TRANSACPIONS OF THE LINNEAN: 4.00 1% 7 AX, TRANSACTIONS LINNEAN SOCIETY VOLUME NG BOTANICAL GaRDEN. "tL ON DON: v— PRINTED BY y. DAVIS. SOLD AT THE SOCIETY: s HOUSE, No. 10, PANTON- SQUARE, COVENTRY- STREET; AND BY JOHN WHITE, FLEET-STREET. M.DCC.XCyII, g VES Sufexienfis; ; Or, 2 Catalogue of Birds found in 1 the County of Suffex, with Remarks, ‘by William Markwick, Ej; finde 3g E : ra | — Page rx IJ. Anecdotes of the late Dr, Patrick Browne, Author of the Natural — P of — a eg EUG eee m po e | m. TET Three rare -— fE Britifh Lukes By G. Mon- - tagu, Eja. F. L.S. | EE ; ams u 35 IV. Account of Jome Species of Foffil Anomie found in Deia By Mr. William Magn; 5 L. $. — — vä V. Effay-on the ede Spot in the Wings of the Locuftae of Fabricius, - as indicating the Male Sex. By Profeffor Anthony Auguftus - Henry Lichtenftein, F. M. L. $. _ p 51 VI. A New Arrangement of the Genus Polytrichum, with fm er dations . e Mr. Archibald iio, "P Aim (ud fa es S oq x3 VIL Ob- vi | C ON TSE^N T & VIL. Obfervations on the Spinning Limax. By John Lath am, M. D. F. R. S. and L. S. Romfey —.- — + Pag 85 VIUN. An Effay on the Trachece or Windpipes of various Kinds of E Birds. By John batho M. D. F.R.S. and L.S. Romfty. 90 IX. Obferoations on Bituminous Sub ea A a DISTR of the Varieties of i ihe E Elafic ‘Bitumen, | By Chatles-Hatchett, E/7. F. R. S. Lond. and Edin. F. L. S. 8. — p20, X. An Account of ihe Sumping. Moufe of Conn Dipus Cater denfis. By Maa eU Thomas Bee es F. R. S. and L.S, 1 55 d XI. OBfervations- 05 Parar Fe certain Plants, By the Rds . Thomas Martyn, B. D. F. R. S. V. P. L.S. Regius Profe efor of, Botany i in the Univerfity of Cambridge — Ae o Pe 1 58 XII. Remarks on fome Foreign Species of Orobanche, - $ James - Edward Smith, M. D. F.R.S. P. L. $. — | E O—— Austen ocu XIH. 4 Defeription of Fe Five ‘Brie Sone er “Orobancher-... | Rev. Charles Sutton, B. D. 4. L. S. [^ Fellow y pros E College, Cambridge — deu c P. 17 3 X IV. Account, accompanied by a Figure, of a mmute PEDE. By George Shaw, AL D, F.R.S. FRE s ih is 189 XV. Defeription of the Phafi ma dilatatum: By Mr. John Park- infon, F, L.S. -— == p m XVI. Die/iription of the ‘Blight = Wheat, .Uredo Frumenti, By 5 ER ombertr ie TER Re I PBR — p 193 XVII. Ama a CONTENTS vii XVII. Ammopbila, a New Genus of Infeéts in the Clafs Hymen- — optera, including the Sphex fabulofa of Linnaus. By the Rev. William Kirby, F. L. S. —— — Page XVIII. The Characters of Twenty New Genera of Plants. By James Edward Smith, M.D, FORQSSP.LOS. — p- ee eae 195 : 213 | XIX. — Cites on the Wheat Infect, in a Letter to the Rev. Samuel Goodenough, LL.D, F. R.S. Tr. L.S. By Thomas Marfham, E/j. Sec. LeS me — p. XX. Hiflory of Tipula Tritici, and Ichneumon Sipule, with* fome Obfervations upon other Infecis that attend the Wheat, in a Letter to Thomas Marfoam, Efq. Sec. L.S. By the Rev. William Kirby, F. LS, oo — EL p- 224 - 230 XXI. Account of a New Species of Mufticapa, ias New South A Wales. Zz RUE General Thomas Davies, RR S and zT idi pa ; : P. XXII. — on the Genus Paufus, and Defcription of a New Species. By Adam Afzelius, M. D. Demonftrator of Botany in. the Univerfity of Upfala, F, R. S. and F. M. L. S. — p 240 " XXIII. Obfervations on the Britifb Species of Bromus, with Intro- _ : duciory Remarks on tbe Compofition of a Flora Britannica. By James Edward Smith, M. D. —Ó pg ut Es | 276 | XXIV. Some Correttions of the m Defcripsion of Polytrichum : m, p. 79, with an Account of another New m J the fime Genus, i Mr. Archibald Menzies, F. L.S. P 303 i Page CEs V err EE Ke gh ER. . E uc e tm MERIN B A CTI O N S OF THE LINNEAN. SOCIETY 1. Aves Suffexienfes; or, A Cosi of Birds found i in the County of Suffex, ‘with Remarks, by nanan Markwick, Efq. F. L. S. Read May 5, 1795 -ORDER I. Rapacioits. E GENUS I. Falcon... ers P ein Eacte. Falco Chryfaetos.” | Several years ago I faw a bird of this fpecies, which was | killed at Bexhill iri this neighbourhood. Common Buzzard. Falco Buteo. — | 3 Moor Buzzard. Falko erugmofut. — 4 Kite Falo Milóu; S S >» Vor. IV. us BR 5 Peregrine à — Mr. Mankwick's Catalogue of Birds 5 Peregrine Falcon. Pako peregrinus. A bird of this fpecies was lately living in a gentleman’s garden at Lewes} it was taken when young in the - neighbourhood. — 6 Henharrir. Falco T Ringtail. Falco Pyeareus. 7 Kee ———— 8 Sparrow Hawk. Faka Nifus. Ecc 9 Hobby. Falco Subbuteo. 10 Merlin. Falco Æfalon. II *** Minute Falcon. Fake minutus 2 On the 6th of September 1794. I {hot afmallhawk which - .. 1fuppofed to be this bird. mt e. — I2 *** Dark brown Hawk, or Buzzard. | This was alive in the garden at Denn in 1793. ^ Genus il. Owl * Eared Owls. I never faw this bird myfelf, but am informed « has been found here, 3 ! ** with fmooth heads, 14 White Owl. Strix flammea, I5 Tawny Owl. Strix firidula, 16 Brown Owl. Sirix Ulula, — Orver II. Pies, Genus III. Shrike, 17 ** Red-backed Shrike. Lanius Collurio, > Genus | found in the County of Sufi. E 3 GENUS IV. Crow, ; 18 Raven. Corvus Corax. : - I9 Carrion Crow. Corvus Corones _ 20 Rook. Corvus frugilegus: ` -21 ** Hooded or Royfton Crow, Corvus Cornis. 22 Jack-daw. Corvus Monedulc. 23-2589. Corvus glandarius. 24 Magpie. Corvus Pica, 25 Red-legged Crow. ” Corvus Crain: à Genus V. Roller. 26***Garrulous Roller. Coracias Garrula. A bird of this fpecies was killed in this Réighbourhood, - Genus Vie “Cuckoo. P 27.* Common Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus; i o Gaus VIE: Weyneck. 28 " anan _ Syne Torguilla, Tea z | — ENUS VIII. W oodpecker. 29 Green Wandert Picus viridis... 30 Greater {potted Woodpecker. Picus major. . 81 Leffler fpotted Woodpecker. Picus minor. Pa e I believe this fpecies is rare. - Many: years ago T fhot one; z but have not feen itfince. ~ -~ P ii 4 Pa : GENUS IX. aries, 32. Common papine Alcedo Tfpidas ; ; >. |. Genus X. Nuthatch. 22^ European Nuthatch. Sitta europea. : Genus XI. Hoopoe. A Common Hoopoe, Upupa JUL e o IE n. Li. é pa UE ' ^. GENUS -a Reed Sparrow, Emberiza Schænielus. 4 Mr, Marxwickx’s Catalogue of Birds Genus XII... Creeper. 3s Common Creeper. Certhia familiaris, Orver HII. Pafferine. Genus XIII. Stare. 36 È ommon Stare. Sur. Ius | vulgaris, inn XIV. is A— 37 Miffel Thrufh. Turdus vi UfcrvorUse wD Ek R 398 Throftle. Turdus müficus,: = 39 ** Redwing. Turdus iliacus. 40 ** Fieldfare. Turdus pilaris. ue 41 Blackbird. Turdus Merula. ——— 42 *** Ring Ouzel. Turdus torquatus. 43 *** Rofe-coloured 'Thrüfh," Tardus rà feus, - _ This bird was killed at Eaft Bourn, and fent to Sir Afh- ton Lever’s Mufeum, -as I was informed, i (GENUS wes Chatterer, 244 x% Waxen Chatt reret = Ampel quere XVI “Golak. cS 45 *** Common Crofsbill. Loxia Curviro oftra. ‘46 *** Hawfinch. Loxia Coccotbraufes, = ` 47 — Bullfinch. Loxia Pyrrhula. ~ ` 49 ^ Greenfinch. Loxia Chloris. ; GENUS XVIL Bartiig. - 49 *** Snow Bunting. Emberiza nivalis’ I have feen one fpecimen of this bird, killed here in a hard winter. 50 Yellowhammer. Emberiza Citrine 5I Common Bunting, Emberiza Miliaria. GENUs found in the County of Suffer. $s 3 Genus XVII. Finch. 53 Houfe Sparrow. Fringilla domeftica, s4 Chaffinch. Fringilla celebs. 55 *** Brambling. Fringilla Montifringilla. 56 Goldfinch. Fringilla Carduelis, 57 *** Sifkin. _ Fringilla Spinus. _ 55 Linnet. Fringi Genus XIX. F lycatcher. * Spotted Flycatcher. Mufcicapa Grifola. x Coldfinch. Mufcicapa atricapilla © I think I once faw this bird fitting on the walls of the old caftle at Winchelfea.. Genus XX. Lark. 6r Sky Lark. Alauda arvenfis. 62 - Wood Lark. Alauda arborem, , 63 ‘Tit Lark. Alauda pratenfis. > = Seen here i in i only ei Sees effer Tit Lark mes "Seen here in winter only, and then in flocks together. | Genus XXI. Wagtail- 6; White Wagtail. Motacilla alba... 66 Grey Wagtail. Motacilla Boarula. 67 Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla fava. — Genus XXII., Warbler... 6 * Nightingale. Sylvia Lufeinia. 69 * _ Pettychaps. Syluta hortenfis. 40 + -Black-cap. Sylvia atricapilla. 7i Hedge-fparrow. Sylvia modularis. — 42 * Redftart. Sylvia Pheenicurus. ees. 73 * White-throat. Sylvia cineréae aE t ..74 Sedge. - 02 mode. E i sy. Mr. Marxwicr’s Catalogue of Birds Sedge Warbler. Sylvia /alicaria, Red-breaft. Sy/via Rubecula. Stone-chat. Sylvia Rubicola. => = Whin-chat. Sylwia Rubetra. Wheat-ear. Sylvia Oenanthe. —. Wren. Sylvia Troglodytes. Gold-crefted Wren. ^ Syloig Regulus. Willow Wren. Sylvia NP: lis TENS Sat Genus XXIII. . Titmoufe Great Titmoufe. Parus major. Blue Titmoufe. Parus ceruleus. Ey: Colemoufe. Paras diet. siis: > ido Marth Titmoufe. Parus palafizis, Te Long-tailed Titmoufe. ` Parus caudatus, Genus XXIV. Swallow. * Houfe Swallow. Hirundo rufica. M artin. ilieundo urbica. Swifts Hran ps drop eir GENUS XXV. Oaka. | European Goatfucker. Jerome gaa ce SERE ORDER IV. Columbine. | ; Genus XXVI. Pigeon, Comsdón Pigeon. Columba Oenas. — Seen here only in the domeftic ftate ; bit I have been informed, that they are found in the wild ftate in ; the weftern part of this county. ; Ring Dove. Columba Palumbus. En ox | | | DONATUM 94. * Com- und in the County of Suffers = 5 94 * Common Turtle. Columba Turtur. . Seen here only i in the fummer, generally two together; but not very common, Orver V. Gallinaceous. | Genus XXVI Peácock. g5 Peacock. Pavo crifiatus. —" Only in a domeftic ftate. Genus XXVIII. Turkey. 96 Common Turkey. Meleagris Gallopavo. — . Only in a domeftic ftate. - : ! Genus XXIX. Pintado. | 97 Pintado, or Guinea Hen. Numida Meleagris. - ou i in a domeftic ftate. Genus: XXX. eus pee E ! imm py raeg ay oem anus colchicus. Genus XXXI.- Grous. - ico Black Grous.- Tetrao Tetrix, — | I have feen this fpecies on ‘St. Leonard’ s foreft near? COM | ME XXXII. Partridge. - ror Common Partridge. Perdix cinerea. 102 * Common Quail. Perdix Coturnix, x us Genus XXXI Buftard.: 103 ^ inen Buftard. Otis Tarda. ^ Sometimes feen on our South Downs. 39 vifiting this pit in the fpring, I have pretty accurately afcertained. the time of their arrival, or firft appearance, to be early in the. month of May. In the year 1789 none were to.be feen on the 28th of April, but on the 6th of May feveral were flying about the holes. In 1790, on the 8th of May none were to be feen, but òn the 12th of the fame month feveral made their appearance. In 1791 1 Vifited the pit on the sth. and 7th of May, but could difcover no birds; yet: on -the xoth; when I vifited it again, feve- ral were flying about. Since. that) time .my further obfervations have been prevented by fome Houfe Sparrows having taken poffeffion of the holes, and driven away the Sand Martins, No. 90.—The Swift. Hi rundo Apus. During my refidence at Eaft Bourn in the year 1792 I had an opportunity of marking the time of the departure or difappearanc of TOU with. fome accuracy. I godes. near. the church, No. IO2. .—The Quail. Perdix Coturnix. "Thefe birds undoubtedly breed o on our South Mitre $44 in idi autumn are found by the fport in the ftubbles in bévies or broods feveral together. It is probable that moft of them migrate ; but that they do not all leave this country I can aver, for | I well . remember, that, in company with a friend, we found three or four . brace of quails in one morning in the middle of winter (ajont, Chriftmas) in a field of tirnepr at Eaft Bourn. No. 104.—The thick-kneed Buftard. Otis edicto, " b “Tt is called here. the Stone. Curlew, ‘and. breeds. on t] e fe Poms where its whittling note is frequently heard Ma feminei E ren D2 | evening. 20 Mr. Manwwren’s Catalogue of Birds evening. That moft of thefe birds leave us in the autumn is moft probable; but I have known one inftance of its having been killed here in the winter. ; No. 105.—The common Heron, Ardea cinerea. Herons frequent our maríhes and fides of ponds in fearch al their food. "They probably come hither from Peníhurft Park in Kent, where there is a large Heronry; and vaft numbers of their nefts are to be feen in fome very large tall beech-trees,—often many ueíts in one tree. No. 106.—The Bittern. Ardea fellar Hf. ya EOS ee This bird is fometimes met with here, and in the fpring is fre- quently heard to blow or make a loud hollow found. This found WP been fuppofed from the bird's putting its bill into the hollow of a reed: this I fufpe& to bea vulgar error, and rather think that. ‘itis the call of love uttered, in the fpring, by the male, to invite the female to him, I once fhot one of thefe birds in frofty weather : T o E E it fell on the ice, which was only ft ong enough to fuppo tm | and they immediately rufhed forwards to attack, but, being. o; wounded, it defended itfelf fo vig roufly with its fharp-pointed bil], that not a dog would touch. t, till I fired again and killed eC MEN No. 107.—The common Curlew. - Numenius Arquata, ud This bird is to be met with. on our fea-coaft, both in fummer and winter. — = = Fe ie Be ope No. 108.—The Whimbre. Numenius Pheopus. | .. This bird is not fo common as the foregoing fpecies; ERave ae ste o © he PEs a No. 11o, found in te: Coury, of Fale x 7 “No.1 10:5 T'hé Great Snipe. Scolopax major. © : | On the tft of O&ober 1793 1 received this bird from a dnd: I have no doubt of its being the Scolopax major of Mr. Latham, al- though it was inferior in fize and weight, and differed fomewhat in Aet ues that Gentleman’ E ns, s; pertisps's mine was a Em MIRI A QUE. Pel x - Hed oe “No. T 3 The Red. Godwit. Scolopax lapponica. ` "Thefe. birds are fometimes ik uk on our fea-coaft in great num-. L believe this bi ; ever faw, was one tha à í ort or Mr. Latham eis bill in fearch of food when I thot it. No. 117 ey Grey Pk 'This bird i is feen on ou fe 1 in the winter, and: then: but feldom.’ Ihave feen on h was killed: on the in (Ne hifce GroninSiandpires. Tri ringa ste ‘he pro ES E - .. Fir feen or heard | Ap. 16 | — June 30 D. 12 | Ap.17 May 5 | Ap.26 | Mayiz Ap. 4 Ap. 25 Ap. 14 Not feen after —— — | Aug.18* | Sep.22 Julv 6 ^ ——— |———— Sep. ;* | 04.18 Sep. 8* Cuckoo—Cwculus canorus. ! : ^ WT Firft feen or heard | Ap. 26 | May 3 | May13 | May 7 | Ap. 16 | Ap.27 | Mayro | May 9 | Ap.15 | Ap. 27 Ap. 19 pus un June tot ; : June tot June 29% Junez2¢ Not feen after. - Junerg¢ | Sep.28* | Sep. 6 Juse22t| Juner7t | Sep. 9* |. Junero+ | —~——] Auc.:9* | July 27* |. Sep. 19 “Nightingale Motacita Lufcinia. og ae 2 3 Siue Lufcinia, * " AS 4 j s ‘Firft feen or heard | Ap. 25 | Mayri Ap. 25 Ap. 26 | Ap. 16 | Ap.29 | Ap. 26 Ap. 13 Ap. t1 Api to | Ap. at cud ,Not feen after ~ | — | - —- — ———— ]} . Sep. 17 Sep. 24 ~ Black- cap--M. atricapilla, $. atricapil'a. tO qp M i p Erit feen .- | May18 May 31 Ap. 17 |———— | Ap. 24 |——— | May 1 | t Not feen after - | ——-———! Sep..8* | Sep.18 | ———— | Sep.25 | ———— | Sep. 17. | — —— | Sep. 24 Wii Sylvia. S. cinerea. 1 - Firft feen -~ Ap.28 | May 3 | Ap.22 | Ap. 19. | May 1 | Ap.z9 | Ap. 24 | Ap. 21 Ap. 14 | Ap. 26 | Ap. 23 Not feen after. - Nov. tt. | ————— | Sep.23* | — | Sep.25 Sep. 10* | Sep. 17 Aug.30* | Sep.23* | Aug.26* | Aue.t4 Wicara M. Oenanthe. ; ‘ S. Oenanthe, mo Fix feen ^ .. Ap. 25 | Ap.»s6 | May38 | Mar.zo | Ap 2 | Ap.:o | May à. | June 1 | Ap. r1 | May 3 | ——— we Not feen after - Nov. ii — Sep; 22 1 O&.18* |. Sep. 25 Sep. 25 Sep. 17 Sep. 22 Sep.20* | Sep.2 Sep. 29* ““Whin-chat—01. rubeira. ` AE t ^ , Se ruhetras ae : T Fit feen == Aug. 4 | May29 | ——— | June16 | Augi Ap. 21 Ap. 21 May 23 Aug. 9 ^ Not feen after - - Sep. 23* | Sep.23* j ny ‘ace pheenicurns. ii : S. phanicurus, Eon Ta Firft feen - Ap. 28 May 9 | Ap. 23 | Ap. 28 | Ap. 22 Ap. 12 Ap. 13 Ap. 25 Ap. 19 , .. Not feen after - | Aug. SRI "| Sep.26* | Sep.25 | ———— | Aug.18* | Sep.1;* | Sep.20* | Aug.22 Sep. 21* p Villow ' Ten—M. Trochilus. A 3 v COME m3 | i | Ma AN as [m Pr | irt feen = re 30 |———— p. 1 Ap. 15 ar.27 Ap. 2 p. 28 | May:6 Ap..6 Ap. 2 Ap. 1 Tes PR j Nov. i1 Sep. 8 US | Sep. 20* |. Sep.24 Sep.13* | Sep. 17* |. Sep.20* | O&. 6* Sep 26% bho May 6 | Junerz | May 15 May:6 | Ap.29 | Mayt3 | May:6 | May 8 May23 | Mayo; May 1 | Nov.t1. Sep. LM Aug.30* | Sep. 25 Sep.22* | Sep. 17 | Aug.22* | Sep. 30% Sep. 4* Sep. 220 Aug.16 | May 18 : Aug.4 | May 8 | May:g | Mayao | Jolyix | Joly 5 | July - Merci Aug. 1* | July 24* Aug.3o 1 ‘Sey . Sep. 3 Aug.29 |» Aug.27 | Sep. 1 Sep. 4 Sep. 1 |————/ Sep. O&. 1 Sep. 1 Bx agis P E Nov, 8 | £——— [ —— | oa. s* un Sep. 26* TH Coturnix, 5 : qe Firft feen —. HIP Sep. 3 Sep. 16 Aug.2 Sep. 1 July 23* Log. Feci iis ; ui ERR dae A i i l $i re mf ee | Nov. 6 | —-———]| Dec.26 O&. 13 Dec. 3 Nov. 3 O&. 24 Jan. 6 A Su ikl New pe dore P A p d E ; E M Ap. 16. Not feen ae Mar. 6* —— | May 1* | ————— | Mar.23*| Mar.:9* | Mar.12* | Mar. 9* | Feb. 15 Dec. 6 rag iliaca te | Firft feen — - {| Nov. Nov Dec.gt | Dee 16 | — Ne. N OR og Jan. 21 carte Mur qe mds hs Mar. 8* EOD Not feen after - —— Ap. 6* | ——— | Febz4*| Mar.21* | Feb.10* | Mar. 2* | — Mar. 30 Dec.16 ` TWaskock Sales 1 fa. — [p 7 | Nana ge "T": ” Fick moo OR s-|-. 0a. 24, O&.19 | 0&.2; | O&.21 Q&;26 | O&s13 | QE r | OG. Nov. 9 OG. 22 Not feen after -- — Ap. =? Mar. 21* Mar.2 1* Mar. 26* Ap. 6* Ap. Seg Mar.14* Mar.24* Ap. 4 Ap. 16 Tees Gallinago. oncle ONE n A Firft feen - —— Tac 30 Nov.13 Nov.26 Dec.i2 | ——— | Nov.30 OG. 4 Nov.22 Nov.26 Not feen after - | ———— | —- —— | Mar.21* | Mar.26* Mar.28* | Mar.r1* | — —— Mar.18* Y CERES Gallinula. : E ac - RN Fir feen — - sna en pe: 5 |} Dao Dec. 29 | Nov.tz | ————] Dec. 5 Jan. 29 Not feen after - — | — ar20* | Ap. 9 Mar.26* Mar.11* | Febi25* | Mar.29 Ap. 16 Sea Lark Charadrius Hiaticula, — ae me: . ; l irt feea ~ May i2. |— Feb. 19 | Feb.28 | May x | Mari: | June 1 | Ap. rr Juneri Not feen after. - ms i — —— | Juner6* | - Sep. 22* ~ Greater Tie f Hirundo. | Tu Ege E ; Mayi2 | ————~ | — July 18 | July 21 May 8 May 4 | June 1 May16 | July 24° | Junerz : in | Sep.zo |— Sep.t5* | O&.25 Nov. Sep. 18 O&.30 | Sep.29 a May 19 + : - A sei May May 4 June I Ap. 26 | July 24 j j————| Sep. 20 — O&. 25 Nov. 8 ~ | Sep. 18 ét. 10 uns Crow = Coroni bise To Ae d TEN Firít feen — ; oa. 13 | Nov. 9 | Ped 7 | O&.20 | O&.z; | O&.19 |- -0&.16 | O&.3o | Nov.23 Not feen after ARAS > Mar.21* | Mar.26* | Mar. e Ap, 15* : Ap. 16 jer i p e marked with an afterif (6) were fön on that d». and not afterwards, till their return next feafon, P Y Thofe mee thus (+) were heard on that day, and not afterwards, till their reum next feafon, a iE LE Il. Anecdotes of the late Dr. Patrick Browne, Author of the Natural | Hiftory of Jamaica, By Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Efy. V: z L. S. | Read Dec. 1, 1795. AVING in a vifit. to Ireland in the year 1790 accidentally © met with Dr. Patrick Browne, well known to this Society by his Natural Hiftory of Jamaica, I judged it might not be an unac- ceptable anecdote to give fome account of my interview with this . veteran in thofe purfuits which form the intentions of our meetings. -I firft heard of him by the country people in the neighbourhood of Ballinrobe in the county of Mayo, at which place he lived. 1 fent him a meffage that 1 would wait on- him. He was then fo infirm that I found him. confined to his room and his bed, but he received me with much cordiality when I told him my errand was to vifit him merely from refpeét as a lover of the Science of Botany 5 and I gave him the firft information of our inttitution, and the fuc- | cefs chat had hitherto attended our refearches. — — He converfed much on the fubject of botany, and informed me - that he had correfponded for twenty years with Linnzus himfelf, and had communicated many plants to him. Thofe Gentlemen who ~ are at all converfant with the Amenitates Academice will recollect, — in the fifth volume of that collection, a paper | under the title of — Pugillus Plantarum Famaicenfium, ì in which the defcriptions of 130° fpecies aré more cor rectly given ‘than they ftand in Dr. Browne’s book. ‘This was in confequence of Dr. Solander's having purchafed pum whole collection, | and fent it to Sweden for Linn: 4 ipe TENE And — 32 | Mr. LAMBERT’ Anecdotes of And hence, in the Species Plantarum of 1764, Linnzus was enabled. to correct both Sloane and Browne himfelf in many inftances. After Dr. Browze's return from Jamaica, and the publication of ‘his Hiftory, he took another voyage to the Weft Indies, where he refided, principally in Montferrat and Antigua, occupied in ‘the practice of phyfic, for four years. He returned home for the laft time in 1781. — NE LS | .. Having much leifure during this ftay in the iflands, he collected .alarge Herbarium, and many feeds, which on his return he pre- {ented to Dr. Edward Hill, Profeffor of Botany in the Univerfity of Dhbline 5.5: 0: known | beautiful little can oe added to elucidate its hiftory: to my former remarks I can. only fay, that fince my intimate ac- quaintance with the bird, I have met with it in plenty in all the fouthern counties and wooded parts I have been i in, efpecially where oak or beech abound. To th aken the liberty of adding a coloured drawing of the egg, from 1 thofe i in my own collcc- tion A See Tab: 2. fe rj ; ^s. Lie lest bin zi + i met with this Le in Paso s Mufeum under the title of Green en Wr n, cafe , è No. 27 Jie - 4 TRINGA 49 =. Mr. Mon'racu’s Defcriptions of. INGA NIGRICANS.—PHAYRELARN SANDPIPER. ^ inereo-nigricans, gula abdomineque medio albis, roftro bat jt prouu rubris. a "A Was thot in: com- “pal ra the Purre ( Ti Cin£lus J, &c. All I could learn v s ie time it was killed, the weather -was very fevere, and the ad been thot there ra ae aie, and were call - In fize it rathe and a half; th towards the point, at the apex and | black; eye-lids whi black, edged with - . white; quill f rior webs; Miatta we {potted with black, exce rump black; the two midd _ one cinereous, and the reft black and blunt ; toes nearly inch long. This bird is X of the tail black, the outer legs and toes dull red ; claws | their origin ; middle toe an - " which I have taken the t E AE Dee ERE diis may poffibly be the Pu Mg. oe pini £. A E ud in his fecond volume of Britifh Birds. = Piper figured by Mr. Wal- — C 2 —ÓÉrtrnt po a LAN IV. fade fri MÀ three rare pee of Britifh Birds. E 3: ALAUDA PETROSA. —ROCK LARK. A. olivaceo-fufca fubtus flavicans, lateribus colli pe&oreque fufco | . maculatis, reétrice extima albo dimidiata. - Alauda obfcura, La. Ind. orn. 2. f. 494. 7. Dutky Lark, Lewis's Br. Pus vol. 3. ple 94. * HAVING been ereored "ith a fpecies of Alauda a e. years ; fince, from that excellent ornithologift Mr. Latham, amongft others. V of the fame genus, in which he honoured me by a requet of my — opinion as to their diftinction, I did not hefitate in acknowledging my being wholly unacquainted with this bird ; but I took the liberty of pointing out fuch fpecific differences from all other Britith larks, “as might obviate the idea of its being only a variety of fome other fpecies. It was the only one that gentleman had ever feen, and was fent to him by Mr. Lewin. As xiption of it could be fous in any author, I gave it . Dufky Lark, for al Mr. Le or ted in his publi- i as Mr, Latham in his / COP. 494—7. di bird to be a native of the coaft of South Wales, from Mon- mouthíhire to St. David's, the extreme part of Carnarvonthire, in all the rocky fituations. U ry of the natives, I found fome of the fifhermen knew it | name of the Rock Lark, and that it was indigenous to thofe pa iis name therefore I continue it by, inftead of Dufky Lait: bein had an opportunity of feeing thefe birds daily, I thought myfelf for- tunate not only in provin yond all doubt, that it was a Britifh- fpecies, but alfo in being able to inveftigate its natural hiftory,- and. with certainty to add E a bird to the catalogue of this country and my wifhes were fully accomplithed by finding feveral nefts with- eggs. There is fome reafon to believe. Mr. Pennang had. met with | Nor. Iv. G- ; ee this expreflive of its habits. AsI $- 42 Mr. Montaav’s Deferiptions of. this bird many years before it was given to the world-as a diftin& Ípecies by Mr. Lewin; for, in his folio edition of Britith Zoology, pl. Pi, he has given what he calls a variety of the Tit-lark (lauda pratenfis) with dufky legs, fhot on the rocks on the coaft of Carnar- vonfhire. Should this prove. to be the fame bird, of which Ibe- lieve there is no doubt, it does not detract from the merit o£ Mr. . Lewin, who firft gave it asia diftinét fpecies, but only ferves to . fhew the flow progrefs of. light upon Natural: Hiftory. . That - gentleman, however, did not feem acquainted with "the particulars : of its hiftory. ‘This circumftance has induced me to lay before the Society the fruits of my farther difcovery refpecting it. _ The Rock Lark only affe&s the rocky parts of the coaít: where | the fandy flats intervene it is not to be met with, except in winter, when it is occafionally found in the marfhes, but. feldom, if ever, out of the influx of the fpring tides; from which we may conclude its food is principally marine infe&ts. Early in the {pring it begins - its fong, which much refembles that of the Alauda pratenfis, mount- ing in the air like that bird, and returning again to the ground, or fome neighbouring rock,» ith motionlefs wing. _ It begins breeding: | of April I found a neft. with five early in the fpring: on the 16th of Apri eggs: it was placed upon the fhelf of a rock, about fourteen feet from the ground, behind'a tuft of coarfe grafs, beneath a fmall bufh. - The neft is formed of dry grafs, marine plants, and very little mofs externally, and lined with finer grafs, and a few long hairs. The eggs are of a dirty white, fprinkled with numerous fpecks of brown, darker and confluent at the larger end, fo as to appearon that part wholly brown : their weight is about 36 grains. | _ The bird weighs about feven drams; the length fix inches three quarters. The bill is dufky, near feven eighths of an inch long from, ~ the apex to the corner of the mouth ; irides hazel; the upper part of the head, back of the neck, and tail-coverts, are. of a dark three rare Species of Britifh Birds. 43 brown; the back and fcapulars of the fame colour, obfcurely marked with dufky ftrokes ; above the eye, and beneath the ear, is a lightifh-coloured ftroke; the throat whitifh ; the breaít and belly yellowifh white, the former blotched with large dufky fpots; the fides marked with ftrokes of the fame; under tail-coverts light brown; the two middle feathers of the tail dark brown, the others dufky,—the outer one of a dirty yellowifh white on the interior web : and the point of the exterior, —in the fecond feather the light colour is juft vifible at the end; the quill feathers and wing-coverts are dufky, flightly edged with. light brown; legs and toes dufky ; claws black; hind claw four tenths of an inch long, and fomewhat crooked, The female refembles the male. | Ed nr? ua puso nis m indi a GULbIR. aes FS te coaft of Kent and Suffex, re of this bird already, its egg figu . onlyis here delineated, Tab. 2. fig. 3. Ti E vro. C44) IV. Account of fome Species f Fo " $ Adie find in DER yh" By Mr, William Marii, F. L.S. svol s Rd prit 5 i i ovas MONG the petrifa&tions dr Eie, which I have been | drawing and defcribing for fome time paft, there appear to me none more worthy of a careful examination than thofe foffil | fhells, generally referred by authors to the family of Anomia : the variety of form the different fpecies exhibit, and the prodigious quantity of fome of thofe fpecies our limeftone frata afford, muft {trike even a cafual obferver as curious circumítances, and certainly well deferve the attention of the Naturalift.- Though my own re- fearches, i 3n regard to this genus c of f fofül. TT have been indirect and imperfe&, it has chanced that a great va ty ecime within this year or two, has" paffed "through my DA amon thefe I reckon near thirty diftin& fpecies, feveral of which feem to have efcaped the notice of authors. The Anomia delineated in the annexed tables, is one I fuppofe to be as yet undefcribed. It ap- pears to have been a curious fhell; its form is very fingular ; ; and the perforation, which is placed in what is commonly called the upper valve, differs from that of every other foffil fpecies 1 have yet feen, in refpeét to its mcam ours as well as its. fituation. Mr. Martin’s Account of Jome Species of Fofil Anomia. 45 Bak tee Na a " -valvula altera con- idata, magno foramine tri- ; E — vexa, nate iicatguil E tet py ^gonal 746.3. — ~ Sharp-pointed conic: eB The ‘general figure 23 this hell i is y dti The beaked or under valve, as it is ufually called, is convex, broad (its greateft extent being from fide to fide), and wrought with lon- | lribs, which are clofely fet, thick, prominent, and croffed a few ight ineo: wrinkles, marking, apparently, the. growth df the fhell. - ‘Phe middle rib is much larger than the reft, | forming a lif Uie ridge down the centre of the : valve, ncreafing. in breadth freie the beak to the margins whi P: in a , extending the whole ere the fhell, .. ai The upper valve is pyramidal, - aay tapering from. a broad - : tor apex, which i is bafe, formed by. tbe 9 | the centre or mid | | and acuminated, : The back, or that portion of at gins, is rounded, iongirudially bbe ilti: The, groove and. ribsase ci Ted by a f: | ftant . wrinkles... The front, or that. part whi ch, extends from. the Ps b: the apex, is flat, fmooth, and perforated; in figure it nearly ap- proaches: toán equilateral triangle... The perforation is: very large; it runs through the middle of this fide of the — and refembles beds 2 3d 19 6 | a long g6 — 007 My, Mariin Account of ome Species of ` -a long perpendicular. flit or.fent. . its is greateft breadth i is at the RIDES - This fpecies is very xa men, which! was found at t ier limeftone. It is a Complete change, evidenth pices the figs nal fhape and markii the original, which has. been ipee — by limeftone, | -— _ The fame kind of ftone, al the interior į part of the fpecitr “front of the conical bare ‘ : —fhewing the pois E perforated fide of th Fig 3. An opp _with its deep groo Fig, 4. A fide vie ! Obfervation. It fee “thell, in a recent n Fr by the flat perfora ed pa ! he larger valve to fome other | ii DA THAT W living s Anomizx e which are mewn; are al- > x = = >x Iti is proper to remark, that what i is called TEA waded; B aie aes = OM 2, 3, 4- the pofition in which they are giyen appearing moft. agree of the fhell. = Ge oz " tæna. IV. tal fo 7 D Z ‘ Fofi! Ansmiæ found in Derbyfhire, - - 47 ways found 4 fixed to ftones, corals, &c. by a Beans tendinous li evident from. the appar are ent fiz e aperture, that a large portion. of the ii cluded anima was. left bare, whi 7 inftead of a ligament, might have been furnifhed with a ftrong adhefive power, fimilar to that enabling limpets, and fome other univalves, to ftick to rocks, &c. In Tab. 4. X have given a fketch of the fhell thus fixed: it will WP to elucidate the idea I have, formed. relative to its recent. en : S {mall figures are explanafoi on the Ainge and. per, - It has bee | | ANIME wot hi | on ftraight line, like that Of ic X th v, were inva f Manner mult- his is not. ‘Perfect ex- ae i famed E EX à their perforated. beaks, . In this fpica is. 5 - 48 : MM ARTIN's Account of Jome Species of namely, a cavity or notch under the Deak of the larger valve fur- nifhed with two {mall lateral prominencies; and in the fmaller valve a projection that correfponds with the notch and hollows that re- ceive the prominencies juft mentioned. But of this a better judg- ment may be formed by comparing Tab. 4. fig. 1, the top of the linde: valve of | an Arashi known i in the recent ftate, and alfo found fT, B: 2, a correct drawing of the fame ive of the! ra aight-hinged ki nd. In this aperture between the beak and Rela), and the pe proceffes 4&5, may perhaps anfwer the. pore of the notch a, and lateral prominencies b, b, fig. 1, though. py differing i in fhape. That this is at leaft probable wil "M aa petri Taá ees n Of the Perforation E ie ot TEE Some —À in their definition. of an — have conftituted the perforation. as the leading or effential character of the genus, and have even confined it toa particular part: of the ÉÁ— * Ina fpétitien ofa f Ingle vilye Mu I have lately met wih; thefe procefícs are d ftraight, as in fig. 2. their points Wing e curved inward, towards the hollow of: the valve, j wee refemble hooks. — beak Fofil Anomize fouid in Derbyfoire gy beak of the larger valve. It is not however conftantly placed in that fituation, as one of the recent fubjects, the Anomia Ephippium, Lin. Syf. p. 1150, and the foffil defcribed in the preceding pages, evince. Nor does it appear that it fhould be confidered as a prin- cipal or determinate chara&teriftic of this family; for in examining Tome hundred fpecimens, fimilar to thofe reprefented by fig. 7, 8, 1o, ag well ag all the different fpecies which come under the divifions thofe figures elucidate, I have not been able to dete& the fmalleft aperture in either of the valves; though many of the. Ípecimens were far more perfect than fome. of thofe in which the perforation is always fufficiently vifible. -I am well aware that fome of thefe imperforate Anomiæ would be ranked by Conchologifts, who efteem the aperture as the leading charaéter, under another genus; for in- ftance, the Anomia Gryphus, and other fpecies of a like form, with the Ofree. But though there may be fome doubt. Fiir tie adhere. ifo the definition of an Anomia Linus hasleft us, in which the perforation is not, I think, confidered as a conftant generic . charaéter ?- Perhaps till more accurate inveftigations prove the hinge (from which without doubt the leading character in every family of bivalves fhould be taken) in the perforated Anemia, to differ from that of the imperforate, it will be advifable for thofe who are en- gaged in the purfuit of extraneous foffils to confider a// bivalves with 3 unequal valves, the beak of one being-produced or more prominent than that — of the other (generally the. fmaller valve), and for the mofi, part eurvtd over the binges a as Speen e, to the genus of Armia. = T AA ga 6i £i Phe ons * wee Pe See ee? ou e S i Xi Su qw ix igre Sus. "x P » y mw 5 FTT 5 Iz Fis pe qM OL. 1 V è E H EAE » r r ; so — Mr. Mantin’s Account of fome Species of Fofil Anmia. An Attempt towards an Arrangement of fuch Anomiz as have ium : |, collected in Deve. e Imperforate ; ~ E Or thofe which have no vifible hole or perforation in either | feat a |le&ed in valve. each Divi- with one valve gibbous, the other flat or concave. |^ , —- - hinge rounded, or not on;a ftraight line. EE: e. I -' hinge on a ftraight line. Bgao oe ^» —-— with both valves convex. " — PS - hinge rounded, or not on a ftraight line. - margins even, Fig. 8 = « IN or Fig: zs - = ww Biol! ERN Or thofe in which one of the valves is pierced with a PES ——-- with both valves convex. — SEAT not on a ftraight line. | -the beak of the larger or under valve| . pierced” through like a tube, Fig.3.1) 4 _a triangular aperture between the beak| | | of the larger valve and hinge. Fig. 4 hinge on a ftraight line. with a triangular aperture under thel - _ beak of the larger valve, Fig.2.5 | 4- . With the upper valve perforated. Fig. 6 4 "o j I have at preféit no more to offer on thefe fabjedts, At fome future period I fhall be happy in having permiffion to lay before _ the Society fketches of the other Anomiæ remaining in my hands, | fhich are judged to be non-defcript, 1 ; V: Efa V. Effay on the Eye-like Spot in tbe Wings of the Locuftee of Fabricius, as | - indicating the Male Sex. By Profefar Anthony Auguftus. Henry Licha - denficin, FEM. L.S. Read May 25 Mor z NTER A pre ceteris ‘curatiore- digna funt Senden, Locufte fenfu latiore; five ille. fpecies bemipterorum, quas im- mortalis Linnzus communi nomine generico, gryllos appellat. Fa- bricius vero, quem, pro folidiffimo entomologiæ fy{tematicz condi- tore, venerari fas eft, tamquam ad diverfa genera: acridium, truxalis, acheta, locufta et ria pertinentes, a fe invicem fc ;regavit,. et fub- tiliore methodo d defcripfit. Plu rim Lco me PV me: nium intereft, out pra difcamus naturam atque indolem eorum animalium, quotquot humano gener proxime, vel ad ufum fructuofa funt, vel- rurfus perniciofa et ad noxam damnifica reperiuntur. Jam vero haud facile alius ordo naturalis infectorum, ar&tiori nexu cum aeco-- nomia copulatus cohzret, dum. vitæ humanz commodis i in omni terrarum orbe obeft, paffim vero etiam, utpote quem inter cibos recipere, m multz gentes dignantur, idem fimul prodeft, quam Ulezata Fabricii, et quidem precipue, quotquot eorum pedibus faltatoriis infiructa. funt. Non fine adflatu divino preclarus ille Mraélitarom legi lator, Mofes, quum fuo populo precepta circa cibos traderet, atque omnium reliquorum infe&torum volatilium ufu, cives Hebrac interdiceret, blanda duntaxat alimenta a gryi/is defumenda illis con- effi, ac folis nlonatis faltatoriis vefcendi veniam dedit. * Omne i in- aiun alatum," inquit Levit. xi. 20. feqq. “ ‘ quaternis pedibus in- = H 2 os grediens, M ee à Profeffer Liewrtnstrin’s Effay on the * grediens, abominandum vobis efto. Solammodo ifta comeditote *' ex infects alatis, quz quaternis pedibus ingrediuntur, quotquot .'* habent duo crura preter fuos pedes, quibus faltent fuper terram. ss Sequentia ex illis comeditote: gryl/um ejufque Ípecies, /ocuflam fe- * cundum ejus fpecies, fruxalidem fecundum ejus fpecies, et achetam “ fecundum ejus fpecies." , Neutiquam eft, cur miremur, antiquiffimum illur auctorem j jam in quatuor genera difpefcere iftius modi infeéta, et fingulorum ho- rumce generum plures agnofcere fpecies. _ Quem ad modum enim ignoti nulla cupido; ita rurfus nofcitare, domique perfpicere amant homines naturam illarum rerum, quas pro vi&u cupediifque ufur- pare confueverunt. Hinc factum eft, ut hiftoria naturalis ulonato- rum adfultim. ingredientium | in oriente percrebrefceret multis feculis ante, quam Europzi {preta | ifthac fibi faftidiataque monftra, pro- pius confiderare et notis peculiaribus a fe 1 invicem diftinguere fufti- nerent vel dignarentur. Tametfi vero nunquam in omni Europa, quantum equidem fciam, ufquam ille Afiatis Afrifque folemnis mos, locuftis vefcendi obtinuerit, aut olim facile unquam in confue- tudinem abiturus effe videatur: nihilo fecius tamen illud infectorum genus, vel eo nomine folertem attentionem. meretur, « uod. identi- dem agros peffimis exemplis devaftans, magnam calamitatem. infert rei ruftice. Quam ob rem tot tantique exftant fingulares de locuftis - libri, totiefque obiter, et quafi aliud agendo, de iifdem expofucre docti homines, modo agr icolis, nunc naturze curiofis confulturi, ut no&uam Athenas inferre putetur, fi quis novi aliquid et inauditi de hoc infe&orum genere docere prefumat. Verum tamen manet in- exhaufta dives illa nature vena; et immane quantum adhuc reftat. indagandum, circa beftiolas, falfo pro jam fatis fuperque cognitis- habitas. Sed qui recens patefactis nature myfteriis, locupletare. cus. pit litterarum ftudia, nz ille vehementer errat, ubi ultro fibi mani- Sllatum i ài {perat ea, quæ celavit ad hunc ufque diem folers opi- Eye like Spot inte Wings of tbe Looupe of Fabricius $5 fex, nufquam nifi in minimis tota. natura, curiofos, fed parum oculatos cordatofve obfervatores, perfun&orie fupinaque ofcitantia tractantes intricata- ftructure animalis miracula. Dici, quin animo fingi vix poteft, quantum per omnem fubfidiorum litterariorum ap- paratum, adhuc lateat in adumbrationibus generum et formarum, que ad ulonata, per ‘ine t, rite conftituendis. -Contigit mihi, gryllos cuffas in mo mufeo Holthufiano improbo labore exami- nanti, € errores: quofdam invefügare, qui viros in entomologia verfa- tiffimos induxerunt, ut notas et characteres genericos cum {pecificis confunderent, et meras. diverfitates e. fexus difcrimine ortas, pro fpe- icis proprietatibus « adhiberent. . Sic tribuit Linnzus numquam nifi | ud norifice nominandus, Gryllo fuccinélo gulam. cornutam, quafi cha~, racterem fpeciei, id quod recentiores entomologi, ejus auctoritatem temere fecuti, uno ore confirmant. At cuncti grj// Fabricii habent cornu, longius vel ROULUE in guia eoque tamquam. charactere na- minus emendandi. Plurimum Dios Herbít (Archiv. i tab. 54. fig. 2.) exhibet iconem Gry/// Linealæ Fabric, n. 29. fub nomine Gry//i füccinchi, propter. gulam. cornutam. . Quis hoc, illi vitio vertere poteft, quum nemo uíquam annotaverit, omnes omnino. fpecies gryili Fabriciani communiter gaudere hacce tali protuberantia _ EXE nunc nae nunc IBS MEME: modo Jooos, modo bre- E | pte Nat umen fapientiffimum. Docebit olim, exper ithe fingularis gusi in easi Fabric, © confe i de hoc nunc quidem 3 3 $4 v Profefor YicurENS TEIN's Effay on the Tranfeo ad aliud argumentum circa locuftas Fabricii, quod, tam- quam propriam et primariam hujus fchediafmatis materiam, ita . pertra&are conabor, ut quantüm inde, non modo’ ad hujus generis . fpecies rite definiendas, verum in univerfam adeo entomologiam uti- litatis redundet, manifefto appareat. Pertinet vero hxc recens ob- fervatio ad ocellum dorfalem in bafi hemelytrorum, quem clarius, vel item occultius confpicuum, ' “gerunt mares. omnium formarum, “que merito funt referenda ad. genus naturale, quod: Fabricius fub- nomine /scufte conftituit, five ex difciplina Linnzi ad illam tribum gryllorum, quam Tettigonia infcripfit, Quum i in fupra laudato mufeo, ea, qua par erat fedulitate, /ocuflas examinarem, ut unam quamque vindicarem fuz propriz et genuine fpeciei, nomineque debito infig- virem : incidi quoque in exemplaria, quorum hemelytra juxta bafin. ocello feneftrato perquam diftincte notata reperirentur. Simul at- que hoc animadverti, ultro nimirum delatus fum ad illas locuftarum fpecies, quibus fagax naturz interpres Fabricius nomen ex hoc cha- . ractere impofuerat, videlicet ad locuftam perfpicillatam, fpecularem et perforatam. Sed mox edoctus fum, hanc fpecies hujus generis determinandi viam, in errorem citius, quam. ad veritatem perducere. Primum enim incidi in fpecimina, tali ocello fj »eculari. predita, fed. alioquin a characteribus reliquis apud Fabricium. enumeratis, toto. colo diverfa. Deinde manifefto deprehendi alia, exemplaria, penitus illis, ocello dorfali vitreo notatis conformia, prater folum hunc ip- fum ocellum ; aut caudam enfiferam, pro certo charactere fexus fe- minini gerentia. licet animus tulit, librorum abjicere fi uppellicem, viamque proprio ftudio pandere, atque ex labyrintho fugam quzrere; ope logices artificialis, quz inftar fili Ariadnei, fida fuperat, errores proprios alienofque releturo, dux atque magiftra, ubi magna pars litteratorum hominum, et prefertim nature curioforum, Pythago- mico more, cum haud fordidis naturz verique auctoribus in alia omni pescenderc, quam fibi fapere, fuaque fponte, abditam per- oe plexia Eye-like Spot in the Wings of the Locufee of Fabricius, 55 plexis latibulis veritatem. inveftigare, mavult, Poftquam ex induc- tione, incompleta illa quidem nimirum, attamen multorum exem- plorum, mihi conftitit, occllos illos dorfales juxta bafin hemelytro- rum, in folis maribus. Jocuftis exfiftere; contra vero: feminas, enfe partumeio in hoc genere facile adgnofcendas, femper exhibere bafin illam planar ac fimplicem : oppido intellexi, fzepe jam commemo- fub interno margine bafeos hemelytri finiftri reconditum. — Hzc rae THEME eating et leuia. non modp Llenat j néta, ve» . Donec ne itra illa, five hemipterorum elytra, in fitu naturali jacent, neque externa quadam violentia loco fuo mota. funt, neque ad volandum expanía: femper bafis elytri dextri, qua. partem internam, fub margine interiore bafeos elytri-finiftri latet. Hinc émendanı us eft chara€ter artificialis ordinis hemipterorum, fub. quo duo ordines naturales wlonatorum et rhynchotorum, ex difciplina Linnzi militant. Vera enim et unica omnium illuc relatorum con- gruentia, ‘in eo confiftit, quod bafis elytri finiftri tegit marginem. ins teriorem bafeos elytri dextri. - Si fatendum, quod res eft, pauciflima. modo infe&a hemiptera funt praedita veris hemelytris, five alis fupe- rioribus elytris dimidiatis, vel uno certoque fenfu femicori Longe enim erfa ratio eft, utrum elyfra fint verfus bafin coria fed verfus. apicem pellucida, veluti in cimicibus; an vero tota $6 = > Prefefor Vier ressTEIN S Effay onthe- fubfítantiam membranacea, vel quafi mediz cujufdam inter crufta- ceam coleopterorum et fcariofam neuropterorum nature, quem ad modum in Afi, gryllis, fiulzoris, Cicadis, &c. reperimus. Non’ eft met infütuti, hic de omnibus ulonatortim et rhynchotorum: generi- bus, ne dicam formis fingulatim exponere, aut varia diferimina, que circa eorundem alas, pro generis, fpeciei, varietatis et fexus diverfi- ‘tate, obtinent, curate’ perfequi, in Kuik iti S: utrumque fyftema Linnzanum et Fabriciari n ruffam exigere; atque ex univerfo habitu demonftrare, an et qua- tenus illi duo naturales ulonatorum et rhynchotorum- ordines, ad - "unum artificialem hemipterorum combinari mereantur. Sed ne lon- gius a propofito noftro divagemur; ulteriorem hanc difceptationem omittentes, nunc exempli caufa folummodo monebimus, ex negleétu modo laudatz obfervationis, ortam effe falfam defcriptionem Barte Petiveriane. Fabricius (Entomol, fj [yffem. tom. 2. pag. Q. n. 16. )-hane | . ita definit: * Blatta nigra, dy maculis quatuor flavefcentibus,” Genus quidem fuo jure emendavit, eft enim utique infectum hoe blatta, ficuti jam Pallas recte docuerat; fed differentiam fpecificam perperam repetit a Cafida Petiveriana Bina, fyft. nat. 2. pag. 578, n. 28. quum debuiffet defumere a cafida fe ptemguttata Linn. pag. 577. n. I9. quam merito huc eodem refert. Eft enim profecto: blatta nigra, coleoptris maculis feptem albis. Errat quidem ibi Linnzus, . dum fcribit: “ elytra fingula maculis tribus albis, longitudinaliter ** digeftis rotundis; et in medio unica utrifque elytris communi," - Potius ita res habet: elytrum finiftrum, preter tres maculas rotundas longitudinales albas aut fi mavis flavefcentes habet infuper quartam in margine interiore finiftri elytri, qui alterius dextri. marginem in= teriorem ultra bafin obtegit, quemadmodum i in eo etiam e plerifque effe fierique folet. * on Jac. Petiverius Gazophylac. tab, Ixxi. fig. 1. primam. dedit inj infecti Ero in = falfo utrumque — gaudet quatuor mae NS. culis. Eye-like Spot in the Wings of the Lociffe of Fabricius 7 culis... Preter maculam ad. marginem intefiorem elytri dextri, ct ala- rum defectum, icon et defcriptio bene cum natura conveniunt. Illuf- < tiiflimus Pallas in Spicil. Zool. fafc. 9. tab. 1. fig. $. dedit figuram ap- prime bonam, in qua; ficuti natura poftulat, elytrum finiftrum eft | fuperius et quadriguttatum, dextrum vero inferius gaudet modo guttis tribus. 1i alee) ‘Hip. Infect. Jab. ri, fig. A. B. omnia invertit, ut in cographicis fieri folet, quando imagines temere. ita wri oratna lm in ipfa natura vel in adumbratione prototypa iod. Hinc fit, ut elytrum dextrum loco finiftri fupe- rius et. quadrimaculatum evadat. - Herbft, Archiv. Inf. tab. 49. fig. 7. dedit figüram coloribus illuftratam, | exacte cum ipfa natura conve- nientem ; in textu vero, pag. 185+ folümmodo de alarum. inferiorum prefentia locutus, reliqua priftinarum figurarum vitia, circa nume- rum macularum 1 in higra: dextro et. finitur, plane filentio. pneter; a n ! clinquamu $ mus Boos Locus ex «profi pastor In nempe: un si T mipteris emt bafis elytri finiftri, ope Sabes ierobiculi meis fatis Slice com- paginatur cum fcrobiculo fimili, at paulo amphore et. protu diore, na MSM, intertorem elytri dextri exfiftente. - Recipit enim ; llud acetabulum dextrum parte. fua concava alterius defu- per. ingruentis.elytri convexam pe hyfin, ut inde oriatur quafi quædam temporaria fynarthrofis, ferme in eundem modum ficuti - claufure . fibularum, vel. potius. inftar contignationis, qua florum papilioi um ala, carin. eorundem, . citra: fymphyfin, | fatis firs | etre Val exiguum eft, ita dextrum. : Ipien ndo lo inferviens, plus. minufve in confpe&tum. veni hoc ye proportione t totius. fori asse ut major Loc + 58 —. Prefer Licurensten’s Effay on the jorem gerat ocellum fibularem. At acetabulum dextrum in òm- à ` nibus mafculis cujufvis fpeciei fine difcrimine clarius patefcit, atque oculi feneftrati fimilitudinem manifeftiorem præ fe fert, quam capis tulum fibulare finiftrum in eadem fpecie, imo in eodem exemplaris Utrumque illud inftrumentum vix in vifum cadit contemplanti Los cuftam viridifimam Fabric. n32. Contra vero liquido apparet iu ! n. 35. aajor, quamvis hzc minor Locufla varia Fabric, n.. 5 exfiftat. Negari quidem. c cefcere has partes, in illis Z ormis, quarum mares Fabri. fpicillate, fpecularis et perforate des LOT TIAE - cius, fub nominibus Locwfz: perfpicilla 7 fcripfit. Nihilo tamen fecius in omnibus quoque reliquis Locuflis Fabricii, videlicet preter omnino apteras, veftigia ejufdem fabrica, etiamfi haud ubique pariter m : _ deprehendet cordatus et fas gax arbiter, quotiefcunque fpecimina fexus mafculini curate ac faba tiliter examinabit. Depingi curavi Locufflam, elytris lanceolatis con- cavis viridibus, alis rubris, quam füb nomine locufie falvifolie de- fcripfi in Catalogo Mufei Holthufiani, £2. 5. pag. 82. n. 72. Mas hujus nove fpeciei (vid. tad. 5. fig. A.) gerit juxta bafin elytrorum ocellum dorfalem feneftratum ; foemina vero (fg. B.) enfe partumeio finiftrum dextro, at prorfus fim; licem et planum. Utcunque na intercedit inter hanc noftram fa/vifoliam et Locuftam perfpici Fabric. n. ro. fimilitudo, non tamen pro eadem fpecie quoniam laudatus auctor de rubro col alarum plane tacet, quem neutiquam pratermififfet tam oculatus rbiter. Quando idem ocel- lum dorfalem fencftratum cum enfe adícendente extrorfum craffiore conjungit, certiffime aliquis eri 'or ili cunque demu eft, latet, Tola curata contemplatione exem emplaris Hunteriani extricandus. Ex comparatione omnium Locu/tarum quas unquam oculis ufurpavi, pro certo mihi conftat, illos ocellos feneftratos effe perpetuum et con- fantem characterem fexus mafculini, numquam cum enfe, foeminis { Cy E P Pr di Eye-like Spot in the Wings of the Locuftee of Fabricius. sg in hoc genere proprio, co-exfiftentem. Caeterum ipfum illud fi plendi- dorum colorum jubar extra omnem dubitationis aleam ponit, quod - utrumque illud infeétum fg. A. et B. depictum folummodo ratione genitalium et bafeos elytrorum qua marginem interiorem differat, ideoque manifefto fit pro duplici fexu unius ejufdemque fpeciei re- putandum. Fac igitur, id quod, donec probetur contrarium, pro vero certoque defendere valeo, cunctas Locuftas mares gaudere aceta- bulis dorfalibus, plus minufve ocellaribus five fene(tratis ; contra vero foeminas margine interiore juxta bafin elytrorum plano; atque hunc characterem fexualem in hoc genere naturali a Fabricio rite confti- tuto, non minus effe conftantem, quam prefentiam vel defectum enfis partumeii: cui bono hanc fingularem ftructuram optimum maximum naturz opificem machinatum effe dicemus ? Utinam uni« verfa teleologia tam prona foret adeoque expedita: tunc ilicet, me ultro auctorem fyftematis teleologici exftiturum effe, profiterer. Ni- hil profecto aliud egit aut agere potuit fummus © rerum nature arbi- i te Divat fia forti daret alas uperiores ita diverfas ab ely- s, nifi u //ffas feme Brno eorum reed pro- maoe Rr čara pignora, pro confervandis fpeciebus, ita tutiffime ab ingruentium hoftium injuria defenderet; mares contra, poft im- pregnata fecundo coitu ova, nulli alteri amplius in ceconomia na- ture, ufui futuros, profcriberet, atque volucribus et infectis zoo- phagis in przdam traderet. Quando nimirum avis vel alius qualif- cunque hoftis appropinquat Locuffarum gregis foeminze extemplo ex- pedita elytra explicare, in alas fe conjicere, volatuque fugam capef- cere valet. At rurfus mares, prafertim veneris ufu debilitati, finif- trum elytrum (ut ipfum ex acetabulo dextro, cui per apophyfin il- lam bafeos qua marginem internum inhzrefcit, tollant) magng ' conatu lentoque fucceffu levaturi, occupantur interim ab adverfz- ris, qui, faginati mafcula prada, fugaces matres ftudiofe perfequa : meghgunt, commodiore efca contenti. Quid? quod eadem hac I 2 ftructura 60 _ Profeffir LICHTENSTEIN” Effay on the ftructura confultum voluit fapientifimi numinis providentia gravi- dis, ne falaces mares invitas illas vana et przpoftera. libidine: vexa- rent.: Coitus Locuferum non poteft.aliter peragi, nifi elytris compli- catis. Hinc mares egre fe allevantes, nullomodo. violenter com- primere queunt altius fuccinctas multoque expeditiores foeminas. Nec - tamen fefe exhibuit iniquum contra mares Locuflas creator fan&tiffi- mus idemque indulgentiffimus. Na i-cantum illis dedit, fatalium EM es fibimet ipfis alioqui partium attritu prurientes focminas virgines al: lecturis, ne czlibes repulíz tzedio fatigati animum defponderent, aut contra naturam inter femetipfos veneris diverticula. quzrerent, uamvis ergo Locufie mares, prze aliis aliorum generum infectis maf- culini fexus, pro falute foemineze fortis devoti et peffandati effe vide- antur: attamen blanda mercede redimuntur, magnoque- gaudent privilegio, quod cum paucis modo; praefertim cum Cicadis, commune habent, fcilicet ut foemine, arguti ac fonori ftridoris dulcedine captz, ultro petant. amplexus, dum citra molefte verecundiz delicias ipfae confcendunt miferos inopefque amafios, ab ambitiofze perfecutionis | labore immunes. Idem alia quadam ratione in pulicibus fieri con- flat, etiamfi in tam parvis „caufa. cur ita rem habeant invefligatu difficilis lateat = : | E | ERAS : ie i regidas pi M a : Neque vero in folis Locuftis vel adeo hemipteris. obtinere videtur. talis alarum pro variante fexu diverfitas, quam folers natura ob fimilem fcopum videtur effe machinata. Lepidoptera Linnzi,. five Giofaia Fabricii, magna ex parte produnt ittiufmodi provide natura . molimina. Multi Papiliones, praefertim Heliconii, peculiares gerunt ela- teres, alarum remigio, vel potius velificanti aério, curfui, pro fexus varietate diverfimode infervientes. Sphinges mares reperiuntur præ- diti fibulis pro ala fuperiore cum inferiore conftringenda relaxandave, quibus carent fcemiuz, alio mechanifmo pandentes et rurfus contra- hentes Dedalea vela. Qua de re exftat fingularis. lectu digniffima commentatio in Tranfactionum Societatis Linnzanz Londinenfis vo- ge s 5 see Tütune Co Eje- like Spot inthe Wingsiof the Locufiee of Fabricius, 5:1 -68 lumine primo, cujus: uberior. difcuffio. non eft mei ,prefentis inftituti, Ceterum ipfa infe&a.aptera! Linnzi, ac, præfertim ,agonata Fabricii, magna ex parte illam habent indolem, ut mares, ad ana | quafi quamdam. multarum plantarum. dioicarum, citius ad ‘maturitatis ac robufti vigoris floi em per | et. rurfus, peractis. nuptiis, s un natu annis, evancícant, quam. faemin ! fobol matu ritatem per rferenda diutius | fuperftites. manere fus a y: Bic,- verbi caufa, : Gammarus flagnalis. (Fabrics. Entomol, Syfiem. torn. 1I. p. 518. n. 11.) (cujus defcriptionem. noviffimam atque cura- tiflunam debernus. v iro -experientiflimo, doctiffimoque Georgio Shaw feds Dost: a hof the. JLann Soc. vols A) infe&tum in. foflis quibi (dam. prope Hamburgum-. fatis frequens, quotannis, ppar cirea qnitium iveris; et quidein eo. ordine; ut primum 1 ftatim: poft gla» ciei nivifque regelationem parva nec.dum adulta foboles, utriufque fexus reperiatur, inter quam mafculi celerius ad juftam perfectamque magnitudinem excrefcere folent. Hi quidem cum femellis paulo nail vies: adultis corexfiftunt et nuptias. cele brant, quibu per: tempore i ante p æftatis foffas exficcantem moriuntur, poft- quam ova in limo depofuerunt. Limus ille per æftatem durefcit at- que in pulverem abit, autumno demum imbribus madefcit, nec: _ tamen in noftro climate umquam excluduntur ova ante hiemem. - In agro Brunfvicenli per auctumnum quoque hunc Gammarum ftag- salem me in perfect atatis robore vigentem videre memini, fed: | nunquam circa Hamburgum. Obiter hzc monuiffe fufficiat. Uni- - verfa quidem per omnia omnium claffium genera difquifitio, que nam animalia et przfertim infecta fcemineze fortis, ope fingularis pro- videntig, pre mafculis diutius ab interitu defendi et confervari fo- leant, forfan neque jucunditate careret, neque ufu ceconomico. Sed. profiteor, me nondum fufficientes obfervationes circa generalem il- lam fominel fexus req inftituiffe, vel inftitutas fatis rite fo. - digefliffe. 62 LICHTENSTEIN on the Eyeslike Spot in the Wings of the Locufta, Se. — digeffiffe. Hoc faltim jam nunc pro certo affirmare aufim, multo latius patere hanc rationem, quam üt de infectorum quibufdam ge- neribus folummodo valeat, ^ Pifces certe multi, precipue branchiofegi €t chondropteryzii, per certas anni tempeftates nulli nifi foeminei fexus capiuntur. Sed, ut unde fum digreffus denique redeam, Locuffas Fabricii, praefertim exoticas, foeminas multo plures quam fexus mafcu- lini in omnibus vel maximis mufeis deprehendi, conftans ct perpetua experientia doce : Neque hoc mirum videbitur amplius cordato en- tomologo, confideranti quanto diutius infe&orum plurimorum fæ- minz fuperftites manere foleant, quam mares ejufdem fpeciei. Idem in primis manifeftum eft in genere Mantis, cujus curatiffimam ela= boravi monographiam, quam entomologorum facile princeps Fabri- cius vehementer approbavit, et quam elegantibus figuris illuftratam publici juris facere haud gravabor. i ~~- EE ISO j BS Fe i Puce $i $c * ee Jo t F3 = Pie P adi VI. 4 New iin bli of the Genus Paty ji with i Ener = st Gane oy Mr. Archibald Menzies, F. L.S. i LI Read February 7+ and March.7, 197. D. is not my "ateditor: to PI you with a 41886 and ahead hiftory of the genus Polytrichum ; my obje&ts are merely to efta- blifh, by your fanétion, what I conceive to be its true and obvious charatteriftics, and to difcriminate the different fpecies, by laying before you, with due diffidence, the following arrangement, in which you will readily perceive that I have added feveral new ones, and fe arated fome of the moft confpicuous varicties of ‘authors | fpecies. This led me on to form new def aki siii ome ch whole genus ^o D At the time this genus was firft defcribed, there were but féw fpecies of it known; confequently its chara&er could not be made fo general, nor its arrangement fo complete, as when a much greater number of fpecies are at once before us.’ Indeed it is pretty evident that Linnzus took its charaGter chiefly from the Polytrichum com- mune, and what were confidered as its varieties, as we find fo much ftrefs laid upon the apophyfis at the bafe of the capfule, that, for want of that fingle diftinGtion, three fpecies were then tici and forced with difcordant. charatteriftics into another genus, une der the name ‘of Mnium Polyirichoides, and varieties: and althou zh fome of thefe have been fince reftored to their proper pisces on ace isfa&tory. at- ~~ tempts 64 Mr. Menztes’s New Arrangement of the tempts made to amend the general character of the genus; though it is very clear that the charaéter taken from the apopby/is ought 9o modo e tnm Re ees M e uae ce imme to have been long : ago excluded, or r rather ought | never to have been admitted, as it was only to be found in a few fpecies, and therefore could not avith propriety be.confidered as a generic diftinétion. | "The laborious works of the. celebrated and perfevering Hedwig have, of late years, thrown much light upon the fubjeéts of this natural order; but the general al complaints. againft his new ar- | rangement of it ate, that his genera are too artificial, and that their chara&ters are taken from parts fo minute and difficult to exa- mine, that they rather tend to perplex and difcourage a young. be- ginner in: his. inveftigations, than. aid. his purfuits in acquiring a ; fcientific knowledge o: of this. intricate. tribe. While i it can therefore. be. avoided, no, generic. or Ípecific . charaéters ought ever . to. be adopted, shat cannot eafily and. diftin&y | be feen. by the. afliftance of a fingle í lens magnifier, , fuch. as Botanifts. commonly Carry: in their pockets. | yum , Hedwig's generic characters have indeed this recommendation, that they are fhort and extremely, beautiful upon: paper,. on which. account his character of tbis genus has been lately adopted by au- thors whofe. erudition and general accuracy none can admire with. more: profound refpect. than Ido; yet I cannot join them in. this inftance without offering violence.to à beautiful and natural family, merely becaufe its, individuals differ. only in the number of {mall dents in the perifomia, or rim of the capfule; fome: having Siege two dents, others about double that number. — Far thefe reafons I have.not ventured to place 1 Rh dependence E! en: Hedwig's: new character of this: genus, more efpecially as it brings together: plants which have fo little natural affinity: of this. we have an example, in his making: the Bryum undulatum a. Polytri- shum, though it-agrees in no other refpeéts with this genus than &iqui | | merely Genus Polytrichum; avith Jome Emendations. 65 merely in the number of minute dents, and general ftructure at the orifice of the capfule. , : DONE? This author's ftriét adherence to. thefe* very minute: characters has made him regardlefs of others more confpicuous; and induced him to place another plant under this genus, viz. the Polytrichum hircinicum, which, from its fingle calyptra with upright hairs, more _ obvioufly, and perhaps more naturally; belongs!to one of his new genera. I fhall therefore in the following arrangement be obliged to'exclude thefe two fpecies of Hedwig: nay, I muft go further ; many authors, and thofe too of great réfpectability, have placed the © Bryum frriatum of the Species Plantarum, and its varieties, under this etus, although they have not the moft diftant affinity, and, accord- ing to the generic character Ihave adopted, cannot: poflibly be ars ranged under ite Hedwig has, I think, very properly defcribed thefe varieties as diftinct fpecies, and placed them under a new: genus, ic which he calls Orthotrichum; and though 1 am not at prefent much. to adopt his minute diftinctions, .or follow him in his revo- " ry career through this natoral order, yet T cannot ring this genus as a. real im future opportunity to lay fome account of it, before the Linnean Society, as my late peregrinations have enabled me to enrich it with a confiderable number of new fpecies. - Having thus excluded thefe feveral "fpecies, and feemingly muti- lated the genus, itniow remains for me to eftablifhits charaéteriftic ; and this I am happily enabled to accomplifh by means of that m- genious difcovery of the double calyptra, made upwards of twenty years ago, and. nearly about the fame time, by two celebrated Mae c turalifts, who were then'unacquáinted. with each other's labours, - and confequently may both be confidered as equally entitled to the merits of this improvement. © It was firft publifhed in the year 1775,, án Leers’s Flora Herbornenfis, where, after -defcribing the Poly- amos. IV. Ax. x zT trichum 66 My, Menzres’s Arrangement of the trichuih commune, page 229, the author makes the following obfer= vation : v Polytrichum boc calyptré gaudet. duplici: e dien pilofa, interiore multo minore, membranaceá, albidá, levi; exteriore obtedta.”” I do not find that Leers made any practical application of this | . difcovery, or traced it in any other fpecies: but Mr. Curtis, a va luable member of this Society, who made the fame difcovery: the year following, purfued.it further, and finding the double calyptra conftant in other {pecies as well as the Polytrichum commune, he ap- plied it, with his ufual. perfpicuity and difcernment, as a diftinguifh- ing character of the genus, in one of the. numbers of his Flore Londinenfis, publifhed' in the year 1778; and 1am confident that a more beautiful or a more obvious one could not be fele&ted,. -hav- ing found it conftant and invariable in every {pecies here deftribed, except the Polytrichum magellanicum; which has only a fingle £mooth calyptra; but then it fo ftrongly poffeffes the peculiar habits, and : every other characteriftic of the genus, that I think.it cannot pof- ~ bs id I have therefore drawn up the following general haracter, which, with the above exception, all Een and “aa caee cable to every i aedes of yt atur = - T ED uA oO ee » POLYTRICHUM UE Natural Charatter. THE plants of this genus, wbeilie: fingi or branched, grow moftly ere& from the ground, and have an unpliant ftiffneís or ri- . gidity of appearance that peculiarly iri ci them from moft E d of this natural order. nem x ; YA 1 : ; “The wang Genis Polyivichum 3 “wih fome Emendations. 67 "The /eaves are generally thick, tough, and rigid, growing round | the ftems and branches without order, and preffing clofe or half- embracing them by broad, fheathy, membranaceous bafes. The peduncles are {mooth, ftiff, fhining, ereét, and for the moft part arife from the fummits of the ftalks and’ branches; outofacy- — . lindrical membranaceous tube or perichetium, that clofely farround | the bafeof each. —— ^The- capfales are of various for ms, as roundith, ovdrid wu, and oblong; and each has a pointed lid or operculum, with a thin tran{verfe central membrane underneath; and when thefe are re- moved or fallen. off, the rim of the orifice appears elegantly fringed with a regular row of incurved minute dents (either, thirty-two dents, or about double, that number), which. before; WANE are conneded. by-their tips to the central membrane; ce ia: tor - The calypira is double, one within the other; the i exterior c one - 2 the about double i Tn gira thes interior one is Ímall, S teni tough, and membranaceous ; but, as the capfule fwells, it burfts open on one fide from the bafe upwards for half its length or more — è p » " t +. Lj Ia f © ~ om è Fagen 2M UE ee ae pu bod " Ye] enc 1 A y tu E eg a X d he EUTRE dts ar $i "n Cn ut e dis s U- a od RUE EG / pa i lee ieni, de dco. ef fei Ü apf. ipsala fubrotunda, oblonga feu TR e MEL Peri oy Septum. seers incurvis ^ Gerd ipiius membr - | Mas difciformis in diftig&ta » planta... A r^i ies d EV puo 7 Se “SPECIES. 68 UM». Menztes's Arrangement of the a PAs S i. Acauli la. I. p piinaa seni fol. lanceolatis accuminatis adpreffis inte- gerrimis, capfula cylindrica erecta. | | _Myiwm polytrichoides « var. en Linn, Sp Ph Tie aD. dint 4H Ex 55. Sf 12. tages -Arry MT Pifto “Hab. in Nova Scotia, locis Jerilibus prope Hal; ae Be SO The nins of this are but fei 3 in number, and prefs clofe round’ the bafe of the peduncle; the inner ones are longer and more EM pointed than thofe on the outfide; they are thin, lanceolate, pointed, and entire on the edges, with a ftrong middle rierve ; and in a dried ftate they are of a reddith brown ‘colour. —The peduncle is nearly an “inch long, of a deep ftraw-colour, and clofely. fur- rounded at the bafe by a tubular perichatium.—The capfule i cylin- duis sand ereét; thé operculum reddifh, almoft flat, and flichtly ted in the: centré.—The - exterior calypira is of a light fttaw- colour, and fomewhat more than double the length of the come which is fmooth and of the fame colour, but fomewhat besos 2. Porytricuum /ubrotundum, fol. lanceolatis obtufis integerrimis rigidis, capfula turbináta ere&iufcula. Mnium polytrichordes Linn. Sp. Pl. 1576. Dill. Mufe. 428. t, e. f. 6A B. C. D. E. F.- P. Jubrotundum Hud. Fi. Angl. ed. 1. 400. Scop. FI. Carn, - I 3 > m2. : Vaili Par. 131. tab: 26. f rg. : EU P. pumilum Swartz, in Ad. Stockholm. 1795. p. 271. : g: in ericetis, et lacis fterilibus —— &c. te T E IER $ Genus Polytrichum; with Jome Emendations, —— G This has no /a/t.—The Jeaves arcilanceolate, obtufe, thick, fhort, and rigid, without any apparent middle nerve, and entire on the edges: they are crowded round the bafe of the peduncle; of a dark green colour when recent, but blackifh when dried—The peduncle is from a quarter to about three quarters of an inch long, of a - dark reddifh colour, and furrounded at the bafe by a vaginal peri- chetiumi—The capfule is fhort, turbinated and fomewhat erect: the operculum i is flat, but pointed. in the centre, and the rim is confpi- cuoufly fringed with minute dents.—The exterior calypira is conical, of a dark fortpgndna colours: and Font twice the get, of the SBE Kart Having lae font ine a a fpedimen of bis P. pumilum, 1 carefully compared it with the above, and found it to be the fame p 2: PoLYTRICHUM nanim, fol. lanceolatis obtufiufculis pice ob-- | A ferrulatis, oe hemif phærica z rua: St es dem | a H. L K. L.? P. nanum Hedw. Stirp. Crypt. vol. 16 35. tab. 1 A og Hab. in ericetis, et locis aridis ae Bees! T This fpecies has. Kite any falk. The Jarves are lanceolate, . fomewhat obtufe, and entire on the edges. towards. their bafe, but flightly ferrulated towards their tips : they are not fo thick and. ftiff as in the preceding. fpecies, but are fomewhat longer.--The je duncle à is from half-an inch to upwards of an inch long, of a deep, o four, ‘and afes out of a vaginal perichetium about. one. orange c colo tenth of an inch E se is Ion Be ttle- - Mr. Manazizs’s Arrangement of the with minute dents: the operculum is flat, but in the centre very flightly pointed.—T he exterior calypira is fhort and conical, ending Àn a fimall mucro; it is of alight ferruginous colour, and ube the : length of the inner one. This and the preceding fpecies have boe coude serie by moft authors, although they appear very diftin& ; and I am . doubtful whether Dillenius himfelf has not fallen into this — 2s he feems to have given both under the: ime figure: delineated them on two feparate papers in his: original d a | which are in Sir Jofeph Banks's library, there is reafon to sett that he oxiginelis intended shoe to o be 5. diflini al 8 Gne fimplici 4 Por: TRICHUM aloides, fol, lanptorstis nen Dos obtufiuf- culis rigidis apice ferratis, capíula cylindrica obliquata. —Mnivn polytrichoides var, B, Linn. A PLA 577: Dill Mu if 429. SW 55 f T. Vaill. Par. zu 429. f: ir Weifi Cr p. aloides dida: $0». Coni wr I. "D: dius st eh Ste Mao Hab, in ericetisy et locis Jerilibus Anglia, &c. The frakk of thisis about a quarter of an inch high —Thewave — are of a. dark green colour, and prefs clofe together round the ftalk, - efpecially in a dried flatez they are thick, lanceolate, fomewhat obtufe, and finely ferrated towards their tips.—The peduncle is from half an inch to an inch long, of a deep ftraw-colour tinged, with, red, and iffuing from the top of the ftalk out of a tubular perichatium dopt a tenth of an inch long. —The capui is Splindrigal and a diu | red little Genus Polurichums with fome Emendations. 71 tittle oblique, with a flat aperculum pointed in the centre.—The ex- terior calypira is of a light ferruginous colour, efpecially koeh the tip, and is- sobis the length of the iiiner ones ` : $. PoLvrarcnoM convolutum, fol. linearibus involutis apice fetra- | tis; 3 ficcitate contortis, capfula cylindrica ere€tiufcula. Fis equi: P. convolutum Linn. fil. Method, Tomah adi dicks ^ 3. Swartz Prod.. I 305 — Hab. in India occidentali, Aus "The alk is Péredt, and | varies from an qe to » about three takes in height.—The /eaves are longer and more crowded towards the top of the ftalk: they are flender, linear, with their edges finely ferrated towards their tips; and in a dried ftate they are of a dark - brown colour, with their edges modih Ío as to 3ppesr housed. —The peduncle is from an inch to; ninch | ! the fummi of. the ftalk out of a lo one xor del 7 ong.—The py Sip is fomewhat erect, fhort and: cylindrical, with a ftrong rim finely dentated.—The exterior calyptra is of a light ferruginous colour, and about two-thirds longer than the inner one.—The male rofaceous cups are produced upon the. fummits of feparate ftalks, and are fometimes proliferous. 6. Porvrarcmu magellanicum, fol. linearilanceolatis acutis denti- — culato-ferratis, capfula oblonga füb-cylindrica erectiufcula, Ca~ — > dyptra fimplici TaB. 6. Fie. r. . E. ia rellanicum Linn. Suppl. Plant. 449. Hab. in, freta magellanico, et in Nova Zeelandia: . This m Riff, erect, and from. two to even fix ag high: the lower fng of the falk is naked, but the upper pat is fur- : j rounded.. ^ i ` Mr. MENZIES's Arrangement of the rounded with fpreading leaves, which are longer and more copious - at the termination of each year's growth and round the bafe of the peduncles—The “eaves are long, {preading, linear-lanceolate, and ferrated with deep dents on their edges: in a dried ftate they are of a reddifh-brown colour, and their edges turn in, fo as to give them a round or fubulate appearance.—The peduncles are fhining, of a light ftraw-colour, and from two to three inches long, iffuing out of a tubular perichatium from the fummit of the alk; butas-a. young fhoot frequently iffues from near their bafe, the. pedu; cle by becomes lateral, and thus there are. often two on the fame ftalk, one terminal and the other lateral—The capfule is oblong, | nearly indies, and Omen a erect: Hig gereden i is. conical, Yol yprra : is ; wanting : oi inner one; whitei is {mooth, fubulate and of: adark brown colour, is about three tenths of an inch long, with a little roughnefs appearing about the point: as the capfule {wells it fplits fideways from the ‘bottom’ upwards.—The male rofaceous "cups are proliferous, and upon feparate ftalks, which i in general pre duce fronger and more. crowded leaves. | i was enabled: to afcertain thi sp lant by carefully com ar with the original fpecimen of P. mapllicun in the Li reari Her ‘barium. — = — Tet X SH" 7. ‘Pony rRicau attenuatum, fol. ineari-lanceolatis. carinatis . ar- | tilaginco-ferratis patulis, capfalà quadrangulari c cernua, bali con- "ftridu. Tas. 6. Fro. 2. ^ Bese AA | _ Hab. in ora occidentali America Septenronalis, CM, á LES PE E a ede ; "rhe faik of this fpecies i is fimple, ere s andigem an an inch, g half to upwards of three inches high -—The “eaves are fpreading, ] Jinear- Janceolate, with rough hifpid points, and whitifh : See edges deeply ferrated; the middle nerve is ftrong, whitifh, and c on "e Hi Genus Polytrichum; with Jome Emendations. . 43. the back: flighty dentated towards the tip, ` : When recent the leaves are of a dark glaucous colour, but in a dried ftate they, become. Te gid, and, of.a dark brown colour, with their edges curled in.fo.as to — make them appear, round and .channelled.—- The peduncle.is from two to four inches long, of a xeddiflr ftraw-colour, at ithe bottom, . but much lig ht er towards: the top :'it arifes. from the. top of the ftalk, out. of a clofe cylindrical {heath about. one-eighth of,an inch long.— The capfule i is quadrangular, nodding, and a. little contracted at the bafe, but, not. fo, much . as to form. an apopby/a.:.. the. operculum is conical: the rim has about fixty-four minute. e dents.—The exte- tior ealyprra à is ftraw-coloured, of a pointed conical figure, and about a third seer shan the inner one, whichis fmooth,and of thefame . polonte ab bL df q1U* 3 in 3504 Step ot orithinss svowod | toa ovad oft 3 Ü eid F * F “ob vi 11 8. Porvrarcuvs Lodi fol. lanceolatis acutis c carinatis SER This is UT ‘talked, and of a flender appearance, fi from we z ‘upwards of two inches i in height. —The eaves are fmall, and re- motely placed on the lower part “of the ftalk : but are its ‘erect, and more crowded towards the top +. the) ate of-a‘lighteteen colour, fhort, lanceolate, with. acute’ hifpid: ‘points, FEE EAR vith deep . dents on their edges : the middle nerve is firong,’ whitifh: ard den. D s tated én: the back, -efpecially toward, the. tip. ~The peduncle 1S about three inches long, -fhining;. and of. deep. orange colour, and arifes the fummit.of thesftalk out, of: a cylindrical, eunt M ie an inch inclength, e The cap/ue’ is nearly ovate, an l; without any apparent! apaplyfis s athe operculum i obfcurely angi ale. percal {mall and conical, 'ending.in. s ftraw-salourel pointoniDhe c teri b: Wot. IV. — ae "e ma 74 7 Mr. Mewtzres’s Arrangement of tbe calypira is of a deep ferruginous colour, and about a third part longer than the inner one. I was favoured with this fpecies by Mr. Dickie, whi collected it on Ben Nevis in Scotland, about half way up the mountain. I alfo received the fame from Dr. Swartz of Stockholm, who lately difcovered it in Sweden. His fpecimen has the lower leaves and calyptra black, which I confider only as accidental diftin&ions. I was at firft inclined to confider it as a variety of P. atienuatum ;_ but its flender appearance, its leaves being fhorter, erect, and thinner fet, and the difference in the form of its capfule, induced meto - make it a diftin&t fpecies; and 1 have fome doubts whether it ue : aot be the fame which Dillenius has figured in Tab. $4. fig. 2. have not however ventured to quote that figure till I am S niit to remove my doubts by a fight of Dillenius’s {pecimen. Both this ` and the foregoing are to be diftinguifhed from P. commune by their carinated leaves, with ftrong whitifh middle nerves, by having no membranaceous leaves round the bafe of their peduncles, and no - pest cns elio at the bafe of their ISS s Porrnüchel commune, [fol Tineat-Tanceotatis acutis ferralatis, | | Xam quadrangulari, -ei fubjećta. : 7 e commune Linn. Sp. Pl 157 3- Dill. Mufc. 424. t. 54. fi no P. ferratum Schranck Fl. Bav./2. 446. n : 1371. Hab. in Jiris, et ericetis humidis. | -The falk is ere&, from two to five tables and upwards in height. —- The /eaves are ftiff, linear-lanceolate, ending in acute hifpid points, and finely ferrulated on their edges: they are of a bright green colour when frefh, but of a reddith brown when dried or in decay: thofe on the top of the ftalk, furrounding the bafe of the peduncle, eer from the others in being more erect, whitith, membranaceous, Sa and Genus Polytrichun y with Some Emendations. 7 5 and entire on their edges, with. greenith middle’ nerves, ending in long filaceous tips.—The peduncle i is from two to four inches long, of a fhining deep orange colour, and iffuing’ from the top of the ftalk out df; a tubular fheath about a quarter of an inch in length.— The capfule is quadrangular, with an apophyfs at the bafe, and is of a greenifh colour when young, but reddifh when ripe: the ofercu- dum is flat or rather concave, with a fmall point proje&ing from the centre. — The exterior calypira is were gni nna - pe the i up si thei inner one. ; ot a 10. 2 Sei bile. fol. Fei s confertis integerrimis rgidis apice ido capfula sabi: Sag bi nie fub- a Jetta, ae | P. commune Var. y Li Sp Pi. 1973 Dil t My 486 t $4. ay" 5 : P, PM Seret: - : il. 74 : -8f $83 3s — ows Wr fincle, f fro half a an vox toan indh and halfj in height, and is naked at the bottom, but at the top it is furnithed with a crowded clufter of leaves. —The aves are fhort, lanceolate, thick, ftiff, and crowded, entire on the edges, and each tipt with a white hair.—The peduncle i is, tiff, reddifh, - and from half an inch to up- wards of an inch in length, arifing from the top | of the ftalk out of a tubular perichetium.—The capfule i is fmall, nodding, and quadran- gular, with a diftin& apophy/is at its bafe: the operculum, like. the preceding, is concave, with a fmall mucro iffuing from the centre, The exterior ca/jgira is fometimes reddifh, but generally of es ~ j ferruginous colour, and about as long again as the inner one ^ ^ lis 7 7 00 Pov. tO X i mi. cr incu Mb Menzies’ Arrangement f i I. PoLyTRicuuM. juniperinum, fol. ‘lineari-lanceolatis roulenioniasis patulis, marginibus inflexis i integerrimis, raphi wadrangulari; apophyfi fubjeéta. .. TAB; 6. Fic. 4. E » Juntperinum Willd, FÌ. Beso], 305 (exelufo Son Dillen.) — in ora occidentali Americe ‘Septentrionalis, ! | | om fs 9 tà three inches high,: dig sitiar -Dhe: /eaves are fpreading, line t-lanceolate, points, {lightly hifpid + their edges ate en- pon the furface of the leaf from both fides.— n an inch and half to about three inches in n rounded at the bafe by a a cylindrical tube or in inch long; iffi üing from ‘a ingular, with an Apophyfis „bafi inted in the centre, andthe rim is fringed with a regular; Tow 7 of about: fixty-four whitifh ‘dents. —The exterior calypira islong and fabulate, whiti(h.at the bottom, and. ending with ‘tire, and fold i in . but ferr inous at the tip, and about double the nghe of the i in- NS ner oi B eid bers | [Sni as 6 ri, ia aa ilsninor m AN abris I know of, "who Wave’ tal Y Vise hin pe it with: “tine Teves, yet" máke' no- feste di dte MR a o Dih. Mufe. 424. t. 54. f. 2. whichthat accurate author défcribes and figures with ferrated leaves :' At is ete oa Eas evident the KU tation mutt be erroneous. = The RERS Sia FT Gmel rw UNE 2 I believe, to this Re ; but as I have not been able to. procurea fight of the plant itfelf, or even of the figure of i it, Misc from Reynar, Ait, um] I could not fake, it up in this ape me nt. i ^d —— | aeees aoa. es arrest me d oa mit d ii tr Genus Polytrichum y uit. fome Bmendations, M. i aee Catile Fámofó. ` I2. POLYTRICHUM Trist. fol. lanceolatis acuminatis Spear C iih marginibus.inflexis integerfimis, capfulis gnpdrkgilcibon ... apophyfi infidentibus. - Ta. Be BAG Ay ERG ihn Vaill, Par. PERA Jew Hab. in America Septentrional, in locis flerilibus icri et in Scotia. - ‘This fpecies was gathered i in the year 1766 on dew nisi "i Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart. who defcribed it under the foregoing name in a manufcript preferved in his library, which I was fuffered to perufe in the moft liberal manner. I found it about twelve years ago near Halifax in Nova Scotia, and fince that time in feveral places on the north-weft coaft of America; and I lately found'it alfo in different | placés in Scotland, particularly on the top of the park walls, on both fides of the road; about a mile to the eaftward of ‘Taymouth in | Breadalbane, where i it prog in common with zi commune and P. p= - tis branched, and about two inches in height. The roots, together with the lower parts of the ftem and branches, are covered with a whitith downy fubftance, of a fpongy texture: the lower parts of the branches appear flender, from the leaves being {maller and more thinly fet there than towards the tops, where the leaves are larger and more crowded. —The /eaves are thick, tiff, erect, lanceolate and fharp- pointed, with entire edges, which, like the preceding, are folded flat - i back to the furface of the-leaf from both fides: in a dried ftate the leaves prefs clofe to the ftalk, and their points are flightly hifpid : z pens pee ich furround the bafe of the peduncles are moftly mem! riaceous and pellucid, with greenith: middle nerves ending in flender filaceous tips. —The peduncles are from an'inch to two inches in length, ced from the fummits of the branches out of cylindrical tubes — "m Mr. Menztks’s Arrangement of the ` nearly a quarter of an inch long, which clofely furround their bafe. —The cap/ule is {mall and quadrangular, with an apophyfis at the bafe: the operculum is reddifh and flat, with a {mall point iffuing from its centre ; and the rim of the orifice is fringed with about fixty- four minute dents.— The exterior calyprra is conical, of a light ferru- ginous colour, and about double the length of the inner one. As this fpecies generally divides very low down, fingle branches of it may be carelefsly pulled up or feparated, in which fate it may fometimes be confounded with the P. juniperinum; but its being ra- ther fmaller in all its parts, its leaves being fhorter, ftiffer, more erect and crowded towards the top of the branches, and its lower parts being generally matted together and enveloped in a-whitith downy fubftance, will eafily diftinguith it, - ica tae S ~ As neither the woolly calyptra nor the downy fubftance about the lower parts of the plant are expreffed in Vaillant’s plate, I have been induced to give a new figure of it, from a fpecimen collected in Nova Scotia. -— | 13. PoLvTRICHUM contortum, fol, lineari-lanceolatis ferratis invo- lutis ficcitate contortis, pedunculis lateralibus, -capfulis cylin- dricis erectiufculis. Tas. 7. Fic. 2. as R ee — Hab. in ora occidentali Americae Septentrionalis, This is from two to four inches high, and generally naked to- wards the bottom, but covered with leaves, and often divided into — two or three branches towards the top.—' The leaves are linear- lanceolate, with their edges turned in and finely ferrated, without any apparent middle nerve : when frefh they are of a dark green co= lour; but in a dried {tate they are contorted, and of a dull dark brown — colour: they are rather thinly fcattered on the ftalk, excepting here and there where they form tufts by being more thickly fet and fome- eee a what Genus Polytrichum; with Jome Emendations. -i 5 what longer at the termination of cach year's growth.—The peduncles are from an inch to an inch and half long, and arife out of a va- ginal tube about a quarter of an inch in length, at the extremity of each year’s growth; but as the young fhoots iffue from their bafe, they afterward become lateral.—The cap/ule is cylindrical and fome- what erect, having a ftrong annulated rim fringed with about thirty- two minute dents: the operculum is conical and pointed.—The ex- ‘terior calyptra is fmall, of an oval form, and of a light ftraw colour, and is about twice the length of the inner one. — i This fpecies very much refembles P. convolutum, but that has al- ways a fimple ftalk with a fingle terminating peduncle, and its leaves are only flightly ferrated towards their tips; whereas tbis, even in its fimple ftate, has generally two or three lateral peduncles, and the leaves are finely ferrated their whole length, which will afford fufhi- cient marks of diftin&tion. | | | 14. PoLYTRICHUM. rubellum, fol. lanceolatis carinatis obtufiufculis — ferratis dorfo denticulatis, capfulis fubcylindricis erectiufculis. — Tas 7. Fic. 3. | ‘Hab. in ericetis Scotia, et locis flerilibus Anglie. _ The falk of this fpecies appears reddifh, and is generally flightly branched, though not unfrequently met with fingle, and grows from an inch to two inches in height —The leaves are obtufely Janceolate, . and finely ferrated on the edges, with the middle nerve dentated on. the back of each : thofe on the upper parts of the ftalk and branches. are of. a dark glaucous colour, changing in the dried ftate to a dull blackifh hue; but the lower leaves, and the bafes.of the upper ones, arc reddifb, and become whitith when dried; they are gener larger and more crowded at the top and at the divifions « branches.— The peduncles very feldom exceed three in nur iber, - 8o ; Mr: MENZIES’ Arrangement of the i are from an inch to an inch and half in length: they are reddifh, flightlytwifted, and generally terminate the lower branches, each arif- ing out of a cylindrical tube, about two tenths of an inch long. The €apfule is fomewhat ere&t, and nearly cylindrical,’ having a ftrong annulated rim, fringed with a regular row of reddifh dents: the operculum is long and fubulate.— The exterior woolly calyftra is fer~ ruginous, and about double the length of the inner onc. -` The only plant which this refembles is P. alsides, and I ftrongly fufpeét that they have been hitherto confounded together, both by: Hudfon and Lightfoot, under the name of P. nanum. Tt is ün- doubtedly a very diftinét fpecies from P. aides of Hedwig, not only by its being larger in all its parts, and generally branched, but alfo by its leaves being ferrated their whole length, and dentated: on their back along the courfe of the middle nerve. = = I5. PorvrRICHUM dentatum, fol. lanceolatis acutis aculeato-dentatis, _capfulis fubcylindricis erectis. TAB. 7. Fio. 4- TOR —.. Hab. in ora occidentali America Septentrionalis, — It is from an inch to twoinches high, and generall „divided into three or four flender branches—The /eaves are ftiff, lanceolate, acute, and ftrongly dentated on the edges with fharp whitith dents ; their colour is a dark green when recent, but a reddi(h brown when - dried; the middle nerve is elevated. on. the back of the leaf, and marked with a few dents near the tip.—The: peduncles are generally two or three in number, of a dark reddifh colour; and grow to an inch or an inch and half long: they arife from the!fummits of the branches out of cylindrical tubes which furround:about two tenths of at: inch of the bafe of each.—'The capfule is fomewhat cylindrical: . and erect; the rim is ftrong and fringed’ with minute dents: the - operculum is flat, with a fmall point in the centre.—The exterior - tS ! | = calybtra Gon Pols erien s ;. with Jome Emendations, 81 calyptra i is e" a ferruginous colour and;about twice the ie eee of the inner one. This is in Sir Jofeph Banks' S Herbarium, and was fft brought - from the north-weft. coaft of. America by Mr. Nelfon, who accom- panied Captain: Cook in his laft Voyage. I have fince frequently 3 met with it myfelf i in the pine-forefts on the fame coatt; but it has not been found, to my knowledge, "T where elfe. . 316. PorvrRICHUM urnigerum, fol. lanceolatis acuminatis denticulato~ ferratis rigidis, capfulis. phos erectis. he or urnigerum Linn, Sp. Pi. 1573. D. Mufc. 427, f. 55. 13 XS Habitat in ericetis montofis Anglia, &c. = "This Brows j Wohi an inch to three inches in height ; the lower part of the Halk is naked, but the upper part is crowded with leaves, and generally divided into numerous branch The Teroes: are . tanceolate, fharp-pointed, l, rigid, and irregularly ferrated with acut dents.—T'he peduncles are about "an i ek or | an icit dd half ms and arife pretty "epetly from the fummits of the lower branches, and not from the ax///e of the leaves, as they have been generally defcribed: the vaginal perichetium, which clofely furrounds the bafe . of each, is about an eighth of an inch in length.— The capfule i is cylin- drical and ereét, having the rim wide, and fringed with minute dents. The operculum is flat, with a {mall point in the centre, and covers the rim with a thick obtufe edge.—The exterior calypira is {mall and fubulate, of a light ferruginous colour at the top, but whitifh to- ‘ards Bue —* vii is nue: more than twice the —— of fak s - Vor. IV. ae e TE E 17. Po- 82 COM. MENZIES’ Arrangement of the 17. POLYTRICHUM /eprentrionale, fol. lanceolatis acutis apice obfcuré ferrulatis, capfulis ovatis ere&iufculis, operculo mucronato re- . curvato. Tas. 7. Fie. 5. eh we ramofum Gunner. Fl, Norveg. § 14. “FL. Dan. tab, 297. P. feptentrionale Swarts. in AT. Stockh. 1795. f. 270. Hab. in alpibus Norvegicis, This plant is about an inch and half in height, and from a {mall naked fem fuddenly divides into fhort {tiff crowded branches.—The leaves are fhort, narrow, lanceolate, acute, and entire on the edges, - except towards their tips, where, with the afüiftance of a magnifier, they may be perceived flightly ferrulated : they are all nearly of the fame fize, and equally difperfed round the branches.—The peduncles are ftiff, yellowith, about half an inch long, arifing from the fum- mits of the branches out of fmall fheathy tubes, Which clofely . embrace their bafes.—' The cap/ule is ovate and nearly erect: the operculum is conical, ending in a long recurved mucro.—The exte- rior calypira is of a light ferruginous colour, and about twice the length of theinnerone, | | This is to be diftinguithed from P. alpinum by being much finaller in all its parts, ——by its leaves being fhorter, more eret, and nearly . entire on their edges,—by its capfules being moftly ere&, and its operculum ending in a long recurved mucro. _ The fhape of the capfule in the plate above quoted from the . Flora Danica is not fufficiently accurate, as it does not agree elther with the plant or the defcription of it inferted.in the fame work, I have therefore given a new figure of it from a Ífpecimen fent me fome years ago by Dr. Swartz of Stockholm, a learned and indefati-- gable member of this Society, to whom I am indebted for this, and many other interefting communications, d Genus Polytrichum; with Jome Emendations.. 2 18. POLYTRICHUM. alpinum, fol lineari-lanceolatis denticulato- ferratis rigidis, capfulis ovatis fubnutantibus. Dill. Mafi: 427. tab. $5. f. 4. parte Europe. PIC eae 3 The falk of this is from two to three inches in height, and di- vides into numerous. branches.— The leaves are ftrong, ftiff, linear- lanceolate, and finely ferrated on the edges with fharp minute dents: thcy are generally of a dark brown on the lower parts of the plant, but light green on the upper branches, where they alfo be- come brown in a dried ftate.—The peduncles are numerous, from an inch toan inch and half long, of a deep ftraw-colour, and iffue from the fummits of the branches out of clofe cylindrical tubes, which are about two tenths of an inch in length.—The cap/ule is ovate, tumid, and a little inclined or nodding. The operculum is conical and pointed.— The exterior calyptra is fmall, fubulate, of a ferruginous colour, and about a third longer than the inner one. P. alpinum Linn. Sp. PI. Hab. in ericetis montofis, oF LA ts 19. Poryrarcuum fplvaticum, fol. lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis ferratis rigidis, capfulis oblongis cernuis fubincurvis. Tas. 7. Fic, 6.. Hab. in fylvis abietinis ore occidentalis America JSeptentrionalis. This grows from two to four inches and fometimes even to fix inches in height, and is loofely divided into four or five branches; the . lower part of the /alk is ftiff and naked, but the upper part and branches are crowded with long narrow ípreading leaves.— The - deaves are linear-lanceolate, ending with fetaceous points, and finely ferrated on the edges, which in a dried {tate turn in fo as to appear channelled; the lower leaves are of a reddifh brown colour, but the upper ones are of a dark green.—The peduncles are from an M 2 em inch inch dud half to two inches Nis; and arif : branches out of fheathy tubes, which ar about two cighths of an: inch: in length ;. they are fhining, ... their tops, but reddith towards th w of minute whitifh dents, to» he operculum is flat, with a feta-- e exterior woolly calypira iss Four, and about a third. part longer: which i is. f the pue colour, but. darker. . the i inner- ‘one, In referahco to Tal VI and VIL itis to be obferved:| thar a adjoin oir ing to almoft every figure, the exterior calyptra is laid open to hom thei come poche tubular perichetium that furretie the bate of; t A h A Scared, TV. t i Foo SE a Dg 4 ca -—— es a E Ea vc Mem S tare IN. labs ps5. ` Firft Volume of ec heo of d years s prior perso by Dr. Shaw, fiance unlooked for oe this- tse of. bein Amongft others my attentive and. obf: rving. friend, ed of. this Society, Co-. 2 fuoa in efiding this, ur letters for the purp The en of th That it is a'€ 86 Dr. LaTRAM's Ob/ervations of the Spinning Limax. from an height fecurely to the ground, by means of a thréad of its own conftruétion, fecms manifeft; for, on my friend's putting one of them on the projecting frame of a window, it immediately crawled forwards till it came to the projecting angle, from whence, without attempting to fix itfelf by its fore parts to any thing, it be- came vifibly fufpended by a thread from its tail. When it had de- {cended about two feet, the Colonel took it up by the thread, and carried it to a diftant room; but, in trying to fix it afrefh, in order more accurately to obferve its progrefs, the thread broke. He then put it on a frame about four feet from the ground; ina few minutes it was again fufpended, and, obferving by his watch, defcended at the rate of three inches and an half in a minute The motion was not perfectly fmooth and regular, but at times f jerks wereob- — ferved. When the flug was near the ground, an attempt was made, by taking hold of the thread near to the body, to fix it afrefh, but the thread again broke, as it did likewife on being tried three other. times with the fame view, each time the flug having nearly reached the floor. At laft he fixed the end toa ftick, by which he was en- abled, by turning the ftick round, to wind up the thread fafter than it was produce . The thread however foon b oke, and after thefe trials, although the flug made feveral atte mp! s to fpin, it as often - fell to the gror on which it was put into wet mofs, and the next ~ day feemed fo far to have recovered the property of fpinning, as again to go through the former experiments. : | By the above repeated effays, the Colonel, by means of glaffes, was enabled to make the fulleft obfervations, and found for cer- tain that the fecretion, of which the thread was formed, was wholly from the under parts, and not from the back or fides, both of which appeared nearly dry ; nor did it proceed from any orifice in the tail, for in fome experiments it was fufpended by the tip of the tail, at other times from full an eighth of an inch on one fide of it. This . | - 5 i Limax Dr. Latuam’s Obfervations on the Spinning Limax. 87 Limas appeared to be fenfible of its abilities, for it extended itfelf from the bottom of the frame, with its head downwards, till the tail became fufpended ; and it was by means of an undulating mo- tion of the belly, fimilar to that in the act of crawling, that the flow of the vifcous fecretion was produced towards the tail; but in doing this the belly was extremely contracted, being furnifhed with numerous tranfverfe raga; at the fame time the body and zestacula were fully extended, indicating no alarm whatever: the head was occafionally moved from ‘fide to fide, which gave feveral turns to - the right or left as the centre of gravity lay; but as it d frequently tumet: one way as the other, the thread was not in the leaft twifted, "The thread, on firft leaving the tail, conformed to the fhape of that part, being flat, and five times as broad as at one eighth of an inch diftant therefrom ; but afterwards feemed of an equal fize, and con- fiderably fmaller than the fineft human hair. When a portion of this thread was placed under a microfcope; it appeared contracted, bys its furface being wrinkled ; ; it was pellucid, and feemed elaftic. i dds, | that lie has niet with numbers of them, inet f which could not by any means be induced to > fpin, as if fen- fible of their inability fo to do, readily turning back when approach- ing the projecting edge; whilft others at once let themfelves down without hefitation ; fo that it might be known by their motion, = when near the riik of thẹ precipice, whether they were endued with the faculty or not. The above were the principal of the auteur communicated to me, the laft of which were made the beginning of October. My friend, as well as Mr. Hoy, feems to think that the fubje&t in quef- - tion is no other than the Limax agrefis of Linnzeus, to which I mot readily affent; and that it is moft probably the variety mentioned by Müller in his Ay. Verm. IJ. p. 9. B. viz. Limax albidus c ]ypeo Ja- vefcentes and is alfo the var. «. in Gmelin's edition of the Sy/. "Nature - S8 — Dr. LatnAW's O¥fervations on the Spinning Lomas. Nature of Linnzus, p. 3101. Limax albus clypeo flavefcente. Lifter has figured it, not inaccurately, both in his Animal. Anglia, p» 130. tab. 2. f. 16. as well as in his Synopfis Method. Conch. as one -of his Cochleæ nude terrefires, {ee tab. 101. Av: but both figures feem to cor- refpond with the plain fort, in which the fhield and body do not differ in colour; for he names it L. cinereus parvus immaculatus. However he is filent in refpe&t to the faculty, in this identical fpe- cies, of fpinning a thread, although he has ‘noticed the circum- ftance in the Limax cinereus of Linnzus, which he1 names iL, cinereus . maximus flatus €& maculatus, p. 127. 1. 2. f. 15. (the fame figured in , his Synopfis, tab. 101. a. f. d.) and delivers his lentiments, at p. 130, -in the following words: <‘ Eofdem Limaces lio tc mpore circa men- “fem Junium in fylvis opacis obfervavi, ex arborum 1 ramis demif- «f fos, fingulos fingulis funibus bipedalibus craffis & validis fatis: at .* e propria faliva confeétis. Eft fané magna affinitas inter humo- rem illum e quo araneorum erucarumque fila fiunt, atque homm “ animalium falivam." : In refpeét to the quantity of glutinous matter fafficient for the. purpofe of fufpenfion, according | to Sgammerdam the texture of the -whole furface of the body is or lefs difpofed to. | but, by the above obfersabolR we find that the olane s of the- ball and under parts are thofe which are materially fubfervient * Bibl, Natura, part 1. ord. 1. cap. 6. where he fays, ** After what | manner the flimy “ humour diftils from the glands of the ikin, may be feen in this manner: The fkin muft“ '** be wiped with fpongy blotting paper until none of the flimy humour is feen, or till the “whole is cleared off; then the fkin muft be taken between the fingers and prefled “ gently ; and if this be done under.a microfcope, the flimy humour will be feen to come | * out infenfibly from the glandular pores of the fkin like clear and minute points: thefe, ** by continuing the preffure, will become fmall drops; and thefe, in fome time, gather- “ing together, will form a confiderable collection of this mattér; fo that the whole fkin '* will be moiftened and become ecc ” See Bosk f Nature, E Ks g 5 ( Engl. Sot J = X From Bred LAT HAM's Od/ervations on the Spinning Limax. 89: From what has been faid it fhould feem no difficult matter to fup- pofe the poffibility of every Species of the Genus Limax being compe- tent to the forming threads of the like kind; fo far from the fa- culty being confined to one in particular. The firft difcovery of the fingularity which has given rife to the above effay, like many other things, was owing to fortuitous obfer- ‘vation; and, to fay the truth, the fa& was totally unlooked for, . and by many fcarcely credited, although fo well attefted : but know- ledge of every kind is flow in its progrefs. It is to be hoped, there- fore, that no opportunity will be hereafter neglected by individuals of forwarding to the Linnean Society their obfervations without re- ferve, although fuch may appear at firft trivial, for they may pro- bably lead to more confequential diícoveries. c Romfey, Nov. 11, 1796. LJ No. IV. ' NC EC VIT. An (i902) VII. An Effay oh the TH tbe op Windpipes of various Kinds of Birds, — By John Latham, M.D. F. R.S. and L.S. Romfey. Read Fuly 4, Otialer 3, and November 7, 1797. .— Y ^ HE ftudy of Birds has for many years paft occupied my atten- fe tion ; and I might add, that from my earlieft remembrance [ have had a predilection in favour of this part of Natural Hiftory, although my refearches have not been totally confined thereto. I have hereby been tempted to publifh my volumes of Ornithology, which, I flatter myfelf, are now generally known to the world. - During my progrefs in the defcription of the external appearance of each, the criterion whereby moft Ornithologifts have thought it fufficient to difcriminate one fpecies from another, I have alfo paid fome attention to the ftru&ure of the internal parts; and, among other things, the difference in the formation of the trachea in many of the Duck genus, in particular, has not failed to ftrike my obferva- tion ; and that this circumftance will not a little contribute to affift our refearches concerning the identity of feveral fpecies, hitherto not a little confufed, will hereafter be made to appear. But as I wifhed to get as much light thrown on the fubje& as poffible ; I _ have poftponed the publication of my obfervations, until by repeated diffections, and comparing many individuals with one another, I might be enabled to {peak with the greater certainty. This matter has alfo required a much greater length of time in refpect to the - Duck genus, whofe hiftory will in this effay take up a material part | 2 of Dr. Laruam’s Effay on the Tracheæ or Windpipes of Birds. gt of our attention, as it is only at particular feafons that fome of them are to be met with, and feveral in mild winters do not vifit this kingdom, except by feeming chance, or in very fmall numbers. It is not poffible therefore that any perfon of himfelf, however advan- tageoufly fituated, can hope to meet with a fufficient number of fpecimens, without the affiftance of others. I fpeak this experi- mentally, as without fuch aid 1 fhould not have been able to have furnifhed matter for this effay. - Amongft the various friends to whom I am obliged in refpe& to this undertaking, the judicious and well-informed Naturalift, William Boys, Efq. of Deal, ftands defervedly foremoft, having rendered me = very great affiftance, not only by fpecimens, but by every obferva- tion in his power. I find myfelf greatly indebted to my friend Co- lonel Montagu, a moft diligent obferver of nature; alfo toMr. Lamb, Surgeon,of Reading —all Fellows of this Society. Nor fhouldI omit - my valuable correfpondent Dr. Bloch, of Berlin, who has rendéred himfelf confpicuous by feveral effays : on the prefent fubjeé, as may be feen in the Berlin Tranfactions*. - "To which muft be added the 'obfervations of DoétorsPallas+, Beckmannf, Silberfchlag g§, and Otto}, contained in the fameworks, all of which may be read to advantage ; for although thefe gentlemen do not altogether coincide in their opinions, yet as they all tend to the fame point, fuch efforts in order to afcertain truth muft always be ufeful—Not forgetting due ac- know ledgment to the valuable paper of the late Dr. Parfons, who, many years prior to the above, gave an account of the ftructure of the afpera arteria, or windpipes, of feveral Pues and in the Land; - E Bech. der Berl. Nat. Fr. iv. p. §79-—Schrift. der Berl. Nat. Fr. is p. st * Befch. der Berl. Nat. Fr. ii. p. 551. i Befch. der Berl. Nat. Fr. i.p. 170. à Schrift. der Berl. Nat. Fr. i. p. 36. | -Befeb. der Berl. Nat. Fr. iii. p. 456. j : N 2 "Tortoife, * 92 Dr.Larsaw's Efay onthe Trazbeee or Windpipes of Birds. Tortoife, in the Philofophical Tranfaéctions*, It is by means of the above refources, added to the obfervations I have mytelf made: for a number of years, that I {hall endeavour to elucidate the fubje& ‘as | far as in my powci ; and although I may not be able to determine the matter with fo great a degree of precifion:as might be withed, „it is more than probable that others, hereafter, will be able to com- plete the ftruéture of which I have endeavoured to lay the ground work. T PS Petia? Sars RS E ERE ie " from others in refpeét to conforma- determine much thereon, not an{wering the pur ofe furth ibas: to ftimulate our future refearches. As far as the deviation from a. cylindrical fhape is concerned, it is obfervable that the peculiar dif- ference in ftructure is feen only in the male fex, the female not having the leaít enlargement, or increafed cavity, as will hereafter be- mentioned : but to what purpofe nature has intended this, is, I be- lieve, at prefent unknown to us. Some authors have given as their opinion, that the enlargement of the trachea in Ub Pieri * Vol. lvi. p. 204. : t Aldrovandus, Willughby. —See alfo Birch’s Hift. Roy. Soc. ii. p. ~ 5 x 3t. ^ Dr. Larnam’s Efayouthe Tracker or Windpipes of Birds, | 93 it happens, ferves to increafe the tone of voice; andthatthis fex is - enabled, by means of it, to cry out more forcibly than.thofe birds which have no fuch con(tru&tion of parts—an inftance of which is pointed out in the Golden-Eye Duck, the Latin name of which (Clan- guia, ) has been given to it from this fuppofed circumftance*. | Others. again have fappofed. that the peculiarity. of ftru&ure might be. of ufein diving ; yet no one has authenticated to us, that the male. is able to ftay longer under water than the female. Concerning the want or prefence of an enlarged cavity, or labyrinth, as authors have called it; nothing can. better fuit our | purpofe. than the examples, of the Scorer and Velvet Duck, the latter. "of mbich, has not only an en- Jargement of cavity at the bottom part, but likewife a large hollow in the-middle, added to a third enlargement of hollow bone juft be- low. the /aryn» 5; but in the firft-named not the leaft. deviation from - an uniformly cylindrical fhape. is feen throughout the wholeof its length, in either fex CX EDO to po waite hes joe fs ^ j the . difficult bire “to kill i in Ic own E. as ursus fhots have Sean Ei at one of thefe, by a good. markfman, before one has taken effect. We cannot do amiís alfo to remind the reader, that none of the genus of Colymbus,. Podiceps, or Uria, which have acquired. the. name of Divers from being fo often under, water; do enjoy any, material: conftruction of the érachea different from the Cock and Hen, which are well known to avoid the water from i ine... ftin&t. Neither canllearn that any thing occurs to outward appear- n ha pere enable the Corvorant, Shag, and many others, to (€ Gefner fappote the name to have ba given from clapping the e wings at t f j e De Nat. di] Pe Tog. ir nee ae nam. poetae E au 94 Dr. Laruam’s Effay on tbe Trachecee or Windpipes of Birds. NT dE dive with fuch facility as they are known todo. The Wild Swan, in which weobferve a great elongation added to a peculiar curvature of thé windpipe, is able to hold its head for a length of time under water in fearch of food ; but we have no authority for faying whether it can do fo a longer time than the Tame Swan, in which no fuch pecü- liarity is feen. Befides, the common Crane, and others of the Ardea genus, which have not in their power even to fwim, are endowed with a much greater elongation and curvature of the wind pipe .than the Wild Swan. In refpect to what affiftance fuch a conftruc- tion of parts as abovefaid may afford to the tone of voice, l will not venture here to affirm ; yet it.cannot be denied that fome birds are able to utter very loud founds without fuch aid—witnefs the Cock, Peacock, and others*. We fee Nature's operations and- admire them in courfe, yet cannot always comprehend the utility of her works; and this feems one of her defigns concerning which we are not at all clear. It, too, muft be confeffed, that the whole we have been - able to obtain by our fcrütiny into this fubjeét is, the fecurity of a mark of diftin&tion, in refpect to feveral Ípecies concerning which we have been more or leís in a ftate of uncertainty, "lam aware likewife that anatomifts have done much in regard to the difcovery of fex, by obferving the zefficles of the male, which confift of two whitifh glandular bodies placed juft below the lungs, clofe to the back-bone, and the ovaries, or clufters of eggs, fituated in the fame place, in the female. It is true that the jex may, by at- & i .* How far the difcovery of the difperfion of air-veffels, which are found among the flefhy parts of birds, pervading more or lefs even the dones themfelves, and communi- cating with the lungs, may contribute to their being able to dive and flay fo long under water, or whether this circumftance may affift in voice, fong, or flight, is not for us here to determine. The matter is certainly worth further enquiry, but cannot make any part of this eflay, further than to recommend the perufal of a Treatife on the fubje& by our late friend Mr. John Hunter, in the Philofophical Tranfagtions.—See vol. lxiv. p. 205. b tending | Dr. LATHAM’ Effay on the Tracheæ or Windpipes of Birds. 95 tending to the above circumftances, be moft times got at the know- ledge of; but we cannot thereby difcriminate the /peces. And it is alfo ‘appointing, that, at fome feafons of the’ year, in particular fubjects, thefe internal marks are fo nearly obliterated as to deceive a very good comparative anatomift, and much lefs likely to be afcer- tained by any one who may be but flightly verfed in fuch matters. But the particular circumftance of the trachea, as will hereafter be pointed out, never alters; except in being more or lefs complete in its period of offification during the life of the bird. I ought not however to omit, that in a very careful comparifon many traits of difference between one fpecies and another may be dete&ed by the - fkilful anatomift (although fuch may not have either labyrinth, or any enlargement of the #rachea to diftinguifh them by), arifing from the ftru&ure of the rings themfelves, aided by the mufcles ap- propriated to their motion ; and it may be with confidence afferted, that one mean at leaft, if not the principal, of producing a loud : noife; ando on the E anms Par arife iren: the peculiar conftr ation acheal r in many birds are found to be more or "or jn the eive fome dt them wanting even a large portion of the circle, whilft others are not only perfect, but of a {trong and elaftic ligamentous nature, and fome few fo greatly indu- rated asto approach almoft to the texture of bone*.—Added to which is the great difference of mufcular appendages; for,in the birds which have a weak voice, the mufcles are fo likewife: on the contrary, very ftrong mufcles are obfervable in thofe whofe cry is loud, by which ftructurethe rings, the ftrength of which is ever proportional, are = put into violent action, and the- bird thereby enabled to throw out the air with great force}. It is certain, alfo, that, in birds Be + Asin the Posh, Goofanders, Sain, iùd fome others. Xs QUEM | * See a curious and elaborate. differtation o on this — in Magazin, Eni que, to et fe CA x D ee o c " I iunc 4 | 2 fing, 96 Dr. Laraam’s Efi on the Trachea or Midapipes of Birds. fing, the mufcles of the re are ftouteft in the male, and in the Nightingale are (tronger in proportion thanin any birdof the fame fize*. We have been imperceptibly led into the above difcuffion, although. not originally meant to form any part of our plan, intending merely to illuftrate fuch variations of trachee as palpably differed from the ufual mode, either in refpeét to pofition or ftructure. The deviations in tefpect to. the windpipe from what is pair fe feen, may be divided i into two. kinds »— The frf wherein this organ, although of equal diameter or: nearly fo, differs in being fon rewhat longer than the. neck, and thereby allowing of a double. about the middle of it, as in the Kood Grous—or, being further elongated, forming one or more folds either within the ror procefs of the fternum, \ which is hollowed out for that purpofe, as may be feen, i in the Wild Swan, Demojfelle, Crane, &c.-—or, i inftead of entering he keel, runs more or lefs over the furface of the breaft beneath the {kin, as inftanced in the Marail, Barraka, Guan, and others, as will be batt: after noticed. 3 The fecond deviation is where the windpipe is unequal in dichas: although not elongated, but alters i in hape à and fiag, and in. fome . birds very confiderably, in its 'rogreis to the lun i jaft before its divarication into Det fas nchia, or lung-pi . PET E This laft circumftance has been met with hitherto. pea CHA Ducht and Merganfer genera, or at leaft it is in thefe only that the /abyrinth{, as it has been termed by authors, has been |. * Mr. Barrington fuppolét that the wisn fait S may be diftin&ly heard at more than half a mile, if the evening be calm. Phil. Tran, vol. Ixiii. p.279. + I will not take upon me to fay that other, and perhaps various kinds of, bu: tions of the trachea in the Duck genus may not hereafter be noticed; as we have good authority in refpect to one fpecies, where the windpipe runs on the — ve piz breaft in the manner of the Guan. See No. vi. " .$ Ampulla feu Labyrinthus, Raii Syn. Av. p. 13s. Will. Orn. P. 255€ et tali : m W. ill. Orn. (Ed. Angl.) p. 335." Ei ene 163. 4 | = found ; Dr. re s Effay on "n" Trachec or Windpipes of Binds 97 sid: and further, that it is the male alone which La this mark of difcrimination; for although many birds may be found having © the female QE in which the labyrinth is equally confpicuous with others poffefling that of the other fex, yet I will venture to affirm, that this part differs. not from that of an old male, except. in refpect to the offification being lefs complete; and again, that in every fpecimen with fuch eilergement of trachea, or labyrinth, the #efes, an indubitable mark of the male fex, will invariably be found to accompany it. Among other errors, the G/aucium of authors, or Morillon of the French, has been recorded as a diftin& fpecies by many. This how- ever may eafily be proved a fallacy by diffection, as the bird is no other than the Golden Eye in imperfe&t feather; for this fpecies does not attain the adult plumage for at leaft the firft feafon, perhaps longer. Another bird, pafing under the name of Morillon, proves, by the fame teft, to. be the-young of the Tufied Duck ; and a thitd called Morillon alloy. me. a yong nh xbich. I have more than ified. Befides, were the difference of bi alone in thefe ; attended $6, it eu not fail to decide the matter, as they are | greatly unlike each other in this particular, notwithftanding the external colour of feather sot ge e a seh obferver to 9 think them the fame. The wild Swan is not greatly unlike the zame fpeciesin refpect to pli Us mage, the difference of bill at firft fight appearing to’ be the chief éx- ternal charaéteriftic, infomuch as to deceive fome Naturalifts into the : LE. loea of their eios varieties oly of one and the fame fpecies*; AME ee but he xs ^M. * T was apprifed of the difference of internal ftru@ture, but accounts for it ' ena fingular principle, when he obferves in a note : Selon Willughby « cette particularité > “ de conformation eft propre au cygne fauvage, & ne fẹ trouve point la même dans le cygn ** domeftique, ce que femble fonder ce que nous allons rappoter de wt i erence de le et IV. o Ro Poe 1 98 Dr. kirai 4 Efo on the Trachea or Oden of Biri. but umiér the eye of the Anatomi(t, who examines them internally, how widely do they differ !—In. the zame one, little more occurs in refpe& to the windpipe: than is to be feen in the common Cock, whilft in the w/d-Swan it is lengthened greatly, and, entering a hol- ET low in the keel of the fternum, forms a doubling therein, before it returns to enter into the cavity and attach itfelf to the lungs, as will be hereafter fewn: 0. | | sop feems unneceffary to fay more on this fubje& in a —" way, . as the circumftances will occur in courte ‘under. their particular heads: to avoid repetitions, therefore, I (hall proceed to the defctip- Exe tions themfelves; and, firít, of thofe birds in which-the zracbea or | windpipe obtains a fingularity, 1 from its various inflexions in its paf- fage ‘tothe lungs, without greatly: miey from the uniform and cylindrical Mape, beginning Wer rop ESE Ie I TETRAO UROGALLUS—Woop Grote Tab. in Pigs eae T., fufco-rufus, capite colloque cinereis, gulà abdomineque nigris, . axillis albis, PE ra UU. t. 107,108, -— ! -P.53.A —Wil. o : Auethsho, Befeh. og Berl, iv. p. 589. ere . Coq de Bruyere, Buf. Offi ii. p. 391. t. 6.—PI. En], 23 74. a Wood Grous, Cock of the Wood, Br. Zool i. t40, 41 — Gen, sul O Iy, po 28 t 08 - In order to afcertain the fpecies. EN meant, it is right to S. | hát the Wood A Ages is well Teprefented i in the Brit ijh Zoolog y, and = rdi s RN (rini pede: pas: pur péouskr abe: leurs efpéces. foient die ` “entes: cette diverfité. n'excedant pas la fomme des impreffions. tant interieurs: qu'ex«- tt terieurs, que la domefticité & fes habitudes. panin prisin SE a longue form E | ces Hift. des Oif. i ix; p. 24. (. - pes d Dr. Latwam’s Effay on the Tratbae or Iindpipes of Birds. -99 is alfo figured in the Planches Enluminées, as) well as the Plate re- ferred to in "Frifch's work, where the reader may likewife learn: the defcription and manners.—He will, indike manner, be directed’ to the fynonyms of füch: authors as may ‘be neceflary for him to con- . fult, in refpe&t to the other birds mentioned in this: treatife, the defign of which being chiefly that of defcribing the organ. of refpi- ration called the trachea or windpipe ; and as the Wood Grous feems to deviate from the common road, in a lefs degree than others which will be hereafter mentioned, it feems moft proper. to ee our r fubject wale c de os The windpipe in this fpecies, otlerstfa than bae longer T oo the neck, does not furnifh us with any thing material in refpe&t - . to general conformation : it paífes in a ftraight dire&ion downwards as far as the crop, where it takes a bend upwards, and again turning downwards, goes on to the lungs i in the -ufual way. _ As the bird is UMS rare in a this kingdom, I have 1 never been able | Ea ra ege Tub Bend: E ates therefore availed 1 myfelé of the drawing of Dr. Bloch in the Berlin Tranfaétions above: referred: to, in order to. perfe& my figure, in which a reprefents the tongue—bb the os hyoides, or bone of the tongue, with its appendages—c the larynx with the glottis or orifice. therein fot the admiffion of. air— mufcles which — the — one: on: ^vi Rip erving t to pal of Ker. ceri in view fach s may not be j : d o2 V EN. ES verant. week cdm % a a R pE 100 Dr. LATHA M's Effay on the Trachea or Windpipes of Birds. verfant in anatomy ; ; to thofe who are, it will be unneceffary to fay more, and to the uninformed I fhould hope it may prove enough. * As far as I can learn, no particularity is obfervable in the. wind- pipes of the three others of this genus which frequent this king- dom, viz. the Black Cock, Red Grous, and Ptarmigan. The two firft I have myfelf examined ; but in refpect to the Ptarmigan, I have not as yet had an opportunity of feeing it in a recent ftate ; however, lam informed that nothing — has been emar in uelpetit to pue parts in queftion. — : II. PENELOPE MARAIL—MazaiL TvskEv. Tab, ix. Fig. 2 2. Pp capite. fubcriftato, temporibus E incarnatis caruncu- women’ l E Penclope Marail, Gmel. $ yf. Nat. i p 7 HMM Orn. 2. p. 1625 Faifan verdatre de Cayenne, Le Marail, Buf. Oif. ii. p. 396. — Pi. Enl. 338. Marail LE Gen. Syn. i iv. p. 682, "x ‘Phi: f rd inhabits the. proms RE ain and: Guiana, where pans sett: and not in I RS ditis likewiíz "The trachea follow! the sana of iis Hes as xc as ; the "reti WEN it rifes on the outfide of the fleth, being covered only by.the fkin and feathers, and paffes downwards fome way ; after which it returns upwards, and, bending over the right clavicle or collar-bone, divides into the two ufual portions, entering the cavity, and joins the lungs: at the part where it makes the curve on the breaft, it - is kept in its place by a ftrong muícle, which is perceivable quite a | the breaft-bone. The above i is obferved in both fexes. The gene- ~~ ral cry is faid to be not inharmonious ; except iu ce oh or _ wounded, when it is harth and loud. 3 $ III. PHA. Dr. LATRAM's Effay en ——— or Windpipes of Birds. yox 1i. PHASIANUS PARRAKA~Pannaxa P PHEASANT: | io Tab. Ax. Fig. 3. Ph. fubcriftatus fufcus veg fulvus, cauda elongata apice in- ; EM. PNIS , .Phafianus Parraka, Gmel. Syr. Na. p. 740.—Ind. Orn. ii. P. 632. . Le Parraka, Buf. Ojf. ii. p. 394.— Mem. fur Cayen. i. P. 378.— P. Enl..1. 2. p ! Parraka Pheafant, Gea. Syn. iv. p. 722. $E a "This bird is common in the woods of Guiana, and differs from the former in having the £racbea of a much greater length, defcending on the breaft more than half way before it makes a turn upwards ; after which it paffes over the right clavicle, into the cavity of the - breaft. It may be obferved, that in both thefe birds the defcent is on the left fae and the afcent on the right- The e Eerde) how- | e£ the pare ea; in the female it male i inedately to the breatt with. out the leaft feed This bird is faid to fet up a very loud cry at fun-fet, which is thought to be the loudeft of all birds in the new world, and to greatly refemble the word Parraka repeated many times together, from which it 3d SM "Het name. IV. PENELOPE CRISTATA-— The Guan. uk X. Figs I. is - « 221 n capite pennis efeGis criflatoy temporibus villas F- Penelope criftata, Gmel Sy/t. Nat. 1. p. 733.—Ind. Orn. i il. Pp D feleagris criftata, Linn. Syf. Nat. i. p. thi ! (br a enia Rari Syn. Av. p. 56. 2.—JM il. Den P 165, x Merrem. Tes Ausi p. 42. te de Sy slogan or Quan, Edw. Pl. 13. Gen Ini iv. p. 680. za The 102 Dr.LATHAM'; Efay on the Trachea or Windpipes of Birds. . "The Guan frequents the fame places as the two laft birds, and like them is frequently domefticated: but in the fingularity of the windpipe,.it far exceeds them; for it not only defcends much lower on the breaft, but at the bottom part it doubles upwards for at leaft one third of its length :—it differs alfo in another particular ; for, inftead of making a defcent on the left fide, it paffes down on the right, and, contrary to` the others, returns upwards, and goes into the cavity of the thorax over the left clayicle—I_ owe the drawing of the figure, from which my reprefentation of i it is copied, to the kindnefs of my late friend Sir Afhton Lever, who.was induced, from its great peculiarity, to have the parts fketched as they appeared in the. recent. fate, 2 RE ae 5 4 x iof x Pee eS ag Ser eee E aen : WC 3 Jd Led Ses Á i = ^ rs - JY. CRAX PAUXI- Costs Don Tab. xi. i. Pig. Td LTA Cr. cera cocrule’, narium gibbere criftato, corpore nigricante, abdomine apiceque caudz albis. Crax Pauxi, Linn. Syf Nat. i. D. 27% —Ind, Orn. 2. p: 624— eti TANER de P TELE : | : The Piebe% in a this fedis does not tials differ eios "aH * the Parraka and Guan, but appears to be the largeft, in proportion to the bird, of any yet obferved :—it extends on the outfide of the breaft under the ikin ina fimilar manner, and firft paffes downward over the right pectoral mufcle, going on ftraight quite to the end of the fternum, at which place it makes a convolution to the left for three inches in length, and fomewhat in the fhape of a ring ;- aft which it returns again over the right peétoral muícle, and turns over the clavicle into the thorax. 3 : "uo S 2^ et t. M a p e The Dr. Lari AM's Effay on the Trachea or Windpipes of Birds. 164. | The above account is extracted from a Differtation on this bird, jin the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences; but no anatomical figures accompany it, although a good reprefentation of the bird itfelf is given at the end of the Effay. This cireumftance, however, is the lefs to be regretted, as I have been favoured with the two views annexed, fons the rich and elegant Mufeum of John Heavi- fide, Efq. of Great George Street, who, amongft many curious ana- tomical fübje&ts, poffeffes à preparation of the parts in very fine condition. x: VL ANAS SEMIPALMATA—Seutreauacaren Goss” : M. m capite collo: fiui Gu nigris, collar uropygio cor- poreque fubtus albis, pedibus femipalmatis. ee | alas à in Novà Hollandia. ; 4 “ mai Banh aide x "This feems to be a fpecies. lar encircles the lower part of the eck, and the rump p and. | alder- parts are alfo white; the legs are red; and the toes only. web- bed half-way from the bafe. t -This is met with near Hawkfbury river; in New South Walesi in flocks, and is there caled New South Wales Goofe. It is gii in: that the windpipe forms feveral beautiful circumvolutions.on the | breaít, under the fkin,’ before it enters the thorax : its. ‘ote | is faid fo | be tunefi r and melodious; and it was obferved fornetimes to perche trees, in manner of the Wang Ducke A) =. tiga sfavoüred with & fight of a prone. ut the ia, added t 2c! 104 Dr. Latuam’s Effay on the Trachea or Windpipes of Birds, VII. CRAX ALECTOR—Cresrzp Gurassow. Tab. x, Fiz, 2. 3. Cr. cera flava, corpore nigro, ventre albo. | Crax Alector Linn. Syf. Nat. i. p. 269.—Ind. Orn. 2, p. 622.— - Brif: Orn. i. p. 298. t. 19. | : + Mituporanga, Raii Syn.'p. 56. 6.—/Vill. Orn. p. 118. t. 28. Hocco de la Guiane, Buf. Oif, ii: p. 375. pl. 15. : Indian Cock; Pif. Mem. t. p. 190.—P bil. Tranf. Wi. p. 215. t. 10. fig. 3. s ee CR Crefted Curaflow, Gen. Syn: iv. p. 690. . This likewife is a bird of fome peculiarity in refpect to the trachea, which is pretty flout, and the rings in proportion : it paffes ina - ftraight direction to the bottom of the neck, at which part it lofes its round form, and becomes fomewhat broad and flat; it then turns backwards and upwards for more than an inch, when .it doubles again forwards and downwards ; after which it enters the cavity OF the breaft, and is diftributed by its two portions into the lungs.— This circumftance takes place at the. front of the keel of the fter- num or breaft-bone, but does not et r into the keel itfelf, as in the three following fpecies. SR XA na uu Si un = = | In the Philofophical Tranfaétions above quoted i$ a figure of the fubje&t given by Dr. Parfons; itis alfo reprefented in the Plate rea ferred to in Pitfield's tranflation of Memoire: pour fervir a? Hiffoire des Animaux. The firft of thefe I have thought right to copy (fig. 2.) and I have added alfo the figure of one which belonged to a bird in my own collection (fig. 3+), from which it differs not a little:—but I find that this part of the trachea is apt to vary in different {pecimens; for a fecond figure, engraved in the fame Plate of Pit&eld, thews the kend to be very fmall, appearing like a mere twift only; from which - wes: xx Dr. LATHAM’ Efay on the Trachea or Windpipes of Birds. og circumftance, we may conclude that other varieties may be occa- fionally met with. | Whether the female has Gch. a siia of parts is not in my power to determine; but it may be obferved, that the two birds diffe&ed by the Academy of. Sciences, as well as my own, were males, VIIL ARDEA WIRGOS DouoikLLE Heron. Tab. x. Fig. 4. - A. fuperciliis albis poftice retrorfumque criftatis. Ardea Virgo, Linn. Syf. Nat. i. p. 234.—Ind. Orn. 2. p. 655. ! - La Grue de Numidie, Buf. Of. vii. p. 313. pl. 15.—Pl. En. 241. ~ Demoifelle or Numidian Crane, Gen. Syn. v. p: 35.— Edw. Pl. 1 34 Pif. Mem. t. p. 204.—Phil. Tranf. lvi. Pp» 210. t.. xi. f. 5. fs : This beautiful and elegant bird is well known i in our menageries, | and i is frequently fo tame as to mix math, dis pose though in nghe k^ x enters a cavit it 7 it, the doe eel of tee Reruns for abo üt Tc na 27 when : it returns Ser making. a enda as in Rhet two following fpecies, - and paffes i into the cheft. I had, many years fince, an opportunity - of obferving this circumftance in a fpecimen of my own; but, from- the great length of time, the part had fo far perifhed as to render it. impoffible to take a drawing | from i it. Iam therefore conftrained to- copy the figure in the Philofophical Tranfa&ions,. which. I have. not the leaft doubt of being. fuficienely authentic, , — ANAS CYGNUS—Wio Swan. Tab, xi Bg 1.2 A. oltre” femicylindrico atro, € cera flava, corpore albo. E ~ Anas Cygnus, Linn. Syr. Nat. i. p. 194.— 1nd, Orn. 2. p.i - ^— Brif Orn, vi. p. 292. t. 28.—Raii Syn. Av, p. H6. A. E Vor, IV. Be : eae 106 Dr. Lärna AM's Efay on the Trachea or Windpipes of Biras. dde fauvage, Buf. 0; yf. ix. p.a Der Singchwan, Beck/. Vog. Deusfcb. il. p. 581. sans Wild or Whiftling: Syr Gen. - ‘Syn. Vi. p. 433.— Br. Zool il. No. 264.— Edw. t. 150. —P hil. Tranf. lvi. pl. x. p. 215. LH The Wild Swan is a bird much lefs known than the tame fpecies, which is every where domefticated, for it only vifits this king- domin very fevere feafons;—it differs from the laft, firftly, in the bill, which may be feen by comparifon ; and fecondly, i in fize, being {maller. The. plumage likewife is by no means of that dazzling {nowy whitenefs which characterifes the tame fpecies; but the ef- fential and: | fpecific mark of diftin&ion is that of the trachea, in which, as well as in the conformation of the breaft-bone itfelf, it is- fo. particularly different as to prove at once that there can be no. relation whatever between the.two. LS -The windpipe in the Wild Swan, meant in his pliis to be treated at paffes down the neck the whole of its length, after which it enters the keel of the fternum, paffing backwards therein nearly the whole of its length, when it bends upwards and forwards, and - then enters the cavity of the. Break, to communicate with the “janie” TE i nor HANE ——— r particulars, figure « of the breaft-bone and Smer in fit tu will fui e: y point: out the ci cumftance; nor is it neceffary to fay 1 more in this place, than that the above ftru&ure of d is obfervable i in e Baa : indifcriminately. p To obviate every poffibility of nifike between the "Y fidis: I have thought right to exhibit a front yiew ofthe breaft-bone of — both, in which a large cavity may be feen in that of the wild fpecies, fufficient to admit óf the entrance and exit of the trachea, as well as its doubling therein; whilt in that of the tame Swan : E xii. fig. 3. ) no other ftrudture i is obfervable than in the com- ; wee ARDEA - Dr. LATHAM' Boy e the Trachea or Windpipes d T 107 X. ARDEA GRUS—The tium Tab. xii. Fy ig. fe... A. occipite nudo papillofo, - pileo remigibufque nigris, corpore cinereo, teétricibus intimis laceris. * — Ardea Grus, Linn. Syf. Nat. i. p. 234.—Jnd. Dci p. 6:4—Rsi Sym. Av. p. 95. A. r—JMill. Orn. p. 294. t. 48. -- La Grue, Buf. Oif: vii. p. 287. fol. 14.—Pl. Enl. 769. Der Kranich, Be/ch. der Berl. Nai. Fr. iv. p. 590. t. Xvi. "The Crane, Ger. Syn. v. p. 50.—Br. Zool. ii. App. p: 2d. DE pe | Phi. Tranf. lvi. pi 208. t, II. f. 4 | du hs bird the trachea enters the keel ok the fternum in like manner as in the Wild Swan ; with this difference, that it is doubly. reflected*, as may be feen by cohfulding the figure. As inthe Wild Swan, fo in the Crane, we find that both fexes have the fame con- _ formation of parts, excepting that, in refpeét to > the Crane, the tra- chea in the female docs: not p fiiar do ofitasin _WE n now pafs to birds in which the frachea enlarges i in various parts, efpecially juft at the angle of divarication, where it goes to the lungs; and which laft circumftance, for want of a better name, authors have agreed to call by = name of pe or cts as before hened P TS e * whereas that of the iar Swan i is ftraight PEKER the bone, and may be co mpa “ Trumpet 5 yet the entrance of this i into o the fternum and its exit, and its paffage € cavity of iiie TE oe Oe ee uei 108. Dr. Latuam’s Effay on the Trachee or Windpipes of Birds. - XL ANAS CRECCA—The Tran. ab. xiii, Fig. 1. A. fpeculo alarum viridi, linea alba fupra infraque oculos. Anas Crecca, Linn, Syf. Nat. i. p. 204.— Ind, Orn: 2. p. 872.—Raii Syn. Av. p. 147. A. 6.: à at ests Petite Sarcelle, Buf. Ojf. ix. p. 265. pl. 17. 18.—PL. Enl 047- Krikente, Be/ch. der Berl. Nat. Fr. iv. p. 600. t. 18. f: 6. Common Teal, Gen. Syn. vi. p. 551.—Br. Zool, ii. No. 290.—Will. Orm DP. 377. E 746.0 aa E T ee c T T. The Teal is a well known bird, and perhaps the fmalleft of the Duck kind. The labyrinth is in proportion to the fize, as big as a large pea on one fide, and fpreading on the oppofite part into a kind of convex fhape, at the bottom of which the dronchie or lung-pipes are attached.—The female has no labyrinths | 2654 Eds _ XU. ANAS QUERQUEDULA — The Gancaney. Nes ! Tab. xiii. Fig. 2.3. . ' paffes, making it ap- * Two mufcles, one on each fide, are feen in all frefh fpecimens ; but, when dry, thefe are many times fcarcely to be detected. | : ; POT. $ Jg, sts wv wc E Dr. Laruam’s Effay on the Trachea or Windpipes of Birds. 109 pear as divided into two unequal portions; on the oppofite part, or that fituated next the breaft, it is flattened, and front the ch tel ot of it the two Zroncbie have their origin. I have fome reafon for affirming, that authors hage unneceffarily divided the Teals into more fpecies than really exift; for the Tez/ fo called, and the Summer Teal, certainly conftitute but one; and al- though maes have been met with of the latter, it is probable that the external diftinction of feather may not be fixed ‘till the fecond year, or even beyond that period: it is not enough that the zefes are vifible; for, as.above mentioned, that circumftance of itfelf can only prove the fe: ‘it is to the labyrinth alone that we muft have scourfe in all birds which poffefs it; for this remains nearly the fame during life. I fcarcely need here obferve, that the male alone poffeffes the labyrinth, not only. in Bud but eg inevery other fpecies. of Duck hitherto examined. Rai Syn. 5 144. A.9. et 13.—Brif. Orn. vi. * 229. t. ES f I. Le Souchet, Buf. Of. ix. p. 191.—P7. Enl. 971. 972. ODE ' Die Loffelente, Schr. “8 I Nat. Fr.i iii. P.. ka pe - Shoveler, Gen. Sn. Mie 9.— Br. Zonk. ii. No. 280. This bird. is about. t two sarees longer. than. the laft, "E is far from being uncommon: ‘The end of the trachea i is furnifhed with a. labyrinth, _ which is fmall in proportion to the fize of the bird, being fcarcely more than half the fize of that of the Garganey It is of nearly. equal dimenfions throughout, except 1 near the b where it flightly enlarges; on the left fide is a kind. of. bo - der a iini irreg -— in E about the fize of a "€ ro pe one 2” / io Dr. Lar BAME fay on the Trachea or Windpipes of Birds. one of the dronchia.;. the other arifes from 2a kind of bony arch, with which the trachea ends, and ich f isa trifle above the level of the | fop of the bree | xi. ANAS ACUTA—The i; YS sol xm A xü. Fig. 6. A. cauda acuminata elongata fubtus nigra, occipite SENS linea . alba, dorfo cinereo undulato.:: + Qa - Anas acuta, Linn. Syf. Nat: dicata -Ind.:Q; T" "—sm Syn. Av. p. 147. A S.—Brif. Orn. viete he Seth Seo sacos Canard à à longue queue, Buf. Oif ix. P. 199. t..13.—P/. Eni, 954: - -Pfelíchwanz, Be/ch. der Berl. Nai. Fr. iv. p. 6ox. t. 18. f. 5. | pies Gen. Syn, xi. i chi ie Cn li. Pus ic Orn ANASA verde oes Been Woni ch dia enar This fpecies meafures TURN licher in ON and is com- mon in our markets in the winterefeafon. - “The trachea finifhes i ie à bony arch like the. former, from which one of the branches of divarication fprings : attached. to the fide of this is a nearly round ~ bony bladder, delicate in texture, and about the fize of the end of — the thumb ; = the upper furface of | „it about. even with the top of the bony arch, but the bottom greatly below i it: from which circum- ftance it is, independent of fize, particularly diftinguithed frc m the . fame part in the Migeon, though at firft fight. appearing fome- | whatfimilar. It may not be amifs here to obferve, that, in young birds, this roundith bladder will fuffer itfelf to be indented by pref- .. fure, but at mature age becomes véry brittle, fo as not to be han- dled without fome care ; from the under and inner part of this, the fecond divifion of the trachea takes rife. The oppofi te fide is formed not greatly different, but puts on the appearance of an oval obliquely placed, i in the fame à manner as in fh oppolite fide a = iate, or next fpecies. nv. : Ex. ES bid OXWOANAS C Di ati Effay on the Trachea an Wisdpper of Birds, 111 Xv. ANAS STREPERA— The GapwAL. Tab, xii, Fi 7.8 A. fpeculo alütum rufo nigro albo. | | . Anas ftrepera, Linn. Syf. Nat. i. p. 200.—Ind, Orn. ii, p. 850. —Raii Syn. Av. p. 145. A. 2.— Brif. Orn. vi. p. 339. t. 43, tL Lou : Chipeau, Buf. Oy. ix. p. 187. t. 12,—P/. Enl, 958. .. Gadwalor Grey, Gen. Syn. vi. p. 51 5-—Br. Zool. ii. No. 288.— c Will. Orn. p. 374. t. 72. ; This fpecies is about r5 inches long, but is dici lefs common : . than the former. The windpipe is long, and furnifhed with a bony blade er ‘and arch as in the laft fpecies, but differs in fhape, and the globular part is not near fo larges it is likewife elongated upwards and - downwards in an oblique direction, and is a little compreffed on the fides: itis alfo diftinguifhed from the Péntail in another particular, which is, that the uae orb i in that ib nao adheres t to the fide of the sti Aub a fmall pa wh / it is fi nd in the rece (Rate joined thereto ately by a a ibile. | The T E arch too is full half an inch ‘in height, differing ‘i in this particular from that of the Péntal, which is fcarcely three-eighths | ofaninch; and this proportion of parts holds good i in pit fpeci- - men which. has, come under ra Heron CER XVL ANAS PENELOPE—The Wiener. qa. xiii, à. Fi. 9 E = A cauda dcuiufculá. Gie nigro; capite brunneo, fronte alba, " ~~ ^dorfocinereo undulato. ee | Abas Penelope, Linn. Syf Nat. i i. P. 202,—Hd. Orn, ip 860. - — — Rati Syn. Av. p. 146. A. 3.—Brif. Orn. vi. t. ae Eg = Canard — c Oi Bp oe t. 10, rn—PL Zak me Pfeifente, 412) Dr Laruam’s Efay-on tbe T; ratbee or Windpipes of Birds. Pfeifente, Befch. der Berl. Nat. Fr. iv. i Gor. t. 18. f. 5. is Wigton, W liewer, ‘Whim, Gen. Syn. vi. p. s18.—1Br. Zool. ii No. 286.— -Will Orn. p.. 375: ba 2 ee pd sF he total dabis is 20 “inches. ’ ie et Nus at firft fi ght does not feem materially to differ from that of the Pintail, yet on a more narrow infpection will be found not to accord with it. In the firft place the bony orb is fmaller, not being la wver than the end ofthe fin- ` ger—both indeed feem globular, but that | of the 7 Wigeon is moft per- fectly fo. “They both differ likewifein point of attachment. In the Pintail itis united to the fide of the arch on a line above the centre, in the Wigeon fomewhat below it, and the bottom of both the orb | and arch are. nearly. even, buti in the Pintail the bottom of the arch is higher of the two—befides: which, the. bony arch itfelf i Is a little dif- - ferent-in fhape, as may be feen by comparing t the two figures. The oppofite parts | of both put on an appearance not greatly different from thofe of the Gadwa/, which makes it iiiki to give, a figure of them in that fituation. ., From the above comparifon, it:is ebd that. no one will herc- after confound the laft shige birds together, doa. | . XVIL ANAS BOSCHAS—The Meee [o xiii. i Fg. E A. Tedrtibus nitermeddl (maris) recurvatis, roftro retos Anas Bofchas, Linn. Syf. Nat. i. p- 204.— Ind. Orn. ii. p. Ne Rai Syn. Av. p P- 145. Ar. so... ; Canard fauvage, Buf. Oi jf. ix. p. 115. t; 7. 8.—Pl. Enl. 776. 777. Die zahme und die wilde Ente, Bic der Bal. Nat. Fr. iv. p. 60 L M x 18. f [ qme Mallard and Wild Duck, ae Syn v vi. P 489. oie. Zool. il, No. 2 279. Lau Orn. p . 308. t. 72. Rives eo “This Dr. LarnaM sé Effy onthe Tratbee or Windpipes of Birds. 114 © tioned, except the Swan and Semipalmated Goofe, and the trachea is ‘outer in proportion. The globular part s a trifle bigger than in the Pintail,, but lofes its round fhape in fome meafure at the lower E ] - . Mul 2 it a d E 2d WV Es Ee : Á . E odit - T *^ dpi i4». T CDI II. bcr n HT 23 {pee to the trachea, by means of which Lhaye not a doubt of the - different opinions being at once fettled.. dein | PET ATA—Muscovy Duck. Taj. xiv. Fig.1,2. xt : A cap AA. 5 3 Mag eine Sim 14i111iJ wd ; i Tab, xvi, ESS On sdraio da | ok EL - OC : i 24 : 003 j oA; facie nuda pa [Tris Jor Deme ESET Á - Anas mofchata, Linn. Sy. Nat. i. p. 199:-—Ind. Orn. ii. p. 846.— e -^ Rail Syn. Av p. 148.—Frifcb. t 89. cist} ef erar our sse - Le Gai rc mufqué, Bif: Ofix. p: 162. pl..9.—7P/.. Eal 8gs Die Turkifche Ente, Schr. der Berl. Nat. Fr. ills p. 372. t. 7. £^ Mufcovy Duck, Gen, Sys. vi. p. 476.—Will. Orn. p. 381, 382. "ow et [2 2 yt wy fus e ^ iT; Fa 1 - t vw Bayisi IE vi ETE * I ry "The trachea in this bird is ftout, and nearly of equal diameter, but : — Nor. IV. - Q. - a trifle rig Drs Lxrwaw's Efay on the Trachece or Windpipes of Birds. a trifle fmaller towards the bottom: the bony arch, “as in others, finifhes the bottom part) and feems as if furnifhed with rings, but they are not moveable as inthe reft of the trachea. The orbicular labyrinth is attached to the fide of it; this is not fmooth on the furface as in the Pintail and Wigeon, but univerfally rough, and irre- gularly eroe with He indented lines. ‘The oppofite fide runs | into a’ pear thap d is placed “obliquely, with the pointed end loweft, as in the {wei m namied birds, but is flátted confiderably on the furface. ‘The bony arch on this fide is fmooth, having no ap- pearance of rings, and is bent at a {mall angle from ‘the trachea, although i it conftitutes a continuance of i it: this is Exe SEDD of HE S G s x, the bony labyrinth” ap proaches more to a rounded fhape, and is larger, but ftill retains the rough furface, and the appearance of bony rings on the arch’ feems lefs diftinét;—and in an old bird, the drawing of which Twas favoured ; Wilg sen NE Lead Bs meee: i is not only much larger i in fize, but - : i bony’ arch quite è finooth : yet Mr Boys - wrinkled, and the texture 5e and iof. but i in this laft cir ftarice it does not differ from the younger ¢ ones. “As to that PO by Dr. Bloch, in the Berlin Tranfaétions, it feems at firft fi ight too - large by many degrees; yet I will not venture tofay that his iguré of it is faulty, for in cafe the Mu/covy Ducks ever arrivé at twice the fize we ufually fee them in England, which: they are faid to do in warm climates, no ois. - x egets will mà its "un Lo ' portions Sieve 4 37 Ae eet ad "Ta a edes mevist mie deis ja agó Wh MN T was favoured by MPa ^ m Ke i 3 i om f * * K^ di t f T q ee $ 3 ct." 9 t gt s f Faffa aTi: f CR F ` : on aN oot = ue ; wo Aet C A eT t XIX. ANAS - rr i Í rts Ei 12 frien rode ey € rgo rect 195 ro ‘ ĝi * s xix. ‘ANAS ‘MARILA~Scavé Duck. Tabs xiv. hig E ioni 254 Ee vd bswonis zd Ep [1 - E DIE (i ib itt? 3n "i RE i uow? s se €t ies 3 loei oD 2i i A. nigra, . humeris cinereo-undulat latis, abdomine fpeculoq ue. d . albis. 5 JB Anas: Marila; Linn Syf Nat, iv p. 196. —JIn. Orn. i ET 853,— = Raii Syn. :p.142. A. 6. — De ergente, Beth. der Berl. Nat. Fr. i. Pp 602. T 17. f $4 _ Scaup Duck, Cau. Syne Y vi. p. ri: Zool. ii. No; 275. Pi 100, Ans AIG” KOA 3 atii breadth of the aliad ai chi Gpeoies in thé middle, is is foll half an-inch ; ; it leffens a trifle towards the:top, bùt diminiíhes very coníiderably.as it ápproaches the bottom, fo as not to meafure more than three lines where it joins the labyrinthic parts the total length is from. 73; to 8 inches. We find the name of rd tympanum might be fübfütuted for Hog of ampulla; as this pati! inflead of being globular, prefents a more or lefs flatted fi irface, covered Over with UT oe fimilar to that ofa drüm- head, and” ftretched in the fame; This dru icà-Tilce "Hibyri&th: exifts on. the left fide of iva NÍDEA to ifs fittiation iii the 1 néck of the bird, in the fa ne, ma anner as ‘the glebülar- labyri is Hisp and 4n the Staup feen o be. Hite! “moft confpicuous of “any that’ poffefs it. face of the labyrinth is for the moft part Me ex t im, anc has ia an iregular Bony arch 'éroffing it it from E TAG Aun of thefe, the furfacd is covered Vit tic membrane theetitied over the firficd? giving idea of the head ofa a drum in miniature. "The lower. Patt oft the a pi 39 Q5 ae ~ bony Aries u6 Dro LariAm’s Efay on thé Trachea or Windpipes of Birds. bony rim is much ftronger than any other part of it, and is curved backwards, ‘taking into. its middle one of the dronchie. ‘The other fide confilts of a bony box; {welling in the middle, and furrowed by feveral tranfverfe bands? from this {prings the other brontbias' XX. ANAS FERINA—The PocHARD. Tab. xiv. Fig. 5,6. A A. stone ces eure e get » fafcia vien criffo a 39 i z * iie Xs D. We ea post Rati Syn. tei p. ha A I0.— -Brif. Opa} p. LS E S E Y) Millouin) Buf. Of. ix. p..216.—Pl. Enl. 803. cue Rothhals, Bé/ch.der Berl. Nat. Fr. iv. P. 602. t. xvii.f. 5, T "Poker Póchard; sRedihéadod- Wigconj- Gen. Sy. vie pesa “Bri Zool: Nov aBaie Will Ort. pi 367. t. gae io “The ihachen of the Pochard, at firft fi cht, feems to be fimilar to that of the Scaup;but, on n inveftigation, will be found to differ confi derably. TRAMA the. fame dimenfions throughout, or narrowing very little at the bottom. The drum drum-like labyrinth | approaches greatly to that of the Scaup i in texture, but i 1s more round on the up pel fide; itis] how- i ever croffed. by. a {mall bony partition as in that bird—in b tt cafes, as may be fuppofed, by way of ftrengthening the membrane which covers the cavity... "The bony box, of which the other portion « of the labyrinth confifts, is fcarcely elevated on this fi de, and on the other much lefs fo than is feen in the Scaup ; it likewife forms an ob- tufe. angle- with the: reft of i the trachea, but in the Scaup it does not deviate from a continuation of a ftraight line, pihough forming | a confiderable enlargement: | 4. | do ais UR Eat XXI. ANAS Dr. LATRAM's Effay on the Trachea or Windpipes of Birds. — 137 XXI. ANAS FULIGULA—Turrep Duck. A, criflà dependente; uq nigro, abdomine pases dito albis. -~ Anas Fuligula, Linn. $) yf. Nai. i. p. 207.—Jnd. ravi ii. p. 869.- E Raii Syn. Av. P- 142. A. 7.— Brif. Orn. vi. p. att. t. 37. 1. Morillon, Buf. Oif. ix. p. 227. t. 15.— P. Enl. 1001. - Europaifche Haubente, Be/ch. der Berl, Nat. Fr. iv. p. 603. ‘Tufted Duck, Gen, diss Vl p. Ag: pei Zool. No. oiii J. Papa. 95 pigas The trachea | in the Tu ufied Duck is fi milar i in fome refpedts to that of the Scaup, in others to that of the Pochard. The drum-like portion of it refembles the fame part in the laft-named bird, infomuch as {carcely to be diftinguifhed from it; but the bony box- like portion of it is elevated, and not otherwife Y be Sutinguifhet | from. thar of he Scaup, than in being fmalle: o af 5 4 z : E Mae yee ho though fmaller than ene tie. attenc ng to "heic particulars it cannot be miftaken for any other, and in courfe will prevent the occafion of giving a coher 3 in order to near 4 it. XXII. ANAS TADORNA—The SHIELDRAKE. Tah XV. F; ig. 9, 9. A. roftro fimo, fronte oe capite’ Aigre Hit corpore -albo variegato. — “Anas Tadorna, Linn. Syf. Nat. i. p. 195.—Ind. Orn. ii li. p. 854.— : - Rai Syn. Av. p. 140. A. 1.—Brif. Orn. vi. p. 344. pl 335.2. Die Brandente, Schr. der Berl. Nat. Fr. ili. p.. 373. t- vii, e Shieldrake, Gen. Syn. Vi. P. 504. —Br. Zool. . JH No. 3 Afin Till ; Orn. p. 363. pl. 70, JR. ca n To 118 Dr. DATHAM's Difay on the Trachee or Windpipes of Birds. The Sbieldrake is one of the moft beautiful of the Duck genus, and the lower part of the irachea in the male is of a fingular con- firuction, being not ftri&tly fimilar.to any of the foregoing; it is pretty long, and nearly of equal dimenfions, except towards the bottom part, where it leffens fomewhat : juft above the divari ication are two bony kind of roundith bladders, one larger than the other, urface, and moft delicate texture, being of fo tender a fa- fearcely to bear the preffure of the f | hout indenting in young fubjeéts, or breaking in older ones; and, whendry, putting -on more or leís of a fhrivelled appearance; though in a recent ftate they appear to be nearly tranfparent. . Though fo greatly different 'om the fame | part in the Mallard, as before Stee yet its voice amy natam BRL Ay sam ASR ads i i £s s ^ a" e idc i A: i E, os - ^ y [ à d L3 kd rá ae 8l Um RS ee M ij II GO WE now proceed to fome birds, ‘ in which not only an "enlarge: ment at the lower end of the £racbea i is obfervable, but. Tikewife the trachea itfelf is either dilated, or ot enlarged, | in more places than one. EN ees | xxm. ANAS CLANGULA—The Gonpsw Evz 4 TS oe hi UH Fabs 3. Pig) y; A AOGAT AMA NAX SA. nigro alboque variascapite tumido violaceo, finu oris m. culaalba. Eos Clangula, Linn. Syf. Nat. i. p. 201. —Ind. Orn. ii. -ps; 867.— Rari Syn. Au, P. 142. A. 8,—Bry Qrn, Nh 10, t.. r3. —Erjftb. ES. 185, 184. 1 pA P ^ "S Pe "E Garrot, Bof. Of ix. PA ut Enl. 802, | Die Quackerente, Be eleh, der Berl. Nai. Fr, i lv. p. 599. t. xvii. nf 12s ee EM ih - vi. p. $ 35 —Br. Zol. ESS 27 e rn in Dr. LavuaM': Efay ow tbe Trachea or Windpipes of Birds. t19 In the Golden Eye the windpipe is of a curious and wonderful ftruéture, for the labyrinth is not only of a different and much . more complicated form than any of the foregoing, but a fingular enlargement takes place about the middle. of the trachea itfelf. This ventricofe part confifts,of divers joints or plaits placed obliquely, and folding over each other fo as to admit of its being contracted into a very fhort compafs, or dilated toa great diftance, as the lengthening, or fhortening of the neck may require. In the recent ftate, thefe rings are eafily, by compreffion, folded into a {pace of little more than: an inch, and, by drawing out, may be:made-to occupy the length, of four iriches, or even longer ; and being of a cartilaginous: bt» they. recover their tone after being drawn out, if left to themfelves.: ~ It is manifeft that the ftructure of the trachea in this bird being fo very unlike that of any other, will ever prevent its being cons - founded’ witha different fpecies; and on this account I can with confidence affert, that the Anas Gienzzon of Linnzus, or. Morillon, commonly {o call dE: as a erin f for 3 it is only one k the; f Morillon, for a fpecimen. put into my. Kuid fr that bird ‘has proved. to be the young of the Tufted Duck, and others that of the Scaup.. Whatever fhare the ftructure. of. this fingular kind of trachea may } have in promoting the loudnefs of | the voice, I will not here infift on; but it is notorious that the cry is. heard further off than i in many others of the gensis: - XXIV. ANAS FUSCA—VzLvit Duck. Tab. xv: mes eer. E 3 A nigricans, palpebrà inferiore fpéculoque alarum albis. ` E. A s fufca, Linn. Syf: Nat. i. . 196.— - hu. Orn. i. P. rie T" d Sn P dat. A. 4.—Fri Vea 165. 8t nde Macreufe, Buf: Oif ix. pl dd PL Eml 936: Velvet Duck, ' Ger. Sym vi p. 48%—Br. Zool. No 272% | | Wil. Orn. p. 363. t. 70. | sh ix 1 t20 Dr. LATHAm’s Bffay-on the Trachea or Windpipes of Birds. "The trachea here is more confpicuous on account of the bony _ dilatation in the middle of it than for any other circumftance: in- deed a manifeft difference from any other may be obferved juft below the /arynx, being an oblong bony cavity of neatly an inch in length. From this part the #rachea defcends for near two-thirds of its length, when it fwells out into a ftrong bony hollow, flat on one fide, and moderately convex on the other, about the fize of a {mall walnut. At the divarication the parts again lofe their rings, and become bony, not greatly enlarged, but equally fo on ‘both fides—the two /ron- cH taking rife at the under part of this laft bony hollow. I have obferved fome diverfity in the trachee of this Ípecies, and in one in particular the hollow round bone was lefs offified; befides which, the . oblong bone next the /aryzx differed much in being fhorter, (Fig. 6.) as alfo the bony part at the bifurcation of: Ícarcely more than half the dimenfions, (Fig. 7.) —which. laft eb uais taken. together feemed to prove its being a young bird. -` | We now clofe the account of fach fpecies of the Duck Tribe as the males of them have fomewhat in the conformation of the trachea differing from the other fex; and I flatter NES mad "by means of the preceding defcriptions, aided by engr: s- parts in queftion, the reader will find © T higa as dear as was : meant to be. dj Endeavouring to add to this lift, I have examined feveral others of the Duck genus, as the Grey Lag, White-fronted, Bean, Bernacle, 4 and Scoter; in none of which have I ever found any thing arkable.— But I mean not to defift from the enquiry, and recom- nci attention to it by others; for I truft that many fingular and curious occurrences will be difclofed on a further ave ique of the E. voci! cr ^ WE Dr. Laruam’s Efay.on the Trachee: or Windpipes of Birds. 121 WE pafs now. to the Me ganfer or Goofander tribe, in every fpecies of which fr "SUPPNRE. this ene iat occurs worthy of notice. - i XXV. MERGUS SERRATOR—Rep-sneasreo Mnoaxsen Tab. (xvi Fig. d 4i ue sleet > oe te rt = yes SM HOT T Pg oM. cika dsuhaésite käk rufefcehte variegato, con albo. - 3 “Mereus Serrator, Linn. Syff. Nat. i. p. 208.— Iud. Orn. ii. p. 829; dede Av. p- DUE. &. anii gr Vi. JN 247: i Aari oe Meihin, im iyu Deut jii ii. P 7231, Note * . — Merganfer, Gez. Syn. vi. p. 423. be: Zool. No. E d e sea oi Orn. p 3 36. t. 6y me a 7 — proceffes like the teeth of 2 a (ar which has given i rife among fportf- men tothe name of Saw-billed Ducks or Divers. 1n the Duck genus the trachea will be fe un tobe more. or lefs compofed of gy es | | approaching indeed in many each other by means of Peartagnous membranes, € except in the 122 Dr. Laraam’s Efay on the Trachea or Windpipes of Birds. The Red-breaffed Merganfer has an enlargement of the trachea about the middle ofits length, imitating that of the Golden Eye, in the fame place, but differing, as before obferved, in being bony inftead of cartilaginous, and the bony plaits of which it confifts being moft curioufly furrowed or channelled tranfverfely :: befides this, the lower part of the /racbea ends in a large and remarkable bony. cavity, of an irregular heart fhape, with two openings on one fide, and oneon the other; all of which are covered with fine membranes,. in the fame manner as before obferved in the Scaup, Gadwal, and Tufted Ducks: from the bottom of this triangular bony box the two bronchie arife, and from thence lofe themfelves in the lungs, as in other. fubjects.. | a E XXVI. MERGUS MERGANSER—Greater GOOSANDER;- M. crifta longitudinali erectiufcula, pectore albido immaculato,. : rectricibus cinereis fcapo-nigricante. pa Saat ge Mergus Merganfer, Linn. Syf. Nat. i. p. 208.—Ind. Orn. ii. p. 8281 | Raitt Syn. Av. p. 134. A. 1.—Brif. Orn. vi. p. 231. t. 32. | Le Harle, Buf Of. viii. p. 267. t; 253.—P/. Enl. 951. ‘Tauchergans, Befcb, der Berl. Nat. Fr. iv. p. $94. t. 18: £. 3— Beckff. Vog. Deutch. it. p. 724, Note #2 — 922 8 oes A Merganfer or Goofander, Gen. Syn. vi. p. 418.—Br, Ziel NON: SEE Ga. f£ 1. All’ Orn, D 335. ts 64. ub pepe GS A fufficient idea of the trachea of this fpecies may be formed by a comparifon with that of the foregoing. In refpe&t to the large . bony cafe at the bottom, it is greatly fimilar; but the upper part. of the trachea differs in having two enlargements inftead of one: the firft placed about one third from the glottis, or entrance at the tops. | . the fecond nearly midway between the firft and the bottom, "This. - Dr. Latuam’s Effay-on tbe Trachee or Windpipes of Birds. 12 3 is figured, among: others, in the Berlin Tranfaéticns, by Dr. Bloch, as above referred to in the Synonyms. From the fearcity of the Merganfer tribe in this kingdom, fuf cient opportunities rarely occur to enable us to afcertain many points . about them as might be wifhed for. Iam, however, now inclined to believe, as hinted in another place*, that the Goofander and Dus Diver form but one fpecies, and that the former is the male bird. What has, I believe, led us hitherto to fuppofe otherwife, is the cuf- tom of this fpecies of the two fexes feparating after breeding time ; the o/d males affociating together in one flock, and the females, with the young birds without difcrimination, forming a feparate company ; fufficiently accounting for the flocks of thefe latter being moft nu- merous: from this caufe, and the plumage of theema/e being for a certain feafon not unlike that of the female, and efpecially diffec- tion: proving that many males are always among them, the won- der ceafes that the birds in seen fhould shave been | fet down by many writers for different fpecie sae uper E. j | ent y plentiful, andt the aes. vilka that Ent haven written much concerning them ; the refult of which is, that the Mergan/er is confidered by them as the male, and the Dun Diver the female, and the Cafor.of Linnzus not at all dif- tinét, nor otherwife than the young bird. It would take up too much room here, i in this .Effay already fufficiently long, to detail | - what Dr. Pallas t, Profeffor Beckmann 1, and Dr. Otto §, have faid | on this fubje& in the Berlin Tran/actions ; but I fhould not do thefe Gentlemen juftice, did I not recommend the perufal of their various ati sie which may be read with equal pleafure and advan- tage. | #5 x the ECT Fe * Gen. Pans P- 423- LU. + Bei. der Berl. Nat. Fr. ip ssn i Belch. der Berl. ERPI p 170. § Id. iü. p. 456. iy it ur eo r24° Dr. Larnam's Effay on the Trachee or Windpipes of Birds. | XXVII. MERGUS ALBELLUS=The Smew. Tab. xvi, Fig. 35.4 M. crifta dependente, occipite nigro, corpore albo, dorfo tempori- : bufque nigris. Mergus Albellus, Linn: Syf. Nat. i. p. 209.—Ind. Ora. ii. p. 831. Rari Syn. Av. p. 135. A. 3.—Brif- Orn. vi. p. 245. t. 24. f. i. | Fen Hark tsbuppés. La Pieri, "Pf. Oy. vii. p. 271. P. MIT i Die Ne. Roane ‘Befeh, o Berl, Nat. TA iv. os wo ra E3 _ T -. Die weiffe Tauchente, Beck/?. Vog. Deutfcb, i. p. 738. Smew or White Nun, Gen. Sym vi. p. 428. —JBr. Zool. No, 262.— Will. Ort p.255t. 64... ves | This beautiful bird is coiden A iialer than héi two ait de> feribed, and the authors above referred to will point it out: thould any one be ignorant of the fpecies. "The fize of the trachea is fmalleft near the upper part, but enlarges as it approaches towards “the middle; from whence to the bottom part it continues of nearly equal dimenfions, the texture : confi fing « of bony rings, with featcely any cartilage appearing ‘to int vene. At the t Seeds gel. cavity asin the others, but ete tiic ent ing much in proportion, and differing i in fhape, the refs esate aes rom fide to fide, whereas in the others it is almoft upwards and down-. wards: on one fide is a round hole Covered bya drum-like mem- 3 o. and on the oppofite an oval fmooth hollow bone anne with ; from the bottom of thefe arife the bronchia. | n this, as in the former, two fpecies have been created out of one, and owing precifely to the fame caufe; which is, that of the soing male having the female plumage for fome length of time after growing to fize. Ihave detected this fome. time fince by. the laby- : 1 : 3 rinth - Dr. Larnaw’s Efay on the Trachece or Windpipes of Birds. impo rinth of the fappoféd male of the Moppi minutus of Linnæus being -in all refpeéts fimilar to that of the Male Smew, added to the affu- . rance of fome later writers, who have likewife afcertained the fact, and penned their thoughts on the fubje&t. It therefore may be concluded that we have no more than three difine ipecies of Merganfer r which migrate into ‘this country. - i Eyan "THERE are feveral tiser birds, befides the iabove, concerning: which I fear we fhall hereafter find :ourfelves;miftaken ; but this is not the place for'füch-inveftigation. . "'he great increafe ii number of Gentlemen who make Natural Hiftory their ftudy, will no doubt: greatly contribute to dete& many errors which have hitherto been. received as facts for want of due enquiry. - T Fig.1. The aE wihdpipe óf the Wood Graiis; mei of the: Wood, with its feveral appendages.—a. the tongue ; 44. the. the ds Boi ht or tongue bone; with itsiparts ;- c. the /arynx,. : ie’ orifice therein for the admiffion of zir3: dd. muí--' cles which. aecompariy the aide. he-cn each fide 5: z eee, the sachea. ^ terma oT ssi gy Phe Marail Turkey, fervióg:to flew th arvana of the San. uh. € DUE diei onthe: pita before it ae the iniit the greater part tati its leg Tis. ies dow 126 Dr, ‘Larnam'’s Ejay on the Trachee or YF, indpipes of Birds. 126° FN A ikke opioiies uri x. ‘Ba i h “The: ssim debe this the.£racbee is much more: cloned than .in either of the foregoing, infomuch as to double upwards (cop lin aremarkable manner. | 3. Part of the windpipe of the Indian Cock :—a a. the two bror- chia, orlung-pipes. - T A figure of the fame T from.a different. iet dereing e ii 10010 fhew how this part appears in fome fpecimens.: 7 The. — of ^w Numidian — or v Dena B Eds urs CQ - Bid Syan S3 is, XI. | "Two views of Cufhew Curaffow. ^ Fig.. A fide view of the parts as they : appear on diffedion + a. pectoralts minor mufcles 4. itstendon; c. the fternum 3 d. pectoralis major mufcle ; e. the clavicle; f. the glottis ; . g. the trachea defcending ; 5. the part where it begins to form the convolutións ; 4, the convolutions; 4. the trachea ‘where it dips into the Mec l. ftrong elaftic fibres con- tinued álmoft -the whole length | of the trachea, which chas a flefhy origin.in the thorax (fee o. fig. 2)5 m. the . part which anfwers the fame office as the ribs. in other animals; z. mufcles terminating in fafcia. o. 2. Ape parts feen in a nearly oppofite fituation :—2z. pectoralis —— minor; c the fternum ; d. pe&oralis major ; e. the clavicle ; - — g. the defcending part of the /racbea; h. the part where it _ begins to form the convolutons; 7. the convolutions ; 4. the - part where it has entered the thorax; / the fibres wise are continued from o. where they are flethy.; m. the: parts which. anfwer to the ribs; ø. a mufcle terminating in fafcia ; Dr. Laruam’s Effay on the Trachee or Windpipes of Birds.. vag: fafcia; o. the mufcle (one on each fide), which. affifts i in: refpiration and in ftraitening the trachea: [T 4 Tas. XH. Eig. .1.. The fternum or breaft-bone of the: Wild Swen, with. the- trachea in its proper. fituation.— The outer. part of one fide of the keel is. taken off, in order the better to expofe- the internal contents to view. 2. The fternum with the keel feen in front, ferving to fhew the opening into which the.rachea enters:and returns, 3. A fimilar view of the fame parts in the. Tame Swan. bg |. 4. A view of the fternum of the Grane, with the trachea in fi itu,. —part of the.keel taken away as in fig. 1. Tas. XIII. Fig. I. The trachea of the Teal, the whole of its leng 2. T tracket of the perm ME inth, very € while recent. > E The trachea of th the Shoveler.. 5. The fame feen in an oppofite dire&ion. 6. The lower part pf the trachea, of the Pintaile 8.. The laft thown‘on de a toli fide. T ae 9. The trachea of the Wigeon, . Serge ko. Dip of. pe nis = | | Tan. xiv. : Fig. I. The trachea of the young Mofeovy Duck. OFF that of the- old one in Tas. XVI. f. 5,6.) dno iu 2. Thefame feen on the other fide.. pei er. Fig. -3e e Figg "Ehe idest the aon Dud. sistem odi c sae * 4» The oppofite fide of the fame:—~-2 avan abide vide ferving. | to Moi me -bafe of the ME or lung-pipes, and may | "aintoelesot of the: Valer Dub. o'di SRENEedE —— — H NS bony cafe ofthe laft below the liy feen on tlie oppo- Eh + - eg Uu. "t 1 2E gfi j-i iDnud i /) Amoppofite vai W ofte bony -hollo — | | — 6. ‘View of the ‘upperme oft. fe taken fro n a different fubject, ESOS to “thew how this part appears. in fome fpe 2330 SAn err xe 3 9 67H 4 Q wats t ys : f es $e 7. View of the bottom part of the fame trachea i E x T si of the Shieldrake, RE SRT IO et Tn V of the fame, feen’ on the oppofite fi fi de, Bs VM obe IA 2 Nits ae Neon 3H Us $us ta of the Red inkt mA = = 2. Ditto feen in the > oppofite direction. A= A Trachea, ofthe Si mesh a m i e view of the imë So NI : 7 Tr | e “trachea of. an Old Mufcovy” Duk 3 ‘(Gee ‘that P a - younger c one in TAB. XIV. f.3, 2. o A 4. The fame feen on the aher fide, ee . : 2: ; : | : 128, A » on CAE on. | ix | : po e ee i Tae s - è ae, eee Saree: yi Wy) ae i Ndi JU - RT YET CCTY Mann oc eae i a rm zm ~ KZ mJ VUA IR RONDA m Obfervations on Bituminous Subfpances, with a De rition of the 3 Varieties of the Elaffic Bitumen. By Charles Hatchett, Efq. F.R. S. Lond. and Edinb. F. L. S. &c. ; [1 2 F = Read May 2, Fune 6, and Fuly 4, 1797. $ 1. [T is now generally believed that the bituminous fubftances are : not of mineral origin, but that they have been formed from certain principles of fubftances belonging to the organized king- doms of Nature, which, after the lofs of animal and vegetable life, have fuffered confiderable changes by long contact and union with mineral bodies. A Thefe changes have beri however fo. PES 3 that the bitumens can no longer be referred to their firft origin, and they are, therefore regarded by: uu confent as s forming P es of me ae mineral fyftem, © 1 dot bat Ya : fis omega fubftances are : cp Gne d wi sn ces Naptha, _ nin ae Feiroledmogu idl woz d:w498 290 diet Mineral Tar, c a < © Mineral Pitch, Afphaltum, ^ ^ - “Vou. IV. : C Sur y 130 Mr, HATCHET T's Obfervations on Bituminous Subfiances, ; Jets Pit Coal, Bituminous Wood, Turf, Peat, and thofe combinations of the oxides of certain metals with bitumen „called. Bituminous Ores*. | Thofe Wh. are acqumiited: ih the nature. of thefe fubftances will immediately perceive, that they may be formed into two divi- fions : the firft of which confifts of fimple fpecies, or unadulterated bitumens: and the fecond is compofed of bitumen mixed or com- bined with the earths, vegetable matter, and metallic oxides; fo that thefe appear to merit the name of compound fpecies. I fhall now firft confider how the ipe peser are connected with each other. , c ded 3-9. ES has been the opinion =" fome eminent Naturalifts and Chemifts, . that naptha is an ethereal oil produced from the more. compact and folid bitumens by a fort of natural difillation. ' This however appears to be an hypothefis founded upon analogy, and fupported only by a few local facts which may often be queftioned. - But many facts and obfervations concur to prove that the contrary moft frequently happens, and that the compa bitumens are often, if not always, formed from naptha and petroleum by infpiffation. I will not however now infift upon the viprodís of "e asthe varie- * jt I intend only here to notice the diodes of pda and pao I have not mentioned amber and the honey-ftone. | : "Hes t Mr. HATCHETT's Obfervations on Bituminous Subftances. 131 ties of the elaftic bitumen, which I fhall foon pne, will be fufficient for the p £t. Li NAPTHA, N APTHA. isa fubftance well known to Mineralogitts as a light, thin, often colourlefs oil, highly odoriferous and inflammable, which is fometimes found on the furface of the waters of fprings, and at other times iffuing from certain ftrata. When expofed to the air, it becomes at firft ACRES afterwards sae andi in the like V proportion it thickens, and paffes into PETROL OR PETROLEUM. "Tus has à greafy feel, is thicker than the preceding fubftance, is tranfparent or femitranfparent, and of a reddifh or blackifh brown colour. By air it becomes like tar, and then i is called . ; | MOUNTAIN or MINERAL TAR, Brew gey t aj SP ANDE s. TENS. T EE s Tus fübftance | is pira and of a reddifh or blackifh brown or black. — When burned, it emits a difagreeable pito diues fmell, and by expofure tothe air r it pafs; into _ ag: Bergman was of opinion, that the liquid bitumens were fini; if not always, formed From thofe which are folid, by the means of fubterraneous heat ; ; and expreffes himfelfthus : ** Caeterum ad fidem pronum eft, naptham, petroleum, bituminofofque liquores, quibus abundat Afia, plures harum materierum exhibens non tantüm {caturigines, fed rivulos o que, quibus etiam, parcius licet diftributis, Auftralis Europa non caret ; probabile, ealain oiris fi non femper, fæpe tamen fluiditatem recuperáffc. Divine = 3 in alto haud raro agere, quamvis in fuperficie vix obfcura ejufdem indicia ins fti liceat: novimus przterea e ficco aluminari {chifto petroleum extorqueri jufto -caloris a cui arte exponitut.—Bergman de Produétis Vulcaniis Opafcula, tori iii p.238. > : S2 y has pinguedines liquidas variis antea ferris inhzfille exficcatas, et mediante : a32 Mr. Harcheris Obfervations on Bituminous Sulffanco. MOUNTAIN or MINERAL PITCH—BirUMEN MALTHA, - Tue mineral pitch much refemblés common pitch, and, when heated, emits a ftrong unpleafant odour, like the former fubftance. When the weather is cold, it may be broken, and then exhibits, internally, a glaffy luftre ; but when warm, it is foftened, and pof-. {effes fome tenacity. ^ Tt is howe ret epe 0 of a fuperior ES : | EO ree and then ‘becomes x E. : | ASPHALTUM—Brromen ‘9 ST ee Ba RON Boa INDURATUM, | E uis is a light, brittle fubfance, . of a kiasa black, or black.. "When broken, i it fhews a conchoidal fracture with a glany. luftre, ‘Tt has little of the bituminous odour, unlefs it is rubbed or heated. It eafily melts, is very inflammable, deis when pure, burns without leaving any athes. 3 In this manner, naptha, by apn .paffes fucceffi ively airot different ftates until it t becomes aiphaltum, x hich happar. to be the ‘ultimate degree of induratic don which bitumens - from naptha c can receive. - .1 have at this time eoan ‘before me viti t gradations; and I have feen a remarkable inftance i in. a. bitumen: brought from the Ifland of Trinidad, which exhibits mineral. tar piiog into 9 mineral Rens and serait into afphaltum *.. v p * The. progreffive changes ef naptha into petroleum, mineral tar, mineral pitch, and: afphaltum, appears to be caüfed by the gradual diffipation of part of the hyárogenca of the bitumen, and the confequent development or- difengagement-of carbon.. lence, I am inclined to believe, arife the changes of colour, the degrees of infpiflationy an. fhe ai ae proportion of carbon found in thofe fubftances by chemical Analys. A Oe I would: Mr, Harenerr’s Odfervations on Bituminous Sulffanéei. 133 - s: TEA > 2 + y. ork ^ E^ £ REG B yegi " TF L s. i " it P. m Qm ~ PESEN A i da. 4 ? i gg divifión which inane tlie ore —: (ii ftances derived from. napth: à, may therefore be confidered as termi« nating in afphaltum ; ; but Nature. appears to have’ glided on by am unintérrupted chain which’ connects the fimple bitumens: witlr thofe which we have called compound; ‘and'this effect is produced by the gradual increafe of the carbonic principle, and the introdüc-- tion of extraneous matter, the different quantity of which, toges ther with the greateror lefs degree of mixtureor of chemical union,. dccafion eon fiderablé changes in thefe fubftances, fo that they are gradually ` temoved from: Rete characters: — diftinguifh. the pure bitumens: (9) -Toform an accurate tsble of thefe: abai it dis pon ne-- ceffary to have | comparative analyfes of the different . bituminous biasa and. alío: to contraft the =. | with the | | bs pure. d à feries of fuch Eecmedis I muft now content. - myfel£ with the obfervations and faéts which I have been able to colle&*. -From thefe I am of opinion,: that the móft immediate gradation from: phaltum. (which? is: the laft.of the fimple bitumens): into i Anois . : : y takes. place in the fi ubftance called. te E would be daot ‘however to mean that: the eios is ; oA. E iee. in refpet to the other ingredients, i in a given quantity ofthefe bitumens, and that it pre- ion to the diffipation. « of i: eertain Bias! of the hydrogen. which agio us DEVICES Ie—- e» x fre is d was fey al y to the fi p o * This t as SUR AM cu à before I jg een the pet experim the celebrated Mr. Kirwan has. — in the s edet of bis, E] em pnt galogy-- .—V ide vol. it p pie d veges Yaa c ee eue a ' ware alfo in fome -meafure -appare 134 Mr. Harcnerr’s Obfervations on Bituminous Subpances, JET, Jer is a fubftance well known to be of a full black, fometimes bise. inclining’ to brown. It- is confiderably. harder and defs brittle than afphaltum. | It breaks with a conchoidal fracture, and the internal luftre is glaffy. It has no odour except when heated, and i it then refembles v anita It mite i in a Is -— e again have arranged it with the varieties of coal f. 1 am inclined however to believe, that it is neither afphaltum nor coal, but an intermediate fubílance which may. be.regarded as the. firít ` gradation from the fimple bitumens into thofe which are compound, "The matter of afphaltum undoubtedly enters into it in a large pro: portion, and has confequently ftamped feveral of its chara upon it; but the increafe of carbon, and of the extraneous oF *arthy matter which is intimately mixed or rather combined with it, has had fo much cutie iat the. characters of . coal ftriking by the: fimilarity of certain. aca di - fta ces. whic’ attend thefe two fubftances. ` The charaéters of coal. are however by no means fully eftablithed in jet, but from this. we ae acute. . diately to another, in which thefe characters cannot be quitlg | € l : aine : is the Fabian called : cde CANNEL. COAL, ` which is of a full black; of a fmooth, folid; everi texture ; it break$ in any direction, and the tranfverfe fra&ture is conchoidal. dt © lines: PH n. Nat, et de Chimie, tom iii. p 4 5G. 3 T Widenmann’s Handbuch der Mineralogie, p. 628. m. rei by tase and Mr. Pome is of the fame opinion. oodd | - O burn Mr, HATCHETT’s Odfrvations on Bituminous Subftances, — Y$s eT T. _ burns well, and is fo compact that it is often Pmpley ed, like jet, to be formed into trinkets. | - The great refemblance which cannel coal has to jet in many of its properties, induces me to regard it as the next gradation of the compound bituminous fubflances, and as the leading variety of coal from which the others follow mpcpeding to the degree of their bituminous character. .— | The limits of this paper will. not allow me to enter into a cir- cumftantial account of all the other varieties of pit-coal ; neither is it neceffary, after the gradations of afphaltum to jet, and of jet to coal, have been noticed. I fhall not therefore defcribe the varie- ties of. coal known by. divers names in different countries, and even in. different provinces, fuch as thofe called in England caking coal, rock coal, fplent coal, &c. &c.; but fhall only obferve, that the pit-coals i in general appear to be compofed of bitumen intimately mixed, or rather combined, with various ipregertons of carbon and. or lefs th. ch elven of perfect coal; ae or, are various Pirates. patles into Certain pice or ftony fubftances, which, although im- ated with bitumen, do not merit the appellation of coal, and- thefe alfo at length. gradually lale abe "s uminous charaéter *, «aa ewife wortl y of n noti 1e quantity of earthy: mat- ter does not appear to be the principa i caufe why | pit-coals do not burn with: the rapidity Which is to be perceived i in fome other earthy fübftances Pea with bitumen, For we may conclude, that i Kirwan rim : j| it. appears that carbon is a confttuent principle d E ol aud thar the peris eR a | principal caufe of thofe modi | - duce the fpecies. hee eT eee the ra l— of Mineralogy, vel pega, — Hom ` žo- é HS. My.Y Are dim Obeivaiiir’ P Bihiminous Subflances, > the flow conibuftion of coal proceeds from the join: effects pro- duced partly by the relative proportions of the bituminotis, carbona- ceous, and earthy ingredients, : and partly by the more or lefs perfect degree of mixture which conneéts them together, and which degree* " mixture, I believe, in many cafes, nearly: approaches. to chemical union, if not actually fo: when, therefore, the degree of mixture e da x is fo pa ees as „that. every Heu of hiturner: is connected with- into itó combutlion. X of its duration ‘aid is we find to be the cafe in ftances, and loofe Fike ftones aE: are ply Wp tibeaboe : bitu: men.— To return, however, to the varieties of coal, I muft obferve that, from the caufes: aboye-mentioned, the different characters igs e at eH confounded! wills the or aroalls cedus fchiftus, 3:70 PEN hav: ém: eau: example of this in the'gradations o ) hiftus into à which ar faris bit dla os 1 oblerved) at K Kimmerid Rien ei siemens called Kimmeridge c y | By the feries of gradations which have | been eticedoig Mr, Harcuerr’s 05 z vations on Bituminou p Sulflances +f. 15 7 going pages, th fimple eire fubftances appear to pafs into thofe which are compotiid ; and thefe alfo, by declining fhades, at laft pafs.into. sabane: appertaining aithe, clas of earths and ftones;.. EAR Sto% i spin the | 'ompo! de biens. disces. thes bera earthy ingredient is for the greater part generally, if not always, argillaceous; ; ind although certain calcareous grits (fuch as the Pcrtland ftone*) as well;as limeftones and marbles are found. impregnated with bitumen, yet” know. not of any inftance in which this Mppens to the degree seauifits to. amg combuftible fubRance.. Sony Nui. fufficient | as an inttoduóHan, to the deseris fübje& of this paper ; but, to complete the feries, I fhall make fome obfer- ions on the vegetable fubftances which contain bitumen, and | — BRAY OR: the. mixtures st; bitumen with. Mas oxides i ons 1:93 Hoc - gar : 1 fel-y "i r WHEN we T the facts which ui mela prove that vege- ‘Sabie have contributed principally to the formation. of bitumen, ‘tures of i sigue matter "hy ts one or fink-ftone. Iti s alfo sraa ^ 138 Mr. Harc HETT's Obfervations . on B; ` BITUMINOUS WOOD, as well as of TURF and PEAT. Brruminovs or foffil wood is found in many places; but in re- fpe&t to that which is found at Bovey, near Exeter, and which is; therefore called Bovey coal, there are fome peculiarities which de- ferve to be — The Bovey coal is a dark brown, light, which im texture and other external properties | des ` ove X which nag "eia half Charred. ` It is not The pits. are on à Pha Brera is flat and (says ; the flrátum of fand is however but thin, after which a pale brownifh grey clay is | found mixed with quartz pebbles. This prevails to about fix feet, at which depth the firft ftratum of the coal commentées, ^ The ‘quality of this is however much inferior to that of the fabfeque n ftrata, which in all amount to feveriteen, producing a depth of nearly feventy-four feet from the furface. Between each ftratum of coal is a flratum of clay. The direétion of the ftrata is from eatt to weft, and the inclination or dip is from north to fouth. The inferior ftrata are thought to afford the beft coal, and ro coal is more folid and ofa icke i read ly with a flame like half charred wood: it Te not crackle, and, if but moderately burned, forms charcoal; or if completely burned, it Teaves a fmalf : quantity of white" athes exactly fimilar to thofe of wood. The fmell of it when bur ing alfo refembles that of wood, with a faint difagreeable odour. It is certainly very remarkable that this fabftan e fhould whole of which is criplored] ina vigor Pottery. fer vations on Bituminous Subflances. Bi » ` properties of wood; and that thefe {trata do: not ‘exhibit any of Pig thofe irregularities on their furfaces, which might be expected, - | ón the. fuppofition. that tk ey were formed by the roots, trunks, and branches of trees long. buried in the earth. It is s alfo dif- ficult- to imagine wood to have been tranfported. and depofited in this place at feventeen different periods, and yet it muft be allo the t thefe ftrata have been formed by fucceffive operations. - Pmuft confefs, thaf after having twice vifited and examined the {pot exprefsly for: the purpofe, I ftill find br Mery dni to offer. any opinionuponthefubje&. |: 5^ =i The chata&ters of bitumen are ‘but little apestenels in the. Dow: jo oum the fuperior ftrata even appear to have loft a portion of their combuftible principle, while the inferior ftrata poflefs it. T he lower parts alfosof thefe ftrata are more compact and more com- buftible than thofe parts which are immediately upon them *, - . . Another remarkable fort of foffil god» which, uch refembles : the uus f coal, and 1n like manner 1s arr ; the bitumi- nous woods, is that in Iceland, Modi CRM theinha- ` s Surts ‘brand, This i is grt harder than the Bovey coal, but in. every other refpeét is the fame. It alfo forms. Rrata many feet in thicknefs; but it is very extraordinary that thefe ftrata “peat to > be uos! of dias of tr i ich, i in their tranfverfe Mr. Harenerr’s 47, v OOC e. TE able ard aid ed and trunks oft treet are found, which do not, however, in o the nature of the Bovey coal. Whether this bog ! ed with the formation of the ; )yye-menti . ete S th e Sierat. iat PRIER have. been Fs T E dx de inui flats: fo tiiat the eie appe somes the Beat o of the lava Bu I cannot dicen why deed ( pe Petes that it has. been acted upon by fire, any more than that the is been. fubjected, to. the, effects. tibt dame agint praha ftances are the fame; a Stratified, I think. we I venture eto i d E + t Zibandpis of Chem ifiny, vol. iiis p; 199 i _? 4 Von Trail’ Letters, pogg. icu. | OLLI Si 22000 "uot: S — de igno fofi Mani fentiendum. € Lees in deco natali contemplate quidem 45 lepore crefcere polle videntur. 1 m craffitiei Virus funt et eee plus | minus penetrati, non jam ia fed ee indurato,. a aguet tam 1 nig " flamma fub. oritur in orbem rediens circi extimo propemodum paralle di AMD Se preffam, et veram habebimus. ligni foffilis, | -g materiæ e fruftis, tranfverfim fc&is, joeiilibet à t und which: they are found, are alfo fimilar*. "The whole, 1 "aa of thec opinion in favour - pin — to Hes on ud | volcar ic: nature lof Iceland d a: “and itideéd ám ow to believe, that i iss ate e neatly fuites ied from d it Bei ni Carbon i is — " be « one the ¢ of thieearths'contained in dein; As a fixed ZANEN mend appears to forro; án great Misi fane; tlie Y oos Sees and after a en iit) i ie remains, ET ‘the. partie of see the fame P ráig di E: y ? [z ua po le ian d. nttruncus capientes ita. C opieke È Rothe antea particularum, nexus putredinis quodam mes (fuerit relaxatus 1. Certe, ni(i eompages -quodammodo mutatur, quodlibet p incumbe huic effegtui erit impar. à omenon in oni fcit east de ee 142. Mr Hatcuerr's OW valions on Bitiminous Subflances.. free T p.i air, the carbon enters into combinatii ved terit and caloric, and. forms. carbonic acid. | ; We have many examples) in; which TOR is farti OR Ne: liberated from thofe fubftances with which it. Was. ‘combined in vegetables; and thefe are now explained as effeéts, fimilar to thofe of. combuftion, | although fire has not, been the caufe. In both _ the more volatile principles. ; diminifhed. |... "4 | SH During. the SEU. of EDk: matter, the more vanitite inci ipl es: contained i in the Peu fibre. fiia with carbon alío P appe ear Medien joue and, in: propc xtión to. ' ratior fixed fubftance, which we cal carbon, is gocce Veo Thus, by the progrels of combuftion, weon A he Ov combuftion to which it has been fubjeĉted, or, in otlier words, how he. s from: carbon: bas: bera which i is a be prefent, i it RR ois lan But the fame 7. | whenever vegetables ` in the full poffeffion o! to circumítances which favour the p Mr. HATCHETT "s Obfereations on ga Subjtances, | M3 combuftion, fo by the progrefs of l Dion does the vegetable dofe its colour, become. brown, and afterwards black; at the fame ‘time a gas is canine which is compofed of hydrogen, azote, and carbamic. acide; < 00:101] 19. - When. combuttion i is. Wigs continued with ig os acceís of air, the whole of the, carbon is diffipated in the ftate of carbonic acid ;. ut in the procefs of putrefaction a confiderable portion of carbon commonly. remains even long after the putrid fermentation has ceafed, |. Although, therefore, it is as readily developed by putrefac- tion as by iem d it is not, however, when liberated from the other; princip es, loire ds ec M. the. former as by the gud dee: - 2-4 2111f “According to the degree of combuttion within certain limits the tarbon.is more or lefs apparent, and the like prevails according to th e degree of putrefaction ; fo that whenever the caufes which have promoted this rend of fermentation have ceafed, the: vegetable a morina xhi E the appelitanGe Laid properties of wood pil has been charred more or les... i H To this caufe, therefore, 1 am inclined to et fee re A es, js o Ae ge the ud Act Butororand: „and I oe a cheractets of yiii arc delciniqee apparent in turf and . gest iai n e cord intl: 5 foffil woods. Turf iswell known. seetables,° fuck. ae oval apum twigs, &c. iras with a portion. petroleum; and peat: fame, excepting that it generally contains there of earthy matiek] or that the t Maa PME: ‘undergone a ‘more V Ah Nae ptas e penseg && Midi ditiis tliis the higaines is! ye duct of thofe vegetables, the remains of which conftitute the other apto and peat. iitideuoo 10. so199b odd oi ghibicazZ. i pire ems meee: different Rs of the bitumen, as well. ás - the degree of perfection. refpecting the formation of it if vegetable principles, contribute to alter the: properties and. varast of the compound, and thus produce varieties: ` Șt zis] believed e thefe. faia have. been pier eg ct eenen i in the formation: of ghi FA era jeé Ph to evaporation n, the pr b pine xot part of de a ed : LITTLE ai bx: id e eil thofe coixtures wed FE. pe metals:or their oxides: which are fometimes called the bitumi- - nous: ores of mercury, copper and iron, for they fhould rather be rranged with the adulterated or impure bitumens, Few of them ntain the metallic ingredient in a proportion fufficient to caufe the w^ e to be worked as an ore; and the paly. exception with | of which, a according to Mr. di Boro, ‘affords from fifteen to twenty ees pounds of peed Zab the Bituminous fiibftanées, 34 t to have ; follbwl iem Sin their origin and the period of their formation, I fhould rather have begun: | with thofe fubítances which moft clearly point out: how, much. — Me E has dente ipto of them, i3 E. IV. 146 Mr. Harcuert’s Obfervations on Bituminous Subflances. but no doubt can be entertained in refpe& to vegetables, for it appears that bitumen is formed from them by long — > and by other proceffes at prefent unknown to us: . That when certain portions of vegetable matter remain idolo: pofed, and are mixed with the petroleum thus prod — the varieties of turf and peat are formed: That wood in general contributes to the icol of bites men 3 but does not feem to retain. ity afterthe en fi E in e confiderable : a proportion as the foregoing fubftances: ^ ^^ . That the bituminous matter thus formed, and pic : bos rated, is in different ftates according to the degree of infpiffation : . And laftly, with various proportions of carbonic and earthy matter, it forms jet, coal, and bituminous fchiftus; and with me- tallic fubftances it produces thofe compounds called bituminous - Ores, $ 7. : : dE _ ABOUT, the year 1786 anew fpecies of a tb was difcovered near. Caftleton, in Derbyfhire, which much refembles, in elafticity - and colour, the fubftance known. by the r name of senting: or Indian rubber. Heus . Mr. de Born was, I believe, the firt Sia mentioned it*; but as ig appears to have known only one variety of this fingular fubftance, l am induced to hope that a defcription of many other varieties, which have fince been found, will not be unacceptable to this Society. The elaftic bitumen, which refembles the cahout-chov, was firft difcovered in the cavities of a vein in the lead-mine called Odin, which i is near the bafe of Mamtor, to the north of Caftleton, The > Catalogue de la Colleen de Me. de Raab, tom. ii. p. 77. Mr. HATCHET T’s Ob/fervations on Bituminous Subflances. 147 ore of this mine (which is fuppofed to be one of the moft ancient in England) is galena, accompanied by fluor, calcarcous and heavy fpars, quartz, blende, calamine, felenite, afphaltum, and the elaftic bitumen, although the latter is now rarely found *. Another {pecies of the elaftic bitumen has within about three years been found in a neighbouring rivulet; but I fhall not at prefent notice it, as Lintend firft to defcribe the varieties of that which was firft difeovered, and which refembles the cahout-chou. In order to do this with more perfpicuity, I fhall defcribe the fpecimens belonging to my Sage: aggouding: to the mode in which I have arranged SPECIES rus FIRST. et: A, INO. T; : ELASTIC bitumen of a yellowifh brown colour, part of. M ice wb is almoft liquid like petroleum, and l adheres t to the fingers; the other part is of Kako ees. of a mammil ary form, does not adhere to the fingers, and is foft and elaftic. This is on a grey bitumini limeftone, with white calcareous {par in the figure of hexaedral pyramids, forming that which is called the dog-tooth fpar. - A, No. 2. r f i 2:2 i cai 21 a “yellowith brown, partly liquid, and put elitti which, however, adheres to the fingers; on pale grey limeftone, with cryftals of white fluor fpar, blende, and galena.—On another : sa hard and brittle. Hide mation share the local circumftances which a attend this ss bit unen. | d -—«— yart of the. limeftone ` are fome“ globules | of bitumen - a peel | vasibdua eioirales nd: dide xi | = Dark brown bitumen ofa a T— form, | hard, but i in a fome degre atc. ft te wá " t5 "T A, No. 4: s tiii E a -reddih: brown, in the form of sisi ee of which are elaftic, and others hard: on brownith- -grey limeftone, - accompanied by cryftallized white fluor, dogtoc - calcareous Ípar, and: pyrites in fmall cryftals, fome of which : are on the furfac of the globules of bitumen. IU Tm No. 5 The fame of a pem EE ofa Ralagtitical form, Eg and brittle; on S ens — ees fpar, impregnated with bitu- men. ^' | Ey Lo baa r3 4 A, No. 6. p R of a dark reddith brown, very hard; on pale brown fparry ftink-ftone, with grey bier in which ae Moe geculliden | X dir sz Pes meee E AE E E T itumen of a dark uss ino: lac, Bue very LL 5 hat it adheres to the muda : cime cram ak iud Ma, i E ez No. a The fame thiol pret over grey fparry fink-ftone. "eda TA; Nó.« os d Biiemen ef à brownifh olive colour, which becomes | Mrown by the ait; but when oppofed | à Mr, Harcnera’s Obfervations on Bitaminoys Subftances, 149 tranfparent, and of a yellowifh brown. inclining: to orange. ltis 3s very — and hte — heces, variis | as amr LL dari aibó ce i “A, No. 1o. ene The fame of a darker brown, and harder i ina Gud. digi The fpecific gravity of this fpecimen i is 0,960535 ‘water being — s 10,000 at temp. 60°. — | ae. No, a rin bs ig of a dark brome harder than, the. Potes This exe aüly refembles the cahout-chou in the degree of. elafticity, and in the property which“ it pele of — the traces of black- lead. y afi zr. GA, No. 12. Phe TT but rather harder, : A, No. 14 The fame of a blackifh brown, nearly black, which fcarcely pot fefles any elafticity; it-breaks,. and tifemipkcs got in colour e fragtures ` a The; fame of a reddith down perfedtly hand and b at ttle. Fhe charaéters of afphaltum are = in e SPEND cg o ote The eats e tint dukat to. wiva 1 56 My. Harcnerr’s Olferoation: on Bituminis Subfiances. the letter B, has been found during the laft three years in a rivulet which runs at theebafe of Mamtor, from Weft to Eaft, at a {mall diftance from Odin mine.—The varieties of it, in my poffeífion, are as follow : OE OS gt z 3 SP BCI ES 2 3 SE CON D. | B, No. 1 E Exasrie bitumen, ‘which, recently” cut, exa&ly. refembles fine clofe cork mn colour and texture, but, by the aif, ina few days i becomes of a pale reddifh brown.—This forms a thin coat, which | completely covers a mafs of elaftic bitumen, which is foft, and at a brownifh olive colour, like A, No. 9. l - TE ‘No.2. "The fame, excepting that the coat or efti is much thicker, B, No. 3. "The fame, but the coating is thicker than that of No. 2, and the browniíh olivesploused, bitumen much’ lefs i in| VOIR 3B. No. 4 on Peed afte : TF} The fame, excepting that the greater. part of the ther refemb cork, fo that only a very fmall nucleus of the — eaten remains*. Fest bA -B, No. s. : i Jine mie that the y MCA is coated, i is in the paa: of afphaltum. idJ gi et3lemmoo AUS antiiipse! The fpecific gravity sh this {pecimen 99881, .* One of the fpecimens in my gofielion,. i ilar to 23and 14 pounds. - R orig "x ions on Bituminous Sulflanct, — igi Mr. —H val z | By No. 6. ^Raftic bitumen; — whible — of which tefembles fine Mat The —— gravity Is 0,9 748: ^ ! iE jas ^ Ne 7 _The oe but Sable and apparently pafling by deos into an oc bimeeote coloured powder. Tue varieties of the. fft. pecies of the elaftic bitumen, or “that which i is like the cahout-chou, evidently appear to be formed from a naptha or petroleum, which, like that which produces the other fimple bituminous fubftances formerly mentioned, is REIHE of various degrees of infpiffation. _ All the varieties of the firft fpecies, from. No. I, to No. 1 LA may. be regarded as thus formed, for in thefe we can trace all the. modi- fications comprehended between. petroleum. apd ibam: 3 with plete in the variety "uc occupies the middle place between. pe- troleum and afphaltum. The fecond fpecies B, or that which refembles cork, appears fo lifferent from that marked. A, that it is not at firft eafy to conceive how they are conneéted, or at leaft the difficulty mutt : appear great ` to thofe who have only feen fpecimens of cach fpecies complete in their refpective characters. But, from an attentive examination of. - many fpecimens, and particularly of thofe which I have deícribed, I am convinced that the varieties of the fpecies B are only modi- fications- of the fpecies | A, produced probably by long maceration ia the water of the rivulet in which this. fpecies i is found, t to he effests of which we may, with fome appearance of reafon, add th ay E Mas fo 152 Rana Subjances. the (jas A, and appears fo E. on a. Ton which | es pene- trated deeper into the fubftance-of it in proportion to the duration . of the caufes which. I have pooptionedu fo that at length the: origi- nal fub. tance nc lenges. remain ba en isis ftate,, 54 do not SARE wets Hat" HERE PE partial’ and : ate! i dic : union or difintegration of the particles | of the original fubftance, as 5 both fpe ies melt i into one which i is. genet S ders I muft alfo aidd, that the fpecies “A ‘Burils'eatily, fpecies B burns. with fome « ma cee of f water, ter this operat on} cc O on which a bad been x os La üt ze apu Et. z. 3 = p Aa nd 8. .... pr abd a "bie liq a petrol j | E i get di ferent. from that. which is is Commonly’ + E 1 known. © Tii AIO) SIS tdi ve A; Nó. 5; . ee s.a. T Ps oduced © un thicker p TC T. ( à à e te T i ái iia gis Meroen: far) sud 519]551549- ovrió xti: xc! ed: nines tir. Fi ny p nte? t^ ieli a 3: T x 11 d achi gto mineral pitch ; od " 3 ok: reri ns əd to g ood and A, Noi pom " did. not: ifuffeidiun any! change, but remained at adi L8 salas ti 20 rft with athe charadtersof sofia DE Mr. Hatcuer’s Objervations on Bituminous Subftances. 15 3 From what I have related, I fufpe& that the claftic property is occafioned by the interpofition of very minute portions of air or fome other elaftic fluid between the parts of the bitumen, and that this takes place by reafon of fome unknown caufe at the time of formation; but when thefe bitumens are melted, the elaftic fluid is liberated, and the mafs lofes that fine fpongy texture which I fufpe& to have been the caufe of the elaftic property *, - Derbyfhire is well known as a country which exhibits, in | the moft ftriking manner, the remarkable changes which our globe has fuffered. In every part of it, the moft -indifputable evidences ap- - pear of fome great and extraordinary revolution; and there is not any place where extraneous foffils, fuch as the remains and impref- -~ fions of vegetables and animals, are more abundant. : Bitumen, in other countries, is moft commonly found where thefe prefent themfelves; and, in like manner, there are few coun- _ tries which. abound UD. much yib; bitumen as Derby bis, = g: P ~ The NE oe ead.calcálébus {pars alfo, where the elaftic. bitu- men is found, are, for the greater part, in the fame (tate; fo that no doubt can be entertained but that this bitumen has bad the fame. origin as thofe which are more. cor’, known ; and it would sou 55° pa pss cipe The folution is NE a i a light; ut when gebinwite viewed, is like tbe. bitumen, that is, of a browniíh olive colour. - By i » the. etherie {olution leaves a yellowith brown ere pe - fpecies B, No. 6. cut into very thin flices, communicates a ina - to PAPA. ether; in other. refpects it is but little affected. s due Vow. IV. h 4 ij Mr. Harcinrt’s OPY Vp on Bicwinils Subffances undoubtedly have been confounded with them, had it not been dikoveed when palin; from the liquid to the folid fate; ^ ^ — = "The elementary principles of-bitamen are, hydrogen, c carb on, fometimes azote, and probably: fome oxygen, which, by its” a&iori'óri the other principles, tends to form. the concrete bitümens;' ‘and alfo produces: that pu et acid: obtained by chemical operations. ri à and carbon, I nad the vegetable. E which Shien the MEAN >: thein will oie cohfiders able eee sim: ns of the ging and i ut like mannery is | a fituation where th e principles have on ord elaborated py éértain favótrable circumfta lc fubje&ted to the action of mineral bodies; I fay that it app | highly - probable, that à new combination, which we call bitunien, may Ps. hae mach. although different in fome refpects from : 4. | j Mj» c General Thomas Davies, F.R.S. and L.S. - “Te 35i E I conceive e there : are ue few ‘perfons, howev ever converfant th Natural Hiftorys. who. may have feen or known n 156 Major-General Da vrss's Account of having Sa too far from the fkirts of the wood, allowed myfelf, with the affiftance of three other gentlemen, to furround it, and. after an hour's hard chafe to get it unhurt, though not before it was thoroughly fatigued, which might in a great meafure accele- rate its death. During the time the animal remained in its ufual vigour, its agility was incredible for fo {mall a creature. It always took progreffive leaps « of from three to four, and fometimes of five yards, although feldom above - 12 or 14i inches from the furface of the grafs; ; but I have frequently obferved others in | fhrubby | places and in the woods, amongít plants, where they chiefly refide, leap. confiderably higher. When found in fuch places, it is impoffible to. ta e them, from their wonderful agility, and their evading all purfuit by bounding i into the thickeft « cover they « can fd. EN i With refpect to. the figure given. ofi it in its dormant ftate, I have 54 mod the foundation for a mmer hate ina | gentleman's s garden about two miles from Quebec, in the latter end of May 1787. It was difcovered enclofed in a ball of clay, about the fize of a cricket-ball, nearly an inch in thicknefs, SIS MUT cn within, and about | 20 inches under ground. . The man who firft difcovered it, nc knowing what it was, ftruck the ball with his fpade, by which ns it was broken to pieces, or the ball alfo would bove. Nen prefented tome. The drawing will perfectly thew how the animal is laid. during its dormant ftate. How long it had been u der ground it is impoffible to fay ; but as I never could obferve thefe animals in any parts of the country after the beginning of Septem- _ ber, I conceive they lay themfelves up fome time in that month, or beginning of October, when the froft becomes fharp; nor did E ever fee them again before the laft week in May, or beginning of | June. .. From their being enveloped in balls of clay, without any kc D M y 4 3 appear- ~ the Jumping Moufe of Canada.. 157, appearance of food, I conceive they fleep during the winter, and remain for that term without fuftenance. As foon as I conveyed this fpecimen. to my houfe, I depofited it, as it was, in a fmall chip- box, in fome cotton, waiting with great anxiety for its waking; but that not taking place at the feafon they generally appear, I _ kept it until I found. it begin to fmell: I then ftuffed it, and pre- rved -it im its torpid pofition. - I am led to believe its not recover- ing from that ftate arofe from the heat of my room during the time it was in the box, a fire having been conftantly burning in the ftove, and which in. all. probability was too great for refpira- tion. Iam led to this conception from my experience of the Snow Bird of that country, which always expires in a few days (after b caught, although it feeds perfectly well) if expofed to the heat of a room with a fire or ftove; but being nourifhed with fnow, and ke Dt in a cold room or paffage, will live to the middle of fummer. — The animal appre geicabed belongs to Schreber’s goo ofl “pal dy daBylis jas PEREA caudá annii m jn P corpore longiore. ' fants the Dio ema i iy Vk -~ pii miw 54 gaimb. indo NE sviosnon: 1 dedit moss xps ao Las oont iA ———— 3uodipm 0:123 ied? wè mT E Gi esw fi aE Ba AA OF igeiiow. ati 1o vnaixaa. ches diwes oe gar: 00105 l soqus v stofiog youd -aclsst adi fr sala side to ted? iod "on the oon di grid — By tle Rev. | CE all the numerous call ine ple and regular attention to one ject, a Bowers, an ‘ee c ife PRP pening eh fe ae on } EET die; of Shephera’s ór Poor man s "état -glaf Oenothera Meis has been Seabed is from an ru «iet : SHUT, ES E ‘of Bioning oF N ily Pr dima a FE frank sor the! e Deis dee olle& Bas at the top of the ftalk till the time of- printer va * E co bw aa thepespand fecfivay tena abe Profafor MARTYN’s Obfirvations on grow flaccid, and wither before noon the next day; but in cool and cloudy weather they will laft two days. The flowers of Hibifcus trionum, when once expanded, continue open till they clofe finally. They then droop; and when the corolla is withered and fallen, the peduncle again becomes erect. In warm weather the corolla folds up wholly at night, and decays on the fecond day; but i in cool weather it will lat a day or two half folded up, but never op ning. fia as to thow the rich purple eye atits bafe, -- | The height of the barometer and cte wi yim flate of the weather on each day, are given with a view of afcertaining whetherthere be any connection between them and the time in which the flowers open. The barometer. was obleried eie 8 id 9 "ra M. ind the thermometer at the fame time, and again about 3 P. M. The latter inftrument was within the houfe, but in a hall, the door of which was commonly open, and not at all expofed to the fun. ` Obfervations on the Opening and Clofing f the Flowers of Anagallis . arvenfis, deca biennis, BL je. dM the TR Tom 2 deer. Ovferdations. Ps d 1:29:59 | 669? — Dry, funfhine and clouds alter- Hibifeus trionum- pen from 8 nately. Wind N. E> to 4. 17. | 2955 | 61 to. 64 | The fame, only more cloudy. ^ | Hibifcus trionum open from 8 E T to 4. OO. |. 2945 | 61 to 64 | The fame, morning covered. Eibicustrioiim ope from 10 19. | 2976 62 to 66 | The fame, but warmer. j Hibicus trionum open from 9 Xx o0 CUIR rise 45 T E ads | 62 to 68 | Fog, foon cleared, hot. . . | Hibifeus trionum open from 9 21. | -2970 |64to70. Clear, hot. Wind E, Sd Hibifcus trionum open from 8 RUE x dde tog. 22, | 2938 | 64to 71 | The fame. Hibifcus trionum en! from 8 to 4. [oy ý -a w smd ie ; ro Tu dni. p W. Great clouds at noon, announciug a diftant ftorm. ^h | Beli p t el perennis is tht a; P me A Anagallis 10 s PH p ^ad Oenothera 7 p.m. a p Bellis 7 p. iflbüt.srles wins Somers not affected by it. dy A fhower at 2 P.M. - Windy, clear morn, N. W.. Cloudy at 10. Very cloudy the reft of the day, -Wind x ; Evenin Slug E VE : be : £3 ks pe A "sushi d open. w | One flower pm eras not hut at 6 p. m. "i: magii iris d CR a at 1 qu “open at 1, “clofed before | N. E. Cloudy, ) . Rain at 2. Afternoon and "—Q wet. à E Vou IV. Mt | 162 xum Profefor MARTYN's Obfervations on U gs Barom. |} Therm. | Weather. ; | Obfervations. Sept. 3. | 2976 | 59 to 63 | Sunfhine, with white clouds, Hibifcus 9 to 41. | Wind N. W.: Fine weather Anagallis only half = a et? Se ee cM (op with much, fun till evenin Oenothera 6 p. m. open. — ; Se ime? then very cloudy. Gentle "Hibifeus 9} tog. = $ ‘ rain inthe evening. ` Anagallistito3 == ^ ; Oenothera 7. p. m. da 4. | 295% | 60to 62 | Gentle rain in the morning. | Hibifcus 97 to 53. Anagallis half open at noon for a little time. Oenothera 64 p.m. ; Hibifcus 10d to 63, but never fully. o pen. Tut Aag Hu to 2 but n not quite pes 7 p- m. a d. Hibifcusg£to 41. ^, ^ — Wind W. N. W. Cloudy all day and warm. ; | Wind W. Covered, with heavy |. red about 1, Wind W. Covered, shi. Afternoon very cloudy, with | Anagallis 10to 23. ftrong wind. Oenothera 7 p. m. Wind W, Heavy’ rain in the | Hibifcus 12 to 6. 6o to 63 ups Perm OF beans — d 5. | ° morning; afterwards fair ; | Anagallis 14 to 3. Vesta p E CERES I E UH mene ede Oenothera 7 p. m. 8. | 297% | 59 to n Clear. ie. pog | Hibifcus. 91 to t 6. - Anagallis 10 to 3. ee Seer I e ce uariis. a : Oenothera 6 p. m. 9.1 294% | 62 to 66 eii ‘but fan appears’ fore | Hibifcus82 tog. — — | 1o. Wind W. Clouds. Anagallis toto 3e = — ` : Oenothera 6 pm. — M E Hibifcus 84 to45. — Anagallis 9i to 3. Oenothera 67 p. m. Hibifcus 8! to 5i. Anagallis at. 102 helf oper, - = Quite open fom 12103. | Oenothera 65 p. E Morning clear fünfhine. Wind S. W. Cloudy. covered. Wind | B. W, Covered.. A 10. | 2924 | 62 to 68 Evening M ba LJ tea. so f à Heavy clouds at noon, E all day. | Wind $. W. Strong dew. | Hibifcus 8$ to 54. : Morning clear ; cies before | Anagallis 10:to ws 10. White clouds : all day: | Oenothera 6; Pe m. Win W. S. W. Heavy clouds | Hibifcus Sto 4i ; Ocnsthert eh Pe m. andfunfhine. —— | Anagallis 92 to 23. ie t Oenothera 6% p.m. ^ : Wind W. S. Ww. Heavy ai Hibifcus 81 to kk : d and wind. Fair all day, | Anagallis y2 1e 22, mM -.. | Oenothera 6$ p. m, Wisd we s. we Cuvered, . Hibifcus 8 to 5. ^p^ Beavyclouds with fome vind. | | Anagallis 9102. > “Fair all day. > | Oenothera Pitye ‘Wind W.S.W. Clouds vidi Hibifcus $Eto44. — funfhine and wind, Anagallis 9j! to Ex + Oenothera E pe me Sept. Sept. 18. z 719. =. the Flowering of certain Plants. Therm. | 66 to 68 | 59 to 61 =e S. W, Covered, Still. Small fhowers. 6| Wind E. — Wind W. $. W. Wind E. | Wind N, E. Morning clear, af- Weather. pone: E i rain in the morning. Very -moift all day. z Wind S. S.W. Heavy clouds. | Peg at 4. ih i Chiater atiaf.1o. . Sunfhine, with heavy white clouds. Strong dew. Still E. N. E. Har clouds with paubise: j i Covered. Sul. Covered, Windy. "Some rain in the evening. "Wind N.E. : Windy with. rain. epee a but covered before noon. terwards great white clouds. bo N. M Severi , Sun ster varied Es 50 to $8. The wind was € c eather was moftly covered and windy. | And the "Aaa half open at ‘Ga 163 Obfervaticns. Hibifcus 87. is 10 to 1$. Oenothera pat 7. Oenothera paft EA — Hibifcus gto 5. only half open. is 12 to 24, half open. Ocnothera 6 Pm, Bion Anagallis 1 to i but never quite open. Oenothera 64. Hibifcus 10 to 5, half open, Anagallis 107 to x halt open. -Oenothera after 7T: £ | Hibifcus and Anagallis not open. Oenothera after 7. — — Hibifcus and Anagallis feaney 3 open LÀ t Oenothera after y 9. Hibifcus feareely open. Anagallis not oe : Oenothera 6 p od E ae Hibifcus and "Amigas not ropen í | Oenothera after Je bere 12 halfopen. is. d iI to3 oe opens | Angali nfi: to near 2. ( 164 )» XII. Remarks on ie Fo veign Species of Orobanche. By "fames Edward l _ Smith, MD. F. Rs S. P.L. S. Read October shi 1797. ne So British fpecies of Orobanche have till lately been very ill underftood, and it appears upon examination that the foreign ones ftill require elucidation, The very firft fpecies in Linnzus, Orobanche levis, when put to the teft of botanical criticifm, is found to be a non-entity; its hiftory having been fabricated, partly from fynonyms which belong to Orchis abortiva, and partly from thofe of a real Orobanche, which however Linnzus never knew, and which does not anfwer to the name or character of his fuppofed /evis. - . The original authority for the Orobanche /evis is the firft edition of Species Plantarum, p. 632, where it is taken up entirely from other. authors, who have defcribed it as being found near Montpellier, of which place Linnzus accordingly gives it as a native, nor does he mention its being known in any other country. He had no fpeci- men from thence in his colleétion, though he had then before him a fpecimen of a Siberian plant, figured in the Flora Sibirica of Gmelin, (who fent it to Linnzus,) vol. iii. tad. 46. fig. 2, as an Oro- banche, which Linnzus fufpected might be the fame with the Montpellier fpecies, and therefore marked it Zevis, with a mark of interrogation, as it ftill remains in his herbarium. It anfwers in- "i. ERA deed Dr. Surru'e Remarks on fome Foreign Species of Orobanche. 165 deed to the fpecific definition of levis, caule fimpliciffimo levi, flaminia bus exfertis ; but thereis no reafon to believe that definition was made from the contemplation of this fpecimen, rather than from the fynonyms and figures quoted in the Species Plantarum: and as Lin- nzus never farther defcribed the fpecimen, nor referred to Gmelin, neither did he ever mention Siberia as the native country of his Orobanche levis, this can never be taken for fuch, even though there fhould prove to be no other exifting, as we now hope to demonftrate; more efpecially as this Siberian fpecimen proves a Lathraa, having a monophyllous quadrifid calyx, and the true habit of that genus. In order clearly to underftand the hiftory of this miftaken fpecies, the Orobanche levis, it is neceffary to analize its fynonyms chronolo- gically. We begin therefore with OROBANCHE magna purpurea monfpeffulana. Baubin's Hif. Pian. l d vol. il. P 7z "This plant is evidently taken up! by John Bauhin from Lobel, in whofe Icones, p. 269, we find two figures. The fiet Sani ar I think unqueftionably, though rudely, the Orchis abortiva of Lin- nzus, and is marked Orobanche major e Gramuniio luco Mon/pellienfium. The fecond exhibits a true Orobanche, and is marked Orobanche quaria, Now it appears that the defcription of John Bauhin be- longs to the firft of thefe plants, though he, or his editor, has by miftake annexed to that defcription a copy of the fecond figure. Whether the defcription be taken from any of Lobel's other publi- cations, [have not been able to determine, nor is that point of any confequence ; it is fufficient that it agrees altogether with the Orchis | above mentioned, and not with any Orobanchi, the flowers being defcribed * like thofe of an Orchis with fhort fpurs, and the the upper part of that of an Orchis, but without any ee or bulbs.” Bauhin 166 — Dr. Siarta’s Remarks on fome Foreign Species of Orobanche. Bauhin jaftly cenfüres Lobel’s figure, as wanting the {purs; he alfo enquires whether this plant máy not be what Clufius mentions in his Hiforia, as “ a plant like his Pfeuds-leimodoron, but much paler, found in the wood of Gramont, and feveral other woods about Montpellier." There can be no doubt of the .P/eudo-leimedoron of Chius, H/. Plant. 2705 being the Orchis abortrva, though a figure + of Ophrys Nidus Avis, by an error common in books with wooden cuts, is put for it *. The defcription data. quark d is indeed copied from his Stirpes Pennie, hire the f s named Limodorum aufriacum, without any figure and the aie variety, which. he remembered to have feen formerly near Montpellier, is alfo there mentioned. I confider therefore the defcriptions of John Bauhin . and Clufius, and the firt or left-hand figure of Lobel's Icones, p. 2 as clearly belonging to Orchis abortiva, and having nothing to do “with any Orobanche. With refpe& to the fecond or right-hand figure of Lobel, copied into Bauhin’s work by miftake, it as indubi- tably, I think, reprefents the Orobanche. lately publifhed in Tad, 423 of Eugli/h Botany, by the name of cerulea, which feveral authors there E meütioned have taken for the Linnzan levis: it cannot however . remain, when the above errors are cleared aw. /, as the 1 true /evis, - ;becaufe it is not in fa& fmooth, neither do the ft amina Project out of the flower ; though Morifon, in his copy of this figure, fed. 1 I2. X 16. 5 2, has in one flower fo reprefented them 5 for the. compiling and copying tribe of authors are fure to add fomething every now and then to the general ftock of error, how little foever they may -fupply to that of folid knowledge. The ftyle indeed projects in Lobel’s figure, : and all its copies ; the ftem too is reprefented {mooth, -and the form of the corolla i is very ill expreffed: yet thefe figures can be defigned for nothing elfe than our O. carulea, : xm Villars points out this error in his Plantes de Dauphine, vol. ài. pao. 3 The Dr. Surru's Remarks on fome Foreign Species of Orobanche, | 167 The next fynonym in the Species Plantarum, thag comes under confideration, is that of Cafpar Bauhin ; - OROBANCHE majore flore. Baubin, Pin, 88. - This author quotes only the Orsbanche quarta of Lobel's Temes, and an Orobanche of the Hortus Eyfletenfis, a work I have not in my poffeffion. We muft conclude that he intended the Orobanche cerulea, efpecially as he has the Orchis abortiva in the preceding page, by the name of Orobanche Monfpeliaca floribus rents under which he properly cites Lobel and Clufius. _ ds Morifon's figure, mentioned above, is alfo referred | T by Linnzus, in the fame paragraph in which he quotes C, Bauhin. What this ~ author has faid, p. 502, likewife refers to the Orobanche cerulea; and he rightly quotes another paragraph of Clufius, who, in bis Hi iftoria, p.271, ina flight and fuperficial way mentions having feen the fame plant goreg n: cornfields at Mont ell: in. pon common ount of it as an Orobanche. He defcribes this very pine over | agna, f. 503, #. 19, but without a figure, Be The only remaining fynonym i in the Species Plantarum | is that of Sauvages, from his Dfethodys . Foliorum, which is an arrangement of the. Montpellier plant both wild and cultivated, up to > their leaves: moe PR | : d nv ud OsosaxenE caule bapli orien iste Were. pr. 3 Sau. Mab. 4 x gom = eke Bauhin only ; 2 ind: as he has the : | abeo i in the fame Page, under the name of s jo ) le bak b 4 Pd 168 Dr.SwvrB's Remarks on fome Foreign Species of Orobanche. no doubt of his having, in the paragraph above referred to, in- tended the Orobanche cerulea, though he either did not read, or did not attend to, Bauhin’s defcription, He has moreover a repetition of Orchis abortiva, $. 24:4 114! beg leave to conclude with a reference to one or iginal author at leaft, who really ftudied and underftood the plants he enumerated, as well ; as the. Sooke. he quoted, Magnol i in Sg Botanicum since his writer, A 105; eviden acce the FORD abad: name of Orobanche magna purpurea Monfpeffulana, 1. B, EE alfo to Lobel and Clufius. He mentions having often gathered the plant in the wood of Gramont in April and May, and juftly criti- cifes the figures of the above authors. “ The lower lip of the ' flower in Clufius's figure," he obferves, ' “is cloven, which i is not the cafe in the Montpellier plant." "This figure ] I have already pointed out as reprefenting the Ophrys Nidus Avis, Magnol farther remarks, that “ the figure of Bauhin is faulty, there being no proportion between the ftem and flowers; and that it is a copy of the Orobanche quarta of Lobel. „The fig He s of Lobel, " he adds, * would have been better if the roots had been drawn as in that of Clufius, and the flowers reprefented with hort Fe ear ERE this there - can be no queftion about the plant of Magnol; and Gouan, though he quotes him under Orobanche levis, Hort. Monfp. 308, expreffes a fufpicion that he meant the Orchis abortiva: but neither ofthefe writers, nor any following one that I can find, has hit upon the true caufe of all the confufion that has enveloped the plants in queftion, which is John Bauhin’s having copied one figure of Lobel for the other. Magnol has our Orobanche cerulea, p. 196, by the name of Orobanche he fukcæruleo dert fs fecunda Chfi; idi ] mentions having | Dr. Smrra’s Remarks on Jome Foreign Species of Orobanche. 169 having often found:it, in the month of May, in graffy places near the fea—the very fituation in which it occurs in Norfolk. Gouan very erroneoufly refers: to this fynonym of Magnol as belonging to Orobanche ramofa.. The Botanicum Monfpelienfe of Magnol being to the Montpellier botanifts what Ray's Synopfis is to our Englifh ones, they are neceffarily fuppofed to know every plant it contains ; and what they really do not underftand, they refer to fome other fpecies as varieties, but too often on infufficient grounds. To contribute fomething more towards the hiftory of this con- fufed genus of Orcbantbe, 1 {hall add the characters of two foreign Ípecies not hitherto afcertained. ' The Britith ones will foon be more fully elucidated than they have hitherto been, by the labours of the Rev. Mr. Sutton, a! member of this Society. Our joint obfer- vations, particularly the characters we have difcovered for difcrimi- nating the fpecies, may perhaps be of ufe to botaniíts of other ee who may make An Ll difcoveries than) we have I. OrROBANCHE caryophyllacea. O. caule fimplici, corolla inflata fimbriato-crifpa ; labio inferiore laciniis obtufis aequalibus, ftaminibus i intüs bafi hirfutis. : oO. major. Pollich Palatin. a E e e O. major, garyophyllum olens. Baubin. Pin. 87. i. - Gatbered on forubby bills near Valcimara at the Soot of the Apennines, i mno April 1787.. Tour on tbe Continent, vol. ii. 308. Linnaeus received the fame from Siberia og pur This has very much the abis of the Orobanche major of Engl Bot. f 421. and all other Britith MN and has been fo univerfally - Vor. IV. Z -e 170 - Dr.Swrrü's Remarks on fome. Foreign Speciés of Orobanche, confounded with it by foreigners, that it is utterly impoffible to allot to each its proper fynonyms, no botanift having as yet pro- perly defcribed the ftamima, in which the true character refides; _ much lefs do the figures of old authors lend any affiftance towards _ this difcrimination. Iherequote Cafpar Bauhin, merely on account of his mentioning the clove-like fmell: in his fynonyms he appears to confound thefe two, and poflibly feveral more fpecies. We have no reafon to think. that | “innzus intended the one more than the other for his O. major, he having preferved. mo Swedifh: fpecimen ; but I have retained that name for the Englifh plant, which i is alfo the more common, of the two throughout Mate, When fome Englith writers tell us it has “ a faint {melloficloves,’ I believe that .- remark has been made rather from regard to books than to: matures. - for the O. caryophyllacea has indeed not a faint, but a very trong and fragrant fmell of cloves when frefh, as I can witnefs: but Í never met with any body who could perceive the leaft agtet: of the fame fmell in any Orobanche found in Britain. With refpeét to more modern f ynonyms of thefe two pe Villars in his Plantes de Dauphiné, vol. ii. 407, evidently appears to have known them both, but thought them one {pecies; he having only been. anxious to difüngoifh. from. th em the erue, Engl. Bat. t. 423» about . which indeed there can be no difpute. - ; Poll d ~ moft excellent defcription leaves no doubt of his O. major being my caryophyllacea; I have therefore quoted. him without any hefitation. Haller under his No. 295 feems to have intended neither of thefe, | - butrather the O. minor, Engl. Bot. t. 422, except that he mentions the clove-like ‘odour. He refers to “Micheli, - ‘who ‘publithed ‘a! little Italian work in | octavo at Florence, i in 1723, upon this genus, chiefly. to indica‘é a method of extirpation. ; This: book enumerates many pos aneli which probably our new {pecies are all to hs fo u1 Me 4 Dr. Sutitu's Retiarks of fome Foreipr petis of Orobanche. II The O; minor is the: ofily:‘one- I have: evef met with growing in fuch fituations, or in fuch abundance as to bexteemed a weed ; and it attaches itfelf, as Haller obferves, to the roots of Diadelphous plants, particularly clover. Gmelin in his Flora Sibirica mentions feveral varieties Ver what hé took: for 9: ; o d bat it is not c to determi, nine: what they really are. . : BH alle has recorded as a variety of his 20» a (Suis M of . which a | drawing had been fent him, “ with a very denfe conical F fpike, a a very (hort flower, and. ftyle proje&ing cop iderably out o£it," which, he adds, “ is fo remarkable as to deferve being reckoned a fpecies, provided | more ‘fpecimens could be difcovered.”. This fame ant is to be found in the Linnean herbarium, gathered in eaftern "Pomerania by à Mr. Brünnemarin, and: very: well preferved. If a . variety of any thing,'it muft be oO) caryophyllacea, with which the ftamina precifely: aires nor does it differ from the:other fpecimens in my potete piet in being: more) luxuriant, “with | a ‘greater nuber of ike protrm eeh i “The doen i$ fmooth ; "e d | : pulicitehr, incurved, with'a dark‘coloured ftigma;! braétez, cályx, . .. and divifions of the corolla cso in the. -e to — ndi ventured to refer it, = grs j^: -= Phaveonly'to obferve arther, thi : m wey reram C o. major Ber. a: ibitiand: ipn as well: (as ‘the irj x n tl Mee upper part, and the ftyle is ach lefs dou | »ecies. The moft ftriking r mark , however, of O. car con its in the lower part of the ftamina, on the infide, be aR Zz | ZEA 172 Dr. Smitu’s Remarks on Jome Foreign Species of Orobanche, clothed with hairs, whereas that part in O. major is always perfectly : {mooth. The ftigma of O. —' is brown or mem that | of O. major yellow. ! í . 21 OROBANCHE gracilis, O. caule fimplici, corolla inflata; labio inferiore breviffimo laciniis - obcordatis inzqualibus fimbriato-crifpis; ftaminibus ftyloque pilofis exfertis. ^ ~ ; Gathered in billy paftures at St. Orfe fe near eL in 1 uly 1787. I can meet with no fynonyms for this fpecies. It has a taller and more flender ftem than O. major, and is upon the whole lefs pubef- - cent. The braé&tez are íhorter than the flower. Corolla the fize of O. major, but the upper lip is of a dark or purplifh colour, and leís fimbriated or crifped than in that fpecies. The lower lip is re- markably fhort, in three obcordate fimbriated fegments, of which the middle one is larger than the other two, and is connected at its bafe with the very prominent two-lobed palate of the flower. The ftamina are flender, thinly clothed all over, as well as the ftyle, - with fcattered hairs, and proje& out of the mouth of the flower. The eben is fmooth. I de: not recollect its gaia xA freíh, The 0. gracilis has moft Mein: to rai minor in pes ofi its = racters ; but differs in its larger inflated corolla, {hort lower Tips gee) Seine and dx Rye "Wb | | | xir. 4 (C93) XIII. 4 Défoipii of Five Britifh Species of Orobanche. By the Rev, Charles Sutton, B. D. A.L. S. late Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge. Read December 5, 1797. ROM the defire of exciting a more accurate inveftigation and. defcription than has hitherto been made of the feveral fpecies. of Orobanche, both Britifh and Foreign, I tranfmit to the Society a defcription of thofe which are found in the county of Norfolk ; 3 I fhall premife only a fhort ia or two. pon; heic general, habit and manner of growth. - The firft thing that is apt to frike us with apie to thefe arpio is, that they are Parafitic; but they are not altogether fo, like the. feveral fpecies of Epidendrum, Vifcum, &c. They acquire fufte- — nance and ftability not only from the fofter-plants to which they are attached, but alfo, and that in no {mall degree, from the foil, into which they fend forth radical fibres. .All the fpecies exhibit an ungraceful formality from the defect of leaves, and have their furface more or lefs befet with minute pellucid glanduliferous hairs, which project perpendicularly from the ftems, fquamz, bractez, calyces, corolle, and are fometimes _ found within the flowers, upon the very ftamina and piftilla: th according to the remarks of Guettard, pers each an articulation at the - it fwells into a pellucid fquamofegem or bulb ; and after throwing. land (the place of his nativity) ‘Newe = Flower, b —" 174 . Rev, Mr, Surron’s Defeription of the diftance of about two-thirds from their bafe, and are tipped with a globular! fort of cup, bearing a vifcid gland: we may can them 3 to be intended to carry off {ecretions, and to anfwer the pur leaves in performing the office of refpiration, &c. It is tothe vola- tility of thefe fecretions that we are to attribute the difficulty of preferving living {pecimens for any length of time,. and the harfh E P ungracious appearance, they: affume in an herbarium. "They emit no {mell u {peak of thofe only which I am about to x. defcribe), have an acrid aftringent. talte, and are rejected by all kinds of animals, except the -minuter tribes of Cimices and 7 bripfes. | T hey are acotyledons ; ; for, vibus a feed has attached itfelf to the root of any living plant, to which it is fuited by its nature to adhere, out around the point of adhefion: feveral tender fibres, it puthes up at once into a perfe& plant, without any lateral lobes or cotyle-. : dons; developing firft the fquamæ and then the ftalk, with a capi- tulum of flowers concealed by bractez, in form refembling a young head of afparagus : 2 the flowers afterwards expand i in fucceffion up- wards, and the capitulum bécomesa | fpike. See Tab. xvii. era I anid = —Adanfon has claffed this genus among. 1is monoc Ons; ~ Notwithftanding: what hasbeen faid of the banefulnefs of the Orobanche, that it deftroys the plants which feed it, I have had no experience of the fact : : to me it has ever feemed to © oidw ogi M $441 "t Grows with their growth and ftrengthen with their firength. "2. “De quee Tu rier, ‘one of our catlieft and moft judicious herbalifts, . has given | us “the following account of it: he calls i E "S $% Choke-weed, and fays, “ Tt i is called about Morpeth i in Northun nbe 6 p Five Britifh Species of Orobanche, 175 grewe in a chappel there, in a certaine place called Bottell-bankes, whereas the unlearned people dyd worlhyppe the image of St. Marye, and reckoned that the herbe grewe in that place by the vertue of that image.—Befides it that Diofcorides wryteth, I have marked myfelfe that this herbe growethe muche aboute the rootes of broome, y* whych it clafpeth aboute with certaine lyttel rootes - on everye fide lyke a dogge holdying a bone in his mouth: notwith- ftanding I have not feen any broome choked with this herbe, howebeit I have feen the herbe called three-leved graffe or claver utterly ftrangled, al the natural j itr es drawne oute by hys herbe." 025: 7 | “Jt is not improbable tnr te more iix one Tees is incladed i in this account, for which reafon I have given the extra&, and that tlie * Choke-weed" of the clover may be different from the “ Choke-weed” of the broom, and that the “ Newe Chappel Flower” diftin& from both, may be a Toad not yet defined. Be this fo c or r not.. it will at leaft to : E s $r Be g af r that whic 1 Mr. Curtis STRE of: on ihe asia | of Mr. Thomas White, as growing upon walls in Pembrokefhire > and the decayed floor of an old caftle; for none of thofe with which we are at put eiue are found i in eD fituations. no a Es * Corollis Sod. | T. OROBANCHE major. T doc. opi "E Caule f npka Corollis quadrifidis, inflatis. Staminibus . nferné nudis. Stigmate hilóbg, lobis diftantibus. . ied : . faperné pubefcente. É ae O. major, caule fimpliciffimo pubefcente, ftaminibus fak eX Curtis Fi. Lond. fa ge 4. tab, ay D aS 176 ; Rev. Mr. Sutton’s Defcription of `O. major, Withering Bot. Arr. 3d edit. 5. 557. - 3 i = O. major, ftem fimple, corolla inflated; its upper lip undivided ; lower in three equal fegments. Stamina fmooth. Style downy. Smith in Engl. Bot. tab. 421. Radix craffa, carnofa, interdüm bulbofa, perennis, parafiticas radici - lignofe /pariü feoparii, et ulicis urope: imprimis adhaerens; radi- culis. fimplicibus, fragiliffimis inftru&a; plures emittens caules. Caulis fimpliciffimus ere&us, carnofus, angulatus, pilofus *, craf- < fitie digiti, altitudine pedali et ultra, ex luteo fufcus, diluté pur- purafcens, fquamis lanceolatis fparfis, fub {folo confertioribus. o Flores fpicati, pilofi, fufci, interdàm purpurafcentes, ftigmatibus «flavis ; perfiftentes rigidi, fordidé-ferruginei. Bractee fimplices, lanceolate, pilofz, floribus interdüm longiores. . Calyx, perian- thium fubæquale, pilofum, diphyllum, laterale foliolis profundè bifidis, laciniis acutis inæqualibus.— Variat perianthio monophyllo quadrifido a parte pofteriori ufque ad bafin partito.. Corolla tu- bulofa, quadrifida, pilofa, tubo furfum inflato, incurvo, dorfo fubcarinato; faux valdé aperta; limbus bilabiatus obfoleté- den- ticulatus ; labium fuperius fornicatum, obtufum, integrum, parüm - _ reflexum; inferius trilobum, lobis fer& zqualibus, acutis, plani- | ufculis, intermedia dependente. — Neciarium, glandule + tres antice germini inferta. Stamina, filamenta quatuor fubulata, fuperné pilofa, inferné omnind nuda, canaliculata plana, duo breviora lateribus, duo longiora antice parti tubi inferta, decurrentia, apice recurva ; antherz didymz, altero apice mucronate, ad- * $i quas plantarum partes in his defcriptionibus uno verbo piloas vel pilefufculas dixero, pilos glanduliferos intelligat le&tor. - - t Sic Curtis, & fic amicus nofter accuratiffimus D. Rob. B. Francis :—Ipfe autem - nullum offendi. - oo i herentes, “Five Britifh Lei of Orobanche, d 177 theerentes,—-defloratee unà cum ftylo exferte. Pifillum, germen oblongum, nitidum, pilofiufculum; ftylus filiformis, pilofiufculus, . apice pubefcens, purpurafcens; ftigma bilobum, lobis globofis, flavis, diftantibus, medio tranfversé rimofum. Pericarpium, cap- -fula ovato-oblonga, longitudinalitér dehifcens, unilocularis bi- . valvis ;. Semina. minuta, numerofa, fubturbinata, reticulato-cellu- lofa. Receptacula, quatuor linearia lateralia, adnata. Floret Junio. x Habitat in dumetis ie aan et in locis iR Babok, hac ect : i this ge bos aso paffed for O. major, ind bas. ded figured and defcribed as fuch by the authors of the F/zra Londinenfis and Engli/b Botany, 1 have retained that trivial name, though. it is now mip i not to be that of Linnzus, nor the. O, MRT Garyo- à: wbich to nm * our Eats. we may fafely h ecce "n thofe from Bauhin Pin, 87.—Loefling, p. 151; original edition,x—and Pol- lich, No. 600. Dr. Withering, in his gd edition of the Bot. Arrange- ment, has judicioufly excluded, the long defcription of Loefling. I dare not quote any of his. fynonyms, for want of fufficient marks of difcrimination: the figures he refers to in Morrifon. xii 16. 1. Ge- rard em. p. 1311, Clufius i. p. 270, Dodonxus p. 552, and Lobel Kc. ii. 89, are copies of each other, and, if mcant for our plant, are very bad reprefentations ofit. J.Bauhin's ii. p. 780, is equally un- certain; that of Matthiolus p. 536, copied in Gerard's Herbal, 1i ; if edition, p. 1130, and that of Tabernemontanus, p. 684, Ex x Hot fatisfactory, are a great deal better., sni- © sige al dard s! «Mon IV. Aa 178 — ' — Re. Mr. SUTTON Defeription of Siri- À (T sitrik OnoancnE elation. Tab. 17. ^ Caule PERRE ie Forolfis: quadrifidis. Staminibus inferné . pilofis,. Stigmate obcordato. . Stylo fuperné glabro. — Radix praecedentis, - radici lignofe Centaurea Scabiofe et Trifolii pratenfis imprimis adhzrens. Caulis pracedentis, fed procerior. Flores longè fpicati, pilofi, pallide rubefcentes, venis faturatioribus notati ; ftigmatibus flavis ; perfiftentes, rigidi, fubcompreffi, ferru- - ginei—centum et plures in eddem ípicà interdum numeravi. Braciee praecedentis. Ca/yx, perianthium abbreviatum, pilofum, i monophyllum, - quadrifidum, poné ufque ad bafin. partitum, - laciniis lanceolatis, acuminatis, duabus. pofterioribus divaricatis, - longiufculis ; ; levitér ftriatum, fordidé album, lineis dilute: robris notatum. Corolla tubulofa, quadrifida, ‘pilofa 3 tubo~ cylin recurvo; dorfo carinato; faux aperta; limbus bilabiartii ‘inzequ: lis, fimbriato-crifpus; labium fuperius rotundatum, reflexum, in- tegrum;. inferius trilobum ;: lobis zqualibus, rotundatis. ` Nec- - tarium, glandulæ qüatuor Meir ad bafin. ores tubo anfertz. Stamina, filamenta qu iatuor fub ,anticé glabra, nuda. : pofticé ad bafin pilofa, pilis non andere: io Ween te: teribus, ‘duo! longiora anteriori tubi parti inferta. Pcr didymze, altero apice mücronatz, levitér adherentes; deflorate una cum ftylo exfertz. Piftillum, germen ovatum, Jte rain nu- dum; ftylusglaber, nudus; ftigma bilobum, obcordatum, flavum, Sas tranfversé rimofüm.: Pericarpium, capfula ut congenerum. Semina rugofa; feu obfoleté ole A Floret Julio, Augufto 4. Habitat i in agris Trifoli rites: non in ferenti anno; et in mar- a 9 ice ginibus Five Britifo Species of Orobanche, 479 _, ginibus agrorum. juxta Centaureas feabiofam et nigram, Scabiofam arvenfem, Occ RD; Kelling, Sheringham, Catton, potes. in glaseofigi This is no uncommon plant : WU has hitherto been. conftantly confounded with the preceding; but though they are fimilar in - general appearance, the difference between them is very difcernible on a clofer infpeétion ; and they who acknowledge the force of that fentiment of Linnzus, that “ minimis partibus per totum nature campum certitudo omnis innititur, quas qui fugit. pariter. naturam fugit*, " will be ready to allow this to be a diftin& fpecies. There is reafon to fuppofe it may have been noticed by Ray very early, though not particularly diftinguifhed by him; for in his Hi iftoria Plantarum ‘tirca\Gantabrigiam nafcentium, printed. in 1660, his-firft — work in Botany, he fpeaks of having found the O. flere majore of J. Bi« in a field: of iut on a A re haud: ofthe way eniten — «e alfo at Gamlingsy; growing at the roots of: basalt elt fully :" here he undoubtedly means our O. major, for that is fill to be fpand there. in Pin et pa e pon ain Plantarum Angle, conftantiimas Senta lar gasi sage ond wskin E PS Aa $— 180 Revs Mr. Surron’s Deferipron of ^O. major, caule fisngitiei; bracteis lanceolatis, flore icc Loefl. Planta Hifpanicee rariores, No. 35. > O. major g. minoribus floribus albidis, fpicà denfiore. ‘Halley Sip. Helv. 1 edit. p. 610. O. flore minore, R. Syn. 5 edit. p. 288.* - O. major B Hudf. Flo. Angl. 1 edit. p. 232 ? ~O. ramofa & Hudf. Flo. Angl. 2 edit. p. 266? o. minor. Sten C ella tubular; its upper lip undivided ; - ` Jower in three curled cgments, of which the middle one is jobed; Stamina ciliated. Style fmooth.—Smith in | Engl. Bot. tab. 422. p priorum, — pincha $i Indic tuns Trifolti bratenfis imprimis adhaerens. | Cau/is 6—12 pollicaris, fimpliciffimus, erec- tus, teretiuículus, pilofus, craflitie ferépennz anferinz, incarnatus, - interdum luteus, fquarnofus, fduamis rarioribus—caules plurimi interdum aggregati. Flores fpicati, luteo-albidi, venis purpureis notati, pilofi—variant colore luteo ;—perfiftentes, rigidi, ferru- ginei ;—flos inferior fzpé pedunculatus. —Bra&ee - fimplices, lanceolata, pilofee, feré longitudine. florum. . Calyx, perianthium _. fubzquale, cauli concolor, pilofum, di diphyllum, laterale, foliolis nunc bifidis ; laciniis anguftiffimis inequalibus; nunc fimplici - bus lanceolatis, i integris, vel uno latere incifis. Corolla’ tubulofa, quadrifida, pilofa; tubo cylindraceo,. patente, incurvo;. dorío carinato; faux aperta; limbus bilabiatus, ‘inaequalis ; ; labium fuperiüs rotundatum, crenulatum, integrum; inferiüs trifidum, laciniis æqualibus, rotundatis crenulatis— variat intermedia inter- dum trilobata. —Necarium, glandule quatuor crocatz nectari- fere ad bafin filamentorum. Stamina, filamenta quatuor fubu-. lata, anticé glabra, nuda, pofticé pilofa, pilis non glanduliferis, e duo breviora lateribus, duo longiora anteriori tubi parti iníerta. es | -~ Anthere hg | Five Britih Species of Orobanche. E Anihere didymz, altero apice mucronate—deflorate unà cum fyylo exferte. Pifillum, germen ovato-oblongum, nudum; fty- _ lus filiformis, fubnudus ; ftigma retufum, margine dilatatum, | purpureum, medio HA S rimofum, aliquando monftrofam — cvadit triangulare vel quadratum. Pericarpium, capfula ut conge- . nerum., Semina rugofa, vel obfoleté reticulata. Dignofcitur prima facie—a precedente, calyce diphyllo variabili; —a majore, corolla cylindracea ; —ab utráque, corollà minore. - Floret Julio, Augufto; 4 vel à. —— ` Habitat in agris ad radices T; ifalii.bratenfis, non in fementis anno}: et in pafcuis inter Hypocherin radicatam, &c. —Sheringham, Bap ba Eaton, Frettenham. 2 Bavink been favoured by the Prefident with a figlit of the vfànty in the Linnzan herbarium, it was with md seda Ik Sani Jhore i of this fpecies: it was fcribe di) by: TIT oben t and was given him by Loefling ; ; moft probably it was one s of thofe from the King of Spain’s garden at Aranjuez, found at the roots of elms, which Loefling has defcribed among his Plante Hifpanice ‘rariores. That it forms a diftinét fpecies there can now be very little doubt: the figure in Englifh Botany is taken from one of my fpecimens—it reprefents the calyx perfectly well, but not the ftig- mata. It is frequently to be found witha much longer fpike; in which cafe the flowers are not only more numerous, but are much- clofer fet than in the figure. From its growing fo very copioufly among clover, I am of opinion it is the fame which Dr. T : noticed as being fo pernicious to it. None of the other old He balifts have mentioned it, nor has it been introduced into any of c our Britith Floras, if we. except Hudfon, who is thought to have it in his : E | Ls firft: Her. rrer- g ld Rev, Mr. Surron’ s Deloriptomef firtt edition, of Fis. Angl. ; but, from his uncertainty refpecting it . -afterwards, it fhould feem he took it upon truft from Dillenius, rather than from any knowledge he himfelf had of it. Dillenius, in his edition of Ray's Synopfis, {peaks of its being found in a field of _oats. near Rochefter. It might poffibly be not unknown to Ray: I "am at leaft inclined to think fo, from a paflage i in his Horia Planta- rum, vol. ii. p. 1227, where having defcribed the O. majore flore J. B. he adds, ** O. flore minore LJ. B. adeo parüm differt a TCU ut fpecie diverfum eff mihi perfuad ere vi | * 9» Corollis quinque TH 4. OROBANCHE cerulea. ; < aule a riS "Corollis quinquefidis.. Bradteis 1 ternis Caly- cibus tubulatis, femiquadrifidis. - SRM s+ O. levis, caule fimpliciffimo, leevi,. flaminibus-extertis. sy. Plant. ed. Reichard. vol. iii. p: 183. up sU :O. purpurafcens, caule fimpliciffimo pubefcente ftaminibus inclufis. od) 109yfl.. Nat. ed. Gmelin, p«954. . ys fe purpurea,’ caule fimpliciffimo. pubefeente fan inibos, incluis. E nis cq, Det Elo, fe ab 216 lid. mom, Vind, QU. yi Ea Pu 2 sis No. 294. ee dh EA ps coeruleis laxe fpicatis. Gmelin Flo. Sib, s iii, bp aig, l tab. 46. figi 1 : Kos caerulea, caule ees bafi nios. Bastia numerofis i incurvis. | Villars Dauph. vol. ii, p- 406. l Oo. ramofa B. Was ‘ithering Bot, Arr. 3 edit. p. 5 4 O. cerula. Stem fimplé. Corolla tubular; its upper lip citi | and notched, lower in three equal entire feoments. ‘Stamina | "Ímooth. Braétex three, Smith in Engl. Bot. tab: ap ee Radix : Five Britih S pecies of Orobanche.” 183 ! Radix ut congenerum ; radiculis diverfarum herbarum radices com- ple&tentibus. Cau/is 6— 10 pollicaris, fubfimplex, erectus, rigidus, pilofiufculus, paràm flexuofus, angulatus, fublignofus, ex luteo olivaceus, craffitie pennz anferinz vel cygnez, fquamofus, fqua- mis ovato-lanceolatis.. Flores laxé fpicati (fpicà obtufiufculd), ' violacei, venis faturatioribus | notati, levitér pilofi, floribus ramojæ -affines fed majores; perfiftentes torti, compreffi, cernui, fufci— "flos inferior fepé pedunculatus. Brafee tern calyci vix equales, duz laterales interiores lineari-lanceolatze, intermedia exterior ovato-lanceolata, pilofz, pilis brevibus. Calyx, perianthium -monophyllum, cauli concolor, tubulatum, femiquadrifidum, . laciniis zqualibus lanceolatis, acuminatis, pilofis, cum rudi- mento quintz ad incifuram profundiorem pofticam; interdum, fed raró, adeft quinquefidum cum rudimento fextz pofticz. Corolla ringens quinquefida, pilofa, calyce duplo longior, tubo inferné E iid eene deis " Si | iat yali qme apis MERTE | laciniis obtufiuteulis, reflexis deaticulatié: venis majoribus in dentes edu&is; inferius trilobum, laciniis equalibus acutiufculis ; pala- tum fericeum, pilis fcilicet albis, non glanduliferis, adpreffis, tec- ` tum. Neéiarium fruftra. queefivi, Stamina, filamenta quatuor filiformia, nuda, glabra, vix recurva, duo breviora lateribus, duo. longiora anteriori tubi parti inferta. Anthera luteo-albidz, con- -niventes intra faucem—deflorate inclufz. P; dMllum, germen. - ovato-oblongum, nudum, 1zve; ftylus filiformis, i incurvus, pilo- ; fufculus; ftigma capitatum, album, bilobum, nec rimofum, P faucem claudens. ^ Pericarpium, capfula ovato-oblonga, - medio fulcata, longitudinaliter dehifcens. - Semina minuta nume fübturbinata, reticulato-cellulofa. : : d Floret Julio *. " Habitat et 184 o "Rev. Mr. Surton’s Defeription of Habitat inter gramina, in pafcuis, et ad margines agrorum— ` Sheringham juxta mare, Beefton, et Northrepps. | We are entered now upon a divifion of the genus in which the fpecies, befides having the upper lip of the corolla divided, differ in | many refpects from thofe in the laft: the fhape of the flower is no - longer cylindrical ; the ftamina are fhort aud filiform, the ftigma with no apparent tranfverfe fiffure, the calyx tubular, the bractec ternate, and the plants altogether lefs fucculent and perhaps lefs parafitic. The character therefore being in general fo different, and more obvious marks of difcrimination prefenting themfelves in this divifion, I prefume a fmall deviation from the form of the ipe- cific definitions before laid down may be allowed. __ | The ftem in this fpecies, though generally, i is not alway: un- branched; the Rev. R. B. Francis of Holt- has remarked to me, that, if mutilated, it will throw out lateral thoots ; ; and I have ob- ferved, that this is not the cafe with any of the three foregoing fpecies ; for if the entire {pike of any of them is broken off, even at an early period, the ftem decays; and if great part of it only is broken off, the work of nature is carried on in perfecting the few flowers that remain, on elongated footftalks. —From this circum- —— ftance, and from having alfo feen a perfect fpecimen that was branched towards the bottom, I have been induced to define this fpecies Caule Jub mplict. | The little that was known of it in Pon till mue was E Mr. Pitch ford’s fpecimen found in 1779, and Mr. Lightfoot's (fce With. Bot. Arr. p. 558, and Engl. Bot. p. 184.) Being moft allied to the . ramoa, it was taken at firft for a variety of it, and defcribed as fuch . in Withering, though with a very incorreét reference to its habitait. - In hee Mr. Serpe found feveral at Sheringham, and 1 found. Sa afew Five Britifh Species of Orobanche. | 185 afew at the adjoining parifh of Beefton, one of which I prefented to the Society in February laft. It feems to have been more gene- rally found abroad, where it has ufually paffed for that unknown fpecies of Linnzus, the O. Zevis; a miftake arifing, as I have been convinced by the Prefident, from a wrong application. of fynonyms ; in c: — Plantarum. Sec the preceding paper. | T : 45 5. OROBANCHE ramofa. Caule ramofo. Corollis dou Boios ternis. sinite brevibus, profundé adr : Eos ramoja, caule ramofo, corollis TOS dp Plon. ed. Reichard, p. 184.—Pollich Flo. Pal. n. 601. O. caule ramofo, flore quinquepartito.—Haller, 2 edit. m. igo be ii ramofa, caule fubramofo, corollis quinquefidis. ws Fh. E v aue 2 edt. Ê 266. a. 7 ; P, Wea anhy ffrauctiod: éotolla with T ei. Smith i in Engl. Bot. tab. 184. Radix congenerum, annua, Vix {quamofa, HRS. Jove o M cauleque imprimis implicita. Caulis 6— 10 pollicaris, erectus, fubfiexuofus, teres, pilofus, fublignofus, luteo-purpurafcens, craf- fitie feré penne anferinz, bafi ramofus, ramis: caule: brevioribus, " fquamofus,. fquamis raris ovato-lanceolatis, citò fafcefcentibus ;_ -interdum fimplex. Flores fpicati (fpica acuta) ex- albido coeruler, venis ceeruleis notati, pilofi ; -perfittentes declinati, tubo fuperné. "compref fo, inferne ventricofiore,. fuíci—flos inferior fzpe pedun= Bra à -ternz Mese: Pee vix pide nembra+ M voLlV. > Bb 186 “Rev. Mr. Surton’s Defcription of minatz, exterior ovato-lanceolata. Calyx, perianthium monophyl- lum, hyalinum, dimidio coroll brevior, fcilicet ad. corollae lon- gitudinem in ratione 2 ad 5; latius et profundius ad pofticam - quam ad anticam partem, ibique quam ad latera, incifum ; laciniis zqualibus, lanceolatis, acutis. Corolla ringens, quinquefida, pi- lofa, tubo infernè terete, fuperné fenfim ampliato, comprefio- triangulari; dorfo carinato incurvo; faux dehifcens; limbus bilabiatus inæqualis; labium fuperius rotundatum, breviufculum, bifidum edentatum, reflexum; inferius trilobum, laciniis æquali- bus, rotundatis, porrectis. Palatum ex albido luteum, pilis albidis non glanduliferis barbatum. Neéfarium nullum. Stamina, filamenta precedentis, pilofiufcula, purpurafcentia. dathera luteo-albidz, intra faucem tectz,— deflorate inclufz. Pi/illum, germen qua- drato-ovatum nitidum, pilofiufculum; Stylus filiformis, incurvus, . pilofiufculus, purpurafcens ; Stigma retufum, margine dilatatum, albidum, non rimofum. Pericarpium, capfula quadrato-ovata, longitudinaliter dehifcens. Semina minuta numerofa, fubturbi- . nata, reticulato- cellulofa. Floret Augufto, Septembri o. < Dignofcitur a precedente — Spicis acutis; caule et ramis parüm Íquamofis; calycibus braéteifque dimidio corollae brevioribus; | tubo poft florefcentiam inferné globofo. d This fpecies was firft found in Norfolk, by Mr. Woodward, in the year 1785, in a hemp field at Brome. He found it again, fome time afterwards, in a fimilar fituation, on the oppofite fide of the river at Metingham, near Beccles, in Suffolk —the place where it is reported to have been found, in the time of Dillenius, by Dr. James Sherard. It grows alfo among the hemp at Outwell, in Norfolk. he feeds of both were probably introduced into England together. e 19 $ M. aa NV, fad. 7f a i 1 me t i = E 3 J h ¥ A E of 3 In the Boni PRI VS it is faid to be disci ‘in i e and dry paftures ;" and in the Species Plantarum, © in ficis," Y have known it fo kha no other than a very rich, light, a foil. It may ‘be doubted whether the O. ramofa of Off of the original edition, and p. 78 of the Eu tranfl fame fpecies wii pour, or not. - EX PLA * rio: N or TAB. XV. Fig. I. Reacts: a.roót of the Trifolium pratenfe in the fecond -ofits growth. TA Pa. 2, An embryo plant of C Orobanche or attached centre, whi | is a yellc juit rien at capitulum, cover “the eart with pellucid glanduliféro 4. Orobanche elatior, i in its1 atural fize. 188 Rev. Mr. Sutron’s Defeription, &c. f Theanthera magnified. g. The pifbllum. . b. The fame fomewhat magnified. 4 A part of the corolla in the form of a fquama fre. quently remaining attached to the germen. J The calyx. k, The bradtea. - XIV. Ac- ( H y | à E^ 89 5 — ae a emi n fm ca wee d. ARE IS RI AI ya ee a, PR NE t M ae ——— ^. — vere "^ XIV. ‘Account, accompanied by a Figure, of a minute Ichneumon, By « «9 s George Shaw, MDF. R: S. V. P.L. S. | Read Nov, 7, 1797: ; Oy e 2345 3 Hes A HIS accurate micr 'oícopic drawing was made fome years ago, _ of a fpecies of Ichneumon, which may perhaps be the Jch atomos of Linnzus, an. infect which in the Syfiema Nature is faid to be. found at Upfal, and to be fmaller than a common mite. Such was „certainly the cafe with the infect, fo which the figure was kt, and high when divin, was, fear fcar In ham SP mon jose of ae lene Natura, Gna it did not appear to be varied with whitith, as there defcribed, but to be rather of an uniform polifhed black. The wings are digaugbilig iddao and are edged with. extremely long black hairs, | _ Its character (fuppofing it not to be the. Lebeunen atomos of Liss nus) may be, stp P inis. S bead Qus 31i &. ; : | - eee e e gees 3 Ls tin aiv iribloribas; margine "ipii Jong «TW [fo ; mis. nigris. amas sd ai rase | Tan. 18. ff n. sepes the Thn on i puritan hig dy ^ai r nied. = Bie FB ae 9 XV. Dire of tbe Pláfia : dilatatum: By Mr. Jobn Parkinfon, EL. S. YT x = ST Read Now, D 1 "97. "purs maea animal, which appears to be a fpecies hitherto — A undefcribed, is at prefent. in the Leverian Mufeum. “Tt is fuppofed | to be a native of Afia; and belongs to that tribe of infects which Stoll has called by the title of Spe&res, and which conftitute a diftin& genus from that of Mantis. The prefent fpecies meafures fix inches and a quarter from the upper part or top of the head to the extremity of the abdomen. The whole animal is of a flattened’ form, more efpecially « on the abdomen, which imeafures ‘about am inch and a half acrofs in its broadeft part "The thorax is of an’ obtufely rhomboidal form, the fides opie eac v fron: flattifh upper part. The whole thorax is not ‘only aaed with fpines, but has alfo feveral very fharp ones diftantly fcattered over its furface. The head rifes up backwards into “an 'obtufely conic fhape, and has feveral very ftrong and | large {pines or proceffes. The abdomen is edged, almoft throughout its whole length, with a con- tinued feries of {mall fpines, to'the number! of) fiven the fide. of each individual fegment: the extreme fegments are without fpines. ` The thighs, or firft joints of the lower pair of legs, are in this. infect remarkably ftrong, ofa a fomtewhat triangular fhape, and befet with fome Mr, PARKINS ON's Defcription of the Phafma dilatatum. ygi fome ftrong {pines ; but the tibiz, or fecond joints, are armed with far larger and ftronger ones. The upper and middle pair of legs are of a nearly fimilar ftructure: in proportion, but much lefs ftrongly fpined. ‘The colour of all the legs is green, tinged with brown; the fpines blackifh. ^ The 'genéral colour of the thorax, abdomen and head is now brown, but might probably have been of a greenifh caft in the living animal. 'The wings are fcarcely larger than the elytra or wing-fheaths, and feem originally to have been reddifh, a tinge of that colour ftill pervading dome parts of the wings; the tips are green. Thefe wings are very ftrongly veined with brown fibres. The wing-cafes are of a ftrong opake green, and were doubtlefs more vivid in the living infect. They have a great refemblance to a pair of leaves, The mouth has four palpi, which are ratherlong; and under the mouth are fituated two leaf-fhaped organs, perhaps belonging to the action of that part. The antennz are wanting, the firft joints alone remaining. The which poffeffes a con(iderable fpace beneath the abdomen, fo that fewer fegments appear on that part than above. The concavity of : this organ is covered above by a terminal fcale and bifid procefs, conftituting the tip of the abdomen on the upper part. On raifing this valve, an ovum, nearly of the fize of a pea, but of a more length- ened form, was difcovered lying jn the cavity beneath ; and on in- - fpe&ting farther into the cavity of the abdomen, a great many more | eva, exactly fimilar, were found, to the number of five or fix-and- — twenty —fome fill remaining in the upper part. Thefe eggs are of a flightly oblong fhape, but flattened at one end: they are of a brown colour, and marked all over with numerous imprefied points; - and have on one fide a mark or double-waved line, fo difpofed as to reprefent a kind of crofs, as if curved on the furface: the flattened I 92, Mr. .PARKINSON's AS cuin Phofna « dilatatum. e ee is end 1 1s purna e goa ‘and feems to be the part. fim the pfi On immer and opening them, the includ of the eee of a. tranf | of; a deep yellow colour, and m, was difcovered ; and this, Fig. 5. the e fame magi NE er + Dit Shaw, whi J given its fpecific c ! Phafina dilatatum, infea, has thus e TK X) VB. bys Ze A Pe Bas ras IV. lal 18 p $92. ( ( 193 )- “XVI. Defeription of the Blight of Wheat, Ureds Frumenti. By A, B. Lambert, Efq. F.R.S. V.P. L.S. ! ESL y 5 1797 rs o wheat in the Weft of England, efpecially in the counties of Wilts and Somerfet, has of late years been very much injured, by what is called there the Blight, and generally fup- pofed to be owing to an infe&. In the year 1797 the wheat was very much hurt by it, anda few years before there were feveral fields near Warminfter fo much injured | that the farmers were obliged. to have it cut down long before it was ripe; for, as foon as a field is blafted, as they call it, which happens fometimes in a day and night, vegetation ftops, and the only way to preferve the crop from being entirely loft is to reap it immediately.—I remember fee- ing a remarkably fine field of wheat, after one day's warm rain, look. at a fmall diftance as if it were covered with foot, which I was in- formed was owing to infects, but on examination 1 ffund to bea . Fungus, which, no doubt, had been long fown in the ftem of the wheat, but wanted that kind of weather to oc.afion its vegetation, The ftem of the wheat where this Fungus appears is fplit; and. when a whole flem is almoft covered with it, which is gene the cafe, it hinders the plant's growth. I find the genus to which this Fungus Selong well defcribed by pL. IV. Cc i p ! 104 Mr. LAMBERTY! Deftription of the Blight of Wheat, Perfoon, under the name of Uredo, in a work publifhed by him, intitled, Tentamen Difpofitionis Methodice Fungorum, Y797, p. 13. « Pulvere faririaceo, theca orbato, fub foliorum cauliumque epider- mide effufo, hac demüm margine levi rupta.” In page 57, he de- Ícribes different fpecies; but does not mention that I have obferved, which I.fuppofe to be:a new one, and which I fhall: call Unzpo Frumenti, \ineari-oblonga fufco-nigricans. It is always found on the ftem of the wheat. The Uredo fegetum of Perfoon, var. Hordei, @ Tritici, y Avene, affects only the parts of fructification. Atisin wet feafons that the wheat is the moft injured by this - Fungus, particularly what: grows in low ground, as the crops on the hilly country: are’ feldom: hurt. I am informed it is only with- in thefe: lat twelve or fourteen years that it has been noticed in the Weft of England, or at leaftthat the wheat has been known — to be injured by it; and may it not proceed from the land being too much worked, and not:having that reft given it that it requires? | tk is caufe — mos "ef MURUS the e or whether Ajgricoleuro than yf : See a igk of this Uredo in Sowerby’s-Fungi; vol. 2. tab. 140. —— XVIL Am- ( 195 ) XVII. Ammophila, a new Genus of Infeéis in the Clafi eeuhqumá, _ gncluding the Sphex fabulofa of Linneus. By the Rev. William Kirby, FL.S. | Read December 5: 1797+ DT no department of the animal kingdom i is the Divine Wifdom more eminently confpicuous, than in the conftruction and «economy of the infect tribes; ; and amongft thefe, none, perhaps, are more worthy of our attention, on both thefe accounts; than the individuals. that, compote. she eius Hn ien E. T ugh ey, do our ir notice byt the Peng or und a their a p (a), yet hen "we examine them clofely, and obferve the confummate fkill mani- fefted in their conftruction ; when we attend to their hiftory, replete, be they gregarious or folitary, with entertaining anecdotes, and furnifhing inftances of the moft aftonifhing fagacity and moft prudent precaution; we feel inclined to prefer the ftudy of this _order of infe&s to that of any other, not only as moft prolific of materials to fet forth the praifes of Him who hath created them, 1 which i is the firft duty of the Naturalift—but alfo as gratifying, in a ' (a) Sone of them, however, are fingularly beautiful even in this refpect.. Take fos i examples the Tenthredo nitens, ri of the es med of Linnzus's laft eie and the : whole genus Chbrsfis. b Cc2 m : E m high 196 — Rev. Mr. Kirsy’s Account of ihe Ammophila, high degree, our natural tafte for the infpection of things that are remarkable either for their beauty, their ftruéture, or their ufes. ——— Amongft the parts which diftinguifh this clafs of infe&s from others, there is none more fingular, both for its utility and conftruc- tion, than the tongue and the valves which inclofe and defend it: for this inftrument is not confined to one or two genera, as feems to have been the opinion of Linnzus and the majority of Entomo- logifts; but belongs, as I have reafon to believe in confequence of repeated diffections of this part, to a very large majority of the clafs ; although in fome, on account of their diminutive fize, it may not be vifible, unlefs the eye of the examiner be affifted by a very ftrong magnifier. is . By means of this inftrument the Hymenoptera, I apprehend, cons tribute very confiderably towards the depuration of the air; for the Íweets which the flowers would exhale, were it not for myriads of thefe infeéts, which feaft upon their nectar during the fummer and autumnal months (2), would probably render that element impure and unfit for refpiration (c). I have heard of perfons that have been nearly fuffocated by the odour of flowers placed in their bed- chamber. e em D Me Netze US E This part, fo important to thefe- infects, will furnifh, I fee] per- fuaded, a very appropriate character to diftinguith ‘many of the z : (&) Hymenopterous infects, efpecially thofe that are provided with a fhort roftrum, are moft abundant upon umbelliferous plants. Upon thefe, particularly the Daucus carota, the Entomologiít will find many of the rarer fpecies of the {plendid genus Chryfs. l (c) The wifdom of Providence has not only been attentive to provide againft the atmofphere’s being overloaded with fweets; it has alfo ufed fimilar precautions to pre- vent its being corrupted by exhalations of a contrary nature: and to effect this purpofe, it employs an infinite number of infects. (Which clafs.of animals, in conjunction with the Fungi, may be called the depurators and feavengers of Nature). Witnefs the myriads to. - be found in their different flates in dung and all putrefcent fubftances. f" Be os os genera a new Genus of Tots. —— 197 genera in the clafs, which are now very much confufed. This perfuafion is the refult of an examination of what Fabricius terms the inffrumenta cibaria, in order to fix upon an effential character, more determinate than the prefent, for the genus Apis. I found that the tongue was of one form in Spex, of another in Ve/pa, and of another ftill in Apis. Amongft the infeéts which I diffected with this view, was the Sphex fabulofa of Linnzus; and I was not a little furprifed to find that it was furnifhed with an inflexed r//rum (d), which concealed a long, retraétile, tubular tongue, with a bifid clava at its end (e) : whereas the tongue « of true Spheges, fuch at leaft asl have examined, i is very fhort,. flat, dilated, and nearly entire at the apex ( f) It agreed with the tongue of Ve/pa, in being di- vided at the end; but in this latter genus, that part is extremely fhort and broad, obcordate, very deeply bifid, having its lobes fometimes tipped with a {mall callous point(g). It had a fill ftronger affinity with that. member, dns Apis, efpecially. in | thofe fpecies shat bén 2 an it aflexed ro/frum (b), bi $ the differs. fn al "Bolt genera, a as "will appear en I give a puce character. The poffeffion of three other Britifh fpecies, which agree with this in the peculiar form of the roffrum and maxilla, as well as in habit and other circumftances, | makes my hefitation the lefs to confider them. as diftinc from the genus Sphex, and more particularly . as Lin- nzus has placed ; an infe& exhibiting the fame characters - “amon oft A his prs. under the name of Apis Ichueumonea. "This will < appear, I I (d) Tab. XIX. No. I. figs 4. a: ; (e) fig. 3. (f). Tab. XIX. No. H. fi P. - (g) Tab. XIX. No. III. fig.2. See alfo Reauimur, Tom. V. Tab. 16. fig. 2. and. De Tom. II. Partie II. Tab. 26. fig. 10, 11. f (5) Tab. XIX. No. IV. fig. 2. i 24 e | s think,. have entirely overlooked this confpicuous part in Spbee Jelulfg, efpecially as it had not eicaped the notice ofLinnzus. i I have given this genus the name of Ammophila, becaufe thofe Jt under that genus. It has the antennz, fierce port, and manners of Sphex : its bifid tongue connects it with Pefha ; and the inflexed naturalis as a neceffary part of it ; although he has on ly given natural charatiers in his Genera Plantarum. Fabricius is the firt Entomo- -= (;) Tom. II. Partie IT. Tab, 32. fig. 13—16, . (4) Mem. XII p.761. — 4) Tom. II. P:349.n.63. A : x | logi it ie @ new Genus of Tase 199 logift who has drawn out natural characters for infects (m). To point out at firft thofe circumftahces in. Which all the individuals of a genus agree, is certainly extremely ufeful, and’ {pares much unne- ceffary tautology when we come to defcribe them. T fhall there-. fore PME his example upon thé piefent ocenfion. AMMOPHILA. Sandwafp, | . CHARACTER N ATURALIS, Capit fuborbiculatum, fubdepreffum. Rofirum corneum, index: urm, fübulato-conicum(z), vagind trivalvi; valvulis duabus füperioribus (e). femifagittatis medio palpigeris, palpis fex- _ articulatis; inferiori (/) apice biariftata.(¢), ari/fis membra- maceis; palpis’ duobus quadriarticulatis idee à (0) ; dn - (. guam Eo oe ret tilem, tu ris fam : — tam, clavá bifid, e (5). Labium. in. : | forcipate : minaces, apices Piece, dente interiori minimo, intermedio r magno truncato, exteriore maximo acuminato (7). Antenna filiformes, thorace breviores, fæpiùs tredecim arti-- culorum (x), medio: frontis inferte(v). | Oculi: ovales, dif-- tantes. Staten 22 amd si ee (m) Ego primus, dn EhtGmológih; charite nakialas aaia roduxi, quibus - omne fyftema niti debet. Fabrics Philo of. Entomol. Hamburg. 1778, VI. § a8. n : (9) Fab. XIX. No. L fig. 4s a. (o) fip. 1... — (p) fig. 2. A «e fig- 2. dd. (r) fig’ 2€ ) fg i ee 7 Gollum 200 Rev. Mr. Kirsy’s Account of the Ammophila, Collum infundibuliforme (w). Thorax fubcompreffus ponè alarum infertionem elongatus (2). Scutellum obfoletum. 77 plane, venofz, anaflomofi f obfoletà Abdomen petiolatum Sorum, aculeo in foeminis recondito. Pedes longi, graciles, fetofi (y). Femora apophy (ibus biarticulatis infidentia (x). Tidiarum pofticarum fpinule interiores uno latere pe&tinatæ (4. Tarfi f quinque-articulati, | Color niger, abdominis cingulo ferrugi : a Many of thefe characters are pecüfiar to this genus, particularly the form of the rofrum, maxille, collum, and the pectinated Jpinule of the: ‘pofterior tibia. Even ‘colour, fo various in other genera, in this feems ¢haraéteriftic. To the above marks it might be added, that, in all the fpecies. Iam. going to defcribe, the under fides of the pofterior libie are covered with a fhort pale T | A Y ES CHARACTER. EssEnTIAL! 3. Refirum conicum. inflexüm, linguam bifidam exerens. Antenna filiformes i in omni end arcel s fubquatuordecim. (wo) Tab: XIX. No.. r rise Sore d oH els - (x) That part of the thorax which is behind dur wings, I I believe. I hall name upon a future occafion the Metathorax, as it is feparated in hymenopterous infeéts both from the - ' thorax and fcutellum by a future, and in defcriptions often requires diftin& notice. EA () Fig. 8. d x Asc (api ig. Beas | (a) Fig. 10. I cadet ihat this. pe€ten is ferviceable to the infeéts of this genus in the excavation of, the little burrows, | -Where they depofit the animal to which they have committed an « ^ When with their hind legs they diffipate (rufpando) the little heap of fand from the. mouth of the burrow, which they had fcratched with their fore ones | from its bottom, this peéten will prevent the | grains from pafling between this {pine : and ^ _ the bafe of the tarfus, which is alfo —— although lefs vifibly. Fig.9. a. d 3 Ok. ue ie. T - hi |e rw * inis di new Genus of Infects. ; T 201 Oculi ovales: . | | Ale planz. 2 " i ei Hr £* TIB C NUR k et E š - Aculeus reconditus. — ^ Mnt e Thole chara&ers,] thir ky will fuficently ditinguith Siri op] - from thofe genera toj 3yhich it it is moft nearly related. "The direc- tion of the ı roftrum i in this genus, the form of the eyes, and the plane furface oF the wings, “clearly” prove it to be diftinét from 7a. - The bifid tongue, and the aritennce filiform in every fex (2), feparate it from Apis. The diréction. and Jength « of the roftrum, and the bifid tongue, divic di x. The fa pir conjunétion 5 ‘the number of kracélatibhs,. and form of the — prevent ts being confounded with Tcbniewinon. wt bed E ^ "m Sf gras Sicut. 3 Vac cir o M "dbdorninis petiolo Jn 4 itis Corporé Brevioribus. E 3. Hirjuta. A. antennis tredecim-nodiis ; abdofüinis Mole uniarticulato bevis, alis: corpus ‘equantibus.’ » fn iss TN Argentea. A. ant n nis, € juatnordecim- ppal; = abdominis pe- | sign uniarticulato ee pore vior ibus. ©. 4 eon ape udi Apis the antennz of she ' ; 2 C81 shit SOR sot. 562 ` í genus, as far aT amin wih the; eApecigs that:compofe i it, offers to T : $ i Dia nofis Specierum, f from, form, 2 2: - T fou. IV. males s are tiom, ut TM other fex are fub- e oe Phe 210g Rev. Mr. Kirsy’s Account of tbe. Ammophila, I. AMMOPHILA ens Common Sandwa/p. A. antennis tredecin nodi. frontis. foved infert; abdominis petiolo pongo biarticulato, lis equali. 7 d Jabulofa, nigra, hirta; abdominis petiolo diria; n" feg- mento fecundo.tertioque:f ru; ginçis, | B uaa 5.3344, Linn. Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel, i. py. n. T ee Fn. Suec. 1648. Ve T Fab. Ent. Syf. Em. ii. . hex Rr, Y. - Villars Ent, Eur. iti. sn. om i Scop. Carn. n. 779. Schrank Exum. Inf. Aufl. 708 Müll. Linn. Nat. cl. v. p. Tu i Faun. Fridr. 627. ! . Jcbneurmon niger, abdomine fulvo, pofticà nigro, petiolo longiffimo, | . Geoffr. Hif. ab, des In Inf. i li. p. 349: n.63. ^ Eak Tebneumon noire, à antennes filiformes, et à filet fort long, = dont le devant du ventre eft roux 5 et les ailes fort courtes. - SE = De Geer i ii. pte ii. p. 822. n. 5. tab. 28. NES = yt | Frifeh. Inf. ii, tab. 1. fig. 6, >: | Sulz. Inf. tab. 19. fig. 120. © © 5 abies Schaf. Icon. tab. 83. fig. 1. | Donovan ii, tab. 93. fig. 1. Habitat i in terrà fabulofa, “ aprica;” ubi canis inftar pedibus an- terioribus cuniculum fodit, larvamque phalenz, vel aranéam femimortuam in eo fepelit, cui ovulum concredit ; quo. fatto orificium terra claudit, Linnaeus, x 5 =F = ; Cabut Qr s - ame Genus of injeksi >r 203 Capir punculatum, fübvillofum villis fordidi coloris. ‘Thorax fordido-fubvillofus, linea intermedia longitudinali eXa- - ratus: eallis (d), puncto. fub alas, et uno utrinque apud abdóiniüis - infertionem, pilis decumbentibus. fericeo-argen- — geis orríátis. ' Squamæ nigre (e. fen) toe xit : | Ale ee apice ob{curiores, nervis nigricantibus,, abdo- s^ “mine circiter "dimidio: breviores, f. petiolum . longitudine : “equantes. Abdomén clavatum ; fegmento: primo filiformi. nigro; fecundo — lineari, compreffo, ferruginéo, pun&to excavato utrinque. no- >. fato; fértio campanulato PONOR quarto nigro, . bafi et - —* inferne ferrugineo; reliquis nigris. . "n Long. corp. lin. 1o. * Variat. minor, thoracis callis, fater usi: et pofticis pilis fericeis " deftitutis ; alis-unicoloribus. n fexus alter? forfan, mas! 3 E Or ies b. os í = pe e a gor eere n age rare, Los to the ingenious Mr. Donovan, in the neighbourhood of London; is eafily diftinguifhed from its congeners by the elongated petiolus of its ab- -domen, and its very, fhort. wings. It may. readily be known, even ‘when flying, by, the fingular manner in which it carries its abdomen -with the anus. pointing. upwards, fo. that it ftands. nearly at right- -angles with that.part of the thorax to wh hich. t is is attached. The T of this infe& is very entertaining, a as, may be feen in De "E By the Calli T mean two little tubercles, one on each fide of the anterior ets d 4 doris, to be met with in moft hymenopterousinfe&ts. — v: z ` (e) The Squam are the minute PRS: fcales which: ‘cover ——— root C of € — waige one deer tabla. ioobioood sii dt ha aS ETT Dda 204 | Rev. Mr. KIRBYS Account of the Ammophila, Geer (f), whom T (hall content myfelf with referring to; but I can- not refift the temptation of tranfcribing from’ our great Ray, the very cutious accotint he has given of fome proceedings, of this very infect, as I folpet; which paffed under his own obfervation. Thefe are his words (g): * Junii 22, an. 1667; € maximis, hujus generi vefpam, fpeciém: jam non recordor; erucam. viridém {eipsa -triplo | majoréni tralientem vidi: quam poftquàm, me prefente et fpectante, ad unius circitér pertice noftre menfarz, i. e. 154 pedes, deportaflet ; prop? orificium cuniculi, quem: fibi priu jin terra. excavaverat, de- pofuit: deinde pilulâ terrea, quá: praedictum orificium obturaverat, remotà; ipfa prius in: cavernulam defcendit, et. poft parvam inibi moram afcendit iterüm, .erucamque, quam juxta foramen depofue- rat, apprehendens, fecum in cuniculum devehit; eáque inibi relictá, mox rediit fola, 'elobulifque terreis affumiptis, unam poft alteram in “cutliculum! devolvit, et pet intervalla. pedibus-anterioribus rufpando > (ut cuniculi aut canes folent) pulverem retrorfüm in foramen con- jecit ; idemque opus repetit cum pulvere aut pilulis alternatim, -donec cuniculus penitùs oppletus effet, ipfa aliquotiés defcendente ad terram (at mihi Videbatur) deprimenidam: et denfandam ; fenil ctiam atque iterùm in pinum adftantem evolágte; ad réinam forté petendam terre conglütinands, et operi-cónfolidando. Repleto foramine, ét cui terre faperficie coæquato; utiaditus amplius non poffit difcerni, duo’ pini folia: adjacentia 'affümit,: et juxta cuniculi orificium depofuit, ad locurh (t: verifitoile-éft) fignandum. ‘Quis hec non mibi miretur et 'ftupéat ? “Quis hüjufmodi ópera-inerz machinz poffit attribuere PSUS uev et Bolengidi: tò viid Hn 2 4i t (f) De Geer; tom, ii: p“ ii. Memexiv, =, (g) Rait Hift. Inf. «254... es : '(5) I have been informed that the ingenious Mr. Curtis has written a hiftor 2 Fas Scopoli, | pibe: e s anew Genus of Infefis... RRR ^ Aes j EF pii, as well as the great Linnzus, defcribes the roftrum as bivalve. -Lam loth to diffent from fuch high authorities ; ‘but I am convinced, from, repeated examination, that the roftrum i in this and moft. hymenópterous infects, confiíts of three valves: befides the ‘tongue 3; two which cover its upper furface, and one c that protests i it ! .beneath, tc to. which. it adheres [0 ert I never was fo fortunate as to ‘meet with. the variety of this infe& Pucca by Linnzus, abdominis dorfo nigro. t is poffibly a dif- ting fpecies.” Villars, the ingenious IT of the Entomologia Europea, mentions: rus DS PP pes ae fe ga Miktam Jikevilt think this more t eds pat peas] 2. Autori x Wis T: "Cóntig ctis ‘Sandivafp.° A. antennis - tredecim-nodiis, frontis: foveà infertz; abdominis o5. 7 petiole: uniarticulatos, alis SORPOEE insuigubus.; : "M 2 AEN. rs, ] eda ETE à. SAD Ti Mea atidis, “punétatus, Tees quingue 16 (guaro "una inter- media) impreffus, Squamae fufcæ, poftice ru£e.. Ale teftaceæ, abdomine tertià parte. breviores. Abdomen. petiolo « exch ufo) lanceol atum; fegmento primo filiformi (Hace agt% fecundo campanuláto pr apice Aur proxi- : pitdyop bus, ferrugineis ; H reliquis. nigris i] D e. "Long co.fm-9| 777 a po which: was compofed fót a Bock of a he v wasa ae was eftablifhed ; what comes ; from the, pen. .of fo learned and aécurate a Naturalift, be extremely valuable; and ‘therefore: I Caio help reina a — the pi be put in poffeffion of this curious arid interefting ‘paper o. a E 2t) "Tab. xix. No. i.d diis. v. fig. Hg act 1 ui d3 r: pe 3 £ eps "y Ant =- 5 3 XS - uM : : x before the Linnean E e woe Be rS) os Rev. Mr. KIRBY 5 Account of the ‘Ammophila, = J "took two fperimens of this niic upon | the fanny’ bank of a fand- pit in Martlefham Heath n near Woodbridge, i in thé beginning of laft September, which was ‘the oily 1 time. I ever net with it.. Tt^is faf- ficiently diftinguifhed from theA. "Vulgaris, by the uniarticulate ftalk _ of its abdomen, the black v/// that are fcatteréd over its head and trunk, the five impreffed AS. that are vifible upon the diik of its thorax, and b y ing inge v wh Mies are proportionably longer, and of a different: hue: the maxillze "alfo ar ire e fhorter, and have an obfcure reddifh brown. fa acia acrofs t t reir. "middle ; : and the whole infect is thicker in proportion. I do not find this fpecies defcribed in” any author that I have an kospostanuy of Se uie ir 4 3- AMMOPHILA. digne Arbi Hairy Sandiafp, s. A. antennis eam Hodie ; 'abdomihis: xu uniarticulato en alis corpus equantibus. Sphex arenaria hirta nigra, abdominis petiolo uniarticulato, feg- mento fecundo tertioque rufis ; alts upneitudine nons Fab . Ent. Sy-EmW.m.2. 0 ang. Linn. b Nat. ed. Gmel. i.) P. v. Sphex: ini ncc. ££ eB Villars Ent. ! ur. Hi. -— xn Xi = a : ples. por nigra, capite thoraceque pubefcentibus, abdomine anticé fulvo.—Scop. Ent. Car. n. 772. —— nigra hirta, abdominis petiolo uniarticülato ; ‘Ai domine : medio ferrugineo ; tibiis omnibus fpinofis. - Schrank Exum, Inf. Aap. n. 769. Linz. Sf. Nat. ed. Gmel. i. lp. V. n. 53. Villars Ent. Eur, ii). n. 16. SUC Sd i sud Capta femèl in foffze ripa i (abulofa. s * PE Li Genus of dens. IP 207 MOI t YENILA ^» | Caput magnum, usc atro-villofum. Maille longitudine capitis valdé minaces. ‘Frons planiafcula. =.. Thorax et pectus atro-villofa.. Squame nigra. + VE Ale dopeitudine _ cor poris fubhyaline, apice nigra, venis ferru- F -= 10G ei PEL kii. p: fri rra gineis, cofta faci pr ar ar sad Abdomen nigrum, lanceolato-ovatum ; petiolo tron vilidlo ; feg- zi 5 d AS bs fw; mento ecuridos tertió, quartique bafi; tübellö-ferrügineis” | Long. c corp. lin T: —Alt. Sex? Jeth pli: z cé ee ries TEN á P xr. vari d ccs eset we Hr, f. e An ^ "The larger fede of t this infe T “ene cay as kou ata. fhop in. Piccadilly; . but: the. Ímall one. (which I believe. to be the male) I took upon the funny bank of a Cay ditch near. Martlefham likewife {een it. in. ‘the rich cabinet of on fas = jean ied y b UA ty This infe& i is Beyond a doubt the Spher a arenaria ri F shai, and likewife the S. hirfuta of Scopoli and Schrank; although Gmelin and Villars make them different. It is clearly diftin& from the two | preceding Specify, ts wings of He length of the body, tipped with a black ,nebu igure : inclining “i to ovate; its ula; its abdomen ofa large head very. villofey as well as its trunk ;- its s maxille threatening ii ie i A. an immenfe. acumen, , plainly prove this. Hii is ‘larger’ alfo in I its parts; t the band. which farrounds i its abdomen i is of a brighter n the kgs. are much more briflly,. efpecially the tarfi; and the i in- = A terior {pine, which : arms the apex i ed each pr As Bet ibie, more PT. ME ska Aad Aa 3 AOS UN 3 p | 208 - .Rev. Mr. KR s Mocouni dit ie — 3 a i uhtignol shiva iB iilo H Mots Lett j Td “le PRSE A RR Tu Steer fria silio As [.39 3595 E. A. freies quatuordeciin- Pd abdominis: petiolo uniarticu- . lato: „alis corpore. Aa "oie : (Opa nig: villofam. i =b t wee antennas es M o. decumbentit | diff T Sy de à tergo vi vix a M g rti in fm ip. Y confpicui& teta ^ SO IU STIOD SSGIRIR Ge dh Eo dores angian; fubvillofus uti peius villis certo fitu argenteis, | iB : , p going 1 Eiai esa 10 nemizo op 2, "ato feùrióre n ii tj daiis s t OMS d M CURE E omen DE fegme bo pri 10 fili ‘iio? — ht . panulato tertioque. rufis; quar to y rafo, apice nigro; o; Telia jm : ues fom € bae fetulis brevibusafperi. —. ,— noo sideshow döm ine NSCS T 30 Saray ee lh? of ic power ar i5sh aid’ D | Long. corp. lin. § fa MEET ^f ft ighe oret Awbald sry rer i cies T A L diay, ‘ hir | + upon . à nearer infpe&tion | it will be found very diine ete deb nt " has; no fovea, and ‘from the anterin: - downwards i is quite covered’ with „a coat of filver pile, which, when the Tight falls upon it from above, “gives it. a ve ep apetito ‘From’ the'midft of this pile other. lon; d ack h airs, thinly’ feattéred:! aros Fhe antenna "confit of - eget joints, tuning the minüte one at theit bafe. "The viii of the trunk glitter in certain Tights! but noe {ouch As adie US on the no the footítalk of the abdomen confifts ofa | Ede id oe fingle ` z anew Genus of Infect.” Qf as : 209 fingle joint, its belt is of a paler red, and the briftles of the legs are very fhort, | I have fubjoined a fketch which exhibits a comparative view of the rofira and maxille in. Ammophila, Sphex, Vefpa, and Apis; which | wil, L- hope, though rudely executed, (for I cannot fay “ anch’ io fon pittore,”) afford a tolerable idea of the marks and characters that feparate thefe genera. I have no doubt of there ate feveral foreign infedts, befides A. ichneumonea, that belong to this genus (4): but as I have not at pre- fent an opportunity of examining the rich cabinets in the metropolis, I muft defer faying any thing upon them till a future opportunity. EXPLANATION or TAB. XIX. Hb stg _ Not $ is rdi * ; Pig Ie ‘The outüde ofi one n the upper valves of the roftrum, which T is femifagittate. (a) Its feeler of fix joints. . Fig. 2. The under-fide of the roftrum exhibiting (a) the infide of one 489 of the upper valves. (b) Its feeler. | (c) The under valve. AE (bi) (dd): Tts! arta (e) One of its. fenior, of four joints. gd (£343 he:tóngue.-1-7. 20 Gy Fig. 3, Thé under-fide of the tongue an itfelf, exhibiting (a)its | sadis cobifid clava. : (b) The orifice of its tube... (c) Itsftalk. - E Fig. 4 The under-fide of the head, to fhewthe direction of the roftrum | yoo at reft. (a) The ex o pe roftrum. Os (D The infer [s ty De Geer, ‘Tab. xxxi. fig. a7. belongs probal did. genus. cee Se Mon IV. ~- o eke ig” Fig. 210 Rev, Mr. KIRBY'S Defcribtion of the Ammophila, Fig. 5. A maxilla. (a) The inner tooth, generally acute. (b) The intermediate one, truncated. (c) The exterior one, acu» minated. This acumen, croffing that of the other max- illa, forms the forceps. Fig. 6. The antennze, confifting of thirteen joints. (a) The fitftj joint. (b) The fecond. (c) The third. Fig. se (a) The neck. (b) The back Sn ox A. head, (91 The fore |. partof the thorax. —— : Fig. 8. A hind leg. (a) The apoph — ‘of two joints. MPH '(b) The thigh. €) The tibia. (d) The tarfus, confift- ing of five joints. Fi ig 9. The firft joint of the tarfus. - (3) The peéten at its bafe. Fig, 10. The e interior pe&inated eed at the apex of the —Á | : tibia. A s. Sen A2 MiP See = A a uu "eT ue Do The roftrum and maxilla of a Sphex magnified. Fig. t. The outfide of one of the upper valves, fhort and rounded, and hairy at the top. e» x fece fix j joints, the i inter- mediate ones. the. largeit.. 3 edd Piri d um. Fig. 2. The under-fide of the kinas @ The infide of the Upper mer epale: (b) Its feeler. (c) The under valve. (dd) Its minute arifim, (e) Its feeler, of four joints, (f ) The cues tongue, fhort and dilated at the apex. — row Fig. 3+ EM upper fide | of the DPO on 1 which it appears rather peesginnit> | Fig. 4 A maxilla. - | | Fig. 5. Lhe infide of: a. maxilla, to (bes the two obfolete teeth at t the A apex (a). se SEES o = | XH dm > anew On) Fi lifes 009. ^ era Es - " & duet eu ur Fe e dii it d P? i oia SV. - cal Fi ; Ion No! IT. phd tGftrüii and Maxilla of : a Pe spa sida Fig. 1. The outfide of one ofthe upper valves, fhort, hairy above the feeler, rounded at the top; below the feeler fwelling out +» externally into the fegment of a circle. (a) The feeler of fix joints of nearly equal fize, ae Fig. 2. The under-fide of the roftrum. (a) The infide of the upper valve. (b). Its feeler, _ (c) The under valve. .(d) A fovea cH i a e NES analogous to the ariftæ in NG. T Bad No. II. but tipped on this fide with a callous - point. (f) One of its feelers, of four joints. (g) The __ tongue, obcordate and bifid. (h h) Callous points at the | “tip of each lobe, obfervable on the under fide only. . Fig 3. The appe fide of EXT 3g ue, ELE I à [f n1 ero ms SE res — No IV. The roftrum and maxilla of an Apis, roftro inflexo, magnified. - br. 1. The outfide of one of the upper valves, lanceolate with | a fubinvolute acumen, and laterally emarginate. SH The | fee T, confifting of a fingle joint. - Fig. 2. The ur er-fide of the roftrum. (a) The fale of he upper - | valve. (b) The under valve. (cc) Its arifta. (d d) The feelers, one at the apex of each arifta, confifting | joints. (e) Its linear tongue, fubacute. P Fig. 3. | The upper fide of the tongue. (a) The top, of W .e The lower part ftriated. - T mem =e. lika E ea og T T Fig. o Lm at DL - Rev. Mr. K1RBY's Defeription of the Ammophila, Fig. 4. The maxilla, armed with two obtufe teeth at its apex. (a) The - . interior tooth fmall. (b) The exterior very large. ‚N. B. The black lines are defigned to reprefent the Julen Which are drawn upon its exterior furface. | d € No. v. ' «\Roftram an and maxilla of an odis roftro reflexo, magnified. ig xe Outfide. of oné of the. upper valves, cultriform and onte (a) Feeler of fix joints. Fig. 2. Under-fide of the roftrum. | (a) Infide of the upper NN. — (b)Itsfeeler. (c) The under valve. (d) One of its feelers amm E of four joints, the three laft forming j an angle with the STA fit (n. (e) The ies AB ne m Fig. 3. The tongue feparate, li inear-la iceolate " and very acute. | Fig.4. The maxilla, armed at its apex with two LIS teeth of which the interior is the fhorteft. (/) With my pocket lens I could difcover no pact analogous to the ar; rife, x upon the under valve of this RENS. : OF uL: E X E a d £ LES Ow t = | : WERE TO SN T rys $ ý. RET TER XL pee e pH ne eL ae ie ^ * * i - e fs 2 a - set : yi à : I ab E 2d ae | vA rn *y XVIII. 72e ^r Cu ciat aiti o tl a a feo esac Ae " "cmm e mms mo =A arg...) XVIII. |. Lhe Characters of TA ! enty New Genera of Plants, By "fames Edward Smith, M. D. F. R. $, P.L. S. Read February 6, 1798. 1. HAMODORUM. . TRIANDRIA Monogynia, propé Wachendorfiam, Ord. Nat. Iridibus affine, Jap. Gen. 59 E Fr Cuar. EssENT.. : nedium f 2s nifera.. Sigma Edid - Capfula infera, aolet ; — Herba facie Corymbii, glabra, inflorefcentià corymbosa, tota pu- niceá, exficcatione nigra. A Wachendorfid differt germine infero, petalis apicem verfus ftaminiferis, ftaminibus abortivis nullis. anc UTEM z Locus ae uH s a CONOSPERMUM. n. £5 Iden amka Monog ynia; poft Proteam. - EE Ord. Nat. Protex,: Tuff. Gen. 78. : CBAR. Essent, Cah ily nullus; Corolla “Menopetala; ide a: fta ; 9M ee Dr. Surius Chataéiers of minifera: /adium fuperius fornicatum ; inferius trifidum, igma obt emen unicum, nudum, pappo coronatum, Frutices rigidi, Proteis anguftifoliis habitu affines. Folia fimpli- cia, fparfa. Flores ípicati. Corolla irregularis. Stamina fauci inferta, ad labium fuperius. adícendentia. Anthere 4, ea uniloculares ; ; Jüpetores dorfo connate ; laterales dimidiatæ. Semen obcó ich? pappo radiante. ^ a ennt Locus Aufralafa. © cic a AE ^. — = XYLOMELUM. g Tarhana Ms ynia, rope Bankfam = a Se | Ord... o 6 Protez, Ju Gon. gU cose CHAR. ESENE ban ted p ' fimplex. - Petala” "quatuor, fami - nifera. Stigma €lavatumy, obtufum. - ^ Capfula etian, difperma. Semina alata. SN Ea - Habitus omnino Brabz; ; ; gaudet v verd capfald' ligneá, ‘apice hinc dehifcenti, feminibus binis, „alatis, nec. EL amygdalina RRS S msc 3 Sod : 5 : Ex "LI e: Locus, ella 3i : Cit az liy dii os BETAL uniana] lestraz ms5i iqs alisiag were VER e 4. LAMBERTIA. "eee con eii: TETRANDRIA Monog ynia. Ord. Nati) Protez, Fg Gay. 79. CHAR, Essen re :Cahe communis, polyphylus, imbricatus, feptem- - florus. - Petala quatuor, flaminifera.- - Stigma fubulatum, ful- - catum. . Capfula unilocularis, difperma, Semina. marginata. Frutex ramis virgatis, foliis t ternis, apice mucron áto-pu 23 Twenty New Genera of Plants. E Flores Protee. mellifera quodammodo fimiles, faturaté rofei, formofi. Capfile criftata, tricornes. Ss dits ai 3 Locus Aufiralafia, In honorem amici. optimi Aylmer Bourke Lowbet s. s. -— et Linn. Soci, libelli de Cinchoná auctoris, -hoc noyum: dicavi. genus. 5. CONCHIUM. TETRANDRIA Monogynia. Ord. Nat. “Protez, fuf: Gen. 29. Cuan.EsszwT. Calyx nullus. Pefala quatuor, ftaminifera. Stigma: © “turbinatum, mucronatüm. poivre 'uhilocularis, difperma. oii ood is ji 2 os Seminaalata. — » atinobitnr ili Frutices rigidi, folus. mucronatis; pedünculis uinifloris, patirti Sorbus altis as ERE ; differt | EZ dortbus calyce delitti, nec amentacdis | > : an Locus piod jak, 2 ALS . f 6. PERSOONIA. - 'TETRANDRIA ER Ord. Nat. Lorantho ? proximum. genus. CHAR. ESSENT. Calyx nullus. Petala quatuor, bafin verfus ftami- acia. Glandule 4 ad bafin RE -— obriti " Drupa monofperma. d: iss r Tre. fubviminei, - Folia. diflipulaés plerisque alterna. Corolla intus. Dabei wire lineares, demum reflex. “ho s pes SurrH’y Charatters of "Sil pertiftens,” gate: “Drupi i in plerifque edulis. Flores flavefcentes. Genus a Lorantho difcrepat numero Ta N-— nullo. Vix Caprifolis Jufficui affociandum.: Locus Aufiralafia. In memoriam celeberrimi C. H. P'erfoon, opufculis variis de Fungis preclari. n a ZIER RIA. TETRANDRIA Monogynia, propé Fearon, Ord, Nate shee ge GON 297... in Y qua tu — Petala 4. domi sities, glandulis peii souk ein ae Em ^ Capfule 4, coalite. Semina arillata. Frutices foliis oppofitis, ternatis, feriis Rog po dignof- up?) «itur ftaminibus OPEN DN magne infertis. Locus Auftrala afa. > In memoriam pié defün&i — Zien oc. Linn. quondam Sodalis,. botanici indefeffi, nobis non oblivifcendi, quamvis alio fub nominc labores; ejus fzpiüs inclaruerint. t LASIOPETALUM. PENT Anat A Fy propé Ian, i - | Ord. Nac Boro, Ju. Gen. —— E b a ` ipis REA MURUS dus "M El e medio valvularum. - ; ee Y Planta Twenty New Genera of Plants. hi . Planta paludofa, viminea, tomento ferrugineo ftellato, | prater . foliorum paginam fuperiorem denudatam, tecta. Folia alterna. Flores racemofi, fufci, inamceni. Calyx 3- vel 5-phyllus. Stylus fimplex, 3 Sign, acutum. Caf/ula trigona. de OCUS Aufirála ia. | ^» €^. g CRYPTANDRA. PENTANDRIA Monogynia, poft Azaleam. Ord. Nat. Rhododendra ? Ju. Gen.. A88. . CHAR. Ess ENT. “Cale pentaphyllos? Gorolla tubulofa, finibo. quin- quefido, fquamis quinque, cucullatis, inter fegmenta,. Stamina fauce inferta fub fingulis fquamis. 7 Stigma trifidum. .. Gapfula fupera,.trivalvis, trilocülaris e valvulis inflexis. - Semina foli- pa 'taria, compreffa. | Elbe ericoides, - folis | {etofis. Semina el liiptic. Locvs Aefral es DLE 6. VELEBÍASNU cc Hh, -PENTANDRIA Monogynia, prope: Stievolm. "Ord. Nar. , Campatic 1 [atea Taf. Gen. 165. — CHAR. ESSENT, Calyx triphyllus, inferus. ‘Corolla tübülofa, fupra - hians, limbo quinquefido. Capfula quadrivalvis, ents, ~Spolyfperma. ' Semina imbricata. pu Goodema noftræ proximum, at differt calyce: es : i-o Anferot duse Foy cial ep vlla non ufque. ad Locus Aa alaha ee “Wor. iV... Ff aa à Dr. Surr Bs Characters of. — In honorem amiciffimi D. Thome Velley, Soc, Linn, Bed fafci- . «ulo de plantis fubmarinis praclari, 11, STACKHOUSIA. | PENTANDRIA Trigynia, propé Spatbelam. Ord. Nat. Terebintacez, Ful. Gen. 369. CHAR. Essent. Calyx q quinquepartitus. Petala quinque, unguibus coalita. Cup/ula tricocca, loculis monofpermis, Fruticulut vimineus, Strutbiole facie, flotibus flavefcentibus, "facéinofis, fafciculatis. Folia alterna, óblonga, iütegerrima, -gladeeéfcentia. ^ $5 bréves.. Stiginzta obtufa, fimplicia, — Caffüla corrà gata." NA capfulà dicocca. Locus Asftralafia. Sete AM US In honorem dipl: vum 3. Stackboufe, Soc; Linn. Sod. Nereidis Britannicz auctoris. 12. SOWERBZEA. , HEXANDRIA _Monogynia, anté Allium. | Ord. Nat. 4 Afphodeli, Fu Gen. 53. CHAR, ESSENT. Corolla infera, hexapetala. Filamenta t ma, bian- _ therifera, fterilibus tribus interftin&tis, Herba inodora, juncea, radice fibrofa. Scapus nudus." Umbella multiflora, bracteis fcariofis. Pertala Rupee perfiftentia. Locus Aufiralafias - In honorem viri amiciffimi SYacobi Sowerby, Soc. Linn. Sod. botanici egregii, pictoris optimi, Fungorum Bronce fcrutatoris acerrimi. $t. . XAN- Er wenty New — Plants. 219 VUES XANTHORRHOEA. up 65 per HexANDRIA Monogynia, prope Anthericum. Ord. Nat. e phorc Fup. Gen. 52. CHAR. Essent. Corolla. infera, Sess perfiftens. Filamenta plana, linearia, nuda. Capfula triquetra. Semina bina, com- preífa,. marginata, Caudex lignofus, refinà flavà fcatens. Folia triquetra: — Scapus teres, lo giflimus, - -amento terminatus- multifloro, floribus ~ abortivis interftin&is fquamofo. | Locus Aufralafia. I4. CORD Ei, : i EST 7325. E TC var ts yes Oni] Nat. Rühododendrs. ^ " Ge». 1 I 59. » 2CUX CHAE Es SENT. Calyx inonophylfus. Petala quatuor, conniventia. Antheræ incumbentes, biloculares, longitudinalitér dehifcentes. | Capfula iupera, .quadrivalvis, quadrilocularis e valvulis in- — flexis Stigma:fimplex, acutum. . Frutices foliis oppofitis, fimplicibus, pubefcen ti ellas, calyce — campanulato, integro, denticulato, petalis in aliquibus — matis, corollam monopetalam fimulantibus. | Befüria (meliüs | Bejaria) Linnei a Corred differt partium numero, at. præcipuè | dien apice ipso. amare in incraflato fepremfelgs P In honorem : amici optimis bonne ae * eh i Correa : Ff2 | cm k 220 Dr. Smitw’s Characters of — de Serra, J U D, SS. Reg. et Linne Sodalis, hoc novum et ; pulcherrimum dicavi genus, cùm Gorreia Vandellii Ocbnæ fpecies eft, I$. GOMPHOLOBIUM. _ DEcanpria Monogynia, poft Sophoram, Ord. Nat. “Leguminofe, Fu, u: Gen, 352. ICHAR. ESSENT. Eaha campanulatus, fimplex, quinquepartitus, Corolla papilionacea. Stigma fimplex, acutum. Legumen ventricofum, uniloculare, polyfpermum. Frutices folis ternatis vel ampa ri -pinnatis, floribus magnis, - flavis. — : Locus Auftralafia. - Piae rc 16. DAVIESIA. DECANDRIA Monogynia, poft Gompholobium. . Ord. Nat. Legüminofz, Ful Gen. 352. GRAN Essent. Calyx angulatus, fimplex, quinquefidus. Corolla papilionacea. Stigma fimplex, acutum, si compre{- fum, monofpermum. . Frutices rigidi, foliis esp pungentibus, floribus parvis, . .. flavefcentibus. un Aufiralafia: In honorem clariffimi Hugonis Davies, S. T. P. Soc. Linn. Sod. de plantarum Britstimicarum ftudiofis optimè meriti | 17. AFZELIA, Twenty New Genera of Plants, 221 17. AFZELIA, : DEcANDR1A Monogynia, prope Hymenaam, Ord. Nat. Leguminofz, Juff. Gen. 347. CHAR. Essent. Calyx tubulofus, limbo quadrifido, deciduo. Petala. quatuor, unguiculata; fammo. maximo. Filamenta duo fu- prema fterilia. Legumen multiloculare. Semina bafi arillata, Arbores foliis abruptè pinnatis, alternis, floribus racemofis, fanguineis, bracteolatis, leguminibus lignofis, oaoa feminibus nigris arillo coccineo fpeciofis. | Locus Africa equinoélialis. Nomen dedi in inventoris honorem, celeberrimi Adami Afzelii, Botanices in Academia Upfalienfi Demonftratoris doctiffimi, qui hujus generis hiftoriam abfolutifimam nobis pollicitus eft. E Gmelin: nimis > incerta eft. ut tanto 1 nomine con- 18. ERIOSTEMON. DECANDRIA Monogynia, propé Rutam. Ord. Nat. Rutacez, Fu: Gen. 297. Cu HAR, ESSENT. Calyx quinquepartitus, - Petala quinque, feffilia. Stamina. plana, ciliata; antheris pedicellatis, terminalibus, Stylus e bafi germinis. Cap/ule quinque, coalitæ, nectario torulofo infidentes. Sema arillata. Fruticuli foliis alternis, floribus folitarus. Hojas generis eft | Diofma un; flora Linnzi, cui ftamina 5 abortiva funt. Differt: a a Dujná defe&u fquamarum cum petalis alternantium ; T fta- minibus. - EX E 222 Dr, Suirn's Characters of minibus non exfertis; ciliatis, nec glabris; defectu nectarii germen coronantis; ftaminumque numero. . Locus eiit 19. CROWEA, DECANDRIA Monogynia, poft Eriofemonem. | Ord. Nat. Rutacez, Ju. Gen. 297. CHAR. Esser, Calyx quinquepartitus. Petala ` quinque, feffilia. Stamina plana, fubulata, pilis intertextis connexa. Anthere longitudinalitér filamentis e parte interiori adnate. Stylus US. bafi germinis. Capful.e quinque, coalitm. Semina arillata. ` Habitus praecedentis, abunde verð i ac fitu. .. Locus Auftralafia. | In honorem amiciffimi D. Jacobi Crowe, Soc, Deni Sod. qui Floram Britannicam ad unguem invefligavit, atque obferva- tionibus numerofis vario i in n modo communicatis illuftravit, ifcrepat antherarum forma var d Gra NDRIA a Dind propé Arethu Jaa. Ord. Nat. Orchidez, Faf. Gen. 6. 5- Gimi Essent. Neétarium dependens: Perala novem: ; quinque. exteriora maxima, iiem Columna uc md refupinata, ide erné operculata, | Formoiih: genus, dps bafi Fal floribus racemofis fpa- thaceis. Dignofcitur- prima facie petalorum exteriorum - duobus etic Buscas Sette aa ZEN lA MU 77 0 1 zt * as Westen vanne s eri ii i7iiv Sip. uc Certs Ae : e NS us RL IIL fm» SFG wave UU IAV. + AT Sa ey: XIX. Further Obfervations on the Wheat Infeét, aia Letter to the Rev. Samuel Goodenough, LLD. F.R.S. Tr.L.S. By Thomas e Marfbohh, Efg. Sec. L. S. = =e Read February 6, 1798. A El - Pe _ Dear Sik, 7 [ HE very imperfe& knowledg . infe& in the year 1795, whi hrough you was communi- cated to the Linnean Society, who have honoured it with a place in the Third Volume of their Zranfaétions, has ftimulated me to pur- fue the enquiry with greater earneftnefs, though not with additional zeal; for it has always been my invariable opinion, that the enriching of a cabinet with the works of the" creation is but a fecondary con- fideration at beft, and of little utility, unleis an endeavour to invefti- gate their nature, ceconomy, and properties, be provoked by it. Indeed I. often lament, thát my fituation in the metropolis, and - the few opportunities I have of enjoying the country, prevent me _ from purfuing my favourite ftudy as fervently as I could with. In the prefent cafe I confider myfelf only as the rft inftitutor of an enquiry that has become important by the perfevering affiduity and accurate examination of our mutual friends, to whom I was fo much indebted in the former cafe. Early in June 1797, I wrotc both to Mr. Kirby and Mr. Markwick, requefling that they would again turn their attention to the wheat fields, and examine — the ears of that grain as they advanced, from the fart appearance - ELE C of lat we gained of the wheat Mr. MARSHAM's further Obfervations on the Wheat Infect. 225 of the flower, until the feed was ripe ; and the refult of their unre- mitted endeavours, with a few of-my own obfervations, 1 now lay . before you, requefting, that if you think them worthy their atten- tion, you will prefent them to our valuable Society ; for fuch I think it may be truly ftyled, fince the opinion of the Public has fo fully ftamped its confequence. 4m : Mr. Markwick, in a letter to me dated the 17th July 1797, fates as follows :—'* On the 12th of this month I firft difcovered fome of the little flies (which I fend. you inclofed) fitting between the hufks or clefts of the ears.of wheat: the next day they ap- peared to me more abundant; and then, for the firft time, I found a few of the fmall yellow larva, which infefted- the wheat in the year 1795, fitting clofe to the ftamina, exactly as they are repre- fented.in the 3d vol. of the Linnean Tranfatiions, page 251. Tab. 22. fig. 10. a; fince that time I have found the larve in much greater. abundance, and the fly is alfo to be feen, | ough I think not in - dedu o. 5 fuch great numbers, The other infeéts which I have difcovered on the wheat, are the Thrips phyfajus, in its larva and perfe& ftate, as in the year 1795; and fome of the ears were infefted with the plant loufe (Aphis) called here the Dolphin.” On the 25th of July, I received alfo a letter from Mr. Kirby, that contained fome - — valuable hints, which induced me to fend a copy of it to Mr. Mark- wick ; and on the 17th of September 1 was favoured with the fol- lowing letter from that gentleman « | want words to exprefs the pleafure I received from your laft let- ter, as well as from your obliging communication of that of your very - ingenious and learned friend Mr. Kirby, and fhould have acknow- . ledged the obligation fooner, but waited until the end. of harveft, - with the ill-founded hope of having fomething to communicate re- : lative to our little infe&t worthy of your notice; for lam fc wry to fay, 226 Mr. Marsu A's further Obfervations on the. Wheat Ii f£ that I have not had any fuccefs in difcovering the perfect fate of this infect; however, I will relate exactly what has happened. “© T inclofed feveral ears of wheat, containing a number of the fmall yellow larvae, in ‘a flower-pot, clofely ftopped at the bottom, and covered with gauze at the top; and have at different times found dead, at the bottom of the pot, two different forts of very {mail flies, one. of Which was a (hort thick black fly, with very long tranfparent wings, and long fender fmooth. antenna, of which I have fent two rude figures fomewhat magnified, fee Tab. xix. No. vie fig. T. a and b. The other fly was as minute, if not lefs, with a yellow _body, {potted and tranfparent wings, and long jointed antennz, beíet x with. fÍmall. hairs er briftles at each joint, at leaft. fo they appeared. ta me through a magnifying glafs; but that.you may, if you pleafe, examine them yourtelfy I have f. nt wo aes with the others, being all that T found of thàt kind, t iough I fear they-are-mot- ir "a good ftate ; and I hae alfo inclofed füch figures | as I was able ton mak ; s F them; fee Tab. xix. ‘No. vi. fig, 2, a and b. “To your learned ‘friend’s queftion as to the quantity of mifchief done by this unknown fly, T fear {cannot give a fatisfactory « anfwer: I certainly think his average of two grains in each ear deftroyed bythis i infect not too great, for I load examined any ears in which there were n re than that ‘injure — Bat, after all, are not our fears with refi pet to the. injury that ihe wheat has received. from: this infect greater than they ought to be? and does not the wheat fuffer.as much from. infeéts | or {ome other caufe vingt seats: even in t thofe years that are moft : productive ? IBN e , : .** By what I cam leaker from: ehquits,. and fio my own obfervas tion, there is a good crop: of wheat inthis. neighbourhood: one farmer, who has begun to threfh out his wheat, has found it yield. well; 3 and when inmy own field I had the curiofity to rub out a few ears, Sg ! Car. and. P F M Marsuam's further Obfervations om the uet Infect. 229 and to count the number of grains in éach, in none I found fewer than forty, and in one fixty-two; nay, my fervant found one with | feventy grains, moft of which werc perfeét, there being only three or four fhrivelled in each ear—a proof, I hope, that notwithftanding the depredations - of this and other 'infects, the crop will not turn out deficient." - In another part of his letter, Mr. Markwick, with great probability, conjectures, “ that thefe larvz may feed on the farina, or male duft of the ftamina, and poffibly prevent the proper fertilization of the aas in 1 fuch a manner as to occafion the future . In additi : marks, T can only fubjoin a few oblervations oft my own on ‘the ears a wheat fent me by Mr. Mark- wick, and let, Mr. Kirby's accurate and valuable experiments follow as a feparate papers; On. clofe examination of a number of ears, I found from two to fix grains inhabited by the larva, as reprefented in Tab. 22. 7 10. a. in n the 3d. vol. gt the discos Ti (C ache ex- t iat mai of nap ears in ug phials, ith gauze o over r the mouth, Í foon perceived that they became covered with mould, and thelarvz quitting them fell to the bottom of the phials and per ifhed. 1 then procured one of the chimnies made ufe of for Argand's lamps, inWhichl inclofed fome other Cars, covering each end with gauze:. by this means a frec; circulation: of ai air -being permitted to. pafs through, the.corn. remained clean, and the little animals have not. quitted | their. fitdation; which leads me to conclude that theyw ill ch ange into the pupa ftaté,as many appeared’ to have done that were left in the - box Actio they came; {o that I have great hopes of breeding T The. icc Piel. Mr. -Makoarkes „drawings reprefen : i Tab xix, No. vi. fig. 2. agrees in general with the defcription o ol Tipula M G g2 y | Tri ici mg + <= E 228 Mr. Marsuanm’s further Obfervations on the Wheat Ink, Tritici of Mr. Kirby, and perhaps may prove to be the different fex; or it is poffible that Mr. Kirby might have taken his infe& immediately - on its quitting the pupa ftate, and before the wings were completely dry, fo that the obfolete clouds with which they are marked had not become vifible. ‘The manner in which both thefe Gentlemen met with this fly leaves very little doubt in my mind of its being the true parent of the larvae we have defcribed; and this opinion is very much ftrengthened by the very great affinity there feems to ‘be between our Tipula and the Tipula Suniperina -of Linnzus, and Tipula Pini of the Baron De Geer, Tom. vi. p. 417. Tab. xxvi fig. 8—19; it however differs in colour from the Latin defcriptions of thofe infects, although it agrees in the other particulars, But the Jong French defcription which De Geer | gives of Tipula Pini, varies very little from that of our infect; and the figure, being uncoloured, would pafs for it very well, as the’ antennz and wings feem exactly to correfpond : even the account of the larva is nearly the fame, except that he remarks a thin green line paffing through the body of his, which he conjectures to proceed from the food, viz. the leaves. of the pine; if this be the fact, fuch a line would not be vifible in our larvze, as they feed on the pollen of the wheat, which is nearly their own colour: another difference is, that the larvee of 7. Pini form little refinous cafes to preferve themfelves during: the Winter ; 3 but both ‘continue unchanged until Spring, as appears oy. Mr. . Kirby’s opening one of the cafes, which he fuppofed - i the pupa, and finding the larva unchanged, from which I con- clude that we have not yet feen the pupa. The flies of T. Fun niperina and T. Pini do not come forth until May, which time will exactly fuit our little animal for depofiting its eggs in readinefs for the bloffom of the wheat; and from the appearance of fome of the little cafes which I have by me, that are fo tranfparent as to admit of . a perfect view of the larva, Iam of opinion that they are- approach? ] we cs Ping Mr. MARSHAM's further Obfervations on the Wheat Infect. 229 ing to the pupa ftate, as the maggot becomes more white and opake, and is evidently fhrunk in length. . Another circumítance men- tioned by the accurate De Geer, that unites them ftill more clofely, and confirms my conjecture of the two fexes, is the difference between male and female; for he fays, Femina ale nigricantes, agree- ing with the clouded wings in our figure, and at the fame time confirming Mr. Kirby's defcription of his. In fhort, fo nearly are thefe infects allied, that I fhould have little hefitation to pronounce them the fame, had they not fed on plants fo very different in their nature and propertics. The Ichneumon Tipule of Mr. Kirby has been fo fully obferved-by a ] parties, that it requires nothing to” be added here. I can only now obferve, that the difficulty of in- veftigating and fully exploring the fecret works of the Creator muft be my apology for ftill offering imperfect hints inftead of a - complete hiftory, but I have done fo with a view to excite other - labourers to favour us with their communications and experiments; for, to ufe the words of my valuable friend Kirby, “If we can ad- vance one ftep, it is fomethin ; and who can « y remove the awful veil that conceals from mortal eyes the full beauty of the face of Nature, that envelopes in darknefs her fecret operations è To get now and then a glimpfe of the footíteps of him who is * wonder- ful in working" is all that we can expect. The united force of fuch obfervations; like rays collected by a lens, which, although . when feparate they operate but Nightly either as light or fire, will in time illuminate a fubject, and make us fee clearly in what dark- nefs we were before. "To collect thefe feparate rays is the office of the Linnean Society, by whofe means the- light which each conveys is caught ere it be diffipated, and thus many myfteries of- Nature are elucidated, which otherwife might for ever have re- maundingn* —— 7*7 o 6 cz a * ms ~ a P 25 : pa 4. 1 -— " _ x : + 4 pu « » * . ta) XX. Hj ifory of Tipula Tritici, and Ichneumon Ti; pulee, with Jome Obfer- -vations upon other Infeéts that attend the Wheat, in g Leiter to Thomas deem, Ze See, E S B. hr Rev. s Kija rete F. P S, Read February 6, 1798. MY DEAR FRIEND, fo M ~ Barham, Sept. 29, 1797. /HEN you left me in July Tft, "Sod defire ^ me 'to continue my obfervations upon thofe infeéts that infet the wheat; | and particularly to endeavour to complete the hiftory of the larva, of which you have given an account in. the 3d vol. of the Tran. actions of the Linnean Society *, and which, with great juflice, you fuppofe to be the principal enemy of the grain. In compliance with this requeft, I have endeavoured to trace it through alli its metamor- phofes, : and to afcertain, in fome meafure, the quantity of miíchief which it is capable of doing—with what fuccefs you fhall now hears aud I fhall add fuch other circumftances relative to this and other. eéts which attend the wheat, as have occurred tomy obfervation. What I have collected, although far from being a complete hiftory of all the ánfc& infefters of that grain, may afford fome few hints which may Polibiy be of ufe. to affift the Rufuggren. of abler E aturalifts, Rev, Mr, Kikay's Hiflory of Tipula Tritici, 2e, 231 Naturalifts, and, in conjunction with your own obfervations, and the information you will procure from the ingenious and accurate - Mr. Markwick and other Private; be not unworthy of wo notice of the public. | In the year 1795; yhen you firft Cm to diti this ; fübjett, | 1 obferved very few of the larva: in queftion; and confidering the Thrips phyfapus as occafioning the greateft quantity of injury, my chief attention was directed to that infe& ; bati in the prefent feafon I have more peri attended: to the former, Wherever I have taken my walks, I h amade-it-my-bufinefs to examine thofe fields. of wheat through meh I so patted, and I have {carcely paffed 3 through any in which fome florets, of every ear that I examined, were not inhabited by. thefe larva; and this:has often been at fome _diftance from hence. But although 1 have found the larvae fo ‘abundant, the pupa has very feldom occurred t to me; ‘fo that for a zd the formene $ ee eda : ithout up nm 1 Lhz tumble icovelet wid gauze, dn ‘whitch? diey rettiined fone time adios -any imago making its appearance. At length T obferved - the exuvia of one lie at the bottom of the glafs; but the imago, I fappofe, had made its.efcape through thre gauze, as I could not find © ES it. epos (— - ut | the. qemainins o ones into a. {mall phial, the clofe. About three weeks Än nce, examining this one "deje 1 Lobferved. | 'afinall fly walking upits fides : I opened it carefully; ánd'fecured.my little aninial, which upon-examination appearéd to be a very minute Tipula; nearly: of the colour of the pupa. lt is not defcribedsin . Gmelin’s ec dition: of the. debt Nature, nor i any au EE thát I wbich d SES its egg i in its lofvat: $ E E: have watched 1 in vain for the a calme of another. E 252 Rev. Mr. Kirsy’s Hifory of | ‘TIPULA. - Alis incumbentibus, | Culiciformes. - | Tritici, 'T. ferrugineo-rufa, alis hyalinis margine pilofis, oculis nigris, Minima aurantiaca. Z/ennz moniliformes thorace lon- giores. Ale pilis ciliate. — Pedes longiuículi. | Longitudo : feré linearis. E abe faltatrix, apoda, citrea, marginata marine plicato- papile lofo, capite acuto, caudâ truncata. —— Habitat in 7777 {picis. cae answer utunga acuta, rufefcens. | ICHNEUMON. Mimi bdenie oste JJA e Tipule. l. niger, antennis bafi pedibufque rufis; E tibiis poliis clavatis apice nigris. Minutiffimus, niger, nitidus. pO fraciz, VIDTAIO EN arti- culo primo longo rufefcenti. Ale aveniz immaculate corpore longiores. Abdomen obovatum, depreffum, fubfeffile, Tibia clavate, prefertim, pofticz. — sees s — — . Longitudo infra Beats: o soe ag — agi Habitat in larvis Tipule Sritici, ovum unicum deponens i in fingulis. ! f iom I had taken my little 7752/2, I unfortunately loft it. I Had faftened it upon a piece of paper with gum water, and left it for a time in an open box, that the gum might dry. I fuppofe fome other infe& took that opportunity to devour it; for when I returned. to put it to a place of greater fecurity, it was gone, and ever 6n; 1 Tipula:Tritici, and Ichneumon Tipula. . 233 It is fingular that this fpecies of Tipula, which muft neceffarily be very common, fhould never have been noticed. So often as I have been, and at all times, in the corn-fields, with my attention always awake to entomological fubjects, I do not recollect ever fee- ing it before, Since I loft it, I have fearched for it in a field where I found the larvx in the greateft plenty; I have examined the barn where the corn from that field was laid up; and in both in- {tances was equally unfuccefsful. From thefe circumftances it feems probable, that although one or two might be difclofed with me, by being placed in a SESS CUM where. the fun fhone upon them, | natura on, yet that in general the fly does not make its appearance itil the Spring, fo as to be in readi- nefs to depofit its eggs in the wheat, when it has made fo much progrefs i in growth, that the larva may be hatched about the time of its going into bloffom. . And I am confirmed in this opinion by — another circumftance ; A few days. fince, with a fine needles I carc- fully too pim men rane | flate 5 3 ‘but d " Senor the lineaments of the future fy or infe& was ftill in the form of the larva*: fo that probably the pupa is not ufually complete until the Spring, and the infect inclofes itfelf ina thin membrane to: y protest itfelf from the cold of the Winter... - = I obferved Ps ‘that The pers Wah: I met with bore no pro- jertion. in number to the /arve. I have feen more than once feven or eight florets i in an ear inhabited by the latter; and fometimes fo iny as thirty i in a fingle Bore, feldom lefs than eight or nine, cn A o e E He may Be obje&ted i that this s was probably the larva oF he Jebnevinon] whie 3 hid devoured that: of. the Tipula. : To this I reply, that i jt was im colour, ome refpect fo exactly fimilar to the latter that it could be poihere -i are £d pi Wor. IV. pubes. i cndMh -5:- aa T. 234 E Rev. ia KiR2Y' Hiftory of yet I have fcarcely ever found more than one pupa in an ear, and had to examine feveral to meet with that. "What then becomes of the remainder of the larve? Are they deftroyed by that of the Ieb- neumon? or do they become the prey of fome other infect? or do they fall to the ground when they affume the pupa, and remain there until the following Spring? To give a pofitive anfwer to any one of thefe queries I fhall not pretend; I will only relate circumftances, and point out what from them appears to me to be moft probable. The pupæ that I have obferved have generally been fomewhat at= - tached to the grain, and, what is worthy of notice, I never found them within thofe florets where the larva had taken up their refi- dence; they feem invariably to choofe for their habitation, in their intermediate ftate, one where the grain is uninjured, to which they may attach themfelves. A queftion here arifes, how they contrive to get from one floret to another, having no feet? but as I have never feen them do this, I will not attempt to conjeéture how they doit. In the field above-mentioned, I took up many roots of ftub- ble, with a large lump of earth round them, to fee if I could dif- „cover any of the pupz concealed in it; but if they were there; they efcaped my eye, from their minutenefs: yet it feems not probable, nor . analogous to the general proceedings of nature, thatit- fhould be in- different to them whether they go under ground, or remainin the ear, when they affume the pupa. "That they are deftroyed by any other infect than the Jcbgeumoz, I have no reafon to believe, having never feen them attacked by any other; therefore it feems to me moft proba- ble that this little friend to man is the deftroyer of by far the greateft partofthem. If this be the cafe, what a benefactor to the human race is this diminutive animal! and how ought we to admire and ` adore the wifdom and goodnefs of Divine Providence, in thus fetting bounds to the ravages of an infect, which, however noc —may Tipula Tritici, and Ichnetimon Tipule. 235- may feem at firt fight, might, if permitted to exceed its due limits, deprive us of the ftaff of bread, and almoft occafion the deftru2ion of our fpecies! The fuperftition of the Ancients, had they been acquainted with the advantages which. appear to be derived to man. through the inftrumentality of this important though minute link - in the chain of creation, would have ere&ed altars to it, as tòa- beneficent deity : Can we, who enjoy the clear light of revelation, do lefs than adore and extol that goodnefs, which thus preferves a due balance in his works, and fays. to the deftroyer, Thus far. fhalt thou come, and no E r*i. Indeed the numerous fpecies of the genus Ichneumon feem to have been created on purpofe to. keep » within due bounds e other tribes of infects. Any perfon who has obferved the depredations committed in our gardens by the caterpillar of the cabbage butterfly, may conjecture to what extent they would be carried, were it not given in charge to the Ichneumon of that infect to keep | them. within. sr. atbgned. limits, da: k ble P ti pede even breathe, der being annoyed, paf. Mad. by — and myriads of troublefome animals, which are now taught to know their proper bounds, and anfwer the ends for which they were created. But why do I thus moralize to you, to whom thefe reflections a are p perpetually ge I íhall therefore return to myghiftory..... 5-55 00. 34 It is fingular, wa LEE people. poc are eR with the latva | of the Tipula . Jritici miftake this friendly Ichneumon for its pas rent, and thus impute all the mifchief to the very creature which lags * fan creationis telluris eft ER Dei, ex 'opere nature per hominem folum. Omnes res creatze funt divin: fapientiz et potentiz teftes: divitize feligitates Iu Ex harum ufu bonitas creatoris; ex pulchredine fapientia Domini ; ; ex econo atium proportione, renovatione; potentia majeftatis elucet. - ux o. 2 236 : ` Rev, Mr. Kirpy’s Hiftory of | is appointed to prevent it. -It is fome fatisfaCtion to me to cor firm your opinion * and do jùftice to our little benefaétar, and to point out where the odium ought to fall. 2 To fee our httle Jcbzeumon depofit its egg in the vaterpillär of the wheat fly, is a very entertaining fight. In order to enjoy this pleafure, I placed a number of the latter upon a fheet of white paper, at no great diftance from each other, and then fet an Ichneumon . down in the midt of them. She began immediately to march about, vibrating her antennz very brifkly:—a larva was foon dif- covered, upon which fhe fixed herfelf, the vibratory motion of her antenne increafing to an intenfe degree; then bending her body obliquely under her breaft, fhe applied her anus to the larva, and during the infertion of her aculeus, and the depofiting of the egg, her antennz became perfectly full es tmotionlefs. Whilft this operation was performing, ‘the larva red to feel a momentary - fenfation of pain, for it gave a Violent wriggle. ^ When all was finifhed, the little .Zcbeuzon marched off to feck for a fecond, which was obliged to undergo the fame operation, and fo on to as many as it could find in which no egg had been before depofited— for it commits only a fingle egg to each Taree 1 have en it fre- quently mount one which ‘had been pric fore, but it foon dif- covered its miftake and left it. The fize SIs o near that iE the = Tipula, that I imagine the larva of the latter could not fitpport moré than one of the former, and therefore inftin&t directs it to depofit -only a fingle egg in each ; befides, by this means one Tchneumon will deftroy an infinite number of larvze. The larva of the Tipula Tritici (as Mr. Markwick, in his letter.to ach dated July 17; 1797, has well — Jd to feed bo s. Franf: Linn. Soc. vòl, — CY EE ae the Tipula Tritici, and Ichneumon Tipula, i 237 the pollen or duft of the antherz, for’ in thofe florets in which it refides the germen never {wells, and the anther are perfifting; from which it feems evident that the impregnation of the germen . às prevented, either by the infe&’s ufing fome means, perhaps a kind of gluten, to prevent the pollen from burfting from the an- there, or, vice verf, by doing fomething to the ftigma to prevent the fertilization of the germen. The pollen of three anthere is a . ftore which will maintain fometimes thirty of thefe creatures, from the time that the wheat is in bloffom, until it is nearly if not alto- gether ripe. . 1 could. never diicover that the gra si in any other way ay Fie his Inlect. t uri T invariably produces the i inani- - ‘tion of it in Ans pes which. it inhabits, It may always be. de- tected by the difcoloured asian of the. bafe. of the hos E. is its ufual ftation. ' Although Mr. Markwick could not didcobtr any pps pube to Abe wheat in the year. 179 yet, upon A cloler gapiron in the ain ta place wherever t es makes its. astack, engi "ip his letter above quoted. "My own obfervations fully. confirm. this opinion; and the mifchief occafioned by it will appear to you very confiderable, at leaft in this neighbourhood, when you weigh the following refult of a particular examination of my own, which ‘had this circumftance for its obje&. To afcertdin’ ‘the quantity of mifehief er ‘by. ETA ‘within particular’ Jimits, I went toa field of fifteen deres, which ^was planted partly with white. and. partly with red. wheat. In this field t took, five ftations, one on each fide, and one in. e centre. ‘238 nor Riv. Mr. Krasv's for of rate of not quite two and a half grains to an ear; and in twenty ears -of red wheat, twenty-nine grains were deftroyed, which is nearly at the rate of one and a half grains:to an ears Take the whole tó- gether, and the proportion will be-about two grainsiin an ear, which I{uppote may be about a twentieth part of the produce, and would -make-a difference of at leaft five coomb in the crop in this field, “The-white wheat in this inftance was moft expofed to the attack of the infe& whether this be generally the ins pou be determined -by future experiments üpon a more extenfive fcale. ~ Leåftmifchief deemed to be done on the South fide of the North hedge; but no part efcaped wholly—not an ear I examined but what had fuftained Tome injury. From the field that Ihave been {peaking of I went to another, which was fown later in the Autumn: in this I found ícarcely any of the larve; but it was very much infefted by the Aphis, called in. Mr. Markiwick's letter. above-mentioned the Dol- phin*. The fame {pecies of Aphis is fufficiently common. upon barley and oats, as well as wheat : I found very few of thefe in the firt field. .The:red gum, which is undoubtedly a kind ‘of Fungus, "appears to me totally unconneéted with the infects that infeít the wheat: in the field where I found an E of. the larve al! the 7i pula Ti pne and. Thrips” popa arcel: : aee DINEM Jiag ety} de * ES this cela the Aphis Avene of Fabticius : bx as he has given no decipi e of it, I cannot be pofitive ; I fhail therefore defcribe it under the name of pja As granaria, viridis, cauda bifeta, fetis geniculifque pedum nigris, Ae art avenz. Fab. Sp. Inf. ii. p- 386. n. ig. Gmel. tom. t. part. i iv. P gA e eid SENE Ent. Eur. 1. P. 551. n. EH By. : Caput Ba lavic um uti antennarum articulus primus. Oculi nigri. Abdomen obovatum caudà aculeati. | Pedes lividi, tarfis geniculifque nigris. o/s | Habitat i in tritici et Borda fpicis, aveneque paniculis, Me Tipula Tritics, and Ichneumon Tipule: ; 239 florets which produced this little plant ; but fome ears of a kind of bearded wheat, which I cultivated in my garden, were quite dif- “coloured by it, without any larva attending upon it. Of all the” infects that are found in wheat, the Thrips pby/apus, in all its ftates, is by far the moft numerous. I do not recolle& examining a fi ngle ear in which it was not to be found ; and my opinion full remains ‘unaltered, that it derives its nourifhment from the grain ; nor can I look upon the fpecies of this genus as carnivorous, any more than thofe which pon to its Mc pais" genera, Aphis, Chermes, and Coccus. I have nothing furt th fubje&t, and therefore. believe me, ks Tt * XXL ho ofa New o Species of Mufcieapa, from New South b Wales FE ANM X de hil aed Sie F. R. 5. and L. ag à * à X indeed to Ee to the Preüdent and Members of the | Society an accurate drawing of both fpecimens, in hopes that it may be found aaya of Hii c Em I am E that I cannot at. about Sidnei Be ot. Ze in pre eg Micinder with, end = and fine dd in which it hides itfelf very dexteronfl — the roots of the grafs and ufhes. “Major-General DAVIS” Account ef a Species of Mufercapa. 241 that, when difturbed; its flight is very fhort; like: that of a grafs- hopper; and that it no fooner alights than it runs with fuch great _ agility that many who have been confident of theit ha birds with their hats, have, to their great furprifey: take Wing : at no great diftance : fo that they are always. fficul catch. I have, however, to obferve, that the colour of the bird, and | the length of itslegs, muft greatly contribute to its fo eafily: éfcdpixig > the vigilance of thofe who purfue it. Iam alfo induced, from the ; circumítance of its bill gtounucds w ith; tapten tot gt The length . of the bird, from t the point og Bie bill to the alg of the rump, is three inches; the bill is three-eighths of an inch lóng, of a brownifh black colour, confiderably curved at the point, hav- _ ing the a furnifhed with E brifies a noftrils Since and] azure; fr it part 4 ihe edil liie breaft, dte p ob E (houl- ders, ibl fides and rump, ferruginous; centre part of the belly nearly. white; pi art of the head, necks; fhoulders, | back and : | 'gantly. ron with brownifh black; ` ump, long, foft,, and of a filky texture ; . wings "very pe fcarcels ic ling t tj the e bafe of the il, of a dark ‘prownith black colour, edged with te brown; legs flender, three-fourths of an inch long, of a pale dun or horn colour; feet flender and. long ; > claws croo. every tharp, efpecially the E . one, which is the largeft, ‘all of es fame colour with the legs; the yi ; tail, independent of the body, is four inches and more in leng m, fhafts black and very flender, armed on each fide with. minute Wor: os > m (cx wee "fender ; covered 2 : j v r 4 | 242 Major-General Davies’ s Account of a Species of Mufiicapa. filaments, like bai, ofa black. colour. . Tlie female is like every. refpet, « excepting. that i it. has. no azure bar over ji Wales give ia name E Movs Bins | reat refemblance of its tail to id Flycatcher, idi Sas J v “(aris » coerulea 2: Ma iron fubtus ferrugin | (000 cemesta, ret J, Cg PAD noti Shand AN . ad MA [i ( 743. .). XXII. Olfervations on tbe Genus Paufus, and Defeription of a New Species. noB Adam Afzelius, M. D. Demonfirator of Botany in the Unrverfity of Upfalay PUR 5 and F. M. L. 5. - pea FE ete N a differtation publifhed at Upfala in the year 1775, and L called Bice Infeétorum, Linné defcribed two new genera of in- feéts, to one of which he gave the name of Paufus. The etymo- logy of thi is word, though he does not explain it himfelf, is probably k «bos, fignifying a pauje, a ceffation, a ref. But then it | to be {pelt with only one f; and in either cafe it would be difficult to comprehend the reafon of his applying it to the infe& in queftion. The former, however, may eafily be accounted for as a trifling error of the prefs; andthe latter, I imagine, it may not be improper to expla 1 this way :+Linné, old, infirm, and finking under the weight’ of age and labour, faw no poffibility of continuing any longer his glorious carreer : wifhing therefore to put a ftop to his ufoa} amufements and ufeful exertions, he pra fay, - s m : 5 f ? " s DRE e: : i ! ix Pal gei ie meta Jborim; and fo it was as to kas, Os Paufis | is the laft he ever defer ibed, and afterwards he publifhed only t two fmall botani i al differt: ations, 244 Dr. Arzexius’s Objervations on the Genus Paufus. But whether this etymology and explanation be right or wrong, Í cannot find any-better ; and thus I am induced to follow Thunberg, Gmelin, and Herbft, in their mode of palling Paufus with one f; being as to my idea the moft rational. Linné knew but one fpecies of this genus, from which he took the generic chara&er, and which he called (from pps and xegaAS) thicro-cepbalus, on account of its head Being very {mall in proportion . to the other parts of the body. It is fhortly defcribed in tHe dif- fertation above-mentioned, and five figures of it fubjoined, reprefent- ing it in different views, two in its s natural fize, and three in a magnified one, - After this original account of Linné, ‘thiete have been very few authors that have publifhed any thing concerning Pawfus. Thofe I have had an opportunity of feeing, and I think I have feen all, are the following; and whofe writings I. fhall. mention in the fame chronological order as they have appeared. Shue Thunberg, during his travels in the country of the Hotene i in the year 1772, having met with two unknown. infe&ts,: defcribed them as conftituting a new genus in the clafs of Coleoptera. But. having returned to Sweden, and being then. acquainted with the Paufus of Linné, he thought his two fpecies n night be referred to this. genus, eftablifhed during his abfence; and accordingly he wrote a paper on the fubje&, which he delivered to the Royal Aca- demy of Sċience at Stockholm, and which is printed in its Tranf- actions for the year 1781.—Here he defcribes and fpecifies his two infects, calling the one Paufus ruber, and the other Pau/us lineatus ; annexing two figures. of the laft mentioned, one fhewing it in its natural fize, and the other reprefenting i it magnified. He alfo makes fome few additional remarks on the genus itfelf, and eee the | fpecific difference of P. microcephalus, * Fuil, Dr. Arzevius’s Obfervations on the Genus Paufus. 245 Fuefsly, without inkiog notice of what Thunberg had written on the fubject, republifhed Linné's original account in the 3d number of his Archiv der Infectengefchichte, printed at Zurich 1783. The whole defcription, as well as all the figures, are exprefsly copied ; but - the other remarks are tranflated into the German language. ay Gmelin, in his Linnai $yffema Nature of 1788, feems to have con- fined himfelf only to the perufal of the text of Fuefsly, tranícribing even his error; which he furely could never have done, had he at the fame time confulted the original of Linné. Herbít, in his Natur Syflem der Infecien, the 4th part of "M Cole- optera, publifhed at Berlin 1792, has inferted both Linné’s and Thunberg’s fpecies, but tranflated their. defcriptions of them into German, and given them: new. fpecific characters in Latin, though not very recommendable for correctnefs either fcientific or typo- ` graphical To this he has fubjoined a plate, reprefenting, amongft many other infects, alfo two figures of P. yiprocs aln, and two ` of P.Jinzaius ; the former copied : from. the differtation of Linné, the: latter. Boos: "Thunberg's paper in the "Irantactionk- of the Swedifh Academy of Science. -Fabricius began in the fame year, or 1792, to publifh at Copen- basen his Entomologia Syflematica. Not having before taken notice of Paufus in any of his writings, he now introduced it in this work ; not however as a diftin& genus, but putting it under his Ciroaisué: he calls Linné s infe& C.. microcephala, and the figured one of Thun- berg C. lineata. The other, or Pawfus r.i he does not men- tion at all. ' - An anonymous author, or probably more than one, have i publifhed at Winterthour in the canton of Zurich, in the year 1794, a French tranflation of Fuefsly, combining all his feparate nu in one continued volume, and calling it Archives de rH Hj / oir | 246 . Dr. Arzexius’s Odfervations on ihe Genus Paufus. Infeétes de Fuefsly. Here occurs nothing but what is found in. the original edition, except a new blunder, and a remark in the notes to this purport + ** that there are two other fpecies of Paz/us mentioned in the memoirs of the Swedifh Academy, and that. Fabricius, not having examined thefe infects as minutely as he ought, has placed them amongtt his Cerocome, till there may occur an opportunity of determining their genus with more accuracy.” - Thefe are all the writers I have feen who treat on the genus and. fpecies of Pazfus. And it is very remarkable, that almoft every one. of them has committed fome miftake. This may be excufable, when there are feveral accounts of anatural production from ocular obfervations of different perfons; but not fo when there exifts only one, as is the cafe in regard to Linné's Paufis; for though Thunberg and Fabricius may both have feen it, yet neither of them has added any thing to illuftrate it but what mi ght have been col- lected from Linné’s defcription and figures of it, the latter having only created greater confufion than any before him, by putting it among the Cerocome. As to F uefsly, Gmelin, Herbft, and . Fuefsly's tranflators, fam almoft certain they never faw a Paufus ; and therefore, whatever they have written, they ought to have taken from Linné, and are to be efteemed in proportion as they have — copied him faithfully.—But I fhall ftate their refpective miftakes more at large, when I come to the hiftory of P. microcephalus in. - particular, and (hall now in the firft place fettle: the chara&eriftics of the genus. MEUS AE AE | rU n Befides the Linnzan fpecies, which I have examined here in Lon- don, L brought another nondefcript with me from Africa, which, in imitation of Linné's deriving the {pecific name. of his from the Greek, I call (from cgaæipæ and xépas) P. [pharocerus, on account-of - . each of itsantennz bearing at itsenda large and remarkable globe. - - ` Dr. Arzetius’s Obfervations on the Genus Paufus. 247 Both thefe fpecies I have carefully compared, and found to agree in many circumftances; but I fhall here only mention the. moft ftriking ones, as well as thofe which ftand in need of fome explanation, or where, from want of proper termini technici, I fhall. be under the petellity of ufing Girumicentions in order to be under- flood. "The Bashy 3 is hairlefs, fmooth, and polifhed, above fomewhat de- preffed, before narrower, and behind nearly cylindrical; the fixe {mall, being from the top of the. antennz to the end of the abdo- men only t: aree lines long, and acrofs the elytra not quite one broad ; = the Colour uniform, a darker or lighter brown; ; the motion fteady and flow, at leaft in the fpeciés I i. feen alive, Tt is very unlike all - - other genera. I know ; but it feems to come neareít to the Clerus of Fabricius, bearing to it, at leaft upon the whole, fo much natural refemblance that its moft proper. place in the f ftematical atrange- int will be. next -after that genus. . The H. € is fmaller mad íhorter than The meee: ane round, nwi at the bafe furrounded : as it were by an annular fegment ; ; inthe living animal it is pointing ftraight forward, but when dead it com- ‘monly bends a little downwards. The clypeus is minute, and more or lefs depreffed i in the middle. On the ¢hroat there is a convex fpot, raifed in form of a triangle, which is nearly equilateral, the ‘bafe of which forms a crofs- bar between the eyes, its two upper angles being acute, but the lowermoft cut off by the annular feg- ment juft mentioned. - p The Byes are rather large, tranfverfally oblong, prominent, and fituated i in a focket, the brim of which is elongated into one a before lying horizontally, and. another -behind ftanding uprig which ftructure feems to prevent the infe& from. pupa abl e to lo in any other direction than forwards; z 2 248 Dr. Arzextus’s Odfervations on the Genus Paufus. "The Antenne are very remarkable, and different from thofe of all other infeéts, not only by their confifting of no more than two’ joints, but alfo by their fingular mechanifm. The under-joint is a thick and almoft round knob, truncated at both ends, and below on the outfide furnifhed with a little bright ball, moving in a cavity on the head, juft before the eye, between the clypeus and the an- - terior angle of the eye-focket. This ball is the pivot on which. the whole antenna rolls or performs its rotatory i motion. It is very - vifible at its root, and eafily miftaken for an eye, being quite globu- lar, and, by continual rubbing, highly polifhed. The upper joint is alfo a kind of knob, but of a very different nature, and curioufly conftruéted. In the front it is outwardly marked with a raifed line, or an edge, running from the bafe to the vertex, and behind elongated. into a tube or a hook jointing inwards. Beneath it is furnifhed with a pedicle, which having : a bal! at the. end; and being inferted in the under-joint, towards the outfide of its top, as. into a focket, makes the upper-joint qualified for a feparate motion, in- dependent of that of the whole antenna. And as a proof that this - is really the cafe, it is to be obferved that there are Ícarcely two antennz to be met with having the elongated hind part of the upper-joint pointing exactly the fame way, ‘though ! the under:ic jint remains in its ufual pofition ; ; which makes it very difficult to de- termine the true and moft natural direction of this hind part, which however, I fhould think, muft be either juft above the under-joint, or a little on the outfide of it. Linné gives to this part the name of hook; -and fo it is in my fpecies, but in his own it refembles more a tube or a blunt fpur,. or rather it is nothing elfe than a fhort contracted elongation of the upper-joint. But, having made this remark by way of explanation, I fhall hot fcruple to retain the gres! term ` uncinata, as applied to. the. upper-joint, called by ^ Linné Dr AFZELIUS’S. Obfervations on the Genus Pouf 240 Linné dave, to which I alfo would add his other appellation of folia, if it could be done with any fort of propriety. By this epithet he certainly meant nothing more than zz/ezer, adopting it in contradiftin&ion to Jamellatus and perfoliatus. And it enfivered. the purpofe very well, as long as no other infects were known than thofe having their clave entire and at the fame time folid. But now it would imply a contradi&tion, fince we have got a coleopterous infect with an entire clava diduek not folid ; which is undoubtedly the cafe as to P. IDCM us, being provided with ley or peasy, almoft pellucid, “and fe : ‘no fubftance w “ited : pcs not fo: atat: Bee they? have alfo an appearance of being i in- : flated ; and befides, as they are larger than the whole head, one fuppofe ‘them too heavy to be carried in the front, if quite id. owever this may be, the word i is fill i VH vi in regard to the other Ipeci S, ang, fhall ic | ried Ne above defcribed, ne are one or more fall ricis rances, tipped with noe ipee i vi bairs, ; which dux o are orgion for feeling. “The Mouth, an I hwe dio bien it ought t to Be, ron one! e another ; vmi for t ihis — I had not p g m + SRA TV. 250 Dr. AFZELIUS’ Obfervations on the. Genus. Paufus. confequence of which is; that. L am better acquainted with P. /phærocerus than with the other. The.mouth, however, of both - fpecies, and the various parts belonging to it, I have been obliged to examine in their unfeparated ftate, and I have been therefore unable to avoid all miftakes, asthe innermoft are more. or lefs con- cealed by the exterior ones. : But I. muft- confefs that even thefe latter wher $ J can aeii fee through a compound microfcope, do - pe iyd Ei as. F abacus, will Baye them: to bes. "The E are dos in dite en a e all to ps iie the crofs-line between the eyes, or the bafe of the jugular triangle before . The two placed. in. the middle and farther in, and verha ap E alfo a little higher up, are three times as long as the others, LI El P. | i the bottom e api d but afterwards diverging, flat "zs P. They n may. alfo, ‘Tihengh my HER ‘have hr fatisfied me on the fubject, be in fome, way or other attached to.the lowermoft and cxternal part of the labium. In thofe of. P. microcephalus: | can-- not find the leat. rege s of onioulsian sues ie; jeipbinges | of. joints, even with the greateft piede power which L have ufed. Thefe palpi would probably be called ulteriores. ot p j lici by. Fabricius, but the appellation. of interiores appears to me much. more. fuitable... The other two, which. he perhaps would name anter er Or antici, an anfwer every defcription of being ex- teriores, “fort ey are not AE placed on the outfide of. the interior ones, and clofe to them, but alfo on the outer margin of the often mentioned. guttura] crofs-bar, - TAE are, befides, very. fmall, im ^ Dr. Avzexius’s Obfervations on the Genus Paufus. ost compreffed, narrower towards the top and blunt, and feem to have neither joints nor motion, nor the fame ftruéture as the others, being minutely punétated.. Whether or not they internally adhere to the maxille, is impoflible for me to decide; but certain it is, that if they do, it cannot be to any other posta than. inert very” bafes. Gees The Mandibula’, ao niet. in the fed ony pre line between the exterior palpi and the anterior angle of the eye-focket, extended | to the middle of the under- dot of the antennz, and, moving on iyo hinges below | 13. rt E. they confift of three different DR UL Po D hon fates or fheaths, the inferior of which ts the largeft and almoft ftraight; the fuperior narrower, fhorter, and bending. inwards; and from the top of this there comes out a fill. narrower round and flefhy hook, which meets that of .the other > mandibula, and come to be a. ient. for E _ The | 100k, makes the mandibulz. appear as drawn ot ee on the "aie, and as if furnifhed with two teeth, the inferior of which is covered with fmall hairs. : | p> The Manilla being hidden by the mandibulæ, the exterior red and the labium, lcannot fee any thing of them but their very | tops, which are extended above. the. e lip, « or between it and. the erp: -pointed ea forcipated, | i AP The Labium is rather large, thin and PBL src t of Ses : : lengt h and breadth, longitudinally raifed in the middle, entire at the : top, and there furnifhed with. hairs. It is befides fhorter th. ! interior | a pis « and often. covered by. Panis winch then. ar one on each fide of the Jongitudinal carina,” t of P. fpheracerus - Kt*t2 o s a x Is acuminated, andforci- < W520 Dr. Arzenius’s Obfervations on the Genus Paufus,. is nearly truncated, and downwards inflected; but that:of PE micro cephalus (hews. an appearance very different, its top being feeminely - drawn out in the middle into a point, and: its. keel longitudinally fulcated, as if the lip were bipartite. Whether thefe appearances are optic illufions, -or jrealities; or owing to the fubjacent maxilla, ' Ido not pretend to determine. But fo much is certain, that, by- repeated obfervations, I have not been able to difcover any fiffure in the middle tip ofthe labium, viewed in fronts > = — = The Thorax, thous | very unlike in the e fpecies as to many par= ticulars, is neverthelefs upon the whole of the fame fhape. It is” narrower than the elytra, and uneven, confifting of two diftin@ parts, the foremoft a little raifed all around, and the other not only lower, but alfo broader, and either depreffed or excavated: im the middle, being otherwife nearly cylindraceous ; and therefore the term aitenuatus, ufed by Thunberg, fems not to be very appofite, though it may anfwer much better the defcription of-his own fpecies. But even fuppofing that the thorax tapers towards the bafe, it would be the: very reverfe of atienuatus as applied. elfe- wheté gis «^c s aus daly Piina s pns abi ^ "The Elytra are linear, almoft-flat; fmooth, thin and flexile; t bafe, containing th e fmall fcu ellum, i ^ no t only ntract it even. narrower than the thorax; the exterior margin down, cover a great deal of the abdomen; and the truncated ends” are inflected. behind ; but to avoid: a fold being neceffary in the ~ outer angle on each fide, where t 1e incurvated borders of the fides - and the ends meet, the elytra are there cut out into minute finufes, - the edg so which being a little raifed form as it were {mall oblong tubercles. eter beu C Educ Deu 2M 5 The Abdomen is of the fame thicknefs- throughout, and compo of: five fegments; above, itis nearly flat, and of a light change: rS he - fed * 1 Dr. ArzzriUs's Obfervations on the Genus Paufus. 25 3 ferruginous colour, liiik as if pellucid, and the pofterior margin of the laft fegment but one as if raifed above the terminal, which is dark-coloured, very large and bent down, being behind circular and marginated ; underneath, and on its forespare, the abdomen is: marked with a little convex plat fituated between the fecond and! - third pair of feet, and further towards the end it is gibbous, the firft and the fourth of the fegments being much broader than the- others, and the cavity under the thighs of the hinder feet fur- rounded by a circle of very minute spd approximated Boni sd the ee -of P. mi a amin by the « pc, 1 I can fas only very few of the dots; nor am I able: to deri whether the whole back of the d is as rue. ured.as that of P. /pharocerus. The Feet are all nearly of an equal Boro iss two x being inferted i in Be fore- ; oksha lorax, | of sis pe above menon; id mé two laft in the middle of the venter. The sbighs are thicker than the lees, particularly thofe of the hinder feet; they are without hairs or fpmes, of an | oblong fhape, but more contracted at the bafe, and compreffed, 2 though at the fame time -gibbous on both fides; they are moveable in'a tranfverfe direction by aid: of a light-coloured Myweb. b which being at ached to their bafe within, rolls in a focket below, - and which on the hinder feet is very large, oval, and asta M : am obtufe ae ms on - the — feet it refembles ; more'a tuber- 2 ies E. 254 Dr. Avzzrtus's Ob/ervations on the Genus Paufus. hairs. The tarf are nearly cylindraceous and very flender, com- pofed of four joints, three of which are of equal length, but the outer- moft longer, all marked at their tops with a hair on each fide, and otherwife hardly diftinguifhable.. At the end of the tarfi there are .. two longifh claws, crooked inwards, and divergi BINS: | From this generic defcription it is very eafy to be convinced that Paufus never can be of the. fame: genus as Cerscoma. And it is rather a matter of furprize that Fabricius, | who always has been ready to divide the genera of Linné, and fometimes has done it for reafons, I fear, not very urgent, fhould now unite two fo ftrikingly and effentially diftin&t. He fays, it is true, “that he has only put itin here for future examination, that it feems to be a genus of it-- felf, and that he does not know it rightly." But then it might perhaps have been as well not to have men itioned it at all. Be this however as it may, in order to prevent any farther nifConception on the fubject, I will here ftate all the principal circumftances by Which Cerocoma differs from Paufus. The Body i is of an oblong fhape, and almoft of an equal breadth throughout, the head and thethorax being fcarcely narrower than the ; elytra. It i is f found without the: tropics in the South o Europe and ther oft Northern parts of Africa, on plants growing ino en fields. "The Head is oval, and inflected downwards. d The Antenne are {mall, fcarcely as long as the thorax, and com- pofed of many joints of various fize and fhape, particularly thofe of the male. And therefore I do not comprehend what could induce Fabricius to call the joints equal, and the antennz moniliformes, efpecially as he adds that the latter are wregulares; for this term, - according to the fi gnification he has attached to it Sar be à contradicts the former affertions, Si : Ni Dr. ArztLiUs's Ob/ervations on the Genus Paufus. 255 The Palpi are nearly of equal length, the anterior affixed to the back of the maxilla, and the pofterior to the middle of the lip, the - former confifting of four joints and the latter of three. Fabricius fays, that the palpi are filiform, and all their joints cylindrical, and of the fame fize. This may be true as to the hinder palpi, but it is. not equally fo in regard to the foremoft, as thefe latter have the © middle joints veficular and incraífated in the male, and obconical with the terminal one much lerger in the female. The Mandibule are toothlefs and without fheaths. The Li. às c PRE eee E and, contracted where SB A wert Ke ERES . The Thorax is flat, per marked with no EA bane Sli depreffed nor excavated. The Elyira are rounded at the end, and neither bent. down M 3 ‘por at the exterior margins. ` The Abdomen is furnithed on the fides _ The Zar of the fore fe ive joir ect only four. ith papillary folds. ; Jr cie few remarks may be fufficient to fhew that Cerocoma is as qi ee a genus from Paufus as can be fuppofed, and perhaps much more fo than many which Fabricius has eftablifhed. Having | thus far fettled the generic. character, I thall now proceed to the: 256 Dr. Arzerius’s Objfervations on the Genus Paufus. of either of thofe countries, or of both, or of neither; in one word, that its baditat was not known to him; and fuste. he very pru- dently avoided affigning to it any.— This being the cafe, it is quite unaccountable how Fuelsly, Gmelin, Herbft-and. Fuefsly's tranfla- —' tors could do it, without fuppofing a mifreprefentation of Linné's text, as I am certain they knew nothing of the infect, but what Es chad learned from his differtation. - North Rovere” But nether was SDE F othergilf. ever iS America, nor is this infe& a native of that country, as far at leaft as we yet know. This double blunder has neverthelefs been faithfully tran- fcribed. by Herbi; but Gmelin has fatished himfelf with only the - — habitat. seth s tranflators have made two alterations in Tror r[ > in fying that rica Pina the other; ; a real Nobis ginti in wi the fhrdent. of Dr. Fothergill’s having collected it himfelf in America. - Thunberg has very properly not attempted to fay from whence it came; but Fabricius mentions Africa, from the per of the eut of the Right Hon. Sir J alee I I have. E c pcos tisent of € Africa, pit its ensi eon oath the ra Tropics, on this fide of the Line; at leaft itis certain that the two fpecimens of it now in London, one belonging to Sir J. Banks, and the other to Mr. Drury, were both fent from thence by Mr. Smeath- man. , „Andi it ds fo much the more probable that the infect Linné ‘got, likewife c; me from him; for I underftand -he was eine petrogized by Dr. Fothergill, ‘and amongft other: curiofities alfo 9 fei him many infects from that part of Africa which he vifited. Dr. AFZELIUS’, Obfervations on ihe Genus Paufus. ji | 57 Now I find from thofe of his manufcript papers which Mr. Drury obligingly has permitted me to perufe, that though he often travelled to different places between Ifles de Lofs and Sherbro’, - . Rill he refided chiefly at the Bananas ;—and therefore I think we | fhall not be much miftaken, if we confider this ifland,-or the adjacent " part of Siérra Leone, as the only native country hitherto known of P. qnicrocepbalus, this rare infet, of which there are no more to my knowledge now exifüng in Europe than the three fpecimens beforé-mentioned, all of which I have feen, but in a very different manner; A of the Lir næan one, now in the poffeflion of Dr. Smith I had only a curi ory view, at a time when I entertained no idea of defer ing it; but the other two I have been allowed to examine and compare carefully. And as the figures annexed to Linné'sdiffertation, though upon the whole of merit, were found to be capable of conveying a wrong : notion of the true ftructure of the —— and princi ally .of the -Linné defcribes this infe& as niger driik ya anait iid Gmelin ag totus niger, and Fabricius as fufcus. Herbft calls it ater, but figures the elytra piceous, and the reft of the body blackifh- cinereous ; and thus makes it very curioufly refemble an harlequin. - As to Fuefsly, he has: only copied Linné's words; but i in tbe dae : edition both ager and piceus are tranflated by noire. —He : | that this infeét has been defcribed now with one colour and; now. : with another, and fometimes as having two colours, though it does not poffefs but one, and that almoft uniform. ^^ This is'a fingu E fact, and a ftril ing inftance of aho not ett A the true’ fication of Lim né ig) ter ms. HAB ATRL: ICI. ; DX dh VoL. [Vio se ert Li m 259 Dr. APZELIUS's Olfervations on the Genus Paufus. - lt is not very uncommon in our days to fee ater and niger, pictus and fufcus, ufed promifcuoufly : but it was not fo originally with Linné; for, by ater he meant a colour of the blackeft kind; by miger, another of black and brown mixed together ; and by prceus, Rill ano- ther of a lighter caft, or with a greater portion of brown. As to Jufeus, it was a dark colour, compofed of a mixture of black, brown, and cinereous. Having once afked him the difference between afer and niger, I received. this explanation from _ It mut there- fore be genuine; and if we apply it to the pref t cafe; we: find it agree admirably well, for the ORAE of P. decore is. a dark brown, but underneath and on the forepart bordering on blackith ; and of courfe Thunberg has approached very near the truth in calling it niger, though I would rather give it the name of piceus. == Fabricius, in pointing out the fpecific difference of this infect, arid! {peaking particularly of its antenna, fays that their. clava i is irre- à gudaris. "LIhis word not being otherwHe defined, it muft here : taken in the fenfe in which it is commonly ufed, and then it conveys. the idea of the clava being of a fhape either not always uniform, or: deviating from.the ordinary rules of nature. But neither is the cafes. forall that I have feen have been quite. alike, andan oblong patei | is. net a very. uncommon form to be. met with in-nat Piyfphero: both the Pawé of Thunberg, and Cerocoma ruficollis E Fe bricius,, | hai. befides fomething fimilar to it, the upper joint of their. aa wona i fhaped from thofe o ohm inlets ie. xig the ede details of the hiflory-of P; a eter ip. e fame length, but fomewhat broader acrofs the ipei and of a much darker colour, being alfo very little: — T. ges Zo ^E LEN Dr. Arzetius’s Obforvations on tbe Genus Paufus. fso "rhe Head is uncommonly fmall and without a horn, its annular M higher than the foremoft $ the clypeus ee and bep | pod triangle minute. The Eyes, being as dark as the furrounding parts, dentin thei covered but by a large magnifier, and then they appear to be of € water-colour. "The angles of the brim of the focket. are large, the hinder one being raifed to the height of the eye. i The Pivots of the antenne are black, very bright, and eafily taken for eyes. The under-joiar à is aderit with. a wart on tithe inner margin of the top, covered with papillary or cartilaginot The wpper-joint, of the clava, dred, ate "re? lead, and of the fhape of an oblong fpheroid, being i in front rounded and compreffed with the carina raifed into a fharp edge, provided on the vertex with four tubercles fet in a row and tipped with hairs, and elongated behind into an obtufe ~ meire —À above bee and lundezcadin a \ X kr » yin ins che: keledi in — ø The interior Palji a are im aancenated-oblang haper and fu ifhed with very minute hinges. ~The Mandibule, have {mall L hinges, ank - inferior heath s much lagen: than the fuperior. - APA, gehts. S LSU GA AGE adi The Thorax is broader in the head. md ry uneve pare being entirely feparated by a tranfverfely far _ foremoft above and on the fides elevated to à fharp oe ee me E ait the binder one cut out in the middle into a cavity, which, obtufe aisle dilatated and deepened before, is ise —— d with eRe and outwardly declining lo t ip tec. pa t Raul RN 260 Dr. AFZELIU s's Ofervations on the Genus Paufus. at their top rounded, and provided with thining hairs of a fulvous colour, and incurved downwards. The Evra are without dots, and rather longer than the Seca The folds of the exterior borders, and the tubercles on the outer Pun of the ends, are both larger than thofe of P. /pherocerus.. The Under-wings are'quite footy, and without the leaft gloflinefs, | The Abdomen has the terminal fegment very retufe, and the mars | : ! a little fhortei i. "bmi: whe seram d thefe feet are larger Ben thofe T P. emis "The gs of the four foremoft feet are linear, but thoíe of the two hindmoft ones nearly lanceolated, being alfo fomewhat broader.: Tike cA of. the arfi are Maertintin: difficult to be mna "Hity inert E this remarkable little infect; and iion it was ; quite ácciz dentally. There was a houfe building for the Governor; on an emi- nence called Thornton-hill, at the South end of Freetown, in Sierra Leone; and in the beginning of- the year e — a Wc been got ready fo as to be habitable, one of them was allotte me, and I removed into it in the end of the month E Bébiniy: | TT had not refided there many days, when one evening having. juft lighted my candle and begun to write, I obferved fomething dropping down from the ceiling before me upon the table; which, from its fingular appearance, attracted my peculiar attention. It remained for-a little while quite immoveable, as if ftunned or frightened, but | began foon to crawl very flowly and fteadily. T then caught it, and, from the remembrance I had of the Linnean ice I iue id took 1t for a non-defcript of this s genpe E 3 mu Some Dr. ArzeL1Us's Ob/ervations on the Genus Paufus. -aik © Some few days after, coming into my room from fupper with a light i in my hand, and having put it upon the table, there inftantly fell another down from the ceiling. ‘The third I was favoured with by the then Governor, Mr. Dawes, who informed me that it had dropt down before him on the table, juft when he had entered his room and was going to write. The other three which 1 afterwards collected, were alfo got upon fimilar occafions; and from thence I thought I had fome reafon to conclude, that it is a nocturnal animal, that it becomes benumbed by candle light, that it lives - . in wood and. prefers new b ment den dees aq end of February ‘Ine -faw any more. Be Tees tt eines "The laft which I caught I put into a pas d left cónfintd there for a day or two. One evening going to look at it, and happening _by chance to ftand between the light and the box, fo that my fhadow fell upon the infect, I obferved, to my emen aftonifhment, the eletti. of the. _antenngs.. lil S A noes thorn ! after ag examir led i it ema times shut civi Treiel ia pean my. SDAS the. following day. But the animal, being ex- haufted, died before the morning, and the light difappeared. -And afterwards, not being able to find any more fpecimens, I was pres - vented from. sising the fact by reiterated experiments at dif- ferent times; whichI therefore muft recommend to other. N atural- ilts, who may | have an opportunity of vifiting Sierra Leone, re ing that they would. peels? inquire into this: éürious circum frances: Tut nt I fhall now age add fone, few remarks, SEHE in what m. ner this new ^o men — ~ differs from the old ones ‘ - . cylindrical, 262 Dr. Arzextus’s Obfervations on the Genus Paufus. cylindrical; It is alfo of a lighter or pent colour, and all over very glofly. "The Head is larger, but its annular bafe part {maller and con- tracted. It is furnifhed with a little horn in the middle between the eyes, which is ftraight, conic, and tipped with a tuft of cartila- ginous hairs. The clypeus i is Den — and the jugular triaup kiden ix. The Eyes are e large and very piden: thofè at the male black, thongh im a certain light app "gre ; but thofe of the female are like pearls, or as if xac were p with a cryfte membrane. The angles of the brim of the focket are fmall and sounded at the top, and the hinder one lower than the eye. - "The Pivots of the anteme are not fo difcernible, being of the - Gate colour as the fürtounda parts. The under-joint is without | any hairy papilla or wart. - ‘The apper-c t fize of the head, quite globular, and refembles atv tüffated/ bladder being almoft pellucid, and of a light flefh colour. The feel is Hi thing more than a raifed line, finifhing on the vertex in only one chefnut brown tubercle covered with cartilaginous hairs. Behind there is a little conical fhining hook, of the fame colour and with the fame fort of hairs bending outwardly, | eing of equal- length with the horn on the head, but narrower. The pedicles fhort, ftraight and cy lindraceous. THE Bs -The interior Palpi, furnifhed with very vite hinges, are a little thither towards the top, but look in fome directions as s if they were filiform. | The Mandibula have large’ hinges, and "T faperior fheath almoft as long as.the inferior one, and nearly cylindrical. - | The Thorax is of the fame breadth as the head, and not very Sbey Or, the two parts being: feparated: bya furrow only on + the | | fides Dr. ArzEL1IUs's Olfervations.on the Genus Panfus. 263. fides and underneath, the /oremoff above and on tlie fides convex refembling an annular fegment, and the bader one impreffed in the middle with a mark fomewhat like two fmall diverging wings of a blackifh filvery colour. | The Elytra are fhorter than the. daen and minutely punétated. The Under-wings are of a, fhining and. changeable violaceous: mies and not very dark, The Abdomen has the terminal fegment a little convex,and in: kthe - female more fo than in the male. ederet the third and laft fegments are darker than the, others. _ The Feet. are all of equal length. "The highs e maller ap» pendages than thofe of P. microcephalus. The logs. are at tlie top broader, truncatéd and hairy, having the exterior margin drawm out into a fharp lamina, on each. fide- of which there: is a row of {mall diverging hairs, which make the leg appear as if it were: \ lig id EE a. {mall e nthe: of E P. rig nt and dus ni Hoth. 2 jbidte aie she claws much. more diftinét. |. : 5 PU MAE A Siue thus: given. a: fufficiently detailed account a's the ; genus | M and its two fpecies; which. I have {een april as to. their hiftory, their. generic refemblance,. and: f 'ecific difference, E- fhall now endeavour to defcribe them in. a fhorter. and: more cet tific language. . In fettling his genera P infects, Linné attended: chiefly to the antenna and their ftru€ture ; but he took occafionally into confider- ation alfo other parts, as the head, the thorax, the elyira, &c. e. Fabricius has. adopted a different method, and made out the generi ric & defcriptions. | 264 Dr. Ar ZELIUS'N Obfervations on tbe Genus Paufus. defcriptions only from the mouth and the organs for feeding, or what he calls Infrumenta cibaria. ` 'Thefe defcriptions he has pub- híhed in his Genera Infeciorum, under the name of Charaéteres naturales, in imitation of what Linné had done before in regard to plants. . But as a Clarader naturalis, in whatever manner it may be made out, does not contain the whole defcription of a genus, or the . whole account of the agreement. between its fpecies, I would cali . the remaining part Habitus: naturalis. and from the leading points of this double ftatement I would form a Character artificialis, to be put before the genus in the text of the book, leaving what is - | named Character e[entialis, or the moft diftinguifhing marks from other genera, out of Character naturalis, to be inferted as ufual in the methodical arrangement at the head of the clafs. . But Paufus is a genus fo very unlike all. others. bihuo known, that‘ cannot find a place for it in this arrangement. - | put it in the divifion, Autennis clava folida ; and F abricius WEE Cero- coma in another, Antennis moniliformibus. But, as I have proved above, it does not belong to either; nor can it be placed amongft Fabricius's genera Autennis extrorfum craffioribus, becaufe thefe expref- fions, without being otherwife defined, are fo vague that they may be equally applied to all infe&s with. clavated antenna, as it has been done not only by Linné, but alfo by Fabricius: himfelf in his Philofophia Entomolgica, 1am therefore under the ES. si inui ing a new divifion for Paufus, c a Dr. Arzecius’s Obfervations on the Genus Paufus. 265 DESCRIPTIO GENERIS. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS. SER Antennis clava integra inflata. — pedis Pausus. Antenne piarticulate, clava uncinata pedicellata mobili. AE ARETE ARTIFICIALIS. lo fuperiore maximo inflato un- di cello i in ‘cavitate migr inferioris "mobili. ; ; : Caput porre&um : gula triangulo convexo inftra&ta. a Thorax anguftus inzqualis fcutellatus. | Elytra flexilia deflexa truncata. Pedes antici pedons partia anticæ doti A femoribus appen- EE ee E : E CHARACTER NATURALIS. Pali i Perdo obtüfi, bafi trianguli gularis affixi. interiores medii, triplo longiores, divergentes, intus plani d . extra convexi, bafi biarticulati, interius paulóque. altius . collocati. TN ; ; exteriores "laterales, minuti, eredi, feta el, compreffi, 2 artie. | . culis deftituti, margini. exteriori ba | | ~ inferti. ee ‘Mandibule porrecta a arcuatæ accuminatæ forcipatæ, bafi biaiticulate, j . dein e vaginis duabus corneis introrsüm dilatatis trun catis, e infera latior. e. et. tandem hamulo e * & 466 — Dr Arctis: Ob/ervations on the Genus Paufas, Maxille apice teretes integerrimz unguiculatz forcipate. Labium palpis interioribus brevius, fubquadratum, membranaceum, carinatum, apice integrum ciliatum. | = Antenne biarticulatæ: articulo inferiore parvo fubrotundo utrinque truncato ; Superiore maximo: inflato in capitulum integrum,. ante et extraversüs carinatum i; carina a bafi ad verticem: tuberculatum ducta, poné. et introrsüm: tubo. vel hamulo: : inftru&um, et fubtüs pe dicellatam + pedicello: bafi globofo. — fitidiffimo : globo cavitati articuli inferioris. versüs margie- nem ejus apicis exteriorem baia. et. ad fuperiorem articue lum rotandum accommodato. Metamorphofis €t victus. nondum. agora E = ERI EES SATOR ALIS;. p adsis a apice antentiaruny adi finen abdomin s tres circiter. linezs longum et tranfverfim: per. elytra vix. unam làtum;. fupra depreffum, in parte antica anguftius, qua- pofteriora. - fermé cylindraceum, lzve glabrum unicolor nitidulus tardi- gradum, Africam soja inter. Seyi. inkas- bitans.. Sr: wee Cpu parvum, iiie: RES minus Brev fue; Rbeumdun; . porrectum,. bafi quafi annulo- cinctum. — C/ypeus minutus, Gula triangulo elato convexo:-bafrinter oculos duéta. — Oculi Migne laterales. tranfversé, oblongi. prominuli :: margine. . &cetabulorum antico in angulum borizontalem,. poftico in. . perpendicularem producto; unde facultas videndi non nifi in partem anticam. — — Antenne: articulis. inferioribus feré SETA fagibicribus. vald&. divergentibus, mobiles ope tuberculi oculum referentis: glo- Dr. Arzexsus’s Obfervations on the Genus Paufus. 267 bofi nitidiffimi, quod margini exteriori bafeos articuli in- ferioris affixum, in cavitate capitis ante oculos inter angulum . eorum acetabuli anticum et clypeum rotatur. “Thorax partibus duabus diftinGlis inzqualibus : antica dorfo emargi- . mata altiore et lateribus étiam paulà magis dilatata, poffica latiore, dorfo prorsüm depreffa vel excavata; cæterùm cylin- . dracea, conftans anguftus fcutellatus: /cusel minuto tri- angulari. Elytra \inearia erint tenuia flexilia : bafi fcutellum continente valdè _coarcta an ce paulo anguftiora; Sumeris utrinque antrorsüm pes protuberantia; margine -exteriore longitudinalitér quafi carinata et dein aded deflexa . ut latera abdominis tota tegant, plica in anticum latiore; Jüturis parüm marginata; apice truncata inflexa et angulo exteriore, ubi partes deflexe laterales et terminales concur- runt, excifa in finum minutum, ed CO Mt ater veluti tubercula compreffa apparent. ~ men lineare: fegmentis quinque, fupra pldnbiféabeeh: cand diluté: ferrugineo vario: fegmento ultimo maximo deflexo obfcuro poné rotundato marginato; /udtus in antica parte inter pedes medios et ultimos lamina convexa notatum, poneversüs gibbum: fegmentis primo et quarto majoribus, poné femora pedum pofticorum depreffum: foffula circulo e punétis minutis approximatis confecto circumdata. psc fubzquales, antici pe&oris parti anticz, medii ad bafin Senti > et poftici illi medio inferti. Femora inermia, lanceolato- “= “oblonga, | compteffo-gibbofa, incraffata . praefertim pedum. pofficorumn; n ut tibiz extendi atque contrahi poffint apice margineque interiore ultra medium canaliculata, et ut pedes toti introrsüm moveri queant bafi appendiculata i'Appendice | Mm2 A pallidiore, i 268 Dr. AFZELIUS’ Obfervations on the Genus Paufus. pallidiore, acetabulo fubjacenti adaptata, pedum pofticorum ` maxima ovali in aciem obtufam compreffa, reliquorum parva fubrotunda. ie compreffe, margine utroque pilis breviffimis: infignite. arf angufti teretiufculi 4-articulati unguiculati: articulis minutis, tribus zqualibus, ultimo: longiore, apice utrinque. pilo inftructis, aàs vix diicer» _ nendis:; unguibus eeu: eRe peu: incurvatis di- Nappanee ee ee dise ch qe rier cri S DIFFERT A CEROCOMA. — . Hab/tatione equinoctiali in domibus. s -Corpore glabro, antico anguftiore. | į Capite: porrec o, gula triangulo notata: -- xs € Pu : Antennis magnis. Piarticuleties : articulo fuperiore maximo, uncinato, aie pedicellato, mobil... dioe Palpis bafi trianguli Bon mem Mandibulis vaginatis denticulatis. _ Labio fubquadrato, carinato, integro. [horace angufto inzquali: partibus duabus inaa _Elytris margine circumcirca deflexis, apice finuatis truncatis. ~ Abdomine plicis papillifque lateralibus deftituto. .. 3 5 ei in anticis antice pectoris parti affixis, [ze T ..tatfis omnibus quadriarticulatis. Este mE dex e Me Pe Pe DESCRIPTIO SPECIERUM. me SS os . PAvsus microcephalus, capite mutico, clava oblongodalieroides, elytris longitudine abdominis impunđatis, tibiis linearibus. Jus microcephalus, Linn. Diff. Big. Infeé?. p. 6. sg.* Tab. ann, fig. 6—10. Fuefsl. Arch. Infect. Plag. 3. P I. sg.* Aah; EBs ed. Gall. p. TA Tab, 1 3 Palus Dr. Ar zertu s% Obfervations on the Genus: Paufüs. 269 Päufus microcephalus; totus niger, Thunb. Act. Stockholm, 1791. p. 170. Paufus microcephalus, Gmel. Syf. Nat. "Tomo 1, Peg p. 17375" ^ Paufus microcepbalusy ate? capité) minatiffimo, thorace; angufto: de- |) os! preffo; elytra: picea. levia inflexa:teuia (tenuia) s: Herdf. ees c fes fact. Colenpt. P. 4. p. 100. 3g.*. Tab. 39- fig. 6. a. b. Cerocoma microcephala, antennis biarticulatis::clava irregulari den-- SupuHq tata maxima, corpore füfco, Fair. Entom. Syf. Tomi £D». icsiePopnBoarcw i2»? far eres In 1054 u Ha Habitat in Infula Bananas ejufque vicinitate. Muf, Banks; Smith,- - sare o Dnry-o 24: 5 i54 tia rabaan | Sp RUSImIS ritids.c! yt fv cninobds soit Asal WAR Caput minutiffimum muticum : parte pofticá annulari. altiore, clyper suple 2 bipartito, ifrangulo jugulari minuto. TO SIE "Oculi mediocres, fed adeo obícuri, ut diftingui nequeant nifi lente. valdé aucti, et tum faturate glaucefcentes apparent :. angudis LIO Rot Fie nas 2S it ro nitidif ee Pee nigro mitiani f toj «os T L. a re ; articulo inferiore E obfoleté ..pilofa inftru&to 3: /uperiore caput, magnitudine .excedente, '. oblongo-fphzroideo, punttato, ante compreífiufculo: carina jn aciem acutam elevata, vertice denticulis quatuor piliferi in feriem ‘carina pauló exteriorem. adinftar-criftule difpofitis ae notato, $65? in tubum obtufum 1prá depreffum fubter tu- m s, = beřculatum apice compreffum: fuper articulum inferiorem. oF +- produéto, jfubtàs pedicello longo: adícendeüte.fuperné com- - & wd - ssn oopreffo-et anté carinato, inferné an guftiore tereti nig -Palpi interiores lanccolato-oblongi: articulis minutis = ; - 3 4 à: ee pt - P 270 Dr. AFZELIUS’ s Obfervations onthe Genus Paufus, Mandibula : uota: parvis; vagina inferiore ‘ae magnitu- dine multdm excedente. Labium: carina fulcata et apice medio quafi mucronato. - Thorax capite multó latior et máximé inzqualis: partibus duabus ful- co tranfverfo circumcirca ambiente omninò diftinétis; antica fuperné et lateribus in aciem acutam elevata, collari vel rÒ- - tulam referente; poffica apice utrimque rotundata pilifque fulvis nitididimis deorsüm inflexis infignita, medic in foffulam Lexcurrentem dilatatam q rofundiorem excavata, lateri- bus "nes declivi, EnA margine convexo terminata, Scutellum acutiufculum, reliquo corpore nitidius. ae longitudine abdominis vel feré longiora, punctis deftituta : “deflexu laterali latiore et marginibus futurarüm finubufque tuberculatis in — € exteriore multó majoribus atque evidentioribus quàm ii | Ala inferiores faligimofas et omni nitore expertes =- ip e 38 - Abdomen retafum: margine pottico ipiius penultimi elato ; fob- | tus poné pedes colore in cupreuin vergente, Pedes obfoleté punctati, poftici aliquantó breviores. Femora pedum pates margine exteriore arcuata. Tibie apice muticæ - lineares, pedum: pofticorum ‘pauld: latiores. ferg: Bdigecolate. Tief grises - dc: difficillimé diftingue EL gg. GAXSSUMO tU 2. "Passus Plast wins capite cornuto, clava globofa, elytris abdo- mine brevioribus punctatis, tibiis apice dilatatis. -= -Habitos in Sierra -Leone : Freetown. Muf. Smith; Marfham et -meum.. Januario et- Februario noctuabundus ambulat, luce admi cæcutit; delabitur et aliquamdia immobilis remanet, Globi antennarum phofphori videntur, atque matéria tenui liquida — * Dr. Arzenrs's Olfers vations on the Genus EE ayı Caflantus nitidifimus, præcedente pauld anguftior, unde etiam lon- gior apparet. et magis cylindraceus. Caput majus cornutum: parte. poftica annulari minore ciliata cornu medio parvo conico erecto pilis cartilagineis terminato; clypeo folum deprefio; triangulo jugulari majufculo. - Oculi admodum magni, valdé confpicui, atri, fed in certa quadam =u Juce virefcente tinéti:. angulis acetabulorum parvis apice ro- tundatis, poftico oculis multo humiliore. . Atene : tüberculo ad bain, me et fcn non adeo er enys deftituto; each, incarnato, carina. minuta. vertice nico unico pilifero: caftaneo nitido terminata inftructo, pond in -hamulum. conicum, longitudine cornu capitis fed graci- — -— pilis - in externum fers. Botatum, . caftaneum | Eus interiores s vershs. | apicem aliquantüm | incraffati, 1 : fpeétu cylindracei : ; articulis majufculis.. E Manudibule : articulis. magnis; Vagina a fuperius parüm breviore, et fermé cylindr acea. Labium apice deflexum et feré truncatum : carina Toles deftituta. Thorax: latitudine cups et parüm d Vise ee fulco : tr: mia media, iniit" Scutellum obtufiufculum feré inconfpicuum. . T OBS “ArzELIUS: pM on ibe Genus Paufas, | Tarfi longiores: quam praecedentis fpeciei : Spar llis etiam une evidentioribus unguibufque majoribus. =` ME if rti ulis 5 cryftallinis 5 ; palpis interioribus paulo. angufti- E ose ribus, exterioribus. laücefcentibus; mandi bulis brevioribus : " i ore; /cutel/o. minore ; abdomine longiore, x exo pk ) aliquantó x Wracilicribus ; « ceterum fimillima. z z To thefe infeéts, now defcribed, | there are fome Uter Which feem to be nearly elated; but. whether. they. are exactly. of the fame genus I cannot determine, not knowing how far ves cum in the de particulars of the generic cha as above ftated. . may not be Med herea s E E : ree f win gu 6 BT b s - LAS DH TEE Hp" : " " ite E ee US i d. Paufas. DIE totus cee di. Ag. "Suclb.1 | aufer ruber, t o è uncata,. margine exteriori [o Heri MA ed bg; a Ti Paja. lineatus: 3 . el 2 - Stockb. 1781. p. S Tab, Zi aia EE re ov. | iu Mascus A E i aS LI Dr. Ar£zLYUSs's Obfervations on the Genus Paufus. 273 Paufus lineatus, capite collo cylindrico a capite (thorace) fe- parato; elytra linearia, linea in medio lata fufca, Herb/ft. Sy/f. Infett. Coleopt. P. 4. p. 102.* Tab. 39. fig. 7. a. b. Cerocóma lineata, antennis biarticulatis: clava elongata integra, -fufca linea nigra, Fabr. Ent. Sy/t. Tom. i. P. 2. pe 82. 5g. Habitat in Capite Bonz Spei. be 3. Cerocoma ruficollis, antennis biarticulatis: clava elongata integra, nigra thorace elytrorumque irre Sea a Fabr. Ent, Syf. Before I conclude, I muft recommend to Gentlemen who may . havean opportunity of feeing P. microcephalus and P. /pher to inveftigate their nature and metamorphofes, to exa Fig. I. the. Fig.2. d. the gs joints of the antenng.^^ o den T€ x | VoL IV. Nn. ae T a the. eh 274. Dr. Arzerivs’s Obfrvations on tbe Genus Paufus, " ee, the eyes. n F. the raifed hinder part of the bend. g. the elevated fore-part of the thorax. Fig. 3. one of the tubercles of the gave tipped with ine greatly magnified. = . Fig. 4. the head, feen below, alio vss — 4. the raifed edge of the clava. e x hg. e hairy warts on th pep of the lower joints s the -antent nn €, hel tops of the maxillæ, d, the labium. E ce. aere a ; | = E the i interior ones, Rt Sue hinges, CEEPOD A * ar t% DE ay Pausus phere acm. Fig. 1. the hated Uam v: 4. the horn on the he: Fig. 2. magnified, feen from above. aa, the tubercles on the vertex of the clava or ‘Upper-joing; ris of the ante E a $4 the railed nal met of the iat next to the 5 terminal one, C - o ÁÀ (A d a uen Stans IV lalaa E ha op = APT 22? cho = Dr. Arznizwe’s Obfervations on the Vina Paufus Fig. 3. one of the antenna, greatly magnified, - a, the “= onal | : De d. the ball of this pec d Rn sia ee : Fig. * oos tubercle of the clava, very much magnified, —— ‘feen below „alfo greatly magnified. ; s the raifed line of the clava., : 3 4. the mandibulz, with: their hinges, b. the ext l pc - 2-1 Ld d : — T — ; n» - XXIIL-: bervotions on the Britifh Species y Bromus, with — Rema s-on the PA ae of a Flora B. tA PL Edward. | = Es ua gs ra : = seat | potion of the herbert mar TE and library of Linnzus, fever: prefented themfelves to my view, all tending to the ‘advice ent that ftudy to which I then, in my own mind at leaft, entirely de- voted myfelf. The eftablifhment of a Linnzan Society, and the elucidation of the plants of Great Britain, were among thefe objects.. the ‘concurrence of tane and. € with. wich it has bee fap ported, | ' | hopes : : happy: will it be if the other obje&, the attainment of which is muft ep depend ie ms on tM and — application. 1 nfi idering. the attention that "s Pincay me g ven to Briti lants, wv would appear that the fabject muft be nea 7 exhaufted, and that notl ing cóuld be more eafy than to compile a perfect catalogue of them 5 {uch flight errors in nomenclature as already | exift, being at once to.be removed by turning to the Linnzan her- : barium. Perhaps this = be the cafe if we had fewer publica- E s t D#SMItH's Olfervetionr on the Briti Species of Bromus. %77 tions upon the fübje& already. “Tt is in ‘many inftances eafier to detect truth itfelf, than to trace the caufes of error. t Dr. Merrett, in’ his Pinas, muft be confidered as the father of our indigenous botany, notwithftanding the errors of that work are fuch that Ray has called it ** Dr. Merrett’s bungling Pax." It may be queftioned, however, whether any of us, who prefume upon a higher degree of eftimation as Naturalifts, if landed on an unex- plored country, with only fach helps as he had, would fall into fewer spre or be ma Sts 2 a muon. i D t this may drie “The Si of Ray, teed debe its various Rios | rem eee ‘written from real obfervation, and from abfolute orl- ft eve Britifh jan is the foundat ni fcarcely. have committed an. error, Ati miftakeor mifconception refpedting Nature ‘nerfelf, though he (ini times mifapprehends the Wad figures c or. Jame, defer iptiols he was ju init gsm: L here con- | à the advantage « of. ats „fome: prove 278 Dr, Smi TH’s Obfervations on the Britifh Species of Bromus. has added feveral plants upon infufficient grounds, either as fpecies or natives, and has inferted others, fuppofed to be new, that exift under other denominations . in the original work. Indeed the changes he has. made among the Íynonyms, not being always marked, and proving often erroneous, oblige us on that head {till to confult the edition of 1696. .— The Synop/is of Ray, as publifhed by Dillenius j in 1724, was the ftandard EN of non Borsnitr t till the works of Linnzus, more fimple, comper end: jus and pe erípicuous, if i notn nore free from error, ime ufe through- out Europe. England, long EAT EF to take the lead in fcience, would have fcemed fo far ina {tate of barbarifm, if her vegetable _ produétions | had. remained unarranged according to the new | fyftem; and fhe would „have been. of as little i importance in Natural from the T. | and partly f from her dancing. ue the Bubbles "OF alie theory, 1as till I ately: been. Dr. Hill, a ready and experienced. writer, and Mr. Hudfon, a more accurate and practical. obferyer, each, undertook, about the fame time, to make the pupils of Ray, le become: veterans in his feryice,. fubmit to. Linnzan « diciplini vni d refractory, ini are. e forgoten; | while a multitude . of. new difciples,. allured by the attraétivenefs of the new fyftem, and the doctrines by. which it was fupported, have. been daily advancing its utility and geritis, The. Flora. An of Hudfon has, almoft from its . tee se jo t aad ! d as, as the: Flora Cantabrigienfis of Mr... Relhan, Flora Oxonienfis of Dr. Sibthorp, and even the Flora Scotica. of Mr. Lightfoot; for I by no. means intend to detra& from the, the claffical book of Englith Botanifts, . It has been the tide dem ground-wo k of local .;Floras, praclical merit of the authors of i of thofe works,. when I affert, ` 2^ waha T. 5 Dr. Suiru' s Obfervations on the Britifo Species of Bromus, 279 that they have in general adopted the fynonyms of Linnzus ard of Ray from the Föra Anglica. ` The work of Mr. Hudfon has alfo. been the bafis of all publications befides Mr. Lightfoot's, intended. to'make the Botany of Great Britain acceffible to thofe who could not read the Latin tongue, as Dr. Withering’s Borannical Arranges ment, and the vegetable part of Dr. Berkenhout's Outlines, 07 "The authors juft enumerated havé'followed the plan of Mr. Hudfon himfelf, in applying the names, and even defcriptions, in | vds authors, t to the an oi pt ; an n unexceptionable method f bkeot t T iine pludts pes the da names, or quoted other viene without any mifapprehenfion. This however being by no- means the cafe, a great mafs of error has béen from time to time accumulating, which it requires more care and: patience" to remove” cii would be —À to v out Cte ere Miet: afreth. M" Hudfon uc y appl ies a Linnzan n: me te pertispe; DR refe itte! ^^ ot eD nii all three miy chance to have intended a different fpecies. He even ei fynonyms of other authors from any of the above-mentioned, with- out looking at the books quoted; as may in many wei ttdneeet be proved by the errors of ee: and eee ata = Sma ns he has retained. He is however ime on pecific avail? when bae e four d ds ; had given did not well fuit our ptit id'o on Piit cae 1 origina = author. His vanne alfo, which ; TEE 280: Dr. SMITH s Obfervations ot the Britifh Species of Bromus. dibery, asitoften happens, a Student may choofe between them; — preferring a defcription of Curtis, Lyons, or Hudfon, to one of Haller or Scopoli, becaufe of the probability of the fpecies thefe latt writers defcribed not agreeing with our Britifh ones, or with 'thofe of Linnzus. Haller indeed is far from corre& in. his Linnean fynonyms, fo that I find it dangerous to quote him without very. particular. reafons. ` But if there be fo much uncertainty in com- piled fynonyms. and Se oatonM even. when we are informed from. whence they are derived, what fhalt- Aghtfoo of copying from all quarters ahost any acknowledetai nt at all? P His book is made up of paffages from Linnzus, Haller, Scopoli, Dillenius and Gmelin ; and he is not by any means attentive to the. agreement of thofe paffages with the native plants to which he. applies them... If the writer ef. very Fhra would give uen : defcriptions or charaéters, fi from real wild fpe “ime eee be valuable; and on this account Dr. ; edition. becomes à book of firft-nate authority, no defcriptions os more juft than his, as far as they go. For the fame reafon Mr. Curtis’s Flora Londinenfis, though incomplete, ought to be ranked, | | independent of its excellent figures, next to Rays. Sympos in. original merit and authority upon Englifh plants. ..: -= | = With thefe examples before me, to ibn ior to ime have. long laboured at the Flora Britannica; and it 1s evident that, on fuch, a plan as I have propofed to myfelf, it cannot very fpeed completed. By ftudying original fpecimens in the great colledion at the Britifh Mufeum and at Oxford, I hope to bring the fynonyms; nearer to perfection: than they are at prefent, and have already. cleared up many difficulties. Many of my difcoveries are daily: given to the world in the Engli Botany ; and I appeal to their. number, not from. gltengation, iw as an apology for not having i Dr. Smitu's Obfervations on the Britifb 5 more fpeedily completed my whole wd "cus w eec points more remain to be inveftigated. ` gH i - By the above remarks, — ieiidpalis to too vo great a length, I Pith: to introduce a botanical hiftory of the Britifh fpecies ‘Bromus, a tribe of graffes which, when examined, fully juftifies all : sud iid, ‘and which could fcarcely have been underftood without a careful inveftigation of the old herbariums, the errors in authors being fo great and unaccountable as could not be believed without fuch an: e | Eoo 2 J on x ERIC CHARACTER. Ze bri ct hi Ts pt Bess sys att EX E iia - Ib.SL UN Kt NUR “Brosvs.. “Lim. Gen. PL 36. ID: Gen. 32. — bivalvis:” spicula oblonga, difüichas ape infra apicem? "gluma" interior pecinato:ciliatà: ^ : E nal in eque and not foi in roii; proves i in ad iaces a fuf- ent chara&ter, to which I beg leave to add, that the inner glume à of of th eed in E is enm with — seers rem — NE i ERA YS 0r UN cd SE ee S. Men Sai Hee is Sar Linn, op. Pi, II. BR “ if L| : z SS - ~ER RMT Boi. ok aba 7 TEES wp [$31 tristi! f. at B. cy aem y. Hud}. 49: var. 2, With, "m des B. yitiofus.., Meget Pic. fo adici isti Agen avenacea, fpicis. hapitioribus, Jumis g glabris, , an o | abs Pe, 2035 ed, VC uh E go ls ninm, Schenck, raft. 2 SI. T s, sis rc. Gramen ` PYER: , fcgetale , apt. Rd. Higier. Morif- iens T MEC DES ; ipsis T1. IC sss rej ‘among the winter corn.. pi Si gs | Bee s ——' Nets. meas po oue exterior alipie ica, turgu . depr X obfolete ceri margine. apicem. eet | c ariftata; arifa reétiufcula,. feabra, “Tonge anguftior « et tenuior, con- nato- Semen Re eos | uae nn ee sx e Pp kE .€ FEY i5 os eius MN PIK wt E hà ‘ Drs Suiv n's Ob fervations’on the Brih Species of Biomi. (0B, ‘broad oval. cómprefied fpikes,' each confifting of not more than ro or 12 cylindrical rather remote florets, almoft. always fmooth, and xirooping as they ripen from. umma their foot-ftalks; whict "can ian eme ; r ogaao me rms n5 P TUE mes aao inrodd litio od? en ined sc berlitteri* bas TOR vintefi eor ———— — zz Meise. Rye Brome-g1 "afs. d a EOS Se eee: Pagosa ratie Mit fii lad "E Bromus multiflorus, - Lr Bi iistto fa Gmel. § yt. Nas | a4 E ee "T Xi Lors 36 16/2, f 1086. Li Pian : uisi dad ^ 2072 i dpi ie ini m T MM r M ear "Norwich. | “Mi t Hancock Been illl ind ev. ^ 00 EES vU, “Habioas pos | s p res agile 3 — ) “ellie € raritis joo » i ae » Sees XS E e ae Dr. SMITH Obfervàtious on the Britifo. Species of. Bromus. - There is certainly great affinity between this fpecies and the pre= - ceding, and they have been. accordingly confounded, not ohly by Scopoli and Hudfon, who-have.united feveral more diftinct fpecies. into one, under the name of polymorphus, but alfo. by. moft other authors. Scheuchzer and the accurate: Weigel have however dif tinguifhed them, and the characters above given feem fufficient. The B. mu/tiflorus has more numerous florets, more clofely fet, and more frequently dew RT ngt iarggiably fo. Both kinds, with fmooth glumes, are confounded in the col eGtions of Buddle- and Sherard; under tlie: ARBAA of Ray which? ‘belongs to the for- mer; as they are in the herbarium of Bobart-under Mori/. Sect. 8.. 1,7. f. 16; but in the laft-mentioned the glumes ai Be peers. though : not es all es are Aes Sa the dei ziana : k AC a : ee ANE Sofa Bromergral mus, (dS GES B. paniculà erecta coarctatá ; pedunculis diets! biais Ovatis$;. flofculis imbricatis depreflis nervofis pübefcentibusi Bromus mollis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 112. Curt, fond fa E ek L, te P Maris iss BL Ruff. te 99. Relb. 44. Si bib. 47. Le If o Weigel Obf. 7. 1. 1. f: 4. Schreb. Gram. o. t, 6 i. 1, B. SN Hort. Clif às ex Herb. Gia wea alin-bsos na A im monger Hud. 48. var. npn Ah x59. 10. OR ea E i Linn. Sp: Pi: ed. de: dd ee as SENT] E IT Hall. Hj. A 2.236: ni amena * LM I c GC iif cea hirfuta, paniculis m Nis fai,» Rai Som qrg. T n. aven: um vc d glumà: breviore. fc {quar neti et euie - Morif. Ses, 8. 1. pi (ts ADI 291095 404 5 GEHT ag : d Dr. Smiru’s Ob/ervations on the Britifh Species of Bromus, 285 = s nanus, /Feigel Obf.:8. Ca f 9. Herb. Linn. In mur ris, aggeribus : et palicis, vulgaris. Fl. Junio. Radix fibrofa, partum ramofa, albida, biennis. © Culmus erectus, ' "bipedalis, fimplex, teres, ftriatus, fæpiùs glaber, fubindé pubefcens, genicnlis tumidis, quandoque hirfutis. Folia (ut et vaginz) ftriata, pilis mollibus canefcentibus villofa, margine vix fcabra.. Stipula acutiufcula, lacera. Panicula bi- vel tri-uncialis, erecta, coarctata, inta ERIS MB ead ramis femiverti- | WT mpl ioni Qus fi ofiíque, | ad preffee,’ Bái. a$4 adi I0, arcté dig Calyx e ERA duabus, inzqualibus, ellipticis, mucronatis, margine fcariofis,. carinatis, villofis, 7-9 nerviis, nervis viridibus, validis, extanti- bus. F/ofculi; calyci conformes, sgprcflo; conet ariftis fcabris. nce -— IL an 27 : d, Cau hé TI can be. Here te than Ab E Bromus e the: two. already mentioned., . Its compound “denfe panicle, and its- firongly-ribbed, 1 de] prefed, clofely. imbricated glumes, at once dif- tinguifh it, Few plants vary more as to Toxuriance. | The B. nanus. of Weigel, fent by | himfelf. to. Linneus, | ‘is a ftarved dwarf va / riaj i with few {pikes in the panicle, âs at t often gro “gin p on "wal L is in Buddle’: 8 herbarium. i I 386 Dr. Smrra’s Obfervations on the Britifo Species of Bromus, other fpecies, and Linnzus afterwards quoted that work for B. arvenfis. So neceffary is the comparifon of original fpecimens ! I think there can be no doubt of Scheuchzer's Gr. avénaceum, locuftis villofis,: anguftis, 'candicantibus..et ariftatis, dgr. 254. f. 5. f^ 12, being our B. mollis, though I have feen no fpecimen under his own hand, and therefore would not quote him. Borm. TT AME -— ec | B. panicula ereétiufcula diffufa; ' pedunculis fimplicibus, fpiculis —. ovatis fex floris, flofculis imbricatis EARS noioe Eum Bromus racemofus. Linn, Sp. Pl. gS udev xd eudssgr B. polymorphus B et Mes 49- ‘var. 3 && 4 witb. 160. | dins avenacea, fpicis ftrigofior > mis « © Rati Syn. ed. 2. 361. UL T TY "T meor Binen avenaceum pratenfe; gluma tenuiore ittm: Dil. in 935 Syn. ed. 3. 414. | 4uuesigq-oP zn iniigirs G, avenaceum . pratenfe, gluma- fquamofa longiore pns. Mei (Seb, B. t. 7. f. 19. Herb. Bolart. as xum E Sod ms basis gi G, avenaceum hirfutum annuum, } anic u € | ong cuf oribus glabris et ariftati | ptm a G. Rndelnesn alpinum, {pica exili, rarioribus iG,” ia Herb. Sherard, — = Te pratis et stalin SEL donnie -— Te e jd $ saipa viandes am, “sou ; | Precedente Dr, Sartu’ s: Obferwations on the Britifh Species of Bromus, 287 Precedente toto habitu gracilior: Radix annua. Culmus fere tripe- - dalis, glabriufculus. | Fo/iautrinque. pilofa, margine param fcabra. Ea pilis plerumque deflexis hirfutz, Panicula rara, diffufa (nec coarétata), fimplex, pedunculis femiverticillatis, igabuiyiam veus indivifis, vix unquam bifloris. . Spiculæ: proecedentis, at rrimze, vix feptemflorz, nitidze, viridi alboque vittata, nervis . minüs prominentibus, ariftis fcabris longitudine valvularum. Linnæus deícribed this. fpecies from an Englifh Ífpecimen,. lefs: luxuriant than ufual,. and therefore more uy. racemofe,. The e however may be re ETE in Luis ion fe the fimple e ftru à "the panicle... . Even. in. the very luxuriant {pecimen, fent by Tilli to , Sherard, the foot-ftalks are moftly fimple and fingle-flowered, by which, and the conftant {moothnefs of its glumes, it E erii bé di gaites from B: mollis. — ihe sl “We have under this ate an MEAs Dillenius’ $ LZ inferted, = a nendi les. jr JM deam fz if Es “Withering, w an error ‘totally UHaccond t Hf to me, quotes Mr: Afzelius as faying that «the B. ficalinus, bordeaceus and racemofus are the Same flant i in the Linnean herbarium, and that they are ail varieties of: B. HE "This excellent Botanift muft have. Tpoken. sion, and his memory deccived him, as any one may eafi ly be eon vidit «s locking at the. d —— is ‘this the ke error of the fame kind, which, without a my pa icip: ion on or a ges = = 61s nd, , to UM 1 thould have been, » happy at al times to o bave di 288 Dr. Smrtu’s Obfervations on tbe Briti/b Species of Bromus. 5. BRomus /quarrofus. Corn Brome-grafi. | " oB. panicula nutante; pedunculis fimplicibus, {piculis ovatis duo- decim floris, flofculis imbricatis depreffis, ariftis divaricatis. Bromus fquarrofus. Linn. Sp. Pl 112. Hudf. 49. With. esis Villars Dauph. Vo 9. TES: Feftuca graminea, glumis vacuis. - Scheucbz. Agr. 251. t. 5. F n Gramen phalaroides majus acerofum, nutante picà. Barrel. Ie. te 24. f. d. | - In arvis Anglia auftraliores.. Hudf Fl Julio. . - Radix fibrofa, parva, annua. Culmus pedalis, fimplex, glaber, ftri- atus, foliofus. Folia et vagine pubefcunt, villis breviflimis deflexis. Panicula pauciflora, pedunculis fecund s, fimpli ibus, compreffis, : apice incraffatis. Spicule omnium maximz, vate, _ tumide, nitida, flofculis 12 ad 16, ar&té imbricatis, depre(fo-coneevem i glabris, fubinde fcabriufculis. Gaye inaequalis, nervofus, muticus, Glume corolling exteriores calyce parum majores, multinerviz, apice - bipartitz, ariftis fubulatis, {cabris, recurvato-divaricatis, longitu- dine glumarum ; ; valvule interiores longè minores, ciliis raris pec- tinatz. Semen ellipticum, depreffo-concavum, corollz adn apice villofum.- "This defcription is taken from feveral very aait {peci iehi the Linnzan collection, for I have never feen any of Britifh growth. It owes its place, therefore, in the lift of Englifh plants, entirely to Mr. Hudfon, as Dr. Withering alfo remarks, and I'am not without a fufpicion of his having miftaken the true B, fecalinus for this Tub | fpecies. 6. Bromus _ F. avenacea fterilis elatior. Rel. Rudb. 15. f. 2. : Dr. Sui ms Obfervations on the Britifh Species of Bromus. 289 .. 6. Bromus arven/is, | Field Ronee: B. panicula patente ; pedunculis ramofis, fpiculis lanceolatis odo- .. floris, flofculis ellipticis imbricatis depreflis glabriufculis. - Bromus arvenfis, Linn. Sp. Pl 113. Fl, Suec. m. 97. With. 162. Leers 38. f. 11. f. 3... Villars Dauph. V. 2. 116. B. erectus a Hudf. Orr i ERE ela paniculis minus {parfis, locuftis is ftri ofis T citt fenes ald Raii DAA M $ 5. - 414. Herb. Sherard, | F. graminea, cffufà jubà. | Scheuchz. Agr, 262. t. 5. f. 15. v» rni 3 “Aegilops major, caule et foliis arundinaccis, locuftis glabrioribus et - ne ee rariüs. Fl. Julio. — Near Southámpto O Sherard At Baifian“? Norfolk. Mr. Woodward. grt ai ii Mihez zi áu Radi x fibrofa, parva, annua. - Cilmus. tü ph rea Bs fias = (bafi quandoqu ue ramofo-lux ürians), teres, flriatus, glaber, foliofus, eniculis quatuor vel quinque. . Poli ʻa patentia, acuta, ftria utrinque pubefcentia, margine parüm Ícabra, longiüs y va — Vagine cylindrice, neryofe, moliffimè pubefcentes, ilis — Stipula breviffima, lacera, Panicula erectiufcula, m tifloi Vou IV. ; LAT e» p ra ch ed As 208: ago Dr. Smitu’s Obfervations on the Britifh Species of Bromus. patentibus, numerofis, fimplicibus et ramofis, fcabris. Spicule ovato-lanceolatz, erectiufcule, demùm ` nutantes, nitidæ, purpu- reo- variæ, plerumque glabrz, fubinde oculo armato pubefcentes. Gluma calycing yaldè inæquales, lanceolate, acutæ, carinate, nervofe, margine membranaceæ. Fiofeuls 7 ad 10, arété imbricati, elliptici, depreffo-concavi, carina fcabri, margine membranacei, nervis duobus approximatis longitudinalibus lateralibus; ariftis gluma plerumque longius SUR infra apicem membra- naceum e carina elon xortis, re&is, fubulatis, fcabris : glume interiores minores, enervia, obtufz, mutice, mat ‘gine pe&natz, Semen apice villofum. ( There is fóme doubt Whether Mr. Hüdfon iei: knew this grafs, or whether what he took for B. arvenfis of Linnzus is merely a variety, as he made it, of his B. ere&us ; and this: point can never be determined. The two fpecies have Tee refemblance aer: affinity than moft other Bromi, and ceuld furely never be confounded. x. Bromus erectus. Upright Perennial Brone-graf B. panicülá ere&á ; pedunculis fubfimplicibus, flofculis idiots teretiufculis, foliis radicalibus anguftiffimis ciliato-pilofis, . Bromus ere€tus. Hudf. 49. ed. 1. 39. With. 160. Sibth. 47. Relb. Suppl 2. 8. Eng. Bot. t. 4M € — B. agreftis.. Allion. Ped. V. 2. o comet a, B. perennis, Villars Dauph. Ex T22. B. n. 1507. Hall. Hif. V. 2 237. Davall. Feftuca avenacea fterilis fpicis ereĉtis. Rai Syn, ed. I. 237. ed. a, x - .- 61. ed, 3. (exclufis TS): 413. ae Dr. Smiru's Obfervations on the Britifh Species of Bromus, 291 Gramen bromoides pratenfe, foliis proter culmum anguftiffimis, raràlanugine villofus. Scheuchz. Agr. 255. t. 5.7.13. From a fpecimen named by Scheuchzer himfelf in the Sherardian collection. | EXP pes G. bromoides paniculatum, foliis et culmo villofis. Scheuchz. Agr. 257. according to the opinion of Sherard. | _G, quod Feftuca pratenfis lanuginofa C. B, Vaill, Paris. 93. E 18. f. 2. ` The fynonyms very much confufed. | G. avenaceum glabrum, paniculá purpuro-argenteà {plendente. ariftatis. Mont. Prod. 35. f. 2 Herb, Sherard. But the fynonyms of Ray and Morifon quoted by -Monti are wrong. | y s G; fparteum, longá et fpicatà paniculà, Lolii utriculis, Feftuca - = potius, majus. Barrel. Ic. t. 13. f. 1. teers tg xaxd m S hedges beyond Botley near Oxford. Bela “Park. Mr. Woodward. Holkham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Radix perennis, fibrofa, cæfpitofa, fibris villofis, fufcis. Cu/mus feré tripedalis, erectus, ftrictus, fimplex, teres, glaber (rariüs pubef- cens), ultra. medium foliofus, geniculis circiter quatuor. . Folia lineari-lanceolata, acutiufcula, ftriata, Jeté viridia, fcabra; radi- -calia anguftiffima, pilis longis albis fparfis adfcendentibus ciliata — fubinde involuta, Fame frate, glabre. Spur brevilina, -erofa. Panicula erecta, ramis erectis, fcabris, numero et longi- - tudine variis, fimplicibus, rariüs bifloris. Spicule lineari-oblongz, | compreffz, erectz, purpuraicentes, vel glabrz vel tomentofæ. - Glume calycine lanceolate, acute, carinate ; interiore majore, - trinervi. Flofculi 5 ad 9, imbricati, lanceolati, compreffo-tereti 292 Dr. Smitn’s Odjervations on the Britifb Species of Bromus. culi, fubangulati, carinati, obfoleté nervofi, carina fcabri; ariftis longitudine vix glumarum, parüm infra apicem membranaceum > “ exortis, retis, fcabris. Glue interjores ga versus -minuté peétinato-ciliatze ciliis adfcendentibus, minus quam in maxima parte Bromorum confpicuis. Anthere €rocez. ^ Semen lineari- oblengue, fupra fulcatum, apice villofum. The fpecimen of this d Bromus, that maks firft in authority, exiíts in the Sherardian herbarium, and is 1 ius infc ribed in Sherard's hand: * Feftuca avenacea flerilis, ficis crectis,. D. Bobart.- - Synopf. App. This was firft found by me, Ms Bien to Mr. Bobart. Folia inferiora pilis: longis obfita." '- | - Under thefe very words it appears in- the: fecond edition. of Ray's Synopfs; but, in the third, Dillenius has added fynonyms of Plukenet and Morifon,. which belong 2e a widely different plant B. muralis of Hudfon, madyiteift AAs -diandrus of Curtis, under which laft name I fhall adie defcribe it. "Mf. ` Hudfon however copies thofe fynonyms under his B. ereZius, addin with a query indeed, B. racemofus of Linnzus; fo that he includes under erectus three fpecies, and, if his. variety B be the real arvenfis, even four. Other Botanifts in the time of Dillenius feem to have confounded B. erectus and diandrus; and that circumftance. perhaps led him into the fame | error. The latter fpecies in Buddle's her- barium has the denomination Feftuca avenacea flerilis Spicis ereéiis, D. Bobart, which we have jut proved to belong to the former, while there are three. moft diftin& graffes, one of them B. ereftus with downy glumes, in the fame herbarium under the true fyno- nym of B. diandrus, as will be fhewn prefently, not one of which is the real diandrus. Buddle has alfo the ere/us in another place, with fmooth glumes, with the eic. oo in Ray's Synopfis, which ae ? 2d Dr. SMITH'S Obfervatious on tbe Britifh Species of Bromus. 293 belongs to B. arvenfis, as above quoted. Soin the Sherardian her- barium, along with authentic fpecimens from Scheuchzer and - Monti of B. ereéds, with their own names for it, are various others, fome with downy glumes, others with fmooth ones, to which Sherard has applied fuch a mafs of confufed fynonyms from the Bauhins, Ray and Tournefort, that they only ferve to.fhew he had really no clear ideas upon the fubject, and that his authority, like that of too many other Botanifts, is not to be implicitly relied on in matters of opinion or criticifm, however valuable in the cafe of | 2 ien {pecimens of plants found or defcribed by himfelf. ith refpect to Vaillant, his figure leaves no doubt of B. erectus being the plant he intended, though it may or may not be the Fefluca pratenfis lanuginofa of Bauhin; and his other citations are: . obfcure, thofe of Ray certainly wrong. - Bromus erectus is eafily known by its black perennial downy root, erect Woieie and purs and. e pcaia Jb E the radical leaves being - iliate E diltant ioe bite a pointing upwet | ‘accurate. Mr. Swayne, as well as Mr. Woodward, has noticed its affi- nity to Fefuca, to which genus I might have been tempted toremove: - it, on account of the perennial root, and the inner glume of the corolla being downy rather than pe&inated. The ari ifa however being, although: a dire&t continuation of the carina, not ftrictly: ter- minal, as the glume feparates from i it on each fide, but more efpecially the great affinity between this grafs and Bromus aper, a an vente E yom make me retain it in that genus —— ester ai . 8. Bromus afper. "e oT 3 -Hairy Wocd Brome-grafi. B. paniculâ nutante r amofâ, flofculis lanceolatis teret ] | enerviis, foliis uniformibus : t inferioribus. Bifutis. © d 294 Dr. Smitu’s Obfervations on the Britifh Species of Bromus. Bromus afper. Linn. Suppl.111. With. 161. Mart. Fl. Ruf. t. 126. Retz. Prod. ed. 2. 25+ JB.ramofus. Linn. Syf. Veg. e. I L3. 102. (nec Mant. 34) Ie ed. Y. 40. B. nemoralis. Hud/. 51. B. nemorofus. Villars Dauph. V. 2. 117. B. hirfutus. Curt. Lond. fafc. 2. t.3. Relb. 48. Sibth. 48. B. montanus. Pollich, V. 1. 116, Retz. Obf: fafc. 2. 7. 4 paniculà nutante, lax4, {picis s oblongis, ulcers, Tim ariftatis. * Gmel. Sib. na J. 110. 4 21. Herb, Lm. Taes - Gramen avenaceum dumetorum, paniculà fparsà. Rai Sn. 41 5 GG. avenaceum dodenus jubà longiore, fpicà divisà. Mori/. - Sefe 8. tT- fap: uu In nemorofis et iepibus,. humidiniculis, Fl. su | Radix annua vel sehia: bate Abrir ere ufculis, horizontalitér patentibus, levibus. Cu/mus 4- vel 5-pedalis, erectus, teres, ftria- tus, foliofus, fuperné glaber, fub trigeniculatus. Fo/za patentia, plana, acuta, nervofa, afpera atque pilofa, latitudine omnia fere zqualia. Vagine teretes, vix carinatz, nervofz; inferiores pilis -deflexis hirfutiffime. Stipula brevis, lacera. Panicula - pedalis, ` nutans, multiflora; ramis ramulifque plerumque binatis, elon- "gatis, nutantibus, afperis. Sprcu/e lineari-oblongz, pendule, fufco-virides, fubpubefcentes. Glumæ calyce valde inzequales, lanceolate, carinate, fcabræ; majori trinervia. Filo ofculi ci novem, imbricati, demüm laxé patentes, lanceolati, teretiufculi, _ carinati, obfoleté trinervii, carina pracipué afperi, margine Ícariofi, fub apicem ariftati, ariftà glumis breviore; g/ume interiores cre- | briüs ciliatze, margine fcariofo, inflexo. Semen fulco exaratum. | | Dr. Smitas Obfervations on the Britifh Species of Bromus. 295 . No difficulty attends this fpecies, except what arifes from the number of names that have been given it; owing to Linnzus hav- ing by accident called another B. ramofus; fo that this requiring a new namé, every perfon gave one according to his fancy. It is eafily diftinguifhed from the preceding, to which, though no one has yet compared them, it is moft nearly a-kin; but its annual, or at moft biennial, pale fmooth root, broad uniform hairy leaves, and branched drooping panicle, characterize it fufficiently. Authors: have laboured to diftinguith it from.B. gzgan/zus of Linnzus, fome having moft carelefsly confidered them as the fame fj pecies. In that however the root is perennial, the {pikes {mall, florets fewer, nearly ovate, fcarcely carinated, their inner valve though rough not cili- ated, and their arif#z, as Villarg well obferves, terminal, for which two laft reafons particularly I have ventured to remove it to the ` Fefuce. bee e S Tm ee ee 9. ‘Bromus "ACT : "Barren Brome-graft. B, panicula nutante fubfimplici, flofculis lanceolatis nervofis fulcatis, foliis pubefcentibus. Bromus fterilis. Linn. Sp. Pi. 113... HudJ. 50. With. 162. Relb. 46. Sibth. 47. Curt. Lond. fafe. 1. t. 9. Mart. FL Ruf. t. 125. Leers 37. f. 11. $ 4. Ger. em. 76. Feftuca avenacea fterilis elatior, feu Bromos oca Raii : Syn. 412. F. graminea annua fterilis, fpicis UE ed Mori rif Set. 8 hs : II. i F. | i m : In arvis, ruderatis et opidi vulgaris. FI. ae Julio. Jada 296 Dr. SMitH’s Obfervations on the Britifh Species of Bromus. Radix annua, fibrofa, parva, fibris capillaribus. Culmus fefqui- pedalis, erectus, gracilis, teres, flriatus, ad. apicem ufque foliofus, -geniculis 5 vel 6. Folia patentia, plana, fubflaccida, angufta, acutiufcula, nervofa, utrinque molliffimé pubefcentia, margine fcabriufcula. Vagine cylindrice, nervofe, molliffimé -villofe, pilis parüm deflexis. Svipula oblonga, lacera. ,Panicula {pitha- Ue nutans; ramis fæpiùs ternis, elongatis, mutating afperis, mplicibus, vix uni juam bifloris, uite. iepesoiates pendulz, foleo-virentes, Tabe t ycinæ maximé inzequales, lanceo- late, fcabra; majori — nervosa. Fi vena 6 ad 8, imbri- . cati, demüm patentiuículi, lanceolati, compreffi, carinati, afperi, = 7- vel g-nervil, nervis duobus fabmarginalibus maximis, inter nervos fulcati atque Falahi apice ipfo ferè ariftati, ariftis ~ glumâ longioribus, fca ris glume interiores fetis raris pectinate, : margani fcariofo inflexo. . UM tri à. i men Í io exaratum. This common Bromus is readily known by its dr COP “molt fimple, flower-ftalks, and narrow downy leaves. The ftrong nerves of the glumes, a part hitherto generally much neglected in grafles, are remarkable i in this and the next fpecies. ; eim Bat oT red si rye * ; —- A last pee fo. BRoMUS diumdrus. Lo m Pre Upright Annual Brome-grafi *. paniculà ereéto-patente fubramosá; flofculis Taoceolati Maois 2 fulcatis diandris. Brose diandrus. Curt. Lind. Safe. 6. t. B. madritenfis. Linn. Sp. Ple 114. With. 161. o> ox : B. muralis. Hudf. 0. Sibth. 48.. rs <=. > ciliatus, ^ Hudf. ed. I. 49. EU a E Dr. Smitrn’s Olfervations on the Brith Species of Bromus, 297 B. fterilis, erect panicula, major. Barrel Ic. 1. 76. f. 1. Feftuca avenacea fterilis, paniculis confertis erectioribus, ariftis. brevioribus. Rai Sys. ed. 2. 261. Pluk. Phyt. t 299. J 2; Herb. Sherard. F. avenacea fterilis, pediculis brevioribus et fpicis erectis, Morif. V. 3. 212.5. 13.—et F. graminea annua, fpicis erectis... Ejufd.. Sedi, 8. t. 7. R 13. Herb, Bobart. "Gramen bromoides pumilum, locuftis ereétis, majoribus ariftatis. Scheuchz. Agr. 260. Sent by Scheuchzer himfelt to Sheraal, dea x per e veda. "TN arenofis et ad muros paffim. - FI. AU Common on the fandy grounds in Jerfey. Sherard. At the foot of St. Vincent's rock, Briftol, on the farther part near the: dows. Sir Y- Banks, Bart. Near Batterfea. Curtis. - Radi — E arva. 4 sulm; pedales : rel ieiqu quipedales, Sn 5 T bue; "Folia prindenfióy at minüs pubefcentia, pies Min, glabra. Vagine nervofe, fubcarinatz, fzpiüs glabra, quandóque pilofz, pilis deflexis. Stipula brevis, erofa. Panicula vix triunci- alis, erecta, faftigiata; ramis ternis, quaternis, quinifve, Ícabriuf- culis, plerümque fimplicibus, brevibus, unifloris, folo fertiliore — tantüm elongatis et ramofis, femper tamen erectis vel erectiufcu-. lis, nunquam pendulis. Spicula lineari-lanceolatz, erectz, fæpiùs - fufcefcentes, fcabre. — F/ofculi precedentis, fed diandri, minüfque arguté nervofi, nervis. duobus lateralibus — PM. confpicuis. The effential haeste: of this fpecies confifts in its flo rer-ftal ^ - being fhort and erect, leaves almoft {fmooth, glumes. ich kj Vor. IV. Qq is 295 Dr: Sere Obfervations on the Britifh Species of Bromus. ftrongly nerved Mani in the laft, and efpecially i in its florets having "but two ftamina, which has been obferved by Mr. Curtis, as well as by Dr. Withering who found the fame grafs in Portugal 1 have by comparifon proved it the B. madritenfis of Linnzus ; but it being © far from peculiar to Madrid, I make no fcruple to prefer the ex- preffive name diandrus, It is very diftin& from the B. rubens. -Like moft plants that live in a fandy foil, it varies greatly as to fize. “Great obícurity involves the £-sady AS of this grafs, info- much that nothing but the inveftigation X original {pecimens could clear it up. The E Vm or heler is one in the Sherardian herbarium, with a ticket infcribed by Sherard, thus: “ This I found common onthe fandy grounds in Jerfey. "Tis fhorter _awned : than the Bromus flerilis, lower and more upright.” - Hence = we learn with. certainty that the plant intended by Ray, in the fecond edition of his Synopfis, f. 261. n. 4. is our H. diandrus. We . learn with equal certainty from the colleétion of- grafies made by | Bobart, and referring all through to that part of Morifon's Hj ‘loria, of which he was the editor, that he knew it to be the plant of Ray, and that he intended it. himfelf under the name and figure in JMorifon, to which I have referred above. Dillenius however, ftrange to tell, in his edition of the Syncpfis, applies thefe fynonyms to the B. ereus; and under the definition which belongs. to the diandrus, he quotes a paffage in Petiver’s Concordia Graminum, and gives a figure and defcription of his own, all which apply to. Fefluca -uniglumis of Solander, Lolium bromoides of Hudfon, which is the plant Dillenins found on the coaft of Suffex, and, as it appears from Buddle’s herbarium, what Mr. Dale gathered in. Merfey — Hand. "This error of Dillenius is noticed on a ticket, which ac- — companies the gentiine fpecimen of B. diandrus in the Sherardian E colle&ion, on which is written, in a {crawling hand unknown to Fme i "d 3 Dr: Suiru's Obfervations on the. Britifo Species of Rom. 299 me, but certainly neither Dillenius's, Sherard's, nor Buddle's, the proper reference to Ray's fecond edition, and Plukenet, # 299. f. 2. with a remark in Latin, that “ another grais is exhibited for this - in the Synopfis,” that is in the third edition. - Yet with. this are two poor fpecimens of the fame grafs, marked with the original definition of Bobart, and the reference to the Appendix to. Ray's firft edition, p. 237, which belongs to B. ereZus, as I have already mentioned. This is written in a handfome hand, to which I am. likewife a ftranger. A more complicated. blunder exifts in Buddle’s. herbarium... Under t “infcription “ Feftuca avenacea fterilis, saniculis confertis erectioribus, ariftis brevioribus, D. Sherard; Rai; Syn. 261," are three moft diftin& and diffimilar plants. In the firft place Bromus ftoparius of Linnzus; next B. ere&us with downy glumes, and laftly Fefluca uniglumis, under which laft ig written (by Buddle as well as the reft) * colle&um in inf. Merfea propé Colceftr. a D. Dale, R«disr28. we Sorthattheresis only wanting — -thewealegrafS*t6 which the faid infeription properly bel ongs. T was ence inclined, on this authority, to add B. Scoparius to the Britifh ~ Flora; but as there is no proof in Sherard's own collection of his. having found it in Jerfey, we muft fuppofe Buddle had it from fome other quarter, and, merely from-his own judgment, referred. it to the plant of Sherard and Ray. ! i aoa: From the above tedious but neceffary detail, I truft the confufion. of fynonyms between B. ereéfus and B. diandrus, which exifts in Fudion and all other writers who have touched upon them, will be accounted for, and in. fome meafure excufed, though it muft be confeffed the author of the Fira Anglica had the means in his. . power of clearing it up, had he been fufficiently attentive. Tt will, alfo appear from the hiftory of fuch miftakes, which are abundant - throughout every Britifh Flora we-have yet feen, that the. contple- . 3 | Q q 2. T tion: 300 Dr. Surrn's Olfervations on the Britifo Species of Bromus. gion of a more perfect one is not the work of a day: Indeed the contemplation of them, and the certainty that in fo intricate an undertaking fimilar errors are fcarcely to be wholly avoided, are fometimes fufficient to daunt the moft ardent inveftigator, ‘and make him fenfible how much he himfelf may need the correction , and indulgence of future critics. — 11. Bromus /ylvaticus. COE Re, ee se Sea ae Slender Wood BROT Ate ta ae Jess di de B, fpicà fimplici nutante fecunda, fpiculis feffilibus teretiufculis, . ariftis glumá longioribus, foliis pilofis. Bromus fylvaticus. Pollich. V. 1. 1 18. Pourret Aét. Tolok Ve 3. B.pinnatus Fl Dan. 1.164. 0 . B. gracilis. Weigel Ob 15.7. 1-7. TT. NE aon A deer Feftuca fylvatica. Hud/. ed. 1. 38. With. 158. Relh. 44. Sibth, 46. | Lightf. 103... Mart. Fl. Ruf. t. 114. Dick. H. Sicc, sic iediiffe dae Ges diese E ICON F. pinnata 8. Hud 48. — 1 ES "Frficuman.1432. Hall. Hifi. Vem. 21% le Gramen avenaceum dumetorum fpicatum. Rai? 3G. - In dumetis, nemorofis, et fepibus frequens. Fl. Julio. — Radix perennis, fibrofa, czxfpitofa, fufca. Culmi bipedales, erecti, fimplices, teretes, foliofi, glabri, apice attenuati et inclinati. Folia. patentia, latiufcula, acuminata, rigidiufcula, lætè viridia, fcabra, nervofa, fubtüs precipue ftriata, magis vel minüs pilofa, Vaginz ftri&e, ftriate, pilofa. Stpula brevis, obtufa, lacera. Spica fimplex, nutans, feré triuncialis, rachi fubflexuosa, ftriatá, tase TE IS I Hath Vb aged Dr. Smitx’s Obfervations on tbe Britifh Species of Bromus. 30x fcabrà, hinc canaliculato-comprefsá. | Spicule 6 vel 7, alterne, feffiles, fecunde, non divaricate, lineari-lanceolate, luteolo- . virides plerumque pubefcentes. Glumæ calycine inzquales, lan- ceolate, brevius ariftatz, nervofz, apicem versüs hirta, Flofculs : 6 ad 9, imbricati, demüm patentiufculi, fubcylindrici, apicem versüs precipué nervofi atque hirti, Arja terminalis, glumis plerüm- - due longior, fubulata, fcabra. Gluma interior linéaris, retufa, y pectinated in this grafs and the i wins ms s to mi a fure dodication of their being Bromi, and — ovem to the contrary in the infertion of the arifa, being in many fpecies very difficult to determine, and in fome variable, is ot Jefs real moment, In 5 hant alfo thefe plants agree Me other | | The i inner glume bci being ftrongl sag JR. fpica fi T mplici Gip diftich4, fpiculis feffilibus fetctinfouli, ariftis glumá brevioribus, foliis nudiufculis. b Bromus pinnatus. Linn, Sp. Pl. 115. Hudf. ed. 1. me Pollich. V. 1. 117+ Weigel Obf. 14. t. 1. f. 10. Feftuca- oat. Huaf. 48. _ Relb. 440 Sibth. 4$. Dick H. Sicty faf. 13. 8 nac _ Triticum n. ite Hall. Hjft. V. 2. 212. TP e 3 s - Avena lata. Salib. Prod. 22. esie iie _ Gramen fpicá Brizæ majus. Rai Syn. 392. Rel. Rudo, 11. ce n 2. «e = fpicatà Brizæ paniculà et corniculatà. Barrel. ES 2 25. ~ In campis et ericetis, folo calcareo. Fl. Jules E "Not uncommon in Yorkfhire, Oxfordfhire and Kent. Radix o2 Dr.SMrTE's Odfrvaiions on tbe Britifh S ecies of Bromus: 3 s J Radix perennis, fibrofa, fubrepens. | Cu/mus fefquipedalis vel bipe- dalis, ere€tus, fimplex, teres, foliofus, glaberrimus, apice rectus et rigens, parùmque attenuatus. . Fojia erestiufcula, lanceolata, . acuminata, rigidula, ftriata, nervofa, Ícabra, fepiüs nuda, rarius fuprà pilofa. Vagine ftrictz, ftriate, glaberrima. | S//pula brevis, - ebtufa, ciliata. Spica fimplex, erecta, longitudine varia, rachi -fübflexuosá, ítriatà, angulis fcabra, hinc complanata. Spicule 6 ad 10, alternz, feffiles, diflicha nec fecunda, ere&z, lineari- lanceolatze, pubeícentes. |. G/ume > calycina parüm inzquales, “Tanceolatz vel fubo vate fobariftatz, M , multinervofe, m rgineque precipue hirtz. F/gcui 6 ad 12, ‘vel etiam plures, arété imbri- cati, fubcylindrici, apicem versüs precipué nervofi atque hirti.. _ Arifia, terminalis, glumis plerümque brevior, quandoque etiam: breviffima, fübulata, fcabra. - „Gluma in interior retufa, Tetis ere&tis ciliata ut in precedente, «s AU t m c This has m) united, ~ many Botanifts, with the EN towhich it is certainly nearly allied; but there are feveral points of difference which feem to keep them diftinct. Thefe are the erect diftichous fpike, the firmer babit, defs hairy eaves, arid- fhort awns of: B. opem XXIV. Some - ( . $93...) flightly pointed.” 7 T : -—— XXIV. Some Correttions of the gener ‘Defeription of Polytrichum rubellum, 9. 70, with an Account of Another new Species of the fame Genus. By Mr. Archibald Menzi, F. L.S. V— PLAN "UN un - lera vor V4 le RET F A za go 4 id f Z * k: M r ú N the general defcription of Polytrichum rubellum, at page 29» = line 8 from the bottom, for.“ an inch to two inches,” read “ half an inch to about an inch." At page 86, line 1, for “ from an inch to ansinch@andeh inch.;” a cy a Thefe miftakes happened in confequence of my having con- fidered the following from New Zeeland, on a flight comparifon, to - be the fame: but in examining more perfect fpecimens, fince the paper on the genus Polytrichum went to the prefs, I have been in- duced to make it a diftin&t fpecies, which ought to have come in- between P. rubellum and P. dentatum; but which I now beg leave to add: Ey ir te Ya "ire 14—15. Poryrricuum fubulatum, fol. lanceolatis carinatis cartila- gineo-ferratis dorfo denticulatis, capfulis cylindricis erectiuf- culis, operculo fubulato. Tas. 6. Fre. 5. Hab. in Nova Zeelandia. Nelfon. os: This ^ 304 Mr. Menztes’s Account of a Species of Polytrichum, This fpecies was found amongft the duplicates of Mr. Nelfon’s colle&ion of plants from New Zeeland, in Sir Jofeph Banks’s Herbarium; and as it agrees fo nearly with P. rubellum, perhaps the — beft manner of defcribing it is to point out the difference. The falk of this is flightly branched, and in general taller than P. rubellum. The leaves are larger and more acutely lanceolate, with whitith edges finely ferrated, and middle nerves ftrongly dentated ; their texture is more tender and fragile ; their colour in the dried ftate is the fame, but whether they : are reddifh, like the others, in their recent ftate, is uncertain ; théy are more crowded at the tops and about the divifions of the branches. The peduncles in general are at leaft half an inch longer, and terminate both the upper and . lower braüches; but the moft remarkable difference is in the operculum being long and fabulate, white in the other it is flat, with a {mall point iffuing from its et — "The capfule, in this, is Yonget and more flender, and the exterior talyptra is of afubulate | fhape, whilft in the other it is of a conical figure. END OF THE FOURTH VOLUME. na: Age | DIRECTIONS, . FOR PLACING THE PLATES OF THE FOURTH VOLUME. Tas. Tringa AEM Bis 8 EY ages - . toface page £5. ap^ Tringa Miene Roc — "- 3: Anomia cufpidata, w- 7 — sio “4. Anomize, -— TE, -— — 5. Locuíta falvifolia, — um — e 6. Several Species of Polytrichum, — — PE 7- Ditto, -— — — 8. Spinning Li à i = : s >Trachez of various Kinds of Birds, ~ _ 14. I d J 17. Orobanche minor & elatior — re 18. Ichneumon punctum and Phafma dilatatum == * 19. Roftra and Maxillæ of Ammophila, &c. — 20. Lambertia formofa — ko Pe 21. Mufcicapa malachura, > = hg =. 22. Paufus microcephalus & fphærocerus, ` — “zd ~