F< Cs Volume 6 NOVON ^ - me Number 1 Missouri botanical SK 1996 mar 2 6 1996 .garden LIBRARY , Orthomitrium tuberculatum (Orthotrichaceae), a New Genus and Species from Guizhou, China Jette Lewinsky-Haapasaari Kuopio Museum of Natural History, Myhkyrinkatu 22, FIN-70100 Kuopio, Finland Marshall R. Crosby Missouri Botanical Garden, P.0. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A. ABSTRACT. Orthomitrium tuberculatum gen. et sp. nov. (Orthotrichaceae, Orthotrichoideae) is de¬ scribed from Guizhou, China. The diagnostic char¬ acters are: (1) terminal sporophytes on the main (primary) stems, which continue growth by lateral innovations; (2) large, mitrate, plicate calyptrae covering the entire capsules; (3) ovoid or globose, smooth capsule with strongly plicate mouth; (4) sin¬ gle peristome; (5) immersed stomata in upper parts of capsules; and (6) large, multicellular spores. The genus is considered most closely related to Ortho¬ trichum and Muelleriella. The family Orthotrichaceae includes acrocarpous mosses, i.e., those with terminal perichaetia and additional growth by lateral innovations. It is fur¬ ther characterized by having small, papillose upper leaf cells, undifferentiated alar cells, large, usually mitriform calyptrae, and diplolepidous peristomes with endostomial segments alternating with the ex- ostome teeth, which have thicker outer layers than inner layers. Vitt (1982) included 14 genera in the family: Zygodon Hooker & Taylor, Stenomitrium (Mitten) Brotherus, Orthotrichum Hedwig, Mueller¬ iella Dusen, Pleurorthotrichum Brotherus, Ulota Weber & Mohr, Bryodixonia Sainsbury, Drummon- dia Hooker, Macrocoma (C. Muller) Grout, Ma- cromitrium Bridel, Florschuetziella Vitt, Groutiella Steere, Schlotheimia Bridel, and Desmotheca Lind- berg. To these were later added Amphidium Schim- per (Lewinsky, 1976; Vitt et al., 1993), Stoneo- tUSSQMl BO •*»MN 1_ 11 bryum Norris & Robinson (Norris & Robinson, 1981), Leiomitrium Mitten and Cardotiella Vitt (Vitt, 1981), and Ceuthotheca Lewinsky-Haapasaari (Lewinsky-Haapasaari, 1994). The Orthotrichaceae are divided into four subfamilies: Zygodontoideae (Limpricht) Brotherus, Orthotrichoideae (Limpricht) Brotherus, Drummondioideae Vitt, and Macromi- trioideae (Fleischer) Brotherus (Vitt, 1982). This subdivision is mainly based on stem branching pat¬ tern, sporophyte position, and calyptra shape. More than 60 papers have been published on this family within the last 23 years, and of these 37 within the last 10 years. Thus, in view of the intense degree to which the family has been stud¬ ied, it was surprising to find a moss among some recent collections from Guizhou Province, China, that clearly belongs to the Orthotrichaceae, but cannot be placed in any of the known genera. The plants have erect or erect-ascending stems with the perichaetia at the end of the primary stems, which continue growth by lateral innovations. This gives the impression of an Orthotrichum, an impression supported by the large, mitrate, 16-plicate calyp¬ trae, not split at the bases, with many papillose, slender, yellowish hairs. The capsules, however, are more like those in some species of Macromitrium. They are ovoid or globose, smooth, with strongly plicate mouths, and a simple peristome of truncate, hyaline teeth. Unlike Macromitrium species, they have immersed stomata present in great numbers on the upper portion of the capsules. Immersed sto- anical Novon 6: 1-5. 1996. 2 Novon mata are known within the family only in the sub¬ family Orthotrichoideae, from the genus Muelleriel- la, and the Orthotrichum subgenera Orthotrichum, Pulchella (Schimper) Vitt, and Callistoma (Iwatsuki & Sharp) Lewinsky. Another striking character of this Chinese moss is its multicellular spores, which usually consist of four cells. Since the younger spores are quite regularly rounded, have one or two interior walls, and outer walls with the same orna¬ mentation as the mature spores, we do not think it is a question of spore-tetrads. Multicellular spores are known within the family in Muelleriella, Drum- mondia, and one species of Orthotrichum, 0. steerei Lewinsky. The moss from Guizhou is here referred to the new genus Orthomitrium, which is characterized by the following combination of characters: (1) sporo- phytes terminal on the main (primary) stems, which continue growth by lateral innovations; (2) large, mitrate, plicate calyptrae covering the entire cap¬ sules; (3) ovoid or globose, smooth capsule with strongly plicate mouth; (4) single peristome; (5) nu¬ merous immersed stomata in upper parts of cap¬ sules; and (6) large, multicellular spores (ca. 50 pm in diameter). Orthomitrium tuberculatum Lewinsky-Haapa- saari & Crosby, gen. et sp. nov. TYPE: China. Guizhou: Sui-yan Co., Kuan Kuo Shui Forest Reserve, Tai Yan Shan (Sun Summit) and vi¬ cinity, on tree, Crosby 16040 (holotype, MO). Figures 1, 2. Plantae parvae, nigrescentes. Caules erecti vel erecto- ascendentes. Folia sicca erecta vel erecto-flexuosa, e bas- ibus ovatis laneeolata vel lineari-lanceolata, acute vel ro- tundate acuta; cellulae superiores folii breviter rectangulae, porosae, membranis crassis, quaeque 1—2(—3) papillis conicis humilibus omata: cellulae basales folii elongate rectangulae vel rhombicae, membranis crassis, porosis, laevibus. Setae erectae, breves; capsulae laeves, ovoides vel globulares, ad ostia valde plicatae; peristomia singula: stomata immersa, in partibus superioribus capsularum sitae. Calyptrae magnae, mitratae, plicatae. Sporae magnae, circiter 50 gm diameter, multicellulares. Plants in small tufts among other bryophytes, soft, blackish green to green above, black below. Stems up to 2 cm tall, erect or erect-ascending, fastigiately branched above, with a rather thick epi¬ dermis, no central strand. Rhizoids only present at the extreme stem bases. Leaves erect or erect-flex- uose when dry, spreading when moist, from ovate bases lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, varying in size and shape with the largest ovate linear-lanceo¬ late leaves near the stem apices, 2—5 X 0.4-0.8 mm, gradually acuminate, sometimes shortly de¬ current, but not with distinct auricles; leaf apices acute to rounded acute: costae ending shortly below the apices, without stereids; margins plane in short leaves, slightly undulate in longer leaves, recurved to revolute at least in the central part; basal leaf cells elongate rhomboidal to rectangular, porose, with thick, brown, nodose longitudinal walls and thinner transverse walls, smooth, 40-65 X 4.5—8.0 pm; transitional leaf cells shorter, with less porose and nodose walls, occasionally with one conical pa¬ pilla near the end, 14-21 X 6-13 gm; upper leaf cells short rectangular, arranged in distinct rows, with thick, nodose, porose walls and l-2(-3) low conical papillae per cell, 9—12 X 4.5—7.0 gm. Gemmae not seen. Goniautoicous. Perichaetial and perigonial leaves not markedly differentiated. Peri- chaetia at the end of the main stems, which con¬ tinue growth by lateral innovations. Setae short, 1— 3 mm long, slender, straight, with an epidermis of yellow to brown cells and an inner ring of brown cells surrounding a few central hydroids. Vaginulae with many long, smooth, yellowish hairs. Capsules ovoid to globose when wet, 2.0—2.8 mm long, smooth, erect, emergent, reddish brown below, darker at the strongly plicate mouths, persistent for several seasons; exothecial cells immediately below mouth differentiated in eight stripes of thick-walled dark brown cells, usually four cells wide, alternat¬ ing with eight paler stripes, usually nine cells wide; further down the cells are short rectangular to quadrate, thick-walled; stomata immersed, half to completely covered by the subsidiary cells, numer¬ ous in upper parts of capsules giving young, dry capsules a puckered appearance; annuli of two rings of small, hyaline, thin-walled, almost quad¬ rate cells. Peristomes single, no prostomes; exo- stome of 16 truncate teeth, sometimes partly united, hyaline, but with the areas around the old cell walls yellow and prominent, with a rough ornamentation of horizontal and vertical lines and papillae, with many short, densely set papillae along the edges. Opercula erect-rostrate. Spores large, multicellular, ca. 50 pm diam., finely papillose. Calyptrae large, mitrate, covering the entire capsules, yellow with red-brown apices, 16-plicate, with many hairs reaching to the top; hairs yellow, slightly papillose from protruding cell ends. Habitat. Epiphytic, mixed with Ulota spp. Due to the erect to erect-ascending primary stems at the end of which the sporophytes are pro¬ duced, the upper leaf cells with 1—2(-3) conical papillae, the large mitrate calyptrae, and the emer¬ gent capsules, Orthomitrium tuberculatum can be referred to the subfamily Orthotrichoideae as de¬ fined by Vitt (1972, 1982). Within this subfamily it Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Lewinsky-Haapasaari & Crosby Orthomitrium tuberculatum from China 3 Figure 1. A-J. Orthomitrium tuberculatum Lewinsky-Haapasaari & Crosby (Crosby 16040). —A. Habit when dry. — B, C. Mature capsules, dry. —D. Young capsule, dry. —E. Cross section of seta. —F. Stoma from capsule wall. —G. Part of peristome. —H, I. Spores. —J. Germinating spore. seems most closely related to Orthotrichum and Muelleriella, which also include species with im¬ mersed stomata. This condition is considered an apomorphous character having developed from su¬ perficial stomata. In Orthotrichum this event is thought to have taken place twice (cf. Lewinsky, 1993). The blackish coloration, the thick-walled exothecial cells, the smooth capsule wall, and the multicellular spores are also found within Mueller¬ iella. These similarities, however, might not indi¬ cate these two genera are more closely related. They have quite different ecology, and an adapta¬ tion to xeric habitats may have evolved indepen¬ dently in the two genera. Likewise the emergent 4 Novon Figure 2. A—J. Orthomitrium tuberculatum Lewinsky-Haapasaari & Crosby (Crosby 16040). —A—C. Leaves. —D. Basal leaf comer. —E. Basal leaf cells. —F. Transitional leaf cells. —G. Upper leaf cells. —H. Partial cross section of leaf. —I. Leaf apex. —J. Partial cross section of stem. capsules and reduced peristomes in Orthomitrium, both apomorphous character states, can be regard¬ ed as further adaptations to xerophytic habitats. The capsules of Orthomitrium are unlike any in the Orthotrichoideae, but resemble through their shape, strongly plicate mouths, and reduced peristomes some of those in the Macromitrioideae. The mosses in this subfamily do, however, have a different branching pattern, a character considered of great importance when dividing Orthotrichaceae into subfamilies. Further, immersed stomata and multi¬ cellular spores are not known from this subfamily. It can be argued that of the six characters on which this new genus is based, characters 1, 2, and 5 are commonly found in Orthotrichum. Character 4, although uncommon, is found in at least three Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Lewinsky-Haapasaari & Crosby Orthomitrium tuberculatum from China 5 species of Orthotrichum, and character 6 is found in one species (Orthotrichum steerei). Therefore, if the individual characters are looked upon, the ovoid to globose capsules with plicate mouths are the only separating character. It is, however, not the individual characters that are of importance, but the combination of characters, just as in the case of Muelleriella (cf. Vitt, 1976). Further, if Orthomi¬ trium tuberculatum had to be included in Orthotri¬ chum, which species would represent the closest relatives? We cannot assign it to any of the three existing subgenera that include taxa with immersed stomata due to the capsule shape, the plicate mouth, the exostome ornamentation, and the posi¬ tion of the stomata in the upper parts of the cap¬ sules. There is no intermediate capsule type linking the Orthomitrium capsules with the types common¬ ly found in Orthotrichum. It is not like in Macro- mitrium, where capsules being irregularly plicate the entire lengths are thought to have developed into capsules being 8-plicate and puckered near the mouths, capsules 4-plicate near the mouths, or not at all plicate (cf. Vitt, 1983). Orthomitrium tub¬ erculatum also seems more isolated from other Or¬ thotrichum species than 0. callistomum Brotherus (only member of subg. Callistoma ) and 0. gymno- stomum Bridel and 0. obtusifolium Bridel (making up subg. Orthophyllum Delogne). This in our eyes justifies the creation of a separate genus. Distribution. Orthomitrium tuberculatum is known only from a single collection from Tai Yan Shan, Guizhou, Southwest China. The locality is about 150 km north of Guiyang, the provincial cap¬ ital of Guizhou, or about 550 km northeast of Kunming, Yunnan Province. Etymology. The generic name Orthomitrium has been made by combining the two generic names Orthotrichum and Macromitrium. The ga- metophytes of Orthomitrium are like those of the first mentioned genus, whereas the sporophytes re¬ semble those of the latter. The specific epithet tub¬ erculatum refers to the tuberculate young capsules due to the presence of the many immersed stomata in the upper parts. Acknowledgments. We thank Ellen Farr, Smith¬ sonian Institution, for checking that the generic name Orthomitrium had not been used previously, Tyge Christensen, Botanical Institute, University of Copenhagen, for translating the description into Latin, and Lin Qi-Wei, Guiyang, for making local arrangements for fieldwork in Guizhou. Literature Cited Lewinsky, J. 1976. On the systematic position of Amphi- dium Schimp. Lindbergia 7: 2-9. -. 1993. A synopsis of the genus Orthotrichum Hedw. (Musci, Orthotrichaceae). Bryobrothera 2: 1-59. Lewinsky-Haapasaari, J. 1994. The genus Pleuortholri- chum Broth. Lindbergia 19: 11—24. Norris, D. H. & H. Robinson. 1981. Stoneobryum, a new genus of Orthotrichaceae from South Africa and south¬ ern Queensland. Bryologist 84: 95—99. Vitt, D. H. 1972. A monograph of the genus Drummon- dia. Canad. J. Bot. 50: 1191—1208. -. 1976. A monograph of the genus Muelleriella Dusdn. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 40: 91—113. -. 1981. The genera Leiomitrium and Cardotiella gen. nova (Orthotrichaceae). J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 49: 93-113. -. 1982. The genera of Orthotrichaceae. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 71: 261—268. -. 1983. The New Zealand species of the pantrop- ical genus Macromitrium (Orthotrichaceae: Musci): Tax¬ onomy, phytogeny and phytogeography. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 54: 1-94. -, T. Koponen & D. H. Norris. 1993. Bryophyte Flora of the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. LIII. Ulota and Schlotheimia (Orthotrichaceae, Musci). Acta Bot. Fennica 148: 5—25. Matelea roulinioides, uraa Nova Especie da Tribo Gonolobeae (Asclepiadaceae) do Nordeste Brasileiro Maria de Fdtima Agra Laboratorio de Tecnologia Farmaceutica, Universidade Federal de Paraiba, Cx. Postal 5009, 58.049 Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brasil Warren Douglas Stevens Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166, U.S.A. RESUMO. Analizando-se coletas recentes realiza- das em Campina Grande, estado da Paraiba, Brasil, reconheceu-se uraa nova especie, Matelea rouli¬ nioides, que d aqui descrita e ilustrada. ABSTRACT. Matelea roulinioides, a new species of Gonolobeae (Asclepiadaceae) from northeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated. Matelea roulinioides M. F. Agra & W. D. Stevens, sp. nov. TIPO: Brasil. Paraiba: Campina Gran¬ de, Distrito de Sao Josd da Mata, Fazenda Pe¬ dro da Costa Agra, estrada para Soledade, 16 km Oeste do centro de Campina Grande, 7°46'S, 35°52'W, alt. 500-510 m, 27 jul. 1990, M. F. Agra 1251 (holdtipo, JPB; is6tipos, MO, K). Figura 1. Frutex volubilis. Caulis complanato-bisulcatus, indu- mento glandular-pubescente. Folia opposita, petiolis 40- 45 mm longis, glandulari-pubescentibus; laminae virides, ovatae vel ovato-oblongae, submembranaceae, margine ciliatae, 65-85 mm longae, 33—50 mm latae, apice acu- minatae, basi cordatae, supra dense pilosae, praesertim in nervis primariis et secundariis, 4—5 nectariis conicis in nervi basi praesentibus, reliqua pagina utrinque adpresso- pilosa. Inflorescentiae sessiles vel subsessiles, interpetio- lares, glomerulatae, 12—18 florae; bracteae lineari-lanceo- latae 2.4—2.5 mm longae, pubescentes; trichomata hyalina uniseriata simplicia. Pedicelli 4—6 mm longi, glandulis minutis numerosis trichomatibus intermixtis praediti. Ca¬ lyx subcampanulatus, lobis anguste deltoideis, 1.0-1.2 mm longis, 0.9-1.0 mm latis, intus glabris, 10 nectariis conicis, ad cuiusque sepali basin lateraliter sitis, extus glabrescentibus, minute glandulosis, trichomatibus inter¬ mixtis uniseriatis byalinis conspersis. Corolla viridescens campanulata, crassa, glabra, tubo 1.2—1.5 mm longo prae- dita. Laciniae adscendentes, apice reflexae, dein acumine inflexae, oblongae, fere acutae, utrinque glabrae, 4.9-5.0 mm longae, 1.5—1.8 mm latae, nervis rubro-brunneis con- fluentibus, exterioribus breviter truncato-ramificatis oma- tae. Corona glabra, camosa, 2.1—2.3 mm longa, 5-lobata; coronae lobi adscendentes parte centrali longe bifida, seg- mentis convergentibus plica longitudinali auctis, 1.1-1.2 mm gynostegium superantibus; ligula interna protrusa in sinu bifurcationis, necnon concrescentia ventrali fulcrea binis lobulis acutis amplexa. Gynostegium stipiti angus- tato 0.3-0.5 mm longo insidens, capitatum, pentagonale, 1.1—1.2 mm altum, 2.0-2.1 mm diam.; pars locularis an- therarum scutiformis dorso leviter sulcata, pellicula mem- branacea antice obtecta; retinaculum oblanceolato-trun- catum, rufo-brunneum, 0.2-0.25 mm longum, apice brevi exsertum, erecto-patens; caudiculae hyaline, laeviter des- cendentes, parte distali latiore; pollinia orbicularia, len- tiformia, 0.5—0.55 mm diam. marginibus hyalinis ornata. Fructus pyriforme; maturum 64—66 mm longum, 20—22 mm diam., dehiscens. Arbusto voluvel. Caule complanado-bissulcado com indumento glandular pubescente, formado de tricomas glandulares e tricomas simples, unisseria- dos, hialinos. Folhas opostas; peefolo com 40-45 mm de comprimento, revestido por indumento se- melhante ao do caule; lamina ovada ou oval-oblon- ga, 65-85 mm de comprimento e 33-50 mm de largura, sub-membrandcea, levemente discolor, ver- de escuro, brilhante, na face ventral e verde claro na face dorsal, com indumento adpresso-piloso em ambas as faces; Apice acuminado, base cordada, superiormente denso-pilosa na face ventral, prin- cipalmente nas nervuras prirnarias e secunddrias com 4—5 nectaries, cdnicos, amarelados; margens inteiras, ciliadas. Infioresceneias sdsseis ou sub- sdsseis, interpeciolares, glomeruladas, 12—18 flores; brdeteas linear-lanceoladas 2.4-2.5 mm de comprimento com indumento pubescente de tri¬ comas simples unisseriados, margens ciliadas. Pedicelo 4—6 mm de comprimento, revestido por indumento glandular-puberulo, constituido de diminutos tricomas glandulares, violdceos, estipi- tados, unisseriados e de tricomas eglandulares, ocorrendo conjuntamente. Cdlice sub-campanula- do; lobos deltdides com apices agudos, 1.0-1.2 mm de comprimento, 0.9—1.0 mm de largura, extema- mente glabrescentes com tricomas esparsos, se- melhantes aos do pedicelo; intemamente glabro com neetdrios laterais nas bases dos sinos. Corola campanulada, crassa, glabra, esverdeada, com tubo curto, 1.2—1.5 mm; laefnias reflexas no Vs superior. Novon 6: 6-8. 1996. Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Agra & Stevens Matelea roulinioides do Brasil 7 Figure 1. Matelea roulinioides M. F. Agra & W. D. Stevens (Agra 1251). —A. Hdbito, detalhes do caule, folha com nect4rios e margem ciliada. —B. Botao floral. —C. Flor e pedicelo, tricomas eglandulares/unisseriados e glandulares. —D. Cdlice isolado mostrando os nectirios intemos. —E. Corona, detalhe dos lobos, extemamente. —F. Lobo da corona com lfgula central interna. —G. Ginostdgio pentagonal e corona. H. Retindculo, caudfculas e poltnias. 8 Novon oblongas, glabras em ambas as faces, 4.9—5.0 mm de comprimento, 1.5—1.8 mm de largura, omamen- tadas com venagSes marrom-avermelhadas, con- fluentes, ramificadas, as mais extemas abrupta- mente truncadas, Apices inflexos, levemente agudos. Corona glabra, camosa, 2.1—2.3 mm de comprimento, 5-lobada; lobos centrais, maiores, bf- fidos, com segmentos, ascendentes, lateralmente plicados, com dpices convergentes, 1.1—1.2 mm acima do giriostegio, com lfgula interna levemente projetada para diante, no arigulo da bifurcagao um engrossamento ventral, folidceo, ladeado por dois lrtbulos agudos, basais. Giriostegio capitado, pen¬ tagonal, 1.1-1.2 mm de altura e 2.0-2.1 mm de diam., curto-estipitado; estfpite mais estreita, 0.3— 0.5 mm de comprimento, 0.3-0.4 mm de largura; lbculos das anteras escutiformes, levemente sulca- dos no dorso, com uma pelfcula membrandcea, frontal, envolvente. Retindculo oblanceolado-trun- cado, marrom-avermelhado, brilhante, 0.2-0.25 mm de comprimento, dpice levemente exserto, ere- to-patente; caudfculas nao geniculadas, hialinas, levemente descendentes, soldadas ao retindculo da parte mediana atd a base, distalmente ampliadas; polfnias orbiculares, lentiformes, 0.5-0.55 mm de diam. com uma margem hialina. Folfculo piriforme, deiscente na maturagao; 64—66 mm de comprimen¬ to, 20-22 mm de diam.; epicarpo granuloso, com emergencias tuberculares, esparsas. Habitat e distribuigao. Matelea roulinioides 6 conhecida de apenas duas colegods provenientes da “caatinga, microrregiao dos Cariris Velhos,” Estado da Parafba, drea quente e seca, situada a 500—510 m de altitude, com uma vegetagao arbustivo-arbd- rea formada por especies caducifolias e espinhosas, xerofiticas, caracterfsticas de grande parte do Nord- este brasileiro. A forma e orientagao das polfnias claramente in¬ dicam que esta planta pertence d Gonolobeae. A ausencia de um conjunto de caracteres distintivo, que poderia colocd-la em um genero d parte, como tambem a ausencia de caracteres de Gonolobus, fa- zem com que a deixemos, de maneira claramente artificial, no genero Matelea. A mistura de tricomas do indumento 6 tfpica de muitas espdcies de Ma¬ telea, com tricomas longos, unisseriados, e glan- dulares, curtos. A corona 6 complicada e se asse- melha d de M. oxypetaloides (Foum.) Morillo. A vena^ao e o dpice inflexo da corola sdo especial- mente distintivos e emprestam d planta uma apar- encia geral de Cynanchum subgen. Mellichampia, tambem tratado algumas vezes como Telminostelma ou Roulinia. Pardtipo. BRASIL. Parafba: Campina Grande, Dis¬ trito de Sao Jose da Mata, Fazenda Pedro da Costa Agra, estrada para Soledade, 16 km Oeste do centro de Campina Grande, 7°46'S, 35°52'W, alt. 500-510 m, 12 nov. 1990, M. F. Agra 1324 (JPB). Agradecimentos. A Enrique Forero pelo apoio recebido, sem o qual este trabalho nao seria reali- zado; a Bruno Manara, pela gentileza da versao la- tina da descrigdo e execugdo dos desenhos; e a Fundagao Tinker, pelo apoio financeiro parcial, que permitiu a permanencia do primeiro autor no Mis¬ souri Botanical Garden, durante a realizagao deste trabalho. Brongniartia guiengolensis (Fabaceae: Faboideae): A New Arboreal Species from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico Oscar Dorado Centro de Educacion Ambiental e Investigacion Sierra de Huautla, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad #1001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico Leticia Torres-Coltn Herbario Nacional, Instituto de Biologla, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cd. Universitaria, Mexico D.F., C.P. 04510, Mexico Abstract. A new arboreal species, Brongniartia guiengolensis (Fabaceae: Faboideae), endemic to Cerro Guiengola, a hill in the northwestern region of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, is described and illustrated. Its morphological affinities with B. sou- sae O. Dorado are discussed, and habitat data are given. Resumen. Se describe una especie nueva arbo- rea, Brongniartia guiengolensis (Fabaceae: Faboi¬ deae), end6mica del Cerro Guiengola, localizado en la regi6n noroeste de la ciudad de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Se discuten sus afinidades mor- foldgicas con B. sousae O. Dorado y se proporcion- an datos de su habitat. In the last decade, explorations in the state of Oaxaca by botanists from the National Herbarium of Mexico (MEXU) have added many new records for the state flora. One locality where recent and old discoveries have been made is Cerro Guiengola. a limestone hill near the city of Tehuantepec that supports tropical deciduous forest. During a a Ho¬ listic inventory of this region by L. Torres-Colm (1989), seven new species and three new records for the state were found, among them Brongniartia sousae O. Dorado. The genus Brongniartia is nearly endemic to Mexico and has many species in the state of Oaxaca. Of the 60 species known hitherto (Dorado, 1992), only two are trees. Brongniartia mollicula T. S. Brandegee is commonly a shrub more than 1.5 m tall, but in more humid habitats, may be a tree up to 4.5 m tall. The second arboreal species is B. montalvoana Dorado & Arias (Dorado & Arias, 1992). The species described here, B. guiengolensis, is a dominant member of the forest of the Cerro Guiengola, where its trunk attains a diameter of 20 cm or more. This feature, combined with other morphological characters, is distinctive. Brongniartia guiengolensis 0. Dorado & L. Tor- res-Colfn, sp. nov. TYPE: Mexico. Oaxaca: Distrito de Tehuantepec, Cerro Guiengola, “Las Palmitas,” camino al Ocotal, 16°21' lat. N y 95°19' long. W, 26 aug. 1986, M. L. Tor- res-Colin 461, R. Torres & C. Martinez (holo- type, MEXU; isotypes, ENCB, HUMO, MO, RSA-POM). Figure 1. Arbor ad 7 m alta; caulis plus quam 20 cm diametro, aspectu lobatus, cavis ad 10 cm longis perforatus, profun- de costatus, costis in sectione transversali rotundatis, cor¬ tex laevis, cinerascens; rami juniores hirsutuli, vetustiores glabrescentes. Stipulae 1—1.6 cm longae, 4—4.2 mm latae. Folia imparipinnata vel aliquando paripinnata; foliola op- posita vel aliquando altema, elliptica vel late elliptica, interdum ovata, (1.2—)1.7—3.8 cm longa, (0.7—)1.3-2 cm lata tenuia, maturia glabra. Vexillum late ovatum, 1.3—1.4 cm longum, 1.2—1.6 cm latum, rubrum, per ca. 90° re- flexum, apice rotundatum; alae spathulatae, 1.6—1.7 cm longae, 8-8.2 mm latae, rubrae; carina oblongo-falcata 1.7-1.8 cm longa, 6.5-6.8 mm lata, viridi-flava, tubus staminalis ad 2.5 cm longus, stamene vexillari libero ad 2 cm longo; ovarium 9.5 mm longum, stylus 1.6 mm longus, glaber; ovula 4—5. Fructus 5.0-6.6 cm longus, glaber subsessilis, aliquandum calyce persistenti basim cinctus. Tree to 7 m tall, trunks more than 20 cm diam., with deep elongate holes up to 10 cm long which appear lobed in cross section, the bark smooth and grayish; branches hirsutulous when young, becom¬ ing glabrous. Stipules elliptic to lanceolate, 1—1.6 cm long, 4-4.2 mm wide, sparsely strigose, early becoming glabrous, deciduous; leaves (6.5-)8.4—16 cm long, imparipinnate or sometimes paripinnate; petiole (0.5-)0.8-15(-1.8) cm long, glabrescent; petiolules 2.8-4.3 mm long, yellowish green; leaf¬ lets elliptic or broadly elliptic, sometimes ovate, at apex rounded, obtuse, or frequently retuse, mucro- nate, (5-)9-29, (1.2-)1.7-3.8 cm long, (0.7-)1.3-2 cm wide, opposite or sometimes alternate, thin, gla¬ brous at maturity, strigose when young on both sur¬ faces, especially along the midvein, venation con- Novon 6: 9-12. 1996. 10 Novon Figure. 1. Brongniartia guiengolensis O. Dorado & L. Torres-Colfn. —A. Flowering branch. —B. Dissected calyx. — C. Standard petal. —D. Wing petal. —E. Keel petal. —F. Gynoecium. —G. Androecium. —H. Fruiting branch. —I. Trunk. Based on the holotype. Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Dorado & Torres-Colin Brongniartia guiengolensis 11 Table 1. Characteristics distinguishing Brongniartia guiengolensis and B. sousae. Characteristics B. guiengolensis B. sousae Habit tree to 7 m tall shrub to 3 m tall Trunk and main branches with deep elongate holes, appearing lobed in cross section without deep fissures Stipules 1—1.6 cm long, 4—4.2 mm wide 0.22-0.3(-0.4) cm long, 1.2(-3) mm wide Bracteoles 0.8-1 cm long 0.5-0.8 cm long Length of vexillar calyx lobes (6-)8-10 mm long 6-8(-10) mm long Connation of vexillar calyx lobes V l0 to '/ 8 of their length % of their length spicuous on both surfaces, base acute to rounded, mucro more than 0.5 mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2-5 per node, contemporary with the leaves; peduncles 2-2.5 cm long, glabrescent; bracteoles ovate to elliptic, 0.8-1 cm long, 6.5-7 mm wide, strigose or sometimes glabrous, decidu¬ ous before anthesis; calyx campanulate, 1.4—1.6 cm long, 5-6.5 mm wide, glabrous when mature but sometimes densely strigose, glabrescent internally, tube 3.5-4 mm long; two vexillar lobes (6—)8-10 mm long, 6—7 mm wide (both lobes), connate V l0 to Va of their length; lateral lobes 1—11 mm long, 4.5— 5 mm wide; carinal lobe (7-)9-ll mm long, (2.5-)3-4 mm wide; standard petal broadly ovate, 1.3—1.4 cm long, 1.2—1.6 cm wide, red, reflexed ca. 90°, apex rounded, claw 2 mm long; wing petals spathulate, 1.6—1.7 cm long, 8-8.2 mm wide, red, claw 2.2-2.6 mm long; keel petals oblong-falcate, 1.7—1.8 cm long, 6.5—6.8 mm wide, greenish yel¬ low, claw 2.1—2.3 mm long; staminal tube up to 2 cm long, vexillar stamen free up to 2 cm long; ovary 9.5 mm long, style 1.6 mm long, glabrous, ovules 4—5. Fruit 5.0-6.6 cm long, subsessile, glabrous, sometimes with the calyx persistent surrounding the base of the fruit. Seeds 5 per fruit, known only immature. Distribution. Brongniartia guiengolensis is known only from Cerro Guiengola, a hill in the northwestern region of the city of Tehuantepec. It is a dominant tree of the tropical deciduous forest, between 700 and 1000 m above sea level, associ¬ ated with arboreal species such as Ceiba parvifolia Rose, Lonchocarpus lanceolatus Bentham, Lysiloma microphyllum Bentham, Plumeria rubra L., and shrubby Mimosa torresiae R. Grether and Eupato- rium guiengolense L. Torres-Coltn & J. L. Villasen¬ or. The flowering and fruiting period of B. guien¬ golensis is from August to November. Relationships. Brongniartia guiengolensis is most similar to B. sousae, which also grows in the Cerro Guiengola, although the latter is found at lower elevations, below 450 m (Dorado, 1987). Ex¬ tensive explorations in the area have shown that the two species are not sympatric and that altitude may be an important limiting factor in the distri¬ bution of both. While B. guiengolensis is a tree up to 7 m tall, B. sousae is a shrub shorter than 3 m. Additional morphological features are compared in Table 1. The very restricted range of B. guien¬ golensis suggests that it may be a vulnerable spe¬ cies. Official protection of Cerro Guiengola should be given priority due to the high number of en¬ demic species. Paratypes. MEXICO. Oaxaca: Distr. Tehuantepec, El Desmonte, donde est£ el mango, Cerro Guiengola, 26 nov. 1986, M. L Torres-Coltn 572, A. Garcta & L Cortes (HUMO, MEXU); subida al Cerro Guiengola por la ladera S, 26 nov. 1986, M. L Torres-Coltn 703, R. Torres & C. Martinez (HUMO, MEXU); “las Palmitas,” subida al Oco- tal, lado este del Cerro Guiengola, 26 July 1987, 0. Do¬ rado 1773, S. Zona & R. Torres (HUMO, MEXU); subida a Las Palmitas ladera oriente del Cerro Guiengola, 13 nov. 1987, M. L Torres-Coltn 972, R. Torres & C. Martinez (HUMO, MEXU); ladera norte del Cerro Guiengola, 13 sep. 1988, M. L Torres-Coltn 1006, R. Torres & C. Mar¬ tinez (HUMO, MEXU). Acknowledgments. We thank Dulce Arias, Ru¬ pert Bameby, Alfonso Delgado, Mario Sousa, Ro¬ lando Ramirez, and Scott Zona for their valuable suggestions on the manuscript. Fernando Chiang kindly helped us with the translation of the Latin description. Rafael Torres provided some collec¬ tions and assisted us with fieldwork on Cerro Guiengola. Albino Luna illustrated the species. This paper is part of a research project that was supported by a grant from FOMES 93 (Fondo para la Modemizacidn de la Educacidn Superior) to the Universidad Autdnoma del Estado de Morelos. Literature Cited Dorado, O. 1987. Brongniartia sousae (Fabaceae: Faboi- deae), a new species from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Aliso 11:631-634. -. 1992. A Systematic and Evolutionary Study of 12 Novon the Genus Brongniartia (Fabaceae). Ph.D. Dissertation, Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, California. -& D. M. Arias. 1992. Brongniartia montalvoana (Fabaceae: Faboideae), una especie nueva de la Cuenca del Rio Balsas en el sur de Mdxico. Acta Bot. Mex. 17: 9-12. Torres-Colln, L. 1989. Estudio florlstico y descripcibn de la vegetaci6n del Cerro Guiengola, en el Istmo de Te¬ huantepec, Oaxaca. Tesis Profesional, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Profesionales, Iztacala, UNAM, Mexico, D.F. Three New Species of Justicia (Acanthaceae) from Costa Rica L. H. Durkee Department of Biology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa 50112-0806, U.S.A. Lucinda A. Me Dade Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A. Abstract. Justicia arborescens, J. circulibractea- ta, and J. densibracteata are described and illus¬ trated. Justicia arborescens, of the Monteverde Cloud Forest area, is rare or unique in its arboreal habit. Justicia circulibracteata is recognized by its spikelike inflorescences with spreading, suborbi- cular bracts 3—4 mm long, each bract bearing a spikelet with 2—5 secund flowers. Justicia densi¬ bracteata is recognized by its spicate panicles, in¬ florescences with nodes with one fertile and one highly reduced sterile bract, and 4-colporate pol¬ len. The intensive collecting effort of the collabora¬ tive team from the Instituto de Biodiversidad (InBio), the Missouri Botanical Garden, and a num¬ ber of other institutions is yielding a great deal of new information about the Costa Rican flora, in¬ cluding species new to science, new records, and vastly improved data on the ranges of species. Among the former are several new species of Jus- tica that we have studied as part of our work to prepare the treatment of the Acanthaceae for the Manual to the Plants of Costa Rica. As surveyed by Graham (1988), Justicia is the largest genus of the family, with at least 600 species worldwide and many no doubt yet to be described. It is also the most species-rich genus of Acantha¬ ceae in Costa Rica with 30 species reported to date, three recently described by Gdmez-Laurito and Hammel (1994). As will be clear from this paper alone, Justicia as presently circumscribed is an exceedingly het¬ erogeneous group. Earlier generations of students of Acanthaceae have recognized a number of gen¬ era as distinct from Justicia, but these have not withstood additional study. We suspect that, as the genus becomes better known, monophyletic lin¬ eages will be recognized within it and the group will be revised taxonomically at least at the infra¬ generic level. Graham’s (1988) work represents a significant step in this direction. That we still have considerable work to do is apparent from the fact that none of the species described here is success¬ fully accommodated in Graham’s (1988) classifica¬ tion. To facilitate comparison among species, we urge all who describe new taxa in Justicia to pro¬ vide complete information on the characters that Graham employed in her analysis of the group (i.e., inflorescence type, bracts and bracteoles, calyx, co¬ rolla, androecium, pollen, fruit, and seeds). In par¬ ticular, as a result of working with these new spe¬ cies, we are struck by the rich diversity of inflorescence morphology in these plants. It seems likely that careful study of inflorescence develop¬ ment and morphology would yield a great deal of phylogenetically useful information. Two of the species described herein are from lowland wet forest on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica, areas that have not received a great deal of attention from collectors in the past. In particular, the foothill elevations, between the coastal plain and about 700 m elevation, have been very poorly collected and are likely to yield additional new taxa. It is more surprising that the third species is from one of the best known sites in Costa Rica, the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve. That a treelet with large and conspicuous, orange-red flowers would have escaped notice until recently is es¬ pecially unexpected. These discoveries highlight the value of intensive collecting of the sort being undertaken for the Manual project. Justicia arborescens Durkee & McDade, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Puntarenas: Monteverde, Rfo San Luis Valley on Pacific slope, 1000 m, 11 Nov. 1984, Haber 893 (holotype, MO). Fig¬ ures 1, 4A. Frutex ad 7 m altitudine. Folia elliptica ad ovato-ellip- tica, saepe anisophylla, 7—25 cm longa, 1.2—7.5 cm lata, apice acuminato, basi attenuata; sessiles ad subsessiles. Inflorescentiae spiciformes vel paniculatae spiciformes, terminales ad 17 cm longitudine; bracteae rubiginosae, oblongae ad oblongo-lanceolatas, 7-13 mm longitudine, 2-3 mm latae. Flores aurantiaci ad aurantiaco-rubros, cor- Novon 6: 13-21. 1996. 14 Novon ollis 2.5-3 cm longis, staminibus exsertis. Fructus clavati, 18-21 mm longi, seminibus 4. Understory shrub or tree to 7 m tall. Stem qua¬ drangular, glabrous. Leaves elliptic to elliptic- ovate, often anisophyllous, 7-25 cm long, 1.2-7.5 cm broad, apically acuminate, basally long atten¬ uate, margins entire to sparingly crenulate, gla¬ brous, cystoliths abundant; petioles (unwinged por¬ tion) 0-3 mm long. Inflorescences in terminal spicate panicles to 17 cm long, distal portions of inflorescences unbranched, with opposite bracts each bearing a single flower, proximal portions of inflorescences with opposite branches at each node, these 4-ranked, each subtended by a single bract (lateral branches sometimes additionally branched in larger inflorescences), ultimate branches of the Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Durkee & McDade Justicia from Costa Rica 15 inflorescences spicate, with paired bracts at each node, one of these often sterile, nodes lax; floral bracts dull red, spreading, oblong to oblong-lan¬ ceolate, 7—13 mm long, 2-3 mm broad, sterile bracts similar but smaller, bracteoles similar but smaller; peduncles sparingly puberulous, rachises puberulous. Flowers one per bract; calyx 5-merous, lobes subulate, equal, 5.5-8 mm long, 0.65-0.75 mm broad, minutely puberulous; corolla bright or¬ ange to orange-red to red with yellow, 2.5-3 cm long, 2.6 mm broad at base, bilabiate, glandular- puberulous, lips 10-13 mm long, upper lip ca. 5.5 mm broad, apically minutely bilobed, lobes acute, ca. 0.3 mm long, lower lip ca. 4 mm broad, apically 3-lobed, lobes ca. 1 mm long, apically acute, lateral lobes ca. 0.8 mm broad, middle lobe ca. 1 mm broad; stamens exserted to about the tip of the up¬ per lip, thecae attached one slightly above the oth¬ er, 2.2—2.5 mm long, lower theca very slightly spurred, pollen prolate-perprolate, 42-53 X 24-27 pt m, diporate with four longitudinal rows of ca. 9 insulae in each trema region, strongly flattened on porate surface, exine between the tremata reticu¬ late; ovary 3.5-4.5 mm long, glabrous, style 17—18 mm long, glabrous, stigma linear, 0.5-0.7 mm long. Fruits a clavate capsule, 18—21 mm long, sterile stipe portion ca. 2.5—3 mm long, glabrous or es¬ sentially so, up to 4 ovules, mature seeds ca. 2.5— 3 mm diam., tuberculate. Habitat, distribution, and phenology. Justicia ar- borescens is a species of premontane moist forest slopes, thus far known from the Pacific slope of the Cordillera de Tilardn and the Cordillera Guana- caste, Costa Rica. It appears to occur in primary as well as secondary forest understory. Flowering collections have been made in June, August, No¬ vember, December, and January, and it thus ap¬ pears to flower during the wet to early dry seasons. Two fruiting collections have been made, both from Guanacaste, one in June and the other in Decem¬ ber. Each of the fruiting collections also had flow¬ ers. Etymology. The species epithet refers to the ar¬ boreal habit. Using Graham’s (1988) key to sections of Justi¬ cia, this new species keys to section Plagiacanthus and is consistent with most of this group’s charac¬ teristics (i.e., compound inflorescences with spicate units, eglandular rachises, calyces of five equal parts, anther thecae slightly superposed). Inflores¬ cence structure appears to conform to Graham’s type H. Justicia arborescens has pollen type 7 (Gra¬ ham, 1988), which is also common among members of section Plagiacanthus. The new species differs from others in this section in having bracts that are longer rather than shorter than the calyx and co¬ rollas that are bright orange rather than red. Be¬ cause the new species is not completely in line with the characteristics of Graham’s section Plagiacan¬ thus, we feel it is best not to formally place it in that section. Among Costa Rican Justicia, J. arborescens is recognized by its arboreal habit, which is rare among neotropical species of the genus, its terminal spicate panicles with narrow spreading bracts that are dull red, its bright orange corollas, and its ses¬ sile to subsessile leaves that are often anisophyl- lous. The tallest Justicia species described for Cos¬ ta Rica is J. aurea D. F. K. Schlechtendal, a shrub that attains a height of 6 m, has larger leaves (to 30 or more cm long), and thyrsoid inflorescences with long yellow corollas to 5.5 cm long. Justicia trichotoma (Kuntze) Leonard also has anisophyllous leaves, but it has numerous other differences and would not likely be confused with J. arborescens. In inflorescence, corolla shape, and color, J. arbores¬ cens is more similar to J. tinctoria (Oersted) D. N. Gibson, but differs in its arboreal habit (vs. shrub¬ by), nearly sessile leaves (vs. with petioles to 1.2 cm long), terminal vs. axillary inflorescences, lon¬ ger bracts (8-12 mm vs. 1—2 mm), longer calyx segments (6—7 mm vs. 2.25—3 mm), and its shorter corollas (2.5—3 cm vs. 3—4 cm). Justicia spicigera D. F. K. Schlechtendal, which is easily confused with J. tinctoria, also has orange corollas and can be distinguished from J. arborescens by a similar suite of characters. None of the species of Justicia known from Nic¬ aragua or Panama that do not also occur in Costa Rica is likely to be confused with J. arborescens (Durkee, 1978, and in prep.). Paratypes. COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: along Rfo Las Flores between Quebrada Desprendimiento and Q. Sanguijuela, Hacienda Montezuma, 10°40'N, 85°04.5'W, 450 m, 25 Jan. 1985, Grayum et al. 4917 (GRI, INB, MO); Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Estacidn Cacao, 1100 m, 2 Nov. 1990, Chavez 334 (CR, INB, MO, USJ); Parque Na- cional Guanacaste, Estacidn Cacao, Quebrada Pedregal, streamside, 700-900 m, 6 June 1990, Hammel 17793 (ARIZ, INB, MO); Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Estacidn Maritza (on Volcan Orost), 600 m, 29 Aug. 1990, Delgado 85 (ARIZ, CR, F, INB, MO). Puntarenas: Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, 1500 m, 10 Dec. 1985, Haber ex Bello 3619 (CR, MO); Monteverde, Rfo San Luis Valley on Pacific slope, 1100 m, secondary forest understory, 1100 m, 11 Nov. 1984, Haber 863 (ARIZ, CAS, GRI, INB, MO), Haber 891 (ARIZ, DUKE, GRI, INB, MO, US); Mon¬ teverde, Rfo San Luis valley below community, premon¬ tane moist forest on Pacific slope, 10°20'N, 8f°50'W, 1200 m, 30 Dec. 1985, Haber & Bello 4038 (MO); San Luis, on Rfo Guacimal, 700 m, 21 Dec. 1989, Haber & 16 Novon Zuckowski 9668 (ARIZ, CAS, CR, DUKE, F, INB, MO, US). Justicia circulibracteata Durkee & McDade, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Lim6n: just SE of Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, along trail leading from cemetery, 9°39'N, 82°45'W, 100-150 m, 1 Aug. 1984, M. H. Grayum 3634 (holotype, MO). Figures 2, 4B. Herbae ad 27.5 cm altitudine. Folia ovato-elliptica, 3— 10 cm longa, 1.4—3.7 cm lata, apice acuminato, basi ac¬ uminata; petiolis 5-8 mm longis. Inflorescentiae terminales et axillares ad 8 cm longitudine; bracteae sub-orbiculares, 3— 4 mm longae, 2.4—3 mm latae. Flores sub-rosei, corollis 6.5- 7.5 mm longis, staminibus exsertis. Fructus clavati, 6-7.5 mm longi, seminibus 4. Herb to 27.5 cm tall. Stem quadrangular, pubes¬ cence of younger stems bilineately retrorse. Leaves ovate-elliptic, 3—10 cm long, 1.4—3.7 cm broad, apically acuminate, basally acuminate, margins en¬ tire to slightly undulate, glabrous on both surfaces, cystoliths abundant on both surfaces of dried spec¬ imens; petioles 3—7 mm long, puberulous. Inflores¬ cences in terminal and axillary compact cymose panicles (thyrses) appearing as spikes to 8 cm long, 1 cm broad, primary rachises with mainly bilineate retrorse hairs; peduncles 0.9-2.8 cm long, with bi¬ lineate retrorse hairs; bracts opposite, perpendicu¬ lar to primary rachis at anthesis, suborbicular, 3-4 mm long, 2.4—3 mm broad, venation prominent, pu¬ berulous; each bract bearing what appears as a short spike with 2—5 secund flowers, the peduncle of the short spike nested in and nearly enclosed by the grooved petiole of the bract; bracteoles 2 per flower, oblanceolate, 2.5-3.5 mm long, 0.5-0.75 mm broad, puberulous-glandular. Flowers sessile, calyx 5-merous, lobes subulate, 3-4 mm long, pu¬ berulous, posterior segment smaller, 2-2.5 mm long; corolla pinkish, sparingly puberulous outside, bilabiate, 6.5—7.5 mm long, the upper lip erect, ca. 3 mm long, the lower lip ca. 2.5 mm long, obscurely 3-lobed; stamens exserted to ca. 0.5 mm from the tip of the upper lip, anther cells superposed, ca. 0.5 mm long, lower cell slightly smaller, pollen pro¬ late, 34—37 X 23—25 gm, diporate with two rows of 5 insulae in each trema region, exine between tremata thickened, reticulate; ovary ca. 1 mm long, style ca. 11 mm long. Fruit a clavate capsule, 6— 7.5 mm long, ca. 2 mm broad, ca. 1.5 mm thick, puberulous, ovules 4, seeds broadly obovate, asym¬ metrical at the hilar end, compressed, ca. 1.5 mm diam., muricate. Habitat, distribution, and phenology. Justicia circulibracteata is known only from the type loca¬ tion on the Caribbean slope of southern Costa Rica where it was collected in the understory of dis¬ turbed forest and cacao plantations. Plants collect¬ ed in August (wet season) had both flowers and fruits. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the unusual circular shape of the floral bracts. Justicia circulibracteata cannot be successfully keyed to any of Graham’s (1988) sections, but plants in her section IV, Tyloglossa, have inflores¬ cences resembling those of J. circulibracteata. These superficially resemble a simple spike, but with each node bearing two very reduced spicate units instead of single flowers. However, Graham described the flowers of the spicate units as “not secund.” Pollen of J. circulibracteata is of Graham’s (1988) type 5, which occurs in plants belonging to at least five of her sections, as well as in a number of species identified by her as of uncertain position. Among other species of Justicia in Costa Rica, J. parvibracteata Leonard shares the unusual fea¬ ture of having 2-4 flowers per bract (Durkee, 1986). Justicia circulibracteata may be distin¬ guished from this species by bract size (3-4 mm vs. 3-6 mm long in J. parvibracteata ), shape (sub- orbicular vs. elliptic to obovate), apical shape (rounded vs. obtuse, apiculate), and orientation (spreading and lax vs. erect and imbricate); leaf size (3—10 X 1.4—3.7 cm vs. 3.5-7 X 0.7—1.2 cm) and shape (ovate-elliptic vs. elliptic-oblong). None of the Nicaraguan or Panamanian species of Justicia that do not also occur in Costa Rica is likely to be confused with J. circulibracteata. It is interesting, however, that three species of Pana¬ manian Justicia recently described by Daniel and Wasshausen (1990) share pollen type 5 (Graham, 1988) with this new species. Plants of all three spe¬ cies also have spicate inflorescences with relatively broad bracts and small flowers; however, the bracts are closely imbricate and bear only a single flower in the Panamanian species. Justicia densibracteata Durkee & McDade, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Heredia: Cant6n de Sarapiqui', Rara Avis Lodge, ca. 15 km SW of Horquetas, 10°15-19'N, 84°0-04'W, 400-600 m, 8 Nov. 1989, Vargas 297 (holotype, ARIZ; isotypes, DUKE, INB, MO). Figures 3, 4C. Frutex ad 1.5 m altitudine. Folia ovata, 9-22 cm longa, 4.5—13.5 cm lata, apice acuminato, basi acuta ad atten- uatam; petiolis 3—8 cm longis. Inflorescentiae paniculatae spiciformes, terminales ad 19 cm longitudine; bracteae virides, imbricatae, ellipticae ad spathulatas, 12-22 mm longae, 7-12 mm latae, apice apiculato. Flores albi, cor¬ ollis 2.7 cm longis, staminibus exsertis. Fructus clavati, 14—16 mm longi, seminibus 4. 1 mm Figure 2. A-G, Justicia circulibracleata Durkee & McDade (Grayum 3634). —A. Habit. —B. Node of inflorescence showing opposite bracts each subtending short inflorescences with secund flowers. —C. Bract. —D. Corolla. —E, F. Dorsal and ventral views, respectively, of anther. —G. Dehiscent capsule. Volume 6, Number 1 Durkee & McDade 1996 Justicia from Costa Rica 18 Novon Figure 3. A-J, Justicia densibracteata Durkee & McDade (Vargas 297). —A. Habit. —B. Node of inflorescence with sterile and fertile bracts; fertile bract showing bractlets, calyx, and corolla. —C. Fertile bract. —D. Bracteole. —E. Calyx segment. —F. Glandular and multiseriate trichomes of bracts. —G. Corolla. —H. Distal portion of corolla with anthers and style removed to show rugula. —I. Dehiscent capsule. (Note that B-E and G are drawn to same scale.) Shrub ca. 1.5 m tall. Young stem quadrangular, sparingly puberulous. Leaves ovate, 9-22 cm long, 4.5-13.5 cm broad, apically acuminate, basally ob¬ tuse to acute to slightly attenuate, margins entire, glabrous above, puberulous on costa and main veins beneath, cystoliths abundant and visible on both surfaces of dried leaves; petioles 3—8 cm long, puberulous. Inflorescences in terminal, densely and oppositely branched, spicate panicles to 19 cm long, 5 cm broad; peduncle of entire inflorescence to 2.5 cm long, puberulous; rachises more densely puberulous than peduncle; spikes (i.e., branches of Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Durkee & McDade Justicia from Costa Rica 19 Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Justicia pollen. —A. J. arborescens (Haber 893). —B. J. circulibracteata (Grayum 3634). —C. J. densibracteata (M. Grayum et al. 7937). Scale lines represent 10 pm. the compound inflorescence) to 6 cm long, shorter toward apex of inflorescence, nodes bearing one fertile, externally oriented bract and one sterile, in¬ ternally oriented bract, fertile bracts green, midrib often reddish, imbricate, elliptic to broadly spathu- late, 12—22 mm long, 7—12 mm broad, apically apiculate, glandular-puberulous, eglandular tri- chomes uniseriate and multicellular, ciliate, sterile bracts subulate, ca. 10 mm long, 1.9 mm broad; bracteoles oblanceolate, 11—17 mm long, 4—7 mm broad, pubescence like bracts. Flowers one per bract; calyx 5-merous, lobes subulate, ca. 10 mm long, 2 mm broad, glandular-puberulous, eiliolate; corolla white tinged with purple externally, 2.7-2.9 cm long (including lips), the tube cylindrical, 2.5 mm broad, expanding slightly at the throat to ca. 3 mm, puberulous, lips 10 mm long, upper lip 4 mm broad, minutely bilobed, lobes ca. 1 mm long, lower lip 5-6 mm broad at base of lobes, three-lobed, the lobes ca. 3 mm long, middle lobe ca. 3 mm broad, lateral lobes ca. 2 mm broad; stamens exserted to tip of upper lip, thecae attached one slightly above the other, ca. 4 mm long, both spurred but the up¬ per theca less so; pollen prolate, 48-55 X 39-45 pm, 4-colporate, pores operculate, paired inaper- turate colpi lying between each pair of aperturate colpi, aperturate colpi extending ca. % the distance from equator to poles, adjacent inaperturate colpi joined near the poles, sculpting of intercolpate regions coarsely reticulate, sculpting of colpi es¬ sentially smooth; stigma minutely bilobed and in¬ fundibular reaching to ca. 2-3 mm from tip of up¬ per lip, style in a dorsal rugula of corolla, filiform, hyaline, ca. 25 mm long, ovary ca. 1.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous, trichomes as on bracts, borne on a disk ca. 2 mm diam. Fruit clavate, 14—16 mm long, ca. 4 mm broad, ca. 3.5 mm thick, puberu¬ lous; seeds 4, suborbicular, compressed, surface minutely reticulate, ca. 3 mm diam. Habitat, distribution, and phenology. Justicia densibracteata is found in wet primary forest be¬ tween sea level and about 600 m on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica. Collectors working at these elevations at other sites on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica, adjacent Nicaragua, and Panama should watch for this distinctive plant. Plants col¬ lected in January had both flowers and fruits; how¬ ever, many more collections will be needed before flowering and fruiting seasons can be determined with confidence. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the compact arrangement of the bracts in the inflores¬ cences. Using Graham’s (1988) key to sections of Justi¬ cia, this new species keys to section Plagiacanthus, 20 Novon a group characterized by compound inflorescences with spicate units, glandular rachises, and calyces of five equal parts. This species, however, differs from members of this section in having elliptic to obovate bracts that exceed the calyx (vs. subulate bracts that are shorter than the calyx) and in pollen type. The pollen of J. densibracteata does not cor¬ respond to any of the types described by Graham (1988), differing in number and type of apertures as well as in sculpturing. However, it bears consid¬ erable resemblance both in nature of apertures and sculpture pattern to the pollen of J. montana (Stan- dley & Leonard) D. N. Gibson of Guatemala (Gib¬ son, 1972), J. orosiensis Durkee (Durkee, 1986), and to that of two species of Dicliptera from the Guianas (Wasshausen, 1991), although pollen grains of the Dicliptera species are 3-colporate. Clearly much work remains to be done on pollen morphology and its taxonomic significance in these plants. Among Costa Rican species of Justicia, J. den¬ sibracteata is distinctive and may be recognized by its spicate panicles with large, green, imbricate bracts, nodes bearing one fertile and one sterile bract, narrow, white corollas, 4-colporate pollen, and rather large ovate leaves. It bears considerable resemblance to J. peninsularis Gomez-Laurito & Hammel (of the Osa Peninsula), which has similar inflorescences with nodes bearing one fertile and one sterile bract. The two species can be distin¬ guished by the breadth, shape, and vestiture of their fertile bracts (5-8 mm broad, narrowly spa- thulate, with multiseriate eglandular trichomes and minute sessile glands in J. peninsularis vs. 7-12 mm broad, elliptic to broadly spathulate, with mul¬ tiseriate eglandular and glandular trichomes in J. densibracteata ), size of bracteoles (10-15 mm long, 1—2.5 mm broad in J. peninsularis vs. 11—17 mm long, 4-7 mm broad in ./. densibracteata), length of calyx (8-9 mm long in J. peninsularis vs. ca. 10 mm long in J. densibracteata), and size and vesti¬ ture of capsules (9-12 mm long, glabrous in J. pen¬ insularis vs. 14—16 mm long, puberulous in J. den¬ sibracteata). Perhaps the strongest evidence for recognizing these two species as distinct is that pol¬ len grains are quite different: those of J. densibrac¬ teata lack insulae, whereas pollen grains of J. pen¬ insularis have the pores flanked by rows of six or seven insulae. G6mez-Laurito and Hammel (1994: 357) have noted the similarity of these two species and refer to several additional differences. A num¬ ber of these alleged differences do not appear to be the case now that additional material of both spe¬ cies is available. From our studies, it appears that at least some specimens of J. peninsularis have sparsely pubescent rather than glabrous leaves and pedicels (e.g., Marin 293, MO), and flowers that, like those of J. densibracteata, are white with pur¬ ple markings rather than green. The leaves of J. peninsularis do appear to be larger than those of J. densibracteata, but there is considerable overlap. Still these two species can be distinguished readily by the differences presented above. Justicia densibracteata also resembles J. orosien¬ sis Durkee, which has similar inflorescences with nodes of branches bearing one fertile and one ster¬ ile bract, as well as 4-colporate pollen. Justicia densibracteata differs in its longer, glandular-pu- berulous bracts (12-22 mm long vs. 6-8 mm, most¬ ly basally strigose), longer, glandular-puberulous calyx segments (ca. 10 mm long vs. 6-7 mm, gla¬ brous), and longer, puberulous corollas (2.7 cm long vs. 1.6-1.7 cm, glabrous). Among Panamanian species of Justicia that do not also occur in Costa Rica, three species recently described by Daniel and Wasshausen (1990), J.for- tunensis, J. veraguensis, and J. readii, have spicate inflorescences and bracts that are similar in shape to those of J. densibracteata. However, these spe¬ cies have simple, unbranched spikes that are ax¬ illary as well as terminal, and corollas that are much shorter than those of J. densibracteata (to 19 mm in J. readii vs. 27 mm long). No species of Justicia are known to occur in Nic¬ aragua that are not also found in Costa Rica, thus none additional with which J. densibracteata might be confused (Durkee, in prep.). Although similar to this new species palynolog- ically (see above), the Guatemalan species Justicia montana (Standley & Leonard) D. N. Gibson is a decumbent plant with much smaller leaves, bracts and calyces. Justicia chol T. F. Daniel of Mexico (Daniel, 1995) also has spikelike inflorescences with nodes bearing one fertile and one sterile bract, but its pollen is 3-aperturate. As noted in the introduction, inflorescence architecture warrants further study in these plants as a character of potential phylogenetic utility. Paratypes. COSTA RICA. Limon: Zona Protectors Barbilla, 10°00.5'N, 83°28.5’W, SE of Siquirres in pri¬ mary forest, 600-660 m, 11 Jan. 1987, M. Grayum et al. 7937 (INB, MO); Parque Nacional Tortuguero, Estaci6n Agua Frfa, 3 km sur siguiendo el Sendero Real, bosque primario, 10°27'N, 83°34'W, 40 m elev., 18 Jan. 1988, R. Robles 1524 (DUKE, INB, MO). Acknowledgments. We are most grateful to T. F. Daniel for valuable comments on the manuscript, to Lenore Durkee for preparing the SEM micro¬ graphs, to Rodney Ast for assistance with the Latin Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Durkee & McDade Justicia from Costa Rica 21 descriptions, to Laura C. Goddard, Daphne Orlan¬ do, Rosemary C. Calvert, and Philip Jenkins for the illustrations, and to ARIZ and MO for lending the specimens. Literature Cited Daniel, T. F. 1995. New and reconsidered Mexican Acan- thaceae VI. Chiapas. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 48: 260. -& D. C. Wasshausen. 1990. Three new species of Justicia (Acanthaceae) from Panama. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 46: 289-297. Durkee, L. H. 1978. Acanthaceae. In: R. E. Woodson et al. (editors). Flora of Panama. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 65: 155-283. -. 1986. Acanthaceae. In: W. C. Burger (editor). Flora Costaricensis, Fieldiana, Bot. n.s. 18: 1-92. Gibson, D. N. 1972. Studies in American Plants, III. Fieldiana, Bot. 34: 57-87. G6mez-Laurito, J. & B. E. Hammel. 1994. New species in the Acanthaceae of Costa Rica. Novon 4: 350-361. Graham, V. A. W. 1988. Delimitation and infra-generic classification of Justicia (Acanthaceae). Kew Bull. 43: 551-624. Wasshausen, D. C. 1991. New species of Dicliptera (Acanthaceae) from the Guianas. Brittonia 43: 1-6. Notes on Some Scrophulariaceae from China Hong De-yuan Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China Abstract. A new species, Veronica laxissima, is described. Five new combinations, Pseudolysima- chion rotundum (Nakai) Yamazaki subsp. coreanum (Nakai) Hong, P. rotundum subsp. subintegrum (Na¬ kai) Hong, P. linarifolium (Pallas ex Link) Holub subsp. dilatatum (Nakai & Kitagawa) Hong, Veron¬ ica himalensis D. Don subsp. yunnanensis (Tsoong) Hong, and Veronicastrum brunonianum (Bentham) Hong subsp. sutchuenense (Franchet) Hong, are proposed. One genus, Sirwbacopa, 12 species, and 2 infraspecific taxa are reduced to synonymy. During a recent visit to the herbaria A, GH, MO, NY, and US to study the Chinese Scrophulariaceae, it became obvious that the nomenclature of several taxa required adjustments. These adjustments, as well as a new species, are herein proposed to make the names available for the forthcoming account of the family in volume 18 of the Flora of China. Bacopa Aublet, Hist. PI. Guiane 1: 128. 1775. Sinobacopa Hong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 393. 1987. Syn. nov. TYPE: Sinobacopa aquatica Hong. Bacopa repens (Swartz) Wettstein in A. Engler & K. Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. IV, 3B: 76. 1891. Sinobacopa aquatica Hong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 395. 1987. Syn. nov. TYPE: China. Guangdong: “Hainan Island, Lingshui,” 11 Aug. 1983, Diao Zheng-su 1715 (holotype, PE). Authentic material and other collections of Ba¬ copa repens were not available for study when the genus Sinobacopa and its single species, S. aqua¬ tica, were described. Euphrasia matsudae Yamamoto, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 20: 107. 1930. Euphrasia bilineata Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 306. 1933. Syn. nov. TYPE: China. “Formosa: inter Pian- an-anbu et Shikayausha in Taichushu,” J. Ohwi 2779 (holotype, KYO). Euphrasia exilis Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 306. 1933. Syn. nov. TYPE: China. “Formosa: in m. Dai- bu in Takaoshu,” J. Ohwi 1809 (holotype, KYO). Euphrasia masamuneana Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 307. 1933. Syn. nov. TYPE: China. “Formosa: No- kogoe in Taichushu,” J. Ohwi 3386 (holotype, KYO). Euphrasia filicaulis Kimura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 13: 203. 1943. Syn. nov. TYPE: “Taiwan. Prov. Karenko, Kita-gokanzan,” 10 Sep. 1934, M. Tagawa 843 (ho¬ lotype, KYO). In his key to the species, Ohwi (1933) separated Euphrasia exilis primarily based on having leaves with only one tooth on each side, E. bilineata by having stems biseriately pubescent, and E. mas¬ amuneana by having wider, ovate-orbicular leaves with more obtuse teeth. The original publication of E. filicaulis describes the corolla as 12 mm long and the leaves as glabrous, 2-3 times as long as wide, and with one or two teeth on each side. An examination of a large number of specimens of the taxa listed here under E. matsudae shows that the stems vary from erect to ascending or decumbent and from being pubescent throughout to basally pubescent and apically biseriately pubescent or biseriately pubescent throughout. Furthermore, the corolla length varies considerably (6—12 mm), and the leaves vary from orbicular to narrowly ob¬ long, and the marginal teeth from 1 to 4 along each side. All of these characters exhibit contin¬ uous variation, and some vary even on the same individual. Therefore, it is better to treat these mi¬ nor segregates as synonyms of E. matsudae. Linaria thibetica Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 47: 11. 1900. Linaria yunnanensis W. W. Smith var. caerulea Li, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 3: 208. 1962. Syn. nov. TYPE: Chi¬ na. Yunnan: “Mount Peimashan, Mekong—Yangtze divide between Atungtze and Pungtzera,” July 1923, J. F. Rock 10039 (holotype, US; isotype, PH). Pseudolysiniachion incanum (L.) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 2, 4: 424. 1967. Veronica xilinensis Y. Z. Zhao in Y. C. Ma, H. C. Fu & S. Chen, FI. Intramongol. 5: 412. 1980. Syn. nov. TYPE: China. Nei Mongol: Xilingolemeng, Abahan- aerqi, 25 July 1979, Liou Shu-run 942 (holotype, HIMC). Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Hong Scrophulariaceae from China 23 The original description and illustration of the holotype of Veronica xilinensis clearly show no dis¬ tinct differences from plants of Pseudolysimachion incanum. Pseudolysimachion kiusianum (Furumi) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 2: 424. 1967. Veronica glabrifolia Kitagawa, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 238. 1941. Syn. nov. TYPE: China. “Manshuria. An-Tung,” 7 Aug. 1931, M. Kitagawa s.n. (holotype, TI). Pseudolysimachion rotundum (Nakai) Yamazaki subsp. coreanum (Nakai) Hong, comb. nov. Basionym: Veronica coreana Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 32: 228. 1918. TYPE: Korea. “Mon- tibus Chirisan,” Tamezo Mori 281 (holotype, TI). Pseudolysimachion rotundum (Nakai) Yamazaki subsp. subintegrum (Nakai) Hong, comb, nov. Basionym: Veronica spuria L. var. subin- tegra Nakai, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 25: 62. 1911. TYPE: Korea. “Kyong-san, Mulgeum,” T. Vchiyama s.n. (holotype, TI). Pseudolysimachion linarifolium (Pallas ex Link) Holub subsp. dilatatum (Nakai & Kitagawa) Hong, comb. nov. Basionym: Veronica angus- tifolia Fischer var. dilatata Nakai & Kitagawa, Rep. First Sci. Exped. Manch. Sect. 4(1): 54. 1934. TYPE: China. “Hsing-lung-t’ang, Pei- ying-fang,” 27 Aug. 1933, N. H. Kitagawa s.n. (holotype, TI). Striga lutea Loureiro, FI. Cochinch. 1: 22. 1790. Striga hirsuta Bentham var. humilis Bentham in A. de Candolle, 10: 503. 1846. Syn. nov. TYPE: India. “In Nilghiries,” Perrott s.n. (holotype, G). Veronica deltigera Wallich ex Bentham, Scro- phul. Ind. 45. 1835. Veronica semiamplexicaulis Hong in Tsoong & H. P. Yang, FI. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 404. 1979. Syn. nov. TYPE: China. “[Xizang: Nyalam Xian,” Hou Shan, Zham, Y. T. Chang & K. Y. Lang ] 4521 (ho¬ lotype, PE). Veronica semiamplexicaulis is conspecific with V. deltigera, a species distributed in eastern Nepal and southern Xizang (Tibet). The latter was con¬ fused with V. lanosa Royle ex Bentham, and the boundaries between the two were first clarified by Montserrat (1955). Veronica himalensis D. Don subsp. yunnanensis (Tsoong) Hong, stat. nov. Basionym: Veronica himalensis D. Don var. yunnanensis Tsoong in Tsoong & H. P. Yang, FI. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 402. 1979. TYPE: China. “[Yun¬ nan: Bijiang Xian, 4000 m,]” H. T. Tsai 58169 (holotype, PE). Veronica laxissima Hong, sp. nov. TYPE: China. E Sichuan: Chenkou (Tchen-keou-tin), R. P. Farges 543 (holotype, US; isotype, PE). Veronicae sutchuenensi Franchet affinis, sed a qua im¬ primis differ! caulibus prostratis in dimidio inferiore, foliis minoribus et glabris, petiolis brevioribus, inflorescentiis longioribus glandulosisque, pedicellis longioribus, brac- teis et calycibus glabris, stylis longioribus. Perennials. Stems very slender, creeping and rooting at least in lower half, 10-15 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm diam., villous with multicellular hairs. Leaves more than 6-paired, evenly or almost evenly distributed, ovate-orbicular to oblong, glabrous on both surfaces, base rounded, margin crenulate, apex obtuse; lower leaves with petioles 2-3 mm long, small; upper leaves sessile, larger, 10-15 X 6—9 mm. Racemes 2, lax, one in axil of an upper leaf and the other in axil of uppermost leaf, 3-12 cm long; rachises and pedicels densely multicel¬ lular glandular; peduncle 3-6.5 cm long; flowers several, distant; bracts linear or linear-elliptic, 2- 4 mm long, glabrous. Pedicels straight, 6-7 mm long. Calyx glabrous; lobes 4, elliptic or linear-el¬ liptic, 2.5—3 X 1 mm. Corolla rotate, 7-8 mm diam., tube less than 0.5 mm long, anterior lobe oblong, other 3 lobes oblong-orbicular. Ovaries and young fruits strongly compressed, ciliate, lateral an¬ gles rounded. Persistent style 5-6 mm long. Mature fruits not seen. Although no mature fruits have been seen, other characters indicate that Veronica laxissima is most closely related to V. sutchuenensis Franchet. Veron¬ ica laxissima is readily distinguished from that spe¬ cies by having creeping stems, smaller and gla¬ brous leaves, shorter petioles, longer and glandular inflorescences, longer pedicels, glabrous bracts and calyces, and longer styles. Veronicastrum brunonianum (Bentham) Hong subsp. sutchuenense (Franchet) Hong, comb, nov. Basionym: Calorhabdos sutchuenensis Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 47: 18. 1990. TYPE: China. Sichuan: “circa Tchen-keoutin,” Farges s.n. (holotype, P). Collections of Calorhabdos sutchuenensis from eastern Sichuan and western Hubei show mostly 24 Novon winged stems and/or glabrous filaments, whereas those from the western range of the taxon have pu¬ bescent filaments and wingless stems. However, stem and filament characters are not always cor¬ related with each other for material from eastern Sichuan and western Hubei, and some specimens are indistinguishable from those of Veronicastrum brunonianum subsp. brunonianum. Veronicastrum villosuluni (Miquel) Yamazaki, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 3, 7: 130. 1957. Botryopleuron macrophyllum Li, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 1: 21. 1960. Syn. nov. TYPE: China. Anhui: “Huang Shan,” 550 m, 5 July 1925, R. C. Ching 4128 (ho- lotype, UC; isotype, NY). An examination of the type material of Botry- opleurom macrophyllum reveals that it is indistin¬ guishable from plants of Veronicastrum villosulum var. villosulum. Veronicastrum villosulum (Miquel) Yamazaki var. parviflorum Chin & Hong in Tsoong & H. P. Yang, FI. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 401. 1979. Veronicastrum lungtsuanense M. Cheng & Z. J. Feng, Bull. Bot. Lab. North.-East. Forest. Inst. 8: 1. 1980. Syn. nov. TYPE: China. Zhejiang: “Lungtsuan, mount. Maoshan,” 950 m, Sep. 1957, T. S. Chien 1525 (ho- lotype, SZ). The original description and illustration of the holotype of Veronicastrum lungtsuanense show no differences from material of V. villosulum var. par¬ viflorum. Veronicastrum formosanum (Masamune) Ya¬ mazaki. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 3, 7: 127. 1957. Calorhabdos kitamurae Ohwi, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36: 54. 1934. Syn. nov. TYPE: China. Taiwan. “Tarokokyo,” M. Tatewaki & S. Kitamura s.n. (ho¬ lotype, KYO). Yamazaki (1957) transferred Calorhabdos kita¬ murae to Veronicastrum and distinguished it from V. formosanum based on its having rigid stems 30- 60 cm high and lanceolate to oblong leaves 4—9 X 0.8-2.5 cm, instead of slender stems 15-30 cm high and linear-lanceolate leaves 4-9 X 0.3—0.5 cm. Li (1978) indicated that V. formosanum has sessile or short-petiolate leaves, simple stems, ter¬ minal inflorescences, and greenish to yellowish flowers, and that V. kitamurae has more distinctly petiolate leaves, branched stems, lateral inflores¬ cences, and purplish flowers. None of the alleged differences listed by Yamazaki (1957) or Li (1978) is reliable in differentiating between the two spe¬ cies, and some specimens (e.g., Ching-l Peng 7281, 5873, both at HAST) exhibit the characters of both. Therefore, V. kitamurae is reduced to syn¬ onymy of V. formosanum. A broader concept treating Veronicastrum for¬ mosanum as a subspecies of V. caulopterum (Hance) Yamazaki on the mainland of China is per¬ haps more practical because the differences sepa¬ rating the two are quantitative. Acknowledgment. I thank Ihsan Al-Shehbaz for his help in the preparation of the manuscript. Literature Cited Li, H. L. 1978. Scrophulariaceae. In: H. L. Li et al. (ed¬ itors), Flora of Taiwan 4: 551—616. Montserrat, P. 1955. Veronica deltigera Wallieh ex Benth. Kew Bull. 10: 491-194. Ohwi, J. 1933. Euphrasia novae Formosanae. Acta Phy¬ totax. Geobot. 2: 305—307. Yamazaki, T. 1957. Taxonomical and phylogenetic studies of Scrophulariaceae—Veronicae, with special reference to Veronica and Veronicastrum in eastern Asia. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 3, 7: 91-162. The New Genus Calyptr anther a (Asclepiadaceae) from Madagascar Jens Klackenberg Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Sektionen for fanerogambotanik. Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Abstract. A species previously identified as Toxocarpus caudiclavus Choux (Asclepiadaceae, Secamoneae) is outside the morphologic and phy¬ logenetic bounds of this genus. Instead, it is more closely related to the Malagasy endemic genus Per- villea Decaisne (Secamoneae), with which it shares some gynostegium characters. Toxocarpus caudicla¬ vus differs from Pervillea, however, in several char¬ acters and is best placed in a new genus, Calyp- tranthera, which is herein described and illustrated. During a survey of the tribe Secamoneae in Mad¬ agascar for the Flore de Madagascar et des Co¬ mores, I came across a taxon of Toxocarpus, T. cau¬ diclavus Choux, that has been misplaced. Toxocarpus caudiclavus was described by Choux (1914: 415), who with some hesitation placed the taxon in this genus. Toxocarpus Wight & Amott is a primarily Asian genus, with a few species de¬ scribed from the African mainland and Madagascar. The type species, T. kleinii Wight & Amott, which is distributed in India and Sri Lanka, is character¬ ized by a two-parted dorsiventrally flattened corona lobe, a stigma head placed directly on the ovary with a thick lower part and a long thin upper part distinctly projecting above the staminal column. The likewise paleotropical Secamone R. Brown, the other large genus within the tribe Secamoneae, also described from Asia, differs primarily from Toxo¬ carpus by having small flowers, laterally com¬ pressed corona lobes, and a short stigma head that does not project above the staminal column. Out¬ side Asia, however, the distinction between these two genera is less marked, and several species of Toxocarpus might be better placed in Secamone, or both taxa may need to be divided into several smaller monophyletic genera (for discussion and references, see Klackenberg, 1992: 8). In Mada¬ gascar none of the diagnostic characters for the two genera holds true, and most Malagasy Secamoneae have hitherto been included in Secamone sensu lato. However, a handful of distinctly different Mal¬ agasy taxa with large flowers and dorsiventrally flat¬ tened corona lobes have been considered to be con¬ generic with the Asian Toxocarpus. Recent studies have shown that the Malagasy Toxocarpus is a para- phyletic group composed of species better placed in at least three other genera, i.e., Secamone s.l. (Klackenberg, 1992: 20), Pervillea (Klackenberg, 1995 and in prep.) and Calyptranthera (see below). Toxocarpus caudiclavus fits neither in Toxocarpus s. str. as it is circumscribed in Asia, nor in Seca¬ mone s.l. as it is known in Madagascar. It differs by its long projecting connectives and by having a discoid stigma head abruptly narrowed into a style and topped by a short broad upper part. This struc¬ ture is found also in, e.g., Periplocaceae and the Malagasy endemic genus Pervillea, but not in Se- camonelToxocarpus (see above). Furthermore, in T. caudiclavus the four pollinia are adnate to a very thin U-like folded corpusculum without caudicle. These three characters, which distinguish Toxocar¬ pus caudiclavus from Toxocarpus!Secamone, ally it, however, to Pervillea. Pervillea was described by Decaisne (1844: 613) as a monotypic genus (P. tomentosa), but was later included in Toxocarpus by Jumelle and Perrier de la B&thie (1907: 389, 1908: 214). However, it has recently been shown that due to several distin¬ guishing characters, particularly the long projecting connectives, this taxon must be excluded from Tox¬ ocarpus, and Pervillea has been reinstated as a sep¬ arate genus (Klackenberg, 1995). Furthermore, Pervillea is no longer monotypic but comprises, in addition to P. tomentosa, two more species: P. de- caryi (Choux) Klackenberg (= Toxocarpus decaryi Choux) and P. venenata (Baillon) Klackenberg (= Menabea venenata Baillon) (Klackenberg 1995 and in prep.). Toxocarpus caudiclavus differs from Pervillea and Toxocarpus!Secamone by the fused connectives forming a calyptra at the top of the gynostegium, the club-shaped appendages on long strings at the top of the prolonged connectives, the filaments with cuplike projections below the anther wings forming the pollinium entrance, the short recurved corona lobes, and the thin hairy submarginal fold at the corolla lobes. None of these features have been ob¬ served elsewhere in the tribe Secamoneae. Toxo¬ carpus caudiclavus also lacks the unique feature of distinctly curled leaf hairs with much reduced or Novon 6: 25-27. 1996. 26 Novon Figure 1. Calyptranthera caudiclava (Choux) Kiackenberg. —A. Habit. —B. Flower. —C. Portion of corolla from within. —D. Gynostegium. —E. Anther seen from outside (left) and in lateral view (right). —F. Stigma head. _G. Pollinarium in lateral view. A-G, Perrier de la B&thie 11747 (P). Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Klackenberg New Genus from Madagascar 27 absent lumen, which are characteristic of Pervillea. Consequently, T. caudiclavus must be excluded from Toxocarpus and does not fit in Pervillea. In¬ cluding T. caudiclavus in Pervillea would make this genus unnecessarily heterogeneous. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis (Klackenberg, in prep.) clear¬ ly demonstrates that T. caudiclavus is not an apo- morphic ingroup (as might be suspected because of the fused connectives), but is phylogenetically sep¬ arate from Pervillea. A new genus, Calyptranthera, is thus proposed for this taxon. The name alludes to the unique calyptra above the gynostegium formed by the anthers. Calyptranthera Klackenberg, gen. nov. TYPE: Toxocarpus caudiclavus Choux = Calyptranth¬ era caudiclava (Choux) Klackenberg. Genus hoc Pervilleae connectiviis ultra loculos prod¬ ucts et structura pollinarii affinis vel differt connectiviis connatis et distincte appendiculatis, prominentiis cyathi- formibus prope basin filamentorum, lobis coronae brevi- bus necnon recurvatis, et pilis non crispis. A Toxocarpo stigmate brevi et lato cum parte inferiori angusta (stylus) insuper distinguenda. Calyptranthera caudiclava (Choux) Klacken¬ berg, comb. nov. Basionym: Toxocarpus cau¬ diclavus Choux, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Geol. Colon. Marseille, ser 3(2): 415. 1914. TYPE: Mada¬ gascar. Foret orientale, Mt. Vatovavy, 300 m alt., 1911, Perrier de la Bathie 11747 (lecto- type, selected here, P). Figure 1. Suffrutescent twiner; younger branches with rather stiff, erect reddish hairs. Leaf blades 10-14 X 4-5.5 cm, oblong to obovate, cuneate but mi¬ nutely cordate at the very base, acuminate, with even or somewhat revolute margins, reddish erect hairs with lumen beneath, glabrescent above, with usually one colleter at the base above; venation pinnate and looped, reticulate; midrib, primary and secondary veins distinctly raised below when dry; petiole distinct, ca. 1 cm long, densely hairy when young, glabrescent. Inflorescences much shorter than the adjacent leaves; cyme lax, hairy, with only a few flowers developed at the same time; pedicels in pairs, up to 2 cm long; bracts 2-3 mm long. Calyx lobes ca. 2 X 0.9 mm, longer than the tube, ovate-triangular, acute, with long straight hairs out¬ side, glabrous inside. Corollas contorted, with the left lobe margins overlying, not twisted, the lobes fused at the base only into a short wide tube, green¬ ish white with reddish spots; tube ca. 0.4 mm long, glabrous; lobes ca. 9 X 2.5 mm, oblong, acute but rounded at the very apex, inside glabrous below for ca. 1.5 mm then covered with rather long, ± erect white hairs for a zone of ca. 1.5 mm but glabrous above, with a few scattered longer reddish hairs outside. Staminal column in total ea. 8 mm high; filaments with projecting margins fanning a cup (pollinia entrance) jutting out below the anther wings; anthers with connectives excluded ca. 1 mm long; connectives fused and projecting well above the thecae, forming a cone crowned with five elon¬ gated papillate clubs on free stalks, papillate and hairy below between the thecae. Corona lobes somewhat spathulate, truncate at the apex, bent downwards and outwards, much shorter than the connectives, glabrous. Pollinia ca. 0.2 mm long. Style abruptly broadened to a discoid stigma head ca. 1 mm broad with short upper part ca. 0.7 mm high. Fruits not seen. Calyptranthera caudiclava, the only known spe¬ cies of this genus, is hitherto known only from Mt. Vatovavy on the east coast of Madagascar in rain¬ forest at ca. 300 m altitude; flowering in October. Acknowledgments. 1 thank P. O. Karis, Stock¬ holm, for commenting on the manuscript and Pol- lyanna Lidmark, also at our Museum, for providing the illustration. Literature Cited Choux, P. 1914. Etudes biologiques sur les Ascldpiada- ct'es de Madagascar. Ann. Inst. Bot.-Gttol. Colon. Mar¬ seille, s6r 3(2): 211—459. Decaisne, J. 1844. Asclepiadaceae. In: A. L. P. P. de Candolle (editor), Prodromus systematis naturalis 8: 490-665. Jumelle, H. & H. Perrier de la Rat hie. 1907. Note sur la flore de nord-ouest de Madagascar. Ann. Inst. Bot.- G6ol. Colon. Marseille, shr 2, 5: 363—405. - & -. 1908. Notes biologiques sur la v6- gdtation du nord-ouest de Madagascar; les Asclhpia- dac6es. Ann. Inst. Rot.-Ghol. Colon. Marseille, s£r 2, 6: 131-239. Klackenberg, J. 1992. Taxonomy of Secamone s. lat. (As¬ clepiadaceae) in the Madagascar Region. Opera Botan- ica 112: 1-127. -. 1995. Malagasy Asclepiadaceae: Reinstatement of the genus Pervillea and two new combinations. Phy- tologia 78: 189-191. New Andean Species of Solarium Section Geminata (Solanaceae) Sandra Knapp Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Abstract. Three new Andean species of Sola- num sect. Geminata are described: S. youngii from Peru and Ecuador, S. quebradense from Venezuela, and S. habrocaulon from Peru. Relationships within section Geminata are discussed, and the species are illustrated. Solanum is one of the largest genera of flowering plants, with approximately 2000 valid species. Sec¬ tion Geminata (G. Don) Walpers (s.l.) is one of the largest subdivisions of the nonspiny solanums, with some 145 species. Members of the section are dis¬ tinguished from other nonspiny solanums by their shrubby habit, small white flowers in leaf-opposed inflorescences, and hard green fruits at maturity. Section Geminata itself is composed of several smaller monophyletic groupings and is probably re¬ lated to the Solanum nitidum species group and section Holophylla (G. Don) Walpers (s. str.). A key distinguishing these groups can be found in Knapp (1989). Most of the members of section Geminata grow in the understory of primary forest and are rare plants of limited distribution. All but one of the species of section Geminata are found in the Neo¬ tropics, with the highest concentration in the Andes and their foothills. These foothill areas are partic¬ ularly rich in taxa of families that are primarily understory shrubs (Gentry, 1982), and species di¬ versity of Solanum sect. Geminata is extremely high in the Andes (Knapp, 1986). Solanum youngii S. Knapp, sp. nov. TYPE: Ec¬ uador. Zamora-Chinchipe: Parque Nacional Podocarpus, Loja-Zamora road just E of pass, ca. 2800 m, 3°58'S, 79°07'W, 15 Mar. 1989, Madsen 85888 (holotype, QCA; isotype, AAU). Figure 1A, B. Frutex; caules dense pubescentes trichomatibus den- driticis; sympodia difoliata, geminata; folia elliptica vel ovata valde bullata subtus dense dendritico-pubescentia; corolla alba; bacca globosa in pedicello erecto portata; semina complanata reniformia. Shrubs, 1.5—2 m tall; young stems and leaves densely pubescent with matted dendritic trichomes to 1.5 mm long, the trichomes drying a rich golden brown; stems thick, erect; bark of mature stems dark gray. Sympodial units difoliate, geminate, oc¬ casionally appearing unifoliate through loss of the minor leaf. Leaves elliptic to ovate, widest at or just below the middle, thick and fleshy, strongly bullate and corrugated when dry, with 5-6 pairs of primary veins, sparsely to moderately pubescent with den¬ dritic trichomes adaxially, densely pubescent with dendritic trichomes 1-1.5 mm long abaxially, the trichomes denser along the veins, major leaves 7— 17 X 4—9.5 cm, the apex acute, the base decurrent onto the petiole; petiole 1.2-2 cm long; minor leaves differing from the majors only in size, 4—8 X 2—1 cm; petiole ca. 1 cm long. Inflorescences opposite the leaves, simple, 0.5-7 cm long, 5-40- flowered, but bearing only a few flowers at a time, densely pubescent with dendritic trichomes like those of the stems and leaves. Pedicel scars closely spaced, obscured by the dense pubescence of the inflorescence axis. Buds globose, later elliptic, strongly exserted from the calyx tube. Pedicels at anthesis erect to somewhat deflexed, thick and fleshy, 0.8-1 cm long, pubescent with trichomes like the rest of the inflorescence. Flowers with the calyx tube broadly conical, 1-1.5 mm long, the lobes triangular and irregularly splitting, 1-4 mm long, with a tuft of dendritic trichomes at the tips, otherwise sparsely pubescent; corolla white, waxy, 1.7—2 cm diam., lobed ca. % of the way to the base, the lobes planar at anthesis, tips of the lobes with a tuft of dendritic trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long, the margins papillose; anthers 5—6 X 1—2 mm, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age; free portion of the filaments ca. 0.5 mm long, the filament tube ca. 0.5 mm; ovary glabrous; style 7—9 mm long, glabrous; stigma bilobed, the surface minutely papillose. Fruit a globose, green berry, 1—1.2 cm diam.; fruiting pedicels erect and woody, ca. 2 cm long, ca. 1.5 mm diam. at the base, ca. 2.5 mm diam. at the apex, 1—2 stone cells occasionally present in the pericarp. Seeds dark brown, flattened reniform, 2—3 X 1.5-2 mm, the margins incrassate and paler, the surfaces mi¬ nutely pitted. Novon 6: 28-32. 1996. Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Knapp Solatium Section Gemmata 29 Figure 1. —A. Holotype of Solarium youngii S. Knapp (Madsen 85888, QCA). —B. Isotype of Solanum youngii (Madsen et al. 85888, AAU). Distribution. In wet montane and cloud forest, often in forest patches above timberline, in south¬ ern Ecuador and northern Peru, from 2800 to 3500 m. Figure 2. The strongly bullate leaves and the dense den¬ dritic pubescence make this species very distinc¬ tive. The trichomes are slender and very highly branched, and the branches themselves are very short. Solanum youngii is morphologically most similar to S. nutans Ruiz & Pavdn, also of the An¬ dean cloud forests, but differs from it in its more loosely branched pubescence, bullate leaves and difoliate geminate sympodial units. It shares with S. nutans dark brown, flattened reniform seeds, somewhat pointed fruits, and a high-elevation hab¬ it. The stone cells observed in the single fruiting specimen ( Young 2157) may not be typical for the species: in other species of section Geminata such hardened growths are produced in response to in¬ sect attack. This species is named for Ken Young, who has done much for the preservation and study of the montane forests of the central Andes. Paratypes. ECUADOR. Loja: Parque Nacional Po- docarpus, S of Loja, Centro de Information E of Nudo de Cajanuma, 2850-2950 m, 4°5'S, 79°10'W, 21-22 Feb. 1985, 0llgaard et al. 57903 (AAU). Zamora-Chinchipe: Loja—Zamora road, near the pass, 2800-2900 m, 15 Mar. 1989, Romoleroux 814 (AAU). PERU. San Martin: Rfo Abiseo National Park, Chochos, ca. 3425 m, 7°S, 77°W, 25 Nov. 1985, Young 2157 (F, NY, USM); trail between Mirador and Puerto del Monte, 3300—3450 m, 7°S, 77°W, 27 June 1986, Young 3833 (NY, USM). Solanum quebradense S. Knapp, sp. nov. TYPE: Venezuela. Merida: MucurubA, quebrada near town, ca. 2600 m, 25 June 1930, Gehriger 244 (holotype, NY; isotypes, F, MO). Figures 3, 4A. Frutex vel arbor parva; caules dense pubescentes tri- chomatibus simplicibus uniseriatis; sympodia unifoliata; folia elliptica vel anguste elliptica supra glabra subtus plusminusve dense pubescentia trichomatibus simplici¬ bus, praesertim in venis densa; inflorescentiae foliis op- positae simplices dense pubescentes; corolla alba; bacca globosa, in pedicello erecto portata; semina ovoideo-reni- formia. Shrubs or treelets, 1-2 m tall; young stems and leaves densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes 0.5-1 mm long, the stems erect; bark of older stems grayish brown. Sympodial units uni- foliate. Leaves elliptic to narrowly elliptic, widest 30 Novon Figure 2. Distribution of Solarium youngii. Solarium quebradense, and Solarium habrocaulon. at the middle, with 6—9 pairs of primary veins, thick and somewhat coriaceous, glabrous adaxi- ally, densely to moderately pubescent abaxially with simple uniseriate trichomes 1—1.5 mm long, these denser along the veins, lamina 4—15 X 1.5— 5 cm, the apex acute to acuminate, the base acute, somewhat decurrent onto the petiole; petiole 1— 1.5 cm long. Inflorescences opposite the leaves, simple, 3—5 mm long, 5-8-flowered, densely pu¬ bescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems and leaves. Pedicel scars closely spaced, overlapping. Buds globose, later elliptic, strongly exserted from the calyx tube just before anthesis. Pedicels at anthesis reflexed to some¬ what erect(?). Flowers with the calyx tube broadly conical, 1—1.5 mm long, the lobes elongate del- tate, with the tips rounded, 1—2 mm long, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes; co¬ rolla white, 1—1.2 cm diam., lobed ca. % of the way to the base, the lobes planar (?) at anthesis. the tips and margins of the lobes densely pubes¬ cent with simple trichomes; anthers 4.5—5 X 1— 1.5 mm, poricidal at the tips, the pores length¬ ening to slits with age; free portion of the filaments ca. 0.5 mm long, filament tube ca. 0.5 mm long; ovary glabrous; style 6—7 mm long; stigma capitate and minutely bilobed, the surface papillose. Fruit a globose, green berry, 1—1.2 cm diam.; fruiting pedicels erect, woody, 1.7-2.7 cm long, ca. 1.5 mm diam. at the base, ca. 2 mm diam. at the apex. Seeds dark brown, ovoid-reniform, 3—4 X 2—2.5 mm, the surface very smooth, the embryo clearly visible through the testa. Distribution. Cloud forests in the Venezuelan Andes in the states of Merida and Trujillo, from 2200 to 3200 m. Figure 2. Solanum quebradense is superficially very similar and probably closely related to S. callianthum C.V. Morton of high-elevation Colombia. It can be dis- Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Knapp Solanum Section Gemmata 31 Figure 3. Solanum quebradense S. Knapp (Knapp & Mallet 6778, Edo. Trujillo, Venezuela). Photo actual size. tinguished from that species by its simple rather than dendritic pubescence, narrower leaves, gla¬ brous ovaries, and smaller, less fleshy flowers. These two species share uniseriate, rather than arachnoid, pubescence. Fruits of Knapp & Mallet 6778 were very pale green to nearly white in color. Only the type collection bears flowers. This species is named for the habitat in which the type was collected, a small stream or quebrada. Paratypes. VENEZUELA. Merida: Monte Zerpa, Paramo de los Conejos, 3100-3200 m, 16 May 1964, Ber- nardi 1255 (NY); San Javier valley, along Quebrada La Cueste toward Monterrey, 2500—2650 m, 10 Dec. 1983, Weitzmann et al. 48 (NY, US). Trujillo: old road from Bocono to Trujillo, ca. 51 km W of Trujillo, below summit, 2200-2250 m, 9°21'N, 70°19'W, 20 Oct. 1984, Knapp & Mallet 6778 (BH, K, MY, VEN). Solanum habrocaulon S. Knapp, sp. nov. TYPE: Peru. Amazonas: Bongara. 4 km N of Poma- cochas on road to Rioja, trail down gorge to W of road, 2150-2200 m, 5°40'S, 77°22'W, 2 June 1986, Knapp et al. 7507 (holotype, USM; isotype, MO). Figure 4B. Frutex; caules glabri valde alati; sympodia unifoliata; folia elliptica glabra; inflorescentiae foliis oppositae simpl- ices filiformes; corolla ignota; bacca globosa in pedicello deflexo portata; semina ignota. Small shrubs with arching flattened branches, ca. 1.5 m tall; young stems and leaves completely gla¬ brous, stems strongly winged from the inflorescence not from the leaf bases, a few papillae present in the axils of the new leaves; bark of older stems dark brown. Sympodial units unifoliate. Leaves narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, widest just below the middle, with 7-8 pairs of primary veins, glabrous on both surfaces, 6-9 X 1.5-2.7 cm, the apex acuminate, the ultimate tip rounded, margins of the tips mi¬ nutely ciliate, the base attenuate, decurrent onto the petiole; petiole 2-3 mm long. Inflorescences op¬ posite the leaves, almost sessile, simple, 1—2 mm long, 1-2-flowered, glabrous. Pedicel scars closely spaced. Buds and flowers not known. Fruit a glo¬ bose green berry, 0.7-1 cm diam. (immature);/run- in# pedicel pendant, somewhat woody, 2-2.5 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm diam. at the base, ca. 2 mm diam. at the apex. Seeds not known. 32 Novon Figure 4. —A. Holotype of Solarium quebradense S. Knapp (Gehriger 244 , NY). —B. Isolype of Solarium habrocaulon S. Knapp (Knapp et al. 7507, MO). Distribution. Known only from the type locality in montane northern Peru, at ca. 2200 m. Figure 2. Solanum habrocaulon is a member of the So- lanum dolosum species group, a small assemblage of three species distributed along the Andes from southern Colombia to Bolivia. The group is char¬ acterized by its delicate habit, unifoliate sympo- dia, long-acuminate leaves with ciliate margins at the tips, and very small flowers. Solanum ha¬ brocaulon is distinguished from the other mem¬ bers of the dolosum species group (S. dolosum C. V. Morton ex S. Knapp, S. gonyrhachis S. Knapp) by its completely glabrous foliage, strongly winged stems, and minute inflorescences. Mem¬ bers of this group are all apparently rare, but since they are inconspicuous plants of the forest understory it is possible that they are merely un¬ dercollected. This species is named for its winged stems: ha- bro (Greek)—winged, caulon (Greek)—stem. Acknowledgments. I thank Blanca Ledn, Emma Cerrate de Ferreyra, Ramon Ferreyra, Magda Chan- co, and Oscar Tovar for help at USM and in Peru in general; Carmen Emilia Benitez de Rojas for help in Venezuela; James Mallet, Peter Alcorn, and Harriet Eeley for field assistance; the authorities in Peru and Venezuela for permission to collect plants; and the curators of AAU, F, MO, NY, and QCA for the loan of specimens. Literature Cited Gentry, A. H. 1982. Neotropical floristic diversity: Phy- togeographical connections between Central and South America, Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, or an acci¬ dent of the Andean orogeny? Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 69: 557-593. Knapp, S. 1986. A revision of Solanum section Geminata (G. Don) Walpeis. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University, Ith¬ aca, New York. -. 1989. A revision of the Solanum nitidum group (section Holophylla pro parte): Solanaceae. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 19: 63-102. Miscellaneous Mistletoe Notes, 20-36 Job Kuijt Missouri Botanical Garden, and (mailing address) Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C. V8W 2Y2, Canada Elizabeth A. Kellogg Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A. Abstract. The following new species are de¬ scribed and illustrated: Dendrophthora haberi Kuijt, Dendrophthora lacryma-jobi Kellogg, Den¬ drophthora oligantha Kuijt, Dendrophthora scopu- lata Kuijt, Phoradendron diminutivum Kellogg, Phoradendron kelloggii Kuijt, Phoradendron kingii Kuijt, Phoradendron roldanii Kuijt, Phoradendron triflorum Kellogg, Phoradendron websteri Kuijt, and Psittacanthus breedlovei Kuijt. Recombined names include Dendrophthora densifrons (Ule) Kuijt, Den¬ drophthora fanshawei (Maguire) Kuijt, and Dendro¬ phthora intermedia (Rizzini) Kuijt. The Dendro¬ phthora obliqua-fendleriana complex is discussed, as are the recently recombined names Dendro¬ phthora fendleriana (Eichler) Kuijt, Phthirusa po- doptera (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) Kuijt, and Phthirusa stelis (L.) Kuijt, including an extended synonymy of the latter. A number of new species and combinations are presented here in connection with forthcoming re¬ gional treatments of the Loranthaceae and Visca- ceae of various parts of South America. Addition¬ ally, some explanations are provided for the use of certain names in these treatments, since such ex¬ planations cannot be given there. Previous install¬ ments in this series were published in Brittonia (32: 518-529. 1980; and 39: 447-159. 1987). The second author is responsible for species number 24, 28, and 32, the first author for remaining items, including the illustrations. 20. Dendrophthora densifrons (Ule) Kuijt, comb. nov. Basionym: Phoradendron densi¬ frons Ule, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 6: 292. 1915. TYPE: Venezuela/Guyana. Mt. Ro- raima, 1900 m, Ule 8602 (MG not seen). A very rare species, known from the type and the two following recent collections: Venezuela. Bo¬ livar: Chimantd Massif, Central Section, tributary of E branch of headwaters of Rfo Tirica, 2185— 2210 m, on Ternstroemia, Steyermark & Wurdack 858 (F, NY); wide valley of SE part of Apakard- tepui, 05°19'N, 62°12'W, 2150 m, Huber & Cleef 13153 (LEA, MYF). 21. Dendrophthora fanshawei (Maguire) Kuijt, comb. nov. Basionym: Phoradendron fansha¬ wei Maguire, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 75: 300. 1948. TYPE: Guyana. Potaro River Gorge be¬ low Tukei, Maguire & Fanshawe 27201 (ho- lotype, NY; isotype, K). This species is distinguishable from the closely related Dendrophthora obliqua (Presl) Wiens by its consistently obovate, rather small, symmetrical leaves, and by its yellowish flowers, which contrast with the spike axis. The collection that was checked for anther morphology is Irwin et al. 55486A (F), a specimen corresponding in all details to the type; the anthers are clearly unilocular, as might be expected from its evident similarity to D. obliqua. 22. Dendrophthora haberi Kuijt, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Puntarenas: Cantdn de Puntarenas, Monteverde, cliff edge above Que- brada Mdquina, moist forest along Fonseca, Hotel de Montana and Savage farms, 10°18'N, 84°48'W, 1100-1300 m, on Drypetes, Haber & Daniel 9904 (holotype, MO; isotypes, CR, LEA). Figure 1. Caules teretes, percurrentes atque propter inflorescen- tias terminales dichotomi. Cataphylla basalia 2—4-juga; in- temodia percurrentia cataphyllis intercalaribus uni- vel bijugis. Folia ad 6.5 X 2 cm, lamina lanceolata, extrem- itate utraque acute angustata. Planta dioecia; inflorescen- tia pistillata ad 3 cm longa; pedunculus compositus; in- temodia fertilia 3 vel 4; flores temi ad septenos pro bractea fertili, triseriati. Much branched plants with terete stems, the lat¬ eral innovations bearing 1 or 2 pairs of foliage leaves and subtended by 2—4 pairs of basal cata- phylls, the upper pair at least halfway to the next foliar node; where percurrent intemodes, these with Novon 6: 33-53. 1996. 34 Novon Figure 1. Dendrophthora haberi Kuijt. —a, b. Habil and female inflorescence. —c. Male inflorescence. (Haber & Zuchowski 9495, 10890, respectively, LEA.) 1(2) pair of intercalary oataphylls 5-7 mm above the foliar node. Leaves to 6.5 X 2 cm, blade nar¬ rowly lanceolate, apex and base sharply tapered, petiole indistinct, ca. 2 mm. Venation inconspicu¬ ous, midvein associated with 2 long basal veins. Dioecious. Male inflorescence ca. 2 cm long, pe¬ duncle 2 mm when simple, 4—5 mm when consist¬ ing of 2 sterile intemodes; fertile intemodes 4, flow¬ ers 6—11 per fertile bract, triseriate. Female inflorescence to 3 cm, peduncle compound, sterile Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Kuijt & Kellogg Mistletoe Notes 35 intemodes (1)2, followed by 3 or 4 fertile inter¬ nodes; flowers 3-7 per fertile bract, triseriate, crowded at the tip of the intemode. Fruit 2.5 X 3 mm, white, ovoid, perianth members closed. Notwithstanding some similarity to the South American Phoradendron laxiflorum Ule, this spe¬ cies has unilocular anthers and must therefore be assigned to Dendrophthora. The general high alti¬ tudinal preference of continental Dendrophthora is once again confirmed. The species is unique in Dendrophthora in combining occasional apical in¬ florescences (leading to dichotomy) with normal percurrent growth; its overall aspect is one of re¬ peated forking, often with several branches from the (then swollen) node. I am at a complete loss to find close relatives in the genus. Paratypes. COSTA KICA. Guanacaste: I,as Nubes, 1 km N of Las Nubes village, 8 km NW of Monteverde, premontane rain forest, 10°22'N, 84°51'W, i200 m, Haber & Zuchowski 9495 (CR, LEA, MO). Pimtarenas: Cant6n de Monteverde, cliff edge and descending ridge below Ho¬ tel de Montana, fO°18'N, 84°48'W, 1200-1300 m, on Ar- disia compressa, Haber & Zuchowski 10890 (LEA, MO). 23. Dendrophthora intermedia (Rizzini) Kuijt, comb. nov. Basionym: Phoradendron interme¬ dium Rizzini, RodriguOsia 18/19: 190. 1956. TYPE: Venezuela. Amazonas: Selvas de Yavi- ta, Alto Orinoco, 128 m. Id. Williams 14067 (holotype, VEN). Amended description: Rather large plants, gla¬ brous, percurrent, intemodes to 6 cm long, terete, basal cataphylls 1 pair 3—6 mm above axil, some¬ times followed by a second pair 1.5 cm higher, rath¬ er small. Leaves to 12 X 6 cm, oblong-elliptical to obovate, apex rounded, base tapering into indistinct petiole 5—10 mm long; venation palmate or nearly so. Dioecious, this plant male. Male inflorescences apparently only lateral, with 1—4 pairs of sterile basal cataphylls, to 4 cm long, the sterile inter¬ nodes together to 8 mm long, followed by 4 or 5 fertile intemodes; flowers ca. 8-15 or more per fer¬ tile bract, often triseriate above, at other times en¬ tirely biseriate. It is surprising to find a Dendrophthora at this low elevation, but both Elizabeth Kellogg and I have independently confirmed the unilocular na¬ ture of the anther. Only the type has come to our attention. The species looks a little like D. tepuiana (Steyermark) Kuijt, but it lacks the latter’s yellow¬ ish cast and, more importantly, has longer and often biseriate inflorescences. 24. Dendrophthora lacryma-johi E. Kellogg, sp. nov. TYPE: Venezuela. Bolfvar: Gran Sa- bana, ca. 15 km WSW of Karaurfn Tepui, at junction of Rfo Karaurfn and Rfo A sad An (Rfo Sanpa), 05°19'N, 61°03'W, 9(X)-1(KK) m, Lies- ner 23978 (holotype, GH; isotype, MO). Fig¬ ure 2. Planta innovationibus determinate, floribus congeslis in inflorescentiis utque fructibus 3 mm brevioribus luteo- lis vel cremeis. A speciebus Phoradendri differt antheris unilocularis. Stems flattened to very nearly terete when young; cataphylls (1—)2(—4) pairs on lateral branches only, if 1 pair then 2-7 mm above node, if 2 then the first 1-2 mm above node, the second 5—8 (17) mm above the first, broadly triangular to ovate, flaring. Many specimens with determinate innovations. Leaves with petiole 0-6 mm long; blade elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate, widest at or above the mid¬ dle, 2.7-7.0 X 1.3-3.0(3.6) cm, the apex rounded, obtuse or truncate, sometimes apiculate, the base cuneate, the nerves basal or inner pair suprabasal, obscure. Inflorescences 1 to 3 per leaf axil or ter¬ minal in some innovations, to 2.3 cm long, axis 1— 2 mm thick when dry; cataphylls 0—2 pairs, like the bracts fused and flaring to form a short infun¬ dibular tube; fertile intemodes 3—6; flowers biser¬ iate, 3-7 per bract, crowded, all pistillate or sta- minate and pistillate flowers intermixed; apical flowers with median perianth member lowermost, lower ones with median perianth member upper¬ most. Fruits globose, yellowish, much smaller than those of all other species (3 mm vs. 6 mm long); perianth members open, short, spreading, not stiff. The epithet is in honor of Job Kuijt, authority on mistletoes and monographer of Dendrophthora', he will be the one to shed tears over the ultimate cir¬ cumscription of this species. This species is superficially similar to Phoraden¬ dron trinervium (Lamarck) Grisebach and P. zuloa- gae Trelease, but the yellowish fruits that are less than 3 mm long and short, crowded inflorescences mark it as distinct. It appears to grow only on spe¬ cies of Qualea (Vochysiaceae). One specimen, Vareschi & Foldats 4590 (NY), is unusual in that it has a few, apparently bisexual flowers. Each has only one anther, but the pistil appears to be fully formed. Paratypes. VENEZUELA, Bolivar: Municipio Raul I .coni Macizo Cuaiquinima, Cerro Camarbn, Ar- bustal sobre areniseas del Grupo Rnraima, 05°41'N, 64°09'W, 8(X) m, Fernandez & Aymard 4765 (MO); Gran Sabana, ca. 15 km WSW of Karaurfn Tepui, Que- brada Tanuan, 05°19’N, 61°04'W, 950 m, Idesner 36 Novon MO.) Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Kuijt & Kellogg Mistletoe Notes 37 24109 (GH); Sierra Auraima, en la parte terminal norte sobre el margen oeste del rfo Paragua, en la zona del raudal de El Perro, 6°32'N, 63°33'W, 400 m, Steyer¬ mark 90843 (NY); cumbre del cerro Guaiquinima, a lo largo del afluente del rfo Carapo, 1 km rfo arriba del Salto Szczerbanari, 5°44'4"N, 63°41'8"W, parte sur-ori- ental del cerro, 730-750 m, Steyermark et al. 117397 (VEN); al borde de la teraza de Guayaraca, lugar ro- coso, seco, 1100 m, Auyantepui, Vareschi & Foldats 4590 (NY); slope forest Tirep6n-tepui, 1200-1250 m, Wurdack 34047 (NY). Terr. Fed. Amazonas: Dpto. Atures, Rfo Coro-Coro, W of Serrania de Yulaje, 8 km N of settlement of Yutaje, 5°41'30"N, 66°07'30"W, 650-700 m, Holst & Liesner 3113 (GH, MO); Dpto. Atures, W side of valley of Rfo Coro-Coro, 8 km NNW of settlement of Yutaje, 05°4 I N, 66°08'30 W W, 500— 1000 m, Liesner & Holst 21436 (M); Dpto. Atures, 1 to 2 km E of Rfo Coro-Coro, W of Serrania de Yutaje, 9 km N of settlement of Yutaje, 05°42'N, 66°07’30"W, 500—730 m, Liesner & Holst 21477 (GH); Rfo Guainia, savanna on left bank of Cano Caname (right bank of Cano San Miguel just below Limoncito), 120-140 m, Maguire et al. 41881 (NY); San Carlos de Rfo Negro, 125 m, Steyermark & Bunting 102750 (NY); Dpto. Ata- bapo, Cerro Marahuaca, along branch of Cano Negro, south-central portion of meseta, 3°43’N, 65°31'W, 1140 m, Steyermark & Holst 130882 (NY). 25. The Dendrophthora obliqua-fendleriana ques¬ tion. In the northern Andes and southern Mesoamer- ica, we encounter a complex of extremely stout Dendrophthora plants with large basal and/or inter¬ calary cataphylls. In Peru and Ecuador, these have unusually large, asymmetrical, acute leaves. In more northerly areas, leaves are smaller and more symmetrical. In both the southern and northern ex¬ tremes, it is clear that the growth habit is dichot¬ omous in that the shoot tip aborts after an innova¬ tion forms a single pair of foliage leaves (see fig. 43 in Kuijt, 1986). However, some of the Venezu¬ elan plants are percurrent rather than dichotomous, and it is to such a plant that the name Phoraden- dron fendlerianum Eichler is attached. There are a number of serious difficulties in comprehending this complex of plants. The most important, practical one is their fragility; we often cannot be sure whether intercalary cataphylls are present on percurrent stems or whether these occur at all. Even if that problem did not exist, we have at present no way of knowing how variable the per¬ current vs. dichotomous feature is; for example, in a related species in Mesoamerica, Phoradendron robustissimum Eichler, both types seem to coexist. The plants in question are by no means common, and they seem to exist in highly disjunct popula¬ tions on tepuis and other mountain peaks. To con¬ found the situation further, several additional names have been applied to elements of this com¬ plex. Their authors seem not to have been aware of the morphological complexities involved, and type specimens are not always helpful. A further prob¬ lem is that a lateral stem at a dichotomy, especially where its partner fails to develop or is weak, may come to occupy a seemingly percurrent position, and very close scrutiny may be needed to under¬ stand the situation properly. The resolution that I propose for the present is the division of most of the complex into two species, one of which is the strictly dichotomous Dendro¬ phthora obliqua as described and illustrated in Kuijt (1986, fig. 43; 1978, fig. 6), the other being percurrent and presently known as Phoradendron fendlerianum. There are two qualifiers to this so¬ lution. First, “ Phoradendron ” fanshawei (see spe¬ cies number 21 in the present paper) is clearly a member of the complex, but is here judged to be a distinct unit. Second, 1 cannot exclude the possi¬ bility that the Panamanian plants may eventually have to be recognized as a separate entity. However, I feel that this should be done only after the Co¬ lombian situation is more adequately known; it may then be possible to use an existing Colombian ep¬ ithet such as guascanum in Panama. In the mean¬ time, I wish to include the Panamanian material in D. obliqua. Every specific epithet in this complex was first assigned to Phoradendron. To the contrary, I am convinced that these plants are more properly placed in Dendrophthora ; I am assuming that all have unilocular anthers. This is known as a fact for D. obliqua (Wiens & Barlow, 1971); for Panaman¬ ian plants (Kuijt, unpublished information); and for the type of P. duidanum (Tate 737 ; E. Kellogg, un¬ published information). Additionally, the consistent preference for high altitude points to this conclu¬ sion, although this is not an infallible guide. In consequence, P. fendlerianum has recently been as¬ signed to Dendrophthora (Kuijt, 1994). I have not, unfortunately, been able to clarify adequately the sex distribution of members of this complex. I speak of D. obliqua as being dioecious in Panama and Ecuador (Kuijt, 1978, 1986), but I am not com¬ pletely certain of the facts elsewhere, especially in Colombia and Venezuela. In conclusion, I would recognize the following two species and their synonyms: Dendrophthora obliqua (Presl) Wiens, Taxon 20: 326. 1971. TYPE: Colombia, Haenke s.n. (ho- lotype, PR). Phoradendron guascanum Trelease, Bull. Tony Bot. Club 54: 474. 1927. TYPE: Colombia. Guasca, Ariste-Jo- stph B-60 (hololype, US). 38 Novon There is no indication of intercalary cataphylls in the protologue of P. guascanum, and Trelease compares the species to “ Phoradendron obliquum .” The type locality seems to be well beyond the known range of D. fendleriana. Dendrophthora fendleriana (Eichler) Kuijt, Tax¬ on 43: 190. 1994. Phoradendron fendlerianum Eichler, FI. Brasil. 5(2): 129. 1868. TYPE: Venezuela. Tovar, Fendler 1102 (holotype, P; isotype, MO). Phoradendron duidanum Trelease, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 58: 58. 1931. Syn. nov. TYPE: Venezuela. Top of Mt. Duida, dry slopes of Savanna Hills, 4400 ft., Tate 737 (holotype, NY; isotype, ILL). Phoradendron duidanum Trelease var. hymenaeifolium Rizzini, Rodrigufeia 30: 58. 1978. Syn. nov. TYPE: Venezuela. Bolivar: ChimantS Massif, Agparaman-te- pui, forested middle slopes near Rfo Tirica, 1365 m, Steyermark & Wurdack 1250 (holotype, VEN; iso¬ type, F). Phoradendron spectabile Rizzini, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 31: 200—202. 1971. Syn. nov. TYPE: Venezuela. Tfichi- ra: near Colombia—Venezuela border, below PSramo de Tama, Steyermark et al. 98433 (holotype, RB; iso¬ type, NY). Phoradendron spectabile Rizzini var. altimontanum Riz¬ zini, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 31: 201. 1971. Syn. nov. TYPE: Same locality as var. spectabile, 2750—2950 ft., Steyermark el al. 98588 (holotype, RB). Phoradendron tatei Trelease, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 58: 359. 1931. Syn. nov. TYPE: Venezuela. Mt. Duida, slopes of ridge 25, 5500-6000 ft., Tate 450 (holo¬ type, NY). Type material of Phoradendron fendlerianum has two to several pairs of conspicuous intercalary cat¬ aphylls between successive pairs of foliage leaves and is undoubtedly a Dendrophthora, as indicated by its clear similarity to D. obliqua; unfortunately, the type is female, and certainty is impossible, the generic distinction largely being one of anther mor¬ phology. A virtually identical specimen (Venezuela. Trujillo: Selva nublada virgen entre La Pena y Agua de Obispo, 22-28 km de Carache, 2400-2500 m, Steyermark 105006, MO, determined P. spectabile by Rizzini), however, is purely male; to confuse matters further, this specimen alternates normal and cataphyllar “intemodes” along a percurrent branch. There may or may not be additional differ¬ ences from D. obliqua, such as the simple peduncle of P. fendlerianum; my comments and illustration of the spikes of D. obliqua for Ecuador are incom¬ plete in this regard, for many plants have two sterile intemodes instead of one. The type of P. duidanum has unilocular anthers. Trelease wrote: “scarcely forked,” and “cataphylls on all joints”; the holotype clearly shows several percurrent stems with intercalary cataphylls; inflo¬ rescences have 2 or 3 sterile internodes at the base. The type of Phoradendron spectabile is male and the species therefore dioecious; the inflorescence peduncle is simple, the leaves very broadly ovate, symmetrical. The protologue speaks of the 2-4 cat¬ aphylls as “ad omnia intemodia obviae.” A nearly identical specimen, Luteyn et al. 8242 (Venezuela. Aragua, La Victoria—Colonia Tovar road, 11.5 km N of Pie de Cerro, 10°22'N, 67°20'W, MO), is also strictly male and bears at least some percurrent intemodes without intercalary cataphylls; it thus originates from the same general area as the type of D. fendleriana. The type of Phoradendron tatei is entirely per¬ current, with 2 or 3 pairs of intercalary cataphylls; inflorescences seem to bear some sterile basal in¬ temodes; the leaves are rather small (to 6 X 3 cm). 26. Dendrophthora oligantha Kuijt, sp. nov. TYPE: Venezuela. Bolivar: Sifontes, Gran Sa- bana, Kavanayen, en bosquete a orilla de que- brada, cerca del aeropuerto, Fernandez & Bracamonte 3203 (holotype, PORT; isotype, LEA). Figure 3. Plants ramosissima, ut videtur succulenta; cataphylla basalia unijuga sub inflorescentiis surculorum brevium la- teralium. Folia usque 12 X 7 mm, obovato-elliptica. In- florescentia ad 7 mm longa, pedunculo 1 mm longo; in¬ temodia fertilia 2 vel 3, flores singuli vel temi pro bractea fertili. Profusely branched, small-leaved species, the leaf-bearing intemodes ca. 1 cm long, with mi¬ nutely papillate surface, apparently succulent when fresh; basal cataphylls one pair on lateral branches, sometimes also one pair of intercalary cataphylls on the node directly below a terminal inflorescence (see drawing), to 3 mm above the base. Leaves to 12 X 7 mm, obovate-elliptical and somewhat fleshy, apex rounded, base tapering into indistinct, flat petiole ca. 1 mm long; venation ob¬ scure. Lowest leafy organs in median position. Possibly monoecious, both sexes represented on the same spike? Inflorescence to 7 mm long, pe¬ duncle 1 mm long, followed by 2 or 3 fertile in¬ temodes, flowers 1 or 3 per fertile bract, deeply sunken in axis, bi- or triseriate; inflorescence commonly in terminal positions at the tip of short branches bearing one pair of expanded leaves. Fruit and male flowers unknown. Dendrophthora oligantha is a small species with a very distinctive morphology. The smaller inno¬ vations have 3 inflorescences at the tip, and these innovations must be shed following flowering or Volume 6, Number 1 1996 Kuijt & Kellogg Mistletoe Notes 39 fruiting. Branches that are percurrent for more than one intemode also have a terminal inflorescence, but the latter tends to be flanked by young inno¬ vations rather than inflorescences, facilitating fur¬ ther growth of a furcate pattern. Although no reliable generic placement is pos¬ sible at this moment, the (male?) flowers seen being immature, the high elevation strongly suggests (but does not prove) the present choice. The habitat of the Moore et al. collection (low open woods with moss on tree- and shrub-bases and many shrubs with lichens interspersed in patches) is also very typical of Dendrophthora. A more mature plant is needed to ascertain secure generic placement. Paratype. VENEZUELA. Bolivar: Rfo Tehuan^n camp between Kavanaycn and Ptari-tepui, 1240 m, Moore et al. 9698 (VEN). 27. Dendrophthora scopulata Kuijt, sp. nov. TYPE: Honduras. Morazan, in cloud forest, Rancho Quemado above San Juancito, on Po- docarpus oleifolius, 2100 m, Williams