FLORA OF TROPICAL AFRICA, FLOKA ere alae OF SRORICAL AFRICA. EDITED BY SIR W. T. THISELTON-DYER, K.C.M.G.; C.LE., {1.0 BRS, ard. HONORARY STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD ; DIRECTOR, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW, VOL-Vili, PONTEDERIACEH TO CYPERACEA, PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE FIRST COMMISSIONER OF HIS MAJESTY’S WORKS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. LONDON: LOVELL REEVE & CO, LiMiTED, Publishers to the Home, Colonial and indian Governments, 6 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1902. « Bet.Garden 1808 7 | DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE SEVERAL PARTS OF THIS VOLUME. Part I. pp. 1-192 was published June 1901. oa RT, 42 Ge oes * September 1901. » III. ,, 385 to end e March 1902. Re a ae ee ae oe PREFACE, For the present volume of the “ Flora of Tropical Africa” I have been fortunate in securing the assistance of several contributors who had made a special study of the orders they have elaborated. It has been found impossible to include in it the Graminee, which will have to be deferred to the ninth and concluding volume. For the amended definition of the regions into which the area of the flora is divided, reference may be made to the preface to the seventh volume. In the prefaces to the first, fifth, and seventh volumes will be found an enumeration of the materials employed up to 1868, and of the most important additions to them which have reached Kew since. The only further collections at Kew cited in the present volume are I. Upper Guinea: Tt. N. Brown ‘ . Collection from the Gold Coast. J. H. Holland. . . A y » Nigeria W. Hi Joanson. . . ; », the Gold Coast. C. Punch . ‘ ‘ : “ », Lagos. VI. MozamBIQuE: Honourable Mrs. Evelyn Cecil . Collection from Rhodesia. Mrs. E. J. Lugard : : ‘ » Ngamiland. It is intended to proceed at once with the printing of the fourth volume. This will contain the Apocynacee, the final elaboration of which has been delayed till the present in order to enumerate and vi PREFACE, describe as comprehensively as possible the important caoutchouc- containing and medicinal plants which the order includes in Tropical Africa. 1 must again record my acknowledgments of the assistance given me by Mr. C. H. Wright in preparing the manuscript for the press and in checking the proofs, and to Mr. N. E. Brown for working out the geographical distribution. For the detailed topography the third edition of the ‘ Spezial- Karte von Afrika,” Gotha: Julius Perthes, 1893, has been chiefly used, We. ee: Kew, February 1902. CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS . Order CXLI. CXLII. CXLIIA. CXLIII. CXLIV. CXLYV. CXLVI. CXLVII. CXLVIII. CXLIX. CL. CLI. CLII. CLIII. CLIV. CLV. CLVI. CONTENTS. Pontederiacez . Xyridee . Mayacer . Commelinacee . Rapateaceze Flagellariex Juncacee Palme Pandanez Typhacex Aroide Lemnacez Alismaceze Naiadacez Eriocaulex Restiacez Cyperaceze Addenda . Page 127 133 137 200 206 215 230 264 266 525 CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS CONTAINED IN THE EIGHTH VOLUME. Series iii. Coronarieve (continued).— Perianth, or at least the inner series, petaloid. Ovary superior, very rarely slightly immersed at the base, Albwmen copious. CXLI. PonTeDERIACER. Flowers regular or often slightly irregular, Perianth petaloid; segments biseriate. Stamens 6 or 3, rarely 1. Ovary 3- or 1-celled, many-, rarely l-ovuled. Embryo straight, central, about as long as the floury albumen. Aquatic herbs. CXLII. Xyrtpex, Flowers regular or slightly irregular, solitary and sessile within the bracts of a terminal head. Perianth biseriate; outer segments 3, 2 or 0, glumaceous; inner segments 3, petaloid, united below into a tube. Stamens 3. Ovary 1- or imperfectly 3-celled; ovules numerous, orthotropous. Embryo small, at the apex of the floury or slightly fleshy albumen. Herbs. Leaves radical. CXLIla. Mayacex. Flowers regular, solitary and pedicellate within the thin bracts of a terminal head. Perianth biseriate; outer herbaceous; inner petaloid. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous, orthotropous, Embryo small at the apex of floury or slightly fleshy albumen. Herbs. Stem prostrate or floating, leafy. CXLIII. Commetinacez. Flowers regular or slightly irregular. Perianth biseriate; outer herbaceous; inner petaloid. Stamens 6 or by abortion fewer. Ovary 3- or 2-celled; ovules solitary or few, orthotropous. Seed solitary or few and closely packed, attached by a hilum on the inner, with an embryostega on the outer side. Embryo beneath the embryostega, at the edge of or slightly intruded into the floury albumen, Terrestrial herbs. CXLIV. Rapargzacem, Flowers regular. Perianth-segments 6, all petaloid and connate into a long slender tube, or biseriate, the outer paleaceous and connate or free, the inner petaloid and connate below. Stamens 6; anthers dehiscing by apical pores, Ovary 3-celled; ovales solitary or few, erect, anatropous. Embryo lenticular, outside the albumen near the hilum. Perennial herbs, x CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS. Series iv. Calycinee.—Perianth calyx-like, small, rigid or herbaceous, the inner rarely petaloid but small, Ovary superior. Albumen copious. CXLV. FLaGELLARIEx. Flowers regular or subregular. Perianth subpetaloid or scarious. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled; ovules solitary. Fruit succulent or drupaceous. Embryo lenticular, outside the floury albumen. Robust herbs. CXLVI. Juncacea. Flowers regular, Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6, rarely 3. Ovary 1-3-celled; ovules solitary or more, Capsule 3-valved. Embryo enclosed in the more or less fleshy albumen. Perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. CXLVII, Parma. Flowers regular or subregular. Perianth coriaceous, fleshy or membranous. Stamens 6 or more. Ovary 1- to many- (ueually 3-) celled, sometimes of 3 distinct carpels; ovules solitary. Fruit baccate or drupaceous ; 1- or more celled. Embryo small, enclosed in a pit near the margin of the albumen. Trees or shrubs with pinnatisect or flabellate leaves. Series v. Nudifloree.—Perianth none or reduced to scales or sete. Ovary superior ; carpels solitary or if many syncarpous, 1- to many-ovuled. Seeds usually albuminous. * Flowers arranged on spadices. Trees, shrubs, or terrestrial herbs. CXLVIII. Panpanex. Flowers dicecious. Perianth none or rudimentary Carpels 1-celled, solitary or more frequently collected into phalanges. Shrubs or trees, erect or climbing. Leaves sessile, long ensiform, sheathing at the base, usually spiny on the margins and underside of the midrib. Spadices fascicled or paniculate ; bracts spathaceous. ° CXLIX. TyPHacem. Flowers monecious, very rarely diccious. Perianth of 3-6 membranous scales, or absent. Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping rhizome, Leaves linear, entire, sheathing at the base. Spadices naked or with 1 leaf-like bract at the base. CL. ARoIDEx. Flowers hermaphrodite or moneecious, very rarely dicecious. Perianth none, or of 3-9 free or connate membranous segments. various habit. Leaves various. open at the base. Herbs or shrubs of Spadices solitary ; spathes convolute, tubular or ** Flowers solitary or in pairs in mar. gickots esting harks ginal cavities. Minute lenticular or CLI. Lemynacez. Flowers very minute, enclosed in a memby fy ee tbl lleis mbranous spathe Series vi. Apocarpze.— Perianth 1 —2-seriate or none. carpels solitary, or if several distinct. Seeds exalbuminous. CLII. Atismackz. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely dicecious. Perianth regular Ovary superior ; moncecious or polygamous, very 3 Segments 6, imbricate, biseriate, rarely uniseriate CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS, xi _by abortion, outer usually herbaceous, inner petaloid. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves usually radical. CLIIL. NarapacEz. Flowers monecious, dicecious, or hermaphrodite. Perianth regular, membranous, or absent ; segments 2—4, valvate. Embryo curved or straight, thick at the radicular end. Aquatic herbs of various habit. Series vii. Glumaceve.— Flowers sessile, solitary within imbricate bracts or glumes arranged in heads or spikelets. Perianth-segments small, scale-like, glumaceous or none. Ovary 1-ovuled or divided into 1-ovuled cells. Seeds albuminous. Herbs, except Bambusee. CLIV. Er1ocauLEm. Flowers unisexual, densely crowded into monecious involucrate heads. Perianth-segments 4 or 6, biseriate, small, hyaline, the inner often on a distinct stipes, scarious or membranous. Ovary 3-—2-celled; ovules pendulous, Embryo small, outside the albumen remote from the hilum. CLY. REstTiacEx. Flowers most frequently dicecious, in spikelets; bracts usually dry or rigid. Perianth-segments 6, regular, biseriate, glumaceous or the inner membranous. Ovary 1—3-celled; ovules solitary, pendulous. Embryo small, , outside the albumen remote from the hilum. CLVI. CypEracez®. Flowers uni- or bi-sexual, in spikelets; glumes imbricate. Perianth of 6 or fewer small scales or bristles, or absent. Ovary 1-celled; ovule erect. Fruit anut. Seed free from the pericarp; embryo small, within the base of the albumen, Vol. Vill.—Part I. | Price 8s. net. FLORA OF TROPICAL AFRICA. EDITED BY SIR WILLIAM T. THISELTON-DYER K.C.M.G., CLE. LL.D., F.RS, HONORARY STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD ; DIRECTOR, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW. PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE FIRST COMMISSIONER OF HER MAJESTY’S WORKS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. ; LONDON: LOVELL REEVE & CO., LimitTeEp, Publishers to the Rome, Colonial and Endian Gobernwents, 6 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1901, A> FLORA OF TROPICAL AFRICA. OrvER CXLI. PONTEDERIACES. (By N. E. Brown.) Flowers hermaphrodite, all alike or some cleistogamous, regular or slightly irregular. Perianth inferior, petaloid; segments 6, biseriate, united into a tube in the lower part, rarely free, equal or the outer series smaller. Stamens 3 or 6, rarely 1, usually of two sizes and often of different colours; filaments free; anthers basifixed or dorsifixed, . 2-celled, introrse, opening by longitudinal slits or rarely by terminal pores. Ovary superior, 3-celled with axile placentas, or 1-celled with 3 parietal or more or less prominent placentas; style filiform; stigma entire, thickened or subcapitate or shortly 3-lobed; ovules numerous and biseriate in each cell or rarely solitary, anatropous. Fruit a many- seeded capsule or rarely a 1-seeded achene. Seeds small, ovoid, ribbed ; embryo cylindrical, straight, embedded in the centre of a copious albumen.—Aquatic or marsh herbs, with the lower part of the stem or rhizome often creeping and rooting in the mud, or entirely floating. Leaves alternate, hastate, cordate, orbicular, ovate, lanceolate or linear, entire, with a sheathing petiole or stipulate, the submersed leaves some- times without blades, or different in form. Inflorescence terminal— often apparently arising from the petioles of the leaves, the lower part of such leaf-stalks being really sympodial branches—either fascicled in the sheath of the flowering leaf, or spicate with the flowers solitary or ppt along the axis of the spike, or rarely with a solitary and axillary ower. A small order of about 25 species, chiefly natives of. Tropical Africa and Tropical America, about 4 occurring in North America, 2 or 3 in Tropical and Temperate Asia, 1 in South Africa, and 1 in Australia, Stamens 3 in the expanded flowers . ° . Stamens 6 in the expanded flowers: Perianth segments united into a tube below Perianth segments free to the base . . Excluded. ScH@NLANDIA GABONENSIs, Cornu in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1896, xliii. 21, is Cyanastrum cordifolium, Oliv. in HZMODORACE#. VOL. VIII. 1. HETERANTHERA, 2. EICHORNIA. 3. MonooHoRIA. B 2 CXLI, PONTEDERIACEE (BROWN). | Heteranthera. 1, HETERANTHERA, Ruiz et Pav. ; Benth et Hook. f. Gen. Pl, iii. 838. Perianth with a distinct tube; segments equal, spreading, oblong. Stamens 8 or in the closed flowers of some species 1, affixed to the throat _ of the perianth-tube, exserted, more or less unequal ; filaments filiform ; anthers oblong. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas, or imperfectly 8-celled with very prominent placentas; style filiform; stigma thick- ened; ovules numerous, biseriate. Capsule oblong or linear; pericarp thin. Seeds numerous, ovoid, ribbed.—Aquatic herbs, with the lower part of the stem creeping and rooting in the mud. Leaves with long petioles sheathing at the base, and cordate, ovate, or reniform blades, or all linear and submersed. Flowering shoots bearing one leaf, whose sheath embraces the membranous spathe, which subtends the terminal flower-spike or includes 1-3 flowers. Flowers spicate, small, blue, whitish or yellow, all-alike and expanding, or one or more cleistogamous and enclosed in the sheath of the leaf at the base of the spike. A genus of about 9 species, 3 in Africa, the rest in Tropical and North America. The plant collected in Angola by Welwitsch (3015), and enumerated by Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl, Welw. ii. 67 as Heteranthera sp., does not belong to the order PONTEDERIACE#, but to ALISMACER, and may be a species of Alisma or Sagittaria. There are no perfect flowers upon the specimens ; the buds which I have dissected consisting of a series of imbricating, complicate, boat-shaped segments, arranged distichously, Spike with one closed flower, concealed in the spathe at its base. Perianth-tube 3-5 lin. long; closed flower with 3 stamens é a ‘ ° ° . - lL. H. callefolia. Perianth-tube 23-3 lin. long ; closed flower with 1 stamen ° : “ - ° . . 2. H. kotsehyana, Spike with more than one closed flower, some being ~ mingled with the expanded flowers . “ : . 3. H. Potamogeton. 1, H. calleefolia, Reichb. ex Kunth, Enum. iv. 121 (by error 128). Plant about a foot high, herbaceous, glabrous. Stem creeping and rooting in the mud in the lower part. Leaves 2-3 in. long, 14-2 in. broad, ovate, subobtuse, or shortly and obtusely pointed, cordate at the base, with petioles 4-8 in. long, erect or ascending. Flowering stems about 2 in.long. Flower-spike about 4 in. long, with a submembranous spathe at its base. Flowers several, sessile, ebracteate, whitish; the basal flower concealed in the spathe within the sheath of the leaf, never expanding, having 3 stamens like the others. Perianth-tube of the expanded flowers 3-5 lin. long, cylindric; lobes about 24 lin. long, oblong, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 3, shortly exserted. Ovary oblong, trigonous, narrowed into a filiform style as long as the stamens; stigma slightly thickened. Capsule of the basal closed flower 6—9 lin. Jong, of the other flowers 4—5 lin. long, oblong, trigonous.—Solms in DC. Heteranthera. | CXLI. PONTEDERIACE# (BROWN). 3 Monogr, Phan. iv. 521; Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 137; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 419. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Sieber, 51; Perrottet,781. Senegambia, Heudelot, 230! I have been unable to examine a closed flower of this species, and give the number of its stamens on the authority of Count Solms. 2. H. kotschyana, Fenzl ex Solms in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 205, Plant 5-12 in. high, herbaceous, glabrous, with the lower part of the stem creeping, and rooting at the nodes. Leaves 1-2} in. long, 3-1} in. broad, cordate, obtusely pointed, with petioles 24-8 in. long, erect or ascending. Flowering stems 14-4 in. long. Flower-spike 2-4 in, long, with a submembranous spathe at its base. Flowers several, sessile, ebracteate ; the basal flower concealed in the spathe within the sheath of the leaf, never expanding, having but 1 stamen. Perianth- tube of the expanded flowers 24-3 in. long, cylindric, very slightly curved and a little oblique at the mouth; lobes 2 lin. long, } lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 3, shortly exserted. Ovary oblong, trigonous ; style filiform, as long as the stamens, with a simple slightly thickened stigma. Capsule of the basal closed flower 8-9 lin. long, of the other flowers 4—6 lin. long, oblong, trigonous.—Solms in DC. ‘Monogr. Phan. iv. 522; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 419. Monochoria vaginalis, Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 147 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 67, not of Presl. J sp., Thomson in Speke, Nile, Append. 649. Wile Land. Cordofan: between Melbes and Obeid, Cienkowsky, 378 (ex Solms) ; Arashkol Mountain, Kotschy, 9! British East Africa: Bongo: Gurfala, Schwein- Surth, 2239! Madi, Speke & Grant, 655! Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; in ponds near Banza de Quitage, Welwitsch, 3013! Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Nkueza, on the River Zambesi, irk ! Also in the. Transvaal. This differs from H. callefolia, Reichb. in its shorter perianth-tube, and in the closed flower having only 1 stamen, According to Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii., 67, Welwitsch’s 3013 is indistinguishable from the type of Monochoria vaginalis, Pres], but in my opinion it is without doubt a species of Heteranthera, and, I believe, H. kotschyana, although I have been unable to examine the cleistogamous flower, as the specimen at Kew is in fruit only. Monochoria vaginalis has not yet been col- lected in Africa. 3. H. Potamogeton, Solms in DC. Monogr. Phan. iv. 521. Stem elongated, sparingly rooting. Flower-stem bent backwards after flower- ing. Leaves ovate or elongate-ovate, acuminate, with long petioles. Flower-spike short, bearing a few distant normal and closed flowers intermingled, the basal flower always closed and concealed in the spathe . Within the sheath of the leaf. Normal or expanding flowers with a gland-dotted perianth and 3 stamens; closed flowers not gland-dotted, and with only 1 stamen; the basal one producing a large cylindric 4 “CXLI. PONTEDERIACEE (BROWN). [ Heteranthera. capsule that is much longer than those of the other flowers on the spike.—Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 419. Upper Guinea. ‘Senegal; Pozo Cervalo, Perrottet, 779. I have not seen this plant, which is described as having the facies of a Potamo- geton, and said to differ from H. callefolia, Reichb., and H. kotschyana, Fenzl, in having several closed flowers on the spike. 2. EICHORNIA, Kunth; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 838. Perianth funnel-shaped, with a long or short tube ; segments a little unequal, the interior series broadest, and the upper segment of that series usually marked with a spot. Stamens 6, the 3 upper ones included, the 3 lower more or less exserted, usually with longer filaments and inserted higher up the perianth-tube; filaments filiform; anthers dorsifixed, oblong. Ovary sessile, 3-celled ; style filiform; stigma slightly dilated or very shortly 3- or 6-lobed ; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule included in the marcescent perianth-tube, ovoid, oblong or linear-fusiform ; pericarp membranous. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid or oblong, finely ribbed ; embryo cylindric, in the centre of the albumen. —Aquatic herbs, entirely floating, or the lower part of the stem creep- ing and rooting in the mud. Leaves with long petioles sheathing at the base, and obovate, orbicular, ovate or lanceolate blades, cordate or narrowed at the base, or the submersed leaves linear; sheath of the petiole often much produced at the apex and then described asa stipule. _ Inflorescence pedunculate, spicate or paniculate, with a convolute sheath- like spathe or rarely an expanded bract at its base, or fasciculate within the sheath of the leaf. A small genus of 6 species, all (except the following) Tropical American, 1. BE. natans, Solms in Abhandl. naturw. Ver. Bremen, vii. 254. Stems branching, about 1 lin. thick. Submersed leaves 2—4 in. long, 1-1} lin. long, sessile, linear, acute. Floating leaves petiolate, 4-1 in. long, 5—10 lin. broad, ovate or orbicular, obtuse, or rarely acute, cordate with small rounded overlapping lobes at the base. Stipules varying from 1 lin. long in the submersed leaves to 1} in. long on the floating leaves, obtuse, more or less sheathing the stem, membranous, reticulate with dark purple cross-veins. Flowers apparently arising from below the middle of the petioles of the floating leaves, but in reality terminat- ing short lateral 1-leaved branches of the main stem, shortly peduncu- late, solitary in a tubular membranous obtuse spathe } in. long. ~Perianth-tube 5-6 lin. long at the expansion of the flower, rapidly elongating afterwards to 10-11 lin. long; limb small, 6-lobed, blue, about } in. diam. Capsule 5-6 lin. long, narrowly fusiform. Seeds numerous, oblong, with numerous exceedingly fine longitudinal ribs.— Solms in DC, Monogr. Phan. iv. 526; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. ©. 137; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 418. Pontederia natans, Beauv. FI. Oware, ii. 18, t. 68, fig. 2; Poir. Encycl. Suppl. iv. 526. Roem. & Schultes, Eichornia. | CXLI. PONTEDERIACEE (BROWN). 5 Syst. Veg. vii. pt. 2, 1147; Kunth, Enum, iv, 128, Monochoria natans, Thomson in Speke, Nile, Append. 649. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, Leprieur, and Heudelot, 258 (ex Solms). Sierra Leone; ina pool on the way to Danlilia and near Falaba, Scott-Elliot, 5290! Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter! Oware: banks of the River Formosa, Palisot de Beauvois (ex Solms). Nile Land. British East Africa: Madi, Speke & Grant, 726! 727! Gazelle River, Schweinfurth, 1166! 1208! Jur: between Gir and Addai, Schweinfurth, 2555! Also occurs in Madagascar according to Count Solms, The plant collected in Loanda, Angola, by Welwitsch (3014), and referred by Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii., 66 to Eichornia natans, is certainly not that species, but appears to be a seedling, without flowers or fruit, of some Dicotyledon. The specimen is but a worthless scrap. ‘ 3. MONOCHORIA, Pres]; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 839. Perianth-segments 6, free to the base, subequal, oblong. Stamens 6, atiixed to the base of the perianth-segments, equal or unequal, especially as to the anthers, the largest stamen with an erect tooth on one side of the filament ; anthers oblong, erect, basifixed, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovury sessile, 3-celled, with axile placentas; style filiform, very shortly trifid or somewhat 6-fid at the apex; ovules numerous in each cell.—Aquatic herbs. Rhizome stout and creeping, or none. Leaves all radical, or rarely spaced out on a short erect stem, alternate, with long sheathing petioles, and sagittate, cordate-ovate or lanceolate blades. Flowering stems radical, with one sheathing leaf or a tubular sheath at its summit, enclosing the membranous spathe at the base of the peduncle. Flowers racemose, of moderate size, blue, all alike. A genus of about 5 species, natives of the warmer parts of the Old World. The following is the only African species. 1. M. africana, V. FH. Br. Plant 13-2 ft. high, glabrous. Rhizome none. Leaves and flower-stems all radical, with a dense tuft of fibrous roots at their base. Leaves 3-44 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, ovate, acuminate, slightly cordate at the base, with long petioles. Flower- ing stems 11-14 in. long, stout, with a leaf or a tubular leaf-sheath at their summit, enclosing a membranous spathe or bract 8-9 lin. long, which is abruptly terminated by a filiform point 2-4 lin. long. Peduncle 14-24 in. long, rather stout. Flower-spike 24-4 in. long. Flowers numerous, rather crowded, ebracteate, erect, violet. Pedicels 14-2 lin. long, erect. Perianth campanulate or somewhat funnel- shaped, 5-6 lin. long; outer segments 1} lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, with narrow membranous margins; inner segments 3 lin. broad, elliptic, obtuse, with broad membranous margins. Stamens (especially the anthers) unequal ; filaments of the largest stamen with an erect tooth on one side. Ovary ovoid, trigonous; style filiform, divided at the apex into 3 short bifid stigmatic lobes.— MV. vaginalis, Pres], var. africana. 6 CXLU. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [ Hichornia. Solms in DC. Monogr. Phan. iv. 525; Durand «& Schinz, Consp. Fi. Afr. v. 419. Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur ; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2296 ! This plant is perfectly distinct from the Asiatic M. vaginalis, Presl, with which it has been associated by Count Solms. Orper CXLIL. XYRIDEA. (By N. E. Brown.) Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx inferior, irregular; sepals 3 or rarely 2, the two lateral exterior, boat-shaped, keeled, glumaceous, the third interior, membranous, convolute, forming a closed obtuse spathe- like hood, or obtusely calyptriform, circumscissile at the base and split open on one side, closely enveloping the corolla when in bud and pushed off as the corolla grows out and expands, rarely absent. Corolla regular, petaloid, marcescent ; tube slender, usually split into claw-like segments at the base by the growth of the ovary; lobes 3, cuneate-obovate, spreading. Stamens 3, affixed at the mouth of the corolla-tube opposite the lobes ; filaments short, flattened; anthers basifixed, oblong, 2-celled, cells parallel or slightly divergent at the base, contiguous, or more or less separated by a broad connective, extrorse, opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodia 8 or 0, alternating with the corolla-lobes at the mouth of the tube, simple and entire or bifid at the apex, or divided into two entire or bifid arms, glabrous or hairy, or ending in dense or lax brush- like tufts of hairs, and then very short. Ovary superior, l-celled or im- perfectly 3-celled ; placentas 3, parietal or shortly united at the centre, or free and erect from the base; ovules indefinite, 2-seriate, orthotro- pous ; style filiform, sometimes with tubercles or processes at or below the middle, trifid or 3-armed at the apex, or entire ; stigmas dilated or subcapitate, usually oblique. Capsule dividing into 3 valves between the placentas. Seeds minute, ovoid, apiculate; hilum basilar; testa thin, usually ridged; albumen copious, transparent ; embryo minute, broadly depressed-conical, seated at the apex of the albumen under the terminal apiculus.—Perennial or rarely annual herbs of tufted habit, growing in damp or wet situations. Leaves all radical, linear, terete or filiform, sheathing at the base. Peduncles erect, simple, terminated by a solitary dense head or spike, leafless or bearing one or more pairs of convolute sheaths, and embraced at the base by a leafless or leaf-bearing sheath. Flower-heads or spikes globose, ovoid, or elongate; bracts glumaceous, somewhat rigid or thin and papery, spirally imbricate one above another, or the inner all reaching to about the same level, concave, complicate, or rarely somewhat convolute, the lower in a few species elongated and leafy, forming an involucre. Flowers solitary and sessile in the axils of the bracts, yellow, white, or blue, usually of small size. An order of 2 genera, of which only one is represented in Africa, and about 160 species, dispersed throughout the Tropical and Subtropical regions of the earth. Ayris. | , CXLII. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). 7 1. XYRIS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 842, Sepals 3; two lateral and exterior, boat-shaped, keeled ; one interior, membranous, convolute or obtusely calyptriform, closely enveloping the corollawhen in the bud, circumscissile at the base and deciduous as the corolla develops. Corolla with a slender tube and 3 spreading cuneate-obovate lobes. Staminodia 3, simple, bifid or 2-armed, -glabrous, hairy, or divided into a brush-like tuft of hairs, Style fili- form, without tubercles or processes, 3-branched above ; stigmas dilated or subcapitate. —Peduncles with a basal sheath, naked above. All other characters as in the Order. A genus of about 150 species, having the same distribution as the Order, In the following descriptions, flowering bracts taken from the middle of the spike are those described, unless others are specially mentioned, and their nervation is given as seen by transmitted light when they are placed in water, The shape and breadth of the lateral sepals is given as when seen lying on their side. In most of the species the leaves and peduncles are usually more or less twisted. The ciliation or toothing on the keel of the lateral sepals in some species is very minute, and, unless examined under a lens of considerable power, may easily be overlooked. The dorsal area, men- tioned in the descriptions, is an area on the back of the bracts in which the surface is of a different character from the rest of the bract and usually appears somewhat impressed, as if stamped upon it. Outermost bracts 4-6 in. long, unequal, spreading, much longer than the spike and forming a distinct involucre 1. X. foliolata, Outermost bracts shorter or nearly equalling the spike, adpressed, not forming a spreading involucre. Bracts (or at least 2 or 3 of the outermost) with a stout awn at the apex ; plants 1-3 ft. high. Bracts dull dark brown, with broad white lacerate and ciliate membranous margins . ° 2. X. aristata. Bracts blackish or dark brown, shining, witht membranous margins. Inner bracts ciliate at the apex; lateral sepals very distinctly and evenly ciliate all along the keel from the base to the apex . 3. X. rigidescens. Inner bracts not ciliate at the apex ; lateral sepals minutely ciliate along the middle part of the keel or occasionally to the apex, but not on the basal third 4. X, dispar. Bracts all without awns, but sometimes shortly muero- nate (see also X. dispar, in which most of the bracts are without awns). * Bracts(or at least the inner), minutely ciliolate at the apex, very obtuse. Keel of lateral sepals very narrowly winged, not ciliate . . 22. X. angustifolia. Keel of lateral sepals ciliates bracts chestnut- brown. Spike 23 lin. thick ; bracts with a distinct greyish dorsal. area . . 29. X, congensis, Spike 3-33 lin. thick; bracts shining rowing with an obscure dorsal area on some of them . : : . 80. X. nitida. CXLII. XYRIDEZ (BROWN), Bracts not ciliolate, entire, lacerate or erosulate. +Keel of the lateral sepals quite entire, neither . ciliate nor scabrid (see also under fT, as the very minute scabridity on the keel of some of the species there placed may be easily overlooked, unless examined under a powerful lens). Peduncles 34-12 lin. broad, flattened, 2-edged ; spike globose ; bracts coria- eous straw-coloured, with a green keel at the apex . Peduncles terete or slightly ‘compressed, rarely 2-edged, and then less than 3 lin, thick, striate. Peduncles stout, 1-14 lin. thick ; spike globose, dark brown; keel of lateral sepals with a very narrow wing 3 Peduncles few, $-1 ae thick ; wiles creeping; spike globose or ‘ellipsoid, dark brown; keel of lateral sepals with a moderately broad wing Peduncles rere, filiform or very slender, 4-4 lin, thick ; rhizome not creeping. Leaves subterete or subulate-filiform ; ; spikes 15-23 lin. thick, blackish, shining . > . Leaves linear; spikes small, few: flowered. Bracts emarginate, slightly re- curyed af the apex, fuscous witha green keel on the upper part . . : Bracts obtuse or subacute, not re- curved at the apex. Keel of the lateral sepals dis. tinctly (but usually nar- rowly) winged, at least in the basal part. . Bragts snbeoriaceous, light brown, the inner rather stoutly keeled on the upper half; lateral sepals broadly lanceolate, acute Bracts very thin, submem- -branous, light reddish- . brown, with broad trans- parent straw - coloured margins; lateral sepals somewhat oblong-lanceo- late, acute . Bracts thin, dull purplish, the outer nearly as long as . the inner; lateral sepals [Xyris. 5. X, anceps. 6. X. zombana, 7. X, capensis, a Ae Xe, moknensie, 15. X. humilis. 16. X. huillensis. - 17. X. anisophylla. X yris. | CXLI, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). oblong or oblong-lanceo- late, obtuse . - ; Keel of the lanceolate acute lateral sepals obtuse or rounded, not at all winged ; leaves sometimes minutely rugulose in the dried state. Bracts subcoriaceous, dull smoky brown, the inner convolute scarcely keeled at the apex. . Bracts rather thin, straw- coloured or light brown, the inner very distinctly keeled and complicate- acute at the apex . +tKeel} of the lateral sepals very minutely ciliate or scabrid, not absolutely entire. Peduncles 18-24 in. long, 3-2 lin. thick ; spike 2-23 lin. thick, brown ; bracts coriaceous, the inner with a stout dark green keel. . - ‘ Peduncles under 16 in, long, very slender, 3-42 lin. thick. Outer bracts with a distinct linear greyish dorsal area; keel of the sepals minutely scabrid on thie apical part only . : . Bracts all without a dorsal area. Keel of the lateral sepals minutely scabrid to or at the apex only. Leaves forming a bulbous base to the plant ; peduncle subquad- rangular; keel of the lateral se- pals crimson in the apical part Leaves distichous, not forming a bulbous base ; peduncle terete; keel of the lateral me golden-brown . ° Keel of the lateral sepals. very minutely ciliate or scabrid to 3 or 2 the way up, chiefly in the middle part, entire in the apical part. Leaves filiform; lateral sepals 12 lin. long, 4 lin. broad, sig- moid-lanceolate; corolla white Leaves linear. Peduncles_ with longitudinal minutely scabrid ridges; spike 23-43 lin. thick, several - flowered, light brown or dirty ochreous Peduncles withoutscabrid ridges; spikes small, few-flowered. 18. X. fugaciflora, 21. X. multicaulis. . 19. X. straminea. 27. X. Barteri. . 24, X, filiformis. 23. X. erubescens. 20. X, pumila, 8. X. nivea. 9. X. Welwitschit. 10 CXLII. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [ Xyris.. Lateral sepals 3-4 lin. broad, broadly lanceo- late, acute; keel regu- larly much curved from base to apex, with a very narrow wing below . 10, X. scabridula. Lateral sepals 4 lin. broad, linear - lanceolate, very acute; keel slightly curved at the middle, erect at the apex, nar- rowly winged. . 11. X, humpatensis.. Lateral sepals 4-3 lin. broad, oblanceolate, ob- tuse; keel nearly straight . in the lower 3, rather broadly winged . . 12. X. affinis. ++tKeel of the lateral sepals distinctly and rather coarsely serrulate ; bracts with a very distinct greyish dorsal area. Peduncle 4-4 lin. thick, acutely 4-6- angled; spike 23-3 lin. thick . . 25. X. angularis. Peduncle stout, 1-14 lin. thick, terete, many-striate ; spike 5-6 lin. thick . 26, A. decipiens. +tttKeel of the lateral sepals very distinctly and usually rather densely ciliate to the apex, Spikes not more than 5—6-flowered ; flower- ing bracts all reaching to nearly the same level; peduncles not more than 4 lin, thick, slightly compressed . . 13. X. obscura. Spikes 10-30-flowered ; flowering bracts imbricated one above another. Peduncles distinctly compressed ; spikes blackish-brown, scarcely shining ; bracts 24-22 lin, long, without a dorsal area : ° : . 81. X. Hildebrandtit. Peduncles terete or subterete, very smooth and shining ; spikes chest- nut-brown ; bracts 13-23 lin. long, with an indistinct dorsal area . 28. X. batokana, 1, &. foliolata, Vilss.in Svensk.Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. No. 14, 65. Peduncle about 2 ft. long, ‘‘ teretely triquetrous,” glabrous, Peduncular- sheath green, with a subterete leafy point 14 in. long. Spike 44 lin. long, 3 lin. thick, ovate, involucrate ; lowest involucral bract about 5 lin. below the spike, 6 in. long, subterete, sheathing at the base, the 3 other involucral bracts reduced to flat spreading sheaths, decreasing in size from 1} to } in. long, about 1} lin. broad. Flowering bracts 24 lin. long, 1q lin. broad, broadly obovate, obtuse, very shortly apicu- late, coriaceous, cucullate, entire, bright fuscous, lighter towards the margins, slightly shining, with a triangular area on the back. Lateral sepals 2 lin. long, oblong, keeled; keel narrowly winged, ciliate. Xyris. | CXLII, XYRIDEA (BROWN). 1f Corolla-lobes yellow, toothed at the apex. Arms of the staminodes. very short, ending in a brush-like tuft of long yellow hairs. Anthers- linear.--Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 420. Lower Guinea. Angola: Malange, Mechow in Zurich Herb. I have not seen this plant, but, according to the description, it differs from all the other African species in its involucrate spikes, The leaves are undescribed, the specimen being imperfect. 2. MK. aristata, V. HL. Br. Leaves 74-12 in. or more long, 1-2} lin. broad, linear, acute, shortly awned in the young state, rather rigid, conspicuously striate, glabrous, green, with concolorous sheaths. 3-34 in. long. Peduncular-sheath 8-9 in. long, keeled in the upper part, with an acute flat point 1-3} lin. long, glabrous, green, passing into pale reddish-brown at the base. Peduncle 2-3 ft. high, 1-1} lin. thick, more or less compressed and slightly 2-edged in the upper part, very minutely transversely rugulose, not striate ; pith loose, not hollow at the centre. Spikes 5-6 lin, long, 4—5 lin. thick, somewhat obovoid, about 10-12-flowered. Outer barren bracts nearly as long as the spike, similar to the flowering bracts, all about 4-43 lin. long, exclusive of the 1-2 lin. long awn, 3 lin. broad, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with a terminal awn, concave or hooded, dark chestnut brown with very broad white membranous margins, lacerate and ciliate; nerves indistinct, re- ticulated at their apex. Lateral sepals 34-32 lin. long, excluding the ? lin. long awn, rather more than 1 lin. broad, oblong or somewhat elliptic-oblong, acute, awned, keeled, dark-brown along the keel, pale horn-colour on the membranous sides; keel narrowly winged, ciliate from the base nearly to the apex. Corolla yellow; petals 2 lin. long, 14-13 lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, minutely crenulate-denticulate. Arms of the staminodes about % lin, long, slender, covered with long yellow hairs. Anthers oblong. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Kambole, south-west of Lake Tanganyika, 5000 ft., Nutt! A very distinct species, differing from every other Xyris known to me in its aristate bracts with broad white membranous ciliate margins. 3. K. rigidescens, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 67. A tall plant of robust habit. Leaves 7-10 in. long, 1-12 lin. broad, linear, tapering rapidly above to a shortly pungent apex, rigid, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath 3-6 in. long, leafless, ending abruptly in a sharp stiff apiculus, glabrous, reddish-brown to the middle. Peduncle 1-2} ft. long, compressed. Spike 4-6 lin. long and thick, subglobose. Outer bracts very coriaceous 2—24 lin. long, 2 lin. broad, orbicular, concave, keeled below the abruptly aristate apex, blackish, shining ; inner bracts slightly shorter than the calyx, 24 lin. long, ovate, acuminate to a hardened mucronate (not aristate) apex, boat-shaped, keeled, entire, ciliate at the apex, golden-brown, with thinner and paler margins, darker at the apex, with a narrowly lanceolate greenish dorsal area. Lateral sepals 3-3} lin. long, % lin. broad, linear-oblong, subulate- apiculate, golden-brown along the back, passing into light straw- 12 CXLII, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [Xyris. colour on the sides; keel shortly ciliate from the base up to the base of the apiculus. Corolla-lobes (withered) apparently oblong. Arms of the staminodes with brush-like tufts of long brownish hairs, shorter than the stamens, Anthers broadly linear. Lower Guinea, Angola: Huilla; plentiful in spongy places, near streams, around Lopollo, Welwitsch, 2474! 4, &. dispar, V. LH. Br. Leaves not seen. Peduncular-sheath about 6 in. long, with a leafy linear point about } in. long, } lin. broad, glabrous, Peduncle about 2 ft. long, ? lin. broad, much compressed, glabrous. Spike 3-3} lin. long, and about the same in thickness, sub- globose. Outer bracts about 2 lin. long, 14-2 lin. broad, coriaceous, elliptic or suborbicular, obtuse, entire, not ciliate, 2 or 3 of them termi- nated by a short awn 4-1 lin. long, the others apiculate and slightly keeled at the apex, dark brown, shining; inner bracts all reaching to about the same level, 23-3 lin. long, 1}-1} lin. broad, coriaceous, with thin margins, ovate, shortly acuminate into a rigid very acute almost pungent point, keeled, concave, entire, not ciliate, light olive-brown, with a slight yellowish tinge. Lateral sepals 24-3 lin. long, ¢ to nearly 1 lin. broad, somewhat oblong-lanceolate, regularly curved along the back, nearly straight along the margins, somewhat obtuse, mucronate, golden-brown along the back, darker at the apex, the colour fading out and disappearing at the broad membranous margins; keel very narrowly winged, minutely ciliate or scabrid along the middle part or occasionally nearly or quite up to the base of the short subulate mucro, but not on the basal third. Corolla-lobes 3 lin. long, 13 lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, subtruncate and rather coarsely toothed at the apex, bright yellow. Arms of the staminodes short, linear, with brush-like tufts of long yellow hairs half as long as the petals. Anthers 1} lin. long, linear-oblong. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa:| Mashonaland; at Six-mile Spruit, near Salisbury, Hon. Mrs, Evelyn Cecil, 152! d. K. anceps, Lam. Encycl. i. 132. Leaves 2-14 in. long, 14-44 lin. broad, linear, obtuse or acute, glabrous, with concolorous sheaths 3-44 in. long. Peduncular-sheath 14-64 in. long, leafless andobtuse or with a leafy obtuse point {-} in. long. Peduncle $—2} ft. long, }—14 lin. broad, com- pressed and acutely two-edged, especially towards the apex, glabrous. Spike globose or broadly ovoid, 3—5 lin. diam., many-flowered. Bracts 2-3 lin. long, 1}~2 lin. broad, coriaceous, elliptic, very obtuse, or the inner ones subacute, entire, not ciliate, light yellowish-brown or pale straw-coloured, with a narrowly ovate or lanceolate acute green area at the slightly keeled apex; nerves about 7—9, very slender and obscure. Lateral sepals 24-24 lin. long, } lin. broad, subspathulate-lanceolate, straight or slightly faleate, acute, with a rather broad wing-like keel, neither ciliate nor produced at the apex, entirely. pale straw-colour. Corolla yellow; tube 2} lin. long; lobes about 14 lin. long, }-1 lin. broad, broadly cuneate- obovate, denticulate. Arms of the staminodes very small, with a brush- like tuft of long yellow hairs. Anthers oblong. Capsule 14 lin. long, trigonous, oblong, obtuse, not apiculate.—Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Hand. xxiv. no. 14, 37; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 419 ; Engl. Xyris. | CXLII. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). 13: Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 183; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii.6. X. platycaulis, Poir. Encycl. viii. 820; Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. i. 551; Kunth, Enum. iv. 18; Nilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. 1891, 153. X. nitida, Willd. ex Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii. 372, not of Nilsson. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Mahela, in marshy ground, Scott-Elliot, 3931 ! Lagos, Millen, 152 of 1894 collection! Barter, 20200! Yoruba, Millson! Lower Guinea. Congo, Smith ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk ! Hildebrandt, 1045! Bojer! German East Africa: Zanguebar, Kirk ! between the coast and Uyui, Taylor! Portuguese East Africa: Quilimane, Scott! Also in South Africa, the Mascarene Islands, and Tropical America, This species differs from all the others in its flattened 2-edged peduncles, and straw-coloured globose spikes. 6. X. zombana, V. /. Br. Leaves and _peduncular-sheath not seen. Peduncle more than 1 ft. long, 1-14 lin. thick, terete or slightly compressed (flat in the dried state), hollow, with a large cavity, striate, glabrous. Spike 3-4 lin. (in fruit up to 6 lin.) diam., subglobose, many-flowered. Bracts 24-3 lin. long, 2-24 lin. broad, rather thin and somewhat papery in texture, elliptic-oblong, very obtuse, sometimes faintly keeled at the apex, concave or somewhat boat-shaped, brown, passing into yellowish-brown at the base, nerveless or faintly 3-nerved near the apex, glabrous, not ciliate. Lateral sepals 24-2? lin. long, 2 lin. broad, boat-shaped, acute, transparent yellowish - brown; keel very narrowly winged, entire, not ciliate. Petals 2 lin. long, about 14 lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, slightly toothed. Arms of the stami- nodes about } lin. long, oblong, with a small brush-like tuft of com- paratively few long yellow hairs. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Zomba, 4000— 6000 ft., Whyte! The specimens are about a foot long, and consist of the upper part of the peduncles. with their flower-spikes only, so that the plant is probably 13-2 ft. or perhaps more in height. The peduncles appear to be much less rigid than those of the other African species, as in the process of drying they have become perfectly flat, but when placed in boiling water become nearly terete; they are unusually stout and have a very large central cavity. 7. X. capensis, Thunb. Prodr. 12. Rhizome more or less creep- ing. Leaves 1-7 in. long, including the }-2} in. long sheath, }~14 lin. broad, linear, acute, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath 1-5 in. long, acute or produced into a leafy point 4-6 lin. long. Peduncle 5-21 in. long, 4_3 lin. thick, terete or slightly compressed, striate, glabrous, hollow, Spike 2-4 lin. long, 3-5 lin. thick, ovoid, ellipsoid or subglobose, usually several-flowered. Bracts 2-3 lin. long, 14-2} lin. broad, elliptic or orbicular, obtuse, keeled, concave, thinly coriaceous, entire, not ciliate, 3-nerved, glabrous, blackish-brown ; nerves not reticulate at the apex. Lateral sepals 2-3 lin. long, 4-3 lin. broad, lanceolate, acute, boat- shaped, yellowish-brown, with the keel and apex darker brown; keel somewhat broadly winged, quite entire and not produced at the apex. Corolla-lobes 13-2 lin. long, about 1 lin. broad, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, 14 CXLII, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [Xyris. minutely toothed. Arms of the staminodes very short, with brush-like tufts of long yellow hairs.—Thunb. Fl. Cap. ed. Schult. 81; Vahl, Enum. ii. 206; Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 255; Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. i. 552; Kunth, Enum. iv. 24; Nilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. 1891, 154; and in Svensk Vet. Akad. Hand]. xxiv. no. 14, 40; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 420 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 133 ; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 6; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 68. X. capensis, Thunb., var. nilagirensis, Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 154. X. reptans, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 68. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; in swamps on the plain of Jan Meda, 8700 ft., Schimper, 1519! Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in boggy places near the banks of the River Mumpulla; Welwitsch, 2473! near the chief stream of Morro de Lopol'o, Welwitsch, 2459! Also in South Africa. Var. medullosa, N. E. Brown, Peduncle 5-7} in. long, very slender, 4-4 lin. thick, with a well developed pith, not in the least hollow. Spike 2 lin. long, about 14 lin. thiek, ovoid, 2-4-flowered. Lateral sepals 13 lin. long, 3 lin. broad, oblan- ceolate, acute; keel neither ciliate nor scabrid. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa; without precise locality, Hannington ! I can find no character to distinguish X. reptans, Rendle, from X. capensis, Thunb. The leaves are longer than usual, but in that respect it is very similar to Baur’s specimen (598) of X. capensis, from Bazeia, in Tembuland. A specimen collected by Scott-Elliot (6962) in Nandi, British East Africa, at an alt. of 7000- 8000 ft., is probably a form of X, capensis, but the leaves appear to be more fleshy than usual, The plant is about 4 in. high. The variety medullosa may prove to be a distinct species, but (with the exception of the peduncle being very slender and having a very distinct pith) I can find no character in the dried state to distinguish it from X. capensis. All the specimens I have had the opportunity of examining of XY. capensis have a hollow stem. 8. MR. nivea, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 69. Tufted, slightly bulbous at the base. Leaves 3—5 in. long, including the $—1 in. long sheath, } lin. thick, filiform-subulate, stiff, erect, flexuose, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath 14-1? in. long, produced into a short leaf-like point at the apex. Peduncle 5-10 in. long, 4-4 lin. thick, slender, wiry, flexuose, subterete, faintly angular, glabrous. Spike 24-3 lin. long and -about as thick, subglobose, few-flowered. Bracts 14-2 lin. long, 11-1? lin. broad, broadly elliptic or suborbicular, very obtuse, entire, coriaceous, with submembranous margins, 3—5-nerved, dark brown, with paler mar- gins, slightly shining. Lateral sepals 1? lin. long, } lin. broad, sigmoid- lanceolate, acute (or obtuse if flattened out); keel light brown, very minutely ciliate from the base to 3 the way up; interior sepal bright reddish-purple. Corolla-lobes obovate-elliptic, concave, finely toothed, “white” (Welwitsch). Staminodes pilose. Anthers 3 lin. long. Capsule obovate. Seeds ellipsoid, pointed, red. - Mower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in scarcely damp, sunny, wooded places between Lopollo and Monino, Welwitsch, 2468 ! The filiform leaves, white flowers, and minutely ciliate lateral sepals, easily distin- guish this species from its allies. Xyris. | CXLII, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). 15 9, KX. Welwitschii, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 68. Leaves 3-6 in. long, 1 lin. or less broad, linear, acute, submembranous, scabrid on the margin. Peduncular-sheath 2-4 in. long, leaf-like, acute. Pedunele 6-14 in. long, 4-4 lin. thick, somewhat compressed, with longitudinal minutely scabrid ridges. Spike about 4 lin. long, 24-44 lin. thick, ellip- soid when young, hemispherical when mature, several-flowered. Bracts 2-3 lin. long, 14-23 lin. broad, elliptic to obovate, obtuse, not keeled, thin and scarious, becoming somewhat membranous towards the margins, entire, 3-nerved, translucent, light brownish-ochreous or straw-coloured, glabrous, with no dorsal area. Lateral sepals slightly protruding veyond the bracts, 3-34 lin. long, $—? lin. broad, lanceolate, acute, dull ochreous ; keel most minutely scabrid-ciliolate at the middle, otherwise entire; third sepal crimson. Corolla yellow. Staminodes shortly tufted, pilose. Anthers scarcely 1 lin. long, linear-oblong. Seeds ellipsoid, minutely umbonate at the ends, longitudinally ridged, with transverse inconspicuous bladder-like markings, dull black. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in wooded marshy meadows between Lopollo and Monino, Welwitsch, 2465 ! I do not find the keel of the lateral sepals hispidulous as originally described, but the central part has an exceedingly minute scabrid-denticulation, which can only be seen under a moderately powerful lens. 10. &. scabridula, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 72. Leaves 3-2} in. long, }-} lin. broad, linear, mucronate at the apex, very minutely scabrid on the margin. Peduncle 2-6} in. long, distinctly striate. Spike 14-3 lin. long, 3-3 lin. thick, few-flowered. Bracts 14-24 lin. long, 14-2 lin. broad, orbicular-obovate or suborbicular, very obtuse, sometimes mucronulate, entire, submembranous, obscurely and imperfectly 3-nerved, very light golden-brown. Lateral sepals 1}—2 lin. long, $—2 lin. broad, broadly lanceolate, acute, membranous, light brown in the apical part; keel regularly curved from the base to the apex, with an exceedingly narrow wing in the lower part, very minutely ciliate along the middle part ; interior sepals light ochreous-brown (always ?). Corolla-lobes rather more than 1 lin. long, scarcely $ lin. broad, obovate, intense yellow. Arms of the staminodes hairy. Ovary oblanceolate. Seeds ellipsoid, umbonate at one or both ends, almost smooth, crimson. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; on the Serra de Oiahoia, behind Humpata, oo sandy meadows, which are sometimes flooded in summer, Welwitsch, 2470! This species is very similar to X. affinis, Rendle, and X, humpatensis, N. E. Br., but the lateral sepals are much broader and different in form. I do not find that the leaves are rugnlose as originally described, but some of them are slightly wrinkled from shrinkage in drying, as is very often the case, 11. X. humpatensis, V. #. Br. Leaves 1}-3 in. long, includ- ing the }-1 in. long sheath, }-1 Jin. broad, linear, acute, glabrous ; sheath ciliate. Peduncular-sheath 2}-4 in. long, with a leafy acute point 1-2 lin. long, glabrous, Peduncle }-1 ft. long, }-} lin. thick, subterete, striate, glabrous. Spike 2}-3 lin. long, 14-24 lin. thiek, 16 CXLII, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [Xyris. larger when in fruit, ovoid, ellipsoid, or in fruit subglobose, 4-10- flowered. Bracts all reaching to nearly the same level, 2-2 lin. long, 1-1} lin. broad, oblong or broadly obovate-oblong, entire, light olive- brown, rather thin, 3-nerved; the outer very obtuse, slightly keeled ; the inner complicate-subacute and keeled at the apex, glabrous, Lateral sepals 2-2} lin. long, } lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, very acute, straw- coloured along the back, membranous and colourless on the sides; keel narrowly winged, slightly curved at about the middle, erect at the apex, minutely and sparsely ciliolate to 4 or 3 the way up; interior sepal bright reddish-purple. Petals 2 lin. long, 14 lin. broad, obovate, ob- tusely rounded at the apex, scarcely toothed, yellow. Staminodes very shortly 2-armed, with brush-like tufts of long yellow hairs; anthers oblong, at length subhastate at the base. Lower Guinea. Angola: Humpata; ina pool by the River Neve, Newton ! Very like X. affinis, Welw., but differing in the narrower lateral sepals which are very acute and erect at the apex. 12, K. affinis, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 70. Tufted. Leaves 2-44 in. long, including the 1 in, long sheath, 4-1 lin. broad, linear, acute, glabrous ; sheaths of the withered leaves persistent, dark brown, ciliate. Peduncular-sheath 24-3 in. long, leafless, apiculate. Peduncle 9-10 in. long, 4-3 lin. thick, subcompressed, glabrous. Spike 24-3 lin. long and nearly as thick, ellipsoid or obovoid when young, becoming at length subglobose and somewhat flattened at the top, rather few-flowered. Bracts 14-2} lin. long, 14-2 lin. broad, broadly elliptic or slightly obovate, obtuse, entire, 3-nerved, subcoriaceous, dark brown with paler subscarious margins, those in the centre of the head deeply concave and much lighter in colour. Lateral sepals 2—24 lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse and slightly hooded at the apex, somewhat membranous, light yellowish-brown along the keel, darker brown at the apex and pallid straw-coloured at the sides; keel nearly straight in the lower 3, rather broadly winged, minutely ciliate and scabridulous from near the base to about } or } from the Apex ; interior sepal bright reddish-purple. Petals obovate, yellow. Staminodes 2-armed, pilose. Anthers 1 lin. long, orange in the bud. Capsule oblanceolate, beaked. Seeds as in X. nivea. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in the elevated damp meadows of Morro de Monino, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 2467 ! Very similar to X. humpatensis, N. E. Br., and scarcely to be distinguished without dissection, when the rather darker, broader, oblanceolate, obt d slight! hooded sepals at once distinguish it. , obtuse and slightly 13, X. obscura, V. H. Br, Leaves and peduncular-sheath not seen. Peduncles 12-15 in. long, }-} lin. thick, slightly compressed, glabrous. Spike about 3 lin. long, 24 lin. thick, ellipsoid, not more than 5—6-flowered. Bracts 2-2} lin. long, 2 lin. broad, coriaceous, orbicular or broadly elliptic, very obtuse, minutely apiculate, entire, dark chestnut-brown, very minutely papillate-scabrid in the apical part, 5-7-nerved ; inner bracts all reaching to about the same level. Lateral Xyris. | CXLIS. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). 17 sepals 24-2} lin. long, } lin. broad, linear-oblanceolate, somewhat obtuse, but shortly aristate, golden-brown along the keel, colourless and mem- branous on the sides; keel broadly winged (about 4 as broad as the sides), distinctly ciliate from the base to the apex. Petals 2 lin. long and the same in breadth, broadly obovate, denticulate, bright yellow. Arms of the staminodes with brush-like tufts of long yellow hairs, half as long as the petals. Anthers linear-oblong, | lin. long. Mozamb. Dist. lritish Central Africa: Mashonaland, at Six-mile Spruit, near Salisbury, Hon. Mrs, Evelyn Cecil, 152A! 14, X. makuensis, V. #. Br. Much branched and densely tufted at the base. Leaves 14-8 in. long, including the 3-1} in. long sheath, 4-4 lin. thick, filiform-subulate, very slightly compressed, Peduncular-sheath 2-4 in, long, with a subulate point 4-3? in. long. Peduncles numerous, 3-12 in. long, 4-4 lin. thick, filiform, subterete or slightly compressed, with a raised line down one side, solid, glabrous, Spike 3-4 lin. long, 14-2} lin. thick, ovoid, becoming somewhat flat- topped and obovoid in fruit, 3—6-flowered. Outer bracts 2-3 lin. long, 1-1} lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, keeled, entire, rigidly coriaceous, con- cave, 3-nerved, blackish-brown, fading to dark olive-brown on the margins, shining; inner bracts similar to the outer, but complicate- acute, more distinctly keeled, 1-nerved, and of a rather lighter olive- brown in the lower part, 24-34 lin. long. Lateral sepals 2-3} lin. long, % lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, acute, boat-shaped, nearly straight, olive- brown, darker along the back; keel with a moderately broad entire wing, neither ciliate nor scabrid, not produced at the apex. Corolla- lobes about 24 lin. long, 2 lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, toothed, yellow. Arms of the staminodes very short, with large dense brush-like tufts of long yellow hairs. Anthers oblong. Mozamb. Dist. East Equatorial Africa, Taylor! Portuguese East Africa : Makua; Namuli Mountains, Zast/ British East Africa: Nyasaland; Mount quan Whyte! Mlanji Plateau, MeClounie ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, _ The subulate-filiform leaves and numerous blackish shining spikes readily distin- guish this from the other species, 15, XK. humilis, Kunth, Hrwm. iv. 15. Leaves 14-24 in. long, very narrowly linear, acute, membranous, striate, glabrous. Peduncles 2-5 in. long, filiform, slightly compressed, glabrous. Spike small, about 2 lin. long, obovate-turbinate, about 3-flowered. Bracts about 7, orbicular-obovate, emarginate, carinate above, with the apex slightly recurved, fuscous on the back, with paler sides and green on the keel in the upper part, subcoriaceous, shining. Lateral sepals narrow, keeled, acute, glabrous. Capsule oblong, umbonate, 1-celled, fuseous, slightly shorter than the bracts. Seeds ellipsoid, ribbed, pointed at each end, pale fuscous.—Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14,40; Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 133. Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, ex Engler. : Also in Madagascar and Mauritius. I bave not seen a specimen from Zanzibar, and therefore give a translation of Kunth’s original description. VOL. VIII. Cc 18 CXLII. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [ Xyris. 16. X. huillensis, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 71. Densely tufted. Leaves #-2} in. long, 4-3 lin. broad, linear, acute; sheaths with membranous margins. Peduncular-sheath about as long as the leaves, acute or with a short leafy point. Peduncle 3-12 in. long, 1_1 lin. thick, filiform, slightly angular, reddish below. Spike about 2 lin. long, 14-2 lin. thick, ellipsoid, becoming subglobose in fruit, about 6-flowered. Bracts 14—1 lin. long, 2—1 lin. broad, elliptic-oblong, very obtuse, subcoriaceous, rather stoutly keeled in the upper half, entire, 3-nerved (sometimes incompletely), light brown, slightly shining. Lateral sepals 14-13 lin. long, }—} lin. broad, broadly lanceolate, acute, light brown along the keel, membranous and nearly colourless on the sides; keel narrow, quite entire. Corolla-lobes 14 lin. long, ? lin. broad, obovate, yellow. Arms of the staminodes densely pilose, bright yellow. Anthers subsagittate. Ovary compressed-ellipsoid, becoming obovoid and shortly rostrate as it ripens. Seeds ellipsoid, narrowing to a slight umbo at each end, crimson, with dark longitudinal lines. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; Empalanca, in lofty sandy pastures, flooded in the rainy season, Welwitsch, 2469! marshes near the River Quipumpun- hime, in the Humpata district between Nene and Humpata, Welwitsch, 2472! 17. &. anisophylla, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 72. Leaves 2—34 in. long, 3—? lin. broad, linear, acute. Peduncular-sheath 14-2 in. long, acute. Peduncle 5-8} in. long, 4-4 lin. thick, “of a shining copper or almost gold colour” (Welwitsch). Spike 2 lin. long, 14-2} lin. broad, ellipsoid, somewhat truncate at the apex, often becoming hemispherical when mature, 5-flowered. Bracts 14-1} lin. long, 14-14 lin. broad, orbicular-obovate to broadly elliptic, very obtuse, sometimes faintly keeled in the upper part, entire, membranous, 3-nerved, very light reddish-brown, with broad transparent straw- coloured margins. Lateral sepals 1}—1# in. long, scarcely } lin. broad, somewhat oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacute, membranous, nearly colourless, very light brownish or straw-coloured along the back; keel very narrow, quite entire. Petals (torn) more than 1} lin. long, scarcely 1 lin. broad, yellow. Staminodes 2-armed, with dense tufts of yellow hairs, more than half the length of the stamens. Anthers ? lin. long, oblong, cordate at the base. Fruit scarcely 1} lin. long, plano- convex, narrowly obovoid, very shortly beaked. Seeds ellipsoid, with an apical umbo, longitudinally marked with distinct spiral ridges, red. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in spongy places in the Presi- dium, near the huge rocks of the Barrancos de Catete, Welwitsch, 2463. 18, K. fugaciflora, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.71. Czspi- tose. Leaves 3-4 in. long, 3-3 lin. broad, linear, acute, transversely rugulose ; scabridulous at the margin, especially when old. Peduncular- sheath 3-2 in. long, with a leafy point 14-3 lin. long. Peduncle 3-9 in. long, —} lin. broad, very slender, flattened, glabrous. Spike 13-2} lin. long, | to nearly 2 lin. thick, 4—5-flowered, ellipsoid when ia flower, becoming semi-ellipsoid in fruit. Bracts 14-2 lin. long, 3-14 lin. broad, varying from elliptic to orbicular, very obtuse, membranous, Xyris.| CXLII, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). 19 entire, 3- or indistinctly 5-7-nerved, dull or purplish-brown, the colour fading out towards the margins. Lateral sepals 1}-2 lin. long, 4 lin. broad, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, membranous, transparent, tinted with red or brown on the keel, nearly colourless on the sides; keel moderately broad, quite entire. Corolla-lobes scarcely 2 lin. long, obo- vate, toothed on the margin, yellow. Arms of the staminodes with brush-like tufts of hairs. Anthers oblong, 2-3 lin. long. Ovary ob- lanceolate, shortly beaked. Seeds ellipsoid, with a prominent apical umbo, longitudinally striate, reddish-brown. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo: spongy places between Caghuy and Sansamanda, but somewhat rare, Welwitsch, 2461! in spongy wooded meadows at Mutollo, near Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 2462! plentiful in the Presidium, in spongy places on the higher rocks of Catete, Welwitsch, 2464! The minute rugosity on the leaves in this species and in X. straminea, Nilss., and one or two others is probably due to some form of shrinkage in drying, as some of the leaves show no trace of it. 19. K. straminea, NVilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Férhandl. Stockh. 1891, 153. Roots filiform, densely tufted; norhizome. Leaves 4-5 in, long, 4-1 lin. broad, linear, acute, rarely obtuse, often from shrinkage (but not always) minutely transversely rugulose in the dried state, with concolorous or pale sheaths 4-14 in. long. Peduncular-sheath $-2 in. long, leafless and mucronate, or with a leafy point {-4 in. long. Peduncle 1}~12 in. long, very slender, 1—} lin. thick, terete or subcompressed, striate, very minutely rugulose in the upper part, slightly hollow. Spike 2-2} lin. long, lanceolate, acute, 14 lin. in diam. when in flower, opening out when in fruit, 1—5-flowered. Bracts few, 14-22 lin. long, }-1 lin. broad, oblong or elliptic-oblong, the inner boat-shaped, keeled, and com- plicate-acute at the apex, but obtuse when flattened out, entire, not ciliate, 3-nerved, somewhat membranous, very pale brownish or straw- coloured. Lateral sepals about 2-24 lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, straight, narrowly lanceolate, acute, membranous, straw-coloured; keel slightly rounded, with no trace of a wing, entire, not ciliate. Corolla only seen in a very young bud, yellow. Capsule 14-1? lin. long, # lin. diam., oblong, obtuse, apiculate, trigonous (or acutely triangular?) in cross section.—Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14, 40; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421 ; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fi. Cap. vii. 751. X, filiformis, N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fi. Cap. vii. 7, not of Lam. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe ; swamps near Bakona, and at Lom, Barter, 764! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Tanganyika Plateau at Fort Hill, 3500-4000 ft., Whyte ! Also in South Africa. This species is closely allied to X. filiformis, Lam., but differs in having no dorsal area on the outer bracts and no ciliation on the keel of the lateral sepals. The curious and minutely rugulose surface of the leaves and peduncles is best seen by holding the Specimens in a line with the source of light, but probably it is due to shrinkage in drying, aud may not be evident in the living plants. An imperfect specimen collected by Carson in a pool 2-3 miles south of Niomkolo, in Urungu, may also belong to this species. 20 CXLII, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [ Xyris. 20. &. pumila, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 70. A small rigid plant, densely tufted. Rhizome bearing several crowded branches. Leaves distichous, 2-34 in, long, including the ? in. long sheath, searcely 4 lin. broad, linear, very acute or subaristate at the apex ; sheaths dark chestnut-brown. Peduncle 4-5} in. long, } lin. thick, terete, glabrous. Spike 24-24 lin. long, 1-14 lin. broad, about 3-flowered, narrowly ellipsoid, slightly drawn out at the base. Bracts 12-2 lin. long, 3-1} lin. broad, elliptic or oblong, entire, coriaceous, minutely papillate- scabrid on the back of the apical part, 3-nerved, dark chestnut-brown, slightly paler at the margin, those in the centre dull ochreous-brown. Lateral sepals 13-2 lin. long, nearly } lin. broad, lanceolate, obtuse, golden-brown along the keel, becoming paler towards the margins; keel very minutely scabridulous from about 4 above the base to the apex. Corolla bright yellow. Staminodes 2-armed, hairy. Anthers ? lin. long, linear-oblong, orange-yellow. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in thicket-grown marshes between Humpata and the lofty plain of Empalanca, Welwitsch, 2471 ! 21. XX. multicaulis, V. H. Brown. Leaves 14-3 in. long, }-1 lin. broad, linear, subacute, sometimes slightly hardened and whitish at the apex, glabrous, sometimes minutely rugulose in the dried state. Peduncular-sheath 1}—2 in. long, with a short leafy point. Peduncles numerous, 4—6 in. long, }-} lin. thick, angular, compressed, glabrous, twisted. Spike 24-3 lin. long, 1-1} lin. thick, lanceolate, 2—3-flowered, dull smoky-brown. Outer bracts 14-2 lin. long, thin, broad, elliptic, subacute or obtuse, deeply concave, slightly keeled at the apex, entire, subcoriaceous, indistinctly 3-nerved,dull brown; inner bracts thinner, orbi- cular, apiculate, closely convolute, scarcely keeled, nerveless, Lateralsepals 2-214 lin. long, $ lin. broad, lanceolate, acute, boat-shaped, thin, scarcely keeled, light straw-coloured, scarcely darker on the keel, which is quite entire. Corolla-lobes 1 lin. long, ? lin. broad, obovate, very obtuse, yellow. Arms of the staminodes broad, linear, densely fringed with yellow hairs. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Namasi, Cameron, 51! 22. K. angustifolia, De Wild. & Durand in Comptes-rendus Soc. Bot. Belg. xxxviii. 149. Leaves 2-4 in. long, }-4 lin. broad, linear, acute, slightly twisted, rigid, with brown sheaths7lin.long. Peduncular-sheath 132} in. long, leafless, acute, keeled on the back, bright chestnut in the lower part. Peduncles }—1 ft. long, more or less flattened, glabrous. Spike small, about 24 lin. long, 1} lin.in diam. Inner bracts 2 lin. long, 1 lin. broad, outer smaller, obovate or elliptic, sparsely ciliolate and usually shortly emarginate at the apex, coriaceous, bright fuscous. Lateral sepals about 2 lin. long, oblong, curved, keeled; keel scarcely or very narrowly winged, not ciliate. Petals about 14 lin. long, 1 lin. broad, obovate, fimbriate, yellow. South Central. Congo Free State: Upper Congo; between Mokanga and Skori, Dewévre. Xyris. | CXLII. XYRIDEH (BROWN). 21 I have not seen this species; it appears to be allied to X. multicaulis, N. E. Br., or X, filiformis, Lam, 23. SK. erubescens, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 73. Plant about 8 in. high, “scarcely cespitose ” (Welwitsch). Leaf-sheaths form- ing a bulbous base, leafless in the specimens seen, the outer coriaceous or scarious, tapering from a broad base, smoky-brown, shining. Peduncles arising from the midst of the persistent bases of the leaves, 54-8 in. long, flexuose, subquadrangular, glabrous, green. Peduncular-sheath about 2 in. long, rather loose above and passing into a weak acuminate point. Spike } in. thick, ellipsoid or subglobose. Bracts 2-2} lin. long, 13-24 lin. broad, coriaceous, lowermost oblong, the others orbicular, very concave, obtuse or slightly apiculate, entire, but often broken and retuse at the apex, 7—9-nerved, olive-brown, paler at the margin. Lateral sepals 24-2} lin. long, scarcely 4 lin. broad, falcate, with very unequal sides; keel broad, minutely denticulate-scabrid (scarcely cilio- late) from about the middle to the apex, greenish-brown below, becoming crimson above. Arms of the staminodes with narrow brush-like tufts of hairs, exceeding the oblong orange-coloured anthers.—Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1899, 508. Lower Guinea, Angola: Huilla; here and there in marshy pastures near Nene, by the road towards Lopollo, Welwitsch, 2466 ! A very distinct species, well marked by the bulbous base formed by the leaf- sheaths. A specimen collected by Rand in Rhodesia has been referred (Journ. Bot., 1899, 508) by Dr. Rendle to this species, but as the leaves of Welwitsch’s plant are unknown, and Rand’s specimen only consists of separate peduncles and leaves, the base of the plant not being represented, it is uncertain if the Rhodesian plant, which has terete-filiform leaves, really belongs to this species, although the spikes are similar, 24, KX. filiformis, Zam. Hncycl. i. 152. Leaves 3-23 in. long, 3-4 lin. broad, linear, subacute, glabrous. Peduncle 44-10 in. long, 4-3 lin. thick, terete, striate. Spike 24-3 lin. long, 1-2} lin. thick, ovoid or ellipsoid, few-flowered. Bracts 14-2 lin. long, 1-14 lin. broad, elliptic or suborbicular, obtuse, very concave, chestnut-brown, the outer with a linear greyish dorsal area near the apex, glabrous, entire, coriaceous, becoming somewhat scarious at the margin, 3—5-nerved. Lateral sepals 14-2 lin. long, narrowly spathulate-lanceolate, subobtuse, keeled, light brown along the keel, paler on the membranous sides ; keel very minutely scabrid on the apical part only.—Poir. Encyel. viii. 821 ; Vahl, Enum. ii. 207; Kunth, Enum. iv. 24; Nilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. 1891, 151; and in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14, 40; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 420. Upper Guinea. Senegal, in Upsala Herb. Sierra Leone, Smeathman! Afzelius, in Stockholm and Berlin Herb. Lamarck described this species from a specimen collected by Smeathman, of which I have seen a tracing, and also specimens of the same gathering in the British Museum. 22 .CXLIl. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [ Yyris. 25. &. angularis, V. H. Brown. Leaves and peduncular-~heath not seen. Peduncle 14-18 in. high, about 4 lin. thick, distinctly 4—6- angled, hollow, glabrous. Spike 3-4 lin. long, 24-3 lin. thick, ellipsoid, about 10-flowered. Bracts 2-2} lin. long, 1} lin. broad, elliptic, very obtuse, not keeled, concave, glabrous, rather light brown with a distinct greyish lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong dorsal area; nerves numerous, much reticulated. Lateral sepals 24 lin. long, }~} lin. broad, falcate- linear, acute, keeled, brown, paler towards the margins; keel not pro- duced at the apex, serrulate along the apical half, with the teeth often ending in a fine hair. Corolla not seen. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter ! This species is easily recognised by its sharply angular peduncles, combined with the distinct dorsal area of the bracts. 26. MR. decipiens, JV. L#. Br. in Dyer, Fb. Cap. vii. 3. Leaves 5-16 in. long, 14-24 lin. broad, with concolorous sheaths 14-3 in. long, linear, acuminate, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath 5}-7} in. long, acute and leafless, or (abnormally ?) with a distinct blade like the other leaves. Peduncle 2—2} ft. long, 1-14 lin. thick, terete, sulcate-striate, glabrous ; pith rather loose, not hollow at the centre. Spike 6—9 lin. long, 5-6 lin, thick, ovoid, acute or subacute, 30-40-flowered. Bracts 3-34 lin. long, 24-23 lin. broad, oblong-obovate, very obtuse, minutely subdenticulate, concave, 7—-nerved, light chestnut-brown, slightly shining, with a distinct oblong-lanceolate greyish dorsal area about 1—1} lin. long and 3 lin. broad; nerves reticulate at their apex. Lateral sepals 24 lin. long, $ lin. broad, pale brown, linear-falcate or linear-lanceolate, acute, keeled ; keel winged, serrulate along the upper part. Corolla only seen in bud. Arms of the staminodes very short ending in dense brush-like tufts of long hairs. Anthers linear-oblong. Capsule 2} lin. long, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, trigonous.—X. laxifolia, Benth. in Hook, Niger Fi., 548, not of Mart. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Samu Country, Scott-Elliot, 4220! and without precise locality, Smeathman ! Lower Guinea. Angola, Curror! This is the stoutest of all the African species, and the dorsal area on the bracts is more conspicuous than in any other. The pubescence on the keel of the lateral sepals, mentioned in my original description, seems to be due to some accidental disintegra- tion of the superficial cells in the specimens first examined, and does not occur in the Sierra Leone example. Since this species was described it has been discovered that the plants collected by Curror and labelled “ W. Africa, S. of the Tropic,” were all collected in Angola. 27, X. Barteri, V. H. Br. Leaves not seen. Peduncular- sheath 2} in. (or more?) long, terminated by a linear acute leaf 2 in. long, % lin. broad, glabrous. Peduncle 14-2 ft. long, 4-3 lin. thick, Somewhat compressed, 2-edged, hollow, glabrous, striate (from shrinkage’). Spike 3 lin. long, 2-24 lin. thick, ellipsoid or ovoid, 7—12- flowered. Bracts spirally imbricate one above another, 24—24 lin. long, 1}lin. broad, coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, entire, sometimes Xyris. | CXLII. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). 23 apiculate, light chestnut-brown, the inner with a stout usually dark green keel; nerves very indistinct, very slender and irregular. Lateral sepals 1}-2 lin. long, 4} lin. broad, falcate-lanceolate, obtuse, boat-shaped, brown along the back, fading to light yellowish-brown on the sides; keel winged, minutely ciliolate along the middle part only, not produced at the apex. Flowers not seen. Capsule obovoid, trigonous. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter ! Allied to X. angularis, N. E. Br., but differing in its compressed (not acutely angled) peduncles, the absence of a dorsal area on the bracts, and other characters, 28. KX. batokana, V. H. Br. Tufted on a stout rootstock, emitting thick roots. Leaves 4—8 in. (or more ?) long, 3-14 lin. broad, linear, very acute, rigid, striate, often twisted, glabrous. Peduncular- sheath 24-4 in. long, with a rigid acute point about 3 lin. long, glabrous. Peduncle 14-2 ft. long, about 3 lin. thick, subterete, very smooth and slightly shining, not striate, glabrous; pith not hollow at the centre. Spike 4—5 lin. long, 3-34 in. thick, ellipsoid or subglobose, about 30- flowered. Bracts 13-21 lin. long, 14-1} lin. broad, elliptic or elliptic- oblong, very obtuse, neither apiculate nor keeled, 5-7-nerved, chestnut- brown, with an indistinct slightly paler lanceolate dorsal area, glabrous, not ciliolate; nerves reticulated at their apex. Lateral sepals 2 lin. long, nearly $ lin. broad, linear-falcate, acutely keeled, brown, paler towards the margins; keel very distinctly ciliate from a little above the base to the minutely apiculate apex. Corolla yellow; tube about 2 lin. long ; lobes 2 lin. long, 1 lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, denticulate. Arms of the staminodes small, bearing a tuft of comparatively few (20-25) hairs. Anthers oblong. Mozamb. Dist. British Cextral Africa: Northern Rhodesia ; Batoka High- lands, Kirk ! This mucb resembles X. nitida, Nilss., but the very smooth peduncles and absence of cilia on the bracts readily distinguish it. 29. K. congensis, Bittner in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxxi. 71. Leaves up to 1 ft. long, 1—2 lin. broad, linear, slightly scabrous, striate, with dark brown sheaths. Peduncle 2-3 times as long as the leaves, compressed, smooth. Spike 5 lin. long, 24 lin. thick, about 20- flowered. Bracts 2} lin. long, broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, ciliolate, chestnut-brown with a greyish dorsal area. Lateral sepals shorter than the bracts, boat-shaped, keeled, hyaline, pale fuscous, with a golden hue, the apex and keel darker ; keel narrowly winged, ciliate. Corolla-lobes 14 lin. long, ? lin. broad, truncate, irregularly and shortly denticulate, yellow.—Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14, 29; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 420, and Etudes Fl. Congo, 1. 268, South Central. Congo Free State:-on the left bank of the River Congo, between Lukolela and Equatorville, Bittner, 583. I have not seen this, but possibly X. xitida, Nilss., may be the same plant. 24 CXLII, XYRIDEA (BROWN). [ Xyrvs. 30. XK. nitida, Vilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. 1891, 156. Tufted on a thick rootstock, emitting rather stout flattened roots. Leaves 9-14 in. long, 3-1 lin. broad, linear, acute, twisted, glabrous; sheaths 14-24 in. long, becoming dark chestnut-brown and shining. Peduncular-sheath 4-5 in. long, with a flat point 2-3 lin. long, glabrous, dark chestnut-brown in the lower part. Peduncle 13-2 ft. long, compressed, 2-edged, glabrous, finely striate; pith not hollow at the centre. Spike 5-7 lin. long, 3-34 lin. thick, ovoid or oblong- ovoid, about 30- or more-flowered. Bracts 2}—3 lin. long, 1} lin. broad, elliptic-oblong, very obtuse, minutely ciliate at the apex, dark brown, shining, with an obscure oblong dorsal area on some of them, obscurely 7-nerved, nerves scarcely reticulated. Lateral sepals 24-2? lin. long, } lin. broad, oblong-linear, slightly falcate, usually more or less hooded and ciliate at the apex, keeled, yellowish-brown with a dark brown keel ; keel ciliate or irregularly toothed and ciliate to the apex, which is produced into a short subulate point. Corolla-tube 2 lin. long; lobes 2 lin. long, ? lin. broad, oblong, obtuse. Arms of the staminodes short, linear, terminating in a small dense tuft of long yellow hairs. Anthers oblong.—Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14, 30; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421, not of Willd. Lower Guinea. Corisco Island: in meadow ground, Mann, 1858! As the flowers are in a bad state I am rather doubtful if the description of corolla- lobes as given above is quite correct. In one head some of the bracts have a well- marked ciliate keel down the back, the other bracts of the same head being without a keel, which latter seems to be the normal condition, This species may prove to be the same as X. congensis, Biittner, but the leaves are not scabrous as described for that species ; if they should be found to be identical, the name X. congensis must take precedence, as that species was published in September 1889 (not 1890 as stated by Nilsson), nearly two years earlier than X. nitida, 31. K. Hildebrandtii, Nilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. FG Stockh. 1891, 155, Tufted. Leaves 4-12 miata $-14 ith bee hoes very acute, striate, often twisted, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath 2 wi lin. long, with a rigid acute point 24-3 lin. long. Peduncle 11-2 = long, 1 lin. thick, compressed, slightly striate. Spike 34-7 lin long, about 3 lin. thick, ovoid or cylindric-oblong, 10-30- or moredioweied: Bracts 23-2? lin. long, 1} lin. broad, spirally imbricating one above another, elliptic-oblong or suborbicular, very obtuse, sometimes minutely apiculate, not keeled, glabrous, opaque blackish-brown, indistinctly 5—9- nerved ; nerves reticulate at their apex. Lateral sepals 2 lin ae 4-2 lin. broad, falcate-oblong, or the margins nearly straight co i keel much curved, brown with paler margins; keel winged, obtuse or slightly produced at the apex, very distinctly ciliate from the base to the apex, the cilia usually being grouped in small dense tufts. Corolla- lobes 2 lin, long, 1} lin. broad, cuneate-orbicular, toothed. Arms of the staminodes linear, with dense brush-like tufts : ingl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 133. Welw. ii. 67, hardly of Nilss. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in damp meadows by the banks nse _brush-l of yellow hairs.— X. Umbilonis, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pi. Xyris. | CXLII, XYRIDEA (BROWN). 25. of the Cuanza River, near Buinba, Welwitsch, 2460! Huilla ; Humpata, in spongy marshes at the foot of the Sierra de Oiahoia, Welwitsch, 2475! Mozamb. Dist. (erman East Africa and the region around Lake Nyasa, ex Engler. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Shire Highlands, Buchanan ! Mount Maloxa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte / Also in Madagascar. This Tropical African plant differs from the typical Madagascar form in that the peduncles are more slender, and the cilia on the keels of the lateral sepals have a tendency to be grouped in tufts, instead of being evenly spread as in typical X. Hil- debrandtii, but in other respects the two plants closely agree. X. Umbilonis, Nilss., under which Rendle has placed it, differs in having the keel of the lateral sepals produced at the apex, but may, perhaps, only be a local form: it was collected in Natal. X. Hildebrandtii is distinguished from all other Tropical African species, by its dull blackish-brown many-flowered spikes, and distinctly ciliate sepuls. Imperfectly known species, 32. ¥. minima, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 288. Roots fibrous, very slender. Peduncular-sheath lax, terminated by a flattish or setaceous leafy point 3-5 lin. long. Peduncle 14-3 in. long, capillary or filiform, Spike small. Bracts ovate-oblong, obtuse, pale chestnut-brown. Lateral sepals lanceolate-spathulate.—X. humilis, var. minima, Nilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Férhandl. Stockh. 1891, 152; and’in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv., no. 14, 40; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 420. Upper Guinea. Los Islands, Jardin, 120, in Stockholm Herb. I have not seen a specimen of this plant, and the description is insufficient for its identification, but it would appear to be allied to X. straminea, Nilss., or X. filiformis, Lam. Orper CXLIII. COMMELINACEA. (By C. B. Clarke.) Flowers small, bisexual or some sterile. Sepals 3, one entirely external in the bud. Petals 3, free or their claws imperfectly united into a tube in Cyanotis. Stamens 6, whereof 4—1 are often sterile and deformed or wanting; filaments often with beaded hairs. Ovary superior, 3—2-celled ; when 3-celled the dorsal cell often smaller with fewer ovules or empty ; style simple; ovules 1 or several in each cell attached to the inner angle. Fruit (except in the two first small genera) a loculicidal capsule. Seeds having the hilum linear, vertical (except in the two first genera); embryo small, far from the hilum, shortly cylindric in the floury albumen; foramen prominent, covered by an embryostega, lateral (i.e. nearly opposite the hilum), except in Cyanotis.—Herbs. Leaves alternate, ovate to linear, bases sheathing. Species 330, in all warm countries. Mostly succulent weedy plants, with fugitive flowers. In some genera the flowers. are symmetric or nearly so ; but in the majority the flower is 1-sided, the dorsal cell of the ovary smaller or 0, the dorsal petal much shorter than the other two, and the 3 dorsal stamens sterile or rudimentary. 26 CXLIII. COMMELINACE (CLARKE). | Pollia. Tribe I. Polliece.— Fruit indehiscent. Inflorescence a panicle ; no spathaceous bracts. Fruit crustaceous. Margin of leaves nearly glabrous. 1. POLLia. Fruit succulent, Margin of leaves brown-silky . 2. PALISOTA. Tribe II. Commelineve.— Capsule 2-3-valved. Fer- tile stamens 3-2. Racemes 2—1, enclosed or half-enclosed within a spathe- like folded bract. Spathes scattered or clustered . . 8. COMMELINA. Spathes on the elongate branches of the panicle . 4. PoLysPaTHA. Inflorescence various; without conspicuous folded bracts. Sepals small, obtuse 3 “ C . 5. ANEILEMA. Sepals 4 in. long, lanceolate, acute : = . 6, ANTHERICOPSIS. Tribe III. Tradescantieve.— Capsule 2-3-valved. Fertile stamens 6-5: Capsule 3-celled. Seeds 4-10 in each cell, _ Panicle loose. . 7%. BUFORRESTIA. Seeds 2-1 in each cell. Cymes often dense. Peduncle perforating the base of the leaf- sheath . . 8. FoRRESTIA. Peduncle not per forating the leaf-sheath . 9. CYANOTIS. Capsule 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell : . 10. FLoscopa. 1, POLLIA, Thunb.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 846. Sepals 3. Petals 3, small, obovate, white or pale rose. Stamens 6 subequal, or 3 and 3 staminodes; filaments without hairs. Ovary ovoid ; cells 3, equal or the dorsal smaller, 5—10-ovuled (in the African species). Capsule globose or ellipsoid, indehiscent ; pericarp crustaceous, ultimately sbining blue or lead-coloured ; seeds 5-10 in each cell, flat- tened trapezoid.—Stem often rooting at the base. Leaves lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, approximate towards the top of the stem; not densely brown-silky on the lower surface near the margin. Panicle terminal, either loose, or denee short-ovoid. Bracts within the panicle small, Species 14, scattered in the warmer parts of the Old World, Fertile stamens 6; panicle loose . x : <2 eh MANNS. Fertile stamens-3; head dense. ; : . 2. P. condensata. 1. P. Mannii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 124. Nearly glabrous. Stems 1-2 ft. long, slender, trailing or suberect, rooting at the base. Leaves 4 by 1 in., broadly lanceolate, acuminate at either end ; pseudo- petiole ai in. long. Panicle 2 by 14 in., 12-18-flowered, loose ; bracts up to 4 in. long, lanceolate. Stamena 6 fertile, subequal. Capsule 1 1 by 4 in. 24- seeded.— Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v.421; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. 1. Upper Guinea. Cameroons ; Yaunde, 2700 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 409! Lower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas: 2000 ft., Mann, 1098! at Angolares, Pollia. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 27 300 ft., Quintas, 10! at Nova Moka, 2900 ft., Moller! Fl. Afr. Exsice. Conimbric., 109 ! Part of Welwitsch, 6604, was referred by me erroneously to P. Manaii in DC, Monogr. Phan. iii. 124. 2. P. condensata, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 125. Nearly glabrous. Stems 2-6 ft. long, thick. Leaves 12 by 3 in., lan- ceolate-obovate, acuminate at either end; petiole 0—} in. long. Panicle 1} by 1} in., 20-40-flowered, dense ; bracts }-} in. long, ovate, obtuse, conspicuous on the young panicle, disappearing in fruit; peduncle 1-2 in. long, with sometimes a large oblong bract. Stamens 3 fertile. Capsule $+ by ¢ in., 24-seeded.—Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134 ; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i, 118, and in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p.1; Cornu in Bull. Soe. Bot. France, xliii. 27 ; Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898, 80; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 74. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone; Talla Hil] Plateau, Scott-Elliot, 4851! near Dunnia, Scott-Elliot, 4363! Ashanti ; Assin-Yan-Kumassi, Cummins, 82! Came- roons: Efulen, Bates, 389! Fernando Po; 2000 ft., Mann, 93! Barter, 1518! Vogel, 7B ! Nile Land. British East Africa: Uganda ; common in woods, Scott-Elliot, 7370 ! Lower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas: Obo de Macambrara, 4200 ft., Moller, 12! Angolares, near Rio Salgado, Quintas, 12a! Fl. Afr. Exsice. Conimbric., 110! Princes Island, Barter, 2020! Angola: Cazengo ; in the lofty woods of Muxaulo, Welwitsch, 6604 ! : ; Mozamb. Dist,? Eastern Africa: Mhonda, Sacleux, 1831 ! This was erroneously placed in Sect. Hu-Pollia (i.e., with 6 perfect stamens) in DC, Monogr, Phan. lc. It has since flowered at Kew, and Mr. Rolfe observed that the perfect stamens were 3 only (i.e., it is of Sect. Aclisia). 2. PALISOTA, Reichb.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 847. Sepals 3. Petals 3, small, obovate, white, sometimes tinged with rose or bluish. Stamens 3, perfect, the anther of the stamen of the interior whorl (anticous apparently middle of the three) somewhat un- like that of the other two, with curved or subdivergent cells ; staminodes 2 or 3, with beaded hairs. Ovary 3-celled, the posticous cell often smaller ; ovules 8-1 in each cell. Fruit indehiscent. fleshy or succulent, often purple or red; seeds 2 superposed in each cell, or solitary, or more numerous and irregularly packed, pyramidal or trapezoid.—Stem simple, or nearly so, or hardly any. Leaves basal or in fale whorls, hairy when young, edges permanently and densely clothed with ferru- ginous hairs. Peduncle 1, rarely 2-3, quasi-terminal ; inflorescence a panicle, elongate or dense; flowers in small cymes, many functionally male, the lower pedicels of the cyme often early caducous, so that the upper part of the cyme-peduncle appears knotted. Bracts on the axis of the panicle short, except in P. bracteosa ; bracteoles small or 0. 28 CXLIII, COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). | Palisota. Species, The 12 following endemic in Tropical Africa. *MONOSTICHOS.—Seeds 3-1 in each cell, superposed in one row (fruit not knowm in P, Mannii). Pedicels not articulated at the base. Stems nearly scapose ; all the leaves, except those near the base, much reduced, bract-like. Ovary glabrous. Bracts prominently exserted from the in- florescence . : - : c 1. P. bracteosa. Bracts concealed by the inflorescence 2. P. Mannii. Ovary with scattered long hairs . : . 38. PB. Barteri. Stems elongate, with long nodes, the upper leaves fully developed, appearing opposite or whorled. Inflorescence dense; pedicels hardly 4 in. long. Stems stout ; leaves 3-8 in. wide 4. P. Schweinfurthii. Stems weak ; leaves 1-3 in. wide 5. P. preussiana, Inflorescence loose ; pedicels }—} in. long 6. P. laxiflora. Pedicels articulated at the base, many early falling off. (Stems elongate with apparently-whorled leaves.) Inflorescence 2-6 in. long, 50-150-flowered . 7. P. ambigua. Inflorescence 1 in. long ; buds minute . . 8. P. micrantha, **DisticHos.—Seeds 5-8 in each cell, in two vertical rows or irregularly disposed. (Pedicels in all very short, articulated, many of the lower cadacous, so that the peduncle appears covered with knots below the small cyme.) Peduncles 3-1 in. long . . . : ° - 9. P. thyrsiflora. Peduncles 0—;4, in. long “ ° ° ° - 10. P. prionostachys. 1. P. bracteosa, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 133. Young parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair. Stems 1-8 in. long, with leaves only near the base. Leaves 12-18 by 3-4} in., elliptic-lan- ceolate or somewhat obovate, acuminate at either end, whe: mature often nearly glabrate (even on the midrib beneath), except at the densely hairy margins. Stems }{-} in. in diam.; upper leaves few, 1-2} in. long, lanceolate, bract-like, not sheathing. Inflorescence 1-34 by 3-1} in., most dense, with 50-300 flowers; bracts in the upper part of the panicle 4-} in. long, broadly lanceolate, shaggy, exserted from the panicle; pedicels 0-4 in. long, persistent. Ovary glabrous, the dorsal cell as a rule l-ovuled. Berry } in. long, ellipsoid, apiculate, bright scarlet, 5-seeded. Seeds trapezoid, nearly smooth, not greatly flattened.— Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France xli. p. liv. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Samu Country, Scott-Elliot, 5933! Litveria, cultivated specimen! Cameroons: Efulen, Bates, 446! Lower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas; 3000-4500 ft., Moller in Fl, Afr. Exsice. Conimbric., 111! The peduncles are all simple ; in Moller n. 111 there are three from one root. The petiole, as in other species of Palisota, is very variable—1-6 in. long. Palisota. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 29 2. P. Mannii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 132. Young parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair, Stems 1-9 in. long, with leaves only near the base. Leaves 12-18 by 24-4} in., lanceolate or lanceolate-obovate, acuminate at either end, when mature often nearly glabrate except at the densely hairy margins. Stems )-} in. in diam.; upper leaves few, up to 34 in. long, broadly lanceolate, not sheathing. Inflorescence 4—7 by 1-1} in., oblong, most dense, with several hundred flowers ; bracts small, concealed by the flowers; pedicels 0—} in. long, persistent, Ovary glabrous. Fruit not known.—Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. lv. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po ; 3000 ft., Mann, 2340! Cameroons : Came- coon Mountain, 2000-3000 ft., Mann, 2139! Kalbreyer, 163! : I described this in DC. Monogr. Phan. 1.c. as “ caulescent,” and Mann has noted the herb as 2 ft. high, which probably refers to the larger leaves. The stem is as in P. bracteosa ; the upper leaves are much reduced. The fruit being unknown, there may be more than one species included here. The material is of 2 forms, viz— a. P. Mannti, C. B. Clarke, type (i.e, Mann, n, 2340). Leaf in the type Specimen 20 in. long (exclusive of the long petiole), obovate, broadest very near the top, suddenly narrowed into a short lanceolate tip (not an in. long). B. (i.e., Mann, 2139.) Leaf 16 in. long, lanceolate, broadest rather below the middle, narrowed into an elongate triangular tip nearly 9 in. long, not acuminate. Kalbreyer, n. 163, is nearly the same. 3. P. Barteri, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t 5318. Young parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair. Stems 1—5 in. long, with leaves only near their base. Leaves up to 24 by 44 in., the blade (exclusive of the quasi- petiole 8 in. long) often 9-15 in. long, obovate-lanceolate, suddenly narrowed into a lanceolate tip 1 in. long, when mature often nearly glab- rate except at the densely hairy margins. Leaveson the stem 1-2 in. long, lanceolate, bract-like, not sheathing. Inflorescence 14-2 by 1-1} in., very dense, short-oblong or quadrate (but see note below on the culti- vated plant) with 100-250 flowers; bracts small, concealed by the flowers ; pedicels 0-} in. long, persistent. Ovary with long simple hairs scattered all over. Fruit immature, 5-seeded.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 132; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422; Schoenl. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 62, fig.31,A—E; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. liv.; Cornu in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xiii. 28. P. ombrophila, K. Schum. (MS. ?) in Zenker, Exsice, 1164. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po; Barter! Mann, 94! Cameroons: Bipinde, Zenker, 1164! The plant, in continued cultivation at Kew, has developed a narrow-oblong inflorescence, 41 in. long, looser than in the wild collections, The P. ombrophila, K. Schum., has the ovary fully as hairy as in the picture in the Botanical Magazine, and must be conspecific with P. Barteri. 4, P. Schweinfurthii, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 132 partly. Young parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair. Stem 3-7 ft. long, } in. in diam., with internodes 2-4 in. long (or more) and 2 or 3 leaves apparently whorled at the node. Leaves up to 26 by 8 in., and 30 CXLIII. COMMELINACEZ (CLARKE). | Palisota. leaves on the stem seen 14 by 5} in., elliptic, shortly acuminate at either end, more or less glabrate, but densely hairy on the margin. Inflor- escence 4-7 by 1-1} in., exceedingly dense, cylindric, with several hundred flowers; sometimes 2 or 3 peduncles together; bracts on the main rhachis small, concealed by the flowers ; pedicels hardly + in. long, persistent. Ovary glabrous. Fruits } in. in diam., succulent, scarlet, 5-seeded. Seeds subpyramidal, nearly smooth.—Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422; Durand & Wild. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. xxxvil. 128; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 118, and in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. lv.; Rendle in Cat. Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 74, excluding the St. Thomas’ island plant. North Central. French Congo: Kemo, Dybowsky ! Wile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam ; Boddo River, Schweinfurth, $054! Nabambisso River, Schweinfurth, 3697! Uganda; Kalungi, in woods, Scott-Elliot, 7364 ! Lower Guinea. Gaboon, Buettner. 163! Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis ! Mouth of the Congo, Smith! Angola: Golungo Alto; Quilombo-Quiacatubia, 1000- 2400 ft,, Welwitsch, 6599! 66038! Pungo Andongo ; in shady valleys between the higher rocks, 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 6603 ! South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; Yuru River, Schweinfurth, 3279 ! 3281! Mbula River, north of the Kibali River, Schweinfurth, 3721! Kassai River, Lulua River, and Sankuru River, Zaurent ! 5. P. preussiana, XK’. Schum. (MS. 2), in Preuss, Exsicc. 996. Young parts shaggy with greyish hair. Stem 3 ft. long, 4 in. in diam., with long internodes and distant falsely-opposite leaves. Leaves 10 by 3 in., oblong, acuminate at either end, very glabrate except at the densely fulvous hairy margins; uppermost pair close to the inflorescence hardly smaller than the basal leaves. Inflorescence 3} by 1 in., cylindric, very dense with 200-300 flowers ; bracts concealed by the flowers; pedicels hardly 4 in. long, persistent. Ovary glabrous. Fruit not seen. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Buea, Preuss, 996! 6. P. laxiflora, C. B. Clarke. Young parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair. Stems up to 4-6 ft. high (Welwitsch), with fully developed leaves, pseudo-opposite or ternate at distant nodes. Leaves 12-18 by 3} in., narrowly lanceolate-obovate, acuminate at both ends, when mature nearly glabrate except at the densely fulvous-hairy margins. Inflorescence in fruit 4 by 3 in., loose, 200-flowered ; bracts on the main axis few, 4—3 in. long, lanceolate ; pedicels persistent, of the fruits {-} in. long. Flowers white (Welwitsch). Ovary glabrous. Fruits succulent, } in. in diam., scarlet (Welwitsch), subglobose, 5-seeded. Seeds trapezoid, somewhat flattened, nearly smooth.—P. Schweinfurthii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 132 partly; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 74 partly. Lower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas, 3000-4300 ft., Moller, 11! in the woods of Fazenda de Monte Caffé, 2000 ft., Welwitsch, 6602 ! Palisota. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 31 7. P. ambigua, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 130, t. 5,. fig. 3. Young parts shaggy with fulvous hair. Stem 1-2 ft. long, with long internodes. Upper leaves apparently 3-5 in a whorl, 8 by 2 in., obovate-lanceolate, when mature nearly glabrate except at the densely fulvous-hairy margins. Peduncle 1-6 in. long; inflorescence 2—6 by }—} in., loose, sparingly hairy, 50-150-flowered; bracts hardly ¢ in. long; pedicels 0-4, in. long, articulated at the base; buds ,4,—,), in. in diam., puberulous, many soon falling. Ovary glabrous. Fruit ellipsoid, } by 4 in., with 2 (rarely 3) seeds in each anticous cell, 1-seed in the posticous cell. Seeds superposed, of a metallic blue colour, smooth, the top and bottom seeds pyramidal, the intermediate short cylindric, —Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421; Schoenl.in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 62, fig. 31, F—H; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, i. 268; Durand & Wild.in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87, xxxvii. 127; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. lv., and in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 119. Commelina ambigua, Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 26, t. 15. Upper Guinea. Lagos! Musin, Millen,201! Niger Territory: Old Calabar, Robb! Cameroons: Rio del Rey, Johnston, 1! Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Sierra del Crystal, Mann! River Gaboon, Mann! 1031! Buettner, 506! Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis! Mouth of the Congo Smith, 63! French Congo: Kakomocka, Lecomte. South Central. Congo Free State: Lunda; Mukenje, Pogge ! > 8. P. micrantha, K. Schum. (MS. ?) in Zenker n. 956. Inflores- cence 1 by } in. Buds scarcely 45 in. in diam. Otherwise as P. ambigua. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Bipinde, Zenker, 956! The buds are less than half the size of those of P. ambigua at the same stage of development ; still it may be doubted if this is other than a small state of that species. The stem and leaves are exactly the same as in it. 9. P. thyrsiflora, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 544, excl. syn. Young parts shaggy with fulvous or grey hairs. Stems 3-15 ft. long. Upper leaves apparently opposite or whorled at the distant nodes, attaining 15 by 4 in., lanceolate-obovate or oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate at the tip, long-cuneate at the base, margins persis- tently and densely hairy, midrib in the mature leaves hairy or glabrous beneath. Panicles often 10 by 2 in., loose, not rarely 2-4 from the uppermost whorl of leaves; bracts }—-} in. long, lanceolate. Peduncles of the cymes, mostly simple, often $—1 in. long, slender, with a number of adjacent knots at the top, which are the scars whence the pedicels have early fallen; pedicels 0—;1, in. long. Corolla white. Stamens of the genus. Ovary glabrous. Berry } in. in diam. or rather more, sub- globose or ellipsoid, erect on the arm of the panicle, obtuse, blue, with often 10-16 seeds. Seeds trapezoid, not much flattened, nearly smooth. —C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 133, t. 5, fig. 4; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 118,and in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. lv. P. Tholoni, Hua in Bull. Soc, 32 CXLIII, COMMELINACEZ (CLARKE). | Palisota, Bot. France, xli. pp. li. and lv.,and in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 118, P. plagiocarpa, Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. pp. lii, and lv. P. hirsuta, K. Schum. (M/S. ?) in Zenker & Staudt, Exsicc. 638. P, Maclaudi, Cornu in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xliii. 30. P. prionostachys, Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898, 80, not of C. B. Clarke. Dracena hirsuta, Thunb. Dissert. de Drac. 6. D.? triandra, Schultes, Syst. vii. 354. Dianella triandra, Afzel. Stirp. Guin. Med. Sp. Nov. 6. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 845! Sierra Leone: Ndomi, Samu Country and as far as Bumban, Scott-Elliot, 4234! and without precise locality, Afzelius! Liberia: Grand Bassa, Vogel, 64! Cape Palmas, Vogel! Gold Coast, Burton & Cameron! Ashanti: Assin-Yan-Kumassi, Cummins, 2! 130! 204! Lagos, Maloney, 8! Lower Niger: Aboh, Barter, 293! Old Calabar; Mann, 2339} Adinbo, Holland, 93! Cameroons: Efulen, Bates, 239! Preuss, 1133! Yaunde, 2700 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 638! 354! Victoria, Kalbreyer, 13! Fernando Po, Barter, 293! Vogel, 77! Mann, 95! Barter! Lower Guinea. French Gaboon: du Bellay; French Congo: Brazzaville, Brazza, Thollon, 537, Lecomte. Lower Congo: Vivi, Johnston ! The new species of Hua have not been seen ; but they are stated to be founded solely on the hairiness of the midrib of the under surface of the leaves, and on the degree of curvature and divarication of the cells of the anther of the intermediate stamen. The large series of J. thyrsiflora in Kew shows that these characters cannot be employed to found species upon. 10. P. prionostachys, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 134. Primary branches of panicle 0-45 in. long, thick, oblique, erect, each surmounted by a thick rugged cyme-base 4—4} in. long (numerous lower pedicels having early fallen), the cyme-tip recurved; other- wise as P. thyrsiflora—Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422, not of Hua. P. congolana, Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. pp. lii. and lv. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Old Calabar, Rodd ! Lower Guinea. [French Congo, Brazzaville, Dybowski ; Kakomocka, Le- comte, South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu, Schweinfurth, 3622! The localities in Lower Guinea hang on the correct reduction of P. congolana, Hua, which has not been seen, It appears from an observation of Hua that his P. prionostachys had a hairy ovary, and was therefore not the present species which has the ovary quite glabrous as in P. thyrsiflora, to which it is very closely allied. Imperfectly known species, 11. P. bicolor, Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, ix. 527; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan, iii. 134; Durand & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. v. 422; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. lv. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Originally described from a cultivated plant. This appears to have been one of the hemiscapose group ; the leaves only are described by Masters; and his description ‘may do for any one of the first 3 species above. Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). 33 3. COMMELINA. Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 847. Inflorescence of 2(—1) cymes included (or partly included) within a folded or funnel-shaped spathe. Sepals 3, concave, obtuse. Petals 3, whereof 2 are long-clawed, the third dorsal and shorter. Stamens 3-2 anterior perfect, 3-2 dorsal sterile with rudiments of the anthers. Ovary cells 2 anterior equal, 2-1 ovuled, dehiscent in fruit, the third dorsal 1-ovuled or empty or suppressed. Seeds 5-1 to the capsule; hilum linear, vertical.—Succulent weeds. Flowers fugitive, blue, white or yellow. The spathe is an ovate leaf-like bract, either simply folded flat with an acute (often curved) midrib (keel), or with the lower margin connate so as to form an oblique funnel, The lower cyme in each spathe has often only male flowers, and is. early caducous by an articulation or not rarely wanting ; the upper cyme has usually perfect flowers at the base, male at the top. ! Species 120, in all warm countries. The subgenus Didymoon below is well separated from Monoon—i.e., 1 know no case of the assigned character failing, The sectional groups pass, however, into each other. In Hu-Commelina the dorsal cell of the capsule is frequently sterile or nearly wanting ; while in Dissecocarpus there is frequently present a rudimentary dorsal cell which, in a few instances, has contained a small seed. So also, in Heterocarpus, though the 4 ovules of the 2 anterior cells nearly always fail to perfect seeds, in a few species the two upper ovules of these cells do produce seeds at least occasionally. The line between the sections Trithyrocarpus and Spathodithyros is (as Hua has shown) by no means absolute. The sections, nevertheless, appear to me to form fairly natural groups. In the description of the spathe it is supposed to be unfolded and viewed as a leaf flattened out. *“DipyMoon.—Ovnles 2 in each ventral cell of the ovary, 1 or 0 in the dorsal cell. t Eu-Commelina.—Capsule 3-celled, 2-valved; the dorsal valve deciduous with the included seed, but usually finally dehiscing. Seeds normally 5 to the capsule. {Spathe simply folded, the margins being free or only slightly connate at the very base. §Seeds reticulated; the margins of the subhexagonal cells raised and forming a continuous line round the depressed areoles ; corolla blue. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate, Leaves scattered ; spathes mostly peduncled . 1. C. nudiflora. Leaves close-packed ; spathes as though sessile on the leaf-sheaths . . ° . 2. C. Sabatieri. Leaves linear, Stems 5-10 ft. long ; seeds of the ventral cells Zin. long . : . : : . 3. C, scandens. Stems 1-2 ft. long; seeds of the ventral cells less than ;/, in. long. ° . 4. C. Gambia, §§Seeds pitted, obsenrely tubercled or wrinkled. Fertile stems hemiscapose, with 2 or 3 leafless sheaths . ‘ : : i : - §. C. scaposa. Fertile stems leafy. Leaves linear. Roots fibrous ; short-lived annuals. Leaves 2-3 in. long. . . . 6. C,subulata. Leaves up to 6—9 in, long. VOL. VIII. D 34 CXLIII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). [ Commelina. Seeds ovoid or ellipsoid. Spathes shaggy with multicellular hairs. 7. C. angustissima, Spathes glabrous, with ciliate mar- cis. . - . 9. C. violacea. Seeds nearly flat, 3-lobed . : 8. C. trilobosperina. Roots thick ; stems thicker, faidencd at the base. Spathes 3 in. long; leaves narrowly linear. Spathes shaggy, with a nearly straight tip 10: . C. purpurea. Spathes glabrate, with a deflexed tip . 11. C. nyasensis, Spathes 13 in. long; leaves long linear- lanceolate . 12. C. celestis. Leaves ovate 13. C. crassicaulis. §§§Seeds smooth : ; 14. C. Schweinfurthit. | {Spathe having its margins connate | near the base, so that the spathe is hooded or obliquely funnel- shaped. (See also 14, C. Schweinfurthii.) Peduncle of spathe hardly longer than the leat- sheath. Leaves triangular at the tip, not very acute. Spathes obliquely funnel-shaped 15. C. benghalensis. Spathes with the keel much curved 16. C. uncata. Leaves acuminate to an acute tip. Leaves lanceolate, glabrate 17. C. congesta. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, hairy c . 18. C. condensata, Peduncle of the spathe much longer than the leaf-sheath. Spathe hirsute ; seeds subglobose, smooth . . 19. C. zambesica. Spathe glabrous; seeds abies panes wrinkled. . . 20. C. boissieriana. ++ Heterocarpus.—Capsule B-celled, 2- sald the anal valve deciduous with thd included seed, indehiscent, the seed very ‘intimately attached to the pericarp. Ventral cells with 2 ovules in each cell; both usually withering (without pro- ducing a fertile seed) ; in a few species the capsule is frequently 3-seeded. Margins of spathe connate at the base ; capsule often 3-seeded ; corolla blue. : 21. Spathe simply folded, the margins free at the ‘pase ; corolla yellow, Leaves small, at most 1} in, long : . . 30. Leaves, or many of them, 13 in. long or more. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. Leaves nearly glabrous ; seeds ;4 in. long Leaves puberulous ; Leaves lanceolate or broader (elliptic or ovate). Mature leaves nearly glabrous. Spathes 1-2 in. long, acuminate . Spathes ? in. long, shortly acute . : Spathes up to 3 in. long, elongate-acuminate . 27. Mature leaves pubescent, Leaves lanceolate, Spathes 1-2 in. long . Spathes up to 23 in. long. . Leaves ovate, subcordate at the base . C. Forskalai. C. Mannii. . C. Kirkii. seeds din. long . +29: C. boehmiana. C. africana. . C. edulis. C. Buchanani. . C. krebsiana. . C. involucrosa, . C. cordifolia, Vommeline. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). 35 ttt Dissecocarpus.—Capsule normally perfecting 4 seeds, in the two ventral cells ; the dorsal cell quite rudimentary or absent, only by accident perfecting a seed. Capsule quadrate or oblong, usually constricted between the seeds which are prominent as 4 knobs or elevations from without. {Spathes scattered. Seeds smooth or wrinkled or pitted. Capsule longer than broad; seeds _ cylindvic- ellipsoid. Spathe ovate, very broad at the base, Spathes 3—# in. long ; : : . 81. C. Kotschy. Spathes 1 in. long or more : : . 32. C. imberbis. Spathe elliptic-acuminate ; : : . 33. C. Petersii. Capsule nearly square ; seeds globose. Leaves oblong to ovate. Mature leaves glabrous or very nearly so. Upper leaves rounded, eared or cana at the base : c . B4. C. latifolia. Upper leaves cuneate at the base, ‘quasi: petioled . 5 : . 35. C. cuneata. Mature leaves hairy on both surfaces. Spathes 2 in. long, striate : . 86. C. spectabilis. Spathes 1 in. long, not striate, box n- ‘ purple. . 8%. C: Cecile. Leaves linear or lineage heentite: ona dilated at the very base. Margins of the spathe free at the base. Spathes 3—% in. long. Whole plant hairy. : : . 38. C. demissa. Nearly glabrous : : : . 39. C. madayascariea. Spathes 1 in. long or more. Plant nearly stemless ; : . 40. C. huillensis. Plant with a leafy stem. Scabrous or glabrate; seeds small, globose. . 41. C. Carsont. Shaggy; seeds ellipsoid, rather large . 42. C. Welwitschii. Margins of the spathe united at the base (very shortly so in C, subcucullata). Spathes very shortly united at the margin 48. C. subcucullata, Spathes unitedat the margin for}-}in, . 44. C. newrophylla. Seeds echinate . . . 45. C, echinosperma, | {Spathes approximated at the ends of the branches, apparently i in heads. Leaves sessile, oblique, unequal at the base. Flowers yellow (or white) : seeds large, cylindric 46. C. capitata. Flowers blue ; seeds small, subglobose . 47. C. rufociliata. Leaves with a long quasi-petiole . - . » 48. C, longicapsa. **Monoon.—Ovules 1 in each ventral cell of the ovary, 1 or 0 in the dorsal cell. } Trithyrocarpus. —Capsule with 3 similar 1-ovuled dehiscent cells, thin and papery when ripe. The third dorsal cell is frequently smaller and sometimes barren or wanting. Spathes solitary, none in clusters, Leaves linear. 5 : - “ . . 49. C. umbellata. Leaves elliptic . : : : ; : . 50. C, bracteosa. Leaves lanceolate ° . . 51. C. guineensis. Spathes (or most of them) approximated i in clusters. Leaves linear. 36 CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE. ) [ Commelina. Seeds #1 in. long, smooth . 52. C. aspera. Seeds } in. long, transversely wrinkled. . 53. C. mensensis. Leaves oblong or elliptic-lanceolate. Mature leaves hairy on both surfaces : . 54. C. firma. Mature leaves nearly glabrate : : 55. C. Vogelit. ++ Heteropyris.—Capsule of 3 1-seeded cells, 2-valved ; the dorsal cell indehiscent and tough, often rough. Spathes all scattered, peduncled. Leaves narrowly oblong : : : : - 56. C. Bainesii. Leaves broadly elliptic ‘ : : c . 57. C. lagosensis. Spathes several together at the ends of the branches. Petals {—% in. broad. Leaves narrowed at the base; spathes 2-4 on a branch. Spathes hooked ; seeds large ellipsoid. . . 58. C. albescens. Spathes slightly curved ; seeds small globose . 59. C. sphaerosperma. Leaves not narrowed at the base ; spathes 10-20 on a branch : : . 60. C. opulens. Petals ? in. broad : : : : : . 61. C. venusta. ++4Spathodithyros.—Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; capsule 2-valved, 2-seeded. Leaves linear c A : : . - 62. C. Livingstont. Leaves elliptic or oblong. Seeds ellipsoid ; leaves ovate at the base < . 68. C. Zenkeri. Seeds globose ; leaves narrowed at the base. Leaves 2-4 in. long, oblong. c : - 64. C. ethiopica. Leaves up to 43 in. long, elliptic . : . 65. C. pyrrhoblepharis. Leaves 1 tolj in. long . : : : . 66. C. obscura. 1. C. nudiflora, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 41, ed. it. 61, not of Linn. Mant. Hairy or glabrate. Stems 1-2 ft. long, diffuse, decumbent at the base, often rooting at the nodes ; roots fibrous, not thick. Leaves 1-24 by 4-2 in., lanceolate, narrowed at the base, the quasi-petiole very short. Spathes scattered on peduncles 4-2 in. long, simply folded (the lower margins of the leaf free or hardly connate), ovate-lanceolate. Racemes in each spathe usually 2, the lower 1—3-flowered and rarely maturing a capsule, the upper with 3-8 flowers usually maturing 3-! capsules. Petals blue or nearly white, ovary with 2 ovules in each 0 the two anterior cells. Capsule normally 5-seeded, the dorsal 1-seeded cell dehiscing later or not at all. Seeds black, reticulated, the hexagonal areoles depressed, farinose—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 144 incl. var. /3 werneana, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 8; Schoen]. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 64;. Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Aft. v. 427, and Etudes Fl. Congo i. 269; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 369; Durand & Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soe. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87, and in Bull. Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 134; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 119; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 74. C. agraria, Kunth, Enum. iv. 38; Webb & Berth. Iles Canaries, Phyt. iii. 356, t. 238; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 541. communis, Walter, Fl. Carol. 68; Kunth, Enum. iv. 36 excl. sy.) C. B. Clarke, Commel. et Cyrt. Beng. t. 1 excl. syn. C. africana ; Benth: in Hook Niger. Fl. 541, ef. note. (. werneana, Hassk. in Schweinf. Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 37 Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 206, 295. C. barbata? Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 76, not of Lam.—Pluk. Phytogr. t. 27, fig. 4, not Alm. p. 135. Nile Land. British East Africa: White Nile, Petherick! D’ Arnaud! Niamniam, Schweinfurth, 3739! 3797! Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone; Sugarloat Mountain, Welwitsch, 6625! 6625B ! and without precise locality, Don, 2! Vogel,11! Scott-Elliot, 3875! Hart ! Niger Territory : Opobo, Holland, 140! Old Calabar, Holland, 75! Robb! Came- roons : Cameroon Mountain, Mann, 2137 ! Batanga, Bates,18! Efulen, Bates, 268 ! and without precise locality, Preuss, 1320! Fernando Po, Vogel, 67! Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Moller,9a! Quintas,9! Don, 1! F1. Afr, Exsic. Herb. Conimbric. 112! Gaboon : Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyaux, 378 ! French Congo: Bramaya, Paroisse, 209 ; Nyanga River, Dybowski, 14; Brazzaville, Dybowski ; Njobe, Schwebisch and Thollon. Loango,.Soyaux, 16! Congo Free State: Lower Congo; Bingila, Dupuis! Kisantu, Gillet! Lukungu, 1000-2000 it., Hens, ser, A, 247! and without precise locality, Smith! Boma, Monteiro! Angola: north of Ambriz, Welwitsch, 6612! between Ambriz and Mosul, Welwitsch, 6623 ! by the River Bengo, near San Antonio, Welwitsch, 6617! by the larger lake of Quilunda, near Prate, Welwitsch, 6619! Golungo Alto; near Canguerasange and Zengas do Queta, Welwitsch, 6609! by the River Quiapoze, and at Varzea d’Isidre, Welwitsch, 6608 ! Sange, Welwitsch, 6606! Mossamedes; by the River Bero, Welwitsch, 6580! by the River Cuanza, Johnston ! South Central. Congo Free State: Mpala, on Lake Tanganyika, De Beerst ! Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa? Lower Zambesi, Expedition Island, Kirk! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Sochi, Scott-Elliot, 8652 ! Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte ! In the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world—a weed, The typical C. xudiflora is a weak rambling plant with distant long-lanceolate leaves and acuminate spathes. OC. agraria, Kunth, is a shorter, neater plant with shorter (almost ovate) shortly acute leaves, and short spathes. C. werneana, Hassk., 18 a robust state with leaves up to 33 in. long, and long spathes. The Lower Guinea form, referred doubtfully by Rendle to C. darbata, may be a distinct species; it has the mature leaves densely hairy on both surfaces, the stem nearly concealed by the “pproximate hairy leaf-sheaths; but it has the capsule and seeds exactly of C. nudiflora, and must be closely allied to it. 2. C. Sabatieri, (’. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 146. Nearly glabrous. Root fibrous. Stems decumbent, nearly concealed by the leaf-sheaths. Leaves 1 by 4-1 in., elliptic-oblong, scarcely acute, Margins wavy, whitened, subsessile ; leaf-sheaths scarious, inflated, slightly hairy at the mouth. Spathes rather more than 4 in. long, Smnply folded, ovate, acute, nearly sessile, ie., the peduncle hardly exserted from the leaf-sheath. Capsule and seeds as of C. nudiflora.— Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 427. Nile Land. British East Africa : Sources of the White Nile, Sabatier ’ 3. ©. scandens, Welw. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 146. Robust, nearly glabrous. Stems 5-10 ft. long, little divided, with inter- nodes 3-4 in. long. Leaves 44 by } in., linear. Peduncles exserted 3-1 in., often from the lower leaf-sheaths. Spathes 1-2} in. long, Simply folded, ovate-lanceolate, long attenuate, rounded at the base. Petals deep blue. Capsule nearly } in. long; seeds more than 4 in. 38 CXLUI., COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). [ Commelina. long, cylindric-ellipsoid, reticulated—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 428; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 75. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; 3300 ft., on the banks of the River Cuanza, near Nbilla, Welwitsch, 6642. Mozamb. Dist. Lake Tanganyika, Cameron? Also from Madagascar. This almost surely belongs to the present group. There were 4 seeds in the two ventral cells ; the dorsal cell in the one capsule preserved is empty, as happens occa- sionally. 4, ©. Gambiz, (. 2B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 146. Thinly villous. Stems 20 in. long, much divided ; base decumbent, rooting at the nodes; roots fibrous. Leaves 2-3 by } in., linear. Spathes on peduncles exserted (—} in., numerous, solitary, 3 in. long, simply folded, ovate, shortly acuminate, rounded or rhomboid at the base. Flowers small, deep blue. Capsule usually 5-seeded; seeds of the ventral cells searcely ;, in. long, subglobose, strongly reticulated, the margins of the reticulations much raised, continuous.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 425. Upper Guinea. (iambia, Ingram! Senegambia, Heudelot, 577 ! This is the plant “ indicated” by Bentham (in Hook. Niger Fl. 542) as C. Fors- kalzi from Senegambia. The leaves and spathes resemble fairly well those of C. Forskala@i, Vahl; but the capsules and seeds are totally unlike. 5. C. scaposa, C. B. Clarke in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxviii- 220. Nearly glabrous. Leaves on sterile stem not seen. Fertile stems 8-12 in. long, simple, leafless, with 2 or 3 distant leaf-sheaths ; free point to the leaf-sheaths less than } in. long. Spathes solitary, on peduncles up to 2} in. long, simply folded, the margins hardly united at the base, $—2 in. long, ovate, shortly acuminate. Seeds normally 5 to the capsule, those in the ventral cells slightly pitted and tubercular. South Central. Congo Free State : Upper Marangu, De Beerst ! 6. C. subulata, Roth, Vov. Pi. Sp. 23. A nearly glabrous annual. Stems 6-15 in. long, weak, divided. Leaves 2 by 4-} in., linear. Spathes scattered, solitary, on a peduncle hardly exserted from the leaf-sheath, 4 in. long, ovate, shortly acute, simply folded, not striated by curved coloured parallel lines ; inflorescence little exserted from the spathe. Petals small, blue (see note below). Capsule 3-1 in, long, with normally 5 seeds. Seeds of the ventral cells (often strongly} wrinkled, as well as pitted subtuberculate.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 148, inel. var. 3; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 154; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428 ; K. Schum in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 134 ; Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 429; C. B. Clarke in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 9. (. striata, Hochst. ex Kunth, Enum. iv. 44; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 207, 295. C. subawrantiaca, Hochst. ex Kunth, Enum. iv. 658 ; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 208, 295. C. linearifolia, Kunth, Enum. iv. 43. Mile Land. Kordofan: Abu Gerad, Kotschy, 59! and without precise locality, Kotschy, 341 Eritrea: Bogos, Hildebrandt, 370! Keren, Beccari, 172; Habab, Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). 39. 6000 ft., Hildebrandt, 368! Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 531! Abyssinia : near Adowa, Schimper, 360! 5900 ft., Schimper, 45 ; Lotho, Schimper, 419! and without precise locality, Schimper, 574! British East Africa : Kast Ongalea Mountains at Kinani, 2200 ft., Gregory ! Upper Guinea. Bornu, Vogel, 53! Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa : Quilimane, Scott! British Central Africa : Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan ! Also in South India, and Extratropical South Africa. The flowers in C. subulata, Roth, and C. striata, Kunth, are always blue as far as known. The name ©. subaurantiaca, Hochst., appears to have been given by Hochst. in the herbarium (not from any field note by the collector, Schimper) ; and Hasskar! suggests that it refers to the yellow colour of the dried plant, not to that of the flower, the colour of which is unknown in C. subaurantiaca. Var. 8 heterantha, C. B. Clarke. Petals yellow.—C. heterantha, Welw. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan, iii, 148 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 75. : Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; on sandy rocks of the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6333 partly! meadows near Condo, Welwitsch, 66338! Mossamedes, Welwitsch, 6587! Huilla, 3800-5500 ft. ; on the banks of the River Ema, among crops, Welwitsch, 6588! near Lopollo, Welwitsch, 6589! Welwitsch has carefully noted the colour of the flower in all these numbers—as “yellow,” “light yellow,” or “ brownish-yellow.” Except, however, in the colour of the flower, I can discover no difference between this plant and typical C, subulata, Roth. 7. CG. angustissima, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134. Annual. Stems slender, 16 in. high. Leaves 7 by } in., very narrowly linear. Spathes solitary, less than } in. long, villous. Flowers deep blue ; otherwise as C. swbulata, Roth. ‘ Mozamb. Dist, German East Africa : Usinja ; Karumo district, Stuhlmann, 564. No example seen ; but the three subjoined plants agree with the description in the long linear leaves, and small spathes shaggy with white multicellular hairs. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; on sandy rocks of the Presidium, 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 6633 partly ! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Kesokwe, Hannington ! in wet ground on the edges of streams at Tabora (Kaseh), 3960 ft., Speke & Grant ! 8. C. trilobosperma, XK. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134. Probably annual. Stems 1 ft. high, slender. Leaves up to 5 by } in., elongate-lanceolate. Spathes less than } in. long, glabrous. Flowers blue. Seeds trigonous, nearly flat, conspicuously 3-lobed. Very near C. subulata, Roth, but excellently separated by the 3-lobed seeds. ‘ oe Dist. German East Africa: Usinja ; Karumo district, Stuhlmann, 566. ' Not seen ; the above abstracted from K. Schumann. The seeds described would Separate the species excellently from any other species of Commelina , it is difficult to imagine how they would pack into the 5-seeded 3-celled capsule of the Sect. Hu- Commelina, 9. ©. violacea, (. B. Clarke. A nearly glabrous erect annual growing in water. Stems 15 in. long, little divided, with long inten - nodes. Leaves 9by tin. Spathes few, solitary, nearly } in. long, op peduncles scarcely exserted from the leaf-sheath, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous with ciliate margins, slightly striated by curved purplish 40) CXLIII, COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). [ Commelina. veins. Flowers hardly exserted from the spathes, violet (Schinz). Capsule + in. long, 5-seeded; seeds strongly tubercled, deeply wrinkled. Lower Guinea. Amboland ; in marshy places at Olukonda, Schinz, 21! 33! The flowers are violet in the tinely preserved specimens. 10. C, purpurea, C. B. Clarke ex Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx, 429. Nearly glabrous, except the spathes. Stems 15 in. high, with long internodes; base erect, thickened, almost woody ; roots 7 in. long, thick. Leaves 9 by } in. Spathes few, scattered, on peduncles exserted 0-1 in., simply folded, } in. long, ovate, acute with the tip nearly straight, some shaggy, some only slightly hairy, striated by chocolate-coloured parallel nerves. Racemes exserted from the spathes. Flowers chocolate-colour (Speke d: Grant). Capsule 5-seeded ; seeds moderately pitted.—C. nigritana, Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 163, not of Benth. C. subulata, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 148 partly, not of Roth. Commelina, sp. n. 2,T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 650. Nile Land. British East Africa: between Ndoro and Guaso Thegu, Gregory. Mozamb. Dist. (ierman East Africa: Unyamwezi district, by water, 3600 ft., Speke & Grant! In the dry examples, the spathes are very strongly striated by chocolate-coloured nerves, the petals are a deep purple, In the colours noted in the field of the flowers in this Order, a question often arises whether the petals, the anthers, or the spathes have caught the eye of the collector. 11, C.nyasensis, (’. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 12-20 in. long, much divided, rather slender, with very long internodes up to 6-8 in. long; base of the stem (imperfectly preserved) appears similar to that of C. purpurea. Leaves 6 by } in., narrowly linear. Spathes scattered on axillary branches, approximate, sometimes many in dense clusters, less than } in. long, simply folded, broadly ovate, with a very short acute deflexed tip, striated by coloured veins (blue to chocolate in the dried plants), which are very prominent or nearly disappear in spathes on the same stem. Capsule 5-seeded ; seeds moderately wrinkled or pitted. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Tanganyika Plateau, at Fort Hill, 3500-4000 ft., Whyte! Monganja Highlands, 4000 ft., Kirk ! 12. C. ceelestis, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 69. Minutely hairy. Stems 1-2 ft. high, erect at the base; roots thick, often clavate at the ends. Leaves 5 by 4-} in. Peduncles scattered, 1-1} in. long. Spathes 1} in. long, ovate-lanceolate, simply folded, often purplish or striate. Flowers blue, much exserted from the spathe. Capsule 5- seeded; seeds deeply pitted—cC. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 153; efr. Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 369. Nile Land. British East Africa : Machakos, Scott-Elliot, 6387! Mozamb. Dist. British Centra) Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, Carson, 35 between Lake Nyasa and Lake Tanganyika, 6000-8000 ft., Thomson ! Indigenous in Mexico. This plant is disposed to establish itself in various parts of the world. Commelina. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). 41 13. C. crassicaulis, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 149. Nearly glabrous ; margins of the leaves and spathes ciliate. Stem 6 in. long, erect from a bulb. Leaves 3 by 1} in., sessile, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate at the base. Peduncles 2 in. long, rigid. Spathes 1} in. long, simply folded, ovate-lanceolate, striated, cordate at the base. Cap- sule 5-seeded ; seeds {—} in. long, deeply wrinkled—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 425. Lower Guinea. Angola: near Guingongue, Herb. Paris.’ 14. C. Schweinfurthii, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 158, Nearly glabrous, except the spathes. Stems 15 in. long, divided, with very long internodes, the base not well shown in the specimens, but similar to that of C. purpurea. Leaves up to7 by 3-4 in., elongate, linear-lanceolate. Peduncles }—2 in. long, scattered. Spathes ?—1 in. long, very broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, not striate with coloured veins, shaggy or nearly glabrate ; the two margins of the spathe shortly connate at the base. Capsule normally 5-seeded, but the ventral cells contain sometimes 1 seed only (the lower ovule having proved infertile); seeds subglobose, smooth.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428; K. Schum, in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: on a rocky hill, 3 miles south of Falaba, Scott- Elliot, 5164 ! Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur ; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2022! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi; Kakoma (ex K. Schumann). 15. ©. benghalensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 41, ed. ii. 60, ewel. fig. Pluk. cited. A diffuse, more or less hairy annual, rooting at the base, 1-24 ft. long, much branched. Near the base are often present branches that grow underground, or stolons, on which reduced leaves and spathes, with apetalous often closed flowers, and abnormal usually 1—2-seeded capsules are formed plentifully—even where the perfect regular cap- sules are also present on the upper branches. Leaves 1-3} in. long, ovate-elliptic, shortly triangular or subobtuse at the tip, suddenly nar- rowed at the base into a quasi-petiole. Spathes on peduncles hardly exserted from the leaf-sheaths, often a few near together near the tips of the branches, }—? in. long and broad, obliquely funnel-shaped, i.e., the lower margins of the spathe connate for }-} in. Petals blue. Cap- sule 4 in. long, 5-seeded ; seeds rough or wrinkled.—Forskh. Fl. Aigypt.- Arab. 12 partly ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 50; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 541 ; Hassk. Commel. Ind. 28, 29; Wight, Ic. t. 2065; C. B. Clarke, Com- mel. et Cyrt. Beng. t. 4, DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 159, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 9; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 370; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 209, 295, incl. var. 8 longepetiolata; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. 424; Durand & Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87, and in Bull. Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii, 76; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 53 (var. y). C. cucul- data, Linn. Mant. 176. C. canescens, Vahl, Enum. ii. 173; Webb & Berth. Iles Canaries, Phyt. iii. 358, t. 239. C. procurrens, Schlecht. 42 CXLIII. COMMELINACES, (CLARKE). [| Commelina. in Linnea, xxiv. 656, xxv. 183; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 209, 295. (C. latifolia, Hochst. in Schimper, Exsice. 341, not of A. Rich. C. rhizocarpa, Afzel., C. radiciflora, R. Br. and C. vivipara, Ritchie ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 159-160; cfr. Wein- mann in Flora, 1820, 733. Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Isles, Cardoso, 61! Hooker, 101! Sierra Leone: near Wallia, Scott-Elliot, 4250! Lagos, Millen, 31! Niger Territory : Lower Niger, Stirling Hill, Anse//! Cameroons: Yaunde, Zen/-er & Staudt, 344 ! Mile Land. Nubia: Soturba Mountains, Schweinfurth, 5833! Hor Samanib, near Suakin, Lord / Eritrea: Damas Valley, 1600 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1180! Mogod Valley, 4500 ft., Schweinfurth § Riva, 1607! Galabat; region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 530! Abyssinia: Tigre ; Sholoda Mountain, near Adowa, 6700 ft... Schimper, 341! Shoa ; Alia Amba, near Ankober, Ro/h! Somaliland: Golis Range, Mrs, Lort-Phillips! Shaile (? Sheikh) Pass, Miss Edith Cole! British East Africa: Uganda ; near Kampala, Scott-Hiliot, 7268! Nyika country, near Mombasa, Wakefield ! Lower Guinea. [French Congo: Loango, Soyaur, 102! Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis! Angola: Loanda, Welwitsch, 6621! Cazengo, Welwitsch, 6611 ! Golungo Alto ; near Bango, Welwitsch, 6598! Pungo Andongo; in thickets on the huge rocks of the Presidium, 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 6646! Huilla ; Morrode Monino, 3800-5500 ft., Welwitsch, 6582! South Central. Congo Free State: M’towa, on Lake Tanganyika, Descamps ! Mozamb, Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi; Hill of Tette, Kirk! British Central Africa: Ngamiland ; Kwebe, near Lake Ngami, 3300 ft., Lugard, 243! Mrs. Lugard, 148! Zambesi Valley ; Shesheke, Holub! Matabele- land, Elliott ! Very common through the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. Usually recognised by the broad-elliptic leaves subobtuse at either end and the funnel-shaped spathes. The leaves are usually hairy, sometimes glabrate (though in that case often rufous-ciliate at the top of the leaf-sheath). Neither in this nor in other species of Commelina do I find either the quantity or the colour of the hairs constant. Various other species of Commelina are similarly amphicarpic. The example of Schweinfurth, 1607, at Kew, distributed as C. beccariana, Mart., is C. benghalensis, Linn, with a piece of C. Petersii mixed with it. But C. beccariana is described as having a yellow flower, so that it is not C. benghalensis. Var. 8 hirsuta, C. B, Clarke in DC, Monogr. Phan. iii. 160. Leaves longer and more hairy, sometimes very villous with brown or rufous bairs.—Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 87; Schweinf, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 53; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 76. C. hirsuta, R. Br. in Salt, Abyss. Append. 63; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. C. kilimandscharica, K. Schum. in Engl. Pil. Ost-Afr. C. 134. C, latifolia, Hochst., partly, not of A. Rich. as see DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 160. Upper Guinea. Togoland: Misahéhe, Pawmann, 403! Wile Land. Abyssinia, Parkyns ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Loanda ; in thickets at Alto das Cruzes, Welwitsch, 6622 ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Goodwin! German Kast Africa : Kilimanjaro ; Marangu, 4900 ft., Voikens, 2254! British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 464! This variety is also common in India. Schweinfurth gives many localities for this variety in Eritrea; the numbers, how- ever, he cites (so far as I have seen them) I should rather call typical C. benghalensis, Linn. ; but no line can be drawn between the species and the Var. 8 hirsuta. 16. C. uncata, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 169. Spathe having its midrib (keel) strongly curved. Capsule 4 in. long, some- Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEA (CLARKE). 3 times perfecting 5 seeds ; dorsal cell indehiscent or dehiscing very late ; seeds larger than those of C. benghalensis, wrinkled, obscurely reticulate; otherwise as C’. benghalensis—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 42%. C. latifolia, Hochst. in Schimper, Exsicc. 2269. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Agow Country ; mountains near Gageros, 4000 ft., Schimper, 2269! Gursarfa, Schimper, 1499! The affinity of this species with C. benghalensis is so close that it might be treated as a variety of it. 17. C. congesta, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 160. Robust, nearly glabrous. Leaves 4} by 14 in., lanceolate, acuminate to an acute tip. Spathes several close together near the end of the branches, more than ? in. long, glabrate ; peduncles less than } in. long. Capsules generally 3-seeded, the two lower ovules of the ventral cells not producing seeds. Seeds ellipsoid, smooth, dusky. Flowers white (Soyaux).—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 424. C. Heudelotii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 184; Durand & Schinz, Con- spect. Fl. Afr. v. 425. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 788! Lower Guinea. Loango: near Chinchocho, Soyauz, 47 ! Soyaux, 47, is the type above described. The example of Heudelot, which is imperfect, shows the spathes less approximate, the lower peduncled, and may not be the same plant. But the capsule and seeds are the same. 18. ©. condensata, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 190. Branches seen 9 in. long, undivided except at the tip, glabrate; internodes 1-2 in.long. Leaves 3 by 1-1} in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute, when mature inconspicuously hairy on hoth surfaces, at the base broadly cuneate, unequal, sessile; leaf-sheaths with long loose hairs. Spathes in a terminal head, 4 in. long, obliquely funnel-shaped, nearly glabrous. Capsule exceeding } in. long; each ventral cell with one seed in the upper part; the dorsal cell with one seed, dehiscent. Seeds of the ventral cells ;', in. long, ellipsoid, smooth, brown.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 424. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Mann, 91 partly! The capsule has only 3 seeds, but I believe it was 5-ovuled ; I have therefore ryt its place. It is so near C. congesta that it may prove to be only a variety of it. 19. ©. zambesica, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 161. Robust, more or less hairy, Leaves 5} by 1} in., narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, and acute at the tip, narrowed at the base. Peduncles solitary, mostly longer than the leaf-sheaths; uppermost leaves geme- rally reduced, the uppermost sheath frequently without a blade. Spathes 7-1 in. long, very broadly ovate, scarcely acuminate, hispid, not striated by coloured nerves; the margins connate at the base for {—j in. Petals blue. Capsule rather more than } in. long; normally 5-seeded; ventral face appears quadrate with 4 knobs ; seeds subglobose, obscurely tetra- hedral, nearly smooth.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 429. 44 CXLIII, COMMELINACE& (CLARKE). [ Commelina. C. communis, Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 163. C. sambesiaca, K, Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Commelina sp, n. 1, T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 650. Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Speke §& Grant! German East Africa : Rovuama, River, Kirk! Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi ; opposite Sena, Kirk / banks of the River Shire, near Morambala Mountain, Kirk! Shupanga, Kirk ! Zambesi Delta; mouth of the Kongoni River, Kirk! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Plains of Zomba, 2500-3500 ft., Whyte! Lake Nyasa, Simons ! The leaves are used as spinach according to Speke & Grant. 20. CG. boissieriana, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 161. Nearly glabrous. Leaves 3} by } in., lanceolate, sessile. Peduncles scattered,exserted } in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes 1 in. long, broadly ovate, acute, thinly hairy, margins connate at the base. Petals blue. Capsule } in. long, broadly oblong, obtuse, soon 3-valved; seed of the dorsal valve smooth; seeds of the ventral cells unknown.—Schweinf. in Bull. Instit. Egypt. 1887, 329 (36 in reprint); Aschers. & Schweinf. nm Mém. Instit. Egypt. ii. 776 (154 in reprint); Durand & Schinz, Con- spect. Fl. Afr. v. 424; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 53. Nile Land. Eritrea: Geleb, 5000 ft., Schweinfurth, 117. Ginda, 3300 ft., Schweinfurth, 437. Keren, Steudner, 1481, 1483. Abyssinia, Gaillardet, 297 ! Also in Extratropical Egypt. This species was founded on Gaillardet, 297, in which the capsule was imperfect ; and it is very possibly the same plant as C. Schinzii described below. 21. C. Porskaleei, Vahi, Enum. ii. 172. Glabrous, grey-puberu- lous or pubescent. Stems 8-24 in. long, much branched, weak rooting from the lower nodes. Leaves up to 2 by # in., oblong or scarcely elliptic, tips usually obtuse, never acuminate, margins often wavy. Peduncles scattered, exserted 4-4 in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes attaining $—% in. long, obliquely funnel-shaped, glabrate or sparsely hispid. Petals blue. Capsule small, 3—1-seeded ; dorsal cell scabrous, subindehiscent, 1—seeded ; ventral cells of the ovary 2-ovuled, 0—1-seeded ; seeds of the ventral cells small, subglobose, smooth.—Kunth, Enum. iv. 49; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 542 in obs.; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 208, 295; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 168 incl. all vars. ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.425; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 371; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 56; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 135; Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 430, and in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw.77. C. falcata, Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mozamb. Bot. 527. C. Kotschyi, K. Schum. in Eng]. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135, not of Hassk. Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Isles, Cardoso, 253! Senegal, Roger, 93! Perrottet, 766! Senegambia, Heudelot, 276! Leprieur ! Bornu, Vogel, 67! Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1477! Nile Land. Nubia: Wady Erkowit, near Suakin, Schweinfurth, 286! coast to between 3000 and 4000 ft., Bent! Kordofan: Bir Sodari, Pfund, 188! Gebel Kurbag, Pfund, 357! 795! Obeyad, Pfund, 367! on plains, Kotschy, 34! Arashkol Mountain, Kofschy, 105! Eritrea: Mount Ghedem, near Massowa, Schweinfurth Sf Riva, 113! Otoumbo, near Massowa, Schweinfurth § Riva, 196! near Saati, Schweinfurth § Riva, 338! Gulabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 532! Commelina. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEE# (CLARKE). 45 Abyssinia: near Schumdalake, 4000 ft., Schimper, 380! Somaliland, Mrs, Lort- Phillips! Donaldson Smith! British East Africa: Nyika country near Mombasa, Wakefield ! Witu, Thomas, 2038 ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in damp meadows by the River Cuanza, near Nbilla, Welwitsch, 6634! Damaraland, Een ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1053! Kirk! German East Africa : Tanga, Holst, 2078! Portuguese East Africa : Zambesi Delta ; mouth of the River Kongoni, Kirk ! Lower Zambesi ; between Lupata and Tete, Kirk! British Central Africa: Rhodesia ; Zambesi Valley, at Shesheke, Holub! Ngamiland: Kwebe, near Lake Ngami, Lugard, 1386! Mrs. Lugard, 147! Matabeleland, Elliott ! Also in Arabia, Socotra, Mascarenia, Southern India. In this species, as in C. benghalensis, stolons or basal almost leafless branches carry abnormal, often apetalous, flowers, and produce capsules usually abnormal, often 1-seeded. 22. C. africana, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 41, ed. ii. 60. Nearly glabrous. Stems 1—3 ft. long, rambling, much divided, almost woody at the very base, with thick roots. Leaves 3 by } in., or much smaller, oblong, nearly sessile, usually obtuse at the base, often with rusty hairs at the mouth of the sheath. Spathes scattered, on peduncles exserted 4-3 in., varying in length (in one example) from }—2}in., simply folded, ovate, commonly triangular at the top, sometimes acuminate or rarely caudate- attenuate, glabrous or nearly so with white margins. Petals yellow. Filaments often } in. long. Ovary 5-ovuled. Capsule nearly always 1-seeded, i.e., the dorsal cell falls off apparently quite indehiscent, while the four ovules in the two ventral cells (after swelling somewhat) remain infertile ; occasionally the upper ovule in each ventral cell produces a perfect cylindric-ellipsoid reticulated seed.—Gertn. Fruct. i. 50, t.15, fig. 1; Lam. Encyel. ii. 67, Ill. t. 35; Schmidel, Ic. i. 113, t. 30; Red. Lil. t. 207; Gawler in Bot. Mag. t. 1431; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 164, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 9 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.v. 422 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl.Ost-Afr.C. 135 ; Rendle in Journ.. Linn. Soc, xxx. 429, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot.iv. 52; Huain Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 119. (C. angolensis, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 167 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 155; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 423; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 77. C. involuerosa, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 165 partly. C. Elliotii, C. B. Clarke & Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 98. Hedwigia africana, Medicus in Roem. & Usteri, Mag. x. 124. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: between Kahreni and Port Lokko, Scott- Elliot, 5749! Wile Land. | Habab, 6000 ft., Hildebrandt, 368! Eritrea: Saganeiti, 6800— 7000 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1701! Abyssinia: Samen; Shoata, Schimper, 590! Shoa, Petit! British East Africa : Niamniam : by the River Nabambisso, Schwein- furth, 3739! and Makporru Hill, Schweinfurth, 3797! British East Africa: Leikipia ; Njoro Larabwal, Gregory ! Machakos, 5000-6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6388 ! Lower Guinea. French Congo: Bramaya, Paroisse, 196. Angola: Huilla, 3500-5800 ft. ; near Lopollo, Welwitsch, 6581! Monino, Welwitsch, 6583! Morro de Lopollo, Welwitsch, 6593! Pungo Andongo; Sobato Cabanga, Welwitsch, 6626 ! German South-west Africa : Upingtonia ; Ovambate, Schinz, 28! 46 CXLIIL. COMMELINACEZ (CLARKE). [| Commelina. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; at Marangu, 5000—- 5500 ft., Volkens, 1244! 2324! British Central Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, Carson, 25! Kambole, South-west of Lake Tanganyika, 5000 ft.; Nutt! Nyasaland ; marshy promontory of Lake Shirwa (Chilwa), Weller! Zomba Rock, Whyte! Mount Sochi, Scott-Elliot, 8525! Mount Mlanji, Whyte ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 338! Ngamiland: edge of the rivers near Lake Ngami, McCabe, 24! along the River Chobe, McCabe, 47 ! Frequent also in the Mascarene Islands and Extratropical South Africa, This is a very common species; and the plentiful material shows that, on the same plant, the length and acumination of the spathe varies excessively, and that the leaves vary considerably from oblong to elliptic-oblong. Where there is no fruit and the colour of the flowers is not noted, I have (in general) not cited the example in the foregoing geography. The plant is frequent in Abyssinia, and Schweinfurth gives many localities which are not copied here, though I do not doubt that his numbers are either C. africana, or one of the species following (C. edulis, C. involu- -crosa), which I am not sure to differ. In C. Elliotii, the capsule is noted to be 5-seeded, but the plant is otherwise very exactly C. africaxa, in which there are always 5 ovules. As to Schimper, 590, it is larger than C. africana usually is in leaf, spathe, and capsule, and it may be A. Richard’s C. involucrosa, but, if so, I -fear C. involucrosa, A. Rich., is not distinct from C. africana. 23. C. edulis, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss.ti. 341, Leaves elliptic, not Janceolate ; stems and sheaths marked by a longitudinal line of hairs ; three interior sepals heart-shaped and equal ; otherwise as C’. africana.— ‘Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. ili. 165; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.v. 425; Engl. Hochgebirgsfi. ‘Trop. Afr. 155. C. beccariana, Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 87; Sehweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 54. Nile Land. Eritrea: Mogod Valley, 4500 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1608! Abyssinia: Tigre ; Mount Sholoda, near Adowa, 67060 ft., Schimper, 60! Wojerat district, Petit ; Shoa, Petit ! The above is condensed from A. Richard’s description. The only part of the dif- ferences alleged that appears distinctive is the broader !eaves. The specimen of C. edulis in herb. Kew. from herb. Franqueville (believed to be a piece of A. Richard’s type) agrees very well with the description ; the upper leaves are 13 by 2 in., more elliptic than as in C, africana. The spathe in this type specimen is less than 3 in. long, not acuminate, but hardly differs from some spathes to be found in C. africana. This type shows no capsule; but it is either closely allied to C. africana, or to be united therewith. Buchanan, 6360, from Nyasaland, and Scott-Elliot, 8525, from the Shire Highlands, have the leaves elliptic at the base, but they do not match C. edulis, and are rather forms of C. africana. 24, C. involucrosa, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 342. Very large. Leaves sheathing at the base, sessile, lanceolate, acute, pubescent and ciliate when young. Spathes 2-24 in. long, long-peduncled, simply folded, hairy ciliate on the margin.—Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 2955 C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 165 (excl. Schweinf. 590) ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F). Afr. v. 425. Wile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; Tchelalchekenneh, Quartin-Dillon. No type of this has been seen ; the above is condensed from A. Richard, who was “ disposed to believe the flowers yellow.” Assuming the flowers yellow, and noting the large size of the plant, A. Richard’s C. involucrosa was probably the plant of Commelina. | CXLIII, COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). 47 ‘C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. l.c.—i.e., Lord’s plant from Hor Tamanib, near Suakin ; in this: Leaves up to 5 by lin. Peduncles 1 in. long, stout, pubescent. Spathes 23 in. long, pubescent. 25. C. krebsiana, Kunth, Hnuwm. iv. 40. Leaves hairy on both surfaces when mature ; otherwise as C’. africana.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 10. C. africana, var. krebsiana, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 164; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 154 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 423; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 76. C’. karooica, var. Barberw, Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 119 2 Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Yaunde, Zenker, 1499! Nile Land. Eritrea: Habab, 6000 ft., Hildebrandt, 367! British East Africa : White Nile, at the mouth of the Bahr el Gebel, Schweinfurth, 1132! Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in thickets between Catete and Quilanga, Welwitsch, 6635! and between Pungo Andongo and the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6640! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Niomkolo Island, in Lake Tangan- yika, Carson! Matabeleland, Elliott ! Gold-tields, Baines ! Also in Extratropical South Africa. The plant of Baines is hispid, and altogether like the C. krebsiana of the Kalahari. The leaves in Schweinfurth, 1132, are softer with shorter denser hair, and may indicate an additional species. Var. 8 villosior, C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 10. Leaves elliptic, 2 by ? in. Whole plant softly hairy, not hispid C. dardata, var. B villosior, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 167, not of Lam, ; Hua in Bull. Mns. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 119. C. africana, var. polyclada, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 165; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 76. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla ; in cultivated fields near Lopollo, Welwitsch, 6581! Mozamb. Dist. Rhodesia: Leshumo Valley, south of the Zambesi, Holub ! Frequent in Extratropical South Africa. 26. ©. cordifolia, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 341. Leaves oval- oblong acute, sessile, sub cordate at the base, with soft hairs on both sur- faces. Peduncles exceeding 14 in. inlength ; spathes very large, cordate- oblong, acute, simply folded, hairy, ciliate on the margins. Flowers yellow.—Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii 165; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 425; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Wile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; Adowa, Quartin-Dillon. Somaliland, Mrs. Lort-Phillips ! Mozamb. Dist. (erman East Africa : Usagara (ex K. Schumann). No authentic example has been seen ; the description above is condensed from A. Richard, from which there can be little doubt that Mrs. Lort-Phillips’ plant belongs to the species; in this: Leaves 3 by 13 in., distinctly cordate at the base. Peduncles exceeding 2 in. long, hairy. Spathe 1-1} in. long, 14 in. broad. Capsule perfecting 1 seed in an indehiscent deciduous cell. This is a strongly marked species. —K, Schumann’s may have been C, Buchanani (the following species). 27. ©. Buchanani, (’. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Straggling, the internodes up to 4—6 in. long. Leaves 4 by ?~1 in., elliptic-lanceolate, 48 CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). [ Commelina. acute, suddenly contracted at the base. Peduncles scattered, 1—2 in. long. Spathes up to 3 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, long-attenuate, very nearly glabrous; margins free at the base. Flowers large, “ pale yellow ” (L. Scott), some long exserted from the spathe ; in the dried examples 2 petals yellow, the third smaller and brownish. Filaments } in. long. Capsule of the section Heterocarpus. Wile Land. British East Africa: Ukamba; Kitui, Hildebrandt, 2643! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor ! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Blantyre, Scott ! Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 285! This differs from all the species of the C. africana group (except C. invoiucrosa) by its large spathes; it is too glabrous to be put with C. involucrosa, nor does the leaf-base match. 28. C. Kirkii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 167. Nearly glabrous. Stems 15 in. long, with internodes 2-3 in, long. Leaves 4-6 by }-} in., linear or scarcely linear-lanceolate. Peduncles 4-1} in. long towards the ends of the branches. Spathes 13-24 in. long, lanceo- late long-attenuate; margins free at the base. Flowers yellow, some much exserted from the spathe. Capsule (though not seen well ripened) of the section Heterocarpus.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426; K.Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Moramballa Mountain, 1000-3000 ft., Kirk! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Ndirandi Mountain, near Blantyre, Scott-Elliot, 8498! Shire Valley, Waller ! Also in Mauritius. 29, ©. boehmiana, A. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Stems 12-14 in. long, pubescent at the top. Leaves upto 4 by # in., elongate- lanceolate, puberulous on both faces. Spathes cordate, acuminate, not ora ea (i.e., margins at the base free). Seeds { in. long, pitted, lack. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi ; Gonda (Igonda), Boeh:n, 12. K. Schumann does not mention the colour of the flowers nor describe the capsule ; but he says the species is close to C. Kirkii, from which it is supposed the flowers are yellow, the dorsal cell of the capsule indehiscent and 1l-seeded. If these things are not so, the species may belong to some different section of the genus. 30. ©. Mannii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 167. Very sparingly hairy. Stems up to 12 in. long, weak; internodes up to 2 in. long. Leaves up to 14 by 3 in. (mostly smaller), elliptic, tip triangular and subobtuse. Peduncles few, near the tops of the branches, scarcely $ in. longer than the leaf-sheaths. Spathes } in. long, ovate, not acuminate; margins free at the base. Capsule small ; in each ventral cell 1 reticulated seed; in the dorsal indehiscent cell 1 seed closely sticking to the cell-wall——kEngl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 155; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426. : . ss Commelina sp.; Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 223. Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). 49 Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 7000 ft., Mann, 2136! Var. 8 Lyallii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 168. Rather stouter, Peduncles a little longer. Seeds slightly pitted, not distinctly reticulated.—C. am- plexicaulis, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 203, 295; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 423? C. edulis, A. Rich., forsan var. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 165. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen ; Kabere, 10,000 ft., Schimper, 573! Ankober, Roth, 175! and without precise locality, Plowden ! Also in Madagascar. 31. C. Kotschyi, Hussk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 207, 295. Nearly glabrous. Leaves 21 by 2 in., subsessile, very little narrowed at the base; margins often crenulated. Spathes 2 (or 3-1) near the ends of the branches, exserted scarcely 4 in. from the leaf-sheaths, 2-3 in. long, very broadly ovate, obtuse or with a very short point (not acuminate) ; margins free or very shortly and obscurely connate at the base. Petals intensely blue (Welwitsch). Capsule more than } in. long, quadrate-oblong, constricted in the middle, flat; the dorsal-cell absent, or rudimentary, or small and 1-seeded. Seeds } in. long or rather more, cylindric-ellipsoid, smooth, brown.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr, Phan. iii. 173; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 135, partly ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 77. CO. Forskailii, Hochst. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 173. Dissecocarpus Kotschyi, Hassk. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 173. Nile Land. Kordofan, Kotschy, 34! Lower Guinea. Angola: Barra do Bengo; between Teba and Cacuaco, Welwitsch, 6624! Loanda; near Quicuxe, Welwitsch, 6614! in the dense thickets of Alto das Cruzes, Welwitsch, 6620 ! 32. C. imberbis, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 209, 295. Nearly glabrous, even to the mouths of the leaf-sheaths. Stems 1-2 ft. high, suberect at the base, with internodes 2-3 in. long; roots long, rather thick. Leaves 5 in. long, varying from 14-} in. in breadth, from ovate-lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate; the upper sessile dilated (often rounder or auricled) at the base. Peduncles few, Scattered, exserted 4-1} in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes 1-1} by 1} in., very broadly ovate, triangular acute at the tip, green, nearly glabrous, not conspicuously nerved; margins free, or very nearly so. Corolla blue. Capsule 1-4 in. long, oblong-quadrate, 4-seeded. Seed ellipsoid, brown, obscurely wrinkled or pitted (nearly smooth).— C. latifolia, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 175, partly. Wile Land. Eritrea: lower part of Damas Valley, 1600 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1181! Abyssinia: Tigre; Melata, 5000 ft., Schimper, 576! Mount Sholod:, near Adowa, Quartin-Dillon Sf Petit, 13! Soudan, Fenton ! Somaliland : Darror, James § Thrupp ! Harradigit, James § Thrupp! British East Africa: Machakos, Hinde! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Zaylor ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt,1054! British Central Africa : Lake Tanganyika, Cameron ! Kavala Islands, Carson, 24! 25! Nyasaland ; Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Ngamiland; Kwebe, Lugard, 146! 244! VOL. VIII. E 50 CXLIII, COMMELINACEZ (CLARKE). [| Commelina. Also in Madagascar. The variation m the leaves in this species is very great; in Quartin-Dillon & Petit, 13, the upper leaves are ovate, sessile, and rounded «t the base, the lower lanceolate ; while the lowest has a quasi-petiole 3? in. long. Var. loandensis, C. B. Clarke. Leaves (even the upper ones) narrowed at the base int> a short quasi-petiole—C. latifolia, Rendle in Cat, Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 77,. partly. Lower Guinea. Angola: Loanda ; about Alto das Cruzes, Welwitsch, 6613 ! at Praia de Zamba, near Loanda, Welwitsch, 6616! near Maianza de Povo, Wel- witsch, 6618! Ambriz; near the River Quizembo, Welwitsch, 6615! 33. C. Petersii, /Hassk. in Peters, Reise “Mossamb. Bot. 522. Nearly glabrous. Stems 18 in. long, with internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 4-5 by } in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, rather suddenly contracted at the base, often very shortly quasi-petiolate. Peduncles seattered, near the top of the stem, exserted $—1 in. from the leaf- sheaths. Spathes 1 by # in., elliptic or ovate, acuminate, glabrous or very nearly so, with obscure longitudinal green nerves; margins nearly or quite free at the base. Petals blue. Capsule } in. long, 4-seeded ; the dorsal cell sometimes present, usually empty. Seeds oblong- ellipsoid, with transverse wrinkles and pits.—Hassk. in Flora, 1863, 385; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 169; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 427; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Lower Guinea. German South-west Africa: Amboland ; Olukonda, Schinz, 6! Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi, at Shiramba, Kirk ! Mozambique, Peters ! This is near C. boissieriana, but differs from that (as from C, Schinzii) by its much narrower spathes. 34. C. latifolia, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 340. Slightly hairy or glabrate. Stem 15-30 in. long, rather weak, with long inter- nodes, decumbent and rooting at the base ; roots fibrous, not thickened. Leaves 34 by } in,, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, dilated at the base; upper leaves often cordate, eared or nearly sagittate at the base. Peduncles solitary, 2 or 1 near the top of a branch, exserted 4-1 in. from the leaf-sheath. Spathes ? in. long or rather more, broadly ovate, with a short acute point, not acuminate, very thinly hispid, slenderly striate ; margins very shortly connate at the base. Petals (dried) blue. Cxrpsule } by [-} in., 4-seeded. Seeds globose, brown, nearly smooth.— Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295; C. B. Clarke in DO. Monogr. Phan. iii. 173 partly; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426; Durand & De Wild. in Bull. Soe. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128; K.Schum in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135; Schweinf. in Hoéhnel. Zum Rudolph-See u. Stephanie-See, ii. 353, and in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. dan a 556. C. sagittifolia, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 206, 295. Wile Land. Kordofan: Abn Harara, Pfund, 114! Abyssinia : without precise Ioeality, Schimper, 1686! Pearce! Somaliland, Donaldson Smith ! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Sicia, Dupuis ! Commelina. | OXL1IT, COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). 51 Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Bojer! German East Africa: Kilimanjaro ; at Marangu, 5000 ft., Volkens, 2270! Usambara ; Tanga; Holst, 2079! The plant above described is Schimper, 1686, which A. Richard took as the type of his C. latifolia, and Hasskarl as the type of his C. sagittifolia. The name fatifolia is misleading, for the leaves cannot be called broad, though (as Rendle observes) they vary so greatly in width that they might be called polymorphous. The species must not be called C. latifolia, Hochst., as Hochstetter meant by that C. benghalensis, Linn., and issued various plants under that name. Schweinfurth and K. Schumaan, in the places above cited, included probably C. cuneata, the species following, which is very closely allied to C. latifolia. 35. C. cuneata, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrate except the sparsely hispid spathe. Stem 18 in. long, with long internodes, suberect at the base; roots thick. Upper leaves 4} by ? in., lanceolate, cuneate at the base, almost into a quasi-petiole. Peduncle at the end of the branches ; spathes, flowers, capsule, and seeds as of C. latifolia. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Kavali, Carson ! The spathe, with the strongly exserted lower cyme-stalk, appears identical with that of C, latifolia. There is, however, no example of C. latifolia thit has the upper leaves like those of C. cuneata, 36. C. spectabilis, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. tii. 175. Very hairy. Stem erect, 3-10 in. long, almost woody at the base with thick roots. Leaves 4 by } in., oblong, dilated at the base, hairy on both surfaces. Peduncles scattered, exserted 3-1} in. from the leaf- sheaths. Spathes #-1 by 1} in., very broadly ovate, with triangular tip, very hairy; margins free to the base or very nearly so. Flowers humerous, blue. Capsule immature, probably nearly as of C. hudlensis.— Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 78. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in woods near the River Monino, 3800- 5500 ft., Welwitsch, 6594! Var. 8 ramosa, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 175. Less hairy. Stem 2 ft. long, decumbent, rooting at the nodes, much branched. Spathes rather smaller, ‘Scarcely 3 in. long. Flowers bright dark blue (Welwitsch), not sky blue.—Rendle n Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 78. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in sandy marshes between Quibanga and Guinga, Welwitsch, 6629 ! 37. ©. Cecile, (. B. Clarke. Hairy. Stem up to 18 in. long, repeatedly branched towards the top, with internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 34 by 3 in., broadly triangular-oblong, hairy, densely fringed on the margins, sessile, rounded and much dilated at the base, sometimes lin. broad. Peduncles scattered towards the ends of the branches, white- hirsute, exserted 1-2 in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes 1 by 1} in., broadly ovate-triangular, brown-purple, white-hirsute, not distinctly Striate, margins free to the base or very nearly so. Flowers numerous, blue, rather large. Capsule not seen. Mozamb. Dist. Matabeleland: Gwelo, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil 139! 52 CXLIII, COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). [ Commelina 38. C. demissa, (. B. Clarke. Pubescent. Stem 1 ft. long, branched, with internodes 1-3 in. long; leaves 3} by } in., narrowly- oblong, attenuated at either end, when mature hairy on both faces, ; Peduncles scattered, exserted 0-} in. from the leaf-sheath. Spathes 4-2 in. long, ovate, acute, considerably smaller than in any other species of the C. latifolia group, hairy, with obscure longitudinal purple veins, margins free at the base. Petalsblue whendry. Capsule scarcely } in. long, square, 4-seeded. Seeds small, globose, dark brown, smooth. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Mount Malosa, 4000- 6000 ft., Whyte ! 39. C. madagascarica, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iti, 174. Very nearly glabrous. Stem 15 in. long, much branched, with internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 2-24 in. long, linear-lanceolate, except for a dilatation (not always present) at the very base. Peduncles scattered, near the end of the branches, exserted } to } in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes }-? in. long, ovate, acute, not acuminate; margins nearly free to the base. Capsule (in Scott-Elliot, 7588) 4 in. long, 4-seeded. Seeds globose, smooth, brown.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426. C. latifolia, var. angustifolia, Schweinf. (MS. ?). Nile Land. Eritrea: Ambelaco, near Maldi, 6500 ft., Schweinfurth, 131! British East Africa: Ruwenzori ; Kasamaga, 6300 it., Scott-Elliot, 7588! Frequent in Madagascar. This differs from C. latifolia, A. Rich., not only in the narrow leaves but in the spathes, which are very much smaller. 40. C. huillensis, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 175. Stemless, or very nearly so; roots thick. Leaves 4-10 by 4-4 in, dilated at the base, hairy, Peduncles radical, 4-7 in. long, shaggy towards the top. Spathes 1-1} by 14 in., very broadly ovate, shaggy, with triangular tip; margins free. Cymes 2, with stout pedicels, the upper with numerous blue flowers. Capsules-not ripe, nearly square, } in. long, 4-seeded.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v- 425; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 78. : Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; between Lopollo and Nene, 3800-5500 ft. Welwitsch, 6585 ! 41. ©. Carsoni, C. B. Clarke. Hairy, the leaf-sheaths and spathes shaggy. Stems 1 ft. high, branched, suberect at the base, with internodes 2-44 in. long. Leaves 2 in. long, curved, narrowly lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, except near the base, where there is a dilata- tion sometimes } in. wide at the top of the leaf-sheath. Peduncles solitary towards the ends of the branches, erect, exserted 1-2 in. from the leaf-sheath. Spathes ? in. long, broadly ovate, acute, not acumi- nate; margins free to the base, or very nearly so. Capsule small, nearly quadrate, 4-seeded. Seeds subglobose, brown, nearly smooth. p Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Tanganyika Plateau, at Fwambo, ‘arson ! Commelina. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEX (CLARKE). 53 42, C. Welwitschii, (. 5. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 175. Scabrous-pubescent, or nearly glabrous. Stems 4-11 in. long, erect, thickened at the base, sometimes into bulbs 4 in. in diam.; roots thickened. Leaves linear, 4-8 by }-} in.,, or (in Welwitsch, 6639) ex- ceeding 12 in., dilated at the base. Peduncles scattered, exserted 1-3 in. from the leaf-sheaths, mostly very pubescent. Spathes }—14 in. long, ovate, acuminate acute, hairy or nearly glabrate ; margins free. Two posticous petals yellow; anticous petal yellow-brown or dull violet-green (Welwitsch). Capsule nearly 4 by + in., 4-seeded. Seeds much longer than broad, wrinkled or obscurely reticulate —Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 429; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 78, Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, 2400-3800 ft.; on the slopes of the volcanic rocks of the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6627! damp rocks of Cabonda, on the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6632! 6637! Cazella, Welwitsch, 6638! plentiful throughout the district on rocks and in damp pastures, Welwitsch, 6639! Huilla ; plentiful in pastures at Humpata, 3800-5500 ft., Welwitsch, 6586 ! There may be two species here; in 6627 the spathes are scarcely ? in. long, with conspicuous purple striations ; in 6586 they are 14 in. long, green : in both these the two postivous petals are yellow, the anticous dull violet-green. The other numbers cited come all between these two extremes, nor have I been able to sort the species into two varieties. 43. ©. subcucullata, (. B. Clarke. More or less hairy. Stems 1 ft. long, suberect at the base; internodes 2-44 in. long. Leaves 4-5} in. long, linear, but more or less dilated at the base, where they are sometimes } in. wide. Peduncles solitary towards the ends of the branches, erect, exserted 1-2 in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes } in. long, ovate-acuminate, acute, more or less hairy, pale brown, with purple longitudinal veins ; the margins connate at the base for ;',—§ in. Petals (from the dried plant) appear yellow to brown-red. Capsule 3 in. long, square, 4-seeded. Seeds globose, smooth, brown. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mount Malosa, 4000- 6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Mlanji, Scott- Elliot, 8675! This may prove only a variety of C. Carsoni. The typical five specimens of Whyte, with acuminate highly coloured spathes, having the margins distinctly connate at the base; look distinct enough; but Scott-Elliot, 8675, has less acuminate, less coloured spathes, with nearly free margins, and looks half-way to C. Carsoni. 44. ©. neurophylla, (. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Branches 12-18 in. long ; internodes 2~5 in. long. Leaves 34 by } in. (usually narrow), linear-oblong or linear, often dilated at the base ; longitudinal nerves 5-7, conspicuous in the dry specimens. Peduncles solitary towards the ends of the branches, exserted }—2} in. from the leaf- sheath. Spathes #~} in. long, triangular in outline, obliquely funnel- shaped, green, with obscure green longitudinal veins ; margins connate, often for 1 in. Petals blue. Capsule } in. long, square, 4-seeded. Seeds globose, smooth, brown. D4 CXLIII, COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). (Commelina. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Tanganyika Plateau, 2000-3000 ft., Whyte! Nyika Plateau, 6000-7000 1tt., Whyte! Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Shire Highlands, Buchanan ! 45. C. echinosperma, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Stems 12-18 in. high, erect, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves 4-6 by 4-2 in., lanceolate or elongate-lanceolate, glabrous or puberulous. Rpathe 2—} in. long, pubescent. Capsule 4 in. long, subquadrate. Seeds globose, ;4, in. in diam., chestnut-brown, farinose, echinate. Wozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi ; Gonda (Igonda), Kakoma, Boehm, 2, 8. K. Schumann does not say that the seeds are 4, but he places the species in Sect. Dissecocarpus. The subquadrate capsule implies 4 seeds. 46. C.capitata, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl.541. Nearly glabrous, except the spathes. Stems 1-3 ft. long. Leaves up to 5 by 1-1? in., varying from broadly-oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, subrhomboid, unequal-sided at the base. Spathes 3-8, collected into a quasi-terminal head, 3-1 in. long, obliquely obovate ; margins free nearly to the base, densely ciliate with rutous hairs, or nearly glabrate. Flowers yellow (or white, H. H. Johnston). Capsule oblong, 4-seeded. Seeds 4—} in. long, cylindric, deeply pitted.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 176; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F). Afr.v.424; Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 269; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 875 Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 78. Wile Land. British East Africa: east side of Lake Albert Edward, Scott- Elliot, 8027 ! Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, 772! Sierra Leone : Luseniya, Scott- Elliot, 4080 ! and without precise locality, 4fzelius ! Smeathman! Morson! Hart! Liberia : Cape Palmas, Vogel, 52! Lagos, Moloney, 9! Niger Territory: New Calabar, at Degema, Holland, 125! Cross River, Johnston! Cameroons: Victoria, Kalbreyer, 17! Cameroon Mountain, upper slopes, Johnston, 97! Bipinde, Zenker, 1143! Yaunde, Zenker g Staudt, 687! Efulen, Bates, 442! Batanga, Bates ! Fernando Po, Mann, 91! ; Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis ! Angola ; Pungo Andongo ; in the shady woods of Barranco de Pedra Songue, 3300 ft., Welwitsch, 6647 ! Also in the West Indies. : The two examples from the West Indies I have seen are probably of one collection, and the locality on the ticket is possibly an error. 47. C, rufociliata, C. B. Clarke. Hairy. Stems 18 in. long. Leaves 4 by 1 in., elliptic-lanceolate, when mature hairy on both sur- faces ; base unequal, narrowed above the leaf-sheath, rufous-ciliate. Spathes densely clustered at the ends of the branches, broadly and obliquely funnel-shaped, hairy, varying much in size(in one head from } to 1 in, long); margins connate at the base, often for }-} in. Corolla blue. Capsule scarcely t in. long, subquadrate, 4-seeded. Seeds hardly, longer than broad, small, obscurely reticulate-wrinkled. , Commelina. | CXLIII, COMMELINACE& (CLARKE). dd Mozamb. Dist. Jritish Central Africa : Nyasaland ; between Mpata and the commencement of the Tanganyika Plateau, 2000-3000 ft.. Whyte! Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte / 48. C. longicapsa, (’. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 176. Robust, nearly glabrous. Leaves 6 by 2 in., lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at the base into a quasi-petiole $3 in. long. Spathes nearly 1 in. long, glabrous, 2 or 3 together, terminal. Capsule } by 4 in., quadrate-oblong, 4-seeded. Seeds cylindric, smooth.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426. Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Gaboon River, Mann ! The long quasi-petioles, leaves and capsules, show that this fragment indicates some very distinct species. 49. C. umbellata, Zhonn. in Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 21. Sparingly hairy. Stem 15 in. long, much branched, slender, with internodes 2—3 in. long, at the base decumbent and rooting. Leaves 4 by j-} in. Peduncles scattered, exserted 0-4 in. from the leaf- sheath. Spathes 4-4 in. long, brvadly ovate, acute, hispid, slightly curved ; margins connate at the base. Flowers purple or white (Zhonning), or almost flesh-coloured (Voyel). Capsule } in. long, papery, 3-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds 4 in. long or rather more, ellipsoid, brown, smooth, each with 2 pits on the back.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 179 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. C. nigritana, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 541. ; Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1473! Quorra, Vogel, 85! Mozamb. Dist. (rerman East Africa: Unyamwezi District (ex A. Schumann). \0. C. bracteosa, Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Lot. 524. Sparingly hairy. Stems 8-15 in. long, branched ; internodes 2 in. long. Leaves up to 34 by 1 in., elliptic, acuminate, narrowed at either end. Peduncles 1 (or 2) at the ends of the branches, exserted 0—] in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes 3 by 1 in., obtusely triangular at the tip, slightly white-hispid ; margins connate at the base. Capsule { in. long, papery, 3-seeded. Seeds ;}, in. long, subglobose, flattened.—Hassk. in Flora, 1863, 386; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 180 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect.. Fl. Afr. v. 424; K.Schum. in Engl. Pti. Ost-Afr. C. 135; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i119. Nile Land. British East Africa : Kich District; at Ador Village, Petherick ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Sacleux, 218, Portuguese East Africa : Mozam- bique, Peters ; Zambesi Delta; Luabo River, Airk, 32 partly ! 51. C. guineensis, Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par.i. 119. Root fibrous. Stem branched from the base, ylabrescent. Leaves rather long, lanceolate, sessile. Inflorescence terminal, usually 1 only, peduncled. Spathe hooded, not curved, striate, puberulous. Capsule Subglobose, with 3 one-seeded cells. Seeds smooth. Lower Guinea. French Guinea, Puroisse, 195; Brazzaville, Thollon, 961. D6 CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). [ Commelina. Not seen, The above condensed from the description by Hua, who says the species belongs to the Section Trithyrocarpus. 52. C. aspera, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 542. Hairy. Stem 4-6 in. long; internodes up to 1} in. long. Leaves up to 3 by q in., linear or linear-lanceolate. Spathes in a terminal head, } in. by } in., ovate, acuminate, much curved ; margins shortly connate at the base. Capsule small, 3-celled, papery, 3-seeded. Seeds 3/5 in. long, globose or very shortly ellipsoid, smooth.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. 1. 180; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 423; Rendle in Cat. Afr. FL Welw. ii. 78. Upper Guinea. (told Coast: Accra, Don! Niger Territory: at the Con- fluence of the Niger and Benue Rivers, Vogel ! 53. GC. mensensis, Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 57. Leaves 4-5 by } in., narrowly linear, rough hairy on the upper surface. Spathes 2 or 3 clustered at the end of the branches, } in. long, shortly lanceolate, hispid, striate; margins united at the base for } in. Capsule } in. in diam. ; cells 3, equal, thin, smooth, all dehiscing. Seeds lin each cell, globose, } in. in diam., smooth, sculptured on either side of the hilum by 4 transverse wrinkles. _ Nile Land. Eritrea : below Geleb, 4800-5500 ft., Schweinfurth, 1414, 1434 ; Anseba, near Keren, Stewdner, 1417. Not seen; the above condensed from Schweinfurth’s description. 54. C. firma, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii, 78. Hairy. Stems 12-18 in. long, robust ; internodes up to 3 in. long. Leaves 3-4 by 4 in., oblong, when mature hairy on both surfaces. Spathes ciustered, often many in a terminal head. Seeds}in.long. Otherwise nearly as C’. aspera,—C. aspera, var. (3 firma, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 180. Cyanotis hirsuta, Baker in Trans. Lim. Soc. xxix. 162. Wile Land. British East Africa: Unyoro; Ukidi Forest, Speke § Grant ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, 2400-3800 ft.; Pando woods, between Calundo and Mangue, Welwitsch, 6644! in shady woods around Pedras de Guinga and Mangue, Welwitsch, 6645 ! Flowers dark blue (Welwitsch), as they probably are in C. aspera. This is altogether a inuch stouter plant than C. aspera, with longer capsule and seeds. 55. ©. Wogelii, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan, iii. 189. Sparingly hairy. Stems 1-2 ft.long ; internodes 2—5 in.long. Leaves 4} by 1} in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base. Spathes mostly in clusters of 2 or 3 at the end of the branches, }—2 by ? in. broadly ovate, very shortly acuminate, pubescent, margins shortly connate at the base. Flowers white (Vogel). Capsule small, papery, 3-seeded, or sometimes 2-seeded (the dorsal cell being suppressed). Seeds tz-yo in. long, subglobose, more or less angular.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 120, C. suleata, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 541, not of Willd. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 476! Senegal, Bellamy, 2. Lagos Millen, 77! Rowland! Fernando Po: in woods, Vogel, 261! 4] “J Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE, (CLARKE). Lower Guinea. Angola; Guingongue, Herb. Paris ! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland (ex K. Schumann) 56. C, Bainesii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 184. Hairy. Stems | ft. long ; internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 6 by 2 in., narrowly lanceolate, narrowed at the base, with wavy margins, when mature hairy on both surfaces. Peduncles few, scattered towards the end of the branches, exserted 0-} in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes % by # in., obtuse or with a very short point, hairy ; margins shortly connate at the base. Capsule small, obovoid, trigonous, 3-seeded ; dorsal cell similar, indehiscent. Seeds 51, in. in diam., globose, brown, smooth. —Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 423; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 79. CO. bracteosa, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135, partly. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, 3300 ft. ; in thickets near Ponte de Luxillo, Welwitsch, 6636 ! by streams on the Presidium near Fonte de Cazella, Welwitsch, 6641! in woods near Condo, Welwitsch, 6643 ! Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 2600 ft., Volkens, 2147! British Central Africa: Matabeleland; River Mangwe, Baines ! Var. 8 glabrata, Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 52. More glabrous. Mature leaves glabrate; sheaths more or less hairy. Spathes more exserted on peduncles up to Zin. long, sparsely hispid or glabrous——Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 429. C. angustifolia, Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mosamb. Bot. 528, and in Flora, 1863, 388, not of Michaux. Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: province of Rios de Sena, Peters ; Makua; Namuli Mountains, Zast! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Mlanji, Whyte! Zomba Plains, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 508! 1374! All the examples of this variety 8 have dried brown, unlike the typical C. Bainesii, which is greyish, and might be esteemed specifically distinct. 57. C. lagosensis, (. B. Clarke. Stems 2 ft. or more long, weak, branching, prostrate, rooting at many nodes; internodes 1~3 in. long. Leaves 2} by 1 in., broadly elliptic, shortly acute, obscurely hairy when mature on both surfaces, suddenly narrowed at the base into a very short quasi-petiole. Peduncles few, scattered, exserted 0—} in. from the leaf-sheath. Spathes 2 by 2 in., tip obtuse or depressed triangular, pubescent ; margins shortly connate at the base. Capsule small, ob- ovoid, trigonous, 3-celled, 3-seeded ; dorsal cell indehiscent. Seeds ;, in. in diam., globose, brown, smooth. Upper Guinea, Lagos, Willen, 21! 58. C.albescens, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 210, 295. Nearly glabrous. Rhizome woody, knotted, with thick roots. Stems 8-20 in. long, branched; internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 4 by } in., narrowed at both ends. Spathes clustered at the end of the branches, usually 2 or 3 together, } in. long, funnel-shaped, very much curved, acute; margins connate for } in. at the base. Capsule } in. long, 3-celled, 3-seeded, the dorsal cell smaller and indehiscent. Seeds of the ventral cells 1 in. long, ellipsoid, flattened, brown, nearly smooth.— 58 CXLIII. COMMELINACEZ (CLARKE). [ Commelina. C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 184; Durand & Schinz, Con- spect. Fl. Afr. v. 423; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 373; Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 88; Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 429; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 120; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 135, partly. C. multicaulis, Hochst. in Schimper, Exsic. 1242. C. schimperiana, Hochst. in Schimper, Exsic. 2268. Upper Guinea. Cape Verde Isles: Brava, Lowe! Senegal, Bellamy, 573. Dahomey, Burton ! Wile Land. Eritrea: Keren; 4800 ft., Beccari, 297! Abyssinia: Jaja, Schimper, 1242! Agow district ; on mountains near Gageros, 4000 ft., Schimper, 2268! Somaliland; Ahl Mountains, Hildebrandt, 1473! Wagga Mountains, Mrs. Lort-Phillips! oobi, James & Thrupp! Witu, Gregory. Dadaro, 3700 ft., Lord Delamere ! Also in Socotra, Arabia, and Scinde. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mlanji, 6000 ft., Whyte, 112! 59. C.spherosperma, (. 2. Clarke. Thinly and obscurely hairy. Stems 18 in. long, branched ; internodes 2-4 in. long. Leaves 4—5 by 3-1 in., narrowly lanceolate, narrowed at the base, when mature ob- scurely pubescent on the surfaces or glabrate. Spathes 2—4 together at the ends of the branches, 3-3 by 1 in., shortly acuminate, acute, not much curved; margins connate for + in. at the base. Petals blue when dry. Capsule 1 in. long, obovoid, trigonous, 3-celled, 3-seeded, dorsal cell indehiscent. Seeds of the ventral cells ;1, in. long, globose or sub- cuboid, black-brown, smooth.—C. Gerrardi, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 183, as to Trop. Afr. examples. C. albescens, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135, partly ; Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 52. Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi Delta ; at the mouth of the River Melambe, Kirk! Lower Zambesi; between Lupata and Tete, Kirk f opposite Sena, Kirk! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Zomba, 2500-3600 ft., Whyte ! 60. C. opulens, (. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 4-6 in. long, decumbent, rooting at the base, densely leafy in the upper half with very short internodes. Leaves 4 by 4 in., narrowly oblong- lanceolate, not narrowed on the leaf-sheath. Upper branches for 2 in. clothed with numerous subsessile spathes. Spathes 3 in. long, ovate, shortly acuminate, acute ; margins connate at the base. Capsule 1—} in. long, obovoid, 3-celled, 3-seeded, the dorsal cell smaller, indehiscent and sometimes sterile. Seeds ;', in. long, very shortly ellipsoid (subglobose), smooth.—C. aspera, C. B. Clarke in DC, Monogr. Phan. iii. 180, partly ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 78. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla, 3800-5500 ft., among crops of Penicillaria,. near Humpata, Welwitsch, 6592 ! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte ! 61. C. venusta, (. B. Clarke. Sparsely hairy. Branches 10 in. long, undivided, with 1-3 approximated spathes at the end of each Commelina. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 59 branch ; internodes 1-2} in.long. Leaves 4 by } in., linear, acuminate, acute. Spathe scarcely exserted from the leaf-sheath, $—? by 1 in, very acute, curved, hairy ; margins hardly connate at the base. Petals. blue, # by ? in., exclusive of the claw. Capsule small, 3-seeded, the dorsal cell smaller, indehiscent. Seeds ;4, in. in diam., globose (some- what tetrahedral), smooth, brown. Wile Land. British Somaliland : Golis Range, Miss Edith Cole ! Separate expanded flowers have been carefully dried ; they must be unusually large and bright. The stamens, barren and fertile, are just as those of C. nudiflora, Linn, (and numerous other species), but larger. 62. C. Livingstoni, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 190. Nearly glabrous, or somewhat hairy, Stems 1-2 ft. long, sometimes robust, suberect from a stout base, straggling, branched ; internodes 2-5 in. long. Leaves 54 by } in., lanceolate, narrowed at either end. Peduncles 1 (or 2, rarely 3, close together) at the end of a branch, hardly longer than the leaf-sheaths. Spathes attaining 1 by 1} in., shortly acuminate, acute, nearly glabrous; margins connate for j—} in. at the base. Petals blue. Capsule } in. long, obovoid compressed, 2- seeded. Seeds } in. long, ellipsoid, brown, smooth.—Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 11; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426. Wile Land. British East Africa: Witu; Mkanumbi, Gregory! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., Johnston ! Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi Delta ; near Vicente, Scott! Lower Zambesi ; between Lupata and Sena, Kirk! between Lupata and Tete, Kirk! Tete, Kirk! near Sena, Kirk! Lower Shire Valley; near the foot of Morambala Mountain, Kirk ! Matabeleland, Elliott ! Also in South Africa. 63. C. Zenkeri, C. B. Clarke. Sparsely hairy. Stems cxspitose from a stout base, up to 12 in. long, branched, decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes; internodes up to 3 in. long but mostly short. Leaves 2 by 1-1} in., ovate, shortly acute, suddenly narrowed at the base, sessile. Peduncles solitary, few, scattered, exserted 0—{ in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes $-3 by 1 in., hardly acute, minutely pubes- cent or glabrate; margins very shortly connate at the base. Petals blue when dry. Capsule 1 in. long, quadrate, compressed, 2-seeded. Seeds nearly } in. long, ellipsoid, smooth. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Yaunde, 2600 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 432! Distributed from Berlin Herbarium as C. ethiopica, C. B. Clarke ; but it is not that species. 64. C. wthiopica, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 189. Nearly glabrous. Stems 8-14 in. long, suberect, cespitose, thick at the base; internodes 1-2} in. long. Leaves 3} by #-1 in., broadly oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a very short pseudo-petiole. Peduncles solitary or 2 at the end of a branch, hardly longer than the leaf-sheath. Spathes } by 1 in., acute, hardly acuminate, sparsely 60 CXLIII, COMMELINACEAY (CLARKE). | Commelina. white-hispid ; margins shortly connate at the base. Flowers deep blue (Schweinfurth). Capsule 4 in, long, 2-seeded. Seeds § in. long, sub- globose, smooth.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 189. Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2027! Kurshook-Ali’s Seriba, Schweinfurth, 1601! This may prove to be only a 2-seeded form of C. bracteosa ; it has larger leaves, smaller capsule and seeds, More material of both species is desirable. 65. C. pyrrhoblepharis, HWassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 209, 295. Stems 2 ft. long (at least), rooting freely by stout roots from the lower nodes; internodes up to + in. long, robust, glabrate. Leaves attaining 54 by 2 in., broadly elliptic, acuminate, when mature minutely pubescent, unequally and rather suddenly narrowed at the base into a quasi-petiole 0-} in. Jong; leaf-sheaths often with long rufous hairs at the mouth. Spathes 2 or 3, near together at the ends of the branches, hardly exserted from the leaf-sheaths, 3-3 in. long, very broadly ovate, shortly acute, slightly hairy; margins connate at the base for } in. Flowers blue. Capsule small, 2-seeded. Seeds 33, in. long, round-ellipsoid, smooth._—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 190; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 155; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F). Afr. v. 427. (©. acuminata, R. Br. in Salt, Abyss. Append. 63, pave wae not of H. B, K. C. saltiana, Steud. Nomencl. Bot. ed. n. 402. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Lotho, 7000-8000 ft., Schimper, 591! 1591! Mount Sholoda, 6700 ft., Schimper, 341 ; Adowa, Quartin-Dillon & Petit. Gondar, Rochet @ Héricourt ! and without precise locality, Plowden ! Hasskarl does not describe the capsule, nor does he cite the number of Schimper he had. So far as his description goes of the large leaves with red hairs at the mouth of the leaf-sheaths and turbinate clustered spathes, his plant might have been the large state of C. benghalensis, which Schimper, 1591, closely resembles. The species really stands on the assumption that Plowden’s examples (which contained one capsule) are truly conspecific with Schimper, 1591. 66. C, obscura, K. Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Hairy; small. Stems 4-6 in. long, weak, branched, annual, rooting at the lower nodes ; internodes 1-1} in. long. Leaves 1} by § in., elliptic- oblong, shortly acute, when mature hairy on both surfaces ; leaf-sheaths with long spreading red hairs. Spathes 1~} in. long, solitary, on very short peduncles, ovate, hardly acute. Petals blue or rarely violet (A. Schumann). Capsule 4 in. long, quadrate, 2-seeded. Seeds sub- globose, somewhat wrinkled. _ Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 5000 ft., Volkens, 2267! 633! K. Schumann has referred this plant to the Section Dissecocarpus, but I find only 2 seeds to the capsule, Imperfectly known species. 67. C. grossa, U. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 6—10 in. long, erect, bearing 1 or 2 leaves and 1 peduncle. ‘Leaves up to 14 by Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 61 4-} in., linear, slightly dilated at the very base. Peduncle exserted 3-2 in. from the leaf-sheath. Spathe 14 in. long, 14 in. broad, ovate- triangular, acute, purple-green; margins free. Cymes paired in each spathe, upper with many flowers. Sepals } in. long, elliptic, nearly free. Corolla in the dried state purple-blue. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Kambole, south-west of Lake Tan- ganyika, 5000 ft., Nutt / The examples of this call to mind the large Mexican C, elliptica, H. B. & K., but the leaves are totally unlike. 68. C. Holubii, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 5 in. long, with 2 leaves and 1 spathe each. Leaves 4 by }—1 in., linear, slightly wider at the base. Peduncles exserted }~1 in. from the leaf- sheath, nearly glabrous. Spathe ? in. by ? in., ovate-lanceolate, acute, very nearly glabrous, pale yellow-brown in the dried examples ; margins free or obscurely connate at the base. Flowers numerous, some exserted entirely from the spathe. Petals 4 in. iong, appear to have been pale violet. Two fertile anthers intensely blue in the dried state. Capsule about } in. long, square, 4-seeded. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Rhodesia ; Leshumo Valley, Holub 715! From the imperfect capsule, this almost certainly belongs to the Section Disseco- carpus, 69. ©. senegalensis, Linn. ex Cat. Ort. Bot. Napol. 1845, 22. (name only) ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 429. Upper Guinea. Senegal? 4, POLYSPATHA, Benth. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ni, 849. Sepals 3, small, concave. Petals 3, white, 2 very long-clawed. Stamens 3 fertile, 3 sterile with dissimilar rudimentary anthers. Ovary sessile, 2-celled, with one ovule in each cell. Capsule 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds half-ellipsoid; hilum vertical ; embryo- stega opposite the hilum.—Cymes few-flowered, scattered along simple (rarely branched) elongate axes springing from the axils of the upper leaves and sometimes piercing their sheaths; spathes ovate, folded flat, sessile, each enclosing one cyme. Endemic, monotypic. 1. P. paniculata, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 543. Stem 1-2} ft. long, trailing or weak, often rooting at the lower nodes, undivided but in one example throwing several weak stems from the rooting node. Leaves 6 by 24 in., broadly elliptic, acuminate at either end, quasi- petioled, glabrate above, pubescent beneath ; lower leaves smaller, sometimes reduced to sheaths. Panicle of 1-6 branches, each 3-6 in. long, pubescent ; spathes } in. long, about 4 in. apart, pendent in fruit. 62 CXLISI, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). | Polyspatha. Flowers 4—5 in each spathe; bracteoles small. Capsule { in. long, flattened, shining, obtuse at the apex. Seeds with ribs radiating from the embryostega.-—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr, Phan. ui. 154, incl. var. 8; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 429, incl. var. / ; Schoenl. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 64; Baill. Hist. Pl. mitt, 271. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Kukuna on the River Scarcies, Scott- Elliot, 4678! Ashanti: Assin-Yan-Coomassie, Cummins, 163! Lagos: by the side of forests on the road to Otto, Millen, 4! Otto, Millen, 26! Lagos Botanic Station, Millen, 7! Cameroons: Yaunde, 2600 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 566! Bipinde, Zenker, 1239! Efulen, Bates,447! Cameroon Mountain, 3000 ft., Mann, 2138! and without precise locality, Preuss, 1186! Fernando Po, Vogel, 93! Barter, 1474! 2055! Mann! 5, ANEILEMA, R. Br., partly ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI, iii. 849. Sepals 3, small, elliptic or ovate, obtuse, concave. Petals 3, obovate, blue or yellow. Stamens 3 (or 2) fertile, the intermediate one with more or less dissimilar anther, and 3-2 sterile, rudimentary or cruci- form; filaments with or without beaded hairs. Ovary 3~2-celled. Capsule ovoid to linear, 3-valved; seeds several (or 2-1) superposed in one vertical row (in the Tropica] African species) in each cell.—Panicles dense or lax; peduncles simple or divided; cymes simple, 1-sided; bracts to the cymes flat or hardly folded, never spathaceous (as in Commelina). Species 60, tropical or subtropical, whereof 5 only are American. The genus differs from Commelina in the absence of the strongly folded or hooded bracts which enfold the cymes in Commelina. *TRICARPELLARIA.—Capsule subequally 3-celled. Cells 2-seeded, acute, in the African species. Inflores- cence dichotomous . : . : : ~ iL. A, sinicum. ** DICARPELLARIA.—Capsule 2-celled ; a dorsal small cell with 1 (or no) seed sometimes added, } Amelina.—Panicles terminal, Capsule truncate, with 2 acute corners. Sepals 4-3 in. long. Capsule with 3-5 seeds in each cell : . 2. A. equinoctiale. Capsule with 2-1 seeds in each cell . : - 4. A. nyasense. Sepals 4 in, long : : i ; ‘5 . 98. A. tacazzeanum. ttLamprodithyros.—Panicles terminal. Capsule ellipsoid without angles at the top. Petals yellow or green-yellow. Panicle short, hardly exserted from the leaves . 5. A. angolense. Panicle peduncled; cyme-peduncles in false- whorls. : : : é . . 6. A. Johnstoni. Petals (where known) blue to white. Ovules often 3 in each cell. Leaves ovate or elliptic ; panicle dense . Leaves lanceolate ; panicle lax Ovules 2—1 in each cell. Le ives ovate to elliptic-oblong (see also 16, Wel- witschi), - %. A. beniniense. 8. A. Rendle. Aneilema. | CXLII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 63 Inflorescence very loose. : : . 9. A. ovato-oblongum, Inflorescence dense, Leaves sessile, base rounded. Medium-sized plant; leaves up to 23 in. long . . 10. A. somaliense. Plant 5in. high; Jeaves up to 1} in. long . ; : : : 11. A. Smiths. Base of leaves acuminate into a pseudo- petiole. Panicle glabrate ; : c . 12. A. dregeanum. Panicle patently hispid : . 13. A. Nicholsoni. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to linear (sometimes elliptic in A. Welwitschii). Inflorescence lax. 3 : : . 14. A. Petersit. Inflorescence dense. Stem erect at the base ; roots thick. Flowering stem with few reduced leaves 15. A. Schweinfurthii. Flowering stem with many well-devel- oped leaves. Minutely pubescent . ; - 16. A. Welwitschii, Hispid . ; : ; . 17..A. soudanicum. Stem decumbent or rooting at the lower nodes ; roots fibrous. . Many pedicels sterile, ended by a black rudiment . : : . 18. A. Whyte. Sterile pedicels none (or very few occa- sionally). Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long . 19. 4. lanceolatum. Leaves lanceolate . - : . 20. A. Speket. Leaves linear, hardly 2 in. long . 21. A. gracile. {++Pseudo-axillares—Panicles appearing irregularly scattered, all terminal, but not rarely on remote short axillary branches. Leaves 1-2 in. long. Inflorescences of very many flowers ¢ : . 22. A. pedunculosum. Inflorescences of about 8 flowers. : A . 23. A. Clarket. Leaves at most 3 in. long . ; ‘ ‘ : . 24. A. Taylori. 1. A. sinicum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 659. Nearly glabrous. Roots occasionally bearing tubers. Stems 1-3 ft. long, sparingly leafy. Leaves linear, 8-18 by 1-1 in. (but see var. 3). Panicle-branches elongated, slender, subracemose ; bracts 3—2 in. long, linear-lanceolate, flat ; cymes usually thin, loose, but sometimes the inflorescence is dense with numerous flowers; lower flowers of the cyme often sterile, early cadu- cous, so that the top of the cyme-peduncle appears knotted. Sepals t in. long, elliptic, obtuse, half-petaloid in texture. Petals } in. long and upwards, blue, or sometimes dull purple. Stamens 2 only fertile (but see var. 3). Capsule 1-1 in. long, 3-valved ; seeds normally 2 in each cell, obscurely wrinkled.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 212, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap, vii. 12; Oliv. in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 352; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 432; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 271; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 136; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87, and in Bull. Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128; Rendle in Journ. Linn. 64 CXLIII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). [ Aneilem Soe. xxx. 430, in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 52, and in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 79; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 120. Commelina sinica, Roem. et Schultes, Mant. i. Addend. i. 376. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone; Bumban to Port Lokko, Scott-Elliot, 5742 ! Worth Central. French Congo: Uaddas, on the Ubangi River, Dybowski, 26. Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Agad Seriba (Wan), Schweinfurth, 1684! Ruwenzori, below 6000 ft., Scott-Hiliot, 6673! Leikipia district, at Gnaso Thegu and Kithungulu, Gregory! Ukamba, above 4000 ft., Scott-Elliott, 2340! Ribe to Galla Country, Wakefield! Nyika Country at Duruma, Wakefield, 26! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor ! Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyauxr, 341! French Congo; Franceville, Thollon, 314; Brazzaville, Dybowski ; Bangui, Dybowski, 525- 529; Lower Congo: Lukungu, Hens, 228A! Bingila, Dupuis! Stanley Pool, Biittner, 305! Quiballa, Monteiro! Angola; Pungo Andongo, in marshes to the west of the Presidium, and by streams in the Presidium itself, 2400-3800 ft., Wel- witsch, 6627! 6628! Huilla; marshy places round the base of Morro de Lopollo, 3800-5500 ft., Welwitsch, 6591! Dammara-land, Hen ! South Central. Congo Free State : Bolobo, on the River Congo, Johnston ! Upper Marungu, De Beerst! Lualaba River, Briart ! Katanga, Briart ! Mussima, Briart ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1055! Sacleux, 406! German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., Zohnston! Rovuma Bay, Kirk! ‘Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi Delta; mouth of the West Luabo River, Kirk, 2! British Central Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, Carson, 43! 76! 77! Kambole, south-west of Lake Tanganyika, 5000 ft., Nutt! Nyasaland; Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Zomba and vicinity, 2500-3500 ft., Whyte! Mount Mlanji, Whyte, 39! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 368! Also in South China, Malaya, South India, Mascarene Islands, and South Africa. Var. 8 longifolia, C. B. Clarke, Rather larger in all parts ; leaves often 3-5 in. broad ; fertile stamens commonly 2, but sometimes 3.— . . . . 38. SCLEROSPERMA, TriBE II. Phoenicese.— Leaves pinnatisect ; segments acuminate, induplicate in vernation. Spadices interfoliaceous, diwcious; spathe 1. Carpels 3, one only ripening ; stigma terminal. Seed deeply grooved ventrally, umbilicate ; embryo dorsal. The only genus - 4. PHa:NIX. Trize III, Lepidocaryeve.—Leaves pinnatisect (in the Tropical African genera) ; segments reduplicate in vernation, Spadices terminal or axillary ; spathes many or none. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Ovary entire, more or less perfectly 3-celled. Fruit clothed with shining retrorsely imbricate scales. Seeds umbilicate ; raphe dorsal ; embryo ventral. Stems erect . : C : : : : . 5. RAPHIA. Stems climbing. Polycarpic. Spathes present, Ovary imperfectly 3-celled . : : . 6. CALAMUS. Ovary perfectly 3-celled : : : . 7. ONCOCALAMUS. Spathes none . : : : : : . 8. EREMOSPATHA. Monocarpic . < : c : : : . 9. ANCISTROPHYLLUM, TriBe [V. Borasseve.— Leaves fan-shaped ; segments reduplicate in vernation. Spadices interfoliaceous, diwcious ; spathes many, sheathing. Ovary entire, 3- celled ; ovules ascending. Seed with a diffuse hilum. Albumen homogeneous. Male flowers many in pits on the spadix. 2 . 10. BoRaAssts. Male flowers solitary in pits on the spadix . . 11. HYPHENE. Albumen ruminate . : . 12. MEDEMIA. TRIBE V. Cocoineve.—Leaves pinnatisect ; segments reduplicate in vernation Spadices interfoliaceous ; spathes 2 or many. Flowers (at least on the lower par t of the spadix) in threes, the central female, the lateral male. Ovary 1-7-celled. Fruit 1-7-celled ; stigmas terminal ; endocarp with 3-7 pores. Seed adhering to the endocarp ; hilum diffuse ; embryo opposite a pore of the endocarp. Male flowers sunk in pits on the spadix. Pericarp spongy . . : . ° - ° . 13. ELH#Is. Male flowers superficial, Pericarp thick, fibrous . 14. Cocos, 1. ARECA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 883. Male flowers minute, solitary or geminate on the spadix-branches. Sepals 3. Petals 3, much longer than the sepals, broadly ovate. Stamens 3 or 6. Female flowers much larger than the male, solitary towards the base of the spadix-branches. Sepals and petals usually Areca. | CXLVII. PALM& (WRIGHT), 99 enlarging after flowering. Ovary entire, 3-celled; ovule erect, basal. Albumen ruminate.—Unarmed palms. Stems solitary or cespitose, annulate. Leaves in a terminal crown, equally pinnatisect. Spadix infrafoliaceous ; branches patent, pendulous in fruit ; spathes 3 to many, caducous. Species about 24, distributed through Tropical Asia, New Guinea, and Tropical Australia. 1, A. Catechu, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 1189. Stem cylindrical, un- branched, 40-50 ft. high, 20 in. in diam., annulate. Leaves 6-9; petiole thick, concave above, convex beneath, sheathing and coriaceous at the base; leaflets many, opposite, broadly linear, acuminate, broad at the base, the lower 3-4 ft.long. Spadix 2-3 ft. long, much branched, male above, female below; spathes 2, boat-shaped, obtuse, striate, coriaceous; bracts 0. Male flowers sessile. Sepals 3, ovate, acute, Petals 3, much longer than the sepals, broadly ovate, acute, yellowish. Stamens 6; filaments short, more or less united into a column below; anthers dorsifixed. Female flowers sessile. Sepals 3, broadly ovate, fleshy, very thick in the centre, thin at the margins, concave, persistent. Staminodes none or forming a hypogynous 6-toothed ring. Ovary large, ovoid, acute, smooth, 3-celled; ovules solitary; stigmas 3, triangular, acute, papillose. Fruit ovoid, tapering upwards, 2-2} in. long, smooth, orange when mature, l-celled; pericarp at first soft, afterwards con- taining many distinct longitudinal fibres. Seed conic-globose, solitary, erect, 1 in. in diam.; testa very thin ; endosperm very hard, white or pinkish ; embryo small, basal.—Mart. Palm. 169, tt. 102, 149, fig. 4; Blume, Rumphia, ii. t. 102, fig. A; Bentl. & Trim. Med. Pl. t. 276; Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. B. 15, C. 131; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 405. Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar and coast of German East Africa, cultivated, ex Engler, Also in India, South China, and Malaya. 2. PODOCOCCUS, Mann et Wendl. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl, iii. 915. Male flower: Sepals 3. Corolla stalked, 3-lobed. Stamens 6 ; fila- ments subulate, adnate at the base to the corolla-tube and to the rudiment of the ovary ; anthers oblong, cordate at the base, dorsifixed. Female flower: Sepals 3. Corolla stalked, trifid. Staminodes 6, very small. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, recurved; ovule pendulous. Fruit baceate 1- (rarely 2—3-) seeded, with the stigmatic scar near its base. Seed surrounded by the branches of the raphe, which radiate from the hilum and anastomose towards their extremities; albumen homo- geneous; embryo dorsal,.at or below the middle of the albumen.— Slender unarmed palm. Stems reed-like, annulate. Leaves alternate, pinnate ; leaflets membranous. Spadix simple, on a long peduncle; Spathes 4, tubular, marcescent; bracts short; bracteoles minute, glumaceous. Endemic, monotypic. 100 CXLV1I. PALME (WRIGHT). | Podococeus. 1. P. Barteri, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 426, t. 38, fig. A, t. 40, fig. B, and t. 43, fig. A. An erect, unbranched palm, covered with rusty scurf on all its parts. Stem 5-8 ft. high, 9 lin. in diam., annulate, with innovations arising from the base; internodes 3-5 in. apart. Leaves 6-9, 5-6 ft. long, pinnatisect, glaucous green ; sheath about a foot long, striate, splitting obliquely, lacerate at the margins ; petiole 1-1} ft. long, subterete, channelled on the upper side towards the base; rhachis convex on the back, acute above; leaflets 8-10 on each side, alternate, elliptic-oblong, 3-4 in. apart, plicate, many-nerved, the longest 1 ft. by 4 in., the lower smaller, the two terminal confluent, lower margins entire, upper irregularly eroso- dentate. Spadix lateral, patent, at length pendulous, about 2} ft. long; peduncle subterete, about as long as the rhachis; rhachis 3 lin. thick ; spathes 4 on the lower part of the peduncle, tubular, marcescent, the two lower incomplete and 4-5 in. long, the upper more complete, oblique, splitting irregularly and 8-12 in. long. Flowers produced from June to August in 8-10 straight or spiral rows of pits, ternate, the central female, the lateral male, reddish. Male flower: Sepals 3, dis- tinct, elliptic-oblong, often trifid at the apex, keeled, subfalcate, scarcely 1 lin. long, contorted in bud. Corolla 2 lin. long; lobes elliptic-oblong, concave, cartilaginous, striate on the back, patent, valvate. Stamens 6, alternately long and short ; filaments filiform, adnate at the base to the corolla-tube and rudimentary 3-toothed ovary; anthers oblong-cordate, dorsifixed. Female flower: Sepals as in the male, but less rigid. Corolla 3-fid, united with the base of the ovary into a short stalk ; lobes oblong, acute, concave, striate on the back, erecto-patent. Staminodes 6, minute. Ovary 3- (or by abortion 1-) celled, stipitate, oblong ; stigmas 3, terminal, short, recurved; ovule pendulous, Fruit baccate, edible, oblong or elongate-oblong, orange, bent above the base, with the scar of the stigma subbasal, stipitate, nearly 1 in. by 4-5 lin. Seed elongate- ellipsoid, slightly oblique, 9 lin. by 2 lin.—J. Braun & K. Schum, in ee Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889) 148; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. Upper Guinea. Niger Delta: mouth of the Brass River, Barter, 36! 325! 1837! Left bank of the River Nun, Mann, 452! Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyaua, 94! 95. 3. SCLEROSPERMA, Mann et Wendl.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 919. Male flower: Sepals 3. Corolla-lobes 3, valvate. Stamens many ; filaments very short; anthers linear, extrorse, basifixed. Female flower: Calyx of 3 distinct sepals or 3-lobed. Corolla 3-lobed ; lobes convolute below, valvate at the apex. Staminodes 6 or 9, very small. Ovary unicarpellary, 1-celled ; ovule pendulous ; stigma large, oblique. Fruit a large drupe, obliquely depressed, stigmatic scar lateral ; epicarp thin; mesocarp fibrous; endocarp thin but hard. Seed depressed globose, surrounded by the branches of the raphe, which radiate from Sclerosperma. | CXLVII, PALM (WRIGHT). 101 the linear hilum and form a loose network towards their extremities ; albumen copious, very hard, homogeneous ; embryo dorsal near the apex, almost opposite the hilum.—Slender, gregarious, unarmed palms. Stems very short, densely fastigiate. Leaves fascicled, erecto-patent, imparipinnate ; leaflets subopposite. Spadix short, simple, bearing at the base two male flowers at the side of each female, in the upper part male flowers only ; spathes 2, persistent; bracts membranous. Endemic, monotypic. 1. 8S. Mannii, Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 427, t. 38, fig. C, and t. 40, fig. A. Slender cespitose palms. Stem very short. Leaves 10- 13 ft. long, rigid, sparingly clothed with rusty evanescent scurf ; sheath 1-14 ft. long, breaking up at the margin into reticulate fibres ; petiole 7-8 ft. long, subterete ; blade elliptic-oblong, 4—5 ft. by 2 ft.; rhachis acute above, convex beneath; leaflets 9-12 on each side, obliquely truncate, slightly contracted at the base, light green, smooth and shining above, whitish and covered with deciduous rusty scales beneath, crenate and minutely toothed at the apex, 14-2 ft. by 2-3 in., 3-5- nerved ; terminal leaflets unequal, confluent below, 12—17-nerved. Primary spadix about 8 in. long, the lateral erect, concealed amongst the leaf-bases ; peduncle 4 in. long, 9 lin. thick, brownish tomentose. Spathes 2, persistent, fuscous; outer 5-6 in. long, irregularly laciniate at the apex ; inner about 8 in. long, ellipsoid, breaking up at the apex into reticulate fibres. Flowers spirally arranged, in the lower part one female between two male, in the upper part male only densely crowded ; bracts broadly ovate, acute, concave; male bracteoles small or obsolete, female broadly ovate, acute. Male flower: Sepals oblong-lanceolate, concave, keeled, membranous, 14-2 lin. long, those of the apical flowers one-half the size, linear-spathulate, obtuse, incurved, membranous below. Corolla-lobes elliptic-oval, rigid, thick, 3-4 lin. long, those of the upper flowers broadly obovate, mucronate, incurved, 5 lin. long, reddish. Filaments very short, hemispherical; anthers linear; con- nective percurrent. Female flowers: Sepals free or shortly united, broadly ovate, acute, incrassate, concave, slightly keeled, margin with deciduous scales. Petals ovate, abruptly acuminate, concave, marces- cent, as long as or slightly longer than the sepals. Staminodes 6 or 9, minute, lanceolate. Ovary ellipsoid, shorter than the petals ; stigma large, suberect ; ovule basal. Drupe 1} in. diam., subglobose, obliquely depressed, bearing the stigmatic scar near the apex; epicarp brown, thin, rather shiny ; mesocarp of very thin fibres; endocarp thin, stony. Seed 1 in. by 9 lin.; hilum slightly excentric, with radiating anastomosing fibres; albumen copious, very hard; embryo near the apex.— Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 112. Lower Guinea. Gaboon: in swampy places near the River Gaboon, from Point Clara upwards, Mann, 1046! Soyaux (ex Drude). 102 CXLYII. PALM& (WRIGHT). [ Phenix. 4. PHGINTIX, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 921. Male flower oblong or lanceolate. Calyx cupular, 3-toothed. Petals 3, slightly connate at the base, valvate. Stamens 6 ; filaments connate at the base; anthers linear-oblong, dorsifixed. Rudiment of ovary smallor none. Female flower globose. Calyx asin the male. Petals 3, rotundate, concave, broadly imbricate. Staminodes 6, connate. Carpels 3, distinct ; stigma sessile; ovule erect. Fruit drupaceous ; stigmatic scar terminal. Seed deeply grooved on the ventral side; albumen cartilaginous; embryo minute, dorsal. — Unarmed trees. Stems cylindrical. Leaves pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, induplicate. Spadix interfoliaceous, branched. Spathe solitary. Flowers small, yellow, dicecious. Species about 12, dispersed through Tropical and Subtropical Asia and Africa. Fruit fleshy . 4 : : . : ° . 1. P. dactylifera. Fruit dry. Endocarp hard. Seed slightly pointed above, 7 by Aphine : : : 9 4 : . 2. P. abyssinica. Endocarp thin. Seed rounded above, 5-7 by 2}— olin ~ ° . ’ . : . 3. P. reclinata, 1. P. dactylifera, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 1188. Stem tall, straight, cylindrical, soboliferous at the base, scaly in the younger parts with the remains of leaf-bases. Leaves 10 ft. or more long, glaucous; leaflets lanceolate-linear, acuminate, somewhat 4-ranked, the anticous often distichous, irregularly and remotely aggregate, the central longest. Female flower globose. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Drupe long, elliptic, variously coloured, usually more than 1 in. long; pericarp thick, fleshy, saccharine.—Gertn. Fruct. i. 23, t. 9, fig. 2; Forsk. Fl. Atgypt.-Arab. exxvi.; Lam. Encycl. ii. 261, and IIl. t. 893, fig. 1; Hook. Journ. Bot. 1834, 212; Delile, Fl. Egypte, 169, t. 62; Mart. in Miinch. gel. Anzeig, 1838, 638, and 1839, 38, and Palm. ili, 257, t. 120, t. X, fig. 1, t. Z, i. fig. A; Kunth, Enum, iii. 255; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 233; Becc. Malesia, iii. 355, t. 43, figs. a Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. B. 12, C. 130; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. Upper Guinea. Senegambia: Fort St. Louis, Brunner (ex Martius). Isle of Goree ; Porto Prana, Brunner (ex Martius). Wile Land. British Somaliland: Waggar Mountains, Mrs. Lort-Phillips Lower Guinea. Congo and Benguela (ex Martius). Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: “On the Zambesi there is one solitary tree outside the stockade of Sena,” Kirk. German East Africa: Kiliman jaro, up to nearly 6000 ft., Johnstoz, 197! British Central Africa: Nyasaland on the Upper Shire at Matope, Scott-Elliot, 8494! Owing to this species having been cultivated throughout Tropical Africa from remote times, it is difficult to decide where it is truly indigenous. 2. P. abyssinica, Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110, 119. Habit of P. dactylifera, Linn. Lower leaflets reduced to spines; upper lanceolate, more or less aggregate, 10 in. by 4 in. Calyx of male Phenix. | CXLVII, PALME (WRIGHT), 103 flower half as long as the corolla, urceolate. Fruit dry, seated on the marcescent cup-shaped calyx and corolla; endocarp hard. Seed very slightly pointed above, 7 lin. long, 4 lin. broad.—P. dactylifera ? Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 153. Nile Land. Eritrea: Valley of Ainsaba, near Keren, Steudner, 1540! between Keren and Adowa, Steudner, 1511; Hamasen district, Steudner, 1541. Abyssinia : Adowa, Schimper, 794! Steudner, 1539. 3. P. reclinata, Jacq. Fragm. i. 27, t. 24. Stem erect, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves 3-5 ft. long, bright green; petiole flat above, slightly convex beneath, expanded at the base into a fuscous fibrous sheath ; leaflets rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, pungent, the central 1 ft. by 1 in., the lowest subspinescent and aggregate, the remainder equidistant, midrib with white floccose indumentum on the lower side. Male flower lanceolate, acuminate. Female spadix 2 ft. long; branches 6-8 in. long; peduncle over 1 ft. long, complanate, glabrous. Petals fuscous. Drupe cylindric-elliptic, 7-8 lin. long, 4—5 lin. wide at the middle, dullred. Seed ovate, 5 lin. long, deeply sulcate; embryo a little below the middle.— Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 731; Mart. in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 638, and Palm. iii. 272, t. 164; Kunth, Enum. iii. 256 ; Bece. Malesia, iii. 349; Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. B. 13, C. 130; C. H. Wright in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 29; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. App. iii. 33; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 82; Penzig in Atti Congr. Bot. Genova, 1892, 363. P. spinosa, Schum. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 437; Mart. in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 638, and 1839, 45; Kunth, Enum. iii. 256; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 234; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 526; Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 428; J. Braun & K. Schum. in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889) 148 ; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 272; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss, ii, App. ii. 51. P. leonensis, Lodd. ex Kunth, Enum. iii. 256. P. senegalensis, Van Houtte ex Salomon in Gartenflora, 1884, 305. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, 760! South Senegambia, Brunner! Sierra Leone, Oldfield! Gold Coast: Aburi Hills, Johnson, 459! Niger Delta : banks of the River Nun, Mann, 528! Nile Land. Eritrea: Aidereso, 4000 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1610! Arrot Valley, Barario, 4400 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 740! Geleb, 4592 ft., Schweinfurth ! near Keren, 6232 ft., Schweinfurth ! Steudner, 1540! Penzig. British Kast Africa : Pemba Island, Stuhlmann, 1128 (ex Drude) ; Jur; Genana, near Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1358! Uganda; Kampala, Scott-Elliot, 7352! Stuhlmann, 1800 (ex Drude) ; Mombasa, Wakefield ! Lower Guinea. Estuary of the Congo, as far as the Isle of Mateba, Dupont, Roger. Congo: Masongolo, Burton! Smith! Angola: Pungo Andongo ; plentiful on the marshy banks of the Rivers Cuanza, Lombe, &c., and at Sansamanda and Mopopo, Welwitsch, 6667! Icolo e Bengo ; between Tantambonda and Quicanda, Welwitsch, 6658! Barra do Dande ; plentiful on the banks of the lake and of the River Dande, near Bombo, Welwitsch, 6659 | 66598 ! Calumquembo district, Wel- witsch, 6672! South Central. Congo Free State: Lunda; at Muschi Brook, Buchner, 689 (ex Drude). 104 . CXLVIL PALM (WRIGHT). [Pheniz. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Ugalla River, Bohm, 424 (ex Drude) ; Usambara; coast region, Holst, 2847, mountains to 6200 ft., Holst, and Pangani River, 2600 ft., Volkens, 462 (ex Drude), British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Fort Hill and Songue, Whyte! Central regions of the continent and on the coast, ex Kirk, Also in South Africa, 5. RAPHTIA, P. Beauv.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ii. 935. Male flower: Calyx tubular, entire or minutely toothed. Corolla curved ; petals 3, linear-lanceolate, valvate. Stamens 6-16, inserted at the base of the petals; filaments subulate or thickened and connate at the base; anthers erect, linear, inserted near their bases. Rudiment of ovary none. Female flower larger than the male. Calyx as in the male. Corolla more or less campanulate, 3-toothed. Staminodes in a 6- to many-toothed cup adnate to the corolla. Ovary 3-celled, retrorsely scaly; stigmas sessile, recurved, subulate; ovule inserted slightly above the base of the cells. Fruit large, oblong or ellipsoid, rostrate, 1-seeded, covered with retrorsely imbricate scales; pericarp thick; endocarp spongy; seed laterally fixed, oblong, sulcate; hilum lateral ; raphe linear with reticulate branches; albumen bony, solid, ruminate; embryo ventral.—Monocarpic palms, unarmed or with the sheaths only armed. Stems erect, simple or dichotomously branched, densely annulate. Leaves in a terminal crown, equally pinnatisect ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins recurved at the base and setose or aculeolate, rhachis not produced at the apex. Spadices mone- cious, large, pendulous, cylindrical, much-branched; branches and branchlets thick, compressed, the latter pectinately arranged, densely covered with cup-shaped bracts; common spathe none. Flowers solitary in each bract, the male at the base of the ultimate branches of the spadix, the female at the apex. Species about 12 in Tropical Africa and the Mascarene Islands, and 1 in Tropical America. Fruit more or less turbinate. Fruit-scales rounded at the apex l. R. Ruffia. Fruit-scales acuminate . 2. R. textilis. Fruit cylindrical or ellipsoid. Stamens 6. Scales of fruit in 12 rows . a . 38. R. Monbuttorum. Stamens 8. Fruit oval-ellipsoid, with 8-10 rows of scales ‘ : : ‘ - 4, R. Gertnert. Stamens 10, Fruit cylindric-ellipsoid, with 8-9 rows of scales . . : : : . 5. R. vinifera. Stamens 15. Fruit long oval, with 12 rows of scales 6. R. longiflora. Stamens 16. Fruit oval-ellipsoid, with 12-15 rows of scales . - ‘ : : 7. R. Hookeri. 1. R. Ruffia, Mart. Palm. iii. 217. Stem 6-26 ft. high, 1 ft. thick. Leaves up to 65 ft. long; petiole up to 13 ft. long, 10 lin. thick. Calyx of male flowers pedicelled. Fruit obovate or pyriform, somewhat depressed and mucronate at the apex ; scales in 12-15 rows, very convex; Raphia.]| ss CXLVII, PALME (WRIGHT). 105 polished, chestnut-brown, adpressedly ciliate—Kunth, Enum. iii. 217 ; Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. B. 16, C0. 131. Raphia pedunculata, P. Beauv. in Desv. Journ. Bot. ii. 87, and Fl. Owar. i. 78, t. 44, fig. 2, t. 46, fig. 2. Sagus farinifera, Gertn. Fruct. ii. 186, t. 120, fig. 3. Sagus Ruffia, Jacq. Fragm. 7, no. 27, t. 4, fig. 2. Sagus pedunculata, Lam. Encycl. Suppl. v. 13, and Ill. iii. 357, t. 771, fig. 2.a-g. Metroxylon Ruffia, Spreng. Syst. ii. 139. Wile Land. British East Africa: Taveta, near Kilimanjaro, ex Engler. Mozamb. Dist. Pemba Island and Zanzibar, ex Engler. German East Africa : on the coast, and Usagara and Usambara regions, ex Engler ; Kilimanjaro region; Lake Yipe and Kahe, ex Engler. Also in Madagascar, 2. R. textilis, Welw. Apont. 584. Fruit oval-turbinate, 2} in. long, nearly 2 in. thick; scales in 11-14 rows, 11 lin. long, 11-12 lin. wide, rather convex at the base, flatter towards the apex and witha broad shallow furrow, dark chestnut, acute at the base, darker and slightly fimbriate at the margin. Seed oval-turbinate, 2} in. long, 16 lin. thick ; albumen slightly ruminate.—Syn. Explic. 39; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 83. R. Welwitschii, Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 439, t. 42, fig. B; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto; near rivulets at 1800-2000 ft., and 120 miles from the coast, Welwitsch, 6666! 6671! and fruit 1054! Barro do Dande ; gregarious on the River Dande, Welwitsch, 6663! 3. R. Monbuttorum, Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111, 180. Acaulescent or with a stem up to 5 ft. long. Leaflets irregularly arranged, up to 1} in. wide. Male flower: Calyx shortly campanulate, —4 as long as the corolla. Corolla-lobes curved, narrowly lanceolate trom a linear base, long acuminate, 9-10 lin. long. Stamens 6, adnate to the base of the corolla-lobes ; anthers narrowly linear from a sagittate base, shorter than the filaments; connective shorter at the back than the anther-cells. Female flower scarcely half as long as the male, obtuse and broad. Calyx enclosing, and its teeth overtopping, the short corolla. Staminodes absent. Young fruit long-pointed from an oval =. ia unknown; scales in about 12 rows.—Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Okel (Okale), Schweinfurth, 1738! Lakes Albert Edward and Albert Nyanza, ex Engler. South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; in the water of the valleys near Munza, Schweinfurth, 3357 ! Mozamb. Dist. Tanganyika, ex Engler. 4. R. Geertneri, Mann d: Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 437, t. 42, fig. D. Spadix laxly branched ; branches slender, the lower 5-7 m. long, 4 lin. thick. Male flowers 6 lin. long. Petals elliptical. Stamens 8; filaments clavate. Female flower: Petals 6 lin. long. Staminodes about 8. Fruit elongate- or oval-ellipsoid, 2}—3 in. long, 1} in. thick, obliquely mucronate; scales in 8-10 rows, slightly emar- ginate at the base, 8 lin. long, 8 lin. broad, light chestnut, slightly 106 CXLVII, PALM (WRIGHT). | Raphia. fimbriate at the margin. Seed elongate-ellipsoid, acute at either side, 2-21 in. by 9-11 lin.; albumen with narrow ruminations.—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. &. vinifera, Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111, not Beauv. Sagus Palma-pinus, Gertn. Fruct. i. 27, t. 10, fig. 1. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Berria (Beria), Scott-Elliot, 5002! Fernando Po; from the shore to an altitude of 500 ft., Mann! Gold Coast, Cameron ! 5. R. vinifera, P. Beawv. Fl. Owar. i. 77, t. 44, fig. 1, t. 45, t. 46, fig. 2. Stems of medium height. Leaves 6-7 ft. long; leaflets spiny. Spadix about 8 ft. long, laxly branched ; lower branches 3-34 ft. long, upper 1 ft. long; lower branchlets 8-10 in. long. Stamens 10-12. Female flowers usually in the upper part of the spadix. Staminodes about 20. Fruit cylindric-ellipsoid, shortly mucronate, 3 in. long, 14—1? in. thick ; scales in 8—9 rows, very broad, slightly emarginate at the base, rather convex above the base, with a deep groove within the apex, flattened at the margin, 9-10 lin. long, 9 lin. wide, greenish, margin slightly fimbriate and brownish. Seed 2} in. long, 1 in. thick; albumen with narrow ruminations.—Mart. Palm. iii. 216, and in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 639; Hook. Niger Fl. 526; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 234; Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 437, t. 42, fig. C; J. Braun & K. Schum. in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889) 148; Kew Bulletin, 1891, 1; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 273; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 82. Metroxylon viniferum, Spreng. Syst. ii. 139.— Palma conifera ex Guinea, C. Bauh. Pinax, 510. Palma vinifera Theveti, C. Bauh. Hist. i. 369. Upper Guinea, Sierra Leone, Afzelius! Winterbottom (ex Martius). Niger Territory: Oware and Benin; abundant by the sides of rivers, ex P. Beauvois ; banks of the Old Calabar River, Mann! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo, Hens, Demeuse, Laurent, and Dupuis (ex Durand & Schinz), Congo, Smith, and Lockhart (ex Martius), Angola : Huilla ; Morro de Lopollo, 5200-5800 ft., Welwitsch, 6657 ! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; hilly regions south of Lake Nyasa, Kirk, and without precise locality, Buchanan ! _The Bamboo Palm. In the Yoruba language this palm is variously known as Igi-oguro, Eriko, and Akpako ; its bass-fibre as Iyo, and the fishing-lines made from it as Lyo-oguro and Iyo-agbe, P. Beauvois states that the negroes of Oware and Benin call the wine made from the sap of the trunk Bourdon. 6. R. longiflora, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 438, t. 39, fig. A. and t. 42, fig. E. A palm 40-50 fi. high. Stems czespitose, 3—4 together, 15 ft. high, 1 ft. thick. Leaves 33 ft. long; petiole 11-12 ft. long, breaking up at the margins into rigid fibres ; leaflets about 160 on either side, coriaceous, 5-54 ft. long, 21-21 in. wide, spiny on the upper side of the midrib and on the margins near their base, unarmed towards the apex; secondary nerves solitary near the margins, promi- nent beneath; tertiary nerves 9-10 on either side of the midrib. Spadix with thick branches. Male flowers 12-13 lin. long. Stamens 15. Female flowers 4—5 near the base of the lower branches. Fruit elongate- oval, 3-3} in. long, 16-17 lin. thick, crowned by a long oblique mucro} scales in 12 rows, 8 lin. long and wide, very convex, very shallowly Raphia. | CXLVII. PALME (WRIGHT). 107 furrowed, obtuse (rarely slightly emarginate) at the base, almost entire at the margins. Seed long ellipsoid, 24 in. long, 11 lin. thick ; albumen with narrow ruminations.—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: River Volta, Rumsey, 6! Lower Guinea. Spanish Gaboon: Corisco Island, Mann, 1910! 7. R. Hookeri, Vann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 438, t. 39, fig. B, t. 42, fig. A. Stem about 30 ft. high, 1 ft. thick. Leaves about 40 ft. long; petiole 10-12 ft. long, breaking up at the edges into curved pendulous fibres; leaflets about 200 on each side, rather rigid, 4-5 ft. long, 12-2 in. wide, spiny on the upper side of the midrib towards the base and apex and on the keel, glaucous beneath. Spadices in pairs, rarely solitary, from the upper part of the stem, pendulous, densely and compactly branched, slightly glaucous; primary branches about 60; branchlets rigid, the lower 10-11 in. long. Male flowers 9 lin. long. Stamens 16. Female flowers 9-12 at the base of the lower branches. Fruit oval-ellipsoid, 33-4 in. long, 13-2 in. thick, obliquely long mucronate; scales in 12-15 rows, 9 lin. by 8 lin., very slightly sulcate, chestnut or cinnamon, obtuse at the base, almost entire. Seed 24-3 in. by 13-15 lin.; albumen narrowly ruminate.—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Upper Guinea. Old Calabar and Cameroons, in humid places along the coast, Mann, 1911! also cultivated. Lower Guinea. Spanish Gaboon: Corisco Island, Mann, 1911! The Wine Palm. Native name, Ukot. Imperfectly known species. 8. R. angolensis, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 83. Fruit larger than in R. longiflora, and longer in proportion to its breadth, 43 in. by 1} in ; scales almost square, light brown, getting darker towards the blunt base, the largest rather more than 9 lin. each way. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid, blunt and almost flat at the apex, tapering very gradually from above the middle to the base; embryo 4 the way from the apex; rumination similar in character to that of 2. longiflora, but not so copious. Lower Guinea. Angola; without precise locality, Welwitsch ! 9. R. maxima, Pechwel-Loesche, Loango-Exped. iii. 164 ; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 128; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 83. Lower Guinea. French Congo: Loango, Pechuel-Loesche. Drude suggests that this (which has not been described) may be synonymous with R. Hookeri. 6. CALAMUS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 931. Male flower: Calyx cupular, trifid. Petals 3, free or connate at the base, oblong or lanceolate, acute, valvate. Stamens 6, inserted at the base or throat of the corolla; filaments short, free or connate at the base; anthers linear, sagittate or oblong, dorsifixed. Rudiment 108 CXLVII, PALME (WRIGHT). [ Calamus. of ovary minute or absent. Female flower: Calyx cupular, trifid. - Corolla tubular at the base ; lobes 8, ovate, acute, valvate. Staminodes 6, united into a cup free from or adnate to the corolla-tube. Ovary ovoid or globose, incompletely 3-celled; style short or long; stigmas short or long; ovules 3, erect. Fruit globose or ellipsoid, 1- (very rarely 2-3-) seeded; style terminal; pericarp covered with retrorsely imbricate scales. Seed various in shape, smooth or sinuously sulcate, suberect ; chalaza lateral; branches of the raphe extending from the chalaza to opposite the position of the subbasal or central embryo ; albumen homogeneous or slightly ruminate—Armed, usually slender palms. Stems long climbing, rarely erect, remotely ringed. Leaves remote, equally pinnate ; leaflets equidistant or fascicled, usually setose on the nerves and margins; rhachis usually prolonged into a long leaf- less spiny cirrhus; petiole short or long, trigonous ; sheath spiny, some- times bearing a long spiny flagellum from ome side. Spadices short or long, with slender (rarely thick) paniculate branches, polygamous or diccious; spathes many, tubular; bracts densely imbricate; flowers distichous or subdistichous on the branches, 1 or 2 to each bract; bracteoles free or connate. Species about 200, chiefly in Tropical and Subtropical Asia, and a few in Australia. Leaflets linear-lanceolate. Fruit ovoid, pointed, brown . . : 1. C. deeratus. Fruit globose, obtuse, mucronate, reddish 2. C. niger. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate 3. C. Bartert. Leaflets obovate-trapezoid 4. C. Cabre. 1. C. deerratus, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 429, i. 41, fig. F. Stem climbing, 20-25 ft. long. Leaves about 5 ft. long, ovate, patent ; sheath cylindrical, tight, unarmed below, with transverse rows of recurved subulate-conical spines above, oblique and furnished with very acute spines at the mouth; petiole semiterete, 3 in. long; 6 lin, thick, slightly channelled above, margins and back with a few erect subulate spines 9-12 lin. long; leaflets linear-lanceolate, much contracted at the base, acuminate, about 35 on each side, alternate, equidistant, 7-nerved, with black bristles on the margins and under (rarely upper) side of the nerves, and minute light brown scales on the undersurface ; central leaflets 14-15 in. long, 12-14 lin. wide, 1-1} in. apart ; terminal leaflets 6 in. long. Spadix elongate, slender, decurved, main axis prolonged into a very long terete naked appendage, primary branches twice or thrice simply branched; peduncle connate at the base with the sheath of the uppermost leaf; spathes long, cylindrical, obliquely split at the apex, the lowest about 1 ft. long, ancipitous and distantly spinulose on the margins, the upper unilateral and sparingly spiny ; bracts cup-shaped, obliquely acuminate, bracteoles dense, smaller than the bracts and less acuminate; flower-bearing branches 2 in. long: Male flowers 3 lin. long, solitary, yellow. Calyx cup-shaped, trifid ; lobes broadly-ovate. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, tripartite; lobes oblong-ovate. Stamens 6; filaments subulate, united at the base ; anthers linear-oblong, sagittate at the base. Rudiment of ovary glo Calamus. | CXLVII. PALMZ (WRIGHT). 109 bose ; stigmas 3, long. Female flower enclosed in a bracteole together with a male or neuter flower, yellow. Calyx and corolla as in the male. Staminodes 6. Ovary oblong; stigmas 3, shortly recurved, tri- angular. Fruit ovoid, attenuate at the apex, 7-8 lin. long, 4 lin. diam.; scales in 19-21 rows, rather convex, marked with a shallow median furrow, shining, margin membranous, erose, brown. Seed 4-5 lin. long, oblong-ellipsoid, slightly compressed, rugulose; chalaza dorsal, incrassate ; albumen horny ; embryo basal, erect, close to the hilum.— Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111; Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898, 80. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Bagru River, Mann, 895! Cameroons : Cameroon River, Mann, 2147! Gold Coast: Kibbi, in Akim district, Johnson, 242! Ashanti, Cummins, 128! 2. C. niger, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 203. A palm armed with many long subulate dark brown spines. Leaves remote; petiole semiterete, 1 in. thick, beset with many short spines; sheath covered with subulate. spines ; leaflets many, linear-lanceolate, very acuminate, 15 in. long, 4 in. wide, 3-nerved, midrib prominent, margins setigerous; rhachis cirrhi- ferous above, furnished with uncinate spines. Spadices near the apex of the stem, nodding, paniculately branched; peduncle long. Fruit globose, nearly 1 in. diam., with a short mucro on the obtuse apex; scales reddish when ripe.—J. Braun & K. Schum. in Mitth. Deutsch.. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889) 147. Demonorops niger, Blume, Rumphia, iii. 5. Deemonorops melanochetes, Mart. Palm. iii. 203, partly; Kunth, Enum. iii, 202. Upper Guinea. Cameroons, Braun. Also in the Malayan Archipelago. 3. C. Barteri, Becc. ex Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 134. Stem 30-50 ft. long, about the thickness of the finger. Rhachis of leaf not. produced into a cirrhus ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong ; margins, midrib on both surfaces and secondary nerves on the under surface only beset with fine pungent hairs 1 lin. long. Ultimate branches of the spadix disti- chous, compressed, 9-14 lin. apart, 23-3} in. long, each bearing 30-40: flowers distichously arranged; bracteoles of the male flowers half as long as the flowers, with two wing-like keels. Calyx 2-} as long as the corolla. Corolla narrowed at the base intoa short pedicel. Stamens 6, nearly as long as the corolla ; anthers versatile, fixed at their centre to the three-sided subulate filaments. Kudiment of ovary shortly trifid, scarcely as long as the filaments. Fruit 6 lin. long, 4—5 lin. in. diam.,. acuminate ; scales in about 20 rows, rhomboid, darker and slightly fim- briate at the margins. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Musaia, in marshy ground, climbing, Scott- Elliot, 5121! Kambia, Scott-Elliot, 4738, and without precise locality, Scott-Hiliot,. 4460 (ex Drude). Niger Territory : Lower Niger; Onitsa, Barter, 110! In Barter’s specimen a cirrhns nearly 2 ft. long, bearing numerous recurved spines, springs from within one of the leaf-sheaths. ‘Stem much used in the lower part of the river [Niger],” Barter. ‘Used for making rope. Native name ‘ Tembi,’” Scott-Elliot. 110 CXLVII, PALMA (WRIGHT). [ Calamus. 4, GC. Cabree, De Wild. d&: Durand in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxviii. 151. A climbing shrub. Leaves long; rhachis gradually attenuate upwards and prolonged into an unarmed or slightly armed cirrhus, convex below, slightly rounded above, bearing 1—2 uncinate re- curved black-tipped spines 2 lin. long between each pair of leaflets ; leaflets nearly equidistant, rather more remote towards the apex, alter- nate, 23-54 in. long, 14-34 in. wide, obovate-trapezoid, flat, much narrowed and reduplicate at the base, chartaceous, longitudinally pli- cate, midrib and secondary nerves slightly prominent, margins repando- crenate in the upper part, sparingly spiny, shining on the upper side; “ abortive leaflets opposite, the lowest 43-7 in. distant from the upper- most, 9-14 lin. long, 1-24 lin. broad, thick, confluent and thickened at the base, slightly sigmoid, horny, subulate-triquetrous, two faces concave, the upper gradually getting nearer and smaller.” Lower Guinea. Lower French Congo: forests of Mayombe, Cabra. I have seen no specimen of this species, of which the leaves alone are known. Imperfectly known species. 5. ©. Heudelotii, Becc. ex Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 112, 134. Petiole short, flat and unarmed above, convex and with recurved spines up to7 lin. long beneath; sheath tubular, oblique at the mouth, sparingly armed with short stout spines; rhachis in the upper part of the leaf acute and unarmed above, convex and armed with black-tipped recurved spines 3 lin. long beneath ; Jeaflets about 6 lin. apart, linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, with pungent upward pointing sete on both surfaces and margins ; terminal cirrhus copiously armed with small recurved spines. Ultimate branches of spadix 2 in. long ; bracteoles cupular, irregularly lacerate at the mouth. Fruit ovate, shortly apiculate; scales in about 15 rows, light brown, with a central furrow.—Calamus sp., Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 430, in note. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 372! Gambia, Ingram ! The material is, as stated by Mann and Wendland (l.c.), insufficient to allow a satisfactory description of this species being drawn up. 7. ONCOCALAMUS, Mann et Wendl.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 936. Spadix lateral, monecious, distichously branched; branches long, pendulous ; spathes incomplete. Flowers 11~3 in alternate distichous bracteolate glomerules, the central one female, the rest male. Male flower: Calyx campanulate, shortly 3-lobed. Corolla 3-partite almost to the base. Stamens 6; filaments united into a minutely 6-toothed campanulate cup; anthers cordate, dorsifixed. Rudiment of ovary oblong ; style cylindrical ; stigmas minute. Female flower: Calyx and corolla as in the male. Staminodes like the filaments of the male flower. Ovary 3-celled; style very short; stigmas 3, tongue-shaped ; ovule fixed slightly above the base of the cell. Fruit unknown.— Oncocalamus. | CXLVII. PALME (WRIGHT). nee | Climbing palms with long slender stems. Leaves pinnate or bifurcate ; rhachis produced into a cirrhus armed with weak spines. Species 2, endemic. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets about 16 on each side . - 1. O. Mannis. Leaves bifurcate, or pinnate in the upper part only . 2. O. acanthocnemis. 1. O. Mannii, Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 252. Stems about 60 ft. long, 6-12 lin. thick, Leaves remote, 5-6 ft. long, dark green, copper- coloured when young; sheaths 1-14 ft. long, cylindrical, clothed (as well as the rhachis) with dark brown caducous or deliquescent scales ; stipules sheathing, 6-9 lin. long, obliquely truncate; rhachis sparingly and minutely spiny at the margins, produced at the apex into a cirrhus 3 ft. long armed with weak deflexed spines 6 lin. long and 14-2 in. apart, alternate below, opposite above; upper leaflets about 16 on each side, alternate or sub-opposite, long lanceolate, acute, slightly falcate, shining, 9-10 in. long, 12-15 lin. wide, midrib distinct, secondary nerves 6-7 on each side, obscure, margins with minute distant spines; lower leaflets smaller and nearer together. Spadices 4—5 ft. long, dark brown, pen- dulous, distichously branched, unarmed, naked at the base, clothed above with tubular adpressed sheaths 2 in. long, truncate and irregularly splitting at the mouth; branches 10 in. long, pendulous, alternately distichous, naked and adpressed to the spadix below, clothed above with infundibuliform imbricate bracteoles splitting down one side. Flowers fascicled, in the lower part of the branch in groups of 11, at the apex of 3, the central one female and ebracteolate, the lateral male, in equal numbers on each side of the female, bracteolate-—Calamus (Oncocala- ong Mannii, Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 436, t. 41, fig. E, t. 43, g. E. Upper Guinea. Lagos: Ebuti Metta, Millen, 18! Lagos Island, Barter, 20220! Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Gaboon River, Mann, 1044! and on the Sierra del Crystal, 1500 ft., ex Mann. 2. O. acanthocnemis, Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111,133. Stem slender, reed-like, 3 lin. thick; sheaths long, cylindrical, sparsely covered all over with blackish reflexed spines. Leaves very shortly petioled, simply bifurcate or irregularly pinnately divided between the upper nerves; lobes broadly lanceolate and acute when the leaf is simply bifureate, or when more divided the upper lobes narrowly linear-lanceolate and 9-14 lin. apart, bearing marginal spines 4 lin. long; primary nerves about 8 on each side, prominent on the upper surface, scarcely raised on the lower; cirrhus many times longer than the very short midrib, armed with slender spines, destitute of larger prickles. Inflorescence and fruit unknown. Lower Guinea. Gaboon : in intertwining masses (bushropes) in the woods, Biittner, 527, 529 ; Gaboon River, Mann, 10444! Congo: Bolobo, Hens, C, 170! 8. EREMOSPATHA, Mann et Wendl. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 936. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx campanulate, 3-toothed. Corolla 112 CXLVII, PALM (WRIGHT). [ Zremospatha. urceolate; lobes 3 short, acute, valvate. Stamens 6, perigynous ; fila- ments short, broad, connate ; anthers cordate, fixed near the base at the back, Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, lingulate; ovule subbasal. Fruit baccate, 1- (rarely 2-3-) seeded ; scales thin, fragile; endocarp membranous. Seed peltate, slightly rugose ; hilum linear ; raphe linear, its branches radiating from the hilum ; albumen homogeneous ; embryo ventral.—Climbing palms. Stems long, slender, ringed. Leaves equally pinnate, subsessile ; leaflets alternate and opposite; rhachis bearing weak spines, produced at the apex into a long cirrhus bearing opposite decurved spines (reduced leaflets), Spadices short ; peduncle and branches compressed, distichous, thick, patent; spathes none ; bracts minute. Species 3, endemic. Leaflets elliptic-obovate . “ c : : . 1. #. Hookert. Leaflets long lanceolate, Fruit scales in 18 rows, Leaflets acuminate . . 2. E. euspidata, Fruit scales in 24 rows, Leaflets acute. : . 3. EH. macrocarpa. 1. E. Hookeri, Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 244. Stem 6 lin. thick. Leaves 4—5 ft. long; sheath tubular, glabrous, produced at the apex into an obliquely truncate ochrea 6-9 lin. long; rhachis 6 lin. thick at the base, prolonged at the apex into a cirrhus unarmed except for the recurved spines representing reduced leaflets ; leaflets 12-14 on each side, the basal ones rather closer together than the upper, elliptic- obovate, 6-7 in. by 2-2} in., flat, thin; central nerve and 5 secondary nerves rather prominent on both surfaces; upper margin slightly repand-crenate, lower furnished with a few spines 2 lin. long. Spadix long peduncled, 14-2 ft. long; rhachis slightly compressed, simply and distichously branched; branches 14-22, patent; bracts transversely- oblong, acuminate. Fruit ovoid-cylindric, 10-12 lin. long, 8-9 lin. in, diam., 1- (rarely 2-) seeded, with 20 rows of rhomboid scales. Seed peltate, 9 lin. long, 6 lin. wide, 3 lin. thick—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi, 111. Calamus (Eremospatha) Hookeri, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 434, t. 41, fig. C. Upper Guinea. Niger Delta: at the mouth of the River Nun (Niger), Mann, 451! West Tropical Africa; without exact locality, Kalbreyer, 65! Cameroons: aK, Preuss, 460, and on the banks of the river near Ndian Factory, Dusén (ex rude }. South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; by Kambele River, Schwein- furth, 3671 (ex Drude), _2. BE. cuspidata, Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 244. Stem 1 in- thick. Leaves 6-7 ft. long ; sheath tubular, smooth, about 1 foot long, produced at the apex into an obliquely truncate ochrea 1 in. long; rhachis 6 lin. thick at the base, produced at the apex into a long cirrhus bearing sigmoid subulate triquetrous recurved spines, with 1-2 uncinate spines between each pair of leaflets; leaflets 25-27 on each side, basal rather nearer together than the upper, opposite or alternate, 8-9 in. by 10-12 lin. long, lanceolate, acuminate into a point 1-2 in. long, chartaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, with more numerous and Evremospatha. | CXLVIL. PALME (WRIGHT). 113 more slender spiny cilia on the margins than in #. macrocarpa. Midrib rather prominent, secondary nerves 6 on each side. Spadix 18-20 in. long, on a peduncle 1 foot long; branches 20-30, patent, 2 lin. thick ; bracts transversely oblong, acuminate. Flowers in pairs, sessile. Calyx campanulate, 3-toothed, 2 lin. long, rigid, obscurely striate. Corolla 5 lin. long, much inflated, thick, 3-toothed. Stamens 6; fila- ments connate for the greater part of their length into a tube and adnate to the corolla; anthers erect, cordate, inserted at the base on the dorsal side, introrse. Ovary ovoid-globose, 3-celled ; style short ; stigmas 3, lingulate, ciliate. Fruit ellipsoid, 1 in. long, about 9 lin. diam., 1- (rarely 2-) seeded, with 18 rows of rhomboid scales. Seed slightly compressed, 9 lin. Jong, 5 lin. wide, 3-4 lin. thick, brown ; chalaza dorsal, much thickened; hilum linear; embryo ventral, about half-way up the albumen.—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Calamus (Eremospatha) cuspidatus, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 434, t. 41, fig. A. Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: at the mouth of the River Gaboon, Mann, 1043! 3. E. macrocarpa, Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 244. Stem 30-50 ft. long, scarcely 1 in. thick. Leaves about 9 ft. long; sheath tubular, about 1 ft. long, produced at the apex into an obliquely truncate ochrea 1 in. long, clothed with brownish evanescent scurf; rhachis 4—5 lin. thick at the base, bearing uncinate spines, produced into a cirrhus bearing 7-11 pairs of decurved subulate-triquetrous spines, but other- wise unarmed ; leaflets about 23 on each side, the upper rather wider apart than the lower, long lanceolate, acute, slightly dentate, papery, rigid, glabrous, shining, with brown spiny cilia 1-2 lin. long on the margins, the upper 14 in. by 12-13 lin., the lower gradually decreasing in size, midrib rather prominent, secondary nerves 6 on each side. Spadix 13-2 ft. long, glabrous, simply and alternately distichously branched ; peduncle 6-8 in. long, nearly 6 lin. thick, concave on the face, convex on the back; branches 4—5 in. long, 1 lin. thick at the base ; bracts semi-amplexicaul, ovate, acuminate, 3 lin. long, marcescent. Flowers as in 2. cuspidata. Fruit 1} in. long, compressed cylindrical, very shortly attenuate at the base, 1- (rarely 2-) seeded, with 24 rows of rhomboid rather flat scales, 2 lin. wide. Seed compressed, 9-12 lin. long, 9 lin. wide, 4-5 lin. thick, brown ; chalaza incrassate and forming amammilla on the dorsal side ; embryo ventral, a little above the hilum. —Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Calamus (Eremospatha) macro- carpus, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 435, t. 41, fig. B, and t. 43, fig. B. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Bagru River, Mann, 1! Niger Territory: Old Calabar River, Mann, 2330! 9. ANCISTROPHYLLUM, Mann et Wendl.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 937. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx campanulate, shortly 3-lobed. Corolla-tube short ; lobes 3, linear-oblong, acute, valvate. Stamens 6 ; VOL, VIII, I 114 CXLVII, PALME (WRIGHT). [Ancistrophyllum. filaments adnate to the corolla, lingulate or clavate; anthers elongate, sagittate, dorsifixed. Ovary 3-celled, attenuate into a long slender style ; stigmas 3, short ; ovules erect. Fruit baccate, 1-seeded, oblong, clothed with retrorsely imbricate scales. Seed oblong, compressed, smooth, erect; hilum basal; raphe linear, reaching almost to the apex on the dorsal side and then with obscure branches; chalaza dorsal, slightly incrassate and pressed into the albumen; albumen homogen- eous, hard; embryo ventral, horizontal, about half-way up the albumen. —Monocarpic, climbing palms. Stems cespitose, slender, elongate. Leaves remote, alternate, equally pinnate ; leaflets somewhat aggregate or alternate; rhachis produced at the apex into a long cirrhus ; sheath spiny, produced into a long ochrea. Spadix terminal, distichously branched ; spathes many, incomplete; bracts spathaceous, enclosing 2 flowers ; bracteoles united into a bicuspidate cup. Species 3, endemic. Petiole long. Leaflets broad. Seed round. Leaflets unarmed at the margins . : : aL A. lee. Leaflets with spiny cilia at the margins . E . 2. A. opacum. Petiole short. Leaflets narrow. Seed compressed . 3. A. secundiflorum. 1. A. leeve, Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Stem climbing, slender, 30-40 ft. long, annulate, unarmed. Leaves 4—5 ft. long, 9-12 in. apart, covered with easily removable dark brown tomentum, becom- ing glaucous; sheath about 1 ft. long, tubular, closely adpressed to the stem, bearing solitary horizontally patent spines towards its apex, pro- duced at the apex into an ochrea 1 ft. long, splitting down one side and clothed with very strong scattered compressed subulate spines; petiole 8-9 in. long, 3 lin. wide, flat above, convex beneath, bearing remote recurved spines thickened at the base; rhachis gradually attenuate upwards, convex on the back, spiny on the margins, compressed in the upper part and produced into a cirrhus 1-1} ft. long, bearing 4-6 alternate much-reduced leaflets ; leaflets in 9-13 opposite or subopposite clusters, broadly elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, slightly falcate, smooth and shining on both surfaces, unarmed, with 2 (rarely 1) primary nerves prominent below, central ones 7—9 in. long, i: in. wide, the lowest smaller and slightly deflexed. Spadix ovate, 13-2 ft. long; primary branches 6-8, the lowest somewhat recurved and simply branched ; lowest branchlets 4-5 in. long; spathes tubular, obliquely splitting, very spiny, produced at the apex into a tail several in. long ; bracts 1 in. long, tubular, inflated, obliquely truncate, very long acuminate on one side at the apex; bracteoles very numerous, 2-3 lin. long. Flowers distichous, patent, geminate, each pair sub- tended by a more or less concave bracteole, shortly pedicelled. Calyx campanulate, 2 lin. long, trifid; lobes ovate, acuminate, rigid, striate on the back. Corolla 4 lin. long, yellow; lobes 34 lin. long, 1 lin. wide, long lanceolate, acute, thickened at the margins, valvate, rather rigid, concave, striate. Stamens 6, a little shorter than the corolla; filaments thick, tongue-shaped, acute, 1} lin. long; anthers bifid at the base, 1 lin. long, yellow, fixed at the centre of the back. Ovary Ancistrophyllum. | CXLVII. PALME (WRIGHT). 115 globose; style columnar, 2 lin. long, hollow inside; stigmas 3, oblong, short, 3-celled ; ovules solitary. Fruit-scales in about 18 rows, fimbriate, straw-coloured, brown at the margins.—Calamus (Laccosperma) levis, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 430, t. 38, fig. B. Lower Guinea. Gaboon: in shady virgin forests in the neighbourhood of the Gaboon River, Mann, 1045! Munda, Soyaux, 155 (ex Drude). _ 2. A. opacum, Drude in Engl, Jahrb. xxi. 111. Stem 25-30 ft, long, soboliterous. Leaves patent, 6-8 ft. long, clothed with easily removable brownish tomentum; sheath 1 ft. long, tubular, closely investing the stem, armed towards the apex with scattered ancipitous subulate spines 6 lin. long, yellow at the base and black at the apex, produced at the apex into an ochrea 6-12 in. long, bearing spines like those on the sheath ; rhachis convex on the back, flattened on the upper side near the base, but acute towards the apex, produced at the apex into a filiform cirrhus 24-3 ft. long, bearing 4—6 reduced hook-like leaf- lets, the lower alternate and 4-6 in. apart, the upper opposite, smaller and nearer together, margins densely covered with recurved spines throughout ; leaflets in opposite clusters, long- or elliptic-lanceolate, con- tracted at the base, acuminate, marcescent, opaque, distantly spiny on the margins, falcate, prominently 1—4- (rarely 5-) nerved, 8-12 in. by 1-4 in. Spadix ovate, 14-23 ft. long; primary branches patent, the lower 1—1} ft. long; branchlets alternately distichous, turned to one side, pendulous, 4—8 in. long, slender. Flowers geminate, alternately distichous, shortly pedicellate, patent. Calyx campanulate, nearly 2 lin. long, thickened at the base, rather rigid; lobes broadly ovate, acute. Corolla nearly 4 lin. long ; lobes elliptic-lanceolate, acute, rigid, concave, striate on the back, valvate. Stamens 6, slightly shorter than the corolla; filaments thick, tongue-shaped, acute, adnate to the base of the corolla ; anthers elongate, bifid at the base, dorsifixed. Ovary globose ; style columnar, 2 lin. long; stigmas 3, oblong, fimbriate ; ovules soli- tary, inserted a little above the base of the cell. Fruit baccate, 1-seeded, globose, 6 lin.in diam.; scales in 12 rows, membranous, with an obscure longitudinal furrow, straw-coloured, darker at the margins. Seed sub- globose, deeply channelled, 5 lin, in diam., with a deep pit bearing a cen- tral mammilla on the dorsal side ; raphe linear ; albumen hard ; embryo ventral, horizontal, about half-way up the albumen.—Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898, 80. Calamus (Laccosperma) opacus, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 431, t. 41, fig. D, and t. 43, fig. D. Laccosperma opacum, J. Braun and K. Schum. in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb, ii. (1889), 148. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: Ashanti; Assin-Yan-Kumassi, Cummins, 229! Cameroons : Barombi, Preuss, 307 (ex Drude). Fernando Po: in shady woods from the shore to 1000 ft., Mann, 97! 3. A. secundiflorum, Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 230. A cespi- tose, widely climbing palm. Stem 50-60 ft. long, 1} in. in diam., un- armed. Leaves 12-14 ft. long, 1-1} ft. apart, pale green; sheath 1-1} ft. long, cylindrical, with short scattered conic-subulate spines 1-2 lin. long near the apex only, produced at the apex into a long 116 CXLVII. PALM& (WRIGHT). [ Ancistrophyllum. ochrea ; petiole 4 in. long, 9 lin. in diam., concave above, convex beneath, spines marginal, remote, subulate from a thickened base, black at the apex, recurved ; rhachis gradually attenuate upwards, convex and unarmed on the back, convex on the face in the lower part, acute-angled in the upper, with very slender subulate straight or slightly curved spines 3-6 lin. long between the leaflets ; cirrhus 5-6 ft. long, unarmed or slightly spiny ; reduced leaflets up to 18, recurved, much thickened at the base, flattened or triangular above, the lowest alternate, 4-8 in. apart, 2 in. long, 3 lin. wide, the upper opposite and confluent at the base, getting gradually smaller and closer together; leaflets 45-55 on each side, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, abruptly contracted at the base, | with spiny cilia on the margins, rather rigid, straight, with 1-2 nerves rather prominent and remotely spiny on the upper side, the lowest approximate, 4~5 in. long, 6 lin, wide, the central 12~13 in. long, 9-18 lin. wide, the upper rather more distant. Spadix broadly ovate, 4-6 ft. long; primary branches 10-15, about 3 ft. long; bracts cylin- drical, obliquely truncate, unarmed, smooth, adpressed ; flower-bearing branches 1 ft. long, slender, distichous, pendulous, turned to one side ; bracteoles narrowly campanulate, 2 lin. long, obliquely truncate. Flowers geminate, yellowish, shortly pedicellate, horizontally patent. Calyx nearly 2 lin. long, campanulate, smooth, thickened at the base ; lobes semi-oblong, rather acute. Corolla 4 lin. long ; lobes linear-oblong, shortly acute, rather thick, patent, valvate, 1-1} lin. wide, convex, faintly striate. Stamens 6, shorter than the corolla; filaments thickened, compressed ; anthers 2 lin. long, linear, bifid at the base, introrse. Ovary globose, 3-celled; style columnar ; stigmas 3, oblong ; ovule erect. Fruit baccate, 1-seeded, orange-colour when fresh, brown when dry, 6 lin. long, 4-5 lin. in diam., oblong, compressed ; scales in 17 rows, membranous, brown, chestnut-brown and scabrid on the margins. Seed smooth, oblong, compressed, obtuse or slightly bilobed at the base, very shortly mucronate at the apex, 4-51 lin. long, 3-4 lin. wide, 24 lin. thick, fixed at the lower end; hilum roundish; raphe linear, passing into an adpressed mammilla; chalaza in the upper half of the seed ; testa chestnut-brown, smooth, somewhat shining; albumen homogeneous, horny, impinged upon on the dorsal side by the testa and the raphe; embryo ventral, horizontal, about half-way up the albumen.—Hook. f. in Kew Report, 1882, 69; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Calamus secundiflorus, Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 15, tt. 9-10; Mart. in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 639, and Palm. iii, 341; Tuckey, River Congo, 497; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 291. C. (Ancistrophyllum) secundiflorus, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soe. xxiv. 432, t. 38, fig. D, t. 41, fig. G, t. 43, fig. C; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl.Congo, i. 272. C. Schwein- furthii, Bece. ex Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius! Niger Delta: mouth of the River Nun, Mann, 453! and along the coast from the equator to Sierra Leone, ex Mann. Benin, Beauvois (ex Drude). Niger Expedition, without precise locality, Barter; 61! Old Calabar, Milne! Cameroons; Barombi, Preuss, 389 (ex Drude). #. Nile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam ; at Mansilli Brook, Schwein- Furth, 2860! Aneistrophylium. | CXLVII. PALME (WRIGHT). 117 Lower Guinea. Lower French Congo: Mayombe, Laurent. Lower Congo, Smith. Angola: Golungo Alto ; Trombeta, Welwitsch, 6669 ! 66698 ! South Central. Congo Free State : Lunda, Buchner, 687 (ex Drude). 10. BORASSUS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 939. Male flowers small, densely packed in pits on the catkin-like branches of a simply branched interfoliaceous spadix, subtended by scaly bracts. Sepals 3, narrow, free, imbricate. Petals united below into a long stipes, glumaceous, obovate-spathulate, patent, imbricate. Stamens 6; filaments very short, subulate ; anthers large, oblong, basifixed. Ovary represented by 3 sete. Female flower much larger than the male, globose. Sepals reniform, imbricate, fleshy. Petals similar to the sepals, but smaller. Staminodes 6—9 inserted at the base of the petals. Ovary 3-celled, entire or tripartite; stigmas sessile, recurved ; ovule basal, erect. Fruit large, subglobose, enclosing 3 pyrenes; pericarp thinly fleshy ; pyrenes obcordate, densely fibrous outside. Seed with its testa adhering to the endocarp; albumen homogeneous, horny, hollow ; embryo near the apex of the seed..—Tall, unarmed palm. Stem robust, annulate, thickened at or above the middle, sometimes branched at the apex. Leaves in a terminal crown, large, flabellate ; segments in- duplicate, bifid, margins smooth; ligule short, rigid ; petiole spiny ; sheath short. Spadices large; spathes at the base of the branches, incomplete; male branches densely covered with multiseriate densely imbricate bracts ; female branches thick, rather tortuose, fewer-flowered than the male. Flowers dicecious. Fruit brown. Species 1 in Tropical Africa, extensively cultivated in India, and probably wild in the regions around the mouth of the Indus. 1. B. flabellifer, var. ethiopum, Warburg in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Ajr. B, 20, C. 130. Stem 60-70 ft. bigh, thicker above the middle, the younger part clothed with the persistent bases of old leaves. Leaves flabellate, broader than long, divided to the middle, 5-12 ft. long; seg- ments lanceolate-ensiform ; petiole straight, slightly sheathing at the base, concave above, convex below, spiny on the margins ; sheath break- ing up into filaments. Male inflorescence : Spadix 3-6 ft. long, simply branched ; peduncle slightly compressed; branches subterete, bearing at their apex 2-3 sessile cylindrical catkins 12 in. by 2 in.; spathes solitary at the base of and as long as each branch ; bracts imbricate, 2 lin. long. Calyx tubular; lobes 3, oblong, obtuse, erect. Corvlla- tube as long as the calyx; lobes 3, oblong, obtuse, concave, patent, yellowish-green. Stamens 6, patent; filaments subulate. Female in- florescence: Spadix simple, 4-8 ft. long, nodding; spathes 6-12, arranged as in the male. Sepals reniform, imbricate, concave. Petals half as long as the sepals, gibbous, shining. Staminodes 6, rudimentary. Drupe ovoid, obtuse, obscurely trigonous, smooth, coriaceous, orange- coloured ; epicarp containing fibres. Seeds 3, ovoid, compressed.— Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110; Dammer in Engl. Jahrb. xxvill. 855. B. flabelliformis, Murr. Syst. ed. 13, 827; Schumach. & Thonn. Beskr. 118 CXLVII. PALM (WRIGHT). | Borrassus. Guin. Pl. 443; R. Br. Vermischte Schriften, i. 269; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 232. B. ethiopum, Mart. in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 639, and 1839, 46, and Palm. iii. 220; Hook. Niger Fl. 526; Speke, Nile, Append. 651; Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 439; Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Bot. v. 206; J. Braun in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889), 147. Upper Guinea. Senezg:l, Ronn. Senegambia, Brunner! Gorea (Goree), Dollinger. Gambia, Adanson. Gold Coast: River Volta, Isert ; Accra, Hort. Sander.! Ashanti, Thonning, Afzelius. Benin, ex Martius. Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 792! Isolated on the coast, Mann. Cameroons, ex Braun. Wile Land. British East Africa : “ Very few about the equator, plentiful in the Shiluk country ” (bordering the White Nile), ex Speke & Grant, 71. South Central. Congo Free State: Kasai River, Buchner (ex Drude). Lower Guinea. {sland of St. Thomas, ex Henriques. Lower Congo, Naum, Laurent. Congo, ex Brown. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: in the Unyamwezi district, ex Speke ¥ Grant. Makutu Steppe, between Khutu and Uhehe districts, Goetze ; Khutu 5 Kisaki Steppe, amongst hills not far from Msoro (River) and Msengere, Goetze. Native names, Vjye-Tjo, ex Schumacher & Thonning. Deleb Palm, M’vooma. In Unyamwezi district the young ones are called “ Meelalla,” and the leaves furnish thatch, rope, sieves, fences, firewood, and flageolet reeds, the roots are boiled and eaten in times of famine, and a sweet insipid toddy is extracted, whilst on the Nile the leaves are made into strong white baskets and mats for markets, according to Speke & Grant. 1l. HYPHANE, Gertn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 940. Male flowers: Sepals linear-oblong, imbricate, connate at the base. Petals broadly ovate, obtuse, concave, imbricate, connate at the base into a short stalk. Stamens 6; filaments short, subulate ; anthers linear, inserted at the bifid base. Rudiment of ovary none. Female flowers larger than the male, very shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, ovate- orbicular, obtuse, imbricate. Petals a little smaller than the sepals, broadly ovate, obtuse, imbricate. Staminodes 3, connate into a mem- branous ring. Ovary subglobose, obscurely 3-lobed, 3-celled ; stigmas 3, minute, sessile, terminal, at length excentric; ovule attached by a broad base to the side of the cell. Fruit sessile or stalked, terete or obscurely lobed, often flat or intruded at the base and apex, 1-celled; stigma basal; pericarp fibrous, with a shining epidermis; endocarp woody, fleshy inside. Seed adnate to the endocarp, erect, ovoid or obovoid, intruded at the base; testa very hard; fuscous; raphe reticulately branched ; albumen homogeneous, hollow; embryo apical.— Unarmed except for the spines on the petioles. Stem cylindrical or ventricose, simple or dichotomously branched. Leaves in a terminal crown, orbicular or flabellate; segments ensiform; petiole concavo-convex, plano-convex or more rarely bi-convex; sheath short, open ; ligule oblique or equilateral. Spathes cylindrical, incomplete; spadices dicecious, male and female similar; spadix-branches alternate; flower-bearing Hyphiene.] CXLVII, PALMA (WRIGHT). 119 branches subfastigiate; bracts semicircular, very densely imbricate ; bracteoles membranous, bearded. A genus of about 15 species, extending into Arabia and Madagascar. Many of the species are described from imperfect material and are ill-defined. Stem cylindrical. Stem dichotomous. Fruit turbinate-pyriform, shallowly furrowed 1. H. coriacea. Fruit long pyriform, obtusely keeled . : . 2. H. Wendlandit. Fruit obliquely ovoid, obscurely trigonous . 3. H. thebaica. Stem unbranched. Petiole eoncavo-convex. Fruit shortly turbinate. 4. H. guineensis. Petiole deeply channelled above; ligule equi- lateral. Fruit oblong or obovoid , . 5. H. crinita. Petiole plano-convex ; ligule oblique. Fruit oblique at the base - g : . 6. H. Goetzei. Stem ventricose ‘ : ; : : z . 7. H. ventricosa, 1, H. coriacea, Cerin. Fruct.i. 28, t. 10, fig. 2. Stem 30 ft. high, dichotomously branched. Fruit turbinate-pyriform, shallowly furrowed, broadest above the middle, flat at the apex; fibres of the pericarp shorter than the triangular putamen; cavity of putamen oblong. Seed ovoid-ellipsoid, attached by its centre-—Mart. in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 639; Kirkin Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 234; Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 93; Engl. Pil. Ost-Afr. B. 25, C. 180; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110, 122. Corypha africana, Lour. FI). Cochinch, 213; Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 247. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: on the coast, Usambara, Holst, 3172, 3174 (ex Drude); on the Rovuma River, 8-12 miles from the sea coast, Kirk. “ Eastern Africa, in woods,” ex Loureiro. Kirk (1.c.) distinguishes two varieties thus :—(1) Stem 30 ft. high, much branched ; fruit smaller and less flattencd than in the following. (2) Often a bush with a small stem rarely branched more than once ; fruit deep brown, much flattened at the apex. The latter, which is said to be abundant at the mouth of the Zambesi, may be the same as Drude’s variety minor, from Pondoland (Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110, 122). Also in Madagascar. 2. H. Wendlandii, Dammer in Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 353. A tree 65-82 ft. high, usually much branched. Leaves flabellate, 34 ft. long, 43 ft. broad; petiole concavo-convex in the lower part, plano- convex above, glabrous, with dark brown curved spines 7-16 lin. apart on the margins; ligule very oblique, aculeate-dentate; rhachis prolonged nearly to the middle of the leaf, densely spiny above the base ; lamina with about 48 lobes, minutely spiny on the nerves above the base. Male inflorescence racemose ; branches bearing 1—4 spikes 6—8 in. long near the apex; bracts cylindrical, oblique, acute ; bracteoles widely cochleariform, truncate, bearded at the sides. Calyx mem- branous, turbinate, 1} lin. long, 3-toothed. Corolla 3-partite; lobes oblong, obtuse. Stamens 6 ; filaments subulate, the three inner dilated at the base, 1 lin. long. Rudiment of ovary very minute. Female inflorescence racemose, 2-2} ft. long; branches bearing 1, rarely 2, cylindrical spikes at the apex about 8 in. long, 4 lin. in diam. ; bract 120 CXLVII. PALM (WRIGHT). | Zyphene. cylindrical, oblique, acute; bracteoles widely cochleariform, truncate, bearded at the sides. Calyx 3-partite, pilose outside the base; lobes | ovate, fleshy, 2 lin. long. Corolla 3-partite; lobes long, oval, mem- branous, 14 lin. long. Staminodes none. Ovary conical; stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit pedicellate, long pyriform, obtusely keeled, 5 lin. long, oblique at the base. Seed with bony albumen; embryo cylindrical, near the apex of the seed. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Khutu; in the Kisaki Steppe, by the Rufiji River, 820 ft., Goetze, 69. Native name, Mkase. 3. H. thebaica, Wart. Palm. iii. 225, tt. 1381-133. Stem terete, 10-30 ft. high, about 1 ft. in diam., simple or more frequently dichoto- mously branched. Leaves 20-30 in a terminal crown on each branch ; petiole sheathing at the base, triangular below, plano-convex upwards, spiny on the margins, with rusty tomentum ; lamina suborbicular ; lobes 20 or more, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 14 ft. long, lin. wide; primary nerves thick, concave above, secondary numerous. Male spadix 4 ft. long, 1-2 in. thick at the base, at first erect, afterwards patent ; spathes nearly cylindrical; flower-bearing branches 6-10 in. long, 3—2 at the end of branches 3-4 in. long; bracteoles } lin. long; flowers in pairs, shortly pedicellate. Calyx 3-lobed, contracted below. Corolla stipitate; lobes widely ovate, obtuse, concave. Stamens 6, rarely 7; filaments subulate from a thickened base; anthers linear, slightly sagittate, nearly basifixed. Rudiment of ovary absent. Female spadix like the male; bracteoles densely imbricate, with a transverse line of tomentum half-way up the back ; flowers very shortly pedicellate. Calyx-lobes orbicular-ovate, light green. Petals smaller than the sepals, orbicular- ovate, concave. Staminodes 6. Ovary globose or 3-lobed; stigmas sessile or nearly so. Fruit of 1 (rarely 2-3) obliquely-ovoid carpel, 3 in. long, 2}in. indiam. Seed ovoid.—Mart. in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 639, and 1839, 51; Grant in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 187; Speke, Nile, Append. 651; Penzigin Atti Congr. Bot. Genova, 1892, 363 ; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 193, 291, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 52. Cucifera thebaica, Del. Fl. Egypte, 1, tt. 1-2. Upper Guinea. Gambia: on the banks of the River Gambia, Whitfield? Bornu, ex Drude. Wile Land. Nubia: near Alt Dongola, Ehrenberg (ex Schweinfurth). Eritrea = Arkiko and Monkullo, near Massowa, and in the valley of the River Barca, ex Penzig- Kordofan, Sennar, Abyssinia and Bahr-el-Abiad (White Nile), ex Schweinfurth ; White Nile, Flower! Speke § Grant. Somaliland : Schebeli, Donaldson Smith, 1! British East Africa: Lamo (Lamu Island), Kirk, 1! Also found in extra-tropical Egypt and Arabia. ; Native names: at Berber “Mohamma,” at Tigre “Ssehhelib.” “At Berber the leaves are made into course rope, and the trunks into beams and posts ” (Speke 5 Grant). Although this species is frequently mentioned by travellers as the Doum oF Dum palm, it is very poorly represented in British herbaria. 4. Hi. guineensis, Schwmach. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 445. Stem tall, cylindrical, the younger part armed with the bases of old Hyphene. | CXLVII. PALMA (WRIGHT). 121 leaves. Leaves roundish ovate, broader than long, plicate, divided to the middle into ensiform replicate segments, subpinnately palmate, 2-6 ft. long ; petiole as long as the lamina, slightly concave above, con- vex below, spiny on the margins, widened and having a fibrous network on either side at the base. Male inflorescence : Spadix simply branched, 2—5 ft. long; peduncle slightly compressed ; branches alternate, woolly, acute at the margins, bearing near their apices 2—3 sessile cylindrical cat- kins 1 ft. long and 1 in. thick, clothed with numerous imbricate adpressed bracts 1 lin. long and 6 lin. broad. Flowers in 6—8 rows, 2—3 enclosed in each scale. Calyx trigonous; lobes 3, oblong, obtuse, erect, concealed by the bracts. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx; lobes 3, exserted, rotate, oblong, obtuse, concave, subcartilaginous, green. Stamens 6, inserted in the corolla-tube, patent ; filaments subulate, a little shorter than the corolla; anthers oblong. Rudiment of ovary none. Female inflorescence similar to the male. Fruit shortly turbinate, very obtuse, obscurely trigonous, shining; epicarp chartaceous, thin; mesocarp fibrous, rather sweet ; endocarp hard, with an apical pore. Seed carti- laginous, hollow in the centre—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 461, and Etudes FI. Congo, i. 274; Giissfeldt & Pechuel-Loesche, Die Loango-Exped. i. t. 1; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 83. Lower Guinea. Estuary of the Congo: Isle of Mateba, Dupont. Loango, ex Drude. Angola: plentiful on dry or sandy hills, especially between Barra do Bengo and Barro do Dande, Welwitsch, 6662! Ambriz; maritime hills near Quizembo, Welwitsch, 6668! along long tracts of coast from Dande and Lifune as far as the mouth of the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6670! Lo»nda; on the coast between Ambriz and Loanda, Welwitsch, fruit 1052! Guinea, without exact locality, Thonning. Native name, Songu-Tjo, ex Schumacher & Thonning. 5. Hf. crinita, Gorin. Fruct. ii. 13, ¢. 82, fig. 4. Stem 20-30 ft. high, more or less flexuose or erect, undivided. Leaves large, with fibres between the lobes, covered on both surfaces with very fugacious white tomentum, scabrous on the margins and upper sides of the nerves ; ligule large and nearly equilateral; petiole sheathing at the base, spiny on the margin, deeply channelled above. Fruit oblong or obovate, depressed, smooth ; pericarp containing numerous fibres shorter than the thick subglobose putamen. Seed attached below its centre.— Mart. Palm. iii. 227; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soe. ix. 235 ; Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 92; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 130 ; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110, 122; C. H. Wright in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 30. H. natalensis, G. Kunze in Linnea, xx. 15; Gard. Chron. 1890, viii. 381. H. petersiana, Klotzsch ex Mart. Palm. iii. 227. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; by the River Pangani in Mauia district, Stuhlmann, 24 (ex Drude), Portuguese East Africa and British Central Africa : “200 miles up the Zambesi it is common, also at the south end of Nyasa, and on the River Shire,” ex Kirk. Mozambique and Sofala, ex Drude. Also in Natal and Madagascar. 6. H. Goetzei, Dammer in Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 354. A tree 50-65 ft. high. Stem simple. Leaves about 3 ft. by 4} ft. ; petiole 122 CXLVII. PALME (WRIGHT). [ Hyphene. plano-convex, slightly concave on the upper side near the base, with dark brown, usually sharply curved, spines on the margins, the lower spines as well as the petiole margins densely covered with fuscous floccose tomentum ; ligule oblique, irregularly spiny toothed, acuminate ; rhachis about 30 in. long, produced beyond the centre of the leaf, slightly toothed above the base; lamina cut 3 its length into about 75 lobes, slightly floccose on the nerves near the base, with long filaments between the lobes. Male inflorescence racemose; branches bearing near their apices 2-3 cylindrical spikes 34—5 in. long, 5 lin. thick ; bracts cylin- drical, oblique, long acuminate, with floccose tomentum on the back near the apex ; bracteoles widely cochleariform, truncate, pilose on the back. Calyx turbinate, membranous, | lin. or rather more long, 3-lobed. Corolla 3-partite ; lobes ovate or obovate, acute, | lin. long, } lin. broad. Stamens 6; filaments subulate, } lin. long; anthers sagittate, dorsifixed below the centre, 1 lin. long. Female inflorescence racemose, about 27 in. long; branches 4-5, each bearing a single cylindrical spike; bracts cylindrical, oblique, acuminate or acute; bracteoles widely coch- leariform, truncate. Flowers unknown. Fruit on a subcylindrical pedicel about 3 lin. long, oblique at the base, flattened and slightly impressed above, 2# in. long, 1-2 in. in diam.; endocarp woody; pericarp at the side 2 lin. thick, at the apex and base 4 lin. thick ; foramen about 5 lin. in diam. Seed 16 lin. long, 11 lin. in diam. ; albumen ovate, bony, enclosing an ovate cavity ; embryo turbinate, near the apex of the seed. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: between Khutu and Uhehe, on the eastern slope of the Vidunda Mountains, by the Ruaha River, on waste ground in moist grey soil, 1640 ft., Goetze, 413. 7. H. ventricosa, Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 235, ‘ Known from other species by its loftier stem, swollen in the middle; ligule unilateral; fruit spherical, surrounded by a considerable quantity of farinaceous matter, and larger than that of H. coriacea or H. crinita. —Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 93; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 130; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. App. iii. 34; Gard. Chron. 1884, xxi. 649, fig. 126; Dinter in Gard. Chron. 1900, xxviii, 372, and in Gartenfl. 1901, 176. Lower Guinea. Congo, ex Johnston. German South-west Africa : Damara- land, Dinter ! Mozamb. Dist. Rhodesia: Victoria Falls, on the Zambesi River, and believed to extend southwards to Lake Ngami, ex Kirk, ** Called Mokolwana by the Makololo,” Kirk. Dinter states (l.c.) that this species occurs abundantly south of Grootfontein, out- side the tropic. Imperfectly known species. : 8. H. aurantiaca, Dammer in Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 355. Fruit ovate, slightly impressed above, not oblique at the base, faintly keeled on one side, about 22 in. long, 2 in. in diam. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: extending from Langenburg to Lake Rukwa, Goetze. This is said to differ from H. Goetzei, Dammer, in the shape of the fruit, which has a bloom on the ripe endocarp, and the shape of the seed, Hypheene. | CXLVII, PALM (WRIGHT). 123 9. Hl. benguellensis, Welw. Syn. Explic. 40. A very elegant palm. Stem 20-25 ft. high, about 6 in. thick, straight, “cylindrical, moderately ventricose above the middle,” always simple. Berries exactly spherical, shining dull brown.— Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 92; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 460; Drude in Engl. Jahrb, xxi. 110, 123; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 84. Lower Guinea. Angola: Mossamedes ; plentiful in rather damp sandy places near the banks of the River Caroca, near Porto-Pinda and Cabo Negro, forming very elegant woods round the native village Caroca, Welwitsch, 6656! Welwitsch, fruit, 1053 ! 10. H. compressa, Wendl.in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 93. Fruit laterally compressed, about 3 in. Jong, 24-27 in. in diam. Seeds laterally com- pressed, lenticular, 14 in. long, 1-1} in. in diam.—-Drude in Engl. Jahrb, xxi. 110. “Central Africa :” without exact locality or collector’s name. 11. H. macrosperma, Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 92. Fruit ovate, yather obtuse, very smooth at the top, slightly swollen on the ventral side, 2} in. long, 24 in. in diam., resembling that of H. thebaica, but rounder, more obtuse, and of a duller colour. Seed roundish ovoid, 1? in. long, 14-1? in. in diam.—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110. “Central Africa: ” without exact locality (probably from the Niger Region), Baikie (ex Wendland). I find no specimen corresponding to this at Kew. 12. H. turbinata, Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 92. Fruit orbicular from an obtuse base, very smooth at the top, much constricted half-way up, much swollen on the ventral side, faintly keeled on the dorsal, dull brown, 2} in. long, 2-2} in. in diam. Seed truncate, inverted conic, rounded and swollen on the ventral side, 1} in. long, 1-14 im. in ~diam. “ Central Africa: ” without exact locality, Livingstone (ex Wendland). I find no specimen corresponding to this at Kew. 12. MEDEMIA, P. G. von Wiirttemberg ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii, 882. Fruit ellipsoid, separating from the perianth, 1-seeded, with 2 small -smooth (sometimes confluent) areoles at the base ; scar of stigmas oppo- site the areoles ; pericarp thick, corky, light coloured, shiny, rugulose when dry ; endocarp smooth, white. Seed oblong, attached to the side -of the endocarp by a wide base; testa thick, slightly coriaceous and whitish outside, brown within; albumen horny, slightly ruminate, hollow in the centre ; embryo basal.—Stem simple. Leaves flabellate, with a few filaments between the segments; petiole unarmed ; ligule none. Male catkins slender, with reddish tomentose scales. Mature -carpels 1-3. A genus of 2 imperfectly known species, confined to T ropical Africa. 124 CXLVII. PALMA (WRIGHT). | Medemia. Seed much longer than broad . 4 . : . 1. M. Argun. Seeds nearly as broad as long . : < ‘ . 2. M. abiadensis. 1. M. Argun, P. G. von Wiirttemberg ex Mart. Palm. iti. 227.. Fruit ellipsoid, dull brown, 22 lin. long, 17 lin. in diam., bitter, not edible. Seed ellipsoid, 17 lin. long, 12-14 lin. in diam.—Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 93; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Hyphene Argun, Mart. Palm. iii. 227; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 291. Wile Land. Nubia and Kordofan, between 20° and 21° N., Kotschy, and Prince Paul Wilhelm of Wiirttemberg (ex Martius), Schweinfurth! Wady Delah, near Murat in the Great Nubian Desert, between Korosko and Aboo Hammed,. Tossiau ! Steps have beeu taken by the Government to preserve the grove at Wady Delab,. which was in danger of extermination by the inhabitants, who use the leaves for making matting. 2. M. abiadensis, Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 93. Fruit ellipsoid, bright brown, 18-19 lin. long, 14-15 lin. in diam. Seeds 12-13 lin.. long, 10-11 lin. in diam.—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Wile Land. On the White Nile, Armand. 13. BLAIS, Jacq. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 944. Male flowers : Sepals linear or lanceolate, concave, imbricate. Petals. smaller and thinner than the sepals, valvate. Stamens 6; filaments connate into a thick fleshy cylindrical tube below, free and reflexo- patent at theapex ; anthers linear-oblong, bilobed at the base, exserted,. basifixed. Rudiment of ovary minute. Female flowers much larger than the male, ovoid. Sepals ovate, imbricate at the base. Petals a little longer than the sepals, erect, convolute-imbricate, entire or split at the apex. Disk annular. Ovary ovoid or subcylindrical, 3-celled, or by abortion 1-2-celled ; style thick, pyramidal ; stigmas large, linear, revolute ; ovule filling up the cell, micropyle subapical. Fruit ovoid or obovoid, 1—3-seeded, intruded at the base, umbilicate at the apex; stigmas: terminal ; pericarp spongy and oily, fibrous inside; endocarp thick, long, with 3 pores above the middle. Seed adnate just below the centre © the cell; testa thin; raphe reticulately branched ; albumen cartilagi- nous, homogeneous, hollow; embryo opposite a pore of the endocarp.— Slender or tall, unarmed palms. Stem unbranched, erect or decumbent,. annulate, clothed with old petiole-bases. Leaves many in a terminal crown, large, pinnate ; petiole short, thick, spiny on the margins or un- armed, with a short open sheathing base ; leaflets ensiform, acuminate, recurved at the base. Spadices interfoliaceous, short, thick ; peduncle loosely clothed with acute bracts ; branches dense, male terminating 1D 4 spine, female more robust ; spathes 2, complete, at length breaking up into fibres ; male bracts very densely imbricate, connate into cupules ;. male bracteoles scale-like ; female bracts large, lanceolate, spinescent,. overtopping the flowers ; female bracteoles like the sepals. Species 1 in Tropical Africa, 2-3 in Eastern Tropical South America. Eleis.| CXLIII. PALME (WRIGHT). 125 1. E. guineensis, Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 280, t. 172, ed. pict. 136, £.257. Stem robust, 20-30 ft. high, 1 ft. or more in diam., annulate, and bearing the remains of old leaves. Leaves 12 or more in a terminal crown, 10-15 ft. long, erecto-patent ; petiole 4 ft. long, widened at the base, plano-convex, more or less brownish lepidote, spiny on the mar- gins; leaflets 50 or more, 14 ft. or more long, 14-2 in. wide, midrib distinct, secondary nerves about 6 on each side. Spadices 8 to many, male 4—6 in. long, with many branches bearing densely imbricate flowers, female peduncled with the branches congested into a globose capitulum. Male flowers : Sepals linear. Petals linear-oblong. Anthers linear, subsagittate. Rudiment of ovary minute, white. Female flowers: Sepals ovate. Petals glabrous, reddish-brown. Ovary ovoid, sometimes angular ; style pyramidal, triquetrous; stigmas large, ovate-lanceolate, reflexo-patent.—Mart. Palm. ii. 62, tt. 54, 56, and in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 639, 1839, 46; R. Br. Vermischte Schrift. i. 269; Schum. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin, Pl. 439; Tuckey, River Congo, 455; Hook. Niger FI. 13, 526; Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 424, 439; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 231 ; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 291 ; Giissfeldt & Pechuel-Loesche, Die Loango-Exped. i. 56, with fig., 208, 224, with fig.; J. Braun in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889), 148 ; Engl. Pa. Ost-Afr. B. 8, C. 131; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 112; Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 206, 218; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 462, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 274. EH. guineensis, var. macrosperma, Welw. Apont. 584; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 84. Upper Guinea. Senegambia: Cape Verde, Brunner! Liberia : Cape Palmas, Vogel, 65! Lower Niger: foot of Mount Patteh, Vogel. Old Calabar, Milne! Fernando Po, Mann ! Nile Land. British East Africa: Bahr-el-Abiad (White Nile), Schweinfurth. Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Moller! French Congo: a short distance south of Cape Lopez, Johnston. Congo, Tuckey. Lower Congo: from Moussouk to Kinchassa, Dupont ; and without precise locality, Smith, Dupuis, Laurent. Angola: Icolo e Bengo; Quifandongo, Welwitsch, fruit, 1057! Bengo shore, Welwitsch, fruit, 1060! Barro do Bengo ; plentiful in damp woods on the banks of the River Bengo at San Antonio, Welwitsch, 6660! Golungo Alto ; banks of the River Delamboa, Welwitsch, 6664! and 1061 (wool from leaf) ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk! Pemba Island, ex Engler ; Tanganyika, ex Engler. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; west shore of Lake Nyasa, near Sani Hill, Kirk! Fort Hill and Songue, Whyte ! South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; near Munza (cultivated) Schweinfurth, 3349 ! Var. microsperma, Welw. Apont. 584, Fruit 14 in. or less long.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 84. : Lower Guinea. Angola: banks of the River Bengo, Welwitsch, fruit, 1058! Golungo Alto ; everywhere plentiful in woods at Bango, Welwitsch, fruit, 1059! Native name, Disombo. This is the Oil Palm, and bears the following native names:—In Guinea, Tehn-Tio (Schumacher & Thonning); on the Congo, Maba=the fruit, Hmba=a single nut, Cachio=a cluster of fruit (Tuckey); in Angola, Dthého, and the tomentum of the petiole= Uruco or Urueu ; in the Island of St. Thomas, Denden or Palmeira Andim,. 126 CXLYII. PALMA. (WRIGHT). | Cocos. 14. COCOS, Linn. ; Benth. et. Hook f. Gen. Pl. iii. 940. Male flowers asymmetrical. Sepals small, acute, erect, valvate. Petals obliquely oblong, acute, valvate. Stamens 6, included ; fila- ments subulate ; anthers linear, acute or obtuse, fixed at the bifid base, erect. Rudiment of ovary minute or absent. Female flowers much larger than the male, ovoid, perianth increasing after flowering. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, thickly coriaceous, erect, imbricate. Petals enclosed by the sepals, dilated and convolute-imbricate at the base, more or less elongated and valvate at the apex. Disk annular or obscure. Ovary ovoid or depressed globose, 3—celled, 2 often obsolete, attenuate into a short style; stigmas subulate, erect, at length re- curved ; ovule subbasal, ascending. Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, terete or obscurely trigonous, rostrate, rounded or intruded at the apex, 1-seeded ; style terminal ; pericarp thick, fibrous; endocarp woody, fibrous, with 3 pores towards the base or at the middle. Seed the same shape as the cell; testa fuscous ; raphe with reticulate branches ; albumen homogeneous, hollow or solid, with radially disposed fibres ; embryo opposite a pore of the endocarp.—Slender or tall palms. Stem un- armed, often clothed with the bases of old leaves. Leaves in a terminal crown, pinnate ; leaflets equidistant or fascicled, 1- to many- nerved, entire or toothed at the apex. Spadices interfoliaceous, erect, at length cernuous; branches erect or cernuous ; lower spathe split at the apex; upper fusiform or clavate, woody, sulcate on the back ; bracts various. Flowers white or yellow, the lower female with a male on either side, the upper male. Species about 40, one throughout the tropics, the others in Tropical and Sub- tropical South America. 1. GC, nucifera, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1188. Stem 40-80 ft. high, 1} ft. or more in diam., terete, annulate. Leaves 12-16 ft. long, slightly arcuate, central ones erect; petiole slightly sheathing, gibbous on the back at the base, concavo-convex; rhachis sulcate at the sides, at first with brownish tomentum, at length glabrous ; leaflets almost equi- distant, narrowly lanceolate, acute; midrib thick, yellowish. Spathes. fusiform, acute, deeply sulcate, with caducous brownish tomentum; peduncle of spadix 1 ft. long, 1 in. in diam., slightly compressed ; branches many, 13-2 ft. long, subtriquetrous; bracts widely triangular, mucro- nate ; bracteoles minute, triangular. Male flowers: Calyx 1 lin. or less long ; lobes ovate, acute, whitish. Petals narrowly lanceolate, subacute, 13-2 lin. wide at the centre, longitudinally striate. Stamens slightly shorter than the petals; filaments very short, subulate > anthers linear, obtuse, white. Rudiment of ovary minute, trigonous- Female flower: Sepals suborbicular, acuminate, concave. Petals en- closed in the calyx, orbicular, acuminate. Ovary depressed globose, 3-celled ; stigmas subulate, connate at the base. Fruit large, 10 oF more maturing on the same spadix, ovoid or subglobose trigonous ; epicarp thin, glabrous, fuscous, at length pale yellow; mesocarp very Cocos. | CXLVII, PALMA (WRIGHT). 127 thick, spongy, and with longitudinal fibres; endocarp bony, 3-4 lin. thick, adnate to the fibres of the mesocarp, dark brown, with 3. ridges connate at the apex; pores 3, basal. Seed ovoid, hollow, when. young filled with a milky fluid; albumen rather hard, white; embryo oblong, slightly attenuate below the middle.—Mart. Palm. ii. 123, tt. 62, 75, and 88, figs. 3-6, and in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 639,. 1839, 45; Kunth, Enum. iii. 285; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soe. ix. 231; Grant in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 187; Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 206, 218; Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. B. 3, C. 131; Beccari in Malpighia, i, 441; J. Braun in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889), 147 ;. Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 52; Hook f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 482; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 112; Durand & Schinz, Etudes. Fl. Congo, i. 274; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 84. Upper Guinea. Senegal: St. Louis, Brunner! Gambia and Cape Verde, Brunner ! Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, ex Henriques. Lower Congo. at Boma, Dupuis ; and at other points, Laurent, Angola: Loando; Ilha de Loando,. Welwitsch, 6661 ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar: very abundant, ex Speke & Grant. German Kast Africa: a few on the coast, ex Speke & Grant. Portuguese East Africa: a few trees above Tete on the left bank of the Zambesi, ex Kirk. Also in Tropical Asia and Polynesia. The cocoa-nut. Native name in the Island of St. Thomas, Coqueiro. Orper CXLVIIL. PANDANEA, (By C. H. Wright.) Flowers unisexual. Perianth none or (in Sararanga) rudimentary. Male flowers: Stamens usually many, hypogynous or spicate or um- bellate on the axis; filaments filiform, short or long; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers: Ovary 1- to many-celled ; stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary, erect or more or less adpressed to the top of the ovary, usually sessile; ovules solitary and laterally fixed, or numerous on parietal placentas. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, 1- to many-celled; mesocarp fibrous or succulent ; endocarp often long. Seeds with thin testa in the drupes, crustaceous in the berries ; embryo. basal.—Shrubs or trees. Stem simple or branched, often supported on thick adventitious roots. Leaves narrow, often imbricate in spirals, sheathing at the base. Inflorescence spicate, capitate, or paniculate, unisexual, rarely polygamo-diecious; flowers usually sessile and crowded ; bracts spathe-like. Genera 3; species about 220, widely spread through the Mascarene Islands, Tropical Asia, Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia, and extending outside the tropics in India and Australia. 1. PANDANUS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen, Pl. iii. 949. Flowers unisexual. Perianth none. Stamens many, spicate on the axis of the inflorescence, or umbellate, fascicled or racemose on the floral axis; anthers linear or oblong, basifixed, erect, sometimes apiculate 128 CXLVIII, PANDANEE (WRIGHT). [| Pandanus. pollen often tubercled. Female flowers densely crowded. Staminodes generally absent. Carpels 1-celled, solitary or united into phalanges, flat, convex or pyramidal, obtuse, umbonate or rostrate, usually angular; stigmas reniform or horse-shoe-shaped, rarely forked ; ovule solitary, broadly laterally affixed. Drupes densely congested, but scarcely con- nate, into globose, elliptic or ovoid groups (syncarps); pericarp thin, the upper part sometimes deciduous ; mesocarp fibrous and sometimes also fleshy ; endocarp bony, 1- to many-celled. Seed ovoid or fusiform ; albumen oily ; embryo basal, very small.—Trees or shrubs. Stem erect, rarely prostrate, annulate, much forked, rarely simple, bearing thick aérial roots. Leaves linear, acute, usually spiny on the margins and underside of the midrib, sessile, sheathing at the base. Male spadices spicate, female terminal, spicate, racemose or solitary, sometimes pendu- lous; spathes white or coloured. Seine about 150, throughout the tropics of the Old World, and extending into Northern India, Queensland and New South Wales. Many of the species have been described from imperfect material, and are accordingly difficult to classify. *“Drupes many-celled. Stigma oblique or erect. Cells of the drupe pyramidal or conic at the apex, separated by deep furrows, Stigma 2-4 lin, wide; endocarp scarcely 5 lin. long cS pL. Pe Heodee. Stigma | lin. wide ; ; endocarp 14 lin, long . 2. P. Kirkit. Cells of the drupe almost flat at the scarcely separated by furrows . 3. P. platycarpus. Stigma flat or scarcely ascending. Drupes 6—15-celled. Cells of drupe separated by furrows at the apex. ; 4. Cells of drupe not separated by furrows at the apex < : : 5 Ge Drupes 2—5-celled. Syncarps ovate; drupes 14 in. long Syncarps oblong ; drupes 3 3-1 in. long Drupes solitary, 13-14 in. ‘long ‘ : **Drupes 1- (rarely 2-3-) celled. Syncarps solitary. Drupe shortly rostrate . : 7 1k Drupe obtusely umbonate. Drupe shortly pyramidal at the apex. . 10. P. Welwitschii. ee, P. . thomensis. . Hahnii. . Stuhlmanni. P. P. P. Goetzei. P P. rabaiensis. - oF oF . heudelotianus. Drupe nearly flat at the apex : . . 11. P. livingstonianus. Drupe neither rostrate nor umbonate : . 12. P. Petersit. Syncarps spicate. Apex of drupe minutely spiny. Syncarps subtended by leaves ; apex of pa conic . . 13. P. kamerunensis. Synearps not subtended by leaves ; apex of drupes long pyramidal . 4 . 14, P. Candelabrum. Apex of drupe not spiny. Free part of drupe short. ‘ . 15. P. barterianus. Free part of drupe 5 lin. long. : . 16. P. Teuszis. Pandanus.| CXLVIII. PANDANEE (WRIGHT). 129 1. P. Heddei, Warb. in Engl. PAanzenr. Pandan. 46. Drupe 19 lin. long, 14 lin. in diam., deeply sulcate at the apex; stigmas irregu- larly lobed, 2-2} lin. in diam.; endocarp bony, about 4 lin. long; upper part of mesocarp consisting of white spongy pith. Mozamh. Dist. German East Africa: on the sea-coast at Dar-es-Salaam, Hedde, 31. 2. P. Kirkii, Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 326. Syncarps similar to those of P. Candelabrum, Beauv. Drupes 7—9-celled, 24-24 in. long, 1}-1% in. wide at their greatest diameter, obovate-cuneiform, upper portion convex and polished, bearing 7-9 slightly elevated subangular divisions, terminating in a short blunt umbo, lower portion narrow and fibrous ; endocarp solid, mahogany-coloured ; mesocarp densely fibrous above.—Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 46. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Mainland, opposite Zanzibar, Kirk ! Native name, Rope. A male inflorescence labelled “ Zanzibar, Dr. Kirk,” may belong to this species. It can be described thus :—Bracts ovate, acuminate, very finely denticulate. Stamens spicate on a thick pedicel; connective produced above into an arista. 3. P. platycarpus, Warb. in Engl. Pfhanzenr. Pandan. 50. Drupes 8-9-celled, obpyramidal, 24 in. long, 14-2 in. in diam., about 6-angled, almost flat, and marked with corky channels at the apex, furrows dividing the cells obscure ; stigmas subascending, rarely sessile, reni- form, 1 lin. in diam., more or less deeply bilobed. Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Krause. 4. P. thomensis, Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 206,¢. BE. A branched tree 26-50 ft. high. Leaves somewhat sheathing at the base, 54 ft. long, 34 in. wide at the middle, acute, the whole of the margin and the back of the midrib (except in its lowest quarter) thickly armed with rather slender decurved cartilaginous spines. Male inflorescence a terminal leafy spicate panicle; spathes gradually increasing in size upwards, keeled, very sparingly spiny on the midrib, rather shorter than the spadix-branches ; rhachis fleshy, compressed. Stamens irregu- larly umbellate; filaments rather thick, conical, more or less connate; anthers 14 lin. long, shortly apiculate. Female inflorescence solitary, terminal, at first erect; spathes somewhat sheathing, gradually becoming smaller upwards, keeled, armed on the whole margin and from the centre of the midrib with slender more or less recurved teeth ; Spadix ovate, 2 in. long, 14 in. thick; rhachis fleshy. Syncarps ovate, 84 in. long, nearly 6 in. in diam., pendulous on a long peduncle. Drupes obconic, rather convex above, 10-14-celled, sulcate and tuber- culate above, 3 in. long, 14-2} in. in diam.; stigmas sessile, rather thick, irregularly radiating; endocarp placed at the centre of the drupe; mesocarp spongy and fibrous above.—Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 325; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 56. Lower Guinea. [Island of St. Thomas: lower region up to 1600 ft., Moller, Rolas Island, Quintas. Native name, Péo esteira. Fruit produced in December. VOL, VIII. K 130 CXLVIII. PANDANEE (WRIGHT). [ Pandanus. 5. P. Hahnii, Ward. in Engl. Pfanzenr. Pandan. 56. Drupe 6-12-celled, 2 in. long, 19-24 lin. in diam., slightly compressed, flat and scarcely sulcate at the apex, shortly pyramidal below the apex, scarcely narrowed to the broadly truncate base, 4—7 lin. broad at the flat apex ; stigmas sessile, flat, reniform, 1 lin. long; endocarp thick, bony, in the centre of the drupe; mesocarp spongy and containing fibres. “East African Islands ; cultivated in Martinique, Hahn.” The indefinite locality renders it doubtful whether this is a member of the Tropical African flora. 6. P. Goetzei, Warb. in Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 350. A tree, 33- 50 ft. high, much branched. Leaves 4 ft. long, 2? in. wide at the base, gradually acuminate, armed on the margins and midrib with scattered robust spines. Syncarps many, spirally arranged on the peduncle, almost sessile, ovate, 4-47 in. long, 3}-4 in. in diam. Drupes 70-90 in each syncarp, 2—5-celled, 18 lin. long, 9-12 lin. in diam., scarcely com- pressed, convex at the apex, slightly ribbed, narrowly pyramidal at the base ; areole at the apex flat, angular, 2-3 lin. in diam. ; stigmas sessile, reniform, 1 lin. or less in diam. ; endocarp bony, large, in the centre of the drupe; mesocarp woody above, scarcely spongy.—Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 57. Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa: Uhehe; Lofio River (Lasio River, by error, in the place of original publication), Goetze, 437. 7. P. Stuhlmannii, Ward. in Engl. Phanzenr. Pandan. 57, fig. 16, L-M. A tree about 50 ft. high. Stem branched at the apex. Aérial roots adpressed to the stem. Leaves nearly 10 ft. long, 2? in. wide, long and very slenderly acuminate, armed on the margins and midrib with long thick spines. Syncarps many, spirally arranged on the peduncle, almost sessile, oblong, 44-5 in. long, 2-23 in. in diam. Drupes 80-100 in each syncarp, 2-5-celled, 1 in. long, 6—9 lin, in diam., scarcely compressed, convex and ribbed at the apex, narrowed to the widely pyramidal truncate base; apical areole somewhat de- pressed, angular, 14-3 lin. in diam., with prominent ribs on the margin ; stigmas sessile, scarcely reniform, 4 lin. in diam. ; endocarp bony, 12 the centre of the drupe ; mesocarp spongy and fibrous above. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Dar-es-Salaam, Stuhlmann. 8. P. rabaiensis, Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 325. Leaf 5} ft. long, 2} in. broad, linear, gradually tapering upwards and produced into a long narrow flagellum, glaucous, coriaceous, armed on the margins and keeled midrib with ascending light-coloured spines. Male inflo- rescence paniculate. Stamens spicate on the ultimate branches of the panicle ; filaments terete, up to 3 lin. long ; anthers linear, 24 lin. long, connective prolonged and sometimes recurved at the tip. Drupes solitary, 1-5- (usually 4-) celled, 14-14 in. long, 3-1 in. in diam., apical quarter or third free and rounded, obconic, 5—6-angled below ; mesocarp fibrous, spongy above; endocarp thick, woody, conical above ; Pandanus. | CXLVII1. PANDANEZ (WRIGHT). 131 stigmas 1-5 surrounding or seated in a depressed central areole.— Journ. Linn. Soc, xxx. 432, t. 34, figs. 1-6 ; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 61. Nile Land. British East Africa: Kisululin, on the Rabai Hills, near Mom- basa, Taylor / Native name, Mi¢sapu. 9. P. heudelotianus, Balf. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 49. Drupe 1—3-celled, 2? in. long, 9 lin. in diam., the upper 9 lin. rounded conical and subrostrate, the lower part gradually narrowed and angular ; stigmas sessile, horseshoe-shaped or triangular ; mesocarp apparently slightly hollow.—Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 325, t. 347, tigs. 5-6; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 63. Heterostigma heudelotianum, Gaud. Voy. Bonite, Bot. Atlas, t. 25, figs. 15-31; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad. Brongn. in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 6, i. 291 ; Solms-Laub. in Linnea, xlii. 66. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot. 10. P. Welwitschii, Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 324, t. 347, figs. 1-4. An erect tree, 10-20 ft. high. Stem 1 ft. in diam, at the base Branches few, short, ascending. Leaves in terminal crowns, long linear, 33 ft. long, 14 lin. wide at the middle, near the base abruptly contracted, gradually narrowed upwards, with large sharp upcurved spines on the margins, and similar decurved ones on the mid- rib. Syncarps ovate-elliptic, yellowish when ripe, 6 in. long, 3 in. in diam. Drupes 12-14 lin. long, 5-7 lin. in diam. when dry, cuneiform, rounded above, narrowed below, upper 1} lin. free, shortly pyramidal, with a blunt central umbo, 1—2-celled; endocarp in the centre of the drupe, thick, deep red; mesocarp spongy above, fibrous below.— Cat. Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 84; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 65. P. Candelabrum ? Hook. Niger Fl. 527; Welw. Apont. 586. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, banks of the River Cuanza, near Candumba and Ilha Calemba, Welwitsch, 5770! and fruit, 1015! 11. P. livingstonianus, Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 326. Upper leaves with upwardly curved teeth on the margins only, the lower ones on the midrib also. Syncarps ovate, 5 in. long, 3 in. in diam. Drupes 5-angled, flat and 6—7 lin. across at the top, with a central subobtuse umbo.—Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 66. Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi Delta; mouth of the Luabo River, Kirk ! This may be (as suggested by Dr. Rendle, l.c.) the species referred to by Living- stone (The Zambesi and its Tributaries, 19), which from the plate appears to be a tree 40-50 ft. bigh supported for a height of 8-9 ft. by forking roots. 12. P. Petersii, Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 66, fig. 17 J-L. A pyramidal tree, 13-26 ft. high. Stem branched, about 8 in. in diam. ; branches armed with short acute spines. Leaves about 20 in. long, 9 lin. broad, armed on the margins and midrib. Syncarps solitary, elliptical. Drupes 1-—2-celled, oblanceolate, 14 lin. long, 5-7 lin. in 132 CXLVIII. PANDANEZ (WRIGHT). | Pandanus. diam., angular and cuneate (but scarcely rostrate) at the base ; free apex 1} lin. long, convex, pyramidal, scarcely costate or umbonate ; stigma terminal, reniform, {—1 lin. in diam.; endocarp bony, 34-4 lin. long ; upper 3 lin. of mesocarp somewhat hollow and fibrous.—Frey- cinetia sp., Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 510, in obs. Mozamb. Dist, Portuguese East Africa: Mozambique; on the banks of Lucuare and Munanche Rivers, Peters. 13. P. kamerunensis, Warb. in Hngl. Pllanzenr. Pandan. 66. A branched tree. Leaves thick, glaucous beneath, narrowly acuminate for about 9 lin., 19-28 lin. wide, with distant sharp spines on the margins and midrib; spines on the lower part of the midrib pointing downwards. Male inflorescence a compound spike; spikes cylindrical, white, 6-13} in. long, 7-16 lin. in diam., densely many-flowered ; peduncle 5-19 lin. long, 14-2} lin. in diam. Stamens 6-10, subum- bellate at the apex of a narrow column 23-6 lin. long; filaments filiform, 2-3} lin. long; anthers 4—3 lin. long, linear, acute. Female inflorescence terminal, compound; peduncle 194 in. long. Syncarps 6, sessile, ovate-globose, 3-44 in. long, 23-4 in. in diam., slightly trigonous, scarcely surrounded by the spathes. Drupes 150-300 in each syncarp, 1—2-celled, connate high up, 14 lin. long, 5-6 lin. in diam., free part pyramidal, 5-6 lin. long, tuberculate, acutely angled, subacute, with minutely spiny ribs at the apex; stigmas terminal, reniform, sessile, ? lin. in diam.; endocarp bony, situated below the centre of the drupe, 5 lin. long; mesocarp fibrous in the upper part, nearly 10 lin. long. Upper Guinea, Cameroons, Schran. Native name, Mupupu. Warburg suggests that Mann, 1861, collected at Ambas Bay, may belong to this species (see Solms-Laub. in Tinnea, xlii. 28, and Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 322) ; also a male spike from the River Limbe in the Cameroons, Deistel, 108. 14. P. Candelabrum, Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 37, tt. 21-22. A branched tree. Stem erect, supported in the lower part by aérial roots ; lower branches horizontal, upper erect. Leaves glaucous, wide, acuminate, with sharp spines on the midrib and margins. Male spadices oblong-cylindric, white, fragrant; spathes longer than the spadices, narrowed to an acute apex, spiny on the margins and back of the midrib. Stamens about 12, subumbellate. Female spadix sub- ovate. Spathes similar to those of the male, but much _ shorter. Drupes 1- (rarely 2-3-) celled ; stigma flat, irregularly subcordate.— Lam. Encycel. Suppl. i. 576 ; Spreng. Syst. iii. 898; Kunth, Enum. ill. 96; Solms-Laub. in Linnea, xlii. 27; Balf. f. in Journ. Linn. Soe. xvil. 43 ; Gurich in Mitth. Afr. Gesell. in Deutsch. v. 51; Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 321; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 67. Tuckeya Candelabrum, Gaud. Voy. Bonite, Bot. Atlas, t. 26, figs. 10-20. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Banks of the River Formosa, near Agathon, Beauvois. Cameroon Mountains, Mann, 2! A male inflorescenee from Ambas Bay (Mann, 780), probably belongs to this species. Pandanus. | CXLVIII. PANDANEZ (WRIGHT). 133 15. P. barterianus, Lendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 324. Syncarps very broadly ovate or almost spherical, up to 5 in. long and 44 in. in diam. Drupes 5-7-angled and shortly pyramidal at the top, pro- duced in the centre into a short blunt apiculus—Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 67. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Barter, 2! 16. P. Teuszii, Warb. in Engl. Planzenr. Pandan. 67. Drupe (alone known) 1—2-celled, 14-lin. long, 4-64 lin. in diam., cuneate-fusi- form, the basal 9 lin. gradually acuminate, the apical 5 lin. shortly pyramidal and angular, scarcely produced at the apex. Lower Guinea. Gaboon, Teusz. Imperfectly known species. 17. P. leonensis, Hort. Lodd. ex Wendl. Index Palm. 46, name only; Balf. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 51; Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 327; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 89. “ Guinea.” 18. P. sessilis, Boj. Hort. Maur. 302, non Wendl.; Balf. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 61; Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 327; Warb. in Engl. Phanzenr. Pandan. 90. Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar and Pemba Islands, ex Bojer. OrverR CXLIX. TYPHACEA, (By N. E. Brown.) Flowers unisexual, monecious, in dense bracteate heads or spikes. Male flowers with a perianth of 3-6 scales, or without a perianth, but irregularly intermingled with slender narrowly clavate filaments, or spathulate or cuneate scales, which are often variously toothed or lobed. Stamens with free or connate filaments and basifixed, linear, oblong or cuneate, 2-celled anthers, opening by longitudinal slits; connective sometimes produced beyond the apex of the cells; no rudiment of an ovary. Female flowers with a perianth of scales or fine hairs, some- times accompanied by slender spathulate or clavate bracteoles. Ovary Superior, 1-celled, sessile or stalked ; style simple, terminal, persistent ; stigma unilateral, elongate ; ovule solitary, pendulous from the apex of the cell, anatropous. Fruit sessile or stalked ; pericarp thin and mem- branous, or thick with a spongy outer layer, and a hard, woody inner layer. Seed albuminous, testa thin; embryo cylindric, axile.-—Peren- nial aquatic or marsh herbs with creeping rhizomes. Leaves alternate, linear or strap-shaped, sheathing at the base; veins parallel. Flowers small or minute, sessile, bracteolate or ebracteolate, densely crowded into globose heads or cylindric spikes along simple or branched axes, with or without leafy bracts at their base. The male inflorescence terminal. A small order of two genera and about 25 species, very widely dispersed. 134 CXLIX, TYPHACEE (BROWN). Concerning the affinities of this family, see Celakovsky in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1891, 117, 154, 195, 224, and 266 ; also Graebner in Engler, Pflanzenreich, Typhacee. 1. TYPHA, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ili. 955. Flowers densely crowded into simple cylindric spikes; the male spike terminal and separated from the female spike or contiguous to 1t. Male flowers irregularly intermingled with variously shaped scales or slender, clavate, curved filaments. Stamens with their filaments variously connate; anthers linear, basifixed, 2-celled, connective pro- duced beyond the cells; pollen simple or compound. Female flowers ebracteolate or mingled with slender clavate or spathulate bracteoles, and often with abortive clavate female flowers (carpodia) mixed with them. Perianth composed of several very fine simple or clavate’ hairs. Ovary superior, stalked, at least after fertilization, narrow, 1-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovule; style elongated, slender, erect; stigma linear or lanceolate. Fruit minute, stalked, ellipsoid or sub- cylindric, with a thin membranous pericarp. Seed subcylindric or narrowly ellipsoid, albuminous ; testa thin; embryo axile.—Aquatie or marsh herbs with creeping rhizomes and erect stems. Leaves alter- nate, linear or strap-shaped, parallel-veined. Flowering-stem erect, simple, terminated by the dense cylindric superposed unisexual flower- spikes. Bracts none, or linear and deciduous or caducous. Species about 18, but probably some are only varietal forms, widely distributed. Female flowers with bracteoles (see also 7’, capensis). Stigma linear. Bracteoles much longer than the hairs : . 1. ZT. angustata. Bracteoles about as long as the hairs or but slightly exceeding them. Bracteoles obovate-, obcordate-, or orbicular- spathulate < ‘ 2. T. angustifolia. Bracteoles lanceolate-spathulate 3. ZT. australis. Stigma lanceolate . ‘ 4. T. Schimpert. Female flowers without bracteoles ; stigma lanceolate. Bracteoles of male flowers simple, linear, acute, whitish ; pollen compound ° . 5 Bracteoles of male flowers forked or toothed, brownish ; pollen simple é 5. T. latifolia. 6. T. capensis, 1. T. angustata, Bory d Chaub. Exped. Sc. de Morée, iii. pt. 2, 338. Plant 5-9 ft. high. Leaves 2-5 lin. broad, convex on the back at the base. Male and female spikes subequal or the male longer; 4-1 in. distant, very rarely contiguous. Male flowers with bracteoles varying from filiform to narrow lanceolate-spathulate, entire or toothed, acute, light brown; pollen simple. Female flowers bracteolate ; brac- teoles much longer than the hairs, lanceolate-spathulate or elliptic spathulate, acute; stigmas linear, a little longer than tne bracteoles ; hairs simple.—Rohrb. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 87-89 incl. vars. leptocarpa, Rohrb. & ethiopica, Rohrb.; Kronfeld in Ver- Typha.) CXLIX. TYPHACEE (BROWN). 135 handl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889, 159-161, t. 4, fig. 6, & t. 5, fig. 1; Schweinfurth. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 92 ; Durand «& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 470; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr. Typhacez, 14. 7’. ethiopica, Kronfeld, l.c. 162. 7’. angustifolia, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii, 350 partly ; Schweinf. Pl. Nilot. 37; and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append ii. 7; not of Linn. Wile Land. Nubia, Kordofan and Sennar, Schweinfurth (ex Rohrbach) ; Bahr-el-Abiad, Hartmann (ex Rohrbach). Eritrea: Halibaret, east of Anseba, 4800 ft., Schweinfurth, 135; Ferfer, 3000 ft., Schweinfurth, 136 ; and Saganeiti, 7000 ft., Schweinfurth, 885, (ex Schweinfurth). Abyssinia: Tigre ; streams near Jelajeranne, Schimper, 1563! Samen, Schimper, 1190 (ex Rohrbach) ; and without precise locality, Quartin-Dillon & Petit (ex Rohrbach). Also in South-Western Europe, North Africa, the Orient, and India. 2. T. angustifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1,971. Plant growing to 5or 6 ft. high. Leaves 24-44 lin. broad, linear, obtuse, convex on the back at the base. Male spike usually longer than the female, 5-10 in. long, }—-1} in. distant. Male flowers with spathulate-lanceolaie entire or forked acute bracteoles; pollen simple. Female flowers bracteolate; bracteoles rhomboid-, obcordate-, obovate- or orbicular- spathulate, about as long as the hairs; stigmas linear, longer than the bracteoles ; hairs simple.—Rohrb. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 81, fig. 3; Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889, 150, t. 5, fig. 2; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ix. 2, t. 321, fig. 745 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 470, partly; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr., C. 93; Gregory, Great Rift Valley, 398; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr. Typhace, 11. Mile Land. Nubia: between Suakin and Berber, Schweinfurth, ser. iii. 219! British East Africa : cliffs above Lake Losuguta, Gregory. Also in Europe, the Orient, and North America. 3. T. australis, Schwmach. ¢: Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 401. Plant attaining 5-6 ft. in height. Leaves 3-6 lin. broad, linear or strap- shaped, obtuse, convex on the back at the base. Male and female spikes subequal, 44-12 in. long, contiguous or 3-1 in. distant. Male flowers with variously shaped bracteoles; nearly filiform, very nar- rowly spathulate-lanceolate and entire, or broader and 2-3-forked, or very broadly spathulate and variously lobed and toothed ; pollen simple. Female flowers bracteolate; bracteoles lanceolate-spathulate or rarely fusiform-clavate, acute or acuminate, about as long asor slightly longer than the hairs; stigmas linear, longer than the bracteoles; hairs simple.—Schumach. & Thonn. in Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl. 1829, 175; Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889, 156, t. 5, fig. 4 (excluding syn. 7’. equinoctialis, Welw.) ; Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 9; and vii. 888; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 31; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr. Typhacee, 13. 7. angusti- folia, Hook. Niger F1.527 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 470, partly, not of Linn. 7. angustifolia, var. australis, Rohrb.in Verhandl. 136 CXLIX. TYPHACEE (BROWN). [Z'ypha. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 83. 7. macranthelia, Webb & Berth. Iles Canar. Phyt. iii. 291, t. 218. ‘ wpper Guinea. Gold Coast: Quitta, Thonning. Lagos: Kradu Lagoon, Barter, 3240! Guinea, Schumacher (ex Kronfeld). ‘ Wile Land. Eritrea: Goura, 6500 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 922! British East Africa: near Mombasa, Hildebrandt, 12298 ! _ Lower Guinea. German South-West Africa: Hereroland ; Kuisib River, at Scheppmansdorf, Belek, 19 (ex Schinz). Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Manganja Hills, abundant by Lake Shirwa, Meller ! Islands in the River Shire, below Katungo, Scott ! Also in South Africa. 4. T. Schimperi, Rohrd. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 95. Plant several ft. high. Leaves 3-1 in. broad, narrowed to 5-7 lin. broad at the base, where they are convex on the back. Male spike up to 18 in. long, longer than the female and distant from it. Male flowers with linear, obtuse bracteoles; pollen compound, in tetrads. Female flowers bracteolate; bracteoles narrowly spathulate, much longer than the hairs; stigma spathulate-lanceolate, longer than the bracteoles; hairs simple—Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889, 166. 7. elephantina, Schimp. ex Rohrb. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 95, not of Roxb. 7’. elephantina, Roxb., var- Schimperi, Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr. Typhacez, 11. Nile Land. Abyssinia: near Jaja, Schimper, 1479. I have not seen this species ; itis said to differ from 7’. elephantina, Roxb., by the leaves being convex on the back at the base, instead of obtusely keeled. _ 5. T. latifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl.ed.1,971. Plant attaining a height of 5-8 ft. Leaves 4-1 in. broad, strap-shaped, obtuse, convex on the back at the base. Male and female spikes 4—12 in. long, subequal or the female longer, contiguous, very rarely shortly separated. Male flowers with linear, acute bracteoles, not forked, whitish ; pollen com- pound, in tetrads. Female flowers without bracteoles; stigmas lanceo- late or spathulate-lanceolate, longer than the simple hairs.—Kunth, Enum. Pl. iii. 90; Rohrbach in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 79, fig. 1; English Bot. ed. 3, 2, t. 1385; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ix. 2, t. 323; Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889, 176, t. 5, fig. 11 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 470; Engl. Pf. Ost- Afr. C. 93; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr. Typhacee, 8. 7’. angustifolia, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 350, partly, ex Rohrbach. Mile Land. Abyssinia: Shire, Quartin-Dillon & Petit (ex Rohrbach). Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara, ex Engler. ; I have not seen a specimen of this species from Tropical Africa ; it is widely distri- buted in Europe, Asia, and North America. - 6. 'T. capensis, Rohrd. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver, Brandend. xi. 96. Plant attaining a height of 6-7 ft., glabrous. “Leaves 2-7 lin. broad, linear or strap-shaped, obtusely pointed, convex on the back at the base Male and female spikes subequal or the female longer, BET Typha. | CXLIX. TYPHACEZ (BROWN). 187 in. long, contiguous or shortly separated. Male flowers with brownish linear-spathulate or cuneate-spathulate, entire or variously lobed or toothed, acute bracteoles; pollen simple. Female flowers usually ebracteolate, occasionally with a few narrow spathulate-lanceolate colourless bracteoles mingled with them; stigmas spathulate-lanceo- late, longer than the simple hairs.—Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889, 180, t. 5, fig. 13; N. E. Br. in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 32; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 85 ; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr. Typhacee, 10. 7. latifolia, Krauss in Flora, 1845, 343, not of Linn. T. equinoctialis, Welw. ex Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889, 156. Lower Guinea. Loango: Chinchocho, Soyaux,87! Angola: Golungo Alto ; in marshes on the right of the Coango and Quiapose rivulets, Welwitsch, 241! Huilla ; by river banks near Lopollo, and in pools on the banks of the stream Quipum- punhine, near Humpata, Welwitsch, 243 (ex Rendle) ; Mossamedes ; in deep pools near Mossamedes (Aguadas), and in lakes at the mouth of the River Giraul, Welwitsch, 244! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Dar-es-Salaam, Hildebrandt, 1229! Portuguese East Africa: by the River Refubwe (Revugwe), near Tete, Kirk ! Also in South Africa. This may be distinguished from 7’. latifolia, Linn., by the bracteoles of the male inflorescence being brownish and_usually more or less lobed or forked at the top, and by the simple pollen. A specimen without flower, collected by pools near the sea, and near San Pedro, in the district of Loanda ,Angola (Welwitsch, 242), is doubtfully referred to this species by Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 85. Kronfeld and Graebner have erroneously referred 7. equinoctialis, Welw. to T. australis, Schum. & Thonn., from which the absence of bracts to the female flowers at once distin- guishes it. OrveR CL. AROIDEA. (By N. E. Brown.) Flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite, with or without a perianth, sessile on a spadix enclosed within, adnate to, or subtended by a green or coloured spathe. Spadix monecious or entirely covered with her- maphrodite flowers, or rarely unisexual, with or without a terminal barren appendix, and with or without neuter organs on various parts of it. Perianth, when present, of 3-9 free or connate segments. Stamens 4—6, rarely more or fewer (when the male flowers’ have no perianth, the stamens are crowded together, so that the number belong- ing to each flower is often indeterminable), free or connate ; filaments none, or broad and flat, or rarely filiform or clavate ; anthers opening by terminal pores, or by short or long longitudinal slits ; pollen often emitted in sausage-like strings. Ovary sometimes surrounded by staminodes, superior, or very rarely inferior, with or without a style ; 1- to many-celled, with axile, parietal, basal or apical placentation ; stigma entire or lobed ; ovules 1 to many in a cell, orthotropous, campy- lotropous or anatropous. Fruit a 1 to many-seeded berry. Seeds albuminous or exalbuminous.—Erect, creeping or climbing herbs or shrubs, simple or branched. Rootstock often tuberous or thick and fleshy. 138 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). Stem rarely woody. Leaves alternate, radical or cauline, usually with sheathing petioles, net- or parallel-veined. Spathe open to the base or the lower part convolute or tubular, wholly deciduous or persistent, or only the tubular part persistent. A large order, of about 100 genera, and about 1000 species, chiefly concentrated in the tropics of both hemispheres, very few in temperate regions. “Flowers unisexual. tPeriauth none, Female part of spadix adnate to the back of the spathe ; flowers unilateral. Female flower or ovary solitary ; a floating herb 1. PISTIA. Female flowers or ovaries 3-12... 3 . 17. CALLOPSIS. Female part of spadix free from the spathe, bearing flowers all round. {Spadix with a terminal appendix destitute of flowers, but sometimes covered with filiform processes or hairs ; herbs with a tuberous rootstock, Leaves and flowers produced together (see also Amorphophallus angolensis). Leaves peltate, cordate- or sagittate- ovate ; spadix moncecious ; ovary i-celled ; ovules numerous on parietal placentas . - Leaves 3-partite, pedate, or with several leaflets radiating from the apex of the petiole; spadix often unisexual ; ovary l-celled; ovules 8. COLOCASIA. basal, orthotropous . ‘ . 38. ARISEMA. Leaves and flowers produced at different times. Leaves pedate ; margins of the spathe connate into a tube below ; spadix with neuter organs above the female flowers . < - 2. SAUROMATUM. Leaves 3-branched at the apex of the petiole; branches dichotomously divided, pinnatipartite; spathe con- volute below, except in.4, Elliotii ; spadix without neuter organs . 4. AMORPHOPHALLUS. {{Spadix without a terminal appendix. §Herbs with a tuberous rootstock or a thick fleshy rhizome ; no distinct stem. (See also Anubias, which has a creeping rhizome.) Spadix with barren organs (staminodes) on the apical part. Ovary 2-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell ; anthers connate in pairs . 5. ZYGANTHERA. Ovary 1-celled ; anthers connate in groups of 4-8 . s . 10. TypHONODORUM. Spadix with barren organs (staminodes ?) between the ovaries and fertile an- thers, none on the apical part ; ovary CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). 2—4-celled ; ovules axile, numerous in each cell : - Spadix covered with fertile flow ers to the apex, without barren organs (or with a few staminodes mixed with the ovaries in Richardia), Ovule solitary in each cell, basal or sub- basal. Leaves much divided. Spathe convolute, obliquely trun- cate at the top; ovary 2- celled ; stamens free . ° Spathe boat-shaped, shortly con- volute at the base, acute; ovary 1-celled; stamens free Leaves sagittate ; spathes expanded, decurrent on the peduncle at the base; ovary 1-celled Ovules 2—4 in each cell, axile ; spathe obliquely funnel-shaped, with a subulate point ; leaves sagittate, hastate, or entire a §§Stems climbing or creeping and rooting or erect, Ovary 1-2-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell; anthers free. Leaves subpinnatipartite or perforated Leaves entire, not perforated, acute or obtuse at the base. : Leaves cordate, sagittate or hastate at the base, or 3-lobed, not perforated. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules numerous in each cell; anthers of each male flower connate into an angular truncate body ‘TT Perianth present; female part of the spadix free from the spathe, bearing flowers all round it. Spathe-margins connate into a tube below or nearly to the top; perianth in one piece, urceolate or cupular; petiole not thickened near the middle : = . Spathe convolute below ; perianth- segments free ; petiole with a thickened joint near the middle. Stamens with free filaments; leaves several, evergreen, pinnate ° Stamens with connate filaments ; leaf solitary, annual, 1-3-pinnate. . ° **Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves all radical, sagittate or hastate; petiole prickly; spathe persistent during omnes perianth-sezments 4-6 ; Leaves spaced alorg a climbing stem, not “aagit- tate or hastate; petiole smooth; spathe falling quickly after expansion; perianth none . 2 . : : ¢ : 9. syed bt 15. 16. 18. «1. . 20. eal. - 22. 139 CALADIUM.. . PSEUDOHYDROSME. . ANCHOMANES. . NEPHTHYTIS, RICHARDIA. . RHEKTOPHYLLUM. . CULCASIA. CERCESTIS. ANUBIAS. STYLOCHITON. ZAMIOCULCAS, GONATOPUS. CyYRTOSPERMA. RHAPHIDOPHORA. 140 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). [ Pistia. 1. PISTIA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 964. Spathe small, tubular below; limb open, oblique, constricted on each side at its base. Spadix shorter than the spathe, monecious ;. female part adnate to the back of the spathe ; male part free, stipitate, having two neuter organs at its base, the upper cup-shaped or frill-like, the lower suborbicular or subreniform in outline, with the sides bent inwards or downwards. Flowers unisexual. Perianth none. Female inflorescence of a single ovary, apparently arising from the back of the spathe, very oblique, 1-celled ; style obliquely erect from the top of the ovary ; stigma capitate ; ovules numerous, basal, orthotropous. Male inflorescence of a stipitate whorl of 3-8 flowers; each flower composed of 2 connate 2-celled anthers, opening by short slits. Fruit ellipsoid, with a thin pericarp, many-seeded. Seeds cylindric-oblong, truncate at each end, depressed at the apex, with an operculum closing the micro- pyle, rugulose ; testa thick, composed of a brown membranous outer and inner skin, and a thick white cellular layer between them ; embryo: minute, apical.—A floating, stoloniferous, stemless herb, with a tuft of fibrous roots. Leaves in a rosette; veins flabellate, raised beneath. Spathes axillary, with very short peduncles. A genus of one species, very variable in the form of its leaves, found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the globe, in still, fresh water. 1, P. Stratiotes, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1,963. Leaves sessile in a rosette, 1—5 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, cuneate-oblong cr cuneate-obovate,. Berlin, 1853, 354 (reprint 26). Upper Guinea. Senegal, Lelievre, Heudelot (ex Engler). Ashanti: Assin- Yan-Coomassie, Cummins! Niger Territory : Nupe; Lom, Barter, 176! River Pistia. | CL, AROIDEH (BROWN). 141 Niger, Barter, 3244 (ex Engler), Lower Niger: Ibu (Abo), Vogel, 12! Cross River, Holland, 233! Cameroons: Mungo, Bucholz! Bipinde, Zenker, 1167! and without precise locality, Preuss, 1861! Lake Chad, Vogel, 41! Nile Land. Upper Sennar: near Fazokl, Kotschy, 461! thiopia, Kotschy, 196! White Nile, Schweinfurth, 1061! 1100! 1111! Petherick! Speke & Grant ! British East Africa: Taita; Ndara Mountain, Hildebrandt, 2356! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo, Hens, Demeuse (ex Durand & Schinz); Stanley Pool, Luja, (ex Wildeman & Durand). Angola ; Icolo e Bengo; in lakes around Prata, Welwitsch, 214! Pungo Andongo; by the sides of the River Cuige, near Quibinda, Welwitsch, 215! Ambriz; stagnant places around Quizemba, Wel- witsch, 216! Golungo Alto; near Sange, in stagnant places by the banks of the River Quiapoze, Welwitsch, 217! and Mossamedes ; in lakes at the mouth of the River Giraul, Welwitsch, 218! pools at Pedra Grande, Newton (ex Hoffmann) ; mouth of the Kuango River, Descamps (ex Engler). Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi Delta; in the River Luabo, Kirk ! east coast of Lake Nyasa, Johnson, 146A! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Blantyre, Descamps (ex Dewevre). South Central. Congo Free State; Kasai River, Luja (ex Wildeman & Durand). Widely distributed in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. 2. SAUROMATUM, Schott; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen, Pl, iii. 966. Spathe very long, its margins connate below, forming a cylindric tube, inflated at the base, withering in fruit; limb 3-4 times as long as the tube, narrow, tapering, usually more or less convolute towards the apex. Spadix free, shorter than the spathe, monecious, sessile, bearing the male and female flowers in short cylindric very distant spikes and several spreading clavate or filiform neuter organs above the female spike, terminated by a very long terete appendix. Perianth none. Anthers densely crowded, sessile, compressed, opening by apical pores. Ovaries densely crowded, ovoid, 1-celled; stigma small, sub- sessile ; ovules 2—4, erect from a basal placenta, orthotropous. Berries numerous, in a globose head, obovoid, somewhat flattened at the apex. Seed spheroid or flattened on one side, apiculate ; testa thin; albumen copious; embryo axile.—Herbs with a depressed-globose rootstock, flowering before the leaves appear. Leaf solitary, long-petioled, peda- tisect. Peduncle short, not rising much above the surface of the ground. Spathe spotted and often bordered with dark brownish- purple. Species 3 or 4, or perhaps all forms of one species. One in India, one in Sumatra, and the following. Neuter organs terete or slightly clavate. “ . 1. S. nubicum. Neuter organs filiform . : . j ‘ . 2. S. angolense. 1. S. nubicum, Schott, Syn. Aroid. 25. Leaf solitary, pedatisect ; petiole 1-1} ft. long, glabrous ; segments of the blade 7, broadly oblan- ceolate, acuminate, narrowed towards the base where they are more or less connected; middle segment about 9 in. long, 34-4 in. broad, the 142 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). [ Sauromatum. others gradually smaller, entire, glabrous; veins rather numerous, forming an acute angle with the midrib, nearly straight, and sub- parallel, all uniting in a vein about 2-2} lines within the margin, slightly prominent beneath. Peduncle 2-6 in. long. Spathe-tube about 2 in. long, blackish-purple at the base within; limb 8-10 in. long, elongated-lanceolate, tapering to an acute point, spotted with dark purple. Spadix 8-9 in. long, sessile; male and female spikes each 3-4 lin. long, dense, cylindrical, distant from one another about 14 in. ; neuter organs 13 lin. long, slightly clavate or subterete, spread- ing, placed just above the female spike; appendix 7-8 in. long, terete, purple-brown or dark fuscous.—Schott, Prod. Aroid. 72. S. abyssinicum, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 569, Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 153, and Pfl. Ost-Afr. C., 182; Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 88; Schweinfurth in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii., Append. ii. 52; Penzig in Atti Congr. Bot. Genova, 1892, 363 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 480, excl. syn. ; not of Schott. Arum abyssinicum, Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 193. Wile Land. Eritrea: Baresa Valley, below Ginda, 1900 ft., Schweinfurth, 218 (ex Schweinfurth) ; Donkolla Heights near Ginda, 3200 ft., Schweinfurth, 187 (ex Schweinfurth) ; Ginda Valley, 3000 ft., Schweinfurth, 489! Mogod Valley, 4500 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1570! Mount Sabber, Penzig ; Keren, 1600 ft., Beccari, 169. Upper Sennar: Fazokl, Cienkowsky. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro, at Marangu, 4500 ft., ex Engler. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, cultivated specimen, Buchanan ! S. (?) abyssinieum, Schott, was founded upon Arum abyssinicum, A. Rich. (Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 352), but neither Schott nor Engler appears to bave seen it. From the description given by A. Richard, however, it cannot belong to the genus Sawroma- tum, and I have little doubt that it is a species of Amorphophallus, to which genus I have referred it. The plant above described is a true Sawromatum, and is scarcely distinguishable from the Indian S. guttatum, Schott; the only difference appears to be that the neuter organs are rather shorter, and very much less clavate, being very slightly thickened at the tips. My description is chiefly based upon a cultivated specimen, grown from a tuber sent from Nyasaland by Mr. J. Buchanan to Mr. J. O’Brien, of Harrow, which quite agrees with other specimens at Kew from Eritrea, so far a5 they go. Engler does not describe the neuter organs, but they are very evident in the specimens at Kew. 2. S. angolense, V. #. Br. Tuber hemispherical. Leaf pedati- sect ; petiole 2 ft. or more long; segments of the blade 7-11, elliptic- lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, narrowed towards the base and more or less confluent there, intramarginal vein 3-6 lin. distant from the margin. Spathe? Spadix mutilated (Welwitsch) ; appendix elongated, gradually attenuate ; neuter organs rather long, filiform.— S.? nubicwm, Schott in Journ. Bot. 1865, 34; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phanerog. ii. 570 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 480 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 86, not of Schott, Syn. Aroid, or Prod. Aroid. Lower Guinea. Angola: Ambaca; in fissures of the rocks of the large cavern called Puri Cacarambola, 3000 ft., rare, Welwitsch, 229! I have only seen a leaf of this, which is very like that of S. nubicum, Schott, bat Sauromatum. | CL, AROIDEH (BROWN). 143; has the intramarginal vein more distant from the margin, and if the neuter organs. are filiform, as described by Schott, it can scarcely be S. nubicum, and upon that ground, and by reason of its different geographical area, I venture to separate it. 3. ARIS AUMA, Mart.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 965, Spathe deciduous or decaying in fruit; tube convolute, sometimes having reflexed margins at the mouth; limb expanded or hooded. Spadix unisexual or bisexual, free, sessile or stipitate, shorter or longer than the spathe, bearing flowers at the base only or for 4-2 of its length, and sometimes a few subulate neuter organs above the flowers, ending in a short or long appendix, which is smooth, somewhat echi- nate, or loosely covered with hair-like processes. Flowers unisexual. Perianth none. Male flowers usually scattered, 2—4-androus ; fila- ments connate ; anthers 2-celled, opening by pores or slits, or the cells confluent and opening by one marginal slit. Female flowers densely crowded in a cylindric or conical spike. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, 1-celled ; style short or none; stigma simple ; ovules 1-10, orthotropous,. erect ; placenta basal, cushion-like. Fruit a berry, obovoid or sub- globose, 1- to few- seeded. Seed subglobose, ovoid, or angular; testa rather thick, crustaceous ; albumen copious; embryo axile.—Herbs with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves solitary or 2—4 to a plant, trifoliate, pedate, or with several leaflets in a whorl; petioles long, sheathing. Peduncle solitary, shorter or longer than the leaves. Species about 60, chiefly natives of India, extending into the Malay Archipelago, China, Japan, and North America. Leaflets entire : . . 5 : : 1. A. ruwenzoricum. Leaflets sharply serrulate, teeth directed towards the 2. A. schimperianum. apex : 5 c : - - : Leaflets minutely erose denticulate, teeth mostly directed outwards. : : . . . 38. A. enneaphyllum. 1. A. ruwenzoricum, JV. /. Br. Peduncle 9 in. long in the Specimen seen, glabrous. Spathe-tube 4 in. long, subcylindric ; limb 6 in, long, lanceolate, tapering into a long subulate tail, probably curving over the mouth of the tube. Spadix unisexual, male only seen, subsessile, 44 in. long, shortly exserted; male flowers loosely Scattered, 3—4-androus; appendix stout, cylindric, obtuse, slightly thickened at its base, smooth. Nile Land. British East Africa: Ruwenzori ; Toru district, at Kivata, in forest, 7000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7773! With the inflorescence are some unattached leaves; one of them with 5 leaflets pedately arranged, 51-63 in. long, 13-24 in. broad ; the others with 6-7 distinctly radiating leaflets, 8-9 in. long, 23-22 in. broad. The leaflets of both leaves are very similar in general appearance, sessile, lanceolate, or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate to a fine point, and tapering to an acute base, with entire margins. Both leaves may Possibly belong to the inflorescence, but more complete material is needed to decide, as I have never seen a species of Arisaema, having both radiating and pedately arranged leaflets ; such a difference has hitherto been considered of sectional value. 2. A. schimperianum, Schott in Bonpl. 1859, 27. Leaves 2 to a plant; petioles long, sheathing; leaflets 7-12, radiating, sessile,. 144 CL. AROIDEE (BROWN). [ Arisema. 41-81 in. long, 3-1} in. broad, tapering to a long acuminate apex, and to an acute base, margins distinctly and acutely serrulate, with the teeth directed towards the apex, glabrous on both sides. Peduncle longer than the petioles, glabrous. Spathe 5-7 in. long; tube sub- ylindric ; limb about twice as long as the tube, oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a linear-subulate tail. Spadix unisexual, a little longer than the tube, flowers densely crowded; appendix stout, straight, cylindric, obtuse, slightly thickened at its base, slightly tapering upwards, smooth.—Schott, Prod. Aroid. 47; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 553, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 151, and Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 154; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 479. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; near Enjedeap, Schimper, 1125, partly! Begemeder; Gatat, 8200 ft., Schimper, 1197! This species was distributed as A. enneaphyllum, Hochst., but is easily distin- guished by its sharply serrulate leaves, with the teeth all directed towards the apex ; in A. enneaphyllum the teeth are more minute, irregular, and more or less directed outwards. 3. A. enneaphyllum, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 352. Leaves 2-3 to a plant ; petioles long, sheathing; leaflets 5—, radiating, sessile, 2-6 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate-acute at the base, minutely erose-denticulate on the margins, glabrous on both sides. Peduncle longer than the petioles, glabrous. Spathe 34-6 in. long; tube cylindric or subcampanulate, rather more than half as long as the ovate, acuminate limb. Spadix 14-2} in. long, scarcely longer than the tube of the spathe, unisexual, usually stipitate; flowers densely crowded ; appendix moderately stout, straight, cylindric, slightly tapering at the base (always?), smooth.—Schott, Syn. Aroid. 28, and Prod. Aroid. 46; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 553, and Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 153; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 479. Wile Land. Abyssinia : Samen; near Enjedcap, Schimper, 1125, partly! and without precise locality, Schimper, 580! 4. AMORPHOPHALLUS, Blume; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii, 970. Spathe convolute or very rarely connate into a tube below, persis- tent, withering. Spadix free, monecious, with a terminal appendage: male and female parts usually contiguous, rarely distant ; neuter organs none. Perianth none. Ovaries in 2 to many series, usually crowded ona cylindric spike, 1—4-celled, with or without a style; stigma entire or 2—4-lobed. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, anatropous. Anthers sessile or subsessile, densely crowded or rarely scattered on a cylindric or obconic spike ; cells contiguous, opening by 2-4 apical pores. Berries sub- globose or ellipsoid. Seed ellipsoid or plano-convex, albuminous ; testa thin ; embryo seated at the base of the copious albumen and exterior to it.—Perennial herbs. Rootstock a tuber. Leaf solitary, not pro duced at the time of flowering ; petiole tall, erect, 3-branched at the apex; branches 1-3 times dichotomously divided, pinnatipartite ; Amorphophallus. | CL. AROIDEH (BROWN). 145 leaflets unequal, the terminal largest, entire, decurrent. Peduncle short or tall. Spathe variable in form; tube campanulate or funnel- shaped, rarely subcylindric ; limb short and frill-like, or produced and ovate, expanded, concave or hood-like. Spadix longer or shorter than the spathe; tlowering part not exceeding the tube of the spathe ; appendix subglobose, ovoid, cylindric, fusiform or tail-like, smooth, rugose, or rarely hairy. Species about 50, confined to the tropics of the Old World. I cannot separate Hydrosme asa genus from Amorphophallus as Engler has done, for in habit, form, and structure of the infloresence there is absolutely no distinction to be found. The only character that can be claimed to separate them depends entirely upon the union of the funicle with the body of the ovule ; if the funicle is adnate to the body of the ovule so as to form a raphe it constitutes an Hydrosme ; if it is not adnate to the body of the ovulethen it isan Amorphophallus, surely too slight and unimportant a difference to form a genus upon, especially where all other parts of the inflorescence are in such a variable and unstable condition among the various species as in Amorphophallus, which, as here understood, is a very natural and easily recognised genus. Spathe connate into a tube below, hooded above . ~ 1. A. Elion. Spathe convolute in the lower part. Appendix of spadix short and thick, subglobose ovoid, or fusiform-ovoid, more or less rugose; ovary with a distinct style. Spathe 34-6 in. long, obliquely campanulate, open 2. A. leonensis. Spathe 7-13 in. or more long, hooded in the upper part . : - ° : . . . 8. A. dracontioides. Appendix of spadix cylindric, fusiform, or tail-like. Style none, except in 10, A, Preussit ; 11, A. laxi- Slorus ; 19, A. maculatus, and 20, A. gallaensis, *Spadix about equalling or shorter than the spathe. Spathe lobed (abnormally ?) at the apex. . 4. A, Teuszit. Spathe not lobed at the apex. Margin of spathe undulated. Flowering part of the spadix about equalling or longer than the appendix ; spathe- tube longitudinally ribbed inside . 5. A, Schweinfurthii. Flowering part of the spadix shorter than the appendix. Spathe-tube about 14 in. in diam., smooth : inside ; spadix 33-5} in. long . 6. A. mossambicensis. Spathe-tube about 34 in. in diam., covered with short filiform processes insice ; spadix 6-63 in, long ° . 7, A. Goetzet. Margin of spathe not undulated. Flowering part of spadix as long as the appendix . ; 2 : : . 8, A. Barteri. Flowering part of spadix much shorter than the appendix. Spathe dark violet A : : . 9. A. gratus. Spathe yellowish-green, purple at the Oc ° ’ : : . 10. A. Preussit. **Spadix longer than the spathe. Anthers sparsely scattered... : : . 11. A. laxiflorus. VOL, VIII. L 146 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). Anthers crowded. +Appendix of the spadix less than 1 ft. long. (See also 26, A. Fischeri). {Peduncle $-24 ft. long. Petiole and peduncle smooth. Spathe whitish inside, with or without a few green spots on the limb, purple at the base ; appendix of the spadix cylindric not tapering upwards . - Spathe light yellowish-green or whitish- green inside; appendix of the spadix tapering upwards. Leaf-segments lanceolate, long-acu- minate ; spathe about 23 in.long Leaf-segments elliptic-obovate, ob- long or elliptic-oblong, cuspi- date ; spathe 4-7 in. long Spathe dark brownish-purple inside the limb, whitish within the urceo- late tube ; appendix of the ite tapering upwards - : Petiole and peduncle tuberculate {{Peduncle 3-14 in, long. Spathe-tube with longitudinal crisped ridges inside . Spathe-tube covered with filiform Hee cesses inside . c “ : ttAppendix of-the spadix a foot or more in length. tPeduncele tall. §Limb of the spathe ovate, produced into an acute or obtuse point. - Base of the spathe hairy or with soft bristle-like processes inside. Spathe about 6 in, long c Spathe more than 6 in. long. Style 1 lin. long : . Style none; stigma sessile 0 or sub- sessile. Male part of spadix cylindrical, about Lin. long . Male part of spadix obconical, about 2 in, long . Base of the 6-10 in. long spathe ver- rucose or papillate-tuberculate inside; style none. Flowering part of the spadix 3} in. long; petiole smooth . : Flowering part of the spadix 23-23 in. long. Appendix of the spadix 1} in. thick near the base; petiole tuberculate 12. 16. Wie 18. 19. 23. 24, eos | Amorphophallus. A, doryphorus. . A, Bawnmannii, . A, flavovirens. . A, Johnson. . A. consimilis. A, Eichleri. A. Staudtii. A, calabaricus. A, maculatus. . A, angolensis. A, accrensis. A, leapoldianus. A. maximus. Amorphophallus. | CL. AROIDEE (BROWN ). 147 Appendix of the spadix %-1 in. thick at the base; petiole unknown . : . . 26. A. Fischeri, Base of the 8 in. long spathe smooth inside ; style 2lin. long. . 20. A. gallaensis, §$§$Limb of the spathe forming a broad frill around the oblique mouth, not pro- duced at the very obtuse apex . 27. A. Mannii, {{Peduncle 3-13 in. long. (See also 27, A. Mannii, and 24, A. leopoldianus, in which the length is unknown) . . 28. A. Zenkeri. 1. A. Elliotii, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 7349. Tuber 24-3 in. in diam. Leaf about 18 in. diam., glabrous; petiole 2 ft. or more high, spotted on the lower half, smooth ; terminal segments 5-8 in. long, 6-7 lin. broad, the others smaller, all linear-lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent at the base. Peduncle 7-10 in. long, pale greyish, slightly tinged with pink, spotted with olive-green, smooth. Spathe rather small, glabrous ; tube 14-21} in. long, 14 in. diam., cylindrical, margins connate, not convolute, base truncate and intruded ; limb 2-4 in. long, galeate, with the apex curved forward, acute ; outside pinkish on the lower part of the tube, lined and thinly spotted with light greyish-olive, upper part of the tube and limb green, densely mottled with brown; inside of limb dull purple, smooth and glabrous in the tube. Spadix much shorter than the spathe, stipitate; stipes 6-7 lin. long, about 2 lin. thick ; flowering part cylindric, female 2-3 lin. long, male 6-9 lin. long ; appendix 14-14 in. long, 3-5 lin. thick, cylindric or fusiform obtuse, sometimes narrowed into a stipes at the base. Ovaries in 2-3 series, ellipsoid, 1-celled; style very short, about } lin. long; stigma small, simple. Ovule solitary, anatropous, on a short funicle Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Wallia, growing among low grass, Scott- Elliot, 4640! and a cultivated specimen ! _ _ This is the only species known in which the margins of the spathe are connate into a tube; in all the others they are convolute. 2. A. leonensis, Lem. in Hort. Vanhoutt. fase. i. 1, t. 3, fig. 2 a-b. Leaf solitary, glabrous; petiole 3-34 ft. high, robust, tinged with purple-brown at the base and variegated with dark red-brown and whitish ; segments 6-8 in. long, }-? in. broad, linear, acute, decurrent. Peduncle 3-8 in. long, smooth, enclosed at the base in 3-4 membranous bracts 2-4 in. long; inner bracts purplish, spotted with white. Spathe 33-6 in. long, 24-34 in. diam., obliquely funnel-shaped, convolute below, obtuse, apiculate, outside purplish-brown, marked with numerous pale veins and some whitish or yellowish spots, inside glabrous and smooth, pale rosy or whitish, with bright red-brown stripes. Spadix shorter or a little longer than the spathe, 3-5 in. long. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, abruptly contracted into a style #—} lin. long. Anthers quadrate. Appendix 14~3} in. long, 1}-2} in. diam., globose or ovoid, 148 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). [| Amorphophallus. obtuse, labyrinthically rugose, dark purple-brown. Berries } in. long, oblong or oblong-obovoid, orange or orange-yellow.—F lore des Serres, ii. Oct. t. 161; Bot. Mag. t. 7768. Arum aphyllum, Hook. in Gray, Trav. in Western Africa, 386, t. A. Corynophallus Afzelii, Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 1857, 389, Gen. Aroid. t. 32, and Prod. Aroid. 132; Mast. in Gard. Chron. 1872, 1619, fig. 343 (spadix inaccurate). C. leon- ensis, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 326. Hydrosme leonensis, Engl. Jahrb. i. 187 ; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 128, and Nachtrige zu ii.-iv. 59; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw, ii. 87. Upper Guinea. Futa Jallon: near the River Nunez, Gray. Sierra Leone : on grassy mountain slopes near Freetown, Welwitsch, 219! and without precise locality, Afzelius ! Scott-Hlliot ! Var. spectabilis, N. E. Br. Lower part of the petiole puce-coloured and marked with dark linear-oblong spots. lLeaf-segments 4-8 lin. broad.—Corynophallus Afzelii, Schott, var. spectabilis, Mast. in Gard, Chron. 1872, 1619. C. leonensis, Engl., var, spectabilis, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 326. Hydrosme leonensis, Engl., var. spectadbilis, Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr.v. 474, ~ Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Cultivated specimen ! Var. elegans, N. E. Br. Petiole green. Leaf-segments narrow, 3—44 lin. broad, drooping.—Corynophallus Afzelii, Schott, var. elegans, Mast. in Gard. Chron, 1872, 1619. C. leonensis, Engl., var. elegans, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 326. Hydrosme leonensis, Eng)., var. elegans, Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Cultivated specimen ! Var. latifolia, N. E. Br. Petiole green. Leaf less divided than in the other forms; segments 3-1 in. broad.—Corynophallus Afzelii, Schott, var. latifolia, Mast, in Gard. Chron. 1872, 1619. C. leonensis, Engl., var. latifolia, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 326. Hydrosme leonensis, Engl., var. latifolia, Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v.474. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Cultivated specimen ! The inflorescence of the above three varieties is unknown, but I doubt if they are more than slightly different forms of the typical plant, and scarcely worth distinguish- ing by names. 3. A. dracontioides, V. H. Br. Tuber “large, flattened” (Barter), “as large as a child’s head” (Johnson), ‘as large as a Cheshire cheese” (Irving). Leaves 5 ft. high (Johnson), “18 in. high, finely cut” (Barter); petiole smooth ; segments 3-10 in. long, 24—7 lin. broad, linear or linear-lanceolate, tapering to a fine point, decurrent. Peduncle 3-2 ft. long, green suffused with purple, and spotted with blackish- purple, smooth. Spathe 7-13 in. or more long, 3-8 in. diam., con- volute for half its length, cylindric or campanulate at the base, then dilating into an ovoid cucullate upper part, with an oblique ovate mouth in front, glabrous within and without, dull purple, striped with darker purple and spotted with whitish, or light green mottled with brown on the outside, shading into a bluish-flesh tint or whitish at the base, inside rich dark velvety-purple in the upper part, and striped with white and purple-red in the tube. Spadix not exceeding the con- volute part of the spathe, stipitate; stipes 4-4 in. long, cylindric; Amorphophallus.] CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 149 flowering part dense, female 1—? in. long, cylindric, male 1-1? in. long, stout, obconic ; appendix 2-4 in. long, 1-34 in. thick, ovoid, obtuse, blackish-purple or yellowish-green, rugose. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, green; style 1-14 lin. long, jointed near the middle; stigma small, discoid or cushion-like. Anthers very crowded, pale brownish-green.— Hydrosme dracontioides, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 461, t. 18; Durand & Schinz, ' Consp. Fl. Afr. v, 473; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. Nachtriige zu ii.-iv. 59. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: Kpong, on the Volta River, Johnson, 662! Togoland ; in bush by the River Angar in Anyanga district, near Bismarkburg, Biittner, 419 (ex Engler). Wagos: Abeokuta (drawing), Zrving! and at Illaro, Millen, 125 of 1893 collection! N iger Territory: Nupe, in moist ground, Barter, 1141! The leaf with Barter’s specimen is only a foot high, evidently from a juvenilg plant. The spathe in Dr. Irving’s drawing is 13 in. long, and he states that it is “a small specimen to fit the paper, generally 3 times larger.” I can see no differ- ence between the specimens collected by Barter and Johnson, and Dr. Irving’s drawing, except as to size. This plant was referred by Schott to Corynophallus Afzelit (A. leonensis), but the ovoid, cucullate limb of the spathe at once distinguishes it from that species. The figure given by Engler appears to be that of an immature (unopened) spathe viewed sideways. 4. A. Teuszii, V. “. Br. Leaf 2-2} ft. diam. glabrous; petiole 2 ft. (or more 2) long, green, smooth ; terminal segments 3-44 in. long, + in. broad, the others smaller, all narrowly lanceolate, gradually tapering to a long acuminate point, decurrent at the base. Peduncle 13-2 in. long, smooth. Spathe 5-6 in. long, convolute for about 1 in, into a cylindric tube 1 in. diam., green outside, pallid within; limb oblong, 3—7-lobed, erect and deeply concave in the lower part; lobes reflexed, green outside, blackish-purple within. Spadix shorter than the spathe ; flowering part dense, cylindrical, about 4 lin. thick, slightly tapering in the upper part, female about } in. long, male 14 in. long; appendix 2 in. long, about 34 lin. thick a little below the middle, thence tapering to the base and to the obtuse apex, slightly directed forwards, greenish, Ovary ovoid, green ; stigma sessile, discoid, slightly excavated in the centre, scarcely lobed. Anthers yellow.—Hydrosme Teuszii, Engl. in Gartenfl. 1884, t. 1142, Aracez exsicc. & illustr. 115, and Jahrb. xv. 459; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 128; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 475, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 276. Lower Guinea. Angola: Bismark Island, in the River Kuango, Teusz, ! I have only seen a cultivated leaf of this plant, and I regard the very remarkable lobed spathe figured aad described by Engler as probably an abnormal condition, for, judging from the manner in which the spadix bends forward, I believe the per- fectly formed spathe will be found to have the limb somewhat hooded, with the apex directed forwards. 5. A, Schweinfurthii, V. £. Br. Tuber 2-2} in. diam., flattened, Leaf about 24 ft, diam., glabrous ; petiole 1-1} ft. (or more?) long, Smooth ; terminal segments 6-8 in. long, 4-2 in. broad, the lowest ‘Smaller, all linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, decurrent at the 150 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). | Amor phophallus. base. Peduncle 4-6 in. long, glabrous, smooth. Spathe erect, glabrous ; tube 2 in. long, 1 in. diam. at the top, convolute, narrowly funnel- shaped, inside longitudinally furrowed, dark purple with a pale zone around the mouth ; limb 4—44 in. long, erect, very concave or somewhat hooded, with the apex directed forwards, wavy on the margins, dark purple. Spadix much shorter than the spathe, sessile ; flowering part cylindric, dense, female about }? in. long, male about 1 in. long, both about 4-5 lin. thick; appendix 14-1} in. long, about $ in. thick cylindric, obtuse, abruptly contracted at the base, apparently dark purple, smooth. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled ; stigma large, subsessile, two ~ lobed. Stamens crowded ; filaments stout, 2 lin. long; anther-cells subglobose.—Hydrosme Schweinfurthii, Engler in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii, 322, Jahrb. xv. 460, and Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 132; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii, 128; Durand & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. v. 474, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 276. ' Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1806! Niamniam ; Makporru Hill, Schweinfurth, 3782 (ex Englew+ and Nabanda-Juru Steppe, Schweinfurth, 3573 (ex Engler). Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Karatschongo, Fischer, 617 (ex Engler). Probably some juvenile leafy specimens (Schweinfurth, 1895) collected at Jur Ghattas also belong to this species. See also a note under 30, A. abyssinicus, N. E. Br. 6. A. mossambicensis, Klotzsch ex Garcke in Peters, Reise Mos- samb, Bot. 509, t. 56. Tuber depressed, about 2-24 in. diam. Leaf not seen. Peduncle 6-9 in. long, smooth. Spathe convolute below, glabrous inside and out ; tube 14-2 in. long, about 1} in. diam. at the mouth, campanulate-infundibuliform ; limb probably very concave, 34-44 in. long, 3-34 in. broad when flattened out, suberect, broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, undulated, dark purple. Spadix about equalling or a little shorter than the spathe ; flowering part cylindric, dense, female about 4 in. long, male 1-1} in. long, 3-3} lin. thick ; appendix 2-3} in. long, rather slender, 2-3 lin. thick, cylindric oF slightly tapering upwards, obtuse. Ovary ellipsoid, 1-celled ; stigma discoid, sessile-——Hydrosme mossambicensis, Schott, in Ocsterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 1857, 389, Gen. Aroid. t. 33, and Prod. Aroid. 132; Peters, Reise Mossamb, Bot. 509, t. 56; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 324, Jahrb. xv. 458, and Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 132; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474. Corynophallus mossambicensis, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 741. _ Mfozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi; mountains of Lupata and in other places in Rios de Sena, Peters (ex Garke). British Central Africa: North Nyasaland ; on the banks of the Nsessi River, in damp sand, Scott ! 7. A. Goetzei, V. HL. Br. Tuber depressed, about 3} in, diam. .Cataphyllary leaves 3—4 in. long, nearly as long as the peduncle, which is 4-43 in. long. Spathe green outside; tube 24-23 in. long and about 34 in. in diam., obliquely campanulate, densely covered with short fili- form processes inside ; limb 4$-6 in. long and 4 in. broad, oblong-ovate, obtuse, undulated, marked with violet nerves inside. Spadix shortly Amorphophallus. | CL. AROIDEE (BROWN). 151 exceeding the spathe ; female part }-1 in. long, and about 3 in. thick; male part much thicker than the female portion, 11—1} in. long, ? to nearly 1 in. thick ; appendix 6-63 in. long, gradually tapering upwards, dull violet. Ovary cylindric; stigmacushion-like. Anthers subsessile, depressed at the apex.—Hydrosme Goetzei, Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 355, Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: between Khutu and Uhele districts, on the east side of Vidunda Mountain, 1600 ft., Goetze, 407. I have not seen this species; it is said to be allied to A. mossambicensis, but differs in the broader tube of the spathe and much stouter spadix. 8. A. Barteri, V. Z. Br. Peduncle of the specimen seen 2} in. long, probably longer, about 34 lin. thick, smooth, glabrous. Spathe glabrous; tube convolute, apparently green outside, longitudinally furrowed and purple-brown inside; limb 5 in. long, 34 in. broad, erect, elliptic, obtuse, dark purple-brown. Spadix much shorter than the spathe, sessile; flowering part cylindric, dense, 34—4 lin. thick, female about ? in. long, male 14 in. long; appendix 1}-2 in. long, 3} lin. (or more ?) thick, cylindric or somewhat fusiform, obtuse, smooth, furrowed at the base, blackish-purple. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2-celled ; stigma sessile, large, discoid.—Hydrosme Fontanesii, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 133 ; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 322; Durand & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. v. 474, excl.syns. Hansalia Fontanesii, Schott in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 279 in obs. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe, in shady places, Barter, 502 partly! The inflorescence above described is that upon which Schott founded his descrip- tion of Hydrosme Fontanesii and Hansalia Fontanesii, and is most unlikely to be the same as A. Fontanesii, Kth., of which the leat only is known. Possibly A, Barteri may prove to be the same as A. gratus, N. E. Br., which I have not seen, but from description seems very similar, except as to the size of the parts of the inflorescence. The leaf with Barter, 502, belongs to Anchomanes dubius. The leaf described by Schott and Engler as belonging to Hydrosme Fontanesii may not belong to the inflorescence described above as A. Barteri, and does not agree with the original description of Amorphophallus Fontanesti. It was collected in Nupe by Barter (1468), whose label states that it is 2 ft. high, and was found growing in the crevices of rocks; the specimen itself is about 1 ft. in diam., the three primary branches are only once forked, with 4-5 segments to each secondary branch, terminal segments 21-31 in. long, 13-13 in, broad, obovate, shortly and abruptly cuspidate at the apex, cuneate and rather broadly decurrent at the base. 9. A. gratus, V. H. Br. Petiole long, spotted with dark fuscous. Ultimate segments of the leaf “ linear-lanceolate” (Schott), or “ oblong- lanceolate” (Schott), cuspidate-acuminate, confluent. Spathe 4% in. long, 2 in. broad, “ oblong, acute” (Hngler), “lamina rounded ” (Schott), dark violet. Spadix shorter than the spathe ; flowering part cylindric, female 5 lin. long, 5 lin. thick, male 7-8 lin. long, about 2} lin. thick ; appendix 21 in. long, about 34 lin. thick, subcylindric, obtuse, con- stricted at the base —Hansalia grata, Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1858, 82, Prod. Aroid. 133, and in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i, 279 in obs. Hydrosme grata, Engl. in DC, Monogr. Phan, ii. 323, and Jahrb. 152 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN), [ Amorphophallus. xv. 458; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474. Corynophallus gratus, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ii. 741. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory, Hansal. In the original description of this plant (Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1858, 82), Schott states that the segments of the leaf are “ linear-lanceolate ” and resemble those of Corynophallus Afzelii, Schott (A. leonensis, Lem.), whilst in his Prod. Aroid. he describes them as “ obverse oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate.” The odour is said to be fragrant. I have not seen the plant, but it seems to be very similar to A. Barteri, N. E. Br., and to differ in being smaller in all parts. 10. A. Preussii, V. 7. Br. Leaf about 2 ft. in diam., glabrous ; petiole about 2 ft. long, smooth, marked with transverse or oblique spots; terminal segments 5-7 in. long, 14-1} in. broad, oblanceolate, very acuminate, with a point 1-1} in. long, tapering to a decurrent base, the other segments lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate. Peduncle 16—20 in. long. Spathe about 4? in. long, convolute below, yellowish-green, purple at the base; limb oblong, acute. Spadix shorter than the spathe ; flowering part cylindric, dense, female about 5} lin. long, 54 lin. thick, male about 7 lin. long, and 4} lin. thick; appendix 14-1? in. long, 2-3 lin. thick, subeylindric. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled; style short; stigma capitate—Hydrosme Preussii, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 459; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474. phere Guinea. Cameroons: near a stream west of Buea, 3000 ft., Preuss, 588 ! I have only seen the leaf of this species. 11. A. laxiflorus, V. #. Br. Leaf unknown. Peduncle 12-16 in. long. Spathe about 5} in. long, convolute below, glabrous, blackish- purple ; tube about 1} in. long, 1} in. diam. at the oblique mouth, narrowly funnel-shaped; limb erect, elongate-deltoid, acute, margin undulate. Spadix (imperfect) probably longer than the spathe, sessile ; flowering part cylindric, female 10 lin. long, 5 lin. thick, dense, male 2-2} in. long, 3 lin. thick, sparsely covered with anthers; appendix (upper part broken off) }$ inch thick, terete, tapering at the base, smooth. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, tapering into a slender style about 1 lin. long ; stigma small, discoid.—Hydrosme sparsiflora, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 461, t. 14, figs. J-Q, and Pfl. Ost-Afr. ©. 132; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 475. Wile Land. British East Africa: Ukamba; Kitui, Hildebrandt. I have not seen this species. The name has been changed because of the pre- existing A. sparsiflorus, Hook. f. 12. A. doryphorus, Ridley in Journ. Bot. 1886, 305. Tuber 3-4 in. in diam. Leaf about 2 ft. in diam., glabrous; petiole 2 ft. or more high, 3} in. thick at the base, green, not variegated, smooth ; terminal segments 34-4} in. long, 14-1} in. broad, the others smaller, all elliptic- oblong, acuminate, cuneate at the base, narrowly decurrent. Peduncle 1-1} ft. long, about } in. thick at the base, variegated with olive-brown and dark green on a paler ground, smooth. Spathe erect, outside of a somewhat glaucous green, shading upwards into light pinkish-grey, Amor phophallus. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 153 spotted in the lower part with dark green, inside whitish, with or without a few green spots on the limb, smooth and dark purple at the base ; tube convolute, 14-2 in. long, ovoid or subcylindric ; limb 14-3 in. long, ovate, acuminate. Spadix longer than the spathe, sessile; flowering part cylindrical, female 3-4 lin. long, male #-1} in. long; appendix 3-5} in. long, 24-5 lin. thick, terete, obtuse, not tapering upwards, smooth, purplish-red. Ovaries in 4-5 series, crowded, sub- globose, light green; stigma subsessile, discoid. Anthers densely crowded, dull yellowish. Upper Guinea. Gambia: St. Mary’s Island, Maxwell! and without precise locality, Lester ! 13. A. Baumannii, V. /. Br. Tuber depressed. Leaf solitary ; petiole green ; ultimate segments of the (undeveloped) blade 34—4 in. long, 5 lin. broad, lanceolate, long-acuminate. Peduncle about 1 ft, long, included for more than } of its length in the purplish cataphyllary leaves. Spathe about 24 in. long, and rather more than 1} in. broad, ovate, obtuse, convolute, pale green. Spadix about 3 times as long as the spathe; female part about 5 lin. long, cylindric ; male part 7 lin. long, obconic, about } in. thick at the base, and } in. thick in the upper part; appendix about 5 in. long, tapering upwards, smooth. Ovary ovoid ; stigma sessile, broadly orbicular.—Hydrosme Bawmannit, Engl. ‘Jahrb. xxvi. 420. Upper Guinea. Togoland: Agome, Baumann, 204. I have not seen this species. Engler states that it has the habit of A. consimilis, Bl., in which the petiole and peduncle are tuberculate, but as he does not describe any tuberculation on these organs, I have assumed them to be smooth in the analytical ‘key to the species. 14. A, flavovirens, V. H. Br. Leaf about 14-2 ft. in diam., glabrous; petiole 2 ft. or more high, variegated, smooth ; terminal segments 34—4 in. long, 1} in. broad, the others smaller, oblong, elliptic- oblong or elliptic-obovate, rather abruptly cuspidate-acuminate, tapering towards the decurrent base. Peduncle 2-2} ft. long, light green, Without spots, smooth. Spathe erect, light green outside without markings, whitish-green bordered with yellowish-green inside, dusted with purplish at the base; tube funnel-shaped, convolute, 14-2} in. long, papillate-verrucose inside; limb 24-4 in. long, ovate, obtuse, or obtusely acuminate, with recurved or undulated margins. — Spadix longer than the spathe, stipitate ; stipes 2-3 lin. long ; flowering part slightly thickened upwards, female 4-10 lin. long, 4 in. thick, male 10-13 lin. long, 7-7} lin. thick at the top; appendix 6-8 in. long, 9-10 lin. thick at the base, gradually tapering to a somewhat obtuse point, yellow. Ovaries in 5-8 spirals, lax or somewhat crowded, sub- globose, green ; stigma sessile, very large, somewhat mitre-shaped, bifid, or in the dried state apparently orbicular, cinnamon-brown. Anthers ‘densely crowded, yellow. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast : in a valley near Aburi, Johnson, 25! Kwabu, Johnson, 644! 154 CL. AROIDE® (BROWN), | Amorphophallus. 15. A. consimilis, Blume, Rumphia, i. 149. Petiole densely covered with small tubercles. Peduncle 10-11 in. long. Spathe (mutilated) 24 in. long, 13-1} in. broad, ovate, acuminate. Spadix (imperfect) probably longer than the spathe ; female part 3-4 lin. long ; male part about 7 lin. long; appendix about 1} in. long (Hngler), 2 lin. thick. Ovary 1-celled.—Hook. Niger Fl. 527. Hydrosme priewriana, Schott in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 279. H. consimilis, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 325; Engl. Jahrb. xv. 458; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 473. Brachyspatha consimilis, Schott, Prod. Aroid, 127. Corynophallus consimilis, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 741. Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Promontory, on the borders of woods in sandy soil, Leprieur. I have not seen this species. 16. A. Eichleri, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 7091. Tuber 23-3 in. diam., depressed-globose. Leaf about 2 ft. diam., glabrous ; petiole 1-2 ft. long, smooth, green ; terminal segments 3-5 in. long, 14-2} in. broad, the others smaller, all elliptic-obovate or elliptic-oblong, shortly and abruptly acuminate, narrowed to a decurrent base. Peduncle 4-11 in. long, smooth, green. Spathe small, 2-3 in. long, obliquely campanulate ; tube convolute, about as broad as long, its margin re- curved, forming a broad wavy frill dorsally prolonged into a short, broadly ovate, spreading, obtuse apex; outside pale greenish-white with darker lines; inside of tube with numerous longitudinal crisped rugosities, rich dark purple with a broad white zone around its mouth, frill and apex dark purple-brown. Spadix about twice as long as the spathe, sessile or subsessile ; flowering part cylindric, female 3-4 lin. long, male 5—9 lin. long, separated from the female by a naked space 1-14 lin. long; appendix 24-33 in. long, 4-8 lin. thick, conoid or conoid-fusiform, obtuse. Ovaries not crowded, subglobose, 2-celled ; stigma sessile, very stout, 2-lobed.—Hydrosme Eichleri, Engl. in J ahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. ii. 285, t. 10, and Jahrb. xv. 458; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 276. Lower Guinea. Angola: Bismark Island, in the River Kuango, cultivated specimens, Teusz ! 17. A. Staudtii, VY. #. Br. Leaf unknown. Peduncle about 1} in. long. Spathe about 34 in. long and 24 in. diam., convolute,. campanulate, undulated on the pale brown margin; basal half of the tube covered inside with numerous filiform processes, blackish-purple- Spadix about twice as long as the spathe; male and female parts each about 5 lin. long, about 4 in. thick, cylindric; appendix 54-6 in. long, about } in. thick at the base, slender, tail-like. Ovary ovoid; stigma sessile, broadly orbicular.—Hydrosme Staudtii, Eng]. Jahrb. xxvi. 420. aca Guinea, Cameroons: Jobann Albrechts-Hohe, near Barombi, Staudt, I have not seen this species ; it appears to be very closely allied to 4. Eichleri, Hook, f., differing in having filiform processes in the tube of the spathe and a more slender appendix to the spadix. Amorphophallus. | CL. AROIDEA (BROWN). 155 18. A. calabaricus, V. #. Br. “Plant 2-3 ft. high” (Mann). Leaf not seen. Peduncle 1} ft. (or more?) high, about } in. thick at the base, smooth. Spathe convolute below; tube 24 in. long, about 2 in, diam. at the top, funnel-shaped, outside glabrous, inside hairy at the base; limb about 34 in. long, erect, ovate, acute, apparently pur- plish, at least along the border. Spadix more than twice as long as the spathe ; flowering part dense, female 6-7 lin. long, 4 lin. thick, eylin- dric, male | in. long, obconic, thickened upwards, 6 lin. thick at the top; appendix more than 13 in. long, apex broken off in the specimen seen, nearly an inch thick a little above the base, thence tapering to the apex, smooth, apparently greenish or yellowish, pallid olive in the dried state. Ovary subglobose ; stigma sessile. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Old Calabar River, Mann, 2336! 19. A. maculatus, V. H. Br. Leaf about 23 ft. diam.; petiole about 2} ft. long, smooth, light green, marked with numerous rather large oval confluent olive-green spots ; terminal segments 6-8 in. long, 2-24 in. broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; lateral seg- ments smaller, elliptic or oblong, acuminate or cuspidate-acuminate. Peduncle 2 ft. long, smooth, coloured like the petiole. Spathe convo- lute below ; tube 4—5 in. long, green, spotted with dark grey outside, densely hairy at the base inside; limb about 8 in. long, 6 in. broad, expanded, ovate, subacute, suffused and veined with deep red on a green ground, glabrous. Spadix very shortly stipitate, twice as long as the spathe ; flowering part cylindric, 3-1 in. thick, female 13-2 in. long, male 1 in. long ; appendix 15-16 in. long, ? in. thick, cylindric, obtuse, dark violet. Ovaries somewhat crowded, ovoid, 2-celled ; style 1 lin. long, stout ; stigma very thick, 2-lobed. Anthers crowded. Lower Guinea. Congo or Gaboon: Cultivated specimen ! Described from a living plant sent to Kew in 1892 by Mr. Godefroy Lebeuf, who was uncertain as to its native habitat. This species closely resembles the Japanese A, Konjac, C. Koch, but in that species the tube of the spathe is only rugulose-tuberculate inside, without hairs, whilst in 4. maculatus it is thickly covered with hairs or hair-like processes inside in the lower part. Of the African species it seems nearest to A. gallaensis, N. E. Br. and A. angolensis, N. E. Br. 20. A. gallaensis, V. Z. Br. Tuber depressed-globose, about 24 in. diam. Leaf unknown. Peduncle about 1 ft. long, smooth. ‘Spathe oblong, convolute, obliquely funnel-shaped ; tube 4 in. long, 1} in. diam., smooth inside, blackish-purple in the basal part ; limb 4 in. long, very undulated at the purple margin. Spadix 1} times as srg the spathe ; female part 3 in. long, cylindric; male part about o in. long, turbinate ; appendix 1 ft. long, elongated-conoid, aoe : vary subglobose ; style 2 lin. long; stigma slightly 3-lobed.—Hydrosme gallaensis, Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 422. Wile Land. Gallaland : Robe Mountain, in the region of the sources of the River Dana, Riva, 410. I have not seen this species ; from its long styles and other characters it wou 156 CL, AROIDEE (BROWN). [ Amorphophallus. appear to be allied to A. maculatus, N. E. Br., differing in its smaller inflorescence and absence of hairs inside the tube of the spathe. 21, A. Johnsoni, V. /. Br. Tuber depressed. Leaf about 2 ft. in diam., glabrous; petiole 14-2 ft. long, smooth; terminal segments 5-6 in. long, 14-1} in. broad, oblong, acuminate or somewhat cuspidate- acuminate, cuneate and narrowly decurrent at the base. Peduncle 21-3 ft. high, smooth, spotted, at least on the upper part. Spathe erect ; tube convolute, 34-4 in. long, about 3 in. diam., urceolate or pear-shaped, distinctly constricted just below the mouth, tapering to the base, pale green, spotted with darker green on the lower part, passing into deep reddish or brownish-purple on the upper part outside, inside the tube is whitish and densely covered with short soft bristle-like processes or very stout hairs on the basal part ; limb about 44 in. long, broadly ovate, obtusely pointed, oblique or somewhat spreading, entirely dark brownish-purple on both sides, the colour abruptly changing to white inside at the constriction of the tube. Spadix longer than the spathe, sessile; female part in the dried state about 1 in. long, cylindric ; male about 14 in. long, slightly obconic ; appendix about 9 in. long, 13-14 lin. thick in the lower part, gradually tapering to an obtuse point, smooth, very dark purple-brown. Ovaries de- pressed globose; stigma subsessile, with 2 large lobes. Anthers densely crowded. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast ; Kwabu, Johnson, 643 ! 22. A. angolensis, V. #. Br. Leaf 2 ft. or more in diam., glabrous ; petiole 3—5 ft. long, smooth, spotted with red at the base; terminal segments 4—6 in. long, 1-14 in. broad, the others smaller, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, somewhat abruptly acuminate, decurrent at the base. ‘ Peduncle by the side of the leaf, variegated with green and purple” (Welwitsch), 10-12 in. long in the specimens seen, probably longer, smooth. Spathe 11-12 in. long, cucullate, shorter than the spadix, spreading, subacuminate, wavy on the margin, hairy at the base inside. Spadix very long; flowering part dense, cylindric, female about 2 in. long, male about 1 in. long; appendix long, terete, obtuse, naked, blackish-purple. Ovary oblong-ovoid ; stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Pollen orange-coloured.—Hydrosme angolensis, Welw. ex Schott in Journ. Bot. 1865, 35; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii, 324; Engl. Jahrb. i. 487, and xv. 458; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fi. Afr. v. 473; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 86. Corynophallus angolensis, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ii. 741. Lower Guinea. Gaboon, Bellay, 285 (ex Engler), Angola: Cazengo; in shady mountainous places by the streams of Muxaula, Welwitsch, 227! Pungo Andongo ; in shady, rocky valleys of the Presidium of Pungo Andongo, rare, Welwitsch, 228 | (not 288 as quoted by authors). According to Welwitsch’s notes this would appear to produce its flower and leaf at the same time, since, besides stating that the peduncle is by the s'de of the leaf, he adds at the foot of the label of No. 228 “ce. fl. (with flower) Dec. 1857 and Jan. 1857.” Schott describes the spadix as being often 2 ft. long, but on the copy of Amorphophallus. | CL. AROIDEH (BROWN). 157 Welwitsch’s note in the British Museum it reads “I have seen it nearly 6 ft. long.” The figure 6 may, however, be an error of copying. There is no spathe or perfect spadix of this species either at Kew or the British Museum. 23. A. accrensis, V. /. Br. Leaf not seen. Peduncle 8 in. long in the specimen seen, but probably longer, olive-green, not spotted, smooth. Spathe convolute for about 4 of its length, about 6 in. long, in the dried and very shrivelled specimen seen, but accord- ing to a drawing made from the living plant about 1 ft. long and 8 in. diam. across the oblique mouth ; tube somewhat campanulate-funnel- shaped, not at all constricted at the mouth, glabrous and green out- side, without spots, pale yellowish-white within, at least in the upper part, and densely covered with stout curved hairs or soft bristles in the basal part; limb ovate, obtuse, suberect, frilled, broadly bordered with dark purple. Spadix three times as long as the spathe, sessile ; female part about 2 in. long, cylindric; male part about 2 in. long, stout, obconic; appendix about 19 in. long and 1? in. thick at the base in the dried state, but according to the drawing about 23 ft. long and 21 in. thick, gradually tapering from base to apex, smooth, olive- brown. Ovaries not very crowded, oblong, 2-celled; stigma large, sessile, 2-lobed. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: Accra! Described from a dried specimen sent to Kew by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans, in January, 1900, which had been received by them from Accra. 24. A. leopoldianus, V. #. Br. Leaf nearly 3 ft. diam., glabrous; petiole 2 ft. long, somewhat flattened, smooth, green, with minute purple spots near the base; terminal segments 3-4 in. long, 7-9 lin. broad, the others smaller, all lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent at the base. Peduncle smooth. Spathe convolute for about 4 in. into. a ventricose vase-shaped tube, densely verrucose inside at the base ; limb 6-8 in. long, ovate, acute, expanded, wavy on the margins, velvety in texture, rich dark brownish-purple. Spadix twice as long as the spathe, subsessile ; flowering part cylindric, dense, slightly constricted at the base of the male spike, female about 1} in. long, male 2} in. long ; appendix 18 in. or more long, about } in. thick at the base, gradually tapering to an obtuse apex, smooth. Ovary subglobose ; stigma sessile, cushion-like.—Hydrosme leopoldiana, Mast. in Gard. Chron. 1887, i. 642, 644, 645, figs. 122, 123 ; Ill. Hort. xxxiv. 65, t. 23, and xlii. 380, fig. 49; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 276. Lower Guinea (?) Congo Region: Cultivated specimen ! The peduncle of the type has been broken off about 13 in. below the spathe, and in all probability represents only a small portion of it. A. leopoldianus is allied to A. angolensis, N. EK. Br. and A. maximus, N. E. Br.; from the former it differs in being densely verrucose instead of hairy at the base of the spathe inside, and from A. maximus in its smooth petiole. 25. A. maximus, V. £. Br. Tuber depressed, oblique. Leaf (juvenile?) about 18 in, diam.; petiole and its three branches rough with small tubercles, variegated with irregular whitish spots on an 158 CL, AROIDEE (BROWN). [| Amorphophallus. olive-green ground ; terminal segments 34-5} in. long, 13-2} in. broad, elliptic-obovate, shortly cuspidate, acute, narrowed to the decurrent base. Peduncle 24 ft. or more long, more than an inch thick at the base, whitish, spotted with purple. Spathe pale rosy outside, spotted with dull green, inside blackish-purple ; tube campanulate, about 4 in. long and broad, inside densely verrucose; limb 5-6 in, long, broadly triangular, wavy on the margin. Spadix twice as long as the spathe ; flowering part thickened upwards, female about 1} in. long, 1 in. thick, cylindric, male about 1} in. long, and about 1} in. thick at the apex, obconic ; appendix about 20 in. long, 14 in. thick near the base, tapering upwards. Ovaries scattered, ovoid ; stigma sessile, orbicular.—/ydrosme maxima, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii 323, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 128, and Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 182; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474. Corynophallus maximus, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ii. 741. Wile Land. British East Africa: near Mombassa, Hildebrandt, 2018, Engler, Arace exsicc. and illust., 241 ! I have not seen a flowering specimen of this species, but only the leaves from plants cultivated at Berlin and distributed by Engler as Hydrosme maxima, which possibly do not belong to the same plant as the inflorescence on which the species was founded. See note under 26, A. Fischeri. 26. A. Fischeri, V. £. Br. Leaf unknown. Peduncle 16-18 in. (or more ?) long, 3-4 lin. thick in the dried state, smooth, Spathe convolute below; tube 2-3 in. long, campanulate-infundibuliform, about 3 in. broad at the mouth, outside glabrous, green marked with small white spots, inside dark coloured at the densely verrucose base with a pale zone above it; limb 4-6 in. long, 3-4 in. broad, more or less spreading, broadly ovate, acute, undulated, both sides green, sprinkled on the outside with small white spots, often broadly bordered with purple. Spadix sessile, twice as long as the spathe; flowering part dense, female 5-9 lin. long, cylindric, male 3—14 in. long, 7-12 lin. thick at the top, obconic; appendix 10-16 in. long, 7-12 lin. thick at tne base, gradually tapering to the apex, smooth. Ovary sub- globose, 2-celled ; stigma sessile, thick, 2-lobed——_Hydrosme Fischeri, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 460, and Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 132; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fi. Afr. v. 474. _ Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usukuma; on the watershed of Simiu, Fischer, 618 (ex Engler) ; and without precise locality, Kirk! British Central Africa: in valleys near Boruma, on the Zambesi, Menyharth, 922! As I have not seen an authentic example of this plant I have compiled the above description entirely from the specimens collected by Kirk and Menyharth, which I believe to belong to this species, since they quite agree with Engler’s description of Hydrosme Fischeri, except in having the male part of the inflorescence slightly but distinctly thickened upwards. The description in Engler’s Jahrb. however, is somewhat contradictory with regard to this character, as on pp. 458 and 461 the male part of the spadix is stated not to thicken upwards, whilst on p. 460 it is des- cribed as somewhat narrowing towards the base. According to description, this species appears to differ from A. maximus only by its thicker appendix. The leaves, how- ever, distributed by Engler as Hydrosme maxima, have tuberculated petioles, and as a rule the peduncle of the same plant would be tuberculated also, although nothing of this kind is mentioned in the description. If the peduncle is tuberculated in A. Amorphophallus. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 159 maximus, then A. Fischeri is doubtless distinct from it, but if it is smooth there seems to be no character of sufficient importance to distinguish them specifically. 27. A. Mannii, V. #. Br. Leaf very large, probably 4-5 ft. diam.; petiole in the dried state densely sulcate-striate, probably smooth when alive ; terminal segments 7-12 in. long, 34-4 in. broad, oblong or elliptic-oblong somewhat cuspidate-acuminate, narrowed and decurrent at the base. Peduncle furrowed like the petiole. Spathe 6-7 in. long, obliquely campanulate, convolute at the base ; tube densely covered inside with curved hair-like processes, dark purple ; limb or border much undulated, frill-like, very obtusely rounded at the apex, dark purple. Spadix much longer than the spathe; flowering part cylindric, about 7 lin. thick, female 9-10 lin. long, male about 1 in. long; appendix (imperfect) over a foot long, about } in. thick at the base, gradually tapering to the apex, smooth, dark coloured in the dried state. Ovaries moderately crowded, globose, 2-celled ; stigma sessile, discoid. Anthers densely crowded. Upper Guinea. [Fernando Po, Mann, 652! The peduncle of the only specimen seen is very much compressed, and about 2 in. long, but has been broken off, so that it is impossible to say how long it may have been. The leaf-segments of this plant are larger than those of any other species of Amorphophallus, except the gigantic A, Titanum, Becc., which they rival in size, 28. A. Zenkeri, V./. Br. Leaf solitary ; petiole 20—24 in. long, its three primary branches divided into two pinnatipartite divisions bearing 4 (often opposite) segments; terminal segments 5-5} in. long, 24-23 in. broad, the others smaller, all oblong-lanceolate, long acuminate, very acute, decurrent at the base. Peduncle ?—1} in. long. Spathe about 8 in. long, and 4 in. diam., convolute, broadly campanulate, undulated at the purple margin; lower part of the tube clothed inside with filiform processes, blackish-purple. Spadix about twice as long as the spathe; female part about 7 lin. long, } in. thick, cylindric ; male part } in. long, 2 in. thick; appendix about 14 in. long, # in. thick, irregularly sulcate. Ovary shortly ovoid; stigma sessile, orbicular—Hydrosme Zenkeri, Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 421. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: near Yaunde, in forest, 2600 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 58. This species, of which I have not seen a specimen, seems to be allied to 4. Mannii, N. E. Br. Imperfectly known species. 29. A. Fontanesii, Kunth, Enum. iii. 35. Stemless. “ Petiole terete, tripartite at the apex; leaflets many, lanceolate and obovate, acuminate at the apex, unequal, decurrent.”—Hook. Niger Fl. 527. Arum trifidum, Desfont. Cat. Hort. Par. 7 and 385. Corynophallus Fontanesii, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ii. 741. Upper Guinea. Senegal. : eo Unknown to me. It was described from a plant cultivated in the Botanic Garden at Paris, and on account of its lanceolate, acuminate leaflets, and different locality cannot be the plant described as Hydrosme Fontanesii by Schott and Engler, for which see 4, Barteri, N. E. Br. 160 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). { Amorphophallus. 30. A. abyssinicus, V. Z. Br. Tuber depressed-globose, Spathe pedunculate, glabrous, convolute at the base, enlarged in the upper part, erect, obtuse, margin subrevolute, blackish-purple. Spadix with an oblong-clavate naked apex (appendix). Ovaries numerous. Abortive flowers (neuter organs) none. Stamens very numerous, sessile, opening by two apical pores.— Arum abyssinicum, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii, 352. Sauromatum abyssinicwm, Schott, Syn. Aroid. 25; Prod. Aroid. 72, not of Engler. Wile Land. Abyssinia: in the valley of the River Tacazze near Tchelatche- kenneh, among stones, Quartin-Dillon. I have not seen this plant, but from the description given by Richard, there can be little doubt that it is a species of Amorphophallus, as the convolute spathe and absence of neuter organs are entirely at variance with the characters of the genus Sauromatum. Possibly the specimens collected in Abyssinia by Stewdner, 707, 709, and quoted by Engler (Jahrb. xv. 460) and Durand & Schinz (Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474) under Hydrosme Schweinfurthii, Engl., may belong to this species. 5. ZYGANTHERA, N. E. Br, Spathe large, convolute at the base. Spadix free, shorter than the spathe, monecious, lower half fertile, upper half covered with barren organs (staminodes); male, female, and barren parts contiguous; appendix none. Perianth none. Ovary 2-celled; style short; stigma thick, capitate, subbilobed. Ovule solitary in each cell, basal, erect, anatropous. Anthers connate in pairs, sessile; connective stout, much broader than the cells, produced beyond them and dilated into an angular truncate subbilobed apex; cells linear-oblong. Staminodes cuneate- oblong, subclavate, subtruncate or slightly convex at the apex.—A tuberous-rooted herb, flowering before the leaves appear. Leaves un- known. Peduncle very short. An endemic, monotypic genus. 1. Z. Buttneri, V. #. Br. Leaf unknown. Peduncle 1} in. long, not very thick, concealed by the surrounding cataphyllary leaves, the innermost of which are about 4—5 in. long, 1 in. broad, strap- shaped or oblong-lanceolate, acute. Spathe about 24 ft. long, convolute for about 3 in. at the base. Spadix 3 in. long, about 7 lin. thick, cylindric, obtuse, densely covered with flowers and staminodes or neuter organs; female part about } in. long; male part ? in. long; staminodal or neuter part 13 in. long. Ovary subglobose; style short ; stigma subglobose, slightly 2-lobed. Anthers connate in pairs, sessile, subquadrate ; connective dilated at the apex beyond the cells, truncate, angular, faintly 2-lobed, smooth ? Staminodes cuneate-oblong, sub-clavate, convexly subtruncate.—Pser:dohydrosme Biittnert, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 456, t. 17; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. zu ii.iv- 59. P. Buettneri, Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 475. Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda district; Sibange Farm, Bittner, 519. Engler places this plant under his genus Pseudohydrosme, but according to his description and figure, for I have not seen the plant, the differences between this Zyganthera. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 161 and Pseudhydrosme gabunensis, Engl., are such, that they ought not, in my opinion, to be placed in the same genus, I have, therefore, generically separated them, Eugler states that the spathe of the specimen of Z, Buttneri, according to the collector’s notes, has about 2 ft. of the upper part wanting ; it is, therefore, only very shortly convolute at the base, and not nearly to the obliquely truncate top as in Pseudhydrosme ; the anthers of Zyganthera are connate in pairs, the upper half of the spadix is covered with barren organs, and the ovules are short and broad, whilst in Pseudhydrosme the anthers are free, different in character, the spadix has no barren organs, and the ovules are long and narrow. 6. PSEUDHYDROSME, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 455. Spathe funnel-shaped, convolute to the obliquely truncate top. Spadix free, monecious, fertile to the apex; male and female parts contiguous; appendix none; staminodes or neuter organs none. Perianth none. Ovary 2-celled; style short; stigma slightly bilobed. Ovules solitary in each cell, affixed near the base of the axile placenta ‘on very short funicles, erect, anatropous. Anthers free, compressed, 2-celled ; connective rather broad, produced beyond the cells into a transverse sub-bilobed knob; cells linear, opposite.—A tuberous rooted herb, flowering before the leaves appear. Leaves unknown. Peduncle very short. An endemic monotypic genus, 1. P. gabunensis, Lngl. Jahrb. xv. 455, tt. 15-16. Leaf un- known; peduncle about 1? in. long, enclosed by several cataphyllary leaves, the longest of which are about 3-3? in. long. Spathe 12-16 in. long, and about 8 in. diam. across the top, funnel-shaped, obliquely truncate, slightly undulated at the margin. Spadix 3} in. long, about lin. thick, cylindric, obtuse, densely covered with unisexual flowers ; female part about 1} in. long; male part contiguous to the female, densely covered with fertile anthers to the apex. Ovary oblong-ovoid, narrowed into a short thick style; stigma bilobed, not thicker than the style. Anthers free, subsessile, linear-oblong ; connective produced into a transverse thickened minutely papillate knob.—Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. zu ii—iv. 59. P. gabonensis, Durand & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. v. 475. Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda district; on the banks of Maveli River at Sibange Farm, Soyaux, 299. I have not seen this plant. 7. ANCHOMANES, Schott; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 973. Spathe shortly convolute at the base, boat-shaped, at length deci- duous. Spadix shorter than the spathe, free, moncecious, male and female parts contiguous, no neuter organs or appendix. Perianth none. Ovaries numerous, crowded, 1-celled; style deflexed or none; stigma small. Ovule solitary, basal, erect, anatropous, Stamens free ; anthers VOL. VIII, M 162 CL. AROIDEH (BROWN). [ Anchomanes. sessile, 4-celled ; connective thick, truncate; cells confluent in pairs at the apex, opening by terminal pores. Berry ovoid, 1-seeded. Ripe seeds not seen.—Tuberous-rooted herbs, producing flowers and leaves. at the same or different times. Leaf solitary; petiole tall, prickly, 3-branched at the top; branches dichotomously divided, pinnatipartite ; lateral leaf-segments lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic, acute, acuminate or cuspidate ; terminal segments cuneate-oblong, bicuspidate at the apex. Peduncle solitary, tall, prickly (smooth in 5. A. Boehnaiz). An endemic genus of 4 species. The leaf of A. Boehmii is unknown, and this species may prove not to belong to the genus Anchomanes. Peduncle prickly ; spathe 5 in, to 3 ft. long. Ovary and style tubercled. Spathe about 3 ft. long C : : : . IL. A. giganteus. Spathe 5-9 in. long. : ° . . . 2. A. Hookeri. Ovary (and style when present) smooth. Style 3-1 lin. long 8. A. dubius. Style O ; stigma sessile 3 4. A, Welwitschir.. Peduncle smooth ; spathe 1-1} in. long 5. A. Boehmit. 1. A. giganteus, ZHngl. Jahrb. xxvi. 419. Tuber very large. Leaf present at the time of flowering, about 3} ft. diam. ; petiole attaining a height of 8 ft., prickly ; the 3 primary divisions of the leaf 2-3-pinnatisect, lowest segments subtripartite, following segments pin- natisect, with 2-3 pairs of leaflets, ultimate segments much larger and bipinnatisect ; lowest of the tertiary segments ovate-lanceolate, sub- acute; middle pinnatipartite, with about 2 pairs of leaflets ; ultimate pinnatipartite, with about 3 pairs of leaflets. Leaflets obliquely oblong- lanceolate, decurrent on the rhachis. Peduncle 5—5} ft. long, prickly. Spathe 3 ft. long, elongated-lanceolate, scarcely acuminate. Spadix sessile; female part 3-4 in. long; male part 6-8 in. long, #-1} in- thick. Ovary shortly ovoid ; style tuberculate.—De Wild. & Durand, Contrib. Fl. Congo, i. fase. 2, 64. South Central. Congo Free State: Umanghi Island in the Congo, Laurent. I have not seen this species. 2. A. Hookeri, Schott in Ocsterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 1853, 314. Leaf solitary, 24-54 ft. diam., armed with scattered prickles on the petiole and its divisions ; petiole terete, 3-6 ft. high, variegated with purplish and green; three primary divisions pinnatisect at the base, once oF twice dichotomously divided above; terminal segments 6-9 in. long; 3-4} in. broad, bicuspidate. Peduncle 1}-3 ft. high, terete, prickly, coloured like the petiole. Spathe 5-9 in. long, 13—2 in. broad, oblong (boat-shaped), acute, shortly convolute at the base, purple inside and out, or the inside greenish suffused with purple. Spadix 13-5} in- long, 4—6 lin. thick, cylindric, tapering towards the obtuse apex ; female part 3-14 in. long, purple. Ovary ovoid, tubercled; style about 1 lin. long, deflexed, tuberculate. Anthers cream-coloured.—Schott, Gen- Aroid. t. 34, Synop. Aroid. 71, and Prod. Aroid. 134. A. Hookert, var. pallida, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5394. A. difformis, Engl. in DC- Monogr. Phan. ii. 304, in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. 1889, ii. 149, 1D Anchomanes. | CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). 163 Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 126, and in Pf. Ost-Afr. B. 181; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 473 (excl. syn. Amorphophallus difformis). Caladium petiolatum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3728. Pythonium Hookeri, Kunth, Enum. iii. 31; Hook. Niger Fl. 527. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Mann, 107! and cultivated specimens from Boultbee ! and Mann! Cameroons: Batanga, Braun (ex Engler), Malimba, Braun (ex Engler). Th's species, so far as I have seen specimens, appears to be confined to the island of Fernando Po, and to differ from A. dubius, Schott, in its larger leaflets and tubercled ovaries, The Cameroons specimens are probably 4. dubius. 3. A. dubius, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 135. Leaf solitary, 2-3} ft. sperma ? congoensis, L. Lind. Semaine Hort. 1900, 473, fig. 158. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Kambia, Scott-Elliot, 4383! near Buyabuya, Scott-Elliot, 4575! and without precise locality, Afzelius! Liberin, cultivated specimens! Gold Coast, Burton & Cameron! Ashanti; Assin-Yan- Coomassie, Cummins, 211! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 502 partly! Wari (Oware), Beauvois. Old Calabar, Holland, 21! Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur ; Genana, near Jur Ghattas, Schwein- furth, 1790! 1347 (ex Engler). Lower Guinea. Gaboon, Bellay, 273 (ex Engler). Congo, Smith! Ans gola: Golungo Alto; near Sange, at the spring of Capopa, and by the River Luina, in the Sierra de alta Queta, 2000 ft., Welwitsch, 224! in wooded mountainous places near the banks of rivulets around Sange, Bango Aquitamba, and Trombeta, Welwitsch, 225 partly (ex Rendle) ; Cazengo; in rocky wooded places on the banks of the River Luinha, Welwitsch, 223 (ex Rendle) ; Pungo Andongo; in rocky Places of Mata de Pungo, near Pungo Andongo, Welwitsch, 1018 (ex Rendle), and without precise locality, Monteiro ! ei 4. A. Welwitschii, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 88. Leaf very similar to that of 4. dubius, and of about the same size, produced 164 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). [ Anchomanes. after the flowers. Peduncle of the specimens seen 94-17 in. long, prickly. Spathe 5-6 in. long, shortly convolute at the base, boat- shaped, oblong-lanceolate, acute, sulphur-yellow, spotted with red inside. Spadix about half as long as the spathe; female part 14-19 lin. long; male 1-2} in. long. Ovary cylindric-oblong or ovoid, with a hardened disk-like apex and sessile stigma, smooth, greenish. Lower Guinea. Angola: Ambaca ; between Isangaand Ambaca, Welwitsch, 225/5! Pungo Andongo; in the wooded thickets of Mata de Pungo, Welwitsci, 226 } Th’'s differs from A. dubius, Schott, which it otherwise much resembles, by its sessile stigma and yellow spathe, 5. A. Boehmii, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 454, t. 14, figs. a-h. Leaf unknown. Peduncle 8-10 in. long, smooth. Spathe 1-1} in. long, ovate-lanceolate, boat-ehaped, acute. Spadix 3-1 in. long, 2-23 lin. thick, cylindric, obtuse ; female part 3} lin. long. Ovary turbinate ; apex dilated and convex; stigma small, sessile.-—Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 131; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 473. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi ; Pori, near Gonda, in Ugunda district, Bohm, 282. I have not seen this species. 8. COLOCASIA, Schott ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 974. Spathe convolute below, constricted at the base of the limb ; tube per- sistent in fruit; limb deciduous. Spadix shorter than the spathe, free, moneecious, terminating in a naked appendage (which is sometimes obso- lete in cultivated plants) ; female part contiguous with the barren basal part of the male inflorescence. Perianth none. Female flowers numerous, with a few neuter organs (pistillodes) intermixed with them : ovaries free, 1-celled ; stigma sessile or subsessile, discoid or cushion-like ; ovules numerous, biseriately affixed along 3-5 parietal placentas, obliquely orthotropous, with long funicles. Male flowers with 3-5 anthers con- nate into a sessile angular truncate body; anther-cells opening by terminal pores. Berries enclosed in the tube of the spathe, which finally ruptures, obovoid, subtruncate, 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds narrowly ovoid, small; testa thickened, ribbed; albumen copious; embryo axile at the apex of the albumen.—Herbs with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves all radical, with long petioles, peltate, ovate, cor- date or obtusely sagittate at the base, reticulately veined between the primary veins. Peduncles solitary or 2 or more from the same axil. A small genus of about 7 syecies, natives of Tropical Asia and the Malay Archi- pelago. The following has been introduced and become naturalised in some parts of Africa. 1. C. Antiquorum, Schott, Melet. 18. Rootstock thick, fleshy. Leaves all radical, erect, glabrous ; petiole 1-3} ft. long; blade }—2ft. long, 5-15 in. broad, peltate, ovate, rather abruptly acute, cordate- sagittate at the base; basal lobes 1-4 in. long, deltoid, very obtuse. Peduncle 5-18 in, long, solitary or 2 or more from the same axil. Colocasia. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 165 Spathe 6-17 in. long ; tube ovoid-oblong, green ; limb narrowly lanceo- late, 2-5 times as long as the tube, convolute to an acute point at the apex apricot-yellow. Spadix shorter than the spathe; female part {-2 in. long, cylindric, tapering towards the top ; male part, including the portion covered with barren organs (staminodes) at its base, 2—4 in. long, cylindric, constricted at the base ; appendix variable irrespective of the rest of the spadix, 1-24 in. long, more slender than the male part, terete, tapering to an acute point, buff-coloured. Ovaries mixed with neuter organs (abortive ovaries), obovoid ; stigma sessile, discoid. Anthers buff-coloured.—Synop. Aroid. 40, Gen, Aroid. t. 37, and Prod. Aroid. 138; Kunth, Enum. iii. 37; Thomson in Speke, Nile, Append. 651; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 491, in Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. B. 131, C. 132, and in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889), 150; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 523, and in Bot. Mag. t. 7364; Schweinf. in Bull, Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 52, 105; Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. xiii. 134; Dewévre in Comptes-rendus Soe. bot. Belg. xxxiii. 107; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 88; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 478. Colocasia sp., Hook. Niger FI. 527. Caladium esculentum, Schumach, & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pi. 408. Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Islands ; St. Antao, Lowe! Cape Verde, Cardoso (ex Henriques). Sierra Leone, cultivated, Don! Guinea, Thonning. Cameroons : Barombi, Preuss, 300! Nile Land. Eritrea: near the Otal water place, on the northern slope of the Highlands of Dembelas, Schweinfurth, 121, and near Filfil, Schweinfurth, 122 (ex Schweinfurth). Abyssinia, Kordofan, Sennar, and Uganda (ex Durand & Schinz), British East Africa : Uganda and Unyoro (ex Speke & Grant); Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor! Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto: in shady woods by the sides of streams in the Sierra de Alto Queta, rarely flowering, Welwitsch, 220! in woods between Sange and Menha Lula, Welwitsch, 220/2. Cazengo ; in lofty shady places on the Sierra de Muchaula, Welwitsch, 220/83! Pungo Andongo; in woods by streams in Mata de Pungo, on the Presidium, Welwitsch, 221. : Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland; Blantyre, Descamps (ex Dewevre), Introduced. A native of Tropical Asia and the Malay Archipelago. 9. CALADIUM, Vent.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ii. 976. Spathe convolute below ; constricted at the base of the boat-shaped limb; tube persistent and eventually rupturing in fruit; limb deciduous, Spadix shorter than the spathe, free, monecious, without an appendix ; female part contiguous with the barren basal part of the male inflorescence. Perianth none. Female flowers numerous ; ovaries all slightly connected just below the apex, 2- (rarely 3-4-) celled ; stigma sessile; ovules numerous, axile, anatropous. Male flowers : Anthers 3—5, connate into a sessile angular truncate body, the cells not reaching to the top, opening by terminal pores. Berries enclosed in the tube of the spathe, obovoid or pear-shaped, 2—3-celled, many- Seeded. Seeds ovoid, small; testa thick; albumen copious; embryo- 166 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). | Caladium. axile.— Herbs with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves all radical, with long petioles, sagittate, cordate, or lanceolate, usually peltate, reticulately veined. Peduncle solitary, long. Species several, natives of Tropical America, the following has been introduced into Tropical Africa, and become naturalised. 1. GC. bicolor, Vent. Descr. Pl. Nouv. Jard. Cels, 30. Tuber depressed-globose. Leaves few, erect; petiole 3-1 ft. long, terete, glabrous, glaucous towards the apex; blade 6-10 in. long, 4-7 in. broad, peltate, ovate-sagittate, acute, glabrous, crimson or whitish in the central part, glaucous beneath ; basal lobes deltoid, obtuse, with an open obtuse sinus between them. Peduncle 8-10 in. long, terete, glabrous. Spathe glabrous; tube 1-14 in. long, ovoid, green; limb 13-21 in. long, about 1 in. broad, boat-shaped, convolute-cuspidate, white, deciduous. Spadix a little shorter than the spathe ; female part cylindric; male part fusiform, obtuse.—Kunth, Enum. iii. 42; Bot. Mag. t. 2543; Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 255; Hook. Exot. Fl. i. t. 26; Schott, Syn. Aroid. 54, and Prod. Aroid. 172; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 457; Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 208; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 89. Arum bicolor, Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. i. iii. 316; Bot. Mag. t. 820; Jacq. Hort. Schenbr. ii. 30, t. 186. Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomes: very common, Moller (ex Henriques), Welwitsch, 6769! Princes IJand: commen in all the cultivated ravines, Barter, 1945 ! at the base cf Pico de Papagaio, 1600-2000 ft., Welwitsch, 222! and with- out precise locality, Mann, 1150! West Atrica, Grey ! Introduced. A native of Tropical America. 10. TYPHONODORUM, Schott; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Fi. ini. 977. Spathe convolute below, constricted at the mouth of the tube; limb elongated, acuminate, concave. Spadix shorter than the spathe, free, monecious; female part short, cylindric, separated from the male part by a constricted interval covered with barren organs (pistillodes) ; fertile male part not very long, cylindric, passing upwards into a very long cylindric spike of staminodes. Perianth none. Ovary 1-celled; stigma subsessile. Ovule solitary, basal, erect, anatropous. Male flowers of 4-8 anthers united into a truncate angular body; anther- cells opening by short terminal slits. Barren organs, both pistillodes and staminodes, elongated in the direction of the axis, irregularly angular, truncate, crowded. Berries very large, containing 1 large nut- like seed—Large herbs several ft. in height, with the habit of Richardia. Leaves all radical, cordate, with long stout petioles. Peduncle long and stout. Spathe very long. A specimen, which was collected in the Island of Zanzibar by Stuhlmann, has been referred by Engler (Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 132) to this genus, but is stated to be in too imperfect a condition to admit of its specific identification. .The only other known species (for 7’. madagascariense, Eng)., is the same as 7. lindleyanum, Schott) is @ native of the Mascarene Islands. Richardia. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 167 11. RICHARDIA, Kunth; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 982. Spathe convolute in the lower half, funnel-shaped, persistent ; limb oblique, open, suberect or recurving, terminating in a subulate point. Spadix moneecious, free, sessile or stipitate, much shorter than the spathe ; male and female parts contiguous ; appendix none ; staminodes are sometimes mixed with the ovaries, but there are no other barren organs. Perianth none. Ovaries numerous, crowded, subglobose, angular from mutual pressure, 2—3-celled ; style short or almost none; stigma discoid. Ovules 2—4 in each cell, on axile placentas, anatropous. Anthers sessile, crowded, oblong, compressed, truncate at the apex, 2-celled, cells opening by terminal pores. Berry broadly obovoid or subglobose, 1—3-celled; cells 1—2-seeded. Seed subglobose or ovoid, slightly angular ; testa rather thin; albumen copious; embryo axile. Herbs with a thick fleshy rhizome. Leaves contemporary with the flowers, all radical, with long petioles, and hastate, sagittate, cordate or lanceolate blades. Peduncles solitary, as long as or longer than the leaves. Spathe large, showy, white, yellow, or rosy, persisting and changing to green as the fruit develops. A.sinall genus confined to Tropical and South Africa. Leaves spotted. Leaves ovate-cordate or orbicular-cordate ; spathe without a purple-brown blotch at the base . 1. R. elliottiana. Leaves hastate ; spathe with a dark purple-brown blotch at the base . “ . 2. R. melanoleuca, Leaves without spots; spathes with a dark purple- brown blotch at the base (see also the young state of 2, R. melanoleuca). Leaf with the ovate-deltoid part above the basal- lobes nearly twice as long as broad; spathe light yellow. : seas = . 3. RB. hastata, Leaf with the elongated-deltoid or elongated-oblong part above the basal-lobes 2—5 times as long as broad; spathe deep golden-yellow . c . 4. R. angustiloba. 1. R. elliottiana, W. Wats. in Garden and Forest, 1892, 330. Leaves glabrous ; petiole 2 ft. or more long, smooth, without bristles ; blade bright green, marked with numerous transparent white elongated Spots, 9-11 in. long, 6-10 in. broad, ovate or orbicular-ovate, obtuse, with a subulate point at the apex, cordate at the base ; basal lobes very broadly rounded; sinus about 2 in. deep. Peduncle longer than the leaves, smooth, green. Spathe 5-6 in. long, bright golden-yellow, without a purple blotch at the base inside ; tube funnel-shaped ; limb oblique, subhorizontally spreading, obtuse, with a subulate point. Spadix about half as long as the spathe, cylindric, obtuse. Ovaries Subglobose, angular from mutual pressure, pale greenish ; stigma sessile, discoid. Staminodes none. Anthers orange-yellow.. Berries large, about } in. diam., obovoid or subglobose, green.—Duren in Rev. Hort. Belge, 1897, 13, with pl.; Bot Mag. t. 7577, Calla elliottiana, Knight 168 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). [ Richardia. in Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. 1890, xii., Proc. lviii.; W. Wats. in Gard. Chron. 1892, xii. 124. Mozamb. Dist. Tropical Transvaal? cultivated specimens ! This species is stated to have been raised from seeds received from South Africa, but I have reason to believe that its habitat is somewhere in the northern part of the Transvaal. 2. R. melanoleuca, Hook. f., var. tropicalis, V. #. Br. Leaves glabrous ; petiole 3-24 ft. long, smooth, without the soft bristles at the base that are characteristic of the type; blade 8—14 in. long, 44—14 in. broad across the basal lobes, hastate or somewhat sagittate in the smaller leaves, acute, green, marked with transparent white linear spots ; basal lobes spreading, obtuse. Peduncle longer than the leaves, smooth. Spathe 3-5} in. long, lemon-yellow, with a crimson blotch at the base inside; tube funnel-shaped; limb oblique, tapering into a subulate point. Spadix shortly stipitate, not half as long as the spathe, cylindric, obtuse. Ovary subglobose, green ; style 4—} lin. long; stigma small. Staminodes none, or confined to a very few of the uppermost: female flowers. : Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Namasi, Cameron! Mashonaland ; at Six-mile Spruit near Salisbury, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil, 149! In the young state the leaves of this variety are elongate-ovate, acute, cordate- sagittate at the base, and green without any spots, the spots developing with the age of the plant. This differs from the typical South African form: by its larger size, and by the , absence of thie soft bristles at the base of the petioles so characteristic of the Natal plant. The stigma is not always subsessile in typical R. melanolenca, Hook. f., a8 [ had previously described, some specimens having a distinct style about 4 lin. long. 3. R. hastata, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag.t.5176. Leaves with petioles 1-1} ft. long, having soft bristle-like hairs on the Jower part, which wither and often nearly disappear in the dried state; blade green, without spots, 83-13} in. long, 4-7} in. broad across the basal lobes, triangular-sagittate or hastate, acute, the part above the basal lobes usually less than twice as long as broad ; basal lobes very broadly ovate or rounded, very obtuse, overlapping one another at the sinus, OF spreading. Peduncle about a foot long, smooth. Spathe 3-4 in. long, light yellow, tinted with green outside, marked with a large purple- brown blotch at the base inside; tube funnel-shaped ; limb obliquely truncate at the mouth, abruptly subulate-pointed. Spadix about half as long as the spathe, cylindric, obtuse. Ovary angular-globose, light green; style very short, conical; stigma small. Staminodes none. Anthers yellow.—Schott, Prod. Aroid. 325; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 328 ; Garden, Dec. 11, 1880 ; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vil. 38. hk. Lutwychei, N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1893, xiii. 568; Rev. Hort. 1896, 60 with pl. 2. “ Pride of Congo,’ Rev. Hort. 1893, 27. Calla oculata, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1859, 788. Zantedeschia hastata, Eng). Jahrb. iv.64; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fi. Afr. v.477 partly. Z. Lut- Richardia.} CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 169: wychei, Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 477; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.. C. 132. ° - . 7. WISNERIA, TRIBE II. Butomeve.—Ovules numerous, on reticulately branched parietal placentas. Carpels dehiscing along the ventral suture. Only Tropical African genus. - ; . 8. Buromopsis. 1, ALISMA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1004. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, herbaceous, persistent, patent, reflexed or erect after flowering. Petals 3, larger than the sepals, deciduous. Stamens 6, rarely 9, slightly perigynous ; filaments subulate ; anthers dorsifixed near the base. Carpels few or many, distinct, inserted on a small receptacle; style ventral or subapical, often very short, deciduous or persistent; stigma terminal, small; ovule solitary, basal, raphe ventral. Achenes few or many, laterally compressed or turgid, usually dorsally 3-ribbed ; pericarp coriaceous or hardened, indehiscent. Seed basal, erect, compressed ; testa membranous ; embryo curved.— Perennial, acaulescent, scapigerous, marsh herbs. Leaves erect, long petioled, elliptic, lanceolate or sagittate, sometimes pellucid dotted. Scape short or long. Flowers umbellate or on a panicle with verticillate branches and branchlets, with 3 bracts at the nodes, long pedicellate, white or light rose. Species about 10, in Europe and Temperate and Tropical Asia, Australia, and America. Carpels verticillate, laterally compressed. = 1. A. -Plantago. Carpels irregularly verticillate, scarcely compressed. Sepals erect after flowering, sheathing the fruit . 2. 4. parnassifolium, Sepals patent after flowering . ’ : - . 38. A. oligococcum, 1. A. Plantago, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 342. Rhizome tuberous, densely covered with root-fibres. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or cordate, 1}-8 in. by 4-44 in., 3-7-nerved. Scapes solitary or many, erect or more or less arcuate, 1-2 ft. high, obscurely trigonous ; branches ver- ticillate; flowers about 8 in each verticil; pedicels slender, patent ; bracts lanceolate, acute, membranous, 5-6 lin. long. Sepals broadly ovate, scarious at the margins, 8-10-nerved, 14 lin. by 1 lin. Petals larger than the sepils, broadly obovate, white. Anthers oblong, as long as, or shorter than, the complanate filaments. Carpels 15-20; Style filiform, aristate. Achenes more or less trigonous, much com- pressed, membranous at the sides, dorsally 2-ribbed, ;'5—} in. long ; remains of style ventral, aristate. Seed-testa thin, slightly rugose.— A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 346; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 32; Zarb in Cat. Spéc. Bot. Pfund, 36; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 559 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 110; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 93; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 486; Gregory, 208. CLI, ALISMACEE (WRIGHT). [ Alisma. The Great Rift Valley, 399. A. arcwatum, Michalet in Bull. Soc. bot. France, i. (1853) 312. A. Plantago, var. arcuatum, Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 486. Wile Band, Kordofan: El Rahad, Pfund, 525 (ex Zarb), Eritrea: Adi Ugri, near Godofelassi, 6400 ft., Schweinfurth, 140. Abyssinia: Shireh province, Quartin-Dillon, & Schimper (ex'A. Richard), by the side of water, from 5200- 8500 ft., Schimper, 204 and 1538 (ex Engler). British East Africa : Leikipia Plateau, in the Guaso Nairotia, Gregory ! Very widely distributed, but absent’ from South America, 2. A. parnassifolium, Bassi in Linn. Syst. ed. 3, 230. Rhizome short, oblique; root-fibres long, thick; stolons long, slender. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, coriaceous, acute or obtuse, 3-44 in. by $-64 in., 7-15-nerved, marked with pellucid lines; petiole up to 20 in. long. Scape erect, 20-39 in. high, panicled above; flowers 3 in each verticil ; pedicels 9-12 lin. long, erect; gemms sometimes present; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, acute, many-nerved, 3 lin. long. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse or emarginate, many-nerved, 2 lin. by 1} lin., patent during flowering, afterwards erect and sheathing the fruit. Petals broadly ovate, longer than the sepals, irregularly dentate. Stamens 6-9 ; filaments complanate; anthers extrorse, nearly basifixed, about half as long as the filaments. Carpels 9-12, obovoid, scarcely laterally compressed, dorsally 3—5-ribbed, the ribs becoming less prominent in fruit; epicarp thin; endocarp almost woody; style aristate. Seed- testa thin, striate—Kunth, Enum. iii. 150; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vil. 29,t. 56; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii.186 ; Buchen. in Abhandl., naturw. Ver- Bremen, ii. (1871), 482; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 35, 952; pee f. Fl. Brit, Ind. vi. 560; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Scheweinfurth, ser. iil., 222! Bahr-el-Ghazal, Schweinfurth, 1166 (ex Micheli). Also in Europe, India, Queensland and Madagascar. The style is much shorter in fruit in the tropical African specimen seen, than in those from other localities. 3. A. oligococcum, F. Wuell. Fragm. i. 23. Rhizome short, bearing many stout rootlets. Leaves radical, membranous, broadly ovate-cordate, 23-4? in. long, 2-3 in. wide, obtuse, basal lobes approxi- mate; primary nerves 11-13, prominent beneath, secondary parallel, remainder anastomosing ; pellucid dots scattered ; petiole 8-30 in. long, transversely septate within ; submerged leaves thinly membranous, narrower than the aerial, scarcely cordate. Scape erect, paniculate above, much longer than the leaves, terete, transversely septate within ; bracts free, lanceolate, acute, leafy, the lower 1 in. long. Flowers 3 in each verticil ; pedicels longer than the bracts, slender, after flowering divaricate-patent. Sepals 14 lin. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, after flowering patent. Petals 3 lin. long, ovate-lanceolate, unguiculate, shortly acuminate, white. Stamens 6, 1 lin. long; filaments com- planate ; anthers ovate, emarginate at either end. Carpels 6, broadly Alisma.] CLIT. ALISMACEH (WRIGHT). 209 ovate; style slender, apical, rostrate, deciduous. Achenes ovoid- reniform ; endocarp thick, almost woody, with dorsal tuberculate ribs. Seed with thin, nearly smooth, testa.—Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 185; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 37 ; Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 560; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 486. A. apetalwm, Wall. Cat. 4996. A. glanduloswm, Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 332. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: “ Nupe?” Barter, 1062! Also in Northern India, Ceylon and Australia. 2. LIMNOPHYTON, Miq.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1005. Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3, herbaceous, persistent, reflexed after flowering. Petals 3, larger than the sepals, deciduous. Stamens 6, perigynous ; filaments subulate, compressed; anthers linear-oblong, dorsifixed near the base. Carpels 15-20 on a small rather flat re- ceptacle, distinct, ovoid ; style ventral, short, thick, deciduous at least in the upper part; stigma small, capitate; ovule basal, anatropous. Achenes many, distinct, obovoid, turgid, dorsally 3-ribbed ; pericarp bony within, hollow on either side. Seed basal, oblong, compressed ; testa membranous; embryo curved; radicle thickened at the end.— Erect, robust, perennial, acaulescent, scapigerous herbs. Leaves erect ; petiole long, thick; lamina broadly sagittate, pellucid-dotted, with 7-11 obliquely branched nerves. Scape thick. Flowers in verticils arranged in racemes or panicles, 3-bracteate at the nodes, the upper male, the lower hermaphrodite and mixed with a few male; pedicels thick, decurved after flowering. Species 1, extending into Tropical Asia. 1. L. obtusifolium, Mig. 71. Ind. Bat. iii. 243. Rhizome short, densely covered with thick rootlets. Leaves all radical; petiole long, gradually tapering upwards, glabrous or sometimes puberulous, espe- cially in the upper part; blade sagittate, glabrous or puberulous; terminal lobe 2~7 in. long, 2-6 in. broad, triangular, obtuse, rarely acute or acuminate, nerves radiating from the apex of the petiole and Somewhat converging above; basal lobes separated by a sinus of 50-140°, 2-7 in, long, 1-3 in. broad across the base, acuminate. Scapes solitary or several; lower branches up to 10 in. long, sometimes puberulous; bracts membranous, up to 1 in. long; flowers 4-15 in each whorl; pedicels up to 1} in, long, those of the male flowers more slender than those of the hermaphrodite. Sepals ovate, obtuse, 2 lin. long, many-ribbed. Petals white (Barter), narrowly ovate from a cuneate base. Stamens of the male flower larger than those of the hermaphrodite ; filaments dilated at the base, glandular-pubescent, half as long as the anthers; anthers broadly ovate, subsagittate. Carpels entirely absent in the male flowers, in the hermaphrodite flowers 15-20 i 2-4 whorls, ovoid. Achenes obovoid, dorsally 3-ribbed or almost winged, 3 lin. long, 2 lin: broad ; style-base more or less persistent. Seed horseshoe-shaped ; testa thin, nearly ee Ahan Beitr. VOL, VIII, 210 CLII, ALISMACEZ (WRIGHT). [ Limnophyton. Fl. Aethiop. 295; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 39 ;. Hook. f. Fi. Brit. Ind. vi. 560; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 94; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 93. Sagittaria obtusifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 993 ; Speke, Nile, Append. 650; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 157, t. 102. S. nympheifolia, Hochst. ex Buchen. in Flora, 1865, 246. Alisma sagittifolia, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 277; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fi. 528; Schweinf. Beitr. F]. Aethiop. 206. A. Kotschyi, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, Intellig.-bl. 44, and 1843, 499. A. obtusifolium, Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 332. Dipseudochorion sagittifolium, Buchen. in Flora, 1866, 245. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger, 60! Perrottet, 807! Senegambia, Perrottet ! Heudelot, 231! Sierra Leone : in wet places at Likuru and common up to Farana, Scott-Elliot, 4972! Niger Territory: Nupe, in swamps, Barter, 1532 ! Wile Land. Kordofan: Arashkol Mountain ; at Omkenem, Steudner, 685! Kotschy, 169! Birket Rahad, Pfund, 407! 798! British East Africa: banks of the Nile, at Abu Kuka, Petherick! and at Gondokoro, Speke & Grant, 767 | White Nile, without precise locality, Sabatier / coast, near Lamu Island, Hilde- brandt, 1319! 1912! . Lower Guinea. Angola: Icolo e Bengo; plentiful at the muddy marshy edges of Lagoa de Funda, near Funda, Welwitsch, 3010! Mozamb, Dist. Portuguese East Africa : Lower Zambesi ; in a marsh at Lupata, Kirk! at N’Kueza (Ankweza), north of Sena, Kirk! British Central Africa: Tanganyika to Moero Plateau, Carson, 40! Ngamiland ; Botletle. Valley, Lugard, 206! 3. LOPHOTOCARPUS, Durand, Index Gen. Phan. x. and 627. Flowers hermaphrodite and male, monecious. Sepals 3, distinct, persistent, sheathing in fruit. Petals 3, deciduous, imbricate. Stamens 9-15, hypogynous; filaments complanate; anthers 2-celled, extrorse, oblong, cells adnate to the connective. Carpels numerous ; ovules solitary, basal, erect, anatropous ; style apical, long, oblique, persistent. Achenes densely congested on a convex receptacle, much laterally com- pressed. Seed basal; testa thin, punctate; embryo horseshoe-shaped ; radicle thick.—Marsh herbs. Leaves radical, often floating, sagittate, with a network of laticiferous vessels ; petiolelong. Scape unbranched ; flowers 2-3 in each verticil, lower hermaphrodite, upper hermaphrodite and male; bracts membranous.—Lophiocarpus, Mig. Ill. Fi. Arch. Ind. 50, not of Turcz. Sagittaria, Sect. Lophiocarpus, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1006. Species 3, one in North America, another in Brazil, and the following in Tropical Asia, Africa and America. 1, L. guyanensis, Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V- 487. Rhizome short, densely .covered with rootlets.. Leaves widely ovate- cordate, floating, obtuse or slightly emarginate, 2 in. long, 1} in- broad, occasionally some submerged leaves with reduced blades are present ; petiole varying in length with the :depth of the water, transversely septate inside. Scape erect or procumbent, bearing few-flowered whorls Lophotocarpus. | CLII, ALISMACEZ (WRIGHT). 211 near its apex; bracts widely ovate, obtuse, 6 lin. long; flowers herma- phrodite and male. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, flat, erect or sheathing in fruit. Petals cuneate, a little longer than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9-12 (6-10 in the male flowers); filaments complanate ; anthers elongate, more or less sagittate at the base, shorter than the filaments. Ovary compressed, rudimentary in the male flower; style thick, oblique. Achenes much laterally compressed, with a prominent toothed rib on the back and front. Seed slightly rugose.—Sagitiaria cordifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 68, and Fl. Ind. iii. 647; Kunth, Enum. iii. 161; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 346; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. S. nympheifolia, Hochst. in Flora, 1842, Beibl. 133. 8. guayanensis, H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl. i. 250; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 561. Lophiocarpus gwyanensis, Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 62; Buchen, in Engl. Jahrb. ii. 484. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot ! Nile Land. Kordofan ; in shallow stagnant pools at Tejara, Kotschy, 423! Also in Madagascar, Tropical Asia northwards to Hongkong, and Tropical America from Mexico to Paraguay. 4, ECHINODORUS, L. C. Rich. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1006. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, herbaceous, persistent, reflexed or erect after flowering. Petals 3, larger than the sepals, deciduous. Stamens 6 to many, hypogynous; filaments subulate, compressed ; anthers oblong or linear-oblong, dorsifixed near the base. Carpels numerous, distinct, imbricate on an oblong receptacle, obovoid, attenuate into a persistent oblique style; stigma minute; ovule basal, erect, anatropous. Achenes many, obovoid or oblanceolate, congested into a head, strongly ribbed and crowned by the rigid aristate style. Seed oblong, compressed; testa membranous; embryo hooked; radicle thickened at the end.—Annual or perennial, acaulescent, scapigerous, often tall herbs. Leaves long petioled; lamina elliptic, cordate, lanceolate or sagittate, usually with pellucid dots or lines. Flowers in many-flowered verticils on narrow straight racemes, 3-bracteate at the nodes or-(in the African species) reduced to a single flower ; bracteoles many ; pedicels very short, rigid. Species about 14, in Tropical and North Temperate America, 1, E. humilis, Buchen. in Pringsh. Jahrb, vii. 28. A small herb. Rhizome very short ; rootlets filiform. Leaves ovate, membranous, up to 14 by 8 lin.,a few oblong-lanceolate and 18 by 3 lin., acute or shortly acuminate, base rounded or slightly decurrent, with 3 nerves radiating from the apex of the petiole and converging towards the apex of the blade; petiole slender, up to 4 in. long, but usually very much shorter. Scapes shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered ; flowers erect. Sepals ovate, obtuse, 2-24 lin. long. Petals longer than the sepals, white. Stamens 6 (or 9, ex Micheli), 1} lin. long; anthers about half 212 CLI, ALISMACEE (WRIGHT). [ Echinodorus. as long as the filaments. Ovary obliquely obovoid, compressed ; style rostrate. Achenes many in a subglobose head, obliquely obovoid. much compressed, 1 lin. long, lateral ridges inconspicuous; style aristate. Seed with a thin, almost smooth testa.—Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 55, 952; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 488. Alisma humile, Kunth, Enum. iii. 154; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 528. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet,75! 811! Roger,58! Senegambia: near Richard Toll, Leliévre, Leprieur. Wile Land. White Nile ; on the banks of the river, near Gebel Nyemati, Schweinfurth, 1032! Aba (Abbah) Island, Schweinfurth, 991 ! 5. RAUTANENTA, Buchen. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. v. 854. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, marcescent. Stamens hypogynous, 7, 8, or 9, sometimes more or less connate in pairs. Carpels 7-9, l-ovuled. Achenes irregularly capitate. Seed erect; embryo horseshoe-shaped.—An erect, rush-like perennial. Inflorescence paniculate ; flowers small, verticillate. Endemic, monotypic. 1. R. Schinzii, Buchen. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. v. 855. Rhizome thick ; rootlets filiform, white. Leaves 1 ft. long, 2 lin. wide, linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, 3-nerved, acute. Scape about as long as the leaves, erect, terete, striate when dry; panicle with ternate branches ; bracts subulate, the lowest 10 lin. long; flowers dicecious, odorous. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 2 lin. long; margins white, membranous. Petals half as long as the sepals, reniform-orbicular, marcescent, thin, white. Stamens 7-9 ; filaments linear-subulate, white; anthers yellow, oblong, basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally. Carpels obovoid, compressed. Achenes semiorbicular, with three strong ridges running nearly round each carpel ; style persistent, subapical, hooked. Seeds erect, much compressed, smooth.—chinodorus Schinzii, Buchen. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. 413, and App. iii. 10. Lower Guinea. German South-west Africa; Amboland; Omulonga, Raw- tanen, 51, Ombalambuenge, Rautanen, 159! Olukonda, Rautanen, 222! 6. BURNATIA, Micheli; Benth, et Hook, f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1007. Flowers dicecious, small. Male flowers: Sepals 3, marcescent. Petals 3, much smaller than the sepals. Stamens 9, inserted at the base of the petals; filaments subulate; anthers linear-oblong, as long a the filaments, dorsifixed near the base. Rudimentary carpels about 12, hatchet-shaped. Female flowers: Perianth-segments 3, small, orbicular, membranous, erect after flowering. Stamens 0, or 1-2 imperfect. Carpels about 12, crowded on a small receptacle, obliquely semiorbicular ; stigma ventral, sessile, papillose; ovule solitary, basal, anatropous- Achenes 6-8, obovate-orbicular, compressed, dorsally 3-ribbed ; stigm@ Burnatia. | . CLIL, ALISMACEZ (WRIGHT). 213 minute, ventral, rostrate ; pericarp coriaceous. Seed broadly oblong; testa membranous ; embryo curved; radicle thickened at the end.— An erect, acaulescent, scapigerous, marsh herb. Leaves long-petioled ; lamina linear, or elliptic-lanceolate, acute ; nerves 7-9 with very slender oblique branches. Panicle verticillately branched, 3-bracteate at the nodes, male lax with slenderly pedicelled globose flowers, female contracted with much smaller subsessile flowers. Endemic, monotypic. 1. B. enneandra, Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 81. Leaves lanceolate, rarely oblong, acute at both ends, 5-8 in. long, 7-18 lin. broad, membranous, with 7-9 weak nerves; petiole 5-16 in. long, com- planate. Scape erect, longer than the leaves; male panicle 12-16 in. long, female 8-10 in. long ; bracts membranous, lanceolate, up to 1 in. long; bracteoles small; pedicels up to 5 lin. long. Sepals 3, broadly ovate, obtuse, of the male erect, of the female patent but erect after flowering, 14-2 lin. long. Petals small, present in the male flowers only. Achenes discoid, dorsally 3-ribbed. Seed slightly rugose.—Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. ©. 94; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 488. Alisma enneandra, Hochst. in Flora, 1842, Beibl. 133. Hchinodorus ? enneander, A. Br. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295, 309. Nile Land. CKordofan : at the edges of the stagnant pools near Arashkol Mountain, Kotschy, 192! British East Africa: Jur; near Jur Ghattas, Schwein- Surth, 2128! 2287! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Matabeleland ; Libanani Forests and Flats, Holub ! 7. WISNERIA, M. Micheli; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1007. Flowers moneecious, minute. Perianth-segments membranous, 3 ‘persistent, or 5-6 in 2 series, the 3 outer equal or 2 smaller, concave and persistent, 2 or 3 inner much smaller and deciduous. Male flower: Stamens 3; filaments subulate; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Rudiment of ovary subulate. Female flower: Staminodia setaceous. Carpels 3-6, ovoid; style none or terminal and subulate ; . Stigma minute; ovule solitary, basal, anatropous. Achenes subglobose, broadly oblong or ellipsoid, compressed or turgid, obscurely costate, obtuse or beaked by the persistent style; pericarp thin or rather thick. ‘Seed oblong or subglobose; testa membranous; embryo horseshoe- shaped ; radicle thickened.—Acaulescent, scapigerous, marsh or water ‘herbs. Rhizome short, bearing thick root-fibres. Leaves long- : petioled, with the lamina more or less expanded; midrib evident. pe erect, unbranched; bracts united into truncate membranous campanulate sheaths surrounding the scape ; male flowers in the upper part of the scape, pedicellate, several subtended by 2-3 membranous lacerate bracteoles; female flowers in the lower part of the scape, . ebracteolate. Species 3, one in Malabar, another in Madagascar, and the following in Tropical Africa. : ¢ 214 CLII, ALISMACEZ (WRIGHT). [ Wisneria. 1. W. Schweinfurthii, Hook. /. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1007. Petiole sheathing at the base, 9 in. long, robust ; lamina oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, up to 6 in. by 6 lin.; lateral nerves 1 on either side. Scape about as long as the leaves; whorls of bracts at length 6-9 lin. apart. Perianth-segments 3. Achenes compressed, 3-ribbed, 14 lin. long, beak 1 lin. long. Wile Land. British East Africa: Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, 2157! Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2304! 8. BUTOMOPSIS, Kunth; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1008. - Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, persistent, erect after flowering, imbricate. Petals 3, smaller than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9 (rarely fewer), in two whorls; filaments flattened; anthers 2-celled, basifixed, extrorse. Carpels 6 or fewer, verticillate, slightly connate on the ventral side near the base; styles short; stigmas lateral; ovules numerous. Follicles usually 6, tapering above into the persistent style, dehiscing along the ventral suture. Seeds numerous, curved ; testa nearly smooth; embryo horseshoe-shaped.— A scapigerous marsh herb, with milky juice. Leaves radical, erect, petiolate. Flowers 18 umbellate cymes; pedicel elongated in fruit ; bracts membranous. Species 1, extending into Tropical India and Australia. 1. B. lanceolata, Kunth, Enum. iii. 165. Rhizome short, bearing numerous slender rootlets. Leaves narrowly ovate, acute, tapering below into the petiole, membranous, entire, glabrous, with 2-6 secondary nerves pinnately arranged and converging towards the apex, up to 4 12. by 14 in.; petiole smooth, up to 10 in. long. Scape usually about 6-flowered, overtopping the leaves ; peduncle terete, glabrous, up to 1 ft. long ; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, up to 9 lin. long; pedicels up to 4 in. long in fruit, usually straight. Sepals broadly ovate, acute or subobtuse, persistent and sheathing the base of the fruit. Petals % as long as the sepals, obovate, obtuse, fugacious, white. Stamens 9 or fewer; filaments dilated below; anthers shorter than the filaments, oblong. Ovaries ovoid. Follicles ovoid-oblong, acute, connate below, obscurely keeled on the dorsal side. Seeds scarcely } lin. long; test# crustaceous —Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 206 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vi. 187; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 87 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit: Ind. vi. 562. Butomus senegalensis, Perrottet ex A. Br. in Flora, 1843, 499. Tenagocharis cordofana, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, 369. 7. alismoides, Hochst. in Flora, 1842, Beibl. 134; A. Br. in Flora, 1843, 499. 7". lam ceolata, Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 489. . Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger, 65! Senegambia, Heudelot, 126! Niget Territory: Nupe; in swamps, Barter, 1509! Wile Land. Kordofan: in stagnant pools near Arashko] mountain, Kotschy» 193 ! in the White Nile at Omkenen, near Arashkol mountain, Steudner, 687 ! Also in Northern India and Queensland. Triglochin.| CLIII. NAIADACE (BENNETT), 215 Orver CLIII. NAIADACEH. (By Arthur Bennett.) Flowers usually green (often coloured in Aponogeton), 1—2-sexual. Perianth 0, or tubular, or of 3-4 inferior valvate segments. Stamens hypogynous; anthers 1-2-celled, Ovary of 1-4 1-ovuled carpels ; style long or short; stigma of many forms. Fruit of 1-seeded utricules, achenes, or drupelets. Seeds exalbuminous; embryocurved or straight, large at the radicular end.—Aquatic or marsh herbs, of various habit. Rootstock usually creeping. Stems simple or branched. Leaves erect, submerged, or floating, sheathing at the base; stipules 0, or contained in the sheath. . Genera 16, species about 120, found in all climates. *Stigmas discoid or decurrent on the ovary. Perianth present ; flowers bisexual. Marsh herbs ; sepals 6, green : = . 1. TRIGLOCHIN, Aquatics. Sepals 1-3, white or coloured. : . 2, APONOGETON. Sepals 4, herbaceous . i ; » 3. POTAMOGETON. Perianth none ; flowers uni- or bi-sexual. Stamens 2; carpels stipitate . A . 4, RUPPIA. Stamen 1; carpels usually sessile 5, ZANNICHELLIA. **Stigmas subulate or capillary. Flowers sessile on a flat linear spadix . 6. ZOSTERA. Flowers axillary , : é : H é ccs NATAS. Flowers enclosed in membranous sheaths 8. CYMODOCEA,. 1, TRIGLOCHIN, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl, iii. 1012. Perianth-segments 3 or 6, herbaceous, deciduous. Stamens 6, at the base of the perianth-segments; anthers with 2 rounded lobes. Carpels 3-6, 1-celled, l-ovuled, 3 often imperfect; styles short, sometimes connate ; stigmas sessile or subsessile, plumose. Fruit of 3 or 6 free or connate achenes or follicles; tips recurved. Seed erect; embryo straight.—Marsh herbs with rush-like flat or terete leaves. Flowers small, bisexual, spicate or racemose, 2-bracteate. Species about 12, chiefly in the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Fruit linear . : ; > ; ‘ - Bs aed 1 bulbosum. Fruit subrotund . ° ‘ > ‘ ‘ . 2. 7. striatum, 1. T. bulbosum, Linn. Mant. Alt. 226. Stem simple, tuberous at the base, with interlaced fibres forming a brown mass at the base. Leaves half-cylindrical, finely striate, channelled, generally shorter than the stem. Raceme elongating after flowering, 6—12-flowered. Fruits erect, ascending (not adpressed), larger at the base than the apex, of 3 carpels.— Bot. Mag. t. 1445; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan, iii. 99; Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. ii. 510; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 216 CLIII, NAIADACEZ (BENNETT), [ Triglochin. 490; A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 42; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 98. 7. Barrelieri, Loisl. Fl. Gall. ed. 2, 1. 264. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; plentiful in boggy pastures and on the banks of the river at Lopollo and near Ohai, Welwitsch, 3017! Also in North and South Africa. 2. T. striatum, Ruiz ¢& Pav. Fl. Perur. iii. 72. Rootstock small, stoloniferous. Leaves variable, narrowly linear to subulate, striate, generally stouter than the scape. Scape leafless, 3-12 in. tall ; flowers many, shortly pedicelled. Carpels 3, orbicular, with 6 permanent ribs, about 1-14 lin. long.—Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 101 ; Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. ii. 510; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 491 ; A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 42; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. u. 93. Lower Guinea. Angola: Mossamedes; in brackish swamps near Aguadas, between Mossamedes and Calvaheiros, not far from the sea, rather rare, Welwitsch, 3016! Also in South Africa. 2, APONOGETON, Thunb.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1013. Perianth of 1-3 equal or unequal segments, or 0. Stamens 3-6 e more ; filaments subulate, persistent. Carpels 3-6, 2- or more ovuled ; stigma on a stout style, decurrent or persistent. Fruit of 3 or more hardened follicles. Seeds erect ; embryo straight—Submerged plants with tuberous rootstocks, in the early state very like Potamogeton. Leaves either floating or erect; varying in shape from linear to oblong (or subulate in one species ?). Scape with simple or bifid sessile spikes of unilateral or distichous flowers, the young’ flower enclosed in 4 deciduous sheath. Species about 20, in Asia, Africa and Temperate Australia. Leaves not or only slightly dilated into a blade . . 1. A spathaceus. Leaves petiolate, oblong. Leaf-blades distinctly cordate at the base. Leaf-blades more than three times as long as broad, very obtuse : ° . Leaf-blades less than three times as long as broad, subacute . ; ; . . 3. A. Holubii. Leaf-blades not distinctly cordate at the base, Flower-spikes slender, not exceeding 23 lin. in diam., whitish . : s Flower-spikes 3 lin. or more in diam. Perianth-segments about 1 lin. long, whitish 5 Perianth-segments 13-2 lin, long, purple . 6 Leaves petiolate, linear or linear-lanceolate. Leaves 7-nerved . : ; . . : qs 8 9 : . 2. A. subconjugatus. A. kraussianum. A. Rehmanni. . A, abyssinicus. A a A . Stuhlmanit. . Boehmit. . vallisnerioides. _ Leaves 5-nerved . - : Leaves sessile, ligulate, membranous _1. A. spathaceus, /. Meyer in Drege, Zwei Pflanzengeog' Documente, 137, name only. Leaves very narrow or elongate-subulate, obtuse or dilated into a linear-lanceolate blade. Spike bifid ; branches A ponogeion. | - CLIII, NAIADACEH (BENNETT). 217 stout, dense-flowered ; floral bracts 2, obovate-oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved, pale lilac. Stamens 6-8, Follicles 3~8.—Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. sub t. 6399; Engl. Jahrb. viii. 272; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 493; A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 44; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 94. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in marshy places and boggy meadows between Condo and Quisonde, between Pungo Andongo and Quisonde, and between Quibinde and Quitage, plentiful, Welwitsch, 3012! Also in South Africa, 2. A. subconjugatus, Schumacher &: Thonning, Beskr. Guin. Pl. 183. Bulb subrotund and truncate. Leaves long petioled 3 petioles semiterete below, terete above; blade 5-12 in. long, 14-1? in. broad, elongate-oblong, obtuse, cordate at the base, often speckled with brown below. Spikes bifid, 1-14 in. long. Bracts 2, subovate, obtuse, yellowish. Stamens 6, unequal. Carpels 8-5, usually 4, ovoid, com- pressed, tapering into a short style ; ovules 10-12. Seeds 5-8, oblong, angular,—A, Heudelotii, Engl. in Engl, Jahrb. viii. 271; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 492.° Ouvirandra Heudelotii, Kunth, ‘Enum. iii. 593 ; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 528. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 433! Perrottet, 1009. Guinea, Thonning ! 3. A. Holubii, Oliver in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1470. Leaves oblong- elliptic, 44-6 by 2-3 in., apex shortly semi-obtuse, base rounded, cordate, 7—9-veined, veining obscure; petioles elongated. Peduncle thick, tapering upwards; spike bifid, 2}-3} in. long, dense-flowered ; flowers hermaphrodite; bracts 2, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse. Stamens about 6. Follicles oblong, terete, with a beak } as long as the ovary.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl, Afr. v. 492; A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 44. Mozamb. Dist. Bechuanaland: Eastern Bamanguata Territory, at Henrys Pan, Holub, 1036-1039! Also in South Africa. 4. A. kraussianum, Hochst. ex Krauss in Flora, 1845, 343. Leaves long-petioled, floating, oblong, 7-9-nerved, acute, base sub- cordate; median nerve 3-cleft. Peduncles long, tapering upwards ; Spike bifid; branches 3-14 in. long, not more than 2} lin. in diam., dense-flowered; flowers whitish. Stamens generally 6; anthers yellowish. Ovaries 3-5 (rarely 6). Follicles globose, with a thickened short beak.—Krauss, Beitr. Fl. Cap. und Natal. 172 ; A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 44. 4. leptostachyos, E. Meyer in Drege, Zwei Pilanzengeogr. Documente, 165; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 158; Engl. Jahrb. viii. 270, A. abyssinica, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 93, not of Hochst. Mile Land. British East Africa: Ukamba; Kitui, Hildebrandt, 2645 | Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; in ponds near the River Cuanza, near Sansamanda and elsewhere, Welwitsch, 8011! Also in South Africa. i gh ATE Le Ep RE a CE ae et ee 218 _ CLIII, NAIADACEZ (BENNETT). [ Aponogeton. _ 5, A. Rehmanni, Oliver in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1471, fig. B. Leaves oblong-subacute, 1-13 in. long, 3-5 lin. broad, subapiculate. Spike bifid, 2 in. long, about 3 lin. in diam., dense-flowered, whitish ; flowers dicecious; bracts ovate-oblong, subacute. Follicles 8-9, oblong.— Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 498; A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl, Cap. vii. 44. Lower Guinea. (German South-west Africa: Amboland, ex Durand & Schinz. Also in South Africa, 6. A. abyssinicus, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. Husice. 1483. Stem-base tuberous, globose. Leaves lanceolate, long-petioled ; floating leaves lanceolate-ovate. Spike bifid, dense-flowered ; branches 1-1} in. Jong; peduncle nearly equal in diameter throughout; flowers rose or purplish. Sepals 13—2 lin. long, oval-oblong. Stamens 6. Follicles 3, with a beak 2 the length of the ovary.—A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 351; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 491; Engl. Jahrb. vil. 270. Ouvirandra Hildebrandtii, Hort. Berol. ex Kuntze in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xix. ix.; Eichler in Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1879, 6-12, t, 1. | "Wile Band. Eritrea: Kohaito Plateau, 8500-8800 ft., Schweinfurth, 187! Abyssinia : in marshes near Axum, Schimper, 1483! East Tropical Africa, London! 7, A. Stublmannii, Lngl. in. Notizbl. Kinigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, i. 26. Submerged. Leaves linear, 7-veined, obtuse; petioles longer than the blade. Spike simple, lax-flowered. Sepals 2, obtuse, 1-nerved. Stamens 6, equal in length to the sepals. Carpels 3; ovaries ovoid ;, style subulate. Follicles 4-seeded.—Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 94. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usinja; Bugando, Stuhlmann, 3541. 8. A. Boehmii, Engl. in Notizbl. Kinigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, i. 26. Rootstock tuberous. Leaves submerged, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 5-nerved ; petiole longer than the blade. Spike bifid, dense-flowered. Sepals 3, obovate-spathulate, purple-punctate. Stamens 6. Carpels 3-ovuled.— Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 94. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Umyamwezi; in the River Wala,. Boehm, 98. 9, A. vallisnerioides, Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 158. Densely cespitose. Leaves sessile, ligulate, membranous, obtuse, 3-4 in. long. Spike simple, dense-flowered, 1 in. long, 3 lin. thick. Ovaries 4 (?), those of the upper third infertile (2). Upper Guinea. River Niger, Baikie! : Mile Land. British East Africa: Jur; near Kurshook. Ali’s Seriba, Schwew- Surth, 1704! 1761! Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 4266! Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, 2152! Dumuku, Schweinfurth, 2168! Ukidi (Unyoro), Speke & Grant! * This has a spike like A. monostachyum, Roxb,, of India, with leaves in shape and texture just like those of a small specimen of Vallisneria,” Baker, 1.c. Potamogeton.} CLIII, NAIADACE& (BENNETT). 219 3. POTAMOGETON, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1014. Perianth-segments 4, green, valvate. Anthers 4, sessile, with two roundish cells, Carpels 4 (some abortive), sessile, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; ovules campylotropous; stigma persistent, subsessile or decurrent, altering much in position in ripening. Drupelets small, variable in shape, coriaceous. Seeds subreniform; radicle large.—Submerged water-plants with creeping rootstocks. Stems terete or compressed. Leaves often floating (rarely aérial), alternate or opposite, entire or toothed ; stipules intrafoliaceous, free or adnate to the petiole. Flowers small; spicate ; bases of the peduncles enclosed ina membranous spathe, ebracteate. Species 65~75, cosmopolitan. *Floating leaves present, coriaceous. Fruit 3-keeled ; stems moderately stout ; submerged leaves few or none. : Leaves tapering to the base. . . - 1. P. fluitans. Leaves obtuse at the base . . : : - 2. P. Richardi. Fruit sharply 3-keeled; stems moderately stout ; submerged leaves abundant . : : Fruit 3-keeled ; stems filiform; submerged leaves : : abundant , ‘ . . : . . 4. P. javanicus. **Floating leaves none. Leaves 2-12 lin. broad. 3 Leaves crisped, serrulate ; fruit long-beaked . 5&. P.crtspum. Leaves flat, entire. Fruit large, obliquely obtuse . < : . 6. P. lucens. Fruit small, pointed x : . . 17. P. coloratum. Leaves less than 2 lin. broad. Stipules free. 8. P. Schweinfurthii. Leaves straight, 1-3-nerved ; nerves equal . 8. P. pusillum. Leaves curved, 1~3-nerved; centra] nerve very 2 broad. 3 = : eee . 9. P. Preussiz. Stipules adnate to the leaf-bases, be Style on the ventral margin . . . - 10. P. pectinatum, Style central. : Leaves all setaceous or linear-setaceous . ll. P. filiforme. Lower leaves 4-5, in. wide, very rigid, upper oh : linear to filiform . ‘ ; . 12. P. Livingstone. 1, P. fluitans, Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. i. 72. Stem stout. — merged leaves translucent, linear-lanceolate ; floating leaves bie id ovate-lanceolate, long-stalked, tapering at either end, ved Pp soe ; stipules large, blunt. Peduncles stout; spike dense-flowere 3 i. pe fruit seen on African or European specimens.—A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 46; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 94. P. natans, var. fuitans, Cham. Adnot. Fl. Berol. 4. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla, Welwitsch, 249! Also in North and South Africa, Madagascar, Europe and Asia. 2. P. Richardi, Solms-Laub. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. suns 194, and 292. Stem stout. Submerged leaves few, finer in texture 220 CLIII, NAIADACEZ (BENNETT). [ Potamogeton. than in P. fluitans, floating leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, not plicate at the base; stipules blunt, large. Peduncles stout, slightly swollen upwards; spikes dense-flowered. Fruit large, 24 lin. long; style long, ‘at first bent back, when ripe nearly central; dorsal ridges 3, the two lateral with blunt wavy tooth-like margins, slightly convex on the ventral margin, and with indications of small bosses, but none of the specimens seen are quite ripe.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 496; A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii.47. P. natans, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 354, not of Linn. P. americanus, var. Richardt, Solms-Laub. ex Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 8. Nile Land. Eritrea: Gorge of Degerra, near Saganeita, 7200 ft., Schwein- JSurth & Riva, 891! Abyssinia: in ponds and streams near Adowa, Schimper, 135! 958! Amba Sea, Schimper, 571! Shireh Province, Dillon & Petit! Mai Gouagoua, Quartin-Dillon ! Also in South Africa. The plant mentioned as P. natans, Linn., in Schweinfurth’s Beitr. Fl, Aethiop. 292, is probably P. Richardi, Solms-Laub, 3. P. Schweinfurthii, Arth. Bennett. Stems about 2 ft. long, branched. Lower leaves crowded, linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-4 by # in. tapering into the petiole, 5-nerved, the central nerve broad, consisting of many fine veins with flexuous cross ones; middle leaves lanceolate, 11-nerved, 24-3 by 3 in., similar in structure to the lower ones; upper leaves floating, coriaceous, lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, 10-13-nerved, with occasionally additional interrupted nerves, 2-23 by §-} 1D; petioles 2-3} in. long; stipules 1-2 in. long, acute, many-nerved, not winged. Peduncles stout, slightly thickened in the middle, 4-6 m. long, springing from the axils of either submerged or floating leaves; spike 14-1}? in. long, dense-flowered, moderately stout. Fruit large, 4-gx in. long, the ventral margin nearly straight, the dorsal subrotund, sharply 3-keeled, with undulated margins, and slightly (irregularly) warted, with a tooth at the base of the outer margins. Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder ; in Lake Tana, Schimper, 1859! British East Africa : at the mouth of the Babr el Arab, Schweinfurth, 1223! in the Bahr e] Ghazal, near the Nuer Villages, Schweinfurth, 1165! -A most distinct species, with the. submerged leaves like those of P. lucens (but half the width), the floating leaves nearest to P. heterophyllus, and the fruit much as in P. Richardi, Solms-Laub. The lower leaves most resembling those of this species occur in some of Rugel’s Floridan species of P. americanus, Cham. (P. lonchites, . "Tuck.), but even these are not nearly as rigid as in the present plant. It differs from P. lucens, Linn., by producing coriaceous floating leaves, from P. heterophylius, Schreb. by the rigid lower leaves, and very different fruit ; and from P. americanus, Cham., by the floating leaves, much smaller rigid lower leaves, and fruit. 4, P. javanicus, Hassk. in Verh. Nat. Ver. Nederl. Ind. i. 26. Stem branched, filiform. Submerged leaves, sessile, narrowly linear, acute; floating leaves lanceolate, long-petioled ; lower stipules slightly - connate, the upper free, acuminate. Peduncles slender ; spikes vary128 from 3-8 lin. long. Fruit compressed, oblique-obovate ; style straight Potamogeton. | CLIII, NAIADACEA (BENNETT). 221 with the ventral margin; dorsal margin 3-keeled, and strongly repand- denticulate, ventral nearly straight, with a projection in the centre, tapering to either end, variable as to the teeth-like projections on various parts of the fruit, which are strongest on the Australian forms. —P. tenuicaulis, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 90, 244. P. parvifolia, Buchen. in Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, vii. 32. P. huillensis, Welw. ex Schinz in Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Gesell. i. (1891) 61; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 495; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 94. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe; ina deep lake near Jeba, Barter, 1069! Wile Land. British East Africa: at the mouth of the Bahr el Arab, Schwein- a 1225! Niamniam ; inthe River Rei (Rye), near Gumango Hill, Schweinfurth, 2909 ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in streams near Catumba, Welwitsch,. 248! River Cunene, Schinz, 1001! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: North-west Kalahari, Schinz! (in Herb. Buchenau). Also in South Africa, Madagascar, Australia, the Malay Archipelago and Tropical Asia. 5. P. crispum, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 126. Stem compressed, slender, branched. Leaves all similar, sessile, semiamplexicaul, strap- shaped oblong or oblong, variously undulate, strongly serrate at the apex, less so on the margins; stipules small, subobtuse, lower soon decaying. Peduncles between the forks of the stem, rather stout, tapering towards the apex; spike large, lax-flowered, Fruit large, acuminate, compressed, obliquely-ovoid; beak very long and curved. —Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 493. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Nubia, Kotschy, 20! Bahr el Tussuf, Steudner, 212! Kordofan, Kotschy, 366! Cienkowsky! Senaar, ex Durand & Schinz. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; in Roangwa (Loangwa River ?), Lake Nyasa, Kirk ! Widely distributed in all warm and temperate regions. 6. P. lucens, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 126. Stem stout, branched. Leaves all submerged; lower ones lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, acuminate, with petioles gradually lengthening to 1-1} in., the lowest sessile; upper leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute, slightly firmer in texture: than the lower ; stipules long, beaked or winged. Peduncles 2-9 in. long ; stout, tapering upwards; spikes 14-2 in. long, dense-flowered. its large, slightly acuminate, slightly convex on the ventral margin, nearly semicircular on the dorsal, slightly keeled. Mile Land. Eritrea: Asmara, 7500 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 2110! British East Africa; in the Nile, Speke & Grant ! Also in Europe, Asia and America. Var. fluitans, Coss. et Germ. Fl. Env. Paris, ed. i. 571. Leaves much longer than in the normal form, up to 10 in. long, usually narrower, much darker in colour, drying blackish-green, with longer petioles, ascending, not semi-patent as in the normal form.—P. longifolium, Gay in Poir. Encycl. Suppl. iv. 535. P. macro- phyllus, Wolfg. in Roem. & Schultes, Mant. iii. 358. 222 CLIII, NAIADACEZ (BENNETT). [ Potamogeton. Upper Guinea. Senegal: in Lake Guier, Rogers! Lepieur ! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Lukoma (Likoma Island?) in Lake Nyasa, Bellingham ! in the south-western bay of Lake Nyasa, Kirk ! Also in South Africa, Europe, North America and Australia. 7. P. coloratum, Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 1449. Stem slender, branched. Leaves all transparent and net-veined; the upper sometimes nearly sessile, very variable, elliptic to almost orbicular, never plicate at the base, and never (?) floating; lower lanceolate; stipules stout and obtuse. Peduncles slender, nearly equal in diameter throughout; spikes long, cylindrical. Fruit small, greenish, rounded and keeled on the dorsal margin when dry, but not when fresh, with no apparent beak.—P. plantagineus, Du Croz in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. iii. 504; Engl: Pfl. Ost-Afr. A. 80. P. helodes, Dum. Fl. Belg. Prod. 163. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara, ex Engler. Also in Europe, Australia and the West Indies. 8. P. pusillum, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 127. Stem slender, subterete, branched. Leaves all similar, sessile, semiamplexicaul, narrowly linear, acuminate, acute or subacute, 1-3-nerved, mostly without fascicles of leaves in the axils; stipules small, acute, or subacute. Peduncles slender, variable in length; spike few-flowered, 4-1 in. long, not (or very nearly) interrupted. Fruit small, semioval or obovoid, very slightly compressed, bluntly 3-keeled on the dorsal face, slightly convex on the ventral, generally without teeth.— Hook. Niger Fl. 181, 528; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 496. Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Islands ; St. Jacob’s Island, Darwin ! Guinea, ex Durand & Schinz. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Shireh; near Arbatienseca, Quartin-Dillon ; and near Adowa, Schimper (ex Richard). Lower Guinea. Angola, ex Hooker. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; in a pond in the Residency gardens at Zomba, Whyte ! Widely distributed in all warm and temperate. regions. 9. P. Preussii, Arth. Bennett. Stems branched, semiterete, striate. Leaves all similar, linear for 2 of their length, then tapering, acute and acuminate, 1}—2} in, long, 1,—.3, in. broad, generally curved from the base to the apex towards the stem, stiffer in texture than most of the gramineum series, 3-nerved; central nerve of 5—9 closely packed veins with anastomosing cross veins ; stipules persistent, 4 the length of the internodes, acute, with many fine veins. Peduncles 1-2 in. long, slender, slightly tapering upwards; spike 4-2 in. long, dense-flowered. Perianth-segments rhombic-orbicular. Fruit small, slightly compressed, with a central beak, keels almost obsolete. Upper Guinea. Cameroons, Preuss, 451! Staudt, 462! Mile Land. Eritrea: in the Gorge of Degerra, near Saganeita, 7200 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 896! Abyssinia: near Adowa, Schimper, 179! Amba Sea, Schimper, 570! Shireh Province, Quartin-Dillon & Petit, 571! Potamogeton. | CLIII. NAIADACEZ (BENNETT), 223 Schweinfurth refers his 896 to P. pusillum, and also 769 (collected at Acrur in Eritrea), which I have not seen. This plant has been named P. javanicus, Hassk., but its affinities are with P. Hillii, Morong, and P. acutifolius, Link, on the one side, and P. foliosus, var. californicus, Morong, on the other; more remotely (in foliage only) with P. javanicus, Hassk. A specimen in herb. Boissier, (Yemen, Arabia, Deflers) may be referred here, but the material is poor. 10. P. pectinatum, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 127. Stem cylindrical or Subcompressed, repeatedly branched. Leaves all similar, or the upper sometimes setaceous and l-nerved, the lower linear and 1-3-nerved ; stipules long, adnate to the sheathing petiole, free at the apex. Peduncles short or long, equal in diameter throughout; spike often interrupted ; upper flowers generally approximate. Fruit large, olive or green, obliquely obovate, slightly compressed, slightly convex on the ventral margin, 3-keeled on the dorsal.—Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 511; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 495. P. marinum, Linn. ? ex Krauss in Flora, 1845, 344. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast : Cape Coast Castle, Don! Mile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; Mai Gouagoua, Quartin-Dillon ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Mossamedes; in deep ponds near Aguadas, Welwttsch, 250! German South-west Africa, ex Durand & Schinz. _ Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa : Lower Zambesi, in the large lake of Shupanga, Peters ! Also in North and South Africa, Socotra and the Mascarene Islands. 11. P. filiforme, Pers. Syn. i. 152. Stem filiform, branched, Leaves all similar, setaceous (or linear-setaceous), 1-nerved, usually much stouter than the peduncles; stipules slender, adnate to the Sheathing petiole, free at the apex. Peduncles slender, long, equal in diameter throughout; spike much interrupted, but in a much more regular manner than in P. pectinatum, as the fruits are usually in whorls. Fruit much smaller than in P. pectinatum, with the beak central and the margins rounded. ; East Tropical Africa. Ruwenzori Expedition: without precise locality, Scott-Elliot ! . Widely distributed in all warm and temperate regions. _ 12. P. Livingstonei, Arth. Bennett. Stem from a slightly creep- Ing rhizome, thick at the base, with a strong annulus at the base of the leaves. Leaves densely packed at the base of the stem; lower leaves resembling those of a Cymodocea in texture, 2}-3 in. long, 3-5; in. broad, thick, half-folded at the base, flat towards the apex, d-nerved, with numerous waved cross veins, rigid, spreading-erect, and deeply striated ; middle leaves less rigid, 1-3-nerved, with the adnate stipules large and entire at the apex; upper leaves linear-filiform, 1-3-nerved. Peduncles short; spikes short. No fruit seen. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Lake Nyasa ; in the south-western 224 . CLIII. NAIADACEE (BENNETT). [ Potamogeton. bay, Kirk ! Kambone (Livingstonia) Lagoon, Laws, 3! Lukoma (Likoma Island ?), Bellingham ! A remarkable species, combining the habit of P. Rodbinsii, Oakes and P. pecti- natum, Linn., but with the basal portion quite like a Cymodocea, in texture and rigidity. The lower stipules have membranous edges and strong fibres, which become frayed at the apex. The following species have been recorded from the African continent, but not within the tropics, where, however, they are likely to occur: P. americanus, Cham., and P. natans, Linn., occur in both North and South Africa ; P. Friesii, Rupr., and P. alpinum, Balb., in South Africa; P. Zizii, Roth, P. densum, Linn., P. trichoides, Cham., and P. perfoliatum, Linn., in North Africa. P. Zizii, Roth, has also been found in Madagascar. 4, RUPPIA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1014. Perianth none. Stamens 2; anthers 2-celled. Carpels 4, 1-ovuled; stigma sessile. Fruit of 4 long-stalked, ovoid, or oblique-ovoid achenes on a common peduncle. Seeds uncinate; radicle large——Submerged, slender, brackish-water plants. Leaves elongate, filiform; sheaths stipule-like. Flowers small, 2-6 (usually 2) together within the leaf-. sheath, on a short peduncle which mostly elongates, and becomes straight or spirally twisted. Species 1 or more ? or many sub-species? In all temperate and tropical regions. Leaf-sheaths inflated . - : : - . 1. BR. spiralis. Leaf-sheaths not inflated . A : = . 2. R. rostellata. 1. R. spiralis, Dum. Fl. Belg. Prod. 164. Leaf-sheaths inflated. Peduncles spirally coiled. Drupes nearly straight.—R. maritimus, var. spiralis, Aschers. in Aschers. & Schweinf. Ill. Fl. Egypte, 144; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 497. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Leprieur ! Also in Egypt. R. acaulis, Gay MSS., may be a small form of the above rather than of RB. 708- tellata, judging by the fruits, &c. It was collected in Senegal by Leprieur. 2. R. rostellata, Koch in Reichb. Pl. Crit. ii. 66, t. 174. Leaf- sheaths not inflated. Peduncles short at the time of flowering, not spirally coiled. Drupes obliquely ovoid.—R. maritima, Rendle in Cat. Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 94, not of Linn. Upper Guinea. Lower Niger, Vogel! Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; in a slowly flowing salt stream at Salinas do Dungo, Welwitsch, 245. 5. ZANNICHELLIA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1016. Male flowers: Anthers 2-4-celled; filaments slender. Female flower with a membranous perianth. Carpels variable; style long ZannicheWia. | CLIII. NAIADACEZ (BENNETT). . 225 short; stigma peltate, crenate. Fruit of 4 (rarely less or more) long, incurved achenes. Seeds pendulous, cotyledonary end folded on itself. —Slender submerged fresh, brackish, or salt water plants. Leaves mostly opposite, linear or capillary, with stipular sheaths. Flowers small, in pairs or solitary, in a membranous perianth. Species 4-6? Temperate and Tropical regions. 1, Z. palustris, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 969. Fruit sessile, or subsessile; bract about half as long as the rest of the fruit.—A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 50. Lower Guinea. German South-west Africa: Amboland; Kilevi, Schinz, 12! Also in North and South Africa, and Madagascar. 6. ZOSTERA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1017. Male flowers of single sessile anthers. Female flower of a solitary l-ovuled carpel ; style persistent; stigmas 2. Fruit membranous. Embryo grooved.—Submerged marine plants with dark ribbon-like leaves. Rootstocks matted, creeping. Stem compressed. Leaves sheathing, long, linear ; stipules adnate to the sheathing leaf-base. Flowers in series of anthers and carpels on one surface of a linear Spadix, enclosed in a leaf-like spathe. Species 4. Coasts of Europe, Asia, and America. 1. Z. nana, Roth, Enum. Pl. Germ.i. 8. Leaves narrowly linear, 1-3-nerved. Peduncle of spathe filiform ; spadix strap-shaped oblong, with small inflexed bands. Fruit shorter than in Z. marina, and nearly smooth.—A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 51. 2. minor, Nolte ex Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. 2. Z. pumila, Le Gall, Congr. Se. Fr. xvi. i.144. Halodule (?) Wrightii, Aschers. in Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1868, 19, and in Anleit. z. Wissenschaft. Beobacht. 1888, 201 (ex Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 502). Lower Guinea. Angola: Ambriz ; plentiful near the mouth of the River Loje, near Ambriz, Welwitsch, 2468! Loanda; plentiful all along the shore, Welwitsch, 246! Also in Madagascar, North and South Africa, Atlantic Ocean, Black and Caspian Seas, I have seen no specimens of Zostera marina, Linn., from Tropical Africa ; but it occurs in North and South Africa. 7. NAIAS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1018. Male flower solitary. Anther 1—4-celled in 2 sheaths or tubes. Female flower: Perianth 0, or membranous and adherent. Carpel 1; Stigmas 2-4, slender; ovule erect. Achene oblong. Seed erect; embryo straight.—Submerged plants with branched filiform smooth or VOL, VIII, Q 226 CLIII, NAIADACEE (BENNETT). | .Vaias. muricate stems. Leaves linear, entire, or toothed, alternate, opposite, or whorled. Flowers dicecious or monecious, axillary and small. Species about 32, in all temperate and tropical regions. Dicecious - - - . - = . 1. N. marina. Moneecious. Male and female flowers without a spathe : . 2. N. graminea, Male and female flowers in a spathe. Female spathe with a terminal outgrowth . . 3. WV. affinis. Female spathe without a terminal outgrowth. Sheaths with short obtuse auricles Sheaths truncate or rounded Male flowers only in a spathe. . N. Schweinfurthit. . N. Welwitschii. oO. Anthers 1-celled : : : ‘ : = 6. Ne menor. Anthers 4-celled. Leaves fuleate : 2 : : . 7. N. horrida. Leaves not faleate . : : : : . 8. WN. interrupta. 1, N. marina, Zinn., var. muricata, Al. Br. ex K. Schum. m Mart. Fl. Bras. iii. iti. 725, Stem thickly covered with spines. Leaves linear, with 14-20 patent triangular marginal teeth, which are generally longer than the blade is broad, and with about 5 on the back; sheaths rounded at the edges, each with 2 teeth on the edge, and 1-3 spines on the back.—Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. v. 397, 440. Nile Land. British East Africa : in the Albert Nyanza, Stuhlmann, 2841 (ex Rendle). 2. N. graminea, Del: Fl. Hyypte, ii. 282, t. 50, fig. 3. Stems elongated, rooting at the lower nodes, from a few inches to 2 ft. long. Leaves linear, narrowing upwards, spreading-recurved, sometimes with a plumose habit, and other times lax and weak, with 36-40 teeth on the margins; sheaths elongated, with pointed lanceolate auricles, and 8-10 teeth on the margin. Flowers in the axils sometimes female only, sometimes with a male and female side by side. Male perianths ending above the anthers in the ear-like lobes. Fruits solitary or 2-4 together, narrow-oblong, or ellipsoid-oblong, tapering at the apex. Seed-testa marked with 25-30 regular lines of small areole.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 499; Kunth, Enum. iii. 115; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 194 and 292, Wile Land. Kordofan : Omkenem, near Arashkol Mountain, Steudzer, 213 British East Africa: Jur; Kurshook Ali’s Seriba, Schweinfurth, 1217! Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2140 partly! Kinani, in the East Ongalea Mountains, ‘Gregory ! Widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere. 3. N. affinis, Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. v. 449: Stems slender. Leaves with 12-18 teeth on either margin, a quarter of the leaf-width in length; sheath irregularly broken on the upper margin and shoulders into short narrow outgrowths, tipped with spine cells, the outgrowths may extend almost to the base of the sheath. Female flowers apparently not quite mature. Spathe ellipsoid with a Vuias. | CLIII. NAIADACEH (BENNETT). 227 cylindrical neck, passing above into a pair of long narrow spine-tipped outgrowths, overtopping the two stigmas. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Leprieur (ex Rendle). Described from a specimen in the Cosson Herbarium at Paris. Clearly allied to N. Welwitschii, Rendle, from which it is distinguished by a less lax habit, the tuft- like dense-leaved terminal branchlets, the more regularly toothed spreading firmer leaves, fimbriate leaf-sheath, and the pair of terminal outgrowths on the female spathe. 4. N.Schweinfurthii, Magnus in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesellsch. xii. 220. Plant small with spreading branches. Leaves thin, slender, tapering ; marginal teeth about 12, ending in a brown spine about half the leaf-width in length; sheath-auricles with 3-4 erect teeth. Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Spathe oblong. Anther l-celled. Female flower: Spathe oval-oblong, produced into a neck around the long style ; stigmas unequal at the apex. cra Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2140 partly ! This is mixed with N, graminea, Delile. 5. N. Welwitschii, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Fl. Welw. ii. 95. Stems spreading, 12 in. long, rooting at the nodes. Leaf-blades }~1 in. long, with an evident midrib, and in the older leaves transverse markings ; marginal teeth 12-16, broadly subtriangular, ending in a brown spine ; leaf-apex spinulate ; sheaths 1 lin. long and nearly or quite as broad. Male flowers subsessile, nearly 1} lin. long. Anthers 4-celled. Female flowers 1 lin. long by } lin. in diam., very pale brown.—Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. v. 401. Lower Guinea. Angola: Barra do Bengo; in the large lake of Quifandongo, near Quisequele, Welwitsch, 247! Barra do Dande ; lakes on the left of the river Dande, called Lagoas de Bombo, Welwitsch, 2478 ! 6. N. minor, Al. Fl. Pedem. ii. 221. Stem branched from just above the base, very variable in habit and length (3 to 12 in.), some- times lax, sometimes bushy, with all intermediate states. Leaves variable in length, generally bent backwards, with 10-20 teeth on the margins; sheaths rounded-truncate, with 5-8 prominent teeth on either shoulder. Male and female flowers often alternating in the leaf-sheaths ; spathe elongated, ellipsoid, with a short neck, irregularly toothed at the mouth; female flowers about 14 lin. long. Ovary sessile, about 5°; lin. long; style long; stigmas 2, unequal. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed at the apex, 1-1} lin. long, } lin. in diam. Seeds with many vows of elongated ladder-like pits.—Kunth, Enum. iii. 113. Caulinia fragilis, Willd. in Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Berl. 1798, 88, t. 1, fig. 2. Nile Land. British East Africa; “Emin Pasha Expedition,” Herb Schweinfurth, 4242 ! Also in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. 228 CLIII, NAIADACEH (BENNETT). [ Vaias. 7. N. horrida, 4. Br. in Magnus, Beitr. Kennt. Gatt. Najas, p. vii. and 46. Stems long, spreading, with short lateral branches and short internodes, forming at length dense bushy heads. Leaves faleate, with teeth longer than the leaf-widths and a rigid brown spine at the apex; sheaths broad, rounded-truncate, with 4—6 minute teeth. Male flower subellipsoid. Fruit tapering above. Seed marked with 20 rows of pits.—Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. v. 422 and 443, NV. pectinata, Magnus in Aschers. & Schweinf. Ill. Fl. Egypte, 145; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr, v. 500. Upper Guinea. Senegambia: Lake Guier, Roger; Marsh of Walo, near Keurmbaye, Lepriewr. Niger Territory : Nupe; in a deep lake near Jeba, Barter, 1065! Cameroons: Elephant Lake, near Barombi, Preuss, 452! Johann-Albrechts Hohe, Staudt, 488! Nile Land. Fazokl, S¢. Ange, 81! Bahr el Ghazal, Sehweinfurth, 1137! at the mouth of the River Jur, Schweinfurth, 1228! Mozamb. Dist. Lake Tanganyika, Hore ! Also in North and South Africa. 8. N. interrupta, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. 0.94. Stem slender and wiry; internodes elongated. Leaves short, with 10-12 teeth on the margins ; basal auricle truncate, entire. Female flowers with 2-3 stigmas. Fruit fusiform, dull yellowish.—A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 51; Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. v. 423. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: in Lake Victoria at Kageyi, Fischer, 614! Also in South Africa. N. australis, Bory, and N. madagascariensis, Rendle, occur in the Mascarene Tslands. 8. CYMODOCBA, Konig; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1018. Flowers axillary, unisexual, or bisexual, in membranous sheaths. Perianth 0. Male flowers: Anthers 2, long, connate, stipitate, extrorse. Female flowers: Carpels 2, subsessile, ovoid, compressed, 1-ovuled; style short ; stigmas subulate; ovule pendulous, orthotropous. Fruit of 2 ovoid carpels. Seeds pendulous ; testa thick; embryo inflexed.— Submerged marine plants, with rigid jointed and creeping rootstocks. Leaves oblong or linear, with stipular sheaths. Species 5-8? Shores of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Leaves not terete. Leaves falcate . : 5 ‘ . ‘ . L. C. ethata. Leaves straight. Leaves broad . ; A . ; ‘ . 2. C. serrulata. Leaves 4 in. or less wide. Leaves 3-nerved ‘ : 5 . 4. C. australis. Leaves 7-nerved . ; : . 5. C. nodosa. Leaves 9—13-nerved 6 3 C. rotundata. Leaves terete, grooved | ©. isoétifolia. Cymodocea. | CLIII, NAIADACEE (BENNETT). 229 1. C. ciliata, Zhrenb, ex Aschers. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1867, 3. Stem 3-12 in. long, woody, branched, covered with annular scars. Leaves 3-6 in. by 4-2 in., linear-falcate, tip rounded, ciliate- serrulate.—Linnea, xxxv. 162; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 500; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 292, 309. Thalassia ciliata, Konig in Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. ii. 97; Kunth, Enum. iii. 120. Zostera ciliata, Forsk. Fl. Augypt.-Arab. 157. Nile Land. Shore of the Red Sea at Hanish Island, Slade ! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Rovuma Bay, Kirk! Portuguese East Africa : at the mouth of the West Luabo River, Kirk, 10! Also on the shores of Egypt, Arabia, India, the Mascarene Isles, and Queensland. 2. C. serrulata, Aschers. & Magnus in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1870, 84. Stems long, creeping. Leaves 4—6 in. by }-4 in,, linear, nearly straight, tip entire or denticulate-—Posidonia serrulata, Spreng. Syst. i. 181. Phucagrostis ciliata, Ehrenb. & Hempr. Symb. Bot. t. vi. ex Aschers. in Linnea, xxxv. 162. Nile Land. Shore of the Red Sea at Suakin, Schweinfurth, 197 ! Shores of the extra-tropical part of the Red Sea, and of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 3. C. isoétifolia, Aschers. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1867, 3, Stem short. Leaves terete, grooved, 3-5 in. by 34;—-7'5 in., glaucous, tip 3-toothed.—Flowers in dichotomous cymes.—Linnea, xxxv. 163; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 501. C. e@quorea, Kunth, Enum. iii. 118 (excl. syn.). Nile Land. Shore of the Red Sea at Suakin, Schweinfurth, 198! British East Africa: Lamu Harbour, Hildebrandt, 1914! ‘5 Also on the shores of the Red Sea north of the Tropic, and of the Indian cean. 4. C. australis, Zrimen, Cat. Ceylon Pl. 99. Stem long, creeping. Leaves 5-7 in. by 4-} in., linear, nearly straight, tip rounded or truncate and 3-toothed.—Halodule australis, Mig. Fl. Neder]. Ind. iii. 227 ; Aschers. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1867, 4; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 501. Diplanthera tridentata, Steinh, in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2,ix. 98. Zostera wninervis, Forsk. Fl. Aigypt.-Arab. cxx, and 157. Wile Land. Eritrea: Massowa, Schweinfurth, 5! Danakil coast, near Hamfila, Hildebrandt, 701! Also on the shores of Arabia and the Indian Ocean. 5. ©. nodosa, Aschers. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1869, 4, Rhizome purple, thick, creeping. Leaves narrowly linear, 7-nerved, denticulate upwards. Male flowers long peduncled, larger than the leaves. Carpels half-ovoid, slightly keeled, entire or indistinctly repand.— Boiss. Fl. Or. v. 21. OC. equorea, Konig in Konig & Sims, Ann. of Bot. ii. 96, t. 7. Zostera serrulata, Targ.-Tozz. Cat. Veg. Mar. 90. Upper Guinea. Mouths of rivers, Senegambia (ex Boissier). Shores of the Mediterranean Sea and the Canaries. 230 CLIII, NAIADACE (BENNETT). [ Cymodocea. 6. C. rotundata, Aschers. d: Schweinf. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1870, 84. Near C. nodosa, Aschers., but differs in the leaves being 9—13-nerved, and the carpels strongly keeled, acute and dentate. Nile Land. Shore of the Red Sea near Suakin, Schweinfurth, 188! Also on the shores of Arabia and Madagascar. OrpvEer CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ. (By N. E. Brown.) Flowers very small, regular or irregular, unisexual, bracteate or ebracteate, very densely crowded into globose, hemispherical, oblong or campanulate heads. Calyx of 2-3 equal or unequal, free or variously connate, scarious or submembranous sepals, very rarely absent, often more or less hairy on the back near the apex, or ciliate. Corolla usually separated from the calyx by a distinct stipes, sometimes rudimentary, especially in the male flowers, rarely absent; petals 2-3, free or variously connate, equal or unequal, membranous and hyaline or mode- rately thick and opaque, with or without a gland on their inner face, often ciliate or hairy. Stamens equal in number to the petals and inserted upon them at or above their base, or 4 or 6 (or by abortion fewer) in two series, the one alternating with the petals, the other opposite to them ; filaments free, filiform or slightly flattened ; anthers small, dorsifixed, ovate, oblong or subquadrate, 1—2-celled, opening longitudinally. Staminodes in the female flowers rare, when present minute. Pistil in the male flowers very rudimentary, reduced to 2-3 minute glands. Ovary of the female flowers superior, 2—3-celled ; style terminal, divided above into 3 simple or bifid, filiform branches, with or without three other branches or appendages alternating with them or arising from the style below them; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, orthotropous. Fruit a 2-3-celled capsule; cells opening longitudinally at the back. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous, ellipsoid or subglobose; testa thin, striate, reticulate or very minutely papillate-tuberculate; albumen firm 3 embryo minute, lenticular, seated at the apex of the albumen opposite the hilum.—Perennial or annual herbs, growing in water, Swamps, bogs, or on dry ground, stemless or with simple or branched leafy stems. Leaves linear or subulate, alter- nate, arranged in a dense or lax rosette or scattered along the stem. Peduncles one to many to a plant, each with a tubular sheath at the base, one- or rarely several-headed. Heads monecious, or rarely with the Sexes In separate heads. Involucral or outer bracts in 2 to several series, imbricate, sometimes radiating beyond the circumference of the flowering part of the head, membranous, scarious or rigid. Flowering- bracts solitary under each flower, variable in form, often hairy or ciliate at the apex, rarely absent. Receptacle flat, convex, subglobose or elongated, glabrous, pilose or villous, Flowers usually very numerous, very small or minute, pedicellate or sessile; the females usually in the outer part of the head, rarely central, sometimes irregularly inter- mingled with the male flowers, rarely separated in distinct heads. A very distinct order of 6 genera and about 360 species, distributed throughcut Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). 231 the warmer regions of both hemispheres, most numerous in Tropical America, very few in the temperate regions. The species of this order are often very difficult to discriminate on account of their great similarity and minute floral structure. For dissection, however, the dried flower-heads do not require to be boiled, since if placed in a drop of cold water they absorb it with very great rapidity and are immediately ready for dissection, but they require to be examined under a lens of high power. The structure of the flowers and sometimes the hairs on the sepals are best seen if examined in water, but the hairs on the receptacle and on the flowering bracts are best seen when in a dry state, especially when the hairs on the latter are very fine and not of the more usual stout, opaque-white type. The shape of the peduncle is described as seen in thin transverse sections in water, where, by a little manipulation, it may easily be made to assume its original outline, which cannot be correctly determined otherwise. Stamens twice as many as the petals, 4 or 6, or fewer by abortion, in two alternating series. Style- branches 8, without alternating appendages. (See also Pepalanthus Welwitschii, in which the alter- nating non-stigmatic appendages are absent.) Petals free, sometimes rudimentary, rarely absent . 1. ERIOCAULON. Petals connate into a tube, but with free claws in the female flowers Bee ee ge . 2. MESANTHEMUM. Stamens equal in number to the petals and opposite to them, in one series. Style-branches 6, 3 of them stigmatose, simple or bifid, and 3 others alter- nating with them or arising from the style lower down, not stigmatic and usually shorter and stouter. Petals of the male flowers connate into a minute funnel-shaped tube; of the female flowers free, or connate into a tube at their middle or upper part, with free claws . 3, P&PALANTHUS. 1. ERIOCAULON, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1020. Sepals 2-3, very rarely absent; in the female flowers free, equal or unequal, all concave, boat-shaped, flattened or filiform, rounded cr keeled on the back, or the 2 lateral concave or boat-shaped and the third much narrower and flattened or filiform, often bearded on the apical part, or ciliate; in the male flowers free or variously combined. Petals 2~3, sometimes rudimentary or absent in the male flowers, rarely wanting in the female flowers, free, often with a gland on the inner face near the apex, glabrous, ciliate or hairy. Stamens in two series, double the number of the petals or by abortion fewer ; anthers 2-celled. Staminodes in the female flowers none. Ovary 2-3-celled; style- branches 2-3, simple, filiform, without alternating appendages.— Marsh or aquatic herbs, usually stemless, with the leaves all radical, or occa- sionally with the stem or rhizome elongated below the tuft of leaves, or in a few species with a simple or branched leafy stem. Peduncles one-headed. Heads globose, hemispherical or oblong, rarely campanu- late. Flowering bracts oblong, obovate or linear, concave or flattish. The other characters as for the Order. Species about 160, found in all the warmer parts of both hemispheres, and in 232 CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). [ Lriocaulon. North Asia, China, Japan, and North America, one species in the British Isles, other- wise absent from Europe. In using the following key to the species actual measurements must be made, they cannot be guessed; and it is necessary to be quite certain that the female flower under examination is perfect, because the sepals in some of the species are most easily detached ; also, in some of the species, the two lateral sepals are large and conspicuous, whilst the third sepal is very slender and sometimes clings to the petals, therefore being easily overlooked ; hence it requires great care in many cases to make sure of the correct number of sepals; the number of petals, however, in most cases, corresponds with the number of the sepals. Involucral-bracts (at least in the younger heads) spread- ing and radiating beyond the flowering part of the heads; female flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petals. (See also 30, EF. Schlechteri, in which they are said to be slightly longer than the flowers, but are not described as radiating.) Involucral-bracts always radiating; peduncles 1—2} in, long. Tnvolucre 1-2 lin. in diam. ; receptacle glabrous. 2. E. pumilum. Involucre 23-4 lin. in diam.; receptacle densely : pilose ‘ : : .. . 8. E, xeranthemoides. Involucral-bracts radiating in the younger heads, afterwards reflexed against the peduncle and partly hidden by the flowers ; peduncles 5-8 in. long 3 = 5 - : ° c . 28. EH. infaustum. Involucral-bracts never radiately spreading beyond the flowering part of the head. (In 1, ZH. longipeta- lum, erect, forming a campanulate cup slightly exceeding the disk.) Female flowers without petals and sometimes without sepals also ; leaves 1—3 lin. broad, linear, tapering to a very fine point or almost capillary. Heads pale, brown; sepals of the female flowers entirely absent or 2 and filiform, placed at the middle of pedicel 4 5 4 “ Heads dark chestnut or blackish; sepals of the female flowers 2, linear-lanceolate, acute, placed close under the ovary ; sepals of the male flowers free . . ‘ : : : . 87. H. amboense. Heads pale brown? sepals of the female flowers unequal, narrowly linear; sepals of the male ‘ flowers connate . . : : . 38. E. Stuhlmann. Female flowers with sepals and petals always present. Female flowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals. (See also 34, H#. gilgianum, of which the number of sepals and petals is not stated.) A very small annual, }-3 in. high ; peduncles not longer than the leaves; one of the petals very much longer than the rest and pro- truded much beyond the sepals . . . 1. E. longipetalwm. Plant 1-43 in. high ; peduncles 2-6 times as long as the leaves; petals equal or subequal . . 33. E. mutatum. Female flowers with 2 sepals and 3 petals: sepals of the male flowers very different from those of the females. 36. #. Heudelotii. Eriocauton. } CLIV, ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). Flowering-bracts with a transverse fuscous band near the apex ; sepals of the female flowers fuscous, Flowering bracts and nepals of the female flowers entirely straw-coloured - : : Female flowers with 8 sepals and 8 petals. Peduncles shorter than or about equalling the leaves. (See also 6, EZ. bifistulosum and 31, E. subulatum.) Plant 13-2 in. bigh; involucral-bracts light straw-coloured : : One Plant 5-7 in. high ; involucral-bracts fuscous, darker towards the apex . Peduncles longer than the leaves, usually 2 2 to many times as long. (In 31, E. subulatum, the peduncles are not much longer than the leaves, which is sometimes the case in 12, FE. Schimperi, aud in 6, E. bifistulosum, they are sometimes shorter than the leaves.) *“Flowering-bracts glabrous and not ciliate; heads glabrous to the eye. (See also 26, E.. zambesiense, in which the outer flower- ing-bracts are nearly or quite glabrous, and 13, E. mesanthemoides, 30, E. Schlech- tert and 34, H. gilgianum, in which they are described as somewhat glabrous, * glabriusculis.”’) - +Sepals of the female flowers glabrous and not ciliate. (See also ++ and +++, where the hairs may easily be overlooked unless sufficiently magnified.) ‘Receptacle pilose. (In 35, Z. abyssinicum, the receptacle appears to have here and there a hair, but is scarcely pilose.) Leaves 3-2} (usually more than 1) lin. broad. Heads yellowish-white or light straw- coloured, 23-3 lin. in diam. ; sepals of the female flowers all filiform : Heads blackish or brown, 1 191 lin. in diam. Lateral sepals of the female flowers shortly acute or obtuse, very gibbous-keeled ; heads acre $ globose : Lateral sepals of the female flow ers acuminate, almost awned, gib- bous-keeled; heads somewhat truncate at the base Heads pinkish- -buff or deep tawny, 13-2 lin. in diam. ; lateral sepals oF the female Howece obliquely obtriangular, deeply hooded, slightly gibbous- -keeled . 24. 25 4. Oo +18. - 19. E. plumale. E. senegalense. E, Volkensii. . BE. Thunbergii. . E. bongense. . BE. Buchanant. E. andongense. E. fuloum. 23 234 CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). Leaves 3-3 lin. broad; heads 1-1} lin. in diam., slightly echinulate from the whitish bracts exceeding the flowers; sepals of the female flowers linear-lanceolate, very acute | {Receptacle glabrous. (See also 20, FE. Wel- witschii, var. pygmeum.) Leaves numerous, capillary or filiform, 1-33 in. long; heads 1-2 lin. in diam.; sepals of the female flowers obovate, deeply hooded, obtuse Leaves few, 3-3 in. long ; heads 1-12 lin. in diam.; sepals of the female flowers lanceolate, acuminate ffSepals of the female flowers ciliate on the margins, otherwise quite glabrous. Leaves subulate, }-} lin. broad, firm ; heads 13-13 lin, in diam... Leaves filiform, 1-1} lin. broad, weak ; heads 1-1} lin. in diam. . tttSepals of the female flowers with a few minute hairs on the back, chiefly on the keel, not ciliate. Leaves 2-4 in. long, not exceeding 3 lin. in greatest breadth ; heads black Leaves 5-9 in. long, 3-14 lin. broad, tapering to a very fine point ; heads fuscous, with a whitish involucre **Flowering-bracts, or at least those in the centre of the head, bearded, pubescent or ciliate on the apical part, or between the middle and the apex, not perfectly glabrous. {Sepals of the female flowers glabrous and not ciliate. (See also 30, E. Schlechteri, which is described as having the sepals nearly glabrous.) Plants with a distinct elongated stem or rhizome below the leaves, which are 1-3} in. long. Leaves very numerous filiform, gradually tapering to a very fine point; pe- duncles several or very numerous; heads fuscous or blackish Leaves not very numerous, linear, rather abruptly subacute; peduncles 1-3 to a plant ; heads whitish-brown . Plants stemless below the leaves; leaves linear; peduncles very numerous ; heads blackish or dark brown t}Sepals of the female flowers bearded pubes- cent or ciliate on the apical part, not perfectly glabrous. Sepals of the female flowers deeply con- cave, with a broad thick very gibbous [ Lriocaulon. 20. EB. Welwitschii. 6. E. bifistulosum. . 35. HB. abyssinicum. . 81. FL. subulatum. 32. LE. ciliisepalum. 7. E. submersum. 9. E. stoloniferum. 6. E. bifistulosum. 8. BE. Mannii. . 17, BE. Buchanani. Eriocaulon. | CLIV, ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). keel, blackish or dark fuscous, hairy inside. and bearded with white hairs at the apex . Sepals of the female abo ers boat-shaped, sometimes gibbous, but the keel neither very thick nor very broad, never hairy inside (not seen in 14, E. decipiens, and imperfectly de- scribed in 21, ZH. Teusczii), |Leaves usually more than 3 in. long. (Occasionally in 11, Z. latifolium, some of the leaves are only 13-2 in. long.) Leaves obtuse or shortly subacute, 1-4 lin. broad, thin and some- what flaccid ; heads 3-4 lin. in. diam.; sepals of the female flow on very pale brownish-white, bearded with long white hairs Leaves obtuse, firm, 3-6 lin. or more broad; sepals of the female flowers dark fuscous, bearded with white hairs. Heads 4-5 lin. in. diam.; pe- duncles with about 8 obtuse TIDS. = . Heads 6-7 lin. in diam. ; ; peduncles with about 11 slender re- markably prominent ribs Leaves gradually tapering to a very acute point . . . . ttLeaves 4-3 in. long, nsually under 2 in. long, except in very large specimens of 29, E. elegantulum. (See also 11, E. latifolium. ) §$Heads 3-5 lin. (or more ?) in diam. (Perhaps 22, FE. huillense belongs, here, but no dimensions are given in the description.) Leaves acute, 2 lin. broad; pe- duncles up to 7 in, long ; sepals of the female flowers boat-shaped, toothed on each margin, blackish, sparsely hairy . ° Leaves obtuse or subacute, 391 1 jin. broad; peduncles 6-24 in. long. Receptacle pilose; sepals of the female flowers whitish, faintly tipped with fus- cous, bearded with short white hairs ° Receptacle “ ted gla- brous”; sepals of the . 26. E. zambesiense. . 11. Z. latifolium, . 12. E, Schimperi. . 13. E. mesanthemoides. 14. EH. decipiens. . 10. EB. Antunesii. . 15. E. lacteum. 236 CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). [ Eviocaulon. female flowers pure white, hairy atthe apex. - 21. #. Teusezii. §$Heads less than 3 lin. in diam. Involucral bracts blackish, fus- cous or greenish-grey. Sepals of the female flowers dark fuscous s . 29. FE. elegantulum. Sepals of the female flowers “yellowish” or “pale greenish-yellow.” Leaves 9-15 lin. long, 1-14 lin. broad, 7-9-nerved. 30. EF. Schlechteri. Leaves 4—7 lin. long, 3 lin. broad, 1-nerved; heads 3 lin. in diam. . . 34, EB. gilgianum. Involueral- bracts pale straw- coloured or brownish-white. Peduncles several-ribbed ; pe- tals much shorter than the sepals, with a black gland near the apex . 22. E. huillense. Peduncles 3—5-angled as seen inthin transverse sections in water; petals equal- ling or exceeding the sepals, Petals unequal, the largest +4 lin. broad, ob- lanceolate, thick, all ciliate and the largest with hairs on both sides, glandless . . 23. EB. afzelianum. Petals subequal, 2 lin. broad, linear-cuneate, thin and rather mem- branous, ciliate, gla- brous on both sides, with or without a : minute apical gland . 27. E. Hanningtoniv. 1. E. longipetalum, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 96. A very small plant, 4 to 4 in. high, apparently an annual, of rosette-like habit. Leaves numerous, 3-8 lin. long, not exceeding } lin. broad at the base, capillary-subulate, glabrous. Peduncles very numerous, not exceeding the leaves, 2-5 lin. long, slender, subtrigonous or subquad- rangular, glabrous, their sheaths nearly or quite as long, open nearly to the base, acute, shortly hairy at the very base. Heads 3—1 lin. in diam., campanulate, whitish or greenish-white, few to about 10-flowered, with 1 or 2 central male flowers surrounded by females. Involucral bracts % lin. long, } lin. broad, erect, slightly exceeding the disk, oblong, obtuse or minutely bifid at the apex, glabrous, slightly shining, whitish. Flowering bracts similar to those of the involucre, about as long, it lin. broad, glabrous. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers subsessile, Lriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEX (BROWN). 237 lyre-shaped. Sepals 2, usually equal, ?—2 lin. long, } lin. broad, linear- sigmoid, acute, subacute, or obtuse, glabrous, whitish ; keel as broad as. the sides of the sepal. Petals 2, very unequal, linear, subobtuse, whitish, glabrous ; the longer 1 lin. or rather more long, 5}, lin. broad, much exceeding the sepals, twisted at the middle; the shorter 4—% lin. long. Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 2, equal, 4-4 lin. long, } lin. broad, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, concave, whitish. Petals minute, $-} lin. long, subulate. Stamens 4; anthers black. Seeds ellipsoid, with a flat side, light reddish-brown, with a yellowish reticulation. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in spongy places formed by Algew on the higher parts of Morro de Lopollo, 3800-5500 ft., Welwitsch, 2446! A minute and very distinct species, well characterised, as Dr. Rendle observes, by its dense habit and the long protruding petal of the female flower. 2. E. pumilum, 4 feel. ex Kornicke in Linnea, xxvii. 621. Plant 1-24 in. high. Leaves tufted, 3-6 lin. long, }-4 lin. broad, linear- subulate, very acute, flat, glabrous, 3-nerved. Peduncles 8-14 to a plant, 1-2} in. long, acutely 3—4-angled, setaceous, glabrous, their sheaths 7-8 lin. long, oblique at the apex, glabrous. Heads monecious,. few-flowered, glabrous, including the involucre 1-2 lin. in diam. Involucral-bracts radiating beyond the flowers, }-1} lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, or acute, glabrous, scarious, white, shining. Flowering-bracts }-1 lin. long, obovate-oblong, concave, obtuse or sub- acute, glabrous, white. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers 7-9, very shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, unequal, about 4 lin. long, yz-10 lin. broad, linear, acute, glabrous, white. Petals 3, inserted higher than the sepals, unequal, } lin. long, ;1,-} lin. broad, linear or linear-spathulate, one rather larger and subspathulate, ciliate along the middle part (hairy within, ex Kérnicke), white, with a black gland near the apex. Male flowers 1-2, central, pedicellate. Sepals 3, lanceolate, more or less connate, subacute, glabrous, membranous, white. Petals minute, unequal, pilose, with a black gland on the inner face. Anthers black. Seeds } lin. long, ellipsoid, brown.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 503; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 84. 2. pulchellum, Kornicke in Linnea, xxvii. 622; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 84; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 503. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius ! I cannot, from the description given, distinguish Z. pumilum from FE. pul- chellum; the only differences assigned are, that the bracts of 2. pumilum are slightly larger, and the involucral bracts slightly narrower and longer than in &, pulchellum, and are acute instead of obtuse. The two supposed species were mixed in Afzelius’ Herbarium. I have only seen EZ. pulchellum, a small and very distinct species. 3. E. xeranthemoides, Van Heurck & Miill. Arg. in Van Heurck, Obs. Bot. 103. Plant small, stemless. Leaves in a radical rosette, 1-1} in. long, 1-1} lin. broad, flat, linear, tapering to a subobtuse point, many-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles numerous, 1-2 in. long, obtusely 4—5-angled, glabrous, their sheaths 4—6 lin. long, acute, very oblique at 238 CLIV. ERIOCAULE& (BROWN), | Lriocaulon, the mouth, rather loose-fitting, glabrous, Heads about 2 lin. in diam., hemispherical, monecious, with the sexes somewhat intermingled. Involucral bracts much longer than the flowering part of the head, radiating, 14-21 lin. long, }—} lin. broad, lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, thin, light straw-coloured. Flowering bracts 1 lin. long, } lin. broad, oblong-oblanceolate, acute, concave, with a few white hairs on the back or almost glabrous, faintly fuscous-tinted on the apical part. Receptacle densely covered with whitish hairs that are about as long as the flowers. Female flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, equal, % lin. long, scarcely 4 lin. broad, linear, subacute, glabrous, whitish or faintly fuscous-tinted on the apical part. Stipes between the sepals and petals 1 lin. long. Petals 3, unequal, }—? lin. long, about as broad as the sepals, cuneate- linear, subobtuse, whitish, sparingly ciliate and with a few white hairs on the inner face, glandless. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals more or less united into a narrowly funnel-shaped body 4 lin. long, deeply cleft on one side, denticulate at the apex, fuscous, glabrous. Stipes between the sepals and petals }-} lin. long. Petals obsolete, or one of them represented by a very minute lobule, ciliate with a few hairs. Anthers dark fuscous, not exceeding the calyx. Seeds ellipsoid, about 4 lin. long, very minutely reticulate with microscopic whitish papille.— Ruhland in Engl, Jahrb. xxvii. 84. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Borgu ; in the drier part of a swampy pond near Fakun, Barter, 778! 4, E. Volkensii, Hngl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 133. Dwarf and stem- less. Leaves 1-1} in. long, 2-4 lin. broad, flat, linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, many-nerved, tessellately cross-veined, densely woolly on both sides in the sheathing part, otherwise glabrous. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1-1} in. long, moderately stout, about 4 lin. thick, 3-angled, thinly pilose at the base, their sheaths about 4 in. long, thin, acute, open nearly to the base, glabrous, embedded in the wool of the leaves. Flower-heads 2-21 lin. in diam., subglobose, moneecious, with the outer flowers female. Involucre campanulate, its bracts 14-14 lin. long, 1-1} lin. broad, orbicular or subquadrate, very obtuse, glabrous, light straw-coloured. Flowering-bracts 1}-13 lin. long, ? lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, acute, minutely ciliate, straw-coloured or faintly fuscous, very thinly pubescent with white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers subsessile. Sepals 3, subequal, 1-1} lin, long, }-} lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, concave, membranous, whitish, becoming pale fuscous with age, bearded on the apical part with white hairs. Petals 1-14 lin. long, 1 lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, acute, white, pubescent on the face, with a black linear gland near the apex; ovary trigonous, glabrous; style deeply trifid—Ruhland Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 82. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, on Kibo peak, 1100 ft., Volkens, 2032! on the north side of Kilimanjaro, near the Yumba-ya-Nguaro Cave, Volkens (ex Engler), ina damp depression near the Noholu Cave, Volkens, 2032 (ex Ruhland). Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). 239 d. E. Thunbergii, Wickstr. ex Kirnicke in Linnea, xxvii. 677, Stemless. Leaves tufted, 6—9} in, long, 2-34 lin. broad at the middle, broadly linear, obtuse, flat, 22-25-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 1—2 to a plant, shorter than the leaves, 54-6? in. long, striate, glabrous, slightly punctulate, their sheaths 3-33 in. long, acuminate, at length bifid, lax, pellucid. Heads 3 lin. in diam., semiglobose, white-villous at the summit. Involucral-bracts obovate, rounded at the apex, mem- branous, glabrous, fuscous, darker towards the apex. Flowering-bracts lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, membranous, fuscous towards the apex or entirely light yellowish, bearded on the apical part. Female flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, oblong, obtuse, boat- shaped, thin and membranous, hyaline-whitish, bearded above and with a crest of hairs at the middle of the back. Petals 3, inserted much higher than the sepals and equalling them, equal, spathulate-linear, obtuse, sparsely hairy within, white, without glands. Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, oblong, very obtuse, connate into a funnel-shaped body open on one side, hyaline, whitish, sparsely bearded on the apical part. Petals equal, small, hairy within, with a black gland below the apex; anthers yellowish.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr, v. 503 ; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 81. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius. 6. E. bifistulosum, Van Heurck d: Miill. Arg. in Van Heurck, Obs. Bot. 105. Aquatic, probably submerged. Stem elongated, usually rather stout, densely leafy in the upper part. Leaves 1-3} in. long, 4-4 lin. broad at the base, filiform or almost capillary, tapering toa very fine point, 1-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles numerous, 14$-—5 in. long, 4-} lin. thick, obscurely 5-6-ribbed, glabrous; their sheaths #-1} in. long, obtuse or bifid at the apex, glabrous. Heads 1}—2 lin. in diam., depressed-globose, moneecious, fuscous or blackish, often nearly glabrous to the eye. Involucral-bracts }—3 lin. long, }-3 lin. broad, obovate- oblong or suborbicular, very obtuse, membranous, varying from light brown to blackish, glabrous. Flowering bracts 3—} lin. long, 4 lin. broad, oblong-obovate or oblong, obtuse or subacute, concave, fuscous, with a few minute dusky or whitish hairs on the apical part, or the outer bracts glabrous, perhaps from the hairs being deciduous. Recep- tacle glabrous. Female flowers conspicuous from their comparatively large size, pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, } lin. long, obovate, hooded or very deeply concave, obtuse, enclosing the rest of the flower and form- ing an inflated balloon-shaped bud, membranous, blackish or fuscous, glabrous. Petals 3, arising close to the sepals, nearly } lin. long, ¢ lin. broad, spathulate-oblanceolate, obtuse, membranous, fuscous, glabrous, with a very minute black gland below the apex. Ovary trigonous ; Style trifid to nearly half-way down. Male flowers few or numerous, pedicellate. Sepals 3, connate into a funnel-shaped body nearly 3 lin. long, open down one side and obtusely 3—4-lobed at the apex, or one of them free, fuscous or blackish. Stipes between the sepals and petals nearly as long as the sepals. Petals very minute, about } lin. long, 240 CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). [ Hriocaulon. ovate, acute. Stamens 6; anthers black. Capsule } lin. in diam., trigonous. Seeds ellipsoid, obtuse at each end, light brown, nearly smooth, but with an opaque surface.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi. Afr. v. 502; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 75. Z. limosum, Engl. & Ruhland, and Z. Schweinfurthii, Engl. & Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvil. 74. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe; nearly submerged in pools in swamps at Jeba, Barter, 1021! Wile Land. British East Africa: Dar Fertit; in the Biri River, Schwein- furth, ser. iii. 244! Jur; at Agada, near Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2476! After repeated dissection I am quite unable to find any definite character whereby to distinguish Z. bifistulosum from E. Schweinfurthii ; the heads of the latter are rather larger and darker than those of E. bifistulosum, and the peduncles appear to be stouter in the dried state, but thin transverse sections swollen out in water exhibit no difference in character or size. Such difference as is observable between them I believe to be due to vigour of growth and perhaps some difference in the food supply. The flowering bracts appear to be sometimes entirely glabrous, although usually those in the centre of the heads possess some hairs, which are easily over- looked. The hairs may be very deciduous, or the variation in pubescence and in the length of the peduncles may depend upon the depth of the water in which the plant grows submerged, Schweinfurth’s 2476 appears to have grown in shallow water, it is less vigorous than the other specimens and the stem below the leaves is very short or almost wanting in the examples seen, but I cannot find any real structaral difference, Sometimes the female flowers are all in the central part of the head and the males outside, in other examples the female flowers are central and the males outside. EE. bifistulosum and EL. limosum were both founded upon Barter’s 1021. It is not improbable that E. bifistulosum, together with E. fluitans, Baker, from Madagascar, should be united with the Brazilian E. melanocephalum, Kunth; there is, however, a slight difference in the structure of the peduncles and in the texture of the bracts and sepals. But they require further investigation from a larger series of specimens than is at my command before a correct decision can be made. From the Indian ZL. setaceum, Linn. (which it closely resembles in general appearance) the glabrous petals of ZF. bifistulosum readily distinguish it. The Australian plant named E. setaceum by Bentham is quite different in floral structure from all the species above mentioned. 7. BE. submersum, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 100, not of Tate. Plant submerged in water 2-3 ft. deep, flowering and fruiting under water. Leaves very numerous, densely rosulate, 2-4 in. long, not exceeding 4 lin. in greatest breadth, linear-filiform, vivid green, soon becoming very flaccid when taken out of water. Peduncles usually numerous in adult plants, 6-13 in. long, } to rather more than 3 lin. thick, terete, 5—7-ribbed, glabrous; their sheaths 13-2} in. long, oblique at the mouth, often bifid or trifid at the membranous ape%; glabrous. Heads. 24-3} lin. in diam., depressed-globose, black, mon®- cious, with the male and female flowers mixed. Involucral-bracts g—1} lin. long, 3-3 lin. broad, oblong-obovate, obtuse, membranous, blackish, glabrous. Flowering-bracts 1-11 lin. long, } to nearly } lin. broad, oblanceolate or spathulate-oblanceolate, acute, or the outer obtuse, membranous, glabrous, blackish. Receptacle slightly hairy (ex Rendle). Female flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, slightly Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULE& (BROWN). 241 unequal, 3-1 lin. long, oblanceolate, acute, boat-shaped, slightly keeled, membranous, blackish, with a few minute white hairs on the upper part. Petals 3, arising close to the sepals, about 1 lin. long, narrowly linear, tapering towards the base, membranous, ciliate at the obtuse apex with a few very short hairs, without glands on the face, fuscous. Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, free or variously connate below, 3 lin. long, ;',—4 lin. broad, linear, obtuse or irregularly denticu- late at the apex, glabrous or with a few minute white hairs, fuscous. Stipes between the sepals and petals about } lin. long. Petals minute or rudimentary. Anthers black. Seeds light brown, striolate. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla, 3800-5500 ft. ; in stagnant places near the banks of the River Mupanda, Welwitsch, 2456! in the mud of slowly flowing streams between Humpata and Lopollo, and between Lopollo and Nene, Welwitsch, 2457 ! Allied to 2. bifistulosum, Van Heurck, but differing in having acute sepals to the female flowers, with a few minute white hairs on the keel. The name of this species antedates by 7 months the EH. submersum, Tate, of South Australia. 8. E. Mannii, V. #. Br. Stem or rhizome elongating, rooting, 3-3 lin. thick. Leaves not very numerous, in a lax rosette, erect or ascending, 1-21 in. long, }—} lin. broad, linear, subacnte, 4—6-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 1-3 to a plant, 24-6 in. long, 6-ribbed, slender, glabrous, their sheaths ?-11 in. long, subacute, glabrous. Heads 2-2} lin. in diam., globose, moneecious, whitish-brown. Involucral- bracts 7-1 lin. long, 3-2 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, glabrous, very slightly ciliate, submembranous, light ochreous-brown. Flowering- bracts } lin. long, } lin. broad, cuneate-oblong, obtuse or somewhat acute, rather membranous, slightly ciliate and very slightly pubescent on the back, very light ochreous. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers in a few exterior series, shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, equal, 2 lin. long, 4 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse and often denticulate at the apex, very membranous, white, glabrous. Petals 3, equal, ? lin. long, } lin. broad, cuneately linear-oblong, obtuse, very hairy on the inner face, ciliate, white, with a black gland near the apex. Male flowers very numerous, central, pedicellate. Sepals free, } lin. Jong, } lin. broad, cuneate- oblong, obtuse, membranous, slightly ciliate and sometimes toothed at the apex. Stipes between the sepals and petals }-} lin. long. Petals unequal, white, densely bearded on the apical half of the inner side, with a black gland slightly above the middle, the largest } lin. long, ¢ lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, obtuse. Anthers black, Seeds } lin. long, ely ellipsoid, very obtuse at the ends, yellowish-brown, nearly smooth. Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: Sierra del Crystal, Uann, 1689 ! 9. E. stoloniferum, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pi. Welw. ii. 101. A stemless, stoloniferous perennial, entirely submerged, with the flower- heads just emerging when mature. Leaves 5-9 in. long, 3-1} lin. broad, linear, tapering toa fine point, very bright shining green. Peduncles Solitary or few, 8-16 in. long, } lin. thick, 7-8-ribbed, their sheaths VOL. VIII, R 242 CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). [ Hviocaulon. 24-31 in. long, loose, obtusely bifid at the apex, glabrous. Heads 3-4 lin. in diam., depressed-globose, moneecious, often viviparous, the flowering part fuscous. Involucral-bracts 15-13 lin. long, 314 lin. broad, orbicular or broadly obovate, very obtuse, glabrous, submembranous, whitish or whitish-brown. Flowering-bracts 1} lin. long, $ lin. or less broad, oblanceolate or subspathulate, acute or sub- acute, glabrous, thin, incurved, fuscous in the lower part, whitish in the apical part, or some of them fuscous above the middle, with the basal half and just the apex whitish. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, more or less unequal, about 1 lin. long, }-} lin. broad, obovate or more or less boat-shaped, obtuse or irregularly denticulate at the apex, dark fuscous, with a very few scattered hairs on the back (not quite glabrous, as originally described). Petals 3, arising close to the sepals, #-1 lin. long, 4-3 lin. broad, cuneate-linear or cuneate-oblong, obtuse, white, bearded on the apical part of the inner surface with white hairs, and with a black gland just below the apex. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, free or more or less combined, about 1 lin. long, }-} lin. broad, cuneate or cuneate- oblong, obtuse or denticulate at the apex, glabrous in some flowers, and with a few white hairs on the back in others, dark fuscous. Stipes between the sepals and petals 4-4 lin. long. Petals 4-3 lin. long, oblong, whitish, bearded with white hairs on the inner face at the apex and with black linear subapical glands. Anthers white (not dark, as originally described). Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla ; in the cold rapid mountain streams of Morro de Lopollo, 3800-5800 ft., Welwitsch, 2458 ! According to the notes with Welwitsch’s specimen, this plant forms a green carpet on the beds of the streams under the water, and rarely flowers, the heads being frequently viviparous, when their peduncles bend down and produce young plants, forming the so-called stolons. It is allied to Z. Woodii, N. E. Br., from Natal. _ 10. EB. Antunesii, Hngl. & Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 76. Leaves 2 in. long, # lin. broad, linear, acute, 3—5-nerved, glabrous. Flowering peduncle solitary, viviparous peduncles clustered, up to 73 in. long, } lin. thick, with sheaths rather longer than the leaves, glabrous. Heads 4-5 lin. in diam., globose, villous, grey. Involucral-bracts nearly orbicular, glabrous, whitish, shining. Flowering-bracts 13-1} lin. long, } lin. broad, linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute, fuscous, slightly hairy on the back. Female flowers external. Sepals 3, subequal, 1 lin. long, } lin. broad, deeply boat-shaped, with a rather large marginal tooth on one or both sides below the acuminate apex, blackish, sparsely furnished with white hairs. Petals 3, equal, 1 lin. long, } lin. broad, linear-oblong, cuneate towards the base, obtuse, white, with a black gland near the apex, ciliate and slightly bearded on the inner face at the apex only. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, 3-1 lin. long, 3—1 lin. broad, one of them narrower than the others, cuneate-obovate, truncate and minutely denticulate at the apex, blackish, sparsely ciliate and with here and there a hair on the back. Petals unequal, 4-3 lin. Eriocauton. | CLIV. ERIOCAULE& (BROWN). 243 long, 4—} lin. broad, white, ciliate and bearded on the inner face with white hairs, and with a black gland near the apex. Anthers white. Lower Guinea. Anzvla: Huilla, Antunes, 139! 11. E. latifolium, Smith in Rees, Cyclop. xiii.’ Stemless. Leaves all radical, 2-8 or more in. long, 1-4 lin. broad, linear, subacute or somewhat obture, flat, thin, many-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 1-6 to a plant, 5-12 in. long, 3-1 lin. thick, 7-ribbed, glabrous, their basal sheaths 2-4 in. long, oblique at the mouth, acute, glabrous. Heads monecious, with the male flowers in the centre, 3-4 lin. in diam., hemispherical or subglobose, white-villous. Involucral-bracts in 4—5 series, glabrous, entire, light brown; innermost 1-1} lin. long, $ lin. broad, obovate-oblong, obtuse; outermost orbicular often broader than long. Flowering-bracts about 1 lin. long, }-} lin. broad, linear- oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong, acute, light brownish or fuscous, densely bearded with white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers very numerous, pedicellate. Sepals 3, subequal, 3-1 lin. long, 4-} lin. broad, oblong or cuneate-oblong, boat-shaped, obtuse, very pale brownish-white, hyaline, bearded with long white hairs on the apical part. Petals arising slightly above the sepals, ? lin. long, very narrow, linear, obtuse, whitish, hyaline, rather densely bearded with long white hairs, glandless or one of them with a very minute black gland at the apex. Ovary trigonous; style trifid to 2 the way down. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, } lin. long, linear, obtuse, whitish, densely bearded with white hairs. Stipes between the sepals and petals } lin. long. Petals } lin. long or less, oblong, obtuse, whitish, densely fringed with white hairs, and with a black gland just below the apex. Anthers white. Capsule } lin. in diam. Seeds ellipsoid, apiculate, brown.—Britten in Journ. Bot. 1900, 482. E. rivulare,G. Don ex Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 547; Koernicke in Linnea, xxvii. 666 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 505; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 75. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: inarivulet near Vatemba Road, Barter / ina rivulet near Freetown, Don / and without precise locality, Vogel / In the original description the sepals of the male flowers are stated to be connate into a 3-lobed tube, but in all the flowers I have dissec(ed they are free, 12. E. Schimperi, Koernicke ex Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 154. A robust stemless plant. Leaves in a radigal rosette, numerous, 34-7 in. long, 3-5 lin. broad, flat, broadly linear, obtuse and slightly thickened at the apex, many-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 1-3 to a plant in the specimens seen, 7-14 in. long, 3—} lin. thick, about 8-ribbed, ‘ glabrous; their basal sheaths 34-4 in. long, loose, somewhat obtuse, with a very oblique mouth, glabrous. Flower-heads 4—5 lin. in diam., globose, moneecious, with the outer flowers female. Involucral-bracts in 2-3 series, 1} lin. long, 3-1 lin. broad, oblong or somewhat obovate- oblong, acute, glabrous, light fuscous, the innermost subtending the female flowers, Flowering-bracts 1} lin. long, ? lin. broad, somewhat 244 CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). [Eriocaulon spathulate-obovate, concave, obtusely keeled on the back, pale fuscous, densely bearded with white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers subsessile or very shortly pedicellate, trigonous. Sepals 3, equal, 1-1} lin. long, } lin. broad, elliptic-oblong, very deeply boat-shaped, obtuse, obtusely keeled, dark fuscous, bearded with white hairs at the apex. Petals 3, one larger than the others, arising close to the sepals, about 1} lin, long, }-} lin. broad, oblanceo- late, acute, white, bearded with white hairs within and with a black gland near the apex. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 1 lin. long, 4-1 lin. broad, free or variously connate, obovate, obtuse, dark fuscous, bearded with white hairs at the apex. Stipes between the sepals and petals about } lin. long. Petals unequal, oblong, acute, white, bearded with white hairs within and with a black linear central gland, the largest 3 lin. Jong, } lin. broad. Anthers black. Capsule 3-lobed, 3 lin. in diam., glabrous, brown. Seeds } lin. long, ellipsoid, brown.— Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 80. 2. schimperianum, Koernicke in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 309, name only; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 503. Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; in a swamp at Jan Meda, 8500 ft. Schimper, 1217! 13. E. mesanthemoides, Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb, xxvii. 79. Leaves erect, 34-10 in. long, (1} in. broad at the base, ex Ruhland), 4 in. broad in the specimen seen, but much dilated in the sheathing portion, gradually tapering to a very obtuse apex, many-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles several to a plant (3 in the specimen seen), much longer than the leaves, 1-11 lin. thick, terete, with 10-11 remarkably prominent ribs, as seen in thin transverse section in water, glabrous ; their sheaths shorter than the leaves, very lax, mostly 3-fid at the apex, glabrous. Heads about 6-7 lin. in diam., semiglobose, moncecious, densely white-pubescent (somewhat glabrous, ex Ruhland). Involucral- bracts 17-23 lin. long, 1-14 lin. broad, white (greenish-fuscous, eX Ruhland), glabrous. Flowering-bracts 13-2 lin. long, 3-1 lin. broad, cuneate-rhomboid, abruptly very acute, white, densely bearded with short white hairs on the apical part. Female flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, equal, 1} lin. long, } lin. broad, oblong, boat-shaped, flaccid, blackish, bearded and ciliate with white hairs on the apical part. Petals 3, unequal, 1-1} lin. long, } lin. broad, linear-subspathulate (oblong-spathulate, ex Ruhland), white, all slightly hairy on the inner face (ciliate, ex Ruhland) with a black gland near the apex, the larger bearded on the back at the apex, the smaller with only a small apical tuft of white hairs. Male flowers pedizellate. Sepals connate into @ funnel-shaped body about 11 lin. long, open down one side, trifid at the apex, blackish, densely bearded with white hairs on the apical part. Stipes between the sepals and petals exceedingly short, about § lin. oF less long. Petals 3, unequal, 3—1 lin. long, }—} lin. broad, linear-cuneate, whitish, densely bearded with white hairs on the apical part, and with Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULE& (BROWN). 245 a linear black gland near the apex. Anthers black—Engl. Jahrb, XXvill. 356. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Ukami; on the Lukwangula Plateau in the Uluguru district, Stuhlmann, 9148, Goetze, 293! In the very imperfect description given by Ruhland the flower-heads are described as somewhat glabrous (glabriusculis), and the involucral-bracts as greenish- fuscous. I have not seen Stuhlmann’s 9143, but in the plant collected by Goetze (from which I have made the above description), the heads are densely white- pubescent, and the involucral-bracts white. ‘The numerous, narrow, very prominent ribs on the peduncle are quite different from those of any other African species I have examined. 14. E. decipiens, V. /. Br. Stemless, moderately robust, with stout roots. Leaves numerous, 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lin. broad, flat gradually tapering from the base to a very acute point, many-nerved, with the tessellate cross-veins very distinct in the basal part in the dried state, woolly in the sheathing part, otherwise glabrous. Peduncle solitary, twice as long as the leaves, 6-ribbed, glabrous ; sheath 34 in. long, shortly oblique at the acute apex, glabrous. Heads 4} lin. in diam., hemispherical, unisexual in the 6 examples seen. Involucral-bracts about 2 lin. long, 1 lin. broad, obovate, acute, whitish, glabrous. Flowering-bracts 13-2 lin. long, 3—? lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, acute, concave, much incurved at the apex, very light straw-colour or faintly greenish-white, bearded with white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers not seen. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, nearly equal, more or less connate at the base, 1-1} lin. long, {-} lin, broad, obovate-ohlong, obtuse,- concave, entirely fuscous, bearded with white hairs at the apex. Petals separated from the sepals by a stipes of variable length, unequal, the largest 3-1} lin. long, oblong, oblanceolate or linear, and sometimes scarcely broader than the gland, white, densely bearded with white hairs, and with a linear black gland at the middle, Anthers black.—Z. sonderianum. Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, iv. 53; Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. U. 133; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 81, partly, not of Koernicke. : Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mount Mlanji, Whyte, 15! This plant is so exceedingly like Z. sonderianum, Koernicke, in external appear- ance as to have been mistaken for it, but it distinctly differs in the following particulars :—The flowering-bracts are much longer, broader, without the fuscous spot on each side of the less pronounced keel, and are less rigid and more mem- branous ; the sepals of the male flowers are larger, much more membranous, not keeled, and are fuscous quite to the apex, whilst in Z. sonderianum the apical part of the sepals of the male flowers is white with a whitish mid-line line running half- way down the keel. Other differences may, perbaps, be found in the female flowers When known. From E. Dregei, Hochst, it differs in its very acute leaves, and much shorter cilia on the sepals, &e. 15. E. Jacteum, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 99. Stemless, tufted. Leaves numerous, 3-1? in. long, 4-13 lin. broad, densely 246 CLIV. ERIOCAULE& (BROWN). | Hriocaulon. rosulate, linear, obtuse and somewhat hardened at the apex, glabrous. Peduncles varying from 1-10 to a plant, 3-18 in. long, +—4 lin. thick, t-rete, 6—8-ribbed, their sheaths 1}—2} in. long, bifid or much split at the apex, striate, glabrous. Heads 3-44 lin. in diam., depressed-globose, milk-white, unisexual or monecious, the smaller male, the larger with numerous male flowers surrounding a few females, or the sexes inter- mixed? Involucral-bracts 1]-13 lin. long, 3—} lin. broad, broadly oblanceolate, obtusely pointed, glabrous, straw-coloured or ochreous, often fuscous at the apex. Flowering-bracts 1-1} lin. long, $—} lin. broad, spathulate- or cuneate-obovate, variably acute or acuminate, incurved, straw-coloured below, blackish or fuscous on the apical part, or sometimes entirely pale ochreous, pubescent with white hairs on the back, below the apex. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers subsessile. Sepals 3, equal, 2-1 lin. long, about } lin. broad, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, two of them concave, slightly hooded at the apex, the third flattened, whitish, slightly fuscous at the apex, bearded on the apical part with short white hairs. Petals 3, unequal, arising slightly above the sepals, the largest 1-14 lin. long, } lin. broad, the others about } lin. long, ; lin. broad, cuneate-oblanceolate, obtuse, white, with a black gland below the apex, and bearded on the inuer face with white hairs; style deeply trifid. Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, equal, free, exactly as in the female flowers. Stipes between the sepals and petals very variable, {—? lin. long. Petals 3, very unequal ; the largest }—1} lin. long, 3~} lin. broad, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, the lateral 4—2 lin. long, sometimes rudimentary, spathulate or narrowly linear, all white, densely bearded with white hairs at the apex and on the apical part of the inner face, with a black gland at the middle. Anthers black. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; frequent in swampy meadows around Lopollo, Welwitsch, 2452! in somewhat spongy meadows on the highest parts of Morro de Lopollo, Welwitsch, 24528! on the high spongy slopes of Serra de Oiahoia, in the Humpata district, Welwitsch, 2453! near Cunene River, Johnston ! Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa : lower plateau, north of Lake Nyasa, Thomson! Brit'sh Central Africa : Mashonaland, Bryce ! HE. lacteum may prove to be conspecific with Z#. Teusczii, Bngl. & Rubl., but the descriptioa of the latter does not enable me to identify it. _ 16. E. bongense, “Lngl. ¢: Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 75. Stemless. Leaves erect or ascending, 14-3 in. long, 1-2 lin. broad, linear, somewhat abruptly acute or subobtuse, many-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 5-16 to a plant, 3-12 (usually more than 6) in. long, terete, 6—T-ribbed in the dried state, glabrous, their sheaths 14-3} in. long, acute, rather loose, glabrous. Heads 21—4 lin. in diam., at first sub- globose, becoming somewhat ovoid, monwecious, with the sexes inter- mixed, light straw-coloured, slightly shining. Involucral-bracts 13-1? lin. long, ?—14 lin. broad, obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, apiculate or subacute, concave, somewhat membranous at the margins, light straw-coloured, glabrous. Flowering bracts 14-13 lin. long, } lin. broad, cuneate-oblong or narrowly oblanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate- acute, incurved, thin, scarious, very light straw-coloured, glabrous. Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULE& (BROWN). 947 Receptacle ovoid or conical, pilose with long silky hairs, which also occur at the base of the pedicels. Female flowers very numerous, pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, equal or unequal, #-1} lin. long, about zs lin. broad, linear-filiform, acute, faintly tinted with straw-colour, glabrous. Petals 3, shortly distant from the sepals, unequal, ?—1{ lin. long, ;,-} lin. broad, linear, obtuse, white, hyaline, glabrous on both sides, ciliate at the apex, without glands. Ovary trigonous; style trifid to half-way down. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, 4 lin. long, ;4,—4 lin. broad, linear, acute, glabrous, hyaline, faintly tinged with fuscous or straw-colour. Stipes between the sepals and petals } lin. long. Petals rudimentary. represented by 1-3 minute tuftsof hairs. Anthersblack. Capsule }lin.indiam. Seeds ellipsoid, brown, reticulate with very minute white papille. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory ; Nupe, Barter, 1019a! Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur ; at Agada (River ?) near Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2539! Bongo; at Balu stream, near Sabbi, Schweinfurth, 2722 ! 17. E. Buchananii, Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb, xxvii.83. Stemless. Leaves in a radical rosette, }-1} in. long, 1-2} lin. broad, flat, linear, acute or subobtuse, often slightly thickened at the apex, 5-1 1-nerved, tessellately cross-veined, glabrous. Peduncles very numerous, 3-7 in. long, 4—} lin. thick, 4—5-striate and twisted in the dried state, square or terete when swollen in water, glabrous, their sheaths 3—1} in. long, acute, entire, glabrous. Heads exactly globular, monecious, 14-2} lin. in diam., blackish or dark brown. Involucral-bracts at length reflexed, 1 lin. long, 3-3 lin. broad, oblong-obovate, obtuse, glabrous. Flowering-bracts 1 lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, spathulate-obovate, acute, concave, blackish or fuscous, glabrous or very thinly pubescent with whitish hairs. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers very numerous, in many series, pedicellate. Sepals 3, unequal, blackish or brown, glabrous, two lateral 4 lin. long, deeply concave, gibbous-keeled, obtuse, the third (ventral) } lin. long, 4-} lin. broad, lanceolate, acute. Petals slightly unequal, 4—? lin. long, $-} lin. broad, oblanceolate or linear- oblanceolate, obtuse, dark fuscous, rarely pallid, glabrous, glandless. Male flowers comparatively few, central, pedicellate. Sepals 3, more or less united into a funnel-shaped body open down one side, 3-crenate at the apex, } lin. long, blackish, rarely pallid, glabrous. Petals separated from the sepals by a stipes } lin. long, very unequal, two very rudi- mentary or altogether wanting, the third } lin. long, oblong, obtuse, whitish, not exceeding the stamens, glabrous, glandless. Anthers black. Seeds 3 lin. long, ellipsoid, covered with very minute white papille arranged in transverse rows. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; on the Tanganyika Plateau at Fort Hiil, 3800-4000 ft., Whyte / Shibisa (Chikwawa) to Tshinmuze, 2000-4000 ft., Kirk! at the foot of Mount Sochi, 3000 ft., Kirk! Namasi, Cameron, 50! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1168! e in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 18. E. andongense, Welw. ex Rendl : : -green, becoming yellowish- 100. Stemless, somewhat fleshy, subglaucous 248 CLIV. ERIOCAULEX (BROWN). | Briocaulon, green when older. Leaves numerous, 3-2 in. long, 3-1} lin. broad, linear, obtusely pointed and slightly hardened at the apex, erectly spreading, glabrous. Peduncles 5-8 in. long, about 4 lin. thick, sub- filiform, terete, about 6-striate in the dried state, glabrous; their sheaths slightly shorter than the leaves, oblique at the mouth, subacute. Heads 13-2 lin. thick, subglobose, somewhat truncate at the base, dark fuscous or blackish, moneecious, with the outer flowers female. Invo- lucral-bracts 1 lin. long, 3 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse or subacute, glabrous, straw-coloured, shining. Flowering-bracts 1 lin. or slightly more long, {—} lin. broad, oblanceolate, very acute, incurved, glabrous, fuscous, with afew of the outermost straw-coloured. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, unequal, fuscous, glabrous ; the 2 lateral } lin. long, 4—1 lin. broad, obliquely spathulate-obovate, nearly straight on the inner margins, very gibbous-keeled on the back, very acute or almost awned at the apex, deeply concave, or somewhat hooded; third sepal slightly shorter, about 4 lin. broad, linear- oblanceolate, acute, nearly flat. Petals 3, unequal, arising about 4 lin. above the sepals, fuscous, glabrous, the largest petal about ? lin. long, 4 lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, acute or bifid, the others shorter, linear- cuneate, bifid or irregularly crenulate at the apex. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, oblanceolate, obtuse, or more or less united into a funnel-shaped body open down one side, glabrous, fuscous. Petals rudimentary. Anthers black. Seeds ellipsoid, striolate. _ ower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, 2400-3800 ft, ; in the Presidium, im spongy places cn the higher rocks of Pedra de Cazamba, Welwitsch, 2442. in spongy rocky places by the springs on the gigantic rocks of the Priesidium, at Fonte de Salgado, Welwitsch, 2443! in wet places by the Cataract of Condo (de Estefania), Welwitsch, 2443 ! This is very similar to EZ, Buchananii, Rubland, but the heads are not so globose, heing more or less flattened at the base, and the sepals of the female flowers have @ rather long acutely acuminate point, whilst in E. Buchananii the point of the sepals is very short and never very acute. 19, E. fulvum, V. #. Br. Stemless. Leaves numerous, ip 4 radical rosette, 1}-2 2 in. long, 14-14 lin. broad, linear, tapering to 42 obtuse point, flat, many-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles numerous, 24-4 in. long, subterete, 5-striate in the dried state, glabrous, their sheaths about 1 in. long, acute, rather loose, glabrous. Heads not quite 2 lin. in diam., semiglobese, perhaps globose with age, moncecious, buff- coloured, glabrous. Involucral-bracts not quite 1 lin. long, ? lin. broa at the apex, obovate, very obtuse, concave at the apex, spreading. Flowering-bracts like the involucral-bracts, but rather smaller, all bufl- coloured, glabrous. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers in severa exterior series, very shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, very unequal, eae long, buff-coloured, glabrous; two lateral obliquely obtriangular, taperD8 towards the base, deeply hooded, somewhat gibbous-keeled and about + lin. broad near the apex; ventral sepal about |}; lin. broad, linear, obtuse, rather membranous, Petals unequal, one about } lin. long, “ 3 lin, broad, cuneate-oblanceolate, notched at the apex, the other two Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). 249 similar, but smaller, all yellowish-white, glabrous, glandless. Male flowers numerous, central, shortly pedicellate, quite glabrous. Sepals 3 lin. long, united into a funnel-shaped body open down one side, shortly 3-lobed, submembranous, buff-coloured. Petals very unequal, 2 rudimentary, I about 4 lin. long, ovate, obtuse. Anthers black. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory; Nupe, Barter! A very distinct species, easily recognised by its slightly glossy, buff-coloured heads. 20. E. Welwitschii, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 97. Stem- less. Leaves }-1} in. long, about 4—} lin. broad at the base, filiform- subulate, gradually tapering to a very fine point, glabrous. Peduncles numerous, 1j—4 in. long, about + lin. thick, filiform, glabrous, their sheaths 4-8 lin. long, oblique at the mouth, bifid at the apex. Heads 1-1} lin. in diam., subglobose, somewhat flattened at the base, slightly echinulate from the bracts exceeding the flowers, moncecious, with the outer flowers female. ‘Involucral- and flowering-bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, membranous, whitish or faintly straw-coloured, glabrous, those of the involucre 3 lin. long, } lin. broad, the others rather shorter. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers sessile. Sepals 3, subequal, 4 lin. long, ,1,—4 lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, very acute, concave, membranous, whitish, glabrous. Petals 3, arising close to the sepals, about 4 lin. long, filiform, glabrous. Male flowers subsessile. Sepals 3, about 4 lin, long, qz—y'p lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, acute, free or more or less connate below, membranous, whitish. Petals rudimentary. Anthers black.— Dichrolepis pusilla, Welw. Apont. 542. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; only seen in one place, between Lombe and Candumba, between 2400 and 3800 ft., Welwitsch, 2441 ! Var. Ppygmeum, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 98. A dwarf congested formu, 8-15 lin. high. Heads somewhat fuscous, with a whitish involucre. Receptacle almost glabrous. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; near Lopollo, in fields where Sorghum had been cultivated the previous year, Welwitsch, 2444! 21. E. Teusczii, Hngl. & Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 77. Leaves in a radical rosette, 1}—2 in. long, 14-2 lin. broad, lanceolate- linear, obtuse and slightly thickened at the apex, 11—12-nerved, reddish, glabrous. Peduncles up to 2 ft. long, 10-12 times as long as the leaves, 3-4 to a plant, with sheaths nearly twice as long as the leaves, split into 38-4 at the mouth, glabrous. Heads large, globose, hard, shortly villous. Involucral-bracts nearly rhomboid, rounded at the apex, Somewhat glabrous, whitish-brown. Flowering-bracts obovate, subacute. eceptacle apparently glabrous. Female flowers: Sepals 3, equal, | narrowly ovate, hairy at the apex, white. Petals 3, elongate-spathulate, ciliate all round, with a gland near the apex. Male flowers: Sepals 3, almost free to the base, equal, obovate, obtuse, ciliate, white. Petals equal, ciliate, with a gland near the apex. Anthers black. Lower Guinea. Angola: Malange, Mechow, 281. 250 CLIV. ERIOCAULEH (BROWN). | riocaulon. Said to be allied to Z. huillense, Engl. & Rubland, but differing in its larger leaves and heads, pure white sepals, longer female petals and narrow equal male petals. I have not seen it. See note under LZ. lacteum, Rendle, p. 246. 22. E. huillense, Hngl. ¢: Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 78; not of Rendle. Leaves short, ?—-1} in. long, at the base 2 lin. broad, above 4—} lin. broad, lanceolate, obtuse and somewhat thickened at the apex, about 9-11-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 2-3 to a plant, several- ribbed ; their sheaths twice as long as the leaves, glabrous. Heads white-villous at the summit. Involucral-bracts ovate, subacute, glabrous or very sparsely pilose on the margins, yellowish-fuscous. Flowering-bracts similar to the involucral-bracts. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers: Sepals 3, green at the tips, ciliate. Petals 3, much shorter than the sepals, shortly spathulate, hairy all round, white, with a gland near the apex. Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, shorter than the petals, ovate, green at the apex. Petals unequal, broad, ciliate, with a gland near the apex. Anthers black. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla, Antunes. Said to be allied to #. Teusezii, Engl. & Ruhland, and from description appears to be near FE. Bauri, N. E. Br., from South Africa. I have not seen it, and do not understand the use of the term lanceolate as applied to the leaf, which is stated to be only # millimetre broad in the upper part. Probably the sepals are dark olive or fuscous at the apex, rather than green as described. 23. E. afzelianum, Wikstr. ex Koernicke in Linnea, Xxvil. 680. Stemless, Leaves 7-15 to a plant, ascending, 4-1} in. long, 3-2 lin. broad, linear, acute or subobtuse, 4—10-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles very variable, 1-20 to a plant, 3-9 in. long, acutely 45-angled, glabrous, their sheaths 1-2 in. long, acute, glabrous. Heads 14—2} lin. in diam., subglobose, monecious, with the sexes intermixed, whitish, slightly ochreous or greyish. Involucral-bracts 3—1 lin. long, 4_2 lin. broad, oblong or cuneate-oblong, obtuse, slightly rigid, pale straw- coloured, glabrous. Flowering-bracts about 1-14 lin. long, 3—-$ lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, acute or acuminate, incurved, ochreous OF fuscous, more or less densely pubescent with white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers shortly pedicellate or sub- sessile. Sepals 3, subunequal, 7-1 lin. long, 1} lin. broad, ochreous oF fuscous, bearded with white hairs on the apical part; the lateral pair linear-falcate, boat-shaped, obtuse ; the odd sepal cuneate-linear, obtuse, nearly flat. Petals 3, unequal, inserted above the sepals and exceeding them, the largest } lin. long, 4-1 lin. broad, oblanceolate, cuneate at the base, obtuse, rather thick and somewhat spongy, white, some- times slightly tinted with fuscous at the apex, slightly pubescent with white hairs on both sides or more densely so on the back, ciliate at the apex, glandless; the other two similar, but smaller, thinner and less hairy or nearly glabrous on both sides. Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, }-1 lin. long, more or less connate into a funnel- shaped body open down one side, and trifid, with unequal obtuse lobes, or sometimes free, ochreous or fuscous, pubescent with white Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEA: (BROWN). + 251 hairs at the apex. Stipes between the sepals and petals 4—3 lin. long. Petals unequal, ovate-lanceolate, acute, white, glandless, ciliate, the largest not more than }-} lin. long. Anthers blackish. Seeds $ lin. long, ellipsoid, white-reticulate.—Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 82. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: in marshes at Kitchom, near the mouth of the River Searcies, Scott-Elliot, 4339! and without precise locality, Afzelius! Niger Territory : Nupe ; in swamps about Jeba, Barter, 1019! 24. E. plumale, V. /. Br. Stemless. Leaves numerous, in a radical rosette, 3-4 in. long, }-} lin. broad, linear, tapering to a very fine point, 3-nerved, glabrous, Peduncles several to a plant, 3-6 in. long, terete, 5—6-ribbed, glabrous ; their sheaths #-1} in. long, acute, glabrous. Heads 2-3 lin. in diam., at first globose, afterwards elongating and becoming oblong, monecious, with the sexes intermixed, white, very woolly in appearance. Involucral-bracts about 1 lin. long and broad, elliptic or orbicular, very obtuse, glabrous, spreading. Flowering-bracts 1} lin. long, ?# lin. broad, cuneate-obovate or rhomboid, suddenly narrowed to a very fine point, whitish, with a dark fuscous band across the broadest part, pubescent and ciliate, with very minute white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers sessile. Sepals 2, free, equal, 3-1 lin. long, $-} lin. broad, subspathulate, falcately boat-shaped, with a broad thick spongy keel, obtuse, apiculate, entire or more o1 less toothed on the keel and sides at the top, fuscous, glabrous. Petals 3, longer than the sepals, unequal, #14 lin. long, $-3 lin, broad, linear-spathulate, obtuse, white, hairy above the middle within, with a very minute black gland near. the apex. Male flowers often abortive, sessile. Sepals 2, or rarely 3, filiform, 1 lin. long, fuscous at the apex, glabrous. Stipes between the sepals and petals as long as the sepals, flat. Petals 3, unequal, white, very hairy within, with a very minute black gland near the apex; dorsal petal twice as long as the others, 1 lin. long, } lin. broad, projecting beyond the bracts like a little white plume. Anthers black. Seeds 4-4 lin. long, narrowly ellipsoid, apiculate at one end, brown, seen to be marked with longitudinal rows of short transverse papilla when highly magnified. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 148! This species is well marked by the very different form of the sepals in the male and female flowers, and by the somewhat plumose appcarance of the ultimately oblong heads, due to the protruding odd petal of the male flowers. It is allied to the following species, but besides the differences noted thereunder, the much shorter, terete, 5—6-ribbed (not acutely angular) peduncles will at once distinguish it. 25. E. senegalense, V. H. Br. Leaves numerous, in a dense rosette, spreading, 5--7 lin. long, }—3 lin. broad, linear, acuminate, glabrous. Peduncles | or few to a plant, 16-22 in. long, about 5 lin. thick, acutely 4-angled, glabrous. Heads 2-3 lin. in diam., whitish, mMonecious. Involucral-bracts 1 lin. long, #-} lin. broad, somewhat orbicular-obovate, very shortly cuspidate-acute, ochreous or straw- coloured, glabrous. Flowering-bracts {-1 lin. long, and as much in breadth, very broadly cuneate-obovate, shortly and very abruptly 252 CLIV, ERIOCAULE® (BROWN). [ Hriocaulon. cuspidate-acute, straw-coloured, thinly bearded with minute white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers subsessile. Sepals 2, equal, ? lin. long, } lin. or rather more in breadth from front to back, spathulate-suborbicular viewed sideways, with a very broad wing-like keel, rather coarsely toothed on the keel and apical part of the sides, with the actual apex produced into a very short bristle-like mucro, straw-coloured, glabrous. Stipes between the sepals and petals very short. Petals 3, equal, much exceeding the sepals, # lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, cuneately spathulate, very pale yellowish-white, glabrous on both sides, ciliate with white hairs at the apex, two of them furni- shed with a very conspicuous black gland near the apex, the other glandless. Ovary compressed or trigonous, with a bifid or trifid style. Male flowers sessile or subsessile. Sepals 2, free to the base, 2-3 lin. long, subulate or filiform, pale straw-coloured, glabrous. Stipes between the sepals and petals exceeding the sepals, nearly or quite 1 ln. long, stout, flattened, curved, pale straw-coloured. Petals 3, very unequal; the larger 3-1 lin. long, linear or linear-spathulate, projecting beyond the bracts like a little white plume, the two smaller 4- lin. long, linear, all densely bearded all over the inner face with long white hairs, and furnished with a black gland near the apex, that on the larger petal being very minute or absent. Stamens 6; anthers black. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Heudelot, 680! This is closely allied to E. plumale, N. E. Br., differing in its fewer and very much longer peduncles (which are out of all proportion to the small size of the rosette of leaves), in the entirely straw-coloured flowering-bracts and sepals of the female flowers and rather stouter sepals of the male flowers, The outer flowers of the head are all male, with very long stipes between the sepals and the petals, then come several series of female flowers, and the centre occupied with males which have scarcely any stipes, but the stipes may grow out later, as the only head examined was rather young. his and E. plumale are remarkably distinct from all the other African species in the very great difference in the form of the sepals of the male and female flowers, and in the disparity in the number of sepals and petals, for in all the female flowers I have examined I constantly found 2 sepals and ; petals present : occasionally, but rather rarely, a third sepal is present in the male owers, 26. E. zambesiense, Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 75. Stemless. Leaves all radical, 13-6 in. long, 1$—21 lin. broad, linear, flat, obtuse or acute, many-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles numerous, 6—15 in. long, slightly 5—6-ribbed, glabrous; their basal-sheaths 143-4 in. long, oblique at the mouth, acute or obtuse, glabrous. Heads 2-3 lin. in diam., globose, greyish-white, monecious, with the outer flowers female. Tnvolucral-bracts #-1 lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, linear-oblong, obtuse, submembranous, glabrous, light brownish-white. | Flowering-bracts 1-1} lin. long, } lin. broad, oblong or subspathulate-obovate, acute oF obtuse, concave, entire or very minutely serrulate near the apex, light fuscous, outermost nearly or quite glabrous, inner bearded with white hairs at the apex. Receptacle hairy. Female flowers subsessile or very shortly pedicellate, larger than the male flowers. Sepals about 1 lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad from front to back, concave, with a thick very Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). 253 gibbous keel, blackish or dark fuscous, hairy inside and bearded with white hairs at the apex. Petals arising about } lin. above the sepals, #-1 lin. long, } lin. broad, cuneate-oblong or somewhat spathulate- oblong, obtuse, whitish, bearded within with white hairs, and with a black gland near the apex. Ovary trigonous, glabrous; style very deeply trifid. Male flowers numerous, shortly pedicellate. Sepals free or more or less connate below, ? lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, fuscous, bearded with white hairs at the apex. Stipes between the sepals and petals }—} lin. long. Petals often unequal, }—} lin. long, oblong, obtuse, whitish, bearded with white hairs within, and with a black central gland. Stamens as long as the petals ; anthers black. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft. Whyte! (Johnston ex Ruhland, by error). Ruhland has described the female bracts as villous and the male bracts as sub- glabrous at the apex, and the petals of the male flowers as glandless. I find them to be the reverse of this. The heads are viviparous in the Mount Zomba specimens. 27. E. Hanningtonii, V. #. Br. Plant stemless. Leaves about 6-8, ascending or spreading, 1-14 in. long, 14-2} lin. broad, linear, acute, flat, 9-13-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles several to a plant, 24-5 in. long, slender, acutely 5-angled, glabrous; their sheaths 1-14 in, long, acute, loose, glabrous. Heads 2-21 lin. in diam., subglobose, moneecious, grey. Involucral-bracts shorter than the young head, spreading, not becoming reflexed, nearly 1 lin. long, 3? lin. broad, obovate-oblong, very obtuse, glabrous, light brownish-white. Flowering- bracts about 1 lin. long, } Jin. broad, subspathulate-obovate, acute, concave, fuscous, thinly pubescent with white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle thinly pilose. Female flowers in several exterior rows, pedicellate. Sepals 3, subequal, ?— lin. long, } lin. broad, or from front to back, lanceolate, acute or obtuse, boat-shaped, one less concave than the other two, acutely keeled and somewhat gibbous on the back, blackish or dark fuscous, ciliate with a few white hairs at the apex and occasionally one or two on the keel, glabrous within. Petals about } lin. long, } lin. broad, linear-cuneate, obtuse, glabrous on both sides, ciliate with a few white hairs at the apex, white, glandless or with a minute black gland just below the apex. Male flowers central, pedicel- late. Sepals 4 lin. long, connate into a-funnel-shaped body open down one side, 3-crenate or 3-lobed and ciliate at the apex, fuscous. Stipes between the sepals and petals about } lin. long. Petals unequal, minute, the largest not more than } lin. long, ovate, acute, tipped with 1-2 hairs, white. Anthers black. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa; Kwa Chiropa, Hannington! This is very similar to E. zambesiense, Ruhland, in appearance, but, in the single example seen, the peduncles are much shorter and the flowers are quite different in structure. From E, elegantulum, Engl. (which it also closely resembles), the pallid involucral-bracts will at once discriminate it. _ 28. E. infaustum, WV. £. Br. Plant stemless. Leaves about 0-8, radical, erect, 14-5 in. long, 14-2 lin. broad, linear, acute, flat, 254 CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). [Hriocaulon. 7-1l-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 10-20 to a plant, 5-8 in. long, slender, acutely 5-angled, glabrous; their sheaths 1-3 in. long, acute, rather loose, glabrous. Heads 2-2? lin. in diam., globose, monecious, grey. Involucral-bracts much longer than the young heads and in that stage radiating, ultimately reflexed, 1? lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, subobtuse, pallid or light greenish. Flowering-bracts 1 lin. long, } lin. broad, oblong-oblanceolate, acute, concave, blackish, densely covered with white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers numerous, in many series, pedicellate. Sepals 3, equal, 3-3 lin. long, + lin. broad, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, somewhat boat-shaped, slightly ciliate at the apex, blackish. Petals % lin. long, 4 lin. broad, linear, obtuse, whitish, with an apical black gland and tipped with a fringe of white hairs. Male flowers central, pedicellate. Sepals # lin. long, connate into a funnel-shaped body open down one side, 3-lobed at the apex, glabrous, blackish. Stipes between the sepals and petals } lin. long. Petals minute, unequal, the largest not more than } lin. long, oblong, white, ciliate with white hairs at the apex and with a minute black apical gland. Seeds 4} lin. long, ellipsoid, brown, covered with transverse rows of very minute whitish, somewhat glitter- ing papille. Mozamb. Dist, Portuguese East Africa: Quilimane, in rice fields, Scolé! This is probably the same as a plant collected in Zanzibar by Bojer (88), which is quoted by Koernicke in Linnea xxvii. 646; in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 503 ; in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr., C. 183; and by Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 81, under E. trilobum, Ham. 29. E. elegantulum, Hngl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 133. Stemless. Leaves 4-10, radical, usually erect, 3-3 in. long, 4-2} lin. broad, linear, acute, flat, 3-11-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 2-16 to a plant, 1-8} in. long, slender, acutely 3—4-angled, glabrous; their sheaths 4-3 in. long, acute, rather inflated, glabrous. Heads 14-2 lin. in diam., globose, moneecious, with the male flowers usually central, greyish- white. Involucral-bracts much shorter than the young heads, ulti- mately reflexed, }-2 lin. long, 4-1 lin. broad, oblong or subquadrate, very obtuse, fuscous, glabrous. Flowering-bracts 4-2 lin. long, ¢ lin. broad, cuneate-oblong or cuneate-obovate, obtuse or subacute, dark fuscous, densely covered with short white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle glabrous. Female fiowers very numerous, pedicellate. Sepals 3, slightly unequal, 4—} lin. long, } lin. broad, oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, two of them more boat-shaped than the third and sometimes gibbous on the back, dark fuscous, bearded with a few white hairs on the keel and at the apex. Petals 3, arising close to the sepals, }—} lin. long, 4 lin. broad, linear-spathulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, subobtuse, whitish, tipped with a few white hairs and with a very minute black gland just below the apex. Male flowers rather few. Sepals } lin. long, more or less connate into 4 funnel-shaped body open down one side, trifid or obtusely 3-lobed at the apex, fuscous, ciliate with white hairs, Stipes between the sepals and Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEH (BROWN). 255 petals t—{} lin. long. Petals rudimentary or one of them about 1 lin. long, ciliate. Seeds $—! lin. long, ellipsoid, brown, thinly covered with very minute white papille.—Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 83. Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, ser. iii. 223! Witu ; between Fungo Zombo and Witu, Dennhardt. Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar: near the town of Zanzibar, Kirk ! Hildebrandt, 1056. German East Africa: Usambara ; Duga, Holst, 3181! ZH. elegantulum, Engl., closely resembles E. Hanningtonii, N. E. Br. and Z, zambesiense, Ruhland, in general appearance, but the short blackish (not pallid) involucral-bracts, which are best seen in the very young heads, readily distinguish it from those species. 30. E. Schlechteri, Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 78. Leaves #-1} in. long, 1-14 lin. broad, linear, mucronate or somewhat obtuse, 7—9-nerved, glabrous, white-punctulate above. Peduncles 2-3 to a plant, 2-3 times longer than the leaves, acutely ribbed ; their sheaths about equalling the leaves, glabrous. Heads globose, somewhat glabrous. Involucral-bracts slightly longer than the flowers, ovate, obtuse, some- what glabrous, greenish-grey. Flowering-bracts like the involucral- bracts. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers: Sepals 3, narrowly ovate, almost glabrous, yellowish. Petals 3, equal, slightly narrower than the sepals, thinly hairy near the tips, with a black gland near the apex. Male flowers: Sepals connate for about 4 of their length ; lobes elongate-spathulate, irregularly denticulate at the apex, glabrous, greyish-white. Petals very minute, roundish, with an oblong black gland, glabrous. Anthers blackish-brown. Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Gasaland; ina swamp at Inham- bane, Schlechter, 12093! The above locality is just south of the Tropic of Capricorn, but doubtless the plant occurs within the Tropical area. I have not seen it. 31. E. subulatum, N. E. Br. Plant small, stemless. Leaves several, 7-1} in. long, 1-4 lin. broad, subulate, gradually tapering to a fine point, flat above, very convex beneath, 1—3-nerved, glabrous, Peduncles numerous, varying from shorter to longer than the leaves, 3-24 in. long, square, glabrous ; their sheaths 4-} in. long, somewhat close-fitting, subacute, membranous. Heads 1}-1} lin. in diam., globose, moneecious, blackish. Involucral-bracts $-} lin. long, oblong, or oblong-obovate, acute, fuscous or somewhat pallid, spreading or slightly reflexed, glabrous. Flowering-bracts like the involucral-bracts, dark fuscous or blackish, glabrous. Receptacle thinly pilose. Female flowers numerous, subsessile. Sepals 3, often unequal, nearly % lin. long, 4 lin. broad, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, boat-shaped, some- times slightly gibbous on the back, fuscous, slightly ciliate with dusky hairs, Petals 3, slightly unequal, scarcely } lin. long, yg lin. broad, linear, subacute, dark fuscous, glabrous. Male flowers not very humerous, shortly pedicellate. Sepals } lin. long, united into a funnel- shaped body open down one side, shortly 3-lobed and denticulate at the apex, fuscous. Stipes between the sepals and petals } lin. long, 256 CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). [ Lriocaulon. Petals unequal, minute, the largest 4-} lin. long, oblong-ovate. Anthers black. Seeds about 4 lin. long, oblong-ellipsoid, brown, glabrous. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Zambesi River, on an island at Victoria Falls, Kirk ! This is very near Z. ciliisepalum, Rendle, and may be only a robust form of that species, but it differs in appearance, in its stouter subulate leaves, more numerous and stouter peduncles, larger heads, larger flowers, and the slightly different form of the sepals and petals. 32. E. ciliisepalum, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 98. A small, tufted plant, stemless, apparently an annual. Leaves }—1 in. long, 4-4 lin. broad, very slender; filiform, glabrous. Peduncles 3-1} in. long, filiform; their sheaths not exceeding 4-5 lin. in length, oblique at the mouth, acute, glabrous. Heads 1-1} lin. in diam., subglobose, truncate at the base, with a whitish involucre and blackish disk, few-flowered, monecious, with the outer flowers female. Involucral-bracts 3 lin. long, }—} lin. broad, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acute or subobtuse, glabrous. Flowering-bracts 3-4 lin. long, 4-} lin. broad, ovate or elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, fuscous. Female flowers sessile. Sepals 3, equal, 3-4 lin. long, } lin. broad, lanceolate, acute, very concave, sparsely ciliate along the margins, otherwise glabrous, fuscous. Petals 3, arising close to the sepals, } lin. long, narrowly-linear, acute. Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals united into a funnel-shaped body, open down one side, bifid or trifid at the apex, glabrous, fuscous. Stipes between the sepals and petals scarcely 4 lin. long. Petals rudimentary, triangular-ovate, with a blackish gland below the apex. Anthers blackish. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in damp fields in which maize has been cultivated, tear Lopollo, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 2445! on spongy slopes of Morro de Lopollo, below the old fortress, Welwitsch, 24458! Huilla to Humpata, Johnston ! Johnston’s specimens are stouter, and have more numerous flowers in the heads than any of those collected by Welwitsch, but I find no difference in the structure of the flowers and bracts. 33. BE. mutatum, V. #. Br. Stemless. Leaves 2-8 lin. long, 4-} lin. broad, subulate, tapering toa fine point, glabrous. Peduncles numerous, from less than 1 in. to 41 in. long, 4—1 lin. thick, filiform, 3—4-angled, glabrous ; their sheaths 3-10 lin. long, obtuse, often torn at the apex, rather loose in the upper part, with a long oblique mouth. Heads 1-2 lin. thick, subglobose, moneecious, with female flowers on the outside and male and female mixed in the centre, black. Involucral-bracts 3-2 lin. long, about + lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, fuscous. Flowering-bracts 3—} lin. long, 4 to nearly 3 lin. broad, elliptic-lanceolate, or lanceolate acute, concave, blackish, glabrous. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers sessile. Sepals 2, about 4 lin. long and as much in breadth, obliquely “« suborbicular in outline, apiculate, finely toothed on the upper part © Eriocaulon.| CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). 257 the sides and coarsely toothed on the broad wing-like keel, which is about as broad as the rest of the sepal, membranous, blackish, glabrous. Petals 2, arising slightly above the sepals, } lin. long, about } lin. broad, narrowly cuneate, shortly bifid or rounded at the apex, glabrous, without glands, blackish or very dark fuscous. Ovary transversely oblong ; styles 2, filiform, exceeding the petals. Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals scarcely } lin. long, linear or cuneately oblong, rounded or toothed at the apex, glabrous, fuscous; petals rudimentary. Stamens 4; anthers black.—Z. huillense, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 95, not of Engl. & Ruhland. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in somewhat spongy wooded marshy meadows between Lopollo and Monino, 3800-5500 ft., Welwitsch, 2448! on boggy slopes, Welwitsch, 2449! very sparsely on the lofty pastures of Empalanca, which are flooded in summer, Welwitsch, 2450 ! As the name EZ. huillense, Engl. & Rubland, claims priority by about a month, I have been obliged to change the name of this species. 34. E. gilgianum, Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 84. Leaves 4—7 lin. long, } lin. broad, narrowly linear, acute, 1-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 3-4 to a plant, up to 13 in. long, 3-4 times as long as the leaves, glabrous, with sheaths shorter than the leaves. Heads small, about ? lin. in diam., glabrous, greenish or blackish. Involucral-bracts obtuse or somewhat acute, glabrous, greenish. Flowering-bracts obovate, somewhat glabrous (‘ glabriusculis,” i.e., probably slightly pubescent), those of the female flowers obtuse, uf the male flowers acute. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers: Sepals ovate, acute, ciliate all round, pale greenish-yellow. Petals lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous, without glands. Male flowers: Sepals connate into a spathe-like body, with 2 to several irregular acute lobes, nearly glabrous, greenish. Petals none. Anthers black. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla, Antunes, 163. Stated to be the smallest of the African species and one of the smallest species in the genus, having an especially slender appearance on account of the capillary leaves. I have not seen it. 35. E. abyssinicum, Hochst. in Flora, 1845, 341. Plant small, stemless, annual? Leaves about 4-8 to a plant, radical, +4 in. long, 4-4 lin. broad, linear-subulate, tapering to a very fine point, glabrous. Peduncles 3-4 in. long, 3—4-angled, slender, glabrous, their sheaths 4-1 in. long, acute, very oblique and slightly inflated at the mouth, glabrous. Heads 1-11 lin. in diam., subglobose, monecious. Involucral- bracts #-} lin.long, 4-4 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse or acute, concave, light straw-coloured, glabrous. Flowering- bracts $—# lin. long, } or less broad, lanceolate,acute, concave, glabrous, varying from light fuscous to blackish. Receptacle glabrous or nearly so. Female flowers subsessile. Sepals 3, subequal, $ lin. long, about 4 lin. broad, lanceolate, acuminate, boat- shaped, glabrous, light fuscous or greenish-fuscous. Petals 3, arising slightly above the sepals, rather less than 4 lin. long, about Tz lin. broad, linear, acute, flat, glabrous, not ciliate, without glands, pallid or fuscous. Style bifid to half-way down. Male flowers rather few, pedi- VOL. VIII. 8 258 CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). [Lriocaulon. cellate. Sepals connate into a narrowly funnel-shaped body }-} lin. long, deeply cleft on one side, denticulate at the apex, glabrous, light fuscous. Petals reduced to very minute lobules at the apex of the } lin. long stipes, glabrous. Anthers black. Seeds about 4 lin. long, ellipsoid, smooth, brown.—Steud. Syn. P). Glum. ii. 273; Koernicke in Linnea, xxvii. 612; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 154; Schweinf. Beitr. Fi. Aethiop. 295; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 502; Ruhland in Engl. Jabrb. xxvii. 84; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 53. 4. Richardt, Koernicke in Schweinfurth, Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 309, name only; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 503; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 85. HE. sewangulare, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 347 (excl. all syns.) ; Koernicke in Linnea, xxvii. 613, 615; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 503; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 83, partly, not of Linn. 2. minimum, Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 895, not of Lam. Nile Land. Abyssinia: on the mountain plains in the Province of Shire, Schimper, 1944! Tigre; in inundated places near Tchelatchekenneh, Quartia- Dillon. Also in South Africa. 36. E. Heudelotii, V. #. Br. Plants small, tufted, stemless. Leaves few, in a radical rosette, erect, 4-3? in. long, 1-4 lin. broad, linear, tapering to a very fine hair-like point, 1—3-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 1-3 to a plant, 14-34 in. long, subterete, slightly striate in the dried state, glabrous; their sheaths 4—7 lin. long, acute, glabrous. Heads 14-2 lin. in diam., somewhat hemispherical, moneecious, with the sexes intermixed, light brownish. Involucral-bracts #1 lin. long, 3 lin. broad, cuneate-oblong, or somewhat obovate, very obtuse, slightly lacerate-denticulate at the apex, light ochreous-brown, glabrous. Flowering-bracts #-1 lin. long, 4-1 lin. broad, linear-oblanceolate, acute, very thin and membranous, glabrous. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers very numerous, pedicellate, entirely destitute of sepals or petals, or with 2 filiform simple or bifid sepals at the middle of the pedicel; pedicels about 4 lin. long; style trifid to half-way down, or expanding upwards into a thin, flat, membranous, linear, entire, bifid or trifid blade. Male flowers comparatively few, long-pedicellate. Sepals connate into a somewhat funnel-shaped body } lin. long, open down one side, toothed at the apex, very membranous, fuscous, glabrous. Stipes between the sepals and stamens 0-} lin. long. Petals rudimentary oF — Anthers yellowish. Seeds } lin. long, ellipsoid-oblong, ochreous, smooth. Upper Guinea. Senegambia : without precise locality, Heudelot, 677! 678! 37. E. amboense, Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. App. iii. 35. Plant stemless, 13-24 in. high. Leaves numerous, 3-1} in. long, }-} ln. broad, linear, tapering to a very fine point, flaccid, tessellately veined, glabrous. Peduncles 5 or 6 to a plant, 1-13 in. long, slender, terete, glabrous, green; their basal sheaths 5-8 lin. long, slightly inflated, obtuse, glabrous, green. Flower-heads hemispherical, blackish or dark Lriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). 259 chestnut, about 13 lin. in diam., moneecious, with the outer flowers female. Involucral-bracts ? lin. long, }-4 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse or acute, entire, very thin and membranous, fuscous, glabrous. Flower- ing bracts about } lin. long, lanceolate or spathulate-lanceolate, very acute, entire, membranous, fuscous or dull olive-green, glabrous. Re- ceptacle glabrous. Female flowers pedicellate. Sepale 2, free, about 2 lin. long, linear-lanceolate, acute, membranous, fuscous, somewhat tessellated, glabrous. Petals none. Stipes between the sepals and ovary none or excessively short. Ovary flattened, orbicular in outline, glabrous; style divided to about the middle into 2 filiform branches. Male flowers pedicellate, glabrous. Sepals 2 or rarely 3, free (always 2), about $ lin. long, linear-lanceolate, acute, membranous, fuscous, Stipes between the sepals and petals variable, sometimes half as long as the sepals. Petals reduced to 3 very minute ovate white segments about zo~# lin. long, bearing a black gland at their middle. Stamens 4 or 6; anthers yellowish. ower Guinea. German South-west Africa: Amboland ; on the margin of a pool at Uashitenga, near Olukonda, Schinz, 859 ! I do not find that the bracts are lacerate us stated in the original description, and it is only the outermost or invyolucral bracts that are sometimes obtuse ; both in the type specimen (which Prof. Schinz has kindly allowed me to examine) and in the example at Kew they are as described above. I find only 2 sepals present in the female flowers, but the male flowers seem to be very variable in the number of their parts, some having 2 sepals, 3 petals, and 4 stamens, others 2 sepals, 3 petals and 6 stamens, whilst a few have 3 sepals, 3 petals and 6 stamens. 38. E. Stuhlmanni, V. #. Br. Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 39 bracts 4-6, up to 10-16 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikes elongate, loose, of 10-40 spikelets. Spikelets 3-1 by } in., dark chestnut, 10-20-flowered ; wings of rhachilla narrow, subpersistent. Glumes elliptic, obtuse, not striate, in fruit with enrolled margins not imbricate. Nut $—3 the length of the glume, oblong-obovoid ; style- branches 3, long.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 299; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 549; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 142. (. distans, var. kilimandscharica, K. Schum. in Engl. Fl. Ost-Afr. C. 120. Wile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; near Debra Eski, Schimper, 233! Bege- meder ; near Debra Tabor, 9100 ft., Schimper, 1249! and without precise locality, Roth / 10,000 ft., Schimper, 1008! 2448! _Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; 5000 ft., Volkens, 2276! British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! : This species differs from C. schimperianus, Steud., only by the longer leaves. K. Schumann has finally arranged it (i.e. Volkens, 2276) as a variety of C. distans, Linn, f.; it differs from the black variety of that species by the stem being acutely triquetrous at the top, the broader spikelets, and especially by the nut being widened towards the top; but it is critically near. 88. C. atroviridis, C. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. F1. Afr. vy. 549. Stems 6-9 in. long. Umbel congested into a compound head, 3-11 in. in diam., of 15-25 spikelets. Glumes chestnut, with a broad striated green band down the back ; otherwise as C’. aterrimus.— C.adoensis, Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soe. vii. 220, not of Hochst. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, 9000 ft., Mann, 1466! It may possibly be a subalpine depauperated state of C. aterrimus. 89. C. maranguensis, A. Schum. im Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr.C. 120. Glabrous. Stem 2 ft. high, at the base erect from a woody rhizome, at the top trigonous. Leaves as long as the stem, up to 4 in. broad. Umbel 7 in. in diam., compound; bracts 5, lowest nearly 1 ft. long, Similar to the leaves. Spikes loosely spicate, of 12-15 spikelets. Spikelets lurid green, up to 3 by ys in., 10—16-flowered; wings of rhachilla oblong, persistent. Glumes elliptic, obtuse, distant. Style Short ; branches 3, shortly exserted from the glume. Nut % the length of the glume, oblong ellipsoid. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 5000 ft., Volkens, 649! Mochi, 4000-5000 ft., Taylor ! : This species appears from the unusual blac et The example is not fully ripe; the the reer empty glume has a short point ; from this ) pecies may prove a Mariscus near M. eurystachys and M. foliosus. Var. ferrugineoviridis, C. B. Clarke. Stolons numerous, stout. Stem at the ase erect, at the top thick, fluted. Leaves and bracts numerous, broad. Glumes sreen on the back, ferruginous on the sides. Wile Land. British East Africa: Ruwenzori, 5300 ft., Scott-Elli k-green colour of the spikelets very lower empty glume has a long tail, I think it not improbable that ot, 7590! 360 CLVI, CYPERACEA (CLARKE). [ Cyperus. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; 3500 ft., Volkens, 1620! This has been issued from Berlin as C. fenzelianus, Steud., to which it is not (owing to the very remote glumes) closely allied. It may prove a new species. 90. C. nubicus, C. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Stolons ;', in. in diam., hardening into rhizomes. Stems up to 2 ft. long, triquetrous at the top, at the base erect, not at all bulbous. Leaves 12 by $4 in. Umbel 5-8 in. in diam., compound, dense with numerous spikelets, a bright ferruginous-red ; bracts 3—4, the lowest overtopping the umbei, similar to the leaves. Spikelets loosely spicate, up to 1 by } in., com- pressed, 20—30-flowered ; wings of the rhachilla ovate, hyaline, con- spicuous, finally deciduous. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, slenderly striate, acute, hardly mucronate, distant, in fruit spreading and hardly imbri- cate. Style short; branches 3, long, exserted. Nut 2 the length of the glume, oblong-ellipsoid, black. Nile Land. Nubia: sea-coast, to between 3000 and 4000 ft., Bent ! Mount Erau, Cholmley ! Somaliland: Berbera maritime plain at Dobar Waina, 500 ft., Miss Edith Cole! “ A : é . ight- This species is perhaps more nearly allied to some of the very large brigh coloured forms of C. rotundus, 91. C. Zollingeri, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ti. 62. Glabrous. Stems 1-3 ft. long, slender for their length, trigonous, smooth at the top, suberect at the base; stolons slender, clothed by striate brown scales, hardening into slender woody rhizomes. Leaves 3—% the length of the stem, narrow, sometimes attaining } in. in breadth. Umbel irregular, straggling, usually nearly simple, but sometimes com- pound with the secondary rays up to 4-6 in. long, and the primary rays up to 6-12 in. long, sometimes with more numerous long Trays; sometimes with 1-2 rays, or reduced to a head; bracts about as long as the rays, or in the case of a contracted umbel much longer, similar to the leaves ; in the case of numerous rays the bracts are also numerous. Spikes very loosely spicate, of 3-9 spikelets. Spikelets 1 by $ oe 20-flowered, yellow-green, compressed, subquadrangular; wings : rhachilla oblong, hyaline, finally deciduous. Glumes distant on ns rhachilla, ovate-oblong, obtuse, acute or mucronate; margins pi ’ nerveless, yellow; keel broad, green, closely 5—7-nerved. Nut 3 length of the glume, obovoid, black, hardly curved. Style ee branches 3, long, shortly exserted.—Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ines fi Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 352; OC. B. Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Brit. : De vi. 613, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. paige Wild. & Durand in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. XXXVI. a K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 120; Durand & Schinz, oS ‘1. Congo, i. 294; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 117. @. tenwice bare Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxvi. 286, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. a ia Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 554. C. sphacelatus, Ridley in Trans. ; on Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 139 partly, not of Rottb. C. lucidulus, C. B, Clar. Cyperus. | CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 361 in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxi. 99; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 139 partly, not of Klein nor of Kunth. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Freetown, Afzelius! Welwitsch, 7058! she Heudelot, 458! 559! Lécard, 149! Gambia, Mungo Park ! Lagos; Millen, Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyauz, 355! Lower Congo : Kimuenza, Gillet! Stanley Pool, 1000-2000 ft., Hens, 34! 56! 399! Kisantu, Gillet, 510! 1511! Angola: Pungo Andongo; between the River Cuanza and Caghuy, Welwitsch, 6940 partly ! “she Central. Congo Free State: Lunda; Mukenge, Pogge, 1578! 1583! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; Tanga, Holst, 2026! Portuguese East Africa: Mozambique, Kuntze, 202! British Central Africa: Zambesi Valley; Boruma, Menyharth, 658! Also in Tropical and Sub-tropical Asia and Australia. Var. parva, C. B. Clarke. Plants small, slender, with very narrow leaves, much depauperated umbel, and dull-coloured hardly at all yellow spikelets. Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Lutete, 1800-2000 ft., Hens, A, 220! : South Central. Congo Free State: Bussindi, 950 ft., Hens, C, 159! Equator- ville, Hens, C, 178! Lusambo, on the River Sankuru, Duchesne, 16! In Hens, 159, 17 8, the stems are sometimes reduced to 4 in. long, and the umbel to a single head of 3-5 spikelets. In the variety robusta, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost- Afr. C. 120 (i.e. Holst, 2026), the umbel is more than 2 ft.in diam. The species varies greatly in development in India; it can generally be recognised by the distant glumes and subquadrangular spikelets. 92. C. schweinfurthianus, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 553. Stem tall, at the top very scabrous. Glumes apiculate; otherwise as C. Zollingeri—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 576 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. P]. Welw. ii. 117. C. tenwiculmis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 286, and in Engl. Jahrb. v. 91 partly. C. lucidulus, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 99 partly; Ridley in Trans. Jinn, Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 139 partly, not of Klein. Upper Guinea. Togo, Kling, 71! Lagos: Abeokuta, Irving! Niger Terri- ty; Nupe, Barter, 1573! Lokoja district, Richardson, 4! Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2318! Ruwenzori; Semliki Valley, Scott-Elliot, 7992 ! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 586! Angola: Pungo Andongo ; ‘Quitage on the River Cuije, Welwitsch, 6940, partly ! : Var. ? levicaulis, C. B. Clarke. Stem quite smooth at the top, 2 ft. long. Umbel compound ; primary rays 3-4 in. long. Spikelets (young) 2 by nearly 3 in., Somewhat lanceolate (i.e. narrowed at both ends), very flat, yellow. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, Carson, 19! I doubt this being any variety of C. schweinfurthianus. The inflorescence and t lanceolate spikelets are more like those of C. fenzelianus ; but the spikelets are broad for that species or C. rotundus or any of its neighbours. 93. C. elatior, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 553, not in Linnea, XXXv1. 327. Stem 21 ft. high, at the top smooth. Umbel compound ; Yays up to 10 in. long. Spikelets 1 by } in., 20-30-flowered, suberect ; 362 CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). [ Cyperus. otherwise as C. Zollingeri.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 559. Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2280! South Central. Congo Free State; Nlemfu, Butaye ! This looks like a very large variety of C. Zollingeri. 94. C. gracilinux, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 162. Glabrous. Stems 2 ft. high, at the top trigonous and smooth; stolons numerous, slender, clothed by striate brown scales. Leaves % the length of the stem, } in. broad. Umbel 6-12 in. in diam., com- pound, open ; bracts much longer than the umbel, similar to the leaves. Spikes loosely spicate, of 5-11 spikelets. Spikelets 3 by J, in., com- pressed, hardly at all quadrangular, 10-16-flowered, dirty-white ; wings of rhachilla elliptic-lanceolate, hyaline. Glumes approximate on the rhachilla, ovate-oblong subobtuse, ultimately obliquely spreading but imbricate. Nut 3% the length of the glume, oblong or narrowly ellipsoid ; style 3-fid.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 564; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo i. 288. C. tenwi- culmis, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 554, not Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 286. Upper Guinea. Senegal, ZLécard, 103! 129! Sierra Leone, the tubercle minute, depressed, concolorous. Style very slender, shortly exserted, 3-fid.— 7’. minima, Hochst. ex Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 744. Scirpus oligostachyus, Boeck. 1.c. 743. Nile Land. Abyssinia, ex Boeckeler § K. Schumann. Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, ex K. Schumann. F. oligostachys, Hochst. (nu. 21 above) was founded on Schimper ». 1268 > K. Schumann says expressly that the present plant is not that, and places it in his. section Bulbostylis, to which, from Boeckeler’s description, it may belong. 27. FP. setifolia, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 507. Perennial, stoutly tufted. Stem erect, slender, 1 ft. long, striate, very seabrous.. Leaves linear, convolute, setaceous, scabrid, ciliate, shorter than the stem. Spikes 5—6, subsessile, agglomerate, terminal ; bracts 0. Glumes imbricate on all sides, oval, obtuse, subfimbriate on the edges, purple, on the back 1-nerved and subscabrid. Stigmas 3. Immature nut triquetrous. Mile Land. Abyssinia: Wojerat district; in the mountains, Petit (ex A, Richard). A. Richard adds that the species is very close to F. oligestachys, but 1s —_ larger than it and with more numerons leaves. I refrain from hazarding any gv from the description, whica (with all its detai') contains nothing to show oe genus the plant belongs. 28. F. thonningiana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 399. aig tufted. Root fibrous, slender. Stem filiform, furrowed, ang¥ me Fimbristylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 427 puberulous and scabrid, 14 in. high, with many leaves at the base. Leaves close together, rigid, falcate, spreading, linear, flat, obtuse, sheaths very short, edges subciliate at the base scabrous above, 5-4 in. bv 1-1} line. Umbel decompound, 12-rayed ; bracts 2, scarcely 1 in. long ; rays spreading, very unequal, setaceous, compressed subangular, sub- puberulous scabrous, the outer 2-1 in. long, with 8 secondary rays, the iner 3-4 lin. long with 1 spikelet ; secondary rays capillary, unequal, exterior with 3 spikelets, the rest with 1 spikelet ; bracts to secondary umbels 2, setaceous, short. Spikelets in fruit ovate-lanceolate, acute, terete, 8—6-flowered, 2 lin. long. Glumes rigid, sub-4-ranked, spreading at the tip, round-ovate, obtuse, strongly and obtusely keeled, nerveless, longish mucronate, on the disc rust-coloured or fuscous, towards the edge paler, shining, the 2 lowest empty, smaller, round, long-mucronate. Nut small, 4 the length of the glume, round-obovate, but little narrowed at the base, at the top obtuse, bare, trigonous, densely sprinkled over by granules carrying pores, snow-white, pearly-glistening. Style short and slender, conically thickened at the base; etigmas 3 or 2, exserted. Stamens 1-3. : Upper Guinea. Guinea, Thonning (ex Boeckeler). Boeckeler adds that he formerly referred this species to F. seaberrima, but that he now regards it as near F. muricatula. 1t is doubtless some remarkable plant both from the nut being thickly clothed by poriferous granules and from the style-branches. being 3 or 2. 10. BULBOSTYLIS, Kunth, Enum. it. 205. Spikelet of many spirally imbricate glumes, lowest 1 or 2 empty, many or several succeeding glumes 2-sexual and perfecting nuts, uppermost male or sterile. Hypogynous bristles 0. Stamens 3-2, anterior. Style glabrous, linear, deciduous leaving its enlarged base as a dark-coloured button on the nut ; branches 3 (2 in B. striatella), linear. Nut obovoid (sometimes narrowly so), very obtuse or truncate, pallid till quite ripe.— Stolons 0; rhizome 0 or very short. Stems slender. Leaves all near the base of the stem, very narrow (nearly always setaceous or capillary) often hairy ; leaf-sheaths generally with needle-like white hairs in the throat. nflorescence a terminal umbel, simple or compound, or reduced to a head or 1 spikelet. Flower-glumes nearly always pubescent on the oak Fimbristylis, Sect. Oncostylis, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. Species 74, in the tropics or warmer regions of the world, especially in Africa and America where one species extends north to Canada. *Style 2-fid. Stem slender, with 1 spikelet **Style 3-fid. Stem slender, with 1 spikelet. Nut transversely wavy. Spikelet 3 in. long, with numerous nuts . Spikelet 2 in. long, with nuts only in the basal Half: f : ; ; 5 Nut smooth; spikelet 34 in., oblong-ellipsoid, obtuse : . : - : 1. B. striatella, 2. B. festucoides, 4. B. spherocarpus. 3. B. zambesica. 428 CLVI, CYPERACE# (CLARKE). ***Style 3-fid. in South African examples of B. cinnamomea). Stem glabrous at the top; sometimes scabrous or obscurely hairy in B. collinaand B. laniceps. Nut without longitudinal ribs or transversely wavy lines. Spikelets usually 51 ina head. Spikelets acute, minutely pubescent. , in. broad or more, 3-20 Nut broadly obovoid . 5. B. barbata. Nut narrowly obovoid. : . ll. B. cardiocarpa. Spikelets obtuse, with some ee “white : hairs : . 8. B. collina. Spikelets scarcely ;4, in. ne oad, numerous, very closely packed : . 10. B. laniceps. Nut with transverse (often very minute) wavy lines; outermost cells longitudinally oblong. Stem 2-4 in. long with 2-1 spikelets 6. B. rarissima. Stem 18-24 in. Jong; spikelets 3 in. Jong 7. B. cinnamomea. Stem 24-32 in. long; spikelets # in. long 16: 26. aphyllanthoides. Nut longitudinally striate, horizontally tra- beculate; outermost cells transversely : oblong . . 15. B. schimpervana. Stem minutely hairy at the top (see also Bet ee and B. laniceps above). Bracts hardly longer than the head, suberect ; plants sparsely hairy. Spikelets +3 Me long, numerous 9. B. filamentosa. Spikelets 4-3 in. long, usually 3-6 in a | head. Leaves setaceous. Spikelets acute 12. B. erratica, Spikelets obtuse . 13. B. atrosanguinea. Leaves very narrowly linear 14. B. scleropus. Bracts conspicuous, spreading, green; whole : plant hairy _ 17. B. Buchanan. ****Style 3-fid. Heads of spikelets umbelled (cf. also 7. B. cinnamomea)- tiough stems with one head only are not rare, Rhizome woody; ut transy eel wavy, not striate lengthwise s _ 18. B. Zeyher. Annual, slender ; nut striate ‘Netigthwind; sid transversely barred . 19. B. trabeculata. “*****Style 3-fid. Spikelets more than 4 Spikelet 1, rarely ae the throat Spikelets 3-5; throat : Spikelets less than Li in, loug (ofly a few attaining even 4 in. long). Nut trabeculate, slenderly and obscurely striate lengthwise Nut smooth, more or less transversely wavy, or obscurely reticulate or dotted. in. long. leaf-sheaths bearded in . 34. B. leaf-sheaths glabrous in the ropa hn dry. | Bulbostylis, Stem with 1 head of spikelets only (heads occasionally umbelled Spikelets Apia all (or most) pedicelled, not clustered. macra. E8302 B: megastachys- Johnstont. Bulbostylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). Stems hairy, at least at the top close under the umnbel. Stem with longish scattered needle-like hairs often over its whole length. Stem filiform, 1-4 in. long, with 1-2 spikelets : : ° 626; Stem 4~12 in. long, with 3-6 spikelets 31. Stem nearly glabrous except for minute hispid hairs under the umbel, Spikelets ellipsoid or oblong; umbel congested. : : : 5 Alle Spikelets ovoid, less than twice as long as broad. Leaves 3 as long as the stem ; umbel of many spikelets . : 5 Pash Leaves none or very short; umbel of 1-4 spikelets : : 5 Ore Stems glabrous even at the very top under the umbel. Spikelets ellipsoid, about twice as long as broad. Spikelets 1-2 in. long. Nut pallid, smooth or with faint transverse wavy lines. Spikelets none clustered. Leaves setaceous, straight 220: Leaves filiform, flexuose . DUE Spikelets some clustered : . 30. Nut black, strongly wavy trans- versely . : : : Spikelets 4 in. long; nut pyriform, bo or almost stalked .. : ~ 24, Spikelets + in. long. Rhizome hardly any; or annuals. Spikelets numerous, pale-brown . 23. Spikelets 3-6, chestnut-brown . 31. Rhizome horizontal, short. Leaves 4 the length of the stem . 36. Leaves short, often hardly any. 37, Spikelets ovoid, less than twive as long as broad, chestaut-red. Spikelets several ; nut pyriform . 5 ERE Spikelets 1 (or 2); nut unknown . oo. Spikelets cylindric, thrice as long as broad 33. B. filiformis. B. andongensis. B. puberula. B. coleotricha. B. transiens. B. capillaris. B. abortiva. B. parva. . B. pusilla. B. argenteobrunea. B. Burchellii. B. andongensis, var. B. B. oritrephes. B. trichobasis. P. Taylori. B. melanocephala, B. cylindrica. 1. B. striatella, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. Vv. 616. A tufted annual. Stem 2-7 in. long, glabrous, with 1 or 2 Spikelets. Leaves about as long as the stem, setaceous, minutely hairy. Bract longer or shorter than the spikelet. Spikelets } by 4 in., subsquar- Tose ; sessile spikelets at the base of the stem are not rarely added. Glumes elliptic-acuminate, mucronate, glabrous ; keel 1~3-nerved, green, sides rruginous. Style 2-fid. Nut 4 the length of the glume, obovoid, 430 CLYI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Bulbostylis. flattened on the anterior face, biconvex, pale brown, minutely striate lengthwise.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 205. Jsolepis humillima, Hochst. ex C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect, Fl. Afr. v. 616. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Memsa (Memsach ?), Quartin-Dillon ; and without precise locality, Schimper, 355! Also in South Africa, 2. B. festucoides, Awnth, Enum. ii. 207, cf. 205. A tufted annual. Stem 2-8 in. long, striate, glabrous or minutely hairy, with one spikelet. Leaves } the length of the stem, setaceous, glabrous or minutely hairy; sheaths hairy, with long white hairs in the mouth. Spikelet } by 3, in., brown; bract suberect, shorter or longer than the spikelet. Glumes in many spirals, ovate, acuminate, submucronate, nearly glabrous ; keel green, sub-3-nerved. Style rather shorter than the nut; branches 3, long. Nut 4-} the length of the glume; obovoid, trigonous, pallid, transversely wavy; style-base persistent as a button on the nut, red-brown.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 613. Scirpus festucoides, Poir. in Lam, Encycl. vi. 752; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 743. Jsolepis festucoides, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 100. Upper Guinea. French Guinea: Sulimania; Erimakuna, Scott-Ellist, 5244! Frequent in the Mascarene Islands, Scott-Elliot’s plant has a smaller spikelet, but larger more wavy nut than the Mascarene material, 3. B. zambesica, (. B. Clarke in Durand d&: Schinz, Conspect. Fil. Afr. v.616. Tufts very dense, hard with wiry roots. Stem 4—6 in. long, setaceous, minutely scabrous hairy, with one spikelet. Leaves $ the length of the stem, capillary, scabrous hairy ; sheaths with white hairs n the mouth. Spikelet } by 2 in., oblong-ellipsoid, obtuse, dusky brown. Lowest glume mucronate, but little longer than the fertile glumes; glumes ovate, at the tip triangular and subobtuse, hairy ; keel green, 3-nerved. Style as long as the nut; branches 3, long. Nut less than } the length of the glume, obovoid, trigonous, pallid, smooth ; persistent style- base dark-red.—Fimbristylis sambesica, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost- Afr. ©, 125. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mount Sochi, 3000 ft.» Kirk ! Kampala, Scott-Elliot, 8464! between Blantyre aud Matope, Scott! 4. B. spherocarpus, “. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. rl. Afr. v. 616. A tufted annual. Stem 2-5 in. long, glabrous, wit one spikelet. Leaves 3 the length of the stem, capillary, most minutely hairy ; sheaths obscurely bearded in the mouth. Spikelet } by re ert bearing a few nuts at the base, lanceolate and male above ; bract 4 2 long, setaceous; basal (i.e. stemless) spikelets are often added. Fertile glumes ovate, acuminate, rust-coloured, scabrous-hairy. Style nearly as long as nut; branches 3. Nut less than } the length of the glume, obovoid, trigonous, smooth, straw-coloured, transversely wavy ; style Bulbostylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 431 base left on the nut, dusky-black.—Scirpus spherocarpus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 741. 8. nindensis, Ficalho & Hiern in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii, 27. Fimbristylis spherocarpa, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 125. Nile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2046! 2047! Lower Guinea. Angola: Amboella; at Ninda, Serpa Pinto (ex Ficalho & Hiern). o. B. barbata, Awnth, Enum. ii. 208, cf. 205. A densely tufted annual. Stems 1-10 in. long, very slender, at the top trigonous and glabrous. Leaves 4 the length of the stems, setaceous, nearly glabrous; sheaths more or less hairy, with long white hairs in their throats. Spikelets 3-12, sessile in one head, }-} in. in diam., from ferruginous to dark brown, 4-+ in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3—15-flowered ; bracts 3, setaceous, short or much longer than the head. Glumes rather distant on the rhachilla, boat-shaped, ovate-lanceolate, with a small subrecurved mucro, more or less pubescent. Stamens 2-1; anthers oblong, muticous, Style as long as the nut; branches 3; style-base left as a red or black button on the pallid nut. Nut 4 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, almost truncate, smooth, without longi- tudinal ribs or transverse wavy lines.—O. B. Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. vi. 651, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 611; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 304. B. Willdenowii, Kunth, Enum. ii. 210, cf. 205. Scirpus barbatus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 52, t. 17, fig. 4; Boeck, in Linnea, xxxvi. 751, excl. var. 3. S. antarcticus, Thunb. Fl. Cap. ed. Schult. 96 partly ; Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 29; not of Linn. Isolepis barbata, R. Br. Prodr. 222; Benth. in Hook. Niger 553, 7. Willdenowii, Steud. Syn. Pi. Glum. ii. 102; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 553. J. subtristachya, Hochst. ex Schweinf. Beitr. Fi. Aethiop. 216; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 752. Fimbristylis barbata, ponth. Fl. Austral. vii. 321; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 2). Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 441! Leprieur! Senegal, Sieber, 6! Perrottet, 833! Cape Verd, St. Hilzire! Dahomey, Newton, 3! 4! 25! Togo, Baumann, 588! Gold Coa-t: Accra, Vogel! Brown, 309! 429! Lagos: Sobakin, Lagos Government, 29! Abeokuta, Crowther! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 159! 840! Baikie! Lower Niger; Stirling, Vogel, 161! Nile Land. Abyssinia: Agow Territory, near Mawerr, 3000-4000 ft., Schimper, 2166! and without precise locality, Schimper, 1193 ! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Lutete, 1800—2000 ft., Hens, 52 6r 242! 380! Zambi, Dupuis! Kisantu, Gillet, 660! and without prec’‘se locality, Smith ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1200 partly! Boivin ! Also in the Mascarene Islands, India, China, Japan, Malaya, and Tropical Australia, 6. B. rarissima, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi, 4fr.v. 615. Stem 2-3 in. long, setaceous, with 1 spikelet or 2 sessile together, glabrous. Leaves nearly glabrous; sheaths hardly ciliate in the throat. Spikelets 4 by ;}; in., 8-12-flowered, pale brown. Glumes 432 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Bulbostylis. pubescent, in fruit spreading horizontally. Style 3-fid. Nut 4 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, almest truncate, transversely wavy-lineate (owing to the outermost cells being longitudinally oblong) ; crowned by the persistent depressed-bulbous style-base ; otherwise resembling small examples of B. barbata.—Cyperus rarissimus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 16. Wile Land. Abyssinia, Schimper ! 7. B. cinnamomea, (. 2. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect- Fl. Afr. v. 612. Rhizome hardly any. Stems tufted, 18-24 in. long, slender, at the top trigonous and obscurely scabrous on the angles. Leaves } the length of the stems, setaceous ; sheaths pale ferruginous,, sparingly hairy. Head 1, of 1-8 rather large spikelets (a second peduncled head very rarely present); bracts 2, lower setaceous shorter or much longer than the spikelets. Spikelets } by } in., narrowly ellip- soid, cinnamon-coloured or chestnut-brown, 8—20-flowered. Glumes: densely placed, ovate, acute, slightly keeled, obscurely pubescent. Style 3-fid. Nut } the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pallid, transversely wavy lineate, crowned by the persistent depressed-bulbous red or black style-base.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 209. Scirpus cinnamomeus, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 505- Fimbristylis cinnamomea, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 125. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 29! 1452! Also in South Africa and the Masearene Islands. 8. B. collina, Kunth, Enum. ii. 208, ef. 205. Stems densely approximated on a short woody rhizome, 4—16 in. long, at the top tri- gonous and glabrous or obscurely hairy. Leaves 4 the length of the stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Head 1, 3-3 in. in diam., of 12 spikelets; lowest bract usually overtopping the head. Spikelets 4} in. long, ellipsoid, of 5-12 flowers. Glumes ovate, brown or chesnut-coloured, the green keel excurrent in a mucro, pubescent, some long white ciliate hairs often added on the margins. Style with 3 branches ; style-base left on the nut as a small brown-re cone. Nut = the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, pallid, smooth, without transverse wavy lines.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FJ. Afr. v. 613 partly, and in Dyer, F). Cap. vii. 208. Iso- lepis collina, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 101. Seirpus collinus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 746. S. beckelerianus, Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii, Append, ii. 50. S. collinus, var. beckeleriana, Schweinf. |.c. 104. Wile Land. Eritrea: Kcohaito Plateau, 8500-8800 ft., Schweinfurth, 10m? Addi Quareh, 7500 ft., Sehweinfurth, 106! Lulamba, near Keren, 5900 ft.» Schweinfurth, 837! “1 Seeaas Dist. German East Africa: Karagwe; on dry hills, Scott-Elliot, 8119 Frequent in South Afriea. Bulbostylis. | CLYI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). £38 9. B. filamentosa, Kunth, Enum. ii. 21 of. 205. Rhizome hardly any. Stems densely tufted, 8-20 in. long, slender, at the top trigonous, hairy. Leaves # the length of the stem, setaceous; sheaths hairy, with long white hairs in the throat, often torn. Head 1, 4-2 in. in diam., of 6-14 spikelets, chestnut-brown; bracts 3-2, setaceou:, lowest often overtopping the head. Spikelets 4 by ;4,in., 6-10-flowere«. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, minutely apiculate, pubescent but with no long white hair. Stamens 3; anthers linear, with a minute terminal bristle. Style 3-fid. Nut 2 the length of the glume, acutely trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pallid, with obscure transverse lines; style-basc persistent, ovoid, larger than usual, hardly darker than the nut.— C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 613, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 206; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo i. 306; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soc. Bot. Belg. xxxvi. 89 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 124. Scirpus filamentosus, Vahi!, Enum. ii. 262; Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 30; Boeck. in Linnea, Xxxvi. 747 (excl. the American plants and synon.), and in Flora, 1879, 963. Isolepis filamentosa, Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 113 ; Benth.in Hook. Niger Fl. 553. Fimbristylis filamentosa, K. Schum. in Engl. Pi.. Ost-Afr. O. 125. F collina, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2. Bot. ii, 154. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone? Kabnsa, Scoft-Eiliot, 5467! and witho.t Precise locality, Afzelius ! Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1577 ! Nile Land. Upper Sennar: Fazokl, Figari! British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1995! Lower Guinea, Lower Congo: Lutete, 1500-2000 ft., Hens, A, 238! Stanley Pool, Demeuse ! Kimuenza, Gillet, 1644! 1703! 1770! and without pre- cise locality, Smith, 308! Angola: Pungo Andongo; higher pastures of the Presidium, Welwitsch, 7151! mountainous places east of Quilombo Quiacatubia, 2200 ft., Welwitsch, 7004! Queta Mountains, Welwitsch, 7004s ! South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; by the River Welle, Schweinfurth, 3516 ! Nlempu, Butaye ! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Plains of Zomba, 2500- 3000 ft., Whyte ! Also in the Transvaal. Var. ? barbata, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 614. Stem minutely hairy at the top. Head of about 4 spikelets, larger than those of typical C. filamentosa, Kunth. Glumes with some long white hairs on the margins. Nut with transverse wavy lines.—Abildgaardia barbata, Beauv. FI. Owar. ii. 47, t. 86, fig. 1; Kunth, Enum. ii. 250. Cyperus barbatus, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. v. 186. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius, 583! Niger Territory: Oware, Beauvois This is very doubtfully placed with B. fi/amentosa ; in everything, except the nut (which has its outermost cells longitudinally oblong), it much more resembles Bz, collina, 10. B. laniceps, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F1. -lfr.v. 614. Rhizome hardly any. Stems densely tufted, 8-16 in. long, VOL. VIII. 2F 434 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). [ Bulbostylis. slender, at the top glabrous or nearly so. Leaves } the length of the stem, setaceous; sheaths nearly glabrous, scarcely ciliate in the throat. Head 1, tin. in diam., globose, dense, of 20 spikelets, with some long white hairs arising both from the margins of the glumes and from the receptacle ; bracts setaceous, hardly exceeding 1 in. inlength. Spikelets 4-4 in. long, lanceolate, compressed, 6—10-flowered, chestnut-brown. Glumes ovate, acuminate, mucronate, puberulous. Style 3-fid. Nut 4 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, smooth, dusky brown ; style-base persistent, small, conic.—Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 306; De Wild. & Durand, Ill. Fl. Congo, i. 21, t. cf Fimbristylis laniceps, K. Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr, C. 12 in obs. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, dfzelius! Liberia: Grand Bassa, Vogel, 92! Lower Guinea. Corisco Island, Mann, 1885! Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, 950 ft., Hens, B, 347! Kisantu, Gillet, 1591! 1651! South Central. Congo Free State: Lukolela, 950 ft., Hens, C, 163! 11. B. cardiocarpa, (. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 612. Rhizome 0. Stems 12-20 in. long, tufted, stouter than in the preceding species, at the top trigonous and | cme Leaves 3-9 in. long, setaceous, inrolled; sheaths woolly-ciliate, wit straight white hairs in the throat. Head 1, }—} in. in diam., chestnut- brown, of 10-20 spikelets ; bracts 2, shorter than the head. Spikelets % in, long, oblong-lanceolate, 5-12-flowered. Glumes densely aaah cate, ovate, acuminate, mucronate, puberulous towards the top. oh 3-fid. Nut 4 the length of the glume, trigonous, rather prehtee’ obovoid, pallid, truncate (almost depressed at the insertion of q e button), not longitudinally ribbed nor transversely wavy-lineate ; style- base persistent, small, conic, dark-red ; outermost cells subquadrangulat, prominent, sometimes inflated.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. he Fimbristylis cardiocarpa, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 154; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. ©. 125, not of F. Mueller. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Morson ! = ‘let Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, Callewaert ! Kisantu, sheet 622! Kimuenza, Gillet, 791! Angola: Pungo Andongo; in lofty places on ie de Guinga, Welwitsch, 6816! Huilla; lofty pastures and slopes of Morr Monino, Welwitsch, 6948! 6960! vere Var. 8 Holubii, C. B. Clarke. Nut much larger, 3-3 the length of ms cae lead-coloured when fully ripe; style-base large, short-cylindric.—B. cardv0 r C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 208. Mozamb. Dist. Rhodesia: Leshumo Valley, Holub ! Also in South Africa. Some of the heads are overtopped by the lowest bract. e 12. B. erratica, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous, pe minutely heiry glumes and top of the stem. Rhizome ee o> ois but very short, Stems approximate, 4-14 in. long, at the top %g Bulbostylis. | CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 435 and minutely hairy or glabrate. Leaves.nearly as long as the stem, setaceous, inrolled; sheaths pale brown, not bearded in the throat. Head 1, of 3-5 spikelets, bright chestnut-brown ; lowest bract ovate at the base, the linear green or yellow termination longer or shorter than the head. Spikelets 4 by 4-4 in., cylindric-lanceolate. Glumes closely imbricate, often 15-20 to the spikelet, the nutbearing glumes up to 5 in. long, elliptic-oblong, scarcely acute; keel green or yellow. Style shorter than the nut, branches 3. Nut 1-} the length of the glume, oblong, somewhat obovoid, truncate, trigonous with 3 shining angles, and chestnut-brown in colour, marked inconspicuously by transverse wavy lines ; outermost cells longitudinally oblong ; style-base persistent on the nut, small, conic.—B. schenoides, C.. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 616, partly; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 124. Schanus ? erraticus, Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi. 22. Isolepis schenoides, Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 225. Chictospora nigricans, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 290, partly, ie. G. Mann’s plant. Fimbristylis kunthiana, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 151. F. schenoides, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl, Ost-Afr. * 125 partly. Scirpus kamerunensis, K. Schum. in Preuss, Exsice. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 7000-11000 ft., Mann, 1346! 2105! Johnston, 41! and without precise locality, Preuss, 925! Fernando Po: Clarence Peak, 9000 ft., Mann, 655! 1472! G. Mann’s examples are excellent and ripe; the plant is certainly a Bulbostylis. The ripe nut is remarkable, and separates it from all other species of Bulbostylis Where the nut is known, but unfortunately the nut in B. schenoides is not known. 13. B. atrosanguinea, C’. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Con spect. Fl. Afr. v. 611. Rhizome hardly any. Stems densely tufted, ! foot long, slender, at the top triquetrous and minutely hairy. Leave~ hearly as long as the stem, setaceous, minutely hairy ; sheaths hairy, ‘Scarcely bearded in the throat. Head 1, $—3 in. in diam., of 4-12 Spikelets, chestnut-coloured ; lowest bract setaceous, usually much overtopping the head. Spikelets } in. long, oblong or narrow-ellipsoid, 6-12-flowered. Glumes closely imbricate, ovate, obtuse or scarcely acute, keeled. Stamens 3. Style long, glabrous; branches 3, linear. Nut (seen only young) trigonous-obovoid.—Seirpus atrosanguineus, ck, in Engl. Jahrb. vii. 276; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 353. 8. scheenoides, Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 148. Fimbristylis atrosanguinea, Volkens, Kilimand. 311; K. Schum, in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 125. F. schenoides, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 125 partly. Nile Land. British East Africa: Nandi, 7000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6971! Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; near Nene, Welwitsch, 6949! _ Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 8500-11000 a Volkens, 892! 1300! Johnston, 157! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! 436 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Bulbostylis. 14. B. scleropus, C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 207. Nearly glabrous, except the flower-glumes, Stems densely tufted, 10-16 in. long; basal sheaths broad, hard, chestnut-black striated. Leaves 4-2 the length of the stem, narrow-linear, channelled, harsh, flexuose. Spikelets 6-10, } by } in., in one head, subspicate, the lowest spikelet being sometimes 4-1 in. distant, chestnut-black ; bracts 2, lower 1-3 in., erect. Glumes elliptic-oblong, hardly acute. Nut 4 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, finally brown, minutely transversely wavy. Style longer than the nut; branches 3, linear; base persistent on the nut, small, ovoid, dark-coloured.— B. schenoides, ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 616 partly, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Mlanji, 6000 it; Whyte, 75! Also in South Africa. 15. B. schimperiana, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspett. Fl. Afr.v. 616, Rhizome hardly any. Stems densely tufted, 4—9 in. long, slender, at the top glabrous and 9-13-ribbed. Leaves } the length of the stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Head 1, of 2-10 spikelets, dark red or brown, }—} in. in diam. ; bracts 2-1, setaceous, about as long as the head. Spikelets } by ps-to ellipsoid, or subcylindric, obtuse, many-flowered. Glumes ovate, obtuse, minutely hairy, the green keel hardly excurrent. Style as long as the nut; branches 3. Nut 2 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pallid, with about 18 longitudinal striations and transversely barred between them (i.e. the external cells of the nut transversely oblong, superimposed in vertical series); style-base persistent on the nut, conic.—B. subumbellata, K. Schum. in Stuhlmann, Exsice. 3966 a. Isolepsis schimperiana, Hochst. in Flora 1841, i. Intell. 21; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 501. Fimbristylis schimperiana, Boeck. in Flora, 1858, 600. F. subumbellatu, K.Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 125. Se schimperianus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 750; Engl. Hochgebirgs§. sa Afr. 148. _S. fimbristyloides, K. Schum. in Stuhlmann, Exsice. 505 Nile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder? Addi Bachdanit, 6800 ft., Schimper 846! Gerra, 8200 ft., Schimper, 1253 ! Tigre ; near Adoa, Schimper, 299 ! British East Africa; Athi, Gregory, 102! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Karagwe; Bukoba, 1164! 1505! 39664! The plant Stuhlmann 1505 is regarded by K. Schumann as the sam 3966a; but it is young, and has some long white hairs at the base of the hea possibly may not belong. Stuhlmann, e species 48 d, and 16. B. aphyllanthoides, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Com spect. Fl. Afr.v. 611. Rhizome short, descending. Stems tufted, ae te long, rather robust, at the top trigonous and glabrous. Leaves long, flat, up to Lin. broad, many-striate, at the top suddenly a , glabrous ; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Head 1, larg® Bulbostylis. | CLYI. CYPERACEA (CLARKE). 437 of 6-7 spikelets ; bracts 2-3, lower up to 1} in. long by j}, in. broad in the lower part, glabrous, conspicuously scarious on the edges, Spikelets }in. long and upwards, elongate-lanceolate, many-flowered. Glumes } in. long, ovate, obtuse, minutely puberulous, rusty-brown. Style (the unbranched part) nearly } in. long, slender, glabrous ; branches 3, linear, much shorter. Nut 1-4 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, obtuse, pallid, obscurely transversely wavy lineate ; style-base remaining behind on the nut, conic, dark-brown.— Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 124. Fimbristylis aphyllanthoides, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 151. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: plains near Accra, Brown, 406! _ Gower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; low hills near Condo, on the right of the River Cuanza, and at Quisonde, Welwitsch, 6837 ! A larger plant, with much larger spikelets than any other African Bu/dostylis. 17. B. Buchanani, ©. B. Clarke. Hairy nearly all over. Rhizome 0. Stems tufted, 4-10 in. long, slender. Leaves $ the length of the stem, setaceous or almost capillary ; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Head 1, 1-2 in. in diam., dense, of about 10 Spikelets, a dusky green; bracts 3-5, lowest up to 1-14 in. long, Setaceous, flexuose. Spikelets } in. long, oblong, 3—5-flowered. Glumes ovate, acute. Style with 3 branches. Nut nearly $ the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pallid, with conspicuous trans- verse wavy lines ; style-base remaining behind on the nut, small, black- purple. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 1329! 18. B. Zeyheri, C. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. 4fr. v.616. Rhizome woody, short, rather stout. Stems tufted, 8-20 in. long, rather slender, at the top glabrous. Leaves } as long *s the stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Heads 1-4, of 2-7 spikelets each, the umbel narrow and sometimes Congested into 1 head; bracts short. Spikelets } in. long, ellipsoid, bright. brown, with little (or no) long white hair. Glumes ovate, acute, pubescent. Style 3-fid. Nut 4-4 the length of the glume, trigonous, oblong-obovoid somewhat narrowed at the top, yellow-brown, transversely lineolate ; style-base persistent on the nut, short-cylindric.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 209. Scirpus Zeyheri, Boeck. in Linnea, XXXv1. 752, Wile Land. British East Africa: 6424! 6426! Frequent in South Africa. Ukamba, 5000-€000 ft., Scott-klliot, 19. B. trabeculata, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect- fl. Afr. v. 616. Annual. Stems 2-6 in. long, slender, at the top glabrous. Leaves 1-2 in. long, setaceous ; sheaths with Ivong white hairs in the throat. Spikes of 3-8 spikelets, simply umbelled, chestnut- coloured ; bracts small. Spikelets hardly } in. long, narrow-elliptic. 438 CLYI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). { Bulbostylis. Glumes ovate, acuminate, with a small mucro, pubescent. Style 3-fid. Nut 4-2 the length of the glume, round-trigonous, narrowly obovoid, somewhat narrowed at the top, pale brown, with about 15 slender longitudinal striations, and trabeculate horizontally between the striz ; style-base left on the nut as a small depressed button.—Rendle in Cat. Atr. Pl. Welw. ii. 126. Fimbristylis barbata, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 152. Lower Guinea. Angola: Loanda; on the Island of Casanga, Welwitsch, 6982! sandy shore of Praia de Zamba Grande and Maianga d’E) Rei, Welwitsch, 7000! Mossamedes; Cabo Negro, on the banks of the River Caroca, Welwitsch, 6962 ! The separate heads of spikelets (here usually umbelled) resemble greatly the head of B. barbata (always solitary); the marking of the nut differs. 20. B. capillaris, Kunth, var. trifida, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 652. A densely tufted annual. Stems 2-12 in. long, setaceous, at the top glabrous. Leaves } as long as the stems, seta- ceous ; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Spikelets in a simple or compound lax umbel, all solitary, or in weak examples, only 3-1 to a stem; bracts setaceous, short. Spikelets usually } by zg in., about 12-flowered, but vary from ,), to } in., from dark-brown to pale brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, hardly acute, nerveless, pubescent; keel pallid. Stamens usually 2; anthers narrow-oblong, muticous. Style as long as the nut, filiform, glabrous; branches 3, long. Nut 2 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pallid or pale brown, smooth, without vertical or transverse undulate lines, or the transverse undulations faintly indicated ; outermost cells short oblong longitudinally ; style-base persistent on the nut as a small depressed ovoid button.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi. Afr. v. 612; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, 1. 305; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soe. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 89; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 125. B. trifida, Kunth, Enum. ii. 213, ef. 205. Scirpus capillaris, Linn. Mant. 321 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 148. Lsolepis trifida, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 108 ; Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 224; cf. Boeck. in Flora, 1860, 178. Fimbristylis capillacea, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 61; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Svc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 153. F. capillaris, K. Schum. in Engl. Pa. Ost-Afr. C.125. Isolepis capillaris, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 7. Upper Guinea. Togo, Baumann! Dahomey, Newton, 25! Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1579! Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 6000-1000 ft., Mann, atte 2093! Fernando Po: Clarence Peak, 8500 ft. to the summit, Mann, 660! 1471! Milne ! Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; near Gafat, Schimper, 1251, bis! Amba Sea? 6000 ft., Schimper, 847! Memsa (Memsach), Quartin-Dillon ! British East Africa: Athi, Gregory, 23! Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyauz, 352! Lower Congo: Gombi to Lutete, Hens, A, 298! Kisantu, Gillet, 417! 1564! Angola: Pungo Andongo; Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 6819! Huilla; between Empelanca and Humpata, Welwitsch, 6958! around Empelaca, Welwitsch, 69588 ! Bulbostylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 439 Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000-10,000 ft., Volkens, 665! 666! 832! 14684! 1910! Usambara; Mtai, Holst, 2473! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; near Blantyre, Last ! Common throughout the Old World, in tropical and warm regions. B. capillaris, Kunth, abounds in the New World; it has the nut definitely transverse wavy, and sometimes has radical (i.e. stemless) spikelets, So, in some Abyssinian specimens, there are added cleistogamous radical almost subterranean 1-nutted spikelets. 21. B. puberula, Kunth, Enum. ii. 213, cf. 205, A densely tufted annual. Stems 2-12 in. long, setaceous, at the top hairy. Leaves 4 as long as the stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Spikelets in a simple or compound umbel very nearly contracted into a head ; the pedicels of the solitary spikelets often only 70-15 in. long ; bracts long or short, setaceous. Spikelets 3 in. long, 10-flowered, oblong, dark-brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, hardly acute, pubescent. Style 3-branched. Nut 4 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pallid, transversely marked by wavy lines ; style-base persistent on the nut, small, ovoid, depressed, dark red.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 652, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 615, incl. var. 8; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl, Congo, i. 307. Scirpus puberulus, Poir. in Lam. Encycl. vi. 767 ; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 767, in small part. S. barbatus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 751 partly. Jsolepis Sieberi, Schrad. Anal. Fl. Cap. 23 m note; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 104. Cyperus pubescens, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum, ii. 50. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain; 6000-10,000 ft., Mann, 1360 partly ! 2093 partly ! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo, Smith ! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Zomba Rock, Whyte / Also in the Mascarene Islands, South India, Malaya. The South American plants referred hither by Boeckeler are B, langsdorffiana, Kunth, which is a very closely allied species. Boeckeler’s Senegal Scirpus puberulus Is for me Fimbristylis exilis, Roem. & Sch. The present plant has the umbel 80 much contracted that it is never referred to B. capillaris, but (as by Boeckeler generally) to B. barbata. It might be treated asa variety of B. barbata, witha “hm loosened inflorescence, but that it further differs by the stem being hairy at e top, 22. B. Taylori, ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. 4fr.v. 616. Umbel simple, of 1-5 spikelets; rays up to } in. long. Spikelets ovoid, chestnut-red. Glumes minutely hairy. Style 3-fid; Style-base persistent on the nut as a discoloured button. Nut acutely triquetrous with concave faces, much contracted at the base, pear- Shaped ; otherwise as B. capillaris.—Fimbristylis Taylori, K. Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 125. Mozamb, Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! This is separated from B. capillaris. vy me Species recorded here as being admitted by Kunth or other judicious authors. Must be understocd that the genus Bulbostylis is very homogeneous, and that we have here a number of plants which will not match, thongh the points separati g them are of very small botanic significance. It is more strongly marked than several It 440 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Bulbostylis. 23. B. Burchellii, C. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 612. Rhizome hardly any. Stems 4—20 in. long, very slender, glabrous at the top, firmly tufted and almost fused at the base. Leaves 4 the length of the stem, setaceous; sheaths woolly, with long white hairs at the throat. Umbel simple or compound, 2-4 in. in diam., often of 30 spikelets ; many of the spikelets solitary on pedicels } in. long or upwards, sometimes reduced to a head of 1-4 spikelets ; bracts short, setaceous. Spikelets }-} by 44,-;’p in., oblong or narrow-cylindric, pale brown. Glumes ovate, hardly acute, minutely pubescent. Style 3-fid. Nut } the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pale- brown, smooth with obscure transverse wavy lines ; style-base persistent on the nut, small, conic, dark brown.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fi. Cap. vii. 210; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 125. Fimbristylis Bur- chellii, Ficalho & Hiern in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 1. 28, t. 6, B, fig. 7-15; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 125. F. hispidula, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 27 partly. /’. huillensis, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 154. Scirpus capillifolius, Boeck. in Rehmann, Exsicc. 4330, not of Parlatore. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; pastures of Empelaca, Welwitsch, 6950! pastures at Catumba, Welwitsch, 6951! ; Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Lower Shire, on a stony hill- side at Morambala, Scott! British Central Africa : Boruma, on the Zambesi, Meny- harth, 1055! Nyasaland ; near Blantyre, Last ! Also in South Africa. This is closely allied to B. capillaris ; the pale brown spikelets are larger, the stems longer, and at the base stouter, the leaf-sheaths much mcre hairy. 24. B. argenteobrunea, (. 2B. Clarke. Stems densely tufted, 1 ft. long, at the top glabrous with the stomata very conspicuous a rows of dots between the ribs. Leaves half the length of the stem, setaceous; sheaths brown, with long white hairs on the throat. Umbel 13 in. in diam., subcompound, of 6-14 spikelets ; bracts as pei as the umbel, setaceous. Spikelets solitary, } by } in., narrow’y ellipsoid, subacute, a silver-brown colour. Glumes boat-shaped, one apiculate, pubescent, a few very long white hairs added on the bac : keel green. Style rather short; branches 3, long. Nut 2 the lengt of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, contracted at the base almost pear-shaped, pale brown, with transverse wavy lines ; style-base persistent on the nut, small, dark-red, very short cylindric (button shaped). coon Zand. British East Africa: Ngomeni, in Kikumbuliu, Scott- 3270! 25. B. pusilla, ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. pin Afr. v. 615. Stems 1-5 in. long, with 1-9 spikelets. . Nut very sa obovoid (broader than long), trigonous, truncate, black with are horizontal glistening-white wavy lines (i.e. the more persistent _ ]- the longitudinal cells which have withered off) ; otherwise as a Zarb laris.—Fimbristylis pusilla, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. soe ? ok in Cat. Spée. Bot. Pfund, 39. Scirpus Hochstetterz, Boeck. in Linney Elliot, Bulbostylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 441 xxxvi. 739; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 148. S. gracillimus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 7 61, cf. xxxviil. 408. Tsolepsis gracillima, Hochst. in Schimper, Exsice. 2066. Nile Land. Kordofan: El Abiad, Pfund, 618. Abyssinia: near Gafta, Schimper, 796! near Amba Sea, 6000 ft., Schimper, 2066! and without precise locality, Schimper, 458! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Urungu; Fwambo, 5250 ft., Nutt / This plant is altogether like weak examples of B. capillaris, var. trifida, except that the nut is very conspicuously transverse undulate. It is difficult to say how it differs from the American B, capillaris, 26. B. filiformis, 0. 2B. Clarke. A very slender annual. Stems tufted, 1-3} in. long, setaceous, with spreading needle-like white hairs from top to bottom. Leaves 4 the length of the stem, filiform, hairy. Spikelets 1-2 to each stem, 4-4 in. apart, j4,— 7/5 in. in diam., ovoid- globose, chestnut-brown; bracts setaceous, hardly overtopping the inflorescence. Glumes boat-shaped, ovoid, with a short point, pubescent. Style 3-branched. Nut 4-2 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, pale brown, transversely wavy-marked ; style-base persistent on the nut, small, ovoid, dark-brown. ‘ Nile Land. British East Africa: Kikumbuliu; Ngomeni, Scott-Elliot, 31! If hairs are to be depended on for specific distinction, the needle-like hairs on the stem of this plant, never seen on B. capillaris, distinguish it; but beyond these hairs there is little to distinguish it from small B. capillaris. 27. B. abortiva, C. B. Clarke in Durand d Schinz, Conspect. Fl. ‘fr, v. 610. Rhizome 0. Stems 6—24 in. long, very slender, densely tufted at the base, glabrous at the top. Leaves half the length of the stem, capillary ; sheaths with a few long white hairs in the throat. mbel up 4—6 in. in diam., compound, with very numerous pedicelled spikelets ; bracts setaceous, much shorter than the umbel, usually ‘conspicuous. Spikelets, glumes, style and nut, as of B. capillaris.— Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 304; Rendle in Cat. Afr Pi. elw. ii. 124. B. Camporum, K. Schum. in Buettner, Exsice. 123. Fimbristylis abortiva, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 111; K. Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. O. 125. F. flexuosa, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2, Bot. ii. 155. Scirpus schweinfurthianus, Boeck. in Linnea, Xxxvi. 758, and in Flora, 1879, 563. Jsolepis schweinfurthiana, Uliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 167. Upper Guinea. Togo, Buettner, 123! Niger Territory; Nupe, Barter, 413! Baikie! Old Calabar, Robb ! Mile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2039! Britist East Africa: Sur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2100! 2292! oo i wer Congo; Stanley Pool, 900 ft., Hens, B, 9! Angola : Neen Andou: acer eee Soba de Umbilla, Welwitsch, 6828 partly ! between Candumba and Mangue, Welwitsch, 6829! ; Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi; Mininga, Speke & Grant, 468! Kilimanjaro, Johnston! Portuguese East Africa: near Morambala, 442 CLYI. CYPERACEA (CLARKE). { Bulbostylis. Kirk! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Karo ga to Kondowe, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 66! Also in Madagascar. This species differs little except in habit from B. capillaris, Kunth, to whieh, however, no author has hitherto referred it. 28. B. coleotricha, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Hl. Afr. v. 618. Rhizome 0. Stems 4-16 in. long, densely tufted, very slender, at the top minutely hairy. Leaves } the length of the stem, setaceous ; sheaths hairy, and with long white hairs in the throat. Umbel 2 in. diam., compound or simple, with numerous solitary spike- lets; but in the depauperated specimens of Schimper (the “ type”) the stems have only 1-3 spikelets each; bracts setaceous, often over- topping the umbels, prominent in the younger examples. Spikelets 4 by 4+4 in, ovoid, brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse, pubescent; keel green, 1-3-nerved. Style as long as the nut ; branches 3. Nut } the length of the glume, triquetrous, obovoid, truncate, pale brown, smooth, appearing dotted, not transversely wavy (i.e. the outer- most cells subquadrangular) ; style-base persistent on the nut us a small dark button.—/imbristylis coleotricha, Hochst.. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 506. Scirpus coleotrichus, Boeck. in Linnea, XXXV)- 763, and in Flora, 1879, 563. Upper Guinea. Upper Senegal, Lécard, 109! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 339! 357! 531! 550! Old Calabar, Mann, 2331! Nile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2029! 2038! Abyssinia: Gafta, Schimper, 1226! British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2083! 2305! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Lake Moero, Changois! Var. B lanifera, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 613 partly. Lowest sheaths with much ferruginous hair at the base; bracts much shorter than the umbels ; spikelets with fewer more loosely packed glumes.— Scirpus laniferus, Ba ck. a xxxvi. 768. Fimbristylis lanifera, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C, oe Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1030! Lagos, Millen, 109. Lower Guinea. Corisco Island, Wann, 1887! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, ex K. Schumann. 29. B. Johnstoni, (. B. Clarke. Annual. Stems tufted, 4-10 in. long, setaceous, at the top glabrous. Leaves 4—} the length of wend stem, almost capillary ; sheaths hairy, and with long white hairs in t : throat. Umbel simple, of 5-1 solitary spikelets; bracts setaceous, about as long as the umbel. Spikelets } by j~:-7o 12» oblong- ellipsoid, rusty-brown, often with a few long white hairs. sept boat-shaped, ovate, pubescent; keel yellowish, minutely peers Nut scarcely } the length of the glume, trigonous, oblong-ellipsoi¢, pale yellow, obscurely striated lengthwise and horizontally barred, 1.¢- the outermost cells transversely elliptic-oblong, arranged nearly 1" vertical series. Style longer than the nut; branches 3, rather short ; Bulbostylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 4433 base persistent on the nut, ovoid, depressed, black-brown.—B. coleo- tricha, var. lanifera, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 613 partly. B. oritrephes, C. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54, not C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. air. v. 615, Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., Volkens, 663! ey ee ! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Tanganyika Plateau, 4000 It., yte ! 30. B. parva, C. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 615. Annual. Stems 2-5 in. long, setaceous, at the top glabrous. Leaves 3 the length of the stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Umbel less than 1 in. in diam., of about 10 spikelets, some solitary, some almost clustered ; bracts setaceous, shorter than the umbel. Spikelets }—} in. long, oblong or ellipsoid, chestnut- brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse, pubescent. Nut } the length of the glume, trigonous, oblong-ellipsoid, pale brown, obscurely transversely wavy. Style nearly as long as the nut; branches 3; base persistent on the nut as a small dark button.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 125. Fimbristylis parva, Ridley in ‘Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 153. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; marshy places near Luxillo, and round the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6823 partly! marshes near Quilonga, Welwitsch, ‘6831 partly ! 31. B. andongensis, (. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.v.611. Annual. Stems tufted, 4-12 in. long, very slender hairy (but see var, 3). Leaves $ as long as the stem, setaceous, with scattered hairs. Umbel simple, 1} in. in diam., of 3-6 solitary spikelets; bracts setaceous, much shorter than the umbel, or longer than it. Spikelets t by $ in., ellipsoid, brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse, pubescent. Nut less than 3 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, brown, smooth or obscurely transversely wavy. Style nearly as long as the nut; branches 3, linear ; style-base persistent on the nut, small, °void-conic, dusky brown.—Fimbristylis andongensis, Ridley in Trans. nn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 153. Lower Guinea. French Congo: Loango; near Chinchocho, Soyaux, 151! Lower Congo : Stanley Pool, 900 ft., Hens, B, 75! Angola: Pungo Andongo; at the foot of Pedra Songue, near the stream of Casengue, Welwitsch, 6823 partly! ihn stream of Caghuy, Welwitsch, 6824! Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 6827, B, partly ! : This plant resembles altogether Fimbristylis exilis, Roem. & Sch. 3; Nor can I distinguish the two without looking at the nut. In F. evilis, the pyramidal style- ase tapers into the persistent style; the nut is much larger, more pyriform, strongly horizontally waved. Var. 8 glabra, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 611. Stems glabrous at the top.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 125. Fimbristylis andongensis, var. glabra, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 153. F, quater- nella, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 152. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; between Condo and Quisonde, 444 CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). | Bulbostylis. Welwitsch, 6820! Pedra Cambondo and Muta Lucala, Welwitsch, 6821! in the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6825! 6830! Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 68273! 6830B ! 32. B. transiens, (. B. Clarke. Stems 1 ft. long, slender, at the top minutely hairy. Leaves hardly any; the topmost sheath produced on one side 4-1} in., lax, pale rusty-brown, with scattered Leo white hairs. Spikelets 3-4, solitary, on pedicels 0—} in. long, 4 by $ in. ; bracts shorter than the umbel. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, eit acute, pale brown, pubescent ; keel green. Nut large, exceeding 4 - length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pallid, strongly bey horizontally; style 3-branched ; base persistent on the nut, large for Bulbostylis, ovoid-cuboid, dusky.—Fimbristylis transiens, K. Schum. 1p Holst, Exsice. 2199. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara ; Bombuera, Holst, 2199! 33, B, melanocephala, (. 8. Clarke in Durand & Schins Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 615. Stem 1-2 in. long, with 1-2 solitary ovoid globuse chestnut-red spikelets 4-1 in. long ; otherwise as B. capillaris.— Rendle in Cat. Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 124. Fimbristylis melanocephala, Ridley in Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 151; Engl. Hochgebirgsf. Trop. Afr. 149. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; between Morro de Lopollo and Humpata, Welwitsch, 6947 ! E 1 cannot find any nut on the young examples of Welwitsch on which this species is fuunded ; and therefore do not attempt to reduce it to any known species. 34. B. macra, (. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect- fl. Afr. vy. 614. Rhizome short, horizontal, woody. Stem 8 a long, slender, glabrous at the top. Leaves }$ the length of oe stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Spike e 1 on each stem (a second long-pedicelled sometimes added), 3 by yo ae rusty-brown; bract longer than the spikelet. Glumes boat-shapee vvate, minutely pubescent, keel 3-nerved, tip triangular. Nut Shes long as the glume, large for Bulbostylis, trigonous, obovoid, trunca i pallid, smooth, obscurely wavy transversely. Style nearly as long " the nut; branches 3, linear; base persistent on the nut, sma r ovoid, depressed, black-brown.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. il. 124. Fimbristylis macra, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 11. 150. : ‘ ] Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in thicket-grown pastures in the Lopollo district, Welwitsch, 6955 ! 35. B. megastachys, (. B. Clarke in Durand «& Schinz, i, fl. Afr. v.614. Stems densely tufted, 12 in. long, rigid, stouter : oe in any other Bulbostylis of this section, at the top glabrous. mere hardly 4 the length of the stem, setaceous, glabrous or minu He scabrous on the margins; sheaths without any white hairs 1n ae throat. Umbel simple of 3-5 solitary spikelets ; bracts 2-3, lowest 473 Buli stylis.| CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 445 in. long, rusty brown not green, narrow-lanceolate. Spikelets } by }in. and upwards, subcylindric, rusty brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, hardly acute, minutely pubescent ; keel paler, hardly excurrent. Nut } the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pallid, smooth, obscurely waved transversely. Style longer than the nut; branches 3, long ; base persistent on the nut, smull, conic, black-brown.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 125. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; on low hills at the edges of wo ds near Catumba, Welwitsch, 6952! 36. B. oritrephes, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 615. Rhizome short, horizontal, woody. Stems densely tufted, 16 in. long, slender, at the top glabrous. Leaves 1 the length of the stem, setaceous; sheaths hairy, with long white hairs in the throat. Umbel simple, with 2-4 long-pedicelled spikelets; bracts setaceous, less than } in. long. Spikelets } by 4/5 in., ellipsoid, chestnut- brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse, pubescent. Nut less than } the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pale brown, smooth. Style as long as the nut ; branches 3, linear; base persistent on the nut, small, ovoid, depressed, black-brown.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 125. Fimbristylis oritrephes, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ae Bot. ii. 155. F. orytrephes, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. dD. Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto; in mountainous places east ot Banza de Quilombo, Sobato Quilombo, 2200 ft., Welwitsch, 7016! slopes of the Queta Mountains, Welwitsch, 7020! 37. B. trichobasis, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. vy. 616. Rhizome short, horizontal, hardly any except the thickened bases of the stems almost confluent in a row (or 2 rows). Stems 8-12 in, long, setaceous, at the top glabrous. Leaves occasionally up to 1-2 in. long, setaceous, usually very short or hardly any but the pale brown lateral continuation of the sheath, much long white hair about the sheaths. Umbel about 1 in. in diam., with 3-10 spikelets, Some of which are solitary and very short pedicelled ; bracts setaceous, much shorter than the umbel. Spikelets } by } in., oblong or ellipsoid, 6-10-flowered, dark chestnut-coloured. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, pubescent, tip triangular, keel paler. Nut less than } the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, pale brown, wavy transversely. Style nearly as long as the nut; branches 3, long; base persistent on the nut, small, ovoid depressed, black-brown.—B. oritrephes, C. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54 partly. Scirpus trichobasis, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 298. Fimbristylis cinerea, Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 335. Wile Land. British East Africa: Ankole; east side of Lake Albert Edward, Scott-Elliot, 8047! 8077! Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 333! Lower Guinea. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Kondowe to Karonga, Mozamb. Dist. 446 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Bulbostylis. 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mowt Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Mlanji, Whyte / Plentiful in Madagascar, and also received from the Transvaal. 38. B. cylindrica, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 613. A slender annual. Stems tufted, 4-6 in. long, setaceous, at the top glabrous, with 1 sessile and two long-pedicelled spikelets. Leaves hardly 1 in. long, setaceous ; sheaths nearly glabrous, but with a few long very slender white hairs in the throat. Bracts to the umbel hardly + in. long. Spikelets 4 by ,/; in., narrow-cylindric, rusty-brown. Glumes obscurely keeled, ovate-oblong, obtuse, pubescent. on the back, long ciliate on the margin; keel 3-nerved, not excurrent. Nut less than } the length of the glume, trigonous, broadly obovoid, truncate, yellow-brown, smooth, obscurely reticulated. Style as long as the nut ; branches 3, long; base persistent on the nut, small, button- like, brown. Lower Guinea. Ang la: Huilla; Humpuata, Newton, 28! Imperfectly known species. 39. Scirpus (Oncostylis) buettnerianus, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 20. Pale green, tufted ; roots fibrous, capillary. Stems 4-6 in. long, setaceous, gently curved, obsoletely 4-angled, smooth, at the base many- leaved. Leaves much shorter than the stem, setaceous, channelled, acute, near the top spinulose; sheaths pale brown, bearded in the throat. Head 4-3 in. in diam., subhemispheric, of 4—8 spikelets ; bracts 3, setaceous, dilated towards the base, rusty-brown ciliate, the lowest twice longer than the head. Spikelets j% in. long, ovoid, terete, 7- flowered. Glumes spirally imbricate, keeled, ovate, obtuse, glabrous on the back, chestnut-coloured, not ciliate on the margin. Nut less than 3 the length of the glume, minute, round obovoid, truncate, 3-angled with convex faces, pale brown, pearly white with many small dots ; style-base very minute, depressed, brown.—Boeck. in Verhandl. Dom Ver. Brandenb. xxxi. 71. Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Underhill (Tundua), Bittner, 4, 5 (ex Boeckeler), 11. SCIRPUS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1049 (incl. HEMICARPHA, Nees; Benth. et Hook. f. l.c. 1053). Spikelets of many perfect flowers, with imperfect ones at the top; 0-2 lowest glumes empty. Fertile glumes in 3 or more spirals. Hypogynous bristles usually retrorse-scabrid or 0, plumose in S. littoralts ; perhaps represented by hyaline scales occasionally present in . Tsoleprs and S. micranthus. Stamens 3-1, anterior; anthers muticous OF scarcely crested. Ovary sessile (if stalked cf. Ficinia); style on linear or hardly any; branches 3 or 2, long or short; style-base = enlarged, not distinct by a constriction or difference in structure, but Scirpus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 447 passing insensibly into the top of the ovary. Nut obovoid or oblong trigonous or biconvex, without a beak; style deciduous, or if persistent the base undistinguishable from the top of the nut.—Glabrous except that the glumes are minutely hairy or ciliate in a few species. Stems without nodes or leaves between the basal leaves and the inflorescence. Spikelets in a head (or 1 only), or in a corymb depressed into an apparent umbel. Species 136, spread throughout the world, The section Sylvatice, with nodes i leaves between the stem-base and inflorescence, is conspicuously absent from rica. : *“NEMUM.—Glumes persistent after the nut has fallen. Style linear with 2 linear branches. Hypogynous bristles 0. Stem with 1-3 separate spikelets of a rich. red-brown. Spikelet 1; glumes glabrous 5 e : . 1, 8. spadiceus. Spikelets 3-1; glumes ciliate on the upper margin 2. S. angolensis. **TSOLEPIS.—Glumes deciduous. Style linear. Hypogynous bristles 0. Stem with 1 head of sessile spikes (except in S. cubensis), or branched with solitary spikes. See several species of subgenus Euscirpus in which the hypogynous bristles are 0. Also genus 12, Ficinia, . . Stem with nodes, leaves and branches weak . 3. S. fluitans. Stems with no nodes or leaves between the base and the inflorescence. Stem bearing 1 spikelet ; style 2-fid. Leaves 3-% the length of the stem - - 4 S, nervosus. Leaves O : - : . 5 SY, verrucosulus, Stem bearing 3-1 spikelets or 1 head of spike- lets ; style 3-fid. Stem slender, bearing 3-1 spikelets, and leaves. Nut smooth or dotted, without ribs . . 6. S. cernuus. Nut ribbed and transversely bavred .. . 7. S. setaceus. Stem stouter, leafless, with 1 head of many spikelets. Nut ribbed and transversely barred - . 8. S. costatus. Nut smooth without ribs ; dicecious . 9. S. diwcus. Heads of spikelets umbelled ; style 2-fid . . 10. 8. cubensis. *#**Euscrrpus.—Stems stouter than in subgenus Zsolepis (excepting S. cubensis), without nodes above the base. Style linear. Hypogynous bristles present in the majority of the species. Inflorescence in 1 head (except in S. supinus, var. 8). Leaves O, or in S. supinus short. Hypogynous bristles 0. Stem terete or nearly so. Nut strongly transversely wrinkled. Green leaves short : : : 5 . 11. 8S, supinus. Nut obscurely wrinkled or smooth. Leaves 0. Glumes in fruit incurved ° : . 12. S. articulatus. Glumes in fruit spreading : ; . 13. 8. quinquefarius. Hypogynous bristles 5-6. Leaves 0. Stem triquetrous . ° : : . . 14. S. mucronatus. Inflorescence corymbose subumbellate ; sometimes in S. maritimus reduced to 1 head. Hypogynous bristles 0; leavesO - Hypogynous bristles minutely retrorse-scabrid. . 16. S. corymbosus. 448 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Scirpus. Stem terete, leaves usually 0 z . . 15. S. lacustris, Stem trigonous; very leafy species. Umbel of 3-40 dark or dusky spikelets . 17. S. maritimus, Umbel of 200 pale bright brown spikelets 18. S. leteflorens. Hypogynous bristles plumose; leaves hardly avy - : c C - : . 19. S. littoralis, #***MICHELIANI.—Small, leafy plants. Stem without nodes between the base and small head. Spikelets small, numerous, densely and minutely stellate. Hypo- gynous bristles 0. Style linear; branches long. (In characters, this group differs little from subgenus Isolepis ; but, from their habit, they are mixed with Kyllinga, Mariscus, and Lipocarpha, by Cyperologists as well as by collectors). Spikelets minute, fused into 1 head; points of glumes straight . : : . 20. S. kyllingioides, Spikelets rather larger, capitate ; points of glumes subrecurved 4 4 < Z : . 21. S. Steudnert. ##***MTOROSTYLI.—Small or slender annuals. Stem without nodes between the base and the small head of few spikelets. Hypogynous bristles 0. Style hardly any, caducous ; stigmas very small, recurved. Style 3-fid. Spikelets squarrose, from the recurved points of the glumes. Nut linear-oblong . ; . > . . 22. S. Lugardi. Nut obovoid. Awns about as long as the glumes; nut obscure reticulate a : : . 23. S. squarrosus. Awns longer than the glumes; nut prominently reticulate “ - E A : . 24. 8. Hystrix. Style 2-fid, Spikelets terete, not or obscurely squarrose. Spikelet 1 to the stem; glumes not acumi- nate . : : : . 25. S. Isolepis. Spikelets 3-1 to the stem; glumes shortly acuminate. “ “ - c . 26. S. micrant hus. 1. S. spadiceus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 493, not of Linn. Glabrous. Roots fibrous, or rhizome hardly any. Stems tufted, 8-12 in. long, slender, bearing 1 spikelet. Leaves few, } as long as the stem, setaceous. Spikelet 4-} by 1-1 in. cylindric, dense, obtuse at the top and bottom, a full rich dark red-brown; bract 1, setaceous, $4 in. long. Glumes round-ovate, concave, scarious, rich-brown, har ly keeled or striate, very persistent after the nut has fallen. Hypogynou® bristles 0. Style 2-fid. Nut scarcely } the length of the glume, obovoid, compressed, smooth, chestnut-black.—Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pi. iil. 1050; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi. Afr. v. 630 ; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 90. Hriocaulon spadicewm, Lam. Il. 1. 214. Nemum spadiceum, Desveaux ex W. Hamilt. Prod. Ind. Oce. 13; Kunth, Enum. ii. 220. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Regent, Scott-Elliot, 4034! and without pre- cise locality, Afzelius ! Smeathmann (ex Lamarck), Morson ! Also in Hayti. 2. S. angolensis, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi. Afr. v. 617. Glabrous, except the glumes. Stem 8-12 1. long; slender, with 1 sessile and often 2 peduncled spikelets. Leaves : length of the stem, setaceous. Spikelets } in. long, ovoid, brig Scirpus. | CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 449 chestnut-red ; peduncles 1-} in. long; bracts setaceous, 4-4 in. long. Glumes obovate-elliptic, obtuse, with a few cilia on the upper margins, very persistent after the nut has fallen. Hypogynous bristles 0. Style- branches 2, long. Nut scarcely 4 the length of the glume, orbicular, compressed, smooth, chestnut-black.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 126. S. spadiceus, var. ciliatus, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 156. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; marshy places on the heights of Pedra Songue, Wel witsch, 6836! in the Presidium, near Catete, Welwitsch, 7166! 3. S, fluitans, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed.2,71. Glabrous. Root fibrous. Stem often floating in water, elongate, branching, leafy, weak, 2-15 in. long. Leaves 3-21 in. long, very narrow or almost capillary. Peduncles axillary, 4-3 in. long, each carrying one quasi-terminal spikelet. Spikelet 4-} in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, dull greenish or purplish, usually 4-10-flowered. Glumes ovate, obtuse, the lowest often containing a nut, deciduous, Hypogynous bristles 0. Style linear; branches 2, linear. Nut } as long as the glume, obovoid, compressed, pallid, smooth.— Sowerby, Engl. Bot. t. 216; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 485; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot., ii. 156 ; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 653, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 621, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 213; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 147; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 125; Volk. Kilimand. 319; Rendle In Cat. Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 126. S. ramosus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 377, Isolepis fluitans, R. Br. Prod. 221; Kunth, Enum. ii. 188; Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 498. Eleocharis fluitans, Hook. Brit. F). Nile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; in stagnant water in the valley of the River Mareb, Quartin-Dillon & Petit! Begemeder; near Debra Tabor, Schimper, 1216 ! Jan Meda, 9000 ft., Schimper, 1108! 1254! 1294! and without precise locality, Schimper, 208! 803! Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; inthe River Quipumpunhime, Welwitsc/, 6965! in streams on the Humpata Plain, Welwitsch, 6966! stream-swamps near Mumpulla, Welwitsch, 6967! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 8800 ft.; Marangu, Volkens, 1310! and Schira, Volkens, 1950! In cool places throughout the Old World, from Europe and the Cape to New mea; in the Tropics on mountains. 4. S. nervosus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 484. Glabrous. Rhizome up to lin. long, thread-like. Stem 2-5 in. long, slender, with 1 quasi- terminal head, no node between the head and the base. Leaves 3 the length of the stem, setaceous. Spikelet } in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, 4—10- Owered, lowest glume not bract-like. Glumes ovate, obtuse, blackeh With green back. Hypogynous bristles 0, Style linear ; branches 2, linear. Nut 4 the length of the glume, narrowly obovoid, plano-convex. —Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 147; ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 628. Zsolepis nervosa, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. FI, Abyss. ii. 499. J. fuscescens, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ni. 92. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; Enjedcap, Schimper, 551! VOL, virr, é 2a 450 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE), [ Scirpus. 5. S. verrucosulus, Steud. in Flora, 1829, 145. Glabrous, annual. Stems tufted, 2-4 in. long, each carrying 1 nearly terminal spikelet. Leaves 0, or the sheath ending in a green point scarcely { in. long. Spikelet ,,-} in. long, ovoid; lowest glume sometimes bract-like and nearly as long as the spikelet, sometimes containing a nut and deciduous. Glumes ovate, obtuse, yellowish or purplish with green back. Hypo- gynous bristles 0. Style linear; branches 2, linear. Nut } as long as the glume, obovoid-truncate, plano-convex, smooth, dark-chestnut- coloured.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 216. S. verruculosus, Nees in Linnea, vii. 496 in citation; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 634. Isolepis ptycholeptos, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 93. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Leprieur! Frequent in South Africa. 6. S. cernuus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 245. Glabrous, annual. Stems tufted, 1-5 in. long, setaceous, with 1 head of 3-1 spikelets. Leaves usually much shorter than the stem, setaceous. Spikelets 1~1 in. long, ovoid, few- or many-flowered. Glumes ovate, hardly acute. Hypogynous bristles 0. Style linear; branches 3, linear. Nut 3} as long as the glume, obovoid, trigonous, brown or black, smooth or appearing dotted, neither longitudinally ribbed nor transversely barred.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 619, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vi. 219. S. Savii, Sebast. & Mauri, Prod. Fl. Rom. 22; Sowerby, Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2782; Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Se. Algér. Glum. 234. S. setaceus, Linn. Mant. 321; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 501 partly ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 492 not of Linn. Sp. Pl. Jsoleps riparia, R. Br. Prod. 222. J. numidiana, Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 110. J. saviana, Schultes in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1. Mant. 63; Kunth, Enum. ii. 193. Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Isles; Wichura, 425! Common in most warm and temperate regions. This species is plentiful in Algeria and in extratropical South Africa ; it is also communicated from St. Helena and the Mascarene Isles, but has not been received from Tropical Africa. As to the doubtful citation of Schweinfurth, the only example of his S. sefaceus seen looks like S. cernuus, but it has no ripe nuts. 7. S. setaceus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 73 partly. Nut longitudinally ribbed, and with transverse bars between the ribs, the outermost trans verse cells being arranged in exactly vertical series; otherwise 4° S. cernuus.—Sowerby, Engl. Bot. t. 1693; Boeck. in Linnea, Xxxv) 500 partly; ©. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 654, 1 Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 630, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2". Append. iii. 33,and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 217; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 125; Volk. Kilimand. 319. Jsolepis setacea, R. Br. Prod. 222; Kunth, Enum. ii. 193. Nile Land. Abyssinia; 10,000 ft., Schimper, 325! 384! British East Africa : Ruwenzori; in the bed of Butagu River, 7000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7916! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Johann Ravine, ft., Volkens, 1214! Kifinika Volcano, 9000 ft., Volkens, 1214! Frequent from Europe and Africa to Australia, 11,100 Scirpus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 451 8. S. costatus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi, 511. Glabrous. Rhizome 0, or hardly any. Stems tufted, 8-20 in. long, terete, not setaceous. Leaves 0), or represented by a tooth scarcely ;4, in. long. Head of 4-16 spikelets; bracts very short, but the head is frequently sub- proliferous. Spikelets } in. long, ovoid or oblong-ellipsoid, of 5-15 flowers, chestnut- or dark-coloured. Glumes ovate, obtuse. Hypogynous bristles 0. Style linear, branches 3. Nut as of S. setaceus.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 620, in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap, vii. 218; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 147; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 126. Jsolepis costata, A. Rich. Tent. FI. Abyss. ii. 499. J. setacea, var. abyssinica, Boeck. in Flora, 1858, 419. Nile Land, Abyssinia: Samen; on Mount Bachit above Demerki, 11,800 ft., Schimper, 103! Begemeder; in a swamp at Guna, 11,400 ft., Schimper, 1464! Shoa; Ankober, Roth! and without precise locality, Schimper, 1058! 1153! British East Africa : Mount Kenia, Gregory, 85! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 8800 ft., Volkens, 1128! British Central Africa : Nyasaland; Mount Mlanji, Whyte ! Also in South Africa, Madagascar, and Tasmania, 9. S. dicecus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 719. Glabrous, dicecious. Rhizome horizontal, woody. Stem 20-30 in. long, terete, hard. Leaves 0. Head 1, apparently lateral, } in. in diam., globose, often with 40-50 spikelets ; lowest bract, as though continuing the stem, | in. long, rigid, pointed. Spikelets 4—} in. long, cylindric, pallid, many- owered. Glumes ovate or elliptic, closely packed, margins scarious. Hypogynous bristles 0. Style linear; branches 3. Nut small, less than 2 the length of the glume, obovoid, trigonous, smooth, brown, not ribbed longitudinally.— ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 621, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 32, incl. var. macrocephala, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 226. WS. Schinzii, Boeck. ex Schinz in Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxix. 47, xxx. 139 in note. Jsolepis diwca, Kunth, Enum. ii. 199. Lower Guinea. Hereroland, Fleck, 1254! Damaraland, Zen / Frequent in South Africa. 10. S. cubensis, Poeppig & Kunth ex Kunth, Enum. ii. 172. Glabrous, except the glumes. Stolons often present; or stem at the e decumbent and rooting. Stem 1-2 ft. long, stout, trigonous at the top, without nodes from the base to the umbel. Leaves often as long 48 the stem, } in. broad, nearly smooth or edges rough. Umbel Simple; heads 4~12 (sometimes 3-1) stellate-globose, 3 in, in diam., Town, of numerous spikelets on peduncles $-2} in. long ; bracts often 5-10, lower up to a foot long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets =} in. long, many-flowered. Glumes ovate, acute, rigid, their Points spreading on all sides; margins ciliate. Hypogynous bristles 0, Style linear, passing gradually into the top of the ovary ; Tanches 2, linear. Nut nearly } the length of the glume, plano- 452 CLYI. CYPERACEA (CLARKE). [ Scirpus. convex, narrowly obovoid, smooth; in the lower portion thickened by corky cells; the apex hardened into a conic beak not separated bya constriction from the nut.—Benth. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1051; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 157; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 620, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 32; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 126. Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 92; Rendlein Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 127. Cyperus blepharoleptos, Steud. Syn. Pi. Glum. ii. 28. Courtoisia olivacea, Boeck. in Flora, 1861, 331. Anosporum cubense, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxVl. 413, and in Flora, 1879, 561, 1881, 77. A. Schinzii, Boeck. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxix. 46. Isolepis echinocephala, Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 167 t. 107. Crepidocarpus cubensis, Klotzsch ex Boeckeler in Linnea, xxxvi. 414. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Lepriewr! Perrottet! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1068 ! Wile Land. Banks of the Nile at Khartoom, Speke & Grant! White Nile, Brownell ! Schweinfurth, 1109! Gazelle River, Schweinfurth, 1150! Banks of the Nile in Unyoro, Speke & Grant ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; in marshes near Umbilla, on the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6848! Barra do Dande; bank of the River Dande, near Bombo, Welwitsch, 6994! German South-west Africa : Amboland, Schinz, 378! Also common in America, from Mexico to Paraguay. 11. S. supinus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,73. A glabrous annual. Stems tufted, 2-12 in. long, terete, with no ncde between the base and the single head (but see var. 3). Leaves very short, usually less than 1in. long. Spikelets 1-7 in the head, 1} in. long, ellipsoid or oblong, dusky greenish, obscurely angular by reason of the strongly keeled glumes; lowest bract as though a continuation of the stem, 1-6 std long. Glumes ovate, acute, entire at the tip. Hypogynous bristles 0. Style linear ; branches 3, rarely 2. Nut obovoid-truncate, triquetrous, black, with strong transverse wavy lines.—-Boeck. in Linnwa, XXXV)- 699 excl. var. 3, y; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 659, 1m Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 632 and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 1V- Append. iii. 33; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 126. Tsoleps supina, R, Br. Prod. 221; Kunth, Enum. ii. 196; Benth. in Hook. Niger FI. 553; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 500. J. polycolea, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 95. Z prowima and J. simillima, Steud. Syn. Glum. ii. 95. JZ. pentasticha, Boeck. in Flora, 1859, 446, and in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 544. Scirpus polycoleus, Notaris, Ind, Sem. Hort. Genuen. 1847. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Delievre ! Nile Land. Darfur, Purdy, 44! Abyssinia, Quartin-Dillon § Petit ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Cunene River, Johnston! banks of the River Caculo, Newton ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Peters! Including varieties, this species extends from Europe to the Cape and being abundant in the Mediterranean region and in South-east Asia. Halli is frequent in North America. Australias The var- Scirpus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 453 ~ Var. 8 uninodis, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 656. Inflorescence of 1-4 heads in a contracted umbel, the rays sometimes nearly 1 in. long.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 632; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 147. S. lateralis, Forsk. Fl. Egypt.-Arab. 15; Kunth, Enum. ii. 176. S. mucronatus, Roxb, Fl. Ind. i. 219 partly ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr, C. 126 partly. Isolepis uninodis, Delile, Fl. Egypte, 8, t. 6, fig. 1. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Leprieur ! [° and. Abyssinia: Begemeder; near Amogai, 7200 ft., Schimper Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1061! German East Africa: Kili- manjaro, 3300 ft., Volkens, 1624! This variety extends to the Mascarene Islands, India, the Malay archipelago, and Australia. 12. S. articulatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 70. A glabrous annual. Stems tufted, 2-12 in. long, terete, when dry showing transverse false septa {~2 in. apart, varying in thickness from -}, to nearly } in. in diam., bearing 1 dense apparently lateral globose head; lowest bract terete, “appearing as a continuation of the stem, usually longer than it, some- times 2 ft. long. Leaves 0. Spikelets } to ? in. long, cylindric, acute or obtuse, green or variegated with purple and brown. Glumes ovate, incurved even in fruit; tip entire, triangular or rounded. Hypogynous bristles 0, Style linear; branches 3. Nut nearly 4 the length of the glume, obovoid almost pyriform, triquetrous, brown, pyramidal at the apex, transversely undulate or smooth.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 702, and in Flora, 1879, 563; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 157; ©. B. Ciarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 656, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 618, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 32, and in Dyer, Fi. Cap. vii. 228; Engl. Hochgebirgsfi. Trop. Afr. 148; K. Schum, in Engl. Pf. Ost-Atr. C. 126; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 126. 8. jfistulosus, Forsk. Fl. Aigypt.-Arab. 14. Isolepis artculata, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 108; Kunth, Enum. ii, 198; Boeck, in Flora, 1860, 83. J. prelongata, Kunth, Enum. ii. 199; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 553; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 500. J. sene- galensis, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 96 ; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 216 ; ef. Boeck. in Flora, 1860, 180. _ Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, 116! 823! Seneyambia; Galam, Heudelot, 319! Richard Toll, Dollinger, 13! Wile Land. Kordofan, Kotschy, 56! 377! Abyssinia : neur Gafta, Schimper, 1194! Begemeder ; near Seuka Berr, 8500 ft., Schimper, 1113! British East Africa : Jur ; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, ser. iii. 195! Kurshook Alis Seriba, Schweinfurth, 1714! Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, 2194! Matwoli, Schweinfurth, 4001! near Mombasa, Taylor ! Lower Guinea, Angola: Congo; edges of Lagoa de Quizemba, Welwitsch, 6978! Ivolo e Bengo; margin of Lagoa de Funda, Welwitsch, 6851 ! 6979! Pungo Andongo ; around ponds on Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 6850! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Blackburn, Hildebrandt, 1062 | Zanquebar, Kirk, 8! P ortuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi; N’Kweza, Kirk! British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 555! Scattered throughout Africa, also in the Mascarene Islands and India. Upper Senegal, Lécard, 165! 454 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Scirpus. The African material divides easily into two groups: (a) Stems slender 4, in. thick. Spikelets }—} in. long, very obtuse, greenish- ‘yellow. Glumes very obtuse, concave, somewhat inflated, scarious, Nut small, pallid, with wavy horizontal lines.—This is called Isolepis senegalensis by Hoch- stetter, I, prelongata by Nees. (2) Stems 3-1 in. thick. Spikelets } in. long and upwards, acute, marked red and brown. Glumes at the tip triangular, subacute. Nut large, dark-brown, with- out wavy horizontal lines. These two forms appear separate in Africa; but the great quantity of Indian material has not been divided satisfactorily between the two. All modern authorities, from Boeckeler to Schumann, unite the two African forms as one species. 13. S. quinquefarius, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.701, Spikelets in fruit 4 by 1-1 in., the glumes Jaxly spreading ; otherwise as S. articulatus, Linn., form a.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 657, m Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 629, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vi. 228. Isolepis lupulina, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 107 ; Kunth, Knum. Hm. 298. Nile Land. British East Africa: Athi, Gregory, 102! Frequent in India, also once collected in the Transvaal. The stems are with or without false transverse septa. This species might be reduced to S. articulatus ; owing to the yellow-brown wuch-inflated spreading glumes, the specific name “ lupulina”’ (like hop-heads) was ay plied by Nees. 14. S. mucronatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 73 mainly. Glabrous. Rots fibrous, or rarely a horizontal rhizome 4—6 in. long. —_ tvfied, 4-24 ft. long, stout, triquetrous, bearing 1 apparently lateral head ; lowest bract trigonous, appearing as a continuation of the stem, 4-3} in. long. Leaves0. Spikelets few or numerous, }—} in. long, ellipsoid, subacute. Glumes ovate, subacute, nearly entire at the tip. Hypogynous bristles usually 5 (or 6), unequal, some nearly as long as the nut, brown, retrorse-scabrid (but the bristles are sometimes 54 and occasionally 0). Style linear ; branches 3. Nut less than 3 the length of the glume, obovoid, trigonous, shining black-chestnut, smooth or obscurely transversely wavy.—Delile, F). Egypt, 14, +. 1, Be 33 Kunth, Enum. ii. 161; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi, 703; C. B. Clarke Ip Hook. f. Fl. Brit, Ind. vi. 657, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 628; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 126 partly. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Yaunde, Zenker, 677 ! : Also in Europe, Western Asia to Japan, Australia, and Polynesia.—This speci® abundant in Europe and India, appears to avoid Africa, as it is not recorded even e Algeria by Cosson and Durieu, nor have I ever seen any example from Africa a Zenker’s. It is, however, a weed that might appear anywhere in a rice-field, 2» may have been carried to the Cameroons, 15. S. lacustris, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,72. Glabrous, except the glumes. Rhizome horizontal. Stem 2-6 ft. long, stout, cere or somewhat trigonous at the top. Leaves usually 0; occasionally eee gr long. Umbel simple or compound, rarely contracted into a head 0 Scirpus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 455 clustered or solitary spikelets ; lowest bract as though a continuation of the stem, 1-3 in. long, Spikelets 4 by 4-1 in., brown. Glumes ovate, concave ; tip scarious, notched, minutely hairy, with often a small point in the notch. Hypogynous bristles 6-5, as long as the nut, retrorsely scabrous (but often reduced or irregular). Style linear, branches 8 or 2. Nut more than 3 the length of the glume, obovoid, unequally trigonous, smooth, finally brown.—Sowerby, Engl. Bot. t. 666; Kunth, Enum. ii. 164; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 712; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 658, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr, v. 624, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 231; Urban, Symb. Antill. li. 98. Upper Guinea. Sierre Leone, Afzelius, 498. Abundant in Europe, common throughout Asia (except the North), and scattered nearly over the globe, except South America. Only known in Africa by the above Plant of Afzelius, and a few specimens from South Africa. 16. S. corymbosus, Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 28. Glabrous. Rhizome 2-4 in. long, horizontal. Stems 3 ft. long, stout, terete. Leaves 0. Umbel apparently lateral, simple or compound, 3-6 in. in diam. ; lower bract as though a continuation of the stem, 1-4 in. long. Spikelets clustered, }-1 in. long, ellipsoid, dusky brown. Glumes ovate, glab- tous; tip subentire, mucronate. Hypogynous bristles 0. tyle linear ; branches 3. Nut 2 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, black, smooth, slightly transversely wavy.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 706; Aschers. & Schweinf. Ill. Fl. Egypte, 157; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 158; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 657, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 620, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 229 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 148 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 49, 104; K.Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 126; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 126. 8. brachyceras, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 21; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. il, 496, Isolepis corymbosa, Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 110 and Mant. 65 ; Kunth, Enum. ii.216. J. inclinata, Delile, Fl. Aigypt. Ill. 50; Barbey, Levant, t. 8, fig. 9. 7 Wile Land. Abyssinia: near Adowa, Schimper, 288! and without ioe locality, Schimper, 84! 253! 687! British East Africa: Tana River, Gregory, 78! along the River Kedong, 6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6511. Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto; near Sange, Welwilsch, 70158 ! Cazengo ; streams near Palmira, Welwitsch, 7015! Ambaca; banks of the River Lucala, Welwitsch, 6846! Pungo Andongo ; marshes between Condo and Quisonde, Welwitsch, 6849! Huilla; Lake Ivantala, Welwitsch, 6976! by the River Catumba, Welwitsch, 6977 ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor ! German East Africa : Us.mbara, Holst, 2552! British Central Africa : Nyasaiand; Namasi, Cameron, 12! Shire Highlands, Scott-Elliot, 8581 ! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Ngamiland; Lake River, Lugard, 11! Also in Egypt, South Africa, Madagascar, and India. 17. S. maritimus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 74. Glabrous. Stolons hardening into rhizomes. Stems 1-3 ft. long, stout, tmgonous. 456 CLYI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Scirpus. Leaves several, often as long as the stem, }-} in. broad. Umbel com- pound or simple or reduced to a head of 3-1 spikelets; rarely exceeding 4-6 in. in diam. ; bracts several, similar to the leaves, the lowest often 4-8 in. long. Spikelets 3-40 to the umbel, }—1 by 1 in., dark brown, often clustered. Glumes ovate, at the tip emarginate and hairy, keel excurrent in a mucro. Hypogynous bristles 6-3, usually shorter than the nut, stiff, retrorsely scabrid, sometimes hardly any. Style long; branches 3 or 2, long. Nut varying much in size, unequally trigonous or flattened, obovoid, black, smvoth or minutely reticulate.—Sowerby, Engl. Bot. t. 542; Kunth, Enum. ii. 167; Benth. in Hook, Niger Fl. 553; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 722; Coss. et Durieu, Expl. Se. Algér. Glum. 237; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii, 198, incl. vars.; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 658, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 626, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii, 32, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 232; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost- Afr, C. 126; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 127, incl. var. nobilis. S. corymbosus, Forsk. Fl. Aagypt.-Arab. 14, not of Roth. S. sguarro- sulus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 88. Jsolepis grandispica, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 318. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger! Perrottet, 318! Senegambia, Leprieur! Mile Land. Somaliland, Keller, 92 bis! 93! 94! 98! Lower Guinea. Angola: Congo; near Quizembo, Welwitsch, 6992! 7003! Ivolo e Bengo; near Funda, Welwitsch, 6980! 7011! Mossamedes ; in cotton- fields, Welwitsch, 6972! near Giraul, Welwitsch, 6974! banks of the River Maiombo, Welwitsch, 6975! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; ex K. Schumann ! Portu- guese East Africa: Mozambique, Forbes! Chiloane, Scott! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Shire Valley, near Mankokone, Kirk ! Meller ! Boruma, on the Zambesi, Menyharth, 534! _ Including the forms esteemed varieties by Boeckeler and Bentham, this species is abundant over all warm temperate and cool regions. 18. S. leteflorens, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 625, Stem very stout, at the top triquetrous, scabrid on the angles. Leaves very scabrid on the margins. Umbel 3-4 times divided, 10 in. in diam., with 200 spikelets. Spikelets a pale bright cinnamon-brown, the glumes glistening all over with golden hairs : otherwise as very large S. maritimus.—C. B. Clarke in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 32. Lower Guinea. South-west Africa, Chapman & Baines ! Hereroland, Fleck, 1124! 19. S. littoralis, Schrad. Fl. Germ. i. 142, t. 5, fig. 7- s ospigeat except the glumes. Rhizome short, or sometimes elongate, slender 10 the plant. Stems 14-3 ft. long, approximate, at the base 4-4 ae diam., terete, at the top triquetrous, trigonous or nearly round. ae usually 3-2 in. long, membranous, sometimes green, up to ree :, Umbel compound, with numerous, mostly pedicelled, spikelets 5 nine bract 3-3 in. long, as though a continuation of the stem. Spike by 4-2 by } in., subcylindric. Glumes ovate, obtuse, emarginate, TUS y Scirpus. ] CLVI. CYPERACEX (CLARKE). 457 brown; keel green, excurrent into a short mucro. Hypogynous bristles 7-2, plumose with moniliform several-celled hairs. Style linear ; branches 2. Nut $ the length of the glume, obovoid, plano-convex, black-chestnut, smooth or minutely reticulate-—Kunth, Enum. ii. 166 ; Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Sc. Algér. Glum. 235; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 383 ; 0. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 659, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect, Fl. Afr. v. 625 incl. var. 8, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 231 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Atr. C. 126; Rendle in Cat. Afr. P]. Welw. 01.127. S. subulatus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 268; Kunth, Enum. ii. 165; Boeck. in Linnzea, xxxvi. 715; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 158. S. fimbrisetus, Delile, Fl. Egypte, 11, t. 7, fig. 1. S. egyptiacus, Decaisne in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, iv. 196. S. triqueter, Gren. & Godr. Fi. Frang. iii. 373; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 716, not of Linn. S. pterolepis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 166. Malacochete littoralis, Nees in Linnea, ix. 292. IM. pterolepis, Nees in Linnea, ix. 292, x. 184. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 533! Lower Guinea. Angola: Mossamedes; ponds near Aguadas, Welwitsch, 6973! Pungo Andongo; marshy places by the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6847 ! Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa : Zambesi Delta; banks of the River Luabo, Kirk ! British Central Aftica: Nyasaland; shore of Lake Nyasa, Meller ! Lake Pamolombe, Kirk ! Boruwa, on the Zambesi, Menyharth, 1064! Abundant throughout the Mediterranean Region, common in South Africa, South-east Asia, Malaya and North Australia. Not in America, where it is replaced by the very closely allied S. riparius, Presl. 20. S. kylingioides, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 733. Glabrous, perennial; slender stolons sometimes present. Stems 1-6 (rarely 16) in. long, slender. Leaves 4 as long as the stem, ‘5 in. broad, grass-like. Head 1, subglobose, 4-4 (rarely }) in. in diam., quasi-terminal, green or pale brown, the innumerable glume-points sticking out straight on all sides; bracts 3-4, spreading or pendent, leaf-like, longer than the head, sometimes 2-3 in. long. Glumes ovate, contracted rather suddenly into a linear obtuse termination. Hypogynous bristles 0, Style linear, shorter than the nut ; branches 3 (or fide Boeckeler 2) long. Nut 4 the length of the glume, oblong-obovoid, unequally trigonous, smooth, black-brown.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 662, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 624; K.Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. ©. 126. Kyllinga microcephala, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 597, and Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 70 excl. the Obs. Jsolepis kyllingioides, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 502; Schweinf. Pl. Nilot. 42. eer Guinea. Upper Senegal, Lécard, 80! 110 bis! Soudan, Lécard, : 106! Wile Land. Sennar, Hartmann! Gallabat: banks of the River Gendua, Schweinfurth, 2053! Abyssinia: near Gon Ambra, Schimper, 650! Shireh Province, Quartin-Dillon & Petit, 650! and without precise locality, Schimper, 122! 848! British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1916! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Zomba Plains, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte ! Namasi, Cameron, 91! Also scattered throughout Western India. 458 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE), [ Scirpus. 21. S. Steudneri, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 733. Stems much thickened at the base, woody, covered by torn leaf-sheaths. Spikelets distinct, sessile, in a head more than } in. broad, squarrose from the subrecurved points of the glumes; otherwise as S. kyllingioides.— Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 50; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 631. Tsolepis polyphylla, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 508. Ayllinga ambigua, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 70. Nile Land. Eritrea: Ginda, 2900 ft., Schweinfurth, 149! Abyssinia: Bege- meler, Schimper, 849! and without precise locality, Hildebrandt, 357! 359! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor ! 22. S. Lugardi, C. B. Clarke. Annual, glabrous. Stems tufted, 2 in. long, rather stout. Leaves as long as the stem, ;'; in. broad. In- florescence a dense compound head } in. in diam., or more rarely an umbel. The 1 or 2 rays up to }-} in. long; bracts 2 in. long, spreading, similar to the leaves. Spikes } to } in. long, very dense, compound, purple and green, 1-4 in the head. Spikelets less than } in. long, 5-8-flowered. Glumes elliptic, 5-7-nerved, the green keel excurrent into a recurved mucro less than } the length of the glume. Seta 0. Stamens 1 (or 2) with a very small square anther. Nut narrow-oblong, trigonous, smooth, brown. Style linear 2 the length of the nut, branches 3. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Ngami-land; Okavango Valley, 3000 ft., growing in sand, Lugard, 290! This greatly resembles Scirpus Hystrix, Thunb. ; but the point of the glume is much shorter and the nut altogether anlike. 23. S. squarrosus, Linn. Mant. 181. A small glabrous tufted annual. Stems 2-8 in. (rarely 16 in.) long. Leaves 4 the length of the stem, 3,—}in. broad. Head of 1-6 (rarely 10) squarrose spike- lets ; bracts 3-5, leaf-like, spreading or pendent, 1-2 (sometimes 4) in. long. Spikelets 4-4 in. long, with very many flowers, greenish or brownish. Glumes narrowly obovate, suddenly narrowed into a linear subobtuse mucro not longer than the glume, very caducous in fruit beginning from the lowest nut-bearing glume. Hypogynous pristles 0. Stamen 1 or rarely 2; anther very small, oblong. Style scarcely any; branches 3, short, much recurved. Nut 3 the length of the glume (exclusive of the mucro), obovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous, yellow-brown OF ultimately black, smooth, the outermost cells minute quadrangular, 5° that the nut only appears reticulated under a strong magnification.— Boeck, in Linnea, xxxvi. 734, and in Flora, 1879, 563; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 663, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 631. Isolepis squarrosa, Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1. 111 and Mant. 65; Kunth, Enum. ii. 202. Ascolepis tenwior, Steud. Sy- Pl. Glum. ii. 105; cf. Boeck. in Flora, 1859, 100. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 761 partly! Wile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 3003! British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2572 ! Scirpus. | CLVI. CYPERACE® (CLARKE). 459 Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Vyasaland ; Kondowe to Karonga,. 2000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Also in Madagascar, India, and the Philippines. This species both by authors and by collectors (in Barter, 761) is mixed with. Lipocarpha microcephala, R. Br. 24. S. Hystrix, Thunb. Prodr. 17. Mucro longer than the- glume. Nut obviously reticulated, the outermost cells being much: larger than in S. squarrosus ; otherwise as S. squarrosus.— Boeck. in. Linnea, xxxvi. 735; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 623, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 233; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw, ii. 127. 8. Rehmanni, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. A Isolepis Hystrix, Schrad. Anal. Fl. Cap. 23; Kunth, Enum. ii. 04, Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in damp fields around Lopollo, Welwitsch, 6771! Huilla to Humpata, Johnston! banks of the River Palanca, Newton ! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Tanganyika Plateau, at Fort Hill, Whyte ! Frequent in South Africa. 25. S. Isolepis, Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxvi. 498. A glabrous: tufted annual. Stems 1~10 in. long, setaceous. Leaves 1-1} in. long, Setaceous. Spikelet 1 to a stem, 1-4 in. long, ovoid-ellipsoid, obtuse, dense, not squarrose, chestnut-coloured, sticking out at right angles. apparently from the stem which is continued by the bract {—1 in. long. Glumes obovate with a triangular top, caducous in fruit from the lowest nut-bearing glume upwards; a small oblong, very thin hyaline: lateral scale is sometimes present within the glume. Hypogynous. bristles 0; unless represented by the hyaline scale. Stamen 1, occa- Sionally 2; anther small, oblong. Style hardly any ; branches 2, short, recurved. Nut # the length of the glume, biconvex, obovoid or ellipsoid, smooth, black, minutely reticulated.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 663, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 624, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 82, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vil. 233 5 Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 128. Hemicarpha Isolepis, Nees in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xvii. 263; Kunth, Enum. ii. 268; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1053; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. Cl ee? 2 Schraderi, Kunth, Enum. ii. 268; A. Rich. Tent. Fi. Abyss. li. 507. H. senegalensis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 130. _ Lipocarpha Rautanenii, Boeck. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxxi. 179. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, Leprieur, 9! Nile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2047. la: Pungo Andongo; Sansamanda, Welwitsch, 6814! in cies heen Tent cake. Week 6815! hoes Condo and Quisonde, Sg witsch, 6818! Huilla; in the lofty meadows of Empalanca, “elwitsch, 6963 !. German South-west Africa : Amboland, Rautanen, 219! Also in South Africa and India. 26. S. micranthus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 254. Spikelets 35-1 to each stem, in an apparently lateral cluster, somewhat squarrose. Glumes- 460 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). [ Scirpus. ovate, shortly acuminate ; otherwise as S. solepis.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 499; Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 67; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 627, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 33; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 94; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 128. Isolepis micrantha, Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 110; Kunth, Enum. ii, 203. Hemicarpha subsquarrosa, Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. i. 61, t. 4, fig. 1; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ui. 1053; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 162. Hypolytrum capillare, Schrader ex Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. i. 61. Lower Guinea, Angola: Loando; margins of ponds near Conceicao, Wel- witsch, 6981! 6996! Damaraland: Upingtonia, Schinz ! Throughout America, very common. This, like the preceding species, has sometimes 1 (rarely 2) hyaline scale inside ‘the glume. Imperfectly known species. 27. Schcenoplectus senegalensis, Palla in Engl. Jahrb. x. 299. Central Africa; ex Palla. There is no description, The plant if not a Scirpus, is probably one of the Scirpee. 12. FICINIA, Schrad.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii, 1052. Gynophore minute, obpyramidal, often trigonous or toothed o the upper margin, carrying the ovary or nut, inserted within the stamens ; otherwise as Scirpus, Sect. [solepis. Species 58 ; whereof 55, i.e. all except the 3 below enumerated, are confined to Extratropical South Africa. The genus, in habit as in character, is as Scirpus, Sect. Isolepis. The subjoined species are glabrous, the stem without nodes between the basal leaves and the head of spikelets, the hypogynous bristles absolutely 0. Stems tufted, elongate, slender; glumes scarcely 7} in, long. Heads of 3-1 spikelets ; stems setaceous ‘ , i. FF. Siliformis. Heads of 6-20 spikelets; stems slender . ‘ . 2. F. gracilis. Stems solitary, }-1 in. long; glumes } in. long. . 3. F. clandestina. 1. FP. filiformis, Schrad. Anal. Fl. Cap. 46. Glabrous. Stems 2-8 in. long, setaceous, densely tufted on a wooded base; no stolons seen, but most of the wiry-rooted species throw stolons ee times. Leaves } the length of the stem, setaceous; ca pale brown with scarious edges that early wither up, the a a8 most leafless, Head of 3-1 spikelets }-} in. long; bracts o lowest }-} in. long, setaceous, suberect. Glumes ovate, eh strongly marked by chestnut-red striations. Style linear ; br anches 5 Nut less than } the length of the glume, ovoid, trigonous, 8™ eee black, top pyramidal; gynophore about } the length of the nut, pallid, narrowly obpyramidal, the upper margin with 3 depressed roun Ficinia, | CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE), 467 lobes.— Kunth, Enum. ii, 253 partly; Boeck, in Linnea, xxxvii. 59; C, B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi. Afr. v. 638, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 242. Scirpus leucocoleus, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. v. 125. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Volcano of Kifinika, 9800 ft., Volkens, 1858 ! Also in South Africa. Volkens’ collections have ripe nuts, and the plant is certainly a Ficinia, and either F. filiformis, Schrader, or a subspecies thereof, 2. F. gracilis, Schrad. Anal. Fl. Cap. 44. Glabrous. Stems 6-16 in. long, rather slender, tufted on a woody rhizome; stolons Sometimes present. Leaves } the length of the stem, scarcely ;}, in. broad, channelled; sheaths with scarious edges that wither up, the uppermost often with a long leaf. Head 2 in. in diam., of 6-20 spike- lets ; bracts 3, lowest leaf-like, spreading, 1-14 in. long. Spikelets F in. long ; green variegated with chestnut or ultimately brown. Glumes ovate, obtuse or with a short point, chestnut-red, striate. Style linear ; branches 3. Nut less than 4 the length of the glume, obovoid, trigonous, smooth or obscurely transversely-lineolate, dull black ; Synophore small, obpyramidal, upper margin shallowly 3-lobed.— Kunth, Enum. ii, 256; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 68; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 638, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 251; Volk. Kilimand. 311 Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 8800 ft., Volkens, 1300! : Also in South Africa. The example of Volkens’ examined has no nuts, but is F. gracilis or a very closely allied species. 3. F. clandestina, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 82. Glabrous. Rhizome creeping, 4~6 in. long, woody, clothed with nearly black lanceolate scales. Stems solitary, scarcely 1 in. long in examples seen. Leaves several up to 24 by }-} in. Head of 1-3 few-flowered spikelets ; bracts 4} in. long, elliptic-oblong, enclosing the head. Spikelets } in. long ; glumes oblong-lanceolate, + in. long, striate. Style long ; branches. 3, long. Gynophore obconic. Nut not seen.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 637. Cyperus clandestinus, Hochst. ex Krauss in Flora, 1842, 594. Chamexiphium clandestinum, Hochst. in Flora, 1844, 102. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Mountains of Samen Province; Schimper, 980! : ; ili. 1053 13. FUIRENA, Rottb.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ii (including Pentasticha, Turez.; Benth. et Hook. f. l.c. 1049). Spikelets of many flowers, mostly 2-sexual and perfecting nuts, the uppermost imperfect or sterile. Glumes imbricated on all sides, or sometimes appearing twisted and 5-ranked, hairy on the back (except 462 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Fuirena. in F. abnormalis), nearly always with a long terminal bristle. Hypo- gynous bristles (in typical Muirena) 6, viz. 3 (sepals) linear, small or obsolete opposite the angles of the nut, 3 (petals) prominent, opposite the faces of the nut, ovate, obovate, or clawed petal-shaped ; but in many species (Sect. Hemiscirpus) the hypogynous bristles are setulose or 0, exactly as in Scirpus (with /solepis). Style linear, often short, with 3 long branches ; style-base usually persistent on the nut, pyramidal, triquetrous, or ovoid, or linear-cylindric or very minute. Nut sessile, trigonous, obovoid or narrowly obovoid, falling off (# u-Fuirena) enclosed by the 3 inner hypogynous bristles (petals).—Stem triquetrous, nodose, with leaves throughout its length; sheaths cylindric; the lowest bract like the topmost sheath. Inflorescence paniculate-corym bose (not umbelled) ; panicle (when fully developed) elongate, thin, with remote lower branches; but often reduced nearly to a subterminal head, not rarely to few (or 3) spikelets. Species 26, in all warm countries. Fuirena is here separated from Scirpus by its nodose stem, and inflorescence not umbellate; this separates it from all the Tropical African species of Scirpus. The glumes being hairy on the back afford an additional distinction between Fuirena and Scirpus, except in our Fuirena abnormalis.—lt may be noticed, from the synonymy cited, that authors well entitled to their opinion place in Scirpus various species of our Fuirena, Sect. Hemiscirpus. *HEMISCIRPUS.—Hypogynous bristles either 0 or linear and retrorse-scabrid. Hypogynous bristles 0, or quite rudimentary and obscure. Glumes glabrous . i : : : z . 1. F. abaormalis. Glumes hairy ; nut white, Ae Leaves very narrow; glumes 5-ranked ss. . 3. F Welwitschit. Leaves up to } in. broad; glumes imbricated on all sides, Spikelets }-3 by tin. . Spikelets up to 3 by 2 in. Spikelets by scarcely j}, in. A : : Hypogynous bristles 6-4-3, longer than the nut, linear, rigid, brown, retrorsely scabrous. Spikelets brown; glumes 5-ranked; nut brown . 6, F. stricta. Spikelets black-green; glumes not 5-ranked; nut . EF. pubescens. on: pachyrrhiza. ed Oe Ppygmea Ov bo green . : E : : e . W. F. chlorocarpa. ** WHu-FUIRENA.—Three interior hypogynous bristles with a broad lamina. Annuals. Spikelets 1-4 by 4-4 in... i 3 x . 8. FP. glomerata. Spikelets {3 by tev in. . : : 3 . 9. F. leptostachya. Perennials with a stout, creeping rhizome. Inner hypogynous bristles obovate, sessile. . 10. F. umbellata. Inner hypogynous bristles with a ciliate claw - 11. F. cinerascens. 1. FP. abnormalis, (. B. Clarke. A glabrous annual, the panicle branches minutely scabrous. Stems tufted, 18 in. long, with sa throughout their length. Leaves 4 by lin. Panicle 7 by 2 in., wit distant axillary peduncles, several from each bract ; lowest bract similar Fuirena. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 463 to the topmost leaf. Spikelets } by 4 in., mostly short-pedicelled. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse, retuse, pale brown, glabrous, the green stout keel excurrent in a recurved mucro } the length of the glume. Hypo- gynous bristles 0, Nut % the length of the glume, triquetrous, broadly obovoid truncate almost retuse, black, with obscure transverse wavy lines; beak or style-base minute ; style short, branches 3, long. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Boruma, on the Zambesi, Meny- harth, 1060! This is put in Fuirena because of the nodose stem and elongate panicle. Neither the glabrous glumes, nor the nut, nor the defect of hypogynous bristles suit Fuirena well. 2. F. pubescens, Kunth, Enum. ii. 182. Hairy, especially the inflorescence. Rhizome long-creeping, 745-4 in. thick. Stems often solitary, 4-16 in. long, triquetrous, with nodes throughout their length. Leaves 6 in. by 4-4 in., ultimately often pendent; base broad with a prominent ligule; lowest bracts similar to the topmost leaf. Panicle 10 by 2 in., with remote peduncles, but often reduced to 1 or 2 few- flowered subterminal always corymbose not umbelled clusters. Spikelets ovoid or broad-ellipsoid, }—} in. long, usually } in. broad, not 5-ranked. Glumes broad-elliptic, obtuse, hairy without, 3—5-ribbed, blackish-green on the sides; bristle 4} the length of the glume. Hypogynous bristles 0, or quite rudimentary. Nut less than } the length of the glume, triquetrous, narrowly obovoid, crowned by a scabrid triquetrous narrowly pyramidal style-base; outermost cells forming ultimately a marble white minutely reticulated loose coat ; style 3-fid.—A. Rich. Tent. FI]. Abyss. ii. 497; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 104, and in Flora, 1879, 566; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 160; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 665, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi. Afr. v. 648, in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 261; Ficalho & Hiern in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 28 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 146; K. Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 126; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.128. Scirpus pubescens, Lam. Ill. i. 139; Cosson & Durieu, Expl. Scient. Algér. Glum. 237; J. Ball in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvi. 703. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; near Selaneko, 8800 ft., Schimper, 1296! and without precise locality, Roth! British East Africa: Gazelle River, Schweinfurth, 1164! Ukamba, 5000-6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6523 ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto; in marshy meadows by the River Cassaballa, Welwitsch, 7116! German South-west A‘rica: Hereroland ; Dinter, 425! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Tanga, Volkens, 23! British Central Africa: Nyasiland ; Nyika Plateau, 6000-7000 ft., Whyte, 203! Namasi, Cameron, il! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1453! Extends from Portugal and Corsica to South Africa and India. 3. F. Welwitschii, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 161. Stems rather slender, closer together on the rhizome. Leaves narrower, upper scarcely } in. broad, very erect. Inflorescence usually reduced to 1 or 2 subterminal heads. Spikelets oblong-ellipsoid, about } in. 464 CLVI, CYPERACEA (CLARKE). [ Futrena. broad, brownish. Glumes appearing more or less distinctly 5-ranked ; otherwise as F’. pubescens.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 649, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 128. F. Buchanani, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 20; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 126. F. pubescens, var. Buchanani, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 648. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; marshes near Quibanga, Wel- witsch, 7108! Huilla; damp slopes of Morro de Monino, Welwitsch, 7109! near Lopollo, Welwitsch, 7114! dry hills near Eme, Welwitsch, 7115! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, 5250 ft., Nutt! Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan! and without precise locality, Puchanan, 1435! 1442! The development of the panicle varies so much in Fuirena, that I do not think species can be maintained on the character of a single compound head. 4. F. pachyrrhiza, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 161. Rhizome stout, about } in. thick. Panicle and glumes minutely hairy. Spikes and glumes rather larger than in 7. pubescens ; nut smaller, with narrower style-base; outermost cells granular, subelliptic in obscurely vertical series ; otherwise as /’. pubescens.—C, B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr v. 647 and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 262; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. ©. 126; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 11.129. F. macrostachya, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 507. Yuirena aff. F.. pubescenti, Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 168. Nile Land. British East Africa: Ukamba, 6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6728! Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andonga, 2500-4000 ft., Welwitsch, T117* 7118! 7119! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Urundi, Scott-Elliot, 8301! Uyanzi; in the Mgunda Mkhali, at Jiwa la Mkoa, Speke & Grant! Lake Tanganyika, Cameron! Unyamwezi; Gonda, Boehm, 73. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Shire Highlands, Scott-Elliot, 8481! Also in South Africa. 5. F. pygmea, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 160. Hairy, at least the panicle and glumes, annual. Stems tufted, 5-20 m- long, slender, with nodes (bearing either leaves or bracts) in the uppe part. Leaves 2-6 by 34-4 in. Inflorescence (in Ridley’s type) about 1 in. long and broad, of a terminal cluster of 7 spikelets, and an axillary branched peduncle carrying in all 8 spikelets; but, in Menyharths examples there are distant axillary heads forming a long panicle. Spikelets { by 4), in. Glumes with a bristle } their length. Hypogynous bristles 0 or rudimentary. Style with three branches- Nut hardly 4 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, smooth, brown finally black; beak (or style-base) cylindric, very narrow + outermost cells elliptic, transverse, obscure.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 648 including var. 3 Menyharthi ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii, 128. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in sandy marshes near Sansa- manda, and between Mopopo and Sansamanda, Welwitsch, 7111! 7171! Huilla; in damp places at Monino, Welwitsch, 7112! Fuirena.| CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 465 Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Boruma, on the Zambesi, Weayharth, 1062 ! 6. F. stricta, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 128. Hairy, at least the backs of the glumes. Rhizome 0, or sometimes } in. long, very slender. Stems tufted, about 12 in. long, slender, with nodes and leaves throughout their length. Leaves 1-2 by {-1 in. Clusters of spikelets usually 3-1, not more than 3 in. from the top of the stem, subsessile of 6-3-1 spikelets. Spikelets } by } in. Glumes more or less 5-ranked apparently, elliptic-lanceolate, brown; keel green, excurrent in a minute mucro. Hypogynous bristles 6, 5 or 3, longpr than the nut* stiff, brown, linear, strongly retrorse-scabrid. Style 3-fid. Nut more than }$ the length of the glume, narrowly obovoid, stalked, trigonous, smooth, brown; beak cylindric, very narrow.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 99; C. B. Clarke in Durand «& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 648 ; K.Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. ©. 126. Pentasticha madagascariensis, Turcz. in Bul]. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxv. ii. 330; Benth. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1049. head Guinea. Senegambia, Perrottet! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, o02: Nile Land. British East Africa: Kavirondo, Scott-Elliot, 6475! ,Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Namasi, Cameroii, 25 Also in Madagascar and the Comoro Isles. ‘. FP. chlorocarpa, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 159. Spikelets black-green. Glumes ovate, acute, not at all 5-ranked, the keel distinctly exeurrent. Nut a greenish yellow; otherwise as P. stricta. —C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 645, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 262; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, 1 507. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; Reb Valley, near Senka Berr, 6800 ft., Schimper, 1293! Lower Guinea. Congo: Lower Congo; Stanley Poo!', 1000 ft., Hens, 373! Angola: Huilla ; marshy places at Lopollo, Welwitsch, 7113 ! Also in Madagascar and South Africa. eo .3.F. glomerata, Zam. Jil. i. 150. Annual, hairy. Stems 4-16 in. long, rather slender. Leaves 4-6 by } in. Panicle oblong, thin, of afew often approximated clusters. Spikelets }-} by }-} in. Glumes ark green to dull brown, 3-nerved, keel excurrent in a long bristle. Ypogynous bristles 3 or 6 ; outer (sepals) linear or 0 ; 3 inner (petals) as ong as the nut, quadrate, toothed, brown, on a long linear claw, falling With the nut, 3-nerved. Nut } tke length of the glume, ovoid, triquetrous, acuminate at the top and base, smooth, pallid; beak cylindric, very narrow. Style 3-branched.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 184; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 553; Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mozamb. ot. 545, in Linnea, xxxvii. 107; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2. Bot. ii, 160 ; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 666, and in VOL. Vir. 2u Ves; : 466 CLVI, CYPERACEX (CLARKE). | Fuirena. Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 646; Rendle in Cat. Afr. ty Welw. ii. 128. F. canescens, Vahl, Enum. ii. 385. FF. ciliaris, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 180; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C.126. 7 ochreata, Nees in Linnea, ix. 288; Kunth, Enum. ii. 184. F. ciliata, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 126. #. Hildebrandtii, Boeck. in Flora, 1882, 15. Scirpus ciliaris, Linn. Mant. 182. Upper Guinea. Senegambia: near Richard Toll, Roger / and without uae cise locality, Leprieur ! Heudelot, 556! Sierra Leone: Mahela, Scott-Elliot, 3982! Gold Coast: Accra, Don / Brown, 365! Lagos Island, Barter, 2224! Wile Land. British East Africa: Sabaki River, Gregory! Mombasa, Taylor ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Loanda; at Represa de Maghelaos, rare, Welwitsch, 7107! Mozamb, Dist. Zanzibar, Bojer! German East Africa: Usambara, oe 2040! 2737! Portuguese East Africa: Mozambique, Peters! Quilimane, Kirk! Lower Zambesi; Shupanga, Kirk! Stewart ! Also in Madagascar, India, East Asia, and Australia. Var. angolensis, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v- 647. Three interior hypogynous bristles with a much smaller hardly quadrate lamma.— F. ciliaris, var. angolensis, Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iil. 31. Wile Land. British East Africa: Athi, Gregory, 102! Lower Guinea. Angola: Gambos, Newfon ! Huilla to Humpata, Johnston : Amboland ; Rautanen / In this variety, the hypogynous bristles are as, or very nearly as, in F. leptostachy4; but the spikelets are fully as large as in typical F. glomerata. 9. F. leptostachya, Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 168, 108. jig. B. Leaves often 4-8 in. long. Spikelets 4-3 by Te —10 ne Hypogynous bristles (3 interior or petals) as long as the nut, linear, with a very small lamina which is oval, or with 2 recurved teeth.— C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 647, incl. var. B nudiflora; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl, Ost-Afr. C. 126. F. pages Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 566, not of Lam. F. schweinfurthiana, Boeck. in Flora, 1880, 438. Fuirena sp. n. 3, T. Thoms. in Speke, Journ. Append. 654. e Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, set. 190! Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, 2504! Madi, Speke and Grant sf e Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Tanganyika Plateau, Fort Hill, 3500 ft., Whyte ! es In Schweinfurth’s 2504 I have found no hypogynous bristles, and formerly oS tinguished it as var. audiflora. The plant is young, and the bristles may tig 3 a yet be developped; but if there should prove to be no bristles im this pialls { should hardly esteem it as more than an accidental state of F. leptostachy¢. 10. F. umbellata, Zotth. Descr. et Ic. 70, t. 19, fig. 3. ee ’ a least the glumes. Rhizome stout, horizontal, woody. Stems 13-5 ft. L is robust, with nodes throughout their length. Leaves up to 6 pile fs: less often } in. broad. Panicle long oblong, often with many aXv""- 1 in, compound corymbs and 200-600 spikelets. Spikelets 4-1 by 4; - Fuirena.| CLVI. CYPERACEX (CLARKE). 467 green or dull chestnut-coloured. Glumes elliptic ; keel excurrent in a curved bristle. Hypogynous bristles: outer 3 (sepals) linear, small or 0; inner 3 as long as the nut, obovate truncate, sessile or hardly clawed. Style linear; branches 3, linear. Nut about 4 the length of the glume, triquetrous, ovoid, acuminate at the top and at the base, smooth, pallid, ultimately brown; beak small, cylindric, very narrow.—Kunth, Enum. il. 185; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 553; Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 545, in Linnea, xxxvii. 110, and in Flora, 1879, 566; Oliver in Trans, Linn. Soc, xxix. 168; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 666, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 648 ; Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 209; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 308; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 126; Durand & De Wild. Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 90; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 97; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 129. F. paniculata, Linn. f. Suppl. 105. F. pentagona, Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 42. 7. canescens, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 128, not of Vahl. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, 814! Sierra Leone; by the Kabele River, Scott-Elliot, 4929! and without precise locality, Afzelins ! Guinea, Isert ! Jardin! Liberia: Bassa Cove, Ansell / Lagos: Abeokuta, Irving ! Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 418! 1016! Niger Delta; Nun River, Vogel, 43! 61! Cameroons : Cameroon River, Mann, 777! Yauude, Zenker & Staudt, 632! Zenker, 1512! Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2192! 2407 ! Niamniam ; Yubbo River, Schweinfurth, 3724! Madi, Speke § Grant, 721! Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Don! Loango: neur Chinchoco, Soyaue, 201! Lower Congo, Lutete, 1800 ft., Hens, 198! Kisantu, Gillet, 368! and without precise locality, Smith, 324! Angola: Golungo Alto; by streams near olungo Alto and Sange, Welwitsch, 7121! Pungo Andongo; near the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 7120! South Central. Congo Free State: Kassai River, Luja, 218! _ Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kuntze, 285! German East Africa: Zanguebar, Kirk 1 Tanga, Holst, 2028! British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Tanganyika Plateau, at Fort Hill, 3500-4000 ft., Whyte / Mbame Hiil, 3000 ft., Kirk! Shire pighlands, Buchanan, 9! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1133! Whyte, Very common in all tropical and subtropical regions. 2). ¥. Cinerascens, Fidley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. li. 161, name only. Hairy, at least the glumes. Rhizome creeping. Stems 12-16 in. long, with nodes throughout their length. Leaves *~4 by t+-lin. Panicle oblong, with distant peduncles bearing 15-60 Spikelets, Spikelets 3-6 together, }-} by }-{ in., subey lindric, black- green. Glume elliptic, with a long recurved bristle. Inner 3 hypo- 8ynous bristles as long as the nut, obovate, strongly 3-nerved, with a ‘erminal crest, lateral wings and a ciliate claw. Nut } the length of the glume, triquetrous, ovoid, acuminate at the top and at the base, ‘Mooth, pallid; beak small, cylindric, very narrow.— U. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 645; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 129; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 126. F. calolepis, 468 CLVI, CYPERACE (CLARKE). | Fuirena. K. Schum. in Engl. Jahrb. xxiv. 339, t. 5, fig. H-M; in Engl. Pd. Ost-Afr. C. 126. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; damp meadows at Catumba, Weltwitseh. 7110! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Bojer! Hildebrandt, 1057! Stuhlmann, ii. 52! Zanguebar, Kirk, 62! Usambara ; Kibafula swamp, Holsf, 2133! Usaramo ; Dar e+ Salaam, Kuntze, 283! Also in Madagascar. Imperfectly known species. 12. F. nana, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 497. Annual, small. Stem 1-3 in. long, almost capillary, smooth, glabrous. Leaves shorter than the stem, linear, subobtuse, scabrous on the margins. Spikes usually 2, small, terminal, sessile, close together ; bracts 1-2, unequal, overtopping the spikes. Glumes numerous, closely imbricated, oboval, obtuse, long acuminate. Nut ellipsoid-oblong, obtuse, terete, very slenderly grooved, glabrous. Scales and hypogynous bristles 0.—Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 147. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Shireh; near Kouaieta (Kuayata), Quartin-Dillon (ex A. Richard.) 14. LIPOCARPHA, R. Br.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii, 1054. Glumes densely packed in the spikelet, very numerous, imbricated on all sides; 2 lowest empty, succeeded by many bearing 2-sexual nut- bearing flowers deciduous in fruit, uppermost imperfect. Within the glume, parallel with it, 2 elliptic or obovate hyaline scales, rather shorter than the glume, are invariably present and wrapped round the nut. Style small linear or 0, branches 3 (rarely 2) minute or short. Nut sessile, obovoid or linear-oblong, unequally trigonous, smooth, dark brown ; style deciduous, style-base 0. Glabrous. Stem without any nodes between the basal leaves, and the 1 head of 8—15 spikelets. Species 14; in the warmer portions of both hemispheres. There is no genus of Cyperacee concerning which more diverse views have beet held or more diverse explanations given of the very uniform structure. gle anticous and posticous hyaline scales cannot very well be prophylla (bracteoles) se which no trace occurs in the whole Order (unless in Ascolepis ?). Three explanations are in the field, viz. : (2) that Lipocarpha is allied to (the older botanists thought equal to) Hyp rc lytrum ; the 2 hyaline scales being supposed homologous with the 2 male glumes i Hypolytrum. Goebel, however, has shown that the female flower in Hypolytrum ™ terminal; and the difference in habit between Lipocarpha and Hypolytrum * extreme. (4) that Lipocarpha is allied to Scirpus ; that the 2 hyaline scales represent ie hypogynous bristles which have become connate in two fused bundles. a t Bentham’s view; and Lipocarpha is in the highest degree like Scirpus, at Microstyli, of which it has the nut and style, and with which it is frequen”. confused. (c) that the 2 hyaline scales represent 2 sterile lower flowers, so that here a flower is really a spikelet of 3 flowers, whereof the 2 lower are barren. what is called This Lipocarpha. | CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 469 view was started by Kunth, and Theo. Holm writes to me that after a prolonged investigation he is decisively of the same opinion, If this is so, Lipocarpha must be remote from every other genus. Spikelets terete, smooth; glumes with obtuse triangular tips incurved in fruit. Nut about 3 the length of the glume; style 3 the length of the nut : : - . - Nut { the length of the glume ; style 0, the 3 branches just united. Nut oblong ; lower hyaline scale narrow-elliptic. Stem very slender, with 3-1 spikelets . Stem medium-sized, with 3-18 spikelets Nut obovoid; lower hyaline scale suborbicular Spikelets hispid ; glumes acuminate with linear tips sub- erect in fruit. Medium-sized plants with stolons. Stolons very slender; spikelets pallid or cinnamon- 1. L. argentea. . L. filiformis. . L. triceps. . L. prieuriana. He oo bo 5. L. albiceps. coloured 5 6. L. purpureolutea. Stolons rather stout ; spikelets purple-yellow Small plants ; stolons 0. Stems 4-8 in. long, slender, with 5~1 spikelets . 7. L. atra. Stems less than 1 in. long, with 1 spikelet 8. L. multibracteata. Spikelets squarrose ; glumes with a long linear tip re- curved in fruit, Stems 12-20 in. long, rather robust; spikelets obscurely squarrose . . 4 ; : 9. L. Barteri. Stems 4-14 in. long, slender; spikelets strongly . 10. L. pulcherrima. squarrose ¢ kh. Br. in Tuckey, Congo, Append. 459. 1. L. argentea, Stems Glabrous. Rhizome usually 0, sometimes up to 1} in. long. tufted, 4-24 in. long, round-trigonous, smooth, with no nodes between the basal leaves and single head. Leaves sometimes as long as the stem, often only } its length, 4-4 in. broad, rather fleshy at the base. Spikelets 3-10, 4-5 by ¢ in., ovoid or cylindric, obtuse, terete, not Tough from excurrent points of glumes, white ; bracts 3-2, horizontal, lowest 1—4 in. long and similar to the leaves. Glumes very dense in numerous spirals, obovate, with obtuse triangular tips, erect or incurved In fruit, thick in texture. Hyaline scales shorter than the glume; lower anticous narrow-elliptic and 5-veined, upper posticous oblong and 3-Veined. Stamens usually 2; anthers narrowly oblong, muticous. Style linear, } the length of the nut; branches 3-2, very short, scarcely ®xserted. Nut about 4 the length of the hyaline scale, trigonous-com- pressed, oblong-obovoid, brown-black, smooth.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 266 ; Benth. in Hook. N iger Fl. 555; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 114 partly (ie, excl, the American examples), in Flora, 1879, 567, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. 14; T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 654; Oliver Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix, 169; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. 2. 163; Goeb. in Ann. Jard. Buit. vii. 131, t. 14, fig. 18, t. 15, fig. 19-20 ; ©. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 667, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 649, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 265; Durand and Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 308; Durand and De Wild. in 470 CLVI., CYPERACEA (CLARKE). [ Lipocarpha. Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 90; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PH. Welw. ii. 129. Scirpus senegalensis, Lam. Ill. i. 140. Hypelyptum argenteum, Vahl, Enum. ii. 283. H. senegalense, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf, Ost-Afr. C. 127. Hypolytrum senegalense, Pers. Syn. i. 70. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Dupuis / Sierra Leone: near Franziga, Scolt-Elliot, 5044! and without precise locality, Don! Vogel! Barter! Vagos: Shaki, Lagos Government, 2! Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder, Schimper, 1801! British East Africa: Gazelle River, at Meshra, Schweinfurth, 1333! Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1461! Madi; below Madi rocky heights, Speke g- Grant, 684! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis! Lutete, 1750 ft., Hens, 71! 254! Kisantu, Gillet, 521! 547! and without precise locality, Smith ! Angola: Pungo Andonga; in the rocky valleys of the Presidium at the stream of Calunda, Welwitsch, 6778! Huilla: ponds near Monino, Welwitsch, 6777! Humpata, Newton, 12! 13! Mozamb Dist. (ierman East Africa: Karagwe, Scott-Elliot, 7474! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; North Nyasa, Scott! Whyte! Namasi, Cameron, 23! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1180! Also in South Africa, the Mascarene Islands, Asia and Australia. 2. L. filiformis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 267. Glabrous. Stems annual, tufted, 2-8 in. long, very slender. Leaves few, } the length of the stem, linear or setaceous. Head of 3-1 spikelets; bracts 2, the lower 1 in. long, horizontal, linear. Spikelets } by } in., cylindric, obtuse, dense, white or more or less purple spotted, smooth. Glumes broadly ovate, obtuse, their tips erect or incurved in fruit. Hyaline scales a little shorter than the glume. Stamen 1. Nut almost as long as the hyaline scales, oblong or narrowly obovoid, plano-convex, black- brown, smooth. Style 0, or hardly any; branches 3, minute, linear, hardly exserted.— Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 117; C. B. Clarke Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 650. Hypalyptum filiformé, Vahl, Enum. ii. 284; Schumach, Beskr. Guin. Pl. 31. Scupus filiformis, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. v. 102, not of Lam. Fimbristyls Jiliformis, Thonning ex Kunth, Enum. 267. Upper Guinea. Thonning! Senegal, Heudelot ! 3. L. triceps, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 92. Glabrous. Stems annual, tufted, 4-16 in. long, trigonous, striated, smooth. Leaves t to + the length of the stem, linear. Spikelets 3-18 in the head, 4 by 4 in., cylindric, very dense, obtuse, smooth, usually purple or dar: reddish, sometimes paler ; bracts 3-7, spreading, up to 1-4 in. long. Glumes obovate, with a triangular tip erect or incurved in fruit. Hyaline scales a little shorter than the glumes, lower narrowly elliptic, upper oblong. Nut broadly-oblong, round-trigonous, nearly as long as the hyaline scale, black-brown, smooth. Style 0 or hardly any ; branche : 3, linear, shortly exserted.—Z. sphacelata, Kunth, Enum. sie Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 555; Boeck. in Flora, 1860, 37, in Lin cae xxxvii. 116; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 162; ees Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 667, and in Durand & Schin7, Lipocarpha. | CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). 471 Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 650, incl. var. Barteri: Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 129. Hypelyptum sphacelatum, Vahl, Enum. ii. 283. Tunga triceps, Roxb. Fl, Ind. i. 183. Ayllinga triceps, Lam. Ill. i. 148, t. 38, fig. 2, Upper Guinea, Senegal, Schotte! Liberia: Cape Palmas, Ansell! Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 344! 786! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, Luja, 65! Angola: Pungo Andongo ; near Mopopo, on the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6776 ! Also in India and Tropical America. South Central. Congo Free State: Kasai River, Luja, 225! This species was sorted from L. argentea (the white-headed) by its deep purple- spotted (sphacelate) heads; but the character is not a safe one any more than the number of spikelets (¢viceps). The length of the style draws a strong line between the two; L. triceps differs little from L. filiformis except in being more robust. 4. L. prieuriana, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 130. Glumes broadly obovate, very obtuse. Lower hyaline scale ovate, almost orbicular, 5- nerved. Nut obovoid-globose ; otherwise as LZ. triceps.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 650. ZL. schweinfurthiana, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 567. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Leprieur! Perrottet! 199! Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, ser, iii. ! 5. i. albiceps, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Bot. ii. 163. Glabrous. Stolons slender, clothed by small ovate-lanceolate scales. Stems 8~16 in. long, slender. Leaves 2-8 in. long, linear. Head of ‘1 spikelets ; bracts 3-2, spreading, lowest 2 in. long, linear. Spike- lets } by 4 in., ovoid, white or cinnamon-coloured, dense, appearing hispid from the suberect points of the glumes. Glumes oblong-obovate suddenly acuminated into a linear tip 3 the length of the glume. Hyaline scales nearly as long as the glume (without its tip); the lower quadrate-elliptic, 7-nerved ; the upper elliptic, 3-nerved. Stamens Py Nut 3 the length of the hyaline scale, oblong-obovoid, unequally trigon- ous, brown-black, smooth. Style more than } the length of the nut, linear ; branches 3, linear, exserted.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi. Afr. v. 649; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 11. 129. Hypelyptum albiceps, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; by the River Cuanza, at Muta Lucala, Welwitsch, 6782! spongy slopes of the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6785 partly near Catete and Sansamanda, Welwitsch, 6786 ! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mandala, Sco/f-Eilior, 8462! Shire Highlands, Buchanan, C! Namasi, Cameron, 10! 6. L. purpureolutea, Ridley in Trans. Linn, Soc. ser, 2, Bot. it. 163. Stolons rather stout, hardening into a rhizome } in. in diam., on which stand culms ?# in. apart. Glumes black-red, the backs and tips 472 CLVI, CYPERACE® (CLARKE). | Lipocarpha. yellow ; otherwise as L. albiceps.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 650; Rendie in Cat. Afr. Pfl. Welw. ii. 129. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in pastures near Humpata, Welwitsch, 6784! This must be very close to L. albiceps, Ridley, and is possibly a mere form thereof. The examples of Welwitsch’s 6784 are too young to form a decided opinion upon. 7. L. atra, Ridley .in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 162. Glabrous. Rhizome hardly any. Stems tufted, 4-8 in. long, slender. Leaves }—} the length of the stem, linear. Head of 5-1 spikelets; bracts 2, lower 1} in. long, linear. Spikelets 1-1 by } in., cylindric, obtuse, black, appearing minutely hispid from the very short glume- tips. Glumes very small, obovate, suddenly acuminated into a lanceo- late-linear tip } the length of the glume, nearly black, the tip a brown- black. Hyaline scales nearly as long as the glume (without its tip) ; lower narrowly elliptic; upper oblong. Nut minute, $ the length of the hyaline scale, oblong-ellipsoid, trigonous, smooth, brown-black. Style less than 4 the length of the nut, linear; branches 3, short.— C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 650; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 129. Lower Guinea, Ango!a: Huilla; banks of the River Cacolovar, near Lake Ivantala, Welwitsch, 6961! 8. L. multibracteata, (. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspett. Fl. Afr. v. 650. Glabrous. Stems annual, tufted, }—3 in. long, bear- ing 1 spikelet. Leaves up to 1} in. long, linear. Bracts 9, 3-5 long, suberect, linear from a narrow lanceolate base. Spikelets '~é in. long, ellipsoid, subacute, densely flowered. Glumes about 3'5 1. long, oblong, tip triangular or lanceolate, scarious, spotted with dark red. Hyaline scales as long as the glume (without its tip) ; lower broadly obovate, truncate, 7-nerved; upper elliptic, 3-nerved. eee nearly as long as the scales, very narrowly-oblong or almost linear, round-trigonous, smooth, brown-biack. Style 0 or hardly any; branches 3, minute, linear, hardly exserted.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 130. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in Sorghum fields, Welwitsch, 6773! 9. L. Barteri, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. I. Afr v. 650. Glabrous. Rhizome short. Stems approximate, 12-20 pail long, robust for the genus. Leaves } the length of the stem, linear, terete, leaf-sheaths brown-red, split down on one side, truncate ab TOE Head of 5-1 spikelets ; bracts 3-2, lowest up to 2 in. long, spreading, linear. Spikelets 1-1 by 1 in. dense, cylindric, obtuse, somewhat squarrose, dusky brown-red. Glumes broadly obovate, striate, suddenly narrowed into a lanceolate-linear tip } the length of the glume. Hyaline scales nearly as long as the glume (without its tip); aah broadly-elliptic; upper narrowly-elliptic. Nut nearly as long as ses scales, oblong or narrow-ellipsoid, unequally trigonous, smooth, black: Lipocarpha. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 473 brown. Style 0, or hardly any; branches 3, most minute, not ex- serted. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1585! 10. L. pulcherrima, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 162, Glabrous. Stems annual, tufted, 4-14 in. long, slender. Leaves as long as the stem and setaceous, or }~2 the length of the stem and linear, Head of 5-1 spikelets; bracts 3-2, similar to the leaves, spreading, lowest up to 24 in. long. Spikelets 1 by 5}, in., dense, con- spicuously squarrose from the recurved glume-tips. Glumes obovate, truncate, with a linear tip as long as the glume, the sides blackish-red, the back with the tip yellow-green. Hyaline scales about as long as the glume (without its tip); lower broad-elliptic ; upper narrow-elliptic. Nut } the length of the scales, narrowly-ellipsoid, trigonous, smooth, black-brown. Style 0, or hardly any; branches 3, minute, hardly exserted.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 650, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 266; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw n. 129, L. tenera, and L. atropurpurea, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 21. Hypelyptum pulcherrimum, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127. Nile Land. British East Africa: Mount Kenia, Gregory, 87! River Tana, Gregory, 97 ! Lower Guinea, Angola: Pungo Andongo; marshes in the Presidium and hear Quilanga, Welwitsch, 6774! marshes at Catete, Welwitsch, 6785 partly! Huilla; in Sorghum fields, Welwitsch, 6775! Huilla to Humpata, Johnston / River Nene, Newton / South Central. Congo Free State: River Kasai, Luja, 220! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 63169! Also in South Africa, 15. ASCOLEPIS, Nees; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1054. _Glumes densely packed in the spikelet, numerous, imbricated on all sides, minute, narrow-oblong, obtuse, hidden among the squamelliw Which are larger and longer, containing perfect flowers. Squamella between the nut and the glume, parallel to the glume, with an elongate flattened conic beak, holding the nut in a hollow or pocket near its base. Style small, linear; branches 3 or 2, linear, minute. Nut very small, narrowly obovoid, trigonous or biconvex, smooth, brown-black.- Glabrous. Stem without any nodes between the basal leaves and the 1 head of 1-6 spikelets. Species, the 9 here described; eademie in Tropical Africa, except that i Species is also in South Africa, 1 also in Madagascar and South America. The large squamella appears made up of 2 lateral organs coalescent completely on the anticous side, imperfectly or not at all on the posticons side. They would be 2 lateral bracteoles (prophylla), not known in any other genus of Cyperacee. *EUASCOLEPIS.—Lower part of squemella narrow, thin, hollowed slightly to hold the nut ; upper part elongate-conic. Style 3-fid.—The species of this group differ little but in the size and colour of the heads. 474 CLVI. CYPERACEE# (CLARKE). | Ascolepis. Heads from snow-white to a dirty straw-colour. Heads 3-1 in. in diam. . : : : : . 1. A. eriocauloides. Heads 3-1 in. in diam. Heads uct radiate. Stems 6-10 in. long - : : . 2. A. protea. Stems 16-20 in. long. : . : . 6. A. elata. Heads rayed : 2. A. protea, var. bellidi- flora. Heads 2-33 in. in diam. : E : . 3. A. pinguis. Heads golden-yellow. Head 1-3} in. in diam. . : 5 5 - . 2. A. protea, var. santo- linotdes. Head in. in diam.; leaves very slender : . 4, A. anthemiflora. Head 1-1 in. in diam.; leaves thicker, almost fleshy . . . . : : : . & A. speciosa. **PsEUDO-LIPOCARPHA.—Squamella very broadly obovate, wrapped round the nut, the margins free (or united just at the base ?). Style 3-fid. Small plants ; heads {—1 in. diam., of 1-8 distinct spikelets : ; : P : : . 7. A. pusilla. *** PLATYLEPIS.—Squamella obovate, strongly flattened, with acute scarious wigs, the nut in a small pocket on the posticous face. Style 2-fid. Spikelets 1-3 to the head, much fused together ; nut sessile. : : ‘ : é . 8. A, capensis. Spikelets usually 3-6 to the head, more distinet ; nut : minutely stalked. ‘ 5 : : ), A. brasiliensis. 1. A. eriocauloides, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glin. ii. 109 partly. Glabrous. Stems 2-8 in. long, slender, thickened sub-bulbous at the base. Leaves } the length of the stem, linear. Head 1, hemispheric, dense, ;,—} in. in diam., straw-coloured ; bracts 4-3, pendent, 1g long, linear, dilated just at the base. Glumes linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 1 the length of thesquamella. Squamella ;1, in. long, lanceolate linear, thick, hollowed out at the base to hold the nut. Stamen 1. Style } the length of the nut, linear; branches 2 or 3. Nut ;'y 10. long, narrowly obovoid, smooth, dark-brown.—Boeck. in Linnea, Xxxv1- 1; Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 75 in note; C. B. Clarke in Duran & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 652; Engl. Hochgebirgsf. Trop. Afr. 144. Kyllinga eriocauloides, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 597. Lsolep's Ascolepis, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 501. Wile Land. Abyssin'a: Gaddema, 7000 ft., Schimper, 106! Gafta, Schimper 1195! Jelajeranne, Schimper, 1644! Shireh province, Quartin-Dillon & Petit. _ 2. A. protea, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxvii. 79. Stems nA in. long, slender, in strong tufts, but hardly bulbous at the base. Hea : } to 3 in. in diam., hemispheric or subglobose. Squamella $ in. long; otherwise as A. eriocauloides.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 652; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. at K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 127; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 1. 130. A. eriocauloides partly and A. kyllingioides partly, Steud. Syn- Pl. Glum. ii, 105, Wile Land. Abyssinia: Shireh province, Quartin-Dillon § Petit! Ascolepis. | CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 475 Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; marshy places in the Pra- sidium, Welwitsch, 1667 ! Huilla ; at Empelanca, Welwitsch, 1671! Newton, 2! I can discover no difference between Welwitsch n. 1667 and the Abyssinian A. eriocauloides except that the former is half as iarge again in every part. Var. B bellidifiora, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 76. Stems 4-15 in. long, often less slender than in typical 4. profea. Squamelle on the outer part of the head growing out, attaining !-} in. in length or even more; so that the rayed heads bear a remarkable resemblance to those of many Composite with numerous rows of ray-florets.—Oliver in Trans, Linn. Soc. xxix. 168, t. 110, A, fig. 1-3; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 652; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 144; K. Schum. in Engl, Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 130. A. ertocauloides, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 564. Antrolepis leucocephala, Welw. Apont. 578. A. leucantha, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 77. Antrolepis sp., T. Thoms, in Speke, Nile, Append. 654. Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1919! Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; spongy slopes and heights of the Presidium, anong huge rocks, Welwitsch, 16678! 1668! Huilla; between Lopollo and Nene, Welwitsch, 1672! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi; near the River Wala, Speke § Grant! Urambo, Hannington! between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Rukwa, 600 ft., Nutt! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Tanganyika Plateau, 3500-4000 ft., Whyte! Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Zomba and plains, 2500-3500 ft., Whyte! Shire Highlands, Buchanan ! Scott-Elliot, 8594 bis ! at the foot of Mpembe Hill, 3000 ft., Kirk / Mandala, Scott-Elliot, 8463! Namasi, Cameron, 11! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 499! Var. y santolinoides, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 77. Head golden, globose or hemispheric, not or very slightly radiate. ©. Bb. Clarke im Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 652; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 145; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 130. Antrolepis sulphurea, and A. santolina, Welw. Apont. 578. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; spongy slopes of the Presidium, Welwitsch, 1664! 1666! damp places by the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 1665! Huilla; at Morro de Lopollo, 5300 {t., and near Lopollo, Welwitsch, 1673! 3. A. pinguis, C. B. Clarke. Stem 8-12 in. long, thick. Leaves much thicker than those of A. protea. Head globose, attaining 34 in. m diam. ; outer squamelle up to 14 in. long; otherwise as A. protea, var. bellidiflora. South Central. Congo Free State: escamps t Kitope, Descamps ! Albertville, 4. A. anthemiflora, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 77,4 24, fig. 9-13. Stems 12-16 in. long, slender. Head # in. in diam., golden, hemispheric ; outer squamelle 4 in. long, otherwise as A. protea.— K. Schum. C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 651 7 in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 127 (anthemidiflora) ; Rendle in Cat, Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 131. Antrolepis anthemiflora, Welw. Apont. 578. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; banks of the River Cuije, Wel - witsch, 1669! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, 5250 ft., Nutt : Carson, 83 ! Nyasaland ; Tanganyika Plateau, at Fort Hill, 3500-4000 ft., Whyte : A476 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Ascolepis. This differs from 4. protea, var. bellidiflora in its golden head, from A. protea, var. santolinoides in its strongly radiate head; it might be arranged as another variety of A. protea. As to which forms of A. protea should be esteemed as “* species’ the latest views of Welwitsch are here followed. 5. A. speciosa, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 78, t. 24, fig. 1-8. Rhizome } by 4 in., premorse. Stems 6-18 in. long, rather stout, densely tufted ; leaf-sheaths stout, black, finally ia to fibres. Leaves about } the length of the stem, rather stout. Head 3-1 in. in diam., globose or hemispheric, very dense, golden, not radiate ; otherwise as A. protea.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. iM (52, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. ill. 31 ; Engl. Hochgebirgs : Trop. Afr. 145; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. OC. 127 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 131. A. vatkeana, Boeck. in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr, 1896, 55. Lower Guinea. Angola: in lofty pastures near Lopolla, 500 ft., Welwitsch, 1674! Ovamboland, Hépfner, 82! Mozamb. Dist. British East Africa: Urungy; Fwambo, 5250 ft. Nutt ! Carson, 66! All the Fwambo examples differ a little from Welwitsch’s Angolan type by having the stems sub-bulbous at the base. 6. A. elata, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 79. Stems ite in. long, densely tufted, rather slender, the sheaths black, ultimately torn into fibres. Leaves rather numerous, $ the length of the stem, linear. Head 3 in. in diam., hemispheric, snow-white, otherwise ee A. speciosa.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. a including var. 8. gracilior ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 101- Antrolepis elata, Welw. Apont. 578. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in marshy places, betw a Condo and Quisonde, not far from the River Cuanza, 3500-3800 ft., Welwitser, 1670! Malange, Mechow, 332! The stamens are usually 2; when 3, they are anticous as usual, not as depicted by Welwitsch, 7. A. pusilla, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 164, ee Jig. 10-14. Glabrous. Stems 2-6 in. long, annual, tufted, a 7 Leaves 3 the length of the stem, setaceous. Head 4—} in. ar rade straw-coloured, of 3 (rarely 2-1) distinct densely-flowered sp! a Si bracts 2-3, up to 1-3 in. long, spreading or pendent. Spikelets 1 in. long when young; in fruit elongating, with the lower glumes a nuts caducous seriatim from the base, as in Lipocarpha. semis ng narrow-oblong, shorter than the squamelle. Squamella 7!:—y'5 '- rg of thick loose tissue, broadly obovate, truncate ; rostrum marae minute, margins enrolled round the nut, overlapping, free to the id in Barter n. 761. Nut 4 the length of the squamella, oblong-ellipso subtrigonous, smooth, dark chestnut-coloured. Style } the feng the the nut; branches 3, linear, short, hardly exserted above the rim 0 Ascolepis. | CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE), 477 squamella.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 652 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 131. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, in rice fields, Barter, 761! Gower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in damp pastures around Lopollo and Monino, Welwitsch, 1678! This plant is exceedingly like the small species of Zipocarpha as L. microcephata. The distinct 3 spikelets in the head separate it completely from the preceding species with globose or hemispheric heads, Ridley has figured the squamella as of sect. Platylepis, ic. completely utricular, which is certainly not the case in Barter, 761, where the margins of the squamella are free to the base. Welwitsch 1678 (whence Ridley took his figures) must, I think, be the same species. as Barter 761; but the flowers are still more minnte and the margin of the squamella more difficult to see. 8. A. capensis, Lidley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 164. Glabrous. Rhizome seen up to 2 in. long, slender, black, usually 0. Stems 8-20 in. long, densely tufted, slender. Leaves $—} the length of the stem, ;,—1 in. broad. Head of 3-1 (fused or nearly distinct) spikelets, white or straw-coloured ; bracts 3, spreading, similar to the leaves, from a short broad base, lowest 1-4 in. long. Spikelets 4-4 in. long, ovoid, dense. Glume oblong, shorter than the squamella. Squamella flattened from front to back, shaped as a watch-pocket, the margins connate on the posticous side nearly to the top, the beak from the anticous side .),—} in. or more long, very variable, also the beaks of the. marginal flowers often elongate, so that the heads are more or less rayed. Style much shorter than the nut; branches 2, scarcely exserted from the mouth of the pocket. Nut sessile, }-2 the length of the pocket, oblong-ellipsoid, compressed, smooth, black.—C. B. Clarke in Durand and Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 651 incl. var. 8 lacera, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 31, in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 266, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 144; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 131. Platylepis capensis, Kunth, Enum. ti. 269 ; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 119, and in Flora, 1879, 567. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter! Nile Land. British East Africa: Upper Nile, Petherick / Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1467! 1505! Jur Awet, Schweinfurth, 1565 ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in spongy places near Lopollo and on the higher parts of Morro de Lopollo, Welwitsch, 1676! 1677! near Ferrao de Sola, Welwitsch, 16768! Serra @ Uiahoia, Welwitsch, 16778! Humpata and Huilla, Johnston ! Newton ! Ovamboland; Hépfaner, 81! Mozamb. Dist. (ierman East Africa : Lower Plateau, north of Lake Nyasa, Thomson! Portuguese Kast Africa: Namuli Mountains, Last! British Central Africa : Urungu ; Fwambo, Carson, 83! Nutt! Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 27! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Mlanji, Wiyte / between Lake Shirwa and Lake Chiuta, Cumning- ham, 4! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 994! 1457! Mashonaland and Matabeleland, Bryce! Also in South Afries. 478 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Ascolepis. 9. A. brasiliensis, (. 2. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 651. Stems attaining 2-24 ft. in length. Spikelets often 3-6 in the head, less fused together than in 4. capensis, somewhat cinnamon- coloured. Ovary and nut stalked ; otherwise as A. capensis.—Platylepis brasiliensis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 269; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 119. Upper Guinea. French Guinea: Sulimania; Erimakuna, Scott-Elliot, 5243! Niger Territory : Nupe, Bartev, 1587! Lower Guinea. Angola: Malange, Mechow, 346! Also in Madagascar, and throughout South America. This species is very close to 4. capensis. It is separated solely by the minute stalk to the nut. 16. RYNCHOSPORA, Vahl; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. ii. 1058 (Rhynchospora). Spikelets of 1 or more perfect flowers. Uppermost glumes male or sterile, the 3 lowest usually empty and smaller. Hypogynous bristles as long as the nut, or shorter, or often 0. Style long, limear, either minutely bifid at the tip (Series, aplostylee), or with two linear branches longer than the style (Series, Diplostylew) ; style base dilated, large or small, persistent. Nut obovoid to narrowly oblong, flattened. Species 184, i.e. including Psilocarya, but excluung Pleurostachys (Sect., Benth. et Hook. f.), throughout the World, especially abundant in America. This genus, from its 2-fid style, and persistent enlarged style-base, should not be mistaken for anything but Fimdristylis. From this, either the inflorescence or 1) the 1-headed species the hypogynous bristles separate it, except in the case of R. erinacea (which has nodes on the stem). *HAPLOSTYLER.—Style very long, minutely 2-fid at the top or subentire. Spikelets in one dense head; stem with no nodes between the head and the basal leaves. Head }-} in. in diam., rusty brown : . 1. BR. wallichiana, Head 1 in, in diam., white . : : : . 2. BR. erinacea. Globose heads several, rarely 1; stem with nodes throughont its length : : Panicle large, long-oblong, compound ; corymbs com- pound with many spikelets =. 5 : . 4, R.aurea. ¥ eee ‘ + < } . er **DIPLOSTYLES. Style linear, about as long as the nut; branches 2, linear, long than the style. +Psilocarya. Hypogynous bristles 0. Spikelets ovoid, 4 in, long, producing several nuts, — 3. R. cyperoides. white: <7, ; : : : A : . B, R. candida. Spikelets 34-\; in. long, perfecting 1 nut ; panicle compound with capillary branches. 6. R. micrantha. Spikelets 1 in. long, 3-5 in each small distant : corymb . : : - : P : . 7. BR. Bartert. ++Eu-Rynchospora. Hypogynous bristles 6. cs . 8. R. glauca. 1. R. wallichiana, ( B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. set Nearly glabrous. Rhizome 0, or very short, arising from lateral o i Stems tufted, 6-20 in. long, slender, with no nodes between the bas Rynchospora. | CLVI. CYPERACE® (CLARK). 479 leaves and the 1 head (rarely a leaf-bearing node 3-4 in. above the base is present). Leaves often overtopping the stem, almost setaceous or up to ;'5 In. broad. Head 4-4 in. in diam., of many lanceolate spikelets, rusty-brown ; bracts 3-8, ascending, usually overtopping the head, linear, often villous or ciliate on the margins. Spikelets 4-1 in. long, of 6-7 glumes; 4 lowest glumes empty, 5th rather larger, con- taining a bisexual fertile flower, 6th male or empty. Hypogynous sete usually 6, as long as the nut, stiff, scabrid, with upward-pointing barbs, sometimes 6-4, weaker hardly 4 the length of the nut. Stamens 3,anticous; anthers crested. Style long, linear, red, at the top minutely 2-fid. Nut 3 the length of the glime, biconvex, compressed laterally, smooth or sometimes minutely scabrous on the shoulders, dark brown ; beak 4 the length of the nut, much narrower than it, short conic, dusky straw-coloured or green.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 655. Rhynchospora Henkei, Presl, Rel. Henk. i. 199. h. wallichiana, Kunth, Enum. ii. 289; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 555; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 542, excl. the American examples; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127 (Wallichii). Spheroschenus Wallichii, Arn. & Nees in Nova Acta Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. 97. Upper Guinea. Liberia: Grand Bassa, Vogel, 105! Lower Guinea. Corisco Island, Mann, 1897! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1275! Also in Mauritius, India, and extending to Japan, New Guinea and Queensland. 2. R. erinacea, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F1. Afr. v.654. Minutely puberulous-scabrous. Stems 2-2} ft. long, with strong lateral offsets at the base, and no nodes between the basal leaves (which sheath the stem 8 in. up) and the 1 head. Leaves 8-16 by 5in. Head 1 in. in diam., with numerous lanceolate white spikelets ; bracts 3, spreading, lowest up to 8 by } in., minutely pubescent or glabrate. Spikelets very young; no sete found, possibly not yet developed. Style long, at the tip very shortly 2-fid—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 132. Schenus erinaceus, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 165, t. 28, fig. 5-9. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; near the stream of Monino and Mupanda, Welwitsch, 6788 ! The style is shown erroneously by Ridley’s artist with 3 linear branches. The plant in young flower appears very near a Brasilian Rynchospora (Burchell’s 7023 in herb, Kew.), but has much longer bracts. 3. R. cyperoides, Britton in Trans. New York Acad. xi. 84. Nearly glabrous. Rhizome short, arising from basal offsets (short stolons). Stem usually 1-2 ft. long, carrying 1-25 heads in a loose irregular corymb. Leaves long, often overtopping the stem, }—5 in. broad. Heads about 1 in. in diam., globose, white or pallid, of about 8-24 spikelets; bracts similar to the leaves. Spikelets }—} in. long, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, perfecting 1 or 2 nuts ; lowest 4 glumes empty. Hypogynous bristles 6, as long as the nut, scabrid, with upward-pointing barbs. Nut obovoid truncate, compressed, smooth, 480 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARK). [ Rynchospora. pale brown; beak narrow-conic almost linear ; style very long, at tip minutely 2-tid.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 653, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 267; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 109. Rhynchospora cyperoides, Mart. in Denkschr. Acad, Wiss. Muench. vi. 149; Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 33. 2. sparganioides, Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 386. R. polycephala, Kunth, Enum. ii. 291; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 552. R. Arechavalate and R. spherocephala, Boeck. Cyp. Novae, i. 24. Schenus cyperoides, Swartz, Prod. 19. Mariscus pilluliferus, G. Bert. in Rendicosti Istit. Bologna, 1853-4, 35, and in Mem. Accad. Scienz. Istit. Bologna, v. 466, t. 24, cf. Boeck. in Flora, 1861, 336. Upper Guinea. (Guinea, Zser¢/ Gold Coast : Axim, ex Guerich, Lower Guinea. German South-West Africa: Amboland; at Olukonda, Schinz, 373! Mozamb. Dist. Mozambique, ex Bertoloni, Frequent in Natal and the Mascarene Islands. Very common in America from Mexico to Montevideo. 4, R. aurea, Vahl, Enum. ii. 229. Robust, nearly glabrous ; stolons 0. Stem 3-6 ft. long with nodes throughout its length. Leaves 1-2 ft. by } in. Panicle often 12-16 in. long, with lower axillary distant corymbs 2—5 in, in diam. bearing frequently 100-200 spikelets ; lowest bract similar to the highest leaf. Spikelets mostly in clusters of 3-10, brown, } in. long, lanceolate, perfecting 1 nut. Hypogynous sete 6, as long as the nut, scabrid, with upward-pointing barbs. Nut } the length of the glume, } in. long without the beak, obovoid, flattened, brown, smooth or obscurely transversely wavy, sometimes with a notch or hollow on each side; beak as long at least as the nut, narrow-conl¢, grooved on one side; style very long, at the tip subentire or obscurely 2-fid.— Beauv. Fl. Oware, ii. 39, t. 81, fig. 2; C. B, Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 670, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 653; and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 268; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, !- 309; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii.110; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 1. 131. Rhynchospora aurea, R. Br. Prod. 230; Kunth, Enum. ii. 293 ; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 555; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 626, Flora, 1879, 569, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. 17; Ridley in Trans. Linn, Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 165. R. surinamensis, Nees in Linnea, 1%- 297; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 127. Scirpus corymboss, Linn. Ameen, Acad. iv. 303. Upper Guinea. Senega’, Michelin! Senegambia, Heudelot, 348! natok 587! Rio Nunez, Heudelot, 687! Sierra Leone: Regent, Scott-Elliot, aes Vogel, 129! Liberia: Monrovia, Naumann! Lagos : Abbeokuta ; Irving: tale Beauvois! Old Calatar ; Robb! Cameroons: banks of the river, Mann, 776 ! Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth 1360 ! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, 900 tt., Hens, B, 44! Kisantv, Gillet, 504! 356! Smith! Angola: Pungo Ardongo ; ard without precise greet marshes at Quisonde on the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6844! marshes of Lagoa ¢e Quibinda, Welwitsch, 6845 ! Rynchospora. | CLYI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 481 South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; Minzi, Schweinfurth, 3495! and without precise locality, Demeuse, 134! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1232! Throughout the warmer regions of both hemispheres, 5. R. candida, (. B. Clarke in Durund & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 653. Nearly glabrous. Stolons slender, clothed by ovate-lanceolate striate dusky-straw-coloured scales, hardening into creeping rhizomes Stems 8-20 in. long, rather slender with distant nodes throughout their length. Leaves often nearly as long as the stem, ;1,—4 in. broad. Corymb terminal, lax, of 1-16 spikelets, somewhat level-topped, with a smaller remote axillary corymb sometimes added; pedicels rather rigid, with one spikelet. Spikelets } in. long, ovoid, very white, with many (or 3 at least) nut-bearing flowers. Glumes numerous, ovate, obtuse, densely imbricate in many spirals, deciduous seriatim from the lowest (empty included), outer concave nerveless, inner somewhat keeled. Hypogynous bristles 0. Style linear, longer than the nut ; branches 2, linear, longer than the style. Nut very small, about + the length of the glume, biconvex, round, sessile, yellow-brown, trausversely wavy ; style-base large, saddle-shaped, as broad as the nut, persistent.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 132. R. adscendens, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 652. Psilocarya candida, Nees in Mart. F). Bras. ii. i, 117. Rhynchospora candida, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 605 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127. Dichromena candida, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 149. Pachymitra candida, Nees ex Boeck. 1. c. 606. Upper Guinea. Lagos, Barter, 20178! Old Calabar, Rodd ! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisuntu Gillet, 522! Kimuenza, Giélle?, 1772! Angola: Huille ; damp places near Monino, Welwitsch, 6840! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Rukwa, 6900 {t.. Nutt! Briti-h Central Atrica : Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, uchanan, 5! Also in Madagascar, Guiana and Brazil. 6. R. micrantha, Vahl, Enum. ii. 231 partly. Glabrous, slender. Roots fibrous. Stems tufted, 4-16 in. long, with distant nodes through- out their length. Leaves 4-8 by ;4,-4 in. Panicle oblong, usually Compound, with divaricate capillary branches and pedicels. Spikelets ¥o-zs in. long, ovoid, each perfecting 1 nut. Hypogynous bristles 0. Style as long as the nut; branches 2, linear, longer than the style. Nut 51, in. long, sessile, obovoid, flattened, yellow-brown, with 4—5 strong transverse wrinkles; style-base saddle-shaped, as broad as the nut, much depressed.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V. 654; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 117. Rhynchospora micrantha, Roem. &Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 84 partly, not of Mant. 45; Boeck. in Linnea, Xxxvil. 608. Zosterospermum gracile, Desv. in Hamilt. Prod. Ind. Occid. 14; Kunth, Enum. ii. 536. Psilocarya Teneriffe, Torrey in Ann. Lyceum New York, iii. 362 in note. Dichromena micrantha, Kunth, VOL. VIII. 21 482 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Rynchospora. Enum. ii. 278. Scleria pygmwa, Nees in Flora, 1828, 332, not of Spreng. Upper Guinea. Jsert! Also in Teneriffe and Tropical America. 7. R. Barteri, ©. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 653. Glabrous. Roots fibrous. Stems 8 in. long, very slender, with nodes and leaves (or bracts) throughout their length. Leaves 4-6 by ;, in. Corymbs about 3, distant, of 3-5 small pallid spikelets, 1_Lin.in diam. Spikelets 1 in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, each perfecting 1-2 nuts. Glumes ovate, the 3 lowest empty and minutely mucronate. Style longer than the nut; branches 2, slender, longer than the style. Nut broadly ovoid, biconvex, hardly $ the length of the glume, nearly sessile, smooth, brown; style-base depressed conic, much narrower than the nut. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1010! This species differs little from R. divergens, Britton, which, with several closely allicd species, is plentiful in the South United States and West Indies ; but I have not been able to match R. Barteri with any American plant. 8. R. glauca, Vahl, Enum. ii. 233. Glabrous. Rhizome very short, horizontal, Stems 1-2} ft. long, rather slender, with nodes an leaves (or bracts) throughout its length. Leaves 8-12 by 3 ™ Panicle compound, oblong (sometimes reduced tu a quasi-terminal con- tracted corymb), often 8 by 2 in., with distant lower peduncles carrying . 20-40 spikelets each ; peduncles and pedicels suberect. Spikelets 3-5 in. long, ovoid, subacute, chestnut-brown, each perfecting 1 or 2 nuts. Hypogynous bristles 6, about as long as the nut, brown, with upward- pointing teeth. Style about as long as the nut ; branches 2, longer than the style. Nut 3-3 the length of the glume, proadly-ellipsoid, biconvex, chestnut-brown, obscurely transversely wrinkled by wavy lines ; style-base } the length of the nut, depressed conic.—\-. © Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 671,in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 654, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 268 ; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii, 128. Rhynchospora glauca, Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 895 Kunth, Enum. ii. 297 excl. several synonyms; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 585. BR. lava, R. Br. Prod. 230; Kunth, Enum. ii. 2985 Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Scient. Algér. Glum. 239. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Mount Zomba, 4000- 6000 ft., Whyte ! Common in nearly all tropical and warm temperate regions, except Tro Africa. pical Imperfectly known species. 9. R. senegalensis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. spord. Stem above 1 ft. long, triquetrous, smooth, b Leaves shorter than the internode, narrowly lanceolate, 1— smooth. Corymb terminal, 1 or 2 axillary corymbs sometimes 149 sub Rhyncho- earing reat eS, by ry 1n., : added. Rynchospora. | CLVI. CYPERACE& (CLARKE). 483 Spikes clustered, many-flowered. Involucre of one leaf, as long as the corymb. Glumes ovate, acuminate, adpressedly puberulous. . Hypo- gynous bristles 3-6, as long as the nut. Nut (immature) acutely triquetrous, smooth, whitish. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Leprieur (ex Steudel). If the nut is really triquetrous, the plant is not a Ryachospora. 17. CARPHA, R. Br.; Benth. et Hook.f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1061 (incl. ASTHROCH ETE, Nees, Benth. et Hook. f., 1. c. 1062). Spikelets with 5-7 glumes, each perfecting 1-3 nuts. Glumes sub- distichous ; 3 lowest empty, fourth containing a bisexual nut-bearing flower, fifth inserted close above the fourth, uppermost sterile. Hypo- gynous bristles 6 or 3, long. Style linear, long, with 3 linear branches, at the base continuous with the nut, persistent. Nut oblong or oblong- ellipsoid, trigonous, at the top pyramidal.—Leaves evolute. Inflor- escence paniculate, not umbelled. Species 12, in the Southern Hemisphere, America, Africa and Australia. This genus differs from Schwnus only by the lowest nut-bearing glume having the next glume close over it, not separated by an elongate curved joint of the rhachilla as is the case in Schenus. 1. ©. Emini, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Rhizome short, rather slender. Stems 1-2 ft. Jong. Leaves up to 3 the length of the stem, jz in. broad. Panicle 6-12 in. long; lower peduncles axillary carry- ing oblong panicles of many brown spikelets close together. Spikelets sin. long, of 5 glumes. Glumes oblong, hardly acute, the 3 lowest empty, the fourth containing a bisexual perfect flower, the fifth smaller and sterile. Hypogynous bristles 6, scabrid with upward-pointing barbs, the 3 inner (petals) as long as the nut, the 3 outer (sepals) twice aslong. Stamens 3, anticous. Nut small, } the length of the glume, hardly at all scabrid, obscurely reticulated.—Oreograstis Hmini, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127. Nile Land. British East Africa: Ruwenzori, 10,000 ft., Stuhlmann, 2439! This, as above interpreted, differs little from C. Aubertii, Nees, a Bourbon Plant ; but the description (of the same material) by Dr. K. Schumann differs con- siderably. 18. SCHGENUS, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1062. Spikelets perfecting 1 or few nuts. Glumes subdistichous; 5 lowest empty, fourth containing a bisexual nut-bearing flower, the thachilla elongated and curved before the insertion of the fifth glume ; Uppermost glumes reduced. Hypogynous bristles various or 0. Style near, long, with 3 linear branches. Nut small, obovoid, trigonous, at the top truncate or pyramidal.—Inflorescence panicled, corymbose or Subcapitate, not umbellate. Species, besides the one here described, 58, whereof 1 is European, 1 North 484 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Schoenus. American; the remaining 56 being an Australian group whereof a very few extend to South-east Asia or South America. 1. S. nigricans, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii. 64. Glabrous. Stolons 0. Stems 6-20 in. long, stoutly tufted, with no nodes between the basal leaves and the 1 head. Leaves about 4 the length of the stem, 4-4 in. broad. Head } in. in diam., of 1-15 spikelets ; bracts 2, suberect, lower 1-4 in. long. linear, but dilated at the base. Spikelet 4 in. long, matuiing 1-3 nuts. Glumes ovate, obtuse, minutely scabrid on the keel. Stamens 3, anticous. Hypogynous bristles 3-5, less than } the length of the nut, yellow-brown, scabrid with upward-pointing barbs. Nut in the hollow of the curved joint of the rhachilla, } the length of the glume, ellipsoid, trigonous, smooth, pallid, without beak; style deciduous.—Sowerby, Engl. Bot. t. 1121; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fi. Brit. Ind. vi. 673, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 657, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 272; Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Scient. Algér. Glum. 241; J. Ball in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvi. 702. Chetospora nigricans, Kunth, Enum. ii. 323; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 290. Wile Land. Abyssinia, Schimper,173! Somaliland, Miss Edith Cole ! Extending from Western Europe to North-west India, a'so in North and South Africa, the United States, and Surinam, 19. CLADIUM, P. Browne; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii, 1065. Spikelets perfecting 1-3 (rarely more) nuts. Glumes imbricated en all sides, 3-4 lowest empty, next containing a bisexual flower perfecting a nut, uppermost reduced ; rhachilla not elongated above the lowest fertile glume. Hypogynous bristles 0 (or rarely small). Style linear ; branches 3, long; base thickened. Nut small, trigonous, crowned by the enlarged style-base and continuous with it, not distinguishable by a transverse constriction or line.-—Mostly robust plants, of varied habit- Inflorescence usually a long panicle, sometimes shortly corymbose, never umbellate. Species, besides the one Cosmopolitan here described, 44 ; mostly insular or pel the sea, scattered throughout the warmer parts of the globe. 1. C. jamaicense, Crantz, Inst. i. 362. Glabrous. Stolons long, stout, clothed with striate pale brown ovate-lanceolate scales 1 ir. long. Stem 3-8 ft. high, roundish, with nodes and leaves (or bracts) through- out its length. Leaves 2-3 ft. by 1-} in., scabrous on the margiDs: Panicle oblong, often 1-2 ft. by 3-6 in.; lowest bract similar to - topmost leaf; lowest peduncle bearing a compound corymb often = 100-200 spikelets. Spikelets ;4,—4 in. long, when mature ellipsoid or ovoid, obtuse, pale brown, in clusters of 3-10 or solitary, with 2- flowers, the lower bisexual producing a nut. Glumes ovate, Hee concave, Hypogynous bristles 0. Stamens 2. Style-base larg ’ obovoid-subpyramidal, confluent with the top of the ovary. Nut ys Cladium. | CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 485 long, obovoid, the cavity continued up the style-base.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 665; Urban, Symb. Auntill. ii. 134. C. germanicum, Schrad. Fl. Germ. i. 75, t. 5, fig. 7. C. Mariscus, R. Br. Prod. 236 ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 303; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 232; Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Scient. Algér. Glum. 240; Balfour in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin, xxxi. 308; Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 291. Schenus Mariscus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii. 62; Sowerby, Engl. Bot. t. 950. Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Isles, Vogel, 26! Bolle. Lower Guinea. Angola: Malange, Mechow, 321! Buchner, 152! Scattered through nearly all warm and warm-temperate regions. 20. TETRARIA, Beauv. in Mém. Inst. Frang. 1812 (1816) ii. 09-00. _ Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower male or with an imperfect pistil not maturing a nut, the upper perfect fertile. Glumes sub- distichous, 5-12; the lowest 3-6 empty, the uppermost reduced. Hypogynous bristles various, or 0. Style linear, branches 3 (or 4) or 6 (or 8), long ; base dilated, continuous, Nut small, obovoid, 3- (or 4-) gonous, crowned or almost beaked by the style.—Plants of varied habit. Inflorescence usually a narrow panicle, sometimes reduced nearly toa head, never umbellate.—Zlynanthus, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iit. 1063, not of Beauv. Species 32, endemic in South Africa, one species also in Usambara, 1. T. circinalis, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. 4fr.v. 659. Glabrous. Rhizome slender, horizontal. Stems tufted 3-10 in. long, with nodes (bearing leaves or bracts) throughout their length. Leaves often as long as the stem, j4,-} in. broad; basal- sheaths brown or reddish, often fimbriate. Panicle 2-6 by $-1} in., With 15-60 spikelets, often rather dense. Spikelets } by } in., cylindric, brown. Lower empty glumes 6, hardly acute. Hypogynous bristles 3-4, shorter than the nut, scabrous. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong, crested. Style 3-branched. Nut (not seen ripe) small, obovoid, trigonous ; style-base depressed-hemispheric, confluent with the top of the ovary, minutely scabrous.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vil. 283. ?. usambarensis, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. v. 128. Schenus Cireinalis, Schrad. in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii, Mant. 43. Chetospora circinalis, Schrad. Anal. Fl. Cap. 31, t. 3, fig. 2; Kunth, Num. ii, 324, Mozamb. Dist. Also in South Africa. German East Africa : Usambara, Holst, 131! 21. REMIREA, Aubl.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1058. Spikelets 1-flowered, densely spicate on digitate spikes. Glumes 4 to the spikelet, imbricated on all sides, the perfect flower pseudo- 486 CLV1. CYPERACE® (CLARKE). [Remirea. terminal in the top glume. Hypogynous bristles 0. Stamens 3, unilateral; anthers crested. Style linear; branches 3, long 2 base gradually continuous into the top of the ovary. Nut ellipsoid or linear- oblong, trigonous, sessile, smooth, often curved. Species 1, widely distributed. The position of the stamens, the curvature of the nut, as well as the fine drawings prepared for Sir William Hooker, show that the flower is here really lateral; the inflorescence may be compared with that of Gahnia. 1. R. maritima, Awbl. Pl. Guian. i. 45, t. 16. Glabrous. Rhizome js} in. in diam., creeping, seen 20 in. long. Stems distant, or tufted near the tip of the rhizome, }—4 in. long, without nodes between the basal leaves and the inflorescence, but usually clothed with leaf-sheaths nearly theix whole length, or the inflorescence in the short-stemmed examples seems sunk among the leaves. Leaves 1-3} in. long, dense, rigid, tapering from a base often + in. wide or more. Bracts 2-6, up to 1-2 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikes 3-7 to the head, sessile, $—3 in. long, with about 30 spikelets, ovoid, dense, straw-coloured or dusky. Spikelets {1 in. long, ellipsoid. Glumes ovate, triangular at the tip, the 3 lower empty and much inrolled. Nut % the length ot the glume, chestnut-coloured.— Beauv. FI. Owar. ii. 23, t. 73 ; Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 43; Kunth, Enum. ii. 139; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl..552; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 435; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 165; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 677, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 665 ; Urban, Symb. Antill. i. 136; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 132. R. pedunculata, R. Br. Prod. 236; Kunth. Enum. ii. 139. : Upper Guinea. Guinea, Thonning, 377! Smeathmann! Jardin! Sierra Leone, Don! Niger Delta: River Nun, Mann, 534! Lower Guinea. Angola: Congo ; on the sea-shore not far from the mouth of the River Onco or Onzo, Welwitsch, 6990! Widely distributed in the tropics. 22. HYPOLYTRUM, L. C. Rich. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pi. i. 1054. Spikelets numerous, in dense oblong or globose spikes, small, of 2 or 3 glumes and 3 flowers. Two lowest glumes opposite (or nearly 80), not rarely more or less connate at the base, boat-shaped or keeled, usually hairy on the keel, oblong or elliptic, each containing one stamen and regarded here as a male flower; third glume lateral or a smaller, empty. or in the African species usually 0; female flower 5 minal on the axis of the spikelet without any glume. Style wey enlarged at the base; branches 2, long. Nut small, obovoid, flattene ; the large style-base usually neatly fused with it.—Spikes corymbose. Species 39, in the Tropical regions of both hemispheres. ie *FoLlcEer®. Stem with 1 or 2 nodes far above the base that bear long leaves Lowest bract overtopping the inflorescence. Leaves linear, caudate; stems 15-30 in, long, with 50-150 spikes. 1. H. nemoruime Hypolytrum. | CLVI. CYPERACER (CLARKE). 487 Leaves triangular at the tip; stems 4-10 in. long, with 15-25 spikes. c - a Leaves lanceolate, caudate; stems 3-5 ft. long, with 35 spikes . : 2 S : 5 - . 3. H. lancifolium, 2. H. congense, **Scapos®. Basal leaves long, Stem scapose, with no node or rarely 1 near the top: stem-leaf (if present) and bracts very short. Spikes 3 in. long, oblong or oblong-ellipsoid =. 4. H. africanum. Spikes 4-2 in. long, globose in fruit. Scape 8-12 in. long, slender, with 8-16 spikes . : 5 : : é . 5. H. senegalense. Scape 20-28 in. long, stout, with 40-100 spikes . 4 : - 6. H. longiscaposum. 1. H. nemorum, Spreng. Syst. i. 233, excl. synonyms and some of the habitats. Nearly glabrous. Stolons stout, clothed by broad-ovate striate brown scales $ in. long, hardening into rhizomes ,}; in. in diam. Stem 15-30 in. high, tough, with nodes carrying long leaves, often scabrous at the top. Stem leaves 1-2 ft. by 3-1 in., 3-nerved, very scabrid on the margin, tip acuminate-caudate. Panicle often 4—6 in. long and broad, with often 50-150 spikes ; peduncles rigid, divaricate ; lowest. bract leaf-iike, usually much exceeding the panicle. Spikes solitary or almost clustered, of 10-20 spikelets, in flower } in. long and harrow-cylindric, in fruit + in. long and globose. Bract to the spikelet ty in. long, broadly orbicular. Glumes to the two lowest male flowers oblong, keeled, nearly as long as the bract. Sterile flower (between the male flowers and nut) 0. Style 2-fid. Nut scarcely longer than the male glumes, obovoid, flattened, smooth, dusky-brown, apparently hbeakless, i.e. the style-base entirely fused into the nut.—C, B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 666; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 127. H. latifolium, Benth. in Hook, Niger FI. 555 ; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 129; vix L. C. Rich. A. heterophyllum, and H. buchholzianum, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 22. Hypelyptum nemorum, Beauy. Fl. Owar. ii. 13, t. 67, not Schenusnemorum, Vahl. Hypelytrum nemorum, Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii. 364 partly. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 64! Sierra Leone, Smeathmann / Afzelius ! Scott-Elliot, 4575! Lagos, Millen, 193! Lower Niger: Abo, Buchholz ! Cameroons : Rio del Rey, Johnston! Mungo ; Buchholz / by the Lobe River, near Batanga, Bates, 149! Fernando Po, Vogel, 206! Mann, 120! Lower Guinea. Spanish Gaboon: Mount John, Kongue River, Mann, 18947 Lower Congo : Stanley Pool, Laja, 31! Duchesne, 27! Kisuntu, Gillet, 1792! South Central. Congo Free State, Dewevre, 288! Mozamb. Dist. (ierman East Africa: Usambara ; at Nquelo, Holst, 2288! 2. H. congense, (’. B. Clarke. Stolons densely covered by ovate Seales. Stems 4-10 in. long, carrying 2 leaves far above the base, smooth, in Dewevre 746 glabrous, in Dewevre 1061 bis hairy. Basal leaves overtopping the stem, } in. broad, the tip narrow-triangular ; stem-leaves similar but smaller, overtopping the inflorescence, not cau- date and scarcely acuminate at the tip. Corymb 3-} in. in diam., 488 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Hypolytrum. with 15-25 spikes; rhachis hairy or scabrid ; bracts 2 by } in., narrowly lanceolate, not caudate. Spikes in flower } in. long, ellipsoid, brown. South Central. Congo Free State, Dewevre, 746! 1061 bis ! 3. H. lancifolium, (. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stolons clothed with elliptic brown scales, hardening into rhizomes. Stem 3-9 ft. long, rather slender, with nodes (bearing long leaves) throughout its length. Stem-leaves 10 by 1} in., caudate-acuminate, 3-nerved, at the base as though petioled. Corymb 3 in. in diam., of 35 spikes ; lowest bract 8 in. long, like the leaves. Spikes in fruit } by } in., ovoid-lan- ceolate, brown, of 20 spikelets. Bract to spikelet z/o—} in. long, hardly acute. Glumes to the two lowest male flowers oblong, keeled, nearly as long as the bract. Sterile flower 0. Style 2-fid. Nut ellipsoid-lan- ceolate, flattened, brown, much longer than the bract, 7 -nerved in the lower half, the upper half being the style-base confluent with the nut. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Efulen, Bates, 308! 4. H. africanum, Nees in Linnea, ix. 288 name only. Nearly glabrous. Stolons 0. Stem-base woody, obliquely descending, densely clothed with smooth roots ;4, in. in diam., apparently standing in water. Basal leaves numerous, 16-30 by 4 in., 3-nerved. Stems (scapes) from the axils of the crowded leaves, 1-2 ft. long, leafless, rarely with a node (carrying a small leaf) near the top. Panicle corymbose, vary1ng from 1 in. in diam. with 8 spikes to 45 in. in diam. with 80 spikes, some- times proliferous ; lowest bract “rarely so long as the inflorescence, linear with a dilated base (not like the leaves). Spikes 3 in. long, flower narrow-cylindric, in fruit ellipsoid, brown. Bract to the spikelet zz in. long, elliptic, obtuse. Glumes to the two lowest male flowers hardly shorter than the bract, boat-shaped, distinct. Sterile flower-glume 0. Nut obovoid, flattened, longitudinally ribbed, crowned by @ smooth ovoid beak (style-base) shorter than the nut; but there are many small infertile nuts in which the beak is much larger than the nut (as 1s seen in several of the Indian polygamo-dicecious species).—Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 132; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 125; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. iii, 666; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fi. Congo, i, 309. H. nemorum, Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 209, not of Spreng. Hypolytri sp. africana, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. m. 1055. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Sangasanga, Scott-Elliot, 4415! Makonde, Scott-Elliot, 5686! and without precise locality, Smeathmann / Afzelius ! ie ; French Guinea: Sulimania ; near Erimakuna, Scott-Elliot, 5396! Niger to Onitsa, Barter, 1575! Cameioons: Bipinde, Zenker, 2052! by the River Lobe @ Batanga, Bates, 148 ! : Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Quintas, 12! and Fi. Afr. peri iota 127! Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 1075! and without precise locality» mith ! South Central. Congo Free State, Demeuse, 412! 5. H. senegalense, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Rhizome horizonte woody, 4, in. in diam. Leaves all radical, 8-16 by 4 in., 5-nerver’ Hypolytrum. | CLYI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 489 Stem (i.e. scape) .axillary, 8-12 in. long, slender, without any nodes, minutely scabrid at the top. Corymb 1-2 in. in diam., of 8-16 spikes; lowest bract hardly } in. long, linear. Spikes } in. long, ovoid or sub- globose. Bract to the spikelet obovate, obtuse, scarious-white. Glumes tothe 2 male flowers as long as the bract, keeled, subconnate at the base on the anticous side of the spike, free and standing apart on the posticous side ; glumes to the sterile flower smaller on the posticous side of the nut. Style 2-fid. Nut obovoid, flattened, with 8-9 longitudinal aid crowned by the ovoid smooth beak (style-base) overtopping the ract. Upper Guinea. Senegambia: Rio Nunez, Heudelot, 747! _ 6. HL. longiscaposum, (. B. Clarke. Rhizome horizontal, } in. in diam. Leaves all basal, up to 20-30 by 3 in. 3-nerved. Stem (ie. scape) lateral, 20-28 in. long, stout, trigonous, without nodes. Corymb 4—6 in. in diam., depressed, subumbellate from the numerous approxi- mate branches springing horizontally, of 40-100 spikes; lowest bract 1-2 in. long, not leaf-like, lanceolate-linear, somewhat coloured. Spikes $~¢ in. long, in flower ellipsoid, in fruit globose, bright brown. Bract to the spikelet 51, in. long, ovate, obtuse. Glumes to the 2 lowest male flowers ;1, in. long, keeled, distinct. Nut obovoid, flattened, smooth ; the beak spongy, straw-coloured, obovoid, broader than the nut, exserted above the bract. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Regent, Scott-Elliot, 4014! by streams in Talla Hill Plateau, north of Kundita, 3500 ft., Scott-Elliot, 5050! 23. MAPANTA, Aubl.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen, Pl. ili. 1055. Spikelets with several empty glumes between the 2 lowest male flowers and the terminal nut. Style 3-fid or 2-fid.—Spikes sessile in 1 head on the scapes; otherwise as Hypolytrum. Species 28, throughout the Tropics. In this genus, the presence of several empty glumes between the 2 low. st male flowers and the terminal female flower (a pistil only) renders it impossible to explain the spikelet as a single axillary flower. The interpretation of the spikelet of Hypolytrum must be the same as that of Mapania. Cf. Goebel in Ann, Jard, Bot. Buitenz. vii. 128 Bracts small, shorter or hardly longer than the head. Peduncle long; spikes 40-60 in the head; style 2-fid 1. UM. scaberrima. Peduncle short; spikes 3-8 in the head; style 3-fid. 2. UW. africana. Bracts 3, whereof one ut least is leaf-like, much longer than the head, Leaves tapering at the base into a quasi-petiole at least } in. broad. Head simple. Head 3-1 in. in diam., of 25 spikes . : . 3 MM. ferruginea. Head 2 in. in diam., of 100 spikes. : . 5. M. superba. Head made up of 6 heads half-fused together . 4. UM, subcomposita. Va 490 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Mapania. Leaves suddenly narrowed at the base into a long quasi-petiole less than 2 in. broad. Lowest bract 6-10 in. long, on a quasi-petiole 5-2 in. long . ; : : : ; : . 6. M. Manni. Lowest bract 1-3 in. long, on a quasi-petiole hardly 3 in. long : : : : : : . 7. M. oblonga. 1. M. scaberrima, (. 2B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 667. Glabrous. Rhizome thick, short, oblique. Basal leaves numerous, 3 ft. by 3 in., 3-nerved, margins scabrid. Scapes axillary, 12-15 in. long, with scales only near the base, at the top scabrid. Head #? in. in diam., of 40-60 spikes; bracts hardly any. Spikes 1—} in. long, ellipsoid or oblong, dusky brown. Bracts to the numerous spikelets scarcely } in. long, ovate, obtuse. Glumes to the 2 lowest male flowers opposite, boat-shaped, oblong, ciliate on the keel ; empty glumes about 4, shorter than the male glumes. Style with 2 long branches.—Hypolytrum scaberrimum, Boeck. in Flora, 1882, 26. Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Sibange Farm, Soyaux, 1538! 2. M. africana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 137. Glabrous. Roots very thick, tough. Basal leaves numerous, 3 ft. by 14 in., 3-nerved, quasi-petioled. Scapes numerous, axillary, 2-34 in. long, slender. Head 4-1} in. in diam., of 3-8 spikes, brown; bracts ovate, hardly as long as the head. Bracts to the spikelets 4 in. long, ovate, obtuse. Glumes to the 2 male flowers nearly as long as the bract, boat-shaped, ciliate on the keel. Sterile glumes, between the male glumes and the pistil, about 3, shorter than the male glumes. Style-branches 3, long. Nut very small, obovoid, obscurely 3-gonous, wrinkled, black.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 667. Saviadany Guinea. Spanish Gaboon: Mount John on the River Kongui, Mann, 1873! 3. M. ferruginea, Ridley in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 209, t. Py Ag ie Glabrous, robust. Basal leaves 2-3 ft. by $1} in., 3-nerved, tapering at the base into a short quasi-petiole more than } in. broad. Scapes 8-16 in. long, triquetrous at the top. Head 3-1 in. in diam., of 29 spikes, a rich brown; bracts 3, the lowest up to 12 by 1 in., leaf-like, narrowed at the base into a short broad quasi-petiole. Spikes 4-4 in. long, ellipsoid or broad-oblong. Bracts to the spikelets 4 in. Jong, elliptic, obtuse. Two lowest male glumes boat-shaped, % the length of the bract, ciliate on the keel. Empty glumes 4, nearly as long as the male glumes. Style-branches 2. Nut very small, obovoid, margined, shining black-chestnut, more or less wrinkled or almost tubercled.— C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 667. Hypoly- trum Soyausii and H. aschersonianum, Boeck. in Flora, 1882, 29, 26. Upper Guinea, Cameroons: Efulen, Bates, 450! Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Mann ! Gaboon : Munda ; Sibange Farm, Soyaux, 158c! Sierra del Crystal, Mann! 4. M. subcomposita, (. B. Clarke. Head 14 by 1j in, made up of 6 heads imperfectly fused together, a fine brown. Bracts to the Mapania. | CLVI, CYPERACE (CLARKE). 491 spikelets { in. or rather more long, in fruit a fine brown colour, nearly glabrous. Nuts nearly globose, ze in. in diam., black, smooth; the long style with 2 short branches still persistent—otherwise nearly as M. ferruginea.—M. ferruginea, var. subcomposita, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 667. Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Moller, 9! and #1, Afr. Exsice. Conimbric., 128! Var. (?) purpuriceps, C. B. Clarke. Leaf broader up to 23 in. wide. Head rather looser, a purplish tinge in the dried example; bracts tu the spikelets $ in. long, rather broader; the two glumes to the 1-staminate flowers very pubescent on the keel. Style with 2 very long branches. Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: Mfoa, Bates, 526! The specimen is in young flower and without the lower stem and leaves, It is probably specifically separable from MZ. subcomposita, as the very long style-branches here present could hardly become short in fruit. +. M. superba, (. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr, v. 667. Glabrous. Stolons } in. in diam., clothed by ovate obtuse scales }~1 in. long, Basal leaves 3-5 ft. by 2 in., 3-nerved, narrowed at the base into a quasi-petiole } in. broad. Scape 1 ft. long, very stout, trigonous. Head up to 2-in. in diam., globose, of 100 spikes, not at all compound ; bracts 3, the lowest 18 by 2 in., similar to the leaves, quasi-petioled (in G. Mann 1639 sessile, not narrowed at the base). Spikes }—2 by } in., a fine brown. Bracts to the spikelets ¢ in. long, oblong, obtuse. Glumes (male and empty) nut and style as in UM. ferruginea.—Hypolytrum macranthum, Boeck. in Engler Jahrb, v. 507. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Efulen, Bates, 312! Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyaue / Sierra del Crystal, Mann, 1639! _ One of G. Mann’s examples has the bracts sessile and truncate at the base, the other has the bracts long attenuate and quasi-petioled. These may represent two distinct species ; but G. Mann has numbered both 1639. 6. M. Mannii, (. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 667. Glabrous. Stolons hardening into rhizomes $ in. in diam. Basal leaves (lamina) 12-15 by 1} in., 3-nerved, on quasi- petioles 8-12 by 1 in. Head 1-1} in. in diam., of 24 spikes, pale brown ; bracts 3, lowest similar to the leaves and up to 15 in. long, but the quasi-petiole only 1-2 in. long. Spikes % by }—} in., sub- cylindric. Bracts to the spikelets }—1 in. long, lanceolate, hardly acute. Glumes to the 2 male flowers boat-shaped, about % the length of the bract, ciliate at the top of the keel. Barren glumes about 5, nearly as long as the male glumes. Style 2-branched. Nut as of M. ferruginea, but not perfectly ripe. Lower Guinea. Spanish Gaboon: Mount Jolin, on the River Kongui, Manz, 1892! Gaboon : Mfoa, Bates, 529! Sierra del Crystal, Manv, 1642! 7. M. oblonga, ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F1. Afr.y.667. Glabrous. Rhizome descending, strong. Basal leaves 492 CLVI. CYPERACE& (CLARKE). [ Mapania. (lamina) 5-7 by 1-2 in., 3-nerved, obtuse, or very rapidly narrowed at the tip, suddenly narrowed at the base into quasi-petioles 1-4 by } in. Head 2-1} in. in diam., of 10-20 spikes, pale brown; bracts 3, dilated at the base, the lowest 3 in. long, lanceolate, much narrowed just over the ovate base. Spikes 2 in. long, ellipsoid or oblong. Bracts to the spikelets } in. long, oblong or lanceolate. Glumes of the 2 lower male flowers boat-shaped, 2 the length of the bract, ciliate at the top of the keel. Barren glumes about 3, nearly as long as the male glumes. Style 2-branched. Nut very small, obovoid, or orbicular, dusky brown, smooth or obscurely wrinkled. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Rio del Rey, Johnston ! Efulen, Bates, 292! Var. elliptica, C. B. Clarke in Durand and Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 667. Basal leaves (lamina) up to 3 in, broad, quasi-petiole up to 8 by 3 in. Scape 12 10. long, stout. Head 1} in, in diam., obscurely subecompound. Bracts to the spikelets 4-4 in. long, narrowly oblong. Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Sierra del Crystal, Mann, 1641! Imperfectly known species. 8. M. amplivaginata, K. Schum. in Notisbl. Kénigl. Bot. Gat. Berlin, iii. 105. Leaves with large sheaths, 8-10 by 1 in., 3-nerved ; margins not scabrid; petioles 2-4 in. long. Scape 8-10 in. long. Head #? in. in diam., enclosed by two large keeled bracts. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Barombi, Preuss, 484. 9. M. secans, K.Schum. in Notisbl. Kinigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii, 105. Leaves 3 ft. long by 1 in. broad, 3-nerved; margins very scabrid nearly to the leaf-base, cutting the hand. Scape 6-8 in. long. Bract solitary, tubular, obliquely truncate. Head }-2 in. in diam., of 25 spikes. Boat-shaped male glumes connate nearly to the top. Stigmas 2. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Lolodorf, Staudt, 266. ‘At first sight resembles VW. africana, Boeck.” 10. M. dolichostachya, K. Schwm. in Notisbl. Kénigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii, 106. Leaves up to 2 ft. long by 14 in. broad, 3-nerved, spinu- lose on the margins and keel beneath, quasi-petiole 24 in. long. Scape 8 in. long. Bracts several, the longest less than # in. long. Head of 5-20 yellowish spikes, each }-2 in. long. Stigmas 3. Ee ete Guinea. Cameroons: Batanga, Dinklage, 1420; Bipinde, Zenker, 11. M. Deistelii, X. Schum. in Notisbl. Kinigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 106. Leaves up to 3 ft. long by 2 in. broad, 3-nerved, smooth, glabrous. Scape 1 foot long, at the top } in. thick. Bracts 3, the lowest as large as the leaf. Head small. Style 2-fid. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Buea, 4000 ft., Deistel, 132. * Allied to M, Soyauzii, Boeck., and M. ferruginea, Ridley.” o Scleria. | CLVI. CYPERACE# (CLARKE). 493 24. SCLERIA, Berg.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1070, _ Flowers strictly 1-sexual. Spikelets moneecious or dicecious; moneecious spikelets of 1 basal female flower, and 1 or few male flowers above ; female spikelets like the moneecious, but the upper male portion reduced to 1 or 2 empty glumes (or wanting in subgenus Acriulus); male spikelets like the moneecious, but without the basal female flower, and often with more numerous male flowers. Glumes concave, open, i.e. the margins not connate. Hypogynous bristles 0. Stamens 3-1. Style linear, not dilated at the base; branches 3. Nut bony, ovoid, on a gynophore ; upex of gynophore often dilated into a 3-lobed dise, or (in Ophryoscleria) forming a small cup. Stems with nodes throughout their length. Inflorescence panicled, often scattered, never umbelled. Species 160; found in all tropical and subtropical regions, exevpt the Medi- terranean and Orient. *Hyprorortm.—Moneecious spikelets many. Hypogynous dise obsolete. : +Hirtelle. Slender plants. Spikelets small, mostly clustered. Clusters sessile ina simple spike or on the branches of a panicle. Inflorescence not leafy; bracts small or setaceous. Annuals. (Nut horizontally muricated or tubercled.) Panicle reduced to a nearly simple spike. Spikelets thinly hairy or glabrate. Clusters smail; spikelets 3-3 in. long. Spike linear, elongate 1. S. pergracilis. Spike oblong, denser : - 2. S. pulchella. 5. S. remota. Spikelets } in. long, 6-12 in a cluster Spikelets hispid, long-ciliate Clusters of spikelets deflexed; bracts incon- spicuous . 3 : Clusters of spikelets erect ; bracts longer than the clusters. 4. 8. glomerulata. Panicle branched more or less (the sessile clusters of spikelets on tie branches). Panicle branches developed; the clusters of spikelets distinct. 3. 8. melanotricha. Spikelets hairy. 5 ‘ 6. S. hispidula. Spikelets glabrous : : : . 7. 8. glabra. Panicle oblong, dense; branches very short . 8. S. ustu/ata. Perennials with horizontal rhizome. Panicle reduced to a nearly simple spike, lower clusters distinct. Nut smooth. Clusters of spikelets pendent in fruit. Basal leaves reduced to sheaths, or short . 9. S. hirtella. Basal leaves 8-12 in. long : : . 10. S. catopiylla. Clusters of spikelets suberect in fruit. Stems thickened quasi-bulbous at the base . 13. 8. Buchanant Stems not or obscurely thickened at the base, Spikelets 3-4 in. Jong . : : . 11. S. mechowiana. pare 5 Spike'ets §—} in. long. Nearly g’abrous 5 ; . . 12. S. meyeriana. Hairy . 14. 8S. erythrorrhiza. 494 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Seleria. Nut reticulated or tubercled. Stems not dilated at the base. Spikelets 1-4 in lax clusters, suberect . . 15. 8. dregeana. Spikelets 8-12 in dense clusters. - . 15, S. schweinfurthiana. Stems dilated at the base into ovoid bulbs. 17S. bulbifera. Panicle manifestly compound. Nut smooth. Spikelets }-l in. long. : F : . 18. S. Rehinanni. Spikelets } in. long : : 3 c . 19. S. Welwitschii. Nut reticulated or tubercled. Spikelets mostly in clusters of 83-5. : . 20. S. Woodi. Spikelets many, solitary, some paired. Panicle lax; branches capillary. 5 . 21. S. multispiculata. Panicle dense; branches setaceous i . 22, S. poeoides. ttLithospermee. Less slender. Inflorescence very scattered ; bracts leaf-like. Perennial : c < . : = ; . 23. S. lithosperma. **ScLERIA.—Moneecious spikelets none or very few. Hypogynous aise generally conspicuous.—-Mostly stouter plants than those of tae subgenus Hypoporum, Bracts similar to the leaves. +Tessellate. Rhizowe 0 or hardly any, (All the species, except S. gracillima, very much alike.) Nut tessellated. Lowest axillary peduncle remote, much exserted, capillary, flexuose Nut 3-} in. long. Spikes undivided, of few spikelets : ‘ : : : : . 24, S. clathrata. Nut ;5 in. long. Peduncles often divided, with many spikelets . 28. S. nyasensis. Lowest axillary peduncle remote, ecareely exserted, straight, Stem smooth or very cates so. Nut large. Nut ovoid . F 2 ; . 25. S. foliosa. Nut cylindrie- ellipsoid ‘ é : . 26, S. glandiformis. Nut globose : 2 2 . 27. S. globonue, Stem minutely retrorse scabrous. Nut smaller . 29. S. complanata. Nut smooth. Stems medium-sized, not very slender. Nut broader tian long, depressed globose . . 80. S. schimperiana. Nut longer than broad. Dise with ovate minutely caudate lobes . . BL. S.canaliculato- triquetra. Dise truncate, lobes hardly any. . 82. S. Hildebrandtit. Stems, as the leaves and inflorescence, most wipuder 33. S. gracillima. t+tRhizome thick, creeping. All stout plants, with copious inflorescence. Stems erect. Nut smooth. Very stout, 3-6 ft. high, with large terminal dense panicle. : : . 34. S. oryzoides. Partial axillary remote panicles present. Partial panicles linear or linear-oblong dense . 35. S. melanomphala. Partial panicles pyramidal, open . . 37. S. ovuligera.— Nut with 40 longitudinal striations : : . 36. S. spiceforms. Stem rambling, 15 or 20 feet long often . a . 38. S. Bartert. Scleria. | CLVI, CYPERACE# (CLARKE). 495 ***OPHRYOSCLERIA.—Moneecious spikelets none. Lobes of the dise forming a cup holding the base of the nut; margin of disc ciliate. Stout plants. Leaves (and lower bracts) unequally premorse on the sides near the top. Nut smooth, Nut large ; margin of disc densely ciliate . . 39. S. racemosa, Nut medium-sized; margin of disc slightly ciliate , 40, S. Vogelii. Nut verrucose, often tubercled . ; . 41. S. verrucosa, ****ACRIULUS.—Female spikelets with no male rndiments, so that the female flower appears terminal. Hypogynous disc merely the stalk of the nut. Rather stout plants, with copious panicles . c i - 42. 8S. griegifolia. 1. S. pergracilis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 354. Glabrous, or nearly so, annual. Stems tufted, 1-2 ft. long, very slender. Leaves 4-12 by zo-zz in. Spikelets (many 2-sexual) in clusters of 2—5, 1-1 in. long, sessile on a subsimple spike 2 to 6 in. long ; bracts to the clusters ovate, acute, and rarely longer than the clusters. Moneecious spikelet of about 7 glumes; the 2 lowest empty, the third {-} in. long, elliptic- oblong, not acute, dark-brown, carrying the nut; the upper glumes male or empty. There also occur many male spikelets, similar to the moneecious, except that they are without the 3rd. nut-bearing glume. Stamens 1-3; antherscrested. Nut ,j, in. in diam., obovoid, trigonous, white, verrucose or muricate. Style linear, not dilated at the base. caducous ; branches 3. Pores on the stalk of the nut very obscure.— Boeck. in Linnza, xxxviii. 438, and in Flora, 1879, 569; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 685, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 673. Hypoporum pergracile, Nees in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xvii. (1834) 267, and in Wight, Contrib. 118. Upper Guinea. Upper Senegal, Lécard, 289! Sierra Leone, Afzelius ! Niger Territory : Nupe, in swainps, Barter, 1006! Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2472! Also in India. 2. S. pulchella, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot, ii. 168. A glabrous, slender annual. Stems 3-8 in. long, setaceous. Leaves as long as the stem (or half as long) setaceous. Inflorescence }-1 by }-} in., denser than in S. peryracilis, and more or less branched, sub- panicled. Spikelets nearly 4 in. long, chestnut-brown, 3-8 on one branch of the inflorescence. Nut zo in. leng, obovoid, trigonous, white, transversely muricate-verrucose ; on each face of the trigonous stalk 4 or 5 minute pores are excavated.—CU. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 674; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 151; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129; Rendle in Cat. Afr, Fi, Welw. ii. 134. S. Hilsenbergti, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 34, not of Ridley. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilia ; in the lofty pastures of Empalaca, Wel- witsch, 7141 ! River Callanca, Newton, 7! Mozamb. Dist. British Centrai Africa: Buchanan, 19! and. D! 3. S. melanotricha, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 511. A hairy annual. Stems 4-24 in. long, slender. Leaves often }—3 the length of Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, 496 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Scleria. the stem, ;',-} in. broad. Cluster of spikelets }—4 in. in diam., of 3-12 spikelets, sessile, pendent, in a simple spike 2-7 in. long, ciliate with long hairs which may be black-red or white; bracts to the clusters inconspicuous, shorter than the clusters. Spikelets + in. long, black-red or pallid. Nut ,4, in. long, obovoid, trigonous, straw-coloured, trans- versely muricate-verrucose.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Con- spect. Fl. Afr. v. 673. S. hirtella, var. 3, y, partly, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvill. 440, 441, and in Flora, 1879, 570. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Same; Gapd’a, Schimper, 830! British East Africa, Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, ser. iii. 191 Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; plateau of Mount Zomba, 5000-6000 ft., Whyte / The black-red colour of the hairs in S. melanotricha is not a constant character, they are white in Schweinfurth 191. Var. 8 glabrior, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Sch’nz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 673. Stems 4-5 in. long. Clusters of spikelets smaller, paler, suberect on the spikes. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Regent, Scott-Elliot, 4187! This variety might be appended, perhaps as conveniently, to S. glomerulata, Oliver ; the clusters of spikelets are considerably smaller than in either species. 4. S. glomerulata, Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 170, ¢. 110 B. A hairy annual. Stems 6-9 in. long, slender. Leaves 4-3 the length of the stem, up to } in. broad. Clusters of spikelets 4 in. in diam., of 6-12 spikelets, sessile, suberect, in a simple spike 2-4 in. long, ciliate with white hairs; bracts setaceous, lower as long, or twice as long, as the clusters. Spikelets } in. long, pale rusty-brown. Nut }, in. long, obovoid, trigonous, white, strongly transversely muricate. Nile Land. British East Africa: Madi; among débris of Madi rocks, Speke § Grant, 668 ! According to Capt. Grant’s label, the whole plant is sweetly scented. This is very near S. melanotricha, differing in the suberect clusters overtopped by yracts. 5. S. remota, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 169. Annual, densely hairy or nearly glabrous. Stems 12 in. long, very slender. Leaves 4—8 by j/;-;1; in., often flexuose. Cluster of 2-4 spikelets sessile, erect, }—1 in. apart, in a simple (often flexuose) spike 2—9 in. long; bracts inconspicuous, the lowest hardly longer than the clusters. Spikelets } in. long and upwards, ellipsoid-oblong, brown, sparsely hairy or very nearly glabrous. Nut ;!, in. long, obovoid, tr- gonous, white, horizontally muricate.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 674; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 128; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 134. S. flexuosa, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 33; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 128. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, in damp places; near Catete, Welwitsch, 7130! between the Serri de Pedras de Guinga and Candumba, Wel- witsch, 7129! in the Presidium on the higher siopes of Funda Quilombo, Welwitsch, 7131 partly! heights of Pedra Songue, Welwitsch,7131B! Mozamb. Dist. Bricish Central Africa: Nyasiand; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 60! : Seleria. | CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). 497 6. S. hispidula, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 511. Annual, thinly hairy. Stems 4-12 in. long,slender. Leaves 4-8 by 4 in., thinly hairy or glabrous. Panicle 2-4 by 4~1 in., the lower branches up to 3 in. long; bracts } in. long, setaceous. Clusters of 3-8 spikelets, erect, shortly hispid with black-red or white hairs. Spikelets 1} in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, chestnut marked with green. Nut }, in. long, obovoid, trigonous, white, reticulated, scarcely muricate or tubercled.— Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 443; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 672; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 150. SS. interrupta, Schlechtend. in Linnea, xx. 544, not of A. Rich. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Gafta, Schimper, 1277! Tacazze River, Quartin- Dillon & Petit! Begemeder; mountains near Senka Berr, Schimper, 1266, and without precise locality, Schimper, 538 ! Var. B hispidior, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 672. Much more hairy. Glumes covered all over by black hairs. Nut black, strongly transversely muricate, tubercled on the shoulders. Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder ; Debra Ari, Schimper, 1278! 7.8. glabra, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 35. A glabrous annual. Stems 1-2 ft. long, rather stouter than in others of this group. Leaves up to 12 by 4 in. Panicle 2-5 in. long, with erect capillary branches 1-23 in. long, sometimes again divided. Clusters of 4—1 spikelets, sub- erect; bracts shorter than the clusters. Spikelets }—} in. long, chest- nut-coloured. Nut ,1,—}; in. long, obovoid, trigonous, white, transversely muricate-verrucose. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, "ame 2! Mandala, Scott-Elliot, 8507! and without precise locality, Buchanan, B! 8. S. ustulata, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 168. An annual, nearly glabrous except the basal leaf-sheaths. Stems 8-16 In. long, slender. Leaves 8-12 by 34—;'5 in. Panicle 2 by 4-4 in., dense of numerous spikelets; lowest branches usually } in. long, occa- Sionally up to 1 in. long; bracts setaceous, longer than the clusters. Spikelets 1 in. long, yellowish-brown marked with chestnut-colour. Nut ;}, in. in diam., obovoid, white, verrucose-tubercled.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 675; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 133. Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; banks of the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 7134! This species is very close to S. pulchella, Ridley ; there is no considerable differ- ence in the inflorescence, but the present is a considerably stouter plant. 9. S. hirtella, Swartz, Prod.19. Thinly hairy or almost glabrous, except the spikelets. Rhizome horizontal, 4} in. in diam. Stems 8-24 in. long, slender, narrowed at the base. Uppermost leaves 4—8 by 34,4 in., lower shorter, the lowest reduced to tight sheaths. Spike (in appearance) simple, 2-5 in. long ; clusters of 3-12 spikelets, standing 4-1 in. apart, pendent in fruit ; bracts setaceous, usually shorter than VOL, VIII. 25K 498 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). | Scleria. the clusters, the lowest sometimes longer. Spikelets 4 in. long, chest- nut or brown, hispid. Nut 5), in. long, ovoid, round-trigonous, smooth, white ; pores 3 or 4 on each face of the stalk, minute.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 8353; Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 160, and in Linnea, xxxvill. 439 part of a only; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 671, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 294; Fngl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 150; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 128; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 140. Hypoporum hirtellum, Nees in Linnea, ix. 303, Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, 4fzelius! Morson! Smeathmann,85 | Lagos: Abeokuta, Irving / Wile Land. British East Africa : Ruwenzori; Kasamagas, 5000 ft., Scott- Elliot, 7629! Uganda; Buddu, Scott-Elliot, 7441! Lower Guinea. Gaboon: River Gaboon, Mann, 1025! Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyaux, 351! Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, 900 ft., Hens, B, 58! Kisantu, Gillet, 1900! Kimuenza, Gillet, 1877 ! South Central. Congo Free State, Dewevre, 1070! 1077! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : North Nyasaland, Scott ! Also in South Africa, Madagascar, and America. 10. S. catophylla, C. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 670. Leaves all close to the base of the stem, 8-14 by 4-3 in., with many spreading white hairs; otherwise as S. hirtella, Sw.— C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 294; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii, 1382. 8. hirtella, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 439 partly. S. hirtella, var. aterrima, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 166; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 150. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Smeathmann! Afzelius, 496! Niger Territory : Old Calabar, Rodd ! Nupe, Barter, 1561! Cameroons : Sanaga, Zenker, 1472! Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; on the higher spongy slopes of Morro de Lopollo, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 7143 ! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 141! Also in Natal. 11. S. mechowiana, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 510. Rhizome not seen. Stems 12-20 in. long, somewhat densely hairy. Leaves 8-12 by } in., suberect, hairy. Spike (apparently simple) 4—8 in. long; rhachis nearly glabrous. Spikelets }-1 in. long, in clusters of 5-8, suberect, chestnut-brown. Flower glumes nearly glabrous. Nut white, smooth, or obscurely tessellate.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 672. Lower Guinea. Angola: Malange, Mechow, 345! 12. S. meyeriana, Kunth, Enum. ii. 354. Nearly glabrous. Rhizome horizontal. Stems about 1 foot long, slender, not thicken at the base. Leaves 8-12 by }-} in. broad. Spike apparently simple, 1-3 in. long; bracts setaceous, lower often longer than the clusters. Clusters few, of 3-8 spikelets, brown, erect in fruit. Spikelets pet long, glabrous. Nut ;!, in. long, subglobose, white, smooth ; base pores most minute.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 441; C. B. Clarke 12 Seleria. | CLV{, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 499 Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 673, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 294; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 133. JS. cespitosa, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 167. LowerGuinea. Angola: Huilla; in the woods of Monino, Welwitsch, 7137 partly! Pungo Andongo; in marshy meadows between Condo and Quisonde, Welwitsch, 7135! in the Presidium on the higher slopes of Funda-Quilombo, 3300 ft., Welwitsch, 7131 partly ! Also in South Africa. 13. S. Buchanani, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 33, emending the character. Sparsely hairy. Stems 12-20 in. long, the basal sheaths forming ovoid bulbs 4-1 in. in diam., usually in a row on the horizontal rhizome. Leaves 4-12 by Lin. Spike (apparently simple) 3-6 in. long; lower bracts often longer than the clusters. Spikelets 1 in. long, in clusters of 4-10, suberect in fruit. Nut ay in. long, obovoid-ellipsoid, white, smooth.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 669, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 295; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 128, Nile Land. Upper Sennar: Fazokl, Figari/ British East Africa : Uganda ; River Kalungu, Scott-Elliot, 7221! Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Morambala Mountain, 2000 ft., Kirk! British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 32 partly ! 1272! Plains of Zomba, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte? Zomba and vicinity, Whyte and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1272! Also in South Africa and Madagascar, 14. S, erythrorrhiza, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 167. Hairy. Rhizome horizontal, 1-1 in. indiam., clothed by short ovate striate scales. Stems 12 in. long, rather slender, scarcely thickened at the base. Lower leaves short; upper 4-6 by fin. Spike (in appear- ance) simple, 1-24 in. long; rhachis glabrous ; lower clusters distinet, erect in fruit; bracts 1-2 in. long. Spikelets } in. long, the 5 lower glumes hairy. Style 3-fid. Nut (fide Welwitsch) smooth.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 670; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 133. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in wooded meadows near the base of Morro de Ferrao da Sola, Welwitsch, 7136! Numerous species of Scleria, annuals as well as perennials, have red or dark-red Toots, 15. S. dregeana, Kunth, Enum. ii. 394. Very thinly ae or glabrate. Rhizome horizontal, 4 in. in diam. Stems 1-2 ft. long, slender, not thickened at the base. Leaves 4~12 by ya~$ in. Panicle 2-6 in. long, in the type apparently simple, but in Kirk’s example has lower branches 4-4 in. long; clusters distinct ; bracts setaceous, the lower often longer than the clusters. Spikelets {—} in. long, ellipsoid- oblong, chestnut, in erect clusters of 4-8. Nut 4, in. long, ners ellipsoid, round-trigonous, white, with tubercles on the shoulders, and a few transverse murications.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 443; Ridley 500 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). | Scleria. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 167; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 670, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 295 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 128; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 133. S. setulosa, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 33. Wile Land. British East Africa: Ukamba, 5000-6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6409 ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in the woods of Monino, Welwitsch, 7137 partly! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 36! near Sochi Hill, 3000 ft., Kirk / Also in South Africa. In this group of Scleria, the contraction of the panicle into a single rhachis with clusters of sessile spikelets dotted along it is by no means an absolute character ; 1m several species so described, short branches in the panicle may be seen occasionally. 16. S. schweinfurthiana, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 570. Clusters of spikelets 10-14 on a rhachis 4-8 in. long. Spikelets numerous, often 10-12 in the clusters which are denser, less sub-erect ; otherwise as S. dregeana.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 674; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 128. Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2193 ! This must be very close to S. dregeana, Kunth, the nut being identical. The rhizome has not been seen. In S. dregeana the spikelets are more loosely aggre gated and point upwards, giving the inflorescence a different aspect. 17. S. bulbifera, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 510. Stems 1-2 ft. long, each from a bulb 4-2 in. in diam., distinct on a rhizome § in. 1D diam. Leaves 8-12 by ;,—} in., broader than in the adjacent species, sometimes exceeding } in. in breadth, all springing near the base of the stem, usually nearly glabrous, sometimes with many long spreading white hairs. Panicle very narrow, 4—5 in. long, sometimes apparently a simple spike, sometimes with lower branches } in. long ; bracts ortten longer than the suberect clusters. Spikelets 3-7 in a cluster, 5 1D. long, chestnut and green, the bracts and lower glumes nearly always distinctly bristly. Nut 4, in. long, subglobose, white, reticulate an slightly verrucose-tubercled ; 3 or 4 minute pores excavated in each of the 3 faces of the stalk.—Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxviii. 442; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 669; Engl. Hoe gebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 150; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 128; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 133. S. atrosanguinea, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 175. . cenchroides, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 21» not of Kunth. 3S. dudbosa, var. pallidiflora, Ridley in Trans. Linn Soc. ser. 2, Bot, ii. 167. Mile Land. Abyssinia; Tigre; Mount Sholoda, Schimper, 827! Adows Quartin-Dillon & Petit ! mountains near Dochli, Schimper, 1557! Begemeder Senka Berr, Schimper, 1277! 1557! and without precise locality, Parkys * British East Africa: Leikipia ; Larabwal, Gregory, 68! ag Lower Guinea, Angola: Pungo Andongo; in damp meadows near Sobato Mota-Lucala, Welwitsch, 7133 ! Scleria. | CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 501 Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 5500 ft., Volkens, 2113! British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte!’ Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte / Ndurandi, Scott-Elliot, 8460 ! 18. S. Rehmanni, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 674. Slightly hairy or glabrate. Rhizome f in. in diam., stout, rugged. Stems 12-10 in. long, not tufted, nor bulbous at the base. Leaves 4-12 by }-Lin. Panicle 2-3 in. long, nearly glabrous, loose ; branches slender, lower up to 1-2 in. long; bracts setaceous, mMconspicuous, clusters of few (usually 3) spikelets, chestnut-coloured. Spikelets 4 in. long. Nut less than 3, in. in diam., depressed-ovoid, smooth, white.—C. B, Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 295. naples Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 47! 1424! 5c! Also in the Transvaal. 19. S. Welwitschii, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. fl. Afr. v. 675. Nearly glabrous, except the leaf-sheaths. Rhizome Zin. in diam., shining yellow after the scales have worn off. Stems 1-2 ft. long, stouter than in the preceding species. Leaves 8-12 by 4+4 in., many of the lower abbreviated or reduced to sheaths. Panicle 4-6 by 1-8 in., compound, rather robust, ovoid-lanceolate. Spikelets d in. long, brown, Nut ;\, in. in diam., obovoid, smooth, white.— Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 133. S. junciformis, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 168, not of Thwaites. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in wooded meadows near Catumba, Wel- witsch, 7138! in marshy meadows between Monino and Eme, Welwitsch, 7139! 20. S. Woodii, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr, v. 675, Nearly glabrous. Rhizome hardly #, in. in diam. Stems 12-16 in. long, slender, not dilated nor bulbous at the base. Leaves 8 by tin. Panicle up to 6 by 3 in., exceedingly lax, with very distant clusters ; branches wavy, almost capillary. Clusters of 3~5 spikelets, brown marked with green; bracts setaceous, shorter or somewhat longer than the spikelets. Nut 54, in. long, obovoid, reticulated, white.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 295; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 133. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; near the banks of the River Quipum- punhime, Sobato de Humpata, rare, Welwitsch, 7140 partly! Also in South Africa and Madagascar. 21. S. multispiculata, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 36. Nearly glabrous. Stolons very numerous, }—1 in. long, filiform. Stems 12-20 in. long, very slender, apparently in tufts. Leaves 8-12 by jy in. Panicle 2-4 by 1-2} in., compound, dense, with capillary branches ; bracts setaceous, inconspicuous. Spikelets nearly all solitary, sessile, a few paired, chestnut-brown, $-} in. long, flattened, glabrous or obscurely puberu- lous. Lower 5 or 6 glumes distichous, keeled, empty. Nut scarcely zy in. long, obovoid, white becoming discoloured, with minute trans- 502 CLVI. CYPERACE% (CLARKE). [ Scleria. verse lines and tubercles ; hypogynous disc 0.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 673 (multispiculosa); K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 133. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe; in a swamp near Lom, Barter, 1349! Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla ; in meadows on the banks of the River Quipumpunhime, Sobato de Humpata, Welwitsch, 7140 partly! Pungo Andongo; marshy places near Quibanga, Welwitsch, 7132! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 1! 22. S. poxoides, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 170. Nearly glabrous except the leaf-sheaths. Rhizome very slender. Stems 8-16 in. long, slender. Leaves 4-12 by jin. Panicle 13-3 in. long, ovoid, compound, dense, with capillary branches. Spikelets numerous, many solitary, {-} in. long, chestnut-brown. Nut minute, verrucose-tubercled ; hypogynous disc 0.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 674; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 184. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla ; in spongy places at Quilebe, near Huilla, Welwitsch, 7142! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 14528! This differs little from S. multispiculata but in the denser panicle. Buchanan’s example is imperfect, and may not be S. po@oides, but it must be of this small group as the ripe nuts show. 23. S. lithosperma, Swartz, Prod. 18. Nearly glabrous, except the leaf-sheaths. Rhizome horizontal. Stems 14-3 ft. long, medium- sized or slender, not tufted. Leaves 6-12 by 4-1 in. Panicle strag- gling; the remote axillary peduncles carrying a few-flowered irregular corymb or often only a spike of 1-5 separate spikelets; lowest bract altogether similar to the highest leaf. Spikelets in small clusters OF solitary, 4 in. long, pale brown marked with green, many moncecious. Nut 7st in. long, obovoid or ellipsoid, smooth, white; hypogynous dise hardly any.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 349; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv1. 451; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 685, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FJ. Afr. v. 672; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 141. 8. puzzolanea, K. Schum. in Engl PA. Ost-Afr. C. 129. Scirpus lithospermus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 51. Wile Land. British East Africa : Mombasa, Taylor ! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Usambara ; Amboni, Holst, 2792. Throughout tropical and subtropical regions. 24. S. clathrata, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 510. A nearly glabrous annual, but in one stem a small slender stolon is seen. ss 6-12 in. long, rather slender, tufted. Leaves 4—12 by } in., 3-nervet, mostly with peduncles in their axils (i.e. they may be taken as bracts). Peduncles carrying 1-4 female flowers, the lowest distant 2-) I+ Seleria. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 503 capillary, }-2} in.long, nodding. Nut-bearing spikelets exceeding } in. in length, pale yellow-green or purple-red; bract to a spikelet about as long as it, narrowly lanceolate. Nut ellipsoid, $~} in. long, hardly apiculate, strongly reticulated, glabrous, white or discoloured leaden- purple; dise short funnel-shaped, pallid, the 3 short lobes ovate, thin, straw-coloured, suberect.—Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxviii. 472; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 170; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 151; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 670; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 134. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder Province, Schimper, 1236! 1271! 1336! and without precise locality, Schimper, 1603 ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in the higher meadows of Pedras de Guinga and Matta de Quilanga, and between Caghuy and Sansamanda, Wel- witsch, 7124! 25. S. foliosa, A. Rich. Tent. £71. Abyss. ti. 509. Lowest axillary peduncle hardly exserted from the sheath. Nut ovoid rather than ellipsoid ; otherwise as S. clathrata.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 455; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 170; Engl. Hochgebirgsfi. Trop. Afr. 150; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 670; K. Schum. in Engl. Pil. Ost-Afr. C. 128; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 134. S. Dilloniz, Boeck. in Flora, 1878, 38. S. dwmicola, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 169. S. Hildebrandtii, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129 partly. Nile Land. Abyssinia: damp places near Gafta, Schimper, 1332! Plain of Hamedo, 6000 ft., Schimper, 210! Shireh Province, Quartin-Dillon § Petit! British East Africa: Unyoro, Speke § Grant ! Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, in wet places ; between Quilanga and Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 7122! and in meadows on the banks of the River Cuanza, near Muta-Lucala, }) elwitsch, 7123! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! German East Africa: Usambara; Doga, Hoist, 3218! The stems vary in length from 6 to 24 in., the leaves vary up to 18 by ¢ in. The spikelets are chestnut-purple to pale brown. Nearly the whole of the present section are exceedingly alike in general appearance; in the Shireh examples two tufts of S. foliosa are mixed with 3 of S. schimperiana, and it would be very difficult to sort them without looking at the nut. 26. S. glandiformis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 458. _ Nearly glabrous, except the ligule. Rhizome hardly any. Stems 16-24 in. long. Leaves up to 12 by } in. Lower peduncles remote, nearly included in the sheath of the bract, carrying oblong inflorescences with 6~12 nuts, whence bracts $—-1 in. long diverge. Spikelets nearly 4 in. loug, straw-coloured marked with brown. Nut 4 in. long, cylindric, obtuse, tessellated, glabrous ; disc short, pallid, the 3 lobes ovate, erect, straw-coloured, hardly longer than the stalk of the nut.— Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 571; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V. 071. 504 CLVI, CYPERACE# (CLARKE), [ Scleria. . Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heude/ot,662! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1042 ! Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2389 partly ! 2500! 27. S. globonux, C. 2. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 671. Leaves with spreading hairs or glabrate. Nut large, globose, tessellate, margins of the reticulations glandular or minutely hairy ; 3 lobes of the dise subquadrate ; otherwise as S. glandiformis.— S. tessellata, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 571, not of Willd. Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas. Schweinfurth, 2560! S. tessellata, Willd., is a common plant in India. All the species of the Tessellate series are very closely allied ; as to the present plant, it appears doubt- folly distinct from S. glandiformis. 28. S. nyasensis, ('. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 1-2 ft- long. Leaves 4-8 by 1 in. Lowest peduncle remote, often exserted, 1-4 in., filiform, flexuose and nodding, divided with 8—15 spikelets. Spikelets } in. long. oblong, from straw-coloured to chestnut. Nut 7g in. long (considerably smaller than in the preceding species), cylindric- ellipsoid, tessellate, white or often dusky, nearly glabrous; disc nearly truncate, the division into 3 lobes obscure. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; near Mount Sochi, _ 3000 ft., Kirk! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte? Mount Malosa, 4000- 6000 ft., Whyte! Near S. clathrata, A. Rich., but the inflorescence much more copious in spikelets, and the nut smaller. 29. S. complanata, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 571. Stem 3 ft. long, minutely rough from rusty downwards-pointing points. Nut small, subglobose, coarsely tessellated, pale or discoloured bluish ; otherwise ee foliosa.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 70. Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2389 partly ! Perhaps only a variety of S. foliosa or of S. glandiformis : the nut is sensibly smaller, 30. S. schimperiana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 466. Slightly hairy or glabrate. Rhizome 0. Stems 16 in. long. Leaves 1? by % in., tapering at the tip. Lowest axillary peduncle exserted 1-2? 1”, flexuose, slender, thickened triangular at the top, carrying Sb: ae Female spikelets } in. long, chestnut-brown. Nut large, depressed- globose, smooth, white ; 3 lobes of the dise small, oblong, obtuse, pallid. —Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 150; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 674. Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; Senka Berr, 7500 ft., Schimper, 1235! Var. hypoxis, C. B. Clarke, Leaves } in, broad and upwards, very — the tip. Lover peduncles stouter.—S. hypovis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii, 465. Wile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2054! Scleria. | CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 505 31. S. canaliculato-triquetra, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 573. Robust ; stem 3-5 ft. long. Leaves 8-12 by }-} in. broad. Lowest axillary peduncle remote, often carrying 20-50 spikelets, often exserted 3-6 in., flexuose, not very slender. Nut } in. long or more, ovoid or ellipsoid, longer than broad, white, smooth ; 3 lobes of the disc small, ovate, tipped by minute tails—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Con- spect. Fl. Afr. v. 670; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 135. JS. diurensis, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 573. WS. cervina, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 171. Upper Guinea. Lagos: Abeokuta, Irving ! Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2389 partly ! 2474! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 730. Angola: Pungo Andongo; marshy places near Quilanga, Welwitsch, 7126! spongy places between Mutollo and Candumba, Welwitsch, 7127! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Plains of Zomba, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte ! 32. S. Hildebrandtii, Boeck. in Flora, 1880, 454. Nearly glabrous. Rhizome 0. Stems 12-16 in. long. Leaves up to 12 by 4 in., 3-nerved. Lower peduncles remote, often nearly basal, exserted 2-6 in., flexuose, slender, but dilated and triquetrous upwards, carrying about 3 nuts. Nut } in. long, cylindric-ellipsoid, smooth, white; disk short, obpyramidal, nearly truncate, i.e., the 3 lobes difficult to make out.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 671 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129. Wile Land. British East Africa: near Mombasa, J7ildebrandt, 2044! 33. S. gracillima, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 570. Glabrous, very slender. Stems 16-24 in. long, almost capillary, each bearing only 2 or 3 nuts. Leaves 4-8 by ,-74 in. Panicle most slender, with few branches, the lowest peduncle remote, capillary, exserted 4-1} in., nodding, with 1 nut. Spikelets appear all 1-sexual, the female fewer, $-} in. long. Nut globose, ;4, in. in diam., smooth, white ; lobes 3, very short, rounded, subauriculate. Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, ser. iii., 189! Boeckeler says this species is allied to the American S. torreyana, Walp., i.e. he places it in the Tessellate group, which appears right—but it is not near any other of the African Tessellate. 34. S. oryzoides, Presi, Rel. Haenk. i. 201. Glabrous, robust. Stolons elongate, } in. in diam., without scales, probably floating. Stems 3-6 ft. long, stout ; sheaths 3-winged. Leaves 3 ft. by % in., or the upper 10 in. by more than1in. Panicle apparently terminal without bracts (a small axillary remote one rarely added), 6 by 3 in., dense with innumerable branches and spikelets; usually the upper spikelets on the branches are male, a few of the lower female. Spikelets 4 in. long, oblong, sessile, a rich brown. Nut 4 in. in diam., subglobose, 506 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). | Scleria. smooth, white; disc obpyramidal, truncated, with a narrow. rusty brown rim, hardly 3-lobed.— Kunth, Enum. ii. 356; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 691, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 673; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 492 (orizoides). S. cortacea, G. Bertol. in Rendiconti Accad. Bologna, 1854, 34, and in Mem. Accad. Scienz. Istit. Bologna, ser. 1, v. 474, t. 27, fig. 1-8, not of Liebm. S. Bertolonit, Martens in Flora, 1857, 570. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Zanguebar, Kirk, 4! Portuguese East Africa : Mozambique, Bertoloni. Also in India, Malaya and Tropical Australia. 35. S. melanomphala, Kunth, Enum. ii. 345. Robust, hairy, or more often glabrate, except the inflorescence. Rhizome creeping, qs} in. in diam. Stems 2-3 ft. long, very scabrous or nearly smooth on the 3 angles. Leaves up to 24 by 4 in., very scabrous on the margins; sheaths triquetrous or narrowly winged. Inflorescence straggling 1-2 ft., compound, the partial panicles (often long peduncled) dense, oblong or almost linear. Spikelets 1-sexual, }-4 in. long, commonly green broadly marked with chestnut, but frequently green, sometimes pale brown. Nut } in. long exclusive of the disc, ovoid, smooth, white, the tip often black. Hypogynous disc obpyramidal, Jarge, black-red, glandular, the margin triangular, yellow; lobes 0, except so far as represented by the margin.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii, 476; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 171; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 672, incl. the var., and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 296 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl, Ost-Afr. C- 129; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 310; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 134. 8. macrantha, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 572, not Boeck. in Flora, 1858, 647. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone; near Franziga, Scott-Elliot, 5046! Nile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam; in a swamp at Huuh (Hoo) River, Schweinfurth, 3746! Uganda; Buddu, Scott-Elliot, 7482! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, 900 ft., Hens, B, 67! Kisantu, Gillet, 321! 323! Angola: Huilla; by streams near Lopollo, Welwitsch, 7144+ Pungo Andongo; marshy banks of streams near Quilongo, Welwitsch, 7145! South Central. Congo Free State, Dewevre, 712A! Nlempu, Butaye ! Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 51! Mount Zomba Plateau, 5000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Tanganyika Plateau at Fort Hill, 4300-6000 ft., Whyte ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 691! Also in South Africa and Madagascar. The black apex of the nut often fixes this species at a glance, but it is some” times perfectly white. 36. S. spiceeformis, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 556. Somewhat hairy. Rhizome horizontal, 1 in. in diam. Stems 16—24 in. long, $ in. in diam., leaf-sheaths 3-winged. Leaves 8 by 4 in. Partial panicles oblong, dense, 2 in. long, on very shortly exserted remote axillary peduncles. Spikelets exceeding } in. in length, dusky brown. Nut 76 “ai in diam., globose-ellipsoid, white, smooth, with about 40 longitudina Scleria. | CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). DOF striations ; disc obpyramidal, short, pallid; lobes 3, short, rounded, subreflexed.—C, B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 675. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: lower slopes of Sugarloaf, Scott-Elliot, 3952! Smeathmann! Liberia: Grand Bassa, Vogel, 107! 37. S. ovuligera, Nees in Linnea, ix. 303. Sparsely hairy. Rhizome woody. Stems 1-2 ft. long, } in. in diam. Leaves 8-12 by + in.; leaf-sheaths triquetrous, hardly 3-winged. Partial panicles 3 or 4, remote, pyramidal, their rhachises glabrous, on erect peduncles exserted 0-lLin, Spikelets $ in. long, nearly glabrous. Nut ;'; in. long, ovoid, round-trigonous, smooth, white or sometimes discoloured leaden or black-purple ; disc obpyramidal, short, pallid, the 3 rusty-brown lobes thick, round, reflexed and auriculate.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 497 ; C. B. Clarke in Durand «& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 673 ; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 310; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 135, not of Steud. S. Flagellum, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 555; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 171. S. nawmanniana, Boeck. in Eng]. Jahrb. v. 94, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. 18. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius! Beauvois! Don! Smeathmann ! Cape Verd, Smith ! Liberia: Monrovia, Nawmann ! Grand Bassa, Vogel, 60! Ansell f Cameroons : Batanga, Bates, 342! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Lutete, 1500-1800 ft., Hens, A, 249! Ban- gala, 1000 ft., Hens, C, 182! Caha, Zilman, 77! Kimuenza, Gillet 792! Angola: Ambriz; damp rocks between Ambriz and Quizembo, Welwitsch, 7125! South Central. Congo Free State, Dupuis, 34! Dewevre, 526! 38. S. Barteri, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 504. Thinly hairy, extensively (15 ft., Jann) rambling, “climbing about 20 ft. above the ground in dense bush” (Scott-Elliot). Stems branching, ;',—} in. thick. Leaves up to 8 by } in., very scabrous on the margins; sheaths triquetrous, hardly winged; ligule ovate (or sometimes elongated quadrate), scarious. Axillary peduncles remote, 0-2 in, long, erect, bearing pyramidal panicles 1-14 by lin. Spikelets } in. long, nearly glabrous, chestnut-coloured. Nut ;',-} in. long, ovoid, smooth, very minutely hairy, white or frequently discoloured (brown or shining- purple); dise obpyramidal, black-red ; the lobes brown-red, forming a smail triangular platter, auriculate.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 669; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, 1. 309 ; Durand & De Wild. in. Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 90. 4. reflewa, Benth. in Hook. Niger FI. 555, not of H. B. & K. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Kambia, on the River Scarcies, Scott-Elliot, 4388! Gold Coast: Ashanti, Cummins, 238! Lagos, Millen, 97! Lower Niger : Onitsa, Barter, 1786! Cameroons: Yaunde, 2800 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 376! 423 ! Batanga, Bates, 342! Fernando Po, Vogel ! Mann, 113! Roscher, 87! Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyaux, 240! Lower Congo: Leopoldville, Duchesne, 11! Kisantu, Gillet, 457! 468! 1089! Kimuenza, Gillet, 1705! 508 CLYI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Scleria. 39. S. racemosa, Poir. in Lam. Encycl. vii. 6. Glabrous, robust. Rhizome thick, covered with ovate-oblong striate black-red scales. Stems 3-6 ft. long, }-} in. indiam. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 4-1} in. broad, 3-nerved, scabrous on the edges, near the top suddenly narrowed (pree- morse) on each margin; sheaths 3-winged, two wings much stronger than the third ; ligule ovate-triangular, often } in. long. Inflorescence often 12 in. long; partial panicles 2-3 in. long on stout axillary peduncles, running into a terminal compound panicle. Spikelets all 1-sexual, 3} in. long, pallid or dusky. Female glumes ovate, much shorter than the nut. Nut (but see var. 3) ovoid, 1} in. long, smooth, shining, white or variously discoloured chestnut or greenish-brown, top conic, tipped for a time by the style-base; disc large thickened, the lobes forming a cup, the subentire margin of which is densely ciliate with yellow-brown hairs.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 344; Boeck. in Linnea, XXxviii. 522; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 169, +t. 111; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v, 674; K. Schum. in Engl, Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, 1. 310; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soe. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 905 Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 135. S. ciliolata, Boeck. in Flora, 1882, 31. S. palmifolia, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 171, not of Schlechtend. Ophryoscleria racemosa, Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. u. 1. 183. . € ! Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, ee Madi; by the side of a stream, Speke & Gravt ! Western side of Ruwenzor!, Scott- Elliot, 7368 ! Lower Guinea. Congo River, Burton! Laurent! Angola: Golungo Alto; marshes by the River Cuango, near Sange, Welwitsch, 7128 ! South Central. Congo Free State, Dewevre, 935! Nlempu, Butaye, 1184! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk! British Central Africa: Nyasaland 5 Songui to Karonga, 1700-2000 ft., Whyte ! Namasi, Cameron, 4! Also in the Mascarene Islands. 2 Var. 8 depresso, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v- 674. Nut broader than long, flat or depressed at the top, often with a circular groove. Upper Guinea. Senegambia: on the shore, Heudelot, 368! fag Michelin! Cape Verd, Perrottet ! Gambia, Ingram! Lagos, Millen, 96! 18 Territory : Nupe; in shady ravines, Barter, 921! i. This is a striking variety in its extreme form, Lut there is a complete series . forms pas-ing into typical 8. racemosa. 40. S. Vogelii, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. ie Afr, v. 675. Less robust than S. racemosa, Poir. Ligule very we ‘ often truncate or nearly so. Nut about 5}, in. in diam., Cons ae smaller than that of S. racemosa ; margin of the disc somewhat lobed, with scattered white hairs; otherwise as \S. racemosa.—/S. racemosa * Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 555. 2 el, Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Smeathmann! Liberia: Grand cose ory 59! Lagos: Abeokuta, Irving! and without precise locality, Mil rie Cameroons: Batanga, Bates, 317! and without precise locality, Braun, 44! Lower Guinea. Gaboon River, Mann, 1023! Buchholz! Seleria. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 509 41, S. verrucosa, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 313. Nut large, ovoid, verru- cose, longitudinally plicate-rugose, sometimes tubercled, more often the roughness only indicated by a horizontal median row of obscure depres- sions; otherwise as S. racemosa.—Schumach. Beskr. Guin. PI. 4038; Kunth, Enum. ii. 344; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 523; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 675; K. Schum. in Engl, PA. Ost-Afr. C. 129; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo; 1.°311;.° 8. spinulosa, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, ii. 30. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Samu Country, near the sea, Scott-Elliot, 4218! Gold Coast: Aburi, Johnson, 232! 474! Lagos, Millen, 94! Cameroons: Abo, Buchholz! Yaunde, Zenker & Staudt, 585 ! Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: above Stanley Pool, Johnston / and without precise locality, Smith ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1350! The examples of this species with spinulose nuts are easily distinguished from S. racemosa ; but some of the material is scarcely separable. 42. S. griegifolia, C’. B. Clarke. Glabrous or nearly so. Stolons slender. Stem 12-16 in. long, with only 1 leaf-bearing node in the middle. Leaves (close to the base) several, 8-12 by 4-4 in., flat, 3- nerved (prominently on the upper surface), bristle-scabrous on the. edges and on the keel beneath; stem-leaf only 3 in. long. Panicle 9 in. long, cf numerous partial peduncles and slender branches; bracts remarkably few. Spikelets all 1-sexual, 4 in. long, ellipsoid. Stamens 3; anthers linear-cristate as usual in Scleria, Female spikelet of 3 glumes, uppermost ovate-lanceolate containing the pistil. Style very short; branches 3, long. Nut ;’; in. long, ovoid, round-trigonous, smooth.—Acriulus griegifolius, Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 336, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 166, t. 22, fig. 1-5; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 675; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 132. Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; marsheson the River Cacolobar, near Lake Ivantala, rather rare, Welwitsch, 6959! 43. S. Acriulus, (. 2. Clarke. Stems up to 3 ft. long, often with several nodes and leaves. Leaves 1-2 ft. long, scarcely 4 in. broad, keeled, in the dry state folded; otherwise as S. griegifolia.—Acriulus madagascariensis, Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc.xx. 336,and in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 166, t. 22, fig. 6-7; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 676; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 128. Nile Land. British East Africa: Uganda, Stuhlmann (ex K. Schumann). Also in Madagascar. In this species, as in the preceding, the 2 forming the genus Acriulus of Ridley, the style is rather short, the 3 branches long, Imperfectly known species. 44, S. Buettneri, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 36. Stem 1 ft. long, slender, compressed, with acute angles, smooth, glabrous, with several leaves in the middle. Leaves a fine green, stiff-herbaceous, slightly 510 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Scleria. longer than the stem, flat, 4 in. broad, on the edge very scabrous retrorsely; ligule membranous, elongate, obtuse, coloured, glabrous. Panicles few (about 3), far apart, subtriangular, loose, terminal with several branches, 14 in. high ; branches subsessile, the lower 3 with leaf- like bracts; lateral panicles small, }-3 in. high, peduncled, with 3 branches, supported by 3 very long (8-9 in.) bracts ; peduncles 1-} in. long, compressed; rhachis hairy; bracteoles setaceous, long. Male spikelets 2—3 together, several flowered ; female spikelets paired. Glumes variegated with red. Nut hard, stalked, scarcely shorter than the glumes, ovoid, attenuate at the tip, trigonous, minutely hairy, pale violet (or sometimes pallid), shining; margin of disc separated from the nut, very short, rigid, papery, shallowly 3-lobed, plicate wrinkled, pallid ; disc persistent on the rhachilla, patelliform, orbicular, pallid within.—Boeck. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxxi. 71. Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: Sibange Farm, Buettner, 8 (ex Boeckeler). Somewhat allied to S. Flagellum, Benth, 25. DIPLACRUM, R. Br. Prod. 240. Spikelets all 1-sexual; female without rudiment of upper flowers, so that the 1 flower appears terminal ; otherwise as Scleria.—Scleria, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1070, partly. Species 6, in Tropical and Subtropical regions, 3 in the Old World, 2 in the New, besides 1 common to both regions. There is no real line between this genus and Scleria ; in many small species of Scleria the rudiment of the male flower, of 1 or 2 small glumes, is reduced to nute scales or wanting; and the female flower then appears terminal. Stems 2-5 in. long, slender “ rs : . 1. D. africanum. Stem 20 in, long, robust . : : s = . 2. D. longifolium. 1. D. africanum, ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. A ifr. v. 668. A weak, nearly glabrous annual. Stems tufted, 2—5 in. long, slender, leafy their whole length. Leaves 1-1} by 3-3 in., tip rather suddenly acuminated. Inflorescence of minute axillary heads of spikelets, often continued nearly to the base of the stem ; lower heads on peduncles rarely exserted so much as}in. Spikelets ,—;'5 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, green or yellowish. Glume to female flower ovate- lanceolate, entire at the tip, 3-nerved, concave at the base. Nut minute, subglobose, white, with 10-14 longitudinal strie from summit to base which do not anastomose.—K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 129. D. pygmeum, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 434 (excl. the Australian examples), and in Flora, 1879, 569; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 170, not of Nees. D. caricinum, T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 654, not of R. Br. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 675! Sierra Leone, Scott-Elliot, 4341! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1041! Nile Band. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2573 | Madi, Speke §& Grant ! Diplacrum.] CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). o11 2. D. longifolium, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 669. Nearly glabrous. Stolons slender. Stem 20 in. long, robust, triquetrous. Leaves 24 by }-} in. Inflorescence of 5, distant, short-peduncled, axillary, globose, pale heads } in. in diam. ; bracts 6 in. long and upwards. Spikelets numerous, female ! in. long. Female glumes elliptic, mucronate, boat-shaped, many-ribbed, not winged on the keel. Nut about 3, in. long, white, smooth, with obscure longi- tudinal striations which partially anastomose.—Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 153. Pteroscleria longifolia, Griseb. Fl. Brit. West Ind. 579; Benth. fe Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1347; Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: marshy ground near Mofari, Scott-Elliot, 4406 ! Frequent in Trinidad and Brazil. Scott-Elliot’s 4406 is the only piece of the section Pferoscleria yet obtained in the Old World. 26. ERIOSPORA, A. Rich.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1070. Spikelets very small, 2—3-flowered, collected in close spikes _ré- sembling the spikelets of Scirpus, mostly monecious, about 4-glumed ; lowest flower female, upper 1—2 male or sterile. Glumes ovate, boat- shaped, obscurely distichous, very minutely mucronulate, lowest empty, next female. Hypogynous hairs numerous, very fine, or (in Z. villosula) bristles much stouter. Stamens 3-1; anthers not crested. Nut from an ovoid base, tapering into an elongate conical trigonous beak (style- base); linear part of style short, persistent, branches 3, longer.— Perennials, with linear leaves. Stems with nodes their whole length bearing leaves or bracts. Spikes on slender peduncles in an elongate panicle, copious in the typical species, reduced in #. Oliveri to few spikes. Species 7, scattered through Tropical Africa, the Transvaal and Madagascar. The majority of the species of this extraordinary genus have the leaf-sheaths exactly like those of grasses; they are equitant, more or less distichous, deeply split down one side, with a ring of white hairs entirely simulating the ligule of grasses at the mouth. The illusion is so complete that where (as in many herbarium examples) the plant has been broken in half, a botantist dealing with a single sheet has de- scribed the EHriospora and assumed the basal half to be that of some grass accidentally pasted down on the same sheet, This hypothesis would at all events explain to some extent the way in which competent botanists have dealt with species of Eriospora. Still more surprising is it to findin Z. pilosa (and its var.) the leaf- sheath and ligule exactly as of Scleria. *SCLERIIFOLIZ.—Sheaths of the leaves triquetrous, with entire mouth closed by a short-ovate ligule ‘ : . ° : - . I. £. pilosa. **GRAMINIFOLIZ,—Sheaths of the leaves compressed, split deeply down one side, with a ring of short hairs in the mouth, Stems glabrous. Inflorescence copious, spikes exceed- ingly numerous, Spikes }-4 in. long, brown or chestnut . . . Spikes 4 in. long, yellowish-straw-colour ° . 2. E. abyssinica, 3. E. schweinfurthiana. 512 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Lriospora. Stems hairy. Inflorescence much less copious, Stems with 4-7 spikes. Hypogynous hairs exces- sively fine . : : : : 4 . 4. E. Oliveri. Stems with about 30 spikes. Hypogynous bristles stiff, scabrid A ‘i 3 A ° . 5. £&. villosula. 1. E. pilosa, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xiv. 30, t. 1842. Minutely and thinly hairy. Base of stem decumbent, 2-3 by ? in. including the densely packed leaf-bases. Stems 1-2 ft.long, triquetrous, glabrous. Leaves 8-12 by + in.; sheaths triquetrous, mouth entire and closed by a depressed rounded ligule as in most Sclerias. Panicle 4-12 by 1-3 in., the lowest: peduncle remote; peduncles often 4—10 from each axil, capillary, some again paniculately divided. Spikes ovoid, }—} in. long, straw-coloured, of 6-20 spikelets, solitary ; peduncle to the spike ,4,—} in. ; bracts to the spikelets ovate, acuminate, shortly mucronate. Spikelets i; in. long. Nut 5 in. long; hypogynous sete 4 the length of the nut, exceedingly slender, nearly simple.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 676. Trilepis pilosa, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: Afram Plains, Johnson, 708! Lagos: Isheri, Lagos Government, 11! interior of western Lagos, Rowland! Niger Territory Nupe, Barter, 1560! Var. 8 longipes, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 676. Spikes rather larger, purple-brown, bracts to the spikelets more mucronate ; peduncles to the spikes longer, sometimes up to 3 in. long. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: “common on bare rocky gneiss, eaten by deer,” Scott-Elliot, 5644! 2. E. abyssinica, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 508. Stems com- pactly tufted, perennial, 1-2 ft. high, compressed at the base, round- trigonous upwards, glabrous. Leaf-sheaths very stout, straw-coloured, much imbricated, strongly striate, split as in grasses with a ring of minute hairs in the mouth. Leaves 4-16 by } in., nearly smooth, tough, much rolled up in the dry state. Panicle 8-14 in. long, with usually several peduncles arising from each sheath; these peduncles 3-6 in. long often carrying narrow panicles, nearly smooth. Spikes $+} in. long, ovoid or ellipsoid, pale-brown or brown; bracts to spikelets ovate, acuminate, sometimes mucronate. Spikelets 4-3 1- long. Nut including the beak 4-+ in. long, long attenuate from a ovoid base, smooth, more or less scabrous on the 3 angles of the beak 5 hypogynous hairs about 4 the length of the nut (beak included), numerous, simple.—Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 11. 166 ; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 676; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 150; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl]. Welw. 1. 182. Rynchospora trigyna, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 21. Trileps abyssinica, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 9. Wile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre ; Mount Semayata, Schimper, 233 ! Begemeder ? Anadehr, 7800 ft., Schimper, 578! - Lower Guinea. ‘Angola: Loanda, 1000 ft., Welwitsch, 7157! Pungo Eriospora. | CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARE). 513 Andongo; in fissures of rocks on the heights of the Presidium, 3300 ft., Welwitsch, 684 ! Var. B castanea, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl, Afr, v. 676. Spikes a deeper chestnut colour, Nile Land. Abyssinia: Shireh Province, Quartin-Dillon & Petit ! Bege- meder ; Gerra, 8200 ft., Schimper, 1262! and without precise locality, Schimper, 690 ! Bentham, in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl, iii. 1070, observes that this plant appeared to him a separate species; I have been unable to find any difference except in colour, 3 3. E. schweinfurthiana, (’. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Con- spect. Fl. Afr. v. 676. Stems 2 ft. long. Leaves } in. broad, some- times minutely hairy on the margins. Spikes } in. long or rather more, narrowly ovoid, or dusky straw-yellow colour; otherwise as EL. abyssinica.—Carphu schweinfurthiana, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 569. Nile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam; Baginse Mountain, Schwein- Surth, 3820! This is, very likely, not really distinct from HZ. abyssinica, The inflorescence and colour might do for some species of Carpha. 4. E. Oliveri, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 676. Stems closely tufted, perennial, 6-12 in. long, setaceous, terete, rather closely covered by very slender white hairs: basal leaf- sheaths deeply split on one side. Leaves nearly as long as the stems, setaceous, hairy. Panicle depauperated, of 4—7 spikes (in the 22 stems present). Spikes 4—} in., ellipsoid, fuscous, more or less purple ; bracts to the spikelets acuminate, mostly mucronate. Hypogynous bristles nearly as in the preceding species, 3 the length of the nut (beak included), excessively slender, with minute teeth visible under the microscope.—K. Schum.in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.C.128. Trilepis Oliveri, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 38. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: between the coast and Uyui, Taylor ! British Central Africa : Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 25! at Ndurand', Scott-Elliot, 8459 ! : 5. E. villosula, C. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54. Stems 10-20 in. long, rather stouter, rather less hairy. Panicle more evolute, often with 30 spikes or more. Spikes rather broader, brighter chestnut colour. Hypogynous bristles about 12, white, but rigid, rather stout, densely scabrid ; otherwise as /. Oliveri.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 676; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C.128. £. viryatu, K. Schum. in Engl. Pil. Ost-Afr. C. 128. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Merue, Fischer, 624! British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mount Mlanji, Whyte / Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! The other differences between this and FE. Oliveri are of smull moment; but the ypogynous bristles do not resemble those of any of the other species here de- Scribed. VOL. VIII. 2L 514 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Carex. 27. CAREX, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1073. Spikelets unisexual, female 1-flowered, male (at least in appearance) many-flowered ; female arranged in spikes, male often solitary. Female flower consisting of a pistil only, completely enclosed in a utricle (a bottle-like sac), really the bract to a branch of the axis; within this utricle is sometimes a bristle as long as the utricle representing the axis which the utricle subtends. Stamens 3-1; anthers linear-oblong. Style-branches 3 or 2. Nut trigonous or flattened.— Perennial herbs; leaves grass-like. Species 1400, scattered throughout the World, from the Arctic Circle to the Southern limits of Phaencgams ; mostly in moist places. *“VIGNEA.—Styles 2-branched. +Capituligere. Stem with 1 spike. Stem triquetrous; beak linear, 4-4 the length of the utricle . : : : : : . 1. C. monostachya. Stem subterete, striate; beak linear, hardly + the length of the utricle : : : : +tMuricate. Panicle dense, of many ovoid spikes female at the base, some male at the top. Utricle nerveless on the plane face, obscurely 2-3- nerved on the convex face. Utricle ovoid-triangular, beak triangular or hardly any 3 s : 5 : : : Utricle ellipsoid, acuminated into a lanceolate- linear beak . : : : : : . 4. C. leptosaccus. Utricle with 5-9 nerves on the convex face. Utricle } in. long, long-lanceolate, attenuate at both ends . - > i 2 ‘ . 5. OC. Koestlini, Utricle 4 in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, subsessile. Leaves } in. broad ; utricle with 7 strong ribs on the convex face . : ; : . 6. C. erythrorrhiza. Leaves 3 in. broad; utricle with 7 nerves on the convex face ““CAREX.—Styles 3-branched. tSpikes (many of them) female at the base, male at the top; panicle long. Spikes ovoid or oblong, 3 in. loug or less (except in C. Steudneri), numerous, usually very numerous. Utricle glabrous. Partial panicles oblong (or in C. leptocladus obscurely pyramidal), Beak much shorter than the body of the utricle. Leaves ;4—4 in. broad ; panicle thin, utricle qs in. long A 3 c : : Leaves 4 in. broad; panicle rather copious ; utricle ;1, in. long ¢ : : : Leaves }-4 in. broad; panicle rather copious ; utricle 3-4 in. long 5 : . 10. C. nyasensis. Beak nearly as long as the body of the utricle. Panicle-brauches firm ; utricle + in. long, firm 11. C. chlorosaccus. Panicle-branches capillary; utricle 3-4 in. long, delicate : . 12. C. leptocladus. 2. C. runssoroensis. 3. C. conferta. con C. Lycurus. 8. C. schimperiana. 9. C. echinochloe. Carex. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). Utricle (often minutely) hairy. Utricle more than + in. long, linear-lanceolate ; nut stalked c : : : Utricle about 2 in. long, ellipsoid, beaked. Panicles on axillary peduncles, open pyramidal 13. Panicles on axillary peduncles, dense, oblong . Spikes linear-cylindrie, 1 in. long at least, Utricle exceeding + in. in length, linear-lanceolate 16. ells Utricle 3-2 in. long, ellipsoid trStem with 5-10 elongate cylindric spikes; terminal spike male at the base, with (nearly always) utricles in the upper part. Lower spikes male at the base. Utricles 1-1 in. long, scabrous on the beak Utricles 4 in, long, smooth on the beak Lower spikes female at the base; utricles 4 in, long. Beak of utricle minute, subentire . 14. 15. 515 C. Steudneri. C. spicato- paniculata, C. condensata. C. Johnstonii. CO. Vallis-Rosetto. C. simensis, . C. longepedunculata. . C. petitiana. . C. Fischeri. Beak 4-3 the length of the utricles, bifid ++tStem with 5-12 elongate cylindric spikes; terminal spike wholly male, or (rarely) with some utricles at the base. Utricles straight, narrowed upwards into the beak . 22. C. boryana. Utricles curved, inflated upwards, suddenly contracted into the minute beak . 23. C. cyrtosaccus, 1. C. monostachya, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 512. Glabrous. Rhizome short. Stems tufted, 8—22 in. long, triquetrous, rough on the angles ; basal sheaths chestnut-red. Leaves often as long as the stems, hardly } in. broad, triquetrous in the upper part. Spike 1 on each stem, 1} by } in., male at the top, female below, from chestnut-red to ferrugineous-brown. Female glumes }-} in. long, lanceolate, acute; margins scarious. Anthers } in. long, linear. Utricle (without beak) nearly } in. long, narrowly obovoid, obtuse, very much compressed, indistinctly nerved, glabrous, rarely slightly scabrid; beak exactly linear, }—} the length of the utricle, very shortly split; rhachilla of the rudimentary spikelet linear, green, included in one margin of the utricle, often as long as the nut. Nut narrowly ellipsoid, flattened, much narrower than the utricle ; style 4 as long as the nut, branches 2, much longer than the nut, red-brown, conspicuously exserted.—Boott, Carex, ii. 80, t. 221; Boeck in Linnea, xxxix. 80; Engl. Hochgebirgsfi. Trop. Afr. 151; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 687; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129. C. parasitica, Kunze, Suppl. Schkuhr’s Riedgr. 83 in note. (. triquetrifolia, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. vii. 279; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 353; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 153. Uncinia digyna, Hochst. in Schimper, Exsicc. 687. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; Mount Silke, Schimper, 687! Mount Bachi:, Schimper! Begemeder; Mount Guna, 13,100 ft., Schimper, 1413! and without precise locality, Schimper, 83! Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 12,300 ft. Volkevs, 1146! Johnston, 120! 516 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Carex. Boott says the style is sometimes 3-fid; I find all 2-fid in Boott’s examples; the utricle is pressed so very flat (as is the nut) that I am surprised to find a 3-fid style even by accident. The name of Kunze has priority ; but, as his description may be esteemed insufficient, it is more convenient not to unearth his name. 2. C. runssoroensis, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129. Stem terete, smooth with very many striations. Uppermost leaf # in. long, not green. Utricle (without beak) + in. long, oblong, much flattened, with 6 nerves on the convex face, reddish, beak scarcely } the length of the utricle, otherwise as C’. monostachya. Wile Land. British East Africa: Ruwenzori, 12,400 ft., Stuhlmann, 2454! This species is exceedingly near C. monostachya, A. Rich.; the one stem at Kew appears almost a scape; the utricle is less obovoid and much less beaked than the utricle of any example of C. monostachya. A rudiment of the male spikelet is in the utricle. 3. C. conferta, Hochst. ex A.Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii.512. Glabrous. Rhizome creeping, divided, up to 6 in. long in dried examples. Stems 1-3 ft. long, medium-sized, triquetrous, rough on the angles. Leaves nearly as long as the stem, } in. broad. Inflorescence 2 by 3 im., a dense little-interrupted oblong panicle; lowest bract shorter than the panicle, often only } in. long, not sheathing. Spikes } by 4 in., dense, female at the base, some male at the top. Female glumes ,', in. long. ovate-triangular, not acuminate, a rich brown, keel yellow. Utricle 3'5 in. long, sessile, ovoid-triangular, hardly beaked, plano-convex, glabrous, straw-yellow, without nerves on the plane face, obscurely 2—3-nerved on the convex face; beak deeply split on the convex face, margins scabrous ; style-branches 2, linear.—Boctt, Carex, ii. 76, t. 208; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 91; Engi. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 151; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 681. Wile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; by streams near Enjedcap, Schimper, 576! near Debra Eski, Schimper, 931! Begemeder; near Gafat, Schimper, 1323 ! Compared by Boott with C. vulpina, Linn., of which it has the habit and characters, but a less beaked and less ribbed utriele. It is equally near the corre- sponding group in South America, of which C, bracteosa, Kunze, is a representative. 4. C. leptosaccus, (. B. Clarke. Inflorescence ovoid, 24 by 1 in., dense, compound, straw-brown; lowest bract as long as the panicle. Spikes }-} by 1in., female at the base, a few male at the top. Female glumes +}, in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, hardly mucronate, ferrugineous, keel green. Utricle 4 in. long, hardly stalked, elliptic- lanceolate, beaked, plano-convex, glabrous (a very few hairs on the margins), white, very thin, without nerves on the plane face, obscurely 3-nerved on the convex face; beak lanceolate, 1-4 the length of whole utricle, deeply split on the convex face; style-branches 2, linear very long, brown-red. Nut ellipsoid, plano-convex, dark brown. Mozamb, Dist. (ierman East Africa : Kilimanjaro, 10,000 ft., Thomson ! De, Cy Koestlini, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 199. Glabrous. Rhizome 4-4 in. in diam., whence descend thick smooth Carex. | CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 517 red roots. Stems 14-3 ft. long, rather stout, triquetrous, rough on the angles. Leaves nearly as long as the stem, }-} in. broad. In- florescence up to 64 by } in., very dense (sometimes interrupted at the base), from straw-colour to rusty brown; lowest bract not sheathing, usually as long as the panicle, but in one example nearly a foot long. Spikes exceeding } in. in length, female at the base, some male at the top. Female glumes }—1 in. long, elliptic, acuminate, hardly mucronate. Utricle 4-} in. long, elongate-lanceolate, attenuated at either end, plano-convex, thin, appearing winged, smooth, with 3-5 thin nerves on the plane face, 9 thin nerves on the convex face, finally straw-coloured ; beak elongate-conic, split nearly to the base on the convex face, margins Sparingly scabrid; style-branches 2, linear, long.—Boott, Carex, ii. 75 (excl. var. 8), tt. 204, 205; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 101; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 151 excl. C. Steudneri; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 686. Wile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; near Demerki ou Mount Bachit, 10,500 ft., Schimper, 66! 1244! and without precise locality, Schimper, 1036 ! 1037! In this critical series, Schimper’s 1244 (figured by Boott, 1. c. t. 205) is the type of the species; but the description above given is taken from Schimper’s 1036, 1037, which are figured in Boott, 1. c. t. 204; because in these latter the utricles and nuts are tully ripened. 6. ©. erythrorrhiza, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 103. Leaves + in. broad. Inflorescence 2 by $-1 in., excessively dense, chestnut-brown. Utricle 4 in. long, sessile, ovoid-lanceolate, irregularly nerved on the plane face, with 7 strong ribs on the convex face; beak lanceolate ; otherwise as C’. Koestlint.—Eng]. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 151; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 684. C. Koestlini, var. /3 minor, Boott, Carex, 11. 76, tt. 206, 207. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen ; near Demerki, on Mount Bachit, 10,500 ft., Schimper, 170! 1704! near Debra Eski, 9000 tt., Schimper, 170B! Debra Kana, 9300 ft., Schimper! Begemeder; Mount Guna, 11,400 ft., Schimper, 1556! This species is founded on Schimper, 1556; the descriptiou above given is taken from Schimper, 170, which is Boott’s t. 206. It is very doubtful whether Boeckeler should be followed in giving Boott’s var. 8 Specific rank; Boeckeler had very poor material compared with Boott; and, in grounding his species on the red roots, he was unaware that the remarkable roots are just the same in typical C. Koestlint. Both the species appear to have been collected at nearly or quite the same localities. On the other hand, the difference between the utricles in Schimper 1036 (Boott, 1. ¢. t. 204), and Schimper 170 (Boott, 1. ¢. t. 206) appears too great to combine the two under one species. Boott discusses the question, and considers his series shows a perfect gradation from the one to the other; but it appears that several of these “intermediates” are not well ripened. 7. C. Lycurus, K. Schum, in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129. Glabrous. Stems 3 ft. long and upwards, stout, triquetrous, rough on the angles. Leaves # the length of the stems, $ in. broad or even more. Inflor- escence 3 by 3-3 in., dense, somewhat interrupted at the base, dusky green; lowest bract 1-2 in. long, setaceous. Spikes }-} in., female at 518 - CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Cares. the base, some male at the top. Female glumes } in. long, ovate, acute, in fruit pale brown and very thin. Utricle } in. long, sessile, ovoid- lanceolate, plano-convex, with 7-9 thin nerves on the convex face, hblack-green, smooth ; beak lanceolate, slightly scabrous on the margins. Style-branches 2, long. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; Heboma, Holst, 2554! Kwa Mshuza, Holst, 8971 } K. Schumann justly compares this species with C. vulpina, Linn., from which it differs but little; the leaves are rather broader, while the utricle is smaller, less elongate, and gets very black when ripe. 8. C. schimperiana, Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 373. Green, nearly glabrous. Rhizome short, woody, slender. Stems 8-24 in. long, slender. Leaves 8-12 by ;1,-} in. Inflorescence 8-14 by }-1} in., very thin, lower peduncles. remote with only 2—6 spikes. Spikes 4-3 by 4-} in., uppermost with 3-5 utricles and a small oblong scarious- yellow male termination. Female glumes (including bristle) about as long as the utricle, ovate, 2 the length of the utricle, scarious white, glabrous, the green keel excurrent in a rough bristle. Utricle yz 1. long, ellipsoid, trigonous, glabrous, green, finally black-brown, with about 24 well-marked nerves; beak about } the length of the utricle, smooth ; nut ellipsoid, trigonous, quite filling the utricle.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 690; Engl. Hochgebirgstl. Trop. Afr. 152. C. ramosa, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129 partly, not of Schkuhr. Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; near Debra Tabor, 8500 ft., Schimper, 1318! British East Africa: Ruwenzori, 6000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7455! Mozamb. Dist. German Hast Africa: Usambara; Kwa Mshuza, Holst, 8953! _ 9. ©. echinochloe, Kunze, Suppl. Schkuhr's Riedgr. 47, t. 12. Glabrous except the densely and minutely hairy branches of the panicle. Lateral basal offshoots equivalent to short stolons. Stems 13-8 ft. long. Leaves 14 by Jin. Panicle 6-14 by 2 in., oblong, lower peduncles remote, carrying oblong (not pyramidal) loose partial panicles 7 6-30 spikes, bracts overtopping the panicles, or rather shorter. Spikes in fruit }-} by 1 in., greenish-yellow, with about 5-8 utricles, male at the top; lowest empty glume bract-like, often caudate with a bristle } in. long (whence the specific name); but sometimes on the type specimens the bristle is obsolete. Female glume as long as pes utricle, acuminate, shortly aristate, from a broad ovate base, several- nerved in the middle of the back, smooth, scabrous only on the bristle. Utricle (including beak) 1, in. long, broadly ellipsoid, trigonous, narrowed at each end, glabrous, with about 18 well-marked ribs ; beak scarcely 4 the length of the utricle, scabrid, shortly 2-toothed. ms ellipsoid, trigonous, dark-brown, not closely filling the utricle.—A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 513; Boott, Carex, i. 62, t. 166, and in Journ. Linn. Soe. vii. 226; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 340; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 683; Eng]. Hochgebirgsfi. Trop. Afr. Carex. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 519 152. C. ramosa, K. Schum, in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129 partly, not of Schkuhr. Upper Guinea. Cameroons; Cameroon Mountain, 7000 ft., Mann, 1359! 2106! Wile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; in open stony places on the upper part of Mount Scholoda, Schimper, 26! Adowa, Quartin-Dillon &§ Petit ! Alsega, on moun- tains, 6000 ft., Schimper, 538! Begemeder ; Senka Berr, 8200 ft., Schimper, 1314! British East Africa: Ruwenzori; Kivata, 6000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7579! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa; Usambara; at Mbaruma, Holst, 2484! This is nearly allied to C. schimperiana, and sorted with it by K. Schumann; it has broader leaves and a more copious inflorescence. 10. C. nyasensis, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous except the densely and minutely hairy branches of the panicle. Stems 14-3 ft. long. Leaves 14 by }-+ in. Panicle 8-16 by 2 in., oblong, lower peduncles remote carrying oblong (not pyramidal) partial panicles of 6-15 spikes ; bracts mostly overtopping the inflorescence. Spikes in fruit $ by } ir. (sometimes larger) with about 10 utricles, male at the top, rusty green. Female glume as long as the utricle, acuminate, shortly aristate, from a broad ovate base, several-nerved in the middle of the back, smooth, scabrous on the bristle. Utricle (including beak) }—} in. long, ellipsoid, trigonous, narrowed at each end, with about 18 ribs; beak 4 the length of the utricle, scabrous, deeply bifid into 2 long-lanceolate teeth. Nut ovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous, dark-brown, well filling the utricle. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; North Nyasa, Whyte / Masuku Plateau, 6500-7000 f{t., Whyte! Zomba Plains, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 165! 584! 11. ©. chlorosaccus, (. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxiv. 298. Nearly glabrous, the panicle branches scabrid, hardly hairy. Stems tufted, perennial, 1-2 ft. long. Leaves 6-15 by } in. Panicle 4-14 by 1-3 in.. green; lower peduncles remote, with oblong (not pyramidal) panicles of 8-20 spikes; bracts overtopping the inflor- escence. Spikes in fruit 4-1 by } in., with 8-10 utricles, male at the top. Female glume (including the bristle) much shorter than the utricle, ovate, acuminate, aristate, greenish-yellow with 3 green nerves on the back, glabrous, the bristle scabrous. Utricle (including the beak) + in. long, narrowly ellipsoid, attenuate into a beak forming % at least of the fruit, very green, glabrous, with 5 strong nerves ; beak linear, smooth, with 2 short lanceolate teeth; nut oblong, trigonous.— C. wahlenbergiana, Boott in Journ. Linn. Soc, vii. 225 ; Engl. Hochge- birgsfl. Trop. Afr. 152; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129 partly ; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 691 partly. C. ramosa, K, Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129 partly. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po: Clarence Peak, 8000 ft., Mann, 653 ! Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 7200 ft., Volkens, 1274! Johuston! 12. C. leptocladus, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous, the panicle-branches thinly scabrous-hairy. Root woody, rugged. Stem (panicle included) 520 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Caren. 14 in. long, rather slender. Basal leaves many, 20 by 5; in., tough, 3-nerved. Panicle 9 in. long, thin, of few peduncles ; lowest peduncle 6 by 2 in., almost capillary, with delicate little-divided branches and 14 spikes; bracts overtopping the inflorescence. Spikes } by 4 in, very slender, with 8 utricles, male at the top. Female glumes ovate, acuminate, aristate, about 2 the length of the utricle, glabrous, 3—0- nerved on the back, yellowish-green, very thin, distant. Utricle (beak included) 4-1 in. long; beak longer than the small oblong-ellipsoid yellow-green glabrous delicate utricle, nearly linear, scabrous with 2 short teeth. Nut ellipsvid, trigonous, filling the utricle.—C. eruciata ? Boott in Journ. Linn. Soe. vii. 225; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 681. C. filicina? Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 152 in obs. Lower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas: summit of the peak, Mann ! This is not near any form of C. cruciata, Nees; it may bea state of C. filicina, Nees; but no Indian example of C. filicina has such very slender peduncles aud utricles. 13. C. spicato-paniculata, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 690. Glabrous, except the panicle-branches and utricles. Stems 2-3 ft. long. Leaves 18 by }-} in. Inflorescence up to 16 by 4 in., of 4—7 axillary peduncled compound pyramidal panicles ; panicle-branches densely pilose ; spikes 50-150 to a stem, 4 in. long, ovoid in fruit, with 6-8 utricles, male at the top. Female glumes ovate, acute, mucronate, as long as the utricles, bright ferrugineous-brown, glabrous, striate for nearly their whole breadth. Utricle (nearly ripe) green, 4 in. long (beak included), ellipsoid, contracted into a beak hardly 5 its own length, 12—15-ribbed, minutely hispid from the top to below the middle, straight; beak scabrous, with 2 lanceolate teeth ; nut ellipsoid, black, filling the atricle-—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii, 304. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Hannington ! Also in South Africa and the Mascarene Islands. There also may be conspecific with Hannington’s plant Scott-Elliot’s 6899 (collected in Man District, British East Africa, at an elevation of 7000 ft.), with hairy utricles; and Schimper 1314 ? (collected in Abyssinia at Senka Berr), exceed- ingly young. 14. C. Steudneri, Boeck. in Linnea, x1. 364. Glabrous except the minutely scabrous panicle-branches and utricles. Rhizome stout. Stems 2-4} ft. long, robust. Leaves 2 ft. by } in., stout. Panicle 11 | by 2 in., the partial panicles narrowly oblong, erect, dense, chestnut or deep brown; bracts overtopping the panicle. Spikelets { by ¢ in., with 6-8 utricles, male at the top. Female glumes elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes mucronate, rather shorter than the utricles, brown or chest- nut, hardly striate except near the keel, minutely hispid over the top of the back. Utricle exceeding + in. long, linear-lanceolate, triquetrous, densely hispid, beak about 4 the length of the utricle, linear, very hispid, deeply split at least on the convex face. Nut ;'5 in. long, Carex. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 521 oblong, dark-brown on a long yellow stalk.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 690, and in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxiv. 297. C. wahlenbergiana, var. 6, Boott, Carex, ii. 102, t. 304. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; Mount Silke, 9000—10,000 ft., Schimper, 545 ! near Demerki, 11,000 ft., Schimper, 1088! Begemeder Province, Schimper, 1559 ! See remarks under C. chlorosaccus above. 15, ©. condensata, Vees in Wight, Contrib. 123. Axillary peduncled panicles oblong, dense, ferrugineous or chestnut-red. Spikes usually with 1—4 utricles at the base and several males above. Female glumes (in the Mlanji example) with minute suberect hairs on the upper part; otherwise nearly as C. spicato-paniculata.—Boott, Carex, ii. 86, tt. 247, 248; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 716, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 305. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mount Mlanji, Whyte ! 16. ©. Johnstonii, Boeck. in Lngl. Jahrb. vii. 278. Stems 2-3 ft. high, robust. Leaves up to 2 ft. by 4 in., nearly glabrous, but when young minutely scabrous hairy on some of the numerous nerves. Panicle 10-16 by 1-2 in., the lower peduncles long but erect; partial panicles very narrow; whole number of spikes 20—40, green, ferrugineous- brown-marked. Spikes 1-14 by scarcely } in., linear, with large distant suberect utricles, male at the top. Female glumes lanceolate, not aristate, pale hyaline, shorter than the utricle. Utricle ;°; in. long, linear-lanceolate, pallid with few obscure nerves, thinly hairy nearly to the base; beak hardly } the length of the utricle with 2 lanceolate teeth ; style-branches 3, red-brown, long exserted ; nut oblong, trigonous. —Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 853; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 686; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 151; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.C. 129. C. Volkensti, K, Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 130. Nile Land. British East Africa : Ruwenzori; Kivata, Scott-Elliot, 7778 ! Mozamb. Dist. (erman East Africa : Kilimanjaro; above Marangu, Volkens, 1124! Johnston ! 17. C. Vallis-Rosetto, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-A/r. C. 130. Glabrous, or nearly so. Stems 2 ft. (at least) long, robust. Leaves as long as the stems, }—} in. broad. Panicle 8-12 in. long, of 6-12 loosely scattered spikes; bracts as long as the panicle. Spikes 1-3} by {- 4 in., rusty-brown, male at the top. Female glumes as long as the utricle, ovate, glabrous, rusty-brown, the 1—3-nerved green keel ex- current as a mucro or short bristle. Utricles {-} in. long (beak included), ellipsoid, trigonous, green, glabrous, very irregularly nerved, contracted into a beak less than } their length, smooth or nearly so, with 2 rather small lanceolate teeth. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 6500 ft., Volkens, 1291! and at the foot of Kifiniki Voleano, 8800 ft., Volkens, 1342! The spikes in 1291 are 1 in. long, in 1842 are 3 in. long; but by K. Schumann considered (I think correctly) conspecific. A curious feature in this species is 522 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Carex. the irregularity in the utricle ; some of its nerves are very strong, some very weak, some are continued to the beak, others become obscure in the upper part of the utricle. 18. C. simensis, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 514. Glabrous, stoloniferous. Stems 2-3 ft. high, with 4-9 spikes. Leaves 12-18 by }-} in. Spikes $-24 by } in.; terminal male, with utriclesin the upper part or to the top; lower spikes female, often with a few males near the base; upper peduncles short, lower often remote, then 2-4 in. long. Female glumes shorter than the utricles, rusty-brown cr chestnut, elliptic-lanceolate, with a very short mucro or quite muticous. Utricles 4 in. long or ‘rather more, ellipsoid, trigonous, obscurely or slenderly ribbed, glabrous, dotted with red glands, tapering at the top; beak less than } the length of the utricle, linear-conic, scabrous on the margins, teeth 2, lanceolate, rather short. Nut rather large, sessile, narrowly obovoid, trigonous.—Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. C. ethiopica, Boott, Carex, iii. 110 partly, ie. tt. 343, 344, and in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 226; Boeck. in Linnza, xli. 285 partly; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 679 partly; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 152. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 7000-10,000 ft., Mann, 2099! Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; on Mount Bachit, Schimper, 1180! Bege- meder ; Mount Guna, 11,400 ft., Schimper, 1289! near Gafat, 8800 ft., Schimper, eo British East Africa: Ruwenzori ; Kivata, 6000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 578 ! Boott has called this “ C. ethiopica” and has noted that the spikes are all male at the base. In the true C. ethiopica of Schkuhr (the South Africa plant) the terminal spike is wholly male; and what is of more importance the lower spikes are not male at the base. In the C, ethiopica of Schkuhr, the female glumes are definitely bristle-tipped and longer than the utricle. Whether the present tropical plant be esteemed a species or only a variety of C. ethiopica, it is geographically sevarable, 19. C. longepedunculata, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. 0: 130, Female glumes longer than the utricles, muticous. Utricles § in. long ; beak not scabrous ; otherwise as (’. simensis. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; near the Noholu cave, 10,400 ft., Volkens, 2015! This has all the spikes female at the base ; and is much nearer C. simensis than either is to C. ethiopica, The lowest remote peduncle is long, as also in C. simensis, 20. C. petitiana, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 513. Glabrous, stoloniferous. Stems 3 ft. high, with 5-7 spikes. Leaves 2 ft. by 4 in. Spikes 2-4 in. by 1-4 in. ; terminal spike male at the base, female above, sometimes with males at the top. Male glumes 4} in. long, narrow- lanceolate, muticous, a rich brown. Female glumes as long as the utricles, similar to the males, cuspidate or muticous. Utricles 4 ee long, narrow-ellipsoid trigonous, with 8-10 slender nerves, glabrous, Carex. | CLYI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 523 dotted by red glandular marks; beak linear, not 1 the length of the utricle, very narrow, glabrous, with small subentire mouth.—Boott, Carex, ii. 88, t. 259 ; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 411; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 152; C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 306. C. anomala, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 230; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. C’. robusta, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 230. Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; Demergui (Demerki), 11,000 ft., Schimper, 1038 ! Begemeder, Schimper, 1299! Quartin-Dillon & Petit (ex Boott). In this species the spikes vary much in thickness, and the female glumes in length and acuteness. The characteristic feature is the minute subentire beak of the utricle. 21. C. Fischeri, A. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C.130. Spikes 2} by tin. Utricles (beak included) } in. long, with numerous slender nerves ; beak 4-3 the length of the utricle, with 2 lanceolate teeth : otherwise as C. petitiana. Mozamb. Dist. British East Africa: Abori, Fischer, 640! This has the spikes more slender than the slenderest examples of C. petitiana, and the distinctly bifid beak to the utricle distinguishes it. It appears to be allied to C. petitiana, but the description of K. Schumann is so short, and the example seen so fragmentary, that it is possible it may be nearer C. pendula, Hudson. 22. ©. boryana, Schkuhr, Riedgr, ii. 43, t. ggg, fig. 191. Glabrous. Stems 2-3 ft. long, with 6-12 scattered spikes. Leaves 18 by }—-} in. Spikes 14-3 by 1-1} in., elongate-cylindric, terminal (sometimes 2 or 3 terminal), wholly male in nearly all the Tropical African material, some- times terminal spike female at the base, lower spikes always female at the base usually with a few males at the top. Glumes male and female elliptic-lanceolate, acute, hardly bristle-tipped, chestnut or bright brown, green on the back, female rather shorter than the utricle. Utricles (beak included) }-} in. long, ellipsoid, narrowed gradually into the beak, sessile, plano-convex, smooth, with 5 nerves on the plane and 9 on the convex surface, more or less variegated or dotted with red ; beak about 4+ the length of the utricle, linear-conic or linear, smooth or very sparingly scabrous, with 2 well-marked lanceolate teeth. Nut narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous, dark-brown.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 506 ; Boott, Carex, iii. 110, tt. 345-347, and var. minor, t. 348 (which is drawn from G. Mann’s plant cited below), and in Journ. Linn. Soe. vi. 22, vii. 225; Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 283 excl. var. y; Engl. Hochge- birgsfl. Trop. Afr. 153. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po: Clarence Peak, 7500-8500 ft., Mann, 661! 1478 ! Wile Land. British East Africa : Ruwenzori; Yeria River, 10,000 ft., Scodt- Elliot, 7873 ! Also in the Mascarene Islands. The examples of G. Mann and of Scott-Elliot agree very fairly with some of the small C, boryana from Bourbon ; and the above description is narrowed down to these. The large Madagascar C. boryana has utricles exceeding ; in. long, with aristate glumes 4 in. long. 524 CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE), | Caren. 23. ©. cyrtosaccus, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous, Stems 2 ft. long, with 6-10 scattered spikes. Leaves 14 by } in., somewhat 3-nerved. Spikes up to 34 by 4 in., uppermost 1-3 wholly male, or (even the terminal) sometimes female at the base; lower spikes female with usually a few males at the top. Glumes a fine brown or chestnut, green or yellow on the back; female glumes oblong, truncate at the top, often minutely torn or subciliate, with a very short mucro. Utricles (beak included) } in. long, oblong-obovoid, strongly curved, inflated upwards, suddenly narrowed into the beak, glabrous, yellow- green, with about 3 nerves on the plane and 5 on the convex face; beak hardly } the length of the utricle, linear, hardly at all scabrid, with 2 lanceolate teeth. Nut narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous, brown- black. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Mlanji, Whyte ! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., W, hyte ! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte / Very closely allied to C. boryana. ADDENDA. ORDER CX[LITa. MAYACEAS. (By N. E. Brown.) Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx infericr; sepals 3, her- baceous, narrowly imbricate in the bud, persistent. Petals 3, hypogy- nous, obovate or suborbicular. Stamens 3, hypogynous, free; filaments short ; anthers erect, basifixed, subtetragonal, 4-celled, opening by a terminal pore or by a short apical tube. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas; style filiform, stigma entire; ovules numerous, orthotropous. Capsule 3-valved ; valves placentiferous down the middle. Seeds numerous, ovoid or globose, with a basal hilum and terminated by a small tubercle, striate, often rugulose or pitted ; albumen farinaceous?; embryo minute, very shortly and broadly conical or sublenticular, seated at the apex of the albumen.—Small herbs, somewhat moss-like, growing in wet places or in slowly running streams. Stems densely covered with linear or filiform leaves. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, 1-3 to a branch, or several clustered at the apex of the stem, on long peduncles. A small monotypic order of about 8 species, all natives of America with the exception of the following, which has recently been discovered in Angola. 1, MAYACA, Aubl.; Benth, et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 843. Characters as for the Order. 1. M. Baumii, Giirke in Engl. Jahrb. xxxi., Beibl. 69,1. Stem growing to a en it of 20 in. Leaves 6-7 lin. long g, $ lin. broad, sessile, linear-subulate, 2-toothed at the apex. Peduncles 2-3, umbellately clustered near ‘the apex of the stem, bent downwards after flowering, 3-1 in. long. Sepals 3-34 lin. long, lanceolate, obtuse. Petals 4—5 fin, long and about as broad, obovate- suborbicular. Stamens 3; fila- ments } lin. long; anthers $ lin. long, cup-shaped, opening by an apical pore, in the young state covered by a callous dome-shaped operculum. Style simple ; stigma entire, truncate. Lower Guinea. Angola; Benguela; in the River Quiriri, near Sakkemecho, 3900 ft., Baum, 811. 526 ADDENDA. I have not seen a specimen of this; it is stated to be allied to W. longipes, Mart., but easily distinguished by its shorter peduncles. 1. Medemia Argun, P. G. von Wiirttemberg. Add; Areca? Passalacque, Kunth. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1 sér. viii. 420; Hemsley in Nature, xxviii. (1883) 111. 5a. Aponogeton hereroensis, Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2, sér. i. 764. A small plant arising from a thickened base. Leaves petiolate, about 3 in. long, either narrowly linear, 1 lin. or more broad and gradually tapering at the base, or oblong-elliptic, 5 lin. broad and suddenly contracted at the base, flaccid, acute. Spikes 9 lin. long, dense-flowered. Male flowers not seen. Female flowers: Petals broadly elliptic, 14 lin. long, 1 lin. broad, white, delicate. Carpels 6; styles about 1 lin. long ; stigmas brown. Lower Guinea. (rman South-west Africa: Hereroland; pool east of Wind- hoek, Dinter, 589, plain north of Waterberg, Dinter. 25a. Kyllinga Pilicula, C. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Roots fibrous. Stem 1 ft. long, thread-like, not thickened at the base. Leaves thread- like, one as long as the stem. Head of 1 globose white spike, } in. in diam., of about 12 spikelets; lower bract as if continuing the stem, 3 in. long, thread-like; upper bract 3 in. long, pendent, thread-like. Spikelets each perfecting one nut. Nut-bearing glume ovate, hardly acute, strongly nerved, not scabrous on the wingless keel. Nut flat, round, ellipsoid. Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu; on the Inkissi River, Gillet, 439! 12a. Pycreus chorisanthus, (. B. Clarke. Annual. Stems 4-8 in. long, very slender. Leaves long, very slender. Umbel of spikes simple, rays 1-4, up to 1? in. long; bracts 3—4, very slender, lowest 3-8 in. long. Spikelets 3-6 in a spike, } by ;4, in., 6-flowered, very flat, green to yellowish. Glumes standing far apart, keeled, mucronate. Style (including its two branches) much shorter than the nut. Nut 3} the length of the glume, unequal-sided, oblong-obovoid, flattened, dark brown ; outermost cells subquadrate. Lower Guinea. German South-west Africa: Hereroland, Dinter! The examples seen were raised in the Ziirich Botanic Garden. The species 1s allied to P. pumilus, Nees (i.e. Cyperus hyalinus, Vahl), but the spikelets and glumes are much smaller. 4a, Mariscus oblongi-nux, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Basal bulbs large, ovoid, in clusters. Stems 15 in. long, rather stout. Leaves 4-8 by £ in. Inflorescence of one ovoid dense pale head, $—} in. in diam.; bracts 3-4, lowest 1-2 in. long. Spikelets very numerous, per- fecting 1 or 2 nuts. Flower-glume straw-coloured, 4 in. long, thin, aaa Nut ;5 in. long, oblong; style short, branches 3, very elicate. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Namasi, Cameron, 90! ld ADDENDA. ny, 19a. Fimbristylis splendida, (. 4. Clarke. Stem exceeding 4 ft. in length. Leaves exceeding 2 ft. in length. Umbel dense, with erect branches and numerous spikelets. Spikelets 4 in. long, bright brown ; otherwise as /. complanata, Link. Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu, on the Inkissi River, Gillet, 818 ! This is closely allied to ¥. complanata, but considerably larger than any example of that species. In F. splendida, the umbel is repeatedly closely compound, with the branches and branchlets erect. 2. Premna longipes, Baker in Dyer, Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 288, is a synonym of Hoslundia opposita, Vahl; Baker, l.c. 377. INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. —+> + The Synonyms and Species incidentally mentioned are printed in Italics. Page Abildgaardia barbata, Beauv. 433 monostachya, Vahl 424 pilosa, Nees. . . 425 tristachya, Vahl 424 Acriulus griegifolius, Ridl. . 509 madagascariensis, Rid. 7. . 509 Aglaonema Mannii, Hook. f. 179 Alisma) ©. 2.207 apetalum, Wall. 209 arcuatum, Michal. . 208 enneandra, Hochst. 213 glandulosum, Thw. 209 humilis, Kunth . . 212 Kotschyi, Hochst. . 210 obtusifolium, Thw.. 210 oligococcum, £. Muell 208 arnassifolium, Bassi 208 lantago, Linn.. . 207 var. arcuatum, Dnr. & Sch. . 208 sagittifolia, Willd. . 210 ALISMACER. . . . 206 Alocasiophyllum kamerunianum, Rug...) 6.182 Amelina Wallichii,C. B.Cl.. 65 Amorphophallus . 144 160 157 156 abyssinicus, V.£.Br. accrensis, V.H.Br. . angolsnsis, V.Z. Br. Barteri, N. #. Br. . 151 Baumannii, N.L.Br. 153 calabaricus, N.£. Br. 155 consimilis, Bl. . . 154 difformis, Bl. . 163 doryophorus, Ridl. . 152 dracontioides, NOE. Bre. . 148 VOL. VIII. Amorphophallus (con- tinued) Eichleri, Hook. 7. Elliotii, Hook. f. Fischeri, N. #. Br.. flavovirens, V.#. Br. Fontanesii, Kunth . gallaensis, V. 4. Br. Goetzei, VN. EH. Br. . gratus, NV. #. Br. Johnsoni, V.Z. Br. . laxiflorus, N.#. Br. leonensis, Lem. . var. elegans, Ve Ee Br var. latifolia, N. E. Br. var. spectabilis, INGE Br. leopoldianus, INS BoB ee maculatus, V. #7. Br. Mannii, NV. #. Br. . maximus, NV. £. Br. mossambicensis, Klotzsch Preussii, NV. #. Br.. Schweinfurthii, No LB Staudtii, VN. £. Br.. Teuszii, V. H. Br. . Zenkeri, N. HL. Br. . Anchomanes is Boehmii, Zngl. . difformis, Engl. . dubius, Schott giganteus, Hngl. Hookeri, Henriq. Hookeri, Schott . . var. pallida, Hook. Welwitschii, Rendle Ancistrophyllum leve, Drude . ‘age Page Ancistrophyllum (con- tinued) opacum, Drude . 115 secundiflorum, Wendl. . 115 Aneilema Share 62 adherens, Kunth 65 zequinoctiale, Kunth 65 africanum, Beauv.. 85 angolense, C. B. Cl. 67 var. magis-lutea, Co Be CL 67 beniniense, Kunth . 68 var. oxycarpa, Hua 68 bracteolatum, K. Br. 69 Clarkei, Rendle . 78 dregeanum, Kunth. 70 Ehrenbergii,C.B.Cl. 74 Ehrenbergii, Rendle 67 Forskalei, Schweinf. 66 giganteum, C.B.Cl. 64 vracile, C. B. Cl. 73 hirtum, C. B. Cl. 72 hirtum, A. Rich. . 74 Johnstonii, K.Schum. 67 lanceolatum, Benth. 72 var. evolutior, OB. Cle: the lanceolatum, C.B.Cl. 72 letocaule, K. Schum. 73 longifolium, Hook. . 64 Nicholsoni, C.B.Cl. 70 nyasense, C. B.Cl.. 66 ovato-oblongum, Beauv. . 69 var. nigritana, i BEC 69 pedunculosum, COBOL. 73 var. lutea, CVBS CE. 67 Petersii, C.B. Cl. . 70 Rendlei, C.B. Cl. . 68 2M 530 Aneilema (continued) rhodospermum, K. Schum.. . ee? rivulare, A. Rich. 86 Russegeri, C. B. Cl. 75 Saclenxii, Hua 874 Schweinfurthii, CEBLOL ral INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Page : : Page Anubias (continued) Ascolepis (continued) : rue fete Engl. 184 protea, Welw. . . 474 lanceolata, N.L.Br. 183 var. bellidiflora, . mana, Engl... = 186 Welw. . . . 475 Aponogeton : e216 var. santolinoides, e abyssinicus, Hochst. 218 Welw. 2.33. 475 abyssinica, "Rendle . 217 pusilla, fidl.. . . 476 Boehmii, Engl.. . 218 speciosa, Welw.. . 476 hereroensis, Schinz 526 tenuior, Steud. . . 458 sepalosum, ©. B. Cl. 75 simplex, Kunth. . 65 sinicum, Lindl... . 63 var. longifolia, COBIO G4: var. simplex, Coby Ch 64 Smithit, C.B. Cl. 70 somalieusis, CB.Cl. 69 soudanicum, C.B.Cl. 71 sp.n.1,T.Thoms.. 73 spekei, O..B. Ol... 72 tacazzeanum, Baker 72 tacazzeanum,Hochst. 66 tacazzeanum,A.Rich. 65 Taylori, C B.C. 74 tetraspermum, K. Schum... Zul Welwitschii, O.B.CL. 71 Why tei, C.B. Cl. eee Anosporum Colymbetes, Boeck. . 317 cubense, Bueck. . 452 macrostachyum, Boeck, .. . ~ 317 nudicaule, Boeck. - 316 Schinzii, Boeck. . 452 Anthericopsis viedo 96 Fischeri, Engl. . . 75 sepalosa, Engh ..-.°°%6 Antrolepis anthemiflora, Welw. 475 elata, Welw.. . . 476 leucantha, Welw. . 475 leucocephalc, Welw. 475 santolina, Welw. . 475 sp., T. Thoms. . 475 sulphurea, Welw. . 475 Annbias . . “6 182 Afzelii, Engl. - . 184 Atzelii, Schott . . 183 auriculata, Engl. . 184 Barteri, Schott «3 185 var. glabra, AN. Bode... 24 185 congensis, V.#.Br. 184 hastifolia, Hngl. . 185 var. sublobata, Mg TRS heterophylla, ede Bh 85 Heudelotii, Engl. 5 Pay Holubii, Oliv. > Duly kraussianum, Hochst. 217 leptostachyos, E. Mey. . : Rehmanni, Oliv. spathaceus, Z. Mey. Stublmannii, Engl. subconjugatus, Sch. & Thonn. . 217 vallisnerieides, Baker 219 5 AWS 2 218 216 218 Areca: 3. ; OS Catechu, Tio: 99 Passalacque, Kunth 526 Arisema. . oe L438 enneaphyllum, Hoe os ruwenzoricum, NB Bes FAS schimperianum, Schott . . 143 AROIDEE 9625. 9197 Aroides angustilobum,Rendle 169 hastatum, Rendle . 169 Arodes angustilobum,O.Kze. 169 hastatum, O. Kze. . 169 Arum abyssinicum,A. Rich. 160 abyssinicum, Schweinf.. . . 142 aphyllum, Hook. . 148 dicolor; Ait: —..-. 166 trifidum, Desf. . - 159 Ascolepis : . 473 anthemidiflora, K. Schum. . . 475 anthemiflora. Welw. 475 brasiliensis, C.B.Cl. 478 capensis, Ridl. . . 477 var. lacera, ©. B.C]. 477 elata, Welw.. . . 476 var. gracilior, Be Cl. 476 eriocauloides, Book 475 eriocauloides, Steud. 474 eriocauloides, Steud. 474 kyllingioides, Steud. 474 pinguis, C.B.Cl.. . 475 vatkeana, Boeck. . 476 Asterochete. . . . 483 Atomostylis cyperiformis, Steud. 316 Jlavescens, Steud. . 316 Borassus . . a alle ethiopum, Mart. . 118 flabellifer, var. eethiopum, Warb. . eedae Jflabelliformis, Murr. 117 Brachyspatha consimilis, Schott . 154 Bruniera vivipara, Franch. . 205 Baforrestia .- . 76 imperforata, C. B.Cl. 76 Mannii, 0.B.Cl. . 76 minor, K. Schum. . 76 tenuis, C. B Cl. ait Bulbostylis pie abortiva, 0. B.Cl. . 441 andongensis, CB. Cl. 448 var. glabra, Ridl. . 443 hyllanthoides OBO. E86 argenteobrunea, OBO: . 440 atrosanguinea, CBO eS barbata, Kunth. . 431 Buchanani,C€.B.C1. . _ Burchellii, C2 B.C. . Camporum, K. Schuke eon, ASE capillaris, var. trifida, O.B.Cl. ©. 438 cardiocarpa, C.B. Cl. 434 var. Holubii, COB. oe cardiocarpa, GBCL.. . . 434 cinnamomea, C. B. Cl. 432 coleotricha, _B.Cl. 442 var. lanifera, OBO Ee var. lanifera, CBD 7a Burnatia . AlAMUS =~ cay INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Bulbostylis (continued) collina, Kunth . . 432 cylindrica, C.B.Cl. . 446 erratica, O.B.Cl. . 434 festucoides, Kunth . 430 filamentosa, Kunth. 433 var. barbata, OBO es. 433 filiformis,,C.B.Cl. . 441 Johnston, C.B.Cl. . 442 langsdorffiana, Kennth , too) laniceps, C.B.Cl. . 433 macra, C.B.Cl. . . 444 megastachys, C.B.Cl. 444 melanocephala, CB OL ce eee oritrephes, C..B.Cl. . 445 oritrephes, C.B.Cl. 443, 445 parva, C.B.Cl. . . 443 . puberula, Kunth . 439 | pusilla, C.B.Cl. . . 440 rarissima, O.B.Cl. . 431 schimperiana, OB CEs page schenoides, C.B.Cl. 435, 436 scleropus, C.B.Cl. . 436 spherocarpa,C.B.Cl. 430 striatella, C.B.Cl. . 429 subumbellata, K. Schum. . . 436 Taylori, C.B.Cl.. . 439 trabeculata,C.B.Cl.. 437 transiens, U.B.Cl. . 444 trichobasis, C.B.Cl. . 445 trifida, Kunth . 438 Willdenowti, Kunth 431 zambesiaca, C.B.Cl. 430 Zeyheri, C.B.Cl. . 437 436 : . 212 enneandra, Mich. . 213 Butomopsis . . . - 214 lanceolata, Kunth . 214 Butomus senegalensis, Perr. . 214 Caladium . . 165 bicolor, Vent. . 166 esculentum, Sch. & Thonn. . S21GD petiolatum, Hook. . 163 scandens, Willd. . 174 zamicefolium, Lodd. 195 . d07 Barteri, Becc. . 109 Cabre, De Wild. & Dur. 110 Page Calamns (continued) cuspidatus, Mann & Wendi... . 4 1h} deerratus, Mann & Wendl. . 108 Heudelotii, Becc. 110 Hookeri, Mann & Wendl... ..: iy levis, Mann & Wendl. . : 115 macrocarpus, Mann & Wendl. . 113 Mannii, Wendl. 111 niger, Willd. . 109 opacus, Mann & Wendl. . e115 Schweinfurthii, Becca os. 216 secundiflorus, Beauv. 116 sp., Mann & Wendl.. 110 Calla elliottiana, Knight . 167 oculata, Lindl. . 168 Callopsis . wees os 186 Volkensii, Hngl. . 186 Carex . Ole ethiopica, Boott . 522 anomala, Steud. . 523 boryana, Schkuhr . 523 var. minor, Boott 523 bracteosa, Kunze . 516 chlorosaccus, C. B. Cl. 519 condensata, Nees . 520 conferta, Hochst. . 516 cruciata, Boott . . 520 cyrtosaceus, C.B.Cl. 524 echinochloe, Kunze 518 erythrorrhiza, Boeck. 517 filicina, Engl. . - 520 Vischeri, K.Schum. 523 Johnstoni, Boeck. . 521 Koestlini, Hochst. . 516 yar. minor, Boott leptocladus, C.2.Cl. leptosaccus, C.B.Cl. longepedunculata, K. Schum. . « 522 Lycurus, K. Schum. 5 monostachya, A. Rich. ss nyasensis, C.B.Cl. . parasitica, Kunze. 5 petitiana, A. Rich. 522 ramosa, K. Schum. 518, 519 robusta, Hochst. 523 runssoroensis, Schum. acs DLO schimperiana, Boeck. 518 Page Carex (continued) simensis, Hochst. . 522 spicato-paniculata, (CEBIOU oe. 520 Steudneri. Boeck. . 520 triquetrifolia, Boeck. 515 Vallis Rosetto, A. CHUM: «oe. Dat Volhensii, K. Schum. . 521 vulpina, Linn. 516 wahlenbergiana, Boott : 519 var. 6, Boott . 521 Garpha = 633.86 uaso Emini, C.B.Cl. . 483 schweinfurthiana, Boeck. . . . O13 Caulinia. fragilis, Willd. . . 227 Gercestis .. .. ; .- 180 Afzelii, Schott . 180 congensis, Lgl. 181 congoensis, Dur. & Schites sas. 181 Dinklagei, Engl. 181 kamernnianus, INGHSBr, Ve as 182 stigmaticus, V.#.Br. 181 Cheetospora circinalis, Schrad. , 485 nigricans, Boeck. 435 nigricans, Kunth . 484 Chamexiphium clandestinum, Hochst. 461 Gladium, . 2; 484 germanicum, Schrad. 485 jamaicense, Crantz. 484 Mariscus, R. Br. . 485 Coc08 St. bee 126 nucifera, Linn. . 126 Colocasia.;, =. + 164 Antiquorum, Schott, 164 Commelina. . . . 33 acuminata, R. Br.. 60 equinoctialis, Beauv. 65 ethiopica, C.B.Cl.. 59 africana, Linn. . 45 var. krebsiana, COBiGl 2 3 al var. polyclada, CiBiOli ss ae agraria, Kunth . 36 albescens, Hassk. . 57 albescens, K.Schum. 58 31 ambigua, Beauv. amplexicaulis,Hassk. angolensis, C.B.Cl, . 532 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. : Page | ! Page : : Page Commelina (continued) Commelina (continued) ll Commelina (continued) angustifolia, Hassk. 57 hirsuta, Hochst. scaposa, U.B. Cl. 38 angustissima, K. Holubii, C.B.Cl.. . Me schimperiana, Hochst. 58 Schum. . oe 39 huillensis, C.B.Cl. . 52 Schweinfurthii, aspera, Benth. . 56 imberbis, Hassk. 49 | OBO, 41 var. firma, C.B. Cl. 56 var. loandensis, | senegalensis, Zinn.. 61 aspera, C.B.Cl. 58 | OLE OIE 50 simplex, Vahl 65 Bainesii, O.B.Cl. 57 | involucrosa,C.B.Cl. 45 | sp.n.1, T.Thoms.. 44 var. glabrata, involucrosa, A. Rich. 46} sp.n.2,T.Thoms.. 40 Rendle . 57 harooica, | Sp, Hook.f. . . 48 barbata, Rendle . 37 var. Barbare, Hua 47 | _ spectabilis, C.B. Cl.. 51 var. villosior, | kilimandscnarica, var. ramosa, CUB oe aT | K. Schum. . 42 OBC. 51 beccariana, Martelli 46 | Kirkii, C.B.Cl. . 48 spheerosperma, benghalensis, Z. . 41 Kotschyi, Hassk. 49 CEG, 58 var. hirsuta, C. B.C. 42 Kotschyi, K. Schum. 44) — striata, Hochst. . 38 var. longepetiolata, krebsiana, Kunth . 47 subaurantiaca, Hasski 2... 41 var. villosior, Hochst. 2: 38 beniniensis, Beauv... 68 CBC se 47 subcucullata, CB. Cl. 53 boehmiana, K. Schum. 48 lagosensis, C. B CLs 57 subulata, C.B.CL. 40 boissieriana, C.B.Cl. 44 latifolia, C.B.Cl. . 49 subulata, Roth . . 38 bracteosa, Hassk. . 55 latifolia, Hochst. 42, 43 var. heterantha, bracteosa, K. Schum. 57 var. angustifolia, CBS | 39 Buchanani,C.B.Cl.. 47 Schweinf. 52 sulcata, Benth. . 56 canescens, Vahl . 41 latifolia, Rendle 50 trilobosperma, K. capitata, Benth. . 54 latifolia, A. Rich. 50 Schum... » 39 Carsoni, C.B.Cl. 52 linearifolia, Kunth 38} umbellaia, Thonn. 55 Cecile, C.B.Cl.. . 51] Livingstoni, C.B.Cl. 59| umbrosa, Vahl . . 69 Chantransia,R.& 8. 85 longicapsa,C.B.Cl. . 55 uncata, C.B.Cl. 42 ceelestis, Willd. . 40 madagascarica, venusta, C.B.Cl. 58 communis, Baker 44 OBC. : 52 violacea, C.B.Cl. 39 communis, Walt. . 36 Mannii, C.B.Cl. . 48 vivipara, Ritchie 42 condensata, C.B.Cl. 43 var. Lyellii,C. B.Cl. 49 Vogelii, C.B.Cl. . 56) congesta, C.B.Cl. . 48 mensensis, Schweinf. 56 Welwitschii, 0. B.Cl. 53 cordifolia, A. ‘Rich. 7.47 multicaulis, Hochst. 58 wernereana, Hassk. 36 crassicaulis, C.B.Cl. 41 neurophylla, C.B.Cl. 538 zambesiaca, C.B.Cl. 43 cucullata, L.. . 41 nigritana, Baker 40 Zenkeri, C.B.Cl. 59 cuneata, C.B.Cl. 51 nigritana, Benth. 55 | CoMMELINACE 25 demissa, (.B.C1. . 52 nudiflora, Linn. . 36 | Corypha ebracteata, Khrenb. 75 var. wernereana, africana, Lour. . 119 echinosperma, K. Hassk. . 36] Courtoisia . 403 CORUM 6 54 nyasensis, C.B.Cl. . 40 assimilis, CB. cl. . 404 edulis, A. Rich. 46 | obscura, K. Schum. 60 cyperoides, Nees . 404 edulis, A. Rich.. . 49 opulens, C.B.Cl. . 58 var. africana, Elliotii, ©. B, Ol. & ovato-oblonga, R.& S. 69 C.B.Cl. 404 Rendle. . 45 Petersii, Hassk. 50 olivacea, Boeck. 452 falcata, Hassk, . 44 procurrens, Schlecht. 41 | Corynophallus firma, Rendle 56 | purpurea, C.B.Cl. . 40 Afeelii, Schott . . 148 sa, Welw.. 84 pyrrhoblepharis, var. spectabilis, frecunda, Hochst. . 80 Hassk.. . « 60 Mast. . . 148 Forskailii, Hochst.. 49| radiciflora,R. Br.. 42 var. elegans, Mast. 148 Forskalexi, Vahl, 44 rhizocarpa, Afz. . 42 var. latifolia, Gambiz, C.B.Cl. 38 rufociliata, C.B.Cl.. 54 Mast. . . « 148 Gerrardi, C.B.Cl. 58 Sabatieri, C.B.Cl. . 37 angolensis, O. Kze. - 156 grossa, C.B.Cl. . 60 sagittifolia, Hassk.. 50 consimilis, O. Kze.. 154 guineensis, Hua. . 55 saltiana, Steud. . 60 Fontanesii,O. Kze.. 159 heterantha, Welw. . 39 sambesiaca, K. gratus, O. Kze. 152 Heudelotii, C.B.Cl,. 43 Schum. . é 44 leonensis, Engl. . « 48 hirsuta, R. Br. . 42 scandens, Welw. . 37 var, elegans, Engl. 148 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. : Page Corynophallus (con- _ tinued) var. latifolia, Engl. 148 var. spectabilis, Engl. . 148 maximus, O. Kze. . 158 mossambicensis, O. Kze. os 6s 150 Crepidocarpus. cubensis, Klotzsch . 452 Cucifera. thebaica, Del. . 120 Culcasia . celts angolensis, Welw. . 178 var. angustifolia, Eng]. . 178 barombensis, DG BR eat Dinklagei, Hngl. . 177 falcifolia, Hngl. . . 175 gracilis, N.H.Br. . 179 insulana, V.E.Br. . 175 lanceolata, Hngl. . 176 lancifolia, N.H#.Br, . 175 Mannii, Hngl. . . 178 obliquifolia, Hngl. . 177 parviflora, N.A.Br.. 176 scandens, Beauv. . 174 striolata, Hngl. . . 179 tenuifolia, Hngl. . 176 Cyanastrum cordifolium, Oliv. . 1 Cyanopogon. . . . 83 ep aechweint, 4. 36 SU | Cyanotis . . oe abyssinica, Hook. f. 83 abyssinica, A. Rich. 79 augusta, Gb. Ol... 19 barbata, Schweinf. 79, 80 cespitosa, Kotschy & Peyr. ce cephalotes, Fenzl . 84 djurensis, C.B.Cl. . 82 Dybowskii, Hua . 84 flexuosa, C..B.Cl... 84 feecunda, Hassk. . 80 hirsuta, Baker . . 56 hirsuta, Fisch. & Mey sa 78 var. glabra, K Schum. . 79 lanata, Benth. . . 80 var. Schwein- Surthit, C.B.Cl. 81 sublanata, CBC. 2) 7 80 longifolia, Benth. . 81 var. ccespitosa, C.B.CL -: 81, 82 Cyanotis (continued) Mannii, 0.B.Cl. . 83 montana, K. Schum, 80 nodiflora, Kunth . 82 var. madagas- carica, C.B.Cl. 84 parasitica, Hochst.. 79 pauciflora, A. Rich. 81 polyrrhiza, Hassk.. 82 Schweinfurthit, Hassk, s2 2 =... 80) somaliensis, C.B.Cl. 83 Cymodocea . 228 equorea, Konig. . 229 equorea, Kunth 229 australis, Zrimen . 229 ciliata, Hhrenb.. . 229 isoétifolia, Aschers. 229 nodosa, Aschers. 229 rotundata, Aschers. & Schweinf. . . 230 serrulata, Aschers. & Magnus . 229 CYPERACE® . 266 Cyperus: 3... - 310 abyssinicus, Hochst. 290 var. monocephala, Boeck. -e- actinostachys, Rid- ley. ee a4 acutiflorus, Steud. . 325 Adansoni, C.B.Cl. , 335 adoensis, Hochst. . 367 adoensis, Hook. f. . 359 equalis, Vahl . . 339 var. 8, Boeck.. . 340 290 Athiops, Welw... 298 Afzelii, Boeck. . . 301 var. capillifolia, Boeck. 301, 331 Ajax, C.B.Cl. . . 348 albiceps, Ridl. . 286 albomarginatus, K. Schum. . . 388 albomarginatus, tends: 0-4, , GUD alopecuroides, Presl 371 var. dives, Boeck. 372 alopecuroides, Rottb. 307 alpestris, K. Schum. 401 alternifolius, Linn. . 337 amabilis, Vahl . . 327 var. macer, Dur. & Sch 5. 2 3528 var. macra, C.B.C1.328 amauropus, Steud. . 385 amblyleptos, Steud. . 358 ambongensis, Boeck. 320 amnicola, Kunth . 318 Cyperus (continued) amomodorus, K. Schum.) 6 6 andongensis, Rendle andongensis, Ridl. Andschoa, A. Rich, angolensis, Boeck. . angulatus, Nees. apricus, Hidl. arcuatus, Boeck. argenteus, Ridl. . argyreus, Steud. aristatus, Fottb. . aristatus, T. Thoms, articulatus, Zinn. assimilis, Steud. aterrimus, Boeck. . aterrimus, Steud. . atractocarpus, Aes ic ee atronervatus, Boeck. atronitens, Hochst. atrosanguineus, Hochst: 3: atroviridis, C.B.Cl. Aucherii, Jaub. & Spach 5 aurantiacus, H.B. & K ee aureobruneus, OSB Clos. aureorufus, Boeck. . aureus, H. B. & K. auricomus, Sieb. auricomus, Sieb. var. minor, OLB Ol: var. subalatus, Asch. & Schw. badius, Desf. . Baikiei, C.B.Cl. barbatus, Poir. . Baroni, C.B.Cl. . Barteri, Boeck. . betschuanus, Boeck. biceps, Vahl bidentatus, Vahl biglumis, C.B.Cl. blysmoides, Hochst. blepharoleptos, Steuds 2.3 « Boehmii, Boeck. brunneo-ater, Boeck. Buchholzii, Boeck. . Buettneri, Boeck. . bulamensis, Steud. . bulbiferus, Dietr. bulbocaulis, Boeck. . bulbosus, Vahl . 534 e Cyperus (continued) var. spicatus, | Cyperus (continued) - Boeck. . . 354 var., Steud. . . 385) Cadamosti, Bolle . 375 | callistus, Ridl. . 355 cancellatus, Ridl. . 327 | canescens, Vahl. . 397 | capillifolius, A. Rich. 301 capitatus, Retz.. . 329 caracasanus, Boeck. 398 cephalostachyus, Steud... 327 chlorostachys, Boeck. 306 chrysostachys, Boeck. 346 cimicinus, Presl. . 303 cireumclusus, Schweinf... . . 387 clandestinus, Hochst. 461 clarkeanus, K. Schum. . . 342, 384 clavinux, C.B.Cl. . 319 coloratus, Vahl . . 381 Colymbetes, Kotschy & Peyr. vs B17 commutatus, Steud. 295 compactus, Lam. 319 var. flavissimus, C.B.Cl. . 320 var. tenerior, CBCle 0 255320 complanatus, Steud. compressus, Linn. . congensis, C.B.Cl. . conglomeratus, T. Anders. ‘ conglomeratus, Rottb, 524 var. Aucheri, C.B.Cl. . var. effusus, Boiss. var. major, Boeck. consocius, Steud. corymbosus, Lottb. . crassipes, Vahl. . 327 cruentus, Boeck. 380 cruentus, Rottb.. . 325 var. excisus, C.B.Cl. . 325 cuanzensis, Ridl. 301 curvulus, Boeck. . 325, 326 cuspidatus,H.B. & K. 329 cylindrostachys, Boeck. . . 389, 392 deciduus, Boeck. 394 Deckenii, Boeck. 342 densifolius, Nees . 295 densus, R. Br. . . 826 denudatus, Boeck. . 336 Page denudatus, Linn. f. 338 var. delicatulus, C.B.C1. . . 338 denudatus,T. Thoms. 338 depauperatus, Steud. 375 deremensis, K. Schum. . . 345 derreilema, Steud. . 343 dichromeneformis, var. major, Boeck. 340 dichroostachyus, Hochst. . . 331 difformis, Linn.. . 330 diffusus, Vahl . 343 digitatus, Roxb. . . 372 dilatatus, Sch. d: Thonn. . . 375 dilutus, Vahl . 402 diphyllus, Retz.. . 358 Jissolutus, Boeck. . 349 distans, Linn. f. . 349 var. -kilimandscha- rica, K. Schum. 359 var. niger, C.B.Cl. 350 distichophyllus, Steud. . . 295 diurensis, Boeck. . 382 dives, Del. . 371 djurensis, K. Schum. 382 dubius, Boeck. 381, 384 forma macrocep- hala, Boeck. . 381 dubius, Kottb. . . 380 durus, Kunth . 397 eburneus, Thonn. . 321 effusus, Rotth. . 3825 elatior, Boeck. . . 361 elatus, Pres] . . 349 elegans, Ridl. . 841 elegans, Sw. . . 343 elegantulus, Steud. . 302 eleusinoides, Kunth 350 eleusinoides, Ridl. . 350 elongatus, Lej. . . 358 elongatus, Steud. . 297 Eragrostis, Krauss 291 Eragrostis, Kunth. 294 Eragrostis, A. Rich. 295 Eragrostis,Schweint. 303 esculentus, Desf.. . 365 esculentus, Zinn. . 355 esculentus, Ridl. . 305 escuientus, Sieb. . 358 eurystachys, Ridl. . 398 exaltatus, Retz.. . 370 var. dives, C.B Cl. 370 excisus, Boeck. . . 325 Jalcatus, Boeck.. . 325 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Cyperus (continued) fenzelianus, Steud. . 368 Senzelianus, Steud. . 360 Jerax, L.C. Rich. . 403 Jerrugineus, Poir. . 299 tertilis, Boeck. . 341 fischerianus, Schimp. 342 fissus, Steud., . . 368 Jistulosus, Ehrenb. . 357 flabelliformis, Rottb. 336 flagellatus, Hochst.. 337 Jlavescens, Linn. . 290 var. abyssinica, C.B.Cl. . . . 300 flavescens, A. Rich. . 294 flavescens, T. Thoms. 301 flavidus, Retz... . 333 Hlavissimus, Schrad. 320 flavus, Henrig. . . 395 Jlavus, Ridl. . . 393 flexifolius. Boeck. . 373 fluminalis, Rid]. . 300 foliosus, K.Schum. 399 Frerei, C.B.Cl. . . 327 Fresenii, Steud... 331 fucatus, Boeck.. . 397 falgens, C.B.Cl.. . 355 Julvus, Ridl. . ? 303 galegensis, C.B.Cl. . ne Ginge, Welw. . - ¢ glaucophyllus, Boeck. 344 glaucoviridis, Boeck. 396 globosus, All. 298, 300 globosus, Boeck. 297, 299 var. nilagirica, C.BOL . «= 604 gondanus, Boeck. . 382 gracilinux, C.B.Cl. 362 grandibulbosus, OBO ae 353 grandis, C.B.Cl. . 372 Grantii, Boeck. . - 334 hamulosus, M. Bieb. 348 Haspan, Linn. . - es Haspan, Rottb.. . Alepeencicien: C.B.Cl. 331 hemispheericus, Boeck.» ss wl Hensii, Dur. & Sch. 334 heterophyllus, Boeck. 326 Heudelotii, C.B.Cl. 364 hexastachyos, Rottb. 365 Hildebrandtit, Boeck. . . .,- 401 Hildebrandtii, K. Schum.. . . + 299 Hochstetteri, Krauss 305 holostigma, Schweinf. . . 318 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. : Page Cyperus (continued) huillensis, Ridl.. . 336 var. aphyllus, Rigi: 336 hyalinus, Vahl 296 hyleus, Ridl. . . 345 ibeensis, K. Schum. 369 immensus, (.B.Cl.. 371 var. Taylori, CBC. 5 BY: impubes, Steud.. . 395 ingratus, Hook. tf. . 341 intactus, Vahl . . 297 intermedius, Steud. 291 var. tenuis, Boeck. 292 involutus, R. Br. . 326 Tria, Linn. . 346 ischnocormis, Steud. 303 isocladus, Kunth . 339 Jacquini, Fenzl. . 350 Jardini, Steud.. . 327 jeminicus, Retz. . . 353 jeminicus, Rottb. . 324 junciformis, Desf. . 309 Kerstenii, Boeck. . 392 Kirkii, C.B.Cl. . . 318 kleinianus, Hochst. 404 kotschyanus, Fenzl 351 kyllingieeoides, Vahl 380 letus, Ridl. . 397 kevigatus, Linn, . 309 lamarckianus, Hochst. . . 368 Laneeola, Ridl.. . 341 lanceolatus, Poir. 291, 300 lanceolatus, Ridl. . 291 lanceus, Thunb.. . 303 var. angustifolius, Ridl. . var. Grantii, C.B.Cl. . . 304 var. macrostachya, Kunth lanceus, T. Thoms. . 304 Jatifolius, Poir. . . 351 latifolius, idl. .7s0L laxiusculus, Steud.. 295 lacus, R.Br... - 353 lepidus, Hochst. . 328 leptocladus, Boeck. . 341 tocladus, Oliv. . 342 leptophyllus, Hochst. 385 leptophyllus, Schweinf. . . 389 var., Boeck. . 854 leptostachys, Nees . 333 leucocephalus, Retz. 323 ligularis, Linn. . . 396 Cyperus (continued) Page locuples, C.B.Cl. . 362 longus, Boeck. . 365 var. adoensis, Boeck. . 367 var. maculatus, Boeck. . 363 var. pallescens, CBO: ene longus, Hochst. . . 358 var. elongata, C.B.Cl. . 395 longus, Linn. . 366 var. tenuiflorus, Boeck. . 366 longus, Linn. . 358 lucentinigricans, K. Schutio. 2 2 «339 lucidulus, C.B.Cl. 360, 361 lucidus, Klein . 356 macer, K. Schum. . 392 macranthus, Boeck. 293 macreilema, Jardin . 397 macrocarpus, Boeck. 393 macropus, Boeck. . 383 maculatus, Boeck. . 363 maderaspatanus, Willd s.. = £00 Manime, H.B. & K. 352 Mannii, C.B.Cl.. . 341 Mannii, K. Schum. 344 mapanioides, C.B.Cl. 340 maranguensis, JA. Schum. . : var. ferrugineo- viridis, C.B.Cl. . 359 margaritaceus, Vahl 321 var. pseudonivea, 359 COBOL 255322 marginatas, Thunb. 339 marginellus, Nees . 352 maritimus, Poir. . 326 var. crassipes, CO BiClx.5..<.826 melanocephalus, Re Bre scl 43s 802 melanopus, Boeck. . 303 melanorrhizus, Del. 356 michelianus, Del. . 308 microbolbos, C.B. Cl. 354 microcarpus, Boeck. 333 microlepis, Boeck. . 330 microstachyos, Vahl 328 minimus, K. Schum. 302 miquelianus, Zarb . 376 mollipes, K. Schum. 387 monostachyos, Linn. 424 monroviensis, Boeck. 334 | age Cyperus (continued) mossambicensis, Klotzsch 5 eye! mucronatus, Rottb. 309 Muelleri, Boeck. . 376 Mundtii, Kunth =. 294 Myrmecias, Ridl. . 392 natalensis, Hochst. . 362 var. longibracteata, BIC cas 2 863 natalensis, Hort. . 397 naumannianus, Boeck. . f 305 Neesti, Kunth . . 372 neuerensis, O.B.Cl.. 367 nevrotropis. Steud, . 294 nigricans, Stend. . 292 nilagiricus, Hochst. 299 niloticus, Forsk.. . 357 nitens, Retz. . « 295 nitidus, Boeck. . . 304 niveoides, (.B.Cl. . 319 niveus, Retz. ole, var. polyphyllus, OOCK, 7-520 nosstbeensis, K. Schumii.2:...- «oul nubicus, C.B.Cl. . 360 nudicaulis, Poir. . 316 nudiculmis, Sieb. . 358 nuerensis, Boeck. . 367 nutans, Vahl. 7350 obtusiflorus, Vahl . 320 var. flavissimus, Boecks ai.4:. 67320 VaT.; idl 2.4 bee ochreoides, Steud. . 368 ochrocarpus, K Schum. . . 345 ochrocephalus, CB.Ch. 28 , o22 ochrocephalus, O:5.Cl. . . 321 odoratus, Linn. 297, 403 olfersianus, Kunth . 300 olivaceus, Fenzl. . 368 ornithopodioides, Del. 2 313 ornithopioides, Zarb 370 ovularis, Boeck. 389, 390 pallescens, Boiss. . 368 pallidus, Willd... 397 paniceus, Bueck. . 393 Papyrus, Linn. . . 374 var. Antiquorum, OBC: . 374 patens, Vahl . 299 patuliflorus, Boeck. 205 536 INDEX OF GENERA Page Cyperus (continued) pauper, A. Rich. . 292 pectinatus, Vahl. 316 pelophilus, Ridl.. . 298 pennatus, Lam.. . 397 petersianus, Boeck. . 337 Pethericki, C.B.Cl. . 371 pheeorhizus, K, Schum... . 331 pha ymatodes, Mahl. . 356 phumatodes, Schweinf... . . 358 pilosulus, K. Schum. 384 pilosus, Vahl. . . 351 podocarpus, Boeck, . 333 pecilus, C.B.Cl.. . 323 polystachyos, R Br. 296 var. fe-ruginea, CBG ee 8299 var. ferrugineus, Tieck, 45 299 var. micans, Ris Oh gc 290 polystachyos, Rottb. 297 pratensis, Boeck. . 352 var. laxa, C.B.Cl. 352 var. radiata, ape 1 5) Sa ers GY procerus, var. lasiorrhachis, Fook fo. 634 B52 prolifer, Lam. . . 339 proteinolepis, Boeck. 324, 365 proteinolepis, Steud. 325 protractus, Del... . 297 protractus, R. & 8. . 330 proximus, Stend. . 337 pseudoflavus, K. Bebuiy. os BOD pseudoniveus, Boeck. 322 pseudostrigosus, Steud. : . 403 pubescens, ‘Stend. . 439 pulvinatus,T.Thoms. 333 pumilus, Linn... 295 pumilus, Nees . . 296 pungens,. Boeck. . 324 var. elatus, Boeck. 324 var. multiculmis, Boeck, . .. 835 purpureus, Boeck. . 335 pustulatus, Ridl. . 347 pustulatus, Vahl. 307 pycnocephalus,Steud. 300 pygmeus, Rottb. . 308 quadriflorus, Boeck. 395 racemosus, Boeck. 370, 373 Page Cyperus (continued) radiatus, Vahl . . 369 rarissimus, Steud. . 432 recurvus, Vahl . . 376 reduncus, Boeck. . 329 rehmannianus, Boeck.291 .Renschii, Boeck. . 345 resinosus, Hochst. . 346 retusus, Stend. . . 305 rhaphiostachys, IBOCCK a. fig ONS rhaphiostachys, Kunth . . 403 Richardi, Steud. . 287 rigidifolius, Steud. . 367 rigidus, Vahl . . 326 Rohlfsii, Boeck... 395 rotundus, Benth. . 363 rotundus, Boeck. . 368 rotundus, Hochst. . 366 rotundus, Kunth . 353 var., Benth. . . 356 rotundus, Zinn... . 364 var. laxata, CEB. Oa 365 var. platystachys, CB. Cl. ==. 500 var. spadiceus, Boéck... «4 366 rubescens, Schrad. . 396 rubicundus, Kunth. 317 Rudioi, Boeck. . 365 rupestris, Kunth ie BIT sabulicolus, Ridl. . 334 sambesiensis, K. Schum... . 342 sanguinolentus, Vahl 294 Schimperi,K.Schum. 283 schimperianus, Sleud. 358 Schinzii, Boeck. . 335 schweinfurthianus, Boeck. - . 61 var. levicaulis, C.B.Cl.. . . 361 scirpoides, K. Br. 331, 356 scirpoides, Spreng. . 380 scirpoides, Vahl. . 327 semidives, Steud. 307, 370 semitrifidus, Schrad. 335, 353 Serra, A. Rich... 317 seslerioides, Ridl. . 323 setaceus, Retz. . . 409 sexangularis, Fenzl 337 sexangularis, Nees . 338 sieberianus, K. Schum, . . 389, 392 AND SPECIES. Page Cyperus (continued) var. polyphylia, C.B.Cl. . 389, 393 smithianus, Ridl. . 301 socialis, C’. B. Ol. = 351 somaliensis, C.B.Cl. 324 Sonderi, J. A. Schmidt... +4. 207 Sorostachys, Boeck. 323 Soyauati, Boeck. . 394 sp., Benth. . . . 287 sp.n. 15, T. Thoms, 334 sphacelatus, Rid). . 360 sphacelatus, Rottb,. 346 var. tennior, CBCL. a ae spherocephalus, Vahl 320 spherospermus, Schrad. Bae var. triqueter, CBC. ae spicatocapitatus, Jardii.: ee spissiflorus, K. Schum... 3 >. 80" squamulatus, Steud. 349 squarrosus, Kotschy 295 squarrosus, Linn. 348, 400 squarrosus, T. Thoms... . . >. $29 steudelianus, Boeck. 389, 390, 393 ' stipens, Forst. . . 397 stoloniferus, var. 8, Boeck. var. pallidus, Boeck. . . . 365 Stuhlmanni, C. B. Cl. 354 Stuhlmannii, K. Schum, =... ~ 354 stuppeus, Forst., . 397 subalatus, Boeck. . 373 subaphyllus, Boeck. 309 subcapitatus, C. B. Cl. 297 submonostachyus, Stead. . . . . 809 sulcinux, C.B.Cl. . 298 sylvestris, Ridl. . . 344 sylvicola, Ridi. . . 345 syriacus, Parl. . . 374 tanyphyllus, Ridl. . 391 Taylori, C.B.Cl., . 367 tegetum, C.B.Cl.. . 358 tegetum, Roxb. . . 358 tenax, Boeck, . . 334 Teneriffe, Poir. . . 317 tenuiculmis, Boeck. 360, 361, 362 . 363 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Cyperus (continued) tenuiflorus, Balf. f. . 368 teretifolius, A. Rich. 309 terminalis, Steud. . 295 tetragonus, Elliott . 391 tetraphyllus, Beauv. 297 tetrastachyos, Dest.. 365 thyrsiflorus, Boeck. 396 tomaiophyllus, K. Schum. . . 892 tremulus Poir. . 306 triflorus, Linn. , . 424 triqueter, Boeck. . 328 truncatulus, Steud.. 295 truncatus, A. Rich. 358 tuberosus, Rottb. . 368 forma tenuiflora, Roxb. . 369 turfosus, Krauss. 295 umbellatus,C.B.Cl. . 390 umbellatus, Henriq. 398 umbellatus, Oliv. . 392 umbilensis, Boeck. . 397 uncinatus, Poir.. . 328 usitatus, Boeck. . 385 usitatus, Burch.. . 353 vaginatissimus, K. Schum. . 5 ott} vartegatus, Boeck. 383, 387 var. alrosanguineus, Boeck. . 386 venustus, Nees . 372 venustus, Pres . 373 vestitus, Hochst. . 385 viridis, Schweinf. . 384 Volkensii, K. Schum. 366, 368 Wiestii, Steud. . . 373 awanthocomus, Link . 373 xanthopus, Steud, . 351 zambesiensis, C..B.Cl. 345 zambesiensis, C.B.Cl. 342 zanzibarensis, C. 23. Cl.323 Zollingeri, Steud. . 360 var. parva, C.B.Cl. 361 ‘Cyrtosperma . 197 Afzeiti, Engl. . 198 congoensis, L. Lind. 163 senegalensis, Hngl.. 198 Deemonorops melanochetes, Mart. 109 niger, Blume . 109 Denhamia scandens, Schott . 174 Dianella triandra, Afz. . . 32 Page Dichostylis . aristata, Palla . 848 cuspidata, Palla. . 329 nitens, Palla . . 295 patens, Palla . . 295 pygmea, Nees . 308 Dichrolepis . pusilla, Welw. . 249 Dichromena candida, Rid. . 481 micrantha, Kunth . 481 Diplacrum i es OLO africanum, C.B.Cl. . 510 caricinum, T. Thoms. 510 iongifolium, C.B. Cl. 511 pygmeum, Boeck. . 510 Diplanthera tridentata, Steinh. . 229 Dipseudochorion sagittifulizm, Buchen. - 210 Dissecocarpus Kotschyi, Hassk. 49 Dithyrocarpus glomeratus, Kunth. 87 sp., T. Thoms. 86 Dracena hirsuta, Thunb. . 32 triandra, Schultes . 32 Dupatya Wahlbergii, O. Kze, 263 Echinodorus. . . . 211 enneander, A.Br. . 213 humilis, Buchen. 211 Schinzii, Buchen. . 212 Echinolytrum 413 dipsaceum, Desv. . Fichornia. . . . . 4 natans, Solms . . 4 lds oo st guineensis, Jacq. 125 var. macrosperma, Welw. . 125 var. microsperma, Welw. « « 125 Eleocharis ote £04 acutangula, Schult. 406 anceps, C..B.Cl.. . 410 atropurpurea, Kunth 407 capitata, R.Br... 407 var., Benth. . . 407 chetaria, 2. d& S. . 408 complanata, C.B.Cl. 409 fistuiosa, Link . . 406 fluitans, Hook. . 449 Hildebrandtii, CRO... | Kirkii, C.B.Cl . . 410 | 537 Eleocharis (continued) limosa, A. Rich. . 410 marginulata, Steud. 410 media, Schult. . 406 microcarpa, Tori. . 410 mnitrata, var. africana, C..B.Cl. . . 406 monandra, Hechst. 407 mutata, R.Br. . 407 naumanniana, Boeck. 411 palustris, 2.Br.. . 408 plantaginea, R.Br. 405 setacea, R.Br. 408, 409 striata, Hochst.. . 410 Trilophus, C..B.Cl. . 409 Eremospatha . . . 111 cuspidata, Wendl. . 112 Hookeri, Wendl. . 112 macrocarpa, Wendl. 113 ERIOCAULEX . . 230 Kriocaulon . 231 abyssinicum, Hochst, 257 afzelianum, Wikstr. 250 amboense, Schinz . 258 andongense, Welw. . 247 Autunesii, Lngl. & Ruhl. . 242 bitistulosum, Van Heurck . . . 239 bongense, Engl. & Ruhl Se es ZED ciliisepalum, Fendle 256 decipiens, V..Br.. 245 Dregei, Hochst... 245 elegantulum, Hngl.. 254 JAluitans, Baker . . 240 fulvum, V.2.Br. . 248 giganteum, Afz.. . 261 gilgianum, Ruhl. . 257 guineense, Steud. . 261 Hanningtouii, N.E.Br. -. . . 258 Heudelotii, N.L.Br. 258 huillense, Engl. & Ruhl so. 200 infaustum, V./.Br. 253 lacteum, Rendle. . 245 latifolium, Sm. . . 243 limosum, Engl. & Rubl.. 240 longipetalum, Rendle 236 Mannii, V.L£.6r. . 241 melanocephalum, Kunth . . 240 mesanthemoides, Rubhl. . 244 minimum, Rubl.. . 258 mutatum, V.#.Br.. 256 5388 Eriocaulon (continued) plumale, V.Z. Br.. 251 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Page : : Page Fimbristylis . . 411 | Fimbristylis (continued) abortiva, Steud,. . 441 laniceps, K. Schum. 434 estivalis, Boeck. . 414 lanifera, K.Schum. 442 prescottianum, Bong,262 pulchellum, Koern. . 237 pumilum, 4/2. 237 quinquangulare, Tnnn. ss . . 259 radicans, Benth. . 261 Richard’, Koern. rivulare,G. Don . 243 Schimperi, Aoern. . 243 schimperianum, Koern.. . . . 244 Schlechteri, Ruhl. . 255 Schweinfurthii, Engl. & Rubl. 240 senegalense, NV. #.Br. 251 setaceum, Lim. . . 240 sexangulare, Mart.. 259 sexangulare,A. Rich. 258 sieboldianum, Sieb. & Zuce. 259 sonderianum, Koern. 245 sonderianum,Rendle 245 spadiceum, Lam. . 448 stoloniterum, Welw.. 241 Stuhlmanni, V.H.Br. 259 submersum, Tate . 241 submersum, Welw.. 240 subulatum, N.H.Br. 255 Teusczii, Engl. & Bulle = 249 Thunbergii, Wikstr. 239 trilobum, Ham.. . 254 Volkensii, Hngl. . 238 Welwitschii, Rendle 249 var. pygmeum, Rendle . . 249 Woodii, N.E.Br. . 242 xeranthemoides, Van Heurck . . 237 zambesiense, Ruhl . 252 Eriospora. . . . . 511 abyssinica, A. Rich, 512 var. castanea, OBO oe B18 Oliveri, C.B.Cl.. . 513 pilosa, Benth. . 512 var. longipes, C.B.Cl. . . 512 echweinfurthiana, OBO) kc ix B18 villosula, C.B.Cl. . 513 virgata, K.Schum. . 513 Wiemis . s,s 80 clandestina, Boeck. . 461 filiformis, Schrad. . 460 gracilis, Schrad. . 461 africana, Dur.d> Sch. 424 andongensis, Ridl. . 443 var. glabra, Ridl. 443 aphyllanthoides, Rid).437 atrosanguinea, Volk. 435 autumnalis, Boeck. . 423 laxa, Vahl . 415 lioniana, Steud. . 420 longiculmis, Steud.. 417 macra, Ridl.. . . 444 melanocephala, Ridl. 444 miliacea, Vahl. . 421 barbata, Benth. . . 431 barbata, Ridl. . 438 Barteri, Boeck. . . 422 Burchellii, Fic. & Hiern’ 22. 440 capillacea, Steud. . 438 capillaris, K.Schum. 438 cardiocarpa, Ridl. . 434 castanea, var. thonningiana, Boeck. . 416 cinerea, Ridl. . 445 cinnamomea, K. Schum. . . 432 cioniana, P. Savi . 420 coleotricha, Hochst. 442 collina, Ridl. . . 433 communis, Kunth . 415 communis, Ridl. . 416 complanata, Link . 422 debilis, Steud. . 415 dichotoma, Vahl . 414 diphylla, Vahl . . 415 dipsacea, Benth. . 413 exilis, Dur & Schinz . 424 exilis, R. & S. . 418 var. levinux, C.B.Cl. . . 419 var. oligostachya, C.B.Cl... . .. 419 falcifolia, Boeck. . 425 ferruginea, Vahl . 417 var. graminea, Rendle . 417 filamentosa, K. Schum. . . . 433 filiformis, Thonn. . 470 flexuosa, Ridl. . 441 fuscatu, Steud. . . 415 glomerata, Boeck. . 423 Hensii, C.B.Cl.. . 419 Hildebrandtii, Rid- WY es pe BIS hispidula, Boeck. . 440 var. cioniana, Boeck. . . . 420 hispidula, Kunth . 418 huillensis, Ridl.. . 440 kunthiana, Ridl. . 435 minima, Hochst. . 426 monostachya,Hassk. 424 mucronata, Boeck. . 422 muricata, Walp. . 420 muricatula, Steud. . 420 muriculata, Benth.. 420 nigritana, C..B.Cl. . 418 obtusifolia, Kunth . 423 oligostachya, K. Schum... . . . 426 oligostachys, Hochst. 423 oritrephes, Ridl. . 445 orytrephes, K. Schum. . . . 445 oxylepis, Steud. . . 420 parva, Ridl . . 443 pilosa, K. Schum. 416, 425 pilosa, Vahl . . 416 polymorpha, Boeck. 415 polytrichoides, 2. Br. 413 purpureo-ater, Engl. 424 pusilla, C.B.Cl. . . 440 quaternella, Ridl. . 443 quinquangularis Kunth . . eee rigidula, Ridl. . 423 rivularis, Steud. . 418 sambesiaca, K. Schum. . . . . 430 sansibarensis, Boeck. 417 scabrida, Schumach. 422 schimperiana, Boeck. 436 scheenoides, K. Schum... . . - 435 schweinfurthiana, Boeck. . + - 420 var, angustior, C.B.Cl.. . . 421 setifolia, A. rag ai . 426 spherocarpa, K. y an ; 431 splendida, C.B.Cl. . 527 squamulosa, Hochst. 415 squarrosa, A. Rich. squarrosa, Vahl. . subaphylla, Boeck. . 421 subumbellata, K. : Schum.. . . «+ 436 Tuylori, K. Schum. 439 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. ao re Peta Fimbristylis (continued) tenera, R.d S.. . 420 var. obtusata, C.B.Cl. . . 420 var. oxylepis, C.B.Cl. . . 420 tertia, Steud. . 415 thonningiana, Boeck. 426 tomentocarpa, Hochst, . . 417 triflora, K. Schum. . 424 tristachya, Thw. . 424 vestita, Steud. . 418 FLAGELLARiEZ . 90 Flagellaria oe ac QU guineensis, Schumach. 90 indica, T. Thoms. . 91 Floscopa. . . + - 84 alricana, UC, B. Cl. 85 var. majuscula, C.B.CL. . 85 aquatica, Hua 87 axillaris, C. B.C. 87 Elliottii, C. B.Cl. = 7 flavida, C. B.C. . glomerata, Hassk. . 86 Manrii, C.B.Cl.. . 86 pauciflora, C.B.Cl.. 88 rivularis, C.B. Cl. 86 Schweinturthii, COBOL...) 87 tuberculata, C.B.Cl. 87 Forrestia. . - - - 77 africana, K. Schum. 77 tenuis, Benth. 77 Fuirena . . . . . 461 abnormalis, C..B.Cl. 462 Buchanani, Boeck . 464 calolepis, K. Schum. 467 canescens, Steud. . 467 canescens, Vahl. . 466 chlorocarpa, Fidl. . 465 ciliaris, Roxb. . . 466 var. angolensis, Schinz 466 ciliata, Steud. 466 cinerascens, Ridl. . 467 glomerata, Boeck. . 466 glomerata, Lam. 465 var. angolensis, C.B.Cl. . 465 Hildebrandtii, Boeck. « . «+. - 466 leptostachya, Oliv. 466 var. nudiflora, K. Schum. . . . 466 macrostachya, Boeck. 464 nana, A. Rich. . . 468 ochreata, Nees . . 466 539 i Page Page Fuirena (continued) Heteranthera (continued) pachyrrhiza, idley 464 kotschyana, Fenzl. 3 paniculata, Linn. f. 467 Potamogeton, Solms 3 pentagona, sp., Rendle... 2 Schumach.. . . 467 | Heterostigma pubescens, Kunth . 463 heudelotianum,Gaud. 131 var. Buchanani, Hoslundia C.B.Cl.. . . 464 opposita, Vahl . . 527 pygmea, Ridl. . . 464 | Hydrosme var. Menyharthi, angolensis, Welw. . 156 O.B.Cl. . . 464 Baumannii, Eng). . 153 schweinfurthiana, consimilis, Engl. . 154 Boeck. . . . 466 | dracontioides, Engl. 149 op; Oli. os. ov «ABA Eichleri, Eng\. . . 154 sp. n. 3, T. Thoms. 466 Fischeri, Engl. . . 158 stricta, Steud. . 465 Fontanesii, Schott . 151 umbellata, Rotth, . 466 gallaensis, Engl. . 155 Welwitschii, Zidl. . 463 Goetzei, Engl. . 151 . grata, Engl... . 151 Gillettia leonensis, Engl.. . 148 sepalosa, Rendle . 75 var. latifolia, Dur. Gonatopus . . . . 196 & Sch. . 148 angustus, V.A.Br. 197 var. spectabilis, Boivinii, Hook.f. . 196 Dar. & Sch. . 148 leopoldiana, Mast. . 157 Halodule maxima, Engl. . . 158 australis, Mig, 229 mossambicensis, Wrightii, Aschers. . 225 Schote. 2 <2) 35100 Hansalia Preussii, Engl... 152 Fontanesii, Schott . 151 prieuriana, Schott . 154 grata, Schott 151) Schweinfurthii, Hedwigia Eng)... + 160,100 africana, Medic. 45 sparsiflora, Engl. . 152 Heleocharis Staudtii, Engl... 154 anceps, Ridl.. 410| Teuszii, Engl. . . 149 atropurpurea, Koch 407 | _ Zenkeri, Engl. . . 159 capitata, Boeck... 408 | Hypalyptum chetaria, Boeck. 409 albiceps, K. Schum, 471 complanata, Boeck. 409 argenteum, Vahl . 470 Jistulosa, Boeck.. . 406 jiliforme, Vabl . . 470 Hildebrandtii, nemorum, Beauv. . 487 Roenk..4 435)... 0 pulcherrimum, K. marginulata, Boeck. 410 Schum.. . . 473 microcarpa, Boeck.. 410 | —senegalense, K. palustris, Boeck. . 411 Schum.. . . . 470 palustris, Lindl... 408 sphacelatum, Vahl. 471 plantaginea, Boeck. 406 Hypelytrum plantaginea, Ridl. . 406 nemorum, Dietr. . 487 schweinfurthiana, Hyphene. : , 118 Boeck.:. «+» - 410 Argun, Mart. . 124 Hemicarpha. . 446 aurantiaca, Dammer 122 Isolepis, Nees . 459 benguellensis, Welw. 125 Schraderi, Kunth . 459 compressa, Wendl. . 123 senegalensis, Steud, 459 coriacea, Gaertn. . 119 subsquarrosa, Nees 460 var. minor, Drude 119 Hemichlena crinita, Gertn. . . 121 bulbosa, Hochst. 354 | Goetzei, Dammer . 121 Heteranthera . . . 2j| guineensis, Sch. & calletolia, Reichb. 2} Thonn. . sa2U 540 Page Hyphene (continued) macrosperma, Wendl. 123 natalensis,G. Kunze 121 petersiana, Klotzsch 121 thebaica, Mart.. . 120 turbinata, Wendl. . 123 veutricosa, Kirk . 122 Wendlandii, Dammer119 Hypolena . . . . 265 Mahoni, N.E.Br. . 265 Hypolytrum . . 486 africanum, Nees. . 488 aschersonianum, Boeck. 2-4. yi. 490 buchholzianum, Boeck. . . 487 capillare, Schrad. . 460 congense, C.B.Cl. . 487 heterophyllum, Boeck .487 lancifolium, C.B.Cl. 488 latifolium, Benth. . 487 longiscaposum, C.B.CL. . . 489 macranthum, Boeck. 491 nemorum, Henriq. . 488 nemorum, Spreng. . 487 scaberrimum, Boeck. 490 senegalense, C. B.Cl. 488 senegalense, Pers. . 470 Soyauxii, Boeck. . 490 sp., Benth. & Hk. f. 488 Hypoporum hirtellum, Nees . . 498 pergracile, Nees. 495 Isolepis articulata, Nees . 453 Ascolepis, A. Rich. . 474 barbata, R. Br... 431 Beckeleri, Oliv... 381 capillaris, F. Muell. 438 collina, Steud. . 432 consocialis, Steud. . 418 corymbosa, R.& S.. 455 costata, A. Rich. . 451 dichroa, Steud. . . 407 dieca, Kunth . 451 dipsacea, R. & S. . 413 echinocephala, Oliv. 452 elachista, Schult. . 413 Jestucoides, Steud. . 430 Jilamentosa, R. & S. 433 Jluitans, R. Br... 449 Suscescens, Steud. . 449 gracillima, Hochst. . 441 grandispica, Steud. 456 humillima, Hochst... 430 Hystrix, Schrad. . 459 inclinata, Del. . 455 INDEX OF Page Isolepis (continued) kyllingioides,A. Rich. 457 lupulina, Nees . . 454 micheliana, Benth. . 308 micrantha, R. & S.. 460 nervosus, Hochst. . 449 numidiana, R. & 8. 450 obtusifolia, Beauv. . 423 pentasticha, Boeck. . 452 Perrottetii, Steud. . 418 polycolea, Steud. . 452 polyphylla, A. Rich. 458 prelongata, Kunth . 453 proxima, Steud. . 452 ptycholeptos, Steud. 450 pubiculmis, Hochst. 418 riparia, R. Br. . . 450 saviana, Schult... . 450 schimperiana, Hochst. . 436 schweinfurthiana, Oliv. . 441 senegalensis, Hochst. 453 setacea, R. Br. 450 var. abyssinica, Boeck. . . 451 setifolia, A. Rich. . 407 Siebert, Schrad. . 439 simillima, Steud. . 452 sp., Oliv. . squarrosa, R. & S.. 458 subtristachya, Hochst. . 431 supina, R. Br. 452 trifida, Nees . 438 uninodis, Del. 453 Willdenowiti, Steud. JUNCACEH . . . . QI Juncellus. alopecuroides, CEB Olt 307 levigatus, C.B.Cl. . var. junciformis, CBC. . minutus, C.B.Cl. . pustulatus, C.B.Cl. . 2 pygmeus, C.B.Cl. . PONCUS 2085. ote es 92 articulatus, Desf. . 94 Bachiti, Hochst.. . 94 bufonins, Zinn... . 95 capitatus, Weig... 95 communis var. effusus, E. Mey. 92 effusus, Linn. . . 92 Fontanesii, J. Gay. 94 Kraussii, Hochst. . 93 lomatophyllus, Spreny.94 GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Juncus (continued) maritimus. Lam. . 93 oxycarpus, 1. Mey. 93 punctorius, Linn. f. 93 pyramidatus, Laharpe 94 quartinianus, A. Rich. 94 Schimperi, Hochst.. 93 Killingia umbellata, P. Beauv. 390 Kyllings . ., 3.4.5 aoe alata, Nees - . 272 alba, Nees 271 var, alata, CB.Cl. 272 alba, Steud. . 271 alba, T. Thoms. . 275 albiceps, [?endle . 286 ambigua, Steud. . 458 aphylla, Kunth . . 278 appendiculata, K. Schum... . . 283 aromatica, Rid]. 275, 276 atrosanguinea, Steud.284 aurata, Hochst.. . 280 aurata, Nees. . 274 aurea, T. Thoms. . 287 blepharinota, Hochst .271 bracheilema, Steud. 279 brevifolia, Boeck. 277, 282 brevifolia, C.B.Cl. . 279 brevifolia, Rotth. . 273 Buchanani, C.B.Cl. 285 bulbocaulis, Boeck. 285 bulbosa, Beauv. . . 280 bulbosa, Steud. . . 386 ceespitosa, Nees. . 282 cespitosa, Ridl. “i 271, 280, 283 var. angustifolia, Ridl. . . 279 capitata, Beauv. . 278 cartilaginea, K. Schum. . . 272 chlorotropis, Engl. . 280 chlorotropis, Steud. 279 chrysantha, K. Schum.. .« 284 consanguinea, Kunth 274 controversa, Steud. . 270 var. subexalata, CBO. <5. 3B crassipes, Boeck. . 275 cristata, Afz. . 270 cristata, Kunth . . 272 cylindrica, Henriq.. 282 saivadricd, Nees . 282 var. appendiculata, CBO . . . 3 var. major, C..B.Cl. 283 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. : Page Kyllinga (continued) cylindrica, Oliv. . 283 dipsacoides, Sch. & honn. . . 270 dorsocrenata, Nees. 271 echinophora, K. Schum. . ONE elata, Boeck. . . 276 elata, Steud. . . 276 elatior, C.B.Cl. . . 276 elatior, Kunth . 275 erecta, Sch.d&: Thonn. 274 eriocauloides, Steud. 474 exigua, Boeck. . . 286 eximia, C.B.Cl. . . 287 var. Kelleri, OBO. <3 4 288 Filicula, C.B.Cl. . 526 flava, C.B. Cl. . 281 geminiflora, Steud. . 280 globosa, Beauv. . . 278 gracilis, Afz. . . 282 leucantha, Boeck. . 287 leucocephala, Boeck. 287 macrantha, Boeck. . 276 macrocephala, C.B.Cl. 287 var. angustior, C.B:Cl.. . . 286 macrocephala, Hook. f. 283 macrocephala, A. Rich: < . ... 280 macrocephala, T. Thoms. . ee 2a melanosperma, Nees 277 microcephala, Steud. 457 microstyla, C.B.Cl.. 281 monocephala, Benth. 274, 283 monocephala, Hockst. 271 monocephala, Nees. 282 monocephala, Rotth. 272 monocephala, Zarv . 270 naumanniana, Boeck. 282 var. Bennii, Boeck. * 282 var. tenuis, Boeck. 282 nervosa, nce ae ae ni 8,0.B.Cl. . ei sea C.B.Cl. . 272 oblonga, C.B.Cl. . 284 obtusata, Presl . . 277 odorata var. gracilis, Boeck. 282, 283 parvula, Rendle. . 279 Page Kyllinga (continued) pauciflora, Ridley . 273 peruviana, Lam. . 278 planiceps, C.B.Cl. .. 276 polyphylla, Benth. 274, 282 polyphylia, Kunth.. 276 Lah oh he Willd. . 276 pulchella, Kunth . 284 pumila, Mich. . . 281 pumila, Steud. . . 280 pungens, Link . 277 rigidula, Steud.. . 282 ruwenzoriensis, OBiOln 6 4288 Schimperi, Hochst. . 280 senegalensis, C.B. Cl. 276 Sojauxii, Boeck. . 274 sp.n.1, T. Thoms. 285 sphzrocephala, Boeck... 6.» Bit var. brunnescens, C.B.Cl. . . 277 var. glandulosa, OBC... 215 squamata, Vahl. . 270 270 squamulata, Vahl . 27C squamulosa, Kunth tenuifolia, Steud. . 282 teres, C.B.Cl. . 276 triceps, Afz. . . 283 triceps, Engl. . 282 triceps, Lam. . 471 triceps, /ottb. . 280 var. ciliata, Boeck. 271, 281 var. longispicuta, Ridley . var. obtusifolia, Boeck.. . var. pumila, Boeck. . . . 281 triceps, Schweinf. . 271 wmbellata, Rottb. . 390 vaginata, Lam.. . 278 viridula, Hochst. . 282 Welwitschii, Ridl, . 281 283 Laccosperma opacum, J. Br. & K. Schum... . . . 115 Lamprodithyros adherens, Hassk. . 65 e@quinoctialis,Hassk, 65 beniniensis, Hassk.. 68 dregeanus, Hassk.. 70 Ehrenbergii, Hassk. 75 gracilis, Kotschy & Poy i soe. 11 d41 Page Lamprodithyros(continued) hirtus, Hassk. 74 Petersit, Hassk. . 71 rivularis, Hassk. . 86 Russegeri, Fenzl . 75 tacazzeanus, Hassk. 66 Lasiomorpha Afzelii, Schott . . 198 senegalensis, Schott 198 Lemna gee Z01 sequinoctialis, Welw. 203 angolensis, Welw. . 203 arrhiza, Linn. . 205 gibba, Linn. . . 201 hyalina, Vel . . 204 minor, Hegelm.. . 202 minor, Linn. . . 202 ovata, A. Br. . 202 paucicostata, Hegelm. 202 polyrhiza, Linn. . 201 polyrrhiza, Sowerb. 201 Lemnacez . . . . 200 Limnophyton . . 209 obtusifolium, Mig. . 209 Lipocarpha . . . . 468 albiceps, Zid. . 471 argentea, 2. Br. . 469 atra, Ridl. . 472 atropurpurea, Boeck. 473 Barteri, C.B.Cl. , 472 tiliformis, Kunth . 470 microcephala, R. Br. 459 multibracteata, C.B.Cl.... 34 £12 prieuriana, Steud. . 471 pulcherrima, Ridl. . 473 urpureolutea, F Rial. e aye ATL Rautanenii, Boeck. 459 schweinfurthiana, Boeck. . . . . 471 sphacelata, Kunth . 470 var, Barteri, C.B.Cl. . . 471 tenera, Boeck. . 473 triceps, Nees. . . 470 Lophiocarpus . 210 guyanensis, Mich. . 211 Lophotocarpus . . . 210 guyanensis, Dur. & Sch... 210 Tosola 3 5. 8D abyssinica, Parl. . 96 campestris, var. Mannii, Buchen.. . . %6 Jobnstoni, Buchen.. 96 542 INDEX OF GENERA AND Page Luzula (continued) macrotricha, Steud. spicata, : var. simensis, Hochst.. . . 96 Volkensii, Buchen.. 96 LIyprolepis denudata, Steud. . 278 Malacochete littoralis, Nees . . 457 pterolepis, Nees. . 457 Mapania. . . . 489 africana, Boeck.. . 490 amplivaginata, K. Schum... 492 Deistelii, K. Schum. 492 capes sae K. Schum... . 492 ferruginea, Ridl. * 490 var. purpuriceps, CBO 491 var. subcomposita, OBC =, 491 Mannii, C.B.Cl. . 491 oblonga, C.B.Cl. . 491 var. elliptica, OLB Cl. AG? scaberrima, C..B.Cl. 490 secaus, K. Schum. . 492 subcomposita, CB.Cl. .. . 490 superba, C. B. Cl. . 491 Mariscus. . . 877 albescens, Guud. . 397 albomarginatus, CB.Cl.. 387 albopilosus, C.B.Cl. 394 alpestris, C.B.Cl. . 401 alternifolius, Vahl . 390 aphyllus, Vahl . . 278 atrosanguineus, Hochst... . 386 aximensis, C.B. Cl. . 898 biglumis, Gertn. . 389 bulbocaulis, Hochst. 386 var. atrosanguinea, -B.Cl. . . . 886 forma, A. Rich. . 387 , Steud.. . 386 circumclusus, CB. CL. 387 coloratus, Nees . . 381 var. macroce- phala, C.B.Cl. . 381 concinnus, C.B.Cl.. 386 cupreus, Hochst. » 395 cylindristachyus, Steud. . 390 dactyliformis, C.B.Cl. 400 Page Mariscus (continued) deciduus, C.B.Cl. . 394 diurensis, C.B.Cl. . 881 var. gondana, CB Cla 382 dregeanus, Kunth . 380 var. incrassatus, OBiCG ee -o3 381 durus, C.B.Cl. . . 397 eurystachys, C.B.Cl. 398 ferax,C.B.Cl. . . 403 firmipes, C.B.Cl. . 382 flabelliformis, AZ, B. Che. sO flavus, var. humilis, CLB.Cl.... ..... 893 foliosissimus, Steud. 402 foliosus, (.B.Cl. . 399 globifer, C.B.Cl. . 387 Gregorii, C.B.Cl. . 401 hemisphericus, CoB CL =... 400 Hochstetteri, Walp. 386 inflatus, C.B.Cl. . 384 Kerstenii, C.B.Cl. . 392 Kraussii, Hochst. . 380 kyllingic formis, Boeck. . 380 leptophy]lus, C.B.Cl. 385 luridus, C.B.Cl.. . 399 macer, "Kunth pn 2092 macrocarpns, Kunth 393 macropus, C.B.Cl. . 383 maritimus,C.B. Cl. . 382 microcephalus, Presl 402 mollipes, C.B.Cl. . 387 Myrmecias,C.B.Cl.. 391 nossibeensis, Steud. 391 oblonginux, C.B.Cl. 526 Phillipsie, C.B.Cl. . 391 pilluliferus, G. Bert. 480 pilosulus, C.B.Ci. . 384 plateilema, Steud. . 386 var. atro,anguinea, Stend. . . . 386 plateilema, Steud. . 383 polyphyllus, Steud. . 393 procerus, A. Rich. . 395 pseudoflavus, C. B.Cl. 392 pseudopilosns, Dur. De Wild. . . 402 psilostachys, C.B.Cl. 384 remotus, C.B.Ql. . 382 Richardi, Stend. . 395 Roblfsii, C.B.Cl. . 394 rufus, H.B. dé K. . 396 var. spicatocapi- tatus, C.B.Cl.. 396 SPECIES. Page Mariscus (continued) Schimperi, Hochst. . 383 var. compactior, Hochst. . . * 387 sieberianus, Nees . 388 var. evolutior, C.B.Cl. . 389 var. polyphy yllus, C.B.Cl. 393 var. subcomposita, O.B:Cl . —. +889 somaliensis, C.B.Cl 383 Soyauxii, .B.Cl. . 393 sp. n. 2, T. Thoms.. 400 squarrosus, C.B.Cl. 400 sublimis, ates af 390 tanyphylius, ¢.8.Cl. yphy ai Taylori,C.B.Cl. . 384 thomensis, C.B.Cl. . 395 tomaiophylius, C.B.CL. 392 trinervis, C.B.Cl. . 399 umbellatus, Oliv. . 393 umbellatus, Vahl . 390 umbellatus, Vahl . 388 umbilensis, C.B.Cl. 396 vestitus, C.B.Cl.. . 385 viridis, Hochst.. . 384 viridis, Schweinf. . 380 Maschalocephalus . . 89 Dinklagei, Gilg & K. Schum. . . 89 MayacEza ... . 525 Mayaca . . et Oo) Baunii, Gurke . . 525 Medemia. . , 133 abiadensis, Wendl. . 124 Argun, P. G@. von Wartt 124, 526 Mesanthemum. . 260 rescottianum Koern. . : 261 radicans, Koern. . 260 Metroxylon Ruffia, Spreng. . - 105 vinijerum, Spreng. 3 Monochoria . 106 5 africana, NV. E.Br.. 5 natans, 'T. Thoms.. 5 sp., T. Thoms. aca vaginalis, Kirk . 3 vaginalis Presl . 6 var. africana, Solms. 5 NAIADACEH .. . 215 Naias. . es Bee affinis, Rendle fay 210 australis, Bory . . 228 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Naias (continued) graminea, Del. . . 226 horrida, Al. Br. . . 228 interrupta, K.Schum. 228 madagascariensis, Rendle . . 228 marina, var. muricata, Al Br. . 226 minor, All. 22 pectinata, Magnus . 228 Sch weinfurthii, Magnus . 227 Welwitschii, Rendle 227 Nemum spadiceum, Desv. . 448 Nephthytis . . . 169 Afzelii, Schott = algal constricta, NV.H.Br. 170 liberica, N.E.Br. . 171 picturata, N.E.Br. . 172 Poissoni, N.H#.Br. . 171 Oligogynium . 170 constrictum, Engl. . 170 Gravenreuthit, Engl. 171 libericum, Engl.. . 171 Poissoni, Engl. . . 171 Oacocalamus. . 110 acanthocnemis, Drude . ~ bbl Mannii, Wendl. . 111 Ophryoscleria racemosa, Nees. . 508 Oreograstis Emini, K. Schum. . 483 Ouvirandra Heudelotii, Kunth . 217 Hildebrandtii, Hort. Berol. . . . . 218 Pachymitra . candida, Nees . . 481 Peepalanthus. . 262 pulvinatus, V.2.Br. 263 Wahlbergii, Koern. 263 Welwitschii, Rendle 262 Palisota . 27 ambigua, C.B.Cl. . 31 Barteri, Hook. f. . 29 bicolor, Mast. . . 32 bracteosa, C.B.Cl. . 28 congolana, Hua . 32 hirsuta, K.Schum, 32 laxiflora, C.B.Cl. . 30 Maclaudii, Cornu . 32 Mannii, C. B. Cl. 20 micrantha, K, ‘Schum. 31 Page Palisota (continued) ombrophila, K.Schum.29 plagiocarpa, Hua . 32 preussiana, A. Schum. 30 prionostachys, C. B.Cl. 32 prionostachys, Cum- MINS = 26s. | 32 Sch weinfurthii, O.B.Cl.. 29 Schweinfurthii, CBC... 30 Tholloni, Hna 31 thyrsiflora, Benth. . 31 Palma conifera, C. Baub. . 106 vimfera Theveti, C. Bauh. 106 PALM# . 97 PANDANEX 127 Pandanus 127 barterianus, Rendle 133 Candelabrum, Beawv. 132 Candelabrum, Hcok. 131 Goetzei, Warb.. . 130 Hahnii, Warb. . . 130 Heddei, Warb. . . 129 heudelotianus, Balf. f. 131 kamerunensis, Warb. 132 Kirkii, Rendle . 129 | leonensis, Hort. Lodd. 133 | livingstonianus, Rendle . 2 1B UI Petersii, Warb.. . 131 platycarpus, Warb. 129 rabaiensis, Rendle . 130 sessilis, Boj. . . 133 Stuhlmannii, Warb. 130 Teuszii, Warb. . . 133 thomensis, Henrig. . 129 Welwitschii, Rendle 131 Papyrus Antiquorum, Link . 374 Antiquorum, Willd. 374 mossambicensis, Parl. 375 Sicula, Parl. . . 374 venustus, Nees. . 472 Pentasticha . . . 461 madagascariensis Turcez. . 465 Philodendron sp., Hook. 198 Phenix. . ..- . - 102 abyssinica, Drude . 102 dactylifera, Eng}. . 103 dactylifera, Linn 102 leonensis, Lodd 103 reclinata, Jacq. . . 103 Phenix (continued) senegalensis, Van Houtte . Oe spinosa, Schum. & Thonn. . Phucagrostis ciliata, Ehrenb. & Hempr. Pistia . Sooke cethiopica, Fenzl africana, Pres] . Leprieuri, Bl. natalensis, Garcke . natalensis, Klotzsch Stratiotes, Zinn. Platylepis brasiliensis, Kunth. capensis, Kunth. Podococcus . . . . Barteri, Mann & Wendl. . Pollia . TE condensata, C.B.Cl.. Mannii, C.B.Cl. . Polygala axillaris, Poir. . Polyspatha . . . . paniculata, Benth. . Pontederia natans, Beauv. . | PoNTEDERIACEZ: Posidonia serrulata, Spreng. . Potamogeton . . acutifolius, Link alpinum, Balb. . americanus, Cham. . var. Lichardi, Solms-Laub. coloratum, Hornem.. crispnm, Linn. . densum, Linn. filiforme, Pers. . fluitans, Roth foliosus, var. californicus, Morong . Friesti, Rupr. helodes, Dum. Hillii, Morong huillensis, Welw. javanicus, Hassk. . javanicus, Hassk. . Livingstonei, A, Benn, Ss longifolium, Gay lucens, Linn.. . var. fluitans, Coss. & Germ. 544 _ Page Potamogeton (con- tinued) macrophyllus, Wolfg. 221 marinum, Linn.. . 223 natans, Linn. . 224 natans, A. Rich. . 220 var. jfluitans, Cham. . . . 219 parvifolia, Buchen. 221 pectinatum, Linn. . 223 perfoliatum, Linn. . 224 plantagineus, Du Croz. . - 222 Preussii, A. Benn, . 222 pusillum, Linn.. . 222 Richardi, Solms- Laub. . . . 219 Robbinsii, Oakes | 224 Schweinfurthii, A. Benn. . 220 tenuicaulis, F. Muell. 221 trichoides, Cham. . 224 Zizi, Roth . 224 Premna longipes, Baker . . 527 Pseudohydrosme . 161 Buetineri, Dur. & Sch... - 160 Biittneri, Encl... 160 gabonensis, Dur, & Sch... . 161 gabunensis, Engl. . 161 Psilocarya candida, Nees . . 481 Teneriffe Torr.. . 481 Pteroscleria longifolia, Griseb. . 511 Pycreus . . . 288 Zthiops, C.B.Cl. 297 albomarginatus, Nees 305 angulatus, Nees. . 305 atronervatus, C.B. Cl. 294. betschuanus, C.B.Cl. 304 capillaris, var. ee bale C.B.Cl.. . . 299 capillifolius, C.B.Cl. 300 chorisanthos,C. B.C. 526 cuanzensis, C.B.Cl.. 301 debilissimus, C.B.Cl. 291 elegantulus, ‘C.B Cl. 302 ferrugineus, C.B.Cl. 298 flavescens, Reichb. . 290 var. abyssinica, C.B.Cl. . . . 290 flavescens, Reichb. . 300 globosus, var. nilagirica, . C.B.Cl.. . . 299 Pycreus (continued) Hildebrandtii,C. B.Cl.299 | intermedius, C.B.Cl. 290 | levigatus, Nees. . 309 | lanceolatus, C.B.Cl. 291 | macranthus, C.B.Cl. 293 var. angustifolius, C_B.C1. . 293 melas, C.B. Cl. e302 minimus, C.B.Cl. . 302 monocephalus C.B.Cl. . . 300 mucronatus, Nees . 309 Mundtii, Nees . . 294 nigricans, C.B.Cl. . 292 nitens, Nees. . . 295 nyasensis, C.B.Cl, . 304 olfersianus, Nees . 300 pauper, C.B.Cl.. . 291 pelophilus, C.B.Cl. . 298 polystachyus, Beauv. 296 var. laxiflora, Benth. . 2.297 Propinquus, Nees . 300 pumilus, Nees . 296 pygmeus, Nees. . 308 rehmannianus, C.B.Cl. . 291 sanguinolentus, Nees 293 .smithianus, C.B.Cl. 301 spissiflorus, C.B.Cl. 304 subtrigonus, C.B.Cl. 292 sulcinux, C.B.Cl. . 298 tremulus, C.B.Cl. . 306 umbrosus, Nees. . 303 var. Grantii, C.B.Cl. . . 304 Pythonium Hookeri, Kunth . 163 RapaTEace# . , , 88 Raphia : . 104 angolensis, Rendle | 107 Gertneri, Mann & Wendl.. . 105 Hookeri, Mann & Wendl. 107 longiflora, Mann & Wendl. . - 106 maxima, Pechuel- Loesche . 107 Monbuttorum, Drude 105 pedunculata, P. Beauv... . - 105 Ruffia, Mart. . . 104 textilis, Welw. . . 105 vinifera, P. Beauv. . 106 vinifera, Drude. . 106 Welwitschit, Wendl. 105 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Page | Raphidophora . . 199 africana, N.H. Br. . 200 pusilla, ‘N.E.Br. 199 Rautanenia . - . 212 Schinzii, Buchen. | 212 Remirea . . 485 maritima, ‘Aubl. . . 486 pedunculata, R. Br. 486 ResTiace® . . . . 264 Rhektophyllum. . . 172 mirabile, N.H#.Br, . 172 Rhynchospora . . 478 Arechavalate, Boeck. 480 aurea, R.Br. . . 480 bulbocaulis, Boeck. . 387 candida, Boeck.. . 481 cyperoides, Mart. . 400 glauca, R. & 8... 482 Henkei, Presl . . 479 laxa, R.Br. . *. . 482 micrantha, R. & §.. 481 polycephala, Kunth. 480 sparganioides, Boj. . 480 spheerocephala, Boeck. . 480 surinamensis, Nees. 480 wallichiana, Kunth. 479 Richardia. 167 angustiloba, Schott . 169 elliotiana, W. Wats. 167 hastata, Eng). 169 hastata, Hook.f. . 168 Lutwychei, N.E.Br. 168 macrocarpa, W.Wats.169 melanoleuca, var. tropicalis, NEBr. . 68 Pentlandii, ee: 169 Ruppia... . 224 acaulis,Gay . . . 224 maritima, Rendle . 224 var. spiralis, Ne ; 224 rostellata, Koch . . 224 spiralis, Dum. 224 Rynchospora. . . 478 adscendens, O.B. Cl. 481 aurea, Vahl . . . 480 Barteri, C.B.Cl.. . 482 candida, C.B.Cl. . 481 cyperoides, Britton 479 erinacea, O.B.Cl. . 479 glauca, Vahl. . . 482 micrantha, Vahl . 481 ochrocephala, Boeck. 321, 322 senegalensis, Steud. 482 trigyna, Hochst. . 512 wallichiana, C.B. Cl. 478 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Sagittaria cordifolia, Roxb. . 211 guayanensis, H. B. & K.. . 211 nympheifolia, Hochst. 210, 211 obtusifolia, Linn. . 210 Sagus Sarinifera, Gertn. . 105 Palma-pinus, Gertn. . . . . 106 pedunculata, Lam. . 105 Ruffia, Jacq. . . 105 Sauromatam. . . . 141 abyssinicum, Engl. . 142 abyssinicum, Schott 160 angolense, NV.£.Br. 142 ferox, Linden . 163 nubicum, Schott . 141 Schelandia gabonensis, Cornu . 1 Schcenoplectus . . 460 senegalensis, Palla . 460 Scheenus . cece 480 circinalis, Schrad. . 485 coloratus, Linn. 273, 381 var. 8, Linn, . - 380 cyperoides, Sw. . - 480 ervnaceus, Ridl.. . 479 erraticus, Hook. f. . 435 Mariscus, Linn. . 485 memorum, Vahl. . 487 nigricans, Linn. . 484 miveus, Murr. . . 380 pilosus, Willd. , . 425 Scirpps . . . . - 446 egyptiacus, Decsne. 457 Gaimentia. C.B.Cl. 448 annuus, All.. . . 415 antarcticus, Thunb. 431 articulatus, Zinn. . 453 atropurpureus, Retz. 407 atrosanguineus, Boeck. . . . 435 barbatus, Boeck. . 439 barbatus, Rottb. . 431 beckelerianus, Schweinf. . . 432 brachyceras, Hochst. 455 buettnerianus, Boeck. 446 capillaris, Linn. . 438 capillifolius, Boeck. 440 capitatus, Linn.. . 408 cernuus, Vahl . 450 chetarius, Spreng. . 409 ciliaris, Linn. 466 cinnamomeus, Boeck. 432 coleotrichus, Boeck. 442 collinus, Boeck. . . 432 VOL. VIII. Page Scirpus (continued) var. beckelerianus, Schweinf. . 432 complanatus, Retz. . 423 corymbosus, Forsk. 456 corymbosus, Linn. . 480 corymbosus, Hoth . 455 costatus, Boeck.. . 451 cubensis, Poepp. & Endl. . . . . 451 cyperoides, Linn. . 388 var. cylindrostachys, C.B.Cl. . . 388 dichotomus, Linn. . 415 diecus, Boeck. . . 451 diphyllus, Retz.. . 415 dipsaceus, Rottb. . 413 ferrugineus, Linn. . 417 festucoides, Poir. . 430 jllamentosus, Vahl . 433 filiformis, Poir. . . 470 Jimbrisetus, Del. _. 457 jimbristyloides, K. Schum. . . 436 Jistulosus, Forsk. . 453 fistulosus, Poir. . . 406 fluitans, Linn. . 449 glomeratus, Retz. . 423 gracillimus, Boeck. 441 granulato-hirtellus, Boeck.. . . . 418 Hildebrandtii, Boeck. 418 hispidulus, Vahl . 418 Hochstetteri, Boeck. 440 Hystrix, Thunb. . 459 Isolepis, Boeck.. . 459 hamerunensis, K. Schum. . . . 435 kyllingioides, Boeck. 457 lacustris, Linn. . . 454 leteflorens, C.B.Cl. 456 laniferus, Boeck. . 442 lateralis, Forsk. . 453 leucocoleus, K.Schum. 461 lithospermus, Linn. 502 littoralis, Schrad. . 456 Lugardi, C.B.Cl. . 458 maritimus, Linn. . 455 var. nobilis, Rendle 456 micranthus, Vahl . 459 miliaceus, Thunb. . 421 mucronatus, Linn. . 454 mucronatus, Roxb. . 453 pervesus, Boeck. . 449 obtusifolius, Lam. . 423 oligostachyus, Boeck. 426 545 Page Scirpus (continued) palustris, Linn.. . 408 pilosus, Poir. . . 416 plantaginoides, Rottb. 406 polycoleus, Notaris . 452 polytrichoides, Retz. 413 pterolepis, Kunth . 457 puberulus, Poir.. . 439 pubescens, Lam.. . 463 purpureo-ater, Boeck.424 quinquangularis, Vahl... . 421 quinquefarius, Bocck, 454 ranosus, Boeck.. . 449 Rehmanni, Ridl. . 459 riparius, Pres] . . 457 schimperianus, Boeck. 436 Schinzii, Boeck. . 451 schenoides, Engl. . 435 schweinfurthianus, Boeck.. . . . 441 senegalensis, Lam. 470 setaceus, Zinn. . . 450 setaceus, Linn. . . 450 spadiceus, Boeck. . . 448 var. ciliatus, Rid]. 449 sp.n.77, Rottb. . 421 spherocarpus, Boeck.431 squarrosulus, Steud. 456 squarrosus, Linn. . 458 squarrosus, Poir. . 414 Steudneri, Boeck. . 458 subulatus, Vahl. . 457 supinus, Linn. . 452 Var. uninodis, . C.B.CI. . . 453 trialatus, Boeck.. . 345 trichobasis, Baker . 445 triqueter, Gren. & Godr. . . «3. 457 verrucosulus, Steud. 450 verruculosus, Nees . 450 Zeyhert, Boeck.. . 437 Scleria . .. . . . 493 Acriulus, C.B.Cl. . 509 atrosanguinea, Steud. 500 Barteri, Boeck. . ~. 507 Bertolonii, Martens 506 Buchanani, Boeck. . 499 Buettneri, Boeck. . 509 bulbifera, A. Rich.. 500 bulbosa, var. pallidiflora, Ridk 7; 000 cespitosa, Ridl.. . 499 canaliculato-triquetra, Boeck... . . + 505 2N 546 Page 498 500 Scleria (continued) catophylla, C.B.Cl. ra eT Hochst. cervina, Ridl. . . 505 ciliolata, Boeck. . 508 clathrata, A. Rich. . 502 complanata, Boeck. . 504 coriacea, G. Bertol. 506 Dillonii, Boeck.. . 503 diurensis, Boeck. . 505 dregeana, Kunth . 499 dumicola, Ridl. . . 503 erythrorrhiza, ee 499 Flagellum, Benth. . 507 flecuosa, Boeck. . 496 foliosa, A. Rich. . 503 glabra, Boeck. . 497 glandiformis, Boeck. 503 globonux, C.B.Cl. . 504 glomerulata, Oliv. . 496 gracillima, Boeck. . 505 a ifolia, C.B.Cl. . 509 ildebrandtii, Boeck. 505 Hildebrandtii, K. Schum. . . . 503 Hilsenbergii, Boeck. 495 hirtella, Boeck.. . 498 var., Boeck. . . 496 hirtella, Sw. . . 497 var. aterrima, Ridl. . . . 498 hispidula, A. Rich. 497 var. hispidior, C.B.Cl.. . . 497 hypoxis, Boeck. . . 504 interrupta, Schlecht. 497 Sunciformis, Ridl. . 501 lithosperma, Sw. . 502 macrantha, Boeck. . 506 mechowiana, Boeck. 498 melanomphala, Kunth. . . . 506 melanotricha, A. Rich. . . . . 495 var. Tie C.B.Cl.. . . 496 at Seeeser Kunth . 498 multispiculata, Boeck. 501 multispiculosa, C.B.Cl.. . . 502 naumanniana, Boeck... . . . 507 nyasensis, C.B.Cl. . 504 orizoides, Boeck. . 506 oryzoides, Presl. . 505 ovuligera, Nees . . 507 palmifolia, Ridl. . 508 pergracilis, Kunth . 495 poroides, Ridl.. . 502 Scleria (continued) pulchella, Ridley puzzolanea, K. Schum. . pygmea, Nees . racemosa, Benth. . racemosa, Poir. . var. depressa, C.B C1. reflexa, Benth. . Rehmanni, C.B.Ci. . remota, Rid. schimperiana, Boeck. var. hypoxis, C.B.C1. . schweinfurthiana, Boeck. . “ setulosa, Boeck. . spiceformis, Benth. spinulosa, Boeck. . tessellata, Boeck. torreyana, Walp. ustolata, Ridl. . verrucosa, Willd. Vogelii, C.B.Cl. . Welwitschii,C.B.Cl. Woodii, 0. B. Cl. Sclerosperma : Mannii, Wend. . Sorostachys kyllingioides, Steud, oschesnus Wallichit, Arm. & Spi hae ean ir polyrrhiza, Schleid. Stylochitn. . . . angolensis, Hngl. . Barteri, NV.Z.Br. borumensis, V.EZ.Br. gabonicus, NV. #. Br. seins vile ypogeum, Lepr. . hypogeus, Engl. . kerensis, V.#.Br. . lancifolius, Kotschy Peyr, . . lobatus, V.2.Br. maximus, Engl.. . puberulus, V. E. Br. salaamicus, V. E. Br. similis, V.E.Br.. Zenkeri, Engl. . . Teganocharis alismoides, Hochst. cordofana, Hochst. lanceolata, Dur. & Sear 2S. INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Telmophace cylindracea, Welw. 206 gibba, Schleid. . . 202 Tetraria . . . . . 485 circinalis, C.B.Cl. . 485 usambarensis, K. Schaum... . 485 Thalassia ciliata, Konig . . 229 Torulinium . . 402 confertum, Ham. . 403 Serox, Kunth . 403 Tradescantia glomerata, R.& S.. 86 Trichelostylis obtusifolia, Nees . 423 pilosula, Nees . . 418 schimperiana, Hochst. 418 sp., T. Thoms. . 418 Triglochin . . . . 215 Barrelieri, Loisl. . 216 bulbosum, Linn. . 215 striatum, Ruiz & Pav. 216 Trilepis abyssinica, Boeck. . 512 Oliveri, Boeck. . . 513 pilosa, Boeck. . . 512 Tuckeya Candelabrum, Gand. 132 a triceps, Roxb. . 471 Typha . . ... - 184 equinoctialis, Welw. 137 ethiopica, Kronf. . 135 angustata, Bory & Chaub. . : < . 134 . ceethiopiea, bs ee sae var. leptocarpa Robe 134 angustifolia, Hook. . 135 var. australis, Rohrb. . . 135 angustifolia, Zinn. . 135 angustifolia, A. Rich, . . 135, 136 australis, Sch. & Thonn. . . 135 capensis, Rohrb. . 136 elephantina, Schimp. 136 var. Schimpert, Graebn. . . 136 - latifolia, Krauss 137 latifolia, Linn. . 136 macranthelia, Webb & Berth. . 136 Schimperi, Rohrb, . 136 TYPHACEZ . - , 188 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 547 Page Page Pa Typhonodorum. . . 166} Xyris (continued) sd Xyris (continued) eS lindleyanum, Schott 166 var. medullosa, Welwitschii, Rendle 15 madagascariense, N.E.Br. 14 zombana, NV.E.Br.. 13 Eogl . . . « 106 var. nilagirensis, Engl. 5 14 | Zamioculcas . . 195 Uncinia congensis, Bitt.. . 23 Boivini, Decsne. . 197 digyna, Hochst. 515 decipiens, N.E.Br.. 22 Loddigesii, Schott . 195 dispar, V.£.Br. 12 | Zannichellia . ag eyy! Wisneria 5 ck ops! erubescens, Rendle. 21 palustris, Zinn.. . 225 Schweinfarthii, filiformis, N.E.Br.. 19 | Zantedeschia Hook. f. ele: filiformis, Zam. . . 21 angustiloba, Engl. . 169 Wolffia : . . 203 foliolata, Nilss. . 10 hastata, Engl. . . 168 arrhiza, Wimm. 205 fugaciflora, Rendle. 18 Lutwychei, Dur. & conguensis, Welw. . 205 Hildebrandtii, Sch...) 33,168 cylindracea, INGE ees 3 84 macrocarpa, Engl. . 169 Hegelm. . . « 205 huillensis, Rendle . 18} Zostera . . . . . 225 Delilii, Schleid.. . 204 humilis, Kunth . 17 ciliata, Forsk. 229 hyalina, Hegelm. . 204 var. minima, marina, Linn. 225 Micher ii, Schleid. . 205 Niles, . . . 25 minor, Nolte . 225 repanda, Hegelm. . 204 humpatensis,N.£.Br. 15 nana, Roth . . . 225 Welwitechii, laxifolia, Benth. . 22 pumila, Le Gall. . 225 Hegelm. . . 205 makuensis, N.Z.Br. 17 serrulata, Targ.- minima, Steud. . . 25 Tonge... 6 220 Xyrmez# .... 6 multicaulis,N.£.Br. 20 uninervis, Forsk. . 229 Ri a I nitida, Nilss. . 24 | Zosterospermum affinis, Welw. . 16 nitida, Willd. 13 gracile, Desv. 481 anceps, Lam. +. . 12 nivea, Welw.. . 14| Zyganthera . . . . 160 angularis, N.EZ.Br.. 22 obscura, NV.£.Br. 16 Buttneri, N.L.Br. . 160 angustifolia, De platycaulis, Poir. 13 | Zygomenes Wild. & Dur. . 20 pumila, Rendle . 20 abyssinica, Hassk.. 79 anisophylla, Welw.. 18 reptans, Rendle . 14 cespitosa, Kotschy aristata, V.H.Br. 11 rigidescens, Welw.. 11 & Peyr. . ..- 8 Barteri, V.Z.Br. 22 scabridula, Rendle . 15 parasitica, Hassk. . 79 batokana, N.E.Br.. 23 straminea, Nills. 19 pauciflora, Hassk.. 81 capensis, Thunb. 13 Umbilonis, Nilss. 25 polyrrhiza, Hassk.. 82 Page 96, 39 29 ERRATA. 6, headline, for Hichornia read Monochoria », 50, line 7 from the bottom, for Héhnel. read H6hnel, 64, headline, for Aneilem read Aneilema 94, line 4, for Infloresence read Inflorescence 8 from the bottom, for Fl. read PI. 125, headline, for CXLIII. read CXLVII. 158, line 16, for Arace read Aracecee en 161, lines 1, 6 and 8, for Pseudhydrosme read Pseudohydrosme line 3, for Z. read P. 10, for PSEUDH YDROSME read PPEUDOH Y DROSME 5 from the bottom, for Oligogynum read Oligogynium 2? 29 > > 2? 35° AUS 55 197, 3. 8 45 99. 99 for Hook read Hook. », 239, 5, 1, for Wickstr. read Wikstr. », 245, ,, 4 from the bottom, for Hochst, read Hochst., 15, for trigonous; glabrous read trigonous, glabrous 548 ERRATA. Page 272, line 7, for Dinter read Dinter 275, ,, 8 from the bottom, for Heus read Hens 282, ,, 16, for nawnanianna read naumanniana », bottom line, for hort read short 295, line 2, for A. read C. 300, ,, 1, for Scott-Elliott read Scott-Elliot BY BY ey Z from the bottom, for Kyllingia read Kyllinga 329, ,, for Ghttas read Ghattas BBBY S for Schweinfurth read Schweinfurth Spa a ot "from the bottom, for Schinz. read Schenz, 341, ,, 32, for Conspect read Conspect. 348, ,, 4 from the vottom, for Append read Append. 356, ,, 24, for Cardosa read Cardoso 359, ,, 9, for Fi. read Pfi. 363, ,, 27, for zmaculatus read maculatus 367, ,, 10, for C. neuerensis— read —C. neuerensis, 387, ,, 14, for Schweinf read Schweinf. 410, ,, 31, for Antill read Autill. 416, ,, 38, for Isert read Isert 429, ,, 8 from the bottom, for 33 read 38 433, ,, 1, for 21 read 210 471, ,, 7, tor Luja read Luja 473, ,, 16, for Welw read Welw. 474, ,, 25, before A. brasiliensis insert 9 480, ,, 9, for Rendicosti read Rendiconti 494, ,, 4, for 15 read 16 510, ,, 25, for nute read minute 511, ,, 14 from the bottom, for botantist read botanist Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & Co. 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