Li TRANSACTIONS OF THE ; LINNEAN SOCIETY. ; VOL. VI. i [2] OT THE wets; A E RS ejas Ry Bh due x ST SRE VOLUME VI MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILKS AND TAYLOR, CHANCERY-LANE. SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S HOUSE, NO. 10, PANTON-SQUARE, COYENTRY-STREET, AND BY JOHN WHITE, FLEET-STREET, M.DCCC.IZ. e ONT E N ACS. / DISSERT. ATI ON- ra re Natural Genera hitherto con- tI _ founded um. cr the Name of Mantis. By Anthony Auguftus Henry Pichrenttemn: D.D. F.M.L.S. Tranflated from the German by Thomas Young, M.D, F.R.S. and L.S. — Page II. The Botanical Hiftory of the Genus Ebrharta. By Olof Swartz, — P. 4o M.D. EM.L.S. III. Account of a Microfcopical Inveftigation of feveral Species of Pollen, with Remarks and Queftions on the Structure and Ufe of that Part of Vegetables. By Luke Howard, Ef}. of Plaiftow in x té " p. Iv. Objervations on | Apiti, chiefly end to poe that they are the principal Caufe of Blights in Pants, and the Jole Caufe of the Honey-Dew. By the late Mr. William Curtis, F.L.S. p- V. Remarks on the Genera of Pæderota, Wulfenia, and Hemimeris. “2 uas Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S, P.L.S. P. Sii. DS PRE candi. x VII. Ob/ervations on fome r emarkable Strata of Flint in a es in the [le of Wight, in a Letter from Sir Henry Charles Englefield, * “Ps t03 Bart. F.R. S. fo Sohn Latham, M.D. F.R.S. and L.S. ation of ihe Genus Solandra, Jy Richard Anthony 75 95. : : | VII. Re- vi- CONTENT: 5. VII. Remarks on Jome Britifh Species of Salix. By James Edward Smith, MD. F.R.S. P.L.S. Page 110. IX. Defcriptions of four new See: of. Peru. ye Dawfon Turner, M4 FES. pe ris X. Defcription of Callicocca Ipecacuanba. By Felix Avellar Brotero, Profe efor of Botany in the Univerfity of PL Sp. 137 Taa XI. Obfervations on tbe Curculio Trifolii, or Clover Weevil, a mal | Infe which infefts tbe Heads of the cultivated Clover, and de- Jiroys the Seed. Ina Letter to Thomas Marfbam, Ef. Tr. L. S. by William Markwick, E/g. F. L.S. With additional Remarks by Mr. Marfham | p. 142 XI. Further Obfervations on the Curculio Trifelii. In a Letter to William Markwick, Efq. F. L. S. by Martin Chriftian Gottlieb Lehmann, M.A. of Gottingen p. 147 XII. Defeription of Potera Da and Muftelia eupatoria, two new Plants cultivated in the Botanic Garden of Halle, by Curt — Sprengel, M.D. Profeffor of Seley in the Univerfi ia y of Halle : p. ts XIV. Ob/ervations on the Hinges of Britifh Bivalve Shells. eo _ Mr. William Wood, F.L.$. «m * erp 154 XV. C atalogue of the more rare Plants Jo in à tbe dins f- Dover, with occafio onal Remarks, RA Mr, Lewis Wefton Dill- wyn, F.L.S. SN Ea aa P. 177 bc «C XVI. De GCG: O M T BM XT & vii XVI. Defcriptions of Jome fingular Coleopterous Infe&s. By Charles Schreibers, M. D. Deputy Profeffor of Natural Hiffory in tbe Univerfity of Vienna Page 185 XVII. Defcription of Menura fuperba, a Bird of New South Wales. By fjor Centr aa Thomas Davies, F.R.S. and L. S. D«.207 XVIII. On the Dory: be a new Genus of Plants from New Hol- land, next akin to tbe Agave. . By Jofeph Correa de Serra, LL.D. F.R.S. and L.S. b. ori XIX. Objferoations on feveral Species of tbe Genus Apis, known by the Name of Humble-bees, and called Bombinatrices by Linnaeus. By Mr. P. Huber, of Laufanne in Swiferland = —— p. 214 XX. Botanical Charaéters of four New-Holland Plants, of the Natural ~ Order of Myrti. By James Edward Smith, MD. F.R.S. PLS. Es dmi p. 299 XXL Additional Obfervations on forte remarkable Strata of Flint in the Ile of Wight, in a Letter from Sir Henry Charles Engle- field, Bart, F. R. S. to Jobn Latham, M.D. F.R.S. and LS. 4 of vede ey guum P. 303 XXI re: pe Fe vs Vicla.- By Thomas Eady Forfter, EQ- F. dex o Sc: aai P. 309 . XXIII. E "m the Fruit of Ciar revoluta. By James — -Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S, PLS. P. 312 XXIV. Spe- viii So N TEM TER XXIV. Species of Erica. By Richard Anthony Salifbury, £j. F.R.S. O L.S. —— Page 316 XXV. Extraëls from the Minute Book of the Linnean Society p. 389 on of the Library of the Linnean Society, c continued from Page 293 of. Vok N. of the Society s. Se A pe 391 Lift of Donors to tbe Library of the Linnean Society” SN p. 3505 Dire&ions for placing the Plates of the Sixti VOLUME. d ABS oco WI. wet ‘ T4. 1. Phafma filiforme and Ph. heéticum, 16. - Hinges of Bivalve Shells - 176 toface page 14 za s batis : 19. 2. Phafma Ohrtmanni and Mantis - | rg : | Filum - - 2X 19 =f Coleopterous Infects - 206 $E Flo sof Ehrharta ^: ‘> "&4|^ ! A3 TE - : t S pa = pa Menura fuperba - - 1 2304 5. Aphides, &c. z JSL Doryanthes ex lfa 6. Solandra ese S - 102 c T + 5 fas 0 a. Strata of Flint in Chalk - 107 | 25. Humble-bees te - 230 8. Fucus rufcifolius, &c. - ` = 127 | 26. Nidification, &c. of Humble-bees 238 9. Fucus CO le - 133 | 27. The fame = 10. Fucus Wig SEN * - 135 | 28. Viola ce Ep m . Callicocca pee ae yo = Cycas revoluta = 34 TRANSACTIONS -LINNEAN SOCIETY. —— ee —— I. A Differiation on two Natural Genera hitherto confounded under the name of Mantis. By Anthony Augufius Henry Lichtenfein, D. D. F. M. L. S. Tranflated from the German 2 Thomas ant, M. D. F.R.S e L. S. i — Read April 4, 1797. Wu EN I firft took up Fabricius’s Syftem : of Entomology, I was much ftruck with thefe words in the preface :— “ The fcience of entomology is as yet in its cradle: it is fcarcely fo far advanced as botany was at the time of Czfalpinus.” I was then inclined to think that this gentleman, whofe excellent moral character I have : oe fince that time had an opportunity, by perfonal acquaintance, knc Md efteem, | € at leaft eset aie the aes and done had an oppona obferving | y s of pues with - many Miki. and necs a Pe number of. infects, chiefly foreign, in the extenfive collection of Mr. Holthuyfen, 1 am convinced that this great fyftematift. did not, in making that affer- tion, go much too IT for what a mafs of information has been : d VI. : B ; added * Dr. LienrENsTEIN's Differtation on two Natural Genera . rmn tne "added to our knowledge of fne aho tiefe twenty years by him- felf and other active natale And yet we are ftill very far from having a proper natural arrangement and defcription of all the orders "and genera. I fhalt fay nothing of the fpecies; for here, efpecially through the imperfection and frequent incorre&nefs of the fynonyms, fo much confufion prevails, that it is often difficult to afcertain to what fpecies of Linné or Fabricius a perfectly common indigenous ` infe& belongs. if a genus be truly natural, or, as logicians call it, a genus proximum, a {ingle characteriftic is almoft always fufficient to determine with certainty to what fpecies an individual of this genus is to be referred. The prefent attempt.may ferve as a fpecimen of | the manner in which I conceive that fill greater genera ought to be treated according to the natural diftinétions ; fixing the natural ge- nera where the fyftem has not already done it, and placing the fpecies in order under appropriate fubdivifions taken from effential differences ; defcribing them with ERUrACYS. and particularly adding the fynonyms as completely and correctly as pofi The idea of feparating from the proper Mantes thofe fp pecies TU on plants, that have no falciform fore-feet, but have all their legs. formed for running, and making a new genus of them, is by no means of my invention. Cafpar Stoll has already propofed it, but has not at all carried it fyftematically into effect. The fplendid: work which this zealous entomologift had begun to publifh at Am- fterdam i in 1787 with a Dutch and French text, under the title of Natuurlyke, en naar't leeven nauwkeurig gekleurde Af beeldingen, seni Be- : E p + ders er JFandelnde B Bladen, Zabel{pringhanen, Krekelsy Trekfpring nen en Kakkerla rto fold by J. C. Sepp, was in- terrupted by death, w ich cut of this gentleman. (who, with many peculiarities, had yet Ra great merit) in the middle of his 2 career. Had he lived nid this work og the Ulonata of F abricius — would. hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. | 3 . would have been as claffical as that for which we are indebted to him on the Rhynchota. He would thus have thrown light on all the Hemiptera of Linné, and have done as much as a fyftematic writer for this order of infects, as Pallas has for the unguiculated quadrupeds among the mammalia. No one will deny, unlefs from an abfurd prejudice he defpife every thing that is Dutch without further ex- amination, that the late Stoll was a very diligent and fortunate ob- ferver. His penetrating eye, incredibly experienced and ready in diftinguifhing objects at firft fight, comprehended the whole habit fo - happily in one fixed point of view, that he difcriminated the natural genera as if by internal feeling. The colle&ion of Holthuyfen, which he had chiefly arranged, was divided almoft univerfally into the fame genera which Fabricius has adopted in his Entomologia Syflematica. Stoll died before this work was publifhed, and Fabricius faw that collection only curforily in Hamburgh, when his book was all com- pleted but the appendix. This agreement, therefore, between two perfons thinking quite independently of each other, fhows clearly that entomology is not fo uncertain and inconftant as many be- lieve; and that both of thefe gentlemen were in fearch of truth, and knew how to find it. Syftematical order, indeed, is not to be ex- ed in the writings of Stoll ; for, as he had no learned education, he was totally unprovided. addi that artificial logic which is more - afeful to men of letters in general than they bed think proper te allow, ; Although the idea of this monograph was borrowed from Stoll, ye one acquainted with the e$ will. foon difcover that 1 have not copied from him, but that I have beftowed much labour of | my own on this ianen: x š I thall, in the firk place, fhow that the Spe&re of Stoll, or the Phafina, i is truly different from the Mantis, and muft be feparated from “jt asa diftin& genus; in the next place, treat of both in. general,going a through their fpecies, and. afcertaining the fynonyms; B2 à then A. 4 Dr. LicureNsTEIN's Differtation on two Natural Genera then defcribe at large the fpeciesomittedor newly difcovered; and, laftly, enumerate briefly thofe which I cannot place under their proper genus, becaufe I am only acquainted with them from imperfe& defcriptions. Stoll fhows the effential difference between the two genera very correétly by the following comparifon of the parts and charaéteriftics. : PuasMA. * Laubfchrecke." -—- Mantis. “ Fangíchrecke." X. Antenne fetaceous with longifh 1. Antenne filiform. . divifions. Hs Bia 2, The head large and oval-round ; 2. The head nodding, heart-fhap- - . the mouth with moveable jaws ed, with jaws and palpi.. and four palpi. See | 3. Small reticulated eyes on the 3. Two large prominent eyes on. forehead. i the fides. _4 Three clear femmatain a trian- 4. In moft fpecies two clear fem pem between. the eyes - ne rs s. Mala bauen. the roots ofthe g . The july liner, almoft oyin- 5. The Ree narrow, on the drical. back fomewhat carinated, at | 1: the margin compreffed. 7 , n for running, = 6 Six Ægs, the foremoft with fal- - ciform hands, and a thumb o£ - five joints at their fide; the: reft flender and unarmed. * The tarji j confift of T joints. 7. The zarfi have five joints. © - & The Pemelytra {dec 8. The hemelyira folded crofswife ny, very fhort, - o that they | together, of the length of the Ícarcely cover a third part. ofthe wings beneath them, covering abdomen. The wings at the — -almoit the whole abdomen. . external margin membranous, - . about as long as the abdomen, - * Befides hitherto confounded under tbe Name of Mantis. T Befides thefe diftinétious taken from the different parts of the body, Stoll appeals, with reafon, to the remarkable difference of the mode of life. His Spectres, which I name Pha/inata, live folely oa ve- getable food. They lay their eggs, like graiboppers, in the earth, the females being furnifhed with a {mall ftile or inftrument for depofiting them, of an enfiform figure, and covered by three leaflets, which are found on the laft divifion of the abdomen. The Mantes, on the contrary, confine themfelves entirely to food taken from the animal kingdom; their falciform hands ferving them to catch and carry to their mouths flies, and other infects, which they devour..As to what concerns their procreation and metamorphofis—they never lay their eggs in the earth, but fix them. on a twig, ftraw, or blade of grafs, and this in rows and regular maffes, as Roefel has very correctly defcribed. Zn- Jeëtenbel. pt. 4. p.89. fq. and t. 12. Compare alfo Merian.. Surin. Inf. p. 66. Geoffr. Inf. t. 1. p. 399. and. De Geer Inf. pt. 3. p. 399. It will not be fuperfluous to add fome remarks which Stoll has. omitted, and which fet the difference between the two genera ftill more out of doubt. The antennæ of the Pha/mata are fituated on the fides of the head, far apart, and are inferted near the eyes: thofe of the Mantes, on the contrary, are placed on the forehead near to- gether, between the eyes. The difference of the organs of feeding I fhall explain more at large in the fyflematic defcription of the genera. The thorax, in the firft fubdiviGon or family of Phafinata, is always. extended and cylindrical: fometimes fet with little thorns, fometimes wit it hout eros pu: in the fecond family, which in ge- neral more refembles t he Mantes. s it is fomewhat flattened, and almoft marginated. The Montes. o on Xu other hand, have all a more or lefs carinated thorax: all thofe of the firft nir and fome {mall fpecies of the fecond. family havea roundifh thorax; but in moft of the fecond family _ 6 . Dr.LicHTENSTEIN'Ss Difertation on two. Natural Genera . family it is marginated, and in the fore part extended more or lefs in breadth, but behind linear. The abdomen in the Pha/mata differs in different families. Thofe of the firft family have a rounded cylindrical abdomen, of ten nearly equal divifions, which, within its trifoliated extremity, contains a tail in which the parts of generation are concealed. ‘The fecond family has the abdomen preffed flat, often even membranous, without any leaflets at the tail. In the Mantes the abdomen is very yarious, but always agrees with the chara&er of the family. es The hemelytra of the Pa/mata are often entirely wanting; when prefent they are membranous; in the firft family, efpecially in the males, they are very fhort, taper at the bafe, and toward the middle furnifhed with a fmall thorn, which is fometimes blunt, fometimes fharp. In the females they are moftly half as long as the wings, round- _ ed off towards the tips, ribbed, and without thorns. In the fecond family the males have fhort and very narrow lancet-formed heme- lytra; thofe of the females are broad, veined, masse of the length of the abdomen. The Martes have tranfparent thin BERR with a on mem- branous, often grooved rib at the outer. margin} which are feldom | fhorter than the wings or abdomen. | The wings of the Pha/mata are broad, inwards plied and tranf- parent, with a broad membranous rib at the outer margin, and fhorter than the abdomen. In fome fpecies of the firft family, and in the female of the Pha/ma ficcifolium, which is of the fecond fa- mily, and ime ary ke, and broad „hemely tay; seya are e entirely wanting. ^. — "The Mantes have trani parent, dr colénrtefs wings, more finely : plaited, with c": narrow rib at the outer margin, and nearly of the EB Ecc | : length n hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 7 length of the abdomen. Only one fpecies of this genus is entirely without wings. i The legs of the Phafmata are all formed for running, and like to: each other; the fore legs are placed fo near to the head that they are excavated near the bafe to make room for the head between them. - This is a very certain natural diftinction, by which one may know whether even an imperfect fpecimen is a Pha/ma or a Mantis, ‘The Phafmata of the firft family have very long and narrow fore feet, fre- quently with triangular and thorny legs. Thofe of the fecond family have fhorter fore legs, with broad margins. The Mantes have, inftead of fore legs, arms, with nearly fciffor- formed hands; the upper arms aud elbows are, according to the fa- milies, either narrowly or widely dentated or fringed. The four hind legs are for running; moftly plain, more rarely adorned with foli- ated margins on the thighs, and (till more rarely on the tibia, _ This. comparifon fhows — that the Pha/ma and Mantis are two very diftinét genera. Before I begin the fyftematic. defcriptio. in the manner of Fabri- cius, I muft fpeak of the families or divifions of the genera, The primary divifions I have taken from Stoll. They depend in both genera on the rounded or more flattened ftruéture of the whole body, with which alfo the length of the fore legs agrees. The Phafmata of the firft family, that is the rounded ones, I divide again into inglefs and winged; the flat Phafmata require no a fub- divi ote = ET sige "s 2 "The Mantes of theft amih „that is, (f llo io fhe fame order as in the Phafmata, although Stoll takes them laft,) the rounded ones, I divide into winglefs and winged. The laft again according to their eyes, which are either angular or round, "The family of the flat Mantes may be feparated into two companies; the gouty ones, with leaves on their legs, and the round-legged ones, without them. 4 Thefe 8 Dr. LicHTENSTEIN'S Differtation on two Natural Genera Thefe companies I divide, laftly, according tothe eyes, each into two parties ; of which the firft contains thofe with round eyes, the fecond thofe with angular eyes. This apparently trifling minutenefs or pe- dantry gives fo ufeful a thread to guide us to the determination of each fpecies of phafma or mantis that occurs, and makes it fo eafy to any one who will pay the leaft attention to inveftigate if and where fuch an infe& has been defcribed, that 1 do not confidet the time and trouble as loft which I have fpent on the difcovery of thefe fubtilties. True fyftematical proficients in entomology, who love truth and order, will richly repay this daborem in tenu: by the approbation which they may be pleafed to beftow on it. I will not here attempt a prolix vindication of my having been obliged to alter entirely the defcription of the genus Mantis, and compofe new ones of Phafma and of Mantis, nor of the great difference frequently to be found between my defcriptions of the fpecies and thofe of Linné or Fabricius. True judges will themfelves difcover my reafons. Such asregard only authority I can affure, that Fabricius approves of my - innovations. Amateurs and fharp-fighted obfervers, who are not fond of the technical and fcholaftic language, I refer to Stoll, whom I have accurately quoted; to Füeflly's Archives, and to the Figures which I have here given; but efpecially to natural fpecimens. Perhaps many perfons will be reconciled to me on examining a well-ftored collection, ' who on the bare reading of the following Latin defcriptions will have fhaken their heads, or fecretlv condemned me as an unauthorized pedantic innovator. In thefe infeéts the colours often deccivesspartly becaufe they are frequently deftroyed by the fpirits in which the ipecimens had at firft been preferved ; partly, becaufe the hemelytra frequently become fpotted from thin drops of pus being thrown out and adhering tothem when they are ftuck through. ith. pins. Hence, the punta fparfa elytrorum, to which one RE never truft, unlefs they a agree bises on both hemelytra. Sapienti fat. T19—20 PHASMa, hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 9 119—20. PHASM A: Palpi inzequales deprefli ; antici quadriarticulati; po- {tici triarticulati, articulo extremo longiffimo, ovato lanceloato. Labium adfcendens bipartitum, laciniis fiffis, pinnis .. æqualibus. Antenna fetaceæ, articulis oblongis. - * Teretia, pedibus anticis longiflimis tenuibus compreffis. + Aptera. Elytris alifque in utroque fexu nullis. filiforme, — 1. P. pedibus anticis inermibus longitudine corporis, an- tennis nigris. Tas. I. fg. 1. | Mantis filiformis. Fabric. entom. fyflem. t. 2. p. Y2. n. 1. . Mante inf. 3. f. 227. 2.1. Gmel. fyft. nat. pe 2048. ME S $ Small Brafil Quill Locuft. Petiver Gazoph. t. 60. fi 2. Browne Hift. of Jamaica, p. 453. t. 42. f 5. Habitat in America auftrali et infulis oppofitis. Mufeum Ohrtmannianum. Sequenti adfine fed multoties minus. Corpus et pedes fufci teftaceo annulati. Tarforum articuli primores Phafmatis corpus e RSR FEES doc deprefío) ae im- marginatum, tardu 1 : 1 thorax ; oculis parvis reticulatis frontalibus; Pe, =. tribus lucidis, 3 alu i intra oise difpofitis ; antennis diftantibus lateralibus juxta oculos infertis; thorace elongato lineari cylindrico, fcutello nullo; elytris ovalibus parvis (in maribus minimis, bafi fzepe ariftatis) membrana- ceis; alis, cofta lata membranacea, hyalinis plicatilibus, rarius nullis ; pedibus fex, anticis capiti proximis juxta bafin intus emarginatis, omnibus curforiis, tarfis quinquearticulatis; abdomine fegmentis decem, ano laminis tribus partes fexuales abfcondentibus. op VL S C = reliquis to Dr. LicnrESNsTEIN's Diferiation on two Natural Genera Ferula. corhuium. Calamus. Sceleton. | reliquis zquales.-- Synoriyima quæ pretermifi utique excludenda; præfertim Æerb/ff. arch. inf. 8. 1. 51. f 2 quz exhibet larvam alius fpeciei hujus generis. 2. Ph. pedibus aliquanto corpore brevioribus, tarforum articulo primo triangulari erecto. — Mantis Ferula. Fabric. entom. /y/lem. t: 2. f. 12. m. 2. Arumatia. Maresraf Brafil. 251. Roefel inf. 2. Gryll. t. 19. f: 10. Stoll Mant. t. 13. f. 51. Habitat cum precedente. Mufeum Holthuyf. Defcriptio Fabricii accuratiffime quadrat, nifi quod in noftro exemplari etiam anticorüm pedum femora et tibia apice fubfpinofæ; item color non viridis fed fufcus teftacéo annulatus. Forte quoniam in fpiritu vini olim fervatum. | a Ph, pedibus anticis mediocribus tibiis omnibus mu- . ficis, capite oblongiufculo cornuto eculis prominulis, Sia! Mant. 1. 35 F 57+ & S7 te Habitat in America auftrali, Muf. Holthuyf. Corpus lave glabrum ey a n: fufcum; pedes elongati femoribus angulatis. ~ 4 Ph. corpore virefcente, femoribus ftriatis. Mantis Calamus. Fabric. entom. D) i EE 5. 15. n. 5. Fontes in infu St aoe Mihi Baud vifum. spoon attenuato; aite inermi oculis prominulis. E Mant. 1. MJ Lp Habitat in Sina, Muf. Hokhuyt. Corpus magnum, elongatum, obfcure teftaceum. An- tennæ fetaceæ mediocres, Pedum tarfi afticulo E primo bitberio confounded under the Name of Mantis... n primo triangulari erecto. Adfine przter alarum de- fectum Ph. necydaloides cujus tamen vix larva. latipes. 6. Ph. pedibus mediocribus foliato compreflis. Stoll Mant. 1. 34. f. 54 Habitat in Amboina. Muf. Holthuyf. - Corpus magnum, elongatum, lineare, teres, fufcum. - Caput fubrotundum; antennæ breves, oculi promi- nuli; enfis partumeius (five cauda enfiformis) re- flexus dentatus. | Plocaria. 7. Ph. corpore viridi, femoribus dentatis. Mantis Rofia. Fabric. entom. fyft, 1,2. p.13. m.4. Rofi Faun. Etr. 1. 1.636. 1. 8. f. 1. mas. Plocaria domeftica. Scop. delic, lefts I. p.60, +. de qf As 13: PSI PTT Habitat in Italia. - “Mibi mand vifum. Tt Subaptera, elytris, at alis nullis. —— 8. Ph. capite thoraceque fpinofis, elytris rotundatis bre- | cons vfimis, femoribus fubtus angulatis. Mantis angulata. Fabric. entom. ffl. 1.2. p.13. n. 5. Mantis Gigas. Drury inf. 2. p. 89. 1. 50. Mantis gigantea. Gmelin fift. nat. edit. xiii. pe 2055. m. 49- Suet fecondum Fabricium in Guadeloupe, fecundum | __ Gmelin i in x Halia saperiog: Mibi ang nota. Gira ^9. Ph. Basics retiens perma - di planis ovalibus nervofis, pedibus {pinofis. Mantis Gigas. Linn. fyf. nat. 2. fi 689. n. 1. ae — — Lud. Ulr. n. 109. Mein Fabric. entom. fyff. tO. Stoll Mant. t.2. E. as C2 | Habitat 12 Dr. Licntenstein’s Differtation on two Natural Genera Habitat in Amboina. Muf. Holthuyf. Corpus magnum elongatum, fupra cylindricum fubtus complanatum. Caput erectiufculum inerme ovale, paulo latius quam thorax. Antenna fetacex me- diocres. Oculi parvi, frontales vix prominuli. Tho- rax antice, ubi pedes primores inferti, fubdepreffus et oe glabellus; ‘medio teres, granulis elevatis fcaber; poftice ad bafin elytrorum et alarum terminatus appendicula triangulari {cutelliformi. Abdomen teres lineare ut in had tribu femper. Elytra brevia, plana, fpathu- lato ovalia repanda, nervofa (item ut ala maximæ,) obfcure teftacea fufco undata. Pedes elongati robufti fpinofi dilutius teftacei, fufco annulati. Omnia exemplaria mihi certe adhuc vifa funt fexus. feminini. Utrum Phafma beclicum infra defcribendum. hujus Pb. Gigantis mas | fit nec ne, dies docebit ; item. utrum color naturalis vel in hac fpecie fit viridis. - . Empufa. o. Ph. thorace tereti granulato, elytris brevibus.ovatis me- | dio gibbis dente elevato obtufo, dilute teftaceis bafi et apice fufcis, pedibus fpinulofis. Aubent. Mifcell. 1. 65. f. 1. mala. — Stoll Mant, t. 1. f. 1. bona. Habitat in India oriental. Muf. Holthuyf. Proxime adfine antecedenti at diverfum forma elytro- -- um et coloribus. Exemplar Holthuyfianum Stollni =‘ archetypon eft corpore fuíco, artubus dilute teftaceis fufco undulatis. D'Aubenton exhibet colorem totius infecti viridefcentem, prater bafes apicefque elytro- rum, ut in noftro, fufcos, Forfan ideo, quod ejus exemplar numquam in f piritu vini adfervatum fuerat. Quod fic vun. edule, II. 12. bitherta confounded under the Name of Mantis. 13 Quod vero idem pedes primores breviffimos pingit ; inde fequitur, ut vel defuerint in exemplari Lutetiano, vel {puri fuerint adglutinati, vel denique ut chalco- graphus tabule anguftià fe viderit circumícriptum. Quidquid id eft, deformat ithæc præternaturalis pe- dum brevitas omnem phafmatis noftri habitum. Ph. thorace cylindrico fcabro, elytris ovatis angulatis, alis oblongis fufcis hyalino feneftratis. a Femina. Mantis necydaloides. Linn, fyff. nat. 2. p. 691. n. 14. Amen. acad, 6. p. 397. n. 3. Mantis necydaloides. Fabric. entom. fyf. f. 2. p. 14. n. 7. Roefel inf. 2. Gryll. t. 19. f. 9. Stoll Mant, t. 3. f: 8. B Mas. Mantis cylindrica. Gmelin ff. nat. edit. xiii. D. 2048. n. 54. Muf: Left. p. 46. n. 12. Stoll Mant. t. 4. f. 11. Habitat in Amboina. Muf. Holthuyf. Differt ab antecedentibus, craffitie corporis bafi elytro- rum multo anguftiore et alis fufcis hyalino fene- ftratis. Mas in hac et fequenti fpecie (forfan plu- ribus quoque in hac tribu) multoties minor quam femina, fed antennz robuftiores. Ph. thorace tereti (maris fcabro, feminz glabro), elytris. alarumque cofta late viridibus, pedibus fubmuticis. MA on Femina, Stoll Mant. t. 6. f. 20. : LE Sp. 7 A É ossa 8 Mas. Mant phth: fica. — vjl. nat. 2. p. 689. n. 2» Mantis fáthaicetifis Fabric. entom. fyff. t. 2. p. Ys. n. XI. Gmelin fyf. nat. edit, xiii. p. 2054. n. 41. DX wf 2. t: 49. f. 1. Stoll Mant. h 6. f. 21. Habitat in India oriental, Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Corpus "$4 Dr. LicHTENSTEIN'S Differtation on two Natural Genera Corpus magnum, præfertim feminz, quz adeo craffior quam Pb. Gigas, et tefte Valentino Malaiis pro cibo infervit. Cf. Houttuyn. nat. Diff. p. x. vol. 10. p. 138. beéticum. 13. Ph. thorace tereti fcabriufculo, pedibus angulatis an- ` ticis latiffimis tibiis dentatis, elytris breviffimis juxta bafin fois. alis hyz linis fufco maculatis. Sos Tas. ds fig. Ds? Habitat in Sina. Mur. Dom. | Holtiiuyfen. À Stollio non depiétum. - Ulteriorem defcriptionem _ vide infra. -— es PE 14. Ph. thorace quadrifpinofo, dyis breviffimis, bafi arif- . tato mucronatis, Mantis atrophica. Pallas fpicil. xocl. fafcic. 9. p. 12 t. 1. f. 7. Fabric. entom. fift. t. 2 p. 14. n. 8. Gmelin ~ Lift. nat, p. 2054. a. >s Habitat i in Java. ORO ee à Exemplar quod Pallas vidit et defcripfie fuit mas. Fe- mina adhuc ignota probabiliter eft aliquoties major, elytris mediocribus ovali-repandis. Umbretta, 15. Ph. thorace tereti fcabro, elytris breviffimis bafi arif- tato fpinofis, alis longitudine abdominis. Stoll Mant. t. 8. f. 27. Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Exemplar mafculum. Color totius corporis obfcure fuliginofus; alæ-extus maculis oblongis fufcis. An- _ tennæ concolores fetacex longitudine corporis. Fe- mina adhuc i ignota. - rofettt. /— 16. Ph. thorace tereti glabro, elytris lanceolatis, alis rofeis cofta viridi. E Mantis Linn, Trans. VI. tab. L pr 14 Bitberto confounded imder the Name of Mantis. I ... Mantis rofea, Faóric. entom, ff. te 2. pc 16. n. 15. Stoll Mant. 1.5. f. 1g. Habitat in Amboina. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Fabricius eque ac Stoll vidit exemplar mafculum, fed meliüs ficcatum ideoque viride. Femina adhuc latet. laterale. 17. Ph. thorace teretiufculo glabro, pedibus inermibus, €orpore nigro, elytris brevibus alarumque bafi ful- phureis. Mantis lateralis. Fabric. entom. fyfl. 4 2. p. 15. m. 12. Gmelin ffl, nate ps 2054. 2.42. Stoll Mant. t. 10. J^ 36 et 37. Habitat in Indus. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Stoll quidem putat fe exhibere ambos fexus, fed utraque - figura videtur mafculina ; alioqui magnitudo et ely- trorum figura in hac fpecie pro fexu parum variaret ; quod certe contra analogiam hujus generis. variegatum. 18. Ph. thorace tereti glabro, elytris breviffimis ovatis, alarum cofta fufca, fafciis quatuor falphureis. Stoll Mant. t. 8. f. 26. Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Halha ka. Parvum. Antennz fetacez breviflimæ: alæ juxta bafin. hyalinæ, cofta latiflima. Abdomen fubdepreffum dilute fuliginofum. Alter fexus adhuc latet. — bimaculatum. 19. Ph. thorace tereti glabro, elytris breviffimis lanceo- latis dilute fufci medio macula fulphurea. Stoll Mant. 1. 8. F: 29. Habitat in Coromandel. Muf. Dom. de Breukeler. Werth. | Antenne fetacez longiflime; corpus et pedes dilute fuliginofi. Alz hyalinæ, bafi rufefcentes, cofta gente fufca. Femina adhuc latet. 8 ciner tums. bab 16 — Dr.LicuTENsTEIN's Difertation on two Natural Genera cinereum, 20. Ph. thorace tereti glabro, elytris breviflimis lan- ceolatis cinereis fufco reticulatis, alis dilute cine- reis fufco venofis cofta rufefcente. | Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Parvum. Antennz fetaceæ breves. Corpus cinereum. . Femina adhuc latet. ae valgum, 21. Ph. thorace tereti glabro, elytris breviffimis ovatis, alis hyalinis, femoribus anticis extrorfum divaricatis, Stoll Mant. 1. 13. f. 52. Habitat in Sina. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Antennz fetaceæ longiflime nigra: Corpus parvum. Femina adhuc latet. | * Depreffa. Abdomine lato depreffo " pedibus anticis brevibus, latis, depreflis ; tho- ! race brevi. (Hzc aliquanto fimiliora mantibus quam antecedentia teretia.) Dracunculus, 22. Ph. thorace brevi depreffiufculo, mutico; elytris viri- dibus, apice rubris. Stoll Mant. t. 18. f. 65. femina declarata. | : 4, 5. f. 18. femine pupa e Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen, rectius ad fequentem referenda. Habitat in Indiis. 5 | Antennz mediocres fetaceæ, bafi craffiores, manifefto OEC o articulate, articulis oblongis depreffis. Alæ cinerex [€ ~ - fufco undatæ; cofta teftacea fufco maculata, apice | rubra. Pedum anticorum femora late marginata membranacea. Forfan Fabricii Mantis aurita, n. 13. eft hujus mas, 6 dummodo + bitberto confounded under Me Name of Mantis. 15 dant pedes antici coemdiahatei ; id quod ex defcriptione parum elucet. Olrimani. 25. Ph. thorace brevi, teretiufculo, fub-biarticulato; elytris mediocribus ovato-oblongis ; alis rotundatis, abdo- mine brevioribus; pedibus anticis latiffimis, omni- - s os marginato-ciliatis. “Tas. II. fig. 1. i Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Ortmann. | Antecedenti adfine fed diverfum. Caput antice gra- nulatum, poftice fpinofum, fpina fefquialtera lon- giore auriformi. Antennz fetacez longitudine cor- poris articulis oblongis depreflis. Thorax granulatus. Abdomen elongatum cylindricum. Elytra juxta bafin integra, neque ut antecedentis emarginata. Alarum cofta concolor grifeo füfca. — manicatum, 24. Ph. elytris breviffimis, bafi denticulo elevato, femoribus anticis membranaceis. Mantis linearis. Fabric, entom, n. Dfi- 2. p. 16. n. 2 Habitat in India. : - | Antecedenti proxime adfine | atque cjus fotte mas - Mihi ex fola defcriptione Fabricii notum. : ciri Solar. 25. Ph. thorace brevi, antice depreffo, poftice obcordato | 2 2 _denticulato, femoribus ovatis gnqpbranacem, mar- $ Muf. Ld Ui. Peeve abric. entom Jof. 2. 2. 18. ". i é ares ITE infe 2. Gryll. #37 $ ^ 5 emite | s Ede. aves, 4.258. coste Mus Heart yn nat, kif, ^ ? vul. 10. E 79 F 2. f omina. Vor, Qr D id - 18, . Dr. Lxcurexs EIN's Diferiation on two Natural Genera " Stoll Mant. 1. 7. f. 24. mas. f. 26. femina, f- 25. A. arva junior. f. 25. B. larva adulta. f. 25. C. pupa. Omnia ex Mufeo Holthufiano. Habitat in Indiis. | | Antenna {etaceæ mediocres, manifefto articulate, ar- ticuhs oblongis depreflis. | Mas. minor, anguftior, alatus: elytris lanceolatis bre- E (vibus, viridibus, | alis hyalinis, cofta marginali lata virefcente. ^— Femina major, lata, aptera: d tris oblongis venofo- reticulatis viridibus fere longitudine abdominis. Alarum rudimentis nullis. | Caput, antennæ, oculi, pedes in utroque fexu, item elytra et alae in mafculis hanc fpeciem procul dubio generi pha/ma vindicant; licet uterque fexus corpore deprefio, femoribus membranaceis, et dno fimplici ; — femininus vero præfertim elytris oblongis abdomen . tegentibus naturalem tranfitum. faciat ad Mantes. 10. MANTIS. Palpi quatuor fubæquales, patuli, laterales teretes, fili- — formes; antici quadriarticulati, articulo extremo breviori acuto ; poffici triarticulati, articulo extremo mediocri acuminato. | Labium Antenne frontales, approximatæ, plerifque filiformes in utroque i ; rarius péctinatæ vel barbatæ. * Teretes, Mantis corpus clongatum, plerumque depreffum, g'abrum, immarginatum, tardum :. eapite exferto, latiore quam thorax, cordato, declivi; oculis magnis, prominulis, latera- bus; ; ftemmatibus plerumque. duobus Janae intra. bafin. antennarum ; antennis intra oW cor : oculos ~ Linn. Fans. VI. tab. 2.72 4g. 3 es x cx aS Ckrtmarire. à 2 Matik flam. hitherto confounded under the Name-of Mantis, ig * Terties. Thorace fubæquali angufto, abdomine teretiufeulo; pedibus anticis longiffi- mis fubteretibus, fpinofo-ciliatis. > + tere, Elştris alifque in utroque fexu nun Filum. 1. Mantis corpore filiformi: aptero, horace tereti i fabs granulato, abdomine d epreffiufculo, brachiis fubcy- lindricis, pedibus ci urforiis fetaceis fimplicibus. Tz. II. Sig. 3. Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen, gt Dom. Ohrtmann. | - Corpus elongatum tinis, ^ üt phaíma Elton fed duplo minus : caput fubtriangulare, declive, latius. quam thorax: antennz filiformes breviffimz ; oculi rotundi latera prominuli : thoracis pars antica verfus caput Mitis et fubincurva, quafi collum mentitur, poftica longiffima, haud manifefto ab abdomine fecreta: pedes antici per collum a capite . remoti forma et ufu brachiorum ut in congeneribus : . ulnarum apice fpinulis tribus. Pedes intermedii s breviflimi, pofticique mediocres capillares teretes mutici. Cauda triphylla foliolis acuminatis. Co- lor totius. iiA d obícure teftacens; oculi foli fo einn sapit t e xdi nid I - margine de- catis. (dum finifrum: oculos teres wee i preffo, fcutello nullo ; | elytris. "margine interno femper incumbit baf elytri dextri, ut in locuftis Fabricii) longitudine | alarum, rariflime nullis: alis plicatilibus fere totum abdomen tegentibus : pedibus fex; - anticis brachiiformibus, qui conftant humeris, ulnis, manibus denique falcatis, pollice la-.. terali filiformi quinquearticulato ; ; reliquis pedibus intermediis nempe et ‘pofticis ple- rumque teretibus muticis, rarius lobatis; tarfis quinque articulatis : abdomine plerumque ovato, depreffo; fubmarginato, rarius teretiufculo, fegmentis 8—10, ano fimplici. Vitus e prata apjmali, quam manibus comprehenfam, ut fciuri ori admovent, devorant. Hais D > ER ~ tt iate. < 20° Dr. LictiTENs TEIN'S Differtation on two Natural Genera ` +4 Aleta. Elytris alifque in utroque fexu. t Diopirice y oculis conico-acuminatis. oculata. 2. M. corpore filiformi, thorace lineari fubcarinato, cly- tris dimidio brevioribus quam abdomen. . M. bicornis. Linn. ffi. nat. 2. p. 691. n. 11. DEN Muf. Lud. Ulr. n. 116. = M. oculata, Fabric. entom, Py yi. 2. f. 19. 7. 26. Stoll Mant. t. 10. f. 38. E ‘à Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei Muf. Dom. LOTTA Mantis faufta.- Fabric. entem. fyf. m 47. Tow Thunberg nov. inf. fp. 3. p.63. Stoll Mant. t. 13. f. 53. vix ac ne vix quidem ab hac fpecie fecernenda videtur. Hottentottos hanc pro numine tutelari adorare per- negat Sparrmannus, x + Boopides. Oculis Gimplicibus, pec prominulis. 7 pure 3. M. thorace lineari elongato, fubdepreffo, marginato ; elytris. anguftis longitudine abdominis, hyalinis cofta viridi; alis hyalinis, cofta. fufco. maculata ;. apice dilute fufca. Stoll Mant. he Se e 16: Habitat i in orina - Antennz mediocres filiformes, pedes graciles ety — - ulnas ciliatas, mutici.. = thor: lineari; elytris. alarumque cota dilute is- picgasisatibus. maculis quatuor cœ-- Min Mant; 18 f 28. CH 5 Habitat ii in Surinamo.. | = * Habitus ‘hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 2r - Habitus phafmatis fed certiflime mantis. Sequenti adfinis attamen diverfa. . icta. 5. M. thorace lineari, elytris alarumque cofta et apice fufcis; alis hya'inis, juxta coftam quinque maculis. alternis, tribus purpureis, duabus dilute flavis. - Stoll Mant. t. 3. f: 9. Habitat in Surinamo. ** Depref/z. Thoracis bafi vel medio latiore. Abdomine ovato depreffo ; manibus, femoribus tibiifque compreffis ; tibiis tarfifque anticis fpinofo-dentatis. + Arthritice. Pedibus lobatis. f Boopides. Oculis fimplicibus rotundis prominulis, thorace elongato filiformi. gongylodes. 6. M. thorace antice dilatato dentato; elytris repandis ibus quam ale hyaline ; femo- +. de cofta vir - ribus anticis. yc reliquis lobo terminatis. M. gongylodes. Linn. fyf. nat. 2. $: 690. 7. 4. Muf. Lud, Ur. n. 112. Amen. y à L f 504. Fabric. entom. ffl. 2. p. 17. An. I7. Ieg: inf. 1. 13, f. 2T. Maregraf Brafil. 246. Gaayra. Ati. E. 408. f 20. D. $e Sulzer char. inf. 1. & fe 50. - D'Anbent, mife. 1.6 fa h Drury inf. 1. t: go. f. 2- i: D XU Mont. LA LS Se a eee Toe pe UT des Habitat - 22 Dr. LICHTENSTEIN'S | Difertati ion on two Natural Genera Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Antennæ breves filiformes; capitis vertex fubulatus bifidus;ulnz dilatatæ ciliatz; femora introrfum lobo fimplici: femicordato, extrorfum duplici aculeato, fti- _ pitata; tibiz teretes ; elytra et ale breviores quam abdomen. — flabellicornis. 7. M. thorace antice. Miegétos, fabbidentato ; elytris re- E e pandis longitudine alarum ; antennis pectinatis. M. flabellicornis. Fabric. enom fff. 2. p. 16. n. 16. , Stoll Mant. 1. 37. f-61. =. Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Holiluyten. Proxime antecedenti adfinis. Differt modo antennis pectinatis; alis longioribus quam abdomen; et lw . oculis minus prominulis. Lobi femorum exacte ut : in M. gongylede. eni olim forfan recte a Fa- AN bricio (fb ec. es = 2 . habita eft. . i ae a peclinicornis, 8. M. thorace antice icone elytris i immtecar ritis by- ' ~ alinis cofta viridi, alis hyalinis cofta fufca, anten- nis barbatis. | gees M. peétinicornis. Linn, fih nat. 2, p. 691. ».10. — ` Amæn. acad. 6. É 396. te -27e Fabric. entom. fyf. 2. U$e16. m. 25 c 63 M. pennicornis. Pallas it. 2. nips n. 81. Gmelin fyf. nat. fe 2055. 7.53. m M. pedtinicornis, Herbft. arch: inf. g. 7. . go. ET. Mant. 1.0. f. 34- mas. f 35. femina. * : ‘Haier prope mare Cafpium. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen, -Mas multo minor, thorace mutico; femina thorace ciliato ; antennis ulnifque latioribus. Femora jn utroque — hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 23 . utroque fexu folummodo gaudent introrfum lobo fimplici femicordato fubterminali, Tibix teretes. In fynonymia fortaffe paflim confufio cum antece- s dente latet, ob neglectas elytrorum et femorum dif- ferentias. lobipes. 9: M. thorace antice fübdilstato mutico; elytris alifque hyalinis, cofta ftriifque obliquis viridibus. TM. undata. Fabric. entom, fyfte 2. dio n. 28. videtur hujus femina.) Stoll Mant. 1. 8. f. 30. mass Habitat in Tranquebar. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen, Caput triangulare; frons produéta in conum erectum; antenna filiformes breviflimæ; sral exferth Brachia femora et "deis utrinque lobis 2 EEA ftipitatz; tibiæ item fpina fubterminali. Elytra et ale aliqno- ties longiores quam abdomen. Fabricius in de- Ícriptione M. wndate videtur ufus fuifle femina hujus noftræ Lbipedis, que coloram detrimentum: cepit e fpiritu vini, | mendica. 10. M. thorace antice marginato, ciliato; elytris albo viri- EE dique variis, cofta guttis albis gie ; os A. ndica. — Pair entom, fiftem. 2. P am m 19. i Habitat i in Africa k Caput triangulare, pess parumper producta, antennæ . pe&tinatz. Thorax pro hac tribu brevis. Femora . fola introrfum lobo femiovato fubterminali. — — 24 Dr. LicurzNsTEIN's Differiation on two Natural Genera ~ foliata — x1. M. thorace mutico, elytris viridiflimis ; pofticorum per : à dum femoribus intus, tibiis utrinque lobatis, © Stoll Mant. 1.18. f. 67. - Habitat in Bengala. Caput triangulare, frons parumper produéta. An- .tennz breves filiformes. Oculi exferti. Elytrorum. bafis interior, aleque —A "do intermedii : teretes. | e pauperata. 12. M. thorace fpinulofo ; humeris extus fpina, ioris intus lobo femicordato terminatis.- Fabric. entom. Siftem. 2. p. 17. CA 18. Ti bunberg HOV. : inf. fpec. 3. $ 6r. T Herbh. arch. inf. 8. t. gx. f. 1. odii. * . Stoll Mant. 1. 10. f. 40. mas, EN Habitat i in i Coromandel. dfin mk neutiquam ejus femina, - "namque eft multoties: minor. ` iffert praterea an- _ tennis in utroque fexu filiformibus brevibufque, co s thorace parum dilatato, elytris integerrimis viridi- . bus flavo rue et Jobig intus Rod ad femora agnas. -- : - Het. ; bidens. — 13. M. thorace. fcabro, ox viridibus. facis nigris, alis fufcis difco atro. - . M. bidens. Fabric. entom. ff. 2. n 295 4 39 fu | Habitat i in n Americas. 2 Ee 7. eue Te por- rectis; femoribus intus late lobatis. - sé, | Stoll coronata, 14. M. RRA C mal EN ; Mie s hitherto confounded 1 under the Na ame DE. Mantis. id 35 : Stoll Mant. t, TI. f. "m diia f 44 item ejus ‘Jarva. Habitat in Amboina. Antennz filiformes mediocres. Quintuplo major quam fequentes. bata. 15. M. thorace cordato marginato, elytris maculis binis quadratis albis. M. lobata. Fabric. entom. 2, p. 23. n.45. Thunberg nov. inf. fpec. 3. p. 62e. f. 73 Stoll Mant. t. 12. f. 50. Habitat ad Cap. bon, fpei. Sequenti fimillima, at paulo major. Ulnz angufte fubmutice. wafuia, 10, M. thorace cordato ciliato, fronte iiim í {pinofo- cancellata. 17. M. thorace dilatat “Vol VL emarginata. . M. nafuta, Eee À, À 2. - 23. a. p Stoll Mant. 1. 9. f. 33. et t. 12. f. 48. Herbfl arch. inf. 8. t. $1. foq. Mantis tricolor. Pupa. Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Antecedente paulo minor; abdominis margo lobato dentatus, lobis recurvis; brachiorum ulnz latiores dentato ciliate. TT Eucnemides. Femoribus tibiifque pins z i pide. "Oh a rotundis. o, margine e membranaceo plano; elytris ovalibus cancellatis. iaa M. cancellata. Fabric. entom. fif. 2. p.18. 2. 23. Stoll Mant. t. 11. f. 42. Habitat in Surinamo. — i ins M. Strusnarice 26 Dr. LIcHTENSTEIN’S Differtation on wo Natural Genera M. Sirumariæ adfinis, fed differt: antennis breviflimis, thoracis margine plano, elytris ovalibus ferrugineis fufco cancellatis, medio macula fubocellari teftacea. firumaria. 18. M. thorace obcordato dilatato, margine fubcucullato, elytris lanceolatis pellucidulis. M. ftrumaria. Linn. fi. nat. 2. p. 691. m. 13. Fabric. entom. fyftem. 2. p. 18. n. 21. Merian. Surin. t. 27. Seb. Muf. 4. t. 69. Roef inf. 2. Gryll. t. 5. — Stoll Mant. t. 12. f: 45. Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Antenne filiformes elongata. precaria. 16. M. thorace elongato fubciliato, elytris ovatis acumi- natis virefcentibus, ocello ferrugineo. : M. precaria. Linn. yf. nat. 2. p. 691. t 8. Fabric. wie etom. fyft. Qe D. 20. 54.32, ^ AE Merian. Surin. t. 66. Seb. Muf. 4. t. 67. - Hhbuttüyn nat. hift. p. x. vol. 10, 1. 79. £ LS De Geer inf. 3. p. 407. n. 3. f. 30. f. 4. Herf arch, inf. 8. 1. 50. f 1. Stoll Mant. t. 17. f. 62. Habitat in America. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. =, a Antennz filiformes mediocres; elytra ovata, acumi- pS nata; nunc ocello ferrugineo fimplici, nunc dimidi- . ato albo, nunc macula fubocellari alba. bodtgetca. 20, M. thorace elongato fubciliato; elytris ovatis acutis,. ` viridibus immaculatis; alis hyalinis fufco undatis. 9. M. carolina. € ~ bitberio confounded under. the Name of Maniis. 27 M. carolina. | Liz. ffi. nat. 2. E 691. ". Qe Amen. acad. 6. p. 396. n.28. .— Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holehuyfen. Antennz filiformes breves. Ulnz intus macula magna atra. i wrorata. 21. M. thorace levi Iibdkritato, even, viridibus, pun&is ferrugineis fparfis. M, irrorata. Linn. pfi. nat. 2. p. 690. n. 7. Amen. acad. 6. p. 397. n. 29. Fabric, entom. Sf. 2. P. 19. ^. 29. Habitat in America auftrali. Antecedenti proxime adfinis, neque ab illa forfan tam- quam peculiaris fpecies diverfa. Punéta fparfa ely- trorum fortaflis a fanie, dum infe&tum acu occide- «etur, emicante orta, ut. in noftra M. con/purcata. cingulata, 22. M. thorace mms fubciliato, dyis lanceolatis viri- dibus, nigro maculatis ; alis nigricantibus nigro li- neatis, cofta ex fufco flavefcente. M. cingulata. . Gmelin fft. nat. dig. " 2055+ a Drury inf. 2. p 89. t. 49. fa vice Stoll Mant. t..9. f. 32. Habitat in America auftrali. Muf. Dom. er Antennz mies PONE: Abdomen nigro cin- urbana. 23. M. E E sbeil ia EN alibus viri- dibus, fafcia punttifque ferrugineis, Fabric. entom. o pfit 2. p. 23. m 42. mas. | coo Stoll Mant. t 9, f. 31. femina. . m ae | E 2 : 2 Habitat 28 | Dr.LicurENsTEIN's Differtation on two Natural Genera Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Mas multo minor quam — differt thorace in- tegro. Simulaerum, 24. M. thorace fabelongato, ciliato; elytris oblongis viri- dibus macula media alba. M. Simulacrum. Fabric. entom. fyfiem. 2. p. 21. n. 34 Stoll Mant. t. 12. f. 40. Habitat in Indis. Muf. Dom. de Breukelerwærth. Antenne filiformes longe; thorax paulo brevior et . .. antice latior, quam in tribulibus. irata. 25. M. thorace elongato levi; elytris fpathulatis hyalinis, cofta viridi; ocello rubro, dimidiato albo; alis hy- alinis. Stoll Mant. 1. 18. f. 66. . Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei. Muf. D. de Breukelerwzrtb. Antennæ filiformes mediocres. Ulne intus macula l nigra. M. oratoriæ adfinis, attamen diverfa. eratoria. 26. M. thorace elongato: ath elytris viridibus immacu- | latis. | M. oratoria. Fabri c. entom. Lifes 2. p. 20. n. 31. «mas. Mantis religiofa: Linn. [yfl nat. 2. p. 690. n. c. Roef. inf. 2. Gryll. t 1. fo 3, 2a Schæf. elem, t. 81. ll T Muf. 4. 1.67. f.7,8. - or ee es Stoll Mant. t.5. f. 19. Ser ario B femina. | Poi ` Linn, n nat, 2. £. 690. n. G. Et n Roef. inf 2. Ghyll. 1.2. f. S. item inf. 4. 1. 12. E Sus, hift, inf. t. B. f. 4. : De Geer bitherto confounded under tbe Name of Mantis. { 29 De Geer inf. 5. pe 410. n. 5. f. 37. f. 2. hic delenda, nam eft M. /anéia, quod vel magnitudo docet. Seb. Muf. 4. 1. 67, f. 9, 10. Stoll Mant. t. 17. f. 64. y Ítriata, M. ftriata. Fabric. entom. fyflem. 2. D. 20. n. 30. Roef. inf. 2. Gryll. 1. 2. f. 6. Habitat ubique in Zona torrida et temperata. Mas antennis longioribus; thorace breviore, Femina alis apice viridibus. sonfpurcata, 27. M. thorace carinato ciliato, elytris fpathulatis hya- grifea. linis, cofta fubrepanda viridi, inre ferrugineis fparfis.) Stoll Mant. 1. 16. f. 60. ib. t. 4. f: x2. pupa. Habitat in Coromandel. | Muf, Dom. Holthuyfen. Adfinis M. eraterze, at paulo major; antennz filifor- mes mediocres. Thorax manifefto ciliatus. Punéta {parfa videntur a fanie, dum occideretur, orta. | 28. M. thorace latiufculo; oculis prominentibus; elytris alifque grifeo hyalinis, fufco maculatis. M. grifea, Fabric. entom. fyf. 2. p.22. n. 40. Stoll Mant. 1. 6. f. 23. Habitat in Coromandel. Statura mediocris. Caput quale Agrii virginis, at ma- c Antenne popes peores: Corpus artuf- que grifei, fu fubrepanda. echroptera, 29. M. thorace levi, elytris oblongis Fees macula la- terali fufca. : D» Geer inf. 3. fo 36. f. 8? 1 à“; : i An Stolk 30 Dr.YacumrzNsTEIN's Diffrtation on two Natural Genera Stoll Mant. 1.6. f. 22. pupa? 4. 4. f. 13. larva? . Habitat in Coromandel. | Adhuc dubia fpecies. adfperfa. 30. M. thorace ciliato elytris alifque longis grifeis fuíao maculatis. Stoll Mant. 1. 31, f. 41. -Habitat in Africa æquinoétiali. Similis M. precarie, fed minor. Elytra eque ob- longa integerrima. Jyalima. 31. M. thorace ciliato, elytris hyalinis margine yiridi, ory. fronte bidentata, | M.hyalina. Fabric. entom. Î fls 2. n 2I. f. 37- De Geer inf. 3. p. 410. M 4 t 3 fiv Habitat in America. | | Nimis adfinis yidetur M. oratori. aimacha. 22. M. thorace levi, elytris alifque viridi hyalinis. -~ M. monacha. Fabric. entom. fif. 2. pe 21. n. 35. — Stoll Mant. 1. Y. f.2. mas. Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei. Similis M. precariæ, fed duplo minor. — jantia. 33. M. thorace ferrulato, elytris viridibus immaculatis, alis hyalinis, e a M.Ían&ta. Fabric. entom. fyflem. 2. pe 21. m. 33. i M s se Ger. dd 3. h 37- NS „Mantis oratoria. in precaria, at cue minor. Elytra oblonga | : intestina. Alz apice virefcentes, qoe 34. M. thorace fübcarinato levis elytris oblongis integer- rimis Bitberto confounded under the Name of Mantis. + — sx rimis dilute fufcis ; alis cinereis fufco undatis, fafcia. lata purpurea juxta bafin hyalinam.. Stoll Mant. t. 18: f. 68 $ Habitat in Surinamo. Similis M. purpura/centi; fed hujus tribus. Antenne filiformes mediocres. Thorax elongatus vix margi-- natus, fed fubcarinatus nec linearis. Elytraalæque longitudine abdominis. -— . M. thorace levi; elytris integerrimis; alarum apice: exalbido ; abdomine depreffo, margine lobato. M. truncata. Fabric. entom, fyft. 2. p. 17.. m. 20. Stoll Mant. 1. 3. f. 10. Habitat in America auflrali. — Parva fed robufta Abdomen fafciis fufcis cingula- tum, Elytra pun&o difci fufco.. nenrobtera. 36. M. thorace Izvi, antice. tereti; elytris alifque. hyalinis,. fufco venofis. Stoll Mant. t. 12.. f. 46s. Habitat in Ceylon. Elytra et ale fere, ut neuroptéris v. c. Hémerobiis;. longiores quam abdomen. Attamen certiffime hu-- jus generis et tribus. ae Confer. M. perfpicua Fabric. entom: Li: 5. 49. coii G3 “a truncaid. — -— M. parva Mis ee E inf. 2. 5.78: t. 39: f 5. caffrana, 37. M. thorace levi, antice tereti, poftice marginato;. ely-- tris viridibus, fulphureo marginatis. - Soll Mant, t. X3. f. 43 | Habitat: 32 Dr.licenrzwsrEiN's Difertation on two Natural Genera Lau -Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei. Proxime adfinis M. fancte. prafinana. 38. M. thorace depreffo, fubcarinato, levi; elytris brevi- bus acutis; alis abdomine longioribus nigris apice flavefcentibus. Stoll Mant. t. 1. f. 4. Habitat in Surinamo. Corpus parvum viride. Elytra brevia, medio linea ele- vata fufca, fere ut Phafmatis ; fed caput, thorax et brachia Mantin arguunt. Pedes poftici teretes te- nuiffimi. minuta. — 39. M. thorace elongato Mt uu. elytris hyalinis cofta ; virefcente. Fabric. entom. [yflem. 2. pr 24. n. 50. Stoll Mant. t. 2. f. 7. Habitat in America auftrali. Muf, Dom. Holthuyfen. Parva. Caput cordatum oculis lateralibus. Antennx filiformes breves. Pedes antici a reliquis diftantes capiti approximati. Elytra et alz viridi hyaline. gegana. 40. M. thorace teretiufculo, elytris alifque reticulatis albis, priorum cofta macula laterali ferruginea. Fabric. entom. Sy fle. 2. p. 24. 7. 49- Raphidia Mantifpa. Linn. ff. nat. 2. p. 916. n.2 Raphidia ftiriaca. Pod. Muf. Grec. 101. t. 1. JL Mantis Perla. Pallas fpicil. zool. e da 9. -á I4. 7. I. f. 8. Stoll Mant. 1.2. f. ©. - a Habitat j in n Gallia, Gen. . Caput cordatum oculis lateralibus. Brachia ca- JW approximata. Thorax brevior quam antece- dentis ; vix carinatus, integerrimus. 5 “= 2 pufilla, hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. | 33 puja. 41. M. thorace teretiufculo levi, elytris alifque oblongis integerrimis hyalinis, priorum cofta flavefcente. Fabric. entom. [yflem. 2. p. 25. n. 5t. Pallas fpicil, zool, fafc. 9. p. 15. t. 1. f. 9. Stoll Mant, t. 1. f. 3 Ke Habitat. ad Cap. bon. fpei. Parva, vix major quam Raphidia Ophiopfis. mama. - 42. M. thorace teretiufculo elongato, elytris alique hyali- angulala, Vor. VI. nis fufco venofis, abdomine longioribus. Stoll Mant, t. 4. f- 15. Habitat in Coromandel. Antecedenti adfinis, attamen diverfa. Abdomen vix depreffum;. brachia capiti approximata., Corpus “TAPIE el trorum cofta angufta rufefcens. tt Det oculis conico-acuminatis. 43. M. thorace mediocri, elytris finuato-repandis,. abdo- mine lobato. — Stoll Mant. Í. TR uc Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Corpus 1 mediocre at robuftum ferrugineum. Caput cor- utum. ertice bifido. | Ente filiformes medio- fi elongatus levis. T atum lobis ciliato- Fr Brachia ut In con generibus. Pedes curforii fimpliciffimi, lobis nullis; quum reliquz Mantes de- ; prefize dioptricz omnes quoque fimul arthriticæ re- ^^ periantur, vel koc 7 wue fpecies n max- - me fingularis. " -r F This 34 — Dr.LicurENsTEIN's Diffrtation on two Natural Genera This may be fufficient for the nomenclature of the two generas which I have taken the liberty to name in German Blati/chrecke, ot Laubfebrecke, and Fangfchrecke. Tt is unneceffary to.repeat here all that I have faid in Latin; I will only make a few general remarks,. efpecially on the fpecies omitted by Fabricius. In the Entomologia Svfematica we find in all 51 Mantes; There defcribe 25 Pha/inata: and 43 Mantes, together 68 fpecies; hence it might be concluded,, that I had 17 new fpecies; but this mode of reckoning 1s not per- fe&ly fure: it may be, and is, indeed, the fact, that I have added: more. than 17 fpecies. The defcriptions of Fabricius are very good and correct, but they are frequently infufficient to determine to which. family a Mantis belongs, and, therefore, I cannot always be certain. whether this or that fpecies delineated by Stoll, where I do not cite Fabricius, may not yet be found in the Entomologia Syfematica: But this will be very rarely the cafe, and nearly all the fpecies of. Fabricius, which I gus over in tbe a i, are. certainly want- | ing in Stoll: xat, Every one rre vin thie fubje& Wu hate that the firt 15 Mantes of Fabricius are one and all Phafmata. A certain proof that the difference of the habit ftruck alfo the attention of this fharp-fighted entomologifl. The PZafma cifrifolium alone has gone aftray among the Mantes; under the name of M. fccifolia, n. 24. This has been occafioned partly by. its belonging to.a peculiar fa- mily, which has rather more refemblance to the Mantes than the ether Phafimata, and partly from this circumftance, that Fabricius was. acquainted only with the female, and not with the male, which bears. | ftro! ger marks of a Pha/ina than the female. Three fpecies 3 ma occur in Fabricius which Stoll. has not, and which I Bava chef MEC. number in the order of fpecies Not that I doubt their exiftence, but. becaufe they are males, and I cannot be cer- “tain Cm the female is not already reckoned among the fpecies. They are hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 33 are the following, M. /pino/a, n. 9. M. bifpinofa, n. 10. and M. aurita, 4. 13. This laft is, in all probability, the male of the Pha/ma Dracunculus, provided it has broad forelegs, and in general fkinny margins on all its legs, which may eafily be determined by infpec- tion of the Lundian colle&ion in Copenhagen. The next in order, Ph. lineare, is certainly at leaft of the fecond family, and, pro- bably, the male of my Ph. Obrtmanni, The Ph. fpinofum and bifpino- Jum belong certainly to the firft family, and are very nearly related to the Ph. atrophicum and heéticum. The lat mentioned are alfo males, of which the females are, perhaps, already known. In the genus Pha/ma, the males in general are very clearly diftinguifhable from the females. ‘The fexual diftinétions may be taken with the greateft advantage from thofe fpecies of which the males and fe- males are known with perfec certainty as belonging to each other. Thefe are particularly my Pb. mevium and Ph. edule. ‘There are, indeed, fome genera in which it feems that the difference of the fexes in refpe&t to magnitude is only obfervable in fome fpecies, and not in the genus at large. I need not go fo far as to mention that - in the genus Cervus, the ftag, Cervus Elaphus, is greater than the hind; and, on the contrary, the roebuck, Cervus Capreolus, is confi- derably fmaller than the doe; fuch confiderations would carry me too far from my purpofe, I will confine myfelf to infects. Here we. have the Bombyx difpar, in which an inequality exifts between the two fexes that us be called Ghexamipied in this genus. It: were rated from thé genus Bombyx, T Kher: as the Lucani, where the fexes are of unequal magnitudes, are feparated from the’ more proportionate Pafali. Yet, fetting afide all thefe minutiz, we may affame it as a probable hypothefis, until the contrary be. clearly proved, that the differences of moft, if not of all, the other fpecies of F 2 P hafna, 36 Dr. LicurensTetn’s Difiriation on two Natural Genera Phafma, with refpe& to fex, are analogous to thofe of the nexium. and edule. This being granted, we may obferve that, 1. The males are always much lefs than the females. 2, Their antennz are pro- portionably longer and thicker. 3. Their hemelytra are fmaller, round-oval, fharper at the tip, thorned at the bafe; thofe of the females larger, oval, rounded off at the tip, without thorns, but more ftrongiy ribbed. 4 The females of fome fpecies are, perhaps, with- | out wings, although they have hemelytra, and the males have really wings. The Pbofma citrifolium of the fecond family, and the Pb. angulatum of the firft, afford examples of this. It is not im- poffible that fome females may be found to want both wings and hemelytra, whofe males may have both. At the fame time, there are certainly fome males without wings in the perfect ftate, "The Pb. filiforme in the Ohrtmannian collection is, without doubt, a male, full grown, and yet without any wings. Time will fhow whether or not this Ps. ffforme be the male of the Pb. Ramulus. 5. The head and thorax of the male Phafina are more thorny than thofe of the female. 6. The female Pbhafmata have, between the three leaves at the end of the abdomen, a proper fpine for laying eggs; the male organs, concealed in a fimilar pofition, are in dried fpecimens not to be clearly diftinguifhed. 7. The forefeet of the males are in proportion ele ungn and dentated with fewer but ftronger thorns. — | Thefe obfervations may be of sic us bii together the fexes of the fame fpecies, and may ferve to guide and affift a reader, who “has an opportunity of obferving thefe infects alive, to throw more hg ht on Ngee SeA and procreation. But, on the other hand, y render determination of the fpecies. The fpecific te pe ght pre rit never to be taken from the particulars juft | mentioned, as res hardly ever agree perfeétly in both fexes. I have. Wepght as much as poffible to avoid this error in the defcription of = the hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 37 the fpecies, of which I knew both the:male and the female. Where I could afcertain but one fex, whether in a natural fpecimen, or in a drawing or defcription of good authority, I have been obliged, againft my own principles, to form the fpecific characters from thofe variable diftinétions which are fubje& to change with the difference of fex. In this refpect, therefore, whoever íhall hereafter think proper to write a more complete and accurate monograph on the P5afmate,. will find. ftill much room left for corre&ions and improvements. I confider myfelf as excufed in the eyes of enlightened judges, as having been able to make ufe only of dried fpecimens and books; and, be- fides, as fairly confeffing and pointing out the defects of my fpecific characters, and recommending them to the improvements of thofe who have opportunity of examining the living fubjects. In the genus of the proper Mantes, the difference between the two fexes is far from being fo ftriking as in the Pha/mata. I believe that- 1 have obferved in fome fpecies the following fexual characters, which I do not lay down dogmatically, but propofe, as a critical reafoner, to be brought to the teft by thofe who have opportunity and {kill to make ufe of them. 1. The male Mantes are only a lit- tle fmaller than the females. 2. Their antennz are confiderably longer, and fomewhat thicker, fomctimes, although rarely, even pec- tinated. Thus, perhaps, the M. fabellicornis may be the male of M. gongylodes; on the other hand, both fexes of the M. pea feem to have peétinated antennz. 3. The males have prop se | larger eyes than the females; rada lod Mae and 1 fitua ion, t eyes of each fex agree of cour aétly. 4 Th males is narrower, and, cfpeciafly m pin cott s; Their abdomen is narrower and thinner, 6. Their hemelytra are narrower, and often longer. 7. Their wings arelonger, and every way larger. 8. 'Their arms are fomewhat longer; the upper and lower arm nar- rower, and lefs flattened; the fciffar-like, or falciform hand, narrower 4 and 38 . Dr.LicurENSTEIN's Difertation on two Natural Genera and longer; the thumb rounder and longer. "The females are pro- portionately the reverfe in all thefe refpects, that is, the whole form is heavier, broader, flatter, and firmer. "The proper organs of gene- ration of the Mantes do not, in dried fpecimens, admit of exami- nation. From this digreffion on the fexual differences in both genera, I return to the account which I propofed to give. In Gmelin’s thirteenth edition of the Syfema Nature the Phafmata ftand as in Linné, intermixed with the Mantes. But we find fome enumerated amongft them that Fabricius has‘not. The M. cylindrica, n. 54. is doubtlefs the male of M. necydaloides. À have united both - under Ph. neviun. M. phthifica is probably the maleof my Ph. edule. M. labiata is alfo a.Pbafme, but I can fay nothing further of it. M. gigantea is:our Ph, angulatum, asd rather choofe to call it after Fabricius; it is this fpecies defcribed from a female. I now come to the proper Mantes. I muft here enumerate the following from Fabricius, which I have been obliged to omit, not ing able to afcertain to which family they belong. 1. M. Juper- "pinoja of that author, 7. 27. appears to belong to the Mantes with a flattened body, rounded feet, and round,eyes, and in my feries to come in between M. firumaria and precaria. 2. M. fcneftrata, n. 38. appears to.claim a place in the fame family and party. 3. M. bidens, 4. 39. belongs to my arthritic divifion with round eyes, between lobipes and mendica. 4. M. ruflica, n. 43. muft, according to analogy, be alfo arthritical; and in that cafe it follows M. fectinicorms. sk Main F Fabr. 7. 47. is {carcely a fpecies cffentially different from : M. = fefpesa x due b pe — after my Tol edocet V s "x of: Gmelin f am quite at a lofs to arrange, as I have no fufficient accounts to enable me to afcertain their fa mily and relationfhip with any certainty. 1. M. maculata, n. 45. 6 2. M. capen- hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 39 2. M. capenfis, n. 46. 3. M. angufia,n. 50. 4. M. iren 2. ST. and g. M. brachyptera, n. 52. The new fpecies, which I here defcribe e the arte time, with Mie: addition of coloured plates, are the following: r. Phafima-heëticum, TAB. I. jig. 2. 2. Phafma Obrtmanni, Tas. ll. fig. x. 3. Mantis Filum, Tan. Il. fig. 2. - The Pha/ma heéticum, which is an inhabitant of China, I de- fcribe from a fpecimen in the colle&ion of Mr. Holthuyfen ; it is of the male fex, and refembles the Pha/ma Gigas ; but does not feem to be the male of that fpecies, although its female muft be of the fize of the Ph. Gigas. The head is oblongo-ovate, highly vaulted, and covered with a a fhagreen-like fkin. The forehead is elongated into a fharp por- rected horn, which is excavated in the middle with a deep furrow ; the margins are bent round ‘and ferrato-dentated. .It confifts of di leaflets,. comprefled from the fides, which the infect, when alive, can probably feparate at pleafure from each other, and move either . of them apart. The organs. of feeding are of the fame nature with the others of this genus and family. The eyes are fituated under the forehead, and are fmall, round, and black. The antennz are feta- ceous, originate between the eyes, and have, at the bafe, two thick divifions ; the ge are longis and become, by degree, RATER, and narrower: — "t min AL The ( 49 ) | | II. The Botanical Hiflory of tbe Genus Ebrbarta. By Olof SwMrs, M. D. F. M. L. S. . Read apr 7; 1800. Re the numerous botanical acquifitions made upwards of twenty years ago by Profeffor Thunberg during his extenfive pere- grinations in the fouthern part of Africa, was a kind of grafs, whofe difference from all before known, occafioned him to confider it as a peculiarly diftinét genus. It was afterwards defcribed and deline- ated by him in the Memoirs of the Swedifh Royal Academy for 1779, f. 216. 1.8. under the name of Ebrharta, in honour of F. Ehrhart, native of Berne 1 in Switzerland, once a pupil of the elder Linnzus, and His Britannic Majefty's botanift at Hanover; a man of great merit in the fcience of botany, and who is well known by his . labours, particularly in the "ce of Ho and the cryptogamous tribe. - "Thefame — Pausas adopted nada the Nova Graminum Genera, arranged in a Meme under die peser of the younger Linnzus at Upfala — In the mean time, the Abbé Bone publithed i in his Journal de Phyfique, 1779, p. 225. a botanical defcription made by L. Richard, fa kind of grafs called by him Trochera friata, of which, notwith- ; the ind ut figure he has given, it is not difficult to pes ceive the near affinity with the former. - Several years serons the Prefident of the Linnæan Society Boer in the firft fafciculus of his Plantarum Icones bactenus inedite, Dr. SwAnTZ's Bolanical Hifory of the Genus Ehrbarta. 4t & 9. a new fpecies, under the name of Ehrharta panicea, dete&ted in the year 1776 by Sonnerat, at the Cape of Good Hope. | In the fecond fafciculus of the fame valuable work, the author enriches the genus E4rharta with two other fpecies, the E. /ongiflora and E. calycina, the latter of which had, fome time before, appeared in the Linnean Supp. E LAAEN p- 108. where it is called Æra ca- perfis. But the great external fimilarity of this genus with that of Melica, has made me anxious to examine, with the leave of my highly ef- teemed friend Prof. Thunberg, into feveral of thofe fpecies preferved in his mufeum, which we find not only inlifted in the Suppl. Plant. under the generic names of Melica and Aira, but even thofe inferted m the firít part of his own Prodr. Flore Capenfis; and to my very great fatisfaction, I have had the good fortune to detect fome poflefT- ing all the charaéteriftic marks of the genus in queflion. I am happy to acknowledge my high. obligations to Prof. Thunberg, by whofe generous communications I have thus been able to attain a tolerably complete knowledge of feveral beautiful kinds, which will ftill more help to fettle the limits of this moft di(tin& genus, and become fo many ‘cypreffes round the urn of a man untimely loft for fcience, - whofe name will be preferved by them in the annals of botany. Having now had the opportunity of ftudying and comparing fo many fpecies, I venture to offer more accurate characteré to form the natural and genuine difference of the Esrharta from other ge- - nera of the fame natural order, the charemee hihet given in the Suppl. Plant. and in the abo differt. being rather a fpecific defcription of the only ick is new genus was firft founded. Habitus generis naturalis. Radix fibrofa l. rarius bulbofa. T. Culmi conferti, fimplices 1. fubdivifi, fubinde ramofi, articulati, fubge- 2914. VJ. | G niculati, | à Dr. Swarvtz’s Botanical Hiffory niculati, erecti, l. verfus radicem decumbentes, ftoloniferi; in qui- bufdam fuffrutefcentes. i Eo Folia ut in gramineis bafi vaginantia, difco plana, apice interdum convoluta; margine cartilaginea {cabra l. crenulato-undulata, Vagina arcte, fauce contractz, liguliferæ. Panicula terminalis, fimpliciutcula, contracta l. patens. Flores mutici l. | | Glume calycine fzepius coloratz. Charaëler genericus. Car. Gluma anillo. bivalvis. Falvule corolla fepius breviores, ovate, acute, concavo- canaliculatz, muticz, patentiufculæ, inæquales. exterior plerumque minor, ovato-lanceolata, interiorem bafi. amplectens. interior parum major, lato-ovata, acuta. Cor. Gluma duplex, calyce longior, fubclaufa. Exterior bivalvis. . Valvule complicate, compreffæ, amplexantes inzquales, fepe: bafi uno alterove fafciculo villorum præditæ, iniertor anguftior, bafi utroque latere excifa. — vii exterior latior, ante floreícentiam maximam partem iiie obvolvens, infima bafi interiorem fubtus (articulatione- quafi) excipiens. —— s c Interior anceps, bivalvis. —— .Valvulz complicate, membranaceæ, carinatæ inzquales, cues latior, bafi ad latera excifa glumæ oppofite corollae. m interior cia. ST i- Ad bafin interioris, verfus valvulam interiorem ue) pilin E ut. - exterioris of the Genus Ebrharta. 41 exterioris, infidet tuderculum feflile, fubrotundum, inxquale; forfan rudimentum flofculi. | Ne&arium. Petala s. membranule 2. minima, bafi craffiufcula, apice tenuiflima ; genitalia obvolventia. | STAM. Filamenta. 6. breviffima, circa germen ent Anthere Nie . neares, erectz, bafi emarginatæ, apice bifidæ, biloculares; loculis apice oblique hiantibus. Pas. Germen ovatum, minutum, glabrum. S/yk duo, breviffimi, erecti, contigui. S/4egmafa longa, conniventia, demum diver- gentia, compreffo-bijubata. Per. nullum; fed valvulz coroll. perfiftentes includunt SEMEN unicum glabrum. Character effentialis. Care Gluma bivalvis uniflora. > = s 2s Cor. Gluma duplex, utraque bivalvis ; exterior v bafi exei: From the above generic charaéter it appears—that the glume co- rolling being joined atthe bafe by a kind of hinge or articulation, the interior of the exterior corolline glumes is emarginated at the fides of the bafe, or has on each fide a femilunar cavity j—that a rudimentum flofeuli is commonly found atthe bafe between the twointeriorcorolline valves; but in-thofe fpecies where this rudiment is wanting, a /guama petaloidea is feen in its place on both fides, where the interior valve is | emargi- nated ;—that the fi filament ire not inierted | nner two fides of the germen, b ut furround it; : concealed witbin the compre: fed glumes o t Perola. are placed three on each oppofite fide of the piftillum;—that the antheræ open only at the top at the time of fœcundation ;—and finally, es the Styles are deed two, and thie Stigmata bi jubata, -A 44 Dr. Swarrz’s Botanical Hiffory This genus ought accordingly, in the fexual fyftem, to take its place in. Hexandria digynia, immediately after Oryza, it having been erroneoufly placed in the order monogynia; of this I fhall have occa- fion to fay more hereafter. With refpeét to its natural order, it belongs to the Graminea, like the Oryza, Zizania and Pharus, with which it agrees in number of ftamina,——a number unufual among the graffes. | As to the habit of the fps : in general, they approach particu- arly that of the Melice, although quite different in the number and the difpofition of the glumes. The natural place of growth of this genus, as far as we yet know; is only near the fouthernmoft part of Africa, commonly called the. Cape of Good Hope. As there are fpecies with Z/rzA&e as well as without them, I have - -thought it moft convenient in the following fcientific defcriptions, to: divide the Facts into Mutice and Ld bate. EHRHARTA mnematea. . E.glumis counties exterioribus rugofis obtufis (muticis) ; panicula: fimplici Bim. cube indivifos foliorum margine ori crif E. re foliis vaginatis cifpis, corolla rugof obtufa. Phunk: | prodr. fl. Cap. p. 66. | E. en, Act. Holm.. 1779, p. 216. t. 8. Nova plant. gen. Uf. 1779- Linn. fuppl. 209. Syft. nat. ed. Guel. Y. p. 549. a cartilaginea, culmo indivifo;. panicula fimplici, corolla exteriore » fubmutica, foliorum margine FAR ns D Smith icon. v. plant. d. Th A 35 LE dutans, Lamarck encycl, UZ Eh DESCR. Descr. Radices filiformes, longz, fimplices, rigide, erumpentes fub. of the Genus Ebrbharla. 45. bulbo fupra radicali: glabro lutefcente, vaginis foliorum ra- dicalium fubimbricatis ftriatis emarcidis tecto. Culmus erectus, fimplex, fubbipedalis, remote articulatus (ar- ticulis circiter quinque) foliofus, craffitie culmi Triciti re- pentis. Folia inferiora s. radicalia longiora, palmaria, fuperiora bre- viora, fubcnüformia, erecta, marginata, margine cartila~ ginea, criipa, l. crenulata, difco laviufcula, fubtus nervofo- ftriata, bafi in vaginis contractis definentia, fauce reflexo nigro. Ligula minuta albida membranacea ciliata intra faucem inferta culmumque cingens. Panicula erc&a, fimplex, fubflexuofa; pedunculi bini ternique,. laxiufculi, capillares, inferiores z—3 fons. fub floribus incraífati, fæpeque colorati. - 3 Flores magni, cernui, flavo-purpurafcentes. | Calyx bivalvis. Valvulæ fubæquales, fubovate, acute, concave, leviter carinatæ, patentes, membranacez, vix nervofæ, tote glabræ, dorío et bafi fufco purpurafcentes, Interior paulo major latiorve, exteriore bafi amplexa. Gluma corollina duplex, mutica, calyce longior. Exterior acinaciformis, bivalvis. Valvule complicatz,. compreffiufculz, oblongo-lanceolètæ _ obtufæ, bafi. paullulum excifz.. 3 exterior elongate -obovata, latior, carinata, dorfo.leviffime recurvata, lateribus inferne coftatis et rugofis, margini- bus fuperne fubconvolutis ; ; apice carinaque (oculo: armato) fcabriufcula fubhifpida; fafciculis duobus villo~ rum albiffimorum extus bafin, unus fupra. alterum. . infertis, fæpe pallide violacea.. a 46 Dr. SwARTZ's Botanical Hifiory interior anguftior, linearis, acumine breviffimo vix incurva, obtufe carinata, tota rugis tranfverfis elevatis notata, mar- gine fubciliata, pallefcens ; ad utrumque latus bafeos ca- rine hifpidule fafciculo villorum predita. Interior bivalvis. Falvule inæquales, complicate, glaberrimæ, membra- - . naceæ, pallide virefcentes. : exterior ovato-lanceolata obtufa, emarginata, dorfo impri- mis carinata; nervofa. + interior multo anguftior, lanceolato-falcata, dorfo bicari- nata, margine tenuiflima, albida. es Inter bafin hujus et interiorem corollæ exterioris, ¢uberculum feffile, minutum, inzquale. Ne&arium, Petala bina, minuta, obovata, erecta, bafi flavef- centia, fuperne tenuiffima albida, margine lacero-ciliata, genitalia ampleétentia. = Filamenta fex breviffima s. longitudine neétarii, circa bafin | germinis inferta, alba. Antber@ ercétæ, lincares, longitu- dine glumæ interioris corollz, bafi emarginatz, apice bifido extrorfum pollen emittentes; lutez. Germen ovato-compreffiufculum, glabrum, S#y/ duo, fila- mentis breviores latiufculi compreffi, conniventes. Stig- mata longitudine antherarum erecta, vix divergentia, rompreffo-bijubata s. pilis diftichis longiufculis albido- fplendidis ornata. Semen ovatum, glabrum, elumis corollinis inclufum. - 7 his beautiful grafs is diftinguifhed by its acinacform or fcymitar-. ed fi and its leaves being more cartilaginous and undulated at their edges t thani in any other known fpeciés. "Though the culm is not fo long as in many other fpecies, the flowers furpafs moft of them in fize, That the root, though provided with fibres, is at the fame | 9 time of the Genus Ebrharta. 47 time bulbous, is a circumftance, I believe, hitherto not attended to. Truth obliges me alfo to declare that the Ebrbarta mnematea, or Ca- penfis, is not monogynous, but really digynous. The miftake, how- ever, was eafily made, becaufe the ftyles are very fhort, and the long ftigmas in the compreffed valves ftick clofe to one another, and ap- pear as one, like a plume with four margins, and is called by Linnzus. quadrijubaium, fourmaned ; but on a nearer fcrutiny, by the help of a pin, it may be divided down to the top of the germen. Thunberg found this plant in the grafly regions about soba and in.other places at the Cape. z. EHRHARTA panicea. E, glumis corollinis exterioribus glabris fubrugofis obtufis;, panicula fubramofo fecunda ; culmo fubdivifo. — E. panicea, culmo divifo, panicula fubramofa, floribus erectis digynis. Smith pl. ined. 3. 1.9. E. ereéta. Lamarck encycl. fp. 2. Descr.. Radices longiffimz; fimpliciufculæ, filiformes, fibrillis latera- . libus brevibus, ex albido-fufcz. Cülmi cæfpitofi, 1—2.— 3 pedales, geniculati, inferne decum- bentes, fubadícendentes, ad genicula (przfertim inferiora). fubdivifi, quafi ramofi, tereti-comprefhiufculi, glabeerimis, : ftriatuli, foliofi. Stolones tereti fabulat alind. Mon e du Genicula weed cs n = ; Folia 2—6 pollicaria et ultra, lineari-lanceolata, acuta, erecta, longitudinaliter ftriata glabra; margine integra leviter: undulata fcabriuícula, oculo armato cartilagineo-ferru~ lates; juniora pubefcentia, læte virentia.. cibus ad bafim: aging. Dr. Sw AnTZ's Botanical Hiftory Vaginæ foliorum compreffæ culmum arce cingentes, are membranacez ciliate; /igula albo-membranacea, femitu- bulofa, laciniato-ciliata, intra faucem inferta, Panicule terminales, ereétiufculæ, laxæ, fubramofz. Pedun- culi capillares, fuperiores fimplices, erecti, alterni; inferiores terni fecundi, quorum duo elongati, horizontaliter patulo- deflexi, pedicellis 1—2 linearibus, fub flofculis incraffatis, pubefcentibus, unifloris. Flores ere&i, virides, polygami. Calyx bivalvie. Valvule ovate, concave, fubcarinatæ, ob- tufe, glabræ, virides, a apice membranaceæ perpuraicentae, exteriore majore. Gluma corollina exterior mutica, calyce parum longior. Va/- vule complicate, oblongz, concavæ, obtufæ, comprefliuf- cule, margine membranaceæ, dorfo (oculo armato) car- tilagineo-ferratæ bafi nude; fubæquales. Exterior lxvis, — bafi triquetra; interior leviter coftata, bafi pubefcens nec _. villofa, valde excifa; lateribus inter coftas tranfverfaliter rugofis. interioris valvulæ complicate, carinatæ; exterior parum latior, glaberrima, 5-nervia, viridis, inferiorem minorem, .. teneriorem, bicarinatam, albidam, ampleétens. Tuberculum minutum ovatum ad bafin inter valvulas corolli- nas interiores. Necfarii petala duo minutiffima, obovata retufa erecta, plana . integerrima, genitalia includentiaa - = =o am. 6. longitudine valvularum. — Faea breviffima. inter lineares, bafi apiceque emarginatæ, ‘biloculares, lutez, apice extrorfum hiantes, polliniferæ, Germen es glabrum, bafi attenuatum. Sty/ duo, fta- minibus of the Genus Ebrbaria. | 49 minibus breviores, divaricati.. Stigmata albida; bijubata : pilis longis. Semen oblongum, compreffinfculum, bafi blige attenuatum, : glabrum, femidiaphanum; valvulis cor. inclufum. Ali flofculi monoici, hermaphroditis in cadem panicula - mixti. = Mafe. Piftillum abortiens. Fem. Filamenta longiífima, capillaria abíque antheris, circa piftillum fertile. Dr. Smith defcribed this fpecies after a. dried fpecimen in the col- lection of his friend Thouin at Paris. Having myfelf cultivated the fame for fome years, it has been in my power to add a little to the fpecific defcription. From the manner of growing of this kind, as well as of others. examined in the. herbarium of Thunberg, it feems that, producing many fhoots or runners from the roots, they form craffy turfs. What has appeared to me moft fingular in the E. panicea is, that the lowermoft peduncles of the panicle lean hori- zontally towards one fide, or downwards. The flowers are, perhaps, the fmalleft of the genus. The lateral wrinkles (ruge) of the ex- terior corolline valves alfo indicate an affinity to the foregoing, whofe flowers they refemble in form. Their likenefs, however, to fome of -the panicum geor een T the House name ten by Dr. HUS Sea NRON E HM ; : E. glumis coroll. exterioribti {cab retufis ; panicula coarétata;. - culmo ramofiffimo fuffrutefcente. ~~ ; Melica ramofa, corollis glabris muticis, panicula coarétata, culmo ramofo. - Thunb. prodr. p. 21. Sp. pl. ed. Wild. p.383 — Vor. Vt H | Ebrbarts 50: Dr. SwARTZ's Botanical Hiftory Ebrharta digyna, foliis planis, corollis levibus obtufis coftatis. ford. p. 66. Descr. Culmus 3—4-pedalis, erectus, glaber ; inferne craffitie pennæ anferinz, fubfolidus, rigidus, ramofiffimus, feu ad articulos nodofus, ubique dichotome fubdivifus, ramis teretibus fubgeniculatis ftriatis glabris vaginatis. Folia inferiora vaginantia concava lanceolata, s. potius vaginz = inferiores bipollicares, culmum ramofque bafi cingentes, ufque ad articulum apertz, ftriatz, glabra, virides. Superiora, s. ramorum terminalium, linearia, apice erecto con- voluta, bafi longiffime et arcte vaginantia. Paniculæ terminales, erectx, coarétatæ, fimplices, rarius ra- - mofæ, bi- tri-pollicares. | Pedunculi 2—4 lin. longi, 2——3, conferti, inzquales, uniflori. Flores. shlong Miincelatiy php, COD een ich glabri- = féal- | biges: Calycis valvule fubæquales, ee acute con- cavo-carinatæ, muticæ, glaberrimæ, nitidæ. Gluma coroll. vix longior calycis, intra calycem pedicellata. | Exterioris valvule fubæquales, carinatæ, lanceolatz fubretufæ, lineis elevatis notatæ (coftatæ Thunb.) oculo armato fca- bris, carinaque ciliata; albidæ, apice extimo plerumque fufcæ ; exterior fafciculo pilorum ad bafin dorfo inferto; | Interior bafi utroque latere valde excifa, fafciculis pilorum Ec _duobus, fquamulifque femilunaribus minutiffimis: albidis + i us ecco (Forte: rudimenta flofculorum.) iterioris vah quales, > glaberrime, carinatæ ; exterior ‘glume a ri fimillima, fed tota carinaque glabra; in- ter tor of the Genus Ebrharta. oer terior minor, tenerrima, acutiufcula, diaphana, apice fub- ciliata. Tuberculum inter valv. inter. in hac fpecie deeft. NeGarium: Petala cuneiformia, retufa, integra, genitalia ampleétentia, albida. . Filamenta 6, breviflima. ÆAntheræ lineares, minute, flavæ, apice pollen emittentes. Germen ovatum. Styli duo, divergentes, glumis breviores. Stigmata congenerum, albida. This kind is not lefs diftin& in its flowers than in the rigidity of its branching culm, which, about the articulations, is almoft ligneous. The panicles at the top of all the branches, being ge- nenii undivided, have more the appearance of racemi. The flowers fomewhat refemble thofe of the Fefuca decumbens, and are quite bare, with a calyx as long as the corolline valves, and frequently (not always) diftinguifhed by dark tips. Thunberg, probably induced by the outward refemblance of the flowers, made this fpecies a Me- lica; but being in poffeffion of another, though lefs perfect, fpecimen, (which. he did not fuppofe to be the fame with his Melica ramofa,) and having in that found the flowers correfponding with the cha- racter of Ebrharta, he again inferted it in the Prodr. ff. Cap. under the appellation of Ebrharta di igyna. Thunberg met with this grafs in a valley diftant from ths Cape, by the Du eh. neue E. glumis: corollinis exterioribus glaberrimis obtufis, panicula paten- - satay :- x Melica Capenfs, po glabris. muticis, panicula patentiffima, foliis fabfiliformibus. Thunb. prodr. Cap: D. 21, Per. NT m Wild. p. 333. H 2 Dh. 2 Dr. Swartz’s Botanical Hiftory Descr. Culmus erectus, inferne geniculatus, teres, ftriatus, glaber. Articuli pubefcentes, albidi. Folia linearia, acuta, longiufcula, erecta, flriata, glabra, mar- gine cartilagineo fcabra. Vagine arétæ. Ligula fubnulla. Panicula erecta, pedalis, ramofa. Pedunculi patentiffimi, fubdivifi, 3—.nis, capillares, purpu- rafcentes ; pedicellis tenuiffimis longiuículis laxis flexuofis, fub floribus incraffatis, coloratis. Flores ovati, E. paniceæ vix majores. Calycis valvule æquales, dorfo obtufe carinatæ, oblong, leviter acute, fubnervofz, glaberrimz, bafin verfus rubro s. violaceo-coloratz. Gluma corollina mutica, tota glabra, nitens, pallide virens. Exterioris valvule oblonge, obtufæ, vix compreflz, dorfo convexa, inaequales: exterior 3plo minor; interior magni- tudine calycis, . bafi excifa, cum fquamulis lateralibus SE albidis. | | : T a fateriori is valvula exterior. nue dude exterioris ma- joris, oblonga, obtufa, glaberrima ; inferior minuta, lance- : olata, tenerrima, albida., . Neéétarii petala fubrotunda, retufa, albida ad latera germinis. Filamenta 6, breviffima. Anthere lineares, longitud. coroll, . interioris, flava, apice bifido. polliniferæ. Germen ovatum. Styli duo, breves. Stigmata priorum, albida. This fpecies has ftill more refemblance to a Me/ica, but the defcrip- ic bove fhows i its true genus. None of the former has fuch bare site ;orolline glumes. Tt pue itfelf at firit fight by the very diffe parcs, more evidently tubi other kinds. T cely b = mondes with the following : es R T E CE EAR. of the Genus Ebrbarta. 53 5. EHRHARTA calycina. E. glumis corollinis exterioribus fubpilofis obtufis cum acumine brevi; panicula coarctata fimpliciufcula; culmo ramofo, E. calycina, culmo ramofo, panicula fubfimplici, calyce colorato co- rollam æquante. Smith ined. fafc. 11. t. 33. Aira capenfis, culmo ramofo, floribus racemofis, corollis pilofis. Linn. fuppl. p. 108. Descr. Radices copillares, filiformes, fimplices, longiflimæ. Culmicæfpitofñ, 2— 3-pedales, fubdivifi vel fubramofi, inferne geniculati, teretes, glabri. Folia linearia acuta, bi- fex- pollicaria, erecta, ftriata, margine {cabra (oculo armato fubciliata). Vagine ftriatæ, fauce coarétatæ, fubinde ciliate ; Ligula mi- nuta, erecta, membranacea, albida, multifido-ciliata. Panicula erecta, fimpliciufcula, coarétata, femipedalis ; pedun- culis binis, ternis s. quaternis, capillaribus, rectis, fubfecun- dis, inferioribus 2—3—4-floris; pedicellis apice incraffatis. Flores erectiuf{culi, plerumque purpuraícentes, E, panicee duplo majores, plerique hermaphroditi, pauci feminei fta- minibus carent. | Valuule calycinæ fubæquales, longitudine fere corollæ, exteri- ore parum anguftiore, lanceolate, obtufe carinatæ, oblique |o retufæ, ftriatæ, fcabriufculæ vel glabre, fepe violaceo s. pallide purpureo-col tæ l albidæ. ER. ur Valvule coroll. exteriori næquale ; carinatz, extus pilofz, obtuíz fubretufe cum brevi acumine. Exterior anguftior, linearis, vix brevior ; interior duplo latior, apice compreffa, bafi parum excifa, abfque villis, fed lenem à minutes lateralibus. | 8 qu shoile a P Dr. SwanTZ's Botanical Hifiory Valvule interioris fubæquales, carinatæ ; exzerror rarius pilofa; interior tenerrima. Neéiarii petala integra, vitae albida. Filamenta 6. Anthere erectz, flavae, utrinque bifidæ, apice polliniferz. Germen ovale, glabrum. Styli duo, breves. Stigmata pallida, bijubata, patula. Semen oblongum, valv. coroll. inclufum. ` Feminei in cadem panicula, quorum Germen fetis 4—6 longis rigidis albidis intra nectarium cin- gitur (forfan ftam. fterilia). Varietas hujus fpeciei occurrit : Culmis filiformibus, foliis anguftioribus, . Floribus albidis, minoribus. Calycibus non coloratis, glabris. Glum. cor. exter. valvula exteriore minuta, interiore obtufa, inter pilos fubrugulofa. : The defcription 1 is fcarcely more than a copy of the very good one already given by Doctor Smith, and proves this plant undoubtedly -different from the genus of Aira, By comparing feveral fpecimens of the fame, I have added fomething to the illuftration of the fpecies. The exterior corolline glumes, though obtufe, are ufually termi- nated towards the back in a very fhort point, often fcarce vifible to the naked eye. The colour cf the calycine and corolline glumes is fometimes alike in both, particularly in the variety above mentioned. The calyces are Befides. more or leis coloured in moft of the fpecies. 'The hairinefs of the corolline valves is alfo various, but always to be feen, at leat by thé toute: of the microfcope. ‘The pointed exterior corolline glume, the whole comprefled fo/culus, as well as 9 x the of the Genus Ebrbarta. $5 the appearance of the panicle, make this kind very diftin from the E. melicotdes juft defcribed. Sterile male filaments are likewife found here as in the E. panicea, in feparate flowers from the hermaphrodite. Dr.Smith has alfo ob- ferved the fame. There may, perhaps, be fomething analogous in. all the fpecies of the genus, which for want of fufficient fpecimens. could not at prefent be explored. ** Arifiate. 6. EHRHARTA geniculata. E. glumis coroll. exterioribus hirtis, altera mucronata; panicula coarctata; culmo decumbente geniculato. Melica: geniculata, corollis hirtis, panicula coarétata, culmo decum-. ' bente. Thunb. prodr. p.21. Spec. pl. ed. Wild. p. 382... Descr. Radices longiffimz, filiformes, fimplices. TT Culmi 3—4-pedales, teretiufculi, glabri, geniculati, inferne decumbentes, laxi. Genicula tumida, fufca. Folia linearia, acuminata, plana, 4—6-uncialia, margine c ob- tufo cartilagineo leviter undulata, quafi tenuiffime crenu- lata, longitudinaliter ftriata, glabra, fupra glaucefcentia. Vaginæ longitudine articulorum, tereti-compreffiufcula, ftri- . ate, glabræ, arétæ, fauce nigricante E; l; gula albido- : membranacea, lacero-ciliata, oarétata, fubramofa, femipedalis, pe- dunculis becana, »edicellis fub floribus incraffatis. Flores oblongi, acuminati, erecti, exalbido purpurafcentes.. Valvule calycine ovato-lance olatæ, fubacute, concava, mue tic, glaberrimæ, pallide purpurafcentes ; fere æquales.… Valoulie- 56 |. Dr. Swanrzs Batssical Hiflory Valvule corolling -exteriores calyce parum longiores, inzquales, carinatz, albcícentes, hirfutie erecta FE Exterior li- nearis, acuminata; interior dimidio major, baf excifa, ca- rina (oculo armato) ferrato-ciliata, mucrone (arifta brevi) fubulato fufco terminata. Ad latera bafeos valv. inter. infident Hine fubro- tundæ oppofitz minutiffimz albida. Valvulæ coroll. interiores muticæ, glabra, carinatz. Exterior . lato-lanceolata, apice obtufa, carina ciliata, flaveícens, margine tenui diaphana. lz/er;or dimidio minor lanceolata -~ acuta tenera alba. : Neëlari petala oblonga, erecta. Filamenta 6, breviflima. Antheræ lineares, flava, pollen ex apice fundentes. Germen ovatum, minutum. Styli 2. Stigmata alba, præce- dentium. This Snort Fute the E. cabicinà s. but, except a more genicu- lated difpofition of the culm, and the crifped edge of the leaves, as in the E. mnematea, the flowers appear to be longer. The calycinc gime E in length with the corolla, w hich i is more hairy than and one : of them n has : à true, though fhort, ari "ifa. ae : > EHRHARTA longiflora, E. glumis coroll. exterioribus rugofis d puni panicula laxi- ig ufcula gus. | nicula -ramofa multiflora, corolla ex- hifpida, floribus enda. Smitb De» a 33 | : — € s | ie | E. arifiata, of tbe Genus Ebrbarta. $7 E. arifata, foliis planis, corolla rugofa ariftata. Thunb. prodr. p. 66. E. Bankfi, floribus digynis, corolle gluma exteriori exterius hifpida. Syf. nat. ed. Gmel. 11. p. $49. Descr. Radices fimplices, filiformes. Culmus fimplex, bi-tripedalis, erectus, bafi fubgeniculatus, teres, glaber. Articuli fuíci. Folia lanceolata, latiufcula, erecta, pedalia, glabra, ftriata, margine plana, cartilagineo-fcabra. Vagine carinatz, laxiufculz, ftriatz, fauce contraftæ, imber- bes, fufcæ. Ligula intra faucem, margine laciniato-ciliata, fufca. Panicula palmaris, fubramofa, multifiora. Pedunculi inæquales, capillares, conferti, fubverticillati, pedicellis fub floribus incraffatis, hifpidulis. Flores majores, lanceolati, ariftati, pallide 1. viridi-purpuraf- centes, nitidi. x Valvule calycine inæquales, 5-nerves, muticz, pallide purpu- | rafcentes. Exterior minor, ovata, acuminata, fubcarinata, . margine anteriore ferrulata; inferior duplo major, ovata, concava, apice ferrulata, acumine brevi terminali. Falvule corolline exteriores calyce longiores, ariftatz, pallide t-a- virides, fere pollicares, fubæquales, lanceolate, compreffo- prifmatice, complicatæ, carinatæ, apice convolutæ in ariflam fubulatar , lengitudine valvulæ, hifpido- fcabram; inter “angulos verfus bafin traníverfe rugofz, fubinde lzves, dorfo 1. præfertim verfus apicem hifpidæ, oculo armato tuberculatæ. Exterior fafciculo pilorum ad bafin unico; ;nterior. bafi excifa, cum duabus as lateralibus albidis. Nor. VI. I Valoute 58 Dr. Sw ARTZ's Botanical Hiffory c Palvule corolline interiores minores, ovato-lanceolate, acuta — '"earinate, muticæ, nervofz, glaberrimæ ; interiore parum minore anguftiore teneriorez dorfo fubbicarinata. Neéarii petala minutiflima, ovata, fuperne latiora, lacero- | ciliata, albida. Filamenta {ex, brevia. Anthere-oblongo-lineares, utrinque - E. apice extrorfum pollen fundentes. men oblongum. Styli duo. Stigmata congenerum, parva, This i is one of the larger kinds, with a geniculated calm, broad leaves, and a much branched: panicle. "The flowers are remarkable for their pointed exterior corolline glumes, and their long arife, The glumes are often tranfveríally wrinkled, but not fo much as in the E. mnematea. One of the calycine glumes is uncommonly {mall. The number of the flamina I have, in all the flowers I examined, found to:be really fix, although Dr. Smith has feen only three. Ac- - cordingly, 1 have Been doubtful whether or not the plants of Smith and Thunberg fhould be confidered as different; but having good rea- fon to believe that the unnamed fpecimen of E. Jongflora in the Lin- nean herbarium was communicated originally by Thunberg, and alfo is his E. ariffata coinciding with the defcription of Dr. Smith's : E. longiflora, it is moft likely they are not different fpecies. The partitblar: diftinétion appears to confift in the length of the arife d of the glumes, in the faid defcription ftyled only mucronate *, 8. EHRHARTA gigantea. iE is ariftatis ; panicula coarétata e » , foliis involutis. s : ^ iiy Soper d Dé die ahd: the fine ie Nothing is sthoré fiable than the ‘ength of orife in grafles. 7. E. Smith, - Melica .. ef the Genus Ehrbasta, -~ £9 Melica gigantea, corollis hirfutis ariftatis, panicula verticillata; culmo erecto, Thunb. prodr. p.21. Sp. pl. ed. Wild. pe 382. Aira villofa, foliis fubulatis, panicula elongata anguftata; flofculis fefquialteris hirtis ariftatis; arifta recta brevi. Linn. fuppl. p. 109. Descr. Radices longz, fimplices, rigide, nude. Culmus 6-pedalis, erectus, bafi fublignofus nodofus, ad ra- dices ftolonifer, remote articulatus, teres. Stolones cylindricz radicantes craffæ, vaginis imbricatis ftriatis fericeis tecta. Folia femipedalia, remota, linearia, apice fubulato-involuta, integra, erecta, ftriata, glabra, rigida, arundinacea. Vaginæ ar&z, hirtz s. pubefcentes, fauce s. ad bafin foli- orum margine reflexo nigra. » Panicula bipedalis, erecta, coarétata, fubramofa, rach apice fubflexuofa. Pedunculi capillares, conferti, fubverticillati 1. fecundi, nigri- cantes, glabri; plerique fimplices breves, 3—4 lin. longi, erectiufculi uniflori, uno alterove elongato 1—2-polli- cari fubdivifo 3—4-floro laxo; pedicellis fab Bore incr atis. Flores fubnutantes, rubro-flavefcentes. : Valvule calycine lanceolate, acute, concave, dorfo fubcari- patæ, marginibus membranaceis oculo armato minute - ciliatis, glaberrimæ, bafi ea se pm exteriore vix ma- -jore fed. atiore, apice minusacuto. - de FR roll calyce duplo major, ariftata. - Valoule exteriores lanceolatz, concave, carinatæ, flavefcentes, pilis longis albidis undique veflitæ, bafeofque. fafciculatis; apice arifia fubulata, ereéta, nigra, oculo armato ferr: valvulis dimidio breviore auétæ, margine membranaceo I2 involutz ; ERA Pal 6o Dr. SwaAnTZ's Botanical Hiflory . — involutz; fubæquales 1, #nferiore paullo majore, infima bafi excifa, . | © Valvule interiores glabrz, mutice. Exterior lato-lanceolata, retufa, carinata, carina fubciliata, breviffime acuminata ; interior minor, acuta, apice emarginata, tenera, alba, nitens. Tuberculum minutifimum ad bafin inter valvulas interiores -corolle, feffile. - Neélarii petala oblonga, bafi carnofa lutea, fuperne latiora, retufa, margine crenulata, albida, radiato-venofa. Filamenta 6, filiformia, brevia. Anthere lineares, flavz, utrinque bifidz, bafi obtufz, apice extrorfum pollinifere. Germen ovatum. ` Styli duo, lati, ereCti, contigui. Stigmata - longa, albida, cæt. conformia. If the preceding deferved the appellation of longiflora, this alfo merits the name of gigantea, being the largeft known of its genus, and having the appearance of areed. The flowers are in like man- ner.proportionally large, and have, on minute inquiry, a ftrict agreement with the generic character. They can by no means be united with the Me/ce, though the plant, as to the ramification and fhape of the panicle, has fome refemblance to the M. ciliata. It . Cannot at all be compared with the Aire, becaufe it has neither a calyx biflorus nor the habit of them. The interior corolline valves have probably been miftaken for the fuperfluous floret. The diffe- rent colour and figure of the arifa fuggefts the idea of fuch a floret more than in the other fpecies, notwithítanding its fhortnefs. The calycine glumes are ftained with purple or brown, and are two- ae TRE of the corolla, which abounds with fhining hairs. | de in EHRHARTA bulbofa. | E. glamis, s exterioribus obovatis emarginatis rugofis ariftatis ; : os fimplici laxa. F. bulbofa, of the Genus Ebr barta. 61 E. bulbofa, culmo indivifo, panicula ramofa multiflora, corolla exte- riori retufa ariftata. Smith ined. fac. 11. Trochera ftriata, culmo enodi, foliis glabris, pedicellis paniculæ ple- rumque unifloris, valvulis exterioris corollæ tranfverfim ftriatis, bafi pappofis ariftatis. L. Richard in Rozier Journ. de Phyf. v. 13 P. 225. f. 5. LUCERE. Lr... . . bulbofa. Culmus erectus, pedalis & ultra. Folia lanceolata, linearia, glabra. Panicula erecta, laxiufcula, fimplex, 2—3-pollicaris. Pedun- culi 3—5-ni, capillares, patentes, inferiores 2-flori longi- ores, fuperiores fenfim breviores, uniflori. Flores pallide lutefcentes. Valvule calycine ovate, acuminatz, patentes, 2—6-lin. lái gitudine, membranaceæ; interiore parum majore. Valvule corolline exteriores fubæquales, s. interiore vix minore, calycis multo majores, complicatz, carinatz, obovatz, bafi anguftiores excifz, fafciculis albis villorum præditæ, apice latiores, obtufæ, emarginatz, ar/f/am fefquilinearem ereétam in emarginatura inferentes, rugis tranfverfis ele- vatis notatz, pubefcentes. : Valvulæ interiores ingquales, compreffæ, acuminate ; interiore minore. gt Neflarium ut in cæteris. | Filamenta tria ? 22 Antheræ oblong go-lineares, apice bifidæ, Germen oblongum. Styli 2, capillares. Stigmata villofa. This bears the fame trivial name that Dr. Smith, probably on account of the root, has given it; I have, however, already that the root is not bulbous in this fpecies only. The E. mne E à _and 8 Dr. Swartz's Botanical Hifiory and dulbofa are neareft related; they have both their exterior corol- line glumes much wrinkled, but the latter is very diftinét becaufe of its arilæ. The defcription is a copy of Monf. Richard's, made from a living fpecimen out of a garden in France. He attributes to it only three ftamina, which I will not difpute, but fhould with for a further inquiry when the plant comes under future confider- ation. The figure given by the author, though not good, gives an idea of the real fpecific difference, _ | cc SL a | HAVING thus endeavoured to illuftrate all the known Epis, it may not be improper to add concife defcriptions of the remaining two Cape Melice mentioned by Profeffor Thunberg in his Prodromus, in order to fhow that they are true fpecies of Melica, and not to be referred to the above genus, left it fhould be fuppofed there were no real Mecei in that part of the world. MELIC A decumbens. M. corollis hirfutis, floribus racemofis nutantibus, culmo decum- bente. Thunb. prodr. 21. Sp. plant, ed, Wild. p. 382--4. Descr. Cu/mus decumbens, teres, a ete Genicula glabra. Folia conferta, bafi fubimbricantia, ereéta, Biieecia- Ii nearia, apice involuto-fubulata, glabra. Vagine ftriate. Flores racemofi, fecundi, pedicellati, femipollicares, nutantes in racemo pius erecto, bipollicari, indivifo. Gals bivalvis. . Valvule ovate acuminate carinatz, ftriate, nervofe, gla- bra, membranacez, flavefcentes, bafi purpurafcentes ; _ exterior triplo minor. Ra 4 Glume of two Cape Mtlice. 63 Glume corolline bivalves, fubæquales, PHA. bafi imprimis, feticeo-albidoque villofæ. Flofculus unus feffilis, alter brevitg pediccllstus, Filamenta tria, j E Rudimentum tertii floris, s. flofculus minutus, neuter. MELICA racemofa. M. corollis hirtis, racemo fubpaniculato floribus cernuis. Thunb. prodr. 21. Sp. pl. ed. Wild. p. 382—5. Descr. Culmus bipedalis mans, teres, ya; salle Melice altifime. E. Articuli glabri. — | Folia Sines cutie, Rp, bes, Pts: 4 acm ftriatæ. Racemus fubpaniculatus, ereétus, fbithämeus, ramis paucis brevibus. Flores pedicellati, fubfecundi, cernut, magnitudine M. ciliate, cui fimillimi glumis calycinis & corollinis & numero ftaminum, EXPLA- ( 64 ) EXPLANATION or tHe FIGURES. Tas. III. and IV. reprefent the flowers of all the ‘foregoing fpecies of Lbrharta. a A flower of the natural fize. 6 A flower magnified. c The calycine valves magnified. d Both the corolline glumes, without the calycine valves, “magnified, with the genitals within. e The interior corolline valves, except in E. mnematea, where —— - the exteriors alfo are reprefented. iF k The male and female parts, or the female alone, together with the membranous nectary, all magnified. — . g A filament with the anthera opening at the top, magnified. b The feed in E. panicea magnified, ..5 The fame of its natural fize, WI. Account 1 Lhrharla mnematea ` Linn trans VI. Jab HM fe y. — Linn. trans. VI Tab PE fi Of. à \ ( 65.) IIT. Account of a Microfcopical Inveftigation of feveral Species of Pollen, with Remarks- and Sue ake Struciure and Uje of that Part of Vegetables. By Luke Howakd, Efq. of Plai jflow in Effex. Read March 4, 1800. In the Spring of 1795, having much leifure, I devoted a portion of it to the examination of various minute productions of Nature in a good compound microfeope. Thefe refearches would probably "have terminated in prefent information and amufement only, but that they were accidentally turned to the pollen of flowers, re- fpe&ing which, asa botanift, I found an inclination to inform my- se by comparing the feveral fpecies together., , I began my obfervations with the Hazcl-tree, Cor ylus Avellana. On a calm dry day I fhook off fome of the pollen from the expanded .catkins upon a clean piece of writing-paper. I alfo gathered fome of the catkins and female buds. Thefe I viewed feparately on a clear plate of glafs, ufually tranfmitting the light through them from a fpeculum below, and with diffredt- magnifying powers, prefer- ring thofe which, without enormoufly enlarging the OIC gave a clear view of the ftructure and pofition of rei at once. As I purfued this method with the reft I examined, I mention this to fave repetition, and fhall give the appearances from. notes made at the time. 1. Corylus Avellana. Anthers furnifhed with tranfparent horn- like dppendages. Pollen crumbles from the furface, and is fome-- times fo abundant as to falli in a vifible cloud on the flighteft motion Vor. VI. K | OE n 66 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfcopical Invefigaiion ofa branch. To the naked eye it is a fine yellow powder. A few grains laid on the glafs plate and viewed with the lens No. 4, fome - appear of an irregular angular fhape, opake, except in one or two: parts, where light paffing prefents the appearance of a perforation; others nearly fpherical, the furface divided by depreffed lines into a number of convex facets. The tranfparency of tefe is fuch, that they refle& the image of a fmall object held under them, as well as a drop of liquid. On repeating the examination, the former are found to come from the moft mature anthers, and to differ faon ` the latter only as a raifin does from a grape. A clear drop of diftilled water being put on the glafs, both kinds : imbibe it with the avidity of a fponge; at the fame time diftending and {preading abroad in the water, but without any motion further than that which this expanfion caufes. When faturated with water they remain at the bottom, clear as the liquid itfelf, and all alike diftended to a bulk.many times greater than their original one in the dry ftate. They are now feen to be multilocular capfules, hav- ing fepta i in various directions within them, the union of which with the external membrane appears at the angles in the dry flate, and . atthe depreffed lines in the wet. Thefe capfules may be kept in the water for feveral days without any further perceptible change. When that is dried up they return to the opake flate, and the fame operation may be feveral times re- peated on them. In exhibiting this fpectacle to fome- friends, pure water not being juftat hand, a drop of brandy was fubftituted.for it, This gave rife to a phanomenon equally curious. and unexpected: The grains expand, as in. Water ;. but m.the mean time they are put into rapid motion, each, grain darting from fide to fide with the vivacity of a {warm of gnats in the air. As they approach to complete expanfi on the motion dies away, and one after another finks to the bottom.. By of feveral Species of Pollen. 67 By a fmall addition of frefh brandy fome few are excited a fecond time, but with fainter movements. Prefently the liquid begins to be obfcured, and in a few minutes the grains are moftly difperfed and decompoted, and the fpirit, exhaling, leaves a fort of extract on the glafs mixed with very minute undiffolved particles; among which fometimes appear a few unbroken grains, much changed, and now refembling an empty bladder lying flat. Fas 2. Erica carnea. Anthers capfular, bearing the pollen on their -inner furface, and difcharging it by a brifk explofion from an aper- ture on the fide next the piftil If the frema be touched with a pin at a certain period of the inflorefcence, it happens commonly that all the anthers project their pollen at once ; and it may thus be collected on paper. The proper time for this is when the ///gma is elevated a little from between the anthers. In fize and ftructure this pol. len nearly refembles the preceding, and is, in like manner, capable of imbibing water and difperfing with a rapid motion in fpirit. 3. Refeda odorata. Mignonette. | Unripe pollen, fmooth, egg-oblong, tranfparent, without fepta? In water it expands to a fphere, m is ee Fare by em as the | _ preceding. 4. Caélus flagelliformis. Creeping Cereus. Anthers oblong, crumbling. Polien of a large fize, compared with any others I have feen; in fhape refembling a plump grain of wheat, e white and diaphanous. It "pase in water to a hape nearly fphe- rical. ‘The contaét of {pirit brings on a pearly opacity. The grains imbibe it flowly, and during expanfion revolve on their axes with a `- pretty regular motion, exhibiting a fpeétacle no lefs novel than de- lightful. In the mean time, fome minute particles are feen- to be éjeéted, and, the motion ceafing, the tranfparenc y returns, proces lir from the furface to the centre. ° K 2 SERRE STE + 06 Mr. How ARD" s Account of a Microfcopical Imo figation dE: piftil ^ feparated from the expanded flower with grains of pollen adhering to it, the latter-will be found already expanded to a fpheroid. -Cover the whole with a drop of fpirit on the glafs, the piftil is not affeéted in any way, but fome of the grains quit it and revolve on their axes. When thefe are exhaufted, the addition of more fpirit. excites others: after a few minutes, fome of thofe firft excited begin to.put out a {mall thread, which gradually elongating, the grain diminifhes in proportion, until it is entirely drawn out into a vermicular fibre, which again is prefently diffipated into par- . ticles too minute to be feen in the now opake medium. The liquor from the tube of the piftil, and a folution of fugar in water, were alfo found to produce this evolution in very mature grains from the anther. It alfo fometimes takes place in the twinkling of an eye, fo as to be fcarcely traced in fome few grains out of a number put into fpirit at once. Thofe which have been fome time in conta& with rhe, A2 are TEER moft Ange in their evo-. han: dee oris acuta, ——— Authers oblong, crumbling. Pollen n angular, S with apparent perforations. It dilates in fpirit and remains ftationary, but ejects “numerous minute particles in rapid fucceflion from its furface. ' When it has become tranfparent it appears as if filled with feeds. The preceding may ferve for examples of thefe phenomena ; ; but there was not one among the various fpecies I examined, which did not exhibit them in a greater or lefs degree. Yet various other parts of the flower, immerfed in fpirit under the microfcope, did not be- E fmalleft veftige of them. - The proper {pirit for this purpofe feems to be a mixture of one part. pure fpirit. of wine with two of water. A ftronger {pirit, or even fpirit of wine alone, may fometimes be required when we ope- rate is a pollen which has, by any means, become previoufly - 0 o | . faturated - of feveral Species of Pollen, 69 faturated with moifture, (or has loft, by keeping, a part of its irri- tability ?) but-it does not enter the dry grains lo readily. as water alone. A Mi- ] have fince fubjeéted pollen to examination in feveral of the moft ftimulant oily and faline liquids, but have not been ice to perceive that any of them had a fimilar effect on it. It is proper here to remark that the utmoft care is requifite to prevent accidental mixtures of the fubjects or menftrua in thefe ex- periments, which might greatly embarrafs and miflead the obferver. Separate pieces of clear glafs for the feveral kinds, and feparate pointed glafs tubes to convey the liquids, will therefore be requifite. It will be proper attentively to examine the pollen dry, as well as the liquids, before they are ufed, in order to be fatisfied of the abfence of animalcules and other extraneous matters ig he bh € fuf- l pected to influénce the appearances. = ^ ^ {i I do not pretend to fay that the abote- fand experiments were abfolutely free from optical deception; but I may venture to affirm, from frequent repetition of them, that, when tried with due. pre- caution, they will fcarcely: ever be dowd A = 2 ing the appearances refte eT ss wiles E R v Engagements of fuperior 1 importance at E fient pieve, and may long continue to prevent, my pufhing thefe inquiries much further. Tt is for this réafon; and becatile 1 — take : a bist in bee: it hem n 1 hië f am Willing "ir pre n SEC hace. For the affiftance of thofe ho may y incre to S profecute the fubje&, I fhall - now ftate the amount of the prefent difcovery, and the Hm for : further inveftigation which have occurred to me. Should it be found, on repeating and extending. thefe abra- - tion CE jo Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfeopical Invefligation tions, that the pollen of vegetables is in all cafes fimilarly acted upon by. water and by fpirit of wine, it will follow,— © I. That each grain of pollen in the anther is an organic body, varioufly conftructed in various fpecies, and containing a Veffels or pores capable of imbibing water, of diftending thereby and contra@ing again when it t quits them ; in which particulars they -refemble fponge, &c. — . 6 A parenchyma, confifting of fome fubftance (of greater fpecific | gravity than water, and infoluble therein), which is emitted with a - greater or lefs degree of force when the ftimulus of alcohol is applied to the abforbent veffels. This fubftance is either in part foluble in alcohol; or the grains contain - c Án effential oil or refin, to which they owe their valour and odour. 2. That there kis in the grains of pollen, in a very eminent degree, that property of vegetables called irritability, which they are peas ef: ARE: = a certain time after eration from the 3 "That Mundi is the proper Taela by wind this irritability may be excited, and the texture of the pollen in fome manner deve- loped in confequence thereof. I prefer this method of accounting for the appearances that take place when the pollen is immerfed in fpiritto another that might be fuppofed on chemical principles, beimg affured, that any one who has once infpected the procefs will _ «be fatisfied that fomething more than mere folution or chemical decompofition takes place therein, and that the vital principle of 1 ollen is the chief agent. - The liquor from the tube of the piftil and the folution fugar were, indeed, f nd to. bring on the evolution of the pollen of Caétus lage. ina flower manner an fpirit; but when we confider how fpeedily of feveral per of Pollen... I "o fpeedily fuch matters país into the vinous flate, it fcems poffible that both of thefe might contain alcohol. .Yet, it is alfo poffible that fomething common to this latter fubftance, with the faccha- rine matter it is producible from, may be the.real exciting caufe. The exiftence of abforbent veffels in the pollen is proved by the. change of form, increafed: traniparency, and great diítention pro- duced by the water. It is remarkable, that complete faturatiom ufually brings the grains near to a fpherical fhape, however remote from it their original one. It feems neceffary to fuppofe the parenchyma for the following ` reafons. Something i is evidently given out to the fpirit before the difperfion of the grain commences. In fome cafes this is vifible in minute particles moving about in thé drop; in others it is difcover-. able by the tinge on die dried fpace, and by. the ftria which appe when more fpirit is s added. _ Now, if the grains confifted merely of the vegetable fibre formed i into veficles or - cells, their texture would no more be deftroyed by fpirit than by water, and the penetration. of the water would produce the fame motions as that of the fpirit. But if we fuppofe that, in proportion as the fpirit, penetrates the - feveral parts of thefe curious capfules, fome tranfparent fubftance is forcibly expelled from them; the various motions into which they are thrown will be eafily explained by the recoil of the grain in the y oppolite direction. It will hence appear why the pollen of 1. : to fon cé quen, feparate cells, is driven, alternately | up, an y with ‘bat one orifice, is thrown into a “rotatory motion. The opacity of this fpecies during. the difcharge may be attributed to the evacuation of. this canal,. and the returning tranfparency to the entrance of the fpirit i into it from the. abforbent veflels, or at the orifice. .I do not remember to- “have * 72 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfcepical Inveftigation have feen a fingle bubble of air efcape from the grains of pollen in the whole courfe of my obfervations. As their texture was in many - cafes quite deftroyed, if it had been porous, as that of dry wood, &c. air muft have appeared. I therefore conclude them. es folid inthe dry flate. I think it poflible that the inimi of thefe inquiries h means of the microfcope, may throw fome light on the obfcure fubject of vegetable reproduétion ; may teach us why the anther is almoft always expofed to the air for fome time previous to the dif- charge of the pollen, and this even in aquatic plants; as alfo what is the office of that faccharine liquor with which the ftigma is fur- ; nifhed, ‘and of which fuch a ftore is fometimes provided in the nectary. The very manner in which the impregnation takes place may poffibly be learned by attentive obfervation. : The fimilarity of the unfolded pollen of No.4. to the form of the plant it comes from, might furnith matter for fpeculation; but I decline this, believing that expe criment a and ne Din muft always precede found eicoryt oE e | Reflecting on fome of the Propeibes of poles in "him it bears a ‘refemblance to flarch, I was led to examine that alfo in a fimilar manner, and was not difappointed to find its ftruéture the fame. Starch confifts of homogeneous grains or capfules fhaped like No. 3. capable of imbibing water with increafe of bulk and tranfparency , and of returning to their original ftate on parting with it. They are alío difperfed, with more or lefs of motion, in fpirit; but in à this párficular different fpecimens were found to vary, which ted to difference in age or foundnefs. If a little wheat E flour b ed with water and fpread on the glafs, thefe grains ap- a abundance, mixed with fibrous. matter. Other kinds of grain afforded. t ie Tame refult, with a difference i in the form of CRE: of feveral Species of Pollen. . 35 the capfules. As the vegetable faculum, which confifts entirely of this kind of matter feparated from the foluble and fibrous part, has been long confidered as the fame fubftance, though obtainable from different parts of vegetables, I extended the inquiry to tuberous roots, and obtained a further confirmation of the identity of pollen. and fæculum. A potatoe feems to be almoft nothing elfe but an affemblage of grains of fæculum, with their interftices occupied by the juice. If this root be boiled or baked until it becomes mealy, the juice will no longer be found; and we might be at a lofs to know what was become of it, if the microfcope did not fhow that it has entered into the grains of fzculum, which are thereby greatly diftended, as is, indeed, evident to the naked eye. The vital principle is thus deftroyed ; for thefe bloated grains will not move in fpirits, but give out a tincture to it like other dead matter. By this means, and the lofs of folidity, they are prepared for more eafy decompofition in the ftomach. Starch is abfolutely infoluble in water. If water containing it be made to boil, it becomes a jelly. I do not apprehend that a true folution takes place even in this cafe. It appears that the fame effect is produced on the grains by the heat as by fpirit of wine, They are difperfed into very minute particles; and the furface being thus multiplied, a greater degree of attraction takes place between. the ftarch and the water, and the former remains fufpended. It appears to me to be worthy of future inquiry, E E 1. In what parts of fenes in pre the er or eim is to be found. 2. In what refpe&s that wh: is fécrefed on the anche differs from that which is contained in the root, feed, or fap. In the leaf, petal, bulb, fibre of the root, or other parts already brought to per- fe&ion, I am inclined, from fome obfervation, to think it will not be met with. — Vou. Vl. - L 3. Whether 74 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfcopical Inveftigation, Bc. 3. Whether the germ or embryo of the feed, previous to the im- pregnation, contains it. 4. In what manner the pollen of plants in general will be acted upon by the liquor from the nectary, when expofed to it in circum- {tances fimilar to thofe of Exp. 4. 5. And laftly, to inveftigate the varieties in form and ftruéture of the different fpecies of pollen; and to examine how far they agree or differ in the feveral fpecies of each genus, and genera of each natural order. ` * : = IV, Obferva- - - IV. Odfervatíons on Aphides, chiefly intended to frow that they are the principal Caufe of Blights in Plants, and the fole Caufe of the RN Dew. By the late Mr. William C n°. F. L.S. Read Mar 6, 1800. TH E Aphis, or Blighter, as we now for the firft time venture to call it, from. its being the moft general caufe of what are termed blights in plants, Wed a highly interefting tribe of infeéts. In point of number, the individuals of the Several fpecies Tu it {urpafs thofe of à any other genus in this country ? M e "Thefe infects live entirely í on vegetables. - The loftictt tree is no lefs liable to their attacks than the moft humble plant. "They prefer the young fhoots on account of their tendernefs, and on this prin- ciple often infinuate themfelves into the very heart of the plant, and do irreparable miíchief before they are difcovered. But for the moft part they befet the foliage, and are always found on the under fide of the leaf, which they prefer, not only on account of its being the moft tender, but as it affords them protection from the weather, and various injuries to which they would otherwife be expofed. Some- times the. root is the object of their choice, which, from. the nature of thefe infe&ts, one would not a priori expect ; yet have I feen the roots of lettuces thickly befet by them, and the whole crop rendered fickly and of little value ? but fuch inftances are rare, They rarely * Reaumur, confidering each Æphis as bringing forth ninety young, calculates that í in five generations the produce from a fingle one would be five thoufand nine hundred and four million nine hundred thoufand. its PL L 2 -alfo 75 Mr. Curtis's Obférvations on Aphides. alfo attach, themfelves to the bark of trees, like the Aphis falicis, which being one of our very largeft fpecies, and hence pofleffing fuperior ftrength, is enabled to penetrate a fubftance harder than the leaves themfelves. As among caterpillars we find fome that a are conftantly and un- alterably attached to one or more particular fpecies of plants, and. others that feed indifcriminately on moft forts of herbage; fo it is precifely with the Æphides : fome of them are particular, others more general feeders. As they refemble other infects in the above refpe&t, fo do they alfo in being infinitely more abundant fome years than others; and though, with regard to certain infe€ts, this variation (fometimes. wonderful i in the extreme, as in the brown-tail moth which ravaged: | the quickfet hedges in 1782) is not eafily accounted for, it is folved' without much difficulty as to the Aphis, as will be fhown in the- fequek In the year 1793 they were the chief, and in 1798 the fole,. caufo: of the failure ofthe crop of hops. 1n 1794, a feafon almoft paralleled. for drought, the hop was perfe&ly free from them, while. peas and beans, efpecially the former, fuffered. very much from their depredations. Beans were in 1798 almoft wholly cut off by them ;: indeed: they. fuffer more or lefs every year by a. black. fpecies of Aphis, particularly the latter crops, To potatoes, and even. to corn, we have known them fome years prove highly detri- mental, and no lefs fo to melons. To plants in ftoves, green. houfes and’ frames, where, from the warmth and fhelter afforded: them, a preternatural multiplication takes place, they prove ex- Pee (eee and many a rare and: valuable pu alfo in. me pete. Seeing. stealer: that our unes as ae a luxuries of life are fo materially affected by. the infects of this genuss. an attempt to. afcertain fome of the curious. and important facts. = 9. | relative. . Mr. Curtis's Objervations on Apbides. 77 relative to their hiftory, and to make them more generally known, will not, we truít, be unacceptable to the public. Such inquiries may poflibly lead to the means of obviating the injuries they occa- fion; and if they fail in this, they may tend at leaft to corre& the erroneous notions entertained of blights, not by the vulgar and illi- terate merely, but even by perfons of education, who may frequently- be heard to:maintain that thefe infects are brought by the eaft winds 5. that they attack none but fickly plants; with other notions, all as. falfe in fact as unphilofophical in principle. Locufts and. caterpillars, famed for their devaftations, are furs nifhed with ítrong jaws, by means of which they crop and wholly devour the foliage of plants. The Æphis deftroys them in a different way. Inftead of jaws and teeth it is provided with a hollow-pointed probofcis or trunk, which, when the animal is not feeding, folds under its breaft. With this. inftrument it pierces the plant, and imbibes its juices to fupport itfelf ;. but 'thefe j juices being effential to the life of the plant, it follows that, . when they are drawn. off, the plant, exhaufted, flags and perifhes, being in fa& literally bled to death by thefe leech-like animalcules.. Yet, fo tenacious-of life are plants.in a healthy ftate, that they in general only fall victir to the continued attacks of thefe infe&s when in immenfe numbers.. But it moft commonly happens that if they do not wholly deftroy: aplantthey deface it, and a fmall number of Aphides are fufficient: oduce this effect, The leaves of fuch trees and plants as have. | re and ftrong fibres,. though infefted with: thefe infects, preferve their form; but the more tender foliage of others, and: flowers in general, cannot bear their punétures without curling up: . and. becoming diftorted ; in confequence of which they lofe their | beauty entirely and irretrievably. The cultivators of plants, efpeci-- ally in ftovesand green-houfes, cannot be too much on their guard: againft the whole tribe. of Aphides; for with what pleafure can a: large: y$ Mr. Curris’s Obfervations on ÂAphides. large or choice colle&ion be viewed, when there is fcarcely a plant but what exhibits fymptoms of difeafe occafioned by vermin? As the fpecies of this genus are very numerous, and afford but few marks of diftinétion, Linnzus has contented himfelf with giv- ing moft of them trivial names, according to the particular plant on which they are found: a clofe attention to them will, however, difclofe more diftin&ive characters than naturalifts are aware of. — Apbides are defcribed by the beft informed authors as being gene- : rally oviparous and viviparous at different periods of the fame year. ' Monf. Bonnet, who had the honour of making this difcovery i in .1740*, fays that in the fummer the females are viviparous, but toward the middle of autumn they lay real eggs. De Geer eet that the females of all the Aphides he had feen, conftantly laid eges intended to preferve the fpecies during winter, and that he is therefore inclined to believe that the fame takes place in all Aphides whatever. From the 24th of September to the 6th of December following, during which time Fahrenheit’s thermometer had been as low as 29, I found the Aphis falicis to be conftantly viv iparous, though from the inclemency of the weather very few of thefe in- feéts at the period laft mentioned remained on the trees, and thofe. few were foon after entirely cut off by the unufual cold that ook place, the thermometer falling to 4 degrees below 0.—Other Aphides are oviparous or viviparous according to the temperature of the air to which they are expofed. In very cold weather they are E oviparous, for this obvious reafon: the eggs are capable of refitting : cold more powerfully than the young. On the 22d of November ear as above, I found a confiderable number of eggs which ) ited in | fome auricula pow. by a fmall ii Aphis, o. Or rather Monf. Tenis. See his Lerter to M. Bonnet from em Hague: Oeuvres Jt Bonnet. $ | wW hich Mr. Cun T15's. Obfervations on. Aphides. 79. » which infefts plants very generally *, while the fame /pecies, on a. geranium that I kept within doors, produced young. In mild winters I have obferved, in the month of January, the fame fpecies of Aphis in great numbers on various fpecies of primula without doors, and all the females viviparous.. Thefe are facts which prove. that all Æphrdes are not oviparous and viviparous at the fame feafon,. but that fome may be wholly viviparous; that all fuch as are both oviparous and viviparous do not lay eggs toward the middle of autumn, nor at all during the winter, unleís a certain. degree of cold. takes place. Moft people will think it a matter of very little moment to man-- kind whether an Æ#phis comes into the world with its head or its: heels foremoft :—it may be fo; yet, as natures hiftorian, it is per haps incumbent on us to notice this circumftance. - The young Aphis: then is ufhered. into the world with its feet forei noft, fee Tas. V.. fig. 1., and this at of parturition, unimportant as it may appear,. ferves to difplay the wifdom of the all-provident Author of Nature.. The female Aphis is ufually delivered of its offspring as it fits clofe. to the bark of the tree, but not. fuddenly and all at once. . Two- thirds of the body of the young one is quickly protruded. 3 When i it. gets fo far, the power of expulfion ceafes, and the delivery proceeds- flowly. "Time is thus given to the young one to learn the ufe of its. legs, which it foon kicks about brifkly, and the firft fervice it em-. ploys them in is to clean away a white fubftance, the remains,. perhaps, of the membrane i in iier it: was ess je in bre womb. * 'Thefe eggs. were laid in fmall, quise giogo t on “Bie upper as “pat as on the ` under fide of the leaves; they were of a perfeétly black colour, and very vifible to the. naked eye. I found afterwards that the eggs when recently excluded were green, from. which colour they gradually changed to that which rendered them fo CORE They were flightly attached to the leaf. But. ‘80 Mr. Curtis’s Obférvations on Afhides. But what is of greater confequence is, that it is enabled by their ufe to cling faft to the bark of the tree as foon as it is brought forth, and thus to obtain its neceffary nutriment. - Of fome of the circumftances attendant on the propagation of thefe minute animals accounts are related, deviating fo wonderfully from the common courfe of nature, that they could not be credited, were not the authors of them known to be men of the niceft and moft accurate obfervation and of the ftricteft veracity. On this part | of the fubje& I have little to fay from my own obfervation ; but, as fome account of fo extraordinary a part of their hiftory may be expected in a paper of this fort, I fhall ftate the faéts, briefly ob- ferving that neither in the Aphis falicrs, which at times I have watched with great attention, nor in any other fpecies of Aphis, did I ever obferve any fexual intercourfe to take place. Whether this has arifen from the extreme infrequency of fuch a procedure, or om m not MATE obferved thefe infects at a proper time of the now not; but, moft undoubtedly, fuch intercourfe does not e place between the different fexes of Aphis as in other infects. : Yet Monf. Berihet: who may be faid to have almoft taken up his abode with thefe infects, informs us that he has frequently noticed fach connexion, which he defcribes as taking place at one certain’ time of the year only ; ; and that, from a female thus impregnated, many fucceflive generations will be produced without any further impregnation. He took the Apsides as foon as brought forth, and kept each individual feparate. The females of fuch brought forth. undance of young. He took the young of thefe and treated them ecifely i | the fame manner. The produce was the fame; and oceede 1 to the ninth generation with the fame fuccefs : fror nfi dering that as the utmoft extent of the effect, he thinks i it it migre be carried on to thethirtieth generation. = in Mr. Curtis’s Obfervations on Aphidess 81 In moft fpecies of Aphides both males and females acquire wings at certain feafons; but in this refpeét they are fubje& to great vari- ation, there being fome males and fome females that never bave wings; again, here are fome females that become winged, while others of the fame fpecies do not. In the quality of the excrement voided by thefe infects there is fomething wonderfully extraordinary.. Were a perfon accidentally to take up a book in which it was gravely aiferted that in fome countries there were certain animals which voided liquid fugar, he would foon lay it down, regarding it as a fabulous tale, calculated to impofe on the credulity of the ignorant; and yet fuch is literally the truth. ‘The fuperior fize of the Aphzs /alicis will enable the moft common obferver to fatisfy himfelf on this head. On looking ftedfaftly for a few minutes at a group of thefe infeéts while feeding on the bark of the willow, one perceives a: few of them elevate their bodies, and a tranfparent fubftance evidently drop from them, which is imme- diately followed by a fimilar motion and difcharge like a fmall (hower from a great number of others. At firít.I was not aware that the fubftance thus dropping from thefe animals at fuch ftated intervals was their excrement, but was convinced of its being fo afterwards; for, on.a more accurate examination, I found it to proceed from the extremity of the abdomen, as is ufual in other infeéts.. On placing ot — Ing: paper under a maís of thefe infects, it foon be- - kly po ted ; holdin ‘it alonger time, the {pots united from the erar: $5 others , and” the whole furface affumed a gloffy ap- pearance. I tafted fe fubftance, and. found it to be as {weet as {fugare 1 had the lefs hefitation in doing this, having obferved that - wafps; ants, flies, and infects without number, devoured it as quickly as’ it was produced : but, were it not for thefe, it might. no doubt be colleéted in confiderable quantities, and, if fubjeéted to the Mor VL M _ proceffes 82 Mr. CurTis’s Obfervations on Aphides. proceffes ufed with other faccharine juices, might be converted into the choiceft fugar or fugar-candy. It is a fact alfo, which appears » worthy of noticing here, that, though the wafps are fo partial to this food, the bees appear totally to difregard it. In the height of fummer, when the weather is hot and dry, and Aphides are moft abundant, the foliage of trees and plants (more efpecially in fome years than others) is found covered with, and rendered gloffy by, a fweet clammy fubftance, known to perfons re- fident in the country by the name of honey-dew : they regard it as a {weet fubftance falling from the atmofphere, as its name implies. . The fweetnefs of this excrementitious fubftance, the gloffy ap- pearance it gave to the leaves it fell upon, and the fwarms of infects this matter attracted, firt led me to imagine that the honey-dew of plants was no other than-this fecretion, which further obferva- tion has fince fully confirmed. Others have confidered it as an ex- udation' proceeding from the plant itfelf. Of the former opinion we find the Rev. Gilbert White, one of the lateft writers on natural hiftory that has noticed this fubject *. Tu. 8 vc ‘But that it neither falls from the atmofpherdy ti nor pitas from the plant ittelf, is eafily demonftrated. If it fell from the atmofphere, it would cover every thing on which it fell indifcriminately, whereas we never find it but on certain living plants and trees. We find it alfo-on plants in ftoves and green-houfes covered with glafs. If it 3 exuded from the plant, it would appear on all the leaves generally e 4th, 1783. Vaft honey-dews this week. The reafon of thefe feems to be, at in hot days the efluvia of flowers are drawn up by a brifk evaporation, and then in nigh badong with the dews, with which they are entangled. - lanee is very grateful to bees, who gather it with great affiduity ; ; but it is injurions. to the trees on which it happens to fall, by ftopping the pores of the leaves.: The greateft quantity. falls in ftill, clofe weather; becaufe winds difperfe it, and sopious dews dilute it, and prevent its ill effects. It falls — in hazy, warm | weather.” 3 : LA M s |o — Calendar, P 144. and Mr. Curris’s Obfervations on Apbides. 83 and. uniformly; whereas its appearance is: extremely irregular, not alike on any two leaves of the fame tree or plant, fome having none of it, and others being covered with it but partially. But the phenomena of the honey-dew, with all their variations, are eafily accounted for by confidering the Aphides as the authors of it, 'That they are capable of producing an appearance exactly fimilar to that of the honey-dew, has already been fhown. As far as my obfervation has extended, there never exifts any honey-dew but where there are Aphides; fuch, however, often país unnoticed, being hid on the under fide of the leaf, Wherever honey-dew is obfervable about a leaf, Aphides will be found on the under fide of the leaf or leaves immediately above it, and under no other circumftances whatever. If by accident any thing fhould intervene between the Aphides and the leaf next beneath them, there will be no honey- dew on that leaf. Thus then we flatter ourfelves to have incontro- vertibly proved that — are the true and only fource of the honey-dew. We have found that where the faccharine fubftance "T dropped from dphides for a length of time, as from the Aphis falicis in particular, it gives to the furface of the bark, foliage, or whatever “it has dropped on, that footy kind of appearance which arifes from the explofion of gun-powder, which greatly disfigures the foliage, &c. of. ges: dt dobks. like, and is fometimes miftaken for, a kind of a Jew. | We -have fome grounds for believing that a. faccha. -to that of the ps, drops. from the Coccus alfo, and i is finally converted į into the fame kind of powder. In moft featons the natural enemies of the Aphices are fufficient to keep them i in check, and to prevent them from doing ‘any effen- tial injury to plants in the open air., But feafons fometimes occut, very irregularly indeed, on an, average, perhaps, once in four or fix years, in which. they are multiplied to fuch an excefs, that tlie M 2 ufual 84 Mr. Cun 15's Obfervations on Aphides. ufual means of diminution fail in preventing them from doing irre- parable injury to certain crops. | In fevere winters we have no doubt but Apbides are very confider- ably diminifhed ;- in very mild winters we know they are very con- fiderably increafed ; for they not only exit during fuch feafons, but continue to multiply. Their enemies, on the contrary, exift, but do not multiply, at leaft in the open air, during fuch periods; and thus the pbi gets the ftart of them, and acquires an afcen- , dency, which once acquired is not eafily overcome by artificial means, upon a large fcale at leaft, in the open air. Vain would be the attempt to clear a hop-garden of thefe pernicious vermin, or to refcue any extenfive crop from their baneful effe&s. — Violent rains attended with lightning have been fuppofed to be very effectual in clearing plants of them; but in fuch cafe morc is to be attributed to the plants being refrefhed and made to grow by the rain, of which _ they ftood in necd, than to any deftruétion of the Aphides them- - felves, which, on an accurate examination, will be found to be as plentiful after fach rains as they were | xefore ; nor is wet fo injurious . fo thefe infe&s as many imagine, as is eridehi from the following experiment: On the 12th of May 1799, I immerfed in a glafs of water the footftalk of a leaf of confiderable length, taken from a | ftove plant, befet with Aphides of a dark lead colour, which were - feeding on it in great numbers. On immerfion they did not quit thé ftalk, but immediately their bodies affumed a kind of luminous appearance from the minute bubbles of air which iffued from them. They were put under water at a quarter paft fix in the evening, ai out at a quarter paft ten the next morning, having continued i umerfed fixteen hours. On placing them in the . fan-fhine, fome of them almoft immediately fhowed figns of life, _-and three out of four at leaft furvived the immerfion. One of the farvivors, a male, very foon became winged, and another, a female, TS was Mr..Curtis’s Obférvations on Aphides. 95 was delivered of a young one. Many years before this experiment, with a view to deftroy the -4phides which infefted a plant in my green-houfe, I immeríed ons evening the whole plant, together with the pot in which it grew, ina tub of water. In the morning I took out the plant, expecting vith certainty to find every Aphis dead; but to my great furprife they 4oon appeared alive and well : and thus, in addition to the other extraordinary phenomena at- tendant on thefe infects, we find that they are capable of refifting the effects of immerfion in water for a great length of time. When taken from the plant on which they feed, and kept under water, they do not furvive fo long; their ftruggling in that cafe perhaps exhaufts them fooner. This part of the fubject might be puíhed much further: it is fufficient for our purpofe to have fhown that -wet is not fo hurtful tothem as is generally imagined. - Though no mode of deftroying Aphides will uma ever be o vifed on a large fcale in the open air by artificial means, we can accomplifh it moft effe&ually when they infet plants in floves, green-houfes, and frames, or in any fituation in which we can en- velop them for a certain time in clouds of {moke. Powders or - liquids, however fatal to Aphides, muft ever be ineffectual, from the trouble and difficulty of applyiig them fo that they fhall come in contact’ with thofe infeéts, (ituated as they ufually are; but in this Á— smoke has every advantage, it penetrates and pervades their recefles. The fmoke of common vegetables, however power- ful, is ; foa to be inade uate to their deftruétion, and hitherto no. other than that of tobacco is found to be effectual. That, judi- cioufly applied, completely anfwers the purpofe, without injuring the plant. It moftly happens in well managed houfes that a few plants: only are infefted with Aphides: in fuch a cafe, the fmoking, of the whole houfe is a bufinefs of unneceffary expenfe and trouble; and we would recommend to perfons. who have large colleétions-to make ule 4 : | of: 86 Mr. Gurris’s Obfervations on Aphides. of a box of a commodious form that fhall hold about a dozen plants of various fizes, to be ufed as a fort of hofpital, in which in- fefted plants may be fmoked feparately, and the infects more ef- feétually sige e becaufe it may be rendered more pr kely fmoke-tight. - # To prevent the calamities wbich would. infallibly refult fron the accurialatedieviiplitatior: of the more prolific animals, it has been ordained by the.Author of Nature, that {fuch fhould be diminifhed by ferving as food for others. On this principle; we find that moft animals in this predicament have one or more natural enemies. The helplefs Aphis, the fcourge of the vegetable kingdom, has to contend with many. The principal are the Coccinel/a, the Ichneumon Aphidum, and the Mufca aphidivora. Such as are unacquainted with = the hiftory of infeéts will learn with fome furprife that the Cocci- nella*, a common infect well known even to children by the name - -of the Lady-bird, is one of the greateft deftroyers of the Aphrdes, which indeed are its only food, its fole fupport, as well in its perfect as in its /arva or grub ftate. During the feverity of winter this infect fecures itfelf under the bark of trees, or elfewhere} When — the warmth of fpring has expanded the foliage of plants, the fè- male depofits its eggs on them in: great numbers, from whence in a fhort time proceeds the /area, a fmall grub of a dark lead colour fpotted with orange: thefe may be Ébférvél in the fummer feafon running pretty brifkly over all kinds of plants; and if narrowly watched, they will’ bé found to devour the Apbides wherever they find them. The fame may be obferved of the Lady- bird i in its perfect ftate. As thefé infeéts in both their ftates arc * All the diferent fpecies of CEDE feed ¢ on n Apbiders the tipinata, by far the moft common; does the moft execution. + Many are found in houfes; for, early in May 1799; counted on the window of my common ftting-room, expofed to the fun, nineteen of the Coccinella bipun@ata. very Mr. Curtis’s Obfervations on Aphides. 87 very numerous, they contribute wonderfully to diminifh the number of Aphides. There is a faying:which humiabity has put into the mouths of children in favour of this infect *, now rendered more facred by its great utility, which has happily rendered it a fort of favourite with them, and contributes ufually to its efcape from their dangerous clutches. ; Another. moft formidable enemy to the Aphis is a very minute, black and flender Ichneumon fly, the Zchrewmon Aphidum of danneus. The manner in which this iníe& proves fo deftructive to the Aphis is different from that of the Lady-bird. The female Ichneumon, of. which numbers may be found where dpbides are in plenty, fettles on a ftalk, or leaf, more or leís covered with them, marches {lowly over their bodies, feeling with its antenne as it proceeds for one of a fuitable fize and age; which having difco- vered,“ it pufhes forward its body, or abdomen, i in an incurved ftate, and with a fine inftrument at its extremity, invifible. to the naked eyé, ` ‘punétures,. and depofits an egg in, the body of the Aphis; which, having done, it proceeds, and lays an egg in a fimilar Way in the bodies of many others. : The egg thus depofited quickly hatches, and becomes.a {mall larva, ı or maggot, which feeds on the fubítance of the Aphis, and, having ¢ eaten.the whole « of i it, the fkin excepted, it changes to a pupa, or chryfalis; in which ftate when it has re- mained. a fufficient time, it becomes an Ichneumon fly, which eats its way out of the Aphis, leaving the dry inflated 4kin of the infect. adhering to the leaf, likea {mall pearl. Such may always be found where. es are in plenty. We have obferved different yo of Aphides to be infefted with different Ichneumons. __ In general the torpid Aphis {ubmits quietly to this fatal operation ; 3 but we have obferved fome of them, efpecially one that feeds on. the * $s | Lady-hird, hdybird, d awa) home ! Your houfe is on fire, your children at home." fycamore,, 38 Mr Curtis’s Odfervations on Aphides. fycamore, which is much more agile than many of this race, en- deavour to avoid the Ichneumon with great addrefs. There is, perhaps, no genus of infeéts which in their /arva or maggot ftate feed on fuch a variety of food as the Mufta, or Fly. There is fcarcely a part of nature, either animate or inanimate, in which they are not to be met with. Onedivifion of them, called by Linneus Muféæ aphidivoræ, feeds entirely on Æphides. OF the different fpecies of aphidivorous flies, which are numerous, having moftly bodies variegated with tranfverfe ftripes, their females may be feen hovering over plants infefted with Aphides, among which they depofit their eggs, on the furface of the leaf; The /arva, or maggot, produced from fuch eggs feeds, as foon as hatched, on the younger kinds of Aphis; and, as it increafes in fize, attacks and de- vours thofe which are larger. Thefe larve are ufually of a pale colour, adhere clofely to the leaf, along which they flowly glide, and are formed very tapering towards the head. When fully grown, they change to a pupa, or chryfalis, attached to the leaf, from whence iffues the fly. The /arvz of thefe flies contribute their full fhare to diminifh the defpoilers of Flora, To thefe three kinds of infeéts, which are the chicf agents in the hands of Nature for keeping the Aphides within their proper limits, we may add a few others which a& a fobordinate a in ‘this Re Ld bufinefs of deftruétion. ' The /zrva of the Hemerobius feeds on set à in the fame manner as that of the Mufra aphidivora, and depofits ‘its eggs alfo-on the leaves of fuch plants as are befet with Apbides. The eggs of this Hemerobius ftand on long filaments, which are attached by a bafe to the leaf, ‘and have more the appearance of the filaments of flowers with their anther than the eggs. of an somal. The number of x ` thefe Mr. CunTIs's Olfervations on Aphides. 89 thefe infects being comparatively very fmall, they may be confidered rather as the cafual invaders of their exiftence than the. main hoft of their deftroyers. - The Farwig, which is in itfelf no contemptible enemy to plants, ‘makes fome atonement for its depredations by deftroying the dphides; efpecially fuch as refide in the curled-up leaves of fruit-trees, and the purfes formed by certain Aphides on the poplars and other trees. Laftly, we may add as the enemies of thefe creatures, fome of the fmaller foft-billed birds, which feed generally on infeéts, and which may frequently be feen bufily employed in picking them from the plants. . Their utility did not efcape the obfervation of the pleafing author of the Seafons. We fhall quote the whole of what he writes on this fubject, prefuming that none of our readers will think it too long; remarking, however, that he has fallen into the error of moft others in regard to the manner in which thefe infeéts are faid to be brought by. the eafterly winds, and that he confounded the mifchiefs of Caterpillars with thofe of the Aphis. * For oft engender'd by the hazy north, Myriads on myriads, infect armies warp _ Keen in the poifon'd breeze, and wafteful eat ` £ V Thro’ buds and bark into the blacken'd core . -Their eager way. A feeble race! yet oft The facred fons of vengeance, on whofe courfe Corrolive famine waits, and kills the year. ` To check this plague, the fkilful farmer chaff, And blazing ftraw, before his orchard burns, “o= Till, all involv'd in fmoke, the latent foe — |. From every cranny fuffocated falls; TIERE Or fcatters o'er the blooms the pungent duft Of pepper, fatal to the frofty tribe; .. Or, when the envenom'd leaf begins to curl, With fprinkled water drowns them in their neft; Nor, while they pick them up with bufy bill, The little trooping birds unwifely fcares. Xe. V. N | | When go | Mr. Curtis’s Obfervatrons on Aphides. When plants affume a fickly appearance, or are disfigured by difeafe, from whatever caufe the difeafe may arife, they are faid to be blighted. Blights originate from a variety of caufes, the chief of which are unfavourable weather and infects. . Two opinions prevail very gencrally in regard to blights : the one, that the infeéts which are the caufe of them are brought from a diftance by eafterly winds; the other, that they attach themfelves to none but plants already fickly. Neither of thefe opinions, as far _as I have obferved, is founded in faét. Iam induced, from the nu- . merous obfervations ] have made on infe&s for a feries of years, (in purfuing the cultivation of plants) to confider the Aphis as by far the moft general caufe of the difeafes diftinguifhed by the name of blights. Other infects, it is true, more efpecially the larvæ of fome ofthe Lepidoptera,.as thofe of the Phalænæ tortrices, disfigure and do infinite mifchief to plants, by rolling and curling up the leaves. But thefe for the moft part confine themfelves to certain trees and plants. Their ravages alfo are of fhorter duration, being confined . to the growth of one brood, and they are alfo lefs fatal. It would be no difficult matter for me to All a volume with obfervations, to which I have been an eye witnefs, of the injuries which plants fuftain from infects; but that would be foreign to my prefent pur- pofe, which is to {how that the 42/5 is the grand caufe of thefe difeafes, and to place the modus operandi, or the manner in which they effect this bufinefs, in its true light. We are fully aware that certain gregarious infeéts may at parti- cular times rife up in the air, and, if fmall and light, be impelled by any wind that may chance to blow at the time; and on this prin- _ ciple we account for that fhower of phides defcribed by Mr. White to have fallen at Selborn. But certainly this. is not the mode in which thofe infects are ufually difperfed over a country. The phe- nomenon is too unufual, the diftribution would be. too partial ; for Apbides, Mr. Curtis's Olfervations on Aphides. gt Apbides, while at their higheft point of multiplication, do not fwarm like bees or ants, and fly off or emigrate in large bodies; but each male or female 4555, at fuch periods as they arrive at maturity, marches or fles off without waiting for any other. Yet it may happen that, from a tree or plant thickly befet with them, numbers may fly. off or. emigrate together, being arrived at maturity at the fame moment of time. Detaching itfelf from the plant, each purfues a different route, intent on the great bufinefs of multiplying its fpecies; and fettles on fuch plants in the vicinity as are calculated to afford nourifhment to its young. " The common green: Aphis, which is fo generally deftruétive, lives during the winter feafon on fuch herbaceous plants as it remained on dite the autumn, either in its egg or perfect flate. If the i weather be mild, it multiplies greatly on fuch herbage; as the fpring advances, in May the males and females of thefe infe&s acquire wings: and thus the bufinefs of increafe, hitherto confined, is widely and rapidly extended, as the winged Aphides, by hop- planters called the Fly, may be feen from this period very generally fitting on paan, and floating i in theair i in all dire&ions. - BO SE Dee Minutes of por id in the Aphis falicis from the End of September to December 61b. “The Aphis falicis is among the largeft Englith fpecies, and is found on the bark both of the trunk and branches of the Salix triandra, fragilis, and viminalis, but moft abundantly on the lat. The. bodies of thefe infeéts contain a red liquid, and hence perfons em- ployed in (ripping ofiers have their hands ane appa bloody by unavoidably bruifing them. ` Near the end of September multitudes of the full grown infects of this fpecies, both winged and others, are obferved to defert the N2 willows 92. Mr. Curtis's Obfervations on Aphides. willows on which they feed, and to ramble folitarily over every neighbouring object, in fuch numbers that we can handle nothing in their vicinity without crufhing fome of them. Are they retreat- ing to frefh trees, on which to depofit their young, or feeking fome warmer fituation for the winter feafon? Vaft numbers of them, moftly in a younger ftate, ftill remain in large maffes on the trees. Though numberlefs infects, Wafps in particular, were devouring the fweets they depofited, the Lady-bird (Coccinella) was the only one which preyed on the Æphides themfelves; and thefe towards the end of the month began to relax their Mns and to retreat to their winter quarters. Asthe feafon advances, the Aphides are Sud. higher on the trees, proceeding gradually upwards in queft of new food. When the young Aphis is brought forth, and is completely difengaged, it infi- nuates itfelf under the body of its mother, and places itfelf clofe to - its elder brother or- fifter, thus early manifefting an attachment to that congregated ftate of fociety in which it afterwards exifts. If by ftriking it you jar the branch o the tree on which Aphides are placed, or fhould a wafp or other large infe& approach them fuddenly, or rudely, the whole of them as it were in a mafs elevate their bodies and hind legs and put them in motion; and herein appear to confift their whole powers of defence; in this ftate their very fine white legs, thus elevated, give them a curious filamentous appearance. We have frequently obferved white incruftations ad- Being to different parts of their legs, wings, and bodies.. _ "O4 12, Still obfervable i in great mafles on the large branches of the trees. 7 Many. winged males now among them, yet no ant of co- pulation. Many pregnant females emigrating from the mafs. Nv. 8. A fine warm day, after many of violent and long con- tinued rain, the Æphides were obíerved to be very much diminifhed in Mr. Curtis's Obfervations on Aphides. 93» in number. On fome of the branches they had quite difappeared, but on others great numbers {till remained in maffes Difeafe was now making havock among them ; the bodies of many were fwollen and difcoloured. Moft of them were fufpended by the prodoféis, fill. inferted into the bark of the tree; their juices were of a deep purple or blackifh hue. Not a Wafp to be feen; but few Flies, and fewer Coccinelle, the only natural enemy to which we have obferved. this. fpecies to be fubject. Nov. 10. On opening the abdomen of one of the larget females, I counted fixty-one young, large and fmall, Put by in three feparate pill-boxes, placed in a warm clofet to the fouth-weft, many large pregnant apterous Aphides, and many males with their wings perfettly expanded, and others with their wings not expanded. The large apterous Apbides depofited. young in the boxes, but all of them died in lefs than a fortnight. Thefe feveral Aphides were placed in this fituation to fee if they would live through the winter, | as they would be out of the reach. of froft.. Nov. 21. Opened. the body of a female Aphis, and found it to contain forty-lix young; t hree parts of thefe at leaft were fuch, and the fmalleft of them ne more the appearance of embryos than eggs. - At the clofe of the Gasthof May 1799, after a very long and. hard winter, plants were more free from Æphides than ufual; yet, in fheltered gardens particularly, I found them on the top fhoots of trees, (none on herbaceous plants) as the currant, goofeberry, apple, cherry, and common fpindle tree. As yet, few of them had wings. It would appear from this circumftance, that the female muft lay her eggs in hard winters on the extremities of the branches; Obferved the excrement of a black phis clear and tranfparent, . but the liquor from the tubular Cornicula was of a purple colour. 4; | M 94 ' Mr. Curtis’s Obfervations on Aphides. It appears that the excrementitious fubftance both of this black Aphis and the common green one cryftallizes foon after it is evacu- ated at this feafon of the year; for we obferve a white fubftance on the leaves where the , 106: firata of ftone, at Eaft Cowes, and juft above a bed of black and folid clay, is a ftratum of fhells about two feet thick, of which a, Ípecimen accompanies this, and which is totally compofed of thefe , fhells without any admixture or earth whatever. As the fea makes. great inroads here, vaft heaps of thefe fhells lie on the beach, and“ feem jut wa(hed. up by the waves, inftead of being torn from their bed in the cliff. They appear nearly in the fame fate as thofe on the Hampfhire coaft, which have long been famous among naturalifts. In the bed at Eaít Cowes there appears however no variety; for I could fee no fpecies but what are here exhibited. ... ,.., =» Whatever confufion in the ftrata appears to the north of the, chalk range, or in that range itfelf, difappears to the fouth of it, where the ftrata are nearly in a horizontal pofition, and fingu, larly regular and undifturbed, The fea coaft from Bembridge fouth. to the Needles, except in the fmall extent of Sandown Marth, is, every where higher than the immediately contiguous land of the ifland, and to the fouth- eaft rifes into a vaft range of hills running, from Dunnofe weft to St. Catherine’s. The obtain of thefe hills feems every where to be clay lying i in ftrata of different colour. and purity. The loweft is black and very hard; approaching to fhale. Above this fome ftrata have a great mixture of fand, and take the appearance of a foft ftone breaking into very regular cubical forms. Thefe ftrata extend over the whole fouthern part of the ifland, and terminate againft the chalk range very fuddenly. Above the clay ftrata i is a bed GE ftone in thia layers, and. of very mingled materials, butin general very hard. Great quantities of chert or flint nodules appear in this ftone. The general th: cknefs of the ftratum is from 150 to 200 feet. Above this the higheft ; hills of the range have a ftratum of chalk, not pure or «hat as that of the chalk Eu properly fo called, nor " producing fint fo biack. | | | VoL. AE. ; : P FRS TT T. The 106 Sir H. C. ENorzgrIELD's Ob/ervations The height of Dunnofe is 800 feet above low water mark. St, Catherine’s hill is at leat 850. Of the former I had no oppor- tunity of examining accurately the thicknefs of the ftrata; but at St. Catherine's the ftrata are as follow : Chalk - 2:0 feet Stone - . 200 feet or perhaps not quite fo much. Clay and fand 400 feet ESL This arrangement accounts entirely for the formation of that fingular coaft called the Undercliff, which extends from Dunnofe to St. Catherine’s, and is compofed of the confufed fragments of the upper ftratum of rock which have given way and rolled down as the fubftratum of clay has been wafhed away by the fea. In moft parts the procefs feems nearly at a ftand ; the coaft being now protected by the fallen rocks; but at St. Catherine's great dira fatik is il taking place. The earth-fall mentioned laft year was a very {mall operation of this kind when compared with the relicks of former eonvulfions. From this fhort fketch of the general pofition of the ftrata in the ifland, I return to-the particular fubje& of tbe prefent paper. The chalk pit, which I am about to defcribe, is fituated on the se edge of the chalk range juft out of the village of Carit brook, and about an hundred yards beyond the divifion of the roads to Yarmouth and Shorwell. The pit is open to the eaft, The ftrata of chalk are very regular, from two to five feet in thicknefs, and divided by feams of flint from fix inches to nine inches in depth. | The flints are, as ufual, in nodules of different fizes, from the fize of. the fift to twice the fize of a man's head. The whole dip north- ward with an inclination of at leaft 67 degrees. Perpendicular filures run through the whole from north to fouth, the fides of which A on fome remarkable Strata of Flint. 107 which are nearly as flat and fmooth as a wall. As thefe fiffures are followed with convenience in working the pit, an extenfive face was laid open when I faw it, and the appearance was as in the annex- ed fketch. See Tas. VII. On examining the beds of flint nearly, I was aftonifhed to find that every flint, though lying in its place, and retaining perfeétly its original fhape, was more or lefs burit and thattered; fome few were only fplit into large pieces, but the greater part were broken into {mall fragments, and fome abfolutely reduced to impalpable powder. From one which had fuffered the moft the annexed fpecimen was taken. The powder was fo very fine that I had conceived it muft have been mixed with chalk; but, on wathing it with diluted marine acid, I found that it was purely filiceous. Indeed the chalk which furrounds thefe flints is uncommonly folid, and does not exhibit cracks or marks of any violence except the great fiffures beforementioned. A fpecimen of the flint powder after wafhing in the acid is fent with the other. LT muft obferve that I had but imperfect opportunity of infpe&ing — the flints which lay at a diftance from the fiffure; fuch however as Icoo!d fee in the bed then working appeared to have been lef fhattered in proportion as they were more remote from the fiffure; but all had fuffered more or lefs. T paan 200 yards below this pit, and nearer to Carifbrook village, t E ad is in part cut through the chalk, and the beds of flint ex- ont by that means exhibit fhe fame appearances as thofe in the pit above. The chalk pit above Shide Bridge, which i is the only one I had an ~ opportunity of examining after my difcovery of the phenomenon above defcribed, prefents in fome degree the fame appearances, but ` does not afford fo good an opportunity of viewing the ftrata as that at sstilsonk- The frata did not appear to me to lic fo regularly Ps nor 7 Sir H. C. ENGLEPIELD’s Ob/fervations nor the flints to be difpofed fo much in beds as at Carifbrook. "They were however extremely broken and fhattered, and apparently the moft fo where they lay moft in ftrata The ftrata had alfo a great inclination or dip to the north. Although it would be rafh to attempt to account for this very fingular.ftate of deftruction of the flints in the Carifbrook pit, yet it is impoffible not to offer fome conjectures on the fubjcct. There can be very little doubt that the ftrata, though now fo inclined, were originally formed in a horizontal pofition. When the tre- mendous convulfion took place which funk them to the fituation in which they now appear (at which time the channel which fepa- rates the Ifle of Wight from the main land was perhaps formed), the ftrata of chalk, in the a& of fubfidence, had a tendency to. flide on each other, and this would be exerted moft fenfibly where from the admixture of the flints the cohefion of the parts of the chalk was the weakeft. ‘This motion, or rather ftrain, of fo enor- mous a weight, might in an inftant fhiver the flints, though their refiftanceftopped the incipient motion; for the flints, though crufhed to powder, are not difplaced, which muft have been the cafe had the beds flid fenfbly, This conjecture is perhaps ftrengthened by what lobferved in a few detached nodules of flint in the chalk ftrata ` which did not appear to have fuffered as thofe in the beds of flint have done. I may here add that it feemed as if in fome places the fine powder of the flints had run down, and invefted the nearer parts of the fiffure with a thin coating of the agglutinated duft; but this. .. may pofübly have taken place fince the face of the fiffure- has been pee expaíeit to the weather. | -Perhaps i it may not be totally fori from the prefent fubject, to. | mention that in a very great chalk pit at the village of Prefton, a mile .. ‘north of Brighthelmftone, in which the flints lie in very regular | ms oe a horizontal ftrata, but imm has.alfo vaft perpendicular C^ ooh os 3 | fiffures. on fome remarkable Strata of Flint. Tog: fiffures in the chalk, the fiffures are in many places filled to a con-. fiderable extent with a very thin vein of pure flint exactly as if the flint, not being quite hard when the fiffures took place, had. been fqueezed out of the beds and run into the fiffures as foft pitch would do.. I do not mean at all to fay that this was the.cafe, but merely to defcribe the appearances. |. In. the chalk pit juft below the church at Brighthelmftome another fingular appearance may be feen. The upper part of the chalk is in feparate maffes, not pro _ perly rubble, but with all their tender angles tharp exactly as if juft broken to pieces to put into the lime kiln, and quite clean, nearly of a fize, and almoft without any chalk powder mixed with them.. Iremain, &c.. Southampton, Jan, 22, 1800, VII.. (116-3 VIN. Remarks on Jome, brit jb Species of Salis. By James Edward Smith, ALD. FRS PLS : — Read May 5, 1801. ÍT has for a long time been my intention to offer to the confidera- tion of the Linnean Society fome elucidation of the Britifh Willows ; but there are many reafons why any thing like a complete hiory of of the genus of Salix cannot at preient be made out, even fo far as regards our native fpecies, and I have therefore withheld the partial information I had acquired, in hopes of learning more, and being able to communicate ncn better worth the Society's accept- ance. At length however it becomes nécelfaty that this obfcure genus fhould affume as regular a form as poffible in the Fra B itannica; where, as in every other inftance, my object is to publifh nothing that I have not afcertained myfelf, at leaft as far asthe imperfeétion | of all human knowledge and judgment will permit. 'The enumera- tion therefore of the fpecies of Sa/xin that book, though more comprehenfive than any yet publifhed in Britain, will be but an effay, to be perfected hereafter; and what I have to offer in this paper are various matters collected in the courfe of my inquiries, which require a more diffufe explanation than the fyftematic form - of the work jut mentioned will admit. 1 fhall at prefent confine my obfervations to the arborefcent fpecies of the firft feétion of the genus Salix, which. comprehends fuch as have leaves more or lefs ferrated, and nee — at leait when fully formed. This is the 6 moft Remarks en Jome Britifh Species of Salix. nt: moft difficult fection, and I flatter myfelf I {hall be able to furnith fome new information refpeéting it. Some difficulties which attend the invettigation of this genus are almoft peculiar to it. Willows to be well underftood require to be ftudied at three different periods of their growth; firt when in flower, at which time the leaves in general fcarcely appear at all; next when the capfules are fully formed and nearly ripe, and the leaves juft expanded, with their ftipulæ ; laftly when the leaves have atta ned their full fize, and all remains of the fruétification have dif- appeared. In this lait ftate the true form, and pubefcence or fmooth- nefs, of the leaves is to be known; in the fecond the nature of the Jüpule, which frequently are very deciduous, and the figure and fur- face of the capfules; whereas in the firft {tate the very difcriminative and curious parts of the flower, the ftamina, neftaria, and, above all, the proportion and ftru&ure of the germen, ftyie and ftigmata, are _ouly to be learnt. I have found the laft-mentioned parts fo con ftant and important, fo ftrongly indicative of natural fu^divifions of the genus, that if we could at all tithes command them, they would certainly afford better characters for that purpofe than the margin of pubelcence of the leaves. But the dioecious nature of thefe plants is. another inconvenience, and peculiarly militates againft a general ar- rangement of them according to parts, which itis an even chancé whether we meet with er not, and which are moreover fo very tranfient. - KE thould prove more ‘foceefsfal i in treating the fübje& dn confideration than my predeceffors Mr. Hudion and Mr. Lightfoot, it wiil, be greatly owing to three caufes, Firft the publication of Profeflor Hi ffinaun's. H fforta Salicum, fo full, 1o accurate, 1 might almoft fay fo perfect, as tar asit goes. This work tbe authors of thé Fira A'glica and Flora Scotica never knew. In the next place the opportunity I have had of fludying the Linnzan original fpecimens, E - in - > ra -— Dr. Smitn’s Remarks on in this genus peculiarly ample and inftruétive, and of comparing them, through Her Majefty’s gracious permiffion, with Mr. Light4 foot’s Herbarium, by which moft of the doubtful fpecimens men- tioned in his Flora, p. 611, have been referred to fome fpecies or. other, and all his difficulties with regard to others removed. -Laftly the afliftance I have received from my accurate and ibdefatigable friend Mr. Crowe, who for many years has with unwearicd diligence collected Willows, both indigenous and exotic, from all quarters; tarefully noting their peculiar ufes and properties; diftinguifhing the truly wild from the naturalized, or merely cultivated kinds; and watching them with a moft difcriminating eye through all their {tages of growth in his garden, which is fortunately fituated fo as to. be peculiarly favourable for the purpofe. .—' Linnzus begins his arrangement of the Salices with thofe fpecies which have fome peculiarity in their ftamina, and our Britifh writers. follow him in this diftribution. It is not my defign to diflurb it. “All fuch as, inftead of the 2 diftinét ftamina of Willows in general, have their filaments united into one, or have more than 2 ftamina, have fmooth ferrated leaves, and therefore ftand commedioulty. > fueugh at the head of this firft fection. The Salix hermaphroditica X believe has no right toa place among Britifh plants. Hudfon introduces it only with a mark of doubt. The Salix latifolia felis fblendente of Ray feems, by Dillenius’s remark, : e to be a variety of the Sallow. The real hermaphroditica of the Lin- man herbarium is clofely allied to S. pentandra, except in the fru&i- and has never been detected in Britain. All that I have’ > gardens under that name is merely a broad- leaved va- 5 andra, the flowers of which are pentandrous and . dioecious The + true bermapbroditica has but 2 (lamina, and thofe in . the fame flower with the piftillum. -I have never feen it alive, nor we dol believe it to be known out of Sweden. The. | finr Britil Species of Salix. Iri The firft fpecies on our lift of Britifh Willows is the. : I. SALIX purpurea. Bitter Purple Willow. S. monandra, folis obovato-lanceolatis ferratis glabris, ftigmatibus breviffimis ovatis fubfeffilibus. Salix purpurea, Linn. Sp. P/. 1444. Hudf. 427. S. monandra. With. 45. Curt. Lond. fafc. 6. 1. 71. Hoffm. Sal. v.I.1B. A3. fi 1,2. t 5. f. 5 fue fins S. humilior, foliis anguftis fubcæruleis, ex adverfo binis. Rai Sys. 449. Cant. 144. n. 5. | In paluftribus, et ad fluvios. Fl. Martio. This is a bufhy fhrub, three or four feet high, with long, flender, tough, purple, fhining branches. The leaves are either oppofite or alternate, nearly linear, but broadeft upwards, ferrated chiefly towards the fummit, very fmooth, glaucous beneath, deftitute of ftipulz. The male catkins are very flender, fearcely an inch long, nearly feffile, confifting of many thick-fet flowers, the uppermoft of which expand firft. Scales black at the tip, hairy. Nectary a foli- tary gland oppofite to each fcale. Stamen one folitary fimple fila- ment, never dividing, bearing an orange-coloured double, or four- lobed, anthera. Female catkins exaétly like the male in fize and form. Germen feffile, {mall, of an ovate or rather elliptic form, : filky. Style very fhort, or fcarcely any. Stigmas fmall, feffile, fomewhat ovate, undivided, marked with a longitudinal furrow on the upper fide. Capfule ovate, {mall, filky. The leaves and twigs of this fpecies are extremely bitter, and therefore authorize the Englifh name given by Mr, Curtis, who has Vor. VI. Q. well 114 : ^. Dr. Smrtu’s Remarks on well figured and defcribed the fpecies, though he erredin confound- ng it with the following. 2. Sarix Helix, Rofe Willow. S. monandra? foliis ETS acuminatis ferrulatis glabris, ftylo elongato filiformi, ftigmatibus linearibus. Salix Helix. Linn. Sp. Ph 1444. Hudf. 427. Dalech. Hifi. 277. f. 2. S. n. 1640. Hall. Hift. v. 2. 306. Salicis racemi feu nucamenta, rofæ et capitula {quamata. Bauh. Hifi. v. 1. p. 2. 213. | In falicetis et paluftribus. Fl. Martio, Aprili.. Haller and Ehrhart. feem to have led Prof. Hofmann into the error of confounding this with the preceding, from which it is moft unqueftionably very diftin&t. Mr. Curtis, and fome of our more recent writers, have followed Hoffmann, perhaps without having ever feen the true S. Helix. I am obliged to Mr. Crowe for firft pointing out to me the different heights of the two plants, and dif- ferent fizcs of their catkins, and on a critical examination of the female flowers, I was fo fortunate as to find further marks of diftinction. x S. Helix rifes to thé height of 9 or 1o feet, and is a fmall flender tree. Even in the form of its leaves it differs from the purpurea, thofe of the He/ being more truly lanceolate and taper-pointed, by no means obovate. From the fize which Haller afcribes to his Salix n. 1640, I venture to prefume he intended this plant, and not the purpurea, and therefore borrow from him the character monandra, . for | have never feen the male of this fpecies. It is extremely probable morcover, from the clofe affinity of the two in other 3 3 refpeéts, Jome Briti Species of . Salix. 115 refpects, that they fhould agree in this. The female catkins are fomewhat longer, and twice as thick, as in the laft, and ftand on longer ftalks. The germen is feffile, ovate and filky, but the ftyle is confiderab!y lengthened out, quite fmooth and naked. The ftigmas alfo, inftead of being fhort and ovate, are linear and confiderably elongated. To thefe fatisfactory marks may be added that the leaves are lefs glaucous beneath, and not {o bitter as thofe of the S. purpurea, | 3: SALIX: fifa. Bafket Ofier. S. monadelpha, foliis lanceolatis acutis fubdenticulatis glabrif: fubtüs glaucis. : Salix fifa. — Haffm. Sal. v. 1. 61. t..13; 14- In falicetis. F1. Aprili, Maio. In- feveral ofier-grounds near Lynn, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. At Prickwillow near Ely. Rev. Mr, Hemfted. - At oe Nor- folk. Rev. Jofeph Forby.. his is a fhrub 4 or 5 feet high, with upright, flexible and very tough branches, of a yellowifh afh-colour, often purplifh. Leaves alternate, on footftalks, lanceolate, pointed, 2 or 3 inches long, mi- nutely toothed, or fomewhat ferrated, principally towards the top; fmooth on both fides except when very young; glaucous beneath ; dark-green above. Stipulae none. Catkins on fhort ftalks, cylin- drical, blunt, firft red, then yellow, flowering firft at the top. Stamina 2, united from the bafe about half way.to the top... An- there of 2 lobes, yellow. Germen ovate, acute, hairy. Sy le fhort. Stigmas oblong, blunt, undivided. | Q 2 T his ri16 Dr. Swrrnu's Rémarks on This is cultivated in the fens, and preferred above all other Wil- lows or Oficrs for the fineft kinds of bafket work. Female plants only ‘have hitherto come under my infpe&ion, but, by a peculiar inftance of good fortune, I lat {pring met with one or two male flowers at the bafe of a few female catkins in Mr. Crowe's garden, Thefe enabled me to complete my defcription, and at the fame time removed every poflible doubt of our plant being the S. fifa of Hoff- mann, with every part of whofe excellent deícription it accords, ^ 4. SALIX rubra. Green Ofter. . S. monadelpha ?- folris lineari-lanceolatis elongatis acutis denticulatis - glabris: fubtüs concoloribus. Salix rubra. Hudf. 428. With. 49. S. virefcens. Villar’s Dauph. v. 3. 785. t. 51. f. 30. S. minimé fragilis, foliis longiffimis utrinque viridibus non ferratis. | Raii Syn. 449. —— | S. nerii folio utrinque virente. Vaill. Par. 17 5 In falicetis rarius. Fl. Aprili, Maio. | Between Maidenhead and Windfor, and near Salifbury, - S. She- - rard. In an ofier-holt near Ely. Rev. Dr. Goodenough. At Prick- ~ willow near Ely. Rev, Mr. Hemfled. Near Bedford. Rev, Mr. Abbot. | _ "The branches of this fhrub are very long, flender, tough, fmooth, gray or purplifh. Leaves about 4 inches long when full-grown, linear-lanceolaté, narrow, acute, flightly toothed or ferrated, by no means entire, of a bright green on both fides, not at all glaucous, fmooth in general, fometimes fprinkled with a few flender hairs Regeath, Stipule, if prefent, aS a. little toothed ; but Jome Britifo’ Species of Salix. 117 but generally wanting. The male catkins I have not feen. -I pre- fume them from analogy to have monadelphous flamina. The females differ but little from the preceding, except in having rather thicker, almoft ovate, ftigmas. This fpecies appears to be but little known, though among the moft valuable as an Ofier. The habit of the plant, figure and length of its leaves, agree with the Common Ofier S. viminalis; but their bright green colour on both fides, and want of all pubefcence, - except when very young, render them eafily diftinguifhable from that fpecies, while their great length, linear form, and narrownefs, and their colour being not at all glaucous, prevent their being con- founded with S. ffu. Specimens obligingly communicated by my friend Mr. Lambert, V.P. L.S. from Mr. Hudfon’s own herbarium, have removed alt uncertainty as to its being his S. ruéra. The name is lefs appofite than might have been wifhed: virens or concolor would better have expreffed the peculiar character of the fpecies. Of the fynonym of Ray there can be no doubt. That of Vaillant I learned from the Sherardian berberine. ! P Sarix Che: Broad-leaved Monadelphous Willow. S. "n foliis Verom fubferratis glaberrimis : ; fubtàs ucis. 4 | In paluftribus. FI. Aprili, Maio. | At Cranberry Fen in the parith of Eaft Winch, and in other parts of Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. This fcarcely rifes to the height of a tree. The branches are fhort and fpreading, rather brittle, clothed with a fhining ydtowim. 8 or 118 Dr. Surru's Remarks on or purplifh bark. Leaves on footítalks, elliptical, or inclining to obovate, fomewhat pointed, {carcely an inch and half long, lightly ferrated or rather crenate, fmooth on both fides; bright-green and fhining above; glaucous and veiny beneath. Catkins nearly feffile, of a fhort fomewhat ovate form. Scales obovate, black, very hairy. Stamina pale lemon-coloured, longi(h, their filaments united from the bafe to a greater or leffer diftance, fometimes almoft to the top. Antherz reddiíh. The female flowers are as yet unknown. This fpecies of Salix feems to have efcaped the notice of every botanift hitherto, and I have given it the name of its difcoverer. It is moft certainly very diftinét from all others, and eafily known by its united ftamina, and fhort broad leaves. It is deftitute of the valuable properties of an Ofier, having fhort and rather brittle, not long and flexible, twigs. It has therefore to all appearance never been cultivated, but is truly wild in Norfolk. paR .6. Sarix triandra. Long -leaved Triandrous Willow. — » S. triandra, foliis lineari oblongis us glabris » germinibus pedi- | cellatis. - Salix triandra. Linn. $$. Pl. 1442. ‘Had. 425. Ws, th. 45. Curt. : Lond. fafc. 6. I3». Hoffa, Sal. v. I. 45. 7. 9. To. MEX LE : S. folio amygdalino utrinque aurito, corticem ‘abj jiciens, Raii Syn. 448. In falicetis st ad apes fluvic iorum frequens. E E Maio, etiam Aüguflo.- This is Tiia a tree F30 y fette or more in height, but bats oné of the beft Ofiers for the ufe of bafket-makers, is generally cut and kept low. The bark of the ftem ahd ‘branches peels off fponta- | neoufly, almoft Iike.that: of the plane-tree, ^ The branches are up: | : right, Jome Britijb Species of Salix. 119 right, long, flender, pliable and tough; though fomewhat brittle at their infertion; their bark is brownifh and fmooth. Leaves about 3 or 4 inches long, of a linear oblong figure, tapering away towards the bafe, and their breadth on each fide the nerve is as nearly equal as poflible; they terminate in a point; their margin is thickly fer- rated, the ferratures incurved and rounded, a little glandular; both fides fmooth, the under rather glaucous. Stipulæ ovate, oblique, crenate, veiny, fmooth, often wanting. Catkins at the ends of {mall leafy young branches, erect, flender, yellowifh, with blunt downy fcales. Stamina generally 3 to each fcale, very rarely (in the fame catkin) only 2. Germen flalked, ovate, pointed, warty. Stigmas fhort, fpreading, notched. Capfule very fmooth, green. 7. SALIx ‘amyzdalina. Broad-lesved Triandrous Willow. S. triandra, foliis ovatis obliquis ferratis glabris, germinibus pedi- cellatis, tipulis maximis. Salix amygdalina. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1443. .Hudf. 426. | Lightf. 596.- S. folio auriculato fplendente flexilis. Radi Syn. 448. Cant. 144. In falicetis et paluftribus. FI. Aprili, Maio. On Badley moor by Dereham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Mot. botanitts confound this with the preceding, and I: fhould {carcely have efcaped the fame error but for the obfervations of Mr. Crowe, who was led to inveftigate their botanical diftin&ions by the different qualities of the two plants for oeconomical purpofes. This is but rarely preferved in ofier grounds, being a bad Offer, greatly inferior to the true S. triandra. lt never rifes into a tree. The bark indeed is deciduous, as in the preceding, which added to the tri- - : androus flowers, perhaps led Mr, Curtis and others to fufpeét there | exifted £20 Dr. Smitu’s Remarks on exifted no fpecific difference between the two. The leaves however will fufficiently ferve to difcriminate them. Thofe of S. amygdalina are fhorter, fcarcely 2 inches long, of a broadith ovate figure rounded at the bafe, by no means linear; they are moreover oblique, the width of the two fides being unequal. The ftipulz are remarkably large, varying from a roundifh to an half-heartfhaped form, crenate, deciduous. - Female flowers and capfules much like thofe of the laft 3s S 8. SALIX pentandra. Bay-leaved Willow. SB pentandra, foliis elliptico-lanceolatis crenulatis glabris, germinibus glabris fubfeffilibus. Salix pentandra, Linn. Sp. Pl 1442. Hudf. 496. With. 46. .. Lightf: 595. . S. folio laureo, feu lato glabro odorato. Raji Syn. 449. Ad rivos Anglia feptentrionalis et Scotiæ auftralis. Fl. Maio, Junio. The fweet or bay-leaved Willow is fufficiently well known by its broad odoriferous leaves, whofe ferratures exude a copious yellow refin, and its numerous ftamina, which are commonly about 5 to each flower. We have only to remark that the variety £ of FL Suevica feems to be a diftinét fpecies, not yet found in England. OQ. SALIX nigricans, Dark broad-kaved Willow. .S. foliis elliptico-lanceolatis crenatis glabris fubtüs glaucis, ger- minibus pedicellatis lanceolatis acuminatis fericeis. _ Salix Jome Britifh Species of Salix. 121 ‘Salix phylicifolia 8. Linn, Sp. Pl. 1442. Fl. Lapp. ed. 2. 291.1. 8. fr €. n. 350. | ih falicetis Fl. Aprili. At Wrongay fen, Norfolk, and in ofier grounds in other places not uncommon. . Mr. Crowe. P À: No writer except Linnæus appear to have known, Willow, this but he furely has erred in making it a variety of his phylicifolia, from | which it differs in the much greater fize of all its parts, as well asain the totally different form of its ferratures, a part fo peculiarly cha- racteriftic in the phylicifolia. | This fpecies I have named nigricans from the- dark colour of its branches, as well as its black hue when dried, which laft indeed is not abfolutely peculiar to it. ‘The trunk fcarcely rifes to the height or form of a tree, The branches are upright, round, rather brittle, - Ímooth. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, a little rounded at the bafe, crenate in almoft every part, but more flightly in the female plant; dark-green and very fmooth above; glaucous, veiny, rarely a little hairy beneath. Foot-ftalks very "broad at their bafe. Stipule (if prefent) rather large, obliquely heart-fhaped, ferrated, fmooth. Catkins from an inch to an inch and half long, thickifh, with obovate, brown, hairy fcales. Stamina 2, diftin&, more or lefs hairy about their baie. Style fhort, fmooth. Stigmas thick, ovate, united at their bafe, permanent, undivided. Capfules on footftalks, long and tapering, clothed with white filky down, as are the general and partial ftalks. "The leaves in the female plant are fhorter, and lefs crenate, as well as more tapering towards the bafe. Such differences between the two fexes of Willows are rare, but I can hardly conceive thefe to be different fpecies, as they agree in every part befides. Vou. VI. R 10 SALIX 122 Dr. Smirr’s Remarks on 10. SALIX Jaurina. Shining dark-green Willow. S. folis ellipticis acutis denticulato-ferratis glabriufculis - fubtus - glaucis, germinibus pedicellatis lanceolatis fericeis. In falicetis et palustribus. D. Dickfon. . Fl. Aprili, Maio. _ Very nearly related to the laft, but certainly a diftin& fpecies. It aéiaptially differs in the male. catkins, which are but half the fize of thofe laft defcribed, and their ftamina are fhorter, perfectly fmooth, not hairy at their bafe. The leaves alfo are of a brighter green, their margin inclined to be revolute, and rather toothed than crea nate. The germen alfo is fhorter, blunter, and lefs tapering. Neither of thefe Willows is known to be of any particular fe. Their branches are not endued with much flexibility or toughnefs. 11. SALIX petiolaris, Dark dong-leaved Willow. s. foliis lanceolatis ferratis glabris fubtùs glaucis, germinibus bete Tatis ovatis fericeis, ftigmatibus feffilibus bilobis. In falicetis et paluftribus. Ð. Dicbón, F}. Aprili. This fpecies has not been found wild in Norfolk, but was fent to Mr. Crowe by Mr. Dickfon, along with the laft, as of Britifh desc It has moft affinity with the two preceding fpecies, but has longer and more flender twigs. The leaves are 4 or 5 inches long, about an inch broad, lancedlate; pointed, ferrated, fomewhat revolute, generally a little unequal at the bafe; bright-green, fmooth and fhining above; glaucous beneath, and fometimes a little ' hairy. _fome Britifh Species of Sd 123 hairy. In drying they turn of a purplifh black. The footftalks are peculiarly long, linear, and flender, filky on the upper fide. Sti-: pulæ fmall, crefcent-fhaped, toothed, fmooth. The female catkins, the only fex I have feen, are fcarcely an inch long, with black, hairy, obovate, often notched, fcales. Germens on long footítalks, fmall, ovate, filky. Stigmas perfectly feffile, ovate, obtufe, divided into two lobes. | I2. SALIX phylicifolia. Tea-leaved Willow. S. foliis lanceolatis undulato-crenatis glabris fubtüs glaucis, füpulis. -fublunatis. : Salix phylicifolia æ, Linn. D P. 1442. FI. 7. Lapp. ed, 2. n 497. 4 8. vd 4393811 1 053 cohen ot cd In alpibus Weonitis FL sas At Pinlarigs eda iDADe- Res. Mr. Stuart. Tam etrábled to "da this to the lift of Britiflt plants, T of a fpecimen fent to Mr. Lightfoot by Mr. Stuart, of Lufs, and now preferved in his herbarium, among others which the author of the Flora Scotica had not fufficient materials to decide upon. Having confronted with. this the original Lapland fpecimen of Linnzus, T can {peak with certainty to their being exaétly the fame. Unfortu- nately the fructification i: is wanting in both, ens their leaves are fuf- ficient to mark the fpecies. * S. phylicifolia appears to be a fhrub with fiit: flender, .fpread- ing branches. Leaves alternate, ftalked, exactly lanceolate, rather acute, furnifhed, about the middle principally, with broad and un- equal crenatures, between which the leaf is as it were almoft finu- ated; the margin is a little more thickened than ordinary; the bafe SE al R 2 | and 124 Dr. Smitu’s Remarks on Britifo Species of Salix. and extremity of each leaf are entire, deftitute of glands: all the leaves are either perfectly fmooth in every part, or a little fprinkled with minute incon{picuous hairs; dark-green above; glaucous and. reticulated with veins beneath. Footítalks flender, fmooth. Sti- pulæ crefcent-fhaped, moftly ferrated, various in fize. | . To the tribe which this paper is intended to illuftrate belong (be- fides a few fmaller fpecies, which have little affinity with thole al- ready mentioned) two well-known trees, the S. vitellina and the S. fragilis, 'T'hefe will have a place in the Flora Britannica, though it may be doubted whether the former be really indigenous. As, however, I have nothing new to fay concerning them, but, on the ` contrary, am waiting for more information than I have yet been able to obtain concerning the fruétification of both, I will not add to the length of this treatife by any imperfect defcriptions. Some remarks of Profeffor Hoffmann lead me to fufpe& we may have more than one fpecies in England underthe name of fragilis, but that. I muft leave for future inquiry. | _ My worthy friend the Rev. Mr. Abbot of Bedford, fo wel- known. to this Society, has favoured me with one, if not two, en- tirely new Englith Willows, which belong to this firft fe&tion of the genus, and which promife to be important in an eeconomical view. Llament that the want of their fructification, and.a longer time to obferve their growth and different appearances, oblige. me to poft- pone any further mention of them at prefent. , IX, De» ( 125 } IX. Defcriptions of four new Species of Fucus. By Dawfon Ti ^ E M. AW F. LS. kd Read May 5, 1801. Arruovon the numerous individuals comprehended under that extenfive family known by the name of Fucus, and efpecially fuch of them as are confidered natives of Britain, have of late years been the fubject of much inquiry, and have induced many moft able botanifts to exert their {kill in the inveftigation of them, it never- thelefs requires but a very flight acquaintance with the fubject, to be fully perfuaded that, without entering into laborious refearches upon their internal organization, or the mode of their fruétification, things hitherto almoft entirely neglected, a wide field remains for future naturalifts to difplay their ingenuity, in the determination of many even of thofe fpecies which are moft abundant upon every part of our Ifland. I fhould feel extremely forry were this, or any. fimilar obfervation, to be confidered as detracting from the merits of thofe gentlemen, to whofe exertions I have always had a pleafure in acknowledging that the fcience is moft deeply indebted:—far from: fuch an idea, my intention is only to fay that our knowledge of the marine alge is ftill in its infancy; and a ftronger proof of the juftice of this remark can hardly be adduced, than the common Fucus ve- ficulofus, from the varying appearances of which, Linnzus and fome fubfequent botanifts have formed fuch an infinity of diftiné {pecies. Did this circumftance require further confirmation, it might poffibly in fome degree receive it from a confideration of the four 126 . Mr. Turner’s Defcriptions of four plants to which it is my object, in the prefent paper, to call the attention of the Linnzan Society, and of which two only can pro- perly be faid to be either altogether new, or even very uncommon; there being little doubt but the others will be found to be fufficiently abundant, at leaft upon the eaftern {hore of England, where their having remained fo long unnoticed has arifen only from their having been regarded as varieties of fome of their congeners, to which they are in reality very nearly allied. From thefe authors I fhould not now venture fo openly to differ, or rather fhould exprefs my fentiments with far greater diffidence, were not the plants which I have undertaken to defcribe, and upon which I truft that future inveftizators will confirm my decifion, efpecially natives of the Yar- mouth beach; and had not my attention been particularly directed to them, from almoft the earlieft period that I have made the marine aloæ my ftudy, by my inftruétor and coadjutor Mr. Wigg, upon whofe knowledge of them the Society have heard too much from more able as well as more eminent botanifts, to make it y for me in any wife to enlarge. | I had propofed to myfelf to extend this paper to a greater lenoth than my contracted leifure will row admit, and, among other plants, to have included in it a figure of Fucus fruticulofus of Jacquin, which, in company with Mr. Sowerby, I found not unfre- quently upon the fhores of the more weftern counties; the excel- lent account however of this plant, given by the Baron de Wulfen, made fuch an intention ufelefs; and I am now induced to mention the circumftance, only from a fear that my having abandoned the idea may have been the caufe of leading my friend, Mr. Stackhoufe, into-error, as, I underftand that, inthe third fafciculus of his Nereis, the appearance of which may foon be expected, he has declined fi- gung this fpecies from an idea that it would previoufly be donc Ede me. Fucus 44471 2222252 Hu nones 7 P V Pili €. four new Species of Fucus. 127 Fucus rufcifolius. — E F. caule ramofo alato; foliis oblongis obtufis planis integerrimis pro- liferis: venulis diaphanis catenatis. Tas. VIII. Fig. 1. Planta naturali magnitudine. 2. Foli capfuliferi extremitas lente aucta. Inter rejeétamenta maris apud Yarmouth in Norfolcia. Perennis: Floret Januario Februario. Radix fibrofo-callofa, furculifera. Frons bipollicaris, membranacea, tenerrima, e bafi ramofa, caule nonnunquam brevi tereti fili- formi predita. Rami membrana tenuiffimá utrinque alati. Fo- lia in omnibus quz adhuc mihi videre contigit exemplaribus, principio ovata, dein oblonga, femper obtufa; e cofta iterum atque iterum prolifera. A Fuco Hypogloffo, cui proximé accedit, primo intuitu dignofci poteft, non modo foliorum figura, verüm etiam ftruéturà totà interna, præfertimque lineis pellucidis, catenatis, | plerumque fimplicibus, quandoque ramofis et anaftomofantibus, quz a coftà utrinque copiofe oriuntur, et ad foliorum margines decurrunt, angulum cum coftà plùs minüs acutum fervantes. | - Fru&ificatio, tubercula parva, globofa, in ipfà cofta, præcipuè fo- - liorum extremitatem verfüs fita, quorum plurima fepe in eodem folio: his diffilientibus, feminum minimorum, faturatè rubentium copia fatis ampla ejicitur, et coftæ utrique lateri, feriatim quafi dif- pofita, adheret. Color planta fanguineus. The refemblance of this plant to Fucus Hypoglofum is fo ex- tremely great, that, though I have been in the habit of obferving it for many fucceflive years, and can point out feveral circumftances in 9 which ee Mr. "TonNEn's Defcriptions of which they effentially differ, I fhould ftill have felt very unwilling to defcribe them as fpecifically diftinét, were it not for the curious lines of concatenated veins which I find both peculiar to this _ fpecies, and conftant in all the fpecimens that have fallen under my obfervation. Ina frefh ftate thefe veins are fo eafily vifible, as to give the plant a ftriated appearance; but when dried, efpecially if faft- ened upon paper, a good glafs and ftrong light are neceffary to dif- cover them. I have never been able to form a fatisfaétory opinion upon the office which they are intended to perform in the internal organization of the fpecies; nor indeed is this a fubje& upon which, in our prefent knowledge of the marine algze, it would be right to hazard aconjecture. I fhall therefore content myfelf with obferving, that they run from the midrib to the fides of the leaf generally in pa- rcllel lines, but fometimes branching and anaftomofing; that they are quite pellucid; and that they are interfeéted at regular diftances with joints, like the filaments of Conferve. The colour of Fucus rufei- Jus is always much darker than that of Fucus Hypogloffum; the leaves of a different form, and, particularly when young, very biunt; the texture of the membrane, under a powerful microfcope, diffimilar; the ftem far ftronger; and the midrib more prominent as well as more vifible: to which is to be added, that the months of January and F ebruary are thofe in which this plant bears its fruit, and in which it is moft frequently feen upon the Yarmouth beach; whereas Fucus Hypoglofum fruétifies only in the fummer, and - never appears at any other part of the year. Hence I conclude, that the one is annual, the other perennial. I have a fpecimen of Fucus rijeifilius with the root completely fibrous; no tendency to which I ever faw in Fucus Hypog/ofum; but, this not appearing to be al- ways the cafe, I haveciot confidered a fingle inftance fufficiently im- portant to ground any part of the fpecific diftinétion upon it. In the mode "i frodlifying, the two plants completely agree; and, as 3 much four new Species of Fucus. 129 . much has been already written upon that fubje&, the Society will perhaps excufe me if I trefpafs fomewhat upon their time by a flight digreflion refpeCting it. The fruit of Fucus Hypog/ofum, as is well oi is fometimes found in fmall globular capfules fituated upon the midrib of the leaves, while in other fpecimens no traces of thefe capfules are apparent, but minute dark feeds are difcovered in two fmall rows on each fide of the midrib, and parallel to it: a cir- cumftance which with fome botaniíts has given rife to the conjec- ture that this Fucus may poflibly be dioicous, while others have carried the matter fo far as to with to conftitute two diftinét fpecies. The latter idea however is done away by plants being occafjonally found in which both kinds of fru&tification, as they are called, may be difcovered upon the fame plant ; and the former fuppofition has always appeared to me equally ill-founded, from my once having ex- amined a plant in which the capfule was actually burfting, and the feeds partly difcharged. I have no hefitation in owning, thatI never could account for thefe feeds, fuppofing them to be cafually fcattered, adhering in fuch regular lines as is always the cafe ; nor can I fee any reafon for that part of the membrane upon which they are difpofed being of adarker colour, and apparently thicker fubftance, than the reft of the leaf: thefe are difficulties which I hope other botanifts will remove, but which do not appear to me of fufficient importance to induce me to accede to the idea of Fuci being monoicous or dioicous. I am indeed on the contrary per- fuaded that they prove nothing, as many other Fuci, among which are to be enumerated the following, have their feeds equally con- tained in capfules, and afterwards difperfed upon the frond, though without the fame appearance of regularity : thefe are Fucus docti ovalis, dafyphyllus, articulatus, — kaliformis, | clavellofus, tenui if "mus, and pinnatifidus. From a confideration of thefe and other circum- ftances, I have been led to conjecture, that in the above-mentioned Vor. VI. S Fuci 130 Mr. TunNER's Defcriptions of Fuci the capfules, when mature, burft, and immediately die away ; while the feeds, from that vifcidity which they are known fo emi- nently to poflefs, adhere to the furface of the frond, till, upon the whole plant at the end of autumn paffing into decay, they attach themfelves to the ftems of the larger fpecies, or rocks, as the force of the fea carries them, and there remain fixed till the latter months of the following fpring again awake their vegetative powers. Excepting Fucus Hypogloffum there is none in the Britifh lift with which Fucus rufcifohus can poffibly be confounded, and I fhall there- fore trouble the Society with no more upon the fubject. > P iei ced Fucus crenulatus. F. fronde plana coriace4 lineari dichotomà ; ramorum apicibus bi- 'furcis oblongo-lanceolatis. TAB. VIII. Fig. 3. Planta naturali magnitudine. 4. Frondis apex lente auctus. Habitat prope Durium flumen in Lufitanie littoribus; 38 apud Du- brem. . D. L. W. Dillwyn. Perennial ? Floret Augufto, Septembri. = Radix callus expanfus, fibrarum aliquot crafiufcularum rudimentis plerumque inflruétus. Frondes plurimz, vix palmares, planz, enerves, ftipiti brevi, tereti infidentes, latè expanfe, undique di> chotomæ, lineares, fingulari modo, praefertim: extremitates versus, obtufé, fed et minutiffimé crenatz. Apices bifidi, angulis acutis, . in lobos oblongo-lanceolatos definentes. Rami plurimi, nunquam proliferi. Fruétificatio tubercula hemifphærica, magnitudine fe- minis >, Jour new Species of Fucus. ua minis rape, verrucofa, pallida rubentia, feminibus repleta, utrique frondis paginæ infidentia. Subftantia coriacea. Color é fufco faturaté fanguineus, fugaciffimus, etin fordido-flavefcentem tranf- lens. 7 Var. f. fubftantià tenuiore, margine integr 0, apicibus plerumque c ob- tufi flimis. SS | In felecting for defcription this Portuguefe Fucus, in preference to many more beautiful as well as more rare fpecies, which my friends have been fo obliging. as to procure for me from foreign hores, , I am actuated principally by the hope that it may thereby be in my power to throw fome light upon the botany of my own country ; what I confider a variety : of this having been found abun- dantly at Dover by. my friend Mr. i. W. Dillwyn, and by him obligingly pict og to me in the courfe of the laft autumn. When this plant becomes móre generally. known and underftood, it may probably admit of well- founded difcuffion how far what I have now made a variety may not in reality t be a diftin& fpecies; ; and I have little doubt t but almoft every botanift, who has only. an oppor- ‘tunity of examining them i in a dry ftate, will immediately decide in favour of the latter opinion. “For my own part, I can only fay that ] have had many fpecimens of each under my obfervation, and that, after laving frequently. examined and compared them as attentively "as was in. my y power, I coüld find no permanént difference between ‘them ; though the Englifh plant is ftrikingly diffimilar at firft fight, in having the edges of the frond far more entire, the ends generally ‘blunt and frequently emarginate, ‘but neither of thefe are conftant, EG. the angles of the forks much lefs acute. The final acters. ‘tion of this point muft be referved for future inveftigation: itis fuf- : ficient for my purpofe here to (how how this fpecies differs from its - ‘congeners. Fucus crenulatus was brought me in fuch, quantity ; S2 from 132 Mr. Turner’s Defériptions of from. Oporto by a scudo who gathered it there in the month of September 1798, that I can have very little doubt cf its being one of the moft common weeds of that fhore. It is altogether a con- necting link between two fpecies, by no means nearly allied to each other, Fucus crifpus and Fucus rubens, with each of which it has many points in common, though fufficiently removed from the one: as well as the other. It agrees in texture and {ubftance with the for- mer, and in general habit with the latter, but may at firft fight be with eafe diftinguithed from both by the branches always preferving their linear cum and being divided at the extremities in a manner fomewhat fimilar to thofe of Fucus bifidus. The colour too, as far as 1 have obferved, differs from that of every other Britifh Fucus; of a dark red, inclining to brown, moft rapidly changing, if expofed to the air or kept in frefh water, to a dull dirty yellow: my Dover fpe- cimens, when placed i in a ftrong light, are of a fine pink at the end of the frond. But the moft ftriking peculiarities of this fpecies are the minutely crenulated. edges, which cannot fail of being remarked by the moft inattentive obferver, and the fructification, which confifts of pale. flefh-coloured tubercles of the fize of a pin's head, plenti- fully 4 fcattered. upon. each. fide of the frond, efpecially towards the extremities, - in. their, .earlieft ftage mere, but foon burfting through the epidermis,, and not continuing covered with it, as in all other fpecies. with. which I am acquainted except Fucus radiatus, feffile, of a fubftance. inclining to fpongy, and very different from: the reft of this plant:. when dry they turn to a dark brown, and: entirely. lofe their natural appearance. The habit of this Fucus in a.frefh ftate appears to me to be much. twifted, and in fome branches. almoft fpiral. :From analogy I have no hefitation in concluding that it is perennial,. and Mr. Dillwyn’s fpecimens as well as thofe brought me from Oporto leave no doubt as to its ES Le in the autumnal months, * Fucus miata oat PN mur heal à = D € = ~ a f i ý EN. 2: 5E 1 : x € > DE : | : i : . Herë terea: NI. Calg. pt3 > * z Jur. new Species of Fucus. 133 Fucus clavellofus. F. fronde filiformi fubgelatinosà ramo(iffimà; ramis confertis; ra- mulis fubulatis fubpinnatis, tuberculis axillaribus. Ta». X. Fig. r. Planta naturali magnitudine. 2. Ramulus cum capfulà lenté au&us.. 3. Ramulus alter feminibus difperfis.. Habitat apud Brancafter in Poolas inter rejeCtamenta maris apud: Yarmouth frequens. Annuus. Floret Julio, Augufto: Radix callus minutus. Frondes sori, fer fpithamzz, filiformes, teretes, lubrice, undique ramofflimæ, ramis ramulifque approxi- matis, longitudine variis, fummis feré pinnatis, fubulato-clavatis, plerumque oppofitis, nunquam vel verticillatis vel ita contractis ut articulati videantur. Frondis craffities pennam pafferinam rard æquat. Fructificatio, tubercula minuta, nigricantia, e cordato- triangularia, inter ramulos minimos fita, feminibus referta, quz, capíulis marcefcentibus, ramulis inordinatim adhærent, ave {peciem pro ie ferunt. Color pallidè ruber. For the information that the late Rev. jobs Lightfoot Bed 3 in- tended to defcribe the prefent plant as a diftinét fpecies, aud had beftowed upon it the trivial name of clave/lofus, I am indebted to the kindnefs of Sir Thomas Frankland; and, as this gentleman has. abundantly found it upon the rocks at Scarbro’, and long been in the habit of obferving it, I muft be allowed for the fake of fcience to exprefs the wifh I have always felt that he would himfelf have un- 8 dertakcm 134 Mr. TurNer’s Defcriptions of dertaken the defcription and determination of it. The fate of this” elegant Fucus has been peculiarly unfortunate, and the endeavour- ing to point out its fpecific character is attended with fingular difficulties; all authors upon the fubje&, with the exception of Mr. Lightfoot, to whom I prefume it was not known when he wrote his Flora, having confidered it only as a varying appearance of F, kali- formis, and purpofely drawn up their defcription of that plant fo as to include this fpecies: a circumftance far from furprifing, as they are gathered upon different fhores, fo that few botanifts well ac- quainted with the one are likely to have feen the other in its place of growth: the Fucus kaliformis being principally, if not entirely, confined to the weftern fhores of Great Britain, where I have no reafon to believe that F. clavellofus, a native of the coaft from Nor- folk to Northumberland, ever makes its appearance. As, during the months of fummer, this latter is far from uncommon upon the Yarmouth beach, I have had an opportunity of watching it for feyeral years, in the courfe of which I never, at any period of its growth, remarked a tendency to affume the appearance of the former; but being acquainted with that fpecies only from having feen a few dried fpecimens, I referved my opinion till my tour into Cornwall in the fummer of 1799 gave me an opportunity of ex- amining it plentifully in a recent ftate, and fatisfying myfelf that the plants are even more diftinét when frefh than when expanded upon paper, and preferved in herbaria. The points of difference are of a nature to be far more eafily underftood by a comparifon of Specimens, than by any language it will be in my power to employ ; the mot ftriking of them depending upon the general habit, upon the greater -fize of F. kali liformis, and upon its branches, particularly the extreme ones, being verticillated, and at intervals fo contracted as to give the whole plant a jointed appearance, very nearly re- Sembling F. ar "ticulatus, from which in fome battered fpecimens I Ten 6 have Cut e / Fe V. APR Srana Vidal 40 f (30. Hd ————Ü + á Jew new Species of Fucus. Ex. 135 have had a difficulty. in diftinguifhing i it. Thefe marks, which are very obvious, will be altogether fufficient to enable any botanift .to determine between the plants; but I extremely regret that, when I had an opportunity of examining F. kaliformis frefh, I omitted fub- je&ing the capfules to a ftrong microfcope, and feeing if the feeds, which to the naked eye and in a dry ftate appear round, be.not in. reality, as in F clavellofus, rather cordate. If they be not, and I. wifh thofe naturalifts who have it in their power would attend to this circumftance, a fufficient and perhaps more fatisfa&ory dif- ference is at once eftablifhed. Fucus. Wi igehii. F. fronde filiformi fubgelatinosà ramofiffimà; ramis ramulifque Ree. Y fetis i in "cuta Re ep mucronatas MM: (dida. im. if tf * - “ ri - "cds ES Fig. r. Frons naturali magnitudine. 2. Ramuli particula lente aucta, Inter ‘ejeétame ent: a maris apud Yarmouth farine leaa.: | ion ; Radix, ut in plénique huic proximis, callus minutus, Frons eres mis, teres craffitie fili emporetici minoris, vix fpithaniæa, ramofiffi- ma; rami fæpiès alterni, ramulis ita cinéti ut pinnati quodam- — ss sates tee tam maximi qoom minimi, fetis, ut ita iurce, interdujmiques fed rationis divis ut in folos novos tranfire videantur. Setæ hæ pedunculorum vice funguntur, fili- culafque parvas, ovato-lanceolatas, feminibus repletas, in mucro- nem definentes, ad extremitates ferunt. Semina faturaté rubra, minima, oculo nifi valdé armato, non difcernenda. Pedunculi filiculis - 136 Mr. Turner’s Defcriptious of. Jour new Species of Fucus. filiculis dupló vel tripló longiores. Subftantia e cartilagineo ge- - Jatinofa, lubrica. Color totius plantæ fufco-ruber. A finite fpecimen of this Fucus was found many years ago upon the Yarmouth beach by Mr. Wigg, to whofe merit I feel a peculiar pleafure in paying what I confider the moft public teftimony in my power, by making it known tothe botanical world under his name; and, as I think there cannot be the {mallet doubt of its being totally diftinét, not only from every Englifh, but alfo from every other Fucus hitherto known, I truft that, however uncouth the appellation I have beftowed upon it, the Linnean Society will fhare my feelings, and neverthelefs fuffer it under that title to defcend to pofterity. Mr. Mafon and myfelf have fince gathered it, though neither of us more than one plant, nor do I know that it was ever feen in any other part of the kingdom. The place which naturally belongs to it in the Britifh lift is immediately between F. peduncu- latus and F. afparagoides; but, as there is no fear of its being con- founded with thofe or any other fpecies, and as I have in my fpecific character included all the particulars refpe&ing it with which ] am acquainted, I fhall add no more upon the fubject, except that the pods containing the feeds feem to be, as in F. //nuofus, laciniatus, and many others, merely extenfions of the frond, which, when their office is fulfilled, ftart forth into new branches. CA. De- LI T À á à + d. X. Dejfiribtion gf Callicocca Ipecacuanba, By Felix Aveliar Broil, Profeffor of Botany in the — ty of Coimbra, F.M. L.S. Read February 3, 1801. ` CALLICOCCA IPECACUANHA. ClaLricoccA caule afcendente, fuffruticofo, farmentofo; foliis _ovato-lanceolatis, infernè fubpubefcentibus ; capitulo terminali, pedunculato ; involucro retire, foliolis dau corollis. quinquefidis. — Tapogomez fpecierum congener. D. D: la Marck. Hp. Gen. Dict. Bot. ` Ipecacuanha fufca. Pj if. Braf. p. 101. It. Margr. Braf. pe Jeah Brafilienfibus aliis [pzcacuanba ; aliis Poaia do Mario, in auftralioribus — Brafiliæ locis; Cypé aliis, uti etiam Portugallenfibus. Pharm. Ipecacuanhe fufce f. brunz ud aut Radix Brafilienfis E ect | Radix perennis, Grépless aut PP fabteres, Sein HA a 3 laris, rarò leviter obliqua ; duas, tres, quatuorve uncias et ultra longa; fuperné gracilior, craffitudine et fimilitudine caulis, fæpius hic illicve brevibus radiculis inftructa (quarum una alterave inter- rm dum craffefcit); inferné duas trefve lineas crafla, vage flexa, extüs fufca, fubannulata, annulis prominentibus, inzqualibus, fubru- gofis; fapore acri, amaro, odore vix ullo, nifi herbaceo. . Dum Vor. VI. T X ficca, 138 Profeffor AVELLAR BROTERO'S Defeription ficca, cortex craffa, dura, fragilis, extüs bruna, intüs albicans, gomofo-refinofa, filo percurfa lignofo, equali, albo, feré infipiuo, mucilagineo, a quo facilé in plures annulos fiffa contiguos et inz- quales, fiffuris levibus, feparatur ;- fapore primum farinaceo, poltca fubamaro, fubacri, et femper minus acri quàm in ftatu viridi, feu vivo; odore vix ullo, fed cum mortario contunditur, tenuis ejus ' pulvis fubnafeofo nares odore afficit et ufque ad fternutamentum - ftimulat. $ ; | - Caulis faffruticofus, ‘ex procumbenti erectus, ad bafin, qua procum- bit, interdum repens, teres, craffitudine penne gallinaceæ, quin- que ad novem uncias altus, inferné glaber, efoliatus, fufcus, nodo- fus (ubi a foliorum cafu cicatrices), internodiis fursüm verfus apicem indies decrefcentibus, ibique villofus, viridis, foliatus, in - primis plantz annis fimpliciffimus aut fimplex, pofteà farmentofus, farmentis perpaucis efoliatis, fubtortuofis, procumbentibus, plüs minüfve dodrantalibus, nodofis, ad nodos vagè radicantibus, ibique "unum alterumve novum caulem, a primo aut alio femipedem et ultra diffitum, producentibus. — es ~ Folia inferiora caduca, ita ut in plantæ florefcentia 4,6, aut 8 folim, . rariffimé plura, ad apicem caulis perfiftant ; oppofita, patentia, ts ro lanceolata: nonnulla interdum feré obovata, tres ad quatuor à uncias. longa, unam ad duas ferè lata, integerrima ; fuperné fa- turaté viridia, pun&is fcabriufculis afperfa, glabra, rar vagé fub- pubefcentia; fubtüs ex viridi-albida, fubpubefcentia, cofta parüm _. elevata, venis lateralibus alternis, {ubparallelis, ad apicem curvatis: Hoo folii lamina brevior, 2, 3-ve lineas aie canaliculatus, “je Site geminæ, laterifoliæ, ee feffiles, fublineares, Partith- | fimbriatæ, lacinulis fubulatis, petiolis leviter adnate, illorum longi- -tudine aut vix longiores, cum ipfis caulem Subvaginantes, maree- centes | Flores of Callicocea Ipecacuanka, Flores aggregati in capitulum folitarium, fübnutans, cai nans, pedunculatum ; pedunculo tereti, pubefcenti, petiolis lon- giore, plus minüfve femiunciam alto: flofculi feffiles, 15 ad 24, bracteolis diftinéti; bracleole involucri et flofculoram longitudine, pubeicentes, integerrimæ, feffles, virides, forma fæpe variantes, nunc fubovate oblongiufcule, nunc lanceolate obtufiufcalæ, nunc (quod rarius) forma et magnitudine involucri folidlis fimiles, et tunc flofculi ipfis numerofiores. Involucrum tetraphyllum; folioli fubcordati, acuti, integerrimi, fab- fefiles, leviter undati, hirfuti ; dua externi Ios omnes flofculis paulo longiores. | An Cal. Perianthium membranaceum, albidum, breviffimum, quinque- dentatum, dentibus obtufis, fuperum, perfiftens. Cor. monopetala : tubus cylindraceus, long jus, fuprà parüm. ampliatus, | fauce et extüs lanuginofus ; ; limbus tubo brevior, quinquefidus, | laciniis ovatis, acutis, recurvis. Stam. Filamenta quinque, capillaria, brevia, fuperné tubo inferta, Antherz oblongz, lineares, ere&z, exfertæ, Pip. ovatum, inferum, non ingulatum. | Stylus foras, longitu- - dine tubi corolle; margine nectarifero brevi ad bafin cinctus. Stigmata duo, oblonga, crafliufcula, obtuía, antherarum longitu- dine, Borie? Bases unilocula is, difperma, ex ovali-fubrotunda, nec fulcata, nec angulofa, | fed levis, calyce coronata, ex dii epi paeitcens, mollis, demùm corrugata, nigricans. - Qux immature decidunt, ficcanturque, funt ovales, utrinque. ens eine interné planà facie continguntur) unifulcate. a Semina duo, -elliptica, levia, leviter torta, arillo nullo; hinc plana, lincà parüm elevatà media longitudinali notata, inde convexa, ad Ta - | apicem e 440 Profeffor AVELLAR Brorero’s Defcripiion i Tefta lignea, fordidè albida ; integumentum internum membranaceum, tenuiffimum, teftæ arcté adnatum: albumen teftæ cavitati refpondens, convexo-planum, cartilagi- neum, durum, ex fufco-fulvum, hinc ad faciem planam fulco lon- gitudinali exaratum, inde lzve; embryo dicotyledoneus, albumine brevior, erectus, dorfalis. "Habitat in folo "umbrofo humofoque fylvarum, in Pernambuquià, Bahia, Riojanzriá, Paulenfia, Mariannia, aliifque Brafilie pro- vinciis. : | i AN Floret Nov. Dec. PiS ; nec non Februario aut Martio; baccz Maio . maturefcunt. Radicis vi vires | e edicæ fat cognitæ. BE - : o E mue Hzc omnia non plùs ex meis MeIvatiohibus i in plantis ficcis mihi miffis, quàm ex aliis in plantis vivis in Brafilià iterüm atque itetüm factis a D. Bernard. Bnt. Gomes, Botanicz Mick diligentiffimo, et mecum peniga? ee à teneo. EXPI ICATIO TAB. XL, Fig. A, B. Caules duo ex farmento orti. ©. Sármentum unum. EET — D,E. Due radices. E +1. Una ftipula cum duobus petioli ; in uno folii bafis adeft. 2, 3. Duo foliola involucri, unum ex majoribus, aliud ex Mer minoribus. | isset sar. Braéteolz mterflorales. Le 6: Corolla magnitudine naturali, germini impofita. +9. Eadem lente aua, uti et calyx et germen inferum. EE Eadem féiffa et aperta ut videantur antheræ. rmen, calyx, ftylus et fügmata,lente aucta, — 6 Fig. 10, wee Linn Trans. VI tab H pl4 0. of Callicocca Ipecacuanha, 141 Fig. 10. Bacca magnitudine naturali. II. Eadem tranfversè feta, ut loculus et femina duo vi- deantur. - : 7 I2. Bacca immatura utrinque unifulcata. 13, 14e Semina leviter torta, magnitudine naturali, fed hic - plus-tortà quàm in naturali fiato, pictoris neg- 2> Jigentià. 15, Fo: Nucleus m avulsà teftà, s 31 Oh ed ( 142 ) XI. Olfervations on the Curculio Trifolii, or Clover Weevil, a [mall Infed ~ which infefls the Heads of the cultivated Clover, and deftroys tbe Seed. Ina Letter to Thomas Marfham, Efq. Tr. L.S. by William Markwick, Efi F.L.S. m tb additional Remarks by Mr. eT. Read February as 1801. ‘DEAR SIR, ‘THE very polite and obliging attention fo frequently [kowa by you to my trifles in N atural Hiftory, encour ages me to trouble you with ~ this letter, to be laid, if you think proper, before the Linnean So- : ciety ; and fhould they difcover in it any thing that at all tends to improve the fcience, or that may be in any other Eipect ufeful, I fhall feel myfelf highly gratified. Having ordered a field of clover, confifting of about eight acres, to be faved for feed, my fervant, on the gth of Auguft laft, afked me whether I chofe to fave the whole field for that purpofe, faying that he had examined feveral of the heads, and found the maggot in them. On this information I was induced to order only a part of the field to be faved for feed, and the reft to be mowed for hay. Soon after, I went myfelf to examine the ftate of the clover, and found in many of the heads feveral fmall white maggots or larvæ, in- variably placed on the outfide of the bafe beneath the individual - calyx of each floret, eating through the bottom, and thereby deftroying the germen or rudiment of the future feed. Each of — thefe larva appeared to be exactly fimilar in fhape and colour (only . much {maller) to the nut maggot, having a white body, black head, hea: ; CI and, Mr. MaRKWICK's Obfervations on the Clover Weevil, 143 and, as I at firft imagined, no legs; but I have fince difcovered, on a clofer infpeétion affifted by glaffes, near the head, three {mall white {cales or prominences on each fide, which I fuppofe may fupply the place of legs, in this minute infect. See T An.V. fig. a. A. I traced it through its chryfalis to its imago or perfect ftate, in the following manner, Having placed a number of the blighted heads of the clover in a box, which was carefully covered with gauze to prevent any infeét from getting either in or out, I found, on opening the box on the 19th of the fame month, a great number of fmall black- ifh weevils running about in it, and on infpeétion difcovered many of their chryfalids, fticking to the ftem at the bafe of the individual floret, exactly in the fame fituation as T had before found the larvæ ; nay, l even faw one or two of thefe todi cL out s dicic chryfalids. | Under thefe ah, dé can iino: doubt that the tai fore-mentioned. larva: changes to a fmall white chryfalis, which dif- fers but little from it, except in being egg-fhaped and motionlefs; and this produces a fmall blackifh weevil varh a deng psal whitith belly, and yellow legs. - With regard to the dti of edge done by this little de- ftruétive infe&, I know of no better way of afcertaining it, than by taking a comparative view. of two of my crops, which grew in two | fields adjoining to each other, and which appeared to be equal! ly good: with refpeét to the growth of the planis, but very different in the produce of feed: this will leave but little doubt that the deficiency of this year's crop has been occafioned by the devaftations of thefe infects, which abounded in an aftonifhing degree. This I fhall do with as much accuracy as I can. : In the year 1798 I grew on nine acres of ground (juft double the — quantity that was faved for feed this year) either thirty-three or —— thirty-four bufhels and a half of clover feed, of which twenty-eight 9 bufhels 144 Mr. Mank wic&'s Odjervations on the Clover Weevil. bufhels and a half were fold for fifty fhillings per bufhel, and the reft, amounting to either five or fix bufhels (I am not quite certain which), was kept for my own ufe ; fo that, taking it at the loweft, the ftatement will ftand thus: ( Bufhels. Led d. In 1798 four acres and a half, : NCC ! being half of the crop, > produced 162 which fold for 41 17 6 Thisyear(1800)thefamequan-2 - | worth at ity of my: — onl$ ^ 72 fame price } 18 15 0 = Deficient 9: worth 23 26 Thus it Seer that the lofs on this year’s crop is very great, oc- cafioned, moft probably, by the depredations of this infect; and be- fides, what feed I have is of an inferior quality. — The fpecies of clover fown in both thefe fields was the common purple or honey-fuckle clover, which I take to be no other than the Trifolium pratenfe of Linné improved by culture, C GNE I am, &c. REFERENCES TO THE FIGURES. Tas. V. Fig. a. The larva of the natural fize. E A. The fame magnified. b. The chryfalis of the natural fize. B. The fame magnified. - | c. The weevil of the natural fize. | C. The fame magnified. ent E . . . d, The individual calyx with the larva eating eee through its bottom, magnified. — The Mr. MAnsHAM's additional Remarks, © 14 5 The foregoing obfervations of Mr. Markwick furnith another in- ftance of the deftruétive property of infects to the agriculture of this country, prove the neceffity, particularly at this time, of a minute inveftigation into the caufes of the failure of crops, and fully evinces that the practical entomologift is a valuable member of fociety ; as, by difcovering the economy and perfe& hiftory of thefe minute de- ftroyers, and afcertaining, as much: as poflible, the injury they do, we may either be enabled to difcover a remedy to the evil, or to diflipate our fears when we petceive,.as in the cafe of the wheat infe& fo fully defcribed by this gentleman and Mr. Kirby, that. Providence has fet bounds to their mifchief, and provided. a. fuitable check to prevent its increafe. The infe& here mentioned has been defcribed by feve- ral authors, {fome of whom have given a figure of it ; but they all appear to have been unacquainted with its hiftory except the great Linné, for it is without doubt the Curculio Trifolii of that celebrated naturalift, and defcribed by him in the Appendix Animalium, Syf. Nat. vol. iii. p. 224. where he fays, “ Habitat in Trifolii montani Spicis, intra quas declaratur." It is alfo, I prefume, the Curculio flavipes of Fabricius, Syfema Entomologia, p. 133, n. 33, and of Paykul's Mo- nograph, n. 135; but they only obferve, “ Habitat Srequens prima vere locis apricis calidioribus.” Geoffroy calls it le Becmare noire à pattes fauves, in his Hiflotre Abrégée des Infecies, tom.i. p. 272, n. 8. and adds to the defcription ** Oz 4 trouve fur les fleurs," Fabricius in his Ez- tomologia Syflematica emendata has removed it from the genus Curculio, and attached it to that of Attelabus, in which he has been followed by Panzer in his Entomologia Germanica, p. 298, n. 22, and Fauna Germanica 20, tab. 13, but I think without reafon, and they add nothing to its IE The latter author fays ** Habitat in falice, populo, primo vere;” but taking the Habitat merely from the plants - on which infeéts are found, without further examination, muft frequently lead to error, I had examined this infect in its per- VoL. VE U 4 C SES Te 146 Mr. MansuAM's additional Remarks. fect ftate very minutely, and have defcribed it in my manufcript as follows : - Curcurio Trifoli Cur. ater, roftro porrecto, pedibus ferrugineis: plantis nigris. Long. corp. 14 lin. Habitat in Trifolio. Descrip. Corpus atrum. Roftrum thorace paulo longius. An- = tennæ picez. Thorax punétulatus. Elytra ftriata. Pedes fer- ruginej, plantis femper nigris; eft ubi tibiis nigris variat. Ab- domen niveum. : * 3 T. M. XII. Further ( 147 ) | XH. Further Obfervations on the Curculio Trifolii. In a Letter to William Markwick, Efg. F.L.S. by Martin Chriftian Gottlieb. Leb- manh, M.A. of Gottingen. Read February 3, 1801. SIR, Wn EN you favoured me, laft fummer, with an account of the . damage done to your clover by a number of little maggots, and permitted me to gather fome of the injured flower-heads, I felt in- terefted in the caufe, and became anxious to obferve the œconomy and changes of this little deftructive animal, and by my obfervations, in addition to thofe which you had fent to the Linnean Society, to endeavour to complete the hiftory of an enemy you had fo unfor- tunately become acquainted with. =f | As far as my limited Foowledge: in the fcience of ento Dicen ex- tends, nothing appears to have been hitherto publifhed of the nature and habits of this infect. The French naturalift Geoffroy, who firft deícribed the. perfect animal, fays it is found on flowers, and calls it & Becmare noir à pattes fauves, but takes no notice of its larva. Fabricius defcribes it'as an Avtelabus, and obferves “ Habitat primo ere frequens locis apricis calidioribus ;” which perfeétly agrees with my own obfervation, for it was the firft infect I found laft {pring in a funny meadow near a fhrubbery. The blighted clover heads which I gathered in your grounded in Auguft were, like all the reft in the field, full of maggots of different U2 fizes, 148 Mr. Leu MANN's Obfervations on the Curculio Trifolii. fizes, which of courfe paffed into their perfect ftate at different periods from the middle of Auguft until the end of September. I preferved half a dozen of them in a flower-pot covered with gauze, in which I had previoufly fown {ome turnip feed. They fed a little upon the cotyledons of this plant, but feemed not in- clined to perform that duty which nature has impofed on them in their perfect ftate. On the contrary, they foon retired to a fecret corner of their prifon above the earth, where they remained in a quiefcent ftate ; and, after the firft cold nights in O&ober, appeared as if dead, but foon revived upon being brought into my warm ftudy. Few as thefe obfervations may appear, yet, added to your intereft= ing difcovery, they may form an outline of the hiftory of this little animal, which further and more accurate obfervations may com- plete. Hatched between the calyces of the Trifolium pratenfe, the maggot ‘penetrates with its head into the rudiments of the firft feed, as yet in a liquid ftate, and then proceeds to another more advanced and fuitable to its increafed ftrength. Having confumed 3 or 4 of them, it remains in the place of the laít, where it is fufficiently fheltered, and changes like other weevils into the pupa or chryfalis ftate, through the tranfparent fkin of which an experienced eye may trace the different limbs of the future animal. After a few days the infect comes forth in its imago or perfect ftate, at firft foft and white, but foon changing to a fhining black colour, except the tibi . and firft joint of the antennz, which remain yellow. Having taken a fhort meal, it flowly conceals itfelf in the finall holes of fences, or in the bark of trees, where it repofes during the winter, if fufficiently protected from its numerous enemies. Few however, happily, furvive; for it appears impoffible that many fhould er the vigilance and dexterity of the wren, the redbreaft, the nun, Mr. LEHMANN's Obfervations on the Curculio Trifolii. — 149 nun, and other birds of the titmoufe kind (Moracille, Pari.]. Such as efcape their bills are among the firft partakers of the uni- verfal life which nature excites in the fpring. Laft year they ap- peared in Suffex in the month of March, and, in addition to their numerous perfecutors, the Staphylini were then particularly formi- dable to them. Surrounded by fo many dangers, while feedmg on the tender - leaves of plants, they are employed in feeking their conforts, until _ the heads of clover and perhaps other papilionaceous flowers break out, when the female depofits on the cup of the {welling feed the egg that produces its deftroyer. The fecundity of this little infect is fo prodigious, that the maggots deftroyed a whole field which the year before, when not a fingle infect of this kind was difcovered, produced 70 pounds of feed. There is reafon to believe, however, that the parents of thofe millions were then in your grounds, as, the animal being not only deftitute of wings but alfo very flow in its motion, it is not probable that it could have overrun your field to fuch a degree from a dif- tance in the courfe of one feafon. In the hiftory of this, as in almoft that of every other infect, if obferved with attention, the ceconomy of nature appears wonderful. This little infect feems defigned to prevent the boundlefs increafe of the trefoil, and is itfelf circumfcribed in its numbers by numerous enemies conftantly on the watch to devour it. The female of this infect could never lay a great number of eggs if fhe had to fearch for flowers fparingly fpread over a large field, as fhe would in that cafe infallibly become a prey to fome of her enemies; whereas in the clover field, where flower preffes upon flower, fhe may lay | ten thoufand in fecret. The wolf is extirpated in thefe iflands, formerly its abode. Infeéts not lefs formidable and deftruétive are yet unfubdued. Our cattle, our fields = 150 — Mr.LzHMANN's Obfervations on the Curculio Trifolit. fields, our granaries, &c. often bear witnefs to this truth. The fame {pirit which made us matters of the creation is ftill neceffary to preferve the government. Our knowledge muft keep pace with our defires, and men in general will foon be compelled by neceffity to the uni- _verfal purfuit of a fcience to which a philofophic mind needs no fuch incentive. s November 28, 1800. ^ dài coil A \ s XIII. De- Linn. Trans VI tabl? pla. (ae CN \ AWRY NY w j Wi Mi XIIL De/cription of Brotera perfica and Muftelia eupatoria, two new Plants cuitivated in the Botanic Garden of Halle, by C. urt Sprengtl, à M.D. Profeffor of Botany in the Univerfity of Halle. Read March 3, 1801. BROTERA PERSICA, Tan. XL jode Crassi xiv. adnumeranda Lx 21 Charaëter ditat genericus, Lasu inferioris lacinia media cucullata, involvens ete gane cum impetu prottudens.4 Dis pn Sea cori ric cuim Ad DsseniPT10.— Herba quedriptdais, caule ramifque tetragonis, enii (fig. a.) barbatis. Folie oppofita, fubfecunda, petiolata, ovata, dei. So duet: Infirefc. Cymata axillaris pedunculata. (fig. b. 7.) — Cal. quinqueariftatus, pubefcens. (fig. c.c.) >- Corolla minuta, calyce vix longior, nicis (fig. 2): labium fuperius bipartitum: (1.) inferius tripartitum, lacinia media — (3-) cucullata, antheras cum ítylo occultans, donec externus - : ftimulus accedat, qui ilico deprimit cucullum, utanthere erect — — prodeant | ..X$9 Dr. SPRENGEL’s Defcription of prodeant. Corolla pallida, lutefcit ad faucem cuculli: ipfe cucullus rufus eft. Stamina pilofa. Anthera@ \uteæ. (fig. sy Stylus violaceus. Stigma capitatum. (fig. f.) Semina quatuor oblonga nuda in fundo calycis. (fig. g.) In honorem fummi botanici Felicis Avellar Brotero, Prof, Conim- bricenfis, id genus dixi. Accepi autem femina ab amico Thouine e mufeo naturali Parifino, quo apportait funt ab Ofverio et Bruguerio e Perfia, MUSTELIA zUPATORIA. TAB. XII I. aErAS XIX. adnumeranda. | Character effentialis Reece. í £ Anthodiu um Pieler a Rec. venues Papp. duplex, pales aceus A on qal Corollule mode bu Folia C fafciculata, oblonga, apice disticalates lucid a, punctata, trinervia. Infor. in corymbis, quorum medius primo floret, lateralibus elon- gatis ferius florcícentibus. | Anthodium . conftanter :quipqpitlortua, polyphyllum d nine cic] Lin! Corollula Remy €X Linn. Trans. VI tab. 13.232. Brotera perfica and Muffelia eupatoria, 153 Cerollule quinquefidæ, quinæ. (fig. 6.) Stigmata longiffima. (fig. e. e.) Pappus duplex, paleaceus alter externus, internus alter quinque- ariftatus. (fig. e.) His potiffimum notis abunde diftinguitur ab Agerato et Eupatorio, . cum quibus alioquin germanitatem quamdam naturalem habet. Dixi in honorem eximii phytologi, Muftelii, cujus Effai fur la Végé- tation infignia addidit incrementa doctrine de fabrica plantarum & de ufu partium, | | XIV. Oë- Vor, VI. is * ( 154 ) XIV. Olfervations on ihe Hinges of Britifh Bivalve Shells, By Mr. William Wood, F.L.S. Read January 6, 1801. AMONG the many authors who have either noticed fhells in their works on Natural Hiftory, or have written profeffedly on the fubject, it is rather extraordinary that no particular attention fhould have been hitherto paid to their hinges; more efpecially as they afford the leading characters by which fhells are arranged. — Da Cofta, indeed, in his Elements of Conchology, has figured the hinges of the feveral genera of bivalves; but many of them are not calculated to give a clear idea of the parts which they are in- tended to reprefent: befides, he has confined himfelf to one fpecies in a genus, which is by no means fufficient, inafmuch as many of the hinges of the fame genus of fhells differ materially from one another in their fpecific charaéters. Figures on this fubject have been given alfo in the laft volume of the Amenitates Academica; but thefe are more calculated to miflead than to inftruét. The confideration that fomething of this kind, executed in a more accurate and comprehenfive manner than has hitherto been done, is ftill a defideratum among conchologifts, has induced me to attempt the following obfervations, which I lay be- fore the Society with all diffidence, confcious that they are far from being faultlefs, and that fome fhells are omitted which may, EN 6 for Mr, WirLrAM Woop's Olfervations, Gc. 155 for any thing I know to the contrary, exhibit peculiarities in the formation of their hinges, not to be found in this paper. . Perhaps what is already finifhed may excite fome more able member of this Society, whofe cabinet is more extenfive, to complete the ses pd am indeed 4 to. the accurate pencil of my friend Mr. Henry da for the Salen pellucidus, Tellina bimaculata, Venus Chione, and Venus undata My acknowledgments muft likewile be made to his moft refpeétable father, William Boys, Efg. for the ready accefs which I have at all times had to his collection. In the courfe of the following remarks, it will be noticed, that feveral fhells are totally neglected, which are too common to be wanting even in a very confined collection. To account for this, it will be neceffary to mention all the fhells belonging to the Bri- tifh feries of bivalves which have not been inferted, and to give a fufficient reafon for their omiffion. | Of the genus Mya, all have been figured, except the M. dubia of Mr. Pennant, which at prefent I have not in my collection. Of the Solenes, I have neither the Legumen nor Cultellus. But their lofs is of little confequence, as the teeth of the former (ac- cording to Mr. Pennant) exaá&ly refemble thofe of the S. pellucidus; whilft the latter, having a fingle tooth on both fides of the hinge, will probably not differ materially from the Vagina. The hinge of the S. Enfs agrees exactly with that of the Sigua. Among the Ze//inz, the T. fragilis is unknown to me. The T. tri- fafciata, cornubienfis, and donacina; are wanting, and the hinge of the Fabula is like the planata. There is too great a fimilarity in the hinges of the fpecies be- ' longing. to the genus Cardium, to make more than one figure ne- ceffary. Excepting the two lateral teeth of the MaZira folida, no effential X 2 difference & 156 Mr, WirLIAM Woop's O4fervatrons on the difference is to be perceived between the hinge of that fhell and of the M. /uwraria. I have therefore omitted it, in order that the number of figures might not be unneceffarily increafed. - Of the two fpecies of Donax, defcribed by Britith: conchologifts, the Trunculus only is in my pofieffion ; but it is more than probable, from the refemblance thefe two thells bear to each HS that their - hinges are not very diffimilar. | I pu never feen the Venus deflorata, defcribed and figured by Mr. Pennant in the. Britifb Zoology. The V. finuofa and ovata are not among my fhells ; and the hinge of the 7. rotundata is too like the decuffata to need a defcription. The hinge of the X. borealis will be found, upon comparifon, to refemble exactly that of the Matra alba; therefore it would be placed with more propriety in that genus. J'The Donax Irus ought at the fame time to be removed into the third divifion of the genus Venus, where the contour of the fhell, as well as the formation of the hinge, will point out its proper fituation. } Inthe genus Arai: it was thought — € to give a figure of the Za&iea, after exhibiting the ftriking difference between the linge of the 4. Nucleus and G/ycymeris. ; Of the genus Pedien, Offrea, Anomia, and Mytilus, it is fufficient to fay, that a fpecimen has been given from each, as the fpecies are, for the moft part, deftitute of tect By and the fhells merely united by cartilage. CAE MYA. —— #füncata. Linn. Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. pe 3217. Penn. Br. Zool. | st No. 14. t. 41. f.14. Da Coff. Br. Conch. p. 233 1. 16. WES faici Elem. Conch. t.7. f.16. Lif. Conch. t. 428. - f. 269.— Hj. An. Ang. t. 5. f: 36. Gault, Teft. t. gt. f D. Chemn, Conch. 6. 1.1. Ji 1, 2. Ts. 8 ; Hinges of Britifh Bivalve Shells, 157: TAB. XIV. Fig Ham A thick, broad, upright, firiated tooth in the upper valée*; in the lower valve, a deep, fpoon-fhaped hollow, with a fmall tootn on one fide, and a fharp _ ridge on the other, running from the beak towards. .. the truncated end, | Lifter, in his Hjforia Animalium A glia, has figured the À lower valve of this fhell, but has totally miftaken the form of the tooth. Da Cofta, in his Brith Conchology, and likewife in his Elements, has fucceeded better, although his figures are by no means né ofitháris. icf Eid Syr. Nat. ad Ou rn gii: Penn. Br. Zool... ; C Ne. 16. 4. 42. f 16. Lift. Conch. t. 418. f. 262.— i Baft. VM f«bj. 2. p. 69. t. 7. fF. 2, 3 Argenv. Zoom. t. 5. f. 104 >. Hinge with an "optics, facli ped tooth: on the Tie: a ridge deeply fulcated ; lower valve like the preced- ing, except the fide tooth, which is meus to > Des . difünguifhed. — . Mr. Pennant has given « a : very good figure of the tooth in the upper valve of this fell, ‘and or the M. truncata. x J * For the fake of perfpicuity, in the defcription of the Hinge, I have called that the upper valve whith contains the great tooth, margaritifera: 158 . Mr. Witt1am Woops Olfzrvations on tbe margaritifera, Linn, Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel. x. pe 3219. Penn. Br. Zoo No. 18. ¢. 43. f. 18. Da Goff. Conch, t. 15. f. 15. Lift. Conch. 1. 149. f. 4—An. Ang. App. 15. t. 1. fit. Chemn: Conch. 6, t. 1. f. 5. Gault. Tef. t. 102. fC. Klein. Ofir. t. 10. f. 47. Knorr. Vergn. 4. t. 25. fu 2 Tas. XIV. Fig. 5, 6. ‘The hinge of this fhell is very thick and rugged; the . tooth in the upper valve blunt, and uneven at the top. On one fide thereis a fulcus, which receives a {mall tooth from the oppofite valve, at the fame time that the large one fits into a correfponding depreffion. This, with the following fhell, completes Da Cofta’s genus of Mya. The two former he has placed among the Chame. pictorum, Linn. Syl. Nat. ed. Gmel 3218. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 17. ; 4.43. / 17. Da Cof. Br. Conch. P. 228. 1. 15. f. 4. 4. — Elem. Conch. 1.7. f: 12. Liff. Conch. t. 147. f. 2, 3. —An. Ang, 1. 2. f. 30. App. t. 1. f 4 Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 1. f: 6. Argenv. Conch. t. 27. f. 10.— ees Le T | Tas. XIV. Fig. 7, 8. In the hinge of the M. piélorum we meet with an arrangement of teeth different from any other of = — the Britifh fpecies of this genus. _ Near the beak are fituated two upright teeth, one in. each valve. The largeít of the two is ferrated.— There are likewife three remote teeth, two in one ae fhell, Siliqua. Hinges of Britifh Bivalve Shells, 159 fhell, and one in the other. Both Da Cofta and Pennant have figured the infide of this fhell, with- out paying any attention tothe teeth. Dr. Lifter, however, thought their arrangement too curious to be paffed unnoticed. He has therefore engraved . them in his Hi. Conchyliorum, and alfo in his Hif. An Ang. SOLEN. Linn. Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3223. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 20. t. 45. f. 20. Da Cofl. Br. Conch. p. 285. t. 17. J. S— Elem. Conch. t. 7. f. 8. Lift. Conch. t. 409. Jf 255-—An, Ang. t. 5. f. 37. Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 4. f. 29. Gault. Tef. 1. 95. f- C. D. E. Knorr. Vergn. 6. OREL. x — Tas. XIV. Fig.9. The hinge of the Solen Siliqua is furnifhed with three teeth ; two thick ones in one valve receiving a la- mina between them from the other. An cdi pro- . du&ion from the teeth is continued down about the third of an inch on each fide of the hinge, where it terminates mwards in a rounded fhape. Da Cofta, in his Br. Conch. has defcribed the Solen Sili- _ gua, but figured the S. incurvatus of Dr. Solander. Gmelin alfo has fallen into much the fame error, by quoting Lifter, Hif. Conch, t. 413. A note of in- terrogation, indeed, is very properly added, but no reference is Made to t. 409, f. 255, which is an exact copy of thetrue figure of the S. Siiiqua, in the M An. Ang. The hinge in the two fhells is the fame. Vagina. 160 — | Fagina. pellucidus. | Dem. dee Á es > Mr. WiELIAM Woop’s Obfervations on ‘be Linn, Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel, 3. p: 3223. Lif. Conch. t. 410. 256. Argen. Conch. 1.24. f-K. L. M. Zoom, 1. 6. JGH. Knorr Vergn: 1. 1. 28. f. 3. Tas. XIV. Fig. ro. Hinge with a üngle tooth in each valve. “A conti- nuation of the inner edge of the fhell forms the up- "per tooth. The! lower one is fixed upon a bafe, which is fituated obliquely. The furface of both is flat. Penn. Br. Zool, No. 23. 1. 46. f. 23. T'as. XIV. Fig. 1I. The hinge of this very delicate fhell is furnifhed with . - five {mall, pointed teeth, three of which are fituated — in one valve, and two in the other. It muft be re- marked, that the central one of the three is bifur- cated. ! | This fhell has hitherto, I believe, efcaped the notice of every author, except Pennant; who informs us that it inhabits the Red Wharf, Anglefea. We find it, though very rarely, in tlie muddy part of the - . Sandwich íhore, towards the mouth of the haven. A few fpecimens have lately been EOS up at . Folkftone. TELLINA.. | À Lim Sy Nat. ed. Gel. 1. » 3232. Penn. Br. Zool. . No. 29. t.48. f.29. Lift. Conch. t. 405. f. 251. Gault. Tef. i. TT. fi Me TAB. Hinges of Britifh Bivalve Shells. 161 Tas. XV. Fig. 1—4. One valve of the T. planata contains three teeth; two near the beak, and one rather remote. The other valve has only two, and the largeft is divided longitudinally. incarnata. Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 5234. Penn. Br. Zool, No. 32. t. 49. f. 32. 32. Lif. Conch. t. 405. f. 250. — An. Ang. t. 4. f. 25. Da Cof. Br. Conch. p. 211. 4. 12. f. 4.4.4. Gault, Teft. 1.88. f. M. TAB. XV. Fig. 5—8. This thell has two teeth clofe to the beak in each valve, one of which is fulcated. There are no remote Mr. Pennant has called this fhell carnaria. I believe his T. incarnata to be the T. radiata of Linnzus. cornea. Linn, Syf. Nat. ed. Gael. 1... 3242. Penn. Br. Zool. 2: qc NEL 960€ 794097 7:736. = Da Of. Br. Conch. p. 173. 1.13. fig. 2. 2e Lift. Conch. t. 159. f. 14.— An. Ang. La fan App. 22. t- 1.0.5. Gant. Tof. f. 7. f. B. C. Chemn. Conch. 6. 1, 13. f. 133. a. b. "Pas AV. Be g—Im | | In the 7. cornea we find four teeth in each valve. The two remotely fituated are of a confiderable fize; but thofe placed more immediately under the beak are fo minute, that they are hardly to be diftinguifhed without a magnifying glaís, even in the large Thames fpecimens. Mor. VI. Y If 162 rivalis. bimaculata. - Mr. WiLLIAM Woop's Obfervations on the If the principal generic character of a fhell reft upon the formation of the hinge, it will, perhaps, be difficult to find a proper place for the 7. cornea. 'The central teeth do not perfeétly agree with the character of a Tellina; and the remote teeth differ fo evidently, that Da Cofta has removed this {hell into the next genus, where we find it under the name of Cardium Nux. Maten in the Linn. Tranf. v. 3: f: A4. 7- 1 3. 37 38. Tas. XV. Fig. 13—16. "The hinge of this fhell is formed of four teeth in each - valve, two at the beak and two remote. The two near the beak in one valve unite to form a fmall arch. One of the teeth in the other valve is double. . | T. rivalis is ably defcribed, and well figured, in the Tranfaétions of this Society, where the difference be- tween it and the Z. cornea is fufficiently pointed out. : Linn. Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3240. Da Cof. Br. Conch. p. 213. Cbemn. Conch, 6. f. 13. J 127. Tas. XV. Fig. 17, 18, 19. | The figure of this fhell was fent to me, unaccompanied _ by adeícription. There appears to be a thick tooth - — jn the centre of the hinge of one valve; and a ca- ity, probably for its reception, between two teeth, in the oppofite. —fervenfi. Jervenfis, aculeatum. lutraria. Hinges of. Brit Bivalve Shells. 163 Linn. Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel 1. p. 3235. Lift, Conch. t. 304. Fs 241. Tas. XV. Fig. 20, 21. "This hinge, in one valve, has a fingle upright tooth, fituated by the fide of a flight depreffion, which is divided in the middle by a {mall ridge. The lower valve has likewife an erect tooth, which is notched. The íhape of this fhell approaches fo nearly to the T. radiata, that I imagine the hinge in both will be found the fame. At prefent I have not an op- portunity of comparing them. - CARDIUM. | Linn. Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3247. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 37. t. 50. f. 37. Da Cof. Elem. of Conch, t. x. f 8 Lift. Conch. i. 321. f. 128. Gault. Tef. t. 72. f. 4. Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 15. f. 155—157. iss "The charter of F the hinge i in CH el i is fo ftrongly marked, and fo exactly refembles the other fpecies, that one figure will fuffice for the whole genus. No other defcription is neceffary than what may he — in re Pneus d a ee E MACTRÁ. | Linn. Syf. Nat. ed. Cruel 1. n 22:5. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 44. t. 52. f. 44. Lif. Conch. t. 415. f. 259.— An. Ang. t. 4. f. 19. - Rumpb. Muf. t. 45. f M. Chemn. Conch. ©. t. 24. f. 240, 241. ¥2 Tas. 164 hians. Mr. Ni1LLIAM Woops Offervations on the Tas XVI. Fig. 3, 4 The valves of this fhell are firmly connected together, by a quantity of cartilage feated in two fpoon-fhaped cavities. On the fide of one of the cavities, in the upper valve, there is a very ftrong tooth, the two plates of which form an obtufe angle, and the- whole is received between two teeth in the oppo-. fite valve. : | Da Cofta, when he wrote his Briifh Conchology, was not aware that this fhell formed a diftinét fpecies from the following ; he has therefore defcribed and figured the M. bians a under the name of Chama magna, while his Synonyms direct the reader to the M. lutraria, Da Coft. Br. Conch, p. 231. t. 17. f. 4. Tas. XVI. Fig. 5, 6. The great cavity in the hinge of this fpecies is larger, . more fpread, but not fo regularly fhaped as in the preceding. The great tooth in the upper valve locks, S like that in the M. lutraria, between two teeth in ; the lower valve, of which the outer one, in the 3 Ípecimen before me, is grooved longitudinally, and, when the fhell is clofed, fits into a fmall cavity on the outfide of the tooth in the upper valve. It fhould _likewife be noted, that there is in both valves a deep, narrow fulcus, . which runs from the beak of . the fhellacrofs the bafe of the great cavity, and clofe eR en the infide of the teeth. fiultorum. Hinges of Britifo Bivalve Shells. . 165 Jiultorum, — Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3258. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 30. t. 49. f. 39. Da Coft. Br. Conch. p. 106. t. 12. F3 3 Lift. Conch. t. 251. f. 85. Gault. Teff. t.71. f.G. Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 23. f. 224—227. There is an ere& tooth in the upper valve of this fhell, near the beak, fomewhat fimilar in fhape to the great one in the M. /uiraria. This fits within a reét- angular tooth in the lower valve, which likewife contains four remote teeth, like laminz, receiving — between them two from the upper valve. I have referred for this fhell to Mr. Pennant’s Tellina radiata, as both his defcription and figure agree ex- actly with the Linnean M. /Zwforum. His fhell of that name (Nə. 42. t. 52. f: 42.) is, p only a young one of the M. folida, alba. Tas. XVI, Fig. 9—12. | — I believewe are indebted for the difcovery of this fhell to that accurate conchologift, William Boys, Efq. who found it on the Sandwich fhore, where I have fince met with it in abundance. The hinge has the true fpoon-fhaped cavity peculiar. to the genus Maëra, with a {mall tooth fituated clofe to it in the upper valve, which has no remote teeth. The lower valve is provided with two. ” DONAX. | irunculus. Lynn. Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel, 1. p. 3263. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 45 1, 55 fe 45° Da Cofi. Br. Conch, p: 207. | £14. 166 | Mr. WILLIAM Woop's Obfervationi on the t, 14. fig. 3. Lift. Conch. 1, 376. f..217.— An Ang. A 5. fr 35. Borlafe Cornw. p. 278. t. 28. f. 25. Chemn, Conch, 6. t. 26. f: 253, 254. Tas. XVI. Fig. 15—16. Hinge with a thick furrowed tooth in one valve, re- ceived between two others in the oppofite. A fin- _ gle marginal tooth in each valve, at a little diftance from the beak. : VENUS. ^ iflandica. — Tinn. Syfl. Nat. ed. Gmel. x. p. 327%. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 47.1. 53. f. 47. Da Cof. Br. Conch, p. 183. 1, 14. f. S. Lif. Conch. t. 272. f. 108.— An. Ang. 1,4. f.22 Gaull. Tèl. t. 85. f- B. Chemn. Conch. 6. 4. 32. fs 341. Tas. XVII. Fig. 152, There is a thick upright tooth under the beak in one valve of this fhell, which locks between two others in the oppofite valve. For the other teeth with which this fhell is provided, fec the Riplanstion of the Plates. Chine. — Linn. Syft. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. f. 3272. Da Cok. Br. - Conch. p.184 414. f. 7 Gault. 1. 86. f. A. Tas. XVII. Fig. 3, 4. A ftrong thick tooth is feated in each valve, dire&ly "under the cordiform depreffion of the fhell; another | elofe to the beak, and a third diverging from it, which laft is thin, and in one valve grooved. i = 6 verrucofa, Hinges of Britifh Bivalve Shells. 167 verrucofa. Linn. Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. f. 3269. Penn. Br. Zool. | n. 48. t. 54. f. 49. Da Coff: Conch. p. 185. t. 12, f- 1.1. Lift. Conch. 1.284. f. 129. Gault, Tef. 1.75. f. H. Borlafe Cornw. p.278. 1.28. f. 32. Tas. XVII. Fig. 5, 6. This hinge is fet with two ftrong erect teeth, near the beak, in each valve, befides another which runs in the dire&ion of the cartilage. Gallina. Linn. Syfl. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3270. Da Cofi. Br. Conch. f. 191. £12. f. 2.2. Liff. , Conch. t. 282. f. 120. t. 295. f. 131. Knorr. vergn. 5. t. 14. f. 2—5. Chemn. Conch. 6. t. ELA 308, gis ; Tas. XVII. Fig. 7,8. | One valve is furnithed with three teeth, the middle one thick and triangular, broad at the bafe, and the D angle feated direétly under the beak of the . fhdi Of the t h, one is plate-like, and runs in the direction of the cordiform depref- fion, whilft the other, much thicker, paffes from the _ beak towards the cartilage. The other valve differs . in having a middle tooth lefs triangular, and fitu- - ated. obliquely. In the room of the plate-like tooth. there is one much more fubftantial. exoleta. Linn. Syft. Nat. ul Gmel. d: g? c Penn. Br. Zool. No.49 t. 54. f. 49... 1. 56. f. 49. Da Cof. Br. Conch. $187.05. 12. fe 5.5. Lif. Concb. t. 292. f. 128. Gault. Tef. t.75- fF. Chemn. Conch, t. 38. f. 402. 404. Tas. 168 — Mr. WiLLiAM Woonp's Obfervations on the Tas. XVIL Fig. 9, 10. The Venus exoleta is provided with three large teeth in each valve, one of which is double. This fhell has the rudiment of a {mall tooth feated at the bafe of one of the largeft, on the fide next the cor- diform depreffion, and in the valve oppofite to that which contains the lateral double tooth. decuffata. Linn. Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3294. Da Cof. Br. ; Conch. p. 202. 1. 14. f. 4.4. Lift. fao, i, 423. f. 271. Gault. Tef. t. 85. f. L. Tas. XVII. Fig. 11, 12. This fhell has two grooved teeth in one valve, befides a plain one. Thefe teeth receive another between - them, from the oppofite valve, which is likewife grooved, and has for its companions a fmall plain tooth on one fide, and the appearance of a tooth cn the other. Young fhells have three teeth in each valve, The intermediate one is conftantly cleft, the others plain ; at leaft, in a all the fpecimens = — I have met win craffa. Linn. Svft. Nat. ed. Gmel 1. n 2288.1 Prin. Br. Zool. No. 28. 3 t. 48. f. 28. Da Cof. Br. Conch. p. 194. 1,13. f. 4. right band. Lif, Conch. t. 299. ‘f. 136. > Tas- XVII. Fig. 15, 16. 7 NAE ` ugh we have high authority for placing this = fhell among the Veneres, yet we find it in the Britifh -Zoology ranked among the Teline; and, indeed, 8 b. JE undata, Giycymer. So s i Vor. VI. Hinges of Britifb Bivalve Shells. 169 if we are to judge by comparifon, it more pro- perly belongs to that genus. _ The hinge of the V. crafa is very plain and fimple, confifting of a grooved central tooth and two others, which are remote. One valve, however, has hardly the appearance of remote teeth, though the central tooth in both is equally ftrong. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 51. t. $5. f. 51. Tas. XVII. Fig. 17, 18. The hinge of the V. undata has a {mall central tooth fituated under the beak of the fhell, which fits into a triangular cavity in the oppofite valve. A deep fulcus runs from the bk n in the direction of the cartilage lope. ——— Syk Nat. ed. GMAT p 33 Penn. Br. Zool. No.58. t. Ca De Cf Br. Conch. pe 168. t. 1I. f: 2.2, Lift. Conch, t. 278. f. 82. Chemn, Conch. 7. t. 57. J 564. Tas. XVIII. Fig, I,2 2 55 ESENTA ed i mig 2: 4* The hinge of the Wis icai is Fiara. and on each fide fet with a curved row of ftrong tranfverfe teeth, generally from five to ten on each fade. =e This is Da Cofta’: s List, sil is 7 far juft; but : he tells us that the centre of the hinge is quite £ {mooth, 170 Mr, Wazzram Woov's Ojfervatiens on the fmooth, and without teeth. -This his figure con- tradicts, as well as two fpecimens in my cabinet, the teeth of which meet in the centre, though their fize is very much reduced. The drawing which L have given is from one of them. Nucleus, Linn. Syf. Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 3314. Da Cof.. Br. Conch. p. 170. t. 15. f. 6. right band. Gault. Tef. t. 88. f. R. Chemn. Conch. 7. 4. 58. f. 574. a. b. Tas. XVIII. Fig. 3—6. The beautiful arrangement of teeth in the hinge of this fhell is not to be equalled by any other fpecies on our fhores. The regularity of their order and the elegance of their form make an accurate figure particularly defirable. This I have attempt- ed to give, to the beft of my abilities, in a magni- fied reprefentation. — The hinge is to be feen in all its beauty only in live . fhells. of the remaining genera little deed be fid; as the inges a are, for the moft part, without teeth. I have, therefore, only figured one Ípecies of each genus, which, I prefume, will be thought fufficient. PECTEN. pou. | Lim. Sp. Nat. ed. Gmel. x. = dn. bites opercularis, ) EE — Da Cg. Br. Conch. p. 144. f. 9 9. f^ 1, 2. 4 5 | -TAB Hinges of Britifo Bivalve Shells. 171 Tas. XVIII. Fig. 7, 8. * Hinge toothlefs, being only a trigonal cavity in the very centre of the commiffure or fummit of the fhell, which runs in a ftraight horizontal line.” Da Cofi, Br. Conch. p. 140. OSTREA. edulis. —— Linn. Syfl. Nat. ed. Gmel, 1. p. 3334. Lift. Conch. t. 194. Si 31. Tas. XVIII. . Fig. 9, ro. The fhells of this genus are conneéted together bya ftrong central cartilage. There is a variety with a rugofe appearance on cach fide of the hinge, which . is very 3, reprefented in . Dr. Lifter's s figure. ANOMIA. Ephippium. Linn. S Nat. ed, Gmel. x. p. 3240. Penn. Br. Zool, nam : 70 Da Gy: Br. Conch. b. 165. 4.11. € T “Lif — — 7 A 38 . | Tas. XVIII, Fig. 11, 12. E fimple cartilaginous hinge with an 1 oval cavity in ro s das : the oide valaep: hich i dence protons a claw in 7 MYTILUS. a E edulis. Din. hs} Nat. ed. Gmel. 1. $. 3353- Da: Br. Zool. Mere GT — Brelh. P 216. his. : Za 3 d n Tas. 372 Mr. WiLLIAM Woop's Odfervatiens on the Tas. XVH Fig. 15, 14. I believe it has not hitherto been publicly noticed, that the common muícle poffefics teeth; fuch, t | however, is the cafe, and their fituation, clofe to the beak of the fhell, was firft pointed out to me by Mr. Boys. Thefe teeth are by no means regular, either in their arrangement or fhape; nor is every fhell provided . with them. The fpecimens in which I have found them are of a much larger fize than the common, and general make their appearance in the Lon- don markets in the depth of winter; but I am told they are not fo much efteemed as the fmaller ones. The teeth are from three to feven in number, and, when examined collectively, refemble in figure . and ICT the E. of a lobfter’s claw. © PINNA. muricata, Linn. Syf. Nat, ed. Gmel. Y. p. 3364 = The two valves of the Pinna are merely united by a thin membrane, which forms a hinge of the moft - fimple conftruction, without even the veftige of a tooth. _ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. = s Tas, XIV... | Ai 1, 2. "S of the M truncata, (2) The grea t tooth. T) The Hinges of Britt Bivalve Shells, 173 (b) The correfponding depreffion. (c) A {mall tooth ? on one fide of it. Fig. 3, 4. The hinge ofthe Mya arenaria. (a) The great tooth. (b) A | ridge grooved longitudinally. (c) A fmall curve in the | margin. (d) The cavity for the reception of the tooth. 5, 6. The hinge of the Mya margaritifera. (a) The rugged tooth.* (b) Its cavity. (c) A fharp ridge on one fide of it, which paffes into the cavity (d). 7. The hinge of the Mya pictorum. (a.a) The indented teeth. (b.b) The remote teeth. 8. A fide view of one valve of the fame. 9. The hinge of the Solen Siliqua. 10. The hinge of the S. Vagina. 11. S. pellucidus. (a) The bifurcated tooth. (b.b) The two other teeth in the fame valve. (c) The two oppofite tecth. Tas. XV. oes 2. The- inge | rie a ET TOO ooo “34 The fame magnified®. (a.a) The large tooth in each valve (b.b; Two fmall teeth. (c) The lateral tooth. 5,6. The hinge of the Tellina incarnata. Ev 8. The fame magnified, (a.a) The two large teeth. (b.b) The two fmaller ones. When the fhell is placed horizon- tally thefe teeth appear very prominent, and the fulcus in the large tooth is very apparent. 9, 10. The hinge of the Tellina cornea. - * The hells were, for the moft part, magnified by Ellis’s fingle Aquatic Microfcope. 174 Mr. WiLLIAM Woop's Olfervations on tbe Fig. 11,12. Thefame magnified. (a.b) Two teeth which receive be- tween them the triangular tooth (c). (d) A fmall tooth which paffes on the outfide of (a). (e.e.c.e) Lateral teeth. 13, 14, The hinge of the Telina rivalis. 15, 16. The fame magnified. (a.b) Two teeth which unite, and . are continued to form an arch for the reception of the triangular tooth (c), on one fide of which 1s a fmall tooth (d). (e.e.e. e) Lateral teeth. 17,18,19. Hinge of the Tellina bimaculata, : 20, 21. Tellina fervenfis. (a.b) Two erect teeth. In my fpecimen, | one is plain, the other notched. (c) A fmall ridge di- viding a depreflion by the fide of (a). * Tas. XVI. I, 2. Cardium aculeatum. | (a.a. b.b) Four erect teeth which lock together when the fhellis clofed. (c) A remote tooth which fits between (d. e), while (f) receives its oppofite, (g). | 3, 4» Matra lutraria. (a) The great tooth. (b) The fpoon-fhaped - se - cavity. (c) The place which receives the great tooth. sec p Gs Matra bians. (a) The erect tooth. (b.b) The great cavity. = (cd) Two teeth which receive (a) between them. - (€) A fmall cavity for the grooved tooth (d). (££) A natrow fulcus. ~ 7$, 8. Matra fiulterum. (a) The triangular tooth. (b) The rect- - . . angular one in the oppofite valve, (c c) The cavity for the cartilage. (d: d.d.d} Remote teeth. 1 k; Mađra alba of the natural fize. ——— + The hinge of the fame magnified. - (a. a) The fpoon- - fhaped cavity. (b) A fmall tooth. (c.c) Remote teeth. "U Tw. Hinges of Britfh Bivalve Shells, 175 Fig. 13,14. The hinge of the Donax Trunculus. (15,16. The be. magnified. (a) A thick fulcated tooth received, bei when the fhell clofes, between (b. b). (c. c) Marginal teeth, Tas. XVII. 1, 2. Venus iflandica. (a) The great tooth which locks between — (b.b), while the rugged tooth (c) fits into a hollow within the fmall tooth (d). (e. e. e) Remote teeth. 3, 4. Venus Chione. — Befides the two ftrong teeth in this fhell, —. 4 (a) and (b), there is a third, (c), which paffes into the —' - cavity (d). (e) A tooth grooved longitudinally. 5, 6. Venus verrucofa. (a. b) 'T wothick teeth receiving (c) be- — — tween them. (d) A large tooth which paffes on the i in- —. fideof (e). (f): E thi tooth in the Grp of the cars E tlape. .— . - 7, 8. Venus Gallina. (a. by The two "iade teeth. (e (c. cd) Two {maller ones, of which (d) is plate-like. (e) A marginal tooth. | 1 ren | - 9, 10. Venus exol la, (a) An ere& tooth which locks between = (b.b). (c) A thick channelled tooth received be- tween (d. d). 11, 12. Venus decuffata. (a) The two cleft teeth in one valve. (b) The fame in the oppofite. (c) The plain tooth. 13, 14. This fhell is provided with a beautiful peétinated hinge, confifting of three teeth in each valve. Thefe teeth are placed in the moft regular order, and the mid- dle one, I believe, 1s conftantly grooved. Frequently there is a channel in one of the other teeth, and forage times, though rarely, we meet with it in both. When this fpecies is found with only two teeth in one - 8 = valve 176 Mr. WiLLIAM Woop's Odfervations, &c. valve and three in the other (as is fometimes the cafe), it muft be confidered as incomplete. It was not till I began attentively to examine the hinges of Britifh bivalves, that this fhell appeared to me effen- tially different from the X. decuffata. We find it, not “uncommonly, on the Sandwich fhore, from half an inch to one and a half or two inches in breadth, and fometimes marked on the outfide (in a zigzag man- ner) with all the ftrength and elegance of a foreign fpecimen. This fpecies is broader, in proportion, than = F. dew | | cuffata, and the ftriæ are more delicate. Fig. r5, 16. Venus crafa. (a) The two principalteeth. (b.b.b.b) = mote teeth. 17; 18. The hinge of the Venus undata, (a) The central tooth. E Its raviy- | cub AVE 4H 2. The hinge of the Arca Glycymeris, à in [this parti- cular fpecimen is furnifhed with an Say number of teeth. ee uw pom Nucleus of the natural bre: : 5, 6. The hinge of the fame magnified. .7, 8. The hinge of the Peéten picius. #4 10, The hinge of the Ofrea edulis. den S de hinge of the Anomia Epbippium: »14 I x a) The c — of XV. Cata- Linn. Trans VI tub 12. 71.1 7 Ó. Linn. Trans VI tab. lO pl 76. Linn Trans VI tab 17 p. 17d. Linn Trans. VI tab. 18. pd 76. eter) XV. Catalogue of the more rare Plants found in the Envir, of Dover, with occafional Remarks. By Mr. Lewis Wefton Dillwyn, F.LS. — Read March 3, 1801. Havixc {pent a confiderable proportion of the laft three years at Dover, and preferved a lift of the plants which I found in its neighbourhood, I fubmit to the Linnean Society the following fe- leétion of thofe which, from their fcarcity or any other circumftance, more particularly attracted my attention. I flatter myfelf it will not be unacceptable to fuch botanifts as may vifit that part of the kingdom, and that it may alfo ferve in fome meafure to correét the habitats, given in fome refpeCtable works, of a few plants which, if not now extinct in the places aligned to them, have at leaft eluded a diligent fearch. on my part. . | Higham Lodge, Feb. 16, 1801. Salicornia herbacea, with After Tripolium, Eryngium maritimum, and moft of the more common fea-fhore plants, i in or about Sandwich falt marfhes. Veronica montana. In olt of iis t ja DE Valeriana rubra. On old walls of the Elms, where it has propagated itfelf for time immemorial, but 1s probably of garden origin. Tris fetidifima, On the road from Dover to Folkftone, about half a mile from Archcliff Fort, and in many other places in the neighbourhood. Vor. VI. Aa a qan : ss CA A. e ei z 178 Mr. Dituwyn’s Catalogue of the more rare Plants Schr Marifcus. In Ham Ponds near Eaftry. compreffus. In -boggy ground at Gosktull, and about Ham. . Ponds. Scirpus paucifiorus. About Star Ponds. Phalaris arenaria: On the fandy fhores of Deal, Sandwich, and Dim- church. Aira criflata. On Sandwich Flats. Poa diftans, On Sandwich Flats and about Lidden-fpout, near Dover. —- bulbofa. Among the fand-hills between Deal and Sandwich. Arundo colorata, foliis variegatis frriatis, In a ditch in Romney marfh . near Dimchurch. _ s Rotbollia incurvaia. On the fhore a little north of Sandown Cattle, and near Lidden-fpout. — pe Triticum Joliaceum, About Sandwich Salt pads, | Afperula cynanchica. Common on the hills about Dover. esta peregrina. On the cliffs eaft of the Gays and 1 in Langdon- Er bay. M I iL AO Sim : „Borago wfitinalis, foribus albis. Atthe entrance into jand WEE n Deal, and about Lymne Caftle. i Convolvulus Soldanella. About Deal and Sabdwich, plentifully. | Verbafcum nigrum. On the fides of the London road on Lidden- hill, about four miles from Dover. — : TA minor. In great abundance i in the lane T half a mile weft -of the Elms. major. In the lane adjoining Eaít Langdon church 5 near Eye- _thorne, and in the lanes at the back of Hythe. iana Arnarella. Pléntiful on the Dover hills. oe fied MU: Nw. on F. L. Ss. informs: me that Hud- | but 1 looked for i it (tus i in vain. ~ < gi maritimum. On the cliffs about Dover. Oenanthe / à found in the Environs of Dovers < 7 YQ: Oenantbe pimpinelloides.. Ditches in Sandwich and Romney marfhes, Smyrnium Olufatrum. Common in the neighbourhood of Dover. ..: Narciffus poeticus. Found near Hougham, by the Rev.]. Lyon, F.L.S.. to whom I am much obliged for the afliftance he gave me in «my botanical: reféarehes, <: © etui Juncus maritimus, Near Dimchürch/goithe road to Romney. : | Frankenia levis: ! On the cliffs about Archcliff Fort. Alifma Damafonium. Yn à pool under the cliff between F olkitone and | Sandgate, fparingly. - — — ranunculoides. Ditches between Ham Ponds and "n and in- | the boggy grounds about Wingham. Epilobium anguftifolium. In the woods about half a mile weit of River: Poorhoufe. Cui Chlora perfoliata. Common in 1 the neighbourhood ofDaver. ^ : Paris güadrifiia. In the orchard at the Elms, and i in — Jd fe woods about Dover; often with 5, 6, or7 leaves. ` Dianthus Caryopby Hus. Not *on Sándown,' and e ingly $ on. Deal Cattle.’ pm Cattle. 8. sedis ir is zt I LE to be fount’ in the nigh bourhood. oF maritima. On the beach esee Sandgate and Hythe, whare I have found fome plants with ripe feed in the middle of June; and fome in full flower in.the beginning af November. PRE" conica. Common on the range of fand-hills | ni ' and running eaftward of Sandwich; and on the Robe dire@ly * oppofite the Warren-houfe at New Romney’ {paringly. Arenaria marina. | Common at the Caves, &c. The feeds are roughifh. © Seldom more than one in ten of thofe in tah o are furnifhed with a margin, which is broad, membranaceous Aa2 : — c- 180 Mr. Dituwyn’s Catalogue of the more rare Plants white, and ftriated; and I never obferved the. rudiment of one irr more than half the other feeds. Sedum anglicum. About Sandown Caftle, and on the beach. about two: thirds of the way from Dover to Folkftone, Lychnis dioica, floribus albis plenifimis, On the fides of the north end of the Old Haven at Sandwich. Euphorbia paralias. Under the South Foreland, and in great abun- . dance a little weftward of Shakefpear's Cliff. | Papaver bybridum. Edge of the cliff near Archcliff Fort. Argemone B. Near Sandown Caftle. ee Aquilegia vulgaris. About the ruins of Raddigund’ à Abbey. Ranunculus Lingua. In the Old Haven at Sandwich, and in and about Ham Ponds. ! ` Antirrhinum fburium. Corn-fields near Ramfgate, on the road to - Margate. majus. On old walls, but not * on the cliffs of Dover.’ | Digitalis purpurea. On the beach near Hythe, and in large quan- -tities on the beach near Dungenefs Light-houfe. Orobanche ramofa. Found by the Rev. J. Lyon near Hougham. Crambe maritima. Yn St. Margaret's and Langdon bays; and very plentifully on the Deadh, aoue = heii from Dover to Folk- (TONe me Breffica Oleracea. About the pos and Shakefpear's Cliff. -Erodium maritimum. Found by my friend, Jofeph bei jun. and KE myfelf on the walls of Sandgate Caftle. Geranium lucidum. On the beach about half way between Dover and - | Folkfones : and. about the ruins of Lymne and Saltwood Caftles, are tit: | On: the hills about Eher fparingly. | Malva c foribus a albiss - In fields near Eyethorne. TT 4 : | Pium Sound in the Environs of Dover, 18r- Pifum maritimum. On the beach between Walmer Caftle and Kingf- down. Lathyrus Niffiia. About the 65th mile ftone on the fides of the London road. | Jylveftris. In the dark lane fouth of the main entrance _ into Walderfhare Park. Hippocrepis comofa. Common on the hills about Dover. Trifolium ornithopodioides. - fubterraneum. [ese Dimchurch and New Romney. -- fcabrum. Trifolium maritimum. Yn Sandwich falt maríhes. - glomeratum. Medicago A aise tine f. } Near Sandown Caftle. Hypericum androfemum. In moftof the woods about Dover. In the wood on Lymne-hill, plentifully. Crepis biennis. On the heights near the Horfe Barracks. Carduus eriophorus. About a farm called Polton, near Raddigund’s Abbey; and about the ruins of Lymne Caftle. acaulis, benne on the hills about Dover. | reland Meadow, and on the hills about Dre, lores: | militaris: Found by the Rev. S.L. Jacobs, F. L.S. near Chil- ton, on the fide of the path leading from Bufhy Rough to Alkham. conopfea. Very luxuriant on the hills about Dover. I counted 229 flowers in one fpike. | Ophrys Nidus avis. Wood between Alkham and Ewcl Minnis. fpiralis. In the Foreland Meadow, and a little eaít of the Caves. ) Lodel. Boggy ground about Ham Ponds, —-— anthropophora. Bank weftward of Crabble. —-— mufcifera, Sunny bank at the fide of Coombe Wood, and, as Iam 182 | Mr.DirrwrN's Catalogue of the more rare Plants ‘Jam informed by the Rev. J. Lyon, in feveral other fimilar fitu- ations about Dover. 2 Ophrys apifera. Common in funny expofures about Dover: on a barren bank in the lane running eaft of Barton, plentifully. ` e araniféra.. On the hills about Dover ; ; fome years: MUR more plentifully than others. Serapias latifolia. Fa the wood between Alkham and Ewel Minnis; and in a wood between Alkham and Raddigund's Abbey. - = longifolia. Boggy ground about Ham Ponds, marfhes about Hacklinge between Deal and Sandwich, and in Wingham maríhes. . Carex pulicaris. Riise ground about Ham Ponds. arenaria. Sand-hills about Deal, Sandwich, and Romney. divifa. Near Ham Ponds and in Sandwich marfhes. pendula. Wood on Lymne-hill, abundantly. —— difians Sandwich marfhes and about Ham Ponds. - pfeudo-cyperus. Ditches between VL peck SNS and 1 in ‘Sandwich Old HAVE m : Urtica pilulifera. 1s extin& at * Old Rane ; but a little fouth of . Lyd Church-yard grows plentifully. | Myriophyllum verticillatum, Ditches between Deal and Sandwich. Salix argentea. A little north of Sandown C S peus. Iam ; obliged. to Dr. Smith for its name. | _Hippophaé rhamnoides. With the laft in abundance between Folk- ftone and Sandgate, Vaderg, and a little weft of St. Margaret" s . Bay. Atriplex littoralis, About Ramígate pier, and on the fhore a little north of Sandwich falt-pans. Equifetum fuviatile. _ . In Folkftone Cherry orehard. Afplenium Ceterach, On the wall at the entrance into Ewell Church- „yard. 6 | ! Fontinalis LE I found in the Environs of Dover. ; 183 Fontinalis fecunda. On trees weft of Buckland Church. Mnium undulatum. 1 In Walderthare Shrubbery, in fruit mh hornum. May 14, 1799. Bryum unguiculatum. -On the outfide of the fire? inner wall of Dover Cattle, {paringly. —— iriquetrum B. Hudfon. Bank of the fivalet near Cockfhill. Hypnum Jutefcens, Not uncommon on the hills in the neighbour- hood of Dover. Smith. On the trees a little north of the Half-way Houfe " between Dover and Canterbury ; and plentifully on the trees in Walderfhare Park. Early in April, 1800, the veils appeared with upright hairs, agreeing with thofe of the genus Orthetrichum; and I found one with a capfule, but I do not think ge came to San fection. | ; proliferum. In fruit, near Barham, May 3, 7799 : alopecurum. Hedge-bank in the dark lane ealt of Charlton, - in fruit, November 26, 1799. ———— fquarrofum. ies the wood near Raddigund's Abbey, in fruit, November bh 1799. + penne ates Yo ue. (Dick, fa aft 4) On old wall at se Boy, me other walls about Dover. Fucus funguineus. Frequently wafhed on the Dover fhore. ns is in ! fruétification 2 December to the latter end of March.~ ate Jaa hh / Sometimes, but not frequently, found in the | Hipag fi 5 | neighbourhood. . | | I" dafyt? wilus. i menibranifelius B- Rocks near the Caves, fparingly. gcse — fs " sometimes wathed on fhore after ftorms. ——— ULDOJ s. —— crenulatus. Not unfrequent * inter reje&amentay ; men ataneap tide 184 — Mr. Dizwyn’s Catalogue of the more rare Plants, 6c. tide I found it on the rocks oppofite Shakefpear's Cliff near low - water mark. Fucus loreus. Abounds on the fhore after forms. —— edulis.: Rocks near the Caves, plentifully. plumofus. Rocks about Dover, common. —— mdofus. - Rocks at Folkftone, abundantly. —— Filum. On the Dover beach only after ftorms. ` —— radiatus. With many of the more common fpecies, on the —— confervoides..{ = rocks about Dover. Between F. confervoides. —-— fubfufeus, t: and F. albidus Y can find no fpecific differ- articulatus. | ence, and I believe F: Opuntia is only F, arti- —— Opuntia. J culatusina young ftate. - Ulva dichotoma. - rubra. Conferva equifetifolia. ] = verticillata. ; i gs fucicola. With many of the more common fpecies, are . frequently met with on the Dover rocks | Are nitmi found on the beach at Dover. ~- elongata, : oi and beach, as well as feveral which, in the z nodala. prefent ftate of our knowledge of this diaphana. . genus, cannot be arranged. ———- byffoides. J: | —-—— gelatinofa. In the rivulet which runs acrofs the Vi&ual- ling-Office yard, and other places about Dover. — glomerata. About the wooden bridge a little beyond Bufhy Rough. | ! | = A Pfittacinus. Wood near Raddigund's Abbey. varius. Var. 6, of Withering, as alfo one agreeing with Var. 7. except in having the pileus white, and Peuxa inflexa, in the fame wood near Raddigund’s Abbey. - ^t oe XVI. De mi XVI. Deferiptions j fim Fngular Coleopterous In jé. Br Charles Schreiber M.D. Deputy Profeffor of Natural Hiflory in n the eee s Univerfity of Vienna, deni -— Read April 7, 1801. _LUCANUS” ENEs . Tas. XX. Fig. t. ETUR oblongus æneus ; mandibulis exfertis, b recürvis, interne ferrugineo h hirtis ; capite parvc I bicornuto; thorace magno, convexo, ,transverfo, margine ats angulo | deflexo ; elytris fabcylindricis, convexis, fubrugofulis ; ; tibiis anticis latioribus, dentatis, i interne lamina cornea falciformi munitis. C, ONE Caput sverfe oblot | tC ais, aulin; punétis excavatis brad nitidum. viridi zneum, | interdum ex cupreo incurvatum; triangulo medio magno fübexca- vato terat elevatis a Tateralibiis € ice ugar o Us : Oculi laterales. ovati, brunna es : | Antenna breves, fufco-nigrefcentes, glabra, nitidæ, ante oculo: infert: = thoraci! breviores, uni-articulate, lateraliter expanfæ vel fubfiffiles, ! extrorfum craffiores, ápice pértufr, ro-articulate: articulo pritio — . maximo, elongato, clavato; 5 infequentibus parvis fübzqual bus, - Vor. VI. T: Bb : fabmoni- 186 Dr. ScurerBers’ Defcriptions of fubmoniliformibus ; ultimo magno, clavato, fubperfoliato, foliis 4, - quorum primum minimum haud confpicuum. Tas. XIX. fig. 5. Mandibule porreétæ, capite longiores, validæ, recurve, apice latiores, hic truncate & emarginate, hinc bidentate, dente apicis & medio ubi recurve, {patio inter hos fubdenticulato. Glabrz fub lente haud diftinéte punctate, interne pilis denfis ferrugineis hirtz, obfolete viridi æneæ fubnitidæ marginibus nigrefcentibus. "TAB. XIX. fig. 1— 3. Palpi quatuor filiformes, glabri, brunnei, crafliores; pofterioribus ^ — g-articulatis, articulis fere æqualibus, primo minimo, 2do fub- clavato, 3tio obtufo-acuminato ; fubincurvis brevioribus: anteri- oribus longioribus 4-articulatis, articulo primo minimo, 2do elon- EC gato fubclavato, 3tio parvo fubmoniliformi, ultimo TRENN, obtufo-acuminato.' Tas. XIX. fig, 6. Maxille breves, membranacez, fetofe. Tas. XIX. fig. 4. Labium fuperius nullum ; inferius corneum, rotundum, integrum. Thorax Se brevis, Suisse latior, convexus, margine utrin- : | Hex ar ) parum. finuato, margini- bus ne fübreflexis ; viridi-æneus, in medio fub- tiliffime & fparfim excavato-puntatus, caterum glaber punéto Ex avato majori laterali fupra angulum deflexum. — — n ma : num, femicirculare, planum, glabrum, concolor. * Elira b a brevia, parum convexa, oblongo-ovata, {ubcylindrica poftice parum gebe dde non connata, marginata, fubpunétata, fubru- gofula, nitida, xiridi-ænca,. totum corpus ambientia, margine fub- ud reflexo, tuberculo levi verfus apicem. alatum, alis fufcis; „fubtus aeneum, plus minus. ex xiridi, T m , fubvillofum. pilis. brevibus fericeis hinc inde a. agent per i; eiim, sisalponbus, ex dien Some A ngular Coleibteron Infechs. 187 Abdomen fegmentis 6, primo “(pestore) maximo,- craffo, convexo, acumine brevi porrecto in margine fuperiori inter. femora media ; i reliqua fegmenta brevia angufta, marginibus piceis. | Femora antica craffa, valida, cylindrica; media cylindrica, gracili- ora paulo; poftica comprefla latiora; omnia nitida, viridi-ænea fubpun&ata, fubhirta. ta À Tibia antice (Tas. XIX. fig. 7.) apice dilatatæ, padlotupd com- preffe, extrorfum dentatz, dentibus nigrefcentibus 6—7; apice truncatz, oblique emarginatz, pilis ferrugineis in fafciculum .. acutum dentiforme collectis, longioribus, & prope hoc lamina fat magna, cornea, radiata, falciformis, nitida picea ad angulum inter- num; tibiæ relique graciles, fubcylindricæ, ad articulationem -tarforum interius Masc ; omnes punctate, fubhirtæ, nitidæ viridi-æneæ. - PE >. EA T T: arfi 5- -articulati, articalis, 4 primis Cad. RES e fubtus ferrugineo- hirtis, ultimo longo, clavato, incurvo; omnibus glabris nitidis, nigro-piceis, unguibus 2 fat validis, incurvis, acutis, & inter hos in vagina condita ad libitum Porgends {pina gracilis apices divifa A ; 2 in duas multifidas. € ^ — ae — à e hn "ted ix. te oe VARIETAS. Paulo minor & color viridi-æneus cum nitore aureo pulcherfimo. Mandibule longiores, prolongatz, minusque recurve, graciliores, flexuofz, punctate, fplendentes, nitidiffimz, aurez, apice margi i- busque cyaneis, interne pilis denfiffimis ferrugineis hirt 2 Structura ceterum mandibularum confpicue differt & ifficilline eft defcribenda. Apex fubrecurvus, latior, bis emarginatus hinc tri- dentatus, margineque inferiori interne in medio unidentato, dente fat valido, acuto, antrorfum fpe&ante. Tas. XIX. fig. 9—1i no Inter P rudimenta pénicillorum, Lacanis ad inftar, aft non Bb2 es. porreéta, ~ ScurerBers’ Defcriptions of | porre&a, & "Hsu nie deficientia, ubi fpatium piis tantum impletum. | Cetera omnino ere Se Elytra | levia minime punétata. x s: FEMINA. Ejusdem habitus & magnitudinis, paulo tamen anguftior & magis- "adhuc cylindrica. Color nigro-æneus cum nitore violaceo, Triangulum capitis minus diftinétum. — '- : Mandi bule multo breviores, fere erecta, parum incurvz, apice paulo craffiores, & hic oblique antrorfum emarginate & excavate ; E nitide maples interne EE epu fed | minus Thoras Bagh ponaitis & aber. | Tibie antice (Tas. XIX. fig 8.) multo graciliores, quamvis apice A is dilatatæ, fubfulcatæ, punctate, extrorfum dentate, dentibus 8,9 muse magnitudine decreícentibus paulo validioribus ; apice Tibe ede & police extrorfum ice Cetera conveniunt, : ec D. Fender 3 = z Hofpitatur in | Mufcis D. Banks, D. Martham, 1 D. Rupe M - Defcripfit jam hoc infectum clar. Fabricius in Syftemate fuo Ento- . mologiz. emendato, t.¥ p.1 p. 2. fub nomine Lethri enei, ex Mufeo aks, ubi dicit: ** Forte proprii generis,” cum ob defectum e determinare, non potuiffet ; j cætérum nimis ain ur: do,elytra * s haud connata,” | que ni intuitu perfeéte feparata. apparent. Minime ad genus x ACA dme _ Lethi re erendum eft, cum non folum toto habitu, fed. corpore | | = | 7 = elato, Jome fingular Coleqpterous Inpebts "T alato, elytris feparatis, tota antennarum, partiumque oris omnium conditione omnino differt. His potius cum ‘Lucanis convenit, faltem cum aliquis, nam magnam inter varias hujus generis fpecies obfervavimus charaéterum difcrepantiam; differt autem a com- muni earum conditione habitu, capite parvo, thorace- convexo, lateribus deflexis; elytris convexis; antennis articulo primo minus gracili non arcuato, ultimo minus | perfoliato ; labio inferiori integro corneo; palpis craffioribus, pofterioribus articulis non fubzqualibus ; penicillorum, faltem perfectorum, abfentia, &c. Proprium hinc certe genus conftituere videtur, hancque ob rationem follicitam partium chara&erifticarum defcriptionem dedimus; pro tempore autem, cum fingula fit fpecies, ad Lucanos retulimus. | -SARADAN | PTR RA Fe 2. Ratione habitus, Copris, recentiorum. Ratione capitis thoracisque conditionis pertinet ad familiam fecun- dam Scarabæcrum F abri. — comma joue, proces. Een Pre Um ae aa D Scar. fcutellatus res ; thorace mutico S pierette; tiko poftice bilobato, antice in medio prolongato, cornu brevi, erecto, obtufo, emarginato 5 pes Dry in roftrum gracile, Lo Clypeus thoda multo. anguftior, planta: porte’ d utrumque jJatus in obum oc ularem dilatatus, antice 1n medio prolongatus in laminam cujus margines latera les per lineam elevatam fupra caput ad bafin ufque fefe extendunt, & fic lobos pofticos laterales a CPE ipfo me In laminz hujus medio, a thorace con- _fiderato, Dr. Scureisers Deferiptions of Cfiderato; cornu breve feu tuberculum erectum; apice obtufo-emar- - ginaturh. Lamina ipfa verfus apicem dilatatur, & hic fubemarginata prolongatur in roftrum longitudine totius clypei, gracile, {ubat- tenuatum, quadrangulare, fubdecurvum, apice craffiort marginato probofcideo, furcato, furcis lateralibus deorfum fpectantibus apice “paulo magis divaricantibus. Roftriformis hzc clypei prolongatio "valde fingularis eft folida atque imperforata. Subtus lamina clypei “in medio elevata, paulolüm fupra os fulcro verticali, longitudine 3 linearum, apice furcato, munita cft. - Tas. XIX. fig. 12. Ci lypeus prafertim antice & roftrum fub lente. fcabriufcula ; ceterum ` fubnitida, ferruginea, marginibus omnibus, apice tuberculi medii, apice furcisque roftrij nigris. Latera clypei totius prefertim poftice pilis ferrugineis i in fafciculos longos, acutos collects. © feri Antenne ferruginez, clava magna ovato-rotundata, fublamcllata, Thorax brevis, elytris latior, valde convexus, fubretufus, inermis, forma & conditione feminz Scar. 4-dentis, Cyclopis, &c. fimilis, at non ad margines laterales. anticos dilatatus ut in Cyclope- Ad © latera pun&is impre! fcabriufculus, antice & in medio glaber, macula rotundata impreffa aeg marginem lateralem; margini- , bus. omnibus elevatis, lateralibus fafciculis pilofis, ferrugineis acus > nin atisy ciliatis; | margine poftico rotundato-truncato. Cæterum San i SON Ste ou Scutellum nifgnüm, triangulare, planum, concolor. Elytra valde convexa, totum corpus ambientia, excavato punétato- è finta, fubnitida, fer TES / É pis fat longis cis incraffatis; ti „anticis s extrorfum seats, dentibus. 5 validi E nfir i eerca e n mm — p fone fingular Coleopterous Tafels. 191 nigris; tibiis mediis & pofticis triquetris, valde fpinofis; tarfis hirtis verfus infertionem nigro marginatis. Femina incognita. | Magnitudine Scarabeo res accedit, Sc. quadridentem. multum : finira. | Habitu & forma immo & colore ‘Sidrabais Cyclopi, orem & quadridenti accedit. .- Patria, Nova Hollandia. Ex Mufeo D. Francillon. SCARABAUS DYTISCOIDES. ' Fa TAB. XX. Fig. 3. Ratione capitis thoracisque condition ps ipai ad 1 familiam ntum Scarabee um Fabricii. — ccn : | : ES. Scar.exfcutellatus, muticus, niger, opacus; clypeo bidentato; thorace fubplaniufculo, conico; elytris latis, planis, apice rotundatis, den- tatis, ftriatis;. atis; tibiis a ee poss ciliatis; saris: mediis. Clypeus fubovatus, poftice convexiufculus, antice Cohen, fab. lente pun&is minimis fubfcabriufculus, niger, opacus; margine laterali hirto, parumper reflexo, antico fubemarginato & i in medio bidentato, dentibus longioribus, acutis, envy 3 oroximatis antrotfum divergentibus. - NP Antenne nigre, clava cinerafcente. og ie Thorax fabplaniufculus, conicus, poftice elytrorum fere latitudine, antice mulro añguftior, utrinque truncatus, paulo latior quam - us antice fubinflexis; niger opacus, fub leni fub- longus, lat T fcabriufculus. i, , n Habitu & forma Sc. facro Dr. Scureisers’ Deferiptions of | Scutellum nullum ditin&um, aft elytra hoc loco fpatium triangulare fat magnum haud impletum formant. Elytra ovata, plana, totum corpus tegentia, apice rotundata, tenuia, »opaca, nigra, fub lente punctis minimis elevatis crenulata, longi- tudinaliter ftriata, ftrus leviter impreffis 7 in utroque, falcoque . elevato: verfus marginem lateralem. _ Dentes 7 in utroque verfus apicem, quorum unusquisque inter duas ftrias impreffas parum ' oblique pofitus fat "validus, bafi latior, triangularis, compreffus. Anus magnus truncatus, triangularis ut in Scar. facro & gibbofa, margine utrinque elevato, glaber, opacus, piger, fub lente crenu- - latus. | >E Co rpi 5 fubtus. nigrum, nitidum, Sc. facro He | -Femora antica valida, compreffa, -clavata; media paulo graciliora - compreffa, fubcurvata ; poftica graciliora compreffa ; omnia glabra nitida, marginibus pilis longis, atris, hirtis. 7 Tibia antice hirtz, extrorfum dentatæ, dentibus 6, validis longis Aara pes iud Ls ane ^ Fus DAS Tibie police ralidionesy iam pili den fis, longis, atris ad margines 40 — ; , antici hr; ron wie longiores 5 mes 35 s & quidem ipfis tibiis longiores, ~ Magnitoi dine Scar. Pim eq &c É Smilibus accedit, aft thoracis figura lari conica, anguíta, elytris complanatis pedibusque multo i das, & prag ipic Dytfci Ea dines | CETONIA Some fingular Coleopterous Infecis. 193 CETONIA Paicrpsii. (ScARABÆUS Linn.) Tas. XX. Fig. 4 i CeT. clypeo elongato, emarginato, atro; thorace planiufculo piceo marginibus atris; elytris planiufculis, atris, fulcatis, fulcis exca- - vatis latis ex fulvo hirtis. Clypeus magnus, planus, elongatus, cylindricus, apice emarginatus, denfim excavato punctatus, margine laterali elevato, ater, opacus. Oculi laterales fufcoflavefcentes. Antenne atræ, ftruétura communi, at articulus primus valde magnus. Thorax planiufculus, antice anguftior, ad latera parum finuatus, poftice latior, at elytris paulo anguftior, margine poftico finuato, laterali fubreflexo; leviter excavato punctatus, magis confpicue ad latera, haud nitidus piceus, marginibus omnibus atris. Scutellum magnum, planum, triangulare, atrum. T plana, corpore haud breviora, apice paulo shot quam bafi, haud nitida, glabra, atra, fulcis in utroque quatuor longitu- dinalibus leviter excavatis, nec bafin nec apicem attingentibus, pilis brevibus fulvis repletis ; duobus exterioribus haud diftinétis, interiori breviffimo, medio latiffimo, cujus margines elevatæ verfus apicem connivent & tuberculum leve formant. Corpus fubtus atrum, opacum, craffum pilis fufcis hinc inde hirtum, {terno porrecto, compreflo, fubtriangulari. Pedes atri, femoribus anticis hirtis brevioribus, pofticis 4 incraffatis, compreflis ; tibiis anticis brevioribus, fubpalmatis extrorfum tri- dentatis; mediis et poflicis cylindricis, extrorfum in medio uni- fpinofis, apice 4-fpinofis; tarfis 5-articulatis. Magnitudine Cefoniam (Scarabeum Linn.) fafcicularem multum fu- perat. Patria, Nova Hollandia. Ex Mufeo D. Francillon. Vor. VI. Ce SILPHA 194 Dr. Scurewers’ Defcriptions of SILPHA LACRYMOSA. Tas. XX. Figs Ges Siten. atra ; thorace plano in medio atro tuberculato, lateribus late marginatis teftaceis; elytris fubconvexiufculis medio atris, apice & ad latera teftaceis, maculis oblongis deorfum incraffatis, ele- vatis. Caput deflexum, oblongo-quadratum, glabrum, opacum, atrum, linea transverfa, elevata, fubfinuata cervicis inter oculos, aliaque haud diftincta frontali, media, longitudinali. Oculi, laterales, ovati, teftacei. inter fubhirtz, atræ, articulis 3 ultimis rufis. Thorax planiufculus, latus, margine antico emarginato, poftico fub- - finuato-truncato, laterali rotundato, fubreflexo ; antice parum an- -gufüor, & tota forma Si/phe iberacice & fimilibus accedens ; glaber, opacus, minime nitidus, in medio ater & hic tuberculis aliquot irregularibus, parum nitidis notatus, ad latera teftaceus, colore thoraci .SZpb. thoraciea omnino fimili, at minime nitido, per ` atrum in medio emarginato. Scutellum magnum, planum, fubexcavatum, triangulare, atrum. Elytra parum convexa, bafi thoracis latitudine, apice latiora dilatato. rotundata, margine laterali fubexcavato, fubreflexo; in medio atra, opaca, lateribus & apice late teftaceis, maculis elevatis pau- dolum nitidis, glabris, lacrymofis, in utroque 10. Tres ad futu- ram fuperiori lineari, media infra hanc, oblonga deorfum craffi- ori, tertia minori, ovata; quatuor in medio, prima lineari, fecunda oblonga « deorfum incraffata, tertia oblonga valde incraffata, fimil- lima guttule feu lacrymæ deploranti, ultima | oblonga, obliqua, interdum divifa verfus apicem. Tres exteriores fubrotundæ minimæ. dE - 2 —] * % Jome fingular Coleopterous Infeëts. 195 Omnes, ultima apicis excepta, difcum atrum obfident. Plurimx earum ob figuram oblongo- -ovatam deorfum incraffatam fimiles funt | guttulis cadentibus (sis lacrymis, & tres feries longitudinales haud regulares conftituunt. Color ater difci elytrorum tantum a corpore tro (perte fic ut thoracis, maculz autem atra per fe : S | Corpus fubtus cum pedibus atrum, fubnitidum. Pedis poftici longiores, antici breviffimi. Magnitudo Si/pé. litteralis ut habitus, quamvis elytra apes latiora & thoracis forma diverfa. ; Patria, Nova Hollandia. Ex Mufeo D. Francillon. Hofpitatur etiam in Mufeo D. Marfham. ~ CLERUS FASCICULATUS. (ATTELLABUS Linn.) | PES XX. FE : €: BE ; thermes fubglobofo, fcabro, pubefcente, atro; elytris ratis; Cy ‘is; porcatis, nigris, bafi fati cilis dnote plots, echt, ne lata tranfverfa, albomarginata, fubpubefcente, nitida verfus apicem, atris; antennis flavefcentibus. ai thoraci infertum illoque paulo anguftius, margine antico fub- - emàrginato, laterali antice ante oculos elevato; punétis excavatis, denfis, fcabrum, fubpubefcens præfertim ad latera. pilis longio- ribus atris, hinc inde cinerafcentibus ; fubnitidum, atrum. —— Oculi laterales, ovati, nigro-picei. Antenne crafle, moniliformes, extrorfum craffiores, articulis 3 ultimis [M majoribus, Clero apiario fimiles, flavefcentes. | ‘YC cium x Palpi quatuor, fecuriformes omnes, quamvis articulus ultimus anti- | corum minor. His differt a communi hujus generis conditione Cc 2 partium * 196 Dr. ScuRerBERS’ Deferiptions of partium oris, & convenit cum QC afiario e modo difcre- pante. Thorax convexus, fubglobofus, immarginatus, antice truncatus, poftice rotundatus, punctis impreffis fcaber, pilis atris & hinc inde cine- rafcentibus, pubefcens, hirtus, ater. | Scutelli loco pun&um villofum, cinereo-album. Elytra convexa, fubelongata, cylindrica, apice rotundata, humeris paulo prominulis, opaca, nigra, punctis majoribus, profunde exca- vatis, denfis, catenulatis, porcata; fafciculo in utroque, magno, ere€to conico, atro, verfus bafin a pilis denfis conflato, alioque multo minori, haud diftin@o infra hoc & fupra medium elytri, cinereo; fafciaque lata, communi, tranfverfa, finuata, fubpubef- cente, fubnitida, atra pilis cinerafcentibus marginata, poftica, apicem excludente. Macula parva, glabra, lutea ad marginem exteriorem in directione parallela cum fafciculo cinereo, aliaque paulo majori tali infra illam ad marginem & angulum externum, fuperiorem faíciz. Corpus atrum, hirtum fabpubefcens, abdomine polline flavo adfperfo. Pedes atri, rugofuli, hirti, femoribus anticis paulo craffioribus ; tarfis 47 articulatis, piceis, fubtus flavo-fufcis, hirtis, pubefcentibus ; Cer. apiario fimiles forma, breviores, latiores, articulis magis emargi- natis quam in Cer. mutillario Fabr. — | Duplo major eft Clero mutillario, & inter hanc & Clerum apiatium medium tenet; convenit cum priori habitu & colore, differt autem . confpicue refpeétu conditionis antennarum, palporum, tarforum- que. _ Patria, Nova Hollandia. - WW ER Mufeo D. FIBI: PRIONUS Jome fingular Coleopterous Infects. 197 . PRIONUS tepiporrerus. (CERAMBIX Linn.) Tas. XXI. Fig. 1. Pr. thorace fubcylindrico, convexiufculo, fubunidentato, fubvillofo, | rufo-piceo nigro-maculato; elytris fubcoriaceis, abdomine brevi- oribus, apice dehifcentibus, truncatis, fubemarginatis, humeris fubgibbofis, margine laterali deflexo; lineatis fubnitidis, rufo- piceis, maculis ovatis, villofis, ex flavo cinerafcentibus ; abdomine elongato, fphingiformi variegato. Caput thoraci anguftius, infertum, transverfum, planiufculum, atrum, fronte & margine laterali pilis denfis, brevibus ex flavo cineraf- centibus, pubetcentibus ; mandibulis porrectis, fimplicibus, apice mucronatis, incurvis, bafi hirtis, atro-piceis, longitudine capitis. Oculi transverfi, fubreniformes, marginales, fufci. Antenne fetaceæ, atræ, elytris haud breviores. Thorax brevis, transverfus, fubconvexus, fubcylindricus, margine laterali in medio fubunidentato ; fubvillofus, magis ad latera pilis brevifümis ex flavo cineraícentibus; ceterum glaber, fubnitidus ex rufo-piceus, margine laterali maculisque duabus magnis, irre- gularibus, dorfalibus, vitta longitudinali pubefcente a margine laterali diftinétis, vel lateribus late, dorfoque atris. Scutellum magnum, planum, triangulare, atrum. Rome fubcoriacea, elongata, fubcylindrica, abdomine breviora, apice anguftiora & ab invicem dehifcentia, truncato-fubemarginata, . margine laterali deflexo, verfus bafin impreflo, hinc humera gib- bofa; margine, futura lineisque clevatis in utroque quatuor longi- tudinalibus; quarum exterior fubdiftinéta in margine deflexo, | abbreviata a bafi & apice remota; infequens ibi ubi margo de- fle&it ab humere ad apicem ufque; tertia infra bafin ufque paulo ante apicem; quarta interna a latere fcutelli, breviffima.- Elytra . 198 Dr. ScurErBERs’ Doferiptions of Elytra cæterum glabra, fubnitida, rufo-picea, maculis ovatis & oblongis, majoribus, ex pilis brevibus, denfis, ex flavo cineraícen- = fibus, pubefcentibus ; irregulariter variegata. : (o Thorax & peétus fubtus atra denfim ex cinereo pubefcentia.- Abdomen elongatifimum, craffum, teres, fenfim verfus apicem atte- nuatum, paulum ad unum alterumve latus flexum, apice obtufo acuminato; glabrum, nitidum, rufum, margine fuperiori omnium - fegmentorum late atro, maculaque magna, bMS erfa, oblonga pu- befcente, cinereo-flavefcente ad latus utriusque fegmenti, ultimo ex- cepto rufo nigroque indiftinéte variegato. Singularis abdominis forma & pictio magnam cum Sphingibus affini- -tatem & fimilitudinem refert. : Pedes breves, anteriores breviores, ultimi longiores ex rufo teftacei, femoribus fubpubefcentibus, tibus interne fubbifpinofis, plantis fubtus fericeis. Patria, Nova Hollandia. | ARTE Francillon. TER " CERAMBIX GIRAFFA. Tas. XXL Fig. 2. CER. obícurus, immaculatus; thorace inermi elongato, in medio an= guftato, traníverfim rugofulo; elytris fubconvexis, bafi fcabriuf- . culis, apice glaberioribus, fcutello cinerafcente, villofo. ; (Clas. anguftum, cylindricum, vertice elongato, linea dorfali, media : fubdiftinéta, nitidiori, fubimprefla ; haud nitidum, atrum, glabrum, . vage & fparfim excavato pun&atum, fronte inter antennas pro- funde canaliculata, mandibulis validis, incurvis, HEBES; com- prefüs. i | ; s ous atri b reniformes, ad antennarum radicem, easque ambientes. - SEIN Antenne Jome fingular Coleopterous Infeëts. 199 Antennæ corpore duplo longiores, atra, fabfcabriufcule, articulis 5, 6, 7, 8, paulum arcuatis. Thorax anguítus, medio anguftiffimus, valde elongatus, una cum capite elytrorum longitudine, inermis, immarginatus, teres, antice — latitudine capitis, poftice paulo latior, at elytris anguftior, nitidus, 3 niger, denfim tranfverfim rugofulus. Scutellum fat magnum, femirotundum, planum, tomentofo-cinerafcens. Elytra convexiufcula, fubcylindrica, apice parum rotundato-atte- muata, angulis humeralibus paulo prominulis ; nitida, obfcura, ex fufco-viridana, fubænea, colore Lamiæ (Cerambici Linn.) Sartori affinia, bafi ufque ad medium fcabra; a medio ad apicem glabra. Corpus fubtus nigrum ; thorax tranfverfim rugofulus. Pedes unicolores, antici longiffimi, longitudine totius corporis ; medii - multo breviores; poftici breviffimi. Femora gracilia, fubcylindrica, in medio parum incraffata, mutica. | Tibiæ graciles, antice verfus apicem dente acuto interius; medic & pofticæ eodem loco fed exterius dente obtufo armatæ. Tarji quadriarticulati, articulis conicis, tertio emarginato, 4to ungu- lato, antici multo majores, barbati. Aliud fpecimen, forte fexus alter, minus, anfennis brevioribus arti- culis non arcuatis, thorace multo breviori, nec tam angufto, pedibus omnibus zqualibus, tarfis anticis non majoribus nec barbatis. Luft a Cerambice longicolis Fabricii (Entom. Syf. emend. t.i. p. 2. p.265. 4 52. Olivier Ent, t. ii. f. 73. ) cui habitu fimilis; thorace rugofo, in medio anguftiffimo ; elytris in immaculatis; tibiis omnibus & diverfo modo dentatis, pedibus. anticis longiffimis tarfis anticis barbatis, &c. Divería omnino hinc fpecies effe videtur, quamvis femina minus dif- crepat nullo modo C. /;4g/co// confundenda antennarum longitu- dine fatis diftincto. Patria, Nova Hollandia. Ex Mufeo D. Francillon, D. Marihäth. CERAM- 200 Dr. ScHREIBERS’ Defcriptions of CERAMBIX FIcCHTELII. Tas. XXL Fig 3. Cer. zneus; capite latiffimo, transverfo, tuberculo laterali villofo ferrugineo-flavefcente, oculum dividente; thorace angufto cylin- drico; elytris abdomine multo longioribus, valde attenuatis, apice prolongatis, divergentibus, fubbarbatis. Caput breve, latiffimum, transverfum, planum, nigrum, pilis denfis, tenuibus, fericeis, nitidis, æneis, villofum linea media dorfali im- preffa. Tas. XIX. fig. 13. Oculi laterales, gibbi, per tuberculum fericeo-villofum, ferrugineo- flavum, poft antennas fituatum, tali modo divifi ut duo ad utrum- que latus appareant. In omnibus quidem Cerambicibus Linn. Prionis, fcilicet, Lamtis, Saperdis, &c. Fabr. oculi funt magni lunati, ar- cuati vel reniformes, antennarumque infertionis tuberculum plus minus circumambientes. Singulare autem in hac fpecie eft, eos tuberculo proprio, magno, tali modo divifos vel interruptos efle ut immo fub lente vix ulla eorum appareat connectio. Tas. XIX. figp.14. Oculus externus gibbofus, pars ejus pofterior ad verticem poft antennas haud convexa, ovata. Antenne corpore longiores, fetacez, nigrefcentes. Frons latus, tranfverfus; labium fuperius anguftum, hirtum, piceum. Mandibule exfertze, apice acuminatz, incurvæ, bafi late, compreffz; nitidz, picez, fulco laterali, levi, hirto, exaratz. Thorax planiufculus, cylindricus, muticus, immarginatus, tranfverfim rugofulus, poftice in medio impreflus, nigro-zneus, lineis duabus vel quatuor, plus minus diftinctis, dorfalibus, longitudinalibus, fericeo-villofo-æneis, punétisque duobus majoribus, plus minus conípicuis flavefcentibus ad utrumque latus. Seutellum Some fingular | Coleopierous Infetls. 201 Scutellum parvum, fubquadratum, planum, medio fubimpreffum, glabrum, nitidum, obfcure æneo-nigrum. Ejtra fubconvexa, bafi thoraci paulo latiora, abdomine multo lon- giora, elongata, apice valde acuminato-attenuata, prolongata, anguftiflima, imo apice ab invicem divergentia & pilis nigris ciliato-barbata; glabra, fubnitida, villofula, obfcure ænca, futura, a medio ad apicem, fulcoque longitudinali, a bafi ad apicem elevatis. Thorax fubtus & pectus, nigra, fericeo-villofa, macula laterali diftinéta, ovata, villofa, lutea ad marginem pectoris pofticum, aliaque fub- diftin@a tali ad marginem anticum priori parallela. Abdomen fubtus nigro-piceum, glabrum, nitidum, macula utrinque laterali, parva, villofa, lutea, ad jutriusque fegmenti marginem in- _feriorem. | Pedes obfcure ænei, villofi, femoribus omnibus paulum inflatis. Patria, Nova Hollandia. Ex Mufeo D. Francillon. SCARITES SCHROETTERI. (CanAz2vus Lina.) Tas. XXI. Fig. 4. ScAR. ater; capite magno, porrecto, poftice bituberofo, mandibulis. magnis axdenis bafi unidentatis; thorace planiuiculo, marginato, fubcordato; elytris planiufculis cylindricis, marginatis, ftriatis; tibiis anticis palmato-fubdentatis, pofticis incurvatis. - Omnium longe maximus, ater, nitidus. Caput magnum, porrectum, fubquadratum, thoracis latitudine, poftice anguftatum in collum teres, craffum, (Tas. XIX. fig. 16. a.a.) fronte fubimpreffa, fubrugofa (e); poftice ad latera tuberofum, tuberculo utrinque fat magno, rotundo poft oculos (b), fulcoque Vor. VI. Dd clevato, 202 Dr. ScunEisERs' Deferiptions of elevato, longitudinali laterali, abbreviato, ab antennarum infer- tionis loco ad tuberculum ufque decurrente (d). Anteniæ moniliformes, haud thoracis longitudine, articulo primo maximo, craffo, cylindrico, 3 infequentibus moniliformibus, multo minoribus, primo ex his minimo, 7 ultimis his paulo majoribus, æqualibus, compreffis, marginibus villofis, hirtis ferrugineo-fufcis; czterum atre, lateraliter inter oculos & mandibulas infertæ. Tas. XIX.fig.16.g.h.i. — Oculi fubglobofi, laterales, fufci. Tas. XIX. fig. 16. c. Mandibule magnæ, valida, craffe, exfertæ, porrecte, longitudine . capitis, excepto collo, arcuatz, incurve, acute, ftriatæ, bafi multo _craffiores, interne dente valido, obtufo, exterius dilatate fubuni- dentate. Tas. XIX. fig. 15. b—£ fig. 16. k. Palpi fex, filiformes, inæquales; anteriores breviores, biarticulati (fig.17.a); medii longiores, 4-articulati, articulo primo minimo (b); pofteriores longiffimi, 4-articulati, articulo primo craffo, minori, cylindrico rufo (fig. 18). Ceterum obtufo-acuminati, fubhirti, nigri. : Maxille acute, fubarcuatæ, corneæ, interne pilis ferrugineis ciliate. Tas. XIX. fig. 15. g. Labium fuperius corneum, emarginatum. Labium inferius majus, corneum, fubtridentatum, dentibus externis multo majoribus, rotundatis, medio minimo, divifo. Tas. XIX. fig. 15. h.h.i. 3 Thorax a communi hujus generis ftructura diverfus, nam fubcordatus ut in familia prima Caraborum, antice elytrorum latitudine, poftice anguflior; planiufculus, margine laterali reflexo, antico & poftico: ' truncatis, angulis fubprominulis, obtufis. Glaber, ad latera fub- firiatus, ftriis transverfis levibus, linea dorfali media fubimpreffa,, aliaque laterali abbreviata, curva ad angulos pofticos. Scutellum Jome fingular Coleopterous de. "m Scutellum mediocre, planum, fubcordatum. Elytra oblonga, cylindrica, non connata, convexiufcula, profunde longitudinaliter ftriata, ftriis in utroque 7 ante apicem conniven- tibus; apice rotundata, fubfinuata, lateribus deflexis ante margi- nem fulco lato, leviter excavato, rugofula, margine ipfo fubre- flexo. Thorax fubtus convexus, fulco abbreviato impreffo in medio. Peéius convexum, fulco longitudinali impreffo in medio, fulcoque elevato, fubarcuato ad utrumque latus. Abdomen breve, convexum, fegmentis anguftis. Femora antica brevia, incraffata, pofticæ thoracis parti inferta. Femora media paulo graciliora, pectoris bafi inferta. Femora pofiica. dimidio fere prioribus longiora, craffa, fubcylindrica, valde poftica, haud. 8 lin. ante anum abdomini inferta. Tibia antice compreffæ, dilatato-palmatz, inferius fcabræ, apice dentibus feu fpinis 3 acutis, fat longis; margine exteriori parum finuato, in medio paulum extenuato; margine interno excavato & hoc loco dente feu fpina fat longa, acuta, deformi, incurva, ar- mato. Tas. XIX. fig. Ig. qibie medie graciles, fubcylindrice, fubcomprédts Ícabrz, fubfpi- ; nofæ, apice dente fuperius, & fpinis duabus, acutis, inferius, armatæ. Tibie police fabcylindrice, fubcompreffz, fabarcuato-incurvæ, fub- fpinofz, apicis dente interno, fpinisque duabus inferius. — Tarfi omnes s-articulati, articulo 1mo & sto longioribus, 3 mediis æqualibus, conicis. Patria, Nova Hollandia. Ex Mufeo D. Francillon. D 42 | ANNOTATIO. 204 Dr. ScureiBers” Dejcriptions of ANNOTATIO. Genus, Scarites, a Fabricio Entomologisque recentioribus conftruc- tum, comprehendit fpecies a Linnzo promifcue fub Caraborum Tenebrionumque nomine defcriptas, multasque alias recenter de- tetas, characteribus omnino diftinétis fatis differentes. — Diffe- runt a Carabis, quibus habitu fimillimi forte, capite thorace- que magnis, latis; mandibulis validis, porrectis dentatis; antennis moniliformibus | (non filiformibus) brevioribus craffioribus; palpis filiformibus, minime truncatis; labio dentato, non truncato tibiis anticis dentatis, &c. Hiec fupra defcripta fpecies a communi Scaritum ftru&ura charac- .téribusque huic generi adícriptis, aliquantum differt, hancque ob rationem accuratiorem dedimus defcriptionem. EXPLICATIO TABULARUM. $3 PES ESL Lucanus æneus. | ; Mas. Fig. 1. Capitis cum mandibulis pagina inferior. 2. Mandibula a latere conípecta. 3. Mandibulz pagina inferior. 4. Maxilla. 5$. Antenna. 6. Palpi. 7. Maris tibia et tarfus anterior. 8. Fœminæ tibia et tarfus anterior. Ejusdem varietas, 9. Capitis cum mandibulis pagina inferior. à 8 10, Mandibula Jome fingular Coleopterous Infeëts. 205 Fig. 10. Mandibula a latere confpecta. II. Mandibulz pagina inferior, . I2. Clypeus Scarabai frobofcidei. I3. | X4. Oculi divifio per tuberculum. I5. Cerambix Fichtelii. Caput a fronte adfpectum. Scarites Schroetteri. Labium inferius cum mandibula maxillaque. a. Margo capitis inferior. b. Mandibula arcuata incurva. c. Extenuatio dentiformis exterior. d. Dens internus bafeos validus obtufus. e. Apex acutus incurvus. f. Sulci abbreviati. g. Maxilla arcuata acuta interne ciliato-pilofa. = h.h. Labium inferius corneum magnum valde emargina- tum, i. fubdentatum in medio, dente bifido. 16. Labium fuperius cum antenna; &c. 17. — a.a. Collum. | b. Tuberculum poft oculum. c. Oculus. d. Sulcus elevatus lateralis. e. Impreffio frontalis. f. Labium fuperius emarginatum. : g. Antennz articulus primus cylindricus maximus. h. Articuli tres infequentes fubæquales moniliformes.. j. Articuli 7 ultimi comprefli, k. Mandibula. a. Palpus anterior. b. Palpus medius. | 18. Palpus 206 Dr. Scureisers’ Deferiptions, Et. Fig. 18. Palpus pofticus. I9. Tibia et tarfus anterior. : Tas. XX. Lucanus zneus. Scarabæus probofcideus. Scarabæus dytifcoides, Cetonia Philipsu. Silpha lacrymofa. Clerus fafciculatus. _ onto cape cct. Ta XXE Prionus lepidopterus. | . Cerambix Giraffa. . Gerambix Fichtelit es Scarites Schroetteri. + ^. AYIL De- Linn. Irans VI tab. 2 07.206. Linn.drans VI tab. 21 n.206. Zi ^ Linn.Trans. VI. tab. 22. p. ( 207 ) XVIIL Defcription of Menura fuperba, a Bird of New South Wales. By Major-General Thomas Davies, F.R.S. and L.S. Read November 4, 1800. MENURA. CHAn. Gen. Rofrum validiufculum, convexo-conicum. Nares ovatæ in medio roftri. Reëtrices elongate, pinnulis decompofitis; intermedia 2 longiores anguftæ, exteriores ad apicem. pes revolutz. | Pee PR Pedes validi ambulatorii.. MENURA SUPERBA- se XXII. Tue « total sy Leigh of this fingular bird from the point of the bill to the end of the broad tail feathers is 43 inches; 25 of which are m thetailalone. The bill rather exceeds an inch in length, is ftrong, formed much like that of a peacock, and. black, with the noftrils, which are long open flits, rather large, placed near the middle of its length. ‘The head, which is fomewhat crefted at the hind part, néck, fhoulders, back, upper tail coverts, and upper furface of the tail feathers, of a dark browniíh black. Throat rufous, reaching fome way down the middle of the neck. Breaft, belly, and vent grav. The feathers of the latter are long, very foft, and of a filky: re texture. Thighs nearly of the fame colour, rather long, and feathered. 6: down: 208 Major-General Tuomas Davizs's Defcription down to the knee. Scapulars of a brownifh tinge. Upper tail . coverts, and prime quill feathers, which are fomewhat curved at the ends, brown black. Edges of the quills gray. The legs long and very ftrong, covered with large fcales, efpecially in front. The feet, which are likewife large, and the nails, are black ; the laft fome- what crooked, convex above and flat beneath; the hind nail near three quarters of an inch long. — The tail con(ifis, in the whole, of fixteen feathers; all of which, except the two upper or middle ones, and the two exterior on each fide, have long flender fhafts furnifhed on each fide with delicate long filaments, four inches or more in length, placed pretty clofe towards the rump, but more diftant from each other as they ap- proach the extremity, and refemble much thofe of the Greater Pa- radife Bird. The two middle or upper ones are longer than the reft, flender, narrow at the bafe, growing wider as they approach the ends, which are pointed; webbed on the inner edge all the way, and furnifhed with fome diftant hair-like threads near the end on the outer fide, of a pale gray colour beneath, and brown black above, as is the reft of the tail. The two exterior feathers on each fide are of an extra- ordinary conftru&ion, rather more than an inch wide at the bafe, and growing wider as they proceed to the ends, where they are full two inches broad and curve outwardly; the curved part is black w ith a narrow white border; the quills of thefe feathers are double for two thirds down from the rump. The general colour of. the under fides of thefe two feathers is of a pearly hue, elegantly marked on the . inner web with bright rufous coloured crefcent-thaped fpots, which, from the extraordinary conftruétion of the parts, appear wonderfully tranfparent, although at firft fight feemingly the darkeft ; they are alfo elongated into flender filaments of an inch or: more;. erc towards the extremities. == The figure of the male, which € à hisdir n was H , taken of Menura Juperba, a Bird of New South Wales. 209 taken from a fpecimen fent from New South Wales as a prefent to Lady Mary Howe. I have alfo feen two other fpecimens in the poffeffion of the Right Hon. Sir Jofeph Banks, which I believe have fince been depofited in pa n itifh Mufæum. | SINCE I had the honour of communicating to the Linnean So- ciety the foregoing defcription of the Menura, I have been favoured with both male and female of that extraordinary bird from my friend Governor King, by the Buffalo ftore-fhip; and I am thereby enabled to lay before the Society a defcription of the different fexes. I find, indeed, that with a little deviation the fame charaéters and co- lours will ferve for both of them. The female, however, is fomewhat fmaller, being in length, from the crown of the head to the end of the tail, only 3r inches. The general plumage of the whole bird is of a dull blackifh colour, a little rufous under the chin and throat, and ofa brownifh caft on the fcapulars,as in the male. The plumage of the whole body, from the breaft to the vent, and from the fhoulders to the rump, is compofed of long, flender, thread-like, filky feathers, refembling fringe, of a dull grayifh black; lighter on the - breaft, belly, and vent. The bill and legs, which are ftrong and furhifhed with large fcales, as in the cock, are black. From the head to the ramp r4 inches. The tail 18 inches, Wlfo of a dull brown black colour above and gray beneath. The two upper tail feathers are fharp pointed at the ends; the reft are rounded and darker in colour, and fhorten by degrees, as they approach the rump, fo as to appear cuneated. The two outer feathers | arc fhorter than the reft, bent in form like thofe of the male, brown black above, of a pearly gray beneath ; and the crefcents, which are Vor. VI. E e of 210 Major-General Tuomas DaviEs's Defcription of Menura. of a deeper rufous colour, are not fo vifible nor fo large, but more tranfparent if poflible, than thofe of the cock. They are about an inch and a half broad, and not black or longer at the ends as in the other fex. From thefe birds being found in the hilly parts of the country, they are called by the inhabitants the Mountain Pheafant. With refpe& to their food or manners I have not as yet obtained any par- ticular account. In my fpecimens, there is a nakednefs round the - eyes, but whether this is from the feathers having fallen off I know not. I rather think otherwife, and that it may be brightly setpeted as in many other Ries. Blackheath, ise 19th June, 1801. XVIII. Oz ( 211 ) XVIII. On the Doryanthes, a new Genus of Planis from New Holland, next akin Fe Agave By Fofeph Correa de Serr, LL.D. F.R.S. and L.S. : Read December 2, 1800. AMONGST the various new and interefting plants with which New Holland has of late enriched Botany, none perhaps has an equal claim to public notice with the plant which forms the fubje& of the prefent paper. Its beauty, its fhape and elegance, and the tenacity of its vital powers, entitle it to particular attention both from the cultivator and the naturalift. Aem _It was found in the mountainous part of the colony of New South Wales, by Mr. George Bafs, A.L.S. who brought the firft fpecimens of it laft year to Europe, in the fhip Perfeverance. ‘Other fpecimens, in a high ftate of prefervation, have fince been brought in fpirits by Governor Hunter. From both thefe fources, anda fin- gle flower which came to perfection at Kew, from a portion of ftem without roots, which had been cut many months before, in New Holland, the following defcription of the Benue E has been mode a Sur the character eftablifhed : : D ORY A NTHES*, FLOS, Calyx nullus, nifi fpathæ partiales. * From the Greek Aogo, kafla 5, Aopvavbng, Hafia flor ida. n i i i E Corolla 212 | Dr. JosEPH CORREA DE SERRA Corolla monopetala, infundibuliformis, fexpartita; lacinie fex, ob- longo-lanceolatæ, concave, dorío carinatæ, tres interiores bafi latiores. | | | > Stamina. Filamenta fex, longitudine fere petalorum, fubulata, ane therarum bafes profunde penetrantia; antheræ ereéte, fubcylin- dricæ, biloculares, poft foecundationem extinétoriiformes. Pifitllum. Stylus unicus (ex tribus connatis), trifulcatus, longitu- dine ftaminum; ftigma trilobum. Fructus. Induviæ nulla. j i Pericarpium. | Capfula turbinato-ovata, fubtrigona, trifulcata, vef- tigis petalorum ftylique coronata, trilocularis, trivalvis; fubftan- =. tia duplex : interior lignofa, exterior corticofa, ftriata, fibrofa. Placentatio. Chordulz pifüllares fex, per paria difpofite, axi diffe- pimentorum affixæ. Semina chordulis piftillaribus alternatim af- fixa, ut fingula tantum feries in unoquoque loculo appareat, Dehifcentia duplex : per axim diffepimentorum, et per valvarum . . futuras. . : SEMEN LIBERUM. Forma. Semen planum, reniforme, rugofum, Nucleus lateralis, fub- triqueter, dimidiam hujus partem obtinet. | Iutegumentum. Duplex; exterius fpongiofum ; nuclei cartilagineum. Perifpermum. Amygdalinum, nucleo conforme. Embryo monocotyledoneus, minutus. Cotyledon foliaceo-compreffa, plana, cuneiformis. Obfervation 1. The Agave, Fourcrea, and Doryanthes, have a very ftri& affinity. The antherz, filaments, and the difpofition of . feeds offer the greateft differences. The antherz in the Agave are incumbentes, in the Fourcrea the filaments are alated; the corolla " bexapetala. . p Linn, trans. VI. Tab 23.212. Linn, trans. LT. 4606.24 fr. 223. P “acelin d on the new Genus Dosyanthes. | 213 hexapetala, The feeds in the Agave are ranged in two feries; in the Doryanthes they are difpofed as above, and the antheræ as defcribed. Obferv. 2. The veftiges of the corolla in the fruit perfuade me that the corolla is to be confidered as /upera, but the traces of the | divifions of petals, which may be remarked in the flower as far as the pedunculus, might perhaps induce a fufpicion that the fruit makes one body with the inferior part of the corolla, which by that means in fructum abit. The loftinefs of the ftem of the only fpecies hitherto known of this genus, which arifes to the height of above 20 feet, may warrant the trivial name of Doryanthes excel[a. REFERENCES TO THE PLATES. Tas. XXIII. Fig. x. The whole flower. | 2. Lacinia of the corolla with a filament. 4. Anthera extin&onüformis, as it appears after the fœ- cundation. j "n A. Genie and à piftillum: B. Horizontal fection of the germen. 1. Capfula. _ 2. Horizontal fection of the fame. 4. Section of the fame. 5. Nucleus. | 6. Naked feed. 7. Section of the fame to fhow the perifpermum and embryo. XIX. O£fer- XIX. Obfervations on feveral Species of the Genus Apis, known by the ^ Name of Humble-bees, and called Bombinatrices by Linnus. - By Mr. P. Huber, of Laufanne in Swifferland, Read May 5, 1801.- INTRODUCTION. On seft intéreffé de tous tems aux Abeilles; leur induftrie a fait défirer de connoitre leurs moeurs,. et de profiter de leurs . travaux ; mais les Bourdons, moins utiles, ont aufi moins attiré les regards: . ils ne font connus que par les obfervations de Mr. de Réaumur; avant lui, des naturaliftes peu exacts avoient fait une efpèce de roman | de leur hiftoire, mais il l'a purgée de tout le merveilleux, et il a fcu nous intéreffer par le fimple récit de fait dont il a été Ie témoin ; "on trouve un précis de fes obfervations dans la préface du fixième Vo- lume in octavo de fon Hifloire des Infeéles, = Mr. de Réaumur ne donne pas une defcription affez détaillée de ces infectes, et les defcriptions de Linné et de Géoffr O1 Ne me pà- _ roiffent pas méme Etes pour diftinguer les divers individus dont chaque famille de Bourdons eft compolée,; jal elfaye de les dé- crire, avi ec tous | les details propres a les faire Editi; Jai méme joint à mes ‘deferiptions des figures précieufes dont quelg ues uns de mes amis ont bien voulu enrichir ce Mémoire. : AN A = ae Mr. A On Humbfle-beer. T4 215. Mr. de Réaumut n'avoit pas và fur ce fujet tout ce qu’il pouvoit offrir de curieux ; il avoit laiffé un vafte champ aux recherches des naturaliftes ; il reftoit à obferver fi le logement et le nid des: Bour- dons étoient toujours tels qu'il les avoit décrits, fi ces infectes ,n'habi- . toient jamais que des nids de moule. placés au-deflus du terrain, et ~ fi le nombre des individus de chaque peuplade étoit limité, ou s'il ne l'étoit pas. 3 «2 On pouvoit défirer plus de détails que cet obfervateur n'en a donné fur la cire qu'il a trouvé dans les nids des Bourdons, il étoit curieux de connoitre la nature de cette matière, fa formation, et fes. rapports avec la cire des Abeilles ? | Les notions que ce celebre aararanite nous a laiffé fur l'éducation. des petits, n'étoient pas affez diftinétes et aflez détaillées pour fatis- faire nôtre curiofité. -IJl étoit à défirer de {avoir fi les Bourdons n’avoient d’ autres maga- . zins que ce peu de refervoirs dont parle Mr. de Réaumur, et s'ils te- noient leur miel dans des vafes fermés ou dans des vafes ouverts? - Plufieurs traits curieux de l'induftrie des Bourdons avoient en- core échappé à Mr. de Réaumur; foit qu'il eût d'autres occupations quand il obfervoit ces infeétes, foit qu'il donnat alors trop peu d'im- portance à ces recherches. Mais depuis les nouvelles obfervations für les Abeilles, des problèmes intéreffans devoient piquer la curiofité des naturalifles, il étoit important de favoir fi l'on trouveroit chez les Bourdons, comme chez les Abeilles, cet attachement et ces foins des petits pour leur mère, s'ils feroient un cercle autour d'elle, et f lors- qu'ils la perdroient ils abandonneroient leurruche; fi l'on trouveroit quelquefois plufieurs femelles qui pondiffent dans le même nid, et fi l'on verroit parmi les ouvrières de ces mouches à demi fécondes dont; tous les œufs donnent naiffance à des mâles ; fuppofe que cela fût, il falloit encore favoir s’il y auroit quelque rivalité entre toutes ces mouches fécondes; enfin files mâles des Bourdóns périffoient, comme = ceux * \ 216 Mr. P. HunEn's Olfervations ceux des Abeilles dans l'acte de la fécondation, & «uelle pouvoit _être la durée de la vie de ces infeétes. . Le défir ardent de réfoudre des problèmes auffi intéreffants mau- roit feul déterminé à choifir cette branche de l'hiftoire naturelle, fi cette étude n'avoit pas eu un autre attrait pour moi; car en me fa- miliarifant avec des infectes du genre des Abeilles, je pouvois fecon- der mon père dans fa recherche favorite, et remplacer auprès de lui l'homme précieux que des circonftances affligeantes lui avoient fait perdre. C'eft dans ces vues que je commengai au mois de Juin, 1796, à étudier les mœurs des Bourdons; on jugera par ce qui fuit, de la maniére dont j'ai rempli mon but, mais j'efpére qu'on aura quelque indulgence pour le travail d'un naturalifte de dix-neuf ans. - CHAPITRE I: | Déferiptions de quelques Efpèces de Bourdons. LES Bourdons ont été rangés par les naturalifte sdans la feconde famille du genre des Abeilles, autant peut-être par la confidération de leurs mœurs et de leur induftrie, que par celle de leur conformation, Les Caractères de ce Genre font, | | Deux antennes brifées, dont le premier anneau eft trés long. Les giles inférieures plus courtes que les ailes fupérieures. La bouche armée d'une machoire avec une trompe membraneufe repliée en deffous, l'aiguillon fimple et en pointe. Le ventre attaché au corcelet par un pédicule court. Trois petits yea /ifes. Le corps velu. Ce qui fait placer les Bourdons dans la feconde famiile des Abeilles c’eft le nombre et la longueur de leurs poils; mais ce caractere eft fi 3 - peu on Huinble-bees, 217 peu folide qu'il étoit important d'en trouver un quitint à la forme du corps, et fut à l'abri de tous les inconvéniens des couleurs. Ce caractére, je crois l'avoir trouvé dans la forme de la téte. Les Bourdons ont la téte proportionnellement plus alongée que les Abeilles ; dans celles-ci elle eft plus large que longue, ou du moins, jamais plus Laid que large; et dans les Bourdons, fa longueur für- ` pafle toujours fa largeur. Je vais pafier à la défcription de quelques caracteres qui peuvent faire diftinguer les Bourdons de différens fexes dans la même efpéce. Défcription des Caratióres individuels, Les entomologiftes ont décrit prés de 34* efpéces de Bourdons, ou plutôt 34 de ces infeétes; mais leurs déicriptions ne font pas aufi complettes qu'on pourroit le défirer. Les Bourdons femelles, mâles, et ouvrières ne fe reffemblent pas toujours; et comme ces naturaliftes ne fe font pas expliqués fur le fexe des individus qu'ils décrivoient, on peut craindre qu'ils n'aient fait des claffes différentes toutes les fois qu'ils auront trouvé des, 1 in- dividus qui ne fe refiembloient pas. - Il y avoit cependant un moyen für, de laiffer vicem individ dans fa famille, dans fa place naturelle; i1 falloit les prendre dans leurs propres nids au mois d'Aoüt ou de Septembre. C’eft là qu'on devoit indubitablement trouver le mále, la femelle, et l'ouvriére de la même- efi pece : on eut bientôt appris à reconnoitre le mâle de l'ouvriére, et J'ouvrière d'avec la femelle; voici les caracteres généraux auxquels on pouvoit les diftinguer. * Carol Linnzi Entomologia Faunz Suecicæ Defcriptionibus au&a ; D. D. Scopoli, Geoffroy, De Geer, Fabricii, Schrank, &c. fpeciebus vel. in Syftemate non enumeratis — vel nuperrimè deteétis, vel fpeciebus Gallis Auftralis locupletata, generum fpccierum- que rariorum iconibus ornata ; curante et augente Carolo de Villers, dex 1789: p. Vor. VI. ET : Les " ~ 218 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations Les Máles et les Femelles different 1. Par leur grandeur. 2. Par l'aiguillon. 3. Par la longueur des antennes. - 4. Par le nombre de leurs anneaux. $. Par la forme de la cinquième articulation de leurs jambes poftérieures. - 6. Par celle de leurs mandibules. 7. Par la longueur de leur trompe. ` Premier caractere, la Grandeur. — Les miles des Bourdons font tous plus petits que leurs femelles : la différence eft plus ou moins grande felon les efpéces: dans quelques- unes les femelles font au moins le double de leurs mâles, dans quel- ques autres elles ne les furpaffent que de quelques lignes. La grandeur des males et des femelles ne varie prefque pas dans chaque efpéce, mais les ouvriéres n'ont point une grandeur aufli con- ftante: les unes font fi petites qu'on ne les prendroit pas pour des Bourdons: d’autres font fi grandes qu'on feroit tenté de les prendre plutôt] pour des femelles « que pour des ouvriéres : cependant leur taille s 'égale j jamais celle des méres, et un coup d'ail fuffit pour les com- parer, et les mettre chacune dans la place qu'elles doivent occuper. Second CUR LUN P Aiguillon. B aiguillon eft placé à l'extrémité du ventre des Bourdot 4 et des Abeilles: il eft long de deux ou trois lignes, et fe meut avec beaucoup de vivacité par le moyen de huit muicles, placés auprés de fon ori- gine : le dard. qui paroit fi délié à l'oeil nud, eft un petit tuyau creux, de matiére de corne ou d'écaille; il contient l'aiguillon com- 3 |. pofé on Humble-bees. : 219 poíé lui-même de deux dards accolés, qui jouent enfemble ou féparé- ment ; leur extrémité eft taillée en fcie dont les dents font tournées en fer de lance. La veffie à venin eft à la racine de l'aiguillon. Lorfque ces mouches font irritées elles font fortir la liqueur dont elle eft remplie, pour la darder avec l'aiguillon dans la partie qu'elles veulent bleffer. Les males n'ont pas d’aiguillon, ce qui les rend inhabiles à dé- fendre leur peuplade; mais ce foin appartient aux femelles et aux ouvrières : elles font un ufage fréquent des armes qu’elles ont reçu, et ne perdent pas leur vie et leur aiguillon, comme cela arrive aux Abeilles lorfqu'elles s'en fervent contre nous. - Leur piqueure eft douloureufe ; elle fait élever une petite ampoule; mais le mal s'appaife et l'enflure difparoit en fort peu de tems. Si l'on enléve le toit de mouffe dont les Bourdons recouvrent leur nid, on entend d'abord les ouvriéres et la mére battre des ailes vive- ment, et ce bruit aigu eft le figne de leur colére, ou de l'alarme qu'on leur caufe; on les voit alors venir fur leurs gateaux avec agitation, lever une patte, puis une autre du méme cóté, puis la troifiéme, et fe renverfer tout-à-fait fur le dos; elles recourbent en haut leur anus, ct préfentent à l'obfervateur indifcret leur aiguillon, qui fort accom- pagné d'une goatte de venin: quelquefois dans leur colère elles lan- cent cette liqueur, qui ne fait néanmoins aucun mal fi elle n'eft précédée d'une piqueure: le venin eft cependant acide, puifqu' Bron les teintures bleues végétales. jap Les Bourdons fe tiennent fur la défenfive jufqu'à ce qu'on les ait mis dans la néceffité d’attaquer, par le dérangement de leur nid, ou par l'enlévement de leurs petits ; alors l'obfervateur doit refter fans mouvement auprès du nid, les Bourdons s'appaifent, et il peut avec de l'adreffe vifiter leurs gateaux, et méme les enlever avec tous leurs habitans. i B Ffa Troifième 220 Mr. P. HusEn's Obfervations Troifiéme caractere, Jes Antennes. Les antennes des Bourdons font compofées de plufeurs articles, dont le premier eft fort long, le fecond trés court, tous les autres co- niques excepté le dernier, qui eft de la forme de la derniére articula- tion du doigt annulaire; ila peut-étre cette forme à caufe de fon ufage ; il paroit bien prouvé par les obfervations de mon S que les antennes font les organes du tact chez les Abeilles, et ja vu les Guépes, les Fourmis et les Bourdons s'en fervir d'une manière ana- logue. : Les antennes des males ont treize articles, elles font beaucoup plus longues que la téte de ces infeétes ; celles des femelles et des neutres font plus courtes en proportion; leur longueur n'excéde pas celle de la tête, et elles ne font compofées que de onze articles. Quatrième cara&ére, l? Abdomen. L’abdomen des femelles eft compofé de fix anneaux, , celui des mâles de fept. Les anneaux de l’ abdomen des mâles peuvent fe mouvoir avec une grande liberté ; c'eft furtout dans l'accouplement qu'on le remarque, parce qu'alors le male fe cramponne fur le corfelet de la femelle; et comme celle-ci eft beaucoup plus grande. que lui, l accouplement ne pourroit pas fe faire dans cette pofture, mais le male alonge fon corps de prés de trois lignes, il recourbe fon dernier anneau contre l'anus de la femelle, y fait entrer les parties qui lui font propres, et l'accou- plement s’opère. Dans cet a&e le mále ne perd pas les organes de la génération, et la vie méme, comme cela arrive au mâle dela Reine Abeille. Quand l'accouplement a. duré une demi-heure, les infectes fe féparent: le male eft quelquefois fi ardent qu il remonte fur fa femelle pour s'unir encore. Le on Humble-bees. d^ ar Le cinquième caractere eft tiré de la forme d'une des articulations des jambes poftérieures des Bourdons. La cinquième articulation des jambes poftérieures de femelles eft - d'une forme triangulaire, large ordinairement d'une ligne et demi à fon extrémité inférieure, et beaucoup plus étroite à l'autre extrémité; elle eft garnie tout autour de poils longs, forts, trés nombreux, et tournés en dehors ; elle eft deftinée à fervir de corbeille aux Bourdons lorfqu' ils vont fur les fleurs, faire leur récolte de pouffieres d'éta- mines, ils en ont une à chacune de leurs jambes de la troifiéme paire; ils les garniffent de ces pouflières à l'aide des pattes anté- rieures, et quand il les ont chargées l'une et l'autre également ils re- tournent à leur nid, où ces provifions font dépofées dans le magazin commun. La partie analogue dans les males eft moins longue pro- portionnellement, beaucoup moins élargie à fon extrémité convexe, & entourée de poils courts foibles et peu nombreux ; elle eft entiére- ment incapable de fervir aux mémes ufages, mais auffi les máles ne font-ils point chargés de la récolte du pollen. Sigiènie caractèr e, Jes Mandibules. Les Bourdons ont plutót des mandibules que des dents; car ils ne fe fervent que rarement de ces inftrumens pour fe nourrir, mais ils les employent à d’autres ufages, et leur forme nous fournira un ca- raétère nouveau pour diftinguer les mâles des femelles. Les mandibules ou les dents des Bourdons font ajuftées aux deux côtés du chaperon à la partie latérale de la tête; elles fe meuvent de droite à gauche, et de gauche à droite, mais jamais de haut en bas comme nos machoires : elles fe croifent au devant de la tête, à la- quelle elles donnent une forme triangulaire ; elles font quelquefois un peu repliées au deffous de la lèvre it eure. Celles des femelles ont une ligne de longueur ; elles font. prefque | en 2234 5 Mr. P. HUBER s Obfervations en forme de cuilliére, dentées à un bord, ftriées, arquées, et creufées intérieurement d'une maniére trés délicate. Les mandibules des males font plates & minces, arrondies, & légèrement enfourchées al’ extrémité, foibles et bordées fur le dos de barbes longues nombreufes, réunies en plufieurs faiffeaux, et toutes tournées dü cóté de l'extrémité des dents. Les mandibules des ouvrières font femblables à celles des femelles ; les unes et les autres font telles qu'elles doivent être pour couper et cifeler la cire, pour arracher la moufle et les brins d'herbes dont ces infe&es compofent le toit de leurs nids. Celles des males font trop foibles, trop embaraffées de poils, et pas afez tranchantes pour coupa la cire, et pour fervir aux mêmes ufages que celles des ouvrières Septième cara&tère, /a Trompe. La trompe des femelles eft plus longue que celle des males; la par- tie membraneufe ou charnue de cet Re m'a paru moins velue dans les mâles que dans les femelles. Les étuis écailleux de la trompe fervent quelquefois à écarter les obftacles qui fe préfentent à la recolte du miel, comme les étamines - et les piftils. de certaines fleurs; d'autrefois cet ufage fe fait remarquer d'une maniére plus frappante. -Je me fouviens d'avoir và de fort gros Bourdons effayer en vain de prendre le miel contenu dans des fleurs de féves; la groffeur de leur téte et celle de leur corfelet les empéchoit d'entrer affez avant dans les longs tubes de ces fleurs; mais ces infectes alloient droit au calice; ils le pergoient, ainfi que le tube, avec la partie écailleufe de leur trompe; la partie membra- neufe de cet inftrument, ou la trompe proprement dite, pénétroit alors jufqu'au fein de la fleur, y trouvoit les nectaires, et en enlevoit le miel dont ils étoient ie Ces infectes alloient ainfi de fleurs en fleurs perçant leurs tubes par dehors, et fuçant le neétaire, tan- à dis on Humble-bees, | 223 dis que d'autres Bourdons plus petits, ou dont les trompes étoient plus longues, entroient dans la corolle, pénétroient dans le tube, et attei- gnoient le miel fans la déchirer. Les femences contenues dans leur filique ne fouffroient point de la bleffure faite au calice et à la corolle de ces fleurs, et les fév es qui en provenoient ne paroiffoient pas différentes des autres fèves. J'ai vu des Bourdons de la méme efpéce ouvrir avec leurs dents les tubes de l’ancolie à leur bafe, & chercher de la méme manière le miel dans fes nectaires. Je joins ici une défcription particuliére de tous les Bourdons que j'ai trouvé dans les environs de Laufanne, et que j'ai pris dans leur nid; ils ont tous été peints d’après nature; je n'ai fuivi aucun ordre” dans la place que je leur ai donnée dans mes défcriptions ; elle étoit indifférente. CARACTERES SPECIFIQUES. ESPECE I.* Tas. XXV. Fig. I—3.- La FEMELLE. Sa téte, fon corfelet, & les trois premiers anneaux de fon abdomen font noirs; les trois derniers font écarlate; la broffe de fes jambes poftérieures eft dorée ; fes ailes font fans cou- leurs; le deffous de fon corps et de fon corielet eft noir. Fig. 1. Le MALE diffère de la femelle par deux mouchets, de poils. verds, l'un au deffus,. l'autre au devant de la téte; par une bande de poils . verds qui borde le corfelet du cóté de la téte, et qui paffe le long de fon cou jufqu'au deffous du corfelet, oà elle s'étend entre les jam- bes, & par une autre bande verte qui borde antérieurement l'ab- domen, Le deffous du corps, qui eft entierement verd ; les poils de iy Apis lapidaria Linn. + aoe a 224 — Mr. P. HusEn's Oëfervations Ja méme couleur qui bordent les premiéres articulations des jambes antérieures; les jambes poftérieures bordées de poils écailates, font encore autant de fignes auquels on peut recourir pour recon- noitre les máles entre les femelles et les ouvriéres; ils font d'un tiers plus petits que les femelles. Fig. 2. Ee L'ouvrierE, ou l'individu neutre, reffemb!e en petit à la femelle, mais fes pattes poftérieures ne font point dorées; la grandeur moyenne des ouvrières eft un peu inférieure à celle des mâles. Fig. 3. . OBsErRvATIONS. Ces Bourdons habitent fous terre à une plus grande profondeur que tous les autres; ils y font trés nombreux: ils fe logent cependant quelquefois à la furface du fol ; alors leur fa- mille eft au plus compofée d'une vingtaine d'individus; les femelles y naiffent plutót quc dans les nids profonds, & les males ont des cou- leurs moins vives: ieroit-ce une variété? Dans les uns et les autres ils naiffent plutôt que les femelles. | Ces Bourdons font communs dans les plains feches et fur les collines. TETTECE "IL Tas. XXV. Fig. 4—0 La FEMELLE. Sa tête eft noire; fon corfelet de la même cou- leur, mais ve dâtre antérieurement; l'abdomen noir; les quatre der- niers anneavx brun-rouges ; fon corps, fon corfelet font noirs en deffous; fes couleurs font moins vives que dans l'efpéce précé- . dente, fes ailes plus brunes, et fa taille inférieure. Fig. 4. Le Mate. a porte une couronne de poils verds fombres ou quelque- fois gris fur un torax noir; le premier anneau eft gris blanc, le fecond fauve, les cinq derniers bruns rouge; il diffère aufi de la femelle par le deflous de fon corps, qui eft couvert d'un duvet brun; on Humble-bees. — E 5 brun; par fes jambes poftérieures dorées, et pat fes ailes, qui font moins brunes. Fig. 5. NEUTRE. L’ouvrière diffère de la femelle par une petite couronne de poils d'un verd fombre et trés foncé fur le thorax: les trois 'pre- miers anneaux de l'abdomen font couleur de maron, les trois der- niers à peu près comme dans la femelle; le refte de même. Fig. 6. OssEnvATIONs. Ces Bourdons vivent fous terre. Les peuplades de cette efpéce que j'ai poffédé n'étoient pas confidérables; les mâles y nàquirent au commencement d’ Août, et les grandes femelles au commencement de Septembre. fIsspEkEÓde net TAB. XXV. F ig. 7—9. La FEMELLE. La tête et le corfelet font noirs: le corfelet porte une bande jaune antérieurement. Le premier anneau de l'ablomen eft noir, le fecond citron, le troifiéme noir, et les trois derniers blancs ; ; les ailes font fort brunes, la broffe eft dorée. Fig. 7. Le Mars reffemble parfaitement à à la femelle, à l'exception de fes pattes poftérieures, qui ne font point dorées ; il eft aufi beaucoup plus petit. Fig. 8. L'ouvriere. Ne diffère dela femelle que par | 'infériorité de fa taille, par le 4me anneau de fon corps, qui eft noir, et par fes pattes, qui ne font pas dorées. Fig. 9. OssERVATIONS. Ces Bourdons font fort communs fur les fleurs; ils font leurs nids en terre à la profondeur d'un pied ou d'un pied et demi ; la population de quelques-unes de leurs ruches peut aller à * Apis terreftris Linn. Vor. VI. Gp N ou 226 us Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations 2 ou 300 individus. Les mâles et les femelles paroiflent dans leurs nids au mois de Juillet. Cette efpéce de Bourdons eft remarquable par la grandeur, la force, l'a&ivité et la vigilance des femelles et des ouvrières. L’ouvrière repréfentée dans la figure a été choifie parmi les plus petites, pour faire voir combien elles peuvent étre petites quelquefois; leur taille ordinaire eft à peu prés celle du male dépeint. Ces infeétes volent avec rapidité « et avec grand bruit, à caufe de la largeur de leurs ailes, ESPECE Iv.* TAB XXV. Fig. 10—12. La FEMELLE. La téte noire; le thorax noir, chargé d'une couronne de poils jaunes interrompue à l'origine des ailes ; l'abdomen, dont le premier anneau, eft jaune, Je fecond et le troifiéme noirs, les . autres blancs, eft d'une forme étroite alongee; la broffe des jambes à poftericures eft dorée, les ailes trés-brunes. Cette femelle eft un peu moins grande que la précédente. Fig. ro. Le Mate reffemble à tous égards à à la femelle, excepté par fon der- nier anneau, qui eft noir, et par fes jambes non dorées; il eft auffi plus petit que la femelle. Fig. r1.t = L’ouvRIERE ne diffère de la femelle que par fes pattes nullement do- rées ; elle eft à- peu-prés de la taille du mâle. Fig. 12. _ OssERVATIONS. Ces Bourdons ainfi que les précédens ornent in- * Apis hortorum Linn. A. ruderata Fab. p Les trois demi-anneaux inférieurs, qui répondent aux trois demi-anneaux blancs du deffus de l'abdomen, font quelquefois j ses et les autres noirs; il n'en eft. pas ainfi de: (A femelle et de ouvrière. : finiment en Humble-bees. A u ay ñniment les prairies par l'éclat de leurs couleurs; ils volent avec bruit, et font fort attachés à leur peuplade: Celles-ci dou lópées en terre ;- elles font moins nombreufes et moins fortes que celles” du ferrefiris. Les mâles et les femelles naiffent à la fin du mois d'Aóut et au com- mencement de Septembre ; ils font cependant fort rares alors dans les prairies; les individus font prefque toujours de la grandeur de ceux que J'ai fait peindre. ESPECE V. Tas. XXV. Fig. 13—15. La FEMELLE. La tête eft ornée de touffes de poils d'un verd jaunà- tre tres pale, fur le front et fur le crane; le corfelet noir porte une couronne d'un verd jaunâtre, qui s'étend au deffous des -~ ailes et des jambes ; les deux premiers anneaux de l'abdomen font d'un blond cendré: le troifiéme eft noir; les trois der- niers font d'un roux clair, & bordés de poils jaunes. Cette fe- melle eft ordinairement plus petite que celles des efpéces précé- dentes. . Fi 1g. 13. Le Marr, plus petit que la femelle, n'en diffère que par les deux premiers anneaux de fon corps, qui font fauves. Fig. 14. L'ovvRIERE diffère de la femelle en ce que les deux premiers an- - neaux de fon abdomen font d'un verd clair; le troifiéme eft noir, et bordé de poils d’un verd foncé. —€— eft a peu A de la gran- deur du mâle, Fig. 15. : OBSERVATIONS. Le mile eft ordinairement plus gros qu'il n'eft repréfenté dans la figure. On trouve les males et les femelles aux mois d’Août et de Septembre. Leurs peuplades font enterrées à une - petite profondeur, et ne font pas trés confiderables. | Ses | PSPECE 228 /. Mr, P. Huser’s Olfervation: > ESP PECS VI.* Tas. XXV. Fig. 16—18. La FemeLLE. Dans cette efpèce la femelle eft plus petite que dans toutes les autres : elle a des poils jaunes fur le fommet de la tête, et blancs fur le front, une touffe de poils d'un jaune doré fur le thorax, et entre les jambes d'un jaune verdátre; le prémier anneau de l'abdomen eft d'un blanc jaunatre, les autres d'un verd pale et tirant fur le jaune; les pattes font couvertes de poils blanchátres, la broffe dorée, et les ailes fort brunes. Fig. 16. de Mate, a la tête comme la femelle; le corfelet à (peu pres fembla- ble, excepté qu'il eft moins doré au deffus, et que les poils des bords et du deffous font blancs; mais l'abdomen en différe beau- coup plus; le premier anneau eft blanchatre, le fecond et le troi- fième ont une nuance de verd; les quatrième et cinquième bru- niffent un peu; les derniers font d'un roux légèrement doré. Fig. 17. L'ovvnIiERE a la tête et le corfelet à peu près comme la femelle; les trois premiers anneaux font couverts de poils bruns; les trois der- : niers de poils d'un j jaune verdatre ; la broffet dorée. Fi ig. 18. OnsErRvarions Ces Bourdons ont été appellés par les natu- _raliftes Bourdons de la mouffe; en effet, on les trouve prefque tou- jours dans les prés, cachés fous un petit toit de mouffe, qui s'élève au - deffus du fol, de 5 à 6 pouces; leur nid eft cependant dans un petit creux. Leurs peuplades font peu nombreufes; ils font d'une hu- meur fort pecus l * Apis Mufcorum Linz. j ESPECE on Flanble-Bers, 229 ESPECE VII. La FEMELLE, Le corfelet eft noir, et bordé antérieurement d'une large bande jaune pale; les deux premiers anneaux font noirs, les 3me et 4me blancs, et les autres noirs. | i ws Le Mate. Son corfelet eft noir et bordé de verd; le premier an- neau de fon corps eft recouvert de poils noirs et verds; le fecond et le troifiéme font noirs ; les quatrième et cinquième font verds; les fixième et feptième font noirs bordés à l'éxtrémité de poils rouí- fâtres. Nors. Lors que je fis la défcription de ces deux infeétes, je ne fongeai point à la néceffité de décrire aufi l'ouvriére; je ne l'ai pas retrouvée depuis lors; je ne fis pas non plus deffiner les individus dé- crits, mais je n'ai pas cru devoir pour cela negliger de placer enfem- ble deux individus que j'ai vu accouplés, et qui font fi différens qu'on ne les croiroit pas de la méme famille. -ESPECE VII. Tas. XXV. Fig. 19—21. La FEMELLE. Le corfelet de cette femelle eft noir, bordé anté- _rieurement d'une bande verte foncée et trés diftinéte; fon corps … eft noir; les trois derniers anneaux font noirs, et bordés anté- rieurement de poils écarlates; fes ailes font noires, les jambes noires. Fig. 19. Le Mate a la tête noire; le corfelet noir, portant unc petite cou- ronne verte qui eft trés fenfible du coté de la tête; les trois pre- miers anneaux de fon corps font noirs, bordés antérieurement de poils . 230 - Mr..P. Huser’s Obfervaiions poils verds ; les quatre derniers font couleur d'or ; toutes fes pattes font dorées à l'extrémité, fes ailes font beaucoup moins brunes aw celles de la femelle. Fig. 20. : NS L'oUVRIERE roffemble parfaitement à celle de la première efpèce ; fes ailes font feulement un peu plus brunes; les pates ne font point dorées : elle diffère de la femelle en ce qu'elle n'a point de bande verte fur le 2 du thorax. Fig. 21. RTS pex femelle de cette efpèce eft d'une. TENE taille; fes écailles font d'un noir trés foncé ; le male eft le feul de tous les Bourdons ci-deffus dont toutes les jambes foient dorées; 1l diffère effentiellement de ceux de la première ct feconde efpèce à caufe des poils verds repandus fur fes trois premiers anneaux; ces infectes vivent fous terre, à la profondeur d’un pied. Les mâles et les fe- melles naiffent vers le milieu de juillet. Je pourrois aifément donner la cétcription d'un plus grand nom- bre d* eípéces; mais mon but n'étoit que d'indiquer la maniere dont ii feroit à défirer qu'on décrivit les infectes qui comptent parmi eux des | individus neutres et différens, comme quelques Abeilles, les Guépes, les Frelons, les Fourmis et d'autres Bourdons. J'ai cherché longtems des caractères qui puffent diftinguer les Bourdons entr'eux, et qui fuffent à l'abri des inconvéniens attachés aux couleurs et aux poils; mais j'ai été forcé de rccourir à ces mêmes poils, comme la feule partie de leur corps qui offrit quelque difference facile à {aifir. Des obfervations de trois années m'ont ap- pris que les caractères tirés des ol s étoient trés peu folides; et je crois devoir avertir les naturaliftes que les Bourdons gero leur éclat, . j| 4 | ` lufre et leur couleur: D Linn Lans. VI tab. 23. P-O on Humble-bves. ! 231 | comme les grands animaux. Les poils des Bourdons noirs et écar- lates paffent du noir au gris, de l'écarlate au jaune ou même au blanc; & les mâles, dont les couleurs font fi brillantes, les perdent en partie. Les Bourdons jaunes, blancs, et noirs deviennent quelque- fois noirs et blancs par l'affoibliflement graduel de la couleur des bandes jaunes dont ils font ornés. Un plus grand écueil encore pour les naturaliftes, c'eft là perte des poils mémes, qui pourroit les induire à prendre pour de nouvelles efpéces des individus feulement mutilés; car l'épaiffeur plus ou moins grande de ces poils, au travers defijuels on apperçoit d'autant mieux les écailles de l'animal qu'ils font plus rares, donne lieu à des nu- ances nouvelles, et qui m'ont quelquefois trompé, malgré les foins particuliers que j'ai mis à favoir les diftinguer. Ainfi, dans les Bourdons de la mouffe, leur corps d'un jaune verdi- tre devient brun au bout de quelque tems; d'autres Bourdons per- dent les poils de leur corfelet, et laiffent le difque fupérieur parfaite- ment à nud; quelquefois tous les poils de leur abdomen tombent, et l'on ne voit plus qu'un corps noir et écailleux, là où des belles bandes jaunes fe faifoient précédemment remarquer par leur éclat. Je conferve dans ma collection une femelle qui n'a plus que deux mouchets de poils rouges fur les derniers anneaux de fon abdomen ; elle eft d'ailleurs parfaitement rafe; jen ai vii d'autres entiérement depourvus de poils: la calvitie des Bourbons feroit encore bien plus | importante à reconnoitre, fi la forme de leur téte ne pouvoit offrir un caractére qui les diftingue des autres Abeilles. Ces infectes font fujets à divers accidens ; .quelques-uns d'entr'eux font remarquables par des mouchets de poils blancs placés irrégulière- ment fur leur abdomen, au milieu de leurs poils noirs; d’autres ont fur leur corps un mouchet de poils écarlates vraiment accidentels, car leurs petits ne participent point à ces irrégularités On. 3 _ trouve LA 232 : Mr. P. Huger’s Offervations trouve encore dans les nids des Bourdons des individus mutilés ; celui-ci vient de naître, et fes ailes, au lieu de fe développer, fe tordent et fe defféchent ; celui-la périt parceque fa trompe efi mal conftruite, et qu'il ne peut en faire ufage; un troifième eft forti de fes enve- loppes avant l'àge prefcrit par la nature; fes membres n'ont pas ' acquis toute leur confiftence; quelques parties des jambes font reftées blanches ainfi que les yeux; la trompe mal développée ne peut four- nir à l'infeste la nourriture dont il a befoin; il meurt. Jai remarqué un fait analogue chez les fourmis de plufieurs ` efpéces; leurs femelles naiffent ailées ainfi que leurs males; quelque tems après leurs amours les mâles périffent ; mais les femelles fub- fiftent, et toutes perdent leurs ailes trés peu de jours aprés; qu'on fouille alors leur nid jufqu'au fond, on ne trouvera pas un infe&e ailé; je ne fais pas exactement le nombre de jours au bout defquels elles font ainfi mutilées, mais je crois que ce n'eft pas plus d'un mois aprés l'accouplement *. et CHAPITRE II. De Cavités Souterraines dans lefquelles on trouve les Nids de Bourdon. LES Bourdons font des infe&tes ovipares; ils pondent leurs ceufs dans une cellule d'une cire particuliére, qu'ils conftruifent dans une cavité fouterraine ; il fort de ces œufs autant de petits vers; ils y font nourris et foignés par une mére qui veille dabord feule à leur fureté et à leur confervation ; ils groffiffent de jours en jours ; ils fe filent un coque de foie, ainfi que les vers des Abeilles ; quelques jours . leur fuffifent pour le transformer en nymphe; ils demeurent immo- .* Ce fait a été và par Mr. Latreille. S | s a = biles on Humble-bess. 0 Ah - biles jufqu’au moment où ils doivent déchirer toutes leurs enve- loppes, et fe montrer fur le nid comme les autres Bourdons ; alors leurs ailes fe déployent, tout leur corps eft femé de poils, qui pren- nent bientót les couleurs les plus variées ; ils commencent à aider leur mère dans fes travaux avec une addreffe qui ne le cède pas à la fenne. | 3 Je ne fais point fi Mr. de Réaumur a obfervé les Bourdons qui habitent les creux fouterrains; mais il n'a pas écrit l'hiftoire de ces infeétes, et l'on ne trouve rien dans fes mémoires fur la profondeur à laquelle ils fixent leur habitation, fur la forme et les dimenfions. de la cavité qui doit receler leur nid, ni fur les chemins qui y con- duifent; il dit feulement qu'il a và fort fouvent des femelles de Bourdons qui travailloient avec une grande adivité à creufer en terre des trous trés profonds; leurs dents détachoient des brins de terre; les premières jambes s'en faififfoient, et les pouffoient au devant des fecondes; celles de la troifième paire les recevoient à leur tour, et les pouffoient en arriére auffi loin qu'il leur étoit poffible. 1l paroit que ces femelles fondoient le terrain; elles auroient pro- bablement approfondi ces trous, et prolongé leurs galeries fouter- raines fi quelque obftacle ne s'y fut oppofé; mais celles qui les avoient ébauché avec beaucoup de travail, et qui y avoient employé plufieurs heures, les abandonnoient fans les percer au delà d'un pouce ou deux, et alloient en conftruire d'autres tout auprès, Mais Mr. de Réaumur ne les vit jamais prolonger ces galeries, ni commen- cer aucun nid dans l’efpace que plufieurs d 'entr'elles avoient creufé féparément fous fes yeux. On croiroit méme qu'il n'a pas foupçonné que certains Bourdons habitoient des cavités fouterraines ; fon obfer- vation, toute incomplette qu'elle eft, prouve que ces infectes ont été inftruits à creufer des fouterrains, et peut nous donner l'idée de la maniére dont ils les excavent. à Vor. VI. Hn Géoffroy 234 . Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations Géoffroy parle des Abeilles Bourdons dans fon Hiforre abrégée des lufe&ies ; voici ce qu'on lit à la page 404 du fecond volume de fes œuvres : | | ** C'eft fous la terre que travaillent les Bourdons, et furtout fous le gazons dont les racines liant la terre forment une voûte plus fo- ` Jide au fouterrain que pratiquent ces infeétes. On en voit un nom- bre confidérable voltiger fur les gazons; on n'a qu'à les fuivre, on appercevra un endroit où ils difparoiffent, et en regardant de prés on découvrira l'ouverture de leur habitation. S'ils ne font que la commencer, tous ces infectes feront occupés à fouir la terre et à tranfporter dehors les molécules qu'ils en détachent. Les trous qu’ils pratiquent font vaítes et fpacieux, aufli beaucoup d'infectes fe met- tent-ils à louvrage, car ces Abeilles vivent en fociété comme les Abeilles domeftiques." * Les Bourdons que j'ai obfervé habitoient auffi fous terre; on trou- voit leur nid à la profondeur d'un ou deux pieds; le chemin qui y conduifoit étoit quelquefois long et tortueux; le nid étoit dans une cavité affez confidérable, d'une forme voutée, plus large que haute ; elle étoit tapiffée de feuilles dans le fond, et le gateau étoit pofé déli- catement fur un lit de cette matière. - Quelquefois les femelles de ces Bourdons qui habitent fous terre établiffent leur nid à la furface du terrain; elles le font dans un petit creux tout ouvert par deflus ; elles favent le couvrir avec de la moufle, et font inftruites à le tapiffer en dedans avec de la même matière; ce n'eft cependant pas là leur logement naturel, car leurs familles y font nombreufes, tandis qu'elles le font beaucoup plus, lorfqu’elles Tes: fixent dans des cavités dont l'abord eft plus difficile pour les in- fectes qu'elles ont à craindre; leurs petits y font aufi moins à l'abri des injures du tems, et de toute efpéce d'accidens. | lave F on Humble-bees. | 235 lues ZR (P la For ation de la Cavité fouterraitie gue les Bourdons habitent ordinairement. L'excavation de cette cavité fouterraine et du chemin qui y con- duit, n'eft point, comme le penfoit Géoffroy, le réfultat du travail de toute une famille de Bourdons; le nid lui-même n’eft pas l’ ouvrage d'un peuple nombreux. Une femelle folitaire a choifi et préparé ce logement au com- mencement du printems; elle a pofé les fondemens des gâteaux, et elle n’a pô être aidée dans fon travail, que lorfque fes petits parvenus à l’état de perfection. | Je wai point và de quelle manière elle creufoit le chemin qui aboutit à fon nid; je ne fais pas mieux comment elle forme la voûte fous laquelle elle a établi les fondemens de fes gâteaux. On ignore méme fi elle creufe toujours cette voûte, ou fi elle ne profite point dans certaines occafions de quelques trous faits par des taupes, ou par d'autres animaux; le hazard feul peut mettre fous les yeux de l'obfervateur une femelle creufant la galerie qui doit conduire à fon nid. Il ne feroit peut-étre pas impoffible d'obliger une femelle de Bour- don à travailler en terre. On lui donneroit pour habitation un cabinet bien expofé au foleil, et fermé de toutes parts. On mettroit à fa portée des vafes de fleurs, où elle pourroit fe cueillir, comme dans un parterre, tous les ingrédiens. néceffeires à l'exécution de fes travaux; elle trouveroit dans les vafes une terre facile à miner; on la verroit peut-être commencer à efcaver la gale- rie dont j'ai parlé: après avoir fuivi ce travail, on ne trouveroit pas de difficulté à concevoir comment elle prépare, comment clle évide ]a cavité fouterraine. = Si elle fe refufoit à miner la terre, on pourroit effayer de lui pré- H h 2 Fee parer 236 Mr. P. Huzer’s Obfervations parer quelques trous femblables à ceux des taupes: ce ne feroit pas à la vérité le moyen de voir comment elle creufe fon logement; mais . fi elle profitoit de ces trous, on pourroit foupconner que dans l'état . naturel elle fe fert auffi quelquefois des cavités qu'elle trouve toutes faites, et qu'elle eft difpenfée de la peine de les creufer. Quelques obfervations viendroient alors appuyer le jugement du naturaliíte. Il fauroit qu'on voit dés le commencement d'Avril les femelles de Bourdon$ errer cà et là dans les prairies, entrer dans tous les trous qu'elles appergoivent, les uns aprés les autres, comme pour choifir celui qui leur conviendra le mieux. . Elles font ce manége pendant tout le courant de ce mois; elles femblent alors plus inquietes de trouver des cavités fouterraines qu'occupées à chercher du miel fur les fleurs. J’aurois défiré pouvoir raconter de quelle maniére les jeunes fe- melles pofent les fondemens de leurs gâteaux, comment elles élé- vent leurs petits dans la folitude, et quel eft leur genre de vie’ pen- _dant le tems où elles font ifolées; mais ce n'eft que du hazard, comme je l'ai dit, que l'on doit attendre l'occafion de voir ce qui fe paffe alors dans un nid de Bourdons; à quel figne pourroit-on en effet reconnoitre l'exiftence d'une cavité fouterraine à à laquelle on n'aboutit qu'au moyen d'un canal étroit, tortueux, et plus ou moins long, loríqu'aucun de fes habitans ne voltige à Pentour de fon - ' entrée. i Je ne perds point l'efpérance de le voir un jour; mais en atten- dant j je mé permettrai quelques conjectures qui font fondées fur mes obfervations ; et afin qv 'on puiffe juger de leur vraifemblance, j'ex- poferai ici ce que j'ai và dans les nids de Bourdons, pris au mois de Juin au fond de leur cavité fouterraine, « et placés enfuite fous des cloches de Verre. — | f CHAPITRE «com Humble-beety. | i 237 CHAPITRE HI: Défeription des Nids des Bourdons qui vivent fous Terre. LES Bourdons dont Monfieur de Réaumur a écrit l'hiftoire, ne font pas exactement de la méme efpéce que ceux dont je me fuis oc- cupé. Les prémiers habitent prefque à la furface de la terre, et con- ftruifent leur nid avec dela mouffe, comme cet obfervateur le décrit dans fon mémoire. Ceux qui m'ont occupé pendant l'été dernier habitoient quelquefois à un ou deux piedsau deffous de la furface du fol; un long canal oblique ou perpendiculaire au terrain, fervoit de galerie aux Bourdons qui revenoient au nid. Ce conduit pouvoit avoir un demi-pouce de diamétre; il étoit cylindrique, quelquefois jonché de feuilles séches et de menu foin; c'eft au milieu de ces matériaux qu'on trouvoit le nid des Bourdons, recouvert d'une calotte de cire, qui s'élevoit d'abord comme un mur autour du nid, et qui s'arron- diffoit par deffus en fuivant les gâteaux à la diftance de 4 à 5 lignes. SAN. XXVI. Ept. Après avoir enlevé cette enveloppe de cire, on étoit frappé de lap- parente grofliereté de louvrage qu'elle renfermoit ; c'étoient des maffes de corps ovoides d'un jaune plus ou moins pâle et d'une grof- feur différente ; les uns avoient 6 lignes de longueur et 4 de largeur, - les autres en avoient 4 dans leur plus grande dimenfion, et 25 dans la plus petite; leur plus grand diamétre étoit ordinairement vertical. Si Pon obfervoit avec plus d'attention on découvroit qu'un petit nombre de ces corps ovoides formoient, en fe réuniffant, un groupe dont toutes les parties étoient folidement liées enfemble ; que les corps oblongs qui occupoient le milieu de ces groupes étoient plus élevés que ceux qui les entouroient, et que ceux-ci dominoient en- core ceux qui formoient un troifième rang, res On ne voyoit la plûpart du tems que le fommet de ces | corps ovoides,. 258 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervation: ovoides, parceque leurs bafes étoient cachées dans le centre du groupe. Tas, XXVI. Fig. 2. Les dimenfions ordinaires d'un groupe étoient d'un pouce et demi dans fa hauteuret de deux dans fa largeur. Un certain nombre de ces groupes à peu prés femblables, placés les uns à côté des autres, dans un plan horizontal, et unis légèrement enfemble par de petits liens de cire, formoient un efpèce de gâteau, dont le deffus étoit convexe, et le deflous légèrement concave. Plufieurs gâteaux de ce genre étoient pofés les uns au deffus des autres ; l'irrégularité de leurs furfaces, et les vides que laiffoient en- treux les corps ovoïdes dont il a été parlé, permettoient aux Bour- dons de les parcouriren tout tems. Chacun de ces gâteaux étoit . fupporté par les fommités les plus élevées des corps oblongs de l'étage inférieur; ils étoient outre celà liés enfemble par des pilliers de cire longs de 2 ou 3 lignes, qui alloient d'un étage à l'autre, et qui étoient moins épais dans leur milieu qu'ils ne l'étoient à leur bafe et à leur fomimet. + Les corps ovoides qui formoient la maffe des gâteaux n 'étoient autre chofe que des coques d’une foie forte et bien collée: elles con- tenoient des Bourdons dans l'état de nymphe, ou des larves prêtes à fe transformer (Tas. XXVII. Fig. 1. a & b.); toutes les coques des gâteaux inférieurs étoient ouvertes et tronquées à leur ex- trémité fupérieure, parceque les nymphes qui les avoient hae bitées s'étoient transformées en Bourdons, et s'étoient fait une ou- verture au fommet de la coque pour jouir de leur liberté, tandis que les coques du gateau fupérieur étoient encore fermées, et confervoient. de la forme ovoide qui leur appartenoit. EX narquoit au detlus du gâteau fupérieur des Rae de cire n e arrondie et trés irrégulière. Ces. mafies de cire diffé- | roient beaucoup. par leurs dimenfions ; les plus apparentes avoient un ge et un quart de diamètre, far cinq ou fix lignes de hauteur; on era | en Linn. Trans.VI tab. 20 7e. 238. on Humble~Lees. 239 3 en voyoit de moins grofles, les plus petites n'avoient que 3 ou4 lignes de largeur; leur forme étoit ordinairement celle d’un fphé- roide applati; quelquefois on trouvoit dans ces maffifs une grande quantité de pouffiére d'étamines humectée avec du miel. On dé- couvroit au milieu de cette pâtée un grand nombre de petits vers qui paroiffoient s'en nourrir; car la cire qui formoit ces maflifs n'étoit point deftinée à leur nourriture, comme le penfoient Swammer- dam et Réaumur, mais à les préferver du froid, de l'humidité, et des accidens. i Il ne faut pas confondre ces logemens habités par plufieurs indi- vidus, avec d'autres logemens également couverts de cire à l'exté- rieur, et d'une forme à peu prés femblable, mais dont l'intérieur étoit tapiffé d'une foie trés délicate. Ces coques ovoides dont nous avons déjà parlé ne font habitées que par le ver qui les a filés (Tas. XXVII. fig. 1. a): on trouvoit apres cela un affez grand nombre de petits vafes remplis de miel dans tous les coins, et furtout au milieu du gateau. Jai trouvé, comme Mr. de Réaumur, trois fortes de mouches dans ces nids ; des femelles, des mâles, et des ouvrières neutres. Les jeunes femelles ne paroiffoient qu'à la fin de Juillet et dans le courant des mois d'Aoüt et de Septembre ; elles étoient beaucoup plus grandes que les autres mouches; leur couleur étoit quelque- fois la méme que celle des ouvrieres, d'autres fois elles en ient beaucoup. | h- On ne trouvoit qu'une femelle au printems ; c'étoit . da mère, comme je m'en fuis affuré en la voyant pondre plus d'une fois. E- Toutes les ouvrières n'étoient pas aufli neutres que Mr. de Réau- mur le croyoit, et les males ne travallloient point, quoique cet obfer- vateur l’ait prétendu ; je montrerai cependant qu'ils ont um. d'une utilité pour la chofe commune. J'ai obfervé plufieurs efpéces de Bourdons ; leurs mœurs. ne waa — féroient 240 pub UMP. P. HUBER’ Obfervations féroient pas effentiellement ; j'ai même fuivi ceux qui faifoient des toits de mouffe au-deflus de leur nid; ils ne fe conduifoient pas dif- féremment dans l'intérieur de leur habitatiot que les Bourdons qui vivoient à une plus grande profondeur. Aprés avoir donné une idée générale des nids de Bourdons, jet fayerai de décrire les particularités les plus importantes de leur hi- ftoire; et comme c'eft dans des cellules d'une cire particulière que naiffent les Bourdons, je parlerai dabord de la matière dont elles font compofées. CHAPITRE IV. De fa Cire des Bourdons. ‘Monsieur DE ReaumuR parle de la cire des Bourdons qui habi- tent à la furface de la terre, lors qu'il décrit les toits de mouffe dont leurs nids font recouverts; il dit que les Bourdons mettent un enduit . de cette matière fur toute la furface de l'intérieur de ces toits; qu'ils y font dabord un efpéce de plafond, de cire brute, et qu'ils en re- couvrent -enfuite toutes les parois; il ajoute que la couche de cette matiére n’a environ qu’une épaifleur double de celle d’une feuille de papier, qu'elle eft impénétrable à l'eau, et qu'elle contribue à la folidité de l'édifice, en liant enfemble les brins de moufle dont le toit eft compofe. is o) . Monfieur de Réaumur, occupé de l'hiftoire générale | des infeétes, n’a donné aux Bourdons qu'une attention gia hed auffi ce grand naturalifte nous a-t-il laiffé bien des queftions à réfoudre, et des points à éclaircir; je me trouverai heureux fi l'on veut bien on regarder mes obfervations comme un fupplément à fon travail. 3 La on Humble-bees. | 241 | La cire des Bourdons eft la première pierre de Pédifice; elle eft le bergeau de toute la peuplade, le ciment de tous les gáteaux, la feule matière que ces infeétes puiffent pétrir, la feule edi qu'ils fachent manier. . Cette matière dont ils favent faire un toit pour garantir xe nid des eaux qui pourroient filtrerau travers de la terre, et dont ils font des. vafes propres à retenir leur miel, n'eft cependant point fi déli- sate, fi blanche, fi ferme ét fi fufible, que celle des Abeilles; elle n'eft point propre a des travaux aufli délicats. Il ne s'agit point de conftruire un double rang de cellules héxa- gones, à fonds pyramidaux; il ne s'agit point de donner certaines méfures aux logemens des individus de fexes différens, comme chez les Mouches à miel; tous les travaux devoient étre plus fimples chez les Bourdons. | Il falloit élever une famille plus ou moins Pinna d'infectes, affez femblables aux Abeilles ; leurs goûts, leurs befoins, étoient les mêmes; la nature a cependant voulu qu'ils parvinflent aux mémes fins par des moyens différens. .Si chez les Bourdons le nombre des ouvriéres eft plus pent qu’ al ne l'eft chez les Abeilles communes, f les matériaux qu’ils em font plus groffiers, et. leurs ouvrages moins ‘délicats; l'on pourra cependant remarquer, que tout eft en proportion chez les infe&es qui nous femblent moins Ke de et iue le bien étre de la peu. nature et em Ie origine de. la erts il paroit méme, en plufieurs endroits, la, confondre. avec la pouffiére des étamines; fa couleur, fa con- fiftance, fes propriétés, en diffèrent cependant d'une manière fen- — able. -7 vm ibo amis a nobut Vor: VI. os Ii 242 Mr. P. HusBer’s Odjervations La cire des Bourdons que j'ai obfervé étoit brune, molle; et le pollen que ces infectes confervent dans leurs magazins eft ordi- nairement jaune, friable, et fe réduit en poudre-fous lesdoigts. On verra par l'analyfe que je joins ici, que ces matiéres différent encore à bien d'autres égards. Mr. de Réaumur croyoit fans fondement, que le pollen étoit une efpèce de cire drute, que les Abeilles favoient convertir en véritable cire; il avoit donné à la matière molle dont les Bourdons fe fervent dans leurs nids, le nom de cire; et jugeant ps analogie, il lui avoit attribué la même origine. T me fembla qu'on ne pouvoit adopter un tel fentiment, fans un examen plus approfondi; celt ce qui m 'engagea à "iip quelques recherches fur l'origine de la cire des Bourdons.- : - Le pollen fe convertiffoit-il en cire dans Peftomac des Bourdons? C'eft une queftion qui étoit facile à réfoudre. Je favois que les Bourdons pouvoient fe nourrir pendant quelque tems avec le pollen qu'on trouve dans leurs magazins. J’imaginai de les fevrer de miel; de leur donner autant de pollen que je pourrois m'en procurer; de les enfermer, et de leur donner un gâteau compofé de quelques coques, qui ne continflent pas de cire. Ce plan fut exécuté; les Bourdons n'en firent point de cire pendant tout le tems qu'ils ne furent nourris que de pollen. Je crus pouvoir conclure de là, que le pollen ne leur avoit fervi que de nourriture dans cette circonftance, et qu'il n'avoit pas été converti en cire dans leur eftomac. L'expérience fuivante, l'inverfe de la premiére, me prouva bien plus clairement encore, que la cire n'étoit pas du pollen préparé; Manos méme que le pollen n'entroit pour rien dans la compo- fition d cette matière; et que, ius xt aur Mr. de Menir on Hunblbes ^77 | 243 donnai aufh-un- petit gâteau de coqües dégarnies . de Cire ; je 5 fevrai de pollen, et je les nourris de miel. b _F'obfervai dés le fecond jour, que les coques avoient Pestis de couleur depuis la clôture des Bourdons. | 4 . Ces loges de foie, ordinairement d'un jaune clair, étoient devenues brunes au fommet, luifantes et gluantes; le lendemain je fus étonné de voir que Ja matière colorante avoit été enlevée de deffus les - coques de cire; et qu'elles étoient jaunes comme auparavant; mais le furlendemain je ígus ce qu'elle. étoit devenue,—je vis que les ^. Bourdons en avoient fait un pot à miel fur le bord du gâteau. Je trouvai le jour fuivant, que la femelle avoit. conftruit une cibus de cire neuve fur l'une des coques, et qu'elle y avoit dépofé des ceufs. La matière dont elle avoit été conftruite étoit parfaitement femblable à la cire ordinaire des Bourdons, excepté qu'elle étoit plus luifante, propriété qui tenoit peut-étre à ce qu'elle avoit été produite depuis peu: cette expérience m'apprit non feulement que le pollen n'entroit pas dans la compofition de la cire, mais elle me découvrit que le miel étoit la matière première de cette fubftance,. et Be fe convertiffoit en cire par l'effet d'une élaboration particulière. Mais étoit-ce la partie fucrée du miel, ou quelqu'autre principe, qui avoit produit dans le corps des Bourdons cette cire que isis trou- val fur leurs gâteaux ? | " is —H falloit une expérience. directe pour Tn décider; je HM | j yir repéter Ja précédente, et j'obtins le même réfultat. q -fimaginai de nourrir ces: mêmes Bourdons avec- lc: fucre hu- mecté; je leur donnai un autre ae gie ne contenoit aucune pas celle de cire. -= : Je les tins enfermés fous une eldelie de verre. Au bout de vingt- . quatre heures je vis diftinétement le’ deffus du gâteau teint en brun; je ramaffai avec la lame d'un canif la matière colorante; j'y reconnus - EI E bientot di 5 Mr. P. HUBER’ Obférvations à bientôt la cire comme la prémière fois; cette fubftance expolée au feu fur une lame de verre fe fondoit, et couloit un peu; elle bouillit bientôt aprés, et laifía échapper une odeur défagréable. Je conclus de cette dernière expérience, que la partie fucrée du miel fuffifoit pour mettre les Bourdons en état de produire c de la cire. $ . Je pavois pas encore vu de quelle manière les Bourdons pro- duifoient cette cire; je penfai dabord qu'elle fortoit par leur bouche, et que les Bourdons enduifoient de cire, ou peignoient les gateaux, «en fe fervant de leur langue comme d'un pinceau; mais avant de me laiffer perfuader par une. fimple conjecture, je cherchai à m'in- fruire de la vérité par de nouvelles obfervations. Je penfai que ces Bourdons feroient vraifemblablement de la cire, lors méme que je ne leur donnerois point de gâteau, Je plaçai une table devant ma fenêtre, à fin de voir au grand jour les moindres détails; je mis une feuille de papier parfaitement blanc fur cette table; je la couvris avec un récipient de verre, et j'en fermai fous la cloche un certain nombre de Bourdons d'une autre efpèce ; je les nourris avec du miel, que je leur donnai fur une carte, et je les obfervai. _ Les Bourdons fe rangérent en cercle autour de leur mangcoire; ils déployérent leur trompe, et print. avec cet phere tout le miel que je leur avois donné. cé pad ire Ils mangèrent pendant près Ss 10 ou I5 minutes; jen: vis | aom quelques-uns Íe mettre un peu fur le cóté, broffer leur ventre avec les pe de la feconde paire, fe frotter de même à l'endroit où les demi-anneaux fe rencontrent fur les côtés de leurs corps, et fe re- gos enfuite: ils faifoient alors paffer tour-à-tour les deux jambes qui venoient de broffer leur ventre entre les deux jambes de derrière, qui fe rapprochoient l'une de l'autre; et tandis que celles-ci fer- roient l’une de celles de la feconde paire, le Bourdon faifoit effort d. 4 | pour on Humble-bees. | 245 pour la retirer de l'efpéce de pince dans laquelle il l'avoit engagées par cette manœuvre bien fimple les jambes de la troifième paire enlevoient à celles de la feconde toute la ma ière qu’elles avoient- prife fur les anneaux. Tas. XXVII. Fig. 2. * Mais quand les jambes de la troifième paire étoient affez chargées de cette matière, il falloit aufi qu ‘elles s'en déguniia anb et c'étoit par ug autre moyen. Les Bourdons y parvenoient en les frottant du haut en bas affez rapidement: quand la matiére étoit arrivée à leur extrémité, ils la pouffoient fur le parquet. Ces Bourdons répétoient deux fois cette manceuvre. pour chacune des jambes broffantes. Dans cette opération on a vů les Bourdons frotter leur ventre avec les jambes de la feconde paire, puis les faire paffer fucceffivement deux fois entre celles de la troifieme, qui finiffoient par digofes fur le parquet la matière dont elles ayoient été chargées, | D'autres fois ils frottoient leur ventre avec les jambes de la troi- fième paire, et les faifoient paffer entre celles de la feconde; cette opération F'inverfe de la précédente avoit le méme réfultat, et les ; jambes de la feconde paire fe dépouilloient. enfuite, de la même manière, de tout ce qu'elles avoient pris à celles de la troifiéme. Tas. XXVII. Fig. 3. ! . Tous ces Bourdons firent plufieurs fois la méme manœuvre; et. quand j'en eus découvert le but, j'examinai avec beaucoup d’atten- tion la matiére que leurs jambes laiffoient aprés elles fur le papier. K- = C’étoit ordinairement des points noirs ou bruns, prefque | liqui mais qu'ón ne pouvoit examiner que loríqu'il y en avoit un certain nombre; alors, en les réunifiant fur la lame d'un couteau, on y re- -eonnoiffoit la méme matière que celle dont les Bourdons fe fervent pour faire des pots à miel; elle fe fondoit ainír que leur cire ordi- naire, et répandoit la méme odeur quand elle étoit expolée au feu, ' Ils en faifoient tous les jours une quantité aflez confidérableg m. 246 l Mr. P. HUBER’s Obfervations elle étoit bien petite, fi on la comparoit à la dofe de miel qu'ils con- fommoient; ils pouvoient en couvrir la moitié d'une carte en un jour; la couche étoit P: trés mince, mais elle devenoit graduellement plus épaiffe : ils me prouvérent enfin, que c'étoit leur véritable cire eu en conftruifant des pots à miel fous mes yeux. : -= L'apparition prefque inflantanée de la cire fur les anneaux des Bourdons qui venoient de manger du miel, étoit un fait trés re- marquable ; il m'importoit de le conftater ; je crus dabord néceffaire d'écarter une objection qui fe préfenta à mon efprit; on auroit pa croire que la matière cireufe n'avoit pas été produite inftantanément dans le corps des Bourdons que j'avois enfermés; et qu'elle avoit été élaborée par ces infectes, avant l’inftant de leur clôture, par . l'effet de la nourriture.qu’ils avoient pa choifir. Il y avoit un moyen bien fimple de vérifier ou de détruire cette conje&ure; il ne s'agif- foit que d'enfermer un grand nombre de Bourdons, et de leur don- ~~ ner du pollen, qui ne pouvoit que les nourrir fans les mettre en état de produire de la cire. S'ils avoient fait de la cire dans leur prifon, il auroit été i que l'élaboration de cette matière avoit été faite avant la clôtures fi, au contraire, ils n'avoient point fait de cire, la fuppofition d'une élaboration antérieure à la clôture auroit été détruite; j’aurois alors donné du miel à ces mémes Bourdons toujours i et j'aurois obfervé ce qui fe feroit paffe avec l'attention la plus fcrupuleufe: |. ; - Ce fut le 20 Juillet que je fis cette expérience; les Bourdons que j'avois fequeftrés et reduits au pollen pour toute nourriture, ne firent point de cire; un feul de ces infectes broffa une fois les côtés de fon ventre, mais fes jambes ne déposèrent rien fur le parquet de fa prifon. - Quand je me fus bien affuré qu'ils ne pouvoient faire de la cire, je leur donnai une abondante ration de miel; je vis alors la mère et les ouvrières broffer leur ventre, et dépofer furle parquet da matière qui avoit fuinté au travers de leurs anneaux : le réfultat al de Mt n on Humble-bees. 247 de cette expérience écartoit le doute que j’avois élevé, et il me parut démontré que la matiére cireufe n'étoit pas dans le corps des Bour- dons avant qu'ils euflent mangé du miel, et que fa production inftantanée étoit l'effet de cette nourritürc. Cette vérité fut pleinément confirmée dans la fuite par plufisuis obfecystigns | — L'une des plus remarquables fut, que des Bourdons, nourris quinze jours avec du miel feulement, firent affez de cire dans leur prifon pour pouvoir en conftruire deux 8 à miel, hs mes yeux. jui Une autre obfervation qui vient à l'appui de tout ce que j'ai avancé - jufqu'a préfent fur la cire, mérite aufli quelque place dans ce chapitre. J'avois enfermé une, douzaine de Bourdons fous une cloche de verre; je leur avois donné une portion de gáteau dépouillée de cire autant qu'il avoit été poffible, et j'avois réfolu de les nourrir de miel pendant quelques jours, pour confirmer une des VEDEDIEBCES pre- cédentes. Leur gâteau étoit compofé d une auras: Fe pagas de foie; ces loges qui contenoient des nymphes étoient tellement inégales, que le gâteau n'avoit aucune affiette; fa mobilité inquiétoit extrême- ment les Bourdons: s'ils avoient eu de la cire, ils n’auroient pas man= qué de l'affujettir ; ils ne pouvoient monter fur le gateau fans le faire pencher, et fans Je mettre en mouvement : cepen lant leur habitude, - ou plutôt leur affection pour les. nymphes _ que. contenoient. ces coques, exigeoit qu "ils fe tinffent fur le gâteau pour rechauffer les yos: : ils inventérent un expédient fi i ingénieux, pour | {olidifier ce gateau, que je ne puis réfifter à l'envie de le raconter. iiid : Ils fuppléèrent au défaut de la cire, en foutenant le gâteau à force de bras, comme on le voit daks la Tas. XXVII, Fig. 5. | ; (Qon 248 Mr. P. Hunsa's Obfervations - Quand ils appercevoient par le balancement du gàteau qu'il alloit punchiee de leur côté, ils defcendoient un peu fur fes bords, et fe tenolent fufpendus par les jambes de derrière au haut des coques, tandis qu'ils étendoient en embas les jambes de la feconde paire, qui font trés longues, comme on le voit (Tas. XXVII. Fig, 4). lis attendoient dans cette attitude, ique le mouvement du gâteau leur fit atteindre la table. Alors ils s'y cramponnoient avec les crochets de leurs pieds, comme dans la figure 5, et reftoient dans cette pofture jufqu'à ce qu'ils fuflent fatigués. D'autres Bourdons venoient alors les relever; Pie à la fois retenoient ainf le gâteau en fituation; ; la mère elle-même les aidoit dans ce travail extraordinaire : ce > manège dura deux ou trois jours; je le fis remarques à plufieurs onnes, qui le virent = que ad et qui n'en furent pas moins frappés. s Cependant le miel que je leur avois donné les avoit mis en état de produire de la cire; au bout de deux jours les coques étoient en- tièrement couvertes de matière brune et cireufe. Le troifième jour les Bourdons ne foutenoient prefque plus. leur gâteau ; ils avoient conftruits des pilliers de cire, qui partoient de ła table, pour aller foutenir celles des coques, dont la bafe étoit plus éloignée du plan ; ce qui les difpenfoit du travail EVA" T y ayois-admire les — jours précédens. + = | ee | cm Ces pilliers ne durérent pas longtems ; wW finirent par fe rompre: -. leur cire s'étoit féchée, et n'adhéroit plus avec la même force au plan. Les Bourdons eurent recours au même expédient, pour arrêter us Seprene: de leur gâteau ; E: recommencerent à le eugene avec tables où ài gus cS si ii | etu gus e: tus cux — Pobtervai - dans toutes ces expériences anis pr duiíoit be: coup plus de cire que les fimples OVER OY ui no Nr on Humble-bees. 219 Je vis dans d'autres occafions des måles que j'avois enfermé féparément, et nourris de miel, fe broffer les cótés comme les ou- vriéres; mais je ne pus examiner la matiére qu'ils laiffoient fur le parquet; ce fera le fujet de nouvelles obfervations. En réuniffant mes obfervations fur la cire je trouve, I. Que la cire et le pollen font deux matières effentiellement dif- férentes. 2. Que le pollen neft point la matière premiere de la cire. 3. Que des Bourdons nourris de miel feulement font de la cire. 4. Que c'eft la partie fucrée du miel qui produit la cire dans le eos ps de ces infectes. 5. Que cette cire fort de leur corps en trés petite quantité à la fois, et par les vides que laiffent entr'eux les anneaux écailleux dont le corps de ces infectes eft garni deffus et deffous. 6. Que leur cire fort de leur corps un inftant áprés qu'ils ont mangé du miel. 7. Que les femelles font une plus grande quantité de cire que les E individus. 8. Que les máles paroiffent en faire ainfi que les ouvriéres, et que les femelles; mais on vérra dans le chapitre fuivant que les ouvriéres et les femelles feulement ont été inftruites à l'employer à différens ufages. “ CHAPITRE V. - De la Manière dont les Bourdons enployent la Cire dans leurs ConftruGtions. VENONS tout de fuite au principal ufage dela cire; voyons ^comment on prépare au ver du Bourdon le logement et la nourri- Vor. VI. K k türe. 285 .- : Mr. P. HuBER’s Obfervations ture. Je fuppoferai dabord un nid femblable à celui que j'ai décrit dans le chapitre troifième; tel qu'on le trouvera au mois de Juin, peuplé d'un nombre de mouches affez confidérable, et pourvu d'une mère bien feconde; je fortirai le nid de la terre; je le mettrai au grand jour fur ma fenêtre; je le couvrirai d'un récipient, ou d'une cloche de verre; je laifferai aux Bourdons la liberté de fortir, au moyen d'une porte pratiquée dans la planche: fur laquelle j'aurai pofé leur nid; à la faveur de tous ces préparatifs je pourrai obferver et décrire ce que ‘aurai và. Mais le nid proprement dit eft encore caché à mes yeux par une calotte de cire, qui s'éléve tout autour des gáteaux, et qui vient fe former en voûte au deffus d'eux. Rien n’eft plus facile que d'enlever cette calotte, mais les Bour- dons la reconftruifent en peu de tems; ce n'eft cependant point un inconvénient, parceque la douceur de ces infectes permet toujours ; de la détruire. Au deffous de cette voûte on voit déjà deux rangs de gâteaux compoíés de coques oblongues, de mafñlifs de cire de différentes formes, et de plufieurs pots à micl. ; Le nid ne contient point encore de máles ni de jeunes femelles; on ne trouve fur les gateaux que des ouvrières, et la femelle qui leur a donné le jour. On voit fouvent cette mère, fort agitée, courir cà et là fur le nid, s' 'arréter fur un maffif de cire, ou fur un de ces pots à miel dont J'ai parle, enlever avec fes dents quelques parties de cire fur fon bord, puis fe remettre à courir; s'arréter au point de - réunion de trois coques, y dépofer le brin de cire qu’elle apportoit, et réitérer ce manége jufqu'à ce qu'elle ait élevé un petit tas, auquel elle puiffe donner une certaine forme. Elle ronge alors cette maffe de cire dans le milieu; elle fait paí- fer dans fa machoire les parcelles de matière qu'elle en retire; et les pofant fur le bord du creux, elle les pétrit avec fes dents, ainfi que ~~ celles "e! on Humble-bees. — 251" celles qu'elle y avoit laiffées; elle amincit les bords de la petite cavité, et en l'approfondiffant d'avantage elle donne plus de hauteur à fes parois; elle recule un peu, et travaille la matière qu'elle trouve fous fa machoire; elle recule encore; mais en tournant autour de fa cel- lule, car fa téte n'en quitte prefque jamais le bord, elle tourne ainfi à reculon jufqu'à ce qu'elle ait fait le tour du petit creux, qui prend déjà la forme du calice d'un gland, Cela fait, elle retourne cher- cher de la cire, qu'elle vient pofer fur le bord de la cellule; elle en apporte affez en deux ou trois fois pour élever fes bords de trois ou quatre lignes. On voit fouvent les ouvriéres l'aider dans ce travail, d'autres fois le faire en entier; tantót elles font plufieurs de ces cellules les unes a côté des autres; tantôt elles defont la parois qui les fépare pour n'en faire qu'une feule, plus large que les autres. . Mais dès que la cellule eft achevée la mère vient lui donner Ja derniére perfection ; elle en polit l'intérieur, en arrondit les contours, en épaiffit les parois et en relève les bords. C'eft 1a qu'elle doit dépofer fes oeufs; c'eft là que fes petits Dat. feront une partie de leur vie, qu'ils feront nourris jufqu'à ce qu'ils foient en état de voler. Mais aprés leur, avoir conftruit une deméure affez fpacieufe pour les premiers jours de leur vie, elle femble fonger auffi à leurs premiers befoins ; elle pourvoit d'avance à leur nourri- ture; elle va chercher du pollen dans ces pots, oü les Bourdons confervent qpelquefois des pouflières d'étamines, et qui font ordi- nairement deftinés à contenir leur miel. Elle revient et dépofe dans le fond de la cellule une épaiffe couche de pollen, mais elle l'étend - de manière à laiffer pour fes œufsle plus grand efpace poflible. Tandis que la femelle prépare un logement et des vivres pour fes petits, les ouvrières font occupées à divers travaux qui méritent d’être connus. Un certain nombre d’entr’elles conftruifent la voûte de cire qui recouvre les ‘gâteaux ; Ceft ordinairement à la bafe kka ee = des - 252 : Mr. P. Hoser’s Obfervatrons des coques antérieures qu'elles fixent l'origine de cette enveloppe; elles la commencent d'abord d'un feul cóté; elles attachent pour cela quelques parcelles de cire à plufieurs coques contigues; elles en apportent d'autres qu'elles placent entre les premiéres, ce qui forme une ligne plus ou moins courbe; cette ligne, fort étroite, eft la bafe de leur premier travail: elles vont enfuite chercher de la cire dans leur nid; et lorfqu’elles reviennent, on voit à leur bouche un petit. morceau de cette matiére, qu'elles pofent et qu'elles arrangent avec leurs dents fur les premiers brins. Leur nombre augmente, et l'on voit bientót s'élever un mur de cire plus haut dans fon milieu qu'à fes extrémités, et dont l'épaiffeur n'excéde pas un huitième de ligne : cependant le nombre des travailleufes eft affez grand pour que l'ouvrage avance à vue d'oeil, le mur s'éléve déjà au deffus des coques, d’autres ouvrières en-conftruifent de femblables de tous les côtés à la fois. Ils ont leurs bafes fixées fur le fond du nid fur les feuilles, ou même fur le terrain; ces murs font attachés aux coques des gâteaux, qui leur donnent toute la folidité dont cet ouvrage eft fufceptible. ; Tous ces murs font bientót joints enfemble par d'autres murs femblables, et conftruits de l’un à l'autre; on voit déjà un cintre irrégulier d'un posce de hauteur ou d'un pouce et demi autour des gâteaux. ; Jufqu’ici le travail des Bourdons avoit été vertical; leurs jambes antérieures et leur tête pofée fur le bord de l'enveloppe étoient occu- pées à augmenter fa hauteur, tandis que les pattes poftérieures étoient fixées fur les coques les plus voifines; on voyoit leurs antennes placées aux deux côtés du bord de la petite muraille, comme pour diriger le travail des dents; celles-ci placées de la même manière en arrière des antennes paitriffoient la nouvelle cire qu’elles ve- noient d'apporter, et qu'elles méloient avec la vieille: leur téte faifoit un petit mouvement en avant; les dents dépofoient alors une | petite - | on Humble-bees. eee 253 . petite bande de cire fur lé bord de cette enveloppe, et donnoit au tout une épaiffeur parfaitement égale. Les pattes antérieures fervoient, pour ainfi dire, de bras à ces in- feétes ; c'eft avec ces membres qu'ils tenoient en fituation le bord de cire qu'ils travailloient; leurs jambes de la feconde paire fervoient à les fupporter; ils les cramponnoient dans la cire, et cette attitude fembloit faciliter leurs diverfes manœuvres. A cette époque le travail devient horizontal; les Bourdons, au lieu d'ajouter de nouvelles bandes au deffus du bord de leur muraille, les entent un peu de côté, comme font les maffons lorfqu’ils com- mencent à conftruire le cintre d'une voûte; bientôt ils quittent entièrement le travail vertical, et font au deflus du nid un toit plus oa moins horizontal; on les voit fouvent alors à califourchon fur le bord de la voûte à laquelle ils fe cramponnent et fe fufpendent au moyen des crochets dont leurs pieds font munis. Ils font repréfentés dans cette attitude TAr. XXVI. Fig. 2. Les Bourdons travaillent alors de côté, mais c'eft avec la même dextérité que lorfqu'ils élèvent le mur qui eft la bafe de leur vóute; elle s'étend en tout fens avec une grande rapidité, et bientôt elle eft entiérement formée, tous les bords ont été joints enfemble, et les Bourdons n'ont laiffé que quelques ouvertures fort irréguliéres, deftinées à leur fervir de paflage. Ces infectes font véritablement alors fous une tente d'une toile de cire; elle eft foutenue en plufieurs endroits par de petits pilliers de forme irrégulière, qui partent de deffus les coques, et qui arrivent à la furface inférieure de la voûte. Un pouce quarré de cette toile de cire péfe à peu prés quatre grains; les plus grandes enveloppes que j'ai và avoient ordinairement quatre pouces quarrés, et pefoient par conféquent environ 64 grains. T enlevai un jour l'enveloppe d'un nid de Bourdons rouges et noirs, très peuplé, et au bout de deux jours ils en eurent conftruit une nouvelle qui pefoit 55° crains, elle pouvoit avoir 3 pouces 7, quarrés | | de 254. d Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations de furface: j'enlevai encore pluficurs fois leur enveloppe fans les. décourager; ils en firent quatre. en neuf jours; je les pefais, ct leur poids réuni montoit à 272 grains, ce qui équivaut à celui d'une toile de cette matiére qui auroit huit pouces quarrés de furface; ils en firent une nouvelle en 4 à 5 jours, qui pefa 93 grains. : Les Bourdons dans l'état de nature couvrent leurs nids de mouffe, et, comme Mr. de Réaumur l'avoit obfervé, ils la folidifient au moyen d'une couche de cire fort mince qu'ils conftruifent au deffous: mais lorfqu'on leur refufe les matériaux néceffaires, ou lorfque la nature les a placé trop loin de la mouffe et des brins d'herbe, ils favent s'en paler, et conftruifent leur toit en cire feulement comme je viens de lp4ucontmo ie = . Le hazard m'a fait découvrir un trait de leur induftrie que la nature ne meut certainement jamais offert. J’avois recouvert un nid de Bourdons avec une cloche de verre, comme je le fais ordi- `‘ nairement; les bords de la cloche ne pofoient pas exactement fur la table où elle étoit placée; H M avoit méme certains endroits ot le plateau étoit fi fort voilé, qu'un Bourdon auroit pà paffer fous les bords de la cloche avec la plus grande facilité. Je remplis les vuides avec de la toile groffiére; je la fis même entrer fort avant dans la cloche, afin de la fermer plus furement. La ruche étoit établie dans mon cabinet; un long canal vitré, adapté àla porte du nid, conduifoit les Bourdons hors de la fenétre par une ouverture que javois pratiquée dans le bois méme de la croifée, et au moyen de ces préparatifs je pouvois obferver fans riíquer d'étre piqué. Je vis bientót les Bourdons attaquer les morceaux de toile qui fermoient leur ruche; ils en arrachoient les fils les uns aprés les autres ; ils les cardoient avec leurs dents, et les coupoient aufli menus que des brins de coton ; ils réunifloient enfuite ces brins avec leurs jambes; _ ils en formoient des floccons qu'ils pouffoient derrière eux, à méfure qu'ils les avoient cardés. Plufieurs Bourdons étoient continuellement : | occupés oa Humble-bees, j 255 , occupés à ce travail, tandis que d'autres individus de la peuplade s'occupoient à pouffer avec leurs jambes ces petits monceaux de coton contre le nid méme; ils travaillérent à éfiler cette toile pendant prés d'un mois; ils en entourérent leur nid d'un tas épais au moins d'un pouce et demi en certains endroits, et qui s'élevoit jufqu'à la moitié de la hauteur du nid. Quand ils eurent éfilé une plus grande quantité de toile, ils en couvrirent entièrement I’ enveloppe, comme ils auroient fait avec de la moufle, et méme ils en firent entrer fous l'enveloppe une affez grande quantité pour fermer tous les vuides qu'elle pouvoit laiffer entre fon bord et celui du gâteau. : D'autres Bourdons déchirérent la couverture d'un livre dont j je m'étois fervi pour recouvrir la boëte où je les avois logé; ils coupè- rent ces lambeaux de papier en fort petits morceaux, qu'ils réunirent au deffus de l'enveloppe de leur nid. I] paroit donc que ces infeétes favent profiter en de certaines occafions des matériaux que la nature ne pourroit leur préfenter : on verra dans le chapitre dixiéme ce qui peut avoir donné lieu aux Bourdons de déployer un talent et un inftin& auffi extraordinaire. Si l'on met des morceaux de toile ou de papier dans une ruche d'Abeille, elles les déchirent avec leurs dents, et en emportent les débris hors de leur habitation. A quelle caufe pourroit-on attribuer cette différence de moeurs, entres des infeétes dont l'inftinét paroit fi raproché? Ne feroit-ce point que les Abeilles inftruites a déchirer, à enlever les tiffus de foie filés par les teignes dans l'intérieur de leurs gâteaux, prennent la toile et le papier pour l'ouvrage de leurs | ennemis? tandis que les Bourdons, fujets aux mêmes fléaux, ne favent point s'en défendre, et qu "ls n'enlévent jamais les galeries que les teignes ourdiffent dans leurs gateaux ? Les infectes qui vivent en fociété ont cela de commun avec. les hommes, = leur induftrie augmente en raifon de leur nombre. | Il femble qu'une grande population facilite les travaux de toute ' efpèce ; 256 Mr. P. HunEn's Obfervations efpéce; et c'eft dans les nids les plus peuplés qu'il faut obferver les ouvrages des infectes, pour connoitre le plus haut point de leur . induftrie. | i Jai obfervé plufieurs fois que les Bourdons de même efpéce n'exécutoient pas aufli bien les mêmes travaux lorfqu'ils étoient en petit nombre, que lorfque leurs nids avoient plus d'habitans. J'ai remarqué que ceux dont les familles étoient moins nombreufes ne doubloient point de cire leur toit de mouffe, comme le font ceux qui habitent des nids bien peuplés; les premiers n'allongeoient pas . leurs pots à miel, tandis que le befoin forgoit les autres à ufer de cet _ artifice. xu E - left cependant vrai, que pour commencer des obfervations il vaut mieux fe contenter des familles les moins confidérables ; elles font plus faciles à examiner, le tableau en eft moins confus, et l'on y peut fuivre plus exactement les principaux traits de leur hiftoire; mais fi l'on défire de connoitre un plus grand nombre de faits, il ne faut plus s'en tenir aux ébauches de la nature, il faut chercher des détails nouveaux dans des nids bien peuplés. C’eft là qu'on pourra rectifier fes erreurs, et qu’aprés avoir généralifé fes idées, il fera aifé de les reduire à de juftes bornes. CHAPITRE VI. De la Ponte. LORSQUE la femelle a achevé la cellule qui doit recevoir fes ceufs, elle fe met à pondre; mais elle effaie auparavant fi le bout de fon corps peut y entrer: quand elle la trouve trop étroite, elle en fort et revient l’aggrandir ; elle effaie une feconde fois, et fi E les on Humble-bees. | 2 oS D 4 les dimenfions de la capfule ne font pas exactement celles qui con- viennent au bout de fon ventre, elle évafe plus ou moins les bords del'alvéole; elle réuffit enfin, à leur donner une mefure exacte, et en la voit alors s'établir fur la cellule. - . Cependant elle fait de vains efforts pour pondre, les lèvres de fon anus ne s'ouvrent pas aflez pour laiffer fortir fes œufs ; mais elle a été inftruite à faire ufage d’un inftrument qui favorife fes efforts, et dont j jai longtems ignoré l'utilité. Cet inftrument eft l'aiguillon dont le bout de fon corps eft armé, et dont elle ne fe fert prefque Jamais comme d'une arme: Yffen five. — L'aiguillon chez ces infe&tes n'a d'autre iffue que lanus, et cet anus eft compofé de deux lèvres horizontales, qui s'ouvrent et fe ferment Pune fur Pautre. Loríque la femelle eft établie fur l’alvéole, et qu'elle eft réte à pondre, elle entr'ouvre avec effort les lèvres de fon anus, en fait fortir fon aiguillon, et le pouffant fortement en arrière, elle l'enfonce dans . le bord de la cellule, qu'elle perce de part en part; la lévre fupéri- eure de l'anus fe trouve donc prife entre l'aiguillon et le bord de l'alvéole; fes pattes poftérieures embraffent en méme tems la cellule, et preffent contre l'aiguillon la cire molle dont elle eft formée: au moyen de cette dernière opération elle y tient affez fortement. Voyez Tas. XXVII. Fig. 6. Si j'ofois donner une explication de ce fait, voici ce que je dirois: Les lévres de l'anus ont une. tendance naturelle à fe rapprocher; il faut une force extraordinaire pour rompre cette force mufculaire ; l'effort fe fait du dedans au dehors; et fi quelques mufcles irillent dans ce fens en cette occafion, il leur faut un point d'appui, pour que l'anus puifie s'ouvrir; il faut que fes lèvres ne fe fuivent pas lune l’autre; mais elles fe fuivront, tant que l'une des deux ne E pas bile que les derniers anneaux du ventre de as femelle: Mais où toit Vos. VI. LI cette 2:8 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations ectte pince? ou feroit ce point d'appui? La nature a inftruite les femelles des Bourdons à le chercher fur les bords de la cellule qui doit recevoir leurs œufs, à engager la lèvre fupérieure de l'anus entre la cire de l'alvéole et leur propre aiguillon ; et à former ainfi une efpéce de pince, qui en leur donnant une afliette convenable force leur anus de refter entr'ouvert, et facilite leur accouchement. Loríque les femelles fe font fixées fur leur cellule, comme je be de le = elles pondent fix. ou fept œufs de fuite; fans ch anger at mb d'une ponte de ce genre chez les Abeilles ct chez les Guépes. Les infeétes qui diffèrent encore plus des Boudis leur reffem- bleroient-ils ? à cet égard? Cela neft pas vraifemblable; il exifte une variété infinie dans toutes les opérations de la Nature, et plus les elafles font differentes, moins les détails fe rapprochent. Les ceufs des Bourdons font d'une ligne de longueur, un peu re- courbés, et plus gros à un bout quà l'autre. Ilsparoiffent au microfcope en quelque forte femblables à du cha- grin; ils font d'une couleur laiteufe et remplis de liqueur. Swammerdam dit que ces oeufs font plantés dans la cire de leur cellule par leur bout le plus pointu ; ce fait n'a pas été confirmé par mes obfervations; j'ai toujours trouvé les œufs de Bourdons couchés les uns à côté des autres; ou les uns fur les autres, fans aucun ordre ; la geienptren qu "il en a donnée eft d'ailleurs exactement conforme à cc que j yal vů | À peine la femelle a-t-elle achevé de pondre, qu’elle fonge à ren- fermer fes œufs ; elle rabat fur eux les bords de leur petite jore: elle va ramaffer fur. des. coques de foie et: fur les pots à miel une fuffi- fante quantité de ciré, pour enfermer fes petits; elle remplit avec le plus grand foin les moindres interfiices; elle achéve ainfi la cloifon- fupericure de leur logement, et fe couche fur la — en remuant 6 tres : ois | Humble ees. | DES trés vivement le bout de fon corps au deffus de leur berceau, comine fi elle vouloit les couver; clle refte quelquefois vingt minutes fur la cellule; elle la quitte pour quelques inftans, et y revient bientôt après. Faire une cellule, la garnir de pollen, pondre des œufs, les ren- fermer—voilà bien des opérations—elles font faites en une demi- heure: fi l'on s'étonne de cette rapidité, l'on ne fera pas moins fur- pris dela caufe qui oblige cette mére à fe báter fi fort. Au moment où fes œufs font pondus, et lorfqu'elle commence à les renfermer, on voit les ouvrières fe précipiter fur leur cellule, et eflayer d'en dérober quelques-uns; elles attaquent même ces œufs, lorfque la mère eft occupée à les pondre; mais celle-ci a donné de fi exa&es dimenfions aux bords de l’alvéole, que les ouvrières ne reuffüffent point à les enlever pendant qu'elle refte. fut la cellule; ces ouvrières harcellent cependant de telle manière l'extrémité de fon ventre, qu'elle fe retourne en Lae à et ks pourfuit jufqu' au bas du nid, battant des ailes. - j D'autres Bourdons profitent du moment où la mie s "et écartée ils viennent fur la cellule avec les mêmes fignes d’avidité, et en tirent à la dérobée un œuf, dont ils boivent le fuc laiteux, et dont ils rejettent la coquille, qui n'eft qu'une membrane tranfparente. - ... Quand la femelle revient pondre de nouveaux œufs, et qu'elle voit les Bourdons dévorer ceux qu'elle a déjà pondu, elle leur tombe deffus à coups de dents, les pourfuit au fond du nid, et chafíc tous ceux qui veulent approcher de fa cellule; jamais le voleur n'é- prouve d' autres effets de fa colére; elle ne fe fert point contre lui de fon aiguillon; car, individus pour individus, ils font tous égaux pour la nature, et celui qui eft déjà parvenu à l'é état de perfection vaut à fes yeux celui qui ne fait que de naître. Lors même que ces œufs font fermés ils ne font point à l'abri de la gourmandife des ouvrières s. elles favent entr'ouvrir la cellule, et Lie MUT 260 Mr. P, Huser’s Obfervations attaquer fes habitans; la furveillance de la mére peut feule les en garantir. ' Celle-ci fait alors la garde autour de fes petits, avec une vigi- lance étonnante, pendant fix ou huit heures. Il paroit que les vieux ceufs font moins recherchés des ouvriéres que ceux qui font nouvellement pondus ; en effet, jai rarement. và les ouvriéres les attaquer le fecond jour. | J'effayai une fois de leur offrir de vieux œufs, au moment où elles attaquoient les seu elles renfermèrent ARRA ACH les pre- miers, fans tenter de s'en nourrir. Que penfer de la Nature, quand elle femble donner aux infectes la faculté de détruire leur propre efpèce, lorfqu’elle permet aux Abeilles de tuer leurs mâles, et qu'elle laiffe aux Bourdons le droit et r envie de dévorer les œufs nouvellement pondus ? Ne fembleroit-il pas naturel d'en conclure, qu'elle veut ré une déftruétion totale? Cependant les efpèces fe confervent, les familles fe multiplient, les loix ne font point changées; et il paroit au contraire, que c'eft par le facrifice de quelques individus que la confervation de l’efpéce eft affurée. Des obfervations particulières nous apprennent, que les Abeilles ne tuent leurs mâles que lorfqu'ils font devenus inutiles à leur peuplade; ils confommeroient une ande jartie des provifions, - dont les Abeilles ont befoin pour fe nou rir pendant. l'hiver; et la Nature a préféré la confervation des individus induftrieux, à celle des miles qui ne font plus d'aucun fervice aprés le tems de la fécondation. Quand au pillage des œufs de Bourdons, il faut en chercher Ja caufe plus loin. : Il ne paroit, d'aucune utilité à la peuplade méme ; car res œufs qui | font ex D à da copied des ouvrières font auff bien des œufs Mais in Étemble- Bees. A . Mais peut-être l'Auteur de la nature a-t-il voulu diminuer par. > le nombre des mellivores. ait Les Bourdons font les plus grande des infcétes qui fe rionrriffent de miel; et fi leur nombre étoit triple et quadruple, d’autres infeétes ne trouveroient plus de RE SE et peine leur. ri feroits elle détruite. = 2 ! ; Cet argument prendra plus de force fi l'on remarque avec quel foin la Nature a mis des entraves à la trop grande population des Bour- dons. Ces infe&tes ont plufieurs fortes d'ennemis; entr’autres une efpèce de fauffe teigne, etun gros ver blanc, qui fe nourriffent de leur - cire, de leurs nymphes, et d'eux-mêmes quelquefois ; ils font m&me chargés d'une nombreufe famille de poux, qui s'attachént à leur coríelet, et qu'ils emportent avec eux dans les airs, ~ € dcn prp bh ans ER e m au doo Lut zd a ux | CHAPITRE VII. Des. Ve ers de Bourdons, et de la Manière dont ils fe nourri [ente 2) : -SWAMMERDAM n'ignoroit pas que les Guépes donnent Ta bé- quée à leurs petits ; que ceux de l'Abeille maçonne fe trouvnt en- tourés, au fortir de l’œuf, des alimens que leur mère a préparé ; il favoit enfin, que les Mouches à miel: préparent une bouillie patte I lière; qu'elles la mettent dans les cellules qui fervent de berceau à . leurs petits ; qu ibtd: les Eoria jour à jour; et, ce qui eft pter re marquable, qu’elles proportionnent la quantité et da - am de. cet: aliment à l’âge et au fé de chaque individu. «© "y 23 Il paroit qu'il n'avoit pas obfervé les mœurs et I’ (idüfirie desi Bourdons ; rejettant les lumières que l'analogie pouvoit lui offrir, i veut que les petits de ces infeétes fe nourriffent de la matière mt dont leurs berceaux font compofes. BREN US 262 Mr. P. Huser’s Qfervatient _ Je fais toutice qu'on doit. de. confiance aux lumières de ce:grand anatomifte; mais il ne parle point ici d'après. fes propres obfervas tions, et je me trouve heureux de n'avoir à combattre qu'une con- jecture, à laquelle il n'attachoit pas un grand pulsus + Le fimple récit des faits prouvera, je l'efpére, que les vers de rt. dons ne fe nourriffent point comme ceux qui babitent nos fruits; qu'ils ne mangent pas Ja cellule qui leur fert de berceau; que leurs nourtices connoiffent l'inftant où leurs petits font éclos, et où ils ont befoin de leurs fecours; qu'elles ouvrent alors leurs cellules pour leur. donner à manger ; qu'elles le font avec trop de délicateffe pour pou- voir leur. nuire ; et qu'elles ferment aprés.cela l'ouverture de l'al- véole; on. verra enfin que les Bourdons nourriffent en certain tems leur petits comme les Abeilles maçonnes, et en d'autres comme les Guépes et les Mouches à miel. Les vers de Bourdons font apodes et de couleur blanche ; Mt. de Réaumur dit qu'ils ont fur les cótés des taches noires de figure ir- téguliere, plus longues que larges, et Bijol.: tranfverfalement : je n'en ai vů aucunes fur le corps des vers que jai obfervé. On diftingue aifement la téte de ces vers, — la lévre inférieure eft fort avancée. | _ Leur corps eft compofé de treize ou quatorze anneaux, Le cœur de ces infeétes paroit au travers de Ja peau: quand on les | regarde. du côté du. dos il. eft rempli d'une liqueur sren(parentes. et s'étend en ligne droite de Ja. tête jufqu’à l'anus; Jai toujours và ces vers courbés ou en cercle; leur grandeur varie fuivant l’âge, le fexe,: . etlefpèce; ceux des femelles font toujours les plus grands, Les vers de Bourdons fortent de leurs œufs au bout de 4à 5 jours; à ils fe nourrifieat-d abord. du pollen préparé dans leur cellule ; mais 'ovifion. qu'on- leur-en. a. fait n'étant pas. confidérable, ils n’ont. pes des vivres pour fort. loogtemep) ils. esepeadeat alors des foins des ouvrières. C miles ei Celles-ci viennent fur la cellule; elles font avec leurs dents un petit trou dans la cire du couvercle; elles parcourent aprés cela les gâteaux, pour chercher du miel ou du pollen ; on les voit enfuite re- venir fur le berceau de leur petits, mettre leur tête dans l'ouverture qu'elles ont pratiquées, pénétrer jufques aux vers, refter quelques in- ftans dans cette attitude, retirer enfuite leur tête, et fermer la cellule. | Pendant que les Bourdons font les fonctions de nourrice, ibeft im- poffible de voir quelle matière fort de leur bouche ; mais j'ai obfervé qu'ils font alors avec les anneaux de l'abdomen les mémes mouve- mens que pour dégorger le miel dans les réfervoirs qui lui font de- ftinés; les anneaux de leur abdomen rentrent les uns dans les autres, et le ventre fe raccourcit confidérablement ; léur bouche s'ouvre au méme inítant, et on voit découler dans les réfervoirs une partie du miel qui étoit dans leur eftomac ; hors puiíqu'ils font le méme mou- vement lorfqu’ils mettent leur tête dans la cellule, ce n’eft point. apparemment par une fimple curiofité qu'ils l'avoient ouverte, il eft bien plus probable que c'étoit pour nourrir lés jeunes vers; et les ob- fervations fuivantes confirment cette conjecture. Quand ils nourriflent leurs, vers. on ne. peut appercevoir fi cet avec du mielou avec du pollen; il eft à croire que c'eft avec du pol- len, puifque c'eft une nourriture qui leur convient dés l'enfance, et- que les Bourdons eux-mémes en mangent avec paífion ; j'ai chaffe de a une epit une ouvrière + Mina de nourri un vaD: avant. prés horti atalement ; le talere dud ver ise dca Pan: tir jaune retenue par tie de fon ventre; je goutai cette liqueur, et jy reconnus le goût du pollen mêlé avec le miel des Bourdons. |... J'ai réuffi à nourrivsllindant plufieurs jours un ver de femelle avec. du pollen et du mielde ces infectes; ce qui me confirme encore“ dans mon opinion c'eft que j'ai toujours trouvé P eftomac de ces vers : rempli - 264 Mr. P. HUBERS Objervations rempli i 'üne-matigre: int Eee trés, ».compa&e, et femblable:: au pollen. 5 tHe q elis i cistovadsail : Les: Briirdani ne préparent: jarbais dé pollen cte: les Ales. qui, = doivent fervir de berceau aux måles et aux femelles; les uns et les autres ne naiffent ordinairement qu'au mois d'Aoüt et de ue ; les ouvriéres paroiffent dèsiles mois de Mai et de Juin. :: ! | . - Quelle peut étre la raifon de la différence des foins que les ouvri- ères donnent aux mouches des trois fortes? _ Ce n’eft. pas qu'il y ait moins de pollen fur les fleurs aii mois d' Aot qu'il n'y:en a au mois de Juin; car les ouvrières en apportent tous les j euet dans les mois d’Aotit-et de Septembre, et d'ailleurs elles en ont fait provifions confiderables à à cette époque: mais. voici l explica- tion que je pourrois donner de cette négligence apparente. - Le nombre des ouvricres eft beaucoup plus grand au mois d' Août qu'il ne l'eft au mois de Mai; à peine trouve-t-on au printems quel. ques ouvriéres dans les nids de Bourdons; la mére commence feule- ment alors à n'étre plus folitaire; dans les mois d'Aoüt et de Septembre, au contraire, leur penes eft très confidérable. —.— “Les vers qui font nés dans les mois de Mai et de Juin courroient le rifque de manquer de nourriture s'ils n'avoient pas des provi- fions dans leurs. cellules; car le petit nombre des ouvrières ne per- ettroit peut-être pas qu'elles appercuffent le moment où ils éclofent, et celui où ils ont befoin d'alimens, tandis qu'à la fin de l'été leur nombre peut fuffire à farveiller et à nourrir tous les vers. La nature devoit donc pourvoir au défaut du foin des ouvriéres dans les tems oir elles font en plus petit nombre; mais cela étoit moins. néceffaire à la fin de la — quand les foins et les fecours étoient plus faciles à obtenir. . ab ia P relier un - Lorfq eed automne; et teignes et les. auti. ennemis. des Bour- dons viennent attaquer Jeur nid, et qu'ils mgagent les provifions journalières de la peuplade, un grand nombre d’ouvrières périt, ct nes S les deu ree. à où Humble-bées, = | 53 les vers ne font que trés mal foignés; ils n’ont pas de vivres dans leurs cellules, et ne reçoivent aucun fecours dt déhors, ils meurent de faim dans leurs loges de cire, qui ne peuvent donc point leur fervir de nourriture comme le croyoit Swammerdam. Je ne puis terminer ce qui regarde la nourriture des vers, fans m'arréter fur une obfervation qui fembleroit contredire en partie ce que j'ai écrit fur cette matière. | J'ai trouvé au printems, dans tous les nids de Bourdons, des boules de cire plus groffes qu'aucunes de celles dont j'ai parlé; lorf- que jenlevai la fuperficie de ces boules, je reconnus qu'elle étoit, en effet, une pellicule de cette matière à laquelle j'ai confervé le nom de cire; je croyois devoir trouver au deffous de cette pellicule un affez grand nombre de gros vers, mais je n'y vis qu'une couche épaiffe, ou plutôt une maffe d'une matière jaune et compaéte, que je recon- nus pour du pollen empilé et ferré; j'ouvris ce maflif de pollen, et je trouvai dans fon intérieur quantité de petits vers de Bourdons raf. femblés ; les vers s'y nourriffoient du pollen qui les entouroit, ainfi que les vers du fruit, et du fromage, fe nourriffent des parois de leur habitation ; bientót toute leur provifion étoit confommée, et ils fe trouvoient [otis la cire expofés à mourir dé faim ; mais les ouvri- - éres appercevoient en patlarit fur leur logement, patene, qu'ils n'étoient plus environnés dé pollen, et qu'ils étoient à nud fous la cire; elles les nourriffoient donc à leur manière ordinaire, et dès lors le fort de ces infectes ne différoit plus de celui des vers dont j'ai parlé. Ces détails fuffifent pour c donner une idée affez exacte de la mani- ére dont les Bourdons nourriffent leurs srl $e vais ^ia ce qui regarde leur accroiffement. ! ü CHAPITRE 266 ! Mr. P. HUBERS Obfervation: . CHAPITRE VIII. De I Accroiffement des Vers du Bourdon. LES vers de Bourdons enfermés enfemble dans de petites loges de cire, avoient à prendre plus d'accroiffement en tout fens avant de fe transformer en nymphes ; ces loges étoient bien proportionnées à leur petiteffe actuelle, mais je ne concevois pas comment ces vers, preflés les uns contre les autres, pourroient {fe mouvoir, ou fe déve- lopper dans un efpace aufi étroit: l'obfervation m'apprit ce que je n'avois pu diviner; je vis, en fuivant ces loges avec beaucoup d'at- tention, et en les mefurant de jour en jour, que leurs dimenfions n'étoient plus ce qu'elles avoient été dans l'origine. Ces loges, que - javois vu groffes au plus comme vn pois lorfque la mère leur avoit confié fes ceufs, ctoient devenues par dégrés auffi groffes que des petites BOX... i . Mais comment ces loges s ORE elles? c'étoit un nou- veau probleme; il n'auroit pas été difficile à réfoudre, fi l'opinion de Swammerdam fur la nourriture des vers avoit été plus fondée qu'elle ne l'étoit réellement; car s'il eut été vrai que les vers de Bourdons fe nourriffent en mangeant la cire de leur alvéole, il au- roit été permis de fuppofer que leurs nourrices fe feroient apperçues de leur nudité comme de leurs befoins, qu'elles fe feroient hátées de les entourer d'une nouvelle couche de cire, et qu’en reconftruifant leur berceau, elles Fauroient proportionnée à leur age et à leur groffeur. .. Mais on a vu dans le chapitre précédent, que les vers de Bourdons ne mangent point leur propre cellule; je fus donc obligé de cher- cher une explication plus fatisfaifante, et qui s'accordàt mieux avec les faits que j’avois obfervé. L'agran- … on Humble-beess 3 ss 267, L'agrandiffement des loges de cire n'avoit été remarque par aucun natale. Un trait auffi neuf, et auffi intéreffant, piqua ma curio- fité, et je réfolus de ne rien negliger pour la fatisfaire. : Cette recherche fut longtems infructueufe ; malgré tous mes. ef, forts, je ne. parcens point. à faifir le moment où les loges s’agran- diffoient ; celles que j'avois mefurées l'inftant d' auparavant n'avoient plus les mémes dimenfions quand je revenois les obferver. | - Les traits les plus intéreffans de lhiftoire naturelle ne font pas d'abord fur nous tout l'effet qu'ils devroient produire, et ce n’eft qu'aprés bien des obfervations qu'on peut cipérer de voir ce qu'ils ont de plus faillant: on regarde fouvent le premier apperçu comme un fait douteux ; s'il fe préfente encore il devient plus digne d’atten- tion ; mais il n'a tout fon interét, et il n'excite vraiment notre cu- riofité, que loríqu'on en foupçonne le principe ct le but. Ce n'eft que d' aprés un apperçu auquel je ne m'étois pas arreté que je fuis parvenu à découvrir la manière dont s’agrandiffent les loges des vers. - J'avois vu dés le mois de Juin de grandes cellules de cire ouvertes par deffus, et qui. laiffoient appercevoir dans leur intérieur plufieurs - vers de Bourdons reftés à découverts ; j'avois remarqué que les ou- vrieres en enlevoient quelques- uns et les emportoient hors de leur ruche ; je m'intéreffois à ccs infeétes, et je les fuivis pour connoître leur fort ; je negligeois de regarder ce qui fe paffoit fur le nid ; et lorf- que je revenois à l oblerven d je FRAUDS feulement. que, ces s loge ! étoient refermées. i ; m m r Ce ne fut que lorfque je m n'occupai Ren Ret sane de Be cher la maniére dont ces loges s'étoient agrandies, que je me rap- pellai ces obfervations, et que je foupçonnai leur importance ; je me condamnai donc à vifiter ces cellules de quart d'heure en quart d'heure, et à ne les quitter que lorfque j 'aurois pris la nature fur le fait. Mm 2 3 ae ae 56. Mr. P. Hoser’s Obfervations Le 13 Août jobfervai plufieurs loges de cire de différente gran- deur; une de ces cafes fe fendit fous mes yeux ; la fente étoit longue de plufieurs lignes, parceque la loge entr'ouverte étoit déjà d'une groffeur confidérable. Comme il n'y avoit point de Bourdon fur cette loge, je ne pts douter que l'ouverture obfervée à fa furface ne fut la fuite naturelle - d'un mouvement, ou d'un effort, qu'avoient fait les vers dont elle étoit remplie ; la preffion latérale de des vers, dont la taille croiffoit chaque jour, devoit enfin obliger la légére cloifon de cire qui les génoit, à fe . fendre et à s'entr'ouvrir ; et ce qui me prouva que c'étoit leur feule preffion qui avoit occafionné la déchirure dont je viens de parler, c’eft que le ver qu'elle laiffoit appercevoir dans toute fa longueur ne montroit que fon dos à l'obfervateur; s'il eut rongé la cellule pour lentr'ouvrir, ¢auroit été fon ventre et fes dents que l'on auroit apperçu. Il reftoit à voir de quelle manière cette loge feroit renfermée. Je n'attendis pas longtems: une ouvrière s'approcha de la loge entr'ou- verte, et dès qu 'elle eut apperçu la fente, ou le ver qu'elle laiffoit à nud, je la vis chercher de la cire fur différentes parties du gâteau, la prendre avec fes dents, la porter fur la loge, et la placer entre les bords de fon ouverture : quand elle eut employé toute la cire qu'elle avoit apporté, elle alla en prendre de la nouvelle fur les cellules voi- fines; elle revint bientót avec fa charge, de nouveaux brins de cire furent ajoutés à ceux qu'elle avoit placé précédemment ; et quand elle eut répété trois ou quatre fois cette manœuvre la fente fe trouva fermée, et la cellule agrandie de toute la largeur de la péice qu'elle avoit fabriquée; elle fit à peu prés comme cette teigne, qui, apres avoir coupé longitudinalement fon fourreau, l'élargit en y mettant une pièce, ou comme la couturière qu élargit la manche d'une robe. _ Chez les ae les ouvrières ne coupent point une pièce de cire 2 on Humble-bees. - Oy cire pour l'ajufter fur l'ouverture de la cellule; elles conftruifent entre les deux bords de la fente une plaque qui ne fe forme qu'à mefure qu'elles apportent de nouveaux brins, et qu'elles les magonnent avec les autres; mais quoiqu'elles ayent à faire bien plus d'ouvrage que les teignes, la clôture et l'élargiffement d'une cellule ne leur prend ` pas beaucoup de tems; celle que je fuivis dans cette obfervation nem- ploya qu'une minute à ce travail. - Voilà comment ces alvéoles, qui ne contiennent ordinairement que fix ou fept vers, peuvent devenir de la groffeur d'une noix. La forme de ces grandes loges eft quelquefois irrégulières leur augmentation graduelle ne l'eft pa moins. | Le 21 de Juin je vis une femelle pondre des œufs dans une cellule ; : le 24 ou le 25 je troufai des vers de Bourdons à la place des œufs; le 27 ils avoient 3 ou 4 lignes de longueur, et leur cellule s'étoit agrandie de fix à fept lignes; Je 1 Juillet les Bourdons la réunirent à deux petites cellules voifines :occupées par des œufs, ou par des vers qui venolent d’éclore ; ce logement étoit d'une forme extraordinaire. Sa longueur étoit à peu prés de dix-fept lignes; fa largeur varioit fui- vant la partie où on la mefuroit ; elle avoit en quelques endroits cinq lignes, ^en d’autres deux ou trois feulement; fa hauteur dépendoit auffi du nombre et de la groffeur des vers qui habitotent les diffé- rentes parties de la loge, car ils étoient fouvent placés les uns au def- fus des autres fans fe déranger mutuellement. Le 2 Juillet la loge avoit reçu quelque accroiffement à à He de. fes extrémités, elle avoit fept lignes en cet endroit. - * | ‘Le 3 la méme extrémité eut onze lignes de (€ ce fat le terme de l'accroiffement de cette partie ; la cellae ne groffiffoit pas par tout également, ni méme en proportion, parceque les vers étant plus oa moins nombreux, ou plus ou moins agés, dans les divers points de fa | longueur, la faifoient élargir de manière différente dans une Pi gr fion plus ou moins rapide. 4 270 Mr. P. HUBER’ s Obfervations Sa plus grande longueur fut de deux pouces; et tandis que les vers d'une extrémité filoient leur coque, ceux de lautre commen- çoient à peine à prendre quelque accroiffement ; la cellule prit enfin la forme d'une poire, bien différente des autres, qui étoient ordinaire- ment circulaires, et un peu bombées. Je remarquai à peu prés dans le méme tems une autre fingularité pedis à un cellule de ce genre. ~ Les Bourdons d'une de mes cloches avoient conftruit horizontale- ment un pillier de cire, qui partoit du bord du gâteau, et qui alloit foutenir l'enveloppe du nid; ils formérent une petite cellule fur le pillier méme; elle fut bientôt peuplée de petits vers, qui groffirent, et qui firent augmenter les dimenfions de leur habitation ; comme elle s’accrût à la manière ordinaire, elle pouffa l'enveloppe à une plus grande diftance des gáteaux, et devint fi maffive, que les Bour- dons furent obligés de la folidifier, au moyen de plufieurs pilliers fort larges et fixés d'une part au gâteau, et de I’ autre à fon enveloppe cireufe. Voyez Tas. XXVI. Fig. 1. | o- Lorfque les vers ont pris tout leur accroiffement, ils ont un demi- pouce de longueur ; c'eft à cette époque qu'ils ont un véritable rap- port avec les chenilles; ils favent, comme elles, fe filer une coque mm v ; on en verra les détails dans le pigg fuivant, CHAPITRE IX. Des aues de Soie que filent les Vers de Bourdons avant leur Métamorphofe. LES vers qui avoient jufqu'alors habité la méme cellule vont paf- fer une partie de leur vie dans la folitude ; chaqu' un d'eux fe con- ftruit un logement à part fous le toit de cire où ils. vivoient en commun. La + - on Humble-bees. | 271 La nourriture ne leur eft plus néceffaire; leur logement fera impé- nétrable pour les ouvrières; la foie dont ils le conítruifent eft fi fo- lidement tiffée, que les dents de ces infe&tes n'ont aucune prife fur elle; cette foie eft blanche, et d'une fineffe fingulière. La forme des coques n’eft pas la méme en tout tems; elle eft d'abord celle d'une boule applatie. Tas. XXVI. Fig, 2. a. -Le ver y eft couché en cercle, elle deviendra oblongue. Tas. XXVII. Fig. I. a. et le ver s'y tiendra de bout. Le ver n'a plus befoin d'aliment lorfqu'il a filé fa coque; et quand les ouvrières ou la mère viennent lui donner la nourriture, elles trouvent fous la cire un tiffu difficile à rompre, et renoncent à le foigner. Les vers enfermés d'abord dans la méme cellule filent à peu près dans le-méme tems ; les ouvrières dégarniffent peu à peu leurs coques de foie de la cire qpi les recouvre, et l'employent à différens ufages. Ce n'eft qu'alors qu'on peut appercevoir la forme de ces nouveaux loge- mens; les Bourdons en enlévent la cire, l'étendent fur toute leur furface ; la voûte qui cachoit la forme des loges conftruites dans Pi in- térieur cède fous leurs pas; elle fait voir en bofíes et en creux Ces coques, et leurs intervales. : Au bout de deux ou trois jours ces coques ont entiérement changé de couleur, prefque toute la cire a difparu, et ce qui en refte n'a qu'une pére teinte de jaune. Les vers n'ont plus qu'une opération à faire avant de pañler à l'état de nymphe; la pofition circulaire qu'ils ont gardée n "eft point celle qui leur convient pour fe transformer. Avant de perdre leuk: wey chaqu’ un d'eux fe redreffe dans fa cellule, qui n'étant plus garnie de _cire fe prête à tous fes mouvemens ; il lui fait prendre alors la forme d'un ovoide alongé, dont le grand axe eft vertical; et fi l'on fend. la loge de foie de haut en bas, on trouve le ver dans la fituation oü il eft repréfente dans la Tas. XXVII. Fig. r. d. Monfieur 6o- | Mr. P. Huzer’s Obfervations Monfieur de Réaumur n'a point và ce changement de forme des coques ; il dit même que les vers ont la tête tournée en embas dans leurs loges de foie, et qu'ils fortent enfuite par deffous. E Ces deux affertions ne font pas confirmées par l'obfervation ; mais avant de la prouver, je vais raconter les expériences qui établiffent la réalité de ce changement de forme. J'ai longtems cherché à voir cette transformation ; elle fe pafle dans un moment fi court, que je n'ai jamais pu en être le témoin; je me contentai donc de m'affurer du fait par deux expériences. Première Expérience. Je mis un nid de Bourdons dans une boëte vitrée; au haut du nid étoit une coque de femelle nouvellement filée ; al étoit encore applatie, et cylindrique; fon diamètre étoit de fix lignes, et fa hau- teur de quatre; la forme et les dimenfions de cette coque indi- quoient le fexe de l'individu qui l'habitoit; je mefurai la diftance qui étoit entre la coque et le cryftal; il étoit bien aifé de favoir fi elle s'a- longeroit en mefurant enfuite cette diftance. Au bout de deux jours cette coque fut entièrement dégarnie de cire; le troifiéme, j'appercus un changement confidérable dans fes dimen- fions; fa forme étoit à peu prés celle d'un ceuf ; elle avoit cinq lignes de diamétre dans fa partie inférieure, et trois feulement à fon autre extrémité; fa longueur me parut d'environ huit lignes; elle touchoit alors à la glace dont la boéte étoit recouverte, et les Bourdons effay- erent del'attacher au verre avec de la cire : mais ce fut inutilement; leurs dents ne pouvant paífer entre la coque et la glace, ils y re- incerent. | Seconde Expérience. “Je voulois m'affurer que les vers ne fe fileroient pas deux coques, l'une platte et l'autre alongée; je marquai donc avec de l'encre le mi- lieu d'une coque applatie; au bout d'un jour elle avoit changé de - forme, et la marque que j'y avois fait pouvoit encore fe diftinguer. Ces scm Humble-brés. Lx 273 Ces deux expériences ne me laifsérent aucun | doute er ce change- ` ment de forme. BA ` C'eft de la réunion d'un nombre, plus ou moins reel, de cóquis | femblables que fe forment les gâteaux des Bourdons; chaque cellule de cire"donne lieu à la formation de fept à huit coques de foie, qui adhérent enfemble, parcéque les vers, en les filant, les ont attachées les unes-aux autres: loríque tous ces petits gâteaux. font réunis, ils n'en forment plus qu'un feu], qui paroit à caufe de cela très irrégulier, quoiqu il foit compofé de parties affez régulières. - | On voit quelquefois deux ou trois grands gàteaux de coques rangés les uns au deffus des autres, et qui ne font liés enfemble que par un peu de cire. | | C'eft dans ces coques An pecu que les vers paflent à l'état de bris gore eee Eig. L. b.) ; qu'ils perdent la peau, oula — , la force, et le mouvement > au bout de quinze jours ds: ont acquis. tous ces avan- tages, ils font des infeêtes parfaits. | vert d'un duvet gris, qui fe colorera loríqu il aura été plug à la lumière. ies Bourdons commencent alors à fe aee de tare dents chacu ee d'heure le M es T 4 -— Pe = he fait defi did Er quil fe smontrept fola —- 274 — Mr, P. Huser’s Obfervations CHAPITRE X. Sur "Ujage des Coques dé Sore lorfque les Bourdons en font fortis. PLUS je compare les Bourdons avec les Abeilles, plus je trouve les loix par lefquelles ils fe gouvernent adaptées à la fituation, à l'état de ces peuplades. ! Là, c'eft un peuple fi nombreux, que la peine et les travaux n'y font point épargnés; la matiére feule y eft précieufe, parcequ'elle doit fervir de berceau à un infinité d'individus; cette matiére doit être d'ufage pendant plufieurs années; aufli, avec quelle adreffe les Abeilles ne la travaillent-elles pas! et quels foins n'apportent-elles pas pour donner à leur ouvrage toute la. folidité dont il eft fuf- ceptible! Chez les Bourdons, la cire groffiére dont ils fe fervent eft fouvent plus abondante qu'il ne faut, mais le nombre des individus eft fort _ petit, par conféquent la main d'œuvre très précieufe: on reconnoitra | par tout, combien la nature a eu foin de ne leur donner que des ouvrages faciles à exécuter. | Toutes les coques de foie. que F jeunes Bourdons ont habité ont été coupées dans un plan horizontal, un peu au deffus de leur renflement; le ver ne fongeoit pas vraifemblablement, en filant fa coque, à l'utilité dont elle pouvoit étre àla peuplade, quand elle ne - feroit plus néceffaire à fon propre perfeétionnement ; mais celui qui lirige tout dans la nature dirigeoit auffi fes opérations. | foie dont ces coques font faites, le tiffu ferré que les vers leur ont donné, la couche de cire dont elles fontenduites, et dont tous les fils - font i imprégnés; la. forme d'œufs tronqués qu 'elles ont "p quand ; 2 les - on Flumble-bees.> >x 275 les Bourdons en font fortis, tout femble annoncer que ces coques doivent être d'un autre ufage pour la communauté. . C'eft à contenir leur miel, et leur pollen, que les Bourdons favent les employer; toutes les circonftances dont je viens de parler les. rendent propres à cet ufage ; mais avant de leur confier leurs provi- fions, les ouvrières viennent enlever de deffus leurs bords les lam- beaux de foie que les jeunes Bourdons y ont laiffé; elles . égalifent de leur mieux les contours de ces coques, et les enduifent d'une épaiffe couche de cire. Chaque. efpéce de Bourdon per fectionne fes pots d'une manière différente. 354 Les uns élévent au deffus du Pod des coques de longs tubes évafés, et compofés de cire. (Tas. XXVII. Fig. 8.) D'autres y con- ftruifent des efpèces de tubes, renflés au milieu, et retreins à l'o ouver- ture, comme dans la figure 9. ; Quelquefois ils fe contentent d'ajouter à à leurs bords intérieurs un anneau de cire, comme dans la figure 10. D'autres fois ils rendent à la coque fa forme originale, et ils ne laiffent qu'une petite ouverture : à à fa partie uS Voyez fig. Ir.- : Enfin ils montrent qu'ils ne tone pas inféricurs aux Abeilles dans lart de l'économie; entre quatre pots alongés au moyen de ces tubes il fe fait néceffairement un vide; les Bourdons favent en pro- - fiter ; ; ils en forment un cinquiéme pot, lai donnent un bord, Parron- diffent comme celui des autres, et s'en fervent comme d’un reférvoir. 11 weft pas de laméme forme que ceux qui l'entourent, il eft quelquefois un peu quarré ; ; Sil étoit régulier, il. ne rempliroit pas tout le vide qu'on a laiflé entre les autres pots; d'ailleurs, la groffi- éreté et P irrégularité de fours. laiffent peu de gus à la géo- metrie. Fig. 12.. p Les Bourdons regardent alors toutes les coques comme de folides Nn 2 —— .' réfervoirs, 276 A Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations. : réfervoirs, auxquels ils peuvent confiér leurs provifions; quand ils reviennent de la campagne, ils cherchent à l'inftant à décharger leur eftomac du miel qu'ils ont recueilli fur les fleurs; ils vifitent les pots. comme pour s'affurer qu'ils font biens conítruits ; puis ils: y font entrer leur tête, et une partie deleur corfelet, (fig. 73.) ils ouvrent leur bouche, et raccourciffent leur corps, comme je l'ai dit ailleurs, le miel tombe dans le réfervoir, et les Bourdons retournent à la campagne. - | On voit fouvent près de Íoixante de ces pots dans un feul aidi jen ar compté, au moment de la floraifon des tilleuls, plus de quarante, , qui furent remplis de miel dans un feul j jour; quand ils font pleins, les Hoppin: en n ét M it Peru mais ils ne ela raise oo Ces FES ne Tvent" pas fe- nourrir ded uns Tes autres; comme le : font les Guépes et les Abeilles; c'eft dans ces pots toujours ouverts que chacun d'eux puife à fon tour le miel dont il a befoin. _ Les Bourdons favent aufi conftruire des pots de cire, fans le fecours des coques; ils leur donnént ordinairement un fond de cire, d'autres fois ils ne font qu'élever des tubes de cette matiére fur le parquet ou fur les bords de leurs gâteaux. | Le miel dont ils rempliffent leurs magazins | ef i doux. que celui. des Abeilles; il eft plus codlant ct plus clair, il a auffi un goût particulier, mais al ne life. Te de faveur api d à gorge. | Ces provifions ne fervent guère que pour la nourriture vestium urs il eft rate wee tous les jx founi are et les vivres font c" ux 1 mois de Mai et de Juin on ne trouve des. pots qu'au mi- - _ lieu: du gâteau; m c eft là T font nés ate FM niers - Bourdons = : S $i s | sa eft sand la mére pond enfoite les aiti de mire et de foi +2 | fur ^en Humble-bees, = 277 fur les premières coques qu’elle établit les petites cellules où elles les enferme; ils y croiffent et font agrandir chaque jour leur loge- . ment; ils y filent des coques, dont la réunion compofe un fecond gâteau. Ces coques fervent mim de magazin aug eee comme celles des fimples ouvrières. M M di E Je dois faire obferver ici, que. les mâles et les femelles folii élevés dans les mêmes cellulés de cire, et qu'ils y` font nourris dela méme . manière. Les coques foieufes des femelles fe montrent au milieu des coques de miles, et elles fervent enfuitc de refervoir comme les autres; ils ont l'avantage d'étre plus di Ces coques fervent auff de magazin pour les mine que les Bourdons apportent dans leur nid; je n'ai point và : quelle maniére ces infedtes recueillent cette matiére fur les fleurs, mais Mr. de Réaumur a vů les Abeilles fe charger de leur pouffière, et. en former des pelottes, qu’elles appliquoient à leurs jambes poftérieures. Les jambes des Abeilles, ainfi que celles des Bourdons, forit com- » pofées de plufieurs parties, dont l’une, que Mr. de Réaumur appelle - pallette, eft platte, et parfaitement liffe, mais entource de foils; ces poils, courts et forts chez les Bourdons, et longs chez les Abeilles, ont fait donner à cette partie de Ia -— be le nom de corbeille. - Dès que les Mouches-h-miel font arrivées far les fleurs où elles veulent des Es de cette cfpèce, elles ouvrent avec leurs Dents les. t alors dans leur GE SOME à l'aid re Mec ces cr Siale; formen fin une Spott de pollen, pivis applati. : * ; i: 278 ge Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations — Les Bourdons viennent dela. campagne chargés de pelottes fem- WEA tantôt vertes tantôt jaunes, quelquefois noires d'autres fois gerne et fouvent dela ral, d'un pois ordinaire. — fes snipes de "a -— paire i. ora convexe de lai coque ; i y fait entrer celles qui font chargées de pouffiére, ainfi que celles de la feconde pan i ferre et t prell les ÈS chargées entre les deux defcend la tête la première dans le FRE, il trend avec fes dents le pollen fur le fond du vaiffeau, et y méle quelquefois un peu de. miel, qu'il a rapporté dans fon eftomac. Les. Bobalons: deftinent les nouvelles coques à leur fervir de ins: < : qu'elles font vides ils abandonnent les anciennes, qui | fond des gâteaux, parcequ'elles font trop éloignées du lieu. ou ils fe | tiennent, c'e à-dire, des oux. nouvellement con- : E ligent-ils, ‘parceqn "elles. ‘font plus expofées. a i: voracit ‘ ennemis: ils favent, cependant, encore en tirer parti; il avec leurs dents, ct en font un boure, ou une efpèce _ dont ils recouvrent leur nid en AU de moufle, au peut s avantag | fervir les mémes Linn Trans, VE tab. 327 p.278. m Humble-bees. E 279 Monfieur de Réaumur croyoit que les jeunes Bourdons ites ient de leurs coques de foie par en bas, ou par deffous. Je ne comprends. pas comment ils l'auroient fait, puifqu'ils auroient toujours rencontré la terre, ou les gáteaux inférieurs; d'ailleurs, lorfqu'on retourne un gâteau fens deffus deffous, les nymphes qui s'y trouvent enfermées deviennent noirátres, et périffent en peu de tems; mais de quel ufage auroient été toutes ces coques, lorfque les Bourdons en feroient fortis - parle bas? Hs n'auroient pas pù s’en fervir pour y tenir leurs provi- fions, ils auroient été obligés de conftruire en cire un grand nombre de > petits vafes, ce qu'ils ne font que trés rarement. Je ne fais où cet obfervateur a pti fonder cette conjecture; toutes les coques que jai và dans mes nids de Bourdons étoient ouvertes par le haut, et elles ne l'étoient en deffous que lorfque les teignes, ou d'autres ennemis de ces infectes, venoient dévorer les nymphes dans leur afyle. Ce. pendant, Monfieur de Réaumur a và, fans doute, les ouvertures de ces coques tournées en bas, car il l'a dit, et l'on ne peut douter de fon exactitude. Tl faut donc que ceux qui lui ont apporté des nids de Bourdons ayent renveríé leurs gateaux; les ouvertures des coques auront été ainf tournées en bas, et cet obfervateur aura pu prendre pour une difpofition néceffaire, ce qui n'étoit qu'un effet du hazard. d CHAPITRE XL. LA Providence, qui laiffe à certains animaux la liberté de fe re- produire en toutes faifons, ne détermine point celle de la génération de quelques efpèces, mais fixe le laps de tems qui doit s'écouler Ze entre 286 . Mr. P.-HunBER's Obfervations z + entre une portée et celle qui lai fuccède, tandis qu'il en eft pour qui les époques font déterminées, et que parmi quelques infeétes. elle dirige encore l'ordre de la ponte. C'eft ainfi que l'Abeillene peut | donner le jour aux males que dans une feule faifon, quoiqu'elle ponde conftamment des œufs d’ouvriéres; qu'on ne voit point la Guépe élever les males et les femelles avant l'automne; et que le Bourdon ne produit pas fes femelles avant le tems où elles peuvent recevoir les foins multipliés qu'elles attendent des neutres. | Les femelles de Bourdons ne naiflent pas dans toutes les efpèces - au même moment; les unes. paroiffent au mois de Juin, d'autres au mois de Juillet, et celles des Bourdons rouges. et noirs ne fe montrent ordinairement qu’. au mois d’Août. | re s ‘Les náles naiffent aufi à différentes époques ; on EA Ll dans la fuite la caufe, ou du moins l'utilité, de cette difpofition. "Les femelles portent leurs œufs jufques au printems, et ne les pondent point dans le nid qu'elles habitent pendant le premier été. Il refte à décider, dans quel lieu elles paffent l'hiver, comment elles ie préfervent | des grands froids, omment elles fe nourriffent alors. _ Sielles ne prennent pas de nourriture, feroit-ce l'engourdiffement qui les rendroit capables de s' en paffer : ? Ce font là autant de problémes que Mr. de Réaumur avoit laifíé à réfoudre ; ; il imaginoit * que les femelles de Bourdons fe retiroient * dans des trous de muraille, ou dans quelques cavités fouterraines, _ “et qu'elles s y engourdiffoient pendant l'hiver, jufquesà ce que le -**foleildu mois de Mai eût rechanffé le terrein, et les eût rappellé & à Ja vie et à leurs occupation" — — | "i ; Ul obfervation f faite pst un homme doni I 'exa&titude n ne E étre 4 on Hunbie-bees.: = s 281 creuféc en terre, et habitée par une feule femelle de Bourdon. Cette. mouche n'étoit point encore engourdie ; ; elle prit le vol dés qu'elle apperçut le jour, et s'éloigna à perte de vue. : J'ai fait à ce fujet une obfervation, qui appuye encore l'opinion de Mr. de Réaumur, et qui nous apprend que les grandes femelles de Bourdons furvivent feules à tous les individus dont leur famille eft - compofée ; qu'elles fe font un logement particulier auprès de leur nid, et qu'elles s'y enferment aux approches de l'arrière faifon. Le 21 Août je pris un nid de Bourdons de Ja fixiéme efpèce ; quand jeus ôté la moufle dont ils étoient entourés, j'enlevai les gâteaux ; ils paroifloient abandonnés les ouvriéres et les mâles avoient difparu ; il y reftoit feulement quelques femelles que j'enfermai avec leur nid dans une boéte faite exprés: en examinant plus attentive- ment la cavité fouterraine, je découvris une autre loge, . qui coma muniquoit avec la première par une gorge aflez étroite ; j'enlevai dé- licatement le gazon qui la recouvroit; je vis alors une grotte, ou plutôt une galerie, longue d’un pied au moins, et large de deux pouces et demi. | Je remarquai encore, gue cette grotte étoit jonchée de mouffe et. de brins d'herbe, mais je n'y vis rien qui put fervir d'aliment aux n- dividus qui l'habitoient. Au moment où je foulevai le gazon qui lui fervoit de toit, j'appercus trente ou quarante femelles: je ne fais fi elles furent alarmées du dégat que je fis dans leur retraite, ou de la lumière qui y pénétra, mais dès qu'elle fut découverte, toutes ces femelles prirent l'effort, quelques-unes s'éloignérent beaucoup trop pour que je puffe les fuivre: néanmoins, le plus grand nombre fe préci- pita dans la cavité d’où les gâteaux avoient été tirés ; il me fut aifé de les faifir, et de m'affurer que c'étoient de jeunes femelles: fi je ne les avois pas dérangées, elles fe feroient engourdies dans la loge.oü - elles étoient enfermées, elles y auroient paífé l'hiver, et n'en E ero Vor. VI. Oo | 282 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations forties que lorfque le foleil du printems leur auroit rendu la chaleur et le mouvement. l Les máles et les mulets de Bourdons vivent moins de tems que les femelles, car ceux qui naiffent au printems ou dans le courant de l'été périffent tous dans l'automne de la méme année ; mais les femelles qui naiffent au mois d'Aoüt, pour le plus tard, paflent lhiver à l'abri des injures de l'air, ménent une vie laborieufe dés les premiers jours du printems, et meurent ordinairement à l’âge d'un an. Les máles et les ouvriéres des Guépes et des Frelons ne vivent qu'un été, comme ceux des Bourdons ; ils périffent comme eux avant l'hiver ; les femelles feules furvivent : elles fe tapiffent à la fin de l'au- tomne dans quelques trous, ou bien elles fe mettent à l'abri fous des tas de feuilles féches, et dans les paillaffons de jardins; les premiers froids les font tomber dans un engourdiffement, qui dure tout l'hiver, et quine effe qu'au retour du printems. Dés le mois de Mars on voit les femelles de Bourdons reparoitre, et voltiger fur les fleurs; c'eft alors qu'elles commencent leur nid dans la folitude, mais on ne connoit leur hiftoire qu'au mois de Juin : elles vifitent feulement au printems un grand nombre de trous, comme je l'ai dit ailleurs; on peut croire qu'elles y cherchent un logement tel qu'il le faut pour établir leur famille. CHAPITRE XI. Sur les petites Femelles des Bourdons. _ LA fécondité n'a point été accordée à tous les individus d'une ruche d'Abeille; cette apparente caftration, dont la nature femble étre coupable, eft peut-étre un des chefs-d’ceuvre du Créateur; l'ha- | : bilité on Humble-bees, - ~- 285 * bilité des individus ftériles femble fi bien compenfer le défaut des organes de la génération, qu'on ne fauroit dire lefquels font les plus utiles; de ceux qui donnent le jour à toute la peuplade, ou de ceux qui logent, nourriffent, foignent, et élèvent les petits. Qu’arriveroit-il fi toutes les Abeilles étoient reines, fi toutes les Abeilles pouvoient pondre quinze à vingt mille oeufs? Telle eft ce- pendant la fécondité de cette mouche, qui entretient feule la popu- lation d'une ruche d'Abeille; et la nature lui a refufé non feulement l'art de conftruire une cellule, mais cclui d'éléver et de nourrir un feul des petits qu'elle pond chaque jour. Ces infectes font cependant du méme fexe; le méme ye mir abt le germe d'une ouvriére et celui d'une reine; et l'éducation du ver, c'eft-à-dire, le genre de fa nourriture, et la forme de fon logement peuvent en faire un individu ftérile, ou un infecte dont les organes de la génération foient parfaits à tous égards; elle peut méme en faire un individu totalement dépourvu d'induftrie, ou une mouche douée de l'art le plus étonnant que la nature ait confié aux in- Íe&es. ll eut été bien fingulier, qu'entre les deux extrémités de cette chaine, dont l'un des bouts eft occupé par la fécondité, et l'autre par l'in- duftrie, la nature n'eut mis aucun intermédiaire; auffi connoiffons- nous chez les Abeilles deux fortes de mouches, qui femblent tenir le milieu entre les reines et les ouvrières ; ce font les petites reines, et les ouvrières fécondes; les premières avoient été apperçues par Need- ham; leur exiftence a été prouvée par plufieurs obfervations de mon père. Ces infeétes, que l'on trouve rarement en vie dans les ruches, naiffent dans des cellules royales auffi grandes que celles des autres reines ; cependant, ils leur font beaucoup inférieurs par leur taille; leur couleur; la forme de leurs machoires, et des articulations de leurs jambes, font autant des rapports qu'elles ont avec les Reines Abeilles; Zz autant de caractères qui les diftinguent des fimples ouvrières : on ne Oo2 Yes ) MUN 284 Mr. P. HunER's Ofbfervations les a jamais và pondre, elles ont cependant des ovaires; voila où fe bornent nos connoiffances rélativement aux mouches de cette forte. Mais les individus qui ont plus de rapport avec les ouvrières qu'avec les reines, et qui cependant femblent tenir le milieu entr'elles, ces mouches qu'on appelle fécondes, font femblables aux ouvriéres par leurs caractéres extérieurs; méme couleur, méme taille, mémes dents propres à cifeler la cire, mêmes jambes capables de porter des pouffières d'étamines; mais fi elles ne font pas ftériles, elles ne font | que demi-fécondes ; dia ne pondent jamais que des ceufs de máles. On ne trouve de ces individus que dans les ruches qui ont perdu leur reine; la ponte de ces ouvriéres entretient pour quelque tems Pintérét et l'occupation dans la peuplade, qui ne tarderoit pas. à périr fans cela: tandis que les Abeilles font occupées à foigner et à nour- rirles vers de máles, elles ne fongent point à déferter leur ruche ; mon père penfe aufli que les males provenus de la ponte de ces ou- vriéres font porte deftinés à féconder les reines, qui ne fe font trans- formées qu’ aprés le maffacre des faux Bourdons, parceque les mâles _iffus des ouvrières naiffent ordinairement aprés cette époque. Chez E les Bourdons, l'induftrie n'a pas été accordée exclufivement aux mouches infécondes ; au contraire, la femelle qui naît au mois d’Août, qui paffe l'hiver en terre, et qui reparoit au printems, eft la plus habile ouvrière dont fa famille fera compofée ; elle creufe une cavité dans la. terre, y conftruit des cellules, nourrit et élève fes petits ‘dans la folitude; une ouvrière feule ne feroit point fes travaux, fa taille fembleroit déja s'y oppofer; et d'ailleurs, on voit rarement une ouvriére "S'otcuper d'aucune efpèce de travail. : | Ia mm des — de la x gm eft entiérement fem- cii des ges Pirmd les couleurs des unes et des autres font pour Ve ordinaire diftribuées de la même manière fur toutes les dem de leurs corps: il femble qu'à tant de PIED fi l'on ajoute celui iai on Humble-beess ——— — - 285 celui de Ia fécondité, on fera des ouvrières autant de petites femelles; car la différence de la taille eft le feul caratère extérieur qui m les faire diftinguer. Or c'eft ce que la nature a fait, mais les petites femelles chez les Bourdons différent encore à d'autres égards des femelles en titre. C’cft au commencement du printems que les grandes femelles pon- dent les œufs qui doivent donner des ouvrières et des mâles, mais elles pondent plus tard ceux qui doivent donner des méres aux peuplades futures. Toutes les ouvriéres qui naiffent au printems ne font pas neutres, comme on l'a cru jufqu’à préfent; il en eft de fécondes ; on en voit plufieurs dans chaque nid. Ces mouches font toutes les fonctions des méres ; elles font quelquefois trés petites, et à caufe de celale nom de petites femelles peut fervir à les diftinguer ; elles font entourées dès leur naiffance d'un petit nombre de mâles provenus des ceufs de la mère commune; ces måles les fécondent dès le mois de Juin; elles pondent bientót aprés; et ce qui eft bien remarquable, c'eft qu'elles n'engendrent que des males, comme ces ouvriéres que l'on obferve quelquefois dans les ruches d'Abeilles, et qui ne pondent que des ceufs de faux Bourdons. Mais fi l'utilité de ces derniéres eft problé- matique, il ne paroit évident que les petites femelles des Bourdons font deftinées à fournir un plus grand nombre de mâles aux jeunes et grandes femelles, puifqu’apres les avoir pondu et foigné, elles périffent comme les ouvriéres au commencement de l'automne. : Les males, auxquels elles donnent naiífance, fervent, comme je m'en fuis affuré, à féconder les grandes femelles | qui paroiffer | même époque, et qui fans ce fupplément auroient courru le ide de ne plus trouver de mâles dans leur habitation, et de refter infé- condes. Si l'on juge par analogie, l'on pourra conje&urer que c'eft à l’efpèce d'aliment qu'on prépare aux vers de Bourdons que font dues ces férences qu'on peut remarquer dans eur nftin&. a Chez les Abeilles il a été prouvé par des expériences bien faites que des 286 Mr. P. Huser’s Ob/ervations * des vers d'Abeilles communes étoient, à l'âge de trois jours, fufcepti- bles de devenir reines, s'ils étoient dés lors nourris avec de la bouillie royale, et s'ils étoient logés dans des cellules femblables à celles des reines. | . L'on aura donc peu de peine à comprendre comment le même moyen peut étre employé avec fuccés chez les Bourdons, car les . mœurs de leurs ouvrières ont bien du rapport avec celles de leurs fe- melles. De méme l'on comprendra que ce moyen, employé avec quel- ques nuances, pourra faire de ces vers des vers de petites femelles. - C'eft ici un des plus beaux traits de la puiffance de la Nature, le . fait eft frappant chez les Abeilles; elle convertit à fon gré des mouches fiériles en des mouches fécondes, des infeétes inhabiles et mal-adroits en d'autres infectes pleins d'adreffe et d'indufirie; mais quelle peine n'auroit-on pas attribuer à des caufes en apparence éloignées, et fi peu dignes d'attention, des effets auffi finguliers, des chers auff frappans! _ Cependant, il neft pas im poffible qu'un certain genre de nourri- ture puifle être plus favorable qu'un autre à l'accroiffement et au per- fectionnement des organes féxuels, et des membres d'un individu ; mais comment concevoir qu'il puiffe changer les paffions, l'inftin& et les mœurs d'infectes originairement femblables ? concevoir qu'une fe- melle deftinée à jouir de l'amour, à fentir la jaloufie, à exercer fa vengeance, à vivre dans l’oifiveté,—que le germe de cette femelle, ou plutôt le fétus d'un tel infe&e, puiffe devenir celui d'une ouvrière zélée pour la defence commune, privée d'un plaifir que la Nature n’a refufé à aucun de fes enfans, mais délivrée des peines de l'accouche- ment, laborieufe, pleine d'adreffe, habile à foigner les petits, à cher- cher du miel fur les fleurs, capable de faire dela cire, de conftruire des’ rayons dont les cellules hexagones ayent des m pyramidaux, de foigner les reines, dont elles auroient été les rivales fi les organes de la génération euffent étédéveloppés chez elles, et chargée de tuerdans un certain tems les mâles, qui n’auroient point alors excité fa jaloufie ? 6 Voilà . on Flumble-bees, 287 Voilà une véritable métamorphofe. La chimie l'expliquera-t-elle? Nous apprendra-t-elle jamais, par quel fecret la différence des nour- ritures peut produire un changement fi complet dans l'inftinct, les goüts, et les habitudes de ces infectes? Il eft permis d'en douter ; qu'ici donc la raifon et la philofophie nous fervent de flambeau. Où feroient ces chefs-d'oeuvres de l'archite&ure, ces colonnes, dont le fut eft élevé fur les proportions de l'homme; ces ftatues qui repréfentent à l'efprit les actions des héros: ces monumens de la gloire, ces tableaux, dont les couleurs font illufion, et qui nous repréfentent les plus belles formes de la nature? Que deviendroit cette préférence de l'homme pour tout ce qui eft parfait dans fes propor- tions, dans fes contours, dans fes couleurs, fi cet étre intelligent eüt été privé de l'organe de la vue ?- fi dés fon origine l'homme n’ett connu que par fon toucher, par fon ouie, par l'effet des odeurs, et par la différence des faveurs? L’eût on và découvrir de nouveaux mondes, mefurer les cieux, calculer la diftance, le poids refpecti l'étendue des planettes, et découvrir enfin la. loi du mouvement, celle de la gravitation, le fecret de univers? Voila quels peuvent être les effets d'un fens, d'un organe, fur l'induítrie, et fur les habi- tudes de l'homme; ils n'ont pas moins d'infiuence en proportion fur l’inftinét des infe&es; et quoique nous ne puiflions pas prouver que la Reine Abeille pofféde plus ou moins de fens que l'Abeille com- mune, cela eft cependant vraifemblable; la nourriture et le logement font bien la caufe première de toutes les différences que l’on remarque dans leur inftin&; mais ils n'ont fait proprement que développer des organes de fens différens, et des membres plus ou moins, parfaits, dans des infeétes originairement femblables ; des fens nouveaux ont -fait naître chez les uns des plaifirs et des befoins que les autres ne connoitront point, les organes s'y font prétés, les membres les ont fatisfaits. — Chez 268 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations à Chez les autres peut-être de nouveaux fens ont-ils produit cetin- ftinét qui répond fi bien à nôtre raifon? Il a exigé des travaux ; ces travaux ont été exécutés par les membres doués d'une adrefle infinie, et c'eft ainfi que tout femble être dirigé chez ces petits animaux. La nature n'a pas eu un auffi grand effort à faire avec les Bour- dons; 11 y a bien moins de différence entre les mœurs des mères Bourdons, comparées à celles de leurs ouvrières, qu'entre l'inftinét 2 des Abeilles et celui de leurs reines. Car, comme je l'ai dit, la mére d'une famille de Bourdons peut faire tous les ouvrages qui fe font chez elles, et il n'en eft pas de méme dans les ruches d’Abeilles. - Ainfi la nature n'a eu que peu de peine à convertir des vers de fe- . melles en vers d'ouvriéres, et encore moins à en faire des petites fe- melles. La ponte et les palfions de ces petites femelles doivent attirer par- _ ticulièrement nos regards; voici de quelle manière je découvris leur fécondité, et les détails. de leur ponte. Je ne les diftinguai point d'abord des ouvrières, tant elles leur ref- fembloient par leurs caraétères extérieurs, de forte que je fus très fur- pris lorfque je les vis pondre pour la première fois. Je tranícrirai ici mon journal des derniers jours de Juillet, et des premiers du mois d'Aout. -— | n» du Journal de Juillet 1706. -Le 26. Le vent a renverfé la cloche qui étoit fur ma fenêtre, et le nid de Bourdons qu’elle renfermoit eft tombe, avec tous les infectes qui l’habitoient, Les ouvrières font revenues à la place où étoit leur nid; je leur ai donné une autre cloche, pour les garantir de la pluie ; je ne leur ai point on Humble-bees. Ww. 289 point renda leur gâteau, qui étoit déjà rongé par les teignes depuis fort long tems. Lia mére n'eft point revenue, et jel'ai cherché vainement autour du gâteau. | Le 27. J'ai donné du miel aux : Bourdons réfugiés ; ils commencent déjà à faire de la cire. Le 28. Ils continuent à faire de la cire. Le 29. Ils ont conftruits un pot-à-miel fur le bord de la carte où je mettois leur miel. Le 30. Un des plus petits individus de la peuplade, ^n mon grand étonnement, vient de conftruire une cellule de cire, où il a pon- du deux œufs, en faifant fortir fon aiguillon au travers de la cellule. J'ai de la peine à le diftinguer des autres, foit par la taille, foit par la couleur, foit par la forme de fon corps; feulement fon agitation. femble plus pande et il empêche les ouvrières de s Appear de Ja cellule. Cependant, il n ‘ef pas toujours le plus fort, et d’autres montent fur l'alvéole; ceux-ci ne cherchent point à enlever les œufs qui y font renfermés, ce qui eft fort. fingulier ; au contraire, ils les foignent avec plus de zèle que celui qui les a pondu, et les défendent auffi . contre les autres Bourdons. Le 31. Seconde ponte du méme Bourdon; mêmes circonftances qu hier. -1 Août. La petite note continue à | pondre; elle bang, toutes fes cellules les unes à côté des autres. — Le 2. Continuation fans aucune différence; je Kinga Tient que les Bourdons n'ont point apporté ni préparé de pollen dans les cellules oü vient de pondre la petite femelle. Le 4. Les Bourdons ont apporté du pollen fous la cloche; ils: Pont mis au fond d'un nouveau pot-à-miel; on les voit aller et Vor. VI. Pp venir 290 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervations venir fur le tas des cellules, et faire des creux en divers endroits, comme lorfqu’ils nourriffent les vers. C’eft qu'en effet quelques vers font éclos. Le ;. Les Bourdons nourriffent encore un peu les vers ; ils n'ont point apporté de pollen aujourd'hui. Mon journal du onze m'apprend que ces vers périrent à défaut de nourriture, peut-être parceque les Bourdons s'étoient accou- tumés à là ration de miel que je leur donnois chaque jour; ils ne vouloient plus aller chercher leurs vivres à la campagne, en forte qu'ils negligeoient entièrement d'apporter Ja nourriture des vers; jy vois auffi, que lorfque les Bourdons n'apportoient point de pollen, ils ne nour riffoient point leurs petits, et que lorfque je leur en avois donné, ils leur en faifoient part fans balancer. | Im “Je vis enfin le tas de cire diminuer chaque jour, et de nouveaux pots conftruits à cóté des premiers. ! peer ce que les Bourdons firent des petits vers; iln'en reftoit qu'un lorfque je leur enlevai la carte fur laquelle ils avoient été pondus. Mon journal du mois d'Aoüt m apprend qu'une autre petite femelle d’une efpèce de Bourdon différente pondit auffi dans fon md. ! : Mais je raconterai en détail ce qui s'y paffa le feptiéme jour du méme mois ; c'étoient des Bourdons rouges et noirs. Le nid étoit fort peuplé ; il poffédoit un bon nombre d' ouvrières, plufieurs j jeunes femellesde la grande taille nouvellement transformées, l'ancienne mére, et beaucoup de males. | Parmi les ouvrières il y avoit affurément des petites femelles, que j'aurois reconnues fi j'avois fcu leur trouver un caractère diftin@if; mais les fcénes fuivantes widlek os ce fait d'une maniére indubitable, - CEN ‘Le on “Humble-bees. ' 291 Le7du mois d'Aoüt à minuit jappercus une grande agitation dans le nid; il s'agiffoit d'une ponte extraordinaire. Plufieurs Bourdons étoient occupés à faire une cellule de cire; cette cellule étoit bien moins grande que les alvéoles ordinaires, et fes bords étoient bién moins élevés ; ils y travailloient encore quand la femelle, mére dela peuplade, vint fur la cellule, les chaffa, et donna quelques coups de dents au bord de la petite coupe; elle fut contrainte de fe retirer à caufe de Ia fureur de quelques-uns d'entr'eux, qui s'approchérent d'elle en battant des ailes, et qui la pourfuivirent jufques au bas du nid: ils achevérent alors la cellule; et quand ils lui eurent donné les dimenfions convenables, je vis l'un d'entr'eux s'établir fur l’alvéole, comme s'il eut eu l'intention de pondre: un autre y inferra de méme l'extrémité de fon corps; et tandis qu'ils étoient ainfi occupés à pondre conjointement, je vis revenir la vieille mere: le bruit et le battement de fes ailes annongoient d'avance fa colére; elle fe jetta für l'une des petites pondeufes, lui monta fur le dos, et réuffit à la chaffer à coups de dents: elle chaffa l'autre de la méme manière. Dés que la cellule fut vacante elle y enfonga fa téte, prit les ceufs qui venoient d’être pondus, et parût les manger avec avidité. — Bientót l'une des petites femelles revint fur la cellule, lui rendit fa premiére forme, et fe mit à pondre: la vieille mére revint en- core avec fa jaloufie ordinaire, chaffa la pondeufe, et enfonça. fa téte dans lacellule: j'ignore fi la petite pondeufe crüt avoir pondu, ou fi elle n ’apperçut pas le larcin de la vieille femelle, mais le fait eft, qu'il ne refta point d'œufs dans Ia cellule, et qu'elle la referma dés que la femelle fe fut retiré: elle s’écarta pour chercher de la cire, et fermer plus foigneufement fa cellule ; mais d'autres individus, qui étoient vraifemblablement auffi de P tites femelles, vinrent auffitót, et lui rendirent fa propre forme. Pig P22 : - Te sit 292. Mr. P. Huser’s Odfervations Je crus reconnoître alors cette petite pondeufe que j'avois pris fur le fait le 2 d'Aoüt ; elle étoit la plus grande des petites femelles de ce nidlà; elle monta fur la cellule, élargit fon orifice, éleva fes bords, fe mit à pondre, et fit deux oeufs devant moi. Peut-étre en eut-clle fait d'avantage fur la vieille mére, qui revint en battant des ailes, la pouffa hors de la cellule, la chafla bien loin, et finit par manger fes œufs, Celle-ci fut aidée dans ce travail par une des petites femelles. dont j'ai parlé plus haut, et que j'avois marquée avec de la couleur lor.qu’elle étoit occupée à pondre dans la même cellule. La petite femelle qui venoit de pondre reparut à fon tour avec „tous les fignes de la colère; elle chaffa toutes les ouvriéres de deffus le gâteau, referma fa cellule quoique vide, et fit la garde autour - d'elle avec une activité étonnante : elle fe coucha fur fon ouvrage; et quand je la vis bien refolue à ne plus pondre, je l'enlevai avec la vieille mére, et je les enfermai dans un poudrier pour favoir fi tous les Bourdons qui fe mettroient fur. ces cellules étoient de véritables pondeufes: mais je ne püs pas m'en affurer, parceque les ouvriéres détruifirent cet cellule; et comme il étoit trois heures du matin, je me retirai, et je renvoyai au lendemain la fuite de mes obferva- tions. : A fix heures du matin il ne reftoit plus de veftige de la cellule, et je rendis à leur nid les deux individus que j'avois fait prifonniers: ce jour là, à fix heures du foir, l'agitation recommenca ; une large et épaiffe cellule fe faifoit remarquer fur les gâteaux; la vieille mère, qui ne pondoit plus depuis fort long tems, et qui étoit devenue ftérile à force de pondre, étoit montée fur la cellule; elle en déchi- roit- les bords avec acharnement, fans avoir pour but enlever les œufs qu'elle pouvoit contenir, car elle étoit ouverte, et d'ailleurs elle n'en contenoit pas un. C'étoit donc par Maule, et non pas par befoin. n on Humble-bees. ~ | 293 Il m'importoit de favoir fi les œufs de ces petites femelles viendroient à bien; et pour fatisfaire ma curiofité, j'enlevai pour la feconde fois la vieille femelle, et j'obfervai encore les manœuvres des individus qui reftoient dans le nid. L'agitation monta à fon comble. Les petites femelles fe pourfuivoient les unes les autres; trois ou quatre d'entr'élles vouloient pondre à Ja fois: elles fe difputoient la cellule avec une rage étonnante: celle qui parvenoit à la pofféder un inftant pondoit quelques ceufs, et devenoit l'objet de la jaloufie des autres ; celles-ci fe jettoient fur elle, harceloient le bout de fon veu- tre, et la faifoient enfin déguerpir à coups de dents. La plus groffe d'entr'elles parvenoit toujours à s'emparer de la cellule; mais elle n'en pouvoit jouir que foiblement, car les autres s'acharnoient à l'en chaffer; et comme elle fe fentoit la plus forte, elle fe retournoit, et les précipitoit au bas du gáteau avec la rage des vieilles méres: quand elle avoit pondu, elle étoit obligée de garder fa cellule—plutôt peut-être par jaloufie que par amour pour fes petits. | Cette fuite d'obfervations fut dérangée cette année là par les teignes; elles mangèrent les cellules où les petites femelles avoient pondu, et je ne pus favoir de quel fexe auroient été les individus qui en feroient fortis, mais depuis. lors j'ai mis tous mes foins a le dé- couvrir. : Dès le 21 de Juin de l'année 1797 les petites femelles m'offri- - rent les mémes fcénes: elles furent quelquefois encore plus animées; le 22 j'enlevai la mère; le 23 je la replacai dans fon nid; elle paroif- foit robufte et bien portante, mais un quart d'heure apres je la trouvai expirante fous le gâteau. Ses rivales continuérent à pondre pendant plus d'un mois. WR 26 de Juin de petits vers naquirent dans une cellule où elles avoient pondus le 21. Le 4 Juillet ces vers filèrent 204 Mr. P. Huser’s Obfervaticns filérent leurs coques; le 6 ces coques changèrent de forme; le 18 leurs habitans les ouvrirent pour en fortir; je les obfervai avec foin, et je les reconnus tous pour des mâles, Les grandes et jeunes femelles ne fe méloient pas aux fcènes finguliéres dont on a parlé, et n'étoient point. en butte à la jaloufie des petites femelles. Tandis que la mère commune en étoit quelque- fois la victime, la nature, en privant les jeunes femelles de la faculté de pondre dans le nid où elles étoient nées, les fouftrayoit à la fureur toujours dangereufe de leurs rivales; et c'étoit peut-être à cette feule précaution qu'étoit attachée la confervation de l'efpéce. Les máles de la derniére ponte fécondoient les grandes femelles pendant ce premier période de leur vie : celles-ci deftinées à fonder de nouvelles colonies n'étoient cependant pas inutiles à celles qu'elles ^ habitoient encore; elles travailloient comme de fimples ouvrières dans le nid où elles avoient pris naiffance ; elles s’occupoient comme elles à recolter le miel et le pollen; je les ai vues chargées de pelottes à leurs jambes, vuider dans les pots-a-miel celui qu'elles avoient re- cueilli fur les fleurs; elles faifoient de la cire, elles favoient la fculpter, elles devoient méme favoir conftruire des cellules quand elles auroient à commencer de nouveaux nids; mais avant ce terme elles ne fai- foient jamais d'alvéoles. Elles paroiffent donc ignorer l'art de batir, et cette faculté refle fufpendue jufques au retour du printems: à cette époque le fentiment de leur maternité leur rend tout leur infin, et reveille en méme tems chez ces jeunes mères l'idée des œufs qu'elles ont à pondre, et celle des cellules dans lefquelles ils doivent étre dépofés. - Si les ouvrières conftruifent quelquefois des cellules, ce n'eft que Jamielle ont été commencées par la mère commune, ou par de petes femelles ; elles ne les conftruiroient peut-étre jamais d' elles- mêmes. 6 | CHA- 0n Hunibléchert: ; 29 Vi CHAPITRE XIII. Conjectures. ME permettra-t-on de hazarder quelques conjectures fur l'ori- gine des gâteaux, fur la formation des premières cellules, et fur les premiers travaux de la femelle lorfqu'elle eft encore feule à l'ouvrage? Si l'on doit croire que la Nature ait donné aux infeétes des loix uniformes pour diriger leur conduite, je pourrois fuivre l'analogie fans trop m'écarter de la vraifemblance. La Nature femble déjà avoir tracé une ligne qu'il ne faut que con- tinuer pour arriver à la vérité; un plan qu'il n'y a qu'à fuivre, et ce plan on vient de le lire dans les obfervations précédentes. La mère Bourdon, aprés avoir creufé d'une manière quelconque la cavité dans laquelle elle a pofé les fondemens de fon nid, aura, amaffé dans le fond du creux une affez grande quantité de cire pour former une cellule; car elle a, comme je l'ai dit, la faculté de produire cette matiére en plus grande abondance que les ouvriéres; elle aura faconné cette petite maffe en forme de coupe; elle aura été fur les fleurs chercher des pouffiéres d'étamines; elle les aura placées dans le fond de l'alvéole, et ce fera le premier aliment de fes petits. HERS Ce weft qu'aprés ces préliminaires qu'elle y aura dépofé fes œufs ; felon fon ufage, elle en aura pondu fept ou huit à l'aide de fon ai- guillon; et pendant fon travail elle n'aura point été inquiéte pour leur fureté, puifqu'ils n'auront pas été expolts * à la voracité. des autres Bourdons. - Sigyn Des vers feront éclos ; ils fe feront nourris des provi qu’ ‘on avoit préparé dans leurs cellules; ils les auront bientôt confommées ; leur corps aura pu prendre de plus grandes dimenfions avant de rem- plir le vide caufé par la diminution du pollen ; et leurs forces s'étant: accrues avec leur grandeur, ils auront fait éclater la pellicule de cire ] fi it. i : qui les enfermoi | y: 296 Mr. P. Husrr’s Obfervations La femelle aura pris quelques brins de cette matière fur la fur- face de l'alvéole, et aura joint, au moyen d'une bande de cette fub- ftance, les deux hémifphéres creux dans leíquels la cellule aura été transformée. | : Le logement des vers aura donc été augmenté au moyen de l'effort qu'ils auront fait pour le rompre, et par les foins de leur mere. Elle doit alors avoir été obligée de les nourrir chaque jour, car ils ne devoient plus avoir de pollen dans leur magazin. Ces petits ayant pris tout leur accroiffement, chacun d'eux fe fera conftruit fous la cire un logement à part, dont les lambris auront été de tentures de Íoie. - | _ La mere aura peut-être alors réuni la cire qui couvroit les nouvelles HE de fes petits, et hos {culptée en cellule pour y pondre de nouveaux œufs. Mais remarquons déjà que voilà un gâteau tout forme; les loges de foie, qui d'abord étoient applaties, fe feront redreffées, et auront pris la forme d'un ceuf, et les petits qu'elles renferment à cette époque auront fubi toutes leur métamorphofes. ` C'eft dans cet état que jai trouvé au mois de Juin un petit gateau de Bourdon dans une cavité fouterraine; ce nid n'étoit habité que par trois individus parfaits, une mère et deux ouvrières. - Ce gâteau n'étoit compofé que de huit coques réunies; les deux coques qui occupoient le milieu étoient ouvertes, les fix autres étoient encore fermées; on voyoit fur fes bords deux mafles de cire quicon- tenoient des ceufs. : | Ce gâteau entre parfaitement dans le plan que je viens de cray- onner; il eit d'accord en tout avec les idées que j'ai données pour des conjectures; il femble prouver que je ne me fuis point écarté de la vraifemblance. ~ On concoit facilement que de nouvelles éelliiles conftruites fur les premieres coques donneront lieu à à de nouveaux gâteaux, et que les ~ premieres on Humble-bees. 297 premieres coques ouvertes ferviront aufi les premiers de pots-à-micl à la famille. | Voilà donc la femelle en fociété, et le le&eur exactement au point d'où il étoit parti. La route que je lui ai fait parcourir comjeétu- ralement me paroit affez naturelle pour l'adopter, en attendant que de nouvelles obfervations nous apprennent fi c'é(t là réellement la marche dela Nature. : La fcéne change quand les premiéres mouches font transformées; la mère, qui avoit vécu jufqu'alors dans une folitude profonde, fe voit entourée de mouches induftrieufes auxquelles elle a donné la vie. Elle n’eft plus obligée d'aller aux champs pour recolter le miel et le pollen; elle eft difpenfée de ces courfes toujours dangéreufes; fes enfans adultes fe chargent auffi de la nourriture des vers, de la cloture et de la défenfe du nid; et s'ils lui laiffent le foin de perpétuer l'efpéce, ils laident encore à conftruire et à perfectionner les berceaux de fes | peu 'été offre des tableaux plus piquans à l'obfervateur. Le privilège de pondre n’appartient plus exclufivement à la mère commune ; un peuple de petites femelles paroit alors; elles lui difputent ce droit qu'elles partagent avec elle. Elles fe chaffent les unes les autres, fe combattent fouvent, fe tuent quelquefois, et donnent le jour à un grand nombre de mâles. | Ceux-ci fécondent les grandes femelles qui naiffent à la même époque, et les dehors du nid font le théâtre de leurs amours. Lorfqu’ils ont affuré la confervation de l'efpéce, ils. périffent, + etla tomne voit aufi difparoitre la vieille mére, les ouvrières, et ls petites femelles. - Les jeunes femelles de la grande taille furvivent feules à toute la peuplade, mais elles s’enferment dans un tombeau qu'elles ont creufé dans l'arriére faifon; les premiers froids les engourdiflint Vor. VI. Q q ; “elles * . 298 . Mr. P. Huser's Obfervations on Humble-bees, elles bravent dans cet état les rigueurs de l'hiver; elles nefortent de leur léthargie qu'au retour du printems, et loríqu'elles peuvent trouver fur les fleurs le miel et le pollen qui fervent à les nourrir. Elles ne fentent donc les befoins que lorfqu'elles peuvent les fatis- faire, et ce dernier trait n'eft pas le moins intéreflant de leur hiftoire, XX. Bota- e 6 ) vtm > cd XX. Botanical Characters of four Nego-Holland Plants, of tbe Natural Order of Myrti. By James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S. P.L.S. Read uly 7, 1801. SINCE the publication of a paper in the third volume of the Lin- nean Society's Tranfaétions, the aim of which was to fix the botanical chara&ers of feveral genera and fpecies of the natural order of MyRT1, hitherto not well determined; I have become acquainted | - with a few more of the fame tribe, four of which it is my defign to defcribe at prefent. The number might appear too inconfiderable to be the fubjeét of a paper, nor íhould I, fcarcely, have offered them in this form to the Society, were it not as a kind of neceffary fupplement to the former treatife; and had I nota few particular obfervations to Prope. refpeéting one of the plants. 3. 7 mM grandifolium, folis lanceolatis. mucronatis fubquinquenervibus fubtüs pubefcentibus, calycibus villofis: dentibus membranaceis coloratis. _ ass A fingle fpecimen oF this new fpecies of Leptofpermum, ‘gathered by Dr. White in New South Wales, has been communicated to me “by A. B. Lambert, Efq. It is much larger'than any other I have feen of the genus, efpecially the EE which are above an inch - long, and near a quarter of an inch broad. Their form is lanceolate, tapering more towards the bafe than towards the extremity, and they - are tipped with a {mall prominent, fharp point; their margin is en- Q q 2 tire, 400 Dr. Suiru s Botanical Characters x tire, a little revolute; upper furface fmooth and fhining; lower paler, .opake, downy, punctate, marked with two obíolete longitudinal ribs on each fide of the principal one. Flowers terminating the fhort lateral branches, folitary, feffile, furrounded with a few leaves; white, large and handfome. Calyx clothed all over with white filky down; its teeth membranous, whitifh, lefs filky on the infide, moft fo externally about the tip. The germen is found to confift of only five cells; otherwife the appearance ofthe plant, and large fize * of all its parts, would have led me to fuppofe it a Fabricia, neaily allied to Gertner’s myrtifolia. As a Leptofpermum it fhould be in- ferted between the third and fourth fpecies, being next akin to the p 5. * FL. bi erae folis obovatis CEE enetvibus, ramulis | calycibufque glabris; dentibus membranaceis coloratis carinatis. Gathered near Port Jackfon, New South Wales, by the late Mr. David Burton, and communicated to me by the Rt. Hon. Sir Jofeph Banks. It is clofely allied to the fifth fpecies, L. parvifolium, but differs at firft fight in the imbricated appearance of its numerous” leaves on the long lateral branches; and the flowers will be found on examination totally diftin&, being not half the fizé of thofe of L. parvifolium, ftanding two or three together about the extremity of each branch, not folitarily: their calyx moreover is in every part . perfectly fmooth, and its teeth fharply carinated, which m the other are only a little convex, and entirely deftitute of any keel. 4. * MELALEUCA /quarrofa, foliis fparfis oppofitisve ovatis muticis | — quinquenervibus, floribus lateralibus, dentibus calycinis ^ Mevibus. . M. fquarrofa. Donn, Hort, Cant. ed, 2. 101. Iam of four New-Holland Plants. | 301 I am indebted to the Rev. Mr. Davies, F. L. S. Vice-Mafter of Trinity College, Cambridge, for fpecimens of this fhrub, which was raifed in the Botanic Garden of the Univerfity by Mr. Donn, from feeds brought from Port Jackfon, and flowered in 1799. It fhould - ftand next to the M. flypheloides, to which its leaves bear fome re- . femblance; but they are neither twifted nor pungent, neither have they more than five, or at moft feven ribs; they are alio more in- clined to be oppofite than in that fpecies. The flowers are white, encircling the branches in longifh clufters. Calyx-teeth blunt and without nerves, as in moft of the other fpecies, and totally unlike the ribbed acuminated teeth of M. /fyphelordes. Stamina collected to- gether into bundles, but imperfectly, and never to any confiderable diftance from their bafe, fo that it would fcarcely be taken for a Mela: leuca till the filaments in decay are found to fall off (for the mof part) in clufters. The ftigma is fimple, as in Merrofideros. _ The very imperfect connection of the ftamina in this plant leads us to remark how little the diftinétion between Melaleuca and Metro- fideros, and confequently even the charaëter of the Linnean clafs Polyadelphia, are founded in nature. Moft plants indeed, of that clafs, like moft fpecies of Melaleuca, have the filaments fo ftri&ly united, for a confiderable part of their length, into feveral (moftly three or five) phalanges or bundles, and thofe bundles fall off fo entire, that the character derived from fuch a circumítance feems no lefs natural than convenient for the fyftematic botanift. In the Mela- Jeuca nodofa, on the contrary, the union of the ftamina is continued but a little way from the bafe, and it is even more flight in the plant now before us, many of the filaments being quite fimple, and uncon- nected with their neighbours. The cafe is the fame in the genus Citrus, of which Linnzus could not but be aware when he efta- blifhed this clafs, and indeed he alludes to the variablenefs of the €hara&er in his Genera Plantarum in defcribing Citrus, Neither is (0 this 302 Dr. Smitu’s Botanical Charatlers of four New-Holland Plants. this character, flight as it is, connected with any peculiarity of habit - by which a Melaleuca can be known from a Merrofideros; nor, I “believe, would any botanift venture to guefs at a Me/aleuca without feeing the ftamina, in which the only peculiarity of the genus refides. What then is to be done, when even this peculiarity feems eluding - our grafp? We can only retain the genusas an artificial one, along with many other fuch, till the fcience be arrived at a greater degree of perfection; keeping, in the mean time, natural orders in view as the grand object of our fyftematic inquiries, and cherifhing every truly natura! genus as a fixed point, on which we may found the principles of future difcoveries. : .* EUCALYPTUS marginata, operculo conico magnitudine caly- cis, umbellis lateralibus, foliis ovatis margine incraffatis. E. marginata. Donn. Hort. Cant. ed. 2. 101.? Mr. Aiton favoured me with fpecimens of this plant three years ago from Kew Garden. The feeds were brought from Port Jackfon. Its leaves agree very much in form with thofe of E. robuffa, (next to which it ought to be placed,) but the footítalks are fhorter, veins more prominent, and the margin more thickened, fomewhat carti- laginous, and reddifh. The umbels are folitary, axillary, and fimple. Flowers fcarcely one-third of the fize of the robufla, and their covers are neither broader than the calyx, nor longer; neither are they contraded in their middle. The flowers much refemble thofe of my E. pilularis, but the leaves are totally different, e os E sa A es) ; | XXI. Additional Obfervations on fome remarkable Strata of Flint in the Ile of Wight, ina Letter from Sir Henry Charles Englefield, Bart. F.R.S. to Jobn Latham, M.D. F.R.S. and L.S. of Romfoy. Read Fuh 7, 1801. DEAR SIR, | IFEEL much flattered by the notice taken of my Paper* on the | Chalk Pits of the Ifle of Wight by the Linnean Society; and as I with to render my account of the very curious appearances obferved by me in them as perfect as I can, the following additional obferva- tions on the fubject, made during a fecond vifit laft year, are, by your favour, fubmitted to the Society. The pits I laft year infpected are as follow, beginning from the eaft. Brading pit, which is at the eaftern point of the great ridge, where the valley of Brading Haven interfeéts it, and feparates it from the Yaverland hill, which terminates in the fea at Culver and: Bembridge. | À road cut into the chalk above Knighton. Afhey-down pit, about three miles eaft of Newport. - A pit very near to, and fouth of, Carifbrook caftle. - The cliffs and caves of Frefhwater bay, both eaft and weft of the E which interfects them entirely, and runs from Frethwater — to Yarmouth. The Yaverland chalk is, therefore, the only part which I have * P. 103. : Bere 4 : i 2 not ‘304 Sir H.C. ENGLEFIRLDS Additional Obfervations on not examined, and little doubt can be entertained of its — tothe reft of the range, to which it evidently belongs. In Brading pit fome flints pana in detached nodules, and thefe are found and unbroken. The inclined ftrata of flint are vifible, but not to advantage, ow- - ing to the manner of working the pit. In thefe ftrata the flints are univerfally fhattered, fome into abfolute powder, others into groffer powder and fragments mixed. But befides thefe ftrata, the chalk in this pit is divided by vaft perpendicular fiffures, as {mooth as plaifter walls, and in fome of thefe fiffures flint has formed, which appears broken like that in the ftrata. "The road above Knighton only juft cuts into the chalk ftratum, but all the flints vifible in the banks are extremely fhattered. The pit at the weft end of Afhey-down, near two large barrows, is the moft extenfive and fatisfactory of any I have feen. The per- pendicular face of the chalk, where worked, is not leis than fifty or — fixty feet, and its direétion is at right angles to that of the ftrata, and parallel to their line of dip :—of courfe, they are fcen to very great advantage. The (trata feem to dip northward more rapidly than in any other place where I could obfervethem. The angle of inclination is from 75 to 80 degrees. ‘There are not layers of flint between every layer of the cing. Some of the chalk is peculiarly, folid, and rifes in very large maffes, affecting a cubic form. Their folid vein is from twenty-five to thirty gu thick, and is in ftrata from. three to four feet. In all this folid part there are very few flints. Both above + below this harder bed (fpeaking of the original pofition of the ftrata) the chalk is fofter, and has more flints in it. Ehe ftratified flints in this pit are full as much fhattered as any I - 6 had feme remarkable Strata of Flint in ihe Ye of Wight. 305 had feen. The nodules are not at all broken. Many of the ftratified flints are much defaced in this pit by an admixture of pyrites, fo as to be quite opaque, like a coarfe jafper; and thefe flints are much fofter than the others, as is always the cafe in the impure flint. In the chalkpit near Carifbrook the ftrata are not fo vifible as in the pit north of the caftle, (defcribed in the firft paper,) but the flints are to the full as finely, though perhaps not fo generally, broken. In one flint I obferved, that though it lay in its bed undifturbed, chalk, as if in a fluid ftate, had run into one of the fiffures. Every ap- pearance in this pit indicates that the chalk, fince its ftratification, has received a moft violent fhock. | The chalk at Frefhwater bay appears in high perpendicular cliffs, particularly on the weftern fide of the bay. Both on the eaft and weft the ftrata dip northward near 80 degrees, and the dip feems to run eaft and weft very regularly. The weftern cliff has a very regular and perpendicular face to the eaftward; and here the parallel direction of the ftrata, each feparated by a thin line of black flint, prefents a _ moft curious appearance. The flint here is often found in thin plates of confiderable extent, fometimes not above an inch thick, and feems formed from each fide of the fpace which it fills; as the ex- terior parts (or thofe neareft the chalk) are the pureft and blackeft, and it is gradually whiter towards the middle, where there is often a line of foft chalk included between the two plates of flint. All the ftratified flints are more or lefs fhattered, and fome are reduced to very fine powder. The cave at Frefhwater, which is really a beautiful as well as a curious one, is formed by the action of the fea- on thefe nearly vertical ftrata. They are of different hardnefs, and all interfeéted with fiffures at right angles tothe ftrata. When the fea acts on and wears away a {oft ftratum, a gallery is formed, and "orn, VI. Rr ‘the 306 Sir H. C. ENGLEFIELD’s Additional Obfervations on the upper parts of the ftratum between fiffure and fiffure drop out, much in the fame way as bricks are apt to do out of the flat arch overa window; the harder contiguous ftrata ferve as walls to the gallery, but are by degrees perforated in different parts, and become irregular pillars, fupporting the vaft weight of the hill above, until the a&ion of the fea weakens them fo far, that they fail, and a part of the face of the hill goes with them: fo that the cave is con- ftantly, although flowly, changing its form. ‘Large maffes of the harder ftrata, defended by their flint-coating, alfo ftand up in the bay as infulated rocks of different fhapes, and much refembling the Needle rocks, which are exactly of the fame materials, and formed by the fame procefs. In this part of the chalk ftratum I faw feveral foffil remains, which I had fought in vain in the pits I had vifited. One was fingular. It had the ap- pearance of part of a very large fhell, regularly ftriated, and almoft flat. I have often feen {mall fragments apparently of a fimilar fhell, in chalk, but never a large piece. It was fo firmly fixed as not to be removed without a chifel; which I had not. © To thefe obfervations on the chalk of the ifland I muft add, that this whole range, although really chalk, is much harder than the chalk of the South downs; infomuch that the carpenters cannot ufe it for drawing lines, but import chalk for that purpofe from Portfdown hill, above Portfmouth. They alfo call the ifland chalk by the name of marle, which is, however, only the Breton name for chalk, and appears in many compound names, fuch as Mar/-borough on the Wiltfhire chalk hills, and the very Spin one of Albe- marle, or white chalk. . As I made fome further obfervations on the fouthern range of hills which form the back of the ifland, I will trefpafs on your pa- tience a little longer, Paca: as they in e degree contradict, | or : fome remarkable Strata of Flint in the Île of Wight. 207 or rather correct, what I had advanced on that fubject in my former letter. When the northern front of thofe hills is viewed from Afhey down, the ftratum of {tone mentioned in my former letter, as lying directly under the chalk of St. Catharine’s and Dunnofe hills, ap- pears every where to maintain an horizontal pofition; and fo in its general difpofition, particularly in its northern front, it certainly does; but juft behind the village of Ventnor, the ftratum entirely difappears, as if it had been ingulphed in a great chafm; anda deep and narrow valley runs winding into the chalk hill of St. Boniface, though it does not penetrate through it, which feems the remains of the fiffure into which the ftone had funk. The appearances of the great ftone firatum, from Niton eaftward to Ventnor, are noted as follows in the journal made on the {pot : AT On an attentive infpection of the trata ofthe under cliff, it appears that the great ftratum of rugged and laminated ftone, which firft appears at the weft fide of St. Catharine’s, and, thence ranging eaft- ward, forms the front of the cliffs overhanging the Underway, dips in its fouthern face gently to the eaftward. The cliffs at Mirables are much higher above the fea than thofe of St. Laurence; and from thence they decline till at the opening in the hill above Ventnor they totally difappear. A {mall crag juft peeps out of the eaftern face of this dell, and the whole hill of St. Boniface is, as far as can be feen, compofed of chalk. As, however, this, like all other chalk hills, is in the ftate of a fteep flope covered with turf, perhaps by digging into its face the {tony ftratum might be dif- covered. It is alfo to be obferved, that the chalk, which is not vifible above the rock at Mirables, begins to appear foon after, and grows gradually thicker as it proceeds eaftward. AtSt. Laurence, it forms a thick cap to therocks; and at Steephill fhute its thick- bs Rgr2 nefs, 308 | Sir H, C. ENGLEFIELD’s Additional Obfervations, 2e, nefs is very much increafed, and foon after nothing but chalk ap- pears in St. Boniface's hill. In what form the rock re-appears at Dunnofe to the eaft of St. Boniface, I have had no opportunity of examining. I fhould not, dear Sir, trouble you with thefe defective ob- fervations, but that every notice, however imperfect, may be of ufe when connected by future obfervations, and that they may ferve as a ftimulus to other travellers who often go over this beautiful line of country, to turn their attention to its fingular natural phæ- nomena, I fend you two fpecimens of the broken flints ; one from above Brading, the other from near Carifbrook; but the tickets are miflaid, and I am not fure which is which. I remain, &c. Tilney Street, May 26, 1807. XXII. Defcrip- ( 309 ) rA XXII. Dirion of a new Species of Visa: By uestes Fury Poche tke. RLS | Read Fuly 7, 1801. VIOLA CONCOLOR. VIOLA caulibus ereétis, foliis lato-lanceolatis ftipulifque lanceolato- linearibus integerrimis; Habitat in uliginofis Americæ Sens > DESCRIPTIO, Radix fibrofa, ramofa, alba, perennis. : Caulis herbaceus, erectus, flexuofus, fulcato-angulofus, fimplex, hifpidus, pedalis et ultra. Folia alterna, lato-lanceolata, acuminata, integerrima, rugofa, cili- 3 ata, dilute virentia; variant fæpe argute dentata aut lacera. Petiolus breviffimus, femiteres. Stipule quatuor; duz majores, duz minores; ineat arcuatz, integre, ciliate. Pedumculi duo, minimi, ex axillis foliorum; unus ferens florem abortivum. Braciee duz, minime, lineares, obtufæ. - Flores 410 Mr, T. F,ForsTEer’s De/cripiion of Flores par vi, dilute virides, plantæ concolores. Calyx: Perianthium pentaphyllum, concavum, hamofum. Corolla: Petala quinque viridia: duo /uperiora minima, linearia, recurva, integra; duo /ateralia linearia, dentata, recurva; infimum bipartitum. Calcar breviflimum, obtufum. Stamina quinque, fubulata, breviffima. Anthere xiridi-purpurez, bafi bifidæ. Piftillum breve. Stigma non urceolatum, fed hamofum, per foratum, "duplo. longius anthers. OBSERVATIONES. . Culta rariffime floret, In horto meo jam annos plus quatuordecim | exftitit; at cum fæpius ex America repetita eflet, bis folummodo, primum duntaxat anno, hoc tanto temporis fpatio fioruit. Nufquam alias virefcentem nifi in Horto Regio Kewenfi vidi. Specimen ficcum inde decerptum in Herbario egregio Dom. Jof. Banks, Bart. exftat, ES > fed nondum in aliquo (quod fciam) de hac re fcriptore hzc fpecies tata eft; nec pro certo habeo quod vere fit Viola, forfan cum imn aliis fub novo genere melius diftinguenda. | -Cum omne hoc genus (Violam) femper magno ftudio CPR fpecies haud minus fexaginta notavi; et cum per otium licebit, li- : _ benter genus, nunc plurimis mendis laborans, expedire conabor. Bus tantum obfervationes fpeciminis loco huc afferam. Vi ola lanceolata Gmelin ex Siberia defcripta non eft eadem quam “fabs eodem nomine Kalm ex Canada propofuit. lanceolatis nitidis, radice fibrofa, ftolonifera; olatis pubefcentibus, radice fufiformi, agaulis. Hsc foliis peran guftis illa foliis ovato-lance- Viola Linn AM MAS . Trans anew Species of Viola. | 311 Viola grandiflora hortorum non eft eadem que Viola grandiflora Linnzi, fed omnino fpecies nova, cui Viole Pa//afi nomen dare velim, ut a Pallas primo in Siberia inventæ. - EXPLICATIO TAB. XXVIII. Fig. 1. Planta magnitudine naturali. 2. Calyx. s 3. Petala fuprema. 4. Petala lateralia. 5. Petalum infimum. 6. Stamen. 7. Piftillum. 8. Antherz. 9. Anthera. 10. Capfula. Ir. Semen. + XXIIL Deferipe XXII. Defcripiion of the phas of Cycas revoluta. By James Edward E Smith, “M.D, F.R.S. P.L.S. Read November 3, 1801. THE Cycas revoluta, Thunb. FI, Japon. 229, Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 3. 475, having, for the firft time in England, produced fruit in the collection of the Honourable and Right Reverend the Bifhop of Winchefter, at Farnham Caftle, Surrey; his Lordfhip was pleafed to requeft that ‘an account of it might be laid before the Linnean Society. For this purpofe I was induced to go to Farnham in November 1799, ac- companied by Mr. Sowerby, in order to make the requifite obferva- tions. We found the fruit then ripe, and exhibiting a moft magni- ficent fpectacle. The plant was much larger than any I had feen of the fame fpecies, and feems to be one of the oldeft in England. We learn from the Hortus Kewen/is that this Cycas has been about 40 years in our collections. It is not known that the Farnham plant was larger at its firft introduction than fuch as are ufually brought from abroad, perhaps 2 or 3 feet in the diameter of the circle formed by the expanded leaves; that diameter is now 10 or I2feet. Suppofing it therefore to have been one of the very firft introduced, it has grown much more rapidly than ufual; for - there are few to be feen in England, even the oldeft, that are half Lo large. I fhall proceed to defcribe its appearance and ftructure. = The ftem is about 2 feet in height, and 9 or 10 inches in dia- meter. Thunberg defcribes the fame as rifing in Japan to the height of 6 feet or more, with nearly the abovementioned diameter. Its furface i is brown, and very fcaly with the remains of old leaf- ftalks. Dr. + E. SmrrH’s Defeription * ihe Fruit if Cycas revoluta. 313 ftalks, A fimple circle of about 40 evergreen pinnate leaves crowns the fummit, forming a magnificent bafon, whofe margin meafures 10 or I2 feet acrofs, and 5 or 6 feet in height above thg level of the bark bed of the ftove. On mounting a ladder we beheld in the bot- tom of this verdant and fhining amphitheatre a circular clufter, per- haps 18 inches wide, of above an hundred orange-coloured dow ny oval fruits, intermingled with innumerable palmate, pale brown, thick and woolly leaves or fronds, each of whofe finger-like fegments - was tipped with a fharp fpine. With refpect to its earlier ftate, the Bifhop has informed me, that on his arrival at Farnham early in September, the gardener informed his lordfhip the Cycas ** had borne a fingular appearance during fummer.” On infpeëtion, the crown of the plant was found occupied by the abovementioned woolly leaves, then beautifully laciniated though not fpinous, and having the appearance of a /trobilus or cone, hollow like a bird's pelk and filled with a quantity of green dupe, about the fize of half-grown apricots, and intermixed with the fame kind of downy greyifh leaves that furrounded them. The changes which had taken place from that time to the period of my arrival were, that the whole clufter of fronds and fruit had become rather convex than concave, the fronds were browner, fpines had grown at the tip of each of their length- ened fegments, and the drupe were become nearly as large as a mo- derate fized apricot, and further refembled that fruit in tha rich orange hue and downy furface. On feparating 1 fome of thefe woolly leaves, they were found to be true fronds. Each was from 6 to 8 inches long, flefhy, entirely clothed with pale brown woolly down; their lower part a flattifh ftalk; their middle bearing on each margin a row of 4 4 or four feffile drup bc their extremity dilated into a pinnatifid, or bé palmate, many- fingered leaf, whofe lobes were generally curved inwards, and tipped with a fpine as before mentioned. When wounded, thefe fronds- SN Or. VI. Ss diftilled 314 Dr. J. E. Surra's Defeription of diftilled a great quantity of thick clear infipid mucilage, which foon hardened into a fubflance refembling gum tragacanth, in which probably refides the nutritive quality for which this Palm is fo cele- brated in the Flora Yaponica. We are there told that a very {mall morfel of the pith of its ftem is fufficient to fuftain life a long time, and on that account the plant is jealoufly preferved for the ufe of the Japanefe army. The drupe are alfo faid to be ufed as food. We roafted fome, and found in their kernels the flavour. of chefnuts, with lefs fwcetnefs and a more watery confiftence. Each drupa is elliptical or fomewhat obovate, a little compreffed, tipped with a minute rigid point formed of the permanent ftigma, which is umbi- licated at its fummit. The outer coat is coriaceous, bright orange red, clothed with woolly down which eafily rubs off. This coat is not eatable. - Nut folitary, elliptical; even, hard, whitifh, tipped with a point conneéted with the ftigma, and internally lined with a loofe brown membranous integument clofely enfolding the kernel, which is alfo elliptical, white, firm, uniform, completely occupying the fhell, and confifting entirely of a/bwmen*. In its ‘upper part, immediately under the ftigma, we difcovered a fmall round cavity where the embryo fhould have been, but no traces of it were to be found, for want of impregnation by the male pollen, Which is produced on a feparate tree. Probably the flavour of the nuts might have been improved had they been impregnated. Enough has been faid to fhow the near affinity of this genus to Zamia, (fee Gertner, tad. 3.) from which it is chiefly, and indeed fuf- ficiently, diftinguifhed by its drupæ growing on a true frond, con- trafted with the amentaceous fruit of Zamia. The two genera per- haps, conftitute an intermediate order between Pa/me and Filices, but are furely moft akin to the former. * Gertner rather choofes to call it vz/el/us in Zamia. The / ry» " dit. d Frrot 9a p dur i ( / Ue POL OM MMA / Lann Trans VI. tab. 30. fe 523. gem ee ltil * the Fruit of Cycas revoluta. 31$ The annexed figure (Tas, XXIX.) is taken from a fine drawing by Mifs North, prefented to the Society by the Bifhop of Win-. chefter. It reprefents as much of the plant as was poffible, fome- what under the natural dimenfions, :nor could the full number of furrounding leaves be conveniently admitted. Tas. XXX. exhibits one of the fronds of its full fize. Fig. 1.is an abortive drupa; 2. aripe one; 3. a drupa cut longitudinally; 4. all the integuments of the fruit; 5. albumen; 6. cavity deftined to con- tain the embryo. Ss2 OXXIV. Species XXIV. Species of Erica. By Richard | Anthony Salifoury, Efq. FRS. & L.S. - Read Ociober 6, 1801. : ERICAS, in abfolutà monographià nunc illuftèaré minime mihi propofitum efl; Attamen, quandoquidem in hoc genere nonnihil defudaverim, et multe ejus pulcherrime fpecies, fub ineptis ne ' dicam falfis hortulanorum titulis, iterum a Wi ‘denow evulgantur, meos Chara&eres, et Nomina, demum profero. Species ordinavi fecundum earum affinitates, adeo ut inter fe proxime collocentur fimillimz: cuivis diverfæ methodo parum ami- cus. Etenim, fi e numero foliorum feparas, hunc non folum in unà eidemque ftirpe mire ludentem offendes, fed tales divifiones magnitu- dine fuà laborantes fere nihil juvant: idem fortius objiciatur fectioni- bus ex antheris muticis calcaratisve petitis, quippe quz valde propin- quas fpecies, imo ipfas varietates diftrahunt: nec magis naturalem diftributionem, vel e bracteis, vel ex inflorefcentia, vel e filamentis, vel e fructu, adhuc extorquere potui. Jamdudum nos docuit Linneé, in Regno Vegetabili nove prolis Herbam fequi patrem, Florem vero matrem: inde Clavis vaftiffimorum generum, ut mihi videtur, haud ita difficilis. Quamobrem cohortes e ftructurá corollae antherarum- que potiffimum defumpfi, gradumque affinitatis per comma, femi- ^ colon, rariusve colon, pone fingula nomina appofitum, indicavi: ubi nullum vidi prater cómmunem generis nexum, ifta fpecies peri- odo notatur: multas enim fimilitudines oculis confpicimus, quas tamen verbis exprimere admodum difficile fit. Nihilominus in Diffe- rentils Spe puras de o ue e notas eligere conatus fum, haud j à magis Mr, R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. 317 magis quod opus effet dicere, quam quod non 1 opus effet, non dicere, foliit i 1 | Mirum fortaffe nonnullis videatur, Ericam vulgarem defiderari in fequentibus paginis: fciant autem velim, hancce ftirpem, fi-qus alia in toto Ordine, proprium conftituete genus: jure antiquiore profecto fuum nomen retinuiffet, fed cum tot alix ftirpes, apud omnes Bota- nicos jam eodem cognomine gaudeant, fatius duxi banc unam novo infignire titulo: itaque Oalunantappellavi, ob ufum ejus frequen- tiffimum in fcopis conficiendis: effentia generis, quà differt ab Erícd, eft in pericarpii valvis. ad latera loculorum dehifcentibus, feptis axi relictis: habitus, abfque ullo rudimento petioli pedunculive, omnino fcffilis. Alterum genus, cum illo pariter confufum, ob ftigma grande Salaxis mihi audit, cujus calyx irregularis, et pericarpium drupaceum, triloculare, trifpermum: quatuor Hits innotuere, faciem Ericæ /coparia præ fe ferentes. ond p.e unn Paucas obfervatiunculas, in editione Differtationis Price a Thun- berg, quam nuper typis mandabam, inferui. Hallucinationes gravi- ores in tam vafto genere pene inevitabiles, Synonyma infra tacite in- dicabunt: ceterum hæc non nifi ex fpeciminibus ipfis auctorum un- quam citavi Maxima profecto beneficientià fua Herbaria mihi pa- tefecerunt omnes, atque fraftula vel rariffimorum exemplarium com- municaverunt: adeo ut ducentas et quinquaginta legitimas fpecies nunc poffideam, quarum dimidiam circiter partem in vivis alo. Hafce omnes, numerofiffimis varietatibus miftas dignofcere, et prout verum Botanicum decet exponere, haud labor erit paucorum an- norum: nimis felix fi qua hactenus videar veftigiis inftitiffe admi- randi Linné, qui non abfque divino quodam afflatu, cum Vegetabi- lium -differentias tradidit, longiffimo intervallo omnes fuperavit. — ^. $$ à Synrpfs 318 | Mr. R. A. SALISBUR v's Species of Erica. Synopfis Specierum, fecundum earum Affinitates. Scoparia, 3. m. fsp: ax. Spiculifolia. 3. m. i ai Virgularis, 3. m. fe te | Afperifolia, 3. mc. i ?, Fétox. 4 m. Oxycoccifolia, 3. c. 7. ax ? Thymifolia. 3. c. ze. ax. = Axillaris. 3:4. c. i. ax. Sicæfolia. 3. c. 2. 2. Urceolaris, 3. c. i.t. Faufta; 3. c. i. 7. Pallida, 5. c. 7. 2. "Tomentofa, 3. c. i. te` Auricularis, 3. c. if. — Lamellaris, 3. c. 7. t, Marifolia, 3. c. 5.1. Helianthemifolia. 2. c. 7. 7. Calathiflora. 3. c. 7. 7. Prócera, 5:5. e. i. 7. Polytrichifolia. 3:5. c. 7. t. Tenuis. 3.6.7. f Humilis : 3. c. 7. 7. Peduncularis : 3. c. f. f. Ameena, 3.0 jf Glomiflora, 3. c. 7+: t - Formofa. 3. c. 7. f. I Carduifolia. . c. 7. f. Tubercularis. 3. m. 2, t. Campanularis. ge m. i,t, Medioliflora, 3. m. it. . Blanda, 3- P1. f. Hottoniæflora, 5. c.i. ax. Seriphiifolia, 5. m. 7. ax. Lavandulæfolia, 3. m. 7, 7. Humifufa, 3. m. nt. Criftæflora, 3. m. 7. 7. Lyfimachiæflora, 3. m. t. t. Paflerinæfolia : 3. m. 7. 7. Byflina, Mr, R. A. SaALISBURY's Species of Erica. 819 Byffina, 3. miċ. t Velleriflora, 3. m. e. t. Carbafina: 3.5. e.t. Scariola- 252, e Sexfaria, 3. c. €. £. Corydalis, 3. c. 7. f. Azaleæfolia, 3. m. e. t. Petiolaris, 3. m. 7. £. Veficularis, 3. c. 7. &, . Verniciflua, 3. c. 7. £. Lachnezfolia, 3. c. i t: Voluteflora, 5.6: m. 3. 7. Lyrgera, .3« Cote f Salax, 3. c. £. f. Gnidizfolia, 3. c. 7, 4. Cumuliflora, 3. m. 7. f. Geniftefolia, 3. m. i t. Periplocæflora, 3. c. 7. te Lucida, 3. c. 7. 1. Munda, 3. c. z. 7. Gnaphaliiflora. 3. c. 7. 7. Fabrilis, 3. c. 7. 1. Dianthifolia, 2. c. 7. f. — Brevifolia, 3. c. 2 4 Chlamydiflora, 3. c. 7. f. Selaginifolia. 3. c. 7. t. Pannofa, 3: 5. €. f, f. Hirfuta, 4. (m. 7. b Plumofa, 4. c. 7. t. Ciliciiflora. 3. s. i t. Xeranthemitolia, 3. s. e. f. Nodiflora, 3. m. e. t. Flofculofa, 4, m. e. 1. Exilis, 4. m. e. t. Labialis, 3. m. e. t. Embolifera, 4. c. este Dumofa, 4. c. e.t. Barbigera, 4. m. e. t. Paleacea, 4. m. e. t. Bruniæfolia, 6. c. e. t. Turmalis, 6. zx. e. t. Equifetifolia. 3. z. e. t. Diotæflora, 3. m. e. p:as. Sertiflora, 3. mM. €. p: ax. Flexilis, 4. m. e. ax, Saxatilis, 3-5. M. e. P: ax, Lugubris, 4. m. e. : ax. Multiflora, 5-6. m. c. p: ax. Manipuliflora, 3. m. c. p :ax. Vaga. 5-6. m. c. p:ax. Lentiformis: 3. m. e. f. Pudibunda. 3-4. m. e.t. Filiformis, 3. c. e. t. Turgida, 320 — Mr. R. A. SALISBUR Y’s Species of Erica, Turgida. 3. c. e. ¢. Fufiformis ; 3: 4. s. e. t. Fragilis ; 3. 9n. e. te Veftifiua, 3. m. e. 1. Baculiflora, 3. m. e. £: Cothurnalis, 3. m. e. t. Socciflora, 3. m. e. 7. Furfurofa, 3. m. e. t. Follicularis, 3. m. e. 7. Penicilliflora, 3. m. e. f. Placentæflora, 3. m. e. te Pyramidalis, 5. m. e. t. Squameflora, 5. m. e.ż. Cafia, 3. m. e. t. Flexuofa, 3. m. e. f. Lafove, PEAR _ Stylofa, 3. m. e. f. Spirææflora, 3. mM. e. t. Milleflora. 3. c. e. 1. Diofmefolia, 3. c. 28 — Palliiflora, 3. c. 7. t. Fugax, 3. c. f. t. Pyrolæflora, 3: 4. €. 1. 7. Tegulæfolia, 3. c. z. 4, Baccæformis. 4: 3: €. 7. t. Modefta : 3. c. i t. Holofericea, 3. c. 7. t. Glauca : 3. c. 7. £f. + Variifolia. 5. c. 47. Rupeftris. 3. c. 7. 7. Verficolor, 3. m. 7. k Decora, 3. c. 7. t : Cupreffiformis, 3. c. A 7. Melliflua. 3. c. 7. t. Nana, 4. ¢. 7. f. Spiffifolia, 6. c. 7. 7. Sacciflora, 4. c. 7. ¢. Cylindriflora. 6. c. ^ t. Paludofa, 6. m. i. f. Lituiflora. 4. m. :. £. Obpyramidalis, 4. m. 1, 7. — Cyrilleflora, 4. m. i. t. "Velitaris. 4, t 4, 9. * Culcitzeflora, 4. e. i. 7. Tubiflora, 4. c. 7. f. Curviflora, 4. c. f. f. - Cufpidigera, 4. c. i. f. Bibax, 4. c. 1. f. Buccinz formis, 4. c. h f. Faftuofa, Mr. R. A, SALISBURY's Species of Erica. Faftuofa. 4. c. 2, te Stagnalis, 4. m. 7. 7. Conípicua; 4-5. m. 7, f. Longiflora, 6. zz. 7. t. | Verticillaris, 5-6. m. i fe. Floccofa. 5-6. m. i. t. Radiiflora, 8. c. 4 p : Jat. Lycopodiifolia. 6. s. i p : lat. Pharetræformis, 6.2.1. $ : ax. Grandiflora, 6. 7. e. p : ax. Cerviciflora, 5-6. c. e. p: ax? Pinifolia, 6. c. 7. 5: ax. Calamiformis, 6. m.i, ps ax. |. Longifolia, 6.17: c. i. p: ax. Coftæflora, 6. m. 1, p : ax. Onofmæflora, 6. 2.7 p: ax. . Pulviniformis, 6. z. 7. 2 : ax. Frondofa, 6. m. 1.9: ax. Phylicæfolia, 6. m. ig p+ zx. ' Argutifolia. 6. m. 7. p: ax. Favofa, 6. c. 55: LT 3 Sceptriformis, 8. c cd. pra Clavzeflora, 6. c. 7. f: ye Alveiflora, 6. c-t A: ax. Mammofa. 4. €. & f: axe : Brachialis.-4. mei. 4. Vos. VI. . Uncifolia. 4. c. 1. p : ax. Hyftriciflora, 4. m? i. f. Strigilifolia, 4. c. 7. £. Pectinifolia, 4. c. 7. t Crinifolia. 6. c. 2. 4 Cernua. 4. c. i. £. Doliiformis. 6. c. i. 7. Piftillaris 4 c. £. 4 3. ff. 1. Axe Ciliaris : Botuliformis, 4. c. 7. f . Multicaulis. 6. Ch fs fe iE Mat % : r ^ 321 Caduceifera. 3. 6.7. B: ax, Empetrifolia, 6. C. i. b : ax. -.. Malleolaris, 6..c. t: p: dps. yxidiflora, & c. ip: ax. dE 2 a y AE Res C. A T A ; Fallax, 6. c, 7. p: ax. NT LiPartlis, 6, lefe p hanes oo. cou - Vifcida. 6. c. 7, p. ax. TE — Caterveflora; 322 Mr. R, A. SALISBURY’s Species of Erica. Catervzflora ; 4. c. 7. 7. Pubigera, 4. c. 7. 7. Mitræformis, 4. c. 7. f. Tardiflora, 4. c. 7. t . Parviflora, 4. c. à, 7. Exigua, 4. c. i. t. Pufilla. 4. c. 4 t Tragulifera, 4. c. i. t. Gutteflora, 4. c. 7. 7. Curviroftris, 4. c. 7. 7. Obefa, A cs d Gracilis, 4. c. 7. £. Intervallaris, 4. c. 7. t. Quadræflora, 4. c. 7. 7. Prolifera, 4. c. 7. 7. Cyathiformis, 4. c. i. £, Pelviformis. 4. c. 7. te Turrigera, 4. c. 7. 7. Lacuneflora, 3-5. c. 7, 7. Florida. 4. c. 2. i. Turbiniflora, A. c.i. 7. Bullularis, 3-4. c. 7. 7. © Mucofa, 4-6. c. ;. 1. Piluliformis, 4-5. c. 7. 7. Obliqua, 6. c. z. lat. Sequax, 4-6. c. 7. 7. Blenna. 4-5. €. i.f. 56 Verecunda. 4. c. i. lat. Glabella. 4. c. à. t Embothriifolia, 3. c. 7. lat. Glutinofa, alt. c. 1, Jat. Curvifolia: 3. c. 4. lat, _ Squarrofa, 6. c. 7.7. Gorteriæfolia, 4. "1.17. f. Ampullzformis, 4. t. £. £. Capax, 4. mi. t. Lagenzformis, 3-4. m. i. t. Jafminiflora : 3-4. m. 7. f. Pavettzflora, 4. c. 7. f. Faíciformis, 4. m. i. t. Fiftulæflora, 4. m. 7. t. Fragrans, 4. c: M. 1. te Galiiflora, 4. c. 7. f. Nidiflora, 4. c. 7. t. Denticularis 4.7. 7. t Pulhta;a omen: Daphniflora, 4. m. 7. te Pellucida. 4. me 7. 7. A mabilis, 4. c. 7. ax. Venufta; 4. c. 1, ax, -Imbellis, 2.c. 7. ax. Linifolia, 2. c. 7. ax. Borboniæfolia, 2, c. 7. ax. Corifolia, Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. 523 Corifolia, 3. c. i. ax. Pugionifolia, 3. c 4p: ax. Obvallaris, 3. c. i. ax. Viminalis. 5. c. h p: ax. Hyflopifolia, 5. c. i ax. JT'axifolia : 3.6 7..a* ‘Figure Arabice numerum foliorum in fingulis verticillis indicant: Litera c. filamenta calcarata, m. mutica; e. antheras exfertas, 7. in- clufas; ax. inflorefcentiam axillarem, p:ax. pfeudo-axillarem, 1. terminalem, /a/. lateralem. ERICA. Charatler Generis. Corolla perfiftens. Antheræ 4—10, ante anthefin per foramina duo lateralia connexz. Pericarpium membranaceum, | 4—8-loculare: Valve 4—8, medio loculorum una cum feptis ab axi dehifcentes. Semina 10—100 in fingulis loculis, decidua. | Differt ab Zudromedá, corolla non decidua, et ftruéturà antherarum: a Menziefid, preter eafdem notas, necnon fructu; ad quam Erica Daboecii referenda. Charaëleres Specierum. E. caule pubefcentulo: corolla §-lineari, levi; tubo cyathiformi: filamentis muticis: ftigmate peltato. E. fucata. Thunb. Diff. n. 9. E. {coparia. Linz. Mant. «$37» E.fcoparia. Linn. Dif: n. 13. cum fig. foris. ~ E. coris folio 1111. Cluf. Hif. Pi. lib. x. p. 42. Cum fuà Arbored in Horto Cliffortiano olim confudit Linné, neque poftea filamenta efle mutica un- quam animadvertit. Scoparia. SL + are E. pedunculis 324 Spiculifola. Virgularis, Afperifelia, < Ferox, Oxÿeoccifelia, Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. E. pedunculis ebracteatis: calyce breviter 4-fido: co» rolla 1-lineari, ‘levi; tubo cyathiformi, 4-angulo: flamentis muticis. E. olympiaca. Si&ib. MS. Sponte nafcentem in fummitate Montis Orne, | legit heu defunctus Sibthorpe. Perfingularis eft defeétus braétearum. E. foliorum laminis plus minus ovatis :corollà $—1-l:- neari, vifcidà ; tubo fpharico: ftigmate peltatos Variat «: E. abfinthoides. Linn. Mant. p. 66. ` - B:E. virgata @. Thunb. Dif. n. 18. Y: E. virgata y. Thunb. Dif. n. 18. .8: E. hifpidula. Linn, Suppl. p. 222. c: E. hifpida. Thunb. Dif.n.20- ^. Ab hifce omnibus longe oido E. virgata à, 7 bunk. que, ni fallor, Salas eft. E. foliorum laminis linearibus: corollà r:-lineari, vifcidà ; tubo fphzrico: filamentis fæpius calcara- tis: pericarpio lanato. | T x E. fetacea. Anar. Er. n. 62. c cum E US Sponte nafcentem in: ttentots Holl rit I. Mulder. E. calcyce ferrato: corolla rz-lineari, levi; tubo - ventricofo, déin iterum dilatato : pericarpio glabro. | E. totta. Thunb. Diff. n. 17. Sponte nafcentem in Konde Bochveld?, legit E Maffon. : Braétez 3 juxta calycem. — E. né decumbente, fliformi: or laminis ovatis : : Mr R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. . Ovatis: corolla ri-lineari, campanulata, hirfuta : filamentis muticis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, folo humido, - legit I. Mulder. Pulchella fpecies : utinam ad vivam accuratius defcri- bere mihi quandoque liceat: tum cauli, tum folia Oxycoccum Paluffrem ad amuffim fimulant. E. caule diffufo: foliorum laminis ovatis: corollà I—1iz-linear: filamentis bafi valde dilatatis: peri- carpio hirfuto. Variat æ: Corolla r-linearis, visae. pubefcens. An- therz inclufz. is Rsaplexiifplicio Gane Jof in cos o slam folia. Berg. PJ.-Cap. $. xo. E. planifolia, —Linn. Sp. Pied: 2.5. 508. à “È: Corolla 12-linearis, minutiflime rer pubefcens. Antherz exfertæ. _ E. planifolia. Willd. Sp. PL v. 2, p. 362. E. africana hirfuta, &c. Plukn. Mant. p. 69. tab. 347. pl. 1. - y: Corolla 14-linearis, levis. | Antherz ex- fertæ. - E Jolie Hand A $ 48. E E foliorum laminis zik is: "Morir 2 2, minutis: co- | rollà 1:-lineari, levi: calcaribus fubulatis, hirtis. E ftrigofa. Soland, in Ait. Hort. Kew. x Ve Zefa 17. E. are borea. Thunb. Di p: n. 63. Sponte nafcentem in Tafelberg, legit F. Maffon. Variat floribus albis purpureifque. 325 Thynifolia- Axillaris. E. foliorum . f 326 Sicæfolia. _Urceolaris, Faufía, Pallida, Mr. R, A. SALIsBURY’s Species of Erica. E. foliorum laminis mucronatis: corollà r:-lineari, extus hirfutà; tubo cyathiformi: calcaribus line- ari-attenuatis pericarpio glabro. Sponte nafcentem in Hs/rtentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Nulli mihi cognitz affinis eft. E. foliorum laminis fetofis: corollà 3-lineari, extus pubefcente ; tubo urceolari: calcaribus lineari-at- tenuatis. > E. dura. Soland. MS. E. hirta. Thunb, Dif). n. 56. Flores pallide purpurei. E. foliorum laminis fetofis: corolla 2j-lineari, éxtus pubefcente; tubo urceolari: calcaribus aurito-at- tenuatis, valde ferratis. : Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, {olo humido, legit I. Mulder. : Valde fimilis antecedenti: fed Foliorum laminz bafi latiores ; Pubefcentia alia; et Antherz omnino di- verfæ, in hac lineares feu tote æqualis latitudinis, - in illà verfus apicem fenfim anguftata. — E. foliorum laminis linearibus: calyce lateribus redu- plicato: corollà 2-lineari, utrinque pubeícente: calcaribus brevibus. E. pubefcens pilofa. Thunb. Diff. n. 61. E. pubefcens. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 506. auctoritate fpeciminis in ` ejus herbario a Burman. Variat magnitudine et pubefcentià foliorum; fed, ni fallor, conftanter 3-na funt. . E. foliorum Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. 327 E. foliorum laminis angufte linearibus: calyce plani- Tomentofa, ufculo: corolla ri-lineari, utrinque tomentofà : calcaribus longis, recurvis. , Sponte naícentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Bractez juxta bafin pedunculi fite, cum quo et ca- lyce corolla concolores. E. foliorum laminis lineari-lanceolatis: corollà 2-li- Auricularis, neari, extus pubefcente ; tubo ovato: calcaribus minutis, auricularibus. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. .. Mulder. Herba fequentis: cæterum ab omnibus hujus cohor- tis, calcaribus minutis fere ut in AI di- verfa. E. foliorum laminis lineari-lanceolatis: corolla 3-line- Lameliaris, ari, tubo pyramidali, extus pubefcente: calcaribus glabris. . E. urceolaris. PZ. Kew. 4 16. E. urceolaris. Berg. PI. Cap, p.107. E. pentaphylla. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2. $. 506. E. caffra. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1. et 2. auétori- tate {peciminis Cliffortiani. - Nulla pars in hac fpecie urceolaris eft: a foliis longis planiufculis, titulum faltem non falfum offero. E. foliorum laminis late ovatis, planiufculis: corolla ^ Marifolia, 12-lineari, utrinque pubefcente; tubo ovato: cal- caribus pubefcentibus. i | | E. marifolia. 228. Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. E. marifolia. Ændr. Er. n. 29. cum Ic. E. marifolia PL Kew. f. 34: optima. E. marifolia. Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 2. p. 15. Sponte nafcentem juxta Conffantia abunde, Iit F. Mafion. Helianthemifolia. E. foliis 2-nis ; laminis obovatis planiufculis: corolla Calathiflora. Procera, 2-lineari,, utrinque pubefcente: calcaribus longis. E Promóntorio Cap. Communicavit primum cum viginti aliis fpeciebus Georgius Hibbert, ob raras*difficillimafque. ftirpes _quas introduxit, merito celebris. OE. calyce- tomentofo : : corolla r-lineari, levi: calca- -ribus cuneatis, hirtis : pericarpio tomentolo: fig mate longe exferto.. E. bicolor. Thunb. Diff. n. 57. E. caule PRES vos approximatis: .calyce | bafi medioliformi: corolla 1—2-lineari: ftigmate peltato. E. nae ; Thunb, Di Dj; n. ;. o. E. arborea, Linn. iia te E. triflora. Berg T PL Cup. £. 118. E. = borea, Lim. Sp. Pi. ed. 2. p. 502. E. fcoparia. Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. 1. p. 353, .exclufis fynonymis. E. coris folio 1. Cluj: Hifi. Pl. lib. 1. p. 41. Sponte nafcentem j | juxta Baia, legit amiciffimus Smith.- Variat admodum in diverfis regionibus, ger ctiam. _inclufo, = E. aule Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. 329 E. caule tomentofo: bra&eis remotis: calyce bafi Pelytrichifolia. fenfim anguttato: corolla 14—2-lincari : calcaribus | cuneatis. Sponte nafcentem prope Lifboa, legit Banks. Prioris nonnullis. varietatibus fimilis, fed hac mihi videtur. legitima fpecies. Foliorum lamina anguf- tiores, magis attenuate. . Flores in noftrà ftirpe cultà plane inodori. Cordia oblonga: tubo pocu- liformi. Stigma fibulæ-forme, nec late petebant Pericarpium pyriforme. E. caule divaricato: foliorum laminis linearibus: Tenuts. corolla i-lineari, campanulatà, levi: filamentis breviflimis: calcaribus lineari- attenuatis. E. divaricata. Hoertulanis... es à; iia Ó€—Á 9€ arin Ses E; caule glabro: foliorum laminis argute m A Humilis. .corollà 2:-lineari: calcaribus longis, fubulatis, hirtis. E. deprefa Thunb. Dif. fi. 5O- cum: de E. foliorum thin bus : : SI 3-lineari : : Peduncularis. tubo globofo: antheris longiffime foraminofis, la- | natis. E. rubens. Thunb. Dij. n. 83: Sponte nafcentem i in Koude Barbie snootibii lege .F. Maflon. : d st eit Uu rie. Doe aHa Pedoncal polices longi fant. — wa nos E. foliorum laminis lanceolatis? SU 4—5-lineari; Amana. ‘tubo urceolari; limbo breviffimo: antheris bre-^ ' viter foraminofis, glabris, Vor. VI Un Edna Glomifora, Formo/a. Car duifolia. Tubereularis. Campanularis. Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. E. incarnata: Thunb. Dif. m. 94. Toto celo diverfa ab E. incarnaté hortulanorum, et non nifi ex fpecimine Thunbergiano mihi cognita. E. foliorum laminis angufte cuneatis: calyce bracteis imbricato: corolla 24-lineari, vifcidá ; tubo fphæ- rico: calcaribus villofiflimis. E. veficaria. Soland. MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffo ` E. calyce incurvo-deflexo: corollà 13-lineari, vifcidä ; tubo fphærico, 8-angulo: antheris bafi valde arcu- atis: ftigmate lato. ! E. formofa. Thunb. Diff. n. 82. cum fc. Sponte nafcentem in Lange Kloof, regionibus orienta- libus, legit F. Maffon. E. foliorum laminis fetofis: pedunculis longis : corol- . Ja z:-lineari, levi; tubo globofo: filamentis bre- viffimis. 3 Communicavit Mibbert. Inflorefcentia adhuc mihi dubia: forte in rudimen- tis ramulorum terminalis. Stigma anguftum. E. corolla r4-lineari, tuberculis afperá; tubo globofo: filamentis muticis: pericarpio longe ftipitato, E. inclyta. Soland, MS. Antheræ minutz, totæ læves. E. caule glabro : foliorum laminis anguftis: corolla | 24-linearis Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. 331 2i-lineari, campanulata, levi: filamentis breviffi- mis, muticis. E. tenuifolia. Hortulanis. Sponte nafcentem in Hortentots Holland, locis humidis, legit F. Maffon. Flos Convallariz majalis Linn. fed luteus. E. calyce tetraphyllo: corollà 4-lineari, levi; tubo Medsolfora. medioliformi ; limbo bafi integro: antheris papu- lofis. | E. Thunbergi. Linn, Suppl. p. 220. Genus jam tanto nomini facratur, neccum fpecificis, hujufmodi titulos mifcendos effe cenfeo. E. floribus glomeratis; corolla 14-lineari; limbo tubo Blanda, i longiore, laciniis femiorbicularibus : ftigmate lato. E. cornuta. Roxb. MS. In hac pulcherrima cohorte, Antheræ ipfe ultra fo- ramen in criftam plus minus producuntur. E. calycis foliolis ferrulatis: corolla 2:-lineari; limbo Hottoniefora, bafi integro, emarginulato: filamentis calcaratis. E. cubica. Andr. Er. n. 39. cum Ic. mala. E. cubica. Linn. Mant. pe 233. E. calycis. foliolis minute ciliatis: corolla Gp batari; Seriphiifolia, limbo bafi integro, obtufo : filamentis muticis. E. cubica. Thunb. Diff: n. 46. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, D le- git I. Mulder. Nullam cubicam partem in his duabus fpeciebus un- quam detegere potui; preter notas autem fupra | Uus . memoratas, 332 Mr. R, A. SAzis BUR V's Species of Erica, memoratas, difcrepant Proportione, fitu Bra&te- py arum, et colore Antherarum. Flores in utraque : axillares, — Lavandulefolia, E. caule i incano: bracteis juxta calycem: corolla. 2- | lineari ; tubo 4-angulo ; limbo i incurvo : filamentis inferne latiffimis. | Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Mafon. : | Humifufn —— E. foliis 2-nis ; laminis ovalibus; corolla 14-lineari, ‘limbo amplo : ftylo longe exferto. | E. humifufa, Hibbert MS. HER Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, ET Ios Mulder. Herba tota glabra videtur. Criflæfora, | E. calyce tetraphyllo: corolla 2-lineari; limbo tubo triplo longiore, bafiintegro: pericarpiolevi. ` E. melanthera. Thunb. Diff. n. 12. Sponte. nafcentem prope Conftantia, legit E Mulder, Later E. diie quidéfido: corolla 2-lineari ; ; Tito” fübb | . duplo longiore, bafi integro: pericarpio fericeo, E. melanthera. — Lian. Mant. p. 232. Stigma i in hac longe exfertum. Pafferinafolia: E. bracteis minutis : aie brevi iter quadrifido, denfe tomentofo: corolla c seni : PERDS tomen- ..tefo. : | E. paficrine. Linn. Sippl 2. 221, E. Cap. Coridis oe : fol, Mr. R. À. SALISBURY’s Species of Erica, : fol B. rubello: Pets Gaz. te 3. f... Cat, Top, 9n. 469. - c " Folia in noftris exemplaribus terna. ` . E. calyce, denfe fericeo, braCteis imbricato, quadri- By/fina, fido: corollà 2-lineari, calyce parum longiore : ` neétario cotyliformi, rare hirto. | E. capitata. Andr. ‘Er. m. $8. cum I. E. cápitata. - - Lim, Mant. p. 373. E. capitata. Linn. Diff. n. 36. "eum fig. floris. E. capitata. Berge Pl. Cap. p. 94. E. africana. calyce lanuginofo &c. Seb. Thef. v. x pe 30. 1, 20. f. 1. . Flores pallide lutei: antheris fous inclufis. 333 E. calyce denfe fericeo, -bracteis remoto, quadrifido: ' Velleriflora, corolla 14-lineari, calyce parum Tongiore: nectario — cotyliformi, glabro. ` ; — EK. bruniades. Andr. Er. n. O1. cumIc. E. capitata. Thunb. Diff. n. 15. auctoritate ejus fpeciminis. Erio- cephalos Bruniades æthiopica, Corios, &c. P/ukn. Mant. P 69. f. 347: T^ 9. auctoritate. ejus fpeci-. minis. Sponte nafcentem in Drakenftein, foci humidis, legit F. Maffon. Pin Flores pallid Pd $ m apa, 2 E alye i enfe Ne. ion" remoto, ENE : Caiofha. corolla 13-lineari, calyce multo Jongiore 5 ; neétario .. — aftragaliformi, fericeo. E. bruniades. Linn. Mant. +. 378. E. frondes Linn. Diff. n. 52. cum fig. foris. MOORE Q5 121 pos : Flores albidi, pallide rofei, vel etiam lutei : dignofcas ; autem 334 Mr. R. A. SALISBURY’s Species of Erica, autem a Byfind, bracteis calyce remotis;. a Velleriforé, foliis latioribus et magis tomentofis. Scariofa, | E. bracteis fuborbiculatis: corollà 14-lineari; limbo longitudine tubi; laciniis femilanceolatis : ftigmate an- gufto. E, fcariofa. Berg. PI, Cap. p. 102. E.fpumofa, Berg. PI. Cap. p. 103. auctoritate fpeciminum, quz amiciffimo Swarts debeo. E. fpumofa. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2. p. 508. Nullam differentiam extricare potui in fpeciminibus Ber- gianis: hoc modo ante plenam explicationem florum, illud diu poft, decerptum fuiffe videtur. Filamenta rite calcarata funt. Antherz in herbariis cito caducæ. Sexfaria, E. foliis glabris ; corolla 14-linearl, calyce obtectà : calcas ribus longis, gutem dnd pericarpio levi. E. fexfaria. P. Kew. f. 11. E.{pumofa. Thunb. Dif. n. 14. Anthere hujus quoque poft exficcationem mox cadunt, proculdubio.exfertz. Corydalis, E. foliorum laminis Tanceolato-cuneatis : corollá 2-lineari, limbo bafi integro: antheris dorío alatis. Communicavit Hibbert. : ‘Nomen ab antheris galeam aliquatenus referentibus. Azaleæfclia, E. foliorum laminis lanceolatis : corolla 12-lineaffi, hirtà : antheris exfertis, pene totis. foraminofis. E. fpumofa. Roxb, MS. apum nafcentem i in Hottentots Er , legit I. Mulder. . Petrolaris, E. penetik longis, cuneatis, Adirai corolla 2+-lineari, apice pubefcentulà : pericarpio rare hirto. E. petiolata. Mr. R. A. SALiSBURY's Species of Erica. 335 E. petiolata. Thunb. Diff n. 7. cum Ic. bond. Facies Rofmarini Officinalis, Lina. E. foliis veficulis nigris afperfis: corollà r-lineari, Ve/cularis, vifcido-pubefcente: calcaribus parallelis, cuneatis : pericarpio fericeo. E. conacea. Hortulanis. Sponte nafcentem prope Stellenbofch inter montes, legit I. Mulder. Frutex 3-pedalis ; ramis erectis, valde fafligiatis. E. foliis vifcidis : corolla 2;-lineari, limbo recurvo: Vernicifiua, calcaribus aurito-cuneatis, hirtis: pericarpio lzvi. E. glutinofa. Roxb. MS. Foliorum laminæ obtufe acuminulatz, reduplicaturà ` denfe glandulofæ, unde nitent glutine efufo. E. foliorum laminis ovalibus, pubefcentibus: corolla Lachneafelia, | = 2-lineari, limbo recurvo: calcaribus longis, an- guíte cuneatis. E.lachnza. Hortulanis.. Spontenafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Differt ab antecedente foliorum laminis penitus ob- tufis, nec vifcidis: calcaribus laevibus. E. foliis lucidis: calycis lateribus inferne recurvis: co- Volutefora, rollá 14-lineari; limbo revoluto: filamentis fæpe muticis : pericarpio tomentofo. E. nigrita. Thunb. Diff. n 53. E. nigrita. Linn. Dj ;. m II. cum fig. floris, peflima. E. nigrita. Linn. Mant. pe 65. E. laricina. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 94. E. africana, &c. Seb. Thef. v. 2. p. 11. f. 9. f 7. Calcatia * ai Lyrigera, Salax, Gnidia folia, Cumulifora, Mr. R. A, SALISEU RY's Species of Erica; Calcaria brevia, párallela, cuneata, interdum. omnino deficiunt. - X. folis lucidis: corolla 12-lineari; limbo recurvo: calcaribus: ferratis: antheris lyrzformibus, hirtis: pericarpio tomentofo. j E. nigrita. Roxd. MS. Hujuíce fpeciei diagnofis pulcherrima, antheris ante anthefin tot lyras referentibus. E. folis lucidis ; calyce adpreffo : corolla. 14 lineari: filamentis. breviffumis : à pericarpio. levi : : ftigmate Duc de he a s | E. ot uva MS. Sponte naícentem 1n, Hottentots, Holland, montibus, legit F. Mafion. "a Facies eren fed: pee differentias. 7 cut AA E. foliorum laminis ne sg .Calyce late obcuneato: Serole: 2-linearii calcaribus auricularibus, — — | E vefpertina. Lian Supp. b 221. di calycina. Thunb. Diff. n. 78. F. calycina. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2. f. Bier E. fafciculis 7—12-floris : calyce incano: corolla 21-li- neari; limbo inferne ciltato : _Pericarpio, hirto.: diis maté anpufto, coco, e UN E.aggregata. Roxd. M5. 5 - ae Sponte RÉ in Hatestet Hilland, legit I Mulder. E. ER y ei + Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. E. fafciculis 3-floris : calyce vifcido: corolla 2-lineari ; limbo inferne ciliato: pericarpio levi: ftigmate lato. E. tetraloba. Roxb. MS. Species ab antecedente penitus diftin&ta; huic femina levia, minute alveolata; illi lucida, æquata. E. foliorum lanimis lanceolato-cuncatis : pedunculis longis: calyce brevi, orbiculari: corolla 14—2-li- neari: ftigmate angufto. Communicavit Hilbert. Flores in ficcis faturate purpurei. Filamenta fepius calcaribus brevibus cuneatis armata, interdum vero prorfus mutica. "E. calyce minute ciliate, lacido: corollà r-lineari calcaribus auricularibus, incifo-ferratis : fligmate an- gufto, inclufo. Genifiefolia, Periplocaflora, : Lucida, ‘Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. | E. bracteis calyceque integerrimis: corolla 1-lineari: calcaribus auricularibus, ciliatis : pericarpio hirfuto. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Specimen noftrum imperfectum eft, ante explicationem florum lectum. E. calyce patente, margine exquifite glandulofo : co- Munda, Gnapbaliifio rd, _rollà r-lineari, calyce vix longiore: pericarpio lxvi: | ftigmate grandi 4-fido. | = E. gnaphalodes. Thunb, Dif. n. 75. E.gnaphalodes. Linn. Diff. n. 25. cum fig. floris, peffimà. E. gnapha- lodes. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 119. | Vor. VI. : Ax E. foliis 338 Fabrilis; Dianthifolia ; Brevifolia, Chlamydifiora, Mr. R. A. SALISBURY’S Species of Erica, E. folis denfe imbricatis: corolla r-lineari, calyce vix longiore : calcaribus integerrimis: antheris minutis, pene didymis. | | Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon, Herba recta, quafi Fabri manu artificiofe impofita. E. foliis 2-nis, longis: calyce ovato-cuneato: corolla 3-lineari: calcaribus ferratis: pericarpio glabro. Communicavit Hibbert. Flores pallidiffime purpurei. E. foliorum laminis ovatis: corolla 12-lineari, calyce i longiore: calcaribus lineari-attenuatis ; feminibus FAUSSES : E. brevifolia. Soland. MS, Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon, E. foliorum laminis linearibus, hirfutis; corollà 2-li- neari, calyce vix longiore: calcaribus auricularibus: feminibus æquatis. LE. vifcaria. Roxb. MS. . - Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Selaginifolia. . Calycis foliola fere diftinéta, erecto-recurva. E. caule tomentofo: corolla 1%-hneari, levi: tubo globofo: calcaribus latiffimis, orbicularibus. Sponte nafcentem in Lange Kloof, legit G. Paterfon: Omnium fpecierum, quas detexerunt Roxburgh, Pater- Jon, Maffon, largo fuo more copiam mihi fecit, fum- mum noftre ætatis decus, Banks. E. foliorum #2 Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. 339 E. foliorum laminis parum reduplicatis: corolla 2-line- Pannofu. ari, lanata: filamentis latis, breviter calcaratis : ftylo exferto. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, (emt F. Maffon. Afhnitatem nefcio: confer cum By//zá, fed folia vi- dentur 4-na et antheræ diverfiffime. E. bracteis calyceque pilofiffimis: corolla 2-lineari, Hér/uta, hirta, 4—5-andra: filamentis apice latiffimis, mu- ticis. | E. hirfuta, Thunb. Prodr. p. 72. - E. folis 4-nis, minutis: calyce pilofifüüimo : corolla ^ P/umofa, 13-lineari, hirtà, 4— 5-andrà: filamentis calcaratis. E. plumofa. Thunb. Prodr. P 3- Blaria à ciliaris. Linn. Suppl, b. 122. Nomen peffimum eft, verum ex érnftula rue aliud aptum ES nequeo. E. folis 3-nis, minutis : calyce vilefifimo, bracteis Crhciujflora, diftinéto: corolla pres hirtá, 4-andrà : fila- mentis muticis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F, Maffon, Antheræ pene didymz, valde barbatæ. E. foliis 3-nis: laminis valde incurvis : : calyce lanato, Xerantbemifolra, imbricato: corollà rj-lineari, lanata, 4-andrà, Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots. Holland, folo arido, legit F. Maffon. Facies diverfiffimi generis. AXZ xo -E. foliis 340 Nodiflora, Flofeulofa, . Exilis, Labialis, Embulifera, Mr. R. A. SALIsBury’s Species of Erica. E. folus 3-nis: calyce infundibuliformi, villofiffimo : corolla 14-lineari, hirtà, 4-andrà: antheris breviter foraminofis. Communicavit Hibbert. Folia villofa, nec lanatä. . E. calyce fimbriato: corolla $-lineari; tubo anguftiflimo, . fuperne repente dilatato; 4-andrà: filamentis anguf- tiffimis. | Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Corolla refert flofculum difci in Ordine Naturali Com- pofitarum, E. foliis 4-nis: calyce infundibuliformi, glabro: corollà $-lineari, glabra, 4-andrà: filamentis muticis. E. fcabra. Thunb. Prodr. p. 72. Inflorefcentiam non rite intelligo, fpecimen enim uni- cum dilacerare nolui : videtur axillaris bracteis duabus in pedunculo breviffimo. E. foliis 5-nis; laminis glabris: calyce 2-labiato, fimbri- "ato: corollà 14-linear!, 2-labiata, 4—5-andra. Bleria labiata. Soland: MS. ies T Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, lr F. Maffon. E. bracteis folitariis : calyce infundibuliformi, quadran- gulo: corolla net 4-andrà: calcaribus recte de- flexis. E. glabella. TAund, AProdr. P 73. Bleria pufilla. Lina. Mant. p. 39. auctoritate ejus fpeciminis. Blæria pur- | . purea. Berg. P/. Cap. p. 34. ; ES Folia, Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica, Folia, in numerofiffimis qua vidi, tam cultis, quam indi- 34t genis exemplaribus, funt hirfuta. Inflorefcentia, ut- in aliis hujufce cohortis eft fpica fafciculum mentiens, pedunculis breviflimis verticillatis, bracteá loco folii fingulis fubjedáà. E. foliorum laminis fimbriatis, fubtus glabris: corol'à i4-lineari, 4—5-andra : calcaribus reéte exftantibus. E. Bleria. Thunb. Prodr. p. 72. Bleriaericoides. Linn. Sp. PL ed. 2. p. 162. E. calyce bracteis imbricato, profunde 4-fido, barbato: corolla 2-lineari, glabra, 4—5-andra: filamentis mu- ticis; ftylo anguftiflimo. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maflon. E. bracteis folitariis: calyce infundibuliformi, toto hir- futo: corolla 12-lhineari, 4—5-andra: filamentis mu- ticis. E. articulata. Thunb. Prodr. p. 71. Bleria articulata. . Linn. Mant. p. 198. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Herba valde ludit; foliorum verticillis nunc diftinétis quafi caulis articulatus effet, nunc approximatis; laminis nunc brevibus, nunc longis et linearibus. E. foliis longis : bracteis juxta calycem, exteriore lon- giffima: corolla ri-lineari, 6-andra: filamentis cal- caratis. __ | E. hemifphærica. Soland, MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Duns/a, Barbigera, B Paleacea, Bruniefolia, E. pedunculis 342 Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Spectres e Ern Turmali ^ E. pedunculis breviffimis : clés minuto, adpreflo: corollà 2-lineari, 4—5-andra: filamentis muticis : antheris latis. , Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Facies antecedentis, fed penitus diftin&a, calyce triplo minore. Equifetifolia, E. foliis 3-nis: fafciculis 3— 5-floris : pedunculis longis, glabris: corolla 14-lineari, 4— 5-andra : filamentis muticis. E. articularis, Hortulauis. Herba ut in Iméelfi, fed etiam gracilior. Sertiflora, E. calyce angufte cuneato: corolla il-lineari; tubo : urceolari : antheris totis exfertis: pericarpio levi. E. nudiflora. Smith Pl. Ic. ined. n. 57! E. nudiflora: c Linn: Mant. p. 229. Sponte nafcentem i in Tafelberg, me G. Paterfon: BraGtex, minute quidem, pro certo adfunt in exem- — . plare Linnzano! Diotaflora. | €. calyce late cuneato: corollà 15-lineari; tubo am- : phoræformi : antheris patom: chere : o pericarpio - pubefcente. — — , E. piftillaris. Soland. MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Flores in rudimentis ramulorum axillaribus. Flexilis. E. pedunculis vifcidis, axillaribus : corolla 14-lineari; . tubo ovato: filamentis muticis: pericarpio lanato. E. racemofa. Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. E. racemofa. Thunb. Diff. n. 47. cum Ic. Inflorefcentia in axillis fimplex, nec racemofa, E. foliorum laminis argute reduplicatis : corolla 24-line- ari; tubo pyramidali : antheris a medio foraminofis. E. carnea. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 11. cum Jc. mediocri. E. car- nea. Jacq. Fl. Aufir.v. 1. p. 21. f. 31. E. carnea. Scop. F1. Carn. ed. 2. v. 1. fp. 275. E. purpurafcens. Linn, . Dif. n. 55. E. herbacea. Linn. Diff. n. 57. cum fig. floris. E. foliis, &c. Hall. Hif. Helv. n 1013. E. herbacea. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. so. E. carnea. Linn. Sp. Pl. ‘ed. 2. p. 504. E. purpurafcens, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 503. exclufis omnibus fynonymis preter fequens. E. procumbens folis in fummitate, &c. Seg. Ver. v. 2. p. 280. autoritate fpeciminis a Fabroni, cui folia s-na. E. procumbens, ternis folis, carnea. C. Bauh. {3 +. we Saxalilis, Pin. p. 486. E. procumbens herbacea. C. Baub. Pin, — p.486. E.corisfolio vii. vin, ix. — Clvf. Hif. PL lib. 1. Ê- 46. Foliorum numerus certe ludit, adeo ut non anglidi dubi- taverim omnia fupra citare fynonyma. E. foliorum laminis angufte cuneatis; floribus fecundis ; Lugubris, corolla 1;—2-lineari; tubo urceolari à antheris abin- fra medium foraminofis. | ; | E. mediterranea. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 4n. cum Ic, E. me- diterranea. Linn. Mant. p. 229. E. mediterranea. Linn. Diff. n. 59. cum fig. floriss E. major florib. &c. C. Baub. Pin. p. 485. E. coris folio 111. Cuf. Hif. Pl. lib. 1. p. 42. A faturo colore foliorum jamdudum diftinxit C/ufius. = E. fcLorum 344 — Mr. R. A. SALIsBURY’s Species of Erica, Multiflora, E. foliorum laminis linearibus : &orollà ri—2-lineati ; | tubo urceolari: antheris juxta apicem foraminofis. E. multiflora, Linn. Diff. n. 58. cum frg. floris. E. mul- tiflora. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1. p. 355. E. juniperifolia, &c. Garid. Pl. Aix. pe 16c3 t. 3a. E. foliis corios multiflora. I. Baub. Hifl. Pl. lib. 10. p.366. E: coris folio altera. 2. qua Narb. &c. Cluf. Hifl. PI. lib. 1. p. 42; E. juniperifol. &c. Lob. Ol. p. 620. Flores quoquoverfi, pedunculis longiufculis. Mauipulfiorz, E. caule incano: floribus in axillis interruptis : corolla : - Ii-lineari; tubo PER antheris in fertum ere, a 3 E. verticillata. "Tort. Fl 7 210. Juxta Bujuchtar a fe letam mifit amiciffimus Sibthorpe. Vaga. E. caule glabro : fioribus in axillis contiguis: corollà 14-lineari ; tubo cyathiformi: antheris in fertum erectis. . E. vagans. Smith in Engl Bot. n. 3. cum Ic. E. multi- flora. Bullard Fl. Par. t. 203. E didyma. Stokes im With. Arr. ed. 2. p. 400. E. purpurafcens. Lamarck in Encycl. Bot. v. 1. P2 488. E. vagans. Linn, Mant. p. 230. E. vagans. Linn. Diff. m. 56. cum fig. floris. E. foliis corios multiflora. Ray Syn. ed. 3. p. 471. E. procumbens dilute purpurea. C. Baub, Pin. p. 486. Antherz non revera didymæ. Lentiformis. E. bra&eis calyci adpreffis : corollà ri-lineari; tubo lentiformi, bafi 8-angulo : antheris juxta apices fo- raminofi Is, E. Grabellata. | Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. E. umbellata, P4 Kew. t. 5. E. umbellata. Linn. Sp. Pl, ed. 2, p. sor. E. umbellata. Loef. Ref. p. 138. E. coris folio v. Cluf. Hifl. Pl. lib. 1. f. 43. Flores ramis ultra folia productis terminales, nec um- bellati. E. folis 3—4-nis: corollà 2-lineari, vifcidA ; tubo ova- to: antheris latis, exfertis, hirtis: pericarpio tur- binato, hirto. E. nutans. Wendl. Er. fafc. 3. p. 5. cum Ic. Hanc unice. omnium quas propofui Ericarum, non vidi: icones autem a Wendland, fi rudes, fideliffimz. E. bracteis juxta calycem :.corollà 1-linezri, glabra; limbo recurvo : antheris longe foraminofis: ftigmate angufto. Sponte nafceritem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Caulis tenuis, diffufus. Folia 3-na verticillis remotis y Laming anguftz, recurve, vifcido-pubefcentes. Flo- res terminales, Filamenta ad apicem lata. . Pericar- pium læve. E. pedunculis. XS coroll ae x) fimis. eee E. fufco-rubens. Roxb, MS. E. calyce braéteis remoto, cuneato, longitudine mire vario: corolla 4—7-lineari, levi; tubo ovato-py- ramidali Vor, VI. m 52 Pudibunda.- F "formis s Ti urgida. Fragilis; - . Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. Variat «: Calyx 14-linearis. Corolla punicea, 6—7- . linearis. E. Pluknetii. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed. T. p. 356. £: Calyx 2i—3-linearis. Corolla punicea, ^. 6—7-linearis. E. Pluknetiana. P. Kew. f. 9. optima. E. Pluknetii Linn. Sp. Pl. ed.2. p. 500. exclufis fynonymis. . Uy : Calyx 1-linearis. Corolla albidàj 3—34-li- nearis. | E. Petiverii 6. Thunb. Dif. n.21. - © ð: Calyx 2i-linearis. Corolla albida 3—3$-li- - nearis. diocl Des In noftro horto, czteris elatior. «: Calyx g-linearis. Corolla albida, 5-linearis. Poftrema varietas maxime infignis eft. E. foliorum laminis acute mucronatis: corollà 7—9-li- neari; limbo recurvo-horizontali : pericarpio barbato. + or Bank he! Andr. Er. n. 26. cum Ie. Vefiifiua, Baculzflora, "pute nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, locis rupeftribus, legit F. Maflone:, E . E. foliorum laminis incurvo-patentibus, junioribus pi- lofis: floribus folitariis : corolla 7—g-lineari; tubo cylindraceo. E. Petiveriana. Rox£, MS. : = Corollarufa. . E. foliorum laminis recurvo-patentibus: floribus fo- . ee litariis : Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. litariis : corollà 6—8-lineari; tubo cylindraceo : peri- carpio ovato. Variat « : Corolla lutea. E. Petiveri. Linn. Mant, p. 235. E. Petiveri. Linn, Dif. n. 50. cum fig. floris. B: Corolla fordide rufa. E. Petiverii à. Thunb, Dif. n. 21. . Limbus Corollæ obtufus, et inftar affinium crenulatus in ipfo fpecimine Linnzano. E. foliorum laminis recurvo-patentibus ; corollà 7—9- lineari; tubo cylindraceo bafi ventricofà: pericarpio ovali. Variat e; Bractez et Calyx glabriufculæ. É E. Sebana. P/-Kew. t 10. optima. E. cocci- nea. Linn, Sp. PL ed. 2. p. 505. E. afri- . cana, &c. Seb. Thef: v. 1. f. 32. t. 21. £4 8: Bractez et Calyx pubefcentes. _ -E. Pluknetu. Berg. Pi. Cap. p. 92. Corolla in utraque lete rufa, et demum 4-angula. E. foliorum laminis recurvo-patentibus: corollà 4—6- lineari; tubo ovato-pyramidali : ES ovato. Variat æ; Corolla lutea. |. —— _E. Sebana viridis. Anir. Er. n. 59. cum Ic. bona. 8: Corolla fordide rufa. | E. Sebana fordida.. Hortulanis, 7: Corolla læte punicea. Y $2 347 Cothurnalss, Socciflora. E. Petiveri. 348 — —— Mr. RL A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. E. Petiveri. Hortulanis. Limites, quibus ftirpes fub hoc et tribus præcedentibus . titulis traditas diftinguerem, vix inveni: omnes for- fan rectius conjungendz. © Furfurofa, | E. foliorum Tues incurvo-patentibus : corolla 4—6- lineari, vifcidà : filamentis latis : neétario cotyliformi, Æ. monodelphia! And. Er. n: 22. cum Ic. Filamenta forte latiffima hujus generis. | Fillicilaris, E. foliorum laminis patentibus: floribus folitariis : co- rollà ETIAM bafi ihata ; = nektario plinthi- forms SS om Variat o: Corolle Taus h mox yis E. Petiveriana. Andr. Er.’n. 25: cum Ic. bona. B : Gorollz Limbus mox atrobadius. E. melaftoma. Zfadr. Er. n. 43. eum Ic. Folia penultima ultimaque bafi nonnihil dilatata. Penicillifora. E. corollà 2-lineari, calyce obdu&tà; tubo fphzilco: ud antheris in penicillum acutum convergentibus. E. Petiveri vera! Hortalanis. = Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland l, legit 1. Mulder. Pulchra fpecies, bracteis calyceque : niveis, - Placenta 7, E. foliis obtufiffimis: corolla calyce obduétä : tubo ra- peformi: filamentis fenfim dilatatis: ftigmate an- gufto. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Helland, es F. Mafon, Herba pallidiffime i incana, - m E. calyce Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erici 349 E. calyce bracteis imbricato: coroll r- lineari, longitu- Kunden, dine calycis:. antheris anguftis, longis: UH date gigartoideo. ' E. imbricata. Linn. Mant. p. 372. E. imbricata, Linn. Dij. n. 53. cum fig. floris. E. quinquangularis. Berg. Pl. Cap. fe 117. E. imbricata. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed. 2. P+ 593 E. bra&eis fupra medium pedunculi fparfulis: corolla Squamefra, .2-lineari, calyce breviore: antheris acuminulatis : pericarpio late ovato. E. imbricata. Roxb. MS. Ponte PRG SE Baëy bite legit I. dies c aer m - E. calyce. bracteis imbricato : “corolla .5-lineari, calyce. Cea, "breviore: antheris obtufis, fepto lato : > pericarpio ovato. Communicavit T) hunbergi | Stigma latiufculum, quod in antecedente anguftum. : E. bracteis fupra medium pedunculi barils: corolla Flexuofa, 1-lineari, calyce longiore: antheris obtufis fepto an- gufto: neétario grandi. i E E. flexuofa. adr. Er. n: 33 cum Tes — a a e Te Sponte. nafcentem juxta ie abbas, "degit I. Mulder. i Pericarpium in hac turbinatum. - E, calyce bracteis imbricato: corolla j-lineari, calyce La/civa, parum 359 Stylofa; Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. parum breviore : antheris a bafi foraminofis : ftigmate - peltato. E. imbricata. Thunb, D: if n. II. auctoritate ejus fpe- ciminis. Facile dignofcas, Antheris ! longe foraminofis. E. pedunculis longis: braéteis juxta calycem fparfulis: corollà 1-lineari, calyce parum longiore: antheris acuminulatis: pericarpio ovali. E. bracteata. Roxb. MS, Stylus ODE ER ; Spireafre ; E. pedunculis glabris: corolla 1—1}-lineari; limbo Milleftora. & longitudine tubi, integerrimo: antheris juxta apicem foraminofis. E. leucanthera. Linn. Suppl. 5. 223. Variat caule vix pubefcente, et magnitudine florum. E. caule tomentofo: corollà *-lineari; laciniis bafi im- bricatis : calcaribus linearibus, levibus: ítigmate exferto. E. milleflora. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. ~~ E. paniculata. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 508. ee Si quz alia, legitima fpecies : flores non troie, fed fafciculis trifloris terminalibus: a Cyathiformé ftylo - longe exferto dignofcenda. : Dinfnafelia. E. foliis lucidis: corolla 2-lineari; laciniis imbricatis: filamentis angufliffimis: calcaribus exquifite attenu- atis, ferrulatis. E. fubferrata. Roxb. MS. : | Sponte N Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica, Sponte nafcentem in Hsttentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Folia latiora quam in plurimis, E. caule angulato: foliorum laminis lanceolato-cu- neatis: corolla 1+-lineari, calyce parum longiore : calcaribus auricularibus, glabris. E. candida. Soland. MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. E. foliorum laminis cuneatis: calyce obcuneato; co- rollà 1i-lineari; tubo parum 4-angulo, turbinato : calcaribus angufte cuneatis. E. triflora ariftata. Wendl. OLf. p. 47. E. triflora, Thunb. Dif.n.79.cum E. E. triflora. Linn. Mant. p. 374. "E. triflora. Linn, Diff. n. 23. cum fig. Joris. . Hujus fpeciei florefcentia citiffine peragitur: non eft triflora. Linn. Sp. P/. quare nomen mutavi, E. foliorum laminis cuneatis: calyce ovato-cuneato: corolla 2-lineari ; tubo valde 4-angulo, fphærico : calcaribus late auricularibus. E. triflora. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2. p. 356. exclufis fyno- | . nymis. Sponte nafcentem infra Duyvelherg, legit I. Mulder. — Perfimilis antecedenti, fed accuratius inípecta valde differt; tubo corolle apice intus fub finubus limbi, in tot carinas canaliculatas, extremitate pilis aliquot minutis barbatas, prominente. “E. foliorum laminis ovalibus, pubefcentibus: corolla 351 Pallifora ; Fugax, Pyrolæflora, me À Tegulafolia, 14-lineari ; - Sede o | Mr, R, A. SALISBURY’S Species of Erica, Ii-linear]; tubo parum 4-angulo, turbinato? cal- caribus grandibus, orbicularibus. Sponte nafcentem.in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Folia lata, et ordine recto imbricata. © - Baccæformis. E. caule angulato: foliis fæpius 4-nis: corollà 24-line- ari; tubo valde eguh, turbinato: calcaribus auri-- cularibus. E. baccans. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 358. E. baccans. Lian. Mant. p.233. E. africana glabra fruticofa arbuti “flore Seb, Thef. vi 1.:p.32% 891.7703. - Folia interdum terna: quamobrem | Corifoliam Linn. Sp, ` Pl ed. 1 et 2. ad hanc quoque pertinere fufpicor. Modefia: E. rm pom denfe imbrieatis: corollà 5t-lineari, tomentofà ; tubo late ovato; limbo recurvo: calca- ribus meer aiteifuati. Communicavit Hibbert. Flores paliidiffime carnei. Hole ofericea : E. foliorum Fine argute reduplicatis : corollà 5-line- -aht holofericeàs. tubo evato+ antheris-hirtis, . - - Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Species pulcherrima, ab omnibus huc ufque cognitis co- rollà {uà holofericea facile dignofcenda. Primo in- tuitu Zaa//oliz- affinem efle putavi, longe autem dif- fert, cum inflorefcentid, tum numero bra&earum. Glauca: E. foliis glaucis, fucculentulis : : corollà gei extus rorida: calcaribus fuborbicularibus, 6 à Es gm Mr. R. A. SAtIsBURY’s Species of Erica. 353- E. glauca. Andr, Er. n. 47. cum Ie. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Caulis 3-pedalis, teres. Folia 3-na, pene Sedi Reflexi Linn. laminis tamen fubtus pubefcentibus. Flores terminales. Pedunculi longi, una cum braéteis, ca- lyce et corolla omnes livido-purpurei. Stigma in- clufum. E. foliorum laminis lineari-attenuatis ovatifque: calyce Varifolia. recurvo-patente: corolla 7—g-lineari: pericarpio globofo, 4-angulo. : E. Monfoniz. Pl. Kew, f. 7. E. Monfoniana. Thunb. D; 7A n. ake cum lc. E. Moníonia. Linn. Suppl. p. 223. E. calyce Prec : corollà "Jum limbo pyra- Rupefiris. midali, convoluto apice recurvulo: pericarpio he- mifphzrico. E. halicacaba. PI. Kew. t. 2. E. halicacaba. Thund. Diff. n. 51. auétoritate ejus fpeciminis. E. halica- caba. Linn. Dif. n. 3. cum fig. floris. E. halicacaba. Linn, Sp. PI. ed. 2. p. 507. E. halicacaba. Linn. Amen. Acad. v. 5. p., 85. Sponte nafcentem in Tafelberg, Steenberg, locis rupeftri- ou a E aee: iuis ST mde ds TN ue d P + E. calyce incurvo edu: corollà 8—ro-lineari; tubo Verficolor, plus minus coftato: filamentis muticis, -bafi dilatatis, : Variat 2 c: Folia viridia. Corolla coccinea: tubo parum — coftato. Antherz bafi recte emarginata. E.verficolor. Andr. Er. n. 12. cum Ie. Vor. VI. Se oe B: Folia 354 Decora, Cujrefifor- mis, Mellifiua. Mr, R. A. Savispury’s Species of Erica. P: Folia viridia. — Corolla faturate coccinea : tubo. parum coftato. Antheræ bafi fur- fum oblique. Communicavit G. Aiton, princeps hortuia- norum. - y: Folia cæfia. Corolla faturate coccinea: tubo parum coftato. — Antherz bafi furfum obliqua. E. difcolor coccinea. Hortulanis. 3: Folia cafia. ^ Corolla rofea: tubo valde coftato. Antherz bafi deorfum obliquæ: E. coftata. Andr. Er. n. 46. cum fc. Multas alias varietates nunc defcribere fuperfedeo.. E. calyce plano marginibus craffis: corollà 8—ro-line-. ari, viícido-pubefcente; tubo clavato: calcaribus. longis, pubefcentibus, ' E. Ewert. Æortulanis. Flores pulcherrime rofeo-virides; ^ E. calyce adpreffo : corollà 9 — 1 1-lineari, glutine illitá ; tubo tenuiflime ftriato: calcaribus brevibus, glabris. E. difcolor. Andr. Er. m. 3: cum Ic. mala. Dignofcas ab omnibus varietatibus Verficoloris, filamentis: anguílioribus, et calcaratis. E. braéteä infima juxta bafin pedunculi: corolla 9— r2- lineari, lucida ; tubo clavato, plus minus compreffo z pericarpio ovato. Variat Mr, R, A. SALISBUR Y's Species of Erica. Variat a: Calyx valde ferratus. Corolla cruenta. E. cruenta. PZ. Kew. t. 13. optima. B: Calyx parum ferratus. Corolla punicea. E. cruenta, Andr. Er. 2. 17. cum Ic. E. cru- enta. Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 2. p. 16. Pofterior varietas eft longe pulchrior, et robuftior. E. caule humifufo: foliis obtufis: corolla 9 —11-line- ari, extus rorulentá; tubo clavato, compreflo: cal- caribus longis. E. depreffa. Hortulanis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, locis rupeftribus, legit F. Mafion. | Floret Ofobri, Novembri. Perfingularis eft hec Erica, flores erano luteos cauli humillimo jungens. E. foliis denfiffimis: calyce longe cufpidato: corolla 6—8-lineari, glabra; tubo cylindraceo: calcaribus longis. E. Patterfonia. Wendl. Er. fafc. x. p. 15. cum Ic. E. Pat- terfonia. Andr. Er. n. 7. cum. Ic. bona. E. abietina. Linn. Diff. n. 20. cum fig. iic E. mm Linn, Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 506. Hin Sponte nafcentem juxta Cap Fals, legit G. ; Paterfoh. ! E. calyce late ovato, acuminulato: corolla 6—8-lineari, glabra; tubo cylindraceo: calcaribus longis: antheris linearibus, valde papulofis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maflon. Zz2 Jana, Spififola, Saccifiora, E. foliis 356 Mr. R. A. SALIsBURY’s Species of Erica. Cylindriflora. E. foliis ciliatis fetis decompofitis: calyce recurvulo: corolla g-lineari, glabra: tubo cylindraceo: calcari- bus brevibus. E. ferratifolia. Andr. Er. n. 36. cum Ic. Filamenta in noftris exemplaribus nunquam mutica. Paludofa, E. corolla 7—9-lineari, pubefcente, tubo parum cla- vato: antheris bafi roftratis : pericarpio apice dp gero. E. abietina. And Er. n. 64. cum Ic. E. concinna. Scbneev. Ic. n. 31. E. concmna. Soland. in Ait. Hort. . Kew. v..2: p. 23. E. verticillata. Berg. P/. Cap. p.99. E. africana. erecta, paludoía, &c. Herm. Cat. ig PC Ti Nomen antiquum, et hortulano utilifimum, reftitui. Lituflora: | E. calyce obovato ::corolà 6—8-lineari, pubefcente ; tubo valde clavato: filamentis dorfo apicis barbatis. E. perfpicua. Wendl. Er. fafc. 1. f. 7. cum Ic. E. Lin- nai! Hortu/ants. | Sens in hac, et antecedente, 6—8-loculare. Psp amie E. ES EAR. pubefcente ; ; tubo infundi- buliformi ; limbi interftitiis extrorfum tumidis : peri- carpio fphzrico. E. pyramidalis. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 366. cum Ic. E. py- ramidalis. Soland. in Ait, Hort. Kew. v. 3. p. 401. Sponte naícentem juxta Zwart Rivier, locis humidis, legit F. Maffon. Ad ftirpem vix naturalem, fuum nomen propofuit So- lander, lis, Mr. R. A. SALISBURY’S Species of Erica. lander, rami enim debiles, et penduli funt : itaque a tubo corolla Obpyramidalem dixi. E. caule tenui: corollà 21— 3-lineari, pubefcente: tubo angufte campanulato; limbo brevi: filamentis mu- ticis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, locis humidis, legit I. Mulder. Flores pallide coccinei. E. corolla 21—3-lineari, pubefcente; tubo obovato; limbo recurvo-patente : calcaribus longis, argute cuneatis, parum ferratis. E. glabra. Roxb. MS. Nomen noftrum a foliis peranguftis Yelitum FEES, re- ferentibus, petitum. E. calyce ovato-cuneato: corollà 7—8-lineari, pube- fcente; tubo cylindraceo-urceolari; limbo revoluto ; pericarpio obpyramidali. E. fpuria. And, Er. n. 46. cum Ie. Facies Tubiflore, cui certo proxima, fed nequaquam va- rietas. Filamenta evidenter calcarata, que mutica oftendit figura ibn - Mp n th E pie à E. -pedunculie mos bc angufte lyrato : corolla 9—1o-lineari, pubefcente: limbi interftitus bañ lan- - ceolatis. Variat #: Corolla pallide carnea. 357 Cyrillaflora ; Velitaris. Culcitafiora, Tubificra, E. tubiflora. 355 Curvifiora, Cufpidigera, Bibax, Filamenta rare villofa. —— Mr. R. A. SALisnury’s Species of Erica. E. tubiflora. Linn. Dif: n. 40. cum fig. floris. E. tubiflora. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 505- B: Corolia lete carnea. E. coccinea. Linn. Diff n. 42. cum fig. floris. E. foliis, &c. Linn. Hort. Clif. p. 148. m vo. Antherz in poftremá varietate longius foraminofz. E. pedunculis pubefcentibus: calyce ovato-cuneato : corolla g-lineari, pubefcente; limbi interftitiis bafi lanceolatis. | E. fimpliciflora. Willd. Sp. Pl v. 2. p. 402. E. curvi- flora. Linn. Syf. Veg. ed. 13. p. 305. auctoritate ipfi- us fpeciminis. Haud facile eft hanc in kemis a Tubifford. femper dig- nofcere, etfi facies viva multum abludat: idis laminz autem in hac conftanter lineari-attenuatæ, in illà lineari-lanceolatæ : flores infuper rufi. E. pedunculis glabris: calyce ovato-cuípidato: corollà 11—12-lineari, pubefcente; limbi interftitiis bafi lanceolatis : antheris hirtis. Sponte nafcentem juxta Berg Rivier, legit I. Mulder. RE ie E. calycis foliolis imbricatis, inæqualibus: corollà 8- lineari, pubefcente; tubo valde clavato; laciniis bafi imbricatis. E. curviflora. Thunb. Dif. n. 3o. E. Flammea. Hortu- lanis. Sponte naícentem dues Palmit Rivier, legit F. Maffon. E. pedunculis Mr. R. A. SALISBURY’s Species of Erica, E. pedunculis pubefcentibus: corolla 9—10-lineari, pubefcente; limbo recurvo-patente: filamentis pu- befcentibus. E, tubiflora. Thunb, Diff. n. 31. E. pedunculis glabris: corolla ro—r1-lineari, glabra; limbo recurvo-patentiffimo :. pericarpio late turbi-- nato. E. curvillora. Wendl. Er. faf. 3. p. 7. cum Ic. E; cur- viflora. Andr. Er. m. 40. cum Ic. | E. curviflora.. Linn. Diff. n. 41. cum fig. floris, peflimä. Species in folo natali forfan procera, nam culta in qua- tuor annis jam quindecimpedalis eft.. E. foliorum. laminis hirfutis: pedunculis glabris :. co- rolà 10—71-lineari, hirfuta: antheris re&is, papu- lofis. " E. tubiflora. Roxb. MS. à A Herba tota hirfuta eft: ceterum facies fequentis, flori- bus pariter flavis.. E. pedunculis pubefcentibus : calyce incurvo-ereéto bafi extus concava: corolla 15-lineari, pubefcente; limbo retufo. Eu m VU e E. confpicua. PL Kew. t. 12. optima. E. confpicua. Andr. Er. n. 29. cum. I. E..confpicua. Soland.. in. Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 2. p. 22. | Sponte nafcentem.prope Sze/lenbofcb, legit F. Mafion.. E. pedunculis glabris : calyce recurvo-patente bafi extus 4 359 Buccinefor- "mtis, Fafuofa,. Stagnalis, Con/picua, e Lengifiora, convex à : E 360 Mr. R. A. SALISBUR Y's Species of Erica. convexá: corolla 18—20-lineari, pubefcente; limbo obtufo. E. elata. Hortuianis. Sponte naícentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Herba, fi probe obfervas, exquifite pulverulenta. Verticillaris, E. ramis verticillatis, lanatis: calyce incurvo-patente Floccofa. Raduflor ay bafi extus concava : corolla 9—11-lineari, rare la- nata. E. lanata. Wendl. Obf. p. 45? - Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Flores faturate zufo-fulvi (Tr x: qm ee me vU o. rog mr Se TERTS ronem digit rn ^ LA E B E. ramis fparfis, lanatis: floribus fæpius 1-riis : calyce adpreffo bafi extus convexa : : corolla 12-lineari, rare lanata. - E. fordida. Andr. Er. m. ex cum Ic. que revera titulo refpondet. E. laniflora. Wendl. Er. fafe. 2. p. 23. -cum le. : ce | Affinis prz ceteris antecedenti: fed differt omnino . Habitu, Tempore florendi, Foliorum laminis re- | curvis. reclinatifve, Fos faepius tantum folitariis, ~ Corollis latioribus limb o magis revoluto, Antherarum valvis bafi furfum oblique emarginatis, E. petiolis anguftiffimis: corolla 13-lineari, vifcida; tubo cylindraceo-urceolari Des ventricofo : calcari- bus fubulatis. E. octophylla. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2. p. 372 E. fafcicu- "laris. Willd. Se Pi Cpe gE 4 fafcicularis. PL Kew. Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. 361 PI, Kew. 1. 6. E. coronata. Andr. Er. n. 10. cum Ic. bona. EF. oétophylla. Thunb. Dif. s. 72. cum Ie. E. fafcicularis. Linn. Suppl. 5. 219. Sponte naícentem juxta Hotientots Holland Kloof, legit F. Mafíon. E. foliis hirfutis: corolla ro—rr1-lineari, vifcidà ; tubo — L ycopoai;- cylindraceo-urceolari apice ventricofo : pericarpio fti- folia, pitato. E. Maffoni. P/ Kew. t. 18. ceteris longe sdtecellente. E. Maffoni. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 356. cum Ic. E. Mat- fonia. Andr. Er. n. 9. cum Ic. E. Maffoni Linn. Suppl. 5. 219. E. foliorum laminis recurvis, acutis: corolla r 3—1i5- Phareire- - lineari, vifcidà ; tubo infundibuliformi ; laciniis ova- formis, to-cuneatis. | Variat ^: Corolla aurantiaca. E. exfurgens. Andr. Er. n. 13. cum Ic. G: Corolla rutila. ` E. abietina. Roxb. MS. Dignofcas ab omnibus mihi vifis, corolle laciniis verfus apicem attenuatis bifidulifque. E. foliorum laminis reclinatis, obtufiufculis: corolla Grandifora ; 12—14-lineari, vifcidà; tubo clavato: filamentis exfertis. E. grandiflora. P/. Kew. 1.8. E. grandiflora. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 219 cum de E. grandiflora. Thunb. Vou. VI. Ze ae —. Dif. 362 Mr. R, A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. Diff. n. 28! au&oritate ejus fpeciminis, E. grandi- Hora. Linn. Suppl. p. 223. : Sponte nafcentem juxta Breede Rivier, folo arenofo, legit F. Maffon. Cerviciflora ; E. corolla 5—6-lineari, pubefcentula; tubo angufte ee urceolari; limbo patente: filamentis minute calca- ratis. E. inaperta. Hortulanis.. Sponte nafcentem in Hortentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Hac fpecies prima vice adhuc parcius floruit, nec ejus inflorefcentiam omnino intelligo, an revera hujus. cohortis :-braéteæ autem certo tres in. fingulis pedun- culis.. Pinifolia;, E..calycis foliolis imbricatis, longe cufpidatis: corolla 6—7-lineari, glabra ; tubo claveto: filamentis cal-- caratis :: pericarpio lævi.. E. pinea.. Thunb.. Diff n 26.. Sponte nafcentem prope Baay Fals, legit G. Robertfon.. Calamiformis, E. calyce adpreffo :: corolla ae e d tubo: cylindraceo-urceolari;. limbo. pericarpio: levis . E.radiata. Andi. Er... 53. cum Ic. Bractez infra medium panel : . Lengifelia, E, petiolis anguftiffimis : corollà g=—¥ 1-lincari, pube-- fcente; tubo plus minus clavato: filamentis f pius muticis + pericarpio fuperne fericeo. | - Mariat: Variat œ: 7] N Mr. R. À. SArLISBURY's Species of Erica. Corolla alba. E. veftita alba. Andr. Er.n.20. cum ey E. vef- tita. Thunb. Diff. n. 25. : Caulis coarétatus. Corolla alba. E. pinifolia. Hortulants. : Caulis coarctatuss Corolla rubra. E. pinifolia. Roxb. MS. Caulis valde craffus. Corolla pallidiffime carnea. E. longifolia. Pd. Kew. t. 4. optima. : Corolla purpurea. E. veftita purpurea. Andr, Er. n. 8. cum Ic. Corolla coccinea. E. veftita coccinea. Andr. Er. n, 33. cum Ic. E. veftita coccinea. Curt. Bot, Mag. n. 402. cum Ic. : Caulis craffus. Corolla carnea. E. pinea, Andr, Er. n. 57. cum Ic. In foliis omnium eft etiam quzdam differentia, 363 E. calyce adpreflo: corolla ;—6-lineari, vifcida; tubo Cfæfora, clavato, coftato: antheris juxta apicem foraminofis. E. Leea. Andr. Er. n. 20. cum Ic. bona. Sponte nafcentem in Hoitentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. _E, calyce apice recurvulo : corolla 9—10-lineari, vifcida ; tubo clavato, coftato: antheris a medio foraminofis. E glutinofa. Andr. Er. m 31. cum Ic. bona. Flores fulphurei. ; sAn Ono/me- flora, E. foliorum 364 Mr. R. A. SaALISBURY'S que of Erica. Pulvim-. E. foliorum laminis attenuatis, ferrulato-ciliatis : flo- formis, ribus in rudimentis ramorum longiufculis : corolla 7—9-lneari, vifcidà ; tubo cylindraceo-urceolari. Sponte nafcentem in Zftentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Faciem Crinifolie mire fimulat, fed diftinétiffima eft et inflorefcentiä, et filamentis, quz prorius mutica, atque inftar fequentis pubefcentia. Frondefa, ^ E. caule angulato: foliorum laminis attenuatis: ca- lyce patulo : corolláà g—10-lineari, vifcidà ; tubo vix clavato. E. coccinea, Wendl. Er. fafc. 3. p. 9. cum. E. cocci- nea. Andr. Er. m. 41. cum Ic. E. coccinea. Thunb. Diff n. 27. E. coccinea. Berg. Pl. Cap. 5.93. E. a- bietina. Linz. Sp. PL ed, 1. p. 355. E. foliis fubulatis, &c. Linn. Hort. Cliff. p. 148. n. 9. auctoritate ipfius {peciminis. Eee Sponte nafcentem juxta Baay Fals, legit G. Paterfon. 5 Phylicefolia, E. caule tereti : foliorum laminis brevibus, parum atte- nuatis: calyce incurvo-ereéto: corolla $ 9-lincari, vifcidà ; tubo vix clavatoy. > a o=. E; purpurea. Andr. Er. n. 4. cum Ie Sponte nafcentem in Hotrentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Diu hzrebam animi dubius, an tantum pro varietate antecedentis proponerem : ob herbae multas differen- tias, et calycem, tandem feparavi. Argutifolia, E. foliorum laminis valde attenuatis, argute reduplica- | tis : Lj Mr.R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. 365 tis + corolla 5—6-lineari, vifcidà; tubo infundibuli- fermi. E. pulchella. Thunb. Diff. n. 24. cum Te. Neício que facies torva et fcabra hanc ab affinibus pri- mo intuitu diftinguit. E. pedunculis breviflimis: calyce callofo: foliolis rhom- — Favofz, beo-fpatulatis, integerrimis: corollà 5—g-lineari, ro- rulenta. Variat «: Corolla 7—9-linearis ; laciniis bafi contiguis. E. fpicata. Wendl. Er. fafc. 2. 5. 27. E. fpi- : cata. Thunb. Diff. n. 71. cum Ic. E. feffili- : flora. Linn. Suppl. p. 222. B: Corolla Sn menge; ; ns bafi imbri- catis. DMO are E. fpicata. Andr. Er. n. 6. cum i Inflorefcentia e collatione affinium fpecierum tantum- modo intelligenda, rudimentis ramulorum pedunculos . fimulantibus, veris pedunculis fane omnium brevifli- mis, aut nullis. E. caule ftri&o: pedunculis breviffimis : calyce callofo, Scepiri- foliolis late parts, incifo- ferratis: gorolli Jo: formis, Se Tineart rorulenta, ee ae 22 E enneaphylla. Rowe MS. — 7 Foliorum numerus ultra 4-narium, in toto genere val- de inconftans eft. E. ped unculis breviffimis: calycis foliolis orbiculato- Clavefara, | | fpatulatis, 366 Mr. R. A. SALisBuRY’s Species of Erica. _fpatulatis, integerrimis: corolla 10—12-lineari, ro- rulentá. Communicavit Hibbert. Herba ad amuflim fequentis. Alveifora, E. pedunculis glabris: corolla 7—9-lineari, rorulenta ; ' . tubocylindraceo-urceolari, inferne 4-angulo. E. gelida. Hortulanis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, folo humido, legit F. Maffon. Mammofa. E. pedunculis pubefcentibus: corollà 8—ro-lineari, ro- | ia tubo MURS paie juxta bafin 4- - i foffo. as Pr A rcu cud Variat @: "Corolla coccinea. E. verticillata. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2. p. 370. — FK. verticillata. Andr. Er. ne 21. cum Ic. E. fpeciofa. Schneev. Pl. n. 3. cum Ic. 8: Corolla lzte purpurea. E. mammoía. Andr. Er. m. 58. cum Ic. E. abietina. Schneev. Pl. n. 23. cum Ic. E. a- bietina. Thunb. Dif. n. 68. auctoritate ejus nc fpeciminis. - E. mammofa. Linn, Mant. | $.234. E. mammofa. Linn. Dif. n. 21. cum fig. floris. E. abietina, Berg. PI Cap. . f. 105. auctoritate ejus fpeciminis. E. fo- lio Juniper, &c. Buxb. Cent. 4. 5. 25. 4. 4I. 42. E. african. arborefcens, &c. -. Barth, ci. v. 2. p. 57. cum Ic. ! y: Corolla fprdide purpurea. - E. abietina, illd, Sp. PI, v. 2. b 369. Hz Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. Hz tres, et aliæ varietates, omnes ludunt ftigmatibus interdum exfertis. E. corolla 6—8-lineari, utrinque hirfutà; tubo curvo, pyramidali ;. antheris inclufis, longiffimis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Herba Sexfariæ. E. foliorum laminis lineari-attenuatis, fetis afperfis : ca- lyce cuneato :. corolla 4—6-lineari, extus totà fetofà. E. Spaarmanni. Thunb, Dif. m. 33. E. Spaarmanni. Linn. Suppl. p. 219. E. Spaarmanni. Linn, in AG: Fiolm, 1778. 5. 24.1. 2. Sponte nafcentem juxta Kromme Rivier, legit A. Spaar- E; foliorum laminis ovato-cuneatis, breviter pectinatis L calyce cuneato: corolla 6—7-lineari, extus. verfus apicem fetofà. E. tranfparens. Thunb. Prodr. p: 71. E. cerinthoides y. Thunb.. Diff. n..33.. Eilamenta in hac calcarata.. E. foliorum laminis angufte ovato-cuneatis, peétinatis : calyce rhombeo-{patulato : corolla OQ ue intus anata, i ud E. cerinthoides &. Thunb. Dif» CA 3: 3. Sponte nafcentem in Lange Kloof, legit F: Maffon.. E. foliorum: laminis lineari-lanceolatis, pilofis :: calyce - cuneato :: corolla 8—10-lineari, extus vifcido-pilofa. E. cerinthoides.. Andr. Er. s. 25. cum le. E. cerin-- 367 Brachialis. Sirigilifolia, Peétini- folia, Crinifolia. thoides; 268 Cernua. Doliformis. Pifillaris, Ciliaris, Mr. R. A. Sarispury’s Species of Erica. thoides. Curt. Bot. Mag. s. 220. cum Ic. E. cerin- thoidese. Thunb: Diff n. 33. E. cerinthoides. Berg. PL Cap. p. 104. E. cerinthoides. Linn. Diff. n 43. cum fig. floris. E. cerimthoides. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. f. 505. E. coris folio, &c. Breyn. Cent. p. 25: 1. 13. E. africana umbellata, &c. Barth. Adi. v. 2. f. 57. Ludit interdum una eademque fürps, corollis multo brevioribus, erectis, ftigmate longe exferto. Filamenta copftanter calcarata funt, nec mutica. E. bracteis decurrentibus : calyce valde fimbriato : co- rollà 21-lineari; tubo globofo: calcaribus auricula- ribus. E. cernua. Linn. Suppl. ps 2292... Kee cernua. Mentiin in Nov. AB. Upf- 9-2. P. 291. 2.0. J. 3. Sponte nafcentem in Koude Bockveldt, legit F. Maffon. E. foliis hirfutis: bra&eis juxta calycem : corolla 4— 5- lineari, vifcidà ; tubo urceolari: calcaribus brevibus, cuneatis, E. mammofa. Thunb. Diff. n. 69. cum fig. in ed. noftra. N ulla mihi cógnitie. affinis, nifi forte Pa//ide. E. pedunculis f EIS gemmaceis obfitis : corollà 3-line- ari, levi; tubo curvulo, - infundibuliformi; limbo recurvo. E. auftralis. Linn. Mant. p. 231. E. coris folio 11. Ciz. Hift. Pl. lib. 1. p. 42. Semina ad hilum, appendiculam fungofam exferunt. E Polen laminis ovatis; ‘corolla 4-lincari, levi; E d: “bo ovato-pyramidali latere fuperiore ventricofiore. E. ciliaris. Mr. R. A. SArisnUR v's Species of Erica. E. ciliaris. Curt. Bof. Mag. n. 494. cum Ic. bond. E. ci- laris. Linn. Diff. n. 39. cum fig. floris. E. ciliaris. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1. f. 354. E. ciliaris. Loefl. Ref. "73:138. E. xui. Cf Hyg. PL b. 1. 9. 46. Folia terna funt, at juxta fequentem in ferie naturali, ni fallor, locanda eft, ob corollæ fimilitudinem. E. foliorum laminis ciliatis : calyce adpreffo: corolla. 3-lineari, apice extus pubefcente:. calcaribus lanceo- , dates. E. Tetralix. Curt. Fl. Lond. fafc. x. t. 21. bona. E. Te- . tralix. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed. 2.p. 507... E.: foliorum. laminis fubtus bifulcis: calyce patente: corolla 22-lineari, levi: calcaribus auricularibus. . E. ftricta. Willd, Sp. Pl. v. 2. p. 366. 1I E Sponte nafcentem in Inf. Cor/íca, legit G. Jones. : Caules undique diffufi, nequaquam ftri&i. E. floribus caule nudo verticillatis : corollà gea ; - | tubo urceolari : calcaribus auricularibus. : E. cinerea. Curt. FI. Lond. fajfe. 1. te 25. bona. E. ci- nerea. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. t E. cinerea. as Ref. p. 137. Flores. E ue | cum à primum. marcefeunt cæru- E cate rem foliorum laminis recurvis, attenuatis : corolla 1$-lineari, obovatá: calcaribus longiffimis. SE D à icm Mant. b. 322. Vor. VI. E | 3 B 309 Botulifor- "mis, Multicaulis. M utaliln. ~ — Uncifolia. Fiores 379 |». Mr. R.A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. Flores in rudimentis ramulorum axillaribus, nec race. mofi: ad exemplar Linnæanum characterem con- cinnavi, nec in ullo alio herbario adhuc vidi. Caduceifera. E. foliorum laminis cuneatis ovatifve: corollà $-line- ari: filamentis juxta medium calcaratis. E. pulchella. Andr. Er. n. 51. cum Ic. mediocri. E. ar- ticularis. Thunb. Dif. sz. 58 E. pulchella.. Houtt. Nat. Hifl. v. 4. p. 504. f. 23. f. 1. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon.. Hzc fpecies, primum, veram infertionem calcarium Ericarum mihi docuit, cujus ftamina Mercurii fabu- lofum caduceum lepide fimulant : nempe in omnibus “non ab antheris fed e filamentis ortum fuum ducunt, c Empetrifolia, E. calyce tetraphyllo: corolla-2-lineari, hirfutä ; tubo _ urceolari; limbo recurvo-patente: ftigmate longe . exferto. E. empetrifolia. Thunb. Dif. m. Jo. E. empenha - Linn Mant. p. 374. E. empetrifolia. Linn, Diff — f. 15. cum fig. floris, peffimà. < ote ned px ed € mee F. Mapa: 2i a CENT Molleolaris, - E. Gy ded s Forte nets dert; 3 No | urceolari; . limbo on i aces : pericarpio hirfuto. E. empetrifolia. Schneev. P]. n. 17. cum Ir. E. empetri- - folia. Hout. Nat. Hif. v. 4. p. $17. 4.23. f. 2. E. em- petrifolia. Berg. PJ. Cap. p. 120. auétoritate ejus — Ífpeciminis. : Herba antecedentis, fed flores divertidas, EU E E. calyce Mr. R. A. SarissURY's Species of Erica. E. calyce quadrifido: corollá 2-lineari, levi ; tubo ob- ovato ; limbo incurvo- patente : pericarpio hemifphz- ‘rico, glabro. E. empetroides. Hortulanis. Flores odorem cerz Apum fpirant. E. calyce tetraphyllo: corolla 2-lineari, levi; tubo calathiformi; limbo recurvo-patente: ftigmate in- clufo. Sponte nafcentem in Avétentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Pedunculi multo longiores quam affinium, floribus in meà ftirpe cultà ultra folia extantibus. E. caule valde angulato: foliis 4-nis: corolla 24-lineari, vifcidà ; tubo angufte urceolari : filamentis muticis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. | Flores fulvi: in ceteris hujufce cohortis mihi vifis folia femper 5—6-na. E. corolla 2-lineari, vifcida; tubo urceolari, parum cof- tato: filamentis longitudine tubi, calcaratis: peri- carpio viícido. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Antherz a- partita. vix tamen revera didymæ.. E. corolla 3-lineari, vifcidà ; Tubo oe parum cofta- to: filamentis vix longitudine tubi, minute calcaratis. - Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. Habitus prioris, fed preter calycis foliola bafi angufti- ora, Antherz duplo majores funt, et calcaria Has menti apicem pene tota decurrunt. 3B2 371 Pyxidiflora, Nolaflora. Fefia, Fallax, Paris, E, corolla 372 Mr. R. A. SALISBURY’S Species of Erica, Viftidt ^ E.corollà 3-lineari, vifcidà ; tubo cyathiformi, coftato s ` filamentis breviffimis: pericarpio fericeo. Variat ^: Folia incana, 1$— 3 lineas longa. E. vifcaria. Thunb. Diff. 7. 40. .E. vifcaria, Linn. Mant. p.231. E. vifcaria. Linn. Diff n. 46. cum fiz. forts, peflima. £8: Folia viridia 3—5 lineas longa. E. vifcaria. Andr. Er. n. 55. cum k. E. vil- caria. Pl. Kew. t. 1. optima, partibus dif- fectis exceptis. Facie admodum difcrepanthz varietates. & Catervaflora. E. caule vete corolià 2-lineari,. pubefcente ; tubo angulte obovato : antheris longe foraminofis. E. pubefcens 3: villofa. Thunb. Dif: n. 61. SU nafcentem in fummitate Tafelberg, ae C. P. - Thunberg. Species legitima proculdubio, gravis enim eft differentia caulis antherarumque. Pubigera, E. calyce patente, ovato-acuminato: corolla 14-lineari, > Re: Jumbo longiufculo, recurvo: De Commun icavit Hibbert. : Facile dignofcas limbo corolle longiufculo, recurvo, et T peritos obtufo. | Mitraformis, E. fcliorand laminis parum reduplicatis, fimbriatis : : co- rollà 11-lineari, pubefcente ; ibo erecto: pericarpio - glabro. E pubefcens. Mr. R. A. SALISBURY’s Species of Erica. E. pubefcens. Andr. Er. m. 60. cum Ic. E. hirtiflora. Curl. in Bot, Mag: n. 481. cum Ic. optima. E. pube- {cens 2: hifpida. Thunb. Diff: n. 61. : Folia ed dado Íparfula, cæterum, ut in ipfo fpecimine Thunbergiano, quaterna. E. calyce adpreffo, anguíte ovato-cuneato: corolla 14- - lineari, pubefcente ; limbo breviflimo, recurvo: pe- ricarpio hirto. E. pubefcens. Curt. in Bot. Mag. n. 480. cum Ic. optima. Sponte nafcentem juxta Tafelberg, legit F. Maffon. Hanc ab antecedente probe diftinxit Curtis: differt enim caule graciliore ; ramis floriferis multo brevi- . oribus ;*foliorum laminis magis incurvis, lateribus valde reduplicatis, integerrimis ; corollae laciniis re- curvis, latius imbricatis ; calcaribus anguftioribus; antheris glabris, foraminibus brevioribus ; denique feminibus fcrobiculatis. E. calyce adpreffo, rhombeo-cuneato : corollà 12-line- ari, pubefcente; calcaribus auricularibus : pericarpio glabro. - E. pubefcens. Linn. Di iff n. IQ. cum fig. floris. E. pube- fcens. Berg. Pl. Cap. —— " x KE: Da vat lora. Lim ee Folia quaterna, ee valde eee - x LE calyce duello, ovato-acuminato :. corolla 1-li- neari, pubefcente; tubo ovali; «limbo breviffimo: calcaribus lineari-attenuatis : pericarpio glabro. 6 MELOS : : ' Tardiflora, Parviflora, Exigua. E. pubefcens 374 Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. E. pubefcens 4: parviflora. Thunb. Diff. n. 61. Folia interdum terna, fz pius quaterna. Pufilla. E. calyce adpreffo, late ovato-cuneato: corolla $-line- | ari, pubefcente; tubo calathiformi; limbo longitu- dine tubi: pericarpio glabro. Sponte nafcentem prope Baay Fals, legit I. Mulder. Non folum parvitate, fed etiam proportione omnium partium floris, a cætéris hujus cohortis abludit. Tragulifera; E. calyce imbricato: corolla 2$-lineari ; tubo urceolari ; limbo recurvo: calcaribus hirfatis : Erud. latiffime foraminofis, hirfutis. eam p Sponte nafcentem i in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maffon. - Guttaflora, E. foliorum laminis lineari-attenuatis: corolla Tra lineari; laciniis apice guttà illitis: calcaribus pube- Ícentibus. Variat «: Caulis faftigiatus. Corolla 1—14-linearis, tubo hemifpherico. Stigma longe exfer- tum. E. lateralis. Willd. Z PL v. 2. f. 38o. i E Caulis demiffus. - Corolla -e-linearis, tubo late ovato. ligula breviter exfertum. E. incarnata, Anar. Er. s. 27. cum K. y: Caulis demiffus. Corolla 24-linearis, tubo ovato. Stigma breviter exfertum. E. rubens humilis. Wendl, Er. fafc. 3. y I3. | cum Ic. Flores non vere axillares, fed rudimentis ramulorum. 4 E. foliorum Mr. R. A. SaLISBURY'S Species of Erica. E. foliorum laminis linearibus: calyce adpreflo : co- rolà 1i lineari; tubo fphærico: calcaribus pube- Ícentibus: ftylo furfum curvo. E. declinata. Æoriulanis. Frutex humilis, vix pro varietate prioris habendus, An- = theris nimium diverfis. Flores gravem, et plane naufeofum odorem fpargunt. E. pedunculis glabris: calyce incurvo-patente: corolla. 14-lineart; tubo fphærico: calcaribus auricularibus, glabris. E. margaritacea. Andr, Er. n. $4. cum Ic. mala. E. mar- garitacea. Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v 2. f. 20. Sponte nafcentem juxta S/e/lenbofcb, legit F. Maffon.. E. calyce minuto: corolla 14 1-hinsan s tubo ovali; limbo recurvo : calcaribus der ae hirtis.- E. imbecilla. Hortulanis. $75 Curviroftrzs, Olefa,. Gracilis,. Caulis quamvis gracilis recte attollitur, minime im- - becillis.. : E. caule tenui : foliis verticillis remotis : corollà 11—2- lineari ; tubo ovato-cylindraceo,. ore lato: pericarpio hirto. E. elongata. Roxb. MS. Species pulcherrima, ramulo: fere omni floribus parvis, rubris; oblongis, nutantibus onufto. E. caule glabro: corolla 13-lineari; tubo poculiformi; limbo ere&o : calcaribus lanceolato-cuneatis, integer- rimis. : E. quadrangularis. Prodr. p. 297. Intervallaris,. Quadrefiora, Sponte - Proliferdg ` Mr. R. A. SALIsBURY'S Species of Erica. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Flores inconfpicui, fed in vafto genere diftinétiffimi. : / E. caule hirfuto: corolla ri-lineari; tubo cyathiformi ; limbi interftitiis acutis: calcaribus rectis: pericarpio . hirto. E. caffra. Andr. Er. n. 50. cum Ic. . E. ftrigofa. Wend’. Er. fafc. 2. p. 25. cum I. E. ftrigofa. Willd, Sp. Pl. v. 2. p. 365. fynonymo et defcriptione exclufis. E. perfoluta 2. Thunb. Dif. s. 62. E., perfoluta. Linn. Mant. p. 230. E. perfoluta. Linn. Dif. n. 16. -cum fig. floris. E fubdivaricata. fei Pl. Cap. P114. o Florefcentià pere rami plerumque e centro florum ultra producuntur. Cyathiformis, E. pedunculis-glabris: corolla 14-lineari ; tubo cyathi- Pelviformis. formi; limbi interftitiis acutis: calcaribus falcatis. E. levis.- Hortulanis. | Valde affinis fequenti, antheris pene ad amuffim re- fpondentibus : ob limbi interftitia tamen 1 egre varietà- tem effe concedam, | | E. pedaseuns rare publics bilis: Nt ni ^ tubo pelviformi; limbi interftitiis bafi ovalibus : cal-s caribus falcatis. e E. perfoluta: Curt. in Bot. Mag. n. 342. E. perfoluta I. Thunb. Dif. m. 62. E. viridi-purpurea. Linn. Dif. f. 9. cum fig. floris. auctoritate ipfius fpeciminis, + „E. mauritanica: Linn. Syf. Nat. ed. 10. f. 1002. Variat Horibus albis, purpureis. dui LA Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. 377 E. folis anguftis: calyce recurvo-horizontali: corolla Turrigera, 2-lineari; tubo hemifphærico; laciniis bafi imbri- catis. E. cupreffina. Hortulanis. Foliorum laminz pene enerves videntur. E. foliis latis: calyce reclinato-deflexo: corolla 24-line- — Lacunzffora, ari; tubo late ovato: limbi interftitiis bafi ovatis. | E. Bergiana. Wendl. Er. fafc. 2. p. 29. cum Ic. E. qua- driflora. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2. p. 379, E. Bergiana. Schneev. Pl. n. 46. cum Ic. E. Bergiana. Linn. Mant. p. 235. E. Bergiana. Linn, Diff. n. 6. cum fig. floris, peffima. Foliorum Laminz evidenter 1-nervix. E. bra&eis minutiffimis : calyce iSCisvacde ex d co- Florida. rollà 2-lineari; tubo globofo; laciniis bafi imbricatis. E. florida. Thunb. Diff. n. 64. In hac Calcaria lanceolata. E. caule libra: corollà ri-lineari, levi; tubo tur- T urbiniffora, - binato, 8-angulo; limbo incurvo: calcaribus auricu- - ` laribus, glabris. Communicavit Hibbert. Flores pallide purpurei. —— E. caule vifcidulo: corollá 14-lineari ; tubo fphærico, Bullularis, valde 8-angulo: : limbo recurvo-ereéto : pericarpio hirto. | roe Vor. VI. 3C E. granulata. Mr. R. A. SALIsBURY'S Species of Erica. E. ramentacea, 379 E. granulata. Linn, Mant. p. 234. Linn. Mant. p. 65. E. multumbellifera. Berg. PL , Cap. p.110. E. pilulifera. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 111. Mucofa, E. caule glabro: corolla 2-lineari, vifcidà; tubo plus minus obovato; limbi interftitiis parum tumidis. FE. mucofa. P/. Kew. t. 15. bona. E. mucofa. Mant. 5. 232. E. ferrea. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 112. Folia mire ludunt; laminis linearibus, lineari-lanceola- - tis, vel etiam ovalibus. - Linn E. foliis fparfis: corolla 23-hneari, levi; tubo longitu- Piluliformis, dine calycis: calcaribus lineari-attenuatis: pericar- pio levi. E. nudicaulis. Berg. Pl Cap. p. 11 Linn, Sp. Pl. ed, 2. p. 507. Foliorum Laminæ reduplicatura minute ciliate. E. pilulifera. Obliquay E. folis oblique verticillatis : fpicis coarétatis : corollà $-lineari,. vifcidà ; limbi interftitiis in uncum tu- +e “=~ phidis. | E. obliqua. P4 Kew. t 3. optima. E, obliqua. Thunb. Din «om Tes DORR Il wan Flores pallide purpurei. aad — Sequax; E. folis teneris glutine arachnoideis : fafciculis 4—6- Yn floris: corollà 3—4-lineari, vitcida ; limbi interftitiis in uncum tumidis. Variat «: Corolla 3-linearis; tubo late ovato. | E. phyfodes, Thunb. Diff: s. e E. phy- - fodes, ~ Mr. R. A. Sattspuny’s Species of Erica. odes. Linn. Diff. n. 32. cum fig. E. phyfo- des. Berg. PI. Cap. p. 101. E. phyfodes. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 506. B: Corolla 4-linearis; tubo ovato. E. phyfodes. Anar. Er. 2. 44. cum Ic. E. phy- fodes. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 443. cum Ic. Semina immatura tuberculata, poftea tuberculis de- preflis evidenter fcrobiculata. | . E. foliorum laminis ovato-cuneatis : corolla 4—5-lineari, vifcidà ; tubo urceolari ; laciniis bafi imbricatis : fila- mentis latiffimis. 7 7 Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. nem Ípecies, corollis luteis ore viridi. E. foliis 4-nis : fpicis Tope tie corolla 21-lincari, læ- vi; tubo amphorzformi; limbo crenulato. E. cernüà. Andr. Er. n. 48. cum Ic. Flores pallide carnei. E. corollà, 2-lineari, glabra; tubo urceolari, parum 4- .gono: calcaribus cuneatis, hirfutis : antheris hir- futis. Sponte nafcentem in. Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Facies aliqua Galijflora, fed veram ejus affinitatem ad- huc nefcio. E. HOUR ‘laminis lineari-lanceolatis : fpicis coarc- tatis: corollà 4-lincari ; tubo fuperne admodum ven- _tricofo : antheris exfertis. 379 Blenna. Verecunda. Püllella. ; Emioibriis folia, gC 2 . . Communicavit 380 . Glutinofa, Curvifolia. Squarro/as Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. Communicavit Hibbert. Nomen aptius e fingulari figura coroll. forfan exco- gitandum; fpecimen ficcum tantum vidi. E. foliis fparfis: fpicis coarctatis: corolla 3—5-lineari, vifcidà; tubo ovato-pyramidali: calcaribus auricula- ribus. Variat &: Corolla 3-linearis. E. glutinofa. Pd Kew. t. 17. optima, Cha- mæciftus roris folis foliis. Per. Muf. p. 22. t. 161. B: Corolla s-linearis. E. Droferoides. Andr. Er. m. 30. cum Ic. E. glutinofa. Thunb. D: iff. 7.48. Andro- meda droferoides. Linn. Mant. p- 239: E. glutinofa. Berg. Pl. Cap. p. 98. auctori- tate ejus fpeciminis. Hujufce generis eft proculdubio, nec, quicquid fuadeat Habitus, ad Andromedam referenda. E. folis ternis: laminis recurvis: fpicis coarctatis : — corollá 4-lineari, viícidà; tubo ovato py cuniail: : calcaribus lineari-attenuatis. - Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. Pericarpium minutiflime hirtum. E. corolla 5—6-lineari, vifcidà : tubo ovato-pyramidali ; limbo obtufo: calcaribus marginalibus: antheris læ- vibus. Sponte Mr. R. A. SaLISBURY's Species of Erica. Sponte nafcentem in Lange Kloof, legit F. Maffon. - Folia denttifiina. E. corolla 8—1 I-lineari, vifcida; tubo ovato-pyra- midali; limbo acuto: hiiiefitis muticis: antheris lanatis. | Variat @: Corolla 8—-g-linearis. In hac Tubus pene totus albus. P: Corolla 10— 1 r-linearis. E. retorta. Curt, Bot. Mag. n. 362. cum Ic. E. retorta. An. Er. n. 15. cum ke. E. retorta. Thunb, Df n. gy. E. retorta. Linn. Suppl. p. 220. E. retorta. Monin, à in CBE Holm. 1774- D. 297. t. 7. Herba fimpliciter recurva: diverfiffimam dire&ionem Gorteria- fna, exprimit nomen auctorum, quam in Ordine Naturali — Graminum aliquando videas. E. foliorum laminis lanceolato-cuneatis : corollà 8—10- lineari, vifcidà ; tubo ampullæformi ; limbo obtufo. E. ampullacea. Andr. Er. n. 34. cum Ic. E. ampullacea. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 303. cum Ic. bonà. In hac cohorte, Antherz apicibus incurvis et valde at- tenuatis confimiles, fere dabunt characterem. E, foliorum laminis ovato-cuneatis: corolla g9—11-line- ari, vifcidà; tubo late ampullæformi; limbo retufo. E. pregnans. Soland. MS. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit F. Maífon. — Ampullæ- Jormis, Capax, E. foliis 382 Mr. R. A. SAL1SBURY's Species of Erica. Lagene- E. foliis 3-nis: corollà 12—14-lineari, vifcidà ; tubo forms, < ovato apice ventricofo; limbo tubo 4-plo breviore, ovato. E. jafminiflora ! Andro Er. n. 49. cum Ic. mediocri. Sponte nafcentem in Platte Kloof, locis humidis, legit F. Maffon. Fafminifora, E. foliis 3-nis: corollà 16—19-lineari, vifcida; tubo cylindraceo apice ventricofo; limbo tubo 3-plo bre- viore, ovali. . E. Aitonia. Curt, Bot. Mag. n. 429. cum Ic. E. Aitonia. Andr. Er. n. 21. cum E mala. E. Jafminifiora. o Tm. Pavettaflora, E. pedunculis breviffimis : corolla ELSE ; limbo intus farinofo: filamentis j juxta apicem antheræ cal- caratis. E. infundibuliformis. Roxb, MS. Communicavit Hibbert : fplendidum donum, eju@nomi- ne, fi talia admittere potuiffem, certe condecoran- dum. Calcaria | etiam in -hac lacs € filamento, Res ip. antherá, eee — Fafciformis, E. pedunculis breviffimis : corollà E limbo intus farinofo: filamentis muticis: antheris rectis. E. faftigiata. Thunb. Df. m. 37: E. faftigiata. Lina. Di iff. ni 44. cum Jis ports’ ^E. het er € | i — "Sponte: nafcentem i in Pe Klonf, | legit 5: Medi > = 9 on Es Bc Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica, 383 E. calyce minute ciliato: corolla 5—6-lineati; tubo Fiftuleflora, angufle cylindraceo-urceolari ; limbo breviflimo; fila- mentis muticis. E. cylindrica. Thunb. Dif. n. 39. Pericarpium obovatum; glabrum. E. caule glabro: corollà 3-lineari; tubo angufte pyra- midali bafi planâ :;calcaribus femilanceolatis: peri- carpio obpyramidali. E. Mufcari. Andr. Er. n. 1. cum Ie. mediocri. Sponte nafcentem juxta torrentem in Zout Rivier, legit F. Maffon. E. caule pubefcente : corolla 21-lineari ; tubo ovato-py- ramidali: calcaribus Siete, fphæ- HO Variat 2: Corolla albida: + E. tranfparens. Berg. Pl. Cap. f. 108. £: Corolla rubra. E. comofa. Pl. Kew. t. 18. al E. comofa. Thunb. Diff. n. 38... E. comofa. Linn. Dif. ae 48. cum fig. floriss E. comofa. Linn. Mant. p. 2.34. hanc fpeciem r minime quadrat. - 4 E, caule ben : calyce obcuneato, ferrato : corolla 3-lineari; limbo tubo $-breviore : calcaribus minu- . tiffimis, auricularibus. E. denticulata, Roxb, MS. Fragrans, Galiflora, Nidiflora, In. 384 Denticularis, Pulchra, Dapbniflora, Pie. Mr. R. A. SALISBURVY's Species of Erica. In hortis quoque confunditur cum fequente, cui fimi- lis: vix tamen pro varietate habenda, ob filamenta calcarata, et foramina antherarum breviora. E. caule pubefcente: calyce obcuneato, ferrato: corol- là 3-lineari; limbo tubo 1-breviore : antheris longe foraminofis. E. dentata. Thunb. Diff. n. 39. E. denticularis. Linn. Mant. p. 22. auctoritate fpeciminis ex Herbario Ber- giano. Flores purpurei. i E. caule glabro: calyce angufte lanceolato, ferrato : corollà 4— ;-lineari ; limbo tubo duplo breviore: antheris breviter foraminofis. E. Walkeria. Andr. Er. n. 45. cum Ic. bona. E. calyce ovato-cufpidato, vix ferrato: corolla 3-lineari; limbo tubo duplo breviore, recurvo-deflexo: fila- mentis muticis. Sponte nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, legit I. Mulder. E. caule gracili: calyce fpatulato, ferrato: corollà ;—6- lineari ; limbo tubo triplo breviore; filamentis mu- ticis. E. pellucida. Soland. MS. pue nafcentem in Hottentots Holland, folo humido, legit F. Maffon. Se Caulis faftigiatus, verticillis foliorum, in ramis vege- tioribus, remotis. Foliorum Laminz anguftz, lineari- 6 attenuate. « Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica. attenuatz. Corolla albida cum rubore aliquo, ita pellucida, ut literas tubo explanato fubjeétas facile diftinguas. E. bracteis duabus: corolla 5—6-lineari; tubo ovato- pyramidali; limbo breviffimo : calcaribus longiffimis, fubulatis. | E. inflata. Thunb. Diff. n. 67. cum Ic. Species apud nos adhuc rariffima, L4 E. bracteis d&tabus: corolla 6—7-lineari; tubo ovato- pyramidali apice ventricofulo: calcaribus breviflimis, auricularibus. E. ventricofa. Wendl. Er. fa[c.3. p. xx: cum Ic. mala. E. ventricoia. Guri Bot. Mag. m 350. cum Ie E. ventricofa. Anar. Er. m 2. cum 4c. E. ventricofa. Thunb, Dif. n. 36. cum Ic. des T PRIE Sponte naícentem juxta Fran/che Hoek, legit F. Maffon. E. foliis 2-nis: calyce 14-lineari, angufte ovato-cu- neato: corolla 24-lineari; tubo ovato-pyramidali : pericarpio obovato. Variat «: Corolla albida. B : . Corolla pallide lutea. y : Corolla lutea. ! E. lutea. Wendl. Er. fafc. I. 9. 13. cum Ic. E. lutea. Anar. Er. n 11. cum Ice E.lu-. tea. Thunb. Diff. m. 49. E. lutea. Linn. Diff. n. 2. cum fig. floris, E. lutea. Linn, Mant. p.234 E. lutea. Berg. Pl Cap. pe 115. | Corollæ Laciniz æquales funt: inzquales, ut defcribit Willdenow, in toto genere haud ferme invenias. Vor. VI. 3D 385 Amabilis. Venufta. Imbeliis, E. foliis 6 Linifolia, Borbonte- fota. Obvallaris, Corifolia, — + Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'Ss Species. of Erica. E. folis 2-nis: calyce 14-lineari, late ovali-acuminu- lato: corollà 2-lineari ; tubo ovato: pericarpió tur- binato. Variat æ : Corolla pallidiffime rubra. E. foliis lanceolatis oppofitis imbricatis, &c. Linn. Hort. CET. p. 148. . B: Corolla lete rubra. E. tenuifolia. Linn. Diff. n. 33. cum fig. floris. E. tenuifolia. Berg. PL Cap. p. 116. E. te- nuifolia. Linn, $5. PL ed. 2. fi 507. E. afri- cana, altera, &c. Seb, Thef. v. x. + +157: 735° 6. Filamenta, æque ac in Imbelli, calcarata. —— E. foliis 2-nis: calyce 31-lineari, late ovali-acuminulato: corolla 31-lineari ; tubo ovato: pericarpio obovato, Communicavit Hrert. . Hafce tres, foliis 2-nis, puras legitimafque effe fpecies, minime pro certo affirmarem : calycis enim proportio, ` in quibufdam aliis admodum variabilis. E calyce reclinato-patente: corolla rj-lineari, calyci plus minus æquali; tubo urceolari; laciniis acutis. ` E. articularis. Curt. Bof. Mag. 9. 423. cum Ic... E. cae lycina. Andr. Er. n. 17. cum Ic. . E. corifolia. Thunb. - Diff. n. 77. E.:corifola. Linn. Dif: n. 26. cum fig. . floris tenelli, peflima.. E. articularis. Linn. Mant. p. 65. An fit Corifolia Sp. PZ. ed. 2. folum ab Herbario “Burmanniaño difcendum, —— | E. bracteis grandibus, obovatis, fupra medium pedun- culi: corolla 2-lineari ; laciniis totis crenulatis. — E. bracteata, Mr. R. A. SALISBURY'S Species of Erica, | E. bracteata. Thunb. Diff. n. 3. Sponte nafcentem ad Platte Kloof montibus, legit C. P. Thunberg. Filamenta certe calcarata. E. foliorum laminis pube denfà ciliatis : corolla 2-lineari, verfus apicem hirtà ; laciniis crifpis, retufis. E. pigra. Soland; MS. Sponte nafcentem juxta Baay Fa/s, legit G. Robertfon. Bractee tantummodo duz, ut in omnibus hujus cohor- tis: vicem tertiæ fupplet folium pedunculo fubjeétum, dilatatum, et plerumque coloratum. E. foliorum laminis reclinatis, acute. mucronatis : > CO= rollà 3-lineari; laciniis ovato-cuneatis, | 2-fidulis, s E, taxifolia, Wendl. Er. fafc. 2. p. 19. cum Ic. E. taxi- folia. P/. Kew. 1, 19. Calcaria in hac re&e delineavit Wendland : hinc ab alio auctore ejus differentiam {pecificam, que antheras muticas fiftit, concinnatam fuiffe fufpicor. E. floribus in rudimentis axillaribus: calyce cufpidato, longe ciliato : corolla 4-lineari, pyramidali : antheris a medio foraminofis. E. tetragona. Thunb. Dif. n. 5. cum Ic. Flores lutei. E. floribus in rudimentis axillaribus: calyce acuminato: corolla 3-lineari, ovata: antheris juxta apicem fora- minofis. 3D2 387 Hyfopifol 4, _Taxifolia, Pugionifolia, Viminalis, E. albens, Mr. R. A. SALISBURY's Species of Erica. E. albens. Curt. Bot. Mag. n. 440. cum Ic. E. albens. Linn. Diff. n. 34. cum Jig floris, E. albens. Linns “Mant. 5.2351. Flores ochroleuci. Paucula nunc in vacuo charta fpatiolo, de noftris no- minibus, inferere liceat. Satis fcio, his temporibus periculum quid novandi: etiam doctiffimos Botanicos, qui nullum, quantumvis licet abfurdum vocabulum, quod ipfi non antea irrifui damnaverint, mutari patiuntur. Tantis viris, me nil contra rationem unquam mutafle, modo refpondeam : quibus autem hortulanorum gentis prudentiffimæ nomina adula- toria magis placeant, omnibus iftis religiofe a me citatis, prout cuique libido eft, utantur. ES XXV. Ex- Linn Trans Vitah n. ( 389 ) died XXV. ame seh: from the Mi vont] Book of tbe Le Scie Apri 7, AN account was laid es T Society, from Dr, Mac- 1801. Oz. 6. - iR i i to > cut of, and to attach to the long hairs. oF its MES 4 WP culloch, F. L.S. of an artifice ufed by the Cancer Phalangium to enfnare its prey. This contrivance confifts in the infeé dreffing itfelf up, as it were, in fragments ofa Fucus (the, Soie cat EE, narrow-leaved variety of Hudfon's ciliatur), which it feems | d S «& plant ó Va iis fo accurately -- Dr. Maccu " loch. See Tas. XXXI. + L. W. Die, Efq. F. L.S. fent inforiftion: of his having difcovered the Sy/imbrium murale of Linnzus (a plant not hitherto noticed as of Britifh growth) growing wild abundantly on the pier at Ramigate and other places there- abouts. He believes it to be rather coi ifle of Thanet. i t M d | Es riocaulon fep- tangulare, Engl. p. v. Ai. t. 733, in Ireland. It has never before been feen but in the Ifle of Skye. Dr. Wade obferved it laft September, decorating the edges of all the lakes, great — — and fmall,in the romantic mountainous diftriét of Cunna- mara, in the county of Galway. He remarked the number of angles in the ftem to vary from 6 to 10, though moft frequently 390 Extraéts from the Minute Book of the Linnean Society. frequently 7, and that the generic and fpecific characters ac- corded with thofe given in Eze. Bot. Dec. 15. Information was given that the late Dr. Pulteney, F. R. S. and L. S. had ordered his very valuable Mufæum of Natural Hiftory to be prefented to the Society, on condition of its being preferved as a feparate collection, in his name; and that he had alío bequeathed to the Society the fum of two - hundred pounds. ftock, in the three per cent. confolidated annuities. CATA- ( 39! ) CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY or rH LINNEAN SOCIETY, Continued from Page 293 of Vol. V. of the Society s Tranfaëtions. N. B. To Books which are Continuations of Works contained in the former Part of the Catalogue the- original Numbers are here affixed ; and the other Books are numbered in regular Progreffion.. 459. A cuan (E.) Prodromus Lichenographiæ Sueciæ. Lincopiæ, 1798, 8vo. 17. Barton’s (B. S.) Supplement to a Memoir concerning the fafcinating Quality of the: Rattle-Snake, and other American Serpents. 8vo. 35. Blumenbach (J. F.) Abbildungen Naturhiftorifcher Gegenftinde.. 5 tes heft. Göttingen, 1800, 8vo. 460. Ueber die Zauberkraft der Klapper-Schlange. 8vo. 461. Clairville ( ) Entomologie Helvétique, vol. r. Zuric, 1798, 8vo. 462. Columnæ (F.) Phytobafanus. Mediolani, 1744, 4to. 463. Comparetti ( A.) Obfervationes Dioptricæ et Anatomicæ Comparate de Vifu et Oculo.. Patavii, 1798, 4to. 464. Davy’s (H.) syllabus of a Courfe of tnm on Chemiftry at the Royal Inftitution.. Lond. 1802, 8vo. | 465. Donn’s (J.) Hortus Cantabrigienfis, ed. 2. Cambridge, 1800, 8vo. 466. Donovan’s iiri. 392 — Catalogue of the Library of the Linnean Society. 466. Donovan's (E.) Epitome of the Natural Hiftory ofthe Infeëts of India, No. 1 to 7 - Lond. 1809—2, 4to. : 8o. Dryander (J-) Catalogus Bibliothecæ Hiftorico-Naturalis ero Banks; tomus $. Londini, 18co, 8vo. 467. Fabri (J: M.) Strychnomania. Aug. Vindel. 1677, 4to. 4/8. Forfter (G.) Herbarium Auftrale. . Gottingæ, 1797, 8vo. 469. Freiefleben (J. C.) Ueber das fchillernde Fofüil, von der Dafte bey Harzburg. Lephg, 17 945 8vo. 470. Garnett's ( T.) Annals of Philofophy for 1800. London, 1801, 8vo. 471. Outlines of a Courfe of Lectures on Chemiftry at the Royal Inftitu- ` tion. London, 1801, Svo. : 472. Graffo (J. P.) Diff. inaug. de Lacerta agili. Helmftadii, 1788, 4to. 473. Grönwall (A.) Prefide Diff. de Ferro Suecano Ofmund. Upfal. 1725, 4to. 474. Hatchett’s (C.) . Chemical Experiments on Zoophytes. From the Philofophical Tranfaétions, 4to. z 475- ——— — Analyfis of a Mineral. Subltaage from North Ameri Metal hitherto unknown. From the Philofophical Tranfa&tit Ons, 4 476. Hofack’s (D.) Syllabus of a Courfe of Poe: on Botany, Etre | in Columbia- College. New York, 1795, 8vo. 477. Hudfon's (W.) Flora Anglica, ed. 2. Lond. 1778, -— 478. Hutchinfon's (J.) Natural Hiftory of the Frog Fith of Surinam. York, 1797, 4to. 479. Lamarck (J. B.) Syfléme des Animaux fans Vertebres. Paris, 1801, 8vo. 480. Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique, tome 1—3. Paris, 1789, 4to. 481. Langer (J. H. S.) Mineralogifche Gefchichte der Hochftifter Paderborn, und Hildes- heim. Leipzig, 1789, 8vo. . 48a. Lafpeyres (J. H.) Seis Europez. Berol. 1801, 4to. 162. Latham's (J. ) Supplement 2d to the General Synopfis of Birds. - London, 1802, 4to. - 483. Latreille (P. A.) Hiftoire des Salamandres de France. Paris, iut Svo 3 484. Linnæi (-.) Fauna Suecica. |. Holmiz; 1746, aye UNE 485. ——_———— Sy(tema Naturz, ed. 9. Leyd. 1756, 8vo. ER ; 496. Ludwig (C. F.) Erfte Aufzählung der bis jezt in Sachfen entdeckten Infekten. Leip- Zig, 1799, 8vo. 487. Markwick's (W.) Defcriptions and Figures of Graffes. MS. folio. 488. Remarks on Britifh Birds. MS. 4to. 302+ Martyn's (Tho.) Gardener's and Botanift’s Dictionary, by the late Philip Millen . correéted and newly arranged, with Additions. Part 14—16: - : 489. Maftin's (J.) Hiftory of Nafeby. Cambridge, 1792, 8vo. dX ues 499 Mikan (J. C.) Monographia Serseriiorum Bohemiz. Prage, 1796, | Svo. mE 491. Millin gu containing a e : m^ d x Catlin te Libary ofthe Liman Si. 393 491. Millin (A. L.) Obfervations fur les Manufcrits de Diofcorides. 8vo. 492. — Introduétion à l'Etude des Pierres gravées. '8vo. 493- Differtation fur quelques Medailles des Villes Grecques qui offrent la Repréfentation d'Objets relatifs à l’Hiftoire Naturelle. 8vo. 494. Notice hiftorique fur J. H. Eckhel. 8vo. 495. Montagu's (G.) Ornithological Diétionary, or Alphabetical Synopfis of Britifh Birds, - 2vols. London, 1802, 8vo. 496. Pears’ (C.) Cafes of Phthifis Pulmonalis fuccefsfully treated on the Tonic Plan. London, 1801, 8vo. 497. Pennant’s Journey from London to = Ifle of Wight, 2 vols. London, 185r, 4to. 498. Raji (J.) Synopfis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum, et Serpentini Generis. Lond. 1693, 8vo. 499. — Synopfis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum, ed. 3. Lond. 1724, 8vo. 500. ——— —— Hiftoria Plantarum, tom. 1 et 2, Londini, 1686— 88, fol. ; 501. Van Rheede (H. A.) Hortus Indicus Malabaricus, tomi 12. Amftelod. by 70 fol. 502. Rofenmiiller (J. C.) de Offibus Foffilibus Animalis cujufdam. Lipfie, 1794, 4to. 346. R b argh’s (V \ ants OÍ he Coatt of ( Coromandel, vol. 2, parts 2 and 3. . —— Secon o the nes Lacca. From the Phil. Tranf. ito 504. Ruffel’s (P.) Account of the Tabafheer. From the Phil. Tranf. 4to. 505. Salifbury (R. A.) Icones Stirpium. rariorum, Defcriptionibus illuftratæ, No. 1 & 2, oL cs $06. Sarti (G.) Analifi Chemica delle Acqui dei Bagni Pifan. —— 507. Schachmann (C. G. A. von) Beobachtungen über das Gebirge. bey Künigfhayn. | Drefden, 1780, 4to. 508. Scheuchzer (J. J.) de Helvetiæ Aëribus, Aquis, Locis. : Tiguri, 1728, 4to. 509. Schütz (A. G.) Befchreibung einiger Nordamerikanifchen Foflilien. Leipzig, 1791, 8vo. puma. : 510. Schwägrichen (C. F.) Topographiæ Botanicæ et Entomologice Lipfienfis Specimen 1. Lipfie, 1799, 4to. z1r. Shaw’s (G.) General Zoology, vols. 1—3. Lond. 1800—1802, Svo. 512. Sinclair’s (Sir John) Hints on Longevity. 4to. 513. Slevogtii (J. H. .) Prolufio de Aftrantiæ Charactere. Jenæ, 1721, 4to. 514. Smith (J. E.) Flora Britannica, vol. 1. & 2. Londini, 18co, 8vo. 515: Compendium Floræ Britannicæ. Londini, 1800, 8vo. 377- Smith and Sowerby’s Englith Botany, vol. 10 to 14. London 1800—2, 8vo. . 516. Stacey's (H. P.) Obfervations on the Failure of Turnip Crops. London, 1800, 8vo. 517. Strange, fopra l'Origine della Carta Naturale di Cortona. Pifa, 1764, 4to. j 518. Stromeyer (F.) Hiftoriæ Vegetabilium Geographicz Specimen. Gottingæ, 1800, 4to. AM or. VI. 3E- $19. Thunberg - 394 Catalogue of the Library of the Linnean Society. $19. Thunberg (C. P.) Beskrifning pa Svenfka m I Claffen, om Mammalia. "me . 1798, 8vo. — — Differtationes Academice. "Upfülie, Ato. 399» Mufeum Naturalium Academiæ Upfalienfis, Partes 19—22. Append. 4—7. 405. Genera Plantarum Nova, Partes 8 & 9. £20. . De Drofera. 1797. 521. De Melanthio. 1797. 522. Ventenat (E. P.) Tableau du Regne Vegetal. Paris, an. 7. tomes 4. $vo. 523. Villars Hiítoire des Plantes de Dauphiné. Grenoble, 1786, tomes 3 en 4 vols. 8vo. E 524. Weigel (C. E.) Vom Nuzen der Botanik. Greifswald, 1773, 4to. 525. White’s (Gilbert) Works in Natural Hiftory, with a Calendar and Obfervations by W, Markwick, Efq. 2 vols. London, 1802, 8vo. 526. Young's (T.) Syllabus of a Courfe of Lectures on Natural and Experimental Philo- fophy at the Royal Inftitution. London, 1802, 8vo. 438. Philofophical 'Tranfa&ions of the Royal Society of London, for 1800. London, 4to. 527. Tranfaëtions of the Royal Society of. inburgh, vol. 5. parts Edin. 1799; 4to. 439. Tranfa€tions of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Com- Merce; VOIS. 17, 18, 19. Lond. 8vo. | $28. Afiatic Refearches, vol. 1—6. Calcutta, 1788— 1799, 4to. 449. Memoirs of the Literary and Philofophical Society of Manchefter, vol. 5. 529. Philofophical Tranfa&ions abridged, vol. 1—7. London, 1721—1734, 4to. $30. Journals of the Royal Inflitution, No. 1—7. 8vo. 531. Prodromus Lepidopterorum Britannicorum, by a Fellow of the Linnean Society Holt, 1802, gto. £32. Termini Botanici. Edinburgi, 1770, 8vo. 533. Confpeétus Horti Botanici Jenenfis. Jenæ,1795, 4to. — e e, LIST gas): LIST OF DONORS TO THE LIBRARY or tuz LINNEAN SOCIETY, With References to the Numbers in the foregoing Catalogue of the Books prefented by them refpectively. bans —— — | T D rat o 4 : Cute TH E Royal Sec of London, 438. an The Managers of the Royal Inftitution, 464, 526. 530. The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, 439: Ze ce and Philofophical Society of Manchefter, 440. The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 527. The Afiatic Society, 528. Erik Acharius, M. D. 459. The Right Honourable Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart. K. B. H. M. L. S. 35. 460. 463. 80. 468. 469. 472. 4713. 490. 481. 486. 489. 490. 500. 502. 503. 504. 506—510. 513. 517. 622—524. 532. $33. Benjamin Smith Barton, M. D. F. M. L, S. 17. Mr. Anthony Carlifle, F. L. S. 467. M, Clairville, 461. Rev. John Davies, F. L. S. 465. Mr. Edward Donovan, F. L. S. 466. | : Jonas Dryander, M. A. V. P. L. S. 346. es Edward Forfter, Jun. Efq. F. L, S. 499. 306 Donors té 77 Library of the Lie Society. - Thomas Garnett, M. D. F. L. S. 471. “Thomas Garnett, M. D. F: L; S. = and t 470 Mr. Benjamin Price, Charles Hatchett, Efq. F. L.S. 474. 475. , David Hofack, M. D. F.L.S. 476. Mr. Frederick Kanmacher, F. LeS: 477. M. J. B. Lamarck, de l'Infiitut de France, 479. M. J. H. Lafpeyres, F. M. L: S. 482. | John Latham, M. D. F. L. S. Romfey, 162. M. P.. A. Latreille, F. M. L.S. 483. Alexander MacLeay, Efq. Sec. L.S. 484. ^ > William Markwick, Efq. F.L. S. 487. 488. | . Thomas Marfham, Efq. Tr. L. S. 485. Rev. Thomas Martyn, B. D-.E.L.$S..302. ..— aa M. A. L. Millin, F. M. L. — — George Montagu, Eig. F. L. S. 495. Mr. C. Pears, F. L. S.. 496. . David Pennant, Efq. F. L. S. 497. "Richard Anthony Salifbury, Efq. F. L. S. 505. George Shaw, M. D, V. P.L. S. -511 : Sir John Sinclair, Baronet, M. P. 512. James t.dward Smith, M. D. P. L. S. 514. 515. Mr. James Sowerby, F. L.S. 377. Rev. H. P. Stacey, LL. B. 516. TE Stromeyer,. M. D. of Gottingen, 518. — Mr. Robert Tecfdale, F. L.S. 478. | Car. Pet. Thunberg, M. D. F. M. L.$. 5 51g. 399. 405. $20. 521. L^ Mr. John White, 525.. = Thomas Jenkinfon Woodward, LL. B. F. L.S. AR Thomas Young, M. D. F. L. S. 462. 529. : The Anonymous Author, 53 END or THE SIXTH VOLUME, COSA, Printed by Taylor and Wilks, C Lane,