, Asia.
Tribus 2. PrPrADENIEX. Calyx valvatus. Stamina petalis numero dupla, antheris
seepissime glanduliferis. Albumen 0.
3. Entapa. Legumen planum, membranaceo-coriaceum v. lignosum, valvis intra marginem integrum
persistentem transverse articulatis, endocarpio circa semina persistente ab exocarpio secedente. Flores
spicati.— America, Africa, Asia.
4. ELEPHANTORHIZA. Legumen planum, membranaceo-coriaceum, valvis a margine integro persistente
secedentibus indivisis, endocarpio integro ab exocarpio secedente. Flores spicati.— Africa australis.
5. PLATHYMENIA. Legumen planum, membranaceo-coriaceum, exocarpio continuo bivalvi, endocarpio
solo in articulos 1-spermos secedente et circa semina persistente. Flores spicati.— Brasilia.
6. PIPTADENIA. Legumen planum, membranaceum v. coriaceum, 2-valve, valvis indivisis, rarius sll
indehiscens. Flores spicati v. globoso-capitati.— America, Africa, Madagascaria, Asia.
7. Xyııa. Legumen planum, crassum, lignosum, 2-valve. Semina transversa. Flores globoso-
capitati.— Asia.
Tribus 3. ADENANTHEREX. Calyx valvatus. Stamina petalis numero dupla, antheris -
sepissime glanduliferis. Semina albuminosa. Legumen crassum.
8. STRYPHNODENDRON. Legumen subcarnosum, vix v. non dehiscens, intus inter semina septatum.
Flores spicati.— Brasilia, Guiana.
9. ADENANTHERA. Legumen elongatum, sepius incurvum, 2-valve. Semina crassa, coccinea v. bico-
lora. Flores laxe spicati, szepius pedicellati.— Asia et Australia tropica.
10. TerRAPLEURA. Legumen oblongum, elevato-tetragonum v. 4-alatum, indehiscens. Flores spicati.
— Africa tropica.
11. GAGNEBINA. Legumen oblongo-lineare, plano-compressum, ad margines membranaceo-alatum.
Flores spicati.—Ins. Mascarenses.
12. Prosoris. Legumen crasso-compressum v. subteres, exalatum, rectum tortum v. spirale, coriaceum
v. indurato-spongiosum, indehiscens, intus inter semina septatum. Flores spicati v. rarius capitati.—
America, Africa, Asia tropica et subtropica.
13. Xerociania. Ovarium l-ovulatum. Legumen parvum, curvum, compressum, indehiscens, mono-
spermum. Capitula globosa.— Africa australis.
14. Dicmrosracuys. Flores inferiores spice cylindracez neutri, staminodiis elongatis. Legumen
durum, crassum, indehiscens.— Asia, Africa, Australia tropica.
m
. MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. 359
Tribus 4. BUMIMOSEE. Calyx valvatus v. pappiformis v. 0. Stamina petalis numero
eequalia v. dupla, antheris (excepta Neptunia) eglandulosis. Semina albuminosa. Le-
gumen sepius tenue v. coriaceum. Flores inferiores in generibus tribus prioribus in-
terdum neutri.
15. Nerrunsa. Legumen planum, oblique oblongum, a stipite deflexum, membranaceo-coriaceum,
2.valve. Herb: suffruticesve diffuse v. natantes, capitulis globosis.—Orbis utriusque regiones calidiores.
16. Desmantuus. Legumen lineare, rectum ۲۰ falcatum, angustum, membranaceo-coriaceum, 2- valve.
Semina longitudinalia v. obliqua. Herbe suffruticesve rarius frutices, capitulis globosis. — America
borealis et inter tropicos utriusque orbis.
— 17. Mimosa. Leguminis valve integre v. articulate a replo persistente secedentes eoque latiores.
Habitus varius.. Flores spicati v. capitati—America, Africa tropica, Asia tropica,
18. Scurankıa. Leguminis linearis tetragoni valve integre a replo persistente secedentes eoque ;
angustiores. Herbz suffruticesve aculeati, capitulis globosis.— America borealis et tropica.
19. Leucana. Legumen (Acacia) lato-lineare, planum, membranaceo-coriaceum, 2-valve, Semina
transversa. Arbores fruticesve elatiores, capitulis. globosis—America tropica orientalis, una specie in
utroque orbe inquilina.
Tribus 5. AcacrEx. Calyx valvatus, rarius 0. Stamina indefinita, libera v. interiora
basi brevissime connata. Albumen 0.
20. Acacia. Legumen varium. Arbores fruticesve floribus spicatis v. capitatis.—America, Africa,
Asia calidior, Australia. |
Tribus 6. IxcEx. Calyx valvatus. Stamina indefinita, basi in tubum connata. Al-
bumen 0. a
* Folia bipinnata.
-21. Lysıroma. Leguminis recti plani valve a margine persistente secedentes. Flores capitati v.
rarius spicati.— America tropica occidentalis.
22. CALLIANDRA. Leguminis recti v. le
dehiscentes.— America calidior, in Asia tropica et Madagascaria rarwr. ۱ i
93. Ausızzıa. Legumen rectum, planum, lato-lineare, tenue, valvis per dehiscentiam nec elasticis nec
contortis. Arbores fruticesve floribus capitatis Y. spicatis.—Ásia, Africa, Australia. m
94. PITHECOLOBIUM. Legumen compressum, coriaceum crassum v. subcarnosum, arcuatum eireina-
valvis per dehiscentiam sepe tortis nec elasticis. Arbores fruticesve floribus
Africa, Asia, Australia, inter tropicos. 7 ۱
um, carnosum, indehiscens. Cetera Pithecolobii.— America
‘ter falcati basi angustati valve ab apice ad basin elastice
tum v. rarius subrectum,
capitatis v. laxe spicatis. — America, Afr
25. ENTEROLOBIUM. Legumen circinat
Se ae Legumen compressum, sublignosum. Arbores floribus paucis in ordine magnis.—
= pa et pre carpella 3-5. ۵ Pithecolobii.— Australia tropica.
| ** Folia simpliciter pinnata.
28. Inca. Ovarii carpellum unicum.— America tropica.
29. Arronsga. Ovarii carpella 2-5.— Brasilia.
I. PENTACLETHRA, Benth.
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 588. 3 i
1. P. FILAMENTOSA -Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 127. Pinne 10-20-juge ;
pay i ys
VOL. XXX. ;
360 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. [ Pentaclethra.
foliola 30-50-juga, lineari-faleata, acutissima, 3-4 lin. longa. Staminodia 5.— Fl. Bras.
Mim.*
Acacia macroloba, Willd.! Spec. iv. 1060 (1054).
Mimosa macroloba, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 66.
Acacia aspidioides, G. F. W. Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseq. 165.
Entada Wrbeana, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 206, ex descr.
Caillea macrostachya, Steud. ! in Flora, 1843, 759.
Pentaclethra brevipila, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 128.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil, Surinam, British Guiana, Trinidad, Nicaragua.
2. P. MACROPHYLLA, Benth.! in- Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 330. Pinne 10-12-juge;
foliola 12-20-juga, oblique rhombeo-oblonga, obtusa, ¿-13 poll. longa. Staminodia
' 10-15.— Oliv. ! Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 322.
Hab. Tropical Africa.
P. Griffoniana, Baill. Adans. vi. 206, from tropical Africa, described from leaves only, may not VM
to the genus.
II. FAREI, A. Br.
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 588.
Sectio 1. EUPARKIA.
Capitula clavata, parte inferiore sterili quam pars fertilis multo angustiore (v. in
speciebus Americanis ei subæquilata ?).
* Species Asiatice.
1. P. BIGLANDULOSA, W. et Arn. ! Prod. Fl. Penins. Ind. Or. 279. Petiolus com-
munis basi 2-glandulosus, sæpius velutino-tomentosus; pinnæ multijuge ; foliola con-
fertim multijuga, ad 3 lin. longa, 3 lin. lata.
Mimosa pedunculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 551, ex descr.
Hab. East tropical Asia: the countries east of the Bay of Bengal, Roxburgh. De-
scribed by Arnott and others from cultivated specimens.
2. P. ROXBURGHII, G. Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 396. Petiolus communis supra basin uni-
glandulosus, glaber v. pubescens; pinnæ multijugæ, foliola laxe multijuga, 3-4 lin.
longa, 1 lin. lata. Leguminis stipes 2-5-pollicaris.
Mimosa biglobosa, Roxb. ! Fl. Ind. ii. 551, non Jacq.
Parkia Brunonis, Grah.! in Wall. Cat. Herb. Ind. n. 5288:
P. biglobosa, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 328, quoad plantam Indicam.
Inga timoriana, DC. ! Prod. ii. 442. à;
Mimosa peregrina, Blanco, Fl. Filip. 737, ed. 2, 509 ex descr.
Inga pyriformis, Jungh. ex Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pars i. 52.
Parkia grandis, Hassk. Diagn. Nov. 220, ex ejusd. Pl. Jav. Rar. 415.
Hab. Tropical Asia, Sillet, Burmah, and the Indian Archipelago.
P. intermedia and P. speciosa, Hassk. Hort. Bogor. 289, and Pl. Jav. Rar. 414, are distinguished by
the author as well.as by Miquel from P. Roxburghii by characters which, as far as shown by our speci-
* My Brazilian Mimoses for the great Flora Brasiliensis are now being printed in Germany ; and I hoped to have
received proofs time enough to refer to the page of each species. ‘None, however, have yet reached me; but I have
retained the general references with a view to indicating which are the species of which full descriptions may be
there found.
Parkia.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEZ. 361
mens, do not appear to be sufficient. The whole of the Asiatic species require, however, a thorough
revision from much better specimens than we possess. i
Acacia gigantea, Noronh. in Verh. Acad. Batav., is referred by Hasskarl to his Parkia speciosa.
9. P. ی S. Kurz, in Journ. Asiat. Soc. xlii. 73. Foliola iis P. Roxburghü
majora, iis P. intermedia, Oliv., similia. — .
Hab. Tropical Asia: Pegu.
I have seen fragments only of this plant, insufficient to give any idea of its specific value.
4. P. MACROCARPA, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 284, a P. Roxburghit differre dicitur
foliolis obtusis rectis.
Hab. Tropical Asia: Sumatra. I have seen no specimen.
5. P. INSIGNIS, S. Kurz, in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xiii. 74. Fulvo-pubescens. Pinna ~
sub-4-jugze: foliola 20-25-juga, pollicaria, subtus pubescentia. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical Asia: Martaban. I have seen no speeimens.
6. P. sINGULARIS, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pars i. 1078, Suppl. 285. Pinnw 1-4-juge ;
foliola 3-5-juga, ovato-oblonga, 2-pollicaria. Legumina oblonga.
Hab. Tropical Asia: Sumatra. I have seen no. specimen of this plant, which must
have a very different aspect from all the other species.
P. sumatrana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 284, from Sumatra, is described from leaves only, which do
` not appear to me to have quite the aspect of those of a Parkia.
** Species Africane.
R. Br. in App. Denh. $ Clapp. Trav. 234. Petiolus communis infra
um eglandulosus; pinne multijuge ; foliola multijuga, 4-5 lin.
Legumen longum, rectum, stipite
7. P. AFRICANA,
pinnarum jugum infim
longa, ad 1 lin. lata, rectiora quam in P. Roxburghü.
vix pollicem excedente.
Mimosa biglobosa, Jacq. S
Inga biglobosa, Willd. Spec. iv. 1025.
Parkia biglobosa, Benth.! in Hook.
Afr. ii. 324.
Mimosa taxifolia, Pers. Syn. ii. 266.
Inga senegalensis, DC. Prod. ii. 442. i
Inga feculifera, Desv. ! in Ham. Prod. Pl. Ind. Occid, 61.
Prosopis feculifera, Dev. ! in Ann. Sc. ge pe 1, ix. 426.
ja uni . ii. 997. :
نج 7 ی وس y introduced into the West Indies with the Negroes,
Hab. Tropical Africa. Apparentl ۱ ۱
and eu d iia by Jacquin from Martinica, and by Desvaux from St.-Domingo speci-
mens. There are also in Herb. Hooker leaves from Demerara, Parker, which appear to
belong to the same species.
8. P. INTERMEDIA, Oliv. !
losus; pinnze multijug® ; foliola r
Legumen falcatum, stipite pollicar!.
Hab. Tropical Africa. 3 : :
| ریم Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 924. Petiolus communis basi
- 9. P. FILICOIDEA, Welw. in Oliv. ! Fl. trop [fi | mei
tirp. Amer. 267, t. 179; Beauv. Fl. Ow. et Ben. ii. 53, t. 90.
Journ. Bot. iv. 328, quoad plantam Africanam ; Oliv. Fl. Trop.
Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 324. Petiolus communis basi uniglandu-
multijuga, subfalcata, 6-8 lin. longa, 14-2 lin. lata.
362 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰ [Parkia,
obscure uniglandulosus; pinne multijuge ; foliolà multijuga, oblonga, subrecta, coriacea,
1-1 poll. longa, 3 lin. lata. Leguminis stipes 13-2-pollicaris.
Hab. ... Africa.
*** Species Americana.
10. P. PLATYCEPHALA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 329. Pinna 6-12-juge ;
foliola multijuga, linearia, subrecta, uninervia, ad 3 lin. longa. Capitula in pedunculo
2-1-pedali depresso-globosa, receptaculo depresso-dilatato. Legumen oblongum E poll.
longum 1-12 poll. latum) carnosum, seminibus 2-seriatis.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America ; Brazil, prov. Bahia and Ceara.
11. P. PENDULA, Benth. in Walp. Rep. v. 577. Pinne multijuge; foliola multijuga,
linearia, obscure uninervia, vix 2 lin. longa. Capitula pedunculo 2- o-pedali pendula,
globosa, receptaculo globoso v. obovoideo. Legumen curvum, (3-8 poll. longum, vix
1 poll. latum,) siccum bivalve, marginibus incrassatis, seminibus obscure 2-seriatis.—
Fl. Bras. Mim. :
Inga pendula, Willd.! Spec. iv. 1025.
- Mimosa pendula, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 47.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil.
12. P. MULTIJUGA, Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras, Mim. Pinnee multijuge; foliola mul-
tijuga, linearia, subfaleata, basi adpresse auriculata, uninervia (sub 4 lin. longa, 1-13
lin. lata). Capitula pedunculo 1-2-pollicari globosa, bracteis ante anthesin cum ala-
bastris imbricatis.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, Upper Amazon and Rio Janeiro.
The specimens I have seen are in bud only, or with the flowers already fallen away, and the fruit is
unknown. The affinities of the species, remarkable for the imbricate bracts which give the young heads
the aspect of Mauritius fruits, remain therefore uncertain ; and it may also prove that the specimens from
the two widely distant stations, however closely they resemble each other in that state, may belong to
distinct species.
موه یت ده .2 Sect.
Capitula biglobosa, parte superiore sterili, ob staminodia = parte fertili r duplo
latiore. Species Americane.
13. P. PECTINATA, Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Pinnse 10-15-juge; foliola mul-
tijuga, linearia, subsigmoideo-faleata, basi auriculata, uninervia. Pedunculi 4-8-polli-
cares. Legumina elongata, falcata.
Inga pectinata, Humb. et Bonpl.! in Willd. Spec. iv. 1026.
Acacia pectinata, H., B. et K.! Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 282,
Mimosa pectinata. Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 48.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil.
14. P. FILICINA, Benth. in Walp. Rep. v. 577. .Pinnse 8-104 uge ; foliola multijuga;
linearia, subsigmoideo-falcata, basi oblique truneata, exauriculata. Pedunculus 8-pol-
licaris, complanatus. Legumen ignotum.— 77. Bras. Mim. |
Inga filicina, Willd.! Spec. iv. 1025.
Mimosa filicina, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 47.
Hab. Tropical America: Para in Brazil.
Parkia.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰ 363
I5. E. AURICULATA, Spruce!; Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Pinne 6-8-juge ;
foliola multijuga, oblongo-linearia, subsigmoideo-falcata, basi auriculata, 2-3-nervia, semi-
pollicaria. Pedunculi 8-4-pollicares. Staminodia 2-1 poll. longa. Legumina oblonga,
4-pollicaria, stipite 2-3 poll. longo. |
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil.
16. P. DISCOLOR, Spruce !; Benth. in Mart.Fl. Bras. Mim. Pinnæ 3-4-jugee ; foliola
multijuga, oblongo-linearia, subsigmoideo-faleata, basi auriculata, 2-3-nervia, 6-9 lin.
longa, subtus canescentia. Pedunculi 3-4-pollicares. Staminodia vix semipollice longiora.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil. |
17. P. NITIDA, Mig. Stirp. Surin. 7, et in Flora, 1850, 278. Pinnæ 7-10 juge ; foliola
multijuga, oblongo-linearia, subsigmoideo-faleata, basi late rhachi appressa nec auriculata,
1-2-nervia, 6-9 lin. longa, concoloria. Pedunculi 6-9-pollicares. Staminodia vix semi-
pollice longiora. |
Hab. Tropical America: Surinam.
18. P. PARYPHOSPHÆRA, Benth. Folia alterna. Pinne 5-6-juge ; foliola multijuga,
oblongo-linearia, subrecta, basi auriculata, 2-3-nervia, 6-9 lin. longa; subtus pallida.
Peduneuli 1-2-pollicares. Staminodia subpollicaria. Legumen rectum, subpedale.
Paryphosphera arborea, Karst.! Pl. Colomb. ii. 7. t. 104.
Hab. Tropical America: Columbia, eastern declivity of the Cordillera of Bogota,
Triana, Karsten. |
19. P. OPPOSITIFOLIA, Spruce!; Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim.. Folia opposita.
Pinne 3-5-juge ; foliola multijuga, oblongo-linearia, basi auriculata, uninervia v. nervo
altero marginali. Peduneuli oppositi, 3-6-pollicares. Staminodia longa, nivea. Legu-
mina elongata, incurva. :
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil.
TII. ENTADA, Adans,
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 589.
* Legumen lignosum, latum, pluripedale. Species amphigea.
1. E. scaxpzws, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 332. Altissime scandens. Petiolus
communis sepius cirrifer; pinne 2-jugæ; foliola 2-5-juga, oblique elliptico-oblonga
v. obovata, obtusa v. emarginata, 14-3-pollicaria. Spice longs, axillares v. in panicula
: » ; ..
paucæ.— Oliv. ! Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 325; Harv.! et Sond. Fl. Cap. ii. 276; Benth.! Fl.
Austral, ii, 298.
Mimosa scandens, Linn. Spec. 1501.
Acacia scandens, Willd. Spec. iv. 1057.
Adenanth dens, Forst. Prod. 33. :
Tntada neon E. Pursetha, E. monostachya et E. adenanthera, DC. Prod. ii. 424, 425.
E. Rheedii et E. Parrana, Spreng. Syst. ii, 325.
E. Gandu, Hoffm. ex Walp. Rep. 1. 858. d :
E ati et E. Rumphit, Scheff. in Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxxii. 90, t. 16 ad 18.
Hab Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia, extending to subtropical South Africa ; also
tropical America, West Indies, and Central America.
364 ` MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. [Entada.
** Legumen intra margines coriaceum v. membranaceum.
+ Species Africane. Spice axillares v. in panicula pauce.
2. E. WAHLBERGII, Harv. Fl. Cap. ii. 277. Scandens, glabra. Petiolus communis
interdum cirrifer; pinne 2-juge; foliola 4-18-juga, linearia, subsemipollicaria. Spice
cylindracez, floribus pedicellatis. Legumen curvum, — 1-14 poll. latum.
—Oliv. ! Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 820...
Hab. "Tropical and subtropical Africa: Upper Guinea, Mozambique and Natal
districts.
3. E. AFRICANA, Guill. et Perr. Fl. Seneg. 233. Arborea, glabra. Pinne 3-4-juge ;
foliola 8-15-juga, oblonga, obtusa, 4-34 poll. longa. Legumen subcoriaceum, 4 poll.
latum.—Oliv. ! Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 326.
Hab. Tropical Africa: Upper Guinea. | |
4. E. Kirk, Oliv.! Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 327. Scandens, glabra. Pinne 3—4-juge ;
foliola 8-15-juga, oblonga, obtusa, i-$ poll. longa. Legumen 23-33 poll. latum, sub-
coriaceum, articulis medio valde incrassatis.
Hab. Tropical Africa: Mozambique district.
5. E. NATALENSIS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 333. Fruticosa, pubescens, seepe
aculeata. Pinne 4-6-juge; foliola 8-15-juga, oblonga, obtusa, subsemipollicaria. Le-
gumen membranaceum, 1-2 poll. latum.— Harv. ! et Sond. Fl. Cap. ii. 276.
Mimosa spicata, E. Mey.! Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr. 164.
Adenopodia spicata, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 207.
Hab. South Africa: Natal district.
6. E. SUDANICA, Schweinf.! Rel. Kotsch. 8, t. 8, 9. Arborescens, glabra. Pinnæ 5-8-
juge ; foliola 14-20-juga, oblonga, obtusa, 3-3 poll. longa. Legumen 11-2 poll. latum,
inter semina insigniter constrictum.— Oliv. ! Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 327.
Hab. "Tropical Africa: Upper Guinea, Nile land, Mozambique district.
7. E. ABYSSINICA, Steud. in A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. i. 234. Arborea, glabra. Pinne
14-18-juge ; foliola 25-50-juga, linearia, 3-5 lin. SRT Legumen 14-2 poll. latum.—
Oliv. ! Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 327. |
Hab. Tropical Africa; Nile land. a.
8. E.? DUPARQUETIANA, Baill. Adans. vi. 210. Arborea. Pinne 2-juge; foliola
l-juga, ovata, acuta, coriacea, glabra, 2-3-pollicaria. Spice axillares, gemine, summ#
racemos®. Legumen ignotum. = Be
Hab. Tropical Africa: Gaboon, Duparquet (Baillon). I have seen no specimen.
tt Species Americane.
9. E. POLYSTACHYA, DC. Mem. Leg. 434, t. 61, 62, Prod. ii. 425. Altissime scandens.
Petiolus interdum cirrifer ; pinne 2-6-juge; foliola 6-8-juga, oblonga, obtusa v. emar-
ginata, ¿-13-pollicaria. Spicee breves, numerosissimz, in racemo longo dense confertze.
Legumen 2-4 poll. latum.— Fl. Bras. Mem.
Mimosa Entada, Linn.! Herb. (in Spec. 1502 cum E. scandente confusa).
Mimosa polystachia, Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 265, t. 183, Linn. Syst. Veg. 677.
PU EUER Rh ro
'Entada, | MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 365
Mimosa chiliantha, G. F. W. Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseq. 163.
Entada chiliantha, DC. Prod. ii. 425. -
Mimosa bipinnata, Aubl. Pl. Gui. 946 (Plum. ed. Burm. t. 12).
Mimosa caudata, Vahl, Ecl. iii. 35.
Acacia caudata, DC. Prod. ii. 456.
` Adenanthera Bonplandiana, Kunth! Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 311.
Acacia secundiflora, Juss. Herb. ex DC.
Entada Plumieri, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 164.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil, Surinam, Ragan British Guiana, Columbia ;
Central America, Sutton Hayes, Tate, Girsted ; Mexico, Andrieux, n. 409; Dominica,
Imray ; Trinidad, Crueger.
10. E. POLYPHYLLA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 133. Arborea v. alte scandens;
Pinne 4-6-juge; foliola 15-20-juga, oblonga, obtusa, 4-8 lin. longa. Spice numero-
sissimee, in racemo dense conferte. Legumen 2} poll. latum.— Fl. Bras. Mim..
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil; Eastern Peru, Maynas, Peppig; Cayenne,
British Guiana.
11. E. AcAcLEFOLIA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Pinne 10-12-juge ; foliola
multijuga, linearia, subfalcata, 3 lin. longa, costa submarginali. Spice fructifere axil-
lares. Legumen 1 poll. latum. |
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil.
IV. ELEPHANTORRHIZA, Benth.
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 590.
1. E. BURCHELLII, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 344. Foliola ad 4 lin. longa,
pleraque mucronato-acuta.— Harv. et Sond. Fl. Cap. ii. 277.
Acacia elephantina, Burch.! Trav. ii. 236.
Acacia elephantorhiza, Burch. in DC. Prod. ii. 457.
Prosopis elephantina, E. Mey.! Comm. Pl, Afr. Austr, 165.
Prosopis elephantorhiza, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 165.
Hab. South-east Africa.
2. E. Bunxzr, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Jonrn. v. 81. Foliola subsemipollicaria, obtusa,
vix mucronata. Spice 3-4-pollicares. — Harv. et Sond. Fl. Cap. ii. 278.
Hab. South-east Africa, Macalisberg, Burke and Zeyher, rather further north than the
E. Burchellü, of which, however, it is probably a variety only.
Bolle in Peters, Mossamb. Bot. 9, described from very imperfect specimens (which I
adeptos es or fruit, is more likely to be an Entada than an Elephantorhiza, and
have not seen), without leav
perhaps not distinct from E. scandens.
V. PLATHYMENIA, Benth.
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 589.
1. - RETICULATA, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 394. Pinne 4-8-juge ; foliola
10-15-juga, ovata. y elliptica, retusa, reticulato-venosissima, 5-9 lin. longa. Spice
pubescentes.— Fl. Bras. Mim. وی
Chrysoaylon Vinhatico, Casar. Nov. Stirp. Dec.
366 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. [ Plathymenia.;
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. San Paolo, Minas Geraes, and Goyaz.
2. P. FOLIOLOSA, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 384. Pinns 4-12-juge; foliola
12-20-juga, oblongo-elliptiea, obtusa v. retusa, tenuiter venulosa. Spice glabrs.— Fl. .
Bras. Mim. ;
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Bahia, Piauhy, Ceara, Goyaz, and Minas Geraes.
VI. PIPTADENTA, Benth.
Benth. et Hook, Gen. Pl. i. 589.
The independent character of this genus has been somewhat invalidated by the discovery of the
Piptadenia oudhensis in the area of Adenanthera. Itis, however, in its flat reticulated pod, exalbuminous
seeds, and sessile flowers, a true Piptadenia rather than an Adenanthera. Its comparatively short dense
spikes and foliage bring it nearer to the South American P. fetida, than to any Old-World species of
this or the allied genera.
Sectio 1. EUPIPTADENIA.
Spice cylindracese. Legumen planum, leve y. reticulatum, marginibus continuis nervi-
formibus v. incrassatis. Foliola nunc latiuscule pennivenia, nunc linearia v. oblonga.
* Foliola obovata, ovata v. ovato-lanceolata, pennivenia, paucijuga.
1. P.OUDHENSIS, Brandis! For. Fl. Ind. 168. Aculeata, glaucescens. Pinne 2-juge ;
foliola 1-juga, falcato-obovata v. subreniformia, obtusissima, coriacea, 2-3-pollicaria. Spice
axillares, dense, 13-pollicares. Legumen stipitatum, curvatum, 1—1-pedale, 5-6 lin. latum.
Hab. Tropical Asia: Forests of Oudh.
2. P. FETIDA, Benth. Inermis, canescenti-tomentella. Pinne 1-juge ; foliola 1-juga,
obovato-oblonga, obtusa, 3-1-pollicaria. Spice axillares v. laterales, densze, 1-13-polli-
cares. Ovarium stipitatum, villosum. ۱
Mimosa fetida, Jacq. ! Hort. Schoenbr. iii.73, t. 390.
Inga fetida, Willd. Spec. iv. 1008.
Acacia fetida, H., B. et K.! Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 265.
Hab. Tropical America: Columbia, Mescala, Humboldt and Bonpland. Jacquin
raised it from seeds supposed to be West-Indian, but perhaps really from Caraccas.
9. P. TAUPENSIS, Spruce!; Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Scandens, minute pu-
berula, parce aculeata. Petiolorum glandula globosa; pinne 2-jugæ ; foliola 2-3-juga,
obovata, 13-21-polliearia. Spice paniculate, tenues. Corolle puberulz.
Hab. "Tropical America: North Brazil.
4. P. PATENS, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 89, et in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 19. Scandens, pu-
bescens, aculeata. Petiolorum glandula scutellata ; pinne 3-4-juge ; foliola sub-3-juga,
obovata, ¿-13-pollicaria. Spice paniculatee, tenues. Corolle glabree.
Inga patens, Hook. et Arn.! Bot. Beech. 419.
Hab. Central America: Realejo and Tiger Island, Sinclair; Nicaragua, (Ersted.
There are two forms of this species, one with the leaflets all under 1 in., the other with most of them
rather above that size. i ; ;
Acacia prosopoides, DC. Prod. ii. 460, from the short diagnosis taken from a drawing of Mogino and
Sessé's, would appear to be either Piptadenia patens, or Mimosa laziflora, two very different plants, but
both answering to the diagnosis.
Piptadenia.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. ` 867
5. P. LATIFOLIA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 335. Scandens, glabra, aculeata.
Pinne 3-4-juge ; foliola 2-3-juga, obovata v. orbiculata, majora $-1-pollicaria. Spice
tenues, paniculatee. Corolle glabre. Ovarium stipitatum, villosum.—77. Bras. Mim.
Acacia fruticosa, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 107.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro.
6. P. LAXA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 335. Scandens?, glabra v. puberula,
aculeis parvis nune rarissimis. Pinne 2-4-juge; foliola 4-7-juga, oblique ovata v.
obovato-elliptica, majora 4-$-pollicaria. Spice tenues, axillares v. paniculate. Corolle
glabre. Ovarium stipitatum, villosum.—7Z7. Bras. Mim.
Mimosa fruticosa, Vell. Fl. Flum. Ic. xi. t. 6.
Acacia fruticosa, var. acutifolia, Mart. ! Herb. Fl. Bras. 108.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro, Bahia, San Paolo and Minas Geraes,
and apparently the same at Yurimaguas in eastern Peru, ۰
Acacia adiantoides, Spreng. Syst. iii. 146, would appear from his short diagnosis to be a pubescent
form of P. laxa. dE
7. P. Parrıcıı, Klotzsch ! in Herb. Mus. Berol. Arborea, inermis. Pinns® 2—3-juge ;
foliola 3-4-juga, ovata, obtuse acuminata, 11-3-polliearia. Spies paniculate. Ovarium
villosum.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
Stryphnodendron paniculatum, Poepp. et Endl.! Nov. Gen. et Sp. iii. 81, t. 291.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil.
8. P. POLYSTACHYA, Mig. in Linnea, xviii. 590. Arborea, inermis. Pinne 3-4-juge ;
foliola 4-7-juga, ovato- ۰ elliptico-lanceolata, obtuse acuminata, sub-2-pollicaria. Spice
` paniculatz. Ovarium stipitatum, villosum.
Hab. Tropical America : Bergendaal in Surinam.
I have not seen this species ; but from Miquel’s description it must be very near to, if not identical with,
P. Peppigii. Should it prove to be the same, Miquel's name will have to be preferred to Klotzsch's.
9. P. PANICULATA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 338. Arborea, inermis. Pinn®
2-4-juge; foliola 4—8-juga, ovali-oblonga v. oyato-lanceolata, 3-13-pollicaria. Spice
tenues, paniculate. Corolle puberulz. Ovarium sessile, glabrum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. "Tropical America: Brazil prov. Rio Janeiro.
** Foliola oblonga, obtusa, 1-nervia, plurijuga. Semina (ubi nota) alata.
10. P. RAMOSISSIMA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 336. Fruticosa, aculeis recurvis
minimis. Pinne 3-5-jug® ; foliola 10-15-juga, oblonga, obtusa, 9-4-linearia, costa ex-
centrica. Spice paniculate. Flores minimi, glabri. Ovarium stipitatum, villosum.—
Fl. Bras. Mun. |
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Bahia. — ۱ bg |
11. P. prerosperma, Benth! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 398. Inermis. Pinnee 4-5-juge :
foliola 8-15-juga, oblonga, obtusa, costa subcentrali. Spice fructifere axillares. Semina
late alata.— Fl. Bras. Min.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazi
12. P.? MANNII, Oliv. ! Fl. Trop.
4-6-juge ; foliola 8-13-juga, oblonga, obtusa,
paniculatee. Ovarium glabrum. ۳
VOL. XXX.
1, Sello.
Afr. ii. 329. Fruticosa, glabra, inermis. Pinn®
subsemipollicaria. Spice tenues, 4-pollicares,
368 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. [ Piptadenia,
Hab. Tropical Africa: Fernando Po, Mann. |
The fruit of this plant is unknown, and it is in some measure doubtful whether it be a Piptadenia or an
Entada. "There is no gland on the petiole, and only very minute ones between the leaflets of a few of the
upper pairs.
13. P. CHRYSOSTACHYS, Benth. Inermis, puberula. Pinne 3-6-juge; foliola 8-15-
juga, oblonga, obtusa, subsemipollicaria. .Spieze dense, 3-pollicares. Ovarium glabrum.
Semina alata.
Mimosa chrysostachys, Hels. et Boj. ! in herb. plur.
Acacia chrysostachys, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 167.
Adenanthera chrysostachys, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 343.
Stachychrysum pterospermum, Boj. Hort. Maurit. 114.
Hab. Madagascar: prov. Emirna and Imamou, Bojer.
Ramuli obscure angulati, uti petioli et pedunculi pube brevi laxa conspersi, in partibus junioribus
copiosa, demum fere evanida. Foliorum petiolus communis 4—5-pollicaris. Pinns opposite v. hinc inde
altern, sub-3-pollicares, superiores et inferiores breviores. Glandulz in petiolo nulle. Foliola opposita,
4-6 lin. longa, ad 14 lin. lata, basi intus angustata, extus fere auriculata, obtusissima, uninervia et ob-
scure pennivenia, supra glaberrima, subtus pilosula. Spice in axillis superioribus solitarie v. gemine,
brevissime pedunculatz. Flores pedicello j-1 lin. longo fulti. Calyx canescens, } lin. longus, breviter
et obtuse 5-lobus. Corolle petala oblonga, obtusa, 1 lin. longa, extus canescentia. Stamina breviter
exserta. Legumen non vidi, sed ex nomine specifico Bojeriano semina alata dicenda.
*** Foliola linearia, multijuga.
t Ovarium villosum.
14. P. NITIDA, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 336. Arborea, inermis. Pinnæ 6-10-
jugee; foliola vix falcata, nitida, costa parum excentrica, 2-3 lin. longa. Ovarium longe
stipitatum. Legumen rectum.
Acacia filicicoma, Mart. ! Herb. Fl. Bras. 109, excl. var. B.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro.
15. P. SUAVEOLENS, Mig. in Linnea, xviii. 589. Arborea, inermis. Pinne 6-10-juge ;
foliola subfalcata, nitida, costa excentrica, 2-3 lin. longa. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical America: Surinam, near Bergendaal.
The character given by Miquel appears to me to agree much better with the Brazilian P. nitida than
with the Trinidad plant with which Grisebach has identified it, and which I cannot distinguish from the
Columbian P. flava. The Surinam plant may, however, prove to be different from either.
16. P. CONTORTA, Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Arborea, inermis. Pinnæ 10-15-
jugæ; foliola falcata, nitida, costa marginali, 1-2 lin. longa. Glandula petiolaris scutel-
lata. Ovarium longe stipitatum. Legumen elongatum, sæpius contortum.
Acacia contorta, DC. ! Prod. ii. 470.
Acacia filicicoma, B, tenuior, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 110.
Piptadenia filicicoma, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 336.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro. ۰
17. P. FOLIOLOSA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 336. Arborea, inermis. Pinne
12-20 ههد : foliola falcata, nitida, costa submarginali, 2-21 lin. longa. Ovarium breviter
stipitatum. Legumen ignotum.— Fl. Bras. Mim. |
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil, on the Amazon, Peppig.
Piptadenia.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 369
18. P. MACRADENIA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 335. Arborea?, inermis v.
aculeis raris minimis. Pinne 6-10-jug&; foliola falcata, nitida, costa subcentrali, 3-4
lin. longa. Glandula petiolaris maxima, oblonga. Ovarium longiuscule stipitatum.
Legumen rectum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
Resembles P. communis, and, like that species and P. pteroclada, has the second year's branches often
bordered by corky wings, but readily distinguished from them by the large gland and by the villous
ovary.
19. P. MICRACANTHA, Benth.! in. Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. candens, aculeis minutis
paucis. Pinnse 8-15-juge; foliola falcata, nitida, costa submarginali, 1-2 lin. longa.
Petiolus seepius eglandulosus. Ovarium breviter stipitatum,
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro. ۱
Resembles P. contorta, with similar small leaflets ; but the scandent habit, the presence of small prickles,
and several minor characters appear sufficiently to distinguish it.
Mimosa dumetorum, A. de St.-Hil. Pl. Rem. Brés. Introd. 11 (Acacia dumetorum, DC. Prod. ii. 458),
from the very short diagnosis given, is probably a Piptadenia closely allied to, if not identical with,
P. micracantha.
++ Ovarium glabrum.
t Corolla tenuis, calyce minimo 4-5plo longior. Stamina longa.
90. P. BIUNCIPERA, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 331. Arborea, aculeis stipularibus
geminis recurvis. Pinne 8-12-juge; foliola falcata, obtusa, 2-3-linearia. Spice laxe,
3-pollicares. Legumen 8-9 poll. longum, 1 poll. latum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Piauhy and Bahia.
Very closely allied to P. subtilifolia, from which, as far as hitherto known, it differs in the longer looser
spikes and in the pods very much longer in proportion to the breadth. Both species are remarkable for
the small calyx, long narrow corolla divided to the middle only, and the long stamens, all rather of a
Mimosa than of a Piptadenia ; but both the pod and the glands of the anthers are those of Piptadenia.
91. P. SUBTILIFOLIA, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 337. Arborea, aculeis geminis
stipularibus subrectis v. recurvis v. inermis. Pinne 5-10-juge ; foliola falcata, obtusa,
11-2-linearia. Spices longiusculee, 1-2-pollicares. Legumen * oblongum."
Acacia subtilifolia, H., B. et K.! Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 268 (aculeata).
Acacia viridiflora, Kunth! Mim. 81, t. 25 (subinermis), non Benth. Pl. Hartw. AD
Hab. Tropical America: Ecuador, banks of the Chota river, and at-San Felipein the
district of Bracamoras, Humboldt and Bonpland.
ti Petala (more specierum plurimarum) calyce subduplo longiora, staminibus breviter
exsertis.
92. P. RIGIDA, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 938. Inermis, subglabra. تسیا |
3-6-juge ; foliola falcata, nitida, convexiuscula, 2-5-nervia, costa submarginali, 4-linearia.
Spies 1-13-pollicares. Semina anguste alata.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
Acacia Angico, Mart. ! Syst. Mat. Med. Veg. Bras. 53.
Hab. Subtropical and extratropical South America: Brazil, prov. Rio Grande do Sul
uay.
and Paraguay e
370 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. [ Piptadenia.
23. P. BOLIVIANA, Benth. Inermis, tomentella. Pinne 3-6-jugs ; foliola falcata,
convexiuscula, 1-nervia, costa submarginali, 2-linearia. Spice 1-13-pollicares.
Hab. Bolivia, Kelly (a specimen originally in Herb. Lambert, now at Kew).
P. rigide certe valde affinis, diversa tamen videtur pube v. tomento minuto in ramulis petiolis inflo-
rescentia foliolisque novellis rufescente, et foliolis dimidio minoribus costa sola subtus conspicua. Legu-
men adhuc ignotum.
24. P. AFRICANA, Hook. f.! Fl. Nigr. 330. Inermis, tomentella. Pinn® 10-13-juge;
foliola faleata, nitida, plano-concava, enervia, subtus obscure striolata, sub-3-linearia.
Spicee 3—4-pollicares.— Oliv. ! Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 328. l
Hab. Tropical Africa: Upper and Lower Guinea, also apparently the same species on
the Zambesi, Kirk. :
| Evidently much more nearly allied to the two preeeding species than to either of the other Old-World
. Piptadenie. :
25. P. TRISPERMA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 337. Scandens, aculeis sparsis
v. raris recurvis infrastipularibus. Pinn® 3-6-jug& ; foliola obliqua, nitida, 3-6 lin. longa,
margine nerviformi cincta, costa parum excentrica.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Mimosa trisperma, Vell. Fl. Flum. Ic. xi. t. 40.
Acacia trisperma, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 108. a3
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro and Bahia.
26. P. POLYPTERA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Scandens, aculeis recurvis in-
frastipularibus minimis. Pinnæ 10-15-juge ; foliola subdimidiata, nitida, 2-3 lin. longa,
margine nerviformi cincta, costa valde excentrica.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro.
27. P. communis, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 337. Arborea v. fruticosa, aculeis '
ad angulos v. alas ramorum parvis rectis v. incurvis. Pinnæ 5-12-juge ; foliola falcata,
nitidula, 2—4 lin. longa, immarginata, costa parum excentrica. Spicze axillares v. breviter
racemose.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Acacia gonoacantha, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 109.
Acacia callosa, Spreng. Syst. iii. 138? :
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro, San Paolo, Bahia, Piauhy, Per-
nambuco.
28. P. PrEROCLADA, Benth. Arborea, aculeis ad angulos v. alas ramorum paucis parvis
rectis. Pinnz 12-18-juge; foliola faleata, nitida, 3—4 lin. longa, immarginata, costa
parum excentrica. Spice longe racemose. ۱
Hab. Tropical America: Eastern Peru, woods and campos near Tarapoto, Spruce,
n. 4536.
Arbor procera, fide Sprucei 80-pedalis, trunco inermi, undique glaberrima v. rhachi spicarum vix
puberula. Ramuli novelli subteretes, annotini sepius angulis 4-5 valde elevatis suberoso-alati. Aculei
ad angulos pauci, breves, basi lati, in speciminibus recti. Foliorum petiolus communis 8-10 poll. longus,
pinnz 2-3-pollicares. Glandula ad basin petioli oblonga, parva, elevata, nunc obscura, ad juga superiora
2-3 pinnarum parve, ad foliolorum paria 2-3 superiora minimze, Foliola ultra 50-juga, lineari-falcata,
marginibus ut in P. rigida recurvis, costa tamen minus excentrica. Spies tenues, ad 3 poll. longze, secus
rhachin racemi v. panicule terminalis aphylli subpedalis per 2-3 fasciculate. Calyx 4 lin. longus. Corolla
lineam longa. Legumen ignotum. :
A
PEINE ر AS UT S A Eee
EN EEE ZEITEN EUCH rar
Piptadenia} —— MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 371
29. P. FLAVA, Benth. Arborea v. fruticosa, pubescens v. glabrata, aculeis demum
recurvis sparsis, v. inermis. Pinnæ 6-10-juge; foliola membranacea, 2-4 lin. longa,
rectiuscula, plana, costa parum excentrica, pallida. Spice axillares v. breviter racemose.
Acacia flava, Spreng. ! Syst. iii. 141; DC.! Prod. ii. 469.
Piptadenia viridiflora, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 337, excl. syn.
Piptadenia suaveolens, Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 710, non Miq.
Hab. Tropical America: Ecuador, Guayaquil, Hartweg, n. 653 ; Columbia, Trujillo,
Moritz, n. 1461; Trinidad, Crueger; Santa Marta, Bertero.
I believe I am correct in uniting all the specimens above quoted as one species, which I formerly
mistook for the Acacia viridiflora of Kunth, but which now, since I have seen Kunth's plant, I find to be
very different. The P. flava has the calyx half as long as the corolla, and in the dried state is thickened
ät the base into a small ring; and the petals, as in most Piptadenie, are free nearly to the base without
the narrow tube of P. subtilifolia, to which I have above referred the Acacia viridiflora. The Acacia flava
of DC. was founded on specimens of Bertero, infruit only. The foliage agrees with that of our plant, and
the inflorescence had been evidently similarly spicate ; but the pods are smaller than those of Hartweg's
Guayaquil specimens; the identity of the two plants may therefore still be in some measure doubtful.
Sectio 2. PITYROCARPA.
Spies cylindracee. Legumen inter semina ssepius constrictum, marginibus haud in-
crassatis, valvis coriaceis, siccitate glanduloso-leprosis. Arboresinermes. Foliola latius-
cula, uninervia. :
30. P. BLANCHETI, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Glabra. Pinne 1- rarius
2-jug® ; foliola 2-3-juga, petiolulata, oblique ovali- v. obovali-oblonga, obtusa, ¿-13-pol-
licaria. Spice axillares, 1-13-pollicares. Ovarium glabrum.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Bahia.
31. P. IN QUALIS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 339. Subglabra. Pinns 2-3-
jugæ; foliola 2-5-juga, sessilia, faleato-ovata v. oblonga, 1-3-pollicaria v. hine inde
minora. Spice axillares, sub-2-pollicares. Ovarium glanduloso-puberulum.— F1. Bras.
im.
Entada ingefolia, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 205, ex char.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro.
39. P. LEPTOSTACHYA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 339. Puberula v. glabrata.
Pinne 3-4-juge ; foliola 5-8-juga, oblique falcato-ovata v. oblonga, nitida, vix pollicaria.
Spicee axillares, graciles, folio vix breviores. Ovarium glabrum.—F!. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio J aneiro.
33. P. MONILIFORMIS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 939. Tomentoso-pubescens.
Pinne 2-4-juge; foliola 7-10-juga, oblique ovata subrhombea, 4-6 lin. longa, supra
nitida nigricantia, subtus tomentosa. Spice axillares, 2-3-pollicares. Legumen inter
semina valde constrictum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
` Sophora obliqua, Pers. Syn. Pl. i. 452.
Acacia Thibaudiana, DC. ! Prod. ii. 456. ;
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Bahia and Piauhy.
372 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. [ Piptadenia.
34. P. PSILOSTACHYA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot.iv.336. Puberula. Pinnæ 7-10-
juge; foliola multijuga, oblonga, subfalcata, obtusa, 4 lin. longa, glabra, nitida, sub-
2-nervia. Spice graciles, axillares, 2-3-pollicares. Ovarium stipitatum, villosum.
Acacia psilostachya, DC.! Prod. ii. 457.
Acacia stenostachya, Desv.! in Ham. Prod. Pl. Ind. Occid. 59.
Inga stenostachya, Desv. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1. ix. 427.
Hab. Tropical America: Cayenne, Martin; Surinam, Wullschnagel.
Rami leviter striati. Stipule parvz, ovate, seepe desunt. Foliorum petiolus communis sub-4-pollicaris.
Pinnz 3-pollicares. Glandula majuscula oblonga ad basin petioli, minor infra jugum supremum pinnarum,
minima infra foliorum paria 1-3 superiora. Spice in axillis summis v. ad apices ramorum fasciculata.
Flores ¿ lin. longi, extus cano-tomenteli. Legumen ignotum, et idcirco locus in systemate adhuc
incertus.
Sectio 3. NIOPA.
Capitula globosa. Legumen inter semina constrictum v. subcontinuum, planum, cori-
aceum, marginibus nerviformibus incrassatis. Arbores inermes. Pinne multijuge.
Foliola multijuga, parva, linearia.
The four species comprised in this section differ remarkably from the rest of the genus in their globose
capitate inflorescence ; and two of them, without the characteristic gland of the anthers, would appear in
these respects to have been better placed in Leucena ; but they are too closely connected with the two
species which have the gland to be separated from them ; and the pod and especially the broad orbicular
very flat and thin exalbuminous seeds are entirely those of Piptadenia, and not of Leucena.
* Antheris glanduliferis.
35. P. MACROCARPA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot.iv.341. Pinne multijuge ; foliola
multijuga, parva. Pedunculi ad axillas fasciculati, summi vix racemosi. Legumen sub-
falcatum, 2-1 poll. latum, inter semina nonnisi seminum abortione contractum, opacum
v. nitidulum.—-77. Bras. Mim.
P. microphylla, Benth. ! 1. c. (non Acacia microphylla, Willd.).
Acacia grata, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1056, ex diagnosi nimis brevi.
Hab. "Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro, Minas Geraes, Goyaz and Matto-
grosso; Bolivia, Weddell, D’Orbigny ; Tucuman, Tweedie; and perhaps also Loxa in
Ecuador, Jameson; but the determination of flowering specimens without the fruits is
often very doubtful.
36. P. COLUBRINA, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 341. Pinng multijugz ; foliola
multijuga, parva. Pedunculi fasciculati, ad apices ramorum racemosi v. panieulati, in-
ferioribus paucis axillaribus. Legumen elongatum, 4-3 poll. latum, inter semina regu-
lariter constrictum, nitidum, leve v. reticulatum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Mimosa colubrina, Vell. Fl. Flum. Ic. xi. t. 16.
Acacia colubrina, Mart. ! Herb. Fl. Bras. 107.
Acacia peregrina, Kunth ! Mim. 96. t. 30, excl. syn. Linn.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro, Bahia, San Paolo, Goyaz; Bolivia,
Sorata, Mandon, n. 760; Tucuman, Tweedie; Peru, Chota, Humboldt and Bonpland ;
Huanuco, Matthews, n. 907.
Pi ia. ۱
iptadenia.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 373
** Antheris eglandulosis.
97. P. PEREGRINA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 340 pro parte. Glabra v. vix
tomentella. Pinnæ 10-13-jug&; foliola multijuga, linearia, imbricata, 14-2 lin. longa,
costa tenui v. vix conspicua. Legumen semipedale, 6-8 lin. latum, coriaceum, sub-
leprosum, marginibus vix incrassatis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Mimosa peregrina, Linn. Spec. 1504.
Acacia peregrina, Willd.! Spec. iv. 1073, non Kunth.
Acacia microphylla, Willd. 1. c.
Mimosa parvifolia, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 74.
Acacia Niopo, H., B. et K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 282.
Inga Niopo, Willd. Spec. iv. 1027.
Mimosa Niopo, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 48.
Acacia angustiloba, DC. Prod. ii. 470.
Mimosa? acacioides, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 132,
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro, Minas Geraes, Goyaz, and Rio
Negro; Guiana, Trinidad, Venezuela.
38. P. FALCATA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 341. Glabra. Pinnæ 10-18-juge;
foliola multijuga, linearia, 21-3 lin. longa, coriacea, nitida. Legumen semipedale v.
longius, ad ? poll. latum, coriaceum, marginibus vix incrassatis.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical and subtropical South America: South Brazil.
VII. Xyuia, Benth.
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 594.
I had not observed the glands at the tips of the anthers, which usually fall off as soon as the flower
opens. They are, however, rather large, on a long stipes. The genus must therefore be transferred from
the Eumimosez to the Adenantherez.
1. X. DOLABRIFORMIS, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 417; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 186.
Mimosa xylocarpa, Roxb.! Corom. Pl. i. 68, t. 100.
Acacia xylocarpa, Willd. Spec. iv. 1055.
Inga zylocarpa, DC.! Prod. ii. 439.
Mimosa Acle, Blanco, Fl. Filip. 738, ed. 2. 509.
Inga lignosa, Grah.! in Wall. Cat. Herb. Ind. n. 5278.
Inga dolabriformis, Grah. ! l. c. n. 5279. ۱
Hab. Tropical Africa, East India, and the Indian archipelago.
VIII. SrryPHNODENDRON, Mart.
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 590.
Leaflets mostly alternate in all the species except S. coriaceum, in which many of them are opposite,
but not constantly so, as in Piptadenia.
1. S. CORIACEUM, Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Bamuli crassi, fusco-tomentelli.
Pinne 2-3-juge ; foliola 4-6 juga, oblique ovata, suborbiculata, subcordata, 2-13 polli-
caria, demum coriacea, glabra. Corolla calyce pubescente duplo longior. Legumen
4-5-pollicare.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Bahia and Minas Geraes.
2. 8. BARBATIMAM, Mart. ! Herb. Fl. Bras. 117. Ramuli crassi, rufo-tomentelli.
374 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰ [Stryphnodendron.
Pinne 5-8 juge ; foliola 6-8 juga, oblique ovata v. orbiculata, subtus basi seepe barbata,
3-13-pollicaria. . Corolla calyce glabro plus triplo longior. Legumen 24-3-pollicare.—
Fl. Bras. Mim. . |
: Acacia adstringens, Mart.! Reise, i. 548.
Mimosa Barba-de-Timam, V ell. Fl. Flum. Ic. xi. t. 7.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and San Paolo.
3. S. POLYPHYLLUM, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 117. Ramuli crassi, pulveraceo-tomen-
telli. Pinne 15-20-jug& ; foliola 10-20-juga, oblique oblongo-elliptica, pubescentia v.
villosa, 3-4-linearia. Corolla calyce glabro plus triplo longior. Legumen 4-5-pollicare.
— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, Et Rio Janeiro, Minas Geraes, San taolo, and
Goyaz.
4. S. ROTUNDIFOLIUM, Mart. ! Herb. Fl. Bras. 117. Subglabrum. Pinnæ 5-8-jugz ;
foliola 5-8-juga, oblique orbieulata, subtus pallida v. alba, subsemipollicaria. Corolla
calyce triplo longior.—Fl. Bras. Mim. |
S. discolor, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 342.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Bahia and Piauhy.
5. S. OBOVATUM, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Glabrum. Pinne TE
foliola 6-10-juga, oblique obovato- v. rhombeo-oblonga, 3—4-linearia, subtus- pallida. Co-
rolla calyce triplo longior. Legumen curvum, sub-4-pollicare.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz and Mattogrosso.
6. S. MICROSTACHYUM, Popp. et Endl.! Nov. Gen. et Sp. iii. 82. Ramuli teretes
petiolique ferrugineo-puberul. Pinnæ 5—7-juge; foliola 8-10-juga, oblique rhombeo-
oblonga, i-i-polliearia, supra nitida, subtus glauca. Corolla puberula, calyce duplo
longior.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
S. inequale, Benth. ! in Herb. Mus. Petrop.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil.
7. S. GUIANENSE, Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Ramuli subteretes petiolique ferru-
gineo-tomentelli. Pinnze 6-12-juge; foliola 8-10-juga, oblique ovali-oblonga, 4-5-line-
aria, supra nitida, nigricantia, subtus rufescentia. Corolla glabra, calyce subtriplo lon-
gior. Legumen rectum v. leviter incurvum.
Mimosa guianensis, Aubl. Pl. Gui. 938, t. 357.
Acacia guianensis, Willd. Spec. iv. 1061.
Piptadenia guianensis, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 335.
Hab. Tropical America: Cayenne.
8. S. FLORIBUNDUM, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 343. Ramuli angulati, novelli
petiolique tomentelli. Pinnz 12-15-juge; foliola 10-20-juga, oblique oblonga, subtus
pallida, puberula, 2 rarius 3 lin. longa. Corolla puberula, calyce duplo E Le-
gumen rectum v. leviter arcuatum, 4-pollicare.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Acacia pulcherrima, Willd. ! Spec. iv. 1061.
Mimosa pulcherrima, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 66.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Bahia, and on the Amazon and Rio Negro;
British Guiana, Schomburgk.
y
a E
Stryphnodendron.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰ 375
9. S. ANGUSTUM, Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Ramuli teretiusculi, novelli petio-
lique tomentelli. Pinnse 12-15-juge; foliola 15-20-juga, oblongo-linearia, subtus pal-
lida, 2-23-linearia. Corolla vix pubescens, calyce duplo longior.
Hab. A poal America : North Brazil, near Barra do Rio Negro.
- The four preceding species are very closely allied to each other, and may possibly prove to de forms
only of one species.
IX. ADENANTHERA, Linn.
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 590.
Leaflets mostly alternate.
1. A. PAVONINA, Linn. Spec. 550. Subglabra. Pinn® 2-5-juge ; foliola 6-10-juga,
ovata v. oblongo-elliptica, obtusissima v. emarginata, ¿-13-pollicaria. Spice subsemipe-
dales. Legumen falcatum, subpedale, 6-8 lin. latum. Semina undique coceinea.—
Wight, Illustr. Bot. Ind. t. 84 (80); Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 46.
Hab. Tropical Asia: East India and the Archipelago, common; tropical Africa, but
perhaps introduced, as it certainly is in the West Indies and other parts of tropical
America, and possibly in tropical Australia.
2. A. MICROSPERMA, Teijsm. et Binnend. in Nat, Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxvii. 58.
Pinne 4-6-juge; foliola 6-8-juga, insequali-ovalia, basi acuta, apice obtusa, subtus
glauca, 2-lji-polliearia. Racemi confertiflori. Legumina sicca tortilia. Semina com-
pressiuscula, miniata.
Hab. Java, Teijsmann.
I have not seen this plant. It is said to differ from 4. pavonina in the form and size of the leaves,
and smaller seeds. The dimensions given of the leaflets, however, are the usual ones of A. pavonina.
9. A. BICOLOR, Moon, Cat. 34 ex Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 98. Glabra. Pinnæ 1-3-
juge; foliola 3-4-juga, ovata v. ovato-lanceolata, acutiuscula, 2-11-pollicaria. Spice
3—4-pollieares. Legumen valde contortum, 6-8 lin. latum. Semina dimidiate bicoloria
coccinea et nigra.
Hab. Tropical Asia: Ceylon and Malacca.
4. A. ABROSPERMA, F. Muell.! Fragm. Phyt. Austral. v. 30.
Hab. Tropical Australia: Queensland. |
This is the doubtful species from Gilbert's River, mentioned in Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 299 as known only
from an imperfect specimen, consisting of a leaf resembling those of 4. pavonina, with detached pods,
short and bulky, slightly falcate, with red and white seeds, like those of A. bicolor. It has since been
again found during Hann's Expedition to Cape-York Peninsula; but the specimens sent are again
fragmentary, and give no further data for characterizing the species.
The doubtful plant from Rovuma river, in tropical Africa, mentioned by Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 330,
under Adenanthera, proves to be a Cassia, closely allied to, if not identical with, C. abbreviata, Oliv.
; X. TETRAPLEURA, Benth.
Benth. et: Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 590.
1. T. THONNINGII, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 345. Glabra. Pinnæ 5-8-juge ;
4 oliola multijuga, subsessilia, elliptico-oblonga, obtusa v. retusa, 5-7-linearia. Legumen
1 btusum, 6-10-pollicare, acute lateque 4-alatum.— Oliv. / Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 330.
| Adenanthera tetraptera, Schum. et Thonn. Beskr. Pl. Guin. 213.
| Hab. Tropical Africa: Upper and Lower Guinea.
| ver - 3D
376 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. [Tetrapleura.
2. T. ANDONGENSIS, Welw.; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 331. Glabra. Pinne 3—4-juge ;
foliola multijuga, distincte petiolulata, ovali-elliptica, obtusa v. retusa, 6-9 lin. longa.
Legumen 4-5-pollicare, acutum, anguste 4-alatum.
Hab. Tropical Africa: Lower Guinea.
3. T. OBTUSANGULA, Welw.; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 331. Legumen obtusum, cla-
vato-tetragonum, exalatum. Cetera ignota.
Hab. Tropical Africa: Lower Guinea.
XI. GAGNEBINA, DC.
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 591.
1. G. TAMARISCINA, DO. !, Prod. ii. 432.
G. axillaris, DC.! l. c. et Mém. Leg. t. 64.
Mimosa tamariscina, Lam. Dict. i. 13.
Acacia tamariscina, Willd. Spec. iv. 1062.
Prosopis tamariscina, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 165.
Mimosa pterocarpa,, Lam. Dict. i. 13.
Hab. Mauritius.
XII. Prosopis, Linn.
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 591.
Sectio 1. ADENOPIS.
Petala intus glabra. Ovarium glabrum. Legumen teres v. valde incrassatum, endo-
carpio intra mesocarpium fibrosum articulos subdistinctos circa semina formante. Species
Asiaticee, aculeis sparsis recurvis armatz v. hinc inde inermes.
1. P. sPICIGERA, Linn. Mant. 18. Arborea v. fruticosa, glabra, glauca. Pinnæ 1-2-
juge; foliola 6-12-juga, oblongo-linearia, 4-4 poll. longa. Spice laxse, 2—4-pollicares.
Legumen 6-8-pollicare, subrectum, foFulosüii: —Roxb.! Corom. Pl. t. 63. Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 56. Brand. For. Fl. Ind. t. 25.
P. spicata, Burm. Fl. Ind. 102, t. 25. f. 3.
Adenanthera aculeata, Roxb.! Fl. Ind. ii. 37.
Mimosa cineraria, Linn. Spec. 1500 ad Plum. Ic. t. 2.f. 1.
Acacia cineraria, Willd. Spec. iv. 1057, W. et Arn.! Prod. Fl. Penins. 278.
Hab. "Tropical and subtropical Asia: Western provinces of East India and Persia.
2. P. STEPHANIANA, Kunth, in Steud. Nom. Bot. Fruticosa, glabra, glauca. Pinne
3-6-juge ; foliola 8-12-juga, oblongo-linearia, 2-3 lin. longa. Spice dense, 1-13-polli-
cares. Legumen crassissimum, ovoideum v. oblongum, rectum v. valde incurvum, sub-
pollicare.
Mimosa Stephaniana, Bieb. Casp. 205, ex ejusd. Fl. Taur.-cauc. ii. 449.
Acacia Stephaniana, Willd. Spec. iv. 1088.
Lagonychium Stephanianum, Bieb. ! Fl. Taur.-cauc. Suppl. 288. Deless. Ic. Sel. iii. t. 75.
Mimosa agrestis, Sieb.! in Spreng. Syst. ii. 206.
Acacia heterocarpa, Delile, Cent. Pl. Caill. 19, ex Deless. Ic. Sel. iii. 42.
Acacia persica, Sterler, Hort. Nymph. ex Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2.
Mimosa farcta, Russ. Nat. Hist. Alep. ii. 266, ex char.
Hab. East Mediterranean Region: Caucasus, Levant, Persia, Afghanistan, uyi j
extending to Egypt if the reference to Delile’s plant be correct,
Prosopis.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. 379
Sectio 2. ANONYCHIA. ugh sometimes
Petala intus glabra. Ovarium villosum. Legumen teres, endocarpi
pium fibrosum continuo inter semina septato. Species Africana inermiss elongatis
3. P. OBLONGA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 848. Arborea, $® ly
Pinnz 2- rarius 3-jugee; foliola 5-11-juga, oblonga v. lanceolata, 1-1-porpollicare,
dense, 13-3-pollicares. Legumen 3-4 poll. longum, 4-1 poll. crassum.— Oh
Afr. ii. 381. go and
Coulteria ? africana, Guill. et Perr. ! Fl. Seneg. 256.
P. lanceolata, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 347. 3 liorum
Anonychium lanceolatum, Schweinf. Rel. Kotsch. 7, t. 7. ; 81-9
Entada? durissima, Baill. Adans. vi. 208. . labri,
Hab. Tropical Africa: Upper Guinea, Nile land. NS
lde
Sectio 9. ALGAROBIA.
Petala intus apice lanata. Ovarium villosum. Legumen planum v. demunis
vexum, rarius subteres, rectum arcuatum v. annulatum, endocarpio intra mesocar ,
fibroso-carnosum articulos nuciformes distinctos cirea semina formante. Species An
canz, spinis axillaribus solitariis geminisve armat: v. inermes.
4. P. JULIFLORA, DC. Prod. ii. 447. Arborea v. alte fruticosa, glabra v. puberu
spinis axillaribus armata v. rarius inermis. Pinn® 1-2-juge; foliola 6-30-juga, oblong
v. linearia, variant lata et 2-8 lin. longa v. angusta et 1—1-pollicaria, obtusa v. acutiuscula.
Spice 2-4-pollicares, densæ v. tenues et interrupte. Legumen rectum arcuatum v. in
annulum perfectum curvatum, primum planum, demum seepius ad semina v. undique con-
vexum v. valde incrassatum, rarius teres, extus inter semina lineis transversis depressum
y. continuum ; variat 2-6 poll. longum, 3-5 lin. latum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Mimosa juliflora, Swartz! Prod. 85, Fl. Ind. Occid. 986 (errore typogr. piliflora).
Acacia juliflora, Willd. Spec. iv. 1076.
Mimosa salinarum, Vahl! Ecl. iii. 35.
Desmanthus salinarum, Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 1.
Acacia salinarum, DC. Prod. 1i. 456.
Prosopis horrida, Kunth! Mim. 106, t. 33.
Prosopis dulcis, Kunth ! Mim. 110, t. 34.
Algarobia dulcis, Benth. ! Pl. Hartw. 13.
Prosopis inermis, H., B. et K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 306.
Acacia pallida, Willd. Spec. iv. 1059.
Mimosa pallida, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 65.
Prosopis pallida, H., B. et K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 309.
Acacia cumanensis, Will. Spec. iv. 1058.
Mimosa cumana, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 65.
Prosopis cumanensis, H., B et. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 310.
Acacia diptera, Willd. ! Enum. Hort. Berol. 1051.
Acacia flexuosa, Lag. Elench. Hort. Matr. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 16.
Prosopis flexuosa, DC. Prod. ii. 447 ; Hook. et Arn. ! in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 203.
P. fruticosa, Meyen! Reise, i. 376.
Mimosa furcata, Desf. Cat. 180, ex Pers. Syn. ii. 263.
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSE4, [ Prosopis.
376
sv.! Journ. Bot. 1814, i. 67.
im, Lag. Elench. Hort. Matr. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 16.
9. T. ANDONGEN "m, DC. Prod. ii. 447.
foliola multijuga
Legumen 4-5-p'
Hab. Tropic:
ta, Poir. Dict.
; Willd. Spec. iv. 1059.
Suppl. i. 65.
ngensis et P. bracteolata, DC.! Prod. ii. 447.
reng. Syst. ii. 326.
3. T. OBTUSa, Torr. ! in Ann. Lyc. N. York, ii. 192, t. 2.
vato-tetragon/andulosa, Torr. et Gr.! Fl. N. Amer. i. 399.
Hab. 'Tro»dorata, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 313, t. 1, excl. fr.
Vest tropical and subtropical North and South America: very abundant from
Benth. etAyres and Chile,
along the Andes, to Mexico and Texas, and frequently planted
1. G. sweet, somewhat pulpy fruit, known under the name of Algarobo. I have seen
G.aaild specimens from Brazil, Guiana, nor from any part of the basin of the Upper
MimosOn.
Acaci great variations in the breadth and size of the leaflets, the production or non-production of spines
Prosfferent branches or at different ages of the same tree, and the multitudinous shapes assumed by thc
Mix in ripening, have occasioned the publication of an unusually large number of species, founded often
fragmentary specimens. I
g to a marked character.
have in vain endeavoured to sort them into varieties of any thing approach-
! B. P. LIMENSIS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 350. Pubescens, spinis axillaribus
paucis armata. Pinne 2-3-juge; foliola 6-12-juga, parva, oblonga, obtusa. Spice
densze, sub-4-pollicares.
Legumen rectum, subteres, 13-22-pollicare.
Hab. Tropical America : Lima in Peru, Mathews, Cuming, n. 974.
Ramuli, petioli, spine et rachis pinnarum pubescentes. Spine paucz, solitarie v. geminze, semipolli-
cares, valide. Foliola 14-21
lin. longa, conferta, utrinque puberula. Glandule parve inter pinnas
utriusque paris, minime inter foliola suprema, nonnunquam deficientes. Flores P. Juliflore v. calyx pro-
portione coroll brevior. Legumen 5 lin. latum et crassum, inter semina nequaquam constrictum, endo-
carpio tamen ut in P. juliflora, circa semina in articulos nuciformes distinctos secedente. ۱
It will require a better series of specimens than we possess to determine whether this be really more
than a local variety of P. juliflora. 1 ۱
6. P. pENUDANS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 851. Puberula, spinis axillaribus
validis brevibus. Pinnse
l-jugs; foliola 2-3-juga, linearia, 1-3 lin. longa. Spieze ob-
longe. Anthere eglandulose. Legumen compressum, contorto-arcuatum, 13-pollicare,
3 lin. latum.
Hab. Extratropical South America: Patagonia, Port Desire, Middleton; Port St.
Elena, King.
Frutex humilis, ramis crassis brevibus flexuosis. Spine conice, demum fere pollicares, in ramulis
floridis multo breviores. Stipule fere obsolete. Foliorum petiolus communis 2-3 lin. longus, pin-
narum raches vix longiores. Foliola crassiuscula, novella utrinque pubescentia. Spice j—1-pollicares,
pedunculo 3—4-lineari fultz,
rachi pubescente. Flores siccitate nigricantes, extus glabri. Calyx
parvus. Petala 1} lin. longa, intus apice lanata. Stamina breviter exserta, antheris in alabastro
eglandulosis.
Notwithstanding the absence of the anther-
nearly so in the following one,
glands, apparently constant in the present species and
the fruit and other characters refer them both, without doubt, to the section
-Prosopis.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰ 379
Algarobia of Prosopis. The endocarp appears in both to form articles quite distinct, although sometimes
contiguous.
7. P. HumILIs, Gill. ! in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 204, Glabra, spinis axillaribus elongatis
striatis. Folia nulla v. ad petiolum 1-2-foliolatum reducta. Spice cylindracer, 3-1}-
pollicares. Antherz vix glandulose. Legumen compressum, falcatum, 3—4-pollicare,
4—5 lin. latum.
Hab. Extratropical South America: Pampas of Buenos Ayres, Gillies; San Jago and
Patagonia, Tweedie.
Fruticulus subaphyllus, spinis seepe pollicaribus ramulisque rigidis sulcato-striatis insignis. Foliorum
petiolus dum adest 2-3 lin. longus, apice biaristatus, et supra glandulam parvam foliola ferens 1-2
minima, lanceolata, acutissima. Spine sepius gemine, v. altera in spicam mutata. Flores extus glabri,
calyce minimo, petalis 14 v. fere 2 lin. longis, intus apice lanatis. Ovarium subsessile, villosissimum.
Anthere seepius eglandulosz, interdum glandulam minutam sessilem detexi. Legumen immaturum valde
compressum, marginibus incrassatis, demum utrinque convexum, subtorulosum.
8. P. SERICANTHA, G/l.! in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 204.— Puberula, aphylla, ramulis
erectis rigidis plerisque apice subspinescentibus. Spies cylindracese, subsessiles, dense,
1-14-pollicares. Flores extus hirsuti. Calyx 3 lin., petala 14 lin. longa. Antherz
distinete glandulifere. Legumen rectiuseulum, compressum, demum utrinque con-
vexum, 3-4-pollicare, 4 lin. latum.
Hab. Extratropical South America: Province of San Luis.
Species dubia.
9? P. HETEROPHYLLA, Benth. 1 in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 82. Glabra, inermis. Sti-
pulse obsolete. Foliorum petiolus longus, complanatus. Pinnz ad apicem 1-2-juge,
foliolis 12-15-jugis parvis, v. nulle. Spice subsessiles. Legumen planum, rectum, 44-
pollicare, 5 lin. latum.
Hab. Extratropical North America; Sonora alta in Mexico, Coulter.
Ramuli tenues, subteretes, albidi. Foliorum petiolus communis 3-7 poll. longus, linea paullo latior v /
angustior, quasi phyllodineus, nunc nudus apice obtusus, nunc summo apice pinnas 2, rarius 4, 1-13-poll 1
cares ferens. Glandule obscure inter pinnas et inter foliola summa. Foliola crassiuscula, 1-2-nervia,
2 lin. longa, acutiuscula, glabra v. pilis raris conspersa. Flores non vidi. Spice fructifere rhachis 14-
pollicaris. Legumen adhuc immaturum tenue, reticulatum.
This very anomalous species was described from a single specimen in the herbarium of Trinity College,
Dublin, which I have not since seen. It seems doubtful whether it be a Prosopis or an Acacia; but it
appeared most to resemble in general habit some of the southern species of the former genus.
Sectio 4. STROMBOCARPA.
Petala intus apice lanata (excepta P. striata). Ovarium villosum. Legumen cras-
sum, cochleato-contortum v. gyris numerosis spirale, endocarpio vario (in articulos
distinctos v. subconnexos incrassato v. continuo v. vix a mesocarpio distineto). Frutices
Americani. Stipulse spinescentes basi seepe connatz.. Spinee axillares desunt.
A. Gray proposes to reduce the section or genus Sirombocarpa strictly to those species in which the
endocarp is continous, or scarcely distinguishable from the mesocarp, referring P. torquata and P. abbre-
viata to Algarobia; but the pod of the latter species is exactly intermediate between the irregularly spiral, -
almost jointed pod, with distinctly articled endocarp, of P. torquata, and the closely spiral one with con-
tinuous endocarp of P. strombulifera; aud in other characters, especially in the stipular not axillary
380 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. [Prosopis.
spines, and the general form of the pod, the line of distinction between the two sections appears much
more definite by including P. torquata in Strombocarpa.
* Spice cylindracee v. ovoidee.
10. P. TORQUATA, DC. Prod. ii. 448. Puberula v. glabrata. Pinne 1-juge; foliola
15-25-juga, linearia, lineam longa. Legumen subcompressum, 3-4 lin. latum, irregu-
lariter laxeque subspiraliter tortum, margine exteriore inter semina valde intruso sub-
moniliforme, endocarpio in articulos nuciformes circa semina distincto.
Acacia torquata, Lag. Elench. Hort. Matr. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 16.
Hab. Extratropical South America; prov. San Louis, Gillies.
_ Frutex ramulis flexuosis foliisque minute viscido-puberulis glabrisve. Spine stipulares in ramulis
hornotinis et in gemmis floriferis minime, in ramis vetustioribus valid, rectee, divaricate, semipollicares
v. paullo longiores, basi connate. Foliorum petiolus communis vix linea longior, inter pinnas glandulifer.
Pinne subpollicares, rachi eglandulosa v. inter foliola superiora glandula minuta instructa. Flores non
vidi. Spice fructifere e gemmis axillaribus foliosis oriunde, rachi 1}-pollicari. Legumen interdum
gyris 2-3 laxe spirale, sæpe extensum et valde irregulariter contortum.
11. P. ABBREVIATA, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 352. Puberula v. glabrata. Pinne
ljugæ; foliola 10-15-juga, oblonga, vix lineam longa. Spice ovoidee. Legumen
spiraliter contortum, gyris 7-8 laxis v. nonnullis v. omnibus arcte confertis, endocarpio
inter semina subdistincto. j
Hab. Extratropical South America, San J ago, T'weedie.
Frutex elegans ramosissimus, ramulis flexuosis. Spine stipulares geminee, divaricate, plereeque parva,
hinc inde fere 3 poll. longe. Folia in gemmis axillaribus fasciculata, petiolo communi vix lineam longo ;
glandule inter pinnas minute. Pinnz 6-9 lin. long, ut videtur eglandulose. Foliola obtusissima, cras-
siuscula. Pedunculi sub spica semipollicares; spice ovoidex rarius fere globose, rhachi semipollicari.
Flores extus pubescentes, calyce fere semilineari, corolla lineam longa. Antherarum glandula stipitata.
Ovarium stipitatum, villosissimum.
The pod in this species appears variable, sometimes almost as closely spiral as in the following species,
sometimes with some of the spires very loose and almost interrupted between the seeds.
12. P. PUBESCENS, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 82. Cano-pubescens v. demum
glabrata. Pinnz 1-juge ; foliola 5-8-juga, oblonga v. obovata, 3-4-linearia. Spice 13-2-
rollicares, laxæ. Flores extus glabri. Legumen spirale, gyris 12-20 in cylindrum
1i-polliearem arcte confertis.
Strombocarpa pubescens, A. Gray! Pl. Wright. i. 60.
Prosopis Emoryi, Torr. ! in Emory, Rep. 139. ۰
Hab. Extratropical North America: Texas, Mexico, California.
The fruit figured under P. odorata, by Torr. in Frem. Rep. t. 1, is, according to A. Gray, Bot. Whipple
Exped. 26, that of P. pubescens, which had been sent with the foliage of P. juliflora.
** Spice exacte globoso-capitate. |
13. P. STROMBULIFERA, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 352. Glaberrima. Pinne.
1-juge; foliola 4-6-juga, oblongo-linearia, 1-14 lin. longa. Capitula in pedunculo pol-
licari semipollicem diametro. Legumen spirale, gyris ad 10 in cylindrum pollicarem v.
longiorem 3-4 lin. diametro arcte confertis.
Mimosa strumbulifera, Lam. Dict. i. 15.
E T E
Prosopis.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 381
Acacia strombulifera, Willd. Spec. iv. 1055.
Mimosa circinalis, Cav. Ic. vi. 41, in adnot.
Hab. Extratropical South America: Andes of Menoza, Gillies, Bacle.
The original misspelling of the specific name with an v instead of an o was owing to the French custom
of pronouncing the u before an m in Latin words like an o.
14. P. REPTANS, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 352. Minute puberula v. glabrata.
Pinne 1-jug&; foliola 6-10-juga, oblonga, linea breviora. Capitula quam in P. strom-
bulifera minora. Legumen spirale, gyris ad 10 in cylindrum fere pollicarem 2-3-lin.
diametro arcte confertis, endocarpio vix a mesocarpio distincto.
Hab. Extratropical South America: Cordova, T'weedie, called Mostworta, and used
as a cure for dysentery.
Fruticulus humilis, e radice repente adscendens v. erectus, ramosissimus, Ramuli striati, uti folia
minute viscido-puberuli mox glabrati. Stipule spinescentes tenues, nunc minim:e, nunc 3-5 lin. longe.
Foliorum petiolus communis vix lineam longus, inter pinnas glandulifer. Pinns 3-4 lin. longe. Fo-
liola conferta, obtusissima. Pedunculi 9-10 lin. longi. Flores extus glabri. Calyx semilineam vix
excedens, corolla 13 lin. longe. Antherarum glandula stipitata,
15. P. CINERASCENS, A. Gray. Fruticulus P. reptanti simillimus, nec distinguendus
nisi pube evidentiore presertim in pedunculis et interdum in floribus ipsis, et foliolis
paullo majoribus et 13 lin. longis.
Strombocarpa cinerascens, A. Gray! Pl. Wright. i. 61.
Mimosa calcarea, Buckl. in Proc. Amer. Acad. 1861, 453; 1863, 162, ex A. Gray.
Hab. Extratropical North America: Texas and Mexico, Berlandier, n. 2013, 3143,
Gregg, Emory.
Species dubia.
16. P. STRIATA, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 83. Fruticosa ? Glabra. Ramuli
crassi, striati, apice attenuato-spinescentes. Stipulw parve, spinescentes, recurve, basi
subconnats. Folia pauca, petiolo communi brevissimo. Pinne 1-juge; foliola 2-3-juga,
oblonga, ad 2 lin. longa. Spice globose, parvze, peduneulo tenui. Corolla membra-
'nacea, glabra. Anthere glandulifere. Ovarium villosum. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Extratropical South America: Port St. Elena in Patagonia, King.
The corolla in this species is rather more that of a Mimosa than of a Prosopis ; but the habit, the glan-
duliferous anthers, etc. are those of Prosopis. Till the fruit has been seen, however, the genus must
remain uncertain.
XIII. XERoCLADIA, Harv.
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 591.
X. ZEYHERI, Harv.! Fl. Cap. ii. 278.
recurvee, spinescentes. Folia pauca, parva. Capitula parva globosa.
Acacia viridiramis, Burch. ! Trav. i. 300.
Hab. Extratropical South Africa.
XIV. Dicurostacuys, DC.
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 592.
Gland usually only between the lowest pair of pinnz, rarely between all.
1. D. TENUIFOLIA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ, Bot. iv. 353. Ramuli P, petioli pubes-
Fruticulus rigide ramosissimus. Stipule
382 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. [ Dichrostachys.
centi-hirti. Pinnæ 5-6-juge; glandule parve subsessiles v. 0; foliola multijuga,
anguste linearia, ad 2 lin. longa. Spica globoss densee, pedunculo infra spicam nudo v.
interrupte paucifloro. Legumen sublignosum, ی هی ROME 3-4 lin. latum,
marginibus valde incrassatis.
Mimosa bicolor, Hels. et Boj.! MS.
Hab. Madagascar, Bojer (in flower), Pervillé (in fruit).
2. D. PLATYCARPA, Welw. Apont. 576. Ramuli et petioli pubescenti-hirti. Pinna
10-18-juge; glandule parvee, stipitatee; foliola multijuga, anguste linearia, ad 2 lin.
longa. Spice cylindracez. Legumen 3-1} poll. latum.— Oliv. ! Fl. Trop. er li. 3383.
Hab. Tropical Africa: Upper and Lower Guinea.
This and the preceding species are readily distinguished from all others by the narrow leaflets.
3. D. CINEREA, Wight et Arn.! Prod. 271. Puberula. Pinnæ 8-10-juge; glandule
ssepius breviter stipitatee (interdum sessiles?) ; foliola multijuga, oblongo-linearia, 4-1
lin. longa. Spice cylindracee. Flores parvi. Legumen 3, rarius 4 lin. latum.—
Wight, Ic. t. 357; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 185. |
Mimosa cinerea, Linn. Spec. 1505; Roxb.! Corom. Pl. ii. 39, t. 174.
Desmanthus cinereus, Willd. Spec. iv. 1048.
Acacia cinerea, Spreng. Syst. iii. 143.
Acacia Dalea, Desv.! Journ. Bot. 1814, i. 69.
Hab. Tropical Asia: East-Indian Peninsula.
This and the following species are certainly, as observed by Oliver, very closely allied ; but the Penin-
sular specimens appear to me to have always much smaller leaflets and flowers, and a narrower pod than
D. nutans, and the glands of the common petiole are usually less stipitate.
Desmanthus callistachys, DC. Prod. ii. 445, described from a cultivated specimen from the Courrant
garden in Teneriffe, which I did not find, or overlooked, in De Candolle's herbarium, is distinguished by
the gland being sessile. I should therefore be disposed to refer it rather to the D. cinerea than to
D. nutans. It is too shortly characterized for further identification.
4. D. nutans, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 353. Puberula v. وه Pinne
5-12-juge ; glandulze stipitate ; foliola multijuga, oblongo-linearia, 2-3, rarius 4 lin. longa.
Spice cylindracee. Legumen 4-5 lin. latum.— Oliv. ! Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 333.
Mimosa nutans, Pers. Syn. ii. 266.
Desmanthus nutans, DC. ۱ Prod. ii. 446.
Mimosa sanguinea (Ergell y Dimmo), Bruce, 'Trav. vii. 147, 148, t. 6.
Mimosa bicolor, Schum. ! et Thonn. Beskr. Pl. Guin. 326.
Caillea dichrostachys, Guill. et Perr.! Fl. Seneg. i. 240.
Desmanthus trichostachys, DC. ! Prod. ii. 445, Mém. Lég. t. 67.
Desmanthus leptostachys, DC. ! Prod. ii. 445.
Desmanthus divergens, Willd. Spec. iv. 1048.
Mimosa divergens, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 59.
Acacia spinosa, E. Mey. ۱ Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr. 170.
Acacia adenostylis, Fenzl! in Flora, 1844, 312.
Dichrostachys caffra, Meissn.! in Pl. Krauss. exs. n. 166. —
D. callistachys, Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 415. ۱ |
D. cinerea, Miq. ! Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pars i. 48 quoad plantam javanicam ; Benth. Fl. Axial ii, 299.
Piptadenia stenadenia, Griseb. ۱ Cat. Pl: Cub. 81.
Hab. Tropical Africa, apparently common throughout, extending into extratropical
Dichrostachys.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 383
South-east Africa as far as Natal; tropical Asia; the Indian archipelago; tropical
Australia. For if the African and Indian-peninsular species are really distinct, as they
appear to be, it is certainly to the former, not to the latter, that the Javan and Aus-
tralian specimens should be referred.
5, D. FORBESII, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 353. Glabriuscula. Pinnz 3—4-jugee ;
glandule stipitatee; foliola 10—15-juga, oblongo-linearia, 2-3 lin. longa. Spice cylin-
draceze, breves.— Harv.! et Sond. Fl. Cap. ii. 278.
Hab. Extratropical South-east Africa: Delagoa Bay, Forbes.
6. D. MUELLERI, Benth. ! Fl. Austral. ii. 299. Glabra. Pinnæ 1-2-juge, petiolo tenui ;
foliola 4-6-juga, oblongo-linearia, 3-5 lin. longa. Spice cylindracem.
Neptunia spicata, F. Muell.! Fragm. Phyt. Austral. iii. 151.
Hab. Tropical Australia.
7. D. Kırkıı, Benth., sp. n. Cano-puberula, mox glabrata. Pinne 1-jugze; foliola
3-5-juga, oblonga v. obovali-oblonga, obtusissima, coriacea, 1-2 lin. longa. Spice
oblonge.
Hab. Tropical Africa: Brava on the Somali coast, Kirk.
Frutex ramis rigidis tortuosis albidis, ramulis spinescentibus. Partes novelle pube brevi alba con-
spersz v. canescentes. Folia parva, siccitate nigricantia, adulta fere glabra; petiolus communis vix
lineam longus, pinnarum rhaches tenues, 2-3 lin. longe. Spice breviter pedunculate, ante anthesin ob-
long, 2-3 lin. long, per anthesin vix semipollicares. Flores inferiores more generis steriles, filamentis
elongatis in sicco purpureis. Stamina florum hermaphroditorum multo breviora etsi corolla plus duplo
longiora. Legumen ignotum.
XV. NEPTUNIA, Lour.
+ Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL. i. 592. -
E Capitula absque staminodiis ovoidea, floribus neutris numerosis staminodiis elongatis
Jere hemispherica. Stamina v. staminodia 10.
1. N. OLERACEA, Lour. Fl. Cochinch, 654. Glabra. Caulis natans, radicans, 0
spongioso-inflatus. Pinn:e 2-3-jugse ; foliola 8-20-juga, linearia, 4-6 lin. longa. Legumen
se 4 lin. latum, a gi um 3-lineari deflexum.— 77. Bras. Mim. و Oliv.! Fl. Trop.
Afr. ii. 334
Mimosa ات Vahl, Symb. iii. 102; Roxb. ! Corom. PI. t. 119.
Desmanthus natans, Willd. Spec. iv. 1044.
Mimosa prostrata, Lam. Diet. i. 10.
` Mimosa lacustris, Humb. et Bonpl.! Pl. ZEquin. i. 55. t. 16.
Acacia lacustris, Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. 301.
Desmanthus lacustris, Willd. Spec. iv. 1044.
Mimosa aquatica, Pers. Syn. ii. 263.
Desmanthus stolonifer, DC. ! Prod. ii. 444.
Neptunia stolonifera, Guill. et Perr. 1 Fl. Seneg. 239.
N. plena, Lindl.! Bot. Reg. 1846, t. 3, excl. syn.
Hab. Tropical Asia, Africa, and America, very widely dispersed in tranquil waters,
but perhaps in some localities introduced.
9. N. PLENA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 355. Prostrata v. adscendens, ramosa,
glabra. Pinnee 2-3-juge ; foliola 14-20-juga, linearia, 4-6 lin. longa. Bractez in medio
VOL. XXX. 3E
984 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. [. Neptunia,
pedunculo 2, alterne, cordate, quam in ceteris speciebus majores diutiusque persi-
stentes. Legumen subsesquipollicare, 4-5 lin. latum, a stipite brevi deflexum.— Fl.
Bras. Mim.
Mimosa plena, Linn. Spec. 1502.
Desmanthus plenus, Willd. Spec. iv. 1045.
Mimosa punctata, Linn. Spec. 1502.
Acacia punctata, Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. 300.
Desmanthus punctatus, Willd. Spec. iv. 1047.
Desmanthus polyphyllus, DC. ! Prod. ii. 444.
Neptunia polyphylla, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 129. g”
Mimosa adenanthera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 554.
Desmanthus adenanthera, Wall. Cat. Herb. Ind. n. 5298.
Mimosa lycopodioides, Desf. in Pers. Syn. ii. 263.
Acacia lycopodioides, Desv. ۱ Journ. Bot. 1814, pars i. 68.
Neptunia surinamensis, Steud. ! in Flora, 1843, 759. ]
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, Paraguay, Ecuador, Guiana, West Indies, Central
America; also Tropical Asia, but probably introduced.
The plant figured as N. plena, Bot. Reg. 1846, t. 3, described as having a spongy pus seni was
probably the N. oleracea.
** Capitula globosa v. ovoidea, floribus inferioribus neutris v. vadou rmv (v. 0 ?).
Stamina 10. i
3. N. TRIQUETRA, Benth. in Hook. ! Journ. Bot. iv. 355. Diffusa, glabriuscula. Pinne
2-3-juge ; foliola 6-12-juga, linearia, 14-2 lin. longa. Capitula globosa. Flores infe-
riores pauci neutri. Legumen ¿-1-pollicare, 3-4 lin. latum, a stipite brevi deflexum.—
Fl. Bras. Mim.
Mimosa: triquetra, Vahl, Symb. iii. 102.
Desmanthus triqueter, Willd. Spec. iv. 1045. Wight, Ic. t. 756.
Hab. Tropical Asia: East-Indian Peninsula. Entered in the Flora وه on ae-
count of a specimen in the Berlin Herbarium from Sello’s South-Brazilian collection. Pos-
sibly there may have been some mistake. It is quite distinct from any American species.
4. N. TENUIS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 355. Glabriuscula, diffusa, ramis
tenuibus. Pinns 2—4-jugz; foliola 10-15-juga, oblongo-linearia, ad 2 lin. longa. Capi-
tula ovoidea v. oblonga. Flores inferiores pauci masculi. Legumen longe stipitatum.
Desmanthus lacustris, Torr. et Gr.! Fl. N Amer. i. 402.
Hab. Extratropical North America: Texas.
5. N. LUTEA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 356. Pubescens, prostrata, ramis
elongatis. Pinns 3-5-juge, petiolo eglanduloso : foliola 15-20-juga, linearia, ad 2 lin.
longa. Capitula ovoidea. Flores inferiores masculi perpauci. Legumen ultrapollicare,
ad 5 lin. latum, a stipite longiuseulo subdeflexum.
Acacia lutea, Leavenw. in Sillim. Journ. vii. 61 ex Torr. et Gr.! Fl. N. Amer. i. 408.
Hab. Extratropical North America: Texas and Arkansas.
6. N. PUBESCENS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 336. Pubescens, prostrata, ramis
uoo Pinnze 23; juge; glandula pseu v. nulla ; foliola 20-30-juga, en ad
| Neptunia.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 385
2 lin. longa. Capitula ovoideo-glohosa. Flores inferiores pauci masculi. Legumen
۱ breviter nunc brevissime stipitatum. :
| Hab. Tropical and northern subtropicaz. verica : Paraguay, Weddell; Lima and other
parts of the Peruvian coast, Dombey, Cuming, n. 1027, and others; Costarica, Œrsted ;
St. Domingo, Schomburgk; Dominica, Imray; Key-west, Florida, Ruegel, n. 206 (dis-
tributed as Acacia lutea), and apparently also Texas, Wright, n. 157, Berlandier, n.
2091, Emory Expedition, n. 303. The species may, however, prove to be a variety of
N. lutea, distinguished chiefly by its much smaller flower-heads and the stipes of the
^. pod scarcely ever above 1 line long.
*** Capitula globosa, floribus inferioribus neutris v. masculis perpaucis v. nullis.
Stamina 5.
7. N. enACILIS, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 355. Procumbens v. adscendens,
glabra v. puberula. Pinne 1-2-jugse ; foliola 6-20-juga, oblongo-linearia, 2-3 lin. longa.
Pedunculi 1-3-pollieares. Legumen oblongum, 4-6-spermum.— Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 300.
Hab. Tropical and eastern subtropical Australia.
8. N. MoNosPERMA, F. Muell. in Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 300. Glabra. Pinnæ
2-3-jug®; foliola 20-30-juga, oblongo-linearia, 2-3 lin. longa. Pedunculi infra-semi-
pollicares. Ovarium 2-ovulatum. Legumen suborbieulatum, monospermum, 3-4, rarius
5 lin. latum. ۱
Hab. Tropical Australia: N. coast, also N.W. coast, A. Cunningham.
Neptunia acinaciformis, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pars i. 51 (Desmanthus acinaciformis, Span. in Linnea,
xv. 198; D. pusillus, Zippel), from Timor, is insufficiently described for identification. The number of
stamens is not mentioned. If the flowers are pentandrous, it may be the same as the Neptunia gracilis.
. Desmanthus trispermus, Span. in Linnza, xv. 198, also from Timor, is named only, without any cha-
racter, and must therefore be cancelled as a species.
XVI. DESMANTHUS, Willd.
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl.i.592. .
The herbaceous or suffruticose species of this genus run very much one into another; and probably a
careful study of better specimens than we possess of some of them may induce a considerable reduction
of their number. It is doubtful how far the size of the petiolar gland, or the exact proportions in length
and breadth and shape of the pod may be constant. The shrubby D. arborescens, from Madagascar, is,
however, a remarkable exception.
1. D. veartts, Willd. Spec. iv. 1047. Glabriusculus, erectus v. decumbens. Pinnæ
1-7-juge ; glandula majuscula; foliola 10-20-juga, oblongo-linearia, 2-3 lin. longa.
Capitula pauciflora. Stamina 10. Legumen rectum v. subfaleatum, 2-pollicare v. lon-
gius, 13-12 lin. latum.— Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 334. |
- Mimosa virgata, Linn. Spec. 1502; Jacq. Hort. Vind. t. 80.
Acacia virgata, Gertn. Fruct. ii. 317, t. 148.
Mimosa angustisiliqua, Lam. Dict. i. 10.
` Acacia angustisiliqua, Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. ! 300.
Desmanthus strictus, Bertol. ! in DC. Prod. ii. 445.
D. leptophyllus, H., B. et K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 264.
3E2
386 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEZX. [ Desmanthus,
Mimosa pernambucana, Mill. ! Dict. n. 3, et auct. plur. an Linn. ?
Acacia depauperata, Mart. ! in Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2.
Hab. Tropical and subtropical America: common from Buenos Ayres to the West
Indies; tropical Asia: probably introduced into East India.
2. D. DEPRESSUS, Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. Spec. iv. 1046. Glabriusculus, diffusus.
Pinnz 1-5-juge; glandula parva; foliola 10-20-juga, linearia, seepius angusta, ad 2 lin.
longa. Capitula pauciflora. Stamina 10. Legumen rectum v. subfaleatum, 2-pollicare
v. longius, ad 13 lin. latum, seminibus numerosis obliquis.—77. Bras. Mim.; Kunth,
- Mim. 115, t. 35.
Mimosa depressa, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 58.
Mimosa pernambucana, Linn. Spec. 1052, pro parte ?
Desmanthus diffusus, Willd. Spec. iv. 1046 ?
Desmanthus pratorum, Macfad. ! Fl. Jam. i. 311.
D. tenellus, DC. ! Prod. ii. 445.
Hab. Tropical and subtropical America: from South Brazil and Peru to Guiana, Co-
lumbia, the West Indies, South Florida, Texas ? and Central America.
It is not always easy to distinguish this from D. virgatus. It appears that both are sometimes pro-
cumbent ; but D. depressus is more so, with smaller, narrower leaflets, and a much smaller gland. I have
found 10 stamens in all the flowers I have examined.
3. D. LEPTOLOBUS, Torr. et Gr.! Fl. N. Amer. i. 402. Glabriusculus. Pinnze
6-10-juge; glandula parva ssepius minuta; foliola 15-25-juga, anguste linearia, 1-1i
lin. longa. Capitula pauciflora. Stamina 5. Legumen rectum, 2-3-pollicare, 1 lin.
latum. Semina dissita, sublongitudinalia, 2 lin. longa. | i
Hab. Extratropical North America: Texas and Arkansas. |
This is the only long-fruited species in which I have found only 5 stamens. It may therefore have
been this one that Linnzus first described as Mimosa pernambucana, although Gouan and others of his
correspondents gave that name to the decandrous D. depressus. -The leaflets of D. leptolobus, like those
of D. brachylobus, are still narrower than in D. depressus. i
4. D. VELUTINUS, Scheele in Linnea, xxi. 455. Molliter pubescens, prostratus v.
adscendens. Pinne 3-6-juge; glandula parva, nunc minuta; foliola 10-20-juga,
oblongo-linearia, avenia. Capitula parvula (ad 3 liu. diametro) Stamina 10, legumen
elongatum, rectum v. fere rectum, acuminatum, 11 lin. latum. |
D. peduncularis, Buckl. in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1961 و 454; 1862, 163.
Hab. Extratropieal North America: Texas. The pod is said to attain 3 or 4 inches.
I have not seen it above 21 in. long. es |
5. D. Jamest, Torr. et Gr. ! Fl. N. Amer. i. 402. Leviter puberulus, prostratus v.
ascendens. Pinne 3-6-juge; glandula magna, oblonga; foliola 10-20-juga, lineari-
oblonga, subavenia. Capitula majuseula (4-5 lin. diametro absque staminibus). Sta-
mina 10. Legumen elongatum, rectum v. rectiusculum, obtusum v. acutum.
Hab. Extratropieal North America: Texas and adjoiniug districts.
With much of the foliage of D. reticulatus, this is known by the larger flower-heads, and especially by
the large oblong gland just below the lowest pair of pinnz. 0 ۱
6. D. RETICULATUS, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. ‘Bot. iv. 357. Parce pubescens, glau-
cescens, diffusus. Pinnæ 1-4-, swpius 2-3-juge; glandula parva v. nulla; foliola
D esmanthus.] MR. R. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA.' 987
4-8-juga, oblonga, li-linearia, 2-3-nervia. Capitula parva. Stamina 10. Legumen
subfaleatum, acutum, reticulato-venosum, 1-14 poll. longum, 14-13 lin. latum, 8-13-
spermum. |
D. rhombifolius, Buckl. in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 454; 1862, 163.
Hab. Extratropical North America: Texas, Drummond.
Nos. 140 and 169 of Wright's Texan plants appear to me to be a variety of this species, with the
veins of the leaflets less prominent underneath, and the pod altogether larger, and perhaps rather less
veined. They have certainly neither the larger flower-heads nor the conspicuous oblong petiolar gland
of D. Jamesü.
7. D. ACUMINATUS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 357. Pubescens v. glabrius-
culus, diffusus. Pinne 14-juge; glandula majuscula; foliola 6-10-juga, oblonga.
Capitula pauciflora. Stamina 10. Legumen faleatum, acuminatum, leve, 1}-pollicare,
13 lin. latum, 8-13-spermum.
Hab. Extratropical North America: Texas, Drummond.
8. D. rscurvus, Benth.! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 84. Glabriusculus, diffusus.
Pinnse 5-10-juge; foliola 10-15-juga, oblonga; glandula parva v. nulla. Capitula
pauciflora. Stamina 10. Legumen falcatum, 2-2} lin. latum, hirtellum, 6-9-spermum.
Hab. Subtropieal North America: between Real del Monte and Zacatecas in Mexico,
Coulter. |
This seems to connect the preceding with the following species. Mimosa pumila, Schlecht. in Linnza,
xii. 557, from Regla, Ehrenberg, is probably, from the description, the same species, or one closely allied
to it. |
:9. D. BRACHYLOBUS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 358. Glabriusculus, erectus.
Pinnæ 6-15-jugz ; Foliola 20-30-juga, anguste linearia, 1-2 lin. longa. Glandula par-
vula. Capitula multiflora. Stamina 5. Legumen late faleatum, }-1-pollicare, 3 lin.
latum, 3-6-spermum.
Acacia brachyloba, Willd. Spec. iv. 1071.
Darlingtonia brachyloba, DC. ! Prod. ii. 443.
Mimosa glandulosa, Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. ii. 254; Vent. Choix, t. 27.
Acacia glandulosa, Willd. Spec. iv. 1071.
Darlingtonia glandulosa, DC. Prod. ii. 443.
Mimosa illinoensis, Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. ii. 254.
Darlingtonia intermedia, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. York, ii. 181.
Mimosa contortuplicata, Zuccagni ! Obs. Hort. Flor. n. 100, ex DC.
Desmanthus falcatus, Scheele in Linnea, xxi. 455.
Hab. Extratropical North America: Southern United States.
With the numerous fine leaflets and pentandrous flowers ot D. leptolobus, the pod is the shortest and
broadest, instead of the longest and narrowest of the genus. It is still, however, that of a Desmanthus,
and not of a Neptunia.
10. D. ARBORESCENS, Bojer! MS. Fruticosa, glabra v. pilis raris conspersa. Pinn:e
1-juge ; foliola 4-6-juga, oblongo-linearia, 2-3 lin. longa. Capitula multiflora. . Stamina 5.
Legumen rectum, obtusum, 2-3-pollicare, 2-3 lin. latum, basi longe angustatum. Semina
longitudinalia. ۱
Hab. Madagascar: Bombatok Bay, Bojer.
Ramuli lignosi, elongati, ut videtur divaricati v. diffusi. Stipule angusts, setaceo-acuminate, 1-14
388 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. [ Desmanthus.
lin. longee, caducze. Foliorum petiolus communis 1-2 lin, longus, tenuis; pinnarum rhaches subsemi-
pollicares, fere filiformes. Foliola rigidula, valde oblique pennivenia, venis 2-3 infimis ad basin costae
insertis. Pedunculi ad nodos ramorum annotinorum solitarii, tenues, pollicares v. paullo longiores.
Capitula globosa, diametro vix 2 lineas excedentia staminibus exclusis. Calyx truncatus, 4 lin. longus.
Petala 5, fere à basi soluta, calyce duplo longiora. Stamina in floribus examinatis 5, corolla dimidio
longiora. Anthere oblongz, glandula minuta fugacissima (an semper?) apiculate. Ovarium glabrum.
Legumen glaberrimum, rigidulum, marginibus incrassatis fere Calliandre, valvis coriaceis nitidis aveniis.
Semina 6-8, oblonga, inter se distantia. ۱
XVII. Mimosa, Linn. (pro parte).
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 593.
Since I proposed the division of this vast genus into three sections or subgenera, I have seen the ripe
fruits of many species in which it was then unknown ; and the distinction between the transversely arti-
culate and continuous valves, which I had already been obliged to give up in respect of some species of
the group Meticulose of Eumimosa, has entirely broken down also for the separation of the section
Ameria from Habbasia. In some cases the pod (within the constantly continuous persistent margin)
is articulate or not, according to circumstances, in the same species; in other cases the character would
widely dissever species otherwise closely allied. The group of Spiciflore have the very flat pod, with
numerous articles broader than long, of many true Habbasie, with the marginal prickles prevalent in
Ameria, and the isomerous stamens of Eumimosa. Ihave therefore been obliged to reduce the number of
primary sections to two, distinguished solely by the number of stamens, equal to or twice that of the
divisions of the corolla—a character which I have found absolutely constant, except perhaps in a single
species (M. scabrella). This consolidation of Habbasia and Ameria, and the new lights thrown upon
many species by the numerous additional specimens brought under examination, as well as a considerable
number of new species, have occasioned several modifications in the subordinate groups I had proposed.
It may be therefore useful to prefix to the detailed enumeration of species the following general summary
of the groups or series, neglecting occasional exceptions, to be specially mentioned in the course of the
enumeration.
Sect. 1. Euumimosa. Stamina numero petalorum equalia.—Species 1-130.
Series 1. Sensitive. Pinne 1-juge. Foliola majuscula, 14-2-juga. Aculei sparsi v. 0.— Species 1-13.
Series 2. Modeste. Pinnx 1-juge. Foliola pauci- (4-5-)juga. Aculei infrastipulares v. 0. Herb»
diffuse v. nanze.—Species 14-18.
Series 3. Caste. Pinne l-juge. Foliola pluri- (ssepius multi- rarius 3-6-)juga. Aculei sparsi.—
Species 19-32.
Series 4. Pectinate. Pinnæ 1-juge. Foliola multi- rarius 6-8-)juga. Aculei nonnulli y. omnes
infrastipulares. Frutices v. suffrutices elatiores.—Species 33-38.
Series 5. Pudice. Pinne 2-5-juge, sepius conferte. Foliola multijuga, marginata. Aculei nonnulli
v. omnes infrastipulares.—Species 39-45.
Series 6. Hirsute. Pinne 2-4-juge, rarius unijuge. Foliola multijuga, 3-5-nervia, immarginata.
Inermes, patentim pilosze, pedunculis longis.—Species 46-53. :
Series 7. Pedunculose. Pinne 1-jug&, rarius 2-4-juge. Foliola multijuga (rarius 5-8-juga), mar-
ginata. Inermes, diffuse v. prostrate, pedunculis szepius axillaribus elongatis.— Species 54—66.
Series 8. Meticulose. Pinne l-jugw. Foliola multijuga (rarius 4-8-juga), marginata. Inermes,
rigide v. fruticose, pedunculis seepius brevibus in racemum seu paniculam terminalem dispositis, v. infimis
axillaribus.—Species 67-100.
Series 9. Myriophylle. Pinne multijuge. Foliola multijuga, parva. Inermes, rigidz v. fruticosz,
capitulis globosis in racemum ۵ terminalem dispositis v. infimis axillaribus.—Species 101-103.
Mimosa.] MR. G: BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 389.
Series 10.'Spiciflore. Pinnæ pluri- v. multi-juge, Spice cylindraceæ v. elongatæ. Aculei sparsi
parvi. Flores sæpius 5-meri.—Species 104-109, |
Series 11. Obstrigose. Pinne 1-juge. Fruticuli inermes v. parce aculeati, pilis deorsum appressis
strigosi rarius glabri.—Species 110-116. ;
Series 12. Lepidote. Pinne l- pluri-juge. Frutices inermes, tomento stellato plumoso v. lepidoto,
flavicantes canescentes v. fulvescentes.— Species 117-130, ۱
Sect. 9. Happasta. Stamina numero petalorum duplo plura.—Species 10
* Sete nulle (sp. 2 exceptis).
— Series 1. Leptostachye. Spice cylindracez dense v. laxifloree.—S pecies 131-169.
Series 2. Glandulifere. Capitula parva, globosa, ample paniculata. Legumen planum, pluriarti-
۰
ang —
Slip to be stitched in at p. 389.
Owing to an accidental clerical error, the specific
numbers referred to in this Clavis of the Sect. HABBASIA
are 1 too low when above 150, thus :—
131-278 should be 131-279
181-161 „ وو 181-160
161-167 ;, » 162-168
and so on.
"Truürtices inermes, setosl.— DPECIES زرابم 207 O.
setosum, valvis 1ndivisis.
the few species of the genus indigenous to the Old World
. All the series of both sections are American ;
belong to the series Rubicaules and Asperate of Habbasia.
*
Sectio 1. EUMIMOSA.
— Herb, suffrutices v. frutices, interdum scandentes,
rarissime arborescentes, sspe setosi. Foliorum petiolus (duabus speciebus exceptis)
eglandulosus. Pinnæ ssepius 1-juge v. jugis digitatim approximatis rarius dissitis pluri-
۱ juge. Foliola pauci- v. multi-juga, dum paucijuga foliolum interius paris infimi sepius
multo minus v. deficiens. Capitula in seriebus plerisque globosa v. rarius elliptica, in
seriebus 10ma et 12ma spice oblong:e v. elongato-eylindracex. Calyx minutus subincon-
spicuus v. paleaceo-ciliatus aut pappiformis. Corolla membranacea v. in serie 12ma cras-
sior, 4-fida v. in serie 10ma 5-fida, rarius 3- v. 6-fida. Legumen sepius oligospermum
Stamina numero petalis sequalia.
Mimosa.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA, 389 -
Series 10. 'Spiciflore. Pinnze pluri- v. multi-juge. Spice cylindracee v. elongate. Aculei sparsi
parvi. Flores szpius 5-meri.— Species 104—109.
Series 11. Obstrigose. Pinnz 1-juge. Fruticuli inermes v. parce aculeati, pilis deorsum appressis
strigosi rarius glabri.—Species 110-116.
Series 12. Lepidote. Pinnw l- pluri-juge. Frutices i mermes, tomento stellato plumoso v. lepidoto,
flavicantes canescentes v. fulvescentes.—Species 117-130.
Sect. 2. Hannasra. Stamina numero petalorum duplo plura.—Species dió o
* Sete nulle (sp. 2 exceptis).
— Series 1. Leptostachye. Spice cylindracez dens v. laxifloree.—Species 131-169.
2
P.
Series 2. Glandulifere. Capitula parva, globosa, ample paniculata. Legumen planum, pluriarti-
culatum. Frutices seeps scandentes, aculeis minimis recurvis. Foliorum petiolus glandulifer.— Species
161- 167. $
Series 3. Rubicaules. Capitula globosa, sepius paniculata. Legumen planum, pluriartieulatum.
Frutices aculeis sparsis armati rarius setis rigidis echinati. Foliorum petiolus eglandulosus.— Species
168-190. .
Series 4. nn Capitula pleraque axillaria. Legumen planum, valvis indivisis v.
rarius articulatis. Frutices aculeis sparsis v. infrastipularibus armati.—Species 191-213,
Series 5. Ephedroidee. Capitula globosa, lateralia. Legumen planum (pluriarticulatum ?). Fruticuli
spinescentes, aphylli v. foliis parvis raris.—Species 214, 215.
Series 6. Stipellares. Capitula globosa, axillaria. Legumen subplanum, firi indivisis, Frutices
inermes v. rarius parce aculeati, non setosi. Stipellse orbiculate v. ovate.—Species 216-224,
Series 7. Leptopode. Capitula globosa, axillaria. Legumen planum, valvis articulatis. Frutices
inermes, non setosi. Stipelle minute v. setacex. Foliola parva v. 0.—Species 225-239.
** Sapissime setose.
Series 8. Somniantes. Capitula globosa, pleraque racemosa. Corolle multistriate. Frutices v. herbe
aculeati v. inermes, setosi hispidi v. glabri. Petiolus inter pinnas setifer.—Species 240-249.
Series 9. Asperate. Capitula globosa, axillaria v. racemosa. Corolla membranaces non striate.
Frutices v. herbe aculeati v. subinermes, hispidi v. setosi. Petiolus inter pinnas sepius setifer., Legumen
planum, valvis articulatis.—Species 250-265.
Series 10. Adverse. Capitula globosa, racemosa. Legumen subplanum, valvis indivisis. Frutices
suffruticesve aculeis sursum incurvis armati.— Species 266, 267.
Series 11. Pachycarpe. Capitula globosa, conferta v. racemosa. Legumen szpius crassiusculum,
setosum, valvis indivisis. - Frutices inermes, setosi.— Species 268-278.
All the series of both sections are American ; the few species of the genus indigenous to the Old World
belong to the series Rubicaules and Asperate of Habbasia.
Sectio 1, EUMIMOSA.
Stamina numero petalis sequalia.—Herbee, suffrutices v. frutices, interdum scandentes,
rarissime arborescentes, ssepe setosi. Foliorum petiolus (duabus speciebus exceptis)
eglandulosus. Pinnze ssepius l-jug:e v. jugis digitatim approximatis rarius dissitis pluri-
| juge. Foliola pauci- v. multijuga, dum paueijuga foliolum interius paris infimi sepius
multo minus v. deficiens. Capitula in seriebus plerisque globosa v. rarius elliptica, in
seriebus 10ma et 12ma spice oblongze v. elongato-cylindracez. Calyx minutus subincon-
spicuus v. paleaceo-ciliatus aut pappiformis. Corolla membranacea v. in serie 12ma cras-
sior, 4-fida v. in serie 10ma 5-fida, rarius 3- v. 6-fida. Legumen sæpius oligospermum
390 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰ [ Mimosa.
(in serie 10ma polyspermum) valvis in artieulos secedentibus v. in paucis speciebus
indivisis, margine setoso v. nudo, nec simplici serie aculeato.
Series 1. Sensitive. Herbe perennes erecte v. scandentes, rarius annue v. frutices.
Pime unijuge. Foliola bijuga, majuscula, basi dimidiata, marginibus nerviformibus
et appresse ciliatis rarius nudis و interius paris infimi minimum basi equale v. deficiens.
Pedunculi inferiores axillares, superiores in racemum terminalem sepius dispositi.
Capitula globosa. Flores 4-meri v. rarius hinc inde pauci 5-meri. Legumen planum,
valvis in articulos distinctos secedentibus.
1. M. VELLOZIANA, Mart. ! Herb. Fl. Bras. 185. Subscandens, glabra. Aculei sparsi,
recurvi. Foliola ovato-lanceolata, acutata, glabra v. subtus strigis paucis conspersa,
majora sesquipollicaria. Legumen subpollicare, ad 4 lin. latum, glabrum, margine
setosum. Fl. Bras. Mim. d.
M. viva, Vell. Fl. Flum. Ic. xi. t. 33, non Linn.
- Var. jiramenensis, foliolis majoribus, leguminis setis marginalibus minimis nec
elongatis.
M. jiramenensis, Karst. ! Fl. Colomb. ii. 59, t. 130.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro, San Paolo, Goyaz and Bahia;
North Brazil; Columbia, Panama, Seemann, Fendler, n. 91; Guatemala, Bernoulli (with
the pods very slightly hoary pubescent when young); Guanaxuato, (Zrsied; the variety
Jiramenensis in North Brazil and Columbia.
2. M. SENSITIVA, Linn. Spec. 1501. Subscandens, pubescens v. hirsuta. Aculei sparsi.
Foliola ovato-lanceolata, acuta, subtus v. utrinque appresso-villosa, majora 14-24 poll.
longa. Legumen sepius $ poll. longum, 3 lin. latum, pubescens v. villosum, margine
rigide ad facies parce setosum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
M. floribunda, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 130, non Linn.
M. litigiosa et M. malitiosa, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 138. _
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Bahia, Minas Geraes, Pará and Rio N egro.
This, the preceding, and the three or four following species, pass so nearly one into the other that they
would probably all have been included by Linnzus under his M. sensitiva; but the one he had specially
in view, founded on the excellent figure and description of Breynius, Cent. 31. t. 16, is, without doubt, the
common Brazilian acute-leaved villous one to which the name is here restricted.
3. M. ALBIDA, Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. Spec. iv. 1030. Scandens, cano-pubescens.
Aculei sparsi, rari. Foliola ovato-lanceolata, acutiuscula, utrinque minute cano-pube-
rula, majora subsesquipollicaria. Legumen subpollicare, cano-pubescens et pilis rigidis
appressis strigosum.— Bonpl. ! Mim. 2. t. 1.
M. sensitiva, Lodd.! Bot. Cab. t. 249, et hortul. plur.
Hab. Tropical America: Pacific coast, Lima to Panama, Humboldt and Bonpland,
Dombey, Matthews, n. 440, Cuming, n. 1025 ; Acapuleo, Sinclair. i
This is the species or variety which most commonly represents the M. sensitiva in our gardens. —
4. M. FLORIBUNDA, Willd.! Spec. iv. 1031. Subscandens, pubescens v. hirsuta. Aculei
sparsi, recurvi. Foliola ovato-lanceolata, acutiuscula, supra glabra, subtus dense strigoso-
villosa, majora subsesquipollicaria. Legumen subpollicare, ad 3 lin. latum, undique
longe rarius breviter setosum.— Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 373. | | |
Mimosa.] ` MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 391
M. strigosa, Willd. ! Spec. iv. 1080.
M. Willdenowii, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 50.
M. racemosa, Schlecht. Linnea, xii. 557.
Hab. Tropical America: Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Columbia, Central America, Mexico,
apparently common.
5. M. ADHARENS, H., B. et K.! Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 249, a ۰ floribunda differre vide-
batur aculeis crebrioribus et foliolis obtusioribus ad illa M. rizose tendentibus. An hujus
v. illius varietas ?
Hab. Tropical America: On the Orinoco, Humboldt and Bonpland.
6. M. rıxosa, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras., 137. Subscandens, ferrugineo-hirsuta v. pu-
bescens. Aculei sparsi, recurvi. Foliola obovato-oblonga, obtusa v. mucronata, utrinque
adpresse villosa, majora 14-2-pollicaria. Legumen ¿-pollicare, 2-23 lin. latum, margine
rigide ad facies parce setosum.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
M. violacea, Bonpl. in Ten. Cat. Ort. Nap. 87 ex descr.
M. pauciseta, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 362.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and San Paolo.
7. M. PLATYPHYLLA, Benth.! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 85. Suffrutiosa, inermis, setis
rufis longis hirsutissima. Foliola oblique obovata, obtusa, utrinque hirsuta, majora
2-21-pollicaria— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
8. M. DEBILIS, Humb. et Bonpl.! in Willd. Spec. iv. 1029. Annua dicitur etsi pluri-
pedalis, erecta v. debilis, pubescens v. hirsuta. Aculei parvi, rari. Foliola obovali-
oblonga, obtusa, utrinque appresse pilosa, majora rarius polliearia. Legumen semi-
pollicare, 2 lin. latum, undique dense longeque v. brevius setosum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
M. Hostmanni, Benth.! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 84.
M. notata, Steud. ! in Flora, 1843, 758.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil, Surinam, Columbia.
Var.? panamensis. Annua v. suffruticosa? tenuis. Aculei validi, recurvi, crebri.
Foliola quam in forma typica angustiora, majora 7 poll. longa supra medium 3 lin. lata.
Capitula parva et legumina omnino forme typice.
Hab. Panama, Seemann.
9. M. OBTUSIFOLIA, Willd. Spec. iv. 1047. Herbacea v. suffruticosa, glabra v. parce
setosa. Aculei sparsi, recurvi, pauci. Foliola obovato-oblonga, obtusa, majora vix
ultrapollicaria, supra glaberrima, subtus sparse strigosa.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
M. fervida, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 137, 185.
Hab. Tropical Ameriea: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and San Paolo.
10. M. GLAUCESCENS, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 362. Suffruticosa, glaberrima,
glauca, inermis. Foliola obovali-oblonga, obtusa, coriacea, margine nerviformi serrato-
ciliato cincta, majora 13-2-pollicaria, Legumen 1-12-pollicare, 3-33 lin. latum, glaber-
rimum, nudum.—Fl. Bras. Mim. '
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz or Minas Geraes. |
11. M. aneusta, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 362. Suffruticosa, glaberrima,
VOL, XXX. | 8r
392 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰ [.Mimosa.
glauca, inermis. Foliola oblongo-linearia, acuta v. mucronata, margine nerviformi pauci-
ciliato, majora 1-1}-pollicaria, 2-3 lin. lata. Bractes corolla breviores.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
12. M. NUDA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 362. Suffruticosa, glaberrima, glauca,
inermis. Foliola oblonga, obtusiuscula, margine nerviformi nudo, majora 13—2-pollicaria,
4-8 lin. lata. Legumen subpollicare, 2 lin. latum, crassiusculum, nudum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and Goyaz ; Chiquitos in Bolivia,
D'Orbigny.
13. M. GYMNOLOMA, Benth.! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 85. Suffruticosa, glaberrima,
glauca, inermis. . Foliola linearia, margine nerviformi nudo, majora 2-3-pollicaria.
Bractez corollam superantes.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
Series 2. Modeste. Herbe prostrate v. decumbentes, sepius annue v. nanc, inermes
v. aculeis infrastipularibus infrafoliaceisque armate. Pinne unijuge. Foliola pauci-
juga, latiuscula, margine nerviformi setuloso-ciliato cincta v. nuda. Pedunculi solitarii
v. gemini, inferiores axillares, superiores sepe racemosi. Capitula globosa. Flores
4-meri. Leguminis articuli sepius medio tuberculosi v. echinati.
The plants of this series differ from the Pectinate in their small or weak herbaceous often annual
habit, from the Caste in the want of the scattered prickles, and from these as well as from the other
following series in their fewer leaflets. M. honesta, among the Meticulose, approaches the Modeste in
habit as in the pod, but upon the whole seems better placed among the former.
14. M. viva, Linn.! Spec. 1500. Nana, tenella, diffusa v. reptans, glabra, inermis.
Foliorum petiolus communis filiformis, 1—1-pollicaris; pinnz petiolo breviores; foliola
sub-4-juga, obovato-oblonga, vix 2 lin. longa. Capitula paueiflora, pedunculo filiformi
petiolo «equilongo. Legumen ovato-quadratum, 1-spermum, pubescenti-hirtum.
Hab. Tropical America : Jamaica.
15. M. SkINNERI, Benth.! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v.85. Annua? diffusa, humilis,
pilis longis rufis patentibus hirsuta. Aculei gemini v. terni, infrastipulares et infra-
foliacei, recti. Foliola 4-5- rarius 6-8-juga, obovato-oblonga, supra glabra, subtus pilosa,
ad 3 lin. longa. Peduneuli filiformes, 1-13-pollicares. Leguminis articuli 3-4, stellato-
. pubescentes, margine setosi.
Hab. Tropical America: Guatemala, Cuesta of Leone, Skinner; Ujara, (Ersted.
This species has the rather more numerous leaflets of the Caste ; but the habit and prickles are those
of the Modeste. Although small, the plant is much larger and coarser than the M. viva.
16. M. DESMODIOIDES, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Herbacea, prostrata, gracilis,
glabra v. pauciseta. Aculei infrastipulares gemini v. 0. Foliola sub-4-juga, obovato-
oblonga, obtusa, membranacea, immarginata, 23-3 lin. longa. Pedunculi tenues, polli-
cares longioresque. Legumen seepius falcatum, 6-8 lin. longum, 14 lin. latum, faciebus
dense, marginibus parce setosis, articulis szepius 4.
Hab. "Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz. :
17. M. moesta, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 135. Suffruticosa v. herbacea, decumbens,
puberula y. apice sericeo-pilosa. Aculei infrastipulares gemini v. 0. Foliola 4-5-juga,
Mimosa.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE 0 393
ovata v. obovata, coriacea, glabra, margine nerviformi setoso-eiliato, 4-5 lin. longa.
Pedunculi 13-3-pollicares. Legumen 3-1-pollicare, 3-4 lin. latum, tomentoso-canescens,
articulis 2-4 medio aculeis conicis echinatis.—77. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Bahia. ;
18. M. urstna, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 186. Herbacea, decumbens v. suberecta,
patentim pilosa. Aculei gemini v. terni, infrastipulares et infrafoliacei. -Foliola 4-5-
juga, ovata, subcoriacea, supra glabra, subtus longe hirsuta, 4-6-linearia. Pedunculi
infrapollicares. Legumen 3—¿-pollicare, fere 3 lin. latum, molliter appresse pubescens,
articulis 2-4 medio aculeis conicis echinatis.— 77. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Bahia and Piauhy.
Series 8. Caste. Frutices suffrutices v. herbe, aculeis sparsis nec infrastipularibus
armate (v. hinc inde subinermes). Pinne unijuge. Foliola pluri- v. multijuga, mar-
gine nerviformi setuloso-ciliato cincta v. nuda. Pedunculi solitarii v. gemini, axillares
folioque breviores v. ad apices ramorum racemosi. | Capitula. globosa v. rarius oblonga.
Flores tetrameri. Leguminis valve articulate v. indivise, nude v. setose nec tuberculoso-
incrassate.
This series is intermediate, as it were, between the Sensitive and the Meticulose, the M. casta and its
allies having the habit of the former but differing in the more numerous leaflets, and the M. dolens and its
allies differing from the Meticulose only in the presence of prickles, which in a few specimens are
exceedingly few, or perhaps sometimes entirely wanting, although a careful search has almost always
pointed out some small ones, which I have never found in any of the numerous species 0۶ ۰
* Foliola 3-6-juga, margine nerviformi cincta. |
19. M. casta, Zinn. Spec. 1500. Fruticosa, debilis v. subscandens, subglabra. Aculei
recurvi, erebri. Foliola oblonga v. lanceolata, 3-5-nervia, glabra v. subtus parce setu-
losa, majora subpollicaria. Legumen ¿-13-pollicare, 4-5 lin. latum, margine setoso, -
valvis glabris nudis 3—5-articulatis.— 77. Bras. Min.
M. dominiciana, Desv. ! in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1, ix. 424.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil, West Indies.
20. ?M. HETEROCARPA, Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 64. Fruticosa, scandens? subglabra.
Aculei sparsi, recurvi. Foliola 4-juga, ovato-lanceolata, acuta, 9-nervia, subtus strigosa.
Legumina alia 5-linealia elliptica 1-sperma disco inermia, alia 2-3plo longiora, in. arti-
culos 2-3 disco echinatos monospermos secedentia.— 77. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro.
I have seen no specimen answering to the character given ; and as the flowers were unknown to Presl,
it is uncertain even to which section of the genus the plant should be referred. The habit described is
nearest to that of M. casta.
91.? M. LACTIFLUA, Delile! in Herb. DC. Fruticosa? glabra. Aculei sparsi, rari,
recti. Foliola 4-5-juga, oblique ovata v. oblonga, rigidula, pennivenia. Capitula iis
M. caste majora, cui ceterum afline.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
` Hab. America tropica ?
Delile's specimens were from the Botanical Garden of Montpellier, supposed to be of American, perhaps
Brazilian, origin. In the Berlin herbarium there is a specimen from Mexico, TT Pues agrees
F
394 : MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. [ Mimosa.
with the detailed description I had made (now inserted in the Flora Brasiliensis), except that the leaflets
are under instead of over + in. long. I have now no means of comparing the specimens themselves. The
straight rare prickles, the rigid leaflets, &c. prevent the uniting it with the M. casta.
** Foliola G- multijuga, submembranacea, viz marginata.
22. M. TRICEPHALA, Cham. et Schlecht.! in Linnea, v. 591. Fruticosa, pubescenti-
scabra. Aculei recti. Foliola 10-15-juga, ovato-oblonga, semipollicaria, 1-2-nervia,
supra glabra, subtus strigosa. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical North America: Mexico, near Actopan, Schiede.
23. M. SAGOTIANA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Scandens ? glabra. Aculei
recurvi, copiosi. Foliola 12-20-juga, oblongo-linearia, falcata, 2-3-nervia, subsemi-
polliearia, membranacea, glabra. Legumen pollicare v. longius, 5-6 lin. latum, mar-
ginibus breviter, faciebus sparse setosis, ceterum glabrum, pluriarticulatum.
Hab. Tropical America : North Brazil, Peppig ; Cayenne, Sagot, n. 1063.
Nearly allied to M. schrankioides, of which Sagot considered it a glabrous variety, differing from it
in about the same degree that the M. Velloziana does from M. sensitiva. Besides the want of hairiness,
the venation of the leaflets seems distinct, and the pod much larger.
24. M. SCHRANKIOIDES, Benth.! im Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 86. Seandens ? hirsuta.
Aculei recurvi, copiosi. Foliola 12-20-juga, oblongo-linearia, falcata, l-nervia, subtus
presertim villosa, subsemipollicaria, membranacea. Legumen i pollicare, 2 lin. latum,
tomentosum, marginibus setoso-aculeatis, faciebus parce setosis, articulis 3-4.
Hab. Tropical America: British Guiana, Rob. Schomburgk, 2nd coll. n. 470; Rich.
Schomburgk, n. 765; Columbia, Tovar, Fendler, n. 2244; Puerto Cabello, Moritz.
Rami elongati, hirsuti, striis aculeisque Schrankiam referentes. Stipule subulate. Foliorum petiolus
communis subsesquipollicaris, aculeatus. Pinne petiolo sublongiores, rhachi pariter aculeata. Foliola,
acutiuscula, vix tenuiter marginata, parce ciliata, utrinque subtus preesertim molliter villosa, costa valida,
additis interdum nervis 1-2 lateralibus tenuibus brevibus, nec distincte ut in M. Sagotiana 2—3-nervia.
Pedunculi hirsuti, 4-1-pollicares, in racemum terminalem dispositi.
ciliate, ultra corollam haud prominentes. Calyx minutus, lon
Stamina 4, elongata. Ovarium villosulum.
25. M. TRICHOCEPHALA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Herbacea, rufo-pilosa.
Aculei recurvi, rari. Foliola 6-10-juga, oblonga, membranacea, ciliata, glabra, }—}-polli-
caria. Bracteze capillaceo-acuminatz, alabastra longe superantes. Legumen ignotum.—
Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
Capitula parva. Bractee longe
geciliatus. Corolla tenuis, vix lineam longa.
26. M. RAMOSISSIMA, Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Fruticosa, rufo-pilosa. Aculei :
recurvi Foliorum petiolus brevissimus. Foliola 12-20-juga, oblongo-linearia, mem-
branacea, 13-3 lin. longa. Bractez corolla breviores. . Calyx quam in affinibus multo
magis evolutus. Legumen 3-pollicare, 24 lin. latum, undique aculeato-setosum, valvis
vix in articulos secedentibus.— FI. Bras. Mim. | ۱
. Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, -
27. M. OBLONGA, Benth.! im Hook. Journ. Dot. iv. 365. Setoso-hispida. Aculei
tenues, recurvi, rari. Foliorum petiolus brevissimus. Foliola 25-35-juga, linearia, 11-3
|
|
|
l
Mimosa.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 395
lin. longa. Capitula oblonga, i-pollicaria, 2 lin. diametro. Legumen ignotum.—F!.
Bras. Mim. :
Hab. Tropical or subtropical South America: South Brazil.
28. M. STENOPTERA, Benth. Herbacea?, strigosa. Aculei sparsi, recti v. subrecurvi.
Foliola 30-40-juga, 13 lin. longa, coriacea. Capitula ovoidea. Legumen junius den-
sissime setosum.
Hab. Subtropical South America: near Jujuy, in La Plata, Pearce.
Herba annua dicitur, 1-2-pedalis: ramus florifer tamen etsi tenuis, in sicco sublignosus apparet, pilis
rigidis sursum appressis crebrisque strigosus, aculeis paucis. Foliorum petiolus communis 4-6 lin.
longus; pinnz unijuge, 14-2-pollicares. Foliola acutiuscula, parce ciliata. Flores M. oblonga, capitula
tamen ovoidea nec oblonga, parum longiora quam lata v. fere globosa. Calyx longe fimbriato-ciliatus,
corolla dimidium attingens. Legumen perfectum haud suppetit.
29. M. LuxDIANA, Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Suffruticosa ? tenuis, glanduloso-
pubescens et setulosa. Aculei recurvi, minimi. Foliola 8-12-juga oblonga, subtus v.
utrinque puberula, 3-4 lin. longa. Capitula globosa. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. San Paolo.
*** Foliola 10- multijuga, coriacea, margine nerviformi ciliato cincta.
30. M. INSIDIOSA, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 194. Fruticosa, retrorsum strigoso-sca-
berrima. Aculei recurvi. Foliola 12-20-juga, oblongo-linearia, 4-6 lin. longa. Legumen
3.pollicare, 24 lin. latum, margine dense aculeato setoso, valvis sparse setosis, 3—4-arti-
culatis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
M. retrorsa, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ, Bot. iv. 364.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
` 81. M. DoLENS, Vell. Fl. Flum. Ie. xi. t. 34. Suffruticosa, rigida, glanduloso-hirta.
Aculei recti, validi v. minimi, nune rari. Foliola 10-15-juga, oblonga, coriacea, glabra
v. subtus strigosa, 6-8-linearia v. fere pollicaria. Legumen subsemipollicare, 2 lin.
latum, undique setosum, valvis indivisis.— 77. Bras. Mim.
M. meticulosa, var. ? major, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. n. 1090.
Hab. "Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro, San Paolo, and Minas Geraes.
39. M. TRACHYCEPHALA, Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Herbacea v. suffruticosa,
rigida, strigoso-hispida, eglandulosa. Aculei recti, rari. Foliola 20-25-juga, oblonga,
acuta, 4-5. lin. longa. Legumen semipollicare, 3 lin. latum, undique dense echinato-
setosum, valvis 2-articulatis.
M. insidiosa, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 365, non Mart.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
Series 4. Pectinatee. Frutices v. herbe, rarius arborescentes, aculeis omnibus v. non-
nullis infrastipularibus v. infrafoliaceis armati, additis interdum paucis sparsis. Pinne
unijuge. Foliola pluri- sepius multijuga. Pedunculi solitarii v. 2-3ni, axillares v. ad
apices ramorum racemosi. Capitula globosa. Flores 4-meri. Legumen ubi notum setosum
v. hispidum, valvis articulatis.
396 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. L Mimosa.
* Foliola minima, conferta, glabra, coriacea.
33. M. PECTINATA, Kunth! Mim. 5. t. 2. Arborea, dense strigosa. Aculei infra-
stipulares gemini, recti. Foliorum petiolus communis brevissimus ; foliola 20-25-juga,
linearia, coriacea, glabra, marginata, ciliata, 2 lin.longa. Pedunculi axillares. Legumen
ignotum.
Hab. Tropical America: Andes of Guamana, near Quito, Humboldt and Bonpland.
34. M. ORTHACANTHA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 365. Fruticosa, glabra.
Aculei infrafoliacei v. infrastipulares, solitarii v. terni, recti. Foliorum petiolus com-
munis brevissimus; foliola 8-10-juga, cuneato-oblonga v. linearia, 1-23 lin. longa, im-
marginata, nuda. Legumen ignotum.— 77. Bras. Mim.
‚Hab. South Brazil, Sello. Only seen in the Berlin Herbarium.
** Foliola oblonga, supra pubescentia, subtus villosa.
35. M. Xant, A. Gray! in Proc. Amer. Acad. v. 157. Fruticosa, cinereo-pubescens.
Aculei infrastipulares recti, additis paucis sparsis. Foliorum petiolus communis i—i-
polliearis; foliola 6-9-juga, latiuscule oblonga, 3-4-linearia, submarginata, utrinque
pubescentia. Capitula globosa. Flores pubescentes. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical North America: Cape San Lucas, California, Xantus.
36. M. BOLIVIANA, Benth. Fruticosa, ferrugineo-pubescens. Aculei infrastipulares
recurvi. Foliola 20-30-juga, latiuscule oblonga, supra glabrescentia, subtus dense pilosa,
3—4-linearia, margine recurva. Pedunculi axillares. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical South America: Bolivia, Kelly, Mandon, n. 756.
Frutex videtur ramosissimus, ramis ferrugineo-pubescentibus. Aculei preter infrastipulares pauci,
sparsi in ramulis petiolisque. Foliorum petiolus communis 2-4 lin. longus; pinne 2-3-pollicares.
Foliola siccitate nigricantia, supra sspe nitidula; pili pagine inferioris rigidi, densi. Pedunculi 1-2-
pollicares, dense rufo-pubescentes. Capitula globosa. Calyx longe eiliato-fimbriatus. Corolla apice
strigillosa.
37. M. POLYCARPA, Kunth! Mim. 8. t. 3. Fruticosa, strigosa, ramulis tenuibus
elongatis. Aculei infrastipulares gemini, recti, additis paucis sparsis. Foliola 20-70-
juga, linearia, 3-5 lin. longa, utrinque pilosa. Legumen 4-1-pollicare, 2 lin. latum,
margine longe setoso, valvis breviter strigosis glabrisve 3—4-articulatis.—77. Bras. Mim.
M. ranthocentra, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 130.
M. longipinna, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 366.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Piauhy, Minas Geraes, Goyaz, and Mattogrosso;
Bolivia, D'Orbigny, n. 531; Peru, near Caxamarca, Humboldt and Bonpland ; Ocaña in
New Granada, Schlim, n. 173.
38. M. Mansıı, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 130. Herbacea, decumbens. Aculei infra-
stipulares gemini, recti, additis paucis sparsis parvis. Foliola 20-40-juga, linearia, 2—4
lin. longa, supra glabra, subtus pilosa. Legumen lineare, margine strigoso-aculeato.—
Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Mattogrosso.
Series 5. Pudiez. Frutices suffrutices v. herbe, aculeis. omnibus v. nonnullis infra-
stivularibus armati, additis interdum paucis sparsis ; rarius hinc inde subinermes. Pinne
Mimosa.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEZ. 397
2—4-jugc, ad apicem petioli approximate subdigitate, v. rarius secus petiolum dissite,
v. in foliis nonnullis ad par unicum reducte. Foliola multijuga, margine nerviformi
cincta. Pedunculi axillares, folio breviores, v. ad apices ramorum racemosi. Capitula
globosa v. elliptica. Flores 4-meri. Legumen setosum v. hispidum, valvis in articulos
secedentibus.
* Pedunculi petiolo communi breviores v. subequilougi.
39. M. Guaziout, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Fruticosa, setoso-hispida. Pinnæ
dissite 2-jugee; foliola 12-20-juga, lineari-falcata, nitidula, 2—4-linearia. ^ Pedunculi
3-5 lin. longi. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro.
40. M. PUDICA, Zinn. ! Spec. 1501. Suffruticosa v. annua, pilosa v. glabrata. Pinne
confertim 2-jugee rarius l-jugw ; foliola 15-25-juga, linearia, 3-5 lin, longa. Legumen
6-8 lin. longum, 13 lin. latum, inter semina sepius contractum, margine setosum, facie-
bus glabris.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
a. forma hispidior:
M. pudica, Linn., Willd. Spec. iv. 1031.
- M. tetrandra, Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. Spec. iv. 1032, ex descr.
" M. hispidula, H., B. et K.! Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 252.
— M. striato-stipula, Steud.! in Flora, 1843, 758.
~M. hirsuta, Mos. et Sess. in G. Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 383, ex char. (pinnis szepius 1-jugis).
6. forma glabrior :
M. pudica, H., B. et K.! Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 252.
— M. pudibunda, Willd. Spec. iv. 1032.
= M. endymionis, Mart. ! Herb. Fl. Bras. 131.
— M. irritabilis, Presi! Bot. Bemerk. 64 (pinnis sepius 1-jugis).
— M. unijuga, Duch. et Walp. ! in Linnea, xxiii. 744 (pinnis sepius 1-jugis).
Hab. Tropical America: a common weed in most parts of the region, naturalized also
in many parts of tropical Africa and Asia.
41. M. POLYDACTYLA, Humb. et Bonpl.! in Willd. Spec. iv. 1033. Suffruticosa, hir-
suta v. subglabra. Pinn: confertim 4-5-jug&, rarius 3-juge; foliola 30-60-juga, linearia,
iis M. pudice sepius minora. Legumina fere M. pudice, sed sepe in capitulo numero-
sissima, in massam globosam conferta, setis marginalibus fuscis v. flavicantibus dense
echinata.—Kunth ! Mim.t.5; Fl. Bras. Mim. ir
M. Glockeri, Meissn.! Pl. Glock. Exs. n. 177.
M. 6-phylla, Salzm. Pl. Exs.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil prov. Bahia, Pernambuco, and Pará; Guiana, Co-
lumbia.
42. M. vERECUNDA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 368. Suffruticosa, pubescens et
reflexo-hispida. Aculei rari. Pinnz subdissite 3-juge, rarius 2-juge; foliola 30-60-
juga, linearia, 1-3 lin. longa. Legumen ¿-pollicare, 2-23 lin. latum, margine longe
setosum, faciebus sepius breviter setosis pubescentibusye.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz. .
398 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. [ Mimosa.
** Pedunculi petiolo communi multo longiores.
43. M. DIGITATA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 368. Fruticosa, scabro-pubescens :
v. villosa. Aculei parvi v. 0. Pinnæ confertim 3-4-jugw ; foliola 15-20-juga, linearia,
1-14 lin. longa. Legumen 6-8 lin. longum, ad 2 lin. latum, minute pilosulum v. glabrum
nec setosum.—JZ7. Bras. Mim.
-Hab. 'Tropieal America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
44. M. RUFIPILA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 368. Fruticosa, patentim hir-
sutissima. Aculei rari. Pinne confertim 3-4-juge; foliola 20-30-juga, linearia, 3-4
lin. longa. Legumen margine dense setosum.— 77. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
45. M. nervosa, Bong. ; Benth.! im Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 370. Suffruticosa ?, pro-
strata, patentim pilosa. Aculei parvi, decidui. Pinn« dissite 2-3-juge v. 1-juge; foliola
6-12-juga, oblonga v. lanceolata, 3—4-linearia, subglauca, glabra v. subtus pilosa. Le-
gumen ¿-pollicare, 2-2} lin. latum, margine longe setosum, faciebus appresse pilosulis
v. strigosis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and Goyaz. |
M. hirta, Vell. Fl. Flum. Ic. xi. t. 31, only known from the rude figure, may possibly be a variety of
M. nervosa with rather larger and more numerous leaflets.
Series 6. Hirsute. Suffrutices v. frutices pilis patentibus hirsuti, inermes. Pinne
confertim v. dissite 2-4-juge, rarius l-juge. Foliola multijuga, 3-5-nervia, immarginata.
Pedunculi axillares petiolo communi longiores v. superiores in racemum terminalem
dispositi. Capitula globosa v. oblonga. Flores A-meri. Legumen setosum v. hispidum,
valvis in articulos secedentibus.
I have collected under this head a number of species which have the long peduncles of the last three
species of Pudice and of the Pedunculose, but without the prickles of the former, and without the nerve-
like margins of the leaflets of both those groups. The pinne are also rarely reduced to a single pair
(in the last two species), whilst in the Pedunculose it is only the first two that have a second pair.
46. M. MACROCEPHALA, Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Erecta, dura, longe rufo-
pilosa. Pinnx confertim 2-juge ; foliola 8-15-juga, ovato-oblonga, 4—6-linearia, utrinque
pilis ciliatis ramosisve vestita. Capitula oblonga. Legumen pollicare, 3 lin. latum,
margine densissime longeque setosum, valvis nudis articulatis.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
47. M. ECHINOCARPA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Erecta, patentim hispida.
Pinne subconfertim 3-jugz ; foliola' 15-20-juga, oblonga, 2-3-linearia, glabra v. parce
ciliata. Capitula globosa. Legumen 8-10-lineare, 2-23 lin. latum, margine dense longe-
que setosum, valvis nudis v. breviter setosis articulatis.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
48. M. VESTITA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 369. Suffruticosa, patentim hir-
sutissima. Pinne subdissite 4-juge ; foliola 8-12-juga, late oblonga, sub-3-linearia, utrin-
«que laxe hirsuta v. fere glabra. Capitula. globosa, longe racemosa. Legumen 34-polli-
Mimosa.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. | 399
care, ad 3 lin. latum, margine breviter setosum, valvis retrorsum setosis indivisis v.
2-artieulatis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz..
49. M. HIRSUTA, Spreng.! Syst. ii. 204. Suffruticosa, decumbens, patentim pilosa.
. Pinnx dissite 2-3-juge ; foliola 6-12-juga, oblonga v. lanceolata, subtus pilosa, 2-3 lin.
longa. Pedunculi axillares. Capitula ovoideo-globosa. Legumen ignotum.—Fl. Bras.
Mim.
M. dispersa, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 369.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes and Goyaz.
50. M. POGONOCLADA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Suffruticosa, procumbens,
longe setoso-pilosa. Pinnæ dissite 3-5-juge; foliola 10-12-juga, oblonga, 2-3 lin. longa,
coriacea, subtus parce setosa. Pedunculi axillares. Capitula globosa. Legumen ig-
notum.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and Parana.
51. M. PROCURRENS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 371. Suffruticosa, prostrata,
longe rufo-pilosa. Pinns confertim 2-juge v. summe 1-juge ; foliola 10-15-juga, ovato-
oblonga, subsemipollicaria, sparse pilosa. Capitula globosa. Legumen ignotum.— FI.
Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
52. M. BARBIGERA, Benth.! im Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 371. Suffruticosa, longe pa-
tentim pilosa. Pinne 1-juge rarius 2-juge; foliola 12-18-juga, oblonga, 4-5-linearia,
glabra v. subtus parce pilosa. Legumen subpollicare, 2 lin. latum, margine setosum,
valvis demum denudatis artieulatis.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
53. M. nmirsurissima, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 135. Suffruticosa, longe patentim
pilosa. Pinne l-jugw, petiolo abbreviato ; foliola 15-20-juga, oblonga, 4-5 lin. longa,
utrinque pilosa. Legumen ignotum.— 7. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Sao Paulo.
Series 7. Pedunculose. Suffrutices, rarius frutices (v. interdum herbe ?), reptantes
prostrati v. diffusi, inermes. Pinne 1-juge v. rarius 2A-juge. Foliola pluri- sepius
mullijuga, margine nerviformi cincta. Pedunculi axillares, sepius elongati. | Capitula
globosa. Flores 4-meri, rarius 5-meri. Legumen setosum v. hispidum, valvis articulatis.
* Pinne 2-4-juge. ی ی
54. M. ELONGATA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 369. Suffruticosa, patentini
v.reflexo-pilosa. Pinn® 3-4-juge ; foliola 20—30-juga, lanceolata v. linearia, 3—4. lin.
longa, subtus pilosa. Peduneuli pollicares. Legumen ignotum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil (prov. Goyaz ?). |
55. M. tomentosa, Humb. et Bonpl.! in Willd. Spec. iv. 1033. Fruticosa, pilis pa-
tentibus villosa, ramis elongatis. Pinne 2-juge. Foliola 10-18-juga, oblonga, 3—4-
linearia, utrinque dense appresseque setoso-villosa. Legumen ¿-pollicare, 2-24 lin. latum,
undique dense appresseque setoso-villosum, valvis articulatis.—Kunth ! Mim. t. 4.
VOL. XXX. 3 6
400 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE 1۰ [ Mimosa.
Hab. Tropical America: Columbia, Maypures on the Orinoco, Humboldt and Bon.
pland, Spruce, n. 3654; Barcelona, Moritz.
** Pine ۰
56. M. LONGIPES, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 370. Subacaulis, patentim pilosa.
Petioli pedunculique subradicales, semipedales longioresque; foliola 8-20-juga, late'
linearia, 3-1-pollicaria, glabra v. inferiora subtus pilosa. Legumen 1-14-pollicare, 3-4 lin.
latum, margine parce ciliatum, faciebus pilis brevibus conspersis.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
57. M. FLAGELLARIS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 372. Prostrata, parce scabro-
hispida. Petiolus brevis; foliola 5—7-juga, obovata v. oblonga, subsemipollicaria, 2-3-
nervia, glabra v. pilis brevibus conspersa. Legumen semipollicare, margine setosum,
faciebus glabris nudis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Extratropical South America: South Brazil, Sello; Porto Alegre, Tweedie.
58. M. MARGINATA, Lindl.! Bot. Reg. 1838, Misc. 82. Prostrata, patentim pilosa.
Petiolus brevis; foliola 10-20-juga, oblonga, 4-5 lin. longa, subavenia, glabra v. subtus
strigillosa. Legumen 8-10-lineare, undique setoso-hispidissimum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
M. prostrata, Hort. Berol.! Schleid. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix. pars ii. 70 (nomen).
Hab. Extratropieal South America: South Brazil, Sello; Maldonado, King; Rio
de la Plata, Anderson. :
59. M. FALCIPINNA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 371. Prostrata, patentim pilosa. -
Foliola 20-30-juga, oblonga, 3-4 lin. longa, longe setosissima. Legumen ignotum.—
Fl. Bras. Mim. :
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
60. M. DISTANS, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 889. Suffruticosa, strigoso-pilosa.
Petiolus 3-1-pollicaris ; foliola 20-50-juga, falcato-lanceolata, 34-44 lin. longa, subtus
strigosa, costa submarginali. Legumen semipollieare, 2 lin. latum, undique breviter
setosum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes, and Goyaz.
The species approaches M. neuroloma in the almost marginal midrib, and is often near it in habit; but
the peduncles are twice as long, and the indumentum different.
61. M. AXILLARIS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 382. Fruticosa ? decumbens v.
prostrata, strigosa. Petiolus abbreviatus ; foliola 20—40-juga, oblongo-linearia, 2 lin.
longa, nitida, supra nigra, subtus canescentia, costa tenui a margine distante. Legumen
semipollicare, 2 lin. latum, breviter strigosum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes ? and Goyaz.
62. M. mEPTANS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 372. Suffruticosa, reptans, —
pubescens parceque pilosa. Petiolus brevissimus; foliola 12-20-juga, oblongo-linearia,
1-2 lin. longa, conferta. Capitula globosa. Bractex corolla multo breviores. Legumen
subsemipollicare, 2 lin. latum, margine aspero-hirtum, faciebus strigoso-setulosis.— Fl.
Bras. Mim.
' Hab. Extratropical South America: South Brazil, Maldonado, Asuncion. ©
Mimosa] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 401
63. M. LASIOCEPHALA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 372. Suffruticosa, procumbens,
molliter piloso-pubescens. Petiolus brevissimus; foliola 10-15-juga, oblongo-linearia,
1-2 lin. longa, conferta. Capitula ovoidea, bractearum ciliis prominentibus villosissima.
Legumen subsemipollicare, 2 lin. latum, margine aspero-hirtum, faciebus strigoso-setu-
. losis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Extratropical (?) South America: South Brazil, Sello.
64. M. PAUPERA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 272. Suffruticosa, prostrata,
ramosissima, strigosa v. glabrata. Petiolus filiformis, 3-$-pollicaris; foliola 4-8-juga,
oblonga, 2-3 lin. longa, marginata, ciliata. Legumen semipollicare, 1} lin. latum, breviter
strigosum.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Extratropical South America: South Brazil, Sello; Banda Oriental.
65. M. MULTIPLEX, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 373. Suffruticosa, diffusa, tenuis.
subglabra. Petiolus filiformis; foliola 5-8-juga, oblonga, 2-3 lin. longa, obscure mar-
ginata, nuda. Legumen ignotum.—/. Bras. Mim. i
Hab. Extratropical (?) South America; South Brazil, Sello.
66. M. DIFFUSA, Benth, ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 373. Suffruticosa, diffusa, tenuis-
sima, glaberrima. Petiolus filiformis; foliola 20-30-juga, linearia, 1-2 lin. longa, mar-
ginata, nuda. Legumen ignotum.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Extratropical South America: South Brazil. d
Series 8. Meticulos®. Prutices, suffrutices v. herbe rigide, inermes. Pinne unijuge.
Foliola multijuga, rarius paucijuga, rigida, 2- plurinervia, margine nerviformi ciliato
cincta. Pedunculi sepius gemini, in racemum rarius in paniculam terminalem dispositi,
v. inferiores axillares brevesque. Capitula globosa v. rarius elliptica. Flores vulgo
4-meri. Legumen ubi notum setosum, valvis indivisis v. pauciarticulatis.
The numerous Brazilian species of this series, differing slightly from the Caste in the total absence of
prickles, and from the Pedunculose in inflorescence, from the Hirsute in the nerve-like margin of the
leaflets, are exceedingly difficult to.arrange in subordinate groups. After repeated trials the following
have appeared to me the most natural.
A. Legumen ubi notum breve v. oblongum, 1-2-spermum, valvis indivisis (marginibus
interdum viz solutis) ; in speciebus 8 prioribus ignotum.
* Racemus ramosus (in posterioribus simplex). Petiolus communis subnullus. Foliola
coriacea (POLYCEPHALA).
67. M. TAXIFOLIA, Bong.; Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 373. Fruticosa, strigosa.
` Petiolus brevissimus ; foliola 15-20-juga, oblongo-linearia, rigida, ad 3 lin. longa, ciliata,
glabra. Capitula breviter pedunculata, paniculata. Legumen ignotum.—77. Bras.
Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
68. M. POLYCEPHALA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 374. Fruticosá, molliter
villosa. Petiolus brevissimus; foliola 30-40-juga, oblongo-linearia, ad 3 lin. longa,
' : 362
402 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. [ Mimosa,
utrinque villosa. Capitula breviter pedunculata, paniculata. Legumen junius densis-
sime rufo-pilosum.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Pernambuco.
** Folia ad basin caulis pauca, petiolo 3—6-pollicari.
69. M. PETIOLARIS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 376. Suffruticosa, strigoso-
setulosa. Foliola 12-20-juga, oblonga, 4-5-linearia. Capitula breviter pedunculata, in
caule subaphyllo longe racemosa. Legumen ignotum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil (prov. Goyaz ?).
*** Foliorum petiolus communis. brevis, rarius 1-3-pollicaris. Foliola coriacea, insig-
niter marginata, glabra v. scabro-hispida (RIGIDA).
t Calyx paleaceus.
70. M. HONESTA, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 137. Fruticosa, prostrata, longe pilosa.
Foliola sub-4-juga, ovato-orbiculata, 4-5-linearia. Capitula ad apices ramorum pauca,
breviter pedunculata. Legumen ignotum.—Benth. in Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropieal America: Brazil, prov. Bahia.
71. M. RIGIDA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 377. Suffruticosa, glabra v. parce
setulosa. Foliola 10-12-juga, dimidiato-oblonga, subsesquipollicaria, glabra. Capitula .
racemosa, setosd-hispida. Legumen 4-6 lin. longum, 3 lin. latum, rigide setosissimum,
valvis indivisis v. vix 2-articulatis.— F7, Bras. Mim.
M. calocephala, var. ? major, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. n. 1088.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
++ Calyx obsoletus. |
72. M. CALLOSA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 376. Suffruticosa, glabra, glauca.
Petiolus 1-1i-polliearis; foliola 30-50-juga, conferta, dimidiato-lanceolata, 2-linearia.
Legumen semipollicare, longe denseque setosum, valvis indivisis.— 77. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil (prov. Rio Janeiro or Bahia ?), Lushnath.
73. M. sETIPEs, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 376. Suffruticosa, setosa. Petiolus
vix semipollicaris; foliola 30-50-juga, conferta, lanceolata, 3-4-linearia, margine setosa,
ceterum glabra. Legumen semipollicare, densissime setosum, valvis indivisis.—F!.
Bras. Mim. ۱
Hab. Tropical America: South Brazil.
74. M. METICULOSA, Mart.! Herb. FL Bras. 135, non Benth. Suffruticosa, sparse
setosa, glabra v. superne pubens. Foliola 10-12-juga, ovali-oblonga, 4-8 lin. longa,
glabra v. subtus sparse strigosa. Legumen seepius obovatum, 1-spermum, 3-4-lineare,
densissime setosum, valvis indivisis.— Fl. Bras. Mim. .
M. rigescens, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 376. : N UNA
Hab. Tropical and extratropical South America : Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, South
Brazil, and Rio Grande. | |
75. M. coxrERTA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Suffruticosa, hispida. Petiolus
Mimosa.] : MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 403
brevissimus ; foliola 10-18-juga, oblonga, 3-4-linearia, utrinque sirigoso-villosa. Legumen
3-31 lin. longum, undique longe denseque setosum, valvis indivisis.
M. acerba, var. latifolia, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 378. ۱
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Sao Paulo and Minas ۰
. 76. M. ACERBA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 378, excl. var. B. Suffruticosa,
scabro-hispida. Petiolus 4-3-pollicaris; foliola 15—30-juga, oblonga, 3-5 lin. longa,
utrinque scabro-hispida. Legumen obovatum, 3-4 lin. longum, densissime setosum,
valvis subindivisis.—77. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
**** Rami lanati v. molliter villosi. Petiolus brevissimus, rarius semipollicaris. Foliola
glabra v. molliter villosa, margine nerviformi tenui. Calyx obsoletus (ERIOCAULES).
77. M. ERIOPHYLLA, Benth.! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 87. Fruticosa, dense lanata.
Foliola 10-15-juga, oblonga, 8-10 lin. longa, dense sericeo-villosa. Legumen junius
setosum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Sao Paulo.
78. M. POGOCEPHALA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 382. Fruticosa, ramis dense
lanatis. Foliola 12-15-juga, oblonga, 3—4 lin. longa, glabra v. subtus pilosula, plana,
tenuiter 2-3-nervia. Capitula bractearum ciliis villosissima. Legumen 6-8 lin. longum,
3—4 lin. latum, breviter denseque muricato-setosum, valvis indivisis v. vix 2-articulatis.
— Fl. Bras. Mim.
M. erinacea, Benth. ! 1. c. 383.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
79. M. ERIOCAULIS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 383. Fruticosa, ramulis tomen-
toso-lanatis. Foliola 15-20-juga, oblonga, 4-6-linearia, glabra v. subtus strigillosa, plana,
tenuiter 2-3-nervia. Bractearum cilia . ultra alabastros haud prominentia. Legumen
ignotum.—Fl. Bras. Mim. E
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
80. M. MICROCARPA, Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Fruticosa, appresse lanata v.
scabro-hirta. Folia in axillis sepe conferta; foliola confertim 20-30-juga, linearia,
1-1} lin. longa, supra glabra, subtus strigillosa, convexa, prominenter 2-3-nervia. Legu-
men vix 4 lin. longum, 2 lin. latum, undique hirsutissimum, valvis ssepius indivisis.
M. fasciculata, Benth! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 383.
Hab. Tropical or subtropical South America : South Brazil.
As the Acacia fasciculata, Benth., proves to be a true Mimosa, and has consequently preoccupied the
specific name, I have been obliged to change that of the present species.
4
B. Legumen ubi notum planum, setosum v. strigosum, valvis in articulos 2 v. plures
at secedentibus.
"© Foliola (4-2-pollicaria), dimidiata, utrinque villosa, subtus (ezcepta M. imbricata)
prominente 2—5-nervia (RUDES)..
+ Calyx obsoletus. —
SL M. webs, Benth. 1 in Hook. Journ. «Bot. iv. 377. Suffruticosa, scabro-hispida.
404 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEZ. [ Mimosa.
Foliola 3-7-juga, dimidiato-ovata, pleraque 2-pollicaria, 3-nervia, scabro-hispida. Legumen
ignotum.— 77. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes or Goyaz.
82. M. ASPERRIMA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 377. Suffruticosa, scabro-hispida.
Foliola 7-10-juga, dimidiato-oblonga, vix pollicaria, 3-nervia, scabro-hispida.: Legumen
ignotum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil (prov. Minas Geraes ?).
tt Calyx paleaceus.
88. M. RADULA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 377. Suffruticosa, scabro-hispida.
Foliorum inferiorum petiolus 2-3-pollicaris; foliola 5-7-juga, dimidiato-ovata, 1-2-polli-
caria, 3-5-nervia, scabro-hirta. Capitula sessilia. Legumen ignotum.—77. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
84. M. CALYCINA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 377. Fruticosa v. suffruticosa,
scabro-hispida. Petiolus brevissimus; foliola 8-10-juga, dimidiato-ovata, vix pollicaria,
3—5-nervia, scabro-hispida, ciliis marginalibus tenuibus. Legumen 1-13-pollicare, 2-21
lin. latum, undique densissime setosum, valvis 2-6-articulatis.—F/. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes. |
85. M. DIMIDIATA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 378. Suffruticosa, scabro-
tomentella et longe pilosa. Petiolus brevissimus ; foliola 12-15-juga, ovato-lanceolata,
dimidiata, 4—$-pollicaria, nervis 4-5 valde prominentibus, utrinque scabro-hispida, mar-
gine rigide ciliata. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz. - |
86. M. IMBRICATA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 378. Suffruticosa, molliter
pilosissima. Petiolus brevissimus; foliola 10-15-juga, faleato-oblonga, semipollicaria,
conferta, subtus pilosissima, nervis vix conspicuis. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
** Foliola angusta, falcata, conferta, multijuga, insigniter marginata, preter cilia
marginalia glabra. Calyx paleaceus v. pappiformis (MARGINATE).
87. M. CALOCEPHALA, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 133. Fruticosa v. suffruticosa, ramis
crassis lanatis. Petiolus brevissimus ; foliola 25—40-juga, oblongo-lanceolata, vix 5 lin.
longa. Capitula i-1 poll. diametro. Legumen 4-6 lin. longum, molliter pilosissimum,
valvis 2-articulatis.— Benth. in Fl. Bras. Mim. |
M. Pohlii, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 375.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and Bahia.
88. M. PAPPOSA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 375. Fruticosa ? strigosa. Petiolus
brevissimus ; foliola 20-40-juga, oblongo-linearia, 2-3 lin. longa. Capitula 4-5 lin.
diametro. Legumen ¿-pollicare v. longius, 3 lin. latum, molliter setosum, valvis 2-3-
articulatis.— Fl. Bras. Mim. |
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
89. M. coxciyxa, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Fruticosa, patentim hirsuta.
Mimosa. ] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. 405
Petiolus brevissimus; foliola 10-30-juga, linearia, fere 2 lin. longa. Capitula parva?
Legumen 3-1-pollicare, ad 3 lin. latum, strigoso-setosum, valvis 2-5-articulatis.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
90. M. HYPOGLAUCA, Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 133, pro parte. Fruticosa, subsetoso-pu-
bescens. Petiolus 1-3 lin. longus; foliola 15-30-juga, lineari-oblonga, 2-3 lin. longa.
Capitula vix 4 lin. diametro. Legumen 6-9 lin. longum, 3 lin. latum, strigosum, valvis
2 4-articulatis.— Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and Bahia.
*** Foliola tenuiter marginata, parva v. rarius semipollicaria, pilis setisve appressis plus
minus vestita (VULGARES).
+ Capitula bractearum ciliis ante anthesin villosa. Calyx (excepta M. subvestita)
pappiformis v. paleaceus.
91. M. SUBVESTITA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 379. Fruticosa? ferrugineo-
hirta. Petiolus l-2-linearis; foliola 8-10-juga, obovato-oblonga, subsemipollicaria.
Calyx subnullus. Legumen 8-9 lin. longum, undique ferrugineo-hispidum, valvis pauci-
articulatis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
` Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
92. M. LANATA, Benth.! im Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 379. Suffruticosa, dense lanata.
Petiolus 1-3-linearis, foliola 15-20-juga, oblonga, 3-4 lin. longa. Calyx pappiformis.
Legumen semipollicare, undique dense setosum, valvis 2-3-articulatis.— 77. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical or subtropical South America: South Brazil.
93. M. STIPULARIS, Bong., Benth.! im Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 380. Fruticosa, longe
pilosa. Petiolus brevissimus; foliola 20-30-juga, oblongo-linearia, 2-3 lin. longa.
Stipules latiuseule. Inflorescentia brevis. Legumen M. subsericeg.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
Described from a single specimen, and may possibly prove to be a variety of M. subsericea.
94. M. SUBSERICEA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 380. Suffruticosa, sericeo-
pilosa v. strigosa. Petiolus semipollice brevior; foliola 20-50-juga, linearia, 13-3 lin.
longa. Stipule anguste. Inflorescentia elongata, alte foliata. Legumen 6-10 lin.
longum, margine densissime setosum, valvis 3-4-articulatis.--Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes.
95. M. GOYAZENSIS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 380. Suffruticosa, patentim
hispida. Petiolus 1-2 lin. longus; foliola 15-20-juga, oblonga, 3-5 lin. longa. Inflo-
rescentia basi tantum foliata. Capitula 3-4 lin. diametro, alabastris villis obtectis.
Legumen ignotum.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
96. M. rREMULA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 380. Suffruticosa, patentim hir-
suta. Petiolus sepius brevissimus و foliola 20—40-juga, lineari-lanceolata, 1-3 lin. longa.
Inflorescentia basi tantum foliata. Capitula 2-3 lin. diametro, alabastris semitectis.
Legumen semipollicare, margine dense setosum, valvis 3_4-articulatis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes.
406 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. [ Mimosa.
tt Capitula alabastris eminentibus non villosa. Calyx obsoletus.
97. M. sETISTIPULA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 879. Fruticosa, ferrugineo-
hirta. Petiolus brevissimus; foliola 10—15-juga, oblonga, 3-4 lin. longa, obscure
2-3-nervia. Legumen vix semipollicare, margine dense ferrugineo-setosum, valvis 2+3-
artieulatis.—77. Bras. Mim.
M. meticulosa, var. fuscescens, Benth. ! 1. c. 382.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
98. M. NEUROLOMA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Fruticosa, hispida. Petiolus
infra-semipollicaris ; foliola 15-40-juga, lanceolato-subfalcata, 3-4 lin. longa, costa pro-
minula submarginali. Legumen $-3-pollicare, undique setosum, valvis 2-3-articulatis.
M. meticulosa, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 381, non Mart.
Hab. "Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes.
99. M. BREVIPES, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 381. Suffruticosa, piloso-hirta,
caule virgato dense foliato. Petiolus subnullus ; foliola 15-20-juga, ad 3 lin. longa,
conferta, 2-3-nervia. Legumen vix 4 lin. longum, hirsutissimum, valvis 2-articulatis.—
Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
100. M. HUMIFUSA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Suffruticosa, ramosissima,
prostrata. Petiolus 1-2 lin. longus, pinnz 4-5 lin. ; foliola 8-10-juga, conferta, 1-2 lin.
longa, 1-nervia. Legumen junius dense setosum.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
Series 9. Myriophylle. Prutices suffruticesve inermes. Pinne multijuge. Foliola
multijuga, parva. Capitula globosa v. ovoidea, in racemum terminalem disposita v. infe-
riora axillaria. Flores vulgo 4-meri. Legumen ubi notum breve, setosum, valvis in-
dwisis.
101. M. RsewELLm, Benth. ! in Linnea, xxii. 529. Suffruticosa, elata, strigoso-villosa.
Pinnz 8-10-jugze ; foliola 25-85-juga, oblonga, 2-3 lin. longa, ciliata v. dorso strigosa.
Capitula globosa, breviter pedunculata, longe racemosa. Calyx pappiformis. Legumen
ovatum, turgidum, 3—4-lineare, dense strigoso-setosum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes. |
102. M. MYRIOPHYLLA, Bong.; Benth.! im Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 984. Suffruticosa,
strigosa. Pinnz 12-30-juge; foliola 30-60-juga, oblongo-linearia, 1-14 lin. longa, glabra
v. canescentia. Capitula ovoidea, brevissime pedunculata, longe racemosa. Calyx
paleaceus. Legumen ovatum, 2-3-lineare, strigoso-setosum.— Fl. Bras, Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes? -
103. M. MICROPTERIS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 384. Fruticosa, strigoso-
scabra. Pinn* 10-15-juge; foliola 15-20-juga, obtusa, vix lineam longa, nitidula.
Capitula globosa, longiuscule pedunculata, axillaria v. breviter racemosa. Calyx pappi-
formis. Legumen junius strigosum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Extratropical South America: South Brazil.
Mimosa.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 407
Series 10. Spieiflore. Prutices ramis sepius lare sarmentosis v. alte scandentibus,
aculeis sparsis sepius parvis crebris recurvis. Pinne pluri- v. multijuge. Foliola mul-
tijuga. Flores plerique v. omnes 5-meri, 5-andri, in spicas cylindraceas v. oblongas
rarius ovoideas axillares v. paniculatas dispositi. Legumen planum, elongatum, nudum
v. margine aculeolatum, valvis tenuibus multiarticulatis.
A very distinct series, with the pod and habit of some Habbasiæ, but differing in their 5-merous flowers
with only 5 stamens. i
* Foliorum petiolus communis eglandulosus. Spice awillares v. ad apices ramorum
| racemose.
104. M. TOVARENSIS, Benth.,sp.n. Rami laxe pubescentes. Pinne 4-5-jug® ; foliola
10-20-juga, linearia, 1-2 lin. longa. Spice ovoidere, rhachi ad 3 lin. longa. Legumen
3-4 poll. longum, 6-7 lin. latum, puberulum, margine minute aculeato v. nudo.
- Hab. Tropical America: Venezuela, near the colony of Tovar (Caracas), Fendler,
n. 344.
Habitu et aculeis M. spiciflore valde affinis, pube diversa. Pinne et foliola multo pauciora, petiolo
.eommuni vix pollicem longo ;, pinnis }—}-pollicaribus. Spice fere ad capitulum reductz, floribus iis
M. spiciflore minoribus, pariter tamen 5-meris 5-andrisque. Legumen angustius quam in M. spieiflora,
ceeterum simillimum. -
105. M. SPICIFLORA, Karst.! Fl. Colomb. ii. 61, t. 131. Glabra v. pube tenui in ramis
rara, in spice rhachi brevi. Pinn» 7-10-juge; foliola 20-40-juga, linearia, 2-3 lin.
longa. Spice cylindraces, dense, pollicares. Legumen 4-5-pollicare, 3 poll. latum,
minute puberulum, margine aculeolato v. nudo, valvis tenuibus multiarticulatis.
Schrankia glabra, Benth.! in Hook. Lond. Journ, v. 94.
Hab. Tropical America: Colombia, Linden, n. 1501; Caraeas and Porto Cabello,
Karsten, Fendler, n. 2245.
106. M. RHODOSTACHYA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Tomentoso-pubescens.
Pinne 5-8-juge; foliola 20-25-juga, linearia, 11-2 lin. longa. Spice laxiuscule, 13-2-
pollieares. Legumen 3-4 poll. longum, 5-6 lin. latum, glabrum, nudum, valvis tenuibus
multiartieulatis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Schrankia rhodostachya, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 414.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro, Minas Geraes, Bahia, and Ceara.
107. M. MILLEFOLIATA, Scheele in Linnea, xvi. 337, ex char. dato. Pubescens.
Pinne 10-20-juge ; foliola 30-40-juga, anguste linearia, 1-14 lin. longa. Spice laxius-
cule, 2-3-pollicares. Legumen sub-4-pollicare, 6-8 lin. latum, glabrum, nudum v. aculeis
marginalibus raris, valvis tenuibus multiarticulatis.—F7. Bras. Mim. | ;
Schrankia macrostachya, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 414.
Mimosa calistachya, Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 65, ex char. dato.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, and probably Sao Paulo.
** Foliorum petiolus glandula scutelliformi instructus. Frutices alte scandentes.
Spice ad apices ramorum ample paniculate. |
The petiolar gland is wanting in the whole genus except in the following two species and in the small
VOL. XXX. 3H
408 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. [Mimosa.
series Glandulifere of Habbasia, which also resemble the following in their habit and prickles, but have
globular flower-heads and diplomerous stamens.
108. M. MYRIADENA, Benth.! im Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Tomentella v. puberula.
Pinne 8-12-juge; foliola 20-30-juga, oblique oblonga, obtusa, 14 lin. longa, subtus
glanduloso-punctata (v. rarius epunctata?). Legumen ad 3 poll. longum, 4-5 lin.
latum, glanduloso-punctatum, nudum, valvis multiarticulatis.
Entada myriadena, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 133.
Acacia paniculeflora, Steud. ! in Flora, 1843, 760.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil, Guiana, Venezuela; also apparently in New
Granada, at Villavicenzia near Bogota, Triana; the specimen in fruit only, and the
leaflets more pubescent underneath, with the glandular dots scarcely perceptible, but
with the large petiolar gland characteristic of the species.
109. M. PUNCTULATA, Spruce: Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Puberula mox gla-
brescens. Pinne 3-6-juge; foliola 6-10-juga, oblique obovata v. rhombea, 6-9 lin.
longa, glabra, subtus punctis glandulosis conspersa. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil.
Series 11. Obstrigose. Fruticuli inermes v. sparse aculeati, strigis rigidis in ramis
pedunculisque deorsum appressis, v. rarius glabri. Pinne wnijuge. Foliola parva, mul-
tijuga. Capitula globosa, in axillis breviter pedunculata v. sessilia, rarius ad apices ramo-
rum breviter racemosa. Flores sepissime 5-meri. Legumen planum v. crassum, valvis
pauciarticulatis v. indivisis. | |
* Foliorum petiolus communis 14-4 lin. longus.
110. M. GLABRA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 386. Glaberrima glauca. Aculei
recti. Foliola 6-10-juga, oblongo-linearia, coriacea, 14-24 lin. longa. Peduneuli 4-1-
pollicares. Legumen 1-1 poll. longum, fere 3 lin. latum, crassum, nudum, marginibus
latis, valvis indivisis.— 77. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Extratropical South America: South Brazil.
111: M. sparsa, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 885. Parce deorsum strigosa. Aculei
tenues, recti. Foliola 10-18-juga, oblongo-linearia, 1-14 lin. longa, subglabra. Pedun-
culi j-l-pollicares. Legumen 1-13-pollicare, planum, margine nerviformi appresse
ciliato, valvis glabris nudis 6—8-articulatis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Extratropical South America: South Brazil.
** Foliorum petiolus communis brevissimus subnullus. ۱
112. M. PARVIPINNA, Benth.! im Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 384. Deorsum strigosa,
inermis. Pinna 3-6 lin. longe ; foliola 15-30-juga, linearia, semilineam longa, glabra,
eiliolata. Pedunculi 2-24 lin. longi. Legumen ignotum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Extratropical South America: South Brazil.
113. M. nuPEsTRIs, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 385. Deorsum strigosa, sub-
inermis. Pinne ¿-1-pollicares; foliola 20-30-juga, oblongo-linearia, 1-14 lin. longa,
glabra, ciliolata. Pedunculi subpollicares. Legumen 4-9 lin. longum, 2 lin. latum,
rigide strigoso-setosum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
M. subinermis, Benth! 1. c.
Mimosa.) MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 409
Hab. Tropical and subtropical South America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and the
southern provinces.
114. M. RAMULOSA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 385. Deorsum strigosa. Aculei
sparsi.: Foliola 10-15-juga, oblonga, linea seepius breviora, glabra, ciliolata. Pedunculi
9-6 lin. longi. Legumen junius undique strigoso-setosum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Extratropical South America: Brazil, southern provinces and adjoining parts of
the Argentine Republic. ۱
115. M. CILIATA, Spreng.! Syst. ii. 205. Deorsum strigosa. Aculei sparsi. Foliola
6-8-juga, oblonga, 13 lin. longa, glabra, nitentia. Capitula sessilia. Legumen 9-12 lin.
longum, undique strigoso-setosum, margine latiusculo, valvis pluriarticulatis.— Fl. Bras.
Mim.
M. Sprengelii, DC. ! Prod. ii. 430; Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 385.
Hab. Extratropical South America: South Brazil.
In some herbaria I have seen specimens both of M. sparsa and of M. appressa distributed with the
M. ciliata under the name of M. Sprengelii. Ihad adopted the latter name for the present species given
to it by De Candolle on account of the older M. ciliata of Willdenow ; but as the latter proves not to be
different from the M. asperata, Linn., Sprengel's M. ciliata must now be restored.
116. M. ADPRESSA, Hook. et Arn.! in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 202. Deorsum strigosa.
Aculei sparsi. Foliola 20-30-juga, linearia, 1-3 lin. longa, glabra. Capitula sessilia.
Legumen pollicare v. paullo longius, 21-3 lin. latum, planum, strigosum, margine ner-
viformi, valvis 3—5-articulatis.— Zl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Extratropical South America: Banda Oriental and adjoining districts of the
Argentine Republic.
Series 12. Lepidote. Frutices inermes, plus minus tomento stellato plumoso v, lepidoto
incani flavicantes v. fulvescentes. Pinne uni- v, plurijuge. Foliola pluri- v. multijuga.
Capitula globosa v. spice oblonge v. cylindracee, in axillis superioribus pedunculata, v.
summa interdum paniculata. Flores sepissime 4-meri, in pluribus speciebus flavi. Legumen
planum, tomentosum v. lanatum, nec setosum, monospermum v. valvis pluriarticulatis.
The peculiar tomentum of this series is not to be met with in any other part of the genus except in a
few species of the Habbasie Leptostachye. ;
* Pinne unijuge. Capitula depressa vel globosa.
117. M. INVOLUCRATA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 386. Floccoso-tomentosa et
plumoso-pilosa. Foliola 12-15-juga, linearia, 23-3 lin. longa, incana. Capitula depresso-
globosa, bracteis lanceolatis pluriseriatis involucrata. Legumen ignotum.—Fl. Bras.
Mim. | :
Hab. Extratropical ? South America: South Brazil — —
118. M. INCANA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 387. Tomento lepidoto incana.
Foliola 8-30-juga, oblonga, 1-3 lin. longa, obtusa, incana. Capitula parva, globosa,
exinvoluerata. Legumen planum, incanum, 3-8 lin. longum, 2 lin. latum, valvis 1- ad
pluriarticulatis.— £F. Bras. Mim.
Acacia incana, Spreng. ! Syst. iii. 137. | in
| H
410 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. [ Mimosa.
Acacia Sprengelii, Hook. et Arn.! in Hook. Bot, Misc. iii. 205.
Mimosa pilulifera, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 386.
Hab. Tropical and subtropical South America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and the.
southern provinces, and on the Uruguay.
119. M. CHRYSASTRA, Mart. ; Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Lepidoto-tomentosa
mox glabrata. Foliola 12-20-juga, oblonga, 1-2 lin. longa, obtusa, glabrata. Capitula
parva, globosa, exinvolucrata. Legumen subpollicare, acuminatum, 2 lin. latum, lepi-
doto-tomentosum, planum, valvis sub-3-articulatis. : .
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
** Pinne plurijuge. | Capitula globosa.
120. M. BonpLanDı, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 387. Tomento lepidoto con-
spersa. Pinne 3-4-jugw; foliola 8-15-juga, oblonga, vix 2 lin. longa, vix canescentia.
Legumen 3-1-pollicare, 2 lin. latum, furfuraceum v. stellato-tomentosum, valvis ad
semina turgidis pluriarticulatis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Acacia Bonplandi, Gill. ! in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 205 et Ten. ! Cat. Ort. Napol. 77.
Acacia lepidota, Hook. et Arn.! in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 205.
, Hab. Extratropical South America: South Brazil and Argentine Republic.
This species appears to have been published independently in England and Naples under the same
name of M. Bonplandi, given to it probably by some one, now unknown, who originally had the plant
from Bonpland, and communicated it both to Gillies and to Tenore.
121. M. scABRELLA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 387. Tomento lepidoto incana.
Pinne 5-7-jugw ; foliola ultra 30-juga, oblongo-linearia, 1-3 lin. longa, utrinque incana.
Legumen 1}-pollicare, 2} lin. latum, planum, verrucoso-tomentosum, valvis 4-5-articu-
latis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropieal and subtropical South America: South Brazil and apparently prov.
Goyaz. | |
122. M. CALOTHAMNUS, Mart. ! Herb. Fl. Bras. n. 1089. Leproso- v. floccoso-tomen-
tosa. Pinne 2-8- rarius 1- v. 4-juge; foliola 12-16-juga, ovato-oblonga v. subrhombea,
3-linearia, coriacea, supra glabra nitida, subtus albo-tomentosa. Legumen planum,
3—1}-pollicare, leproso-tomentosum, valvis pauciarticulatis.— Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot.
iv. 388; Fl. Bras. Mim. : |
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
123. M. ERIOCARPA, Benth.! im Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 387. Plumoso- et lepidoto-
tomentosa. Pinne 3-4-juge; foliola 8-15-juga, oblonga, 1-12 lin. longa, utrinque
lepidota. Legumen oblongum, 3-4 lin. longum, l-spermum, densissime plumoso-lana
tum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical or subtropical South America: South Brazil. 3
124. M. AURIVILLUS, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 132. Plumoso- et floccoso-tomentosa.
Pinne 2-juge ; foliola 4-8-juga, ovata v. oblonga, 2-5 lin. longa,
‚stellato-tomentosa. Legumen subpollicare, 2 lin. latum,
lanatum, 2-articulatum.— Fl. Bras. Mim. T.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
crassa, utrinque dense
dense floccoso- v. plumoso-
Mimosa. ] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 411
125. M. PEDUNCULARIS, Bong. ; Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 388. Rami longe
setosi, inter setas glabri. Pinn® 2-4-juge ; foliola 6-8-juga, ovata v. oblonga, 2-3 lin.
longa, utrinque lepidoto-tomentosa. Legumen subsemipollicare, vix 2 lin. latum, rufo- -
tomentosum et plumoso-setosum, pauciarticulatum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
*** Pinme 2-4-juge. Spice oblongae, semipollicares v. paullo longiores brevioresve.
126. M. CALODENDRON, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. n. 1087. Leproso- v. floccoso-tomen-
tosa. Foliola 8-12-juga, ovata v. late oblonga, 3-5 lin. longa, supra glabra sepiusque
nitida, subtus albo-tomentosa. Spice oblongw, 6-7 lin. longe. Legumen j-1-pollicare,
fere 3 lin. latum, densissime pulvinato-lanatum, ‘valvis pauciarticulatis.— Benth. 1 in
Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 389; Fl. Bras. Mim,
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
197. M. FURFURACEA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 389. Furfuraceo-tomentosa.
Foliola 10-15-juga, ovata, 2-4 lin. longa, utrinque dense tomentosa. Spice oblongo-
cylindracese, 6-9 lin. longe. Legumen 4-6 lin. longum, 3 lin. latum, densissime plu-
moso-velutinum, 1-2-spermum, valvis indivisis.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo.
198. M. SORDIDA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 389. Breviter plumoso- v. lepidoto-
tomentosa. Foliola 10-15-juga, ovata v. oblonga, 3-4 lin. longa, utrinque stellato-
tomentosa. Spice oblonge, 4-6 lin. longe. Legumen 2-1 poll longum, vix 2 lin.
latum, planum, brevissime lepidoto- v. stellato-tomentosum, valvis 2—3-artieulatis.— 7.
Bras. Mim. | |
Hab, Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
**** Spice cylindracee, anguste v. elongate.
129. M. DALEOIDES, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot.iv.389. Breviter plumoso- v. stellato-
` tomentosa. Pinn® unijugee; foliola 10-15-juga, oblonga, 2-3 lin. longa, utrinque cano-
tomentosa. Spice graciles, ad 7 lin. long, dense v. basi interrupte. Legumen igno-
tum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical or subtropical South America: Brazil, prov. Sao Paulo, and perhaps
other southern provinces.
130. M. CYLINDRACEA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 389. Tomento leproso v.
plumoso canescens v. rufescens. Pinne 4-9-juge; foliola 15-20-juga, oblonga, vix 2
lin. longa, utrinque leprosa. Spice 1-1}-pollicares, superiores in racemo numerose.
Legumen semipollicare, 2 lin. latum, crassiusculum, scabro-tomentosum, valvis pauci-
articulatis.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and Bahia.
Sectio 2. HABBASIA.
Stamina numero petalorum duplo plura. Frutices v. rarius suffrutices v. herb:e,
rarissime arborescentes, interdum alte scandentes. Foliorum petiolus in una serie glan-
dulifer, in ezeteris eglandulosus. Pinne pluri- v. multijugæ, in speciebus paucis unijuge.
412 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. [Mimosa.
Spice globose oblonge v. cylindraces. Calyx varius, sepe magis evolutus quam in
Eumimosa. Corolla ssepe profunde divisa, sepius 4-mera, interdum 3-mera v. 5-6-mera.
Leguminis margo sepius nudus v. simplici serie aculeolatus, in seriebus ultimis interdum
pariter ac valvee setosus.
Series 1. Leptostachys. Spice cylindracee v. elongate rarius breviter oblonge.
Indumentum tomentosum v. pubescens nec setosum. Petiolus eglandulosus. Flores in
speciebus Mexicanis et Columbianis sepius 5-meri, 10-andri, im Brasilianis 4-meri,
8-andri, sed fere in omnibus variant 4—5-meri.
* Inermes, lepidoto- v. stellato-tomentose.
131. M. VERRUCOSA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 390. Fruticosa, tomento lepi-
doto subverrucosa. Pinns 7-9-juge; foliola 10-20-juga, ovata v. oblonga, 2-3 lin.
longa, erassiuscula, subtus 2-nervia, costa excentrica. Spice laxe, 4-pollicares, ad apices
ramorum racemose. Legumen ignotum.— 77. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil prov. Piauhy and Bahia.
132. M. SCHOMBURGKIL, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 133, iv. 390. Arborea,
leproso-tomentella. Pinne 7-15-juge; foliola 15-20-juga, oblonga, 2-3 lin. longa,
quam in M. verrucosa tenuiora, costa unica subcentrali excepta glabra. Spice lax,
sub 3-pollicares, ad apices ramorum racemosa. Legumen planum, breviter stipitatum,
2-3-pollicare, 4-5 lin. latum, leproso-tomentosum, inerme, valvis 6-8-articulatis.
Hab, Tropical America: British Guiana, Schomburgk, Appun.
133. M. Triana, Benth., sp. n. Fruticosa ?, lepidoto-tomentosa. Pinns 10-20-juge;
foliola 20-40-juga, subfalcato-oblonga, 2-3 lin. longa, supra convexa glabra nitida,
subtus cano-tomentosa, costa centrali. Spice 2-3-pollicares, racemose. Legumen
planum, breviter stipitatum, 1-2-pollicare, 3—4 lin. latum, brevissime lepidoto-tomen-
tosum, inerme, valvis 4-8-artieulatis.
Hab. Tropical America: New Granada, Villavicencio, Triana.
Frutex videtur M. pteridifolie affinis. Rami, petioli, axis inflorescenti et foliolorum costa in pagina
inferiore tomento lepidoto v. substellato conspersi. Stipule parve, caduce. Foliorum petiolus com-
munis 3—6-pollicaris, eglandulosus. Pinnz 14-3-pollicares. Stipelle minute, setaceze. Foliola majora
3 lin. longa, apicem versus pinn: decrescentia et in foliis ramulorum floridorum vix 2 lin. longa, obtusa
v. acutiuscula, basi oblique truncata et fere auriculata, coriacea, supra convexa
nitentia et siccitate nigri-
cantia et forte in vivo viscidula,
subtus tomento brevissimo substellato canescentia, costa lepidota pro-
minente. Flores non vidi. Spice fructifere in racemum terminalem confert», secus rhachin 2-3næ,
fere a basi cicatricibus florum notate. Leguminis margo tenuis, valvarum articuli subquadrati.
134. M. PTERIDIFOLIA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 391. Fruticosa, glanduloso-
sublepidoto-tomentosa. Pinna 12-18-juge; foliola 12-25-juga, oblonga, 1-2 lin. longa,
supra minute puberula, subtus crebre glanduloso-punctata, costa subcentrali. Spice
13-3-pollicares, ad apices ramorum racemose. Legumen immaturum 13-pollicare, aureo-
villosissimum.— Fl. Bras. Mim. 5
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz and Bahia.
Mimosa.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 413
** Inermes, molliter pubescentes v. tomentose, nunc canescentes v. glabre.
t Pinne 4- v. plurijuge. Foliola multijuga, semipollice breviora. |
135. M. HEBECARPA, Benth.! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 87. Arborea, molliter
pubescens. Pinne 20-25-juge; foliola multijuga, oblonga, vix lineam longa. Spice
axillares, 2-4-pollicares. Legumen planum, 13-2-pollicare, 3 lin. latum, tomentoso-
villosum, margine tenui, valvis 6-9-articulatis.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
136. M. Warmineu, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Arborea, molliter pubescens.
Pinnz 4-5-jugee ; foliola 20-30-juga, falcato-linearia, acuta, 3—4 lin. longa, glabra. Spice
axillares, 3-4-pollicares. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
137. M. PUBERULA, Benth. ! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 88. Arborea, puberula. Pinnæ
5-10-juge; foliola 15-40-juga, oblonga, rigidula, obtusa, 2-24 lin. longa. Spice axil-
lares, 13-2-pollicares. Legumen stipitatum, planum, 1}-pollicare, 3-4 lin. latum, pu-
bescens, valvis 3—5-articulatis.
Hab. Tropical America: Mexico, near Zimapan, Coulter ; “ New Spain," Herb. Pavon.
Arbor, ramulis rigidis verruculosis, specimina tam Pavoniana quam Coulteriana omnino inermia,
ceeterum quoad folia M. acutistipule simillima. Stipule subulate, 2-3 lin. longe, rigidule, caducz.
Foliorum petiolus communis 3-5-pollicaris, uti ramuli novelli pedunculique pube brevi molli vestitus.
Pinn® 14-2-pollicares. Foliola crebra, crassiuscula, 2-2} lin. longa, basi valde inzequalia et oblique trun-
cata, costa tamen parum excentrica, utrinque puberula. Spice subgeminz, breviter pedunculate. Flores
membranacei, 4-5-meri,fere glabri. Corolla lineam longa, late infundibularis. Calyx subtriplo brevior.
Legumen tenue, sepius acuminatum.
138. M. DISCOLOR, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 391. Fruticosa, tomento minu-
tissimo canescens v. glabrata. Pinne 4-6-juge. Foliola 15-25-juga, oblongo-linearia,
4-5 lin. longa, supra pallida, subtus ferruginea. Spice 1-2-pollicares, ad apices ramorum
racemose. Legumen ignotum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
++ Pime 2-4-juge. Foliola paucijuga, semipollice longiora.
139. M. sERICANTHA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 392. Arborea, cano-puberula,
subglauca. Pinnæ sub-3-juge ; foliola 4-8-juga, obovata, 4-1-pollicaria, plurinervia.
Spice graciles, 2-3-pollicares, racemose. Flores cano-sericei. Legumen stipitatum,
planum, 2-3-pollicare, 3-4 lin. latum, cano-puberulum, valvis 4-8-articulatis.— 77.
Bras. Mim. |
Pithecolobium cinereum, Mart. Herb.
Hab. Tropical America : Brazil, prov. Pernambuco.
140. M. PITHECOLOBIOIDES, Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Fruticosa v. arborea,
minute tomentella. Pinne 2-4-juge. Foliola 2-5-juga, obovata, 4-1-pollicaria, penni-
venia, glabra, supra nitida. Spice pollicares, dense, racemose. Flores pubescentes.
Legumen ignotum.
Pithecolobium lasiogynum, Mart. Herb.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
414 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۷0 ۰ [ Mimosa.
141. M. rasroPHYLLA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Fruticosa, tomentosa.
Pinnæ 3-4-juge; foliola 4-8-juga, ovata, 4-1-pollicaria, pennivenia, supra minute subtus
molliter tomentoso-pubescentia. Spice pollicares, densæ, racemose. Legumen sessile,
planum, 2-3-pollicare, 5—6 lin. latum, tomentosum, valvis 4—8-articulatis.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
(See also the unarmed states of M. acutistipula and M. arenosa.)
*** Aculeate, molliter tomentoso-villose.
142. M. FASCICULATA, Benth. im Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 88. Fruticosa, ferrugineo-
tomentosa. Aculei sparsi, recurvi. Pinne 15-25-juge; foliola 10-25-juga, oblonga,
ad 3 lin. longa, valde obliqua, costa submarginali, supra pubescentia, subtus villosa.
Spice axillares y. racemose, 2-3-pollicares, densiflore. Flores sericeo-villosi. Legu-
men ignotum. NT
Acacia fasciculata, Kunth ! Mim. 75, t. 23.
Mimosa cinerea, Herb. Pavon. !
Hab. Tropical America: Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland, Karwinski.
143. M. DYSOCARPA, Benth.! in A. Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 62. Fruticosa, ferrugineo-
villosa. Aculei sparsi, subrecurvi. Pinn® 6-10.jugz; foliola 8-10-juga, oblonga, 13-2
lin. longa., utrinque sericeo-villosa, costa submarginali. Spice axillares, oblongo-cylin-
dracese, 1-13-pollicares. Flores villosi. Stamina semipollicaria. Legumen planum,
13-2-pollicare, ad semina 2-3 lin. latum, dense tomentoso-villosum, marginibus crassi-
usculis, valvis tardius in articulos longiusculos secedentibus.
Hab. Extratropical North America: West Texas and Mexican boundary, Wright, n.
144, 163, 1040, Emory, Expedition, n. 309.
144. M. GUATEMALENSIS, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 89, and in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 89.
Molliter villosa. Aculei sparsi, recti v. vix recurvi. Pinnse 3-4-juge ; foliola 3-6-juga,
obovali-oblonga v. suborbiculata, 1—3.pollicaria, supra breviter subtus longe villosa.
Spice axillares, dense, 1-13-pollicares. Flores villosi. Legumen ignotum,
Acacia guatemalensis, Hook. et Arn.! Bot. Beech. 419. :
-Hab. 'Tropical America: Mexico and Central Ameriea, Barclay, Sinclair, Coulter, also
in Herb. Pavon. under the name of M. ferruginea, and a broad-leaved form under that
of M. rotundifolia. ۱ ۱
145. M. capuca, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 83. Molliter villosa v. tomentosa. Aculei
sparsi, subrecurvi. Pinnz 4—6-jugse; foliola 8-10-juga, obovato-oblonga, 3-4 lin. longa,
supra convexa nitidula vix puberula, subtus ferrugineo-pubescentia, Spice axillares,
pedunculate, oblongz, $-$-pollicares. Flores pubescentes. Legumen planum, ferru-
gineo-tomentosum, subsesquipollicare, 3-4 lin. latum, marginibus aeaieie, valvis
articulatis. | :
Acacia caduca, Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. ! Spec. iv. 1089. ;
Hab. Tropical America: Peru, Humboldt and Bonpland. A single fruit still remain-
ing on the specimen in Herb. Willd., although imperfect, clearly proves it to be a
true Mimosa, very nearly allied to M. guatemalensis.
M. semispinosa, Spreng. ! Syst. ii. 206, vix Linn., from a fruiting specimen in Herb, Balb., or Acacia
Mimosa. | MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. 415
Spini, Balb.! in Spin. Cat. Suppl. ex DC. Prod. ii. 460, from a flowering specimen in the same herba-
rium, both from Santa Marta, from a cursory examjnation, appeared to be a true Mimosa, closely allied
to, and probably identical with, M. caduca. The prickles in both specimens were solitary under
each leaf.
*e** Aculeate (M. acutistipula e£ M. arenosa interdum inermes), glabre v. laxe
: pubescentes. |
t Species Brasilienses, spicis plerunque paniculatis.
146. M. INTERRUPTA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 392. Fruticosa, puberula v.
glabrescens. Aculei infrastipulares oppositi. Pinnæ 5-9-jugz; foliola multijuga, ob-
longo-linearia, 3-4 lin. longa, nitida, 2-nervia. Spice semipedales, laxiflore. Legumen
junius viscoso-villosum.— 77. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes.
147. M. AcvTISTIPULA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 991. Fruticosa v. arborea,
puberula. Aculei sparsi, rari, recti v. incurvi (v. nulli?) Pinne 5-6-juge ; foliola
multi- (ultra 30-)juga, oblongo-linearia, ad 3 lin. longa, rigidula, obtusa, basi obliqua,
costa subeentrali. Spice dense, 1-13-pollicares. Legumen stipitatum, planum, 3-4-pol-
licare, 3-4 lin. latum, subglabrum, margine tenui, valvis 6-10-artieulatis.—Fl. Bras.
Mim.
Acacia acutistipula, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 107.
Hab. Tropical Ameriea: Brazil, prov. Piauhy and Bahia.
148. M. APODOCARPA, Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Fruticosa, puberula. Aculei
sparsi, rari, recurvi. Pinnee 12-15-juge ; foliola multijuga, linearia, 2 lin. longa, nitidula.
Spiese sub-2-pollicares. Legumen sessile, planum, pubescens, 2-23-pollicare, 5 lin.
latum, valvis pluriarticulatis. a
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
149. M. nostiiis, Benth. ! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Frutieosa, puberula (viscidula ?).
Aculei sparsi, recti. Pinne 4-6-jug® ; foliola multijuga, oblonga, obtusissima, 1-13 lin.
longa, costa vix conspicua. Spice 1-2-pollicares. Legumen subsessile, planum, viscido-
puberulum, pollicare v. longius, 3 lin. latum, valvis 4—6-articulatis.
Acacia hostilis, Mart. ! Reise, i. 555.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes and Bahia.
150. M. OPHTHALMOCENTRA, Mart. ۲ Herb. ; Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Fruticosa,
subglabra. Aculei sparsi, recurvi, nune rari v. subnulli. Pinne 1-3-juge; foliola
15-20-juga, linearia, 13-2 lin. longa, nitidula. Spice 1j-pollicares. Legumen subsessile,
planum, glabrum, 14-3-pollicare, 23-3 lin. latum, valvis reticulatis 6-12-articulatis.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Bahia. |
151. M. MALACOCENTRA, Mart.! Herb.; Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Fruticosa,
pubescens. Aculei sparsi, recurvi, pauci v. rarius subnulli. Pinnz 5-10-juge ; foliola
20-30-juga, oblongo-linearia, ad 2 lin. longa, pallida, glabra v. ciliata. Spice tenues,
2-3-pollicares. Legumen stipitatum, planum, glabrescens, 2-2}-pollicare, 2-3 lin. latum,
valvis levibus 6—8-articulatis.
vOL. XXX.
31
416 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰ [ Mimosa.
Acacia malacocentra, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 106.
Mimosa leiocarpa, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4v. 391, non DC.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro, Minas Geraes, Bahia and Ceara.
Resembles in many respects the Columbian M. arenosa; but besides the difference in station and the
more paniculate inflorescence, there appear to be some differences in the proportions of the parts of the
flower.
152. M. CESALPINLEFOLIA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 392. Fruticosa, gla-
briuscula. Aculei sparsi, recurvi, rari. Pinne 3-juge; foliola 3-juga, late ovata, obtu-
sissima, 3-1-pollicaria, glabra v. subtus puberula. Spice laxe, 14-pollicares. Legumen
stipitatum, planum, glabrum, 23-3-pollicare, 4-5 lin. latum, valvis 8-12-articulatis.—
Fl. Bras. Mim. :
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Piauhy.
TT Species Columbiane v. Mexicane, spicis axillaribus v. summis paucis breviter
racemosis.
153. M. ADENANTHEROIDES, Benth.! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 88. Fruticosa, minute
puberula. Aculei sparsi, recurvi. Pinne sub-9-jugz ; foliola 8-10-juga, ovato-oblonga,
obtusiuseula, 3-5 lin. longa, subtus pallida v. eanescentia. Spice tenues, 1-13-pollicares.
Flores puberuli. Legumen ignotum. :
Acacia adenahtheroides, Mart. et Gal.! in Bull. Acad. Brux. x. pars ii. 310.
Hab. Tropical America: Mexico, prov. Oaxaca, Galeotti, n. 3208.
154. M. CABRERA, Karst.! Fl. Colomb. ii. 68, t. 139. Fruticosa? tenuiter pubescens,
pilis glanduliferis intermixtis. Aculei sparsi, recti. Pinnz 6-9-juge ; foliola 20-40-juga,
_ linearia, obtusa, 2-3 lin. longa, utrinque pubescentia, concoloria. Spice laxæ, sub-
interruptz, 2-3-pollicares. Legumina subsessilia, plana, pubescentia et glandulosa, 1-14-
pollicaria, 3-4 lin. lata, valvis 3-6-articulatis. |
Acacia tenuiflora, Willd.! Spec. iv. 1088.
Mimosa tenuiflora, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 82, non Benth.
Hab. Tropieal America: Columbia, Fendler, n. 1870; San Salvador, Wendland.
155. M. ARENOSA, Poir. Dict. Suppl.i. 66. Fruticosa (v. arborescens ?), ramis tenuibus
dense pubescentibus. Aculei sparsi, recurvi, copiosi, rari v. nulli. Pinnæ sub-7-juge ;
foliola multijuga, oblonga, 2-3 lin. longa, utrinque puberula. Spice tenues, lax:e,
13-23-pollicares. Flores subglabri. Legumen stipitatum, planum, glabrum, mucrona-
tum, 1-13-pollicare, 22 lin. latum, valvis 7—8-articulatis.
Acacia arenosa, Willd. ! Spec. iv. 1060 (err. 1054).
Mimosa Xantholasia, Benth.! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 88.
Hab. Tropical America: Columbia, Bredemeyer, Funcke, n. 383, Fendler, n. 360;
Otto, n. 366, Birschel.
Very near M. malacocentra.
156. M. LEIOCARPA, DC. Prod. ii. 429. Fruticosa, glabra. Aculei subrecti, sparsi,
rari. Pinne sub-12-juge ; foliola multijuga, parva, linearia. Spice subpaniculate.
Legumina plana, glabra, lucidula, marginibus incrassatis. ۱
Hab. Tropical America: Columbia, Santa Marta, Bertero.
|
|
|
!
Mimosa.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰ 417
Apparently differing from M. arenosa in the more numerous pinnz and the general absence of hairs ;
but I have no means now of comparing it, having only seen it many years since in Herb. DC. and
Herb. Balbis.
157. M. WRIGHTII, A. Gray! Pl. Wright. ii. 52. Suffruticosa, cinereo-puberula.
Aeulei sparsi, breves, recti. Pinnz 7-10-juge; foliola 10-15-juga, oblonga, 13-2 lin.
longa, subavenia, supra glabrata, subtus sericea. Spice 1-2-pollicares, dense. Flores
glabriuseuli. Legumen junius planum, angustum, dense sericeo-villosum, perfectum
ignotum.
Hab. Subtropical North America: Sonora, Wright, n. 1041.
158. M. PLATYCARPA, Benth.,sp.n. Fruticosa, glabra. Aculei sparsi, recurvi. Pinne
6-10-jugse ; foliola 15-25-juga, linearia, 1-13 lin. longa. Spice eraciles, pollicares, laxi-
flore. Legumen stipitatum, planum, glabrum, in specimine 13 poll. longum, fere à
poll. latum, apice basique angustius, marginibus aculeolatis, valvis ut videtur indivisis.
Hab. Tropical America: Guatemala, Skinner.
Quoad folia aculeos et legumina a M. acantholoba vix distinguenda, sed inflorescentia spicata nec capitata.
Ramuli tenues, angulati, uti tota planta glabri v. novelli tenuissime ciliato-puberuli. Aculei parvuli,
crebri v. rari, interdum deesse videntur. Stipule parvi, setaceze, rigidulz, interdum fere pungentes. Folio-
rum petiolus communis gracilis, subsesquipollicaris, inermis v. pauciaculeatus. Pinnz 6-9 lin. longze.
Foliola obtusa, glabra v. ciliolata, costa centrali. Spice geminz, plereque axillares, breviter peduncu-
latee. Flores 5-meri, 10-andri.
159. M. pisTACHYA, Cad. Ie. iii. 48, t. 200. Fruticosa, pube minuta pallens v. candi-
cans. Aculei infrafoliacei recurvi v. nulli. Pinnse 2-5-juge; foliola 4—1-juga, obovali-
oblonga, minute puberula, ad 3 lin. longa. Spice graciles, 1-13-pollicares. Flores sub-
sessiles. Legumen ignotum.
Acacia? distachya, DC. Prod. ii. 456.
Mimosa remota, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. v. 88.
M. oligacantha, DC. Prod. ii. 429.
Hab. Tropical America: Mexico, Herb. Pavon, Galeotti, n. 3240; Columbia, Santa
Marta, Bertero, Schlim, n. 942.
Frutex v. arbor parva, ramulis rigidis flexuosis plus minus pubescentibus. Aculei dum adsunt validi,
basi valde dilatati, nunc sub folio ipso solitarii, nune ab eo plus minus remoti, nunc omnino deficientes.
Stipule setacew v. subulatz, v. in speciminibus inermibus lineari-subulate. Foliorum petiolus tenuis,
-14-3-pollicaris; pinnarum rhachis raro semipollicem excedit, prope basin 2-stipellata. Foliola letevi-
rentia, membranacea, tenuissime 3-nervia, utrinque pilis parvis appressis puberula. Spice 2-3nz, infe-
riores axillares, summa breviter racemose, floribus presertim inferioribus subdissitis. Calyx membra-
naceus, truncatus, 3 lin. longus. Corolla lineam longa, ad medium 5-fida v. rarius 4-fida, membranacea,
glabriuscula. Stamina longe exserta. E
Although the Mexican specimens are usually unarmed, or nearly so, and the Columbian ones have
usually strong prickles, I can discover no other difference ; and almost all the prickle-bearing species of
this series show occasionally specimens without any. ۱
160. M. POLYANTHA, "Benth. ۱ in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 410. Fruticosa, puberula. Aculei
infrafoliacei recti v. subrecurvi. Pinnæ 2-, rarius 3-jugæ; foliola 3-6-juga, oblonga,
obtusa, 2-3 lin. longa, supra glabra, subtus parce pilosula. Spice floribund:e, 4-2 poll.
longs. Flores subsessiles. Legumen ignotum.
418 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. [Mimosa.
Hab. Tropical America: Mexico, Herb. Pavon, Acatlan, Andrieux, n. 397, and perhaps
also Coulter, n. 401. | |
M. distachye valde affinis, differt habitu, foliis per anthesin vix evolutis, spicis ad nodos confertis bre-
vibus, aculeis plerisque rectis, foliolis supra glabris.
161. M. LAxIFLORA, Benth.! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v.93. Glabra, pallida. Aculei
sparsi, recurvi, rari. Pinne 2-3-juge; foliola 3-6-juga, oblonga, obtusa, ad 3 lin.
longa. Spice graciles, vix pollicares, glabree. Flores distincte pedicellati. Legumen
ignotum. ۱
Hab. Subtropical North America: Mexico, prov. Sonora Alta, Coulter.
It is possible that a more perfect series of specimens may induce the uniting the three preceding species
into a single one; but they appear distinct, and the fruits are not known of any of them.
Acacia prosopoides, DC. Prod. ii. 460, described from one of Mocino and Sessé’s Mexican drawings,
may possibly, from the very short character given, be the same as M. laxiflora, although more probably
Piptadenia patens. `
Series 2. Glanduliferæ. Frutices sepius alte scandentes, aculeis sparsis recurvis parvis
minimisve armati. Pinne 2- multijuge. Foliola pauci- v. multi-juga. Glandula ad
basin petioli communis, et sepe parve ad foliorum paria ultima. Capitula globosa, parva,
ad apices ramorum ample paniculata. Legumen planum, margine tenui nerviformi nudum,
valvis pluriarticulatis. |
162. M. BAUHINLEFOLIA, Karst.! Fl. Colomb. ii. 65, t. 133. Glabra. Aculei seepe
validi. Pinnæ 2-juge; foliola 1-juga, falcato-ovata, obtusa, 3—4-pollicaria ; glandula
petiolaris depressa. Legumen glabrum, 3-4 poll. longum, 6-8 lin. latum, valvis multi-
articulatis.
Hab. Tropical America: Columbia near Villavicencio, Karsten, Triana.
163. M. EXTENSA, Benth.! im Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 393. Alte scandens, glabra.
Aculei minimi. Pinne 2-3-juge; foliola l-juga, faleato-ovata, breviter acuminata,
13-4-pollicaria; glandula petiolaris verruciformis. Legumen ignotum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro.
164. M. MICRACANTHA, Benth. ! in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 131, iv.393. Alte scandens,
puberula v. glabra. Aculei minimi. Pinne 2-3-juge ; foliola 2-3-juga, oblique ovata,
obtusa, 2-3-pollicaria ; glandula petiolaris parvula, elevata. Legumen glabrum, 2-pol-
licare, 9 lin. latum, valvarum articulis ad 8, latioribus quam longis.— F7. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil.
165. M. RUFESCENS, Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Alte scandens, puberula v. —
glabra. Aculei minimi, rari. Pinnse 2-6-juge; foliola. 3-7-juga, oblique obovata,
obtusa, glabra v. subtus ad axillas venarum pilosula, variant 1-11-pollicaria ; glandula
petiolaris verruciformis. Legumen glabrum, 4-pollicare v. longius, 2 poll. latum, val-
varum articulis 8 pluribusve. '
Hab. "Tropical America: North Brazil. |
166. M. Spruceana, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Alte scandens, rufo-villosa.
Aculei minimi, sparsi, recurvi. Pinnz sub-3-jug& ; foliola 4-6-juga, oblique obovata,
majora 13-3-pollicaria, subtus molliter tomentoso-villosa, inferiora minora. L
x
Hi TER A aa Da A a Due e a t i ا ت AE AN ESE ی Biia ee zs
Mimosa. } MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSE#. 419
planum, puberulum v. glabratum, 3-4-pollicare, $-1 poll. latum, valvis multiarti-
culatis.
Hab. Tropical America : North Brazil,
167. M. ANNULARIS, Spruce, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Alte scandens, rufo-
tomentosa. Aculei parvi, sparsi, recurvi. Pinnse sub-3-jugse ; foliola 4-6-juga, oblique
rhombea, acutiuscula, l-l-polliearia, subtus sparse pubescentia. Legumen planum,
glabrum, 4 lin. latum, valde curvum v. perfecte annulatum, valvis multiarticulatis.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil.
168. M. PANICULATA, Benth.! im Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 131, iv. 394. Alte scandens,
pubescens. Aculei parvi, sparsi, recurvi. Pinne 5-7-jug; foliola 7-11-juga, oblique
faleato-rhombea, acutiuscula, 4-5 lin. longa, supra lucida, subtus pubescentia. Legumen
ignotum.— Fl. Bras. Mim.
Hab. Tropical America: North Brazil or British Guiana.
Series 3. Rubicaules. Frutices alte scandentes v. erecti, rarius arborescentes, aculeis
sparsis armati v. rarius inermes. Foliorum petiolus eglandulosus. | Capitula globosa,
sepius multiflora, ad apices ramorum racemosa v. paniculata, v. rarius omnia axillaria.
Flores 3-meri, 4-meri v. rarius 5-meri. Legumen planum, glabrum v. pubescens, margine
aculeatum v. nudum, valvis membranaceis, in articulos plures secedentibus v. rarius (in
M. acantholoba) indivisis. :
The want of the petiolar gland is the principal difference between this series and the Glandulifere ; but
it is also usually distinguished by the habit and foliage, the larger heads with more flowers etc. It
passes, however, rather gradually into the Acanthocarpe. The Asperate Schrankioidee come also very
near to some of the present section, but appear to me to be more nearly connected with the setose
groups.
* Gerontogee.
t Calyx corolle dimidium subequans.
169. M. EMIRNENSIS, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 396. Fruticosa ? tomentoso-
puberula, inermis? Pinnze 6-10-jugs, paribus distantibus; foliola 5-8-juga, oblonga,
ad 2 lin. longa, utrinque adpresse puberula. Panieula ampla, polycephala. Legumen
sessile, puberulum, inerme, 14-2-pollicare, 4-5 lin. latum, valvis pluriarticulatis.
Hab. Madagascar: Mazou-arivou, prov. Emirna, Bojer.
Very near M. latispinosa, but apparently entirely unarmed, the foliage rather different, and the pod
sessile and scarcely contracted at the base in all the specimens seen.
170. M. LATISPINOSA, Lam. Dict. i. 22. Fruticosa, subscandens, tomentoso-pubescens.
Aculei in ramis rari, in petiolis frequentiores, latissimi, recti v. incurvi. Pinnse 10-25-
juga ; foliola 10-20-juga, oblonga, obtusa, 13-23 lin. longa, obscure 1-3-nervia, utrinque
appresse puberula. Panicula ampla, polycephala, Legumen stipitatum, 13-2-pollicare,
4-5 lin. latum, margine nudo v. parce aculeolato, valvis pluriarticulatis.
Acacia latispinosa, Desf.! Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3. 299.
Mimosa mascarensis, Spreng. Syst. ii. 207 ex char.
M. phyllocantha, Pers. Syn. ii. 267.
Hab. Madagascar, Commerson, Bojer. Cultivated in the Botanie Gardens of Mauritius
420 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEE. [ Mimosa,
and Caleutta as well as in European ones; and specimens having been found in Leich-
hardt's Port-Essington collection, it was sent by F. Mueller as the only Australian
Mimosa under the name of M. laticuspis. It was, however, probably from. one of the
exotic trees and shrubs planted there by the temporary colonists.
171. M. DECURRENS, Bojer! in Herb. DO. Fruticosa, glabra v. vix minute puberula.
Aculei in ramis rari, in petiolis frequentiores, latissimi, incurvi. Pinns 10-20-juge;
foliola 6-8-juga, oblonga, 3-5 lin. longa, sub-2-nervia, glabra. Capitula ad axillas race-
mosa (an etiam ample paniculata ?)., Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical Africa: island of Zanzibar, Bojer.
Affinis M. latispinose, imprimis glabritie diversa, pinnis brevibus, foliolis majoribus. "Tota finds
oculo nudo glaberrima apparet, sub lente pubes rara tenuissima apparet. Ramuli angulati. Foliorum
petiolus communis semipedalis et longior. Aculei ut in M. /atispinosa valde dilatati et incurvi nec ut
in M. rubicauli recurvi. Foliola valde obliqua, rigide membranacea v. subcoriacea, nervo majore (seu
costa) margini superiori approximato. Racemi in specimine viso simplices, folia zequantes. Capitula et
flores M. latispinose sed glabri.
tt Calyx minimus, corolla quadruplo brevior.
172. M. NISSOBIENSIS, Benth., sp. n. Fruticosa, scandens, glabra. Aculei sparsi,
recurvi, parvi. Pinnse 4-6-jugz ; foliola 6-12-juga, late oblonga, obtusissima, mem-
branacea, 4-6 lin. longa, glabra. Panicula ampla. Legumen ignotum. —
Hab. Madagascar : island of Nossi-bé, Boivin. :
Habitu M. sepiarie, et pariter siccitate nigrescit, foliolis facile distinguenda. Petiolus communis
3—4-pollicaris, pinnae 13-2-pollicares. Foliola 2-3 lin. lata, basi valde obliqua, costa subcentrali, nervis
lateralibus 2-3 tenuibus brevibus. Panicula aphylla, laxe polycephala. Capitula multiflora. Calyx vix
+ lin. longus. Corolla 1 lin. longa, profunde 4-fida.
The Brazilian M. sepiaria has established itself in hedges in Singapore and in South China.
173. M. RUBICAULIS, Lam. Dict. i. 20. Fruticosa, subscandens, puberula. Aculei
sparsi, recurvi. Pinn:z 3-10-juge; foliola 6-15-juga, oblonga v. oblongo-linearia, 2-4
lin. longa, subtus v. utrinque appresso-puberula. Pedunculi inferiores axillares, supe-
riores racemosi. Legumen stipitatum, rectum v. curvum, 2-3-pollicare, 4-6 lin. latum,
margine nudum v. rarius aculeatum, glabrum, valvis pluriarticulatis.— Hook. Ic. Pl.
t. 156.
Mimosa octandra, Roxb. ! Pl. Corom. ii. 55, t. 200.
M. mutabilis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 564.
M. spinoso-siliqua, Rottl. ex Spreng. Syst. ii. 206.
M. Rottleri, Spreng. l. c.
. Hab. Tropical Asia: widely spread over East India from Affehanistan and the Penin-
sula to Nepaul and Assam, and has also been received from Mauritius, but p
there cultivated.
174. M. HAMATA, Willd. Spec. iv. 1033. FHA cano-puberula. Aculei sparsi,
validi, recti v. recurvi. Pinns petiolo brevi 3—4-jugse ; foliola 6-10-juga, oblonga v.
oblongo-linearia, 1-2 lin. longa, utrinque cano-puberula. Pedunculi plerique 'axillares,
folio longiores. Legumen stipitatum, pubescens, curvum, ad 6 lin. latum, latere exteriore
inter semina sinuatum, margine aculeato, valvis pluriarticulatis.
LI à a
A Roxas uis ee ze
AAA MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 491
M. armata, Rottl.! Spreng. Syst. ii. 206.
Hab. Tropical Asia: East-Indian peninsula. ۱
M. rubicauli valde affinis, vix differt nisi pube, foliis pinnisque brevibus, foliolis minoribus, aculeis
validioribus, legumine latiore magis armato sepissime minuto.
Amongst the Peninsular specimens of M. Aamata are a few from Wight and others approaching nearer
to M. rubicaulis, but apparently differing from both in their glabrous leaves and pods, and in the foliage
precisely that of the American M. polyancistra, from which, indeed, the specimens show no distinction that
I can discover. The specimens, however, from both regions are insufficient to determine whether they are
really specifically identical, and, if so, which is their real native country.
175. M. psoRALEA, Benth. Fruticosa? glabra, verruculosa. Aculei sparsi, recurvi.
Pinnæ 2-5-juge ; foliola 7-8-juga, oblongo-linearia, obtusa, glabra, vix 2 lin. longa.
Pedunculi axillares. Legumen ignotum.
Acacia? psoralea, DC. Prod. ii. 464.
Hab. Madagascar, Commerson. Of this I have only seen a fragment, in Herb. DC.,
insufficient for a full description. It is evidently nearly allied to M. rubicaulis.
176. M. VIOLACEA, Bolle in Peters, Mossamb. Bot. 8. Diffusa v. subscandens, ramis
tenuibus pubescentibus glabrisve. Aculei sparsi, parvi recurvi. Pinne 5-15-juge.
Foliola 8-12-juga, oblongo-linearia, 2-3 lin. longa. Pedunculi axillares, tenues, sub-
filiformes. Legumen stipitatum 3-pollicare, 4-6 lin. latum, omnino M. rubicaulis.—
Oliv. ! Fl. Trop. Afr. ï. 336.
Hab. Tropical Africa: Mossambique distriet.
** Americane.
+ Inermes. Foliola obovata v. late oblonga, obtusissima.
177. M. LEUCÆNOIDES, Benth. ! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 89. Fruticosa, minute pube-
rula. Pinns 1-juge; foliola 2-4-juga, obovata v. subrhombea, 3-1-pollicaria, coriacea,
venosa, nitida; glandula nulla. Capitula axillaria, pedunculata. Legumen sessile,
2-2-pollicare, curvulum, 2-4 lin. latum, minute puberulum y. glabratum, inerme, valvis
pluriarticulatis.
Hab. Tropical America: Mexico, Coulter, Karwinski.
178. M.? PISTACIÆFOLIA, Willd.! Spec. iv. 1028. Glaberrima. Pinne l-jugæ,
petiolo 4-$-pollicari supra canaliculato eglanduloso; foliola 3-juga, obovata v. obovato-
oblonga, obtusissima, pollicaria, coriacea, nitidula, 4-5-nervia et parce venulosa; glandula
scutellata inter foliola paris ultimi. Cetera ignota.
Inga pistaciefolia, Spreng. Syst. iii. 131.
Hab. Tropical America: Caraccas, Bredemeyer.
` The foliage of the specimen in Herb. Willd. is very nearly that of M. leucenoides, but glabrous, and the
gland is quite exceptional. It may therefore very possibly belong to some other genus.
179. M. ECHINOCAULA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Fruticosa; rami setis
- longis rigidis echinati, ceterum glaberrima et inermis. Pinns remote 3-4-juge; foliola
7-10-juga, late oblonga, obtusissima, subsemipollicaria, erassiuscula, glaucescentia,
preeter costam. avenia. Capitula longe racemosa. Legumen breviter stipitatum, 2-2}-
pollicare, 21 lin. latum, glabrum, inerme, valvis multiarticulatis. :
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Bahia and Minas Geraes.
422 MR. G. BENTHAM ÓN THE ۰ [ Mimosa.
tt Aculeate. Foliola obovata v. late oblonga.
180. M. oBovata, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 394. Fruticosa, alte scandens, |
glabra. Aculei sparsi, recurvi. Pinnæ 2-4-juge; foliola 1-juga, rarius 2-juga, obovata,
1-13-pollicaria, pennivenia, sub-2-nervia. Capitula parva, paniculata. Flores seepius
.9-meri. Legumen 2-3-pollicare, 6 lin. latum, glabrum, inerme, valvis 5-8-articulatis.—
Fl. Bras. Mim.
Acacia? guilandine, DC. ! Prod. ii. 465.
Mimosa ceratonioides, Klotzsch ! in Herb. Berol.
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Bahia and Rio Janeiro, Venezuela, and perhaps
Guiana.
181. M. cERATONIA, Linn.! Spec. 1508. Repens v. scandens, glaberrima. Aculei
sparsi parvi, recurvi, crebri. . Pinne 3-5-juge ; foliola 3-juga, obovata v. orbiculata,
obtusissima, semipollicaria v. paullo majora, membranacea, 3-nervia. Capitula laxe
racemosa. Legumen sessile, 2-24-pollicare, 9 lin. latum, margine aculeatum, valvis 6-8-
articulatis.
Acacia ceratonia, Willd. Spec. iv. 1091.
Hab. Tropical America: West-Indian Islands, St. Vincent's, St. Lucia, St. Thomas,
Dominica, perhaps also on the S. American continent, but the M. obovata often mis-
taken for it.
M. FAGARACANTHA, Griseb.! Cat. Pl. Cub. 8l. Fruticosa, tortuosa, glabra. .182 سا
‚Aculei infrastipulares petiolaresque gemini recurvi, et nonnunquam sparsi. Pinne
2-3-juge; foliola 2-4-juga, obovata v. ovalia, obtusissima, 2—4 lin. longa, sub-3-nervia.
Capitula parvula, racemosa v. inferiora axillaria. Legumen subsessile, 2-pollicare, 3-4
lin. latum, inerme v. minute aculeatum, valvis 6-8-artieulatis.
Hab. Tropical America: Cuba, Wright, n. 23
183. M. POLYANCISTRA, Benth. in Herb. Boiss. Fruticosa, scandens ?, glabra. Aculei
sparsi, recurvi, copiosi. Pinne 3-7-jugs; foliola 6-8-juga, oblique obovali-oblonga,
obtusa, 3-4 lin. longa, sub-2-nervia. Capitula racemosa. Legumen ignotum.
Acacia tamarindifolia, Griseb.! Cat. Pl. Cub. 82, excl. auc .
Hab. Tropical America: New Spain, Pavon; cultivated in Mr. Chapy's garden at
Havannah from the West Indies, Jf* Lane.
This approaches in many respects the nearly glabrous variety of M. malacophylla, but is at once
distinguished by the very obtuse leaflets without the mucro of that species. It is, however, still nearer
the East-Indian M. rubicaulis, and is absolutely undistinguishable, in as far as the specimens show, from
the East-Indian Peninsular species or variety mentioned above under M. hamata; insomuch that we
might have supposed that the Cuban garden specimens had been raised from East-Indian seeds, had it not
been for the typical New-Spain specimens which I described from Pavon’s collection in Boissier's
herbarium. ie
184. M. BAHAMENSIS, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 408. Fruticosa, ramis petiolis
pedunculisque dense rubiginoso-tomentosis. Aculei sparsi recurvi, pauci. Pinnæ 24-
jugz ; foliola 3-6-juga, obovali-oblonga, obtusissima, 1-12 lin. longa, uninervia, fusces-
centia, glabra v. minute püberula. Capitula racemosa v. infima pauca axillaria. Legu-
men ignotum.
Hab. Tropical America: Bahama Islands, Herb. Hook.
In
Mimosa.] MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰ 423
185. M. MaLACOPHYLLA, A. Gray! Pl. Lindh. ii. 182. Suffruticosa, ramis laxis
molliter tomentoso-pubescentibus. Aculei parvi, sparsi, recurvi. Pinne 4-7-juge ;
foliola 5-8-juga, obovata v. late oblonga, mucronulata, 3-5 lin. longa, pennivenia, utrin-
que molliter pubescentia v. rarius glabrata. Capitula racemosa subpaniculata. Legumen
longe stipitatum, 2-3-pollicare, 4-6 lin. latum, glabrum, nitidum, inerme, valvis reti-
eulatis indivisis v. in articulos 6-8 secedentibus. |
Hab. Extratropical N. America: Mexican-Texan region, Wright, n. 143, Emory’s
‚Expedition, n. 309, and several others.
Var. glabrata, ramis petiolisque tenuiter puberulis, foliolis glabris.— Berlandier, n. 815
and 2235. Jd.
186. M. cosTARICENSIS, Benth. in Herb. (Erst. Fruticosa, scandens ?, molliter ferru-
gineo-tomentosa. Aculei sparsi, parvi, recurvi, copiosi. Pinn® 4-8-jug® ; foliola 10-15-
juga, late oblonga, mucronulata, 3—4 lin. longa, pennivenia, supra puberula, subtus villosa.
Capitula parva, stricte globosa, panieulata. Legumen ignotum.
Hab. Tropical America: Aguacate in Costa Rica, (Ersted ; New Spain, Herb. Pavon.
E speciminibus frutex apparet scandens, M. caduce subsimilis, sed capitulis stricte globosis nec oblongis
et floribus minoribus subglabris statim dignoscitur. Ramuli angulati, uti petioli pube molli densa obtecti,
aculeis ad angulos crebris. Stipule subulate, tomentose, 2-4 lin. long. Foliorum petiolus communis
4-5-pollicaris. Pinnsz 14-2-pollicares. Foliola iis M. malacophylle similia sed numerosiora, valde
obliqua, costa tamen parum excentrica. Pedunculi secus rhachin racemi ssepius gemini, 9—5 lin. longi.
Bractez flore multo breviores. Calyx breviter dentatus, corolla 4-mera (rarius 5-mera ?) triplo brevior.
Stamina 8 v. ex Pavon 10.
+++ Aculeate. Foliola linearia, multijuga.
187. M. BERLANDIERI, A. Gray in Torr. Bot. Emory Exped. 61. Fruticosa, erecta.
Rami juniores puberuli, setisque brevioribus parce strigosi. Aculei sparsi, breves, recti.
Pinnæ 4-6-juge; foliola 20—40-juga, linearia, acutiuscula, glabella, obsolete 3—4-nervia.
Capitula racemoso-panieulata. Legumen breviter stipitatum, oblongo-lineare, nudum,
hirtellum, valvis 8-10-articulatis.— Char. er A. Gr.
Hab. Extratropical North America: Mexican-Texan region, Berlandier, n. 3146,
Schott. 1 have seen no specimen. Tum |
188. M. SEPIARIA, Benth.! in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 395. Fruticosa v. arborescens,
glabra v. puberula. Aculei sparsi, validi, recti, in ramis floridis rari. Pinn:» 4-8-juge ;
foliola multijuga, linearia, nitida, 3—4 Jin. longa, venosa. Capitula ample laxeque pani-
` culata. Legumen stipitatum, ad 2 poll. longum, 3 lin. latum, glabrum, nudum, valvis
pluriartieulatis.—Fl. Bras. Mim.
` Acacia bimucronata, DC. Prod. ii. 469.
Hab. Tropical America: very common, and frequently planted in hedges throughout
South Brazil, and also met with in woods, where it grows into a small handsome tree.
Also in hedges in South China, Fortune, n. 17, and in Singapore, Schomburgk, Maingay,
who sent it as a new species under the name of M. nigrescens, but must surely have been
troduced from South Brazil. M. thyrsoidea, Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 219, gathered in
Jamaica by Wullschnagel, which I have not seen, must also, from Grisebach's character,
3K
VOL. XXX.
424, MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰ [ Mimosa.
bé the same plant, probably cultivated, as are many of the Surinam plants in Wull-
schnagel's collections. No such plant occurs in any of the numerous Jamaican collections
we have. |
189. M. INAMENA, Benth.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. Mim. Fruticosa, erecta, glabra v.
patentim pilosula. Aculei sparsi, recti v. subrecurvi. Pinnæ dissite 6-10-juge : foliola
6-15-juga, oblongo-linearia, 3-2 lin. longa. Capitula parva, racemosa, subpaniculata.
Legumen ignotum. ;
Hab. Tropical America: Brazil, prov. Goyaz.
190. M. DIPLACANTHA, Benth., sp. n. Fruticosa, glabra v. minute cano-puberula.
Aculei recurvi, in ramis rari, in petiolo sub pinnis gemini. Pinne 2- rarius 3-juge;
foliola 6-10-juga, lineari-oblonga, obtusa, 2 lin. longa, crassiuscula, enervia. Capitula
ad nodos fascieulata. Legumen stipitatum, sesquipollicare, 23 lin. latum, glabrum,
nudum, valvis 6-8-articulatis.
Hab. Tropical America : ** Antilles," Herb. Berol., from Herb. Mus. Par.
Habitus Acanthocarpearum nonnullarum, affinitas tamen potius M. fagaracanthe v. M. polyancistre.
Ramuli et petioli minute cano-puberuli. Folia ceterum uti flores glabri. Pinnz sepissime 2-juge,
paribus distantibus, semipollicares v. paullo longiores. Pedunculi 4—-pollicares, cum foliis ad nodos v.
in ramulis brevissimis fasciculati. Capitula subglobosa, floribus numerosis sessilibus 4-meris. Calyx
turbinatus, j lin. longus. Corolla membranacea, vix linea longior.
Stamina 8, corolla duplo longiora.
Leguminis articuli paullo longiores quam lati.
191. M. DOMINGENSIS, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 409, quoad syn. DC. Fruticosa,
glabriuscula. Aculei recurvi, in ramis rari, in petiolo sub pinnis gemini. Pinnse 3-5-
jug: ; foliola 6-8 juga, oblongo-linearia, obtusa. Capitula globosa v. ovoidea, ad apices
ramorum subpaniculata. Legumen stipitatum, falcatum, glabrum, nudum, valvis pluri-
articulatis. ۱
Acacia domingensis, Bert.! in DC. Prod. ii. 464.
I have now been unable to compare Bertero's specimens, which I saw some years since, with those I
formerly described from the Berlin Herbarium, or with the M. diplacantha, which I have now described ;
all are evidently closely allied, but, I believe, belong to two species, one with a terminal the other with an
axillary inflorescence, and all allied also to M. polyancistra, but with narrow leaflets and the habit of the
Acanthocarpe. St.-Domingo plants, however, are generally as yet but very imperfectly known.
Series 4. Acanthocarpe. Frutices ramosissimi v. rarius suffrutices,
v. villosi, nec setosi (excepta M. Galeottii), aculeis infrastipularibus
v. rarius mermes. Stipule et stipelle parve,
pitula globosa v. rarius ovoidea, ad axillas v. nodos pedunculata,
breviter racemosa. Flores 4-meri v. sepius 5-meri. Calyx b
Legumen planum, sepe faleatum, glabrum v. pubescens,
caulium aculeato, valvis nudis v. rarius. setoso-echin
tardius in articulos secedentibus.
glabri pubescentes
sparsisve armati
rarius ad apices ramorum
reviter dentatus nec ciliatus.
margine nudo v. more Rubi-
atis, indivisis a margine solvendis v.
Inflorescence, habit, and the undivided valves of the
Acanthocarpe from the Rubicaules; but none of them
usually, but not always articulate; in M. detinens,
. pod are the chief characters which separate the
ds constant. In M. fragrans the pod-valves are
M. borealis, and M. montana, they are frequently so;
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Mimosa. MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEA. 425
and I have found them occasionally breaking up into artieles in several others ; but in all the species they
appear, sometimes at least, if not generally, to fall away without any transverse separation.
* Petiolus glandulifer (in ceteris eglandulosus). J
. 192. M. vNCINELLA, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 80. Fruticosa, glabra v. cinereo-puberula.
Aculei infrastipulares solitarii v. gemini, recurvi. Pinnæ sub-8-jugez, petiolo basi glan-
dulifero; foliola sub-12-juga, linearia, obtusa, parva, puberula. Capitula axillaria,
pedunculata. Legumen lineare, falcatum, glabrum, margine exteriore recurvo-aculeato.
— Char. ex Poir.
Acacia uncinella , Desf. Cat. Herb. Par. ed. 3. 299.
Hab. .... Cultivated in the Paris Garden.
I have not seen this species, which is as yet doubtful. A specimen in Herb. J. Gay, given to him as
from the Paris Garden under the name of M. uncinella, has not the petiolar gland nor some other cha-
racters given by Poiret, and is without doubt the M. acanthocarpa, which has long been in European
botanic gardens.
193. M. REVOLUTA, Benth. im Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 409. Fruticosa, glabriuscula.
. Aculei infrafoliacei v. infrastipulares, solitarii v. gemini, subrecti, Pinne 2-6-jugw;
glandula scutellata sub jugo infimo et interdum ad juga 1-2 ultima; foliola 6-10-juga,
oblongo-linearia, acutiuscula, 1-2 lin. longa, glabra, costa submarginali. Capitula
peduneulata, axillaria v. summa racemosa. Legumen sessile, curvum v. eireinatum,
4 lin. latum, margine aculeato, valvis indivisis. ۱
Acacia revoluta, Kunth ! Mim. 84, t. 26.
Hab. Tropical America: Caxamarca in Peru, Humboldt and Bonpland; Bolivia,
Brydges, D' Orbigny, n. 487.
The Bolivian specimens have rather more numerous
appear to belong to one species remarkable for the petiolar glands.
pinnz than Humboldt and Bonpland’s ; but all
** Aculei infrafoliacei solitarii, recurvi. Legumen sepius margine aculeatum.
194. M. DEPAUPERATA, Benth.! Pl. Hartw. 13, et in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 410.
Fruticosa, elabriuscula. Pinns 1-2-juge ; foliola 2-3-juga, ovato-orbiculata, linea bre-
viora, cano-puberula. Capitula axillaria, breviter pedunculata. Legumen ignotum.
Acacia canescens, Mart. et Gal. ! in Bull. Acad. Brux. x. pars ii. 312.
Hab. Tropical America: Mexico, plains of Actopan, J. G. Graham, Karwinski.
195. M. ZYGOPHYLLA, Benth.! im A. Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 61. Fruticosa, glabra.
Pinnse 1-juge; foliola 1-juga, suborbiculata, glabra, 1-14 lin. longa. Capitula axil-
laria, longiuscule pedunculata. Legumen breviter stipitatum, 1-14 poll. longum, 2-23
lin. latum, subfalcatum, glabrum, margine nudum v. parce aculeatum, valvis indivisis.
Hab. Subtropical North America: Mexican-Texan region, Gregg, Wislizenus.
196. M. MONANCISTRA, Benth. ! Pl. Hartw. 12 et in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. A10. Fruti-
Pinne 24-juge; foliola 5-6-juga, oblonga, obtusa, vix lineam longa,
cosa, incana. ۱ E
Legumen ignotum ۶
subtus puberula. Capitula axillaria, pedunculata.
Hab. Tropical America: Mexico, Aguas Calientes, Hartweg. 4
An hue pertinent specimina fructifera manca Berlandieri n. 2251 et 3145 ?, foliis subconformibus.
9x2
*
426 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE ۰ [ Mimosa.
Legumen 1-1}-pollicare, ad 3 lin. latum, inter semina constrictum, undique cano-pubescens, valvis præ-
terea setoso-echinatis, indivisis v. tardius in articulos 4—6 secedentibus,
۰ *** Aculei sparsi, recurvi. Legumen sepius margine aculeatum.
197. M. DETINENs, Benth. ! in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 89. Fruticosa, glabra v. canescens.
Pinne 1-juge; foliola 4-6-juga, oblique oblonga, obtusa, fere 2 lin. longa, glaucescentia.
Capitula axillaria, pedunculata. Legumen stipitatum, glabrum, glaucum, 13-2-pollicare,
4-5 lin. latum, margine aculeatum v. nudum valvis tardius in articulos 4-6 secedentibus,
Hab. Extratropical South America: Cordova and St. lago, Tweedie.
198. M. BOREALIS, A. Gray! Pl. Fendl. 39. Fruticosa, glaberrima. Pinne 1-2-juge;
foliola 3-5-juga, conferta, oblonga, ad lineam longa. Capitula axillaria, pedunculata.
Legumen 1-2-pollicare, 3-4 lin. latum, glabrum, glaucum, margine aculeatum, valvis
indivisis v. tardius in articulos 4-6 secedentibus.
Hab. Extratropical North America: Texas, Fendler, Wright, n. 1038, Emory’s Ex-
pedition, n. 307, and others.
The Texan variety, Wright, n. 159, mentioned by A. Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 61, may possibly prove a
distinct species. The M. borealis is altogether nearly allied to the southern M. detinens.
199. M. Emorvana, Benth., sp.n. Fruticosa? Pinnæ 1-2-juge. Foliola 3-5-juga,
conferta, oblonga, 1-2 lin. longa, utrinque molliter subappresse villosa. Capitula axil-
laria, pedunculata. Legumen 1-1}-pollicare, 2-3 lin. latum,
echinatum.
Hab. Mexican-Texan region, Emory’s Expedition, n. 309.
In habit, and size, and number of leaflets this is near to M. boreal
i$ ; but the leaves are densely villous,
and the pods are only like those of Berlandiers specimens referred doubtfully to M. monancistra. They
are not, however, quite ripe in the single specim
en seen. The peduncles, about 1 in. long, have one or
two small prickles.
200. M. ACANTHOLOBA, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 83. Fruticosa, puberula. Pinne 4-10-
Juge ; foliola 15-30-juga, oblongo-linearia, subtus pubescentia, 2-3 lin. longa. Capitula
peduneulata, inferiora axillaria, superiora racemosa, Legumen stipitatum, membrana-
ceum, 13-2-pollicare, ad ¿ poll. latum, puberulum y. glabratum, apice basique acute
angustatum, margine leviter aculeato, valvis indivisis.— Benth. 1. Bot. Sulph. 90.
Acacia acantholoba, Humb. et Bonpl.! in Willd. Spec. iv. 1089. ۱
Acacia Courrantiana, DC. ! Prod. ii. 465. |
Hab. Tropical America : Guayaquil, Humboldt and Bonpland, and several others.
The pod, exceptional in the series for its breadth and shape,
is almost exactly the same as in M. platy-
carpa, placed above among the Leptostachye on account of its spicate inflorescence :
molliter pubescens et setoso-
kkk )Q > a, : > ۰
Scheele Su, 387 A pe acca WER موی
ee en 387 | Timbouva, Mart. ............ ow da pos bia pute =
A ee =
nrt, t a ISD re odora, GRIPE. eie a 509 oe i Wild. ............ 583
lacustris, Willd... as ý RES
sen 386 Schlecht............. 506
ee TB et K. ...... meng ee 376 aatis ge y F Me RE 627
ohn DES sa ae 382 | amillaris DO ll ES] immed A EE =
€ wil. nS 383 | tamariscina, DC. ............ و D. dos is 586
na a DO. uc 382 Gleditschia Pe 557 conferta, Me (i21 O 57 =
ncularis, Buckl. .......... Be | UEM DI. روز ere و RE
peduncularis, Buckl. ...... 384 | javanica, Lam. ......... e arr im UE wi
H y coriacea, eed TAPA =
imita acen, Deav. .............. | A
arborea, Buckl. .............. 514 aw. Humik et Bol .... 000 i
el TT
e... 600 coruscans, ۰ 6l 4
Inga ۰۰۰۰۰۰۰ nennen rymbifera, Benth. .......... 14
یت hal, Broid. (idi دک ee ار مشک Klotzsch. .. ....-.- =
ac , م64 Cumingiana, s DONIN. .......... 598
ula, Grah EE aq. aru 9 a 629 1 rpa, W. ill d. ۱ poU l
acutifi olia, Be e aa ei gun 590 cylindrica, Mart. ............
adiantifolia, Kanth 20%. is 699 darienensia, تن a NIS, = i
HAE M CA 616 | densiflora, Benth. ........---
NDA Uu ما RR EEE
ides, Fodd. il ous 200 diade vedi A A 598 1
ta, e. .r.........» 610 s nidi ta, Hook. et Am وو وا 200
alba, Wild. ..............-- ait discolor, Humb. et BonpL...... =
ness Del, a E : disticha, Benth... . (45299. »» 373 i
alternifolia, Don RR neus 619 à olabri ormis, Grah. N $13 ai
Ä angustifolia, Willd. Ue. 576 | dominicensis, Benth, ........ = |
y ME er (OS YR PE no 55 dubia, VUE Ve cepe R dran 20
3 anomala, Ku d eere dulcis, Mat... eene a
% Arrabide, Steud. a T. demi d 609 dulcis, WI cre 613 |
assimilis, Miq. iie pi ow Ru | LAUR 637 dumosa, Benth. TT" !
attenuata, seh oc rae 632 d tha, Benth. caren و و هو 630 | ۱
bahiensis, Benth. ............ 624 edulis, P7. QUO DEN o e ue 4 :
barbata, Benth............... 538 emarginata, Humb. et Bonpl. .. me
i auhiniefolia, Popp. x €i. P NO A 697 eriantha, Benth. rennen pe
: B , q. we 627 vis lg po aput aE 573
1 ras 365 | ‚Berteriana, Us i» «> rss. 036 | ero, Kunth ues. D79
E in ot d cado BUE] O, Maro uoc MT rotes iig روز EE
3 eng Kr : ار رو 365 bigemina , Willd. ras» Yun «dà 575 v efi olía, Mak. vious ied s ES
E etersiana Bolle x ed e 363 Willd. هو وه ویو lia, PIE ... 4) 614
1 Ae | le wit WER N eR 364 ph ET sire fagifolia, Don PE pa
Ea e r eee 365 Blanchetiana, Bent eva» v 617 7 ifolia, Hassk. ————— ۵ 504
: folia, Benth. .....---+* Bonplandiana, Kunth ۰ 682 falaformis, DU.. ...... +++ ++» sal
EO. DD. iie cci = تن Hi; > 420500 end 600 | falciformis, Hassk. ......... sel l
جر Guill. et Petr. .....- 365 Bourgoni, DC. .........».+.+.** 023 fasci e nnns t
mud HO. o icon ce brachyptera, Benth. .... .. 583 fasciculata, Willd. eat ME
Duparquetiana, Baill. 7. 877 rachystachya, DG. P du bros en 2 ae
UNE a Baill A e © sores AAA as " dier ipi c 630
Gandu, Hoffm. E S 363 brevipes, erg see) wens pr Fendleriana, E see" red
alae a cb FA et mer a. JACK و وا ار Feui i, pases creer eese 8
ی foki bred yT bullata y il 606 ferruginea DÀ s Perr po?
۸ PRE Doo ee FORDERN U 9^ * ers
Kirkii, Oliv. Do. : ; ; ... 363 Un Wile 29 eee E eae 619 Seine. 7 Mart. 2i bs x 625
myriadena, Beuth. .... +“ 304 mieu اور age flicina, Willd. +2020 20
natalensis, Benth. . . . ید 363 calycina, Ben oe
4 , Spreng m» ی SOD
658 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSE4.
P Inga
Inga Page | Inga 615 NE. PINK 2 sie
pes, Vell. جر در adobe 588 macradenia ۳ ار DAL SN ری Du. ee
سید ag IBS en ee al > 616 puberula, Benth. ............
flagelliformis, Mart. .......... 603 ee ی و en Bu rc
LM VUE diei ma Aya, 5h E E
lecum, TT 628 | malacophylla, A. Rich. . . . 563, 564 pucherrina, Ca ee
floribunda, boss a Bene 615 ns EM nn di EL
o Willd: uu ones marginata, Willd. ............
ar Benth E ae 614 | maritima, Benth. ...........- ol Bingen, Humb ei Bong. pU
forfez, Kunth ...........-.- 573 Marthe, Spreng.............. I rimas Will ere a
forficata, Hoffm. ............ 637 martinicensis, Presl, .......... 15 EEE ya Benth. an
fragrans, MFad. ........... . 692 Mathewsana, Benth. ........ A 3 P iformis Jungh REN,
Jratinea, Wild امن ees. 610 maynensis, Benth. . ........ s. a Py e Y uoce ke Rue
fulgens, Kunth .............. 621 eissneriana, Wr MT ep 629 perfe foli e Ww msg 5,
من eds 631 mellifera, Willd... ............ 517 ias EE oom
geminata, W. et Arn. ........ 48 membranacea, Bens 01m a mE Bo visto eee
eem Desv 0 NS ی Ne , Split PDA e ens fn. a i ee
glandulo. $e. . tr... ee s n mertensiorides, WLATT. ....o..... J j و VOLU ...... و n
برس Benth. Vise) Saree 605 micradenia, Spruce Iu arp) 620 sans, zen. ZIEL
glomerata, DO... co rove 595 microcalyx, Spruce .......... 611 = tei s I ZEILE
graciliflora, Benth. .......... 603 microphylla, Hank. et Bonpl... 573 دی ید Be di fttt n n n n n
grandiflora, ` Mies bare Ces Viele 599 microphylla, Salzm. .......... 619 Bei nin. ....... fee
guadalupensis, Desv........... 573 Moemiona, Don... . 1212 627 rosea, Ste DC ۳۵ 2 ite 0 EN
guatemalensis, Hoc its et Arn. 647 SUR GAB. LIS oorr me 637 en re
guayaquilensis, Don .......... 608 mollissima, Humb. et Bonpl. .. 541 rufescens, Benth. ............
a, pO REN 624 molliuscula, Desv............. 637 rutinervis, Spruce ............
PR, Lindh odie aes 540 moniliformis, DO. ............ 585 rufiseta, Benth. ..............
Bind, "Benth. SS ne eU 617 j; SDR io ci 580 uiziana, Don ..............
heterophylla, Willd........... montana, Jungh. ............ Hans, Spruce... ... isses.
heteroptera, Benth. .......... 622 big; WED. is 622 | salutaris, H., B. et K.........
QUA A wat multicaulis, Spruce .......... 624 ana, Benth. ........
hispida, Sokolit... ac... u: multiflora, Benth............. 612 Saman, Willd. ..............
BR 557 multijuga, Benth. ............ 615 sapida, Benth. ..............
Hunboldtiana , Kun AN 614 myriantha, Pepp............. 601 | sapida, H., B. et K. ..........
hymeneafolia, Y ees et Bonpl.. 572 nandi A ae Bt sapindoides, Willd. ..........
ymencoides, Desv. .......... A Naga, Höchst. 0.00. 2... 510 saponaria, Wild. ............
11 ystrix, A. t ics TEE gne 573 negrensis, Gere ار دی Ls 621 Sassa, see
inequalis, Humb. et Bonpl..... 596 Nopa Wud. cl a 373 scabriuscula, Benth. -a و
ones WW ius. cn 631 ABBIA Wild... ..... SO 616 Schiedeana, Steud. ..........
NUN oa Sas es oP UL 629 nobis; Mild oti elas 614 schini folia, Benth. $04 44: 49 del
adas lana, A. Rich. ...... 568 a, Mares o gen sciadion, co Mi
O CST AOS 572 Buda, SOE... 618 Selloana Benth hide de
Jinicuil, Schlecht. ............ mutans, Mal sil 605 semialata, Mart...............
bacs RR 575 obovalis, A.. Rich. ............ 582 semicordata, Bertol. ..........
Mba ns 5 obtusata, Spruce ............ 621 sins, DO. ccc 2,30:
juglandifolia, gion is 614 obtusifoha, Willd............. sericantha, Miq..............>
E IÓN 585 odorata, Don. oia 608 | “sericocephala, A. Rich........:
| leta, ke, Popp. a re 582 | (Erstediana, Benth. .......... 630 | sertulifera, DC. ...... MOM
lallensis, Spruce |............. 603 ornata, Kunth ....... n artus 631 Bessilis, Mart. .............-
lamprophylla, C. Wright ...... 627 ornifolia, EL, B. et K. ........ 629 a A err
lancemfolia, Benth. .......... 606 ycarpa, Benth. .......... setigera, Popp. ............ 1
lanceolata, Humb et Bonpl.... 571 panamensis, Seem. .......... 623 Ho EE are
lateriflora, Mig.. ............. 602 paniculata, Spreng. .......... 572 narensis, Don ..........-»
latifolia, Willd. .............. nas, Spruee. i. el eius speciosa, Spruce ........ e
icc WO os a 607 parviflora, Sagot ............ 610 , Mart. oL Gal. utes Belt oct uix = |
ET i ce RAA E , DOBUL COL, ORE
die b boe ی و ue = filiformis, Benth see P vy ine E humifuse, Bewh RE en Per ea
ia a oe he ei cds Binh, Dew. ic. uvis ۱
eg ee 440 Hazellaris, B NE 432. “eg Humb. ei Bonpl....... we |
A ge UP stat 495 aris, Denth...... ymenceodes, P 35 |
d DNA, POI و ss 38 flagelliformis, Vell. .......... 400 hymenez da. P Meco 537
denotes J Duk a 3 6 | flava, Audi E uon 603 hypogl folia, Poir. .......... 572 |
: etinens, Benth. ............ re e iios Sul ۳ و من او وی زب 633 i ibo anco, Mart, ED ed 405 |
^ a Vul cu UM vi; seta. Band tnb: nee 436 A TEBEK os best
S. Merit CH tea 604 decur DL. cc uid 438 QUAM E VM 536
] EM d sodes ecce A e AT 6 inis Mich... 522.
ame, V. Dos rV s FA POST 526 poen zx u. WRre ov ok cur. E 498 i bricata, Benth Si AE aer ra p
iffusa, Sae (Orten 608 “flexuosa, R 9 obice NS mplexa, N is
e SOS 401 forib , ott]. IC. LE 56; n EA PUE 0D sod 430
Sidi md, 1111 398 UE NN, cord +++ 562 | inamoæna AS 506
1 acan W qua ME s Q4 doe 404 ? the i ae 5 in E Pith re 24
a, A. V ... mn 390 ER EL QE ee
diplotricha, Wright .,........ 424 "NOS YOU. Leur us incurialis, Vell............... 409
F iscolor B Pe ما ados 436 tido, Jed Vell. PO MESE i - E indica, Pos = a 591
discolor, Andr. o Lii aa | arte oe Gctctinewe 3 ZR Ee a 637
Meder Polsce o osa, Benih ee 240 ingoides, Rich. ......... Liu 627
dispersa, Benth......... 75... 90 a0? NER s ilu EOM — 4 ux 631
ود ده ta i 500 | هه Benih. ici. 431 BENE Lu soe 295
oe e gn 560 en 431 | intermedia, Kunth. .......... be
distana md... II... 400 | Jute een | tn r osu: 415
NODUM 1:00 bbs 535 [teen iem O | IMS اه 430
i xe olia, Pers. ... MALAE s e uracea NE o eon 377 Dau Wall. aur sken 530
dolens, P E iie Galeottii B e. 411 BO Mat ILA 442
x omingensis, Peu ; da 395 G Gardner, Benth, We. . V VUE 499 involucrata, Sox eh وج اف qu E X 436
mener ne QI M inata, A Und 440 irritabilis, Pres] er 409
d "p en et Bonpl. .... 495 Gil, Benth A nU E Jiramenensis, Karst. .......... 20
Abc wn hans. € uma. h وه ar e 9t] ۰ dinnos ek os
d uU V. Ape pes Hi. glabra, B. : “erg ie & Thonn... 563 Jugo jio 1 vas d PHYS ae
] StH e. iN claire Sa cH UE. pus 408 Jul ES 614
dumosa, Roxb ی I NEM. a 408 | Juliane, du. Luis 508
e Port EA NP ees 414 ylandulosa, C. E are 387 erra Vent. i RNS 377
eburned, Hort. .............. O) OE nen Dol PE 583
b Aer nd ed A Sd 512 la a, but a a r ی ار ام 633 a Rosh... NB
Gatien MA ttti Soa | Sianceens Benth ..... 0... Ge a oss sn 636
elata, Roxb. v Re RM ER M E 4921 Glazi ens, P ub uu 391 Kleini s BS. 050) 430
vo e 565 Glocker’ Ab UM 491 oret tes pues RUE ی hot
gans, Andr. .......... DON C ANN وا bike ee
elliptica Benth. N: 488 ee pm. serere 397 | datus D. onen 575
elongata, Dem. ............ 399 goes, Va o S 633 Humi. et Bon ve. =
ken no he TONG 209 | gonoclada, Benth, ............ 595 ln a oe one ed
Emoryana, Benth. .......... us e n و ae: 2 gata, Poin. Vel ini 9
NEL eee ee | ee 433 : Pur RL a
E ifi iu, Sm "rero oan g^ andifora, Lue Pls eias: 498 == ۹ Benth. id ral
eph ro T. 2 DE METUS NOM NU gr 2 Sol CX ور 557 per ala, Da a ”
p rita eA. mann ann 429 nm X ee 578 = Ser cet Eu ri
1 eri iN eee aL / nsi Ra ee NS 1a 7 ig CO OC TE EEN E CA CEN
erioca med Mb de i n 20 رن سوه FREUND me موی [n rr UN =
erio eee ام وا وا و هه Ed o oot oot EC 4 In ا و و و و و
ی 2 Beni EAS que = guiamensis, Aubl ...... 7" ** 637 ae inn t TM Ale 419
^ 1 sde nl dad 487 gJumeenss : E Th Pete as 374 rifolia, Poir. 2 : Tie بای 515 j
icto rm sr | Some ae, CC TEE 105
peus Day. LI Gummifera, Fk, 0 kw. ui ie 607
extrancs, Benth ios aia | Quom. Bauk nu. a Reb Vel od, ee 551
fagaracantha, و و و موه on ‚ Delilo ..... ee 392 axiflora, Benth. V Rua ad 636
Gris 111272. £3 | hens Willd N Lebbek, Linn... i: 563
carpa, Benth....... Tag 3 Ge, DCG. ia ارو 416
“ur... 413 leii í , Ben a HE 416
ephala, Benth. .......... 439
۰
MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE MIMOSEZ. 661
Page | Mimosa Page | Mimosa
ents, Por... eid, ads 637 M و شتا 408 losula, Rich. .......2...... 616
eptantha, Benth. ............ 432 myriophylla, Hong. .......... 406 pilulifera, Benth. ...... ned 410
leptocaulis, Benth. .......... 434 myrtifoha, Sm. .............. 475 pistacissfolia, Willd, ........ 421
9 ۰ 9
leptophylla, Cav. ......,...... 633 natans, Vahl. دی 383 pithecolobioides, Benth. ...... 413 |
leptorhachis, Benth........... 434 linee Poi». AEE reis 508 aho, Vell. ..... c0. “+; |
leucacantha, V Pate d n = n €^ Hoffm i. oxen e platy MN PP e URL ph |
leuceenoides, Benth........... nervosa, Dong. .............. 898 | — platyloma, Benth. ............
leucocej hala, Lam تیه is AAA 443 neuroloma, Benth............. 406 api, Benth. sits oues er
leucophlea, Roxb. ............ 513 nigricans, Labill, ............ ne plena, ید ERN TU Vd. 4
d ۳ JRO cars 571 cans, Vahl .............. == ایا ده ی UU a
dagustrina, Vahl iis ag 594 nilotiea, Linn. ........... us. : pogocephala, ne A IT = :
bene, A. Gray sa 429 nilotica, Thunb................ = po upon B LU =
linearis, Wendl cisusu uis 472 ANopo, Poit, u... rt Aa = Penn LE r gea e us
Biola, Vent, .............. 472 erg Beth: sl. om arce na Rak سیب m |
litigiosa, Mark... lic 390 nh 2 ee vd Bi ange Spe gf e Sade ie 417 i
longifolia, Pd a ا s ee «Cena ER oi o» mt do dite Aa 308
longifolia, Poir... ........ A Ian os oL ael | LONE, BE LL 401
DO NEM IE E am
ynnna, Benth............. 396 : F ~ N pr sy Mya, Li PETRA 364
longisiliqua, Lam. ............ 456 nuda, "5 ees = tem Vui و 543
gisiliqua, Vell. i... a... 634 pon EEN | mates. tn 12d. 505
tophantha, Pers............... 560 4C و رن Ree caet y ea et Thoin. 498
inta, Both... o 560 nutans, Ve Er ی ند جوم جر Jiu EEE a 200
meda, Vahl ..... u, codi es 616 SUL oM pada UE us 468 prostrata, Hort. .......... 400, 647
lucidula, Pac PME DE T em 430 iua, SS eh es 304 prostrata, Lam. Cel coc 383
Lundiana, Benth. ............ 395 tn d zd 2 e 499 ralea, Benth.. . ... ......... 421
lupulina, Benth. .. ........ ... 435 POM E SEHE re 518 Piu... onec 532
deoria, Vell. cir ul 583 lg Roxb. ........... d pteridifolia, Sedi iii iine n?
A TEAS id
Gea, Mil... unit eu = obtusifolia, Wild............. 391 re ویو Pc ie as
lycopodioides, Pers. .......... aS Pus. Ludi odo 547 puberula, =
macracantha, Poir. .......... 500 ob en : Fick o ADU Oe 490 pubescens, Vent. ...... ers = 1
macrocephala, AEN, ooo 398 رد پم d VTL sen gn pubifera, Poir. ee AN | oF
e PEE LL eL sis 960 ^s D EE EE A17 pudi a, Y A و ان 207 1
ri lla, Poir وم همهم 622 AR a ien Mi arb es 415 pudica, کر ci kk HS 567
macrostachya, Poir. .......... 487 ek es der Jami pulchella, Roxb............... =
achya, Vahl i. ousia 571 Ayi Dd A A OR 396 | puleherrima, Poir............. E
en eth. GS eds 415 m... a dics 437 pulchra, Uni A - :
malacophylla, 4. VICES IR ro Corea ی 636 MUNDI ire 984 o
malitiosa, مه a: 390 Aog! Sage sng ug Ae a de 69 | . la, Linn... ...... s... 28 ji
) 597 Pacai, Fres, ... punctulata, Spruce ..........
mangensis, Jacq. ............ 489 hy . Benth 1 440 TU idi odiis 572
Mangium, Forst. ............ eer da, Vel pi ADA 636 | pungens, rs el er a
ii, V. tw ae 396 pallida, P E scindit 377 in D re ap 436
marginata, Lindl. 4e» » Mi» ^ Mb M je palpitans, ch et Bonpl ER 434 pusilla, Benth. 440
marginata, Lam. iiss. aani falo due Dd ond 437 ۱ € 544
Martiusana, Steudi 22522 rit | Pl pu i
snascarensta, Syr, ves ove e وم panic ae Por. desi dba 599 é
auroceana, Desf............. 0 رون el i Wendl . Gs din = [
elan ty: HOÀ o ah ay paniculata, West |... ose eene re [
mellifera, Vahl ره AE pud papposa, Dent... ..- «eee = ۱
meticulosa, Mart............. mo Pp e, Poit pores irrien ve
meti j var. , Mart. QS. d. 406 paratyensis Vell. Stee eres see 373
سود gr e رو un و 418 parvifolia, Poir. viis £ it is
microcarpa, Bendhe ii. 403 | paral Bm. in f
microcephala, P et Bonpl. = paucifolia, Bil. ns
yla, Poir. ......... ee Beat. 4.433008
on 567 pauciseta, Ben 401
ر Roxb. EN 449 paupera, Bath. ccs a 396
Hu ulla, Sm. اه وه رم و و وم a 406 pectinata, Kunth ae Wo 302
micropteris, Benth. .........- p ie Duis. cercasi 0 -
millefoliata, Scheele .........- re uncularis, Bong. -.. -++ <+- =
misera, B enth, eese 392 neul , Pin... 360
modesta, Mart,........- e 499 Sede , Roxb. m و واه 500
mollis, Benth. ..........----* zn pellacant Meyen -.......+- pd
mollissima, Poir. ........ ++: 634 pellita, Hub, et Bonpl. .....: A
mona pha, Roxb, ice A B e 495 jme 1 proe 530
onancistra, Benth. ........-- تست TL
maira DAR ET 538 | Pentagona, Schum. ok Thom... 531
Monjollo, Vell. ...... «ees "ere wind, A 23
- 427 peregrú Loc ا gets
montana, Kunth ......... +» tnb peregrina, Linn. .....»« ** 386
montana, aah umb.et Bonpl 636 | pernambucana, Linn. ۰۰۰۰۰۰۰۰ ¿09
multiglandulosa, inn. شوه 440 | petiolaris, ee)
Ba زیت O | eg nope atl 433
multiplex, Benth. DOT d ` 528 o e neus im
muricata, BS . .. roii quud diua ev
Mas, Vdl. | Be Lour. nn
662
P
ms, ۵ در رمرم d oes 403
rufescens, Benth.. iisi. ui 418
ila, Benth. $20 ie tine 398
E AAA وا 531
rupestris, Benth. ........... . 408
agotiana, Benth. . ........... 394
sagna, Labill ......0....0. 469
salinarum, Rohr ............ 501
salinarum, Vahl ............ 377
Saman, Jue... il a won 587
sanguinea, Bruce ........o.... 382
sapindoides, Poir. ............ 623
saponaria, LONE. ............ 561
sarmentosa, Pers. ...¿........ 530
J NO 570
scabrella, Benth, ............ 410
scandens, Linn. ........ lees 363
Schomburgkii, Benth. ........ 412
schrankioides, Benth. ........ 394
rproides, Forsk.. .... i ox . 602
seutifera, Blanco ............ 575
esL Fonie o ان هم دمم a 633
A E 436
semialata, Vell. .............. 608
micordata, Roxb, vis. cscs. 638
semispinosa, Linn............. 637
semispinosa, Spr. ovis dul 414
pages, Lim. A censa 516
senegalensis, Lam............. 516
sensitiva, Lin... cis 390
sensitiva, Lodd............... 390
sepiaria, Benth, دم 423
sericantk ST TOUS 413
gerécea, Poir., Asien. 613
sessilis, Vell. ,......... «sti 09
wetipes, Bent... LL ee sexies 402
setistipula, Benth............. ` 406
EN. IO. NE 440
Ma, Holl. 1. ی acs 438
simplicifolia, Linn, f. ........ 482
en uit, Aubl aco 636
B, Poir, o 629
LOS sn bie ranas 636
Ar, ROXD, وم دیا 562
N eh Bonth.