MulssoURI BOTANICAL 
GARDEN [BULLETIN 


VOLUME IV 
WITH 30 PLATES 


1916 


ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS 


- Missourt BOTANICAL - 
GarpEN B BULLETIN 


MOI 25 JANUARY, 1916 Nee 


CONTENTS | 


Bbboct of ie Officers of the Board © os 
Sadist ae Report of ra Disector ee ae 
_ Statistical Information os Ea RSG Sas ee wows 


“ST. LOUIS, MO. 
1916 


ee ‘PUBLISHED MONTHLY ‘BY THE BOARD. or TRustzEs 


en plas ‘ Sipe e 


‘THE BOARD ARD SO:CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE 
ExOFPICIO ‘SELF-1 


~ Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. IV St. Louis, Mo., January, 1916 No. 1 


REPORT OF THE OFFICERS OF THE BOARD 


- SUBMITTED TO THE TRUSTEES JANUARY 12, 1916 


To the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden: 


We submit for your consideration a statement of the 
er a transactions for the year ending December 31, 
1915. 


The results during the past year have been satisfactory, 
considering business conditions, as we have had fewer 
vacancies in our properties than for several years past, and 
our income from rentals and investments was $2,652.71 in 
excess of the previous year. 


At present we have only one vacant building—producing 
when rented $1,800.00 per annum—and a small tenement, 
and our vacancies for the year amounted to only $1,436.00. 


During the year we disposed of a piece of property con- 
taining ten dwellings which were erected by Mr. Shaw some 
a years ago, and on account of their age necessi- 
tated a large and constant outlay for repairs; these were 
traded in part for three pieces of business property on 
Locust Street valued at $125,000.00 — all of which are 
occupied. 

During the year we graded and partially improved a piece 
of land at the southeast corner of Arsenal Street and Kings- 
highway, containing twelve acres, improvements made cost- 
ing $20,049.88, and we have sold about one-fifth for resi- 
dences and apartments. 


We have been successful in disposing of the subdivision 
improved in the summer of 1914, known as Lafayette 
Avenue Addition No. 3, having disposed of about two-thirds 
of it at prices ranging from $22.50 to $35.00 per front foot. 


(1) 


SOUTH END OF FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE. 


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2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Our sales of residence property were as follows: 


Lafayette Avenue Additions. . 5,907 front feet . $225,954 25 
Arsenal Street Addition . ‘ 614 front feet . 20,550 00 
Flora Boulevard Subdivision ; 110 front feet. 7,400 00 

$253,804 25 


Early in the year it was discovered that many of the dis- 
play and growing houses at the Garden were in a very bad 
condition, some of them dangerous, and it was decided to 


replace them with new houses at an estimated cost of 
$75,000.00. 


Under Mr. Shaw’s will the net income only can be used 
for Garden purposes, necessitating application to the courts 
for permission to use part of the permanent fund for erect- 
ing the new buildings. A decree authorizing the trustees 
to borrow from the principal the sum of $50,000.00, to be 
repaid out of the annual income in five annual installments 
of not less than $10,000.00 each, was granted. 


This amount, in addition to the surplus standing on the 
pee! ce sbgilic gh enabled us to build a a a ss 
or display and growing purposes at a cost of about r 
000.00. These are now about completed, some of them 
being already occupied. 


There was also erected a range of experimental houses for 
the study and treatment of diseases of plants, at a cost of 
$12,000.00. 


Other changes were made in the Garden grounds in the 
way of general improvements at a cost of about $5,000.00. 


Additions to the library and herbarium collections by 
purchase and gift during the year are valued at the follow- 
ing sums: 


Fs ee ee ee eee 
Herhatium: ss a ee 5,134 65 


Only two of the annual bequests provided for in Mr. 
Shaw’s will were carried out, the Annual Flower Sermon and 
the Gardeners’ Banquet. 


After charging against the income the expenses for the 
year, excepting streets and other improvements and expenses 
attending sales of real estate, we find expenses exceeded the 
income $59,824.15, after deducting surplus of $25,182.04, 
leaving $34,642.11, which was used from funds permitted 
by court decree. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


The new plant houses are not entirely paid for, and out- 


standin 
brings the cost within the estimates. 


bills will not amount to over 


12,000. 00, which 


For an itemized account of the receipts and disbursements 
your attention is called to the following statement: 


RECEIPTS 
Rentals. $151,701 35 
Interest and dividends . 20,193 47 
Total income receipts . $171,894 82 
Sales of real estate under decree of court $154,919 25 
Notes receivable, account of sales 49,226 40 
Notes payable, assumed account of purchases 70,000 00 
Certificates of deposit, cashed . . . 10,000 00 . 
Shaw School of Botany, rentals. 3,900 00 288,045 65 
Total = $459,940 47 
Cash balance December 31st, 1914 23,625 10 
$483,565 57 
DISBURSEMENTS 
Garden Account — 
Labor es ; $31,540 72 
Fuel 4,664 91 
Water. : 826 85 
Repairs and ‘supplies ; 4,970 07 
Plants and seeds . . 4,482 18 
Stable and implements 347 48 
Total care of Garden . $46,832 21 
Herbarium Account — 
Salaries . $3,570 00 
pelos hes expenses: ‘and addi- 
tions : e208 S66 34 7,035 34 
Library Account — 
Salaries $2,390 00. 
Current expenses: and addi- 
tions . Sot ty 17s) Meee eies gee 4,552 35 
Garden Office Account — 
Salaries . Pee Sl ee Ue 
Current expenses 1,404 32 9,339 32 
Research and Instruction — 
Salaries, fellowships and 
scholarships . . . $14,013 52 
Current expenses and sup- 
plies fire é 2,267 08 16,280 60 
Publications — 
Annals, Bulletin, and f 
Anniversary Volume $5,701 72 5,701 72 


$89,741 54 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Garden Improvements — 


General improvements . . . . . §$ 4,973 35 
Experimental house . oer 11,998 63 
New plant house (partial) ee Ss 62,379 42 


79,351 40 


Total amount expended on Garden 
Property Account — 


$169,092 94 


State, school and city taxes . . . . $37,400 92 
Sprinkling taxes. ee 1,181 67 
Streets, sidewalks and sewers. eee 29,555 81 
Gas and water pipe : pes 1,054 00 
Insurance. . Pee ek ee 6,161 43 
Repairs ee ee ee een 3,510 97 
Improvements So Oe 182 00 79,046 80 
Bequests — 
Annual Flower Sermon . . .. . $200 00 
Annual Gardeners’ Banquet . . . . 350 00. 550 00 
Sundries — : 
Office expenses ee ee ee, 
Legal expenses oe es ee 2,077 25 
Commissions. er 12,156 21 
Shaw School of Botany, account. rentals 3,900 00 24,722 19 
Investments — 
Bones - . $15,000 00 
Assumed deeds of trust on property 
purchased 40,000 00 
Real estate, 2217-19 Locust Street. . 70,000 00 
Real estate, 2827-33 Locust Street . . 30,000 00 
Real estate, 3040-42 Locust Street . . 25,000 00 
Real estate, 432 S. Thirteenth Street . 6,000 00 186,000 00 
Total disbursements $459,411 93 
Cash balance December 3ist, 1915 24,153 64 
$483,565 57 


Respectfully submitted, 


EpwaAkps WHITAKER, President. 


Attest: 
A. D. CUNNINGHAM, Secretary. 


TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 
DIRECTOR 


SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI 
BOTANICAL GARDEN, JANUARY 12, 1916 


Gentlemen: 


I have the honor to submit herewith the Twenty-seventh 
Annual Report of the Director. 


The year 1915, in addition to developing the various 
established activities of the Garden, has seen a return to the 
policy of 1913, namely, that of construction work. The 
practical completion since the first of July of a new range 
of houses, which, for the purpose designed, is probably the 
best in the country, at last provides adequate growing space 
for some of the most interesting collections of plants main- 
tained at the Garden. There has also been completed an ex- 
perimental greenhouse erected near the laboratory, which, 
while not intended for the general public, has long been 
needed in connection with the work of the students and, 
in its way, is quite as notable an addition as the larger 
greenhouses. Considerable improvement has been made in 
the outdoor plantations, as well as some notable changes in 
the conservatories. The permanent collections of both 
dried and living plants have been increased and are in much 
better order than a year ago. The library has grown along 
conservative lines, and some progress has been made in the 
arrangement and classification of the books, together with 
a start toward the subject index. The laboratory, as evi- 
denced by the number of students and published articles of 
scientific value, has had the most successful year of its 
existence. 


A most gratifying evidence of the increasing usefulness of 
the Garden to the citizens of St. Louis, as well as to the 
country at large, has been the great number of inquiries 
upon every conceivable aspect of botany and horticulture. 
Almost daily, questions are answered not only concerning 
the care of plants and trees, the kinds to grow, where they 
may be obtained, etc., but the business man is turning to 
the Garden as never before for information concernin 
technical points which such an institution, with its train 
staff and exceptional facilities, alone can give. 

(5) 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


In recognition of what may now be seen and learned at 
the Garden and the appreciation of the public of the Sun- 
day opening the Board of Trustees voted to extend this 
privilege to every Sunday in the year, and the Garden is 
now open, with the exception of New Year’s Day, Fourth of 
July, Labor Day, and Christmas, from eight o’clock to one- 


half hour after sunset on week days, and on every Sunday 
afternoon. 


NEW PLANT RANGE 


The new plant range, now practically completed, repre- 
sents fourteen distinct units designed for as many or more | 
different uses, and is unique in many respects. The plans 
Were prepared by the Pierson U-Bar Co. of New York after 
sketches submitted by the Garden; the superstructure was 
built by the Lord & Burnham Co. of C icago; and the 
foundations, walls, and all other work of every kind was 
done by the Garden. Great care has been taken to provide 
the best possible conditions, such as heat, ventilation, moist- 
ure, sunlight, etc., for the particular kinds of plants which 
are to be grown in the several houses. Indeed, the plan of 
the range is primarily based on the character of the plants 
to be grown therein; that is, utility has been the first con- 
sideration rather than an attempt to produce a pleasing 
architectural effect. Nevertheless, the range is one which 
immediately excites admiration because of its beautiful lines 
and simplicity of structure, 


The approximate sizes of the houses and the uses to which 
they are to be put are as follows: 


Floral display house, 50 x 190 x 40 feet high; varied in- 
dustries house, 25 x 166 x 25 feet high; aroid house, of the 
same size as the varied industries house, with the addition 
of four display alcoves 20x7 feet; bromeliad house, 70x 
30x 18 feet high; ericaceous house, 70x 30x18 feet high ; 
two pit houses, each 58 x 20x 121% feet hi ; Six growing 
houses of the same size as the pit houses; one passage house, 
12x104x10% feet high. In addition there has been con- 
structed a concrete workroom, 100 x 13 x 10 feet high, which 
provides for a valve chamber as well as a store-room. The 
combined area of the various houses is slightly more than 

uarters of an acre and represents about 60,000 square 
feet of glass. All of the greenhouses are built on the well- 
known curved-eave plan, with iron frames throughout, and 
having, even in the larger houses, the plain flat rafter. By 
this means, the heavy girders that are such a detriment to 
the re tgs of show houses have been eliminated. More 
than the usual amount of ventilation has been provid 


? 


VIEW OF NEW PLANT RANGE WITH CYCAD 


AND PALM HOUSE IN THE BACKGROUND. 


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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


and in the six growing houses, as well as the bromeliad and 
ericaceous houses, wall ventilators supplement the side and 
top ventilation. 


fa 


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VARIED INDUSTRIES 
ARGIDS AND ORCHIDS. 


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L | sTume 


; PGrowing House v 


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d sain Feoeek Wate Sromage Roo! 
-——FLORAL DisPLaY ———}X 
Pe ee ee oer 


GROUND PLAN OF NEW PLANT RANGE, 


The heating pipes for the whole range enter at the valve 
chamber in the center of the workroom, this being in direct 
connection with the service tunnel constructed a few years 
ago and connecting the conservatories erected at that time 
with the central heating plant. From this chamber separate 
_ lines of pipe supply the various houses. Steam reaches the 


3 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


valve chamber at a pressure of about 60 pounds and is there 
reduced to 4 or 5 pounds. The vacuum system is used, and 
all pipes and fittings throughout the whole range are galva- 
nized. The plan of screening the heating and water pipes by 
means of concrete walls has been followed in the new range, 
since the success of the system has been thoroughly demon- 
strated in the main conservatory. Cypress is the only wood 
used, and the glass is considerably heavier than that ordi- 
narily employed in such greenhouses. 


Floral Display House-—The south wing of the main con- 
servatory, formerly used for floral displays, demonstrated 
that a house running east and west was not well adapted 
for this purpose. Not only did the afternoon sun shorten 
the life of the blooming plants, but an unequal light on 
the two sides of the house caused the plants to develop much 
more rapidly on one side than on the other. Consequently, 
the new floral display house has its main axis running north 
and south. The fine effect of entering the former flower 
house at an elevation above the main floor has been retained, 
but is extended so that in the present house a large balcony 
has been provided for viewing the flowers as a- complete 
display. In order to obviate the difficulties experienced in 
the old house, of furnishing a temporary background of 
green plants, there is a permanent collection of foliage 
plants for this purpose. These are set in earth, banked up 
in front of the heating-pipe wall, and retained in position 
by a slightly lower front wall. The floor of the flower house 
proper, which is some 5 feet lower than the balcony, is 
about 150 feet long and 48 feet wide, between the permanent 
planting above referred to. This floor has been paved 
throughout with brick, and consequently there is great flex- 
ibility in the arrangement of the various potted plants used 
for floral display. The advantage of being able to vary 
the size and arrangement of the beds without involving any 
additional work because of walks can readily be appre- 
ciated. At the south end of the house is a large basin and 
fountain and stairways leading from the balcony to the 
main floor. In the center of the entrance floor is a pit, 
octagonal in shape, designed for the growing of bananas, 
the depressed area making it possible to show the flowers 


and fruit of these interesting plants in a manner not usually 
attained, : 


Mo. Bor. GARD, BULL., VoL. 4, 1916. PLATE 3. 


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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


This house was opened to the public on the last Sunday 
in October with the chrysanthemum show. This exhibit 
was followed by a display of poinsettias, paper white lilies, 
begonias, etc., which surpassed anything of the kind pre- 
viously attempted. It is the intention to keep a continuous 
floral display here throughout the year, and it is believed 
that nowhere else in the country is there a house so well 
adapted for the purpose, and in which during the twelve 
months there will be shown such a magnificent lot of bloom- 
ing and foliage plants. 


Varied Industries House.—This and the adjoining house 
devoted to aroids have many things in common, yet the treat- 
ment of each has been so distinct that they need to be de- 
scribed as individual units. The two houses are about the 
same size and are divided in the center by a concrete wall 
25 feet high and 145 feet long. On the south side of this 
wall will be grown many of the tropical climbers, and it 
will be possible to establish here such a collection of these 
plants as is seldom found in greenhouses. The entry to the 
varied industries house is from the west side of the floral 
display house, immediately opposite the main entrance. The 
floor of the house is ten feet lower than the platform of the 
floral display house, and from the top of the stairs the view 
is Only surpassed by that of the floral display house itself. 
When the vines have attained their full growth, the impres- 
sion will be that of looking down a long arbor of tropical 
vegetation. This house is designed to hold tropical plants 
from the Philippines and elsewhere, which have for the 
most part some economic use, but will also include a large 
collection of acacias, various species of Ficus, and numerous 
other unusual plants and trees which are of more than aver- 
age interest. 


Aroid House.—This house receives no direct sunlight and 
is admirably adapted for aroids, nepenthes, and other shade- 
loving plants. The wall which divides it from the varied 
industries house will serve for the growth of tall climbers 
which do not require direct sunlight. A waterfall starts 
near the top of the stairs leading into this house and sup- 
plies two pools near the center, over which will be hung the 
moisture-loving nepenthes, while the space from the wall 
to the walk at the north side will accommodate a large 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


variety of aroids and other similar plants. To the north 
of the walk are four alcoves, provided primarily for the dis- 
play of orchids. Indeed, the whole house serves as a setting 
for the floral displays which are to be maintained in these 
alcoves throughout the year. The construction of this house 
necessitated placing heating pipes in a trench under the 
walk, but the center of the walk is a continuous slab of 
concrete, so that no discomfort will be occasioned by the 
heat which arises from below. 


Bromeliad House.—This house opens from the west end 
of the aroid house and leads into the ericaceous house. 
single straight walk leads directly to the exit at the north 
end, which during the summer will provide an easy and 
natural way to the arboretum. Owing to the fact that many 
of the bromeliads are epiphytic in habit, they will, for the 
most part, be established on old tree trunks or planted in 
baskets. The ground will be covered by dracaenas, pan- 
danus, crotons, and similar plants. Near the partition at 
the north end a small pergola is to be constructed, upon 
which will be grown the large vanilla plant that for so many 
years has been an object of interest in the old range. While 
the vanilla is an orchid, it requires the same conditions as 
the bromeliads, and hence finds its natural place here. 


Ericaceous House.—Since most plants of the ericaceous 
family will not thrive in any but an acid soil, peat, leaf 
mold, and similar constituents have been especially provided 
in which to establish the plants to be grown in this house. 
Rhododendrons, azaleas, heather, and other Ericaceae will 
be found here, and it is also probable that the fine collec- 
tion of camellias, now being accumulated by the Garden, 
will finally be placed in this house. 


Growing Houses——The houses mentioned above consti- 
tute those which will be open to the general public. The re- 
maining houses will be devoted primarily to the growing of 
orchids, a group of plants which requires very special and 
varied treatment. Large additions have been made to the 
Garden collection of orchids, both by purchase and gift, and 
for the first time conditions are provided which will insure 
their being cared for in a way to bring about satisfactory 
results. A few of the houses will be devoted to the growing 
of water-lilies for outdoor displays, as well as to the propaga- 
tion and care of tropical material. Many plants require a 
resting period under conditions which cannot possibly be 
given in a display house, and there has long been felt the 


Mo. 


BoT. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. 


PLATE 4. 


VIEW FROM BALCONY IN FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


need of an infirmary to which such plants could be relegated 
while they were recovering or resting, preparatory to an- 
other blooming period. 


EXPERIMENTAL GREENHOUSES 


The increase in the number of graduate students, as well 
as the reorganization of the school for gardening, necessi- 
tated providing better facilities for experimental work car- 
ried on by students at the Garden. Consequently, during 
the year there has been built on the site of the old green- 
houses, between the rose garden and Mr. Shaw’s residence, 
two greenhouses, 50 x 27 feet, with an adequate head house. 
The Garden prepared the plans and furnished all the labor 
for these houses, the material for the superstructure being 
purchased from the Lord & Burnham Co. One of these 
houses is divided into numerous compartments in which dif- 
ferent temperatures and degrees of moisture may be ob- 
tained, and it is believed that the arrangement will provide 
facilities for a kind of work not sods in houses of the 
ordinary type. The compartments lend themselves well to 
pathological work, since plants affected with specific diseases 
may be isolated and studied under the most favorable condi- 
tions. Beneath these greenhouses are two cellars—one to 
be devoted to the experimental side of mushroom-growing, 
and the other to the investigation of fungi producing timber 
rot and methods for combating the same. 


While this range of houses, because of its nature, cannot 
be open to the se public, it affords for the first time, 
to those especially interested in the experimental side of 
plant physiology and plant —— adequate space for 
demonstrating this aspect of the work. 


MAIN CONSERVATORY 


The chief change in this house during the year has been 
the replanting of the wing formerly for floral displays 
with the succulents from the old range. This necessitated 
the removal of the benches and the entire rearrangement of 
the heating system. After the cacti, euphorbias, and other 
plants become established, and particularly when the climb- 
ing succulents have covered the trellises provided for the 
purpose, the collection will present an unusually fine appear- 
ance. The house is admira ly adapted for the purpose, and 
the possibility of growing these plants directly in the ground, 
and maintaining the dry atmosphere required, will undoubt- 
edly result in a display which will be far better than it was 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ever possible to maintain under the old very unsatisfactory 


conditions. 


All of the houses in this range have improved in appear- 
ance, the change in the cycad house being particularly 
noticeable. Additions of rare palms and ferns, as well as 
economic fruits, have been made to the collections. 


MAIN GARDEN 


Two outdoor gardens have been added during the year, 
namely, the formal garden, located back of the main con- 
servatory, and the Linnean garden, surrounding the Lin- 
nean house at the north end of the Garden. Detailed de- 
scriptions of these two gardens appeared in the April num- 
ber of the Butietin and need not be repeated here. 


Numerous additions have been made to the permanent 
planting of new beds with hardy perennials and shrubs, and 
a considerable rearrangement of the walks has been accom- 

lished. Owing to the erection of the experimental green- 
ouses, a replanting of part of the rose garden was neces- 
sitated, and some forty beds were added south of the pergola. 


GIFTS OF PLANTS 


The year 1915 has been marked by an unusual number of 
valuable additions made by gift to the various collections 
of plants at the Garden. 


Mr. D. S. Brown, of “Brownhurst,” Kirkwood, Missouri, 
whose collection of orchids is known throughout the world, 
has recently presented to the Garden some of his choicest 
plants, and these, added to the orchids already at the Garden, 
constitute one of the largest and most representative collec- 
tions of this interesting group in the country. Among the 
orchids obtained from Mr. Brown was a collection of cypripe- 
diums, including over 130 plants of C. insigne, C. Leeanum, 
and various hybrids; a collection of dendrobiums, including 
thirty plants of D. nobile and its hybrids; a miscellaneous 
collection of laelias and cattleyas, including such species as 
Laelia purpurata, L. crispa, L. tenebrosa, L. Boothiana, Cat- 
tleya intermedia, C. labrata, C. Mossiae, C. Percivaliana, C. 
Skunneri, C.maxima, C.Schroederae, C. guttata var. Leopold, 
C. Bowringiana, C. Trianaei, and a recent importation of 
about fifty specimen plants of Laelia Perrinii and Cattleya 
Lueddemanniana. e gift likewise included nearly two 
hundred rare hybrids between cattleyas, laelias, and brassa- 
volas, among which are the following: (C. Prianaei x L. 
tenebrosa, C. Forbesii x B. Digbyana, C. gigas Sanderiana 


Mo. BOT. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. 


PLATE 5. 


VIEW IN FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


x L. tenebrosa, C. Warneri x B. Digbyana, C. labiata x L. 
C. Exoniensis, C. gigas x L. C. Endymion, L. tenebrosa X 
L. C. Canhamiana, L. tenebrosa « C. Mendel, L. purpurata 
x L. C. Canhamiana Rex, L. C. Martineti x C. gigas, L. C. 
Gottoiana < C. labiata, L. C. Bleitchleyensis x C. Mossiae. 
The East Indian orchids included such plants as Vanda sac- 
colabium, Rhynchostylis aerides, and species of Angraecum, 
the collection being particularly noteworthy since plants 
from this region were poorly represented at the Garden. In 
addition to the orchids, Mr. Brown also gave a large num- 
ber of bromeliads, aroids, and several species of Ficus not 
represented at the Garden, all of which were particularly 
acceptable at this time, since the new range of greenhouses 
affords ideal space for growing all of these plants. 

Through Professor C. 8. Sargent, of the Arnold Arbore- 
tum, there has been received a representative collection of 
plants obtained by Wilson and Purdom from China and 
similar regions. These are too numerous to list, but it is 
certain that a large part of the gift will provide new and 
most valuable material for use in both the greenhouse and 
outdoor planting. Perhaps the finest individual plant was 
a remarkably well-grown specimen of Araucaria imbricata 
which is now established in the cycad house. 

From the Department of Agriculture various shipments 
have been received throughout the year, comprising eco- 
nomic plants, with tropical edible fruits predominating. 

By exchange there has been obtained from Garfield Park, 
Chicago, and the New York Botanical Garden a miscel- 
laneous collection of aroids which make a valuable addition 
to those already on hand and constitute a notable display in 
the new aroid house. Noteworthy additions to the palms, 
tillandsias, and miscellaneous economic plants have been 
made by Father Jerome, Saint Leo, Florida, and many in- 
teresting seeds and bulbs have been presented by Mr. Orville 
Matthews, of Parral, Mexico, L. D. Yager, of Alton, Illinois, 
and others. 

ATTENDANCE 

The attendance for the year 1915 is listed below. The 
opening of the Garden on Sunday afternoons in December 
made it possible for about 5,000 more people to attend than 
could visit the Garden in 1914. Including this number, the 
gain over 1914 is about 15,000, approximately three times 
the gain of 1914 over 1913, so that it would appear that the 
interest in the Garden is ervinely increasing. The chief 
gain this year has been in the Sunday attendance, over 
20,000 more people coming to the Garden on Sunday after- 
noon in 1918 than in 1914. | 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ATTENDANCE FOR THE YEAR 1915 


Week-days Sundays 

. Linrah Hee Le Fe a AE LAOS. cei een POSSE est 
POOR 6555 65 es eS BBOG 8 hed Cie FE a ee ws 
MABRGD $y ois es ic ee eek Cit Peeper eran. 2 oot einer 
FS gi) REO a ane ie ape are Sa tee UR Perea tee ke oe 22,406 
Mee ek a ce Fee Ln EP Rares Sr eine Se 13,423 
SUR ie sinc et hee ee BETAS een ee EA ee 9,343 
Ti See err re ree ce ee me $0008 65 5 vivisk ieee 7,821 
A Peet ear ere aia, LB ADS cc swe ces won ae ced 10,948 
eptember 2. es a A Se ee pee 7,071 
Ostober 6 i. ceria as oe ee ee ek FRAG Er ss es soaks aes 14,195 
Wovenber. . 5 oi. ce ae ae ee OA OER ei arya sobs sinks 21,202 
Déeerbet 5.6. a evee a ewe Oe et Pee es 5,178 
128,916 111,587 

128,916 

PEs ca ras 6s ob Cy eu oi one Sk pe i Owe cS 240,503 


RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION 


The facilities for research and graduate instruction have 
been materially strengthened by the addition to the labora- 
tory Fagin of important pieces of apparatus needed 
especially in physiological investigation. The installation 
of a commodious hood and canopy makes possible several 


types of work, the execution of which was formerly attended 
with much inconvenience. 


The completion of the small range of greenhouses, con- 
structed primarily for experimental purposes, to which refer- 
ence has already been made, affords a much needed adjunct 
to the laboratory work. 


Instruction, Lectures, Ete—The graduate and under- 
— courses offered during 1914-15 in the Henry Shaw 

chool of Botany by members of the staff who are at the 
same time members of the ay of Washington Univer- 
sity, were thirteen in number. No new courses were intro- 
duced during this academic year, and it may be said that 
those now offered are so related and stabilized: as to suggest 
that few changes will need to be made in the immediate 
future. The courses regularly announced included work in 
general botany, biology (in codperation with the department 
of zodlogy), histology, bacteriology, morphology and taxon- 
only of the fungi, morphology and taxonomy of the sperma- 
tophytes, morphology and taxonomy of the bryophytes and 
pteridoph , plant geography, advanced physiology, special 
chapters in fermentation and in metabolism, seminar, and 
research in morphology, taxonomy, hysiology, and applied 
mycology. For the semester of 1915-16 twelve courses 


EXPERIMENTAL GREENHOUSES. 


9I6L ‘p “TOA ““T1Ng ‘auvy ‘Log ‘ow 


‘9 ALV1g 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 


are being offered, with a total | abegete in courses (includ- 
ing biology) of 128, of which 51 are graduate registrations. 


Lectures and addresses by members of the scientific and 
Garden staffs during 1915 include the following: 


Hermann von Schrenk, January 12, before the Engineers’ 
Club of St. Louis, “Uses of Wood.” 

G. H. Pring, January 14, before the Garden Club of Web- 
ster Groves, “Aquatic Gardening.” 

Hermann von Schrenk, January 21, before the American 
Wood Preservers’ Association, Chicago, “On the Wood Pre- 
serving Industry.” 

Hermann von Schrenk, February 2, before the Michigan 
Retail Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, Mt. Clemens, 
Michigan, “On Uses of Wood.” d 

Hermann von Schrenk, February 3, before the Ohio Re- 
tail Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, Toledo, Ohio, 
“Wood Values.” 

John Noyes, February 18, before the Garden Club of Web- 
ster Groves, “How the Improvement of Home Grounds Pro- 
motes City Planning.” 

Hermann von Schrenk, February 24, before the Forest 
Products Federation, Chicago, “Wood Utilization.” 

George T. Moore, February 26, before the St. Louis Y. M. 
C. A., Central Branch, “Agriculture as a Life Work.” 

W. W. Ohlweiler, March 11, before the St. Louis Florists’ 
Club, “A Few Things About Soils.” 

F. G. Grossart, March 16, before the St. Louis Academy of 
Science, Entomological Section, “The Evolution of the 

santhemum.” : : 

George T. Moore, March 18, before the Washington Uni- 
versity Chapter of the Society of the Sigma Xi, “Botany as 
an Applied Science.” 

C. W. Garrett, March 18, before the Garden Club of 
Webster Groves, “Roses.” 

George T. Moore, March 22, before the St. Louis Y. M. 
C. A., Railroad Branch, “The Missouri Botanical Garden 
and Its Service to the City.” 

Hermann von Schrenk, March 24, before the Commercial 
Club of Kansas City, “Wood Blocks Paving.” 

_Hermann von Schrenk, March 30, before the Kansas 
City City Club, “Wood Blocks Streets.’ : 

C. H. Thompson, April 1, before the Mothers’ Circle of 
the Horace Mann School, “Popular Educational Features of 
the Missouri Botanical Garden.” 

C. H. Thompson, April 22, before the Garden Club of 
Webster Groves, “Flowers and Insects.” 


16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


George T. Moore, May 21, before the Nebraska Academy 
of Sciences, “The Missouri Botanical Garden as a Scientific 
Institution.” 

Hermann von Schrenk, October 14, Burroughs Nature 
Study Club, “Trees.” 

R. A. Studhalter, October 18, before the St. Louis Academy 
of Science, “The Present Status of the Chestnut Bark Dis- 
ease.” 

John Noyes, November 19, before the Missouri Botanical 
Garden Alumni Association, “The Pursuit of Beauty.” 

B. M. Duggar, November 23, before the Washington Uni- 
versity Association, “Chance and Adjustment Versus Pur- 
pose in the Responses and Evolution of Living Things.” 

George T. Moore, December 4, before the St. Louis Medical 
Association, ‘Plant Diseases.” 

S. M. Zeller, December 20, before the St. Louis Academy 
of Science, “Infectious and Non-infectious Chlorosis of 
Plants.” 


A meeting of the Society of the Sigma Xi, with invitations 
extended to the Biological Society of St. Louis, was held in 
the graduate laboratory on March 18, with an address by 
Dr. Moore and with demonstrations of some of the lines of 
investigation being pursued by ae students. A meet- 
ing of the Graduate Club was held in the laboratories, 
November 14. 


Graduates and Fellows.—Dr. A. R. Davis, formerly Rufus 
J. Lackland fellow, was appointed research assistant in June, 
since which time he has continued the prosecution of import- 
ant investigations. 


The following are the 1915 appointments to the Rufus J. 
Lackland fellowships: 


G. W. Freiberg, B.S. South Dakota Agricultural College 
(formerly assistant in botany and graduate student, Univer- 
sity of Missouri), a second year; R. A. Studhalter, 
A. B, University of Texas (formerly assistant in forest 
pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agri- 
culture), reappointed second year; W. W. Bonns, S.B. Massa- 
chusetts Institute of Technology, B.S.A. Cornell Universi 
(formerly assistant professor of pomology, University of Cali- 
fornia, Citrus ee, Station, Riverside, California) ; 
C. W. Dodge, A.B. Middlebury College (formerly teacher 
of elementary botany, Middlebury Hi School) ; a; A. 
Young, B.S. Ohio University, M.S. North Carolina Agricul- 


tural College (formerly instructor in botany, North Carolina 
Agricultural College). 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17 


Other appointments were as follows: 


S. M. Zeller, special research assistant Yellow Pine Asso- 
ciation, B.S. Greenville College, A.B. and A.M. University 
of Washington (formerly instructor in botany, University 
of Washington), reappointed second year; W. S. Reeves, B.S. 
Pomona College, scientific assistant to the Director. 


Graduate students holding positions in Washington Uni- 
' versity are the following: 


H. M. Jennison, B.Sc. Massachusetts Agricultural College, 
M.A. Wabash College (assistant professor of botany and 
bacteriology, Montana State College, on leave of absence), 
assistant in botany; J. W.Severy, A.B. Oberlin College, 
teaching fellow in the Henry Shaw School of Botany. 


In addition to the graduates mentioned in the preceding 
paragraphs, others registered for graduate work do Pd 
calendar year as candidates for advanced degrees in Washing- 
ton University or elsewhere are as follows: M. C. Merrill 
(formerly research assistant) ; A. R. Davis, L. O. Overholts, 
and J. ef Gilman (formerly Rufus J. Lackland fellows) ; 
F. B. Wann (formerly teaching fellow, Washington Univer- 
sity); M. R. Ensign, B.S. Utah Agricultural gg et Mary 
M. Bryan, A.B. Washington University; Clara B. Hill, A.B. 
Vassar College; Ruth Beattie, A.B. University of Missouri; 
Lucy D. Foote, A.B. Clark College; D. C. Neal, B.S. Mis- 
sissippi A. and M. College; Alice Pickel, A.B. Washington 
University; J. Mathilde Rollman, A.B. and B.S. University 
of Missouri; and Laetitia M. Snow (associate professor of 
botany, Wellesley College). 


Those who terminated their connection with the laboratory 
during the year are as follows: M. C. Merrill (formerly 
research assistant), appointed Head of eg Depart- 
ment of the Idaho ‘Technical Institute; J. C. Gilman (for- 
merly Rufus J. Lackland fellow), appointed professor of 
biology in Ripon College; L. O. Overholts (formerly Rufus 
J. Lackland fellow), appointed instructor in botany at the 
Pennsylvania State College; F. B. Wann (formerly teaching 
fellow), appointed instructor in botany in Cornell Univer- 
sity; Mary M. Bryan, appointed teacher in New York City 
schools; and M. z. Ensign. 


Degrees.—At the Commencement, June 10, advanced de- 
grees were awarded graduate students in the Henry Shaw 
School of Botany as follows: Doctor of Philosophy—aA. R. 
Davis (thesis, “Enzyme action in the marine algae”), W. H. 
Emig (thesis, “The occurrence in nature of certain yeast- 


18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


like fungi with relation to their possible pathogenicity in the 
higher animals”), J. C. Gilman (thesis, “Cabbage yellows 
and the relation of temperature to its occurrence” ), M. C. 
Merrill (thesis, “Electrolytic determination of exosmosis 
from the roots of plants subjected to the action of various 
agents”), and L. O. Overholts (thesis, “Comparative studies 
in the Polyporaceae”); Master of Arts—Mary M. Bryan 
(thesis, “A spurless variety of Habenaria psychodes’”’). 


Publications and Papers.—The following is a list of papers 
published as a result of work and observations in the labora- 
tories, herbarium, library, and garden: 


Burt, E. A. “The Thelephoraceae of North America. IV.” 
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 3, 1915. 

Burt, E. A. Ibid. V. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 4, 1915. 

Davis, A. R. “Enzyme Action in the Marine Algae.” 
— Mo. Bot. Nhgiin B i 1915. ae . 

ar, Be M. iology and Ecology.” merican 
Year ae 1915. Tae: af 

Duggar, B. M. “Mushroom Growing.” Orange Judd Co., 
pp. I-VIII and 1-250. 31 pls. 1915. 

Duggar, B. M. “Rhizoctonia Crocorum (Pers.) DC. and 
R. Solani Kithn (Corticium vagum B. & C.) with Notes on 
Other Species.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 3, 1915. 

Duggar, B. M. (The following subjects in Bailey’s Stand- 
ard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, 1915): “Fertilization,” 
eh a Mushroom Culture, and Mushroom Families,” 
“ee ectar.”’ 

Greenman, J. M. “Morphology as a Factor in Determin- 
ing Relationships.” Am. Jour. Bot., 1915. 

Greenman, J. M. “Monograph of the North and Central 
American Species of the Genus Senecio—Part II.” Ann. 
Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 3, 1915. 

Knudson, L. “Toxicity of Galactose for Certain of the 
Higher Plants.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 4, 1915. 

Merrill, M. C. “Some Relations of Plants to Distilled 
Water and Certain Dilute Toxic Solutions.” Ann. Mo. Bot. 
Gard., No. 3, 1915. 

Merrill, M. C. “Electrolytic Determination of Exosmosis 
from the Roots of Plants Subjected to the Action of Vari- 
ous Agents.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 3, 1915. 

Noyes, John. “The ‘Places’ of St. Louis.” The American 
City, 1915. 

Ohlweiler, W. W. “Producing Natural Effects in Con- 


reine Planting.” The Gardeners’ Chronicle of America, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 


Overholts, L. O. “Comparative Studies in the Polypo- 
raceae.’ Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 4, 1915. 

Overholts, L. O. “The Polyporaceae of the Middle- 
age United States.” Washington University Studies, 

von Schrenk, Hermann. “A Specification for a Coal Tar 
Creosote Solution.” Proc. Am. Wood Pres. Assn., 1915. 

von Schrenk, Hermann. ‘Modern Uses of Wood.” Jour. 
West. Soc. of Engineers, 1915. 

Studhalter, R. A., and Heald, F. D. ‘The Persistence of 
Viable Pycnospores of the Chestnut-blight Fungus on 
Normal Bark below Lesions.” Am. Jour. Bot., 1915. 

Studhalter, R. A., and Ruggles, A. G. ‘Insects as Car- 
riers of the Chestnut-blight Fungus.” Pa. Dept. Forestry 
Bull., 1915. 

Studhalter, R. A. (with Heald, F. D.) “The Effect of 
Continued Desiccation on the Expulsion of Ascospores of 
Endothia parasitica.” Mycologia, 1915. 

Studhalter, R. A. (with Heald, F. D.) “Longevity of 
Pyenospores and Ascospores of Endothia parasitica under 
Artificial Conditions.” Phytopathology, 1915. 

Studhalter, R. A. (with Heald, F. D., and Gardner, M. 
W.) ‘Air and Wind Dissemination of Ascospores of the 
Chestnut-blight Fungus.” Jour. Agr. Res., 1915. 

_ Studhalter, R. A. (with Heald, F. D.) “Seasonal Dura- 
tion of Ascospore expulsion of Endothia parasitica.” Am. 
Jour. Bot., 1915. 

Zeller, S. M. “Notes on Cryptoporus volvatus.”” Mycol- 
ogia, 1915. 

Zeller, S. M. (with Frye, T. C.) “Hormiscia tetraciliata 
sp. nov.” Puget Sound Marine Station Publ., 1915. 

Zeller, S. M., and Abigail Neikirk. ‘Gas Exchange in the 
Pneumatocyst of Nereocystis Luetkeana —— , aR” 
Puget Sound Marine Station Publ., 1915. 


In the paragraphs below there are given, for the year 1915, 
some indications of the results from the published investiga- 
tions by members of the scientific staff and graduate 
laboratory. 


Burt, E. A. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2:627-656, 731-770. 
Continuing the monograph of the Thelephoraceae of North 
America, the first paper discusses the tic genus Exo- 
basidium. This fungus produces ya ike deformities and 
discoloration of leaves, fruits, and flowers of various heaths 
and of Symplocos. A critical study of the American collec- 

ions | to the conclusion that there are but three species 
distinguishable on morphological grounds. In the second 


20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


paper three unusually interesting genera are discussed, 
namely, Tremellodendron, Eichleriella, and Sebacina. Of 
the first named, seven species are described; of the second, 
five; and of the third, fourteen species. Among these, eleven 
species are new and several new combinations are given. 


Davis, A. R. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2:771-836. Studyin 
the distribution and intensity of action of the digestive an 
other ferments in marine algae, some results of special sig- 
nificance have been obtained. Ferments digesting starch and 
related carbohydrates were isolated, but no ferment digesting 
either cane or malt sugar could be identified. Likewise, no 
enzyme was found which would digest the cellulose walls of 
plants, and none affecting simple esters. In all cases the fer- 
ments isolated were found to act with unusual slowness, but 
it is suggested that certain inhibiting agents are responsible 
for the low rate. It seems possible that tannoid compounds 
may be important in this connection. 


Duggar. B. M. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2:403-458. Among 
the more important parasitic root fungi of economic plants 
are Rhizoctonia Crocorum, the violet root felt fungus so long 
well known in Europe, and R. Solani, the common American 
species. In this study an account is given of the distribution 
of these two fungi throughout the world, a description of the 
types of diseases induced by them, and an exposition of the 
morphological and pathological differences between the 
— together with notes upon other species less well 

nown. 


Greenman, J.M. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2:573-626. This 
article marks the beginning of a series which will constitute 
a monograph of the genus Senecio or groundsel. This large 
genus of composites is particularly well represented in the 
western United States and southward, and the material for 
the study has been collected for a period of years. The first 
article includes descriptions of thirty-two species represent- 
ing a few sections of the subgenus Eusenecio. 


Knudson, L. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2: 659-664. In this 
study it is shown that one of the hexose sugars, galactose, is 
injurious to green plants when employed at concentrations 
which, in the case of cane sugar, fruit sugar, milk sugar, and 
malt sugar, would promote growth. 


Merrill, M. C. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2 459-506. In ex- 
perimental work on the relations of plants to nutrients and 
to deleterious agents it is necessary to grow control plants 
with the roots immersed in distilled water; but such control 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 


plants suffer certain disorders, the causes of which it is im- 
portant to know. It is believed that in distilled water the 
food relations play an important réle in the incipiency of the 
disorders, and this has the effect of predisposing the plant to 
the action of bacteria and mold fungi ordinarily present in 
the culture solution. 


Merrill, M. C. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2: 507-572. In this 
paper a report is made upon an elaborate series of experi- 
ments and determinations regarding the effects of various in- 
jurious agents upon plants. By studying changes in the 
electrical conductivity of water in which the roots of treated 
plants were immersed, it was found that the electrical method 
gives a delicate and reliable measure of the effects of gases or 
other deleterious agents or conditions. Numerous data are 
given regarding the action of the various substances em- 
ployed. . 

Overholts, L. O. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2:667-730. This 
paper is a critical study of some of the more different groups 
of species of the polypores. A special attempt has been made 
to use ictestonicd ciaraclats in the separation of the 
species ; in short, an attempt to employ more exact characters 
in the determination of closely related forms. 


Overholts, L. O. Washington Univ. Studies 3 (Part I, 
No. 1): 1-84. This is in reality a manual of the polypores 
of the middle-western United States. It should prove serv- 
iceable to all who would have to identify these fungi, many 
of which cause disastrous diseases of trees, likewise important 
timber decays. The manual includes 132 species, with 
analytical and synoptical keys. 

The School for Gardening—The resignation of Mr. 
Charles H. Thompson, Mr. K. Svetlikoff, Mr. C. W. Garrett, 
and Mr. H. M. Biekart has necessitated considerable change 
in the conduct of some of the courses. Temporarily, other 
members of the Garden staff have been carrying this addi- 
tional work, and Mr. G. H. Pring has been added to the per- 
manent corps of instructors. Plans are now under way for 
additions to this staff, and it is expected that early in the year 
1916 the teaching force will be restored to its normal size. 

Mr. Fred G. Grossart completed the course on September 
30 and was awarded a Garden certificate. He is now head 
gardener at Valhalla Cemetery. 


As the result of competitive examination, Mr. James 
Monteith was appointed to the only vacant scholarship on — 
October 1, and besides those holding scholarships there are 
five students paying tuition. : 


22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


On November 19, about twenty-five of the former pupils 

thered for an informal meeting of the Missouri Botanical 

den Alumni Association. The program was given in the 
November BuLierin, 


HERBARIUM 


Marked progress has been made during the year, particu- 
larly in the critical study of certain groups of plants and the 
further organization of material in the general herbarium. 
Additional cases have been fitted up in the gallery of the 
museum building for the growing aorta of parasitic and 
fleshy fungi, and a new steel case has been installed for the 
reception of special sets of exsiccata. 


New Accessions.—A relatively large number of accessions 
has been received, some of the more important of which are 
the following: E. Bartholomew, “North American Uredi- 
nales,” Cent. XII, XIII, XIV, Nos. 1101-1400, and “Fungi 
Columbiani,” Cent. XLVI, Nos. 4501-4600; Botanic Gar- 
den of Pisa, lichens and fungi of Italy; T. S. Brandegee, 
plants of Mexico, collected by ©. A. Purpus in 1914; Bureau 
of Science, Manila, plants of the Philippine Islands; B. F. 
Bush, plants of Missouri; Ira W. Clokey, plants of Illinois; 
F. 8. Collins, ‘“Phycotheca Boreali-Americana,” Nos. 2001— 
2050; Dr. F. V. Coville, plants of Mexico, collected by Dr. 
Edward Palmer in 1910; Dr. A. R. Davis, plants of Cali- 
fornia and the ae Islands; Rev. John Davis, plants 
of Missouri; Prof. John Dearness, thelephoraceous fungi 
from British Columbia and Ontario; J. A. Drushel, plants 
of Alabama, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Texas, Colorado, and 
California; Miss Charlotte Ellis, plants of New Mexico; Prof. 
A. W. Evans, Hepaticae of Jamaica; Prof. W. G. Farlow, 
fungi from various localities, and mosses from Trinidad and 
Granada, W. I.; O. A. Farwell, plants of Michigan; Prof. 
J. H. Faull, fungi from Canada; G. W. Freiberg, lants of 
Minnesota; R. Friedlander & Sohn, Sydow’s “Mycotheca 
beg ha Fase. XXV, XXVI, Nos. 1201-1300; P. W. 

raff, fungi from Connecticut; J. M. Greenman, Krieger’s 
“Schadliche Pilze,” and miscellaneous plants from various 
localities; A. A. Heller, plants of California; Th. Holm, 

lants of Porto Rico, M land, Virginia, and Colorado; J. 

. Holzinger, plants of New Mexico; Dr. Alfred L. Kam- 
merer, plants of New Mexico and Washi gton; J. H. Kel- 
loge pitts of Missouri; Dr. W. H. Long, fungi from Arizona 
and New Mexico; John Macoun, fungi of British Columbia; 
E. 0. Matthews, fungi, lichens, mosses, and hepatics; Dr. 
W. A. Murrill, thelephoraceous fungi from western United 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23 


States and Mexico; Prof. A. Nelson, plants of Colorado ; New 
York Botanical Garden, flowering plants from Bermuda, and 
fungi from Florida; L. O. Overholts, flowering plants from 
Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, and Colorado, and fungi from vari- 
ous localities; Prof. W. A. Setchell, fungi from California 
and Washington; H. Sydow, “Fungi exotici exsiccati,” Fasc. 
VII, VII, IX, Nos. 301-450; Stuart L. Thompson, plants 
of Manitoba; U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, plants of China, and 
“American Grasses,” Nos. 201-400; U. S. Nat. Museum, 
plants from South America, fragments of types of American 
senecios, and fungi from New Mexico; Dr. H. von Schrenk, 
flowering plants and fungi from various localities; Univer- 
sity of California, plants of California; T. O. Weigel, plants 
of the Philippine Islands, and Zenker’s “Plantae Kamer- 
unenses,”” Cent. VI, Nos. 500-599; J. R. Weir, fungi from 
western United States and British Columbia. A complete 
list of the accessions received during each month of the year 
has been recorded in the successive issues of the BULLETIN. 


Mounting and Distribution—The mounting of her- 
barium specimens has continued throughout the year; and 
nearly all material received on current accessions has been 
mounted, poisoned, and incorporated in the general her- 
barium. In addition to this, the excellent suite of specimens 
acquired by the purchase of the private herbarium of Mr. 
Ernest J. Palmer has been mounted; and the Letterman 
herbarium, which was purchased in 1913, has been partly 
organized. From the latter collection more than 7500 speci- 
mens have been mounted and distributed in the general her- 
barium, and several thousand specimens have been laid out 
in sets as exchange material, ready for distribution to corre- 
spondents. Very few exchanges have been made, because of 
the unusual delays and risk involved in sending material to 
European institutions. The mounting has been very greatly 
facilitated by the introduction of a specially constructed 
movable metal case for use in poisoning herbarium speci- 
mens. 


Field Work.—The coéperative field work which has been 
carried on so successfully during the past two years with the 
Arnold Arboretum has been continued, and Mr. E. J. Palmer 
has been in the field the entire season from the middle of 
March to November, except for a brief period in August. A 
general botanical survey has been conducted in western 
Louisiana, eastern Texas, southeastern Oklahoma, and south- 
western Arkansas. Collections have been made at Natchi- 
toches, Chopin, Grand Ecore, Creston, Shreveport, Alexan- 


24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


dria, Jennings, Welsh, Sulphur, Monroe, Windsor, Cameron, 
and Lake Charles, Louisiana; at San Augustine, Carthage, 
Long View, Jacksonville, Larissa, Liberty, Dayton, Houston, 
Bryan, College Station, Corsicana, Groesbeck, and Marshall, 
Texas; at Poteau, Fort Towson, Antlers, Idabel, Hugo, and 
Page, Oklahoma; and at Fulton, McNab, Arkadelphia, Gum 
Springs, Benton, Malvern, Little Rock, Ozark, London, Fay- 
etteville, Winslow, Westgate, Ashdown, Cotter, Horatio, and 
Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Several of these stations were visited 
twice or more during the season in order to secure plants 
of the spring and autumnal floras, as well as to obtain flower- 
ing and fruiting specimens of the same species. Upwards 
of 10,000 herbarium specimens were collected during the sea- 
son, which will be of the utmost value in elaborating the 
proposed “Flora of the Southwest.” 


Use of Herbarium by Outside Botanists—Several special- 
ists from different parts of the country have visited the her- 
barium for the purpose of studying large series of specimens 
in technical genera and especially to consult type material. 
Numerous loans have been made to specialists engaged in the 
monographiec study of particular groups of plants. 


Statistical Summary: (For the year ending December 31, 
1915). 


Number of specimens acquired on new accessions: 


ay pRrchite SS a a 6,677 

By WN Ps eee 5,025 

By emhahie iss HVA 1,311 

By. Reld. work oc ee i 8,387 

pk Mee eee 21,400 valued at $1,712.00 

Number of specimens mounted and incorporated: 

From Chapman Herbarium .......... 271 

From Letterman Herbarium ......... 7,635 

From Palmer Herbarium ............ 4,671 

From all other sources............... 21,654 

TOM a 34,231 valued at $5,134.65 

Number of specimens discarded from the 

DOPROTIOM «6636s A ee 53 
Number of specimens in unorganized her- 

Dari oe (estimated at 60,000) valued at $4,800.00 
Number of specimens in organized her- 

barium rye ee ee 691,639 valued at $103,745.85 
ne ete., supplementing the herbarium, valued 

BE whee esse ete ahees cece cans ey ered a 280.00 
Microscope slides, ete., valued at........................., 410.00 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 25 


LIBRARY 


During the year a considerable part of the time of the 
library staff has been devoted to checking up and entering 
the publications which have been received, sending them at 
once on the round of the laboratories, collating them for the 
ed: and finally indexing and distributing them on the 
shelves. 


There have been but few opportunities to purchase books 
which will fill gaps in incomplete sets, for the catalogues 
coming from foreign dealers appear to be almost wholly re- 
offerings of works in former catalogues. Private libraries are 
apparently not now being taken by foreign dealers. 


Reclassification of Books—To make the books and pam- 
phlets bearing on plant physiology and plant pathology more 
available for quick reference, there have been reclassified 
under the present subdivisions of physiology all the publi- 
cations in this section, as well as the books and pamphlets 
of importance in plant pathology from the section mycology. 
These changes have necessitated alterations in the corre- 
sponding cards in the card hg es and also in the original 
accession slips stored in the vault. This part of the work 
is not yet finished. 


Publications—The current volume of the Annals of 
the Missouri Botanical Garden, which is the principal 
exchange for publications of scientific institutions and 
societies, contains 841 pages, 27 plates, and 79 text figures. 
It contains the papers prepared for the Twenty-fifth Anni- 
versary of the Garden and also the results of botanical re- 
searches completed by individuals connected with the Gar- 
den. It is computed that the value per year of the exchanges 
received for the ANNALS is $1,335.00. Some exchanges are 
also received for the BULLETIN. 


List of Serial Publications.—The list of the serial publi- 
cations to date in the library of the Missouri Botanical Gar- 
den was published in the Washington University Serial List, 
Washington University Record, Vol. 10, No. 6, April, 1915. 
This list gives not only all serials in our library, but states 
also how complete the file is for each. In addition to being 
useful for our own use, this list will enable those who desire 
to consult volumes of such serials to inform themselves as to 
whether they are available in the Garden library. We have 
had in the past many inquiries of this nature from educa- 
tional institutions of the middle west. 


26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Loans of Books.—The library is not a circulating library ; 
nevertheless, its usefulness is not confined to those who can 
examine its books in the library building. Loans are made 
of some books for a short period to other libraries for the use 


of investigators. Thirty-seven such loans, totaling 105 books, 
were made. 


Subject Index.—Work on the subject index of titles of 
botanical articles published by scientific societies of the 
world has been continued. Indexing such serial publica- 
tions of Great Britain and Ireland has been completed, and 
a beginning has been made on German publications. In 
all, 6,800 articles are indexed in 51 publications. The cards 
afford immediate reference to many important papers and 
to large numbers of observations and notes on plants and 
plant phenomena. The members of the scientific staff 
codperate in the classification of the cards to make the index 
of the greatest scientific value. 


Statistical—There have been 514 volumes, valued at 
$901.24, and 1,083 pamphlets, valued at $162.25, donated 
to the library ; and 287 volumes, valued at $1,116.75, and 5 
pamphlets, valued at $2.30, purchased. The library now 
contains 33,757 books and 44,100 pamphlets, a total of 
77,857, valued at $116,982.55. There are also 325 manu- 
scripts, valued at $1,601.25, 154 maps and charts, valued 
at $254.10, and 867,125 index cards, valued at $8,671.25, 
making the total estimated value of the library and card 
catalogue $127,509.15. A total of 31,053 index cards have 
been added, 13,781 of which were typewritten by Garden 
employees, and 17,272 purchased at a cost of $219.05. The 
number of books bound was 461, and one map was mounted. 


ANNUAL BEQUESTS 


The flower sermon, provided for in Mr. Shaw’s will, was 
hase in Christ Church Cathedral by the Rev. A. A. V. 
innington, of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, on May 16, 1915. 


The Twenty-sixth Gardeners’ Banquet was held on the 
oe of November 19, 1915, at the Liederkranz Club. 
Mr. John K. M. L. Farquhar, president of the Massachusetts 
Horticultural Society, spoke on “Bulb Growing in Holland.” 


Respectfully submitted, 


GrorcEe T. Moorz, 
Director. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR DECEMBER, 1915 


GaRDEN ATTENDANCE: 


Total wamaber of visitora sc 625s ce eee 12,022 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of plants received in exchange.............. 70 
Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange..... 4 
PLANT DISTRIBUTION: 
Total number of plants distributed free.................. 20 
Total number of plants distributed in exchange........... 3 
Lipeaky ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought............. 22 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 225 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — 
Geo. W. Stevens—Plants of Oklahoma..................- 1,400 
H. Sudre —“Batotheca Europaea,” Fase. XIII, Nos. 601- ;‘ 
pen de CE EET EE Foe eR OPE E PIE ene oes peares Pubes aes 5 
H. Sudre — “Herbarium Hieraciorum,” Fase. V, Nos. 201— 
se ARIE a CE SL EE Pee Te Be fare 50 
By Gift — 


Walter H. Aiken—Verbesina virginica L. from Louisiana. . 1 
B. F. Bush—Polysaccum crassipes from Montevallo, Mis- 


WOUED ice 5 sis Bhs oo 5s Ae ee ee ok ba es ek 1 
J. Dearness—Fungi of Ontario and British Columbia...... 7 
J. A. Drushel—Plants from Ohio, Missouri, Texas, Colo- 

waco; Utah; and- Oaliforiia 2505 on ea 23 
J. More and Milton T. Greenman—Plants of Missouri..... 3 
C. J. Humphrey—Thelephoraceae of Cuba. ........... vee 
E. L. Johnston—Plants of Colorado...............2+-005 95 
O. S. Ledman—Plants of Missouri.................-2000- 17 


W. H. Long—Fungi on lumbering “slash” in Arkansas.... 53 

Mrs. J. T. Monell — Private herbarium of the late Joseph 
Tarrigan Monell (estimated at) ..........-.2-2+ee005 1,000 

L. O. Overholts—Type specimens of Agaricaceae from Mis- 


L. O. Overholts—Specimens of Thelephoraceae from Penn- 
MOURN ae a oe Se eas 
G. L. Peltier—Corticium vagum on stems of carrot, horse- 
radish, radish, rhubarb, Sedwm, wintervetch, and on 
ROM eO FOU ss i a es eh eas w heehee cases 
C. V. Piper—Specimens of Senecio from Oregon.........-. 
F. Pitzman—Magnolia sp. from Cairo, Illinois........... 
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, land — Specimens _ of 
Corticium salmonicolor, the “pink disease” of tropical 
PN Sg BA EE PERS RATES URNS Oe cia hs SPREE CESS 
H. ae Schrenk—Gordonia Lasianthus Ell., the “tan-bay” ; 

or “loblolly-bay,” from Georgia.......-.----+++++-- ee 

J. R. Wier ass edhe Geaksortut fungi of Montana, Idaho, 
Washington, and British Columbia .......-------++++- 

By Field Work — 

E. J. Palmer — Plants of Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and 
Oklahoma (estimated at) 2.2... cc cise ceedc sce secesos 8,292 


28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays, from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


STAFF .. 
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Director, 


GEORGE Ts MOORE. 


BENJAMIN Mince Doccak, ae cores A. Burt, - 
-) Physiologist, in charge of Sraduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian. 


Heemann VON SCHRENK,- - Atva R. Davis, 


_ Pathologist, Research Assistant. . 


Jesse M. GREENMAN, = - : af; BE. Hurcutwes, 


Curator of the Herbarium.” Photographer. 


: -RATHiORINE i. erg 


oF see Secretary. to the Director. 


James GURNEY, ~~ 
Head Gardener, Emeritus, — 

- Wittram W. OBLweILer, 
- General Manager.” 


_ Jou Noves, 
25 Landscape Designer. % 


E.D. Emme, >. OW. F. Lancan, 

- Recording and Labeling. : "Engineer, 

J BMA SA 62 Pes G. H. Prine, 
“Plant Propagation, © " _Orbide and other Exotics 

CR Foneze,5 7. Fk M. ScHILLER, 
Construction,” Te ies New Conservatories. 


é 


Missourt BoraNIcaL 
GARDEN BULLETIN: 


-Vol.IV ss FEBRUARY, 1916 ——ss«CN. 2 


CONTEN TS 


A Ghabespeateads Garden a Pee ee Ae Mey | 
Natural ‘Gralts 608 ne aie es - 38 
+Floral Display for March BOC eee ete et pune. ye 
Notes - = - = - Np ENE ree : - We oe gag - 44 < 
‘Statistical Information os See eae eg ee | ie 


Pa sige or Spek MO. 
| Foe ieee ga : 
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES” 


Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. PLATE 7, 


TOWER GROVE PARK STATUE OF SHAKESPEARE, THE WORK OF BARON 
VON MUELLER OF MUNICH, PRESENTED TO THE CITIZENS 
OF ST. LOUIS BY HENRY SHAW ON APRIL 23, 1878 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. IV St. Louis, Mo., February, 1916 No. 2 


A SHAKESPEAREAN GARDEN 


No celebration of the three- 
hundredth anniversary of 
Shakespeare’s death would be 
complete without a Shakes- 
pearean garden. The works of 
the great dramatist abound in 
plant lore and garden craft, and 
prove beyond question that he 
knew and loved the plants and 
gardens of his time. 


The era in which Shakes- 
peare lived and worked was one 
particularly favorable for gard- 
ening, as well as for literature 
and the other arts. It was only 
just previous to this period that 
the nobility began to erect their 
great country mansions, and 
the garden was considered a very important adjunct. Prob- 
ably at no other time has landscape gardening taken a 
higher rank, the garden giving, as it did, a special and fin- 
ished character to the building, and being an essential part 
of the general scheme. The architect-builder of the house 
was usually the designer of the garden, John Thorpe being 
one of the most famous architects of the period, who de- 
signed many estates combining house and grounds. That 
the landscaping was considered no mean task is evidenced 
by Bacon’s statement that ‘Men come to build stately sooner 
than to garden finely; as if gardening were the greater 
perfection.” 


It is natural, therefore, that the history of the architecture 
and gardening of the Elizabethan era should be closely re- 
lated. Religious persecution in parts of Europe, combined 
with other causes, brought many gardeners, as well as build- 


(29) 


tJ 


30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ing artisans and artists, to Eng- 
land. On the other hand, travel- 
ing on the Continent was popular 
among the wealthier classes, 
and comparatively safe. Con- 
sequently, many foreign ideas 
were introduced, especially those 
of the Renaissance, and the style 
of architecture began to change 
from the Gothic to the more 
classical English Renaissance, re- 
sulting in what is now known as 
the Elizabethan style. The in- 
fluence of these changes was soon 
felt in the garden which com- 
bined ideas of the Tudor period 
with those obtained from abroad. 
This fusion of ideas happily re- 
sulted in a style purely national, 
much better adapted to England than a strict adherence to 
the gardens of any other country. Some of the principal 
Tudor features that remained were the railed flower bed, the 
mount, topiary work, hedges, simple knots and arbors, 
pleached alleys, arched galleries, walls, and trellised fences. 
Europe contributed the terrace, the fountain, the labyrinth 
or maze, and the more elaborate arbor and parterre, while 
architecture and sculpture became more common in gardens 
through foreign influence. 

It should perhaps be men- 
tioned first that the ideal Eliza- 
bethan garden was square, or, if 
oblong, divided into square parts. 
The building, with its wings and 
forecourt, dominated the design, 
the balustraded terraces which 
formed the connecting link be- 
tween house and garden, drop- 
ping to the garden grade by 
means of a grassy slope, or a 
brick or stone retaining wall. 
The walks, called “forthrights,” 
made of sand, gravel, or turf, 
were straight and very broad. 
“Covert” alleys at the sides were 
very popular, sometimes formed 
by vines on arched trellises, and 
sometimes by pleached alleys, the 


Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916, PLATE 8, 


VIEW ACROSS THE POND AT MONTACUTE. 


GARDEN HOUSE AND PAVILION AT MONTACUTE. 


32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


latter made by interweaving overhead the branches of the 
trees on either side the walk. Willows, lindens, elms, horn- 
beam, cornel, privet, and hawthorn were popular for this 
purpose. 


Flowers were used in abundance in the knots or parterres, 
also in other beds, usually bordered with a low hedge of box 
or similar plants, or with lead, brick, pebbles, tiles, or even 
the shank bones of sheep. Larger beds were “railed,” either 
by a low trellis, or a single railing on posts at the corners, 


MONTACVTE ® SOMERSETSHIRE . 


co nee The Forecort Te Vopr. GarPeg Seog 


(oe e eee eed = = 2 sous o reer. 


PLAN OF GARDEN AT MONTACUTE, SOMERSETSHIRE, BUILT ~ 
BETWEEN 1580 AND 1601 AND PRACTICALLY 
UNALTERED AT PRESENT TIME. 


such rails and trellises being usually painted green and white, 
the Tudor colors. Beds were often raised above the level of 
the walk by a low brick or stone wall. The mount, a relic 
of monastic gardens, was a high artificial hill, sometimes in 
the center of the garden, sometimes at the end, overlooking 
the garden and the countryside. These flower garden rail- - 
ings and mounts are seldom used in modern garden craft. 


The garden of Shakespeare’s time was always enclosed, 
sometimes by a wall of brick or stone, sometimes by a trellis 
fence or high hedge. ‘He hath a garden cireummured with 
brick,” writes Shakespeare. Flowering and fruiting vines 
covered the walls and trellises. Hedges were used inside the 
garden also, in various shapes and sizes, box, cypress, yew, 
privet, hawthorn, roses, fruit trees, juniper, hornbeam, and 
cornel being the plants most commonly employed. Wood- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


trellised arbors were fre- 
quently used, though 
those of brick or stone 
were sometimes seen. 
Topiary work was of yew, 
box, privet, or juniper, 
the peacock forms being 
most popular. 


Of all these famous 
old gardens, one only, 
Montacute, in Somer- 
setshire, remains  prac- 
tically unchanged, al- 
though the gardens of 
Hatfield House, Hert- 
fordshire, have been re- 
stored and may be con- 
sidered typical of the 
period. Remnants of 
many gardens are left, 
however — examples of 
garden furniture, a few 
pleached alleys or 
mounts — and_ several 
good illustrations and 
written descriptions are 
extant. 


Although Shakespeare 
wrote of many countries 
and peoples, his scenes 
and characters are es- 
sentially English, as are 
his plants and gardens. 
A Shakespearean garden, 
therefore, could not be 
other than an English 
garden of the period— 
an Elizabethan garden. 


During the last week 
in April and the month 
of May such a garden 
will be shown in the 
floral display house of 
the new plant range. 
This will not be an at- 
tempt to copy any par- 


ee 
‘ | 


bee 
T 


ee ae 
~ a oe 
a a 


PLAN OF SHAKESPEAREAN GARDEN 
TO BE ARRANGED IN FLORAL 
DISPLAY HOUSE. 


34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ticular garden of Shakespeare’s time, and the limited area 
makes impossible anything but a garden in miniature. It 
will, however, embody most of the features that characterized 
the gardens of the Elizabethan period, the accompanying 
plan giving a good idea of the arrangement. The house will 
be divided into three square gardens, each 50 x 50 feet, the 
parterre, the trellised garden, and the topiarian garden, each 
dominated by several Elizabethan motifs. 


The balcony of the floral display house, with the pool and 


THE GARDEN AND MAZE AT HATFIELD HOUSE, HERTFORDSHIRE, 
BUILT 1605 AND RESTORED. 


fountain below, lends itself admirably to the scheme, and 
affords a good view of the parterre or knot and the gardens 
beyond. The pattern to be used in this parterre was one very 
popular in Shakespearean times. The flower beds along the 
sides, as well as the parterre itself, will be bordered with a 
hedge of privet and juniper. 


The trellised garden, as its name implies, will be enclosed 
by a high trellis with arched entrances, over which are to be 
trained climbing roses and other vines. This garden will be 
terraced, with turfed slopes, and flower beds and graveled 
walks above. The plan of the interior was taken from the 
lower garden at Montacute, the central portion being de- 


” 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35 


pressed, a fountain, junipers, and 
small flower beds forming a part 
of the design. All woodwork in 
the parterre and trellised garden 
will be painted green and white. 


The topiarian garden will be 
devoted principally to box trees 
trimmed into various shapes, an 
arbor of trellis work, covered with 
vines, terminating the main axis 
of the three gardens. The motif 
for the arbor was taken from the 
plans of the old Wilton House 
gardens, designed by Isaac de 
Caux. Within this garden will 
be shown the greater number of 
the collection of plants men- 
tioned by Shakespeare in his 
works. It should be borne in 
mind that, while it is possible to identify most of these, some 
are doubtfully referred to existing species, and in a few cases 
the name used by Shakespeare may have been misleading. 
However, the list as given is the result of a careful compila- 
tion of all the information obtainable from various author- 
ities, and is believed to be as accurate as anything of the kind 
that could be prepared. g 


A list of the trees, shrubs, vines, and flowers used in the 
three gardens, is as follows: 


SHAKESPEAREAN 

NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME REFERENCE 
BONE ps ee Amygdalus communis . Troilus and Cressida, v. 2. 
APUG Ce a ee Pyrus mals .o6..5 05. : Twelfth Night, i. 5. 
ASI Pc toe eG Fraxinus americana... Coriolanus, iv. 5. 
ABNOR: oo os i es Populus deltoides...... Second Henry IV, ii. 4. 
Bachelor’s , 

Huttions Sook ke, Gomphrena globosa ... Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. 2. 
BOUAM ci ar. Pistacia Lentiscus .... Timon of Athens, iii. 5. 
Basity. 3 oye Hordeum vulgare ..... The Tempest, iv. 1. 
BOAO 56 Oc ce | Laurus nobilis ........ Richard II, ii, 4. 
BOM ce eee Fabo vulgaris......... First Henry IV, ii. 1. | 
PAGER a ec Betula nigra ......-.. Measure for Measure, i. 4. 
Blackberry or : i 
Bramble......... Rubus fruticosus ..... As You Like It, iii. 2. 

WOR Ses a Buxus sempervirens .. Twelfth Night, ii. 5. 
Pliage. Rosa rubiginosa ....... The Tempest, iv. 1. 
WOO, 5 ie ca Ke Cytisus scoparius .....Midsummer Night’s Dream, v. 2. 
Cabbage. 2... 35 Brassica oleracea ..... Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 1. 
Camomile ......... Anthemis nobilis ..... First Henry IV, ii. 4. 
Carnation... 2.34 «4: Caryophyllus sp. ..-..: Winter’s Tale, iv. 3. 


OASTAWSY 60 os sco a: Carum Carvi......... Second Henry IV, v. 3. 


36 


SHAKESPEAREAN 
NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME 
Garret 25 Daucus Carota ........ 
NEY st oe Prunus Cerasus ....... 
Glover. 5s Trifolium repens ...... 
Oorktle 35)2 60) Lychnis Githago ...... 
Onlumbine 3 22. 2. Aquilegia vulgaris ..... 
Derk, oe, 
Cea Mays - 03 es. 
SONS ing es Triticum vulgare ..... 
Avena sativa ........ 
Corn-flower ......... Lychnis Flos-cuculi .... 
Currant of ce Vitis corinthiaca ...... 
Cypress 6225 as Cupressus sempervirens. 
DAHOGE 62.2 Narcissus Pseudo- 
Narcvasus..' oe. 
Daley. 3 eg Bellis perennis ........ 
Datnet: 2 Lolium temulentum ... 
Date: oo Phoenia dactylifera .... 
Dewberry. 3... 7.) Rubus caesius ........ 
Egiantine ..0¢ 0.3. ROSG. ODi vsbe ss ee zis 
Bider= =. 2.35 35 Sambucus canadensis . . 
Bln. Uinas sp. oa oa 
Fennel a Foeniculum vulgare.... 
Vern 2.245 oy Pieris aquilina........ 
25 4 Pious Carica ~;... 2... 
Cee 2 ee ha Aa) tea ane? Oke 
BIAS oe ra: Linum usitatissimum .. 
Flower-de-luce ...... Iris Pseudacorus....... 
Fumitery.... 2 Fumaria officinalis..... 
Garlick oe, Allium odorum........ 
anger 5 se es Zingiber officinale...... 
Gooseberry ...5.5... Ribes Grossularia...... 
Gore i Genista canariensis.... 
Hawthorn: 22 Crataegus Oxycantha.. . 
Hazel) ea, Hamamelis virginiana. . 
Hesth oo Calluna vulgaris, or 
any. Erica: 203 725 
Bolly osc ee Leg OPG0G oie ey 
Honeysuckle ........ Lonicera Periclymenum. 
Hyssop 2 4 Hyssopus officinalis... . 
Wyo ee Hedera Heliz.......... 
Knot-prass 2.2.0 42 Polygonum aviculare... 
beurre oo ee Laurea apolinus (Lau- 
Tus nobis) 3. Ge. 
Pavender. oo Lawvendula officinalis... . 
ee a oe Allium Porrum........ 
Eemion 23.57 2 Citrus Lemonum....... 
RAUHICE 20 LActued Op. oe 
RAY 8 eo see Lilium candidum...... 
Lime: ooo Se TIA 80 a 
Docust ... Ceratonia Siliqua...... 
Mallow .. <2. cee: Malwa sylvestris....... 
Marigold; ......6.; Calendula officinalis... . 
Marjoram 2... ..0. 3 Origanum vulgare ..... 
Mint: .: 553.0 cee Mentha piperita....... 
Mulberry. 5G Morus rubra ........; 
Mushroom: 252.550... Hydnum, Boletus, and 
Agariqus: i. .055.200 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


REFERENCE 
.Merry Wives of Windsor, iv. 1. 
-King John, ii. 1. 
Henry V, v2. 
.Coriolanus, iii. 1. 
. Hamlet, iv. 5. 


Phellodendron amurense.Winter’s Tale, iii. 3. 


The Tempest, ii. 1. 


-Hamlet, iv. 7. 
.Winter’s Tale, iv. 2. 
. Taming of the Shrew, ii. 1. 


.Winter’s Tale, iv. 3. 

. Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

.Henry V, v. 2. 

.Romeo and Juliet, iv. 4. 
.Midsummer Night’s Dream, iii. 1. 
.Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

.Merry Wives of Windsor, ii. 3. 
.Comedy of Errors, ii. 2. 

. Hamlet, iv. 5, 

.First Henry IV, ii. 1. 
.Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2. 
.Antony and Cleopatra, i. 4. 
.Merry Wives of Windsor, v. 5. 
.Winter’s Tale, iv. 3. 

Henry V5 Vv. 2. 

.Coriolanus, iv. 6. 

.Merchant of Venice, iii. 1. 
.Second Henry IV, i. 2. 

.The Tempest, iv. 1. 

.King Lear, ii. 4. 

.Romeo and Juliet, i. 4. 


.The Tempest, i. 1. 

.As You Like It, ii. 7. 
.Midsummer Night’s Dream, iy. 1. 
.Othello, i. 3. 

.Comedy of Errors, ii. 2. 
.Midsummer Night’s Dream, iii. 2. 


. Troilus and Cressida, i. 3. 
Winter’s Tale, iv. 3. 

sentry V, av. b 

-Love’s Labours Lost, v. 2. 
-Othello, i. 3. 

-Two Gentlemen of Verona, ii. 3. 
-The Tempest, v. 1. 

-Othello, i. 3. 

-The Tempest, ii. 1. 

-Pericles, iv. 1. 

-All’s Well That Ends Well, iv. 5. 
-Winter’s Tale, iv. 2. 
-Coriolanus, iii. 2. 


-The Tempest, v. 1. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 37 


SHAKESPEAREAN 

NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME REFERENCE 
Mustard. oy neo 03 Brassica nigra........4. Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3. 
che et ee es Myrtus communis....... Measure for Measure, ii. 2. 
Mele oe enn Ortercis eps ct ees The Tempest, i. 2. 
Onis) te Avena sativa..... eee King Lear, v. 3. 
WHVG oss ee Olea europaea.......... Timon of Athens, v. 5. 
I Sass Ses Alliim:. Cepa ... ss s Midsummer Night’s Dream, iv. 2. 
Orange... eer as Citrus Aurantium ...... Much Ado About Nothing, ii. 1. 
PRI as bey on ve ba Primula. elatior......... Winter’s Tale, iv. 3. 
Palm tree ........ \ Nake o dactylifera --} as You Like It, iii. 2. 

alix Caprea......... 

PONY ey ok Vion Ti0olot hoe ee Hamlet, iv. 5. 
iene) MERE ae eee Carum Petroselinum ....Taming of the Shrew, iv. 4. 
yt Ae Ae ae er Prunus Persica.......... Second Henry IV, ii. 2. 
PORE a ts Pyrus communis........ Merry Wives of Windsor, iv. 5. 
Pea ee es Pisum sativum...... .+-The Tempest, iv. 1. 
Pepper: i555 beh cia cs Piper nigrum «os. First Henry IV, iii. 1 
Pee Pius sylvestris ........ Troilus and Cressida, i. 3. 
Sgt ay cre OM Saget DOMES BIS ek Romeo and Juliet, ii. 4. 
PAONS 5 iS a ie, Paeonia corallina....... The Tempest, iv. 1. 
Plum, damson, prune. Prunus communis (?)...King John, ii. 1. 
Pomegranate ........ Punica Granatum....... All’s Well That Ends Well, ii. 3. 
POppye a. aces Papaver somniferum .... .Othello, iii. 3. 
POUND 6a. eta Solanum tuberosum..... Troilus and Cressida, v. 2. 
erarose . 5.) Primula veris .......... Cymbeline, i. 6. 
rinsing Cucurbita Pepo......... Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. 3. 
Quilices so. Pyrus Cydonia ..:...... Romeo and Juliet, iv. 4. 
Mndiake ios. Sn Raphanus sativus....... Second Henry IV, iii. 2. 
Raisin 47. Vitis (Muscatel) sp.....Winter’s Tale, iv. 2. 
BOGGS ke Arundo Phragmites..... Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 7. 
UDO sco es Rheum 0b 235 bees Macbeth, v. 3. 
Rite 2 Oryza sativa ........:.- Winter’s Tale, iv. 2. 
ROBO oc oi ee ses ROSG BP. 2 oo ete Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. 1. 
MOSOMATY 4065.84 Rosmarinus sp, ........ Pericles, iv. 6. 
RUG Fos eos Ruta graweolens ........ Richard IT, iii. 4. 
Bush ois ace ss Acorus Calamus........ As You Like it, iii. 2. 
RYO ii ras re oe Secale cereale .......... The Tempest, iv. 1. 
adrOn ey ic ce Crocus satwus ......... Comedy of Errors, iv. 4. 
AVOEV cc faces. on Satureta sp. (2). ...-. Winter’s Tale, iv. 3. 
Strawberry ......-.- Fragaria vesca ......... Othello, iii. 3. : a 
PUPA. 20 oe, Sorghum vulgare ....... Merry Wives of Windsor, ii. 2. 
BVCRRIONG fic) <0 so Platanus orientalis...... Romeo and Juliet, i. 1. 
PUHIBOIE Sig ccs Cards: 60.5 ois en ces Henry V, v. 2. 
NOL ay oc ee Crataegus Oxycantha....The Tempest, iv. 1. 
THOME 26 55.54 Thymus vulgaris........ Othello, 1. 3. 
Carat oe Brassica Rapa.......... Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. . 
Neotel 6.4 coc vas Vicia sativa....... aeece The Tempest, iv. 1. 
SIMA ops ces eo ees Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 7. 
WENGE lees Viole 60. 25 i oes Cymbeline, i. 6. 
WING oi kv cece Juglans regia .......... Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3. 
WHERE oho es Hordeum vulgare....... Merchant of Me iene ‘1. 
WiLOW nay ass os Saliw Caprea........... Twelfth Night, i. 5. 
Wormwood. 236.35 Artemisia sp. ......+.+. ..Love’s Labours Lost, v. 2. 
WOW re ae cee Buwus sempervirens..... Romeo and Juliet, v. 3. 


38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Below are given the titles of a few of the more important 


books -pertaining to flowers and plants mentioned by 
Shakespeare : 


Ellacombe, Henry N. The plant-lore and garden-craft of 
Shakespeare. Exeter, 1878. 

Foxton, W. Shakespeare garden and wayside flowers. With 
appropriate quotations for every flower. London, 1914. 

Giraud, I. E. The flowers of Shakespeare. Faversham, 1846. 
A collection of lithographed and hand-colored plates, 
most of which are signed I. E. G., bearing quotations | 
from Shakespeare. To be shown in the arbor of the 
Shakespearean garden. 

Grindon, Leo H.. The Shakspere flora. Manchester and 
London, 1883. <A guide to all the principal passages 
in which mention is made of trees, plants, flowers, and 
vegetable productions; with comments and_ botanical 
particulars. 

MacBride, Thomas H. The botany of Shakespeare. Daven- 
port, lowa, 1899. 


NATURAL GRAFTS 


Grafting, in the horticultural sense, is an art which has 
been handed down from antiquity. The operation consists 
essentially in closely joining two cut surfaces of one or differ- 
ent plants, so that, under proper conditions, the parts will 
unite and continue to grow. That part which, by means of 
its roots, supplies the nutrients for growth, is known as the 
stock, and that which is inserted into, or brought in contact 
with the stock, is called the scion. 


Just when the art of grafting was discovered is not certain. 
_ That it was well known and practiced by the Romans is shown 
by references in the classical literature. As was commonly 
the case, however, the art was closely bound with tradition 
and superstition, and statements appear that are not founded 
upon fact. It is now well established that, in general, graft- 
ing is possible only between members of the same or closely 
related species or genera of plants. Nevertheless, in the writ- 
ings of Columella one finds the statement that the olive may 
be ober upon the fig tree. Pliny speaks of a tree in the 
arden of Lucullus which was ted to bear pears, apples, 
gs, plums, olives, almonds, and grapes; and Virgil says: 


“But thou shalt lend 3 
Grafts of rude arbute unto the walnut tree, 
Shalt bid the unfruitful plane sound apples bear, 
Chestnuts the beech, the ash blow white with the pear, 
And under the elm the sow on acorns fare.” 


‘6 ALVId 


‘OI6I ‘py “IOA “TINg ‘duvD ‘Log ‘OW 


N 


~ 


THORN IN GARDE 


SELF-GRAFTS ON HAW 


2. 


FIG 


NATURAL GRAFT OF RED OAKS AT 
WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS. 


FIG. 1. 


FIG, 1. SELF-GRAFTS ON OSAGE ORANGE IN GARDEN. 


FIG. 2. SELF-GRAFTS ON GINKGO IN GARDEN. 


“QI6I ‘p “IOA ““T1ng ‘duvy “LOg ‘OW 


“OL JLV1d 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 41 


Curious traditions were associated by the ancients with 
grafting operations. Thus Pliny emphasizes the fact that 
the graft must not be sharpened while the wind blows; and 
again, “It is a point most religiously observed to insert the 
graft during the moon’s increase.” 


There are numerous modes of grafting, but the one of 
present interest is that known as grafting by approach or 
inarching. If we believe, with Pliny, that this art was taught 
to man by nature, it is highly probable that examples of nat- 
ural inarching were the inspiration of present grafting prac- 
tices. Inarching differs from other modes of grafting in that 
it involves the union of two individuals growing on their own 
roots. When this method is used in horticulture, the plant 
intended for the scion is severed from its lower portion as 
soon as the union of the two individuals is complete. Natural 
grafts are, of course, purely the result of chance. The essen- 
tial condition for their development is the same as in artificial 
grafting, namely, that the region of actively growing cells— 
the cambium layer—of both plants shall be in close contact. 
In nature this is effected when two trees of the same or related 
species grow sufficiently close together for a branch of one 
to interlock with, or to grow across and in contact with, a 
branch of the other. The continued growth of both branches 
causes great pressure and friction, which is increased by 
winds, so that ultimately the bark is worn away, the cambium 
regions come in contact, and union of the limbs occurs. 
Plate 9, fig. 1, shows such a union of two red oaks (Quercus 
rubra) growing in Worcester, Massachusetts. 


Of more common occurrence than natural grafts between 
two individuals are those between two portions of the same 
plant. Trees furnish many examples of this type of union, 
which may be regarded as natural bridge grafting or self- 
grafting. Thus a tree, branching from its trunk, may de- 
velop limbs which unite in the manner just described. 


There are several examples of self-grafted trees in the Gar- 
den, which visitors may be interested in seeing. Plate 9, fig. 
2, shows a self-grafted hawthorn (Crataegus) on the left side 
of the path which parallels the east wall of the Garden, about 
two hundred feet north of the main entrance. If, upon en- 
tering the main gate, one turns directly to the left and takes 
the path to the south along the same wall, he will come to a 
striking self-grafted specimen of Osage orange, Maclura pomi- 
fera (Plate 10, fig. 1), one of a group of five trees about one 
hundred feet north of the Cleveland Avenue gate and about 
fifteen or twenty feet west of the path. In both hawthorn and 
Osage orange the union has been effected in several places, 


indicated by the arrows. 


TWO VIEWS OF A SELF-GRAFT AT THE FORK OF TWO BRANCHES. 


“O16 ‘py “IOA *"TIng ‘auv5 “Log ‘ow 


‘IT 3LV1d 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43 


Another interesting example is the Chinese maidenhair 
tree (Ginkgo biloba), standing a few feet east of the path that 
leads from the main conservatories to the floral display house. 
In this case a bridge graft has been formed by a small branch 
which has developed from the trunk, and, turning up and 
inward in its growth, has united with the juncture of two 
larger limbs with the main stem: (Plate 10, fig. 2). . This 
graft is seen to greatest advantage from the southeast. All 
the examples cited can be best observed during the season of 
defoliation. An unusual type of self-grafting is shown in 
Plate 11. In this case a branch has grown between two 
smaller ones and has united with them at the fork. 

& 


FLORAL DISPLAY FOR MARCH 


At the end of February the present collection of flowering 
plants in the floral display house, consisting of poinsettias, 
rhododendrons, azaleas, etc., will be removed, and an entirely 
new show installed for the month of March. The new dis- 
play will be composed mainly of the many varieties of 
cinerarias. The great difference in habit and color of the 
_ flowers has made these plants immensely popular for dis- 
play purposes, and the Garden is showing some 2000 speci- 
mens this season in the hopes of presenting an exhibit which 
will rival that of the chrysanthemums in November. Cin- 
erarias, in many ways, resemble the single-flowered chry- 
santhemums, but far surpass them in the brilliancy of the 
floral coloring, white and all shades of red, blue, and purple 
being included. In the new floral display house these plants 
will be seen to better advantage than ever before. 


In addition to the main exhibit, as indicated above, there 
will be shown a number of plants of astilbe, a white or pinkish 
plume-like flower, and some genistas, yellow-flowering plants, 
which have been clipped to take the form of the common 
round bay-trees. Later in the month a large variety of snap- 
dragons or antirrhinums will be on display, and these, with 
the calceolarias, are to be transferred to the flower alcoves 
of the aroid house during the latter part of April. In the 
same alcoves many orchids, such as Cattleya labiata, C. 
Mossiae, and a variety of cypripediums or lady slipper 
orchids, are now in flower. 


This exhibit in the floral display house will be replaced 


during the last week of April by the Shakespearean garden, 
referred to elsewhere in the BULLETIN. 


44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


NOTES 


On February 11, the class from the University of Illinois 
Library School visited the Garden library. 


Mr. W. H. Chambers of the Department of Dairy Bac- 
teriology, University of Illinois, was a visitor at the Garden 
on February 9. 


The Engineering News, February 3, contains an article 
on “Creosote for Wood Block Paving” by Dr. Hermann von 
Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden. 


Mr. R. A. Studhalter, Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellow, 
gave an illustrated talk on the Garden and its activities at 
the San Antonio High School, December 22. 


Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, delivered an 
address, January 29, before the Massachusetts Horticultural 
Society at Boston, on “The Missouri Botanical Garden.” 


On February 17, Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler, General Manager ~ 
to the Garden, spoke before the American Wheel Association 
at the American Annex on “The Missouri Botanical Garden.” 


Mr. I. C. Hoffman, Industrial Fellow and Graduate 
Student, Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, 
has registered in the graduate laboratory for special work 
during the second term. 


Dr. Simoens da Silva, representative of the Brazilian gov- 
ernment at the 19th International Congress of Americanists, 
and of several scientific societies of Brazil to the 2nd Pan- 
American Scientific Congress, visited the Garden, Feb- 
ruary 10. 


A meeting of the Timber Committee of the American 
Society for Testing Materials was held at the Garden on 
February 8, and on February 9 the Committee on Lumber 
of the American Railway Engineering Association met at 
the Garden. 


The paper of Dr. M. C. Merrill on ‘Some Relations of 
Plants to Distilled Water, Ete.,”’ which appeared in the Sep- 
tember number of the Annals of the Missouri Botanical 
Garden, has been reprinted in full in the American Journal 
of Pharmacy. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 45 


Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, lectured be- 
fore the St. Louis Academy of Science, January 3, on “An 
Economic Fungus of Wide Distribution,’ and before the 
Missouri State Horticultural Society, January 13, on ‘The 
Development of Color in Flowers and Fruits.” 


The following addresses have been recently made by Dr. 
Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden: On Jan- 
uary 5, “Timber Specifications,” before the Society of Fed- 
eral Contractors, U. S. Treasury Department; January 18, 
“Fungi Which Grow on Timber,” before Convention of 
American Wood Preservers’ Association, Chicago; January 
20, “Timber Conservation and Use,” before Meeting of Archi- 
tects at Minneapolis; January 25, ‘““Timber Conservation and 
Use,” before Illinois Society of Architects, Chicago; January 
Me “Timber Conservation and Use,” before the Architects of 

etroit. 


46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JANUARY, 1916 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 
‘Total-number, of ‘visitors: <2 5252 Oo a 5,138 


PLANT ACCESSIONS: 


Total number of plants received in exchange.............. 130 
Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange..... 6 


PLANT DISTRIBUTION: 


Total number of plants distributed in exchange........... 25 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 2 

Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 28 


HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 


By Purchase— 
E. Bartholomew—‘Fungi Columbiani,”’ Cents. XLVII and 


AUVICL, Nos) 4001-4800 ge ge 200 
Rev. John Davis—Plants of Missouri.................... 300 
F. C. Seymour—Plants of Hampden Co., Massachusetts, 

wiOB. SEPSIS es a or a oe ee 179 


By Gift— 
B. F. Bush—Mosses of New York....................... 3 
B. ¥F.. Bush—-Mosses of Missouri. 2.2.03. oe 900 


S. H. Burnham—Fungi of Lake George region, New York. . 39 
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Ohio, Missouri, Texas, Colorado, 
and California ...... Ee CPOeg s Pod Gees ee eg es oe 35 
O. 8S. Ledman—Covillea glutinosa (Engelm.) Rydb. from 
Laredo, Texas 


eee ee il MLS ae We dhe tee es oe ae Mg a Pe Se ee ag ee ep eae 


varieties . (estininted et) ose. Cs ie . 600 

A. H. W. Povah—Fungi from Michigan, chiefly........... 19 
W. S. Reeves—Phoradendron flavescens Nutt. from Cali- 

fornia, 6 ee eee 1 
Edward Teas—Tsuga Sieboldii Carr. cultivated at Houston, 

fi ee eee ee ee 1 

Exchange— 
E. E. Sherff—Photographs of type specimens of Bidens.... 13 
BOTAD CL ie oe A ee 2,498 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays, from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


* STAFF. 
as THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


» 


1 Diree Right a 
GEORGE T. MOORE. | 
EDWARD. A. Burt, 


BENJAMIN Mince Duccar, , 
- Mycologist veges eee 


: Paragon § in charge of Graduate Laboratory., 5 e 
Hénmann VON ScHRENK, wet ey ALVA R. Davis, ee oer 
| Pathologist \ Research Assistant. © , 
Jesse M. GREENMAN, SO a E Hutostnes, oe 
Curator of the Herbarfum. ee! Tere: Photographer.” 
: sys KATHERINE H. ene 
a . ‘Secretary: to the Director. ke: 
r © James GuRNEY, »- 
_ Head Gardener,. Eamertin:. % 
Wiuam w. _OHLWEILER, 
General “Manager. » 
_ Joun Noyss, - 
; Landscape Designer. 
E. D. Eve, . W. F. LANGAN, 
Recording snd Labeling. Ae a ce 
cf & ExpMaw, Soc Rhye S55. GH, Pwo, : 
S Plant Propagation. 6 5 |) 5 “Orchids sind other Exotics 
i R. Foren, co - *- >  M, SCHILLER, 
: P. ForRsTer, 


Mussourt BOTANICAL 
GARDEN B BULLETIN 


ALUMNI NUMBER 


Wok TV 05 7 ARO 1918 ee 22 8 


CON TEN TS 


Page 
‘A Message from the President of the Association a ae 49 
Garden Students, Members of Missouri Pee npr ee 
Alumni Association - - 50 
‘Observations of a Landscape Gardener Abréad oor ats, Oo ee 
The Horticultural Experimentalist and His Work - = - 66 
-Phases of Landscape Work in ioe enee: 50 ee 
Railroad Agriculture - | - = ht many & 3 


3 Notice © fees ae = tie 2 = eae eh ae - sf» ee 


School: for Gardening — - EA ee, Meine a att ty PY ie iC ce 


et pie © aay 


PusisHeD) MONTHLY. BY THE BOARD oF TRUSTEES. ie 


= NUMBERS JM uO TEN CENTS 


Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. PLATE 12. 


VIEW FROM CATHEDRAL GROUNDS AT SALISBURY, ENGLAND. 


. 


THE BISHOP’S PALACE, SALISBURY. 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


ALUMNI NUMBER 


Vol. IV St. Louis, Mo., March, 1916 No. 3 


A MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT 
OF THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION 


It is with much joy and extreme gratification that I con- 
tribute these lines to the first official publication of the Mis- 
souri Botanical Garden Alumni Association. This number 
opens a new era for the Alumni Association, and demon- 
strates clearly that the organization has various distinct fune- 
tions to perform. It is still in its infancy, and if it is to be a 
success must have the continued coéperation of all who have 
so generously responded to the first call. Every graduate 
should be a member of the Association, for he will in some 
way benefit by it. A friend of mine and a well-known horti- 
cultural writer recently made the following statement with 
reference to affiliation with a certain national society : 


“If advancement is to be made the man of to-morrow must be 
better than the man of yesterday or the man of to-day; if not, 
his efficiency and his chance for success will measure low in com- 
parison with the standards set by, his more intelligent and progres- 
sive fellows, To a young man imbued with the right purpose and 
spirit to go ahead, affiliation with an organization which can count 
in its ranks the leading men in their class, as our great national 
society unquestionably does, cannot but serve as a healthy stimulant 


and practical helper.” 


I like to feel this way about our organization, which, al- 
though young, has already shown that the men who were re- 
sponsible for bringing it into life had a broad vision. If the 
Association has done nothing else, it has at least brought the 
graduates of the Garden course into closer contact, and it has 
familiarized them with the work and the wonderful progress 
that has been made at the institution where they spent four of 
the best years of their lives. 


The alphabetical list of the graduates contained in this is- 
sue should be of value to all members of the Association, for 
it not only shows where and in what lines of work the men 
are engaged, but also proves that the men who have gradu- 
ated from this course are among the leaders in all lines of hor- 

(49) 


50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ticultural work. To the present students this should serve as 
an inspiration, and prove to them that the time they are 
spending at the Garden is time well spent. 


As president of the Association I am happy to have the op- 
portunity to send greetings to all members. — I beg of them a 
continuance of their loyalty and willingness to codperate with 
the officers, so that a permanent institution may be built up, 
which will in the future receive national recognition. 


In conclusion I wish to thank my fellow officers, especially 
Secretary Gross, for his splendid work and cobperation. I 
also wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Moore and the Board 
of Trustees for placing this number of the BULLETIN at our 
disposal. 

ARNO H. NEHRLING, 
Head of Department of Floriculture, 
Massachusetts Agricultural College, 
Amherst, Massachusetts. 


GARDEN STUDENTS, MEMBERS OF MISSOURI 
BOTANICAL GARDEN ALUMNI ASSOCIATION 


Bogula, Otto.—Born, Detroit, Mich., November 20, 1875; 
son of C, H. and Minnie Bogula. Completed grammar school 
course and attended high school one year; awarded Garden 
scholarship, 1893; graduated, 1897. Horticulturist, Mt. 
Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass., one year; gardener, 
Kew Gardens, London, England, 1898-99, while there mak- 
ing herbarium of British native plants listed in London eata- 
logue. Between April, 1899, and February, 1906, held the 
following positions: propagator and sub-foreman, Mt. Desert 
Nurseries, Bar Harbor, Me.; gardener for Mr. W. J. Van Pat- 
ten, Burlington, Vt.; in charge of greenhouses for Capitol 
Avenue Greenhouses, Lansing, Mich. ; head gardener, Water 
Works Park, Jackson, Tenn.; in charge of improvement 
work, Stevens estate, Martinsville, Va. In charge of herba- 
ceous and seed departments, Missouri Botanical Garden, 
1906-11; at present engaged in commercial floriculture, 
Detroit, Mich. Address, 394 Military Avenue, Detroit, Mich. 


Cella, Andrew Jameson.—Born, St. Louis, Mo., July 19, 
1896; son of James A. and Minnie (Mueninghaus) Cella. 
Graduated from St. Louis grammar school and attended 
high school six months, leaving to enter law department, M. 
K. & T. Railroad; entered Garden, July, 1912; awarded 
scholarship, September, 1913, which is still holding. 


Craig, Clark W.—Born, Winnebago Co., Wis., June 23, 
1891; son of Lucius N. and Bertha (Walker) Craig. At- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 51 


tended grammar school, Ripon Academy one year, and Win- 
nebago County Agricultural College two years; entered Gar- 
den, 1909; left, 1911. Instructor, Bee County Agricultural 
School, Tex.; employed in drug mills, Fond du Lac, Wis.; 
later in charge of drug plant farm, Kansas; now on own 
farm, following dairying and fruit growing. Married, 
sue 4, 1915, to Lola M. Waite. Address, Rush Lake, 
is. 

‘Deusner, Charles W.—Born, Terre Haute, Ind., December 
1, 1876; son of William and Philapena (Newhart) Deusner. 
Graduated from grammar school, Terre Haute, Ind. En- 
gaged in vegetable and fruit gardening; then in publishing 
house until awarded Garden scholarship in 1896; graduated, 
1900. Entered office of O. C. Simonds, landscape gardener, 
Chicago, later becoming member of O. C. Simonds & Co.; in 
1912 withdrew, and for two years engaged in practice of land- 
scape architecture at Pasadena, Cal.; now engaged in horti- 
culture near Batavia, Il. Married, November 6, 1912, to 
Helen A. Dupuy. 


Erwin, Arthur T.—Born, Fulton, Mo., November 8, 1874; 
son of J. L. and Elizabeth (Birney) Erwin. Attended gram- 
mar and high school; awarded Garden scholarship, 1892; 
graduated, 1896. Superintendent of planting in St. Louis 
for Olmsted Bros. for two years; special student in horticul- 
ture, University of Missouri, 1898; assistant in horticulture, 
University of Arkansas, 1899, taking undergraduate work 
and receiving B. 8. degree; graduate work, 1900-02, Iowa 
State College, and granted M. S. degree. From then until 
present time located at Ames, Ia.; major portion of work in 
class room until 1914, since which time attention devoted 
wholly to experimental work, mainly truck crops; at present 
chief in truck crops, lowa Agricultural Experiment Station. 
Married, 1906, to Mary E. Turner; three children. 


Federer, William A.—Born, St. Louis, Mo., February 4, 
1887; son of William and Agnes (Faust) Federer. Attended 
SS. Peter and Paul Parochial School and St. Louis public 
high school; entered Garden, 1904; left to enter advertising 
business in St. Louis and various other cities. Later con- 
nected with Tower Grove and Southwestern Building Asso- 
ciation, St. Louis, and became interested in land development 
work in Alabama; in May, 1914, entered general real estate 
and insurance business, in which is still engaged. Address, 
2615 S. Jefferson Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. 


Fuhr, Clara—Born, Augusta, St. Charles Co., Mo., April 
9, 1883; daughter of Otto J. and Theresa (Hundhausen) 
Fuhr. Attended Augusta public school; graduated, Missouri 


52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


State Normal School, Warrensburg, Mo. Teacher, St. Charles 
County schools, State Normal School at Warrensburg, and 
high school at Liberty, Mo.; at present Garden student. Ad- 
dress, 1921 Oregon Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. 


Fullgraf, Charles W.—Born, St. Louis, Mo., October 8, 
1884; son of William and Anna (Matthews) Fullgraf. At- 
tended public schools, St. Louis; awarded Garden scholarship, 
1900; graduated, 1904. In charge of Garden North Ameri- 
can tract and arboretum until November, 1908; inspector for 
St. Louis city forester until February, 1910; from 1910 until 
present engaged in practice of landscape gardening and for- 
estry, St. Louis. Address, 1104 Chemical Building, St. 
Louis, Mo. 


Giebel, Carl Frederick.—Born, St. Louis, Mo., 1895; son 
of Phillip and Marie Giebel. Completed grammar school and 
attended high school at St. Louis three years; awarded Gar- 
den scholarship, 1912, which is still holding. 


Gillies, Walter.—Born, Osage, Mo., June 11, 1884; son of 
KE. M. and T. Gillies. Attended grammar school; entered 
Garden, 1903; left to take charge of conservatories, Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition. Later in employ of Michel Plant & 
Bulb Co. and Eggling Floral Co., St. Louis; now foreman, 
Forest Park greenhouses, St. Louis. Married, December, 
1904, to Estella Lindsey ; five children. Address, 5700 West 
Park Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. 


Gross, Arthur R.—Born, Jefferson City, Mo., July 12, 
1879; son of Robert and Elise (Spitz) Gross. Completed 
grammar school course; graduated high school, Belleville, 
Ill., 1896; entered Garden as special student, 1896; awarded 
scholarship, 1897; graduated, 1901. In charge of Garden 
North American tract until October, 1901, when took charge 
of extension work, Mt. Greenwood Cemetery, Morgan Park, 
Chicago, under Mr. W. N. Rudd. With exception of six 
months spent in office of O. C, Simonds, Chicago, and one 
year as superintendent, Lafayette Park, St. Louis, continued 
in this work until appointed superintendent of Mt. Green- 
wood Cemetery, 1909; at present acting in this capacity. 
Married, July 11, 1908, to Julia E. Martin; one son. Ad- 
dress, Mt. Greenwood Cemetery, Morgan Park, Chicago, III. 


Grossart, Frederick Gustave.—Born, Belleville, Il, May 
23, 1894; son of Gustave William and Emelia (Fuchs) 
Grossart. Attended grammar school, and one and one-half 
years high school, Belleville, Il.; awarded Garden scholar- 
ship, 1911; graduated, 1915. Appointed head gardener in 
charge of landscape and greenhouse work, Valhalla Ceme- 
tery, St. Louis, which position now holds. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 53 


Haltenhoff, Karl A.—Born, Wilhelmsberg, Germany, 
October 2, 1891; son of Fritz Ernst and Elise (Gerberding) 
Haltenhoff. Attended Oakland and Winter Garden high 
schools, Oakland, Fla.; awarded Garden scholarship, 1909; 
eraduated, 1913. From graduation to August, 1914, em- 
ployed by Muskopf-Irish Co., St. Louis, as city foreman and 
draftsman, and by Mr. H. Nehrling, of Palm Cottage Gar- 
dens, Fla.; since then in charge of landscape work for the 
Kemble, Smith, Flindt Co., Boone, Ia. 


Hummel, Walter H.—Born, Milwaukee, Wis., January 22, 
1884; son of Henry D. and Elise (Markert) Hummel. At- 
tended grammar school, high school, and business college, 
Milwaukee; for some time assistant-foreman on ranch in 
Dakota; entered Garden, 1903; left to enter employ of Currie 
Bros. Co., florists, Milwaukee. Associated with father in real 
estate business four years; for past eight years, manager for 
Hummel & Co., florists. Address, 641 Third Street, Mil- 
waukee, Wis. 


Jones, Shelby C.—Born on farm, Wayne Co., IIl., August 
13, 1883; son of Thomas H. and Laura (Johnson) Jones. At- 
tended grammar school in Kansas, Jenning’s Seminary, Au- 
rora, Ill., and Lake View High School, Chicago; awarded 
Garden scholarship, 1903; graduated, 1907. From gradua- 
tion until August, 1909, employed at the Garden in herba- 
ceous, nursery, and seed-collecting departments, and at 
Vaughan’s Seed Store, Chicago, as catalogue compiler; then 
assistant to advertising manager of Jas. 8S. Kirk & Co., 
manufacturers perfumes, and chemists, Chicago. From 
November, 1910, to May, 1911, chief, publicity department, 
J. Horace McFarland Co., publishers, Harrisburg, Pa. ; since 
then, manager publicity department, Jas. S. Kirk & Co., 
Chicago. Married, September 5, 1910, to Agnes Mae Barney ; 
one child. Address, 1770 Morse Avenue, Chicago, Il. 


Kohl, Paul A.—Born, Indianapolis, Ind., March 28, 1895; 
son of Julius F. and Ida (Reis) Kohl. Attended grammar 
school, Belleville, Ill. ; graduated from high school, St. Louis. 
From graduation until entered Garden in fall, 1914, where is 
still studying, employed as stenographer, Terminal Railway 
Association, St. Louis. 


Mische, Emil T.—Born, Syracuse, N. Y., January 29, ~ 
1874; son of John Henry and Sophia (Nubbers) Mische. 
Attended high school at Syracuse; awarded Garden scholar- 
ship, 1892; graduated, 1896. From graduation until Janu- 
ary, 1898, post-graduate work at Arnold Arboretum, Boston, 
Mass., and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, og ea for eight 
years assistant to Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot, later to Olmsted 


54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Bros., landscape architects, Brookline, Mass., during which 
developed the plan of the Missouri Botanical Garden, includ- 
ing a remodeling of the Garden area and the extension of the 
20-acre farm and the 80-acre pasture. January, 1906, to 
March, 1908, park superintendent, Madison, Wis.; for six 
and one-half years park superintendent, later landscape ad- - 
visor, Portland, Ore. Married, J uly 8, 1898, to Nellie M. Car- 


penter; four children. Address, 394 Jackson Street, Port- 
land, Ore. 


Mohr, Rudolph J.—Born, Omaha, Neb., May 3, 1880; son 
of Bernhard M. and Louisa (Meyers) Mohr. Attended gram- 
mar school, and high school one and one-half years; in green- 
house work two and one-half years before receiving Garden 
scholarship in 1898; graduated, 1902. Travelled for Plant 
Seed Co., St. Louis; later with Chicago Carnation Co., Joliet, 
Ill. ; assistant superintendent, British exhibit, Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition, and with W. J. Smythe, florist, Chicago. 
Purchased floral business in Racine, Wis.; later in charge of 
nursery and fruit plantation in Idaho; at present, manager 
for A. Lange, florist, Chicago. Married, August 17, 1907, 
to Kathryn Park; one child. Address, 4122 Kenneth 
Avenue, Chicago, III. : 


Nehrling, Arno H.—Born, Freistadt, Mo., July 25, 1886; 
son of Henry and Sophia (Schoff) Nehrling. Attended pub- 
lie schools, and Concordia College, Milwaukee; awarded 
Garden scholarship, 1905; graduated, 1909. Instructor, 
nature study and school gardening to July, 1909; assistant in 
floricultural department, University of Illinois, until 1910, 
when appointed instructor; appointed associate in floricul- 
ture, 1912; in 1914 appointed head of department of floricul- 
ture, with rank of associate professor, Massachusetts Agricul- 
tural College, Amherst, Mass. 


Nehrling, Bruno.—Born, Houston, Tex., June 27, 1879; 
son of Henry and Sophia (Schoff) Nehrling. Finished pre- 
paratory work, Concordia College, Milwaukee; awarded Gar- 
den scholarship, 1899; graduated, 1903. For a time em- 
ployed at Louisiana Purchase Exposition ; superintendent of 
grounds, 1904-14, and later instructor, normal department, 
Illinois State Normal School, Normal, Ill.; for short time had 
own office for practice of landscape gardening; since March, 
1914, superintendent and stockholder, South Bend Highland 
Cemetery, South Bend, Ind. Married, April 18, 1904, to 
Eleanor L. Michel; four children. 


Nehrling, Walter H.—Born, Chicago, Ill., February 28, 
1877; son of Henry and Sophia (Schoff) Nehrling. Attended 
Lutheran schools and Concordia College, Milwaukee ; awarded 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 55 


Garden scholarship, 1895; graduated, 1899. In charge of 
herbaceous section at Garden until 1903; since then superin- 
tendent of grounds and landscape gardener, Eastern Illinois 
State Normal School, Charleston, Il. Married, January 1, 
1900, to Elizabeth Dunford; two children. 


Nyden, Edwin.—Born, Marshalltown, Ia., April 26, 1890; 
son of George and Ida Nyden. Attended grammar and high 
schools, Marshalltown, Ia.; awarded Garden scholarship, 
1907; graduated, 1911. In construction and greenhouse 
work, St. Louis park department, two years, and general con- 
tracting business, Portland, Ore., one year; since then land- 
scape architect, School District No. 1, comprising Port- 
land and suburbs. Address, 303 Courthouse, Portland, Ore. 


Ochs, Henry L.—Born, St. Louis, Mo., August 31, 1888; 
son of Henry and Anna Ochs. Attended St. Louis grammar 
schools, and high school three years; awarded Garden schol- 
arship, 1905; graduated, 1909. One and one-half years in 
charge of Garden North American tract, one year with 
Michel, florist, St. Louis, and later with Grimm «& Gorly, 
St. Louis, After engaging in window trimming, entered em- 
ploy Anheuser-Busch Brewing Co., St. Louis, where is in 
charge receiving department. Married, October 21, 1910, 
to Erna Mueller; one son. 


Pedlow, Clarence.—Born, Indianapolis, Ind., 1895; son of 
Richard J. Pedlow. Graduated Shortridge High School, In- 
dianapolis; before entering Garden employed by Indianapo- 
lis Flower & Plant Co. and Rodenbeck Bros., floral establish- 
ment, Indianapolis; entered Garden, October, 1914, where is 
oe studying. Address, 2721A Kingshighway, St. Louis, 

0. 


Philippi, Nestor Simmons.—Born, St. Louis, Mo., 1893; 
son of Matilde (Simmons) Philippi. Attended grammar 
school, and high school, St. Louis, one year; entered Garden 
as a special student, 1912; awarded scholarship, 1913, which 
is still holding. 


Pillsbury, Joshua Plummer, Jr.—Born, Buena Vista, 
Ohio, December 7, 1873; son of Joshua Plummer and Har- 
riet (Ross) Pillsbury. Attended grammar school and high 
school, Newark, Ohio; awarded Garden scholarship, 1891; 
graduated, 1894. After graduation, until 1911, at Pennsyl- 
vania State College, State College, Pa., at first as head gar- 
dener, then assistant in horticulture, in charge of floriculture 
and landscape gardening; later assistant professor of horticul- 
ture, securing in meantime B.S. degree; from then until pres- 
ent time, professor of horticulture, North Carolina College of 


56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, West Raleigh, N. C. Mar- 
ried, October 17, 1895, to Charlotte Dunford; two children. 


Retzer, Walter—Born, Frankfort-on-Main, Germany, 
August 27, 1879; son of Carl and Emma (Urich) Retzer. At- 
‘ tended public schools and Miss Byrne’s private school, St. 
Louis; awarded Garden scholarship, 1895; graduated, 1899. 
With O. C. Simonds, Chicago, about one year, then pur- 
chased floral establishment of Albert Fuchs, Chicago, retain- 
ing same three years; practiced landscape gardening; later 
opened floral establishment, Seattle, Wash. Associated with 
Grimm «& Gorly and St. Louis Seed Co., St. Louis, 1906-10; 
general manager of plantation, Honduras National Railway 
Co., Spanish Honduras; farmed three years in Texas; estab- 
lished the “Gulf Florist” with A. E. Dosbaugh, 1913; as- 
sumed entire ownership, 1915. Married, November 14, 1902, 
to Irene Urich; three children. Address, Corner Main and 
Rusk Streets, Houston, Tex. 


Schulte, George D.—Born, Oregon, Mo., June 4, 1882; 
son of Daniel and Louisa Schulte. Graduated from Oregon 
High School; awarded Garden scholarship, 1903; graduated, 
1907. During 1907 greenhouse assistant, Mt. Greenwood 
Cemetery, Chicago, and superintendent ranch near Saratoga, 


Wyo.; at present engaged in farming and stock raising, 
Oregon, Mo. 


Smith, Arthur H.—Born, Marshalltown, Ia., August 29, 
1889; son of Charles J. and Bessie (Thimanson) Smith. At- 
tended public schools, Marshalltown, Ia.; awarded Garden 
scholarship, 1907; graduated, 1911. Associated with I. O. 
Kemble in florist business, Boone, Ia.; July, 1912, incorpor- 
ated Kemble, Smith, Flindt Co., enlarging business and add- 
ing ornamental nursery; now secretary and treasurer, acting 


as manager of the firm. Married, July 14, 1915, to Alice 8. 
Hartman. 


Sutermeister, Eda A.—Entered Garden, 1897; received 
certificate, 1900. For two years with George E. Kessler, land- 
scape gardener, Kansas City, Mo.; 1903-06, associated with 
George E. Kessler, advisory landscape architect, Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition; 1906-08, general planting work, Kan- 
sas City, Mo.; since 1908 with George E. Kessler, Kan- 
sas City and St. Louis. Address, 423 Security Building, St. 
Louis, Mo. 


Toeppen, Herta A~—Born, Hamburg, Germany, May 14, 
1881; daughter of Hugo and Anna (Weissermel) Toeppen. 
Graduated, Mary Institute, St. Louis; entered Garden, 1901; 
received certificate, 1909. From 1903 to 1906 gardener, Sel- 
ma, Mo., with St. Louis Carnation Co., and Michel Plant & 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 57 


Bulb Co.; later, instructor, College of Industrial Arts, Den- 
ton, Tex., and grower, Pekin, Ill., and Akron, N. Y. One 
and one-half years assistant at Gratwick Laboratory; at pres- 
ent instructor of swimming, 20th Century Club, Buffalo, 
N. Y. Address, 595 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, N. Y. 


Tuggle, Jesse B.—Born, Lawson, Mo., June 6, 1888; son 
of George B. and Ida (Marsh) Tuggle. Attended high 
school; entered Garden, 1907; left, 1909, to enter landscape 
contracting, Kansas City. After two years took position of 
assistant manager of agricultural and horticultural depart- 
ie a general manager of campus, Park College, Park- 
ville, Mo. 


Tull, J. Hollister—Born, Morganton, N. C., May 29, 
1882; son of Dr. John and Lizzie (McKeehan) Tull. Edu- 
cated, private schools, Morganton, N. C.; two years previous 
to entering Garden, with American Rose Co., Washington, 
D. C., and Dreer’s Nurseries, Philadelphia; awarded Garden 
scholarship, 1900; graduated, 1904. Entered horticultural 
department, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904; fall, 1904, 
assistant in horticultural department, Cornell University; 
spring, 1905, office of foreign seed and plant introduction, 
United States Department of Agriculture. Explorer in this 
and foreign countries for three years, after which appointed 
assistant superintendent of Arlington experiment farm, 
Washington, D. C.; the following year appointed agricultural 
commissioner for the Kansas City Southern Railroad, hold- 
ing this position at present. Married, June 2, 1908, to Grace 
L. Cavanagh. 


Washburn, George A.—Born, Danvers, Ill., September 22, 
1873; son of Andrew and Cordelia (Loomis) Washburn. At- 
tended grammar school; entered Garden, 1890; left, 1891, to 
enter floral business with two brothers in Bloomington, III. 
Married, March 26, 1903, to Anna B. Perey; three children. 


Winther, Cornelius.—Born, St. Louis, Mo., October 28, 
1880; son of Hans Nielsen and Anne (Petersen) Winther. 
Completed grammar school, St. Louis; awarded Garden schol- 
arship, 1896; graduated, 1900. Gardener, Tower Grove 
Park, St. Louis, summer of 1900; about one year in horticul- 
tural department, Agricultural College, Texas; since 1902, 
in charge of gardening work, Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. 
Louis. 


IN MEMORIAM 


Since the establishment of the Garden course in 1890, the 
graduates have suffered the loss of two of their number, Clyde 
M. Blankenship and Homer Riggle. 


58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Clyde M. Blankenship was born near Springfield, Missouri, 
May 5, 1874, his early youth being spent in Missouri and 
California. He came to the Garden from Berkeley, Cali- 
fornia, in 1892, graduating in 1896. He was very active in 
the Missouri state militia, and during the Spanish-American 
war enlisted in his country’s service. After graduating he 
practiced landscape gardening about one year, and then left 
St. Louis and became interested in civil engineering. After 
serving the Frisco Railroad as a civil engineer for eight years 
he was obliged to give up his work on account of illness, and 
for about a year travelled in Colorado seeking to regain his 
. health. He was married, August 14, 1903, to Alice Dunford. 
After a lingering illness he died in St. Louis, May 9, 1906. 


Homer Riggle was born May 20, 1872, in Washington, 
Pennsylvania. He was the son of Clark and Martha (Dagg) 
Riggle. His early education was received in the public 
schools of Washington, Pennsylvania. In 1890 he was 
awarded the Garden scholarship, and graduated in 1894. 
After leaving the Garden he was employed as a florist in dif- 
ferent parts of Missouri, and was for a time at the Ohio State 
University, Columbus. For about two years he served as 
motor-cycle policeman in Kansas City, and was killed Febru- 
ary 28, 1913, while in the performance of his duties. 


OBSERVATIONS OF A LANDSCAPE GARDENER 
ABROAD 


The landscape gardener abroad will see much of interest in 
every country, but for a study of examples of design which 
might directly affect his practice in America he will find 
England the most valuable. Not only will he be inspired by 
the larger estates but also by the charm of the small villages to 
which every householder contributes—houses covered with 
vines, flowery hedges separating the fields, and fine old trees 
everywhere regarded and preserved. An example of English 
cottage landscaping, as seen at Salisbury, is shown in Plate 12, 
fig. 1. As always, hedge or fence marks the boundary, the 
space between the house and hedge being filled with a variety 
of flowers, and beeches, elms or other trees forming the back- 
ground. Another illustration of good landscape work which 
may be seen at Salisbury is the bishop’s palace, a beautiful 
vine-covered old house surrounded by trees and fronting on 
a lake. Every place with a modest acreage has been well 
planned for attractive and economical use of the ground, the 
influence of English traditions on our own landscape methods 
being easily recognized. 


Mo. Bot. GARD. BUEL., VOL. 4, 1916. PLATE 13. 


AT WELBECK ABBEY. 


GARDEN AT BROCKENHURST PARK. 


60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


_ While some of the estates in England are open to the pub- 
lic on certain days, the privacy of most of them is rigidly 
guarded. We found, however, that, as visiting gardeners, we 
were always cordially received by the head gardeners and 
shown through the greenhouses ‘and gardens. Chatsworth, 
Salisbury, Welbeck Abbey, and Windsor were among the 
places visited. 
Plate 13; fig. 1, 
- shows a wonder- 
ful border plan- 
tation, seen at 
Welbeck Abbey, 
perennials being 
used for the 
main planting 
with many 
kinds of an- 
nuals and sum- 
mer flowering 
plants to enrich 
the color and 
provide succes- 
sion of bloom. 
A much more 
formal arrange- 
ment was seen 
at Brockenhurst 
Park with its 
clipped hedges, 
and _— statuary 
(Plate 13, fig. 
2), while the 
OPERA HOUSE AT FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN, accompanying 
moe illustration 
(Plate 14, fig. 1) of Windsor Great Park shows a typical 
English park scene with luxuriant turf. 


The gardens of France and Italy, such as Versailles, Chan- 
tilly, and the Boboli Gardens, Bite much better as historical 
examples than as practical inspirations for modern landscape 
work. They were built at a time when the nobility con- 
trolled an immense amount of labor, and when extravagant 
display was the order of the day. In modern times there can 
hardly be a repetition of undertakings of such great cost, and 
the old places will be retained merely as examples of histori- 
cal interest and for public enjoyment. 


The Petit Trianon at Versailles is a good example of classic 
architecture in a setting of natural park scenery. In contrast 


Mo. BoT. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. PLATE 14. 


GLISH COUNTRY SEAT. 


CHATSWORTH, A GREAT E 


Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. 


PLATE 15. 


PALACE OF THE PETIT TRIANON, VERSAILLES. 


THE HAMEAU IN THE GARDENS OF THE PETIT TRIANON. 


Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. PLATE 16, 


MODERN RESIDENCE SECTION OF FLORENCE. 


64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


to the rest of the landscaping, the hameau where Marie An- 
toinette and her court ladies played at idyllic country life, is 
laid out in the informal English style. Many of the fine old 
trees growing in these gardens are American species and were 
planted by Jussieu. The picturesque one in the foreground 
of Plate 15, fig. 1, is Koelreuteria paniculata. Another illus- 
tration of French landscape treatment is shown in the little 
chateau of Bagatelle in Paris, the foliage masses forming the 
background and clipped forms on the terraces being in keep- 
ing with the architecture of the building. 


THE CHATEAU OF BABELSBERG, NEAR POTSDAM. 


Chantilly, near Paris, formerly the seat of a great noble- 
man and now a public park, was designed by Le Nétre and is 
of especial interest because of the treatment of its forest. 
Through this fine old forest are cut avenues, converging here 
and there to centers treated architecturally with fountains 
and statues. The turf extends to the edges of the paths, from 
which may be caught glimpses of charming vistas into glades 
and deep woods, and this park is a favorite resort of the 
French people, with their guests, on Sunday afternoons. 


The great interest in Germany centers in the solution of 
municipal problems: the scientific planning for the future 
growth of cities and the treatment of streets, public squares, 
and watersides. This goes hand in hand with a very active 
modern development in architecture. At Frankfort-on-Main, 
particularly, one is constantly impressed with the modern 


PLATE 17. 


Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 4, 1916. 


AT FIESOLE, NEAR FLORENCE. 


A SIDE STREET IN FLORENCE. 


66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


landscape work which has been done, this being the center of 
a group of able landscape gardeners who edit that interesting 
monthly, “Gartenkunst.” An idea of German gardening 
is given by the accompanying illustrations. The space 
beside the opera house at Frankfort-on-Main has been con- 
verted into a beautiful little park with very unusual planting, 
the unsightly blank wall of the building having been almost 
completely covered with vines trained on lattices. The tree 
in this view is our American black locust. 


In Italy, Florence and Fiesole were among the places vis- 
ited, and here we were impressed with the magnificent color- 
ing of sky and country. Hedges are used in abundance in 
the modern residence section of Florence, laurustinus, box, 
euonymus, honeysuckle, camellias, roses, jasmine, and 
plumbago being among the plants most commonly seen 
(Plate 16, fig. 2). The American black locust which shows 
prominently in this photograph, is a very popular tree in all 
countries of Europe, and attains great size and beauty. Ap- 
parently the wood borer which attacks our trees is not present 
there. The most characteristic Italian tree, however, and the 
one which seems to. be in the most intimate harmony with the 
surrounding architecture is the pyramidal cypress (Plate 17, 
fig. 1). Olive trees are seen, of course, and in Plate 17, fig. 2, 


is ce a side street with these trees overhanging the garden 
walls. 


Everywhere abroad, especially on the Continent, one is im- 
pressed with the close connection between landscaping and 
architecture. The Europeans genuinely appreciate the fact 
that a fine building requires a beautiful setting, and that 
fountains and statues count for little without background and 
dignified approaches. 

CHARLES W. DEUSNER, 
Horticulturist, Batavia, Illinois. 


THE HORTICULTURAL EXPERIMENTALIST AND 
HIS WORK | 


Millet’s picture of the toilers in the field is a true portrayal 
of the farmer of other days. His story was one of toil without 
recompense. Frequently the products of the farm sold for 
less than the chemical elements composing them could be 
purchased on the market, not allowing anything either for 
living or for interest on his investment. As a result of these 
conditions, the farmer was compelled to mine out the plant 
food of the soil, and the countless run-down farms of the east 
are the consequence. The condition was, in the main, due to 


PLATE 18. 


Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. 


NEW GREENHOUSES AT IOWA STATE COLLEGE, 


The range consists of twelve houses of iron construction and comprises approximately 22,000 
square feet under glass. It is used for experimental and instructional work in vegetable crops and 
floriculture. The building immediately adjoining on the north is the new horticultural laboratory. 


68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


two factors, the first being unfavorable economic conditions, 
and the second, unsolved cultural problems. 


The last decade and a half has marked a great change in 
agricultural conditions, however, and the farmer to-day is 
rapidly coming into his own. The state experiment station 
has had no small part in bringing this about. It represents 
organized research in agriculture, and through its channels 
and those of the federal department are concentrated the tech- 
nical training and energy of a large corps of workers whose 
interests are centered upon the problems of the farmer. These 
problems are largely local in character, and in the brief space 
allotted me, I cannot hope to do more than outline a few of 
the horticultural projects in the solution of which the Iowa 
grower is primarily interested. In the main, they group 
themselves under three heads, the first being control methods 
for insects and diseases, the second, cultural methods, and the 
third, varietal adaptation. : 


In the northern half of the state there is a superabundance 
of summer and fall apples and a corresponding scarcity of 
winter fruit. On the lowa Experiment Station grounds are 
several thousand apple seedlings representing crosses, in 
which are combined the most desirable qualities of a number 
of existing varieties. Out of the many, it is hoped that at 
least one or more may be found which will prove valuable as 
a winter apple for that section, and this material also affords 
an unusual opportunity for the study of Mendelian characters 
in the apple, and in time, should give definite information as 
to what varieties should be bred from for certain definite char- 
acteristics. 


About 150,000 acres or more are devoted to potatoes in 
Towa. At the present values of $150.00-$300.00 an acre, this 
represents a considerable investment. The varieties so far 
grown were all originated in other sections than the corn belt, 
and in our dry atmosphere and high temperature soon de- 
teriorate. As a result, most growers send north every second 
or third year for a new. supply of seed, and in this way are 
continually beginning over. “There is an excellent oppor- 
tunity to develop, by plant breeding and selection, a variety 
of potato that is adapted to corn belt conditions, and one 
that is also resistant to some of the diseases that are common 
to this region. Preliminary plans are now on the way for 
work leading to this end. 


About 25 per cent of the world’s supply of sweet corn is 
packed in Iowa. Despite the fact that the state is in the heart 
of the corn belt, the claim is made by many canners that on 
account of the weather conditions the kernel quickly loses its 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 69 


sugar, hence deteriorates in quality, so that every second or 
third year they send to Maine or some of the adjoining states 
for their seed supply. There is no encouragement for the 
grower to build up his seed stock on this basis, and herein lies 
another interesting and important problem in plant breeding, 
and also one of considerable economic importance. 


In southeastern Iowa the Heinz Company and others grow 
a considerable acreage of cabbage and other truck crops. The 
production of cabbage has gradually declined, due to the fact 
that the soil has become infected with cabbage yellows. This 
disease has become so serious that hundreds of acres have had 
to be abandoned for cabbage purposes. Steps are now under 
way toward the breeding and selection of a disease-resistant 
strain adapted to this region, and the results so far obtained 
are very encouraging. Indications are that through this 
means a large acreage can be reclaimed for cabbage growing. 

Particularly in the case of the orchard fruits, there are a 
number of insect and other diseases of economic importance. 
The loss to the grower from these is considerable, and with the 
rapid increase in the price of land, the problem of heading off 
these leaks becomes all the more urgent. Within the last few 
years, for example, the Illinois canker disease has spread rap- 
idly over the southern and western parts of the state. A field 
study has brought out the fact that the Ben Davis is a 
particularly susceptible variety. The apple scab is also very 
destructive some years, and in 1915, in some instances 
where this fruit had not been sprayed, it was not worth 
gathering. In a spraying experiment, conducted by the 
department for the control of this disease, three applica- 
tions, one of Bordeaux and two of lime sulphur, gave 12 per 
cent of scabby fruit, while the unsprayed plot showed 80 per 
cent infected. For the one lot, the grower received seventy- 
five cents a bushel and for the other twenty-five cents. 

There are also a number of interesting problems dealing 
with cultural methods as they affect the yield, returns, and 
quality of the product. In the case of the potato, for ex- 
ample, there has been under way, for a number of years, an 
experiment to determine the best time for planting late pota- 
toes. Plots have been planted each year at ten-day intervals, 
and the time of planting correlated with soil temperature and 
atmospheric conditions. In the year 1915, for example, the 
early planted plots yielded upwards of 300 bushels an acre, 
and the late plantings 70, the difference being due largely per- 
haps to an outbreak of the late blight which struck the later 
plantings at a critical period of their development. 

During the heated period the soil temperature runs very 
high and is thought to be one of the limiting factors in potato 


70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


production in the corn belt. On account of this excessive tem- 
perature, often 100° F. or more at the surface of the eround, 
the plant becomes devitalized. One series of experiments has 


to do with cultural methods dealing with the control of soil 
temperature. 


In this work the investigator may meet with a few suc- 
cesses, and is likely to meet with many failures. However, this 
fact merely challenges him to a greater effort, and the rewards 
are all the more worth while when they do come. 


A. T. ERWIN, 
Chief in Truck Crops, Iowa Experiment Station. 


PHASES OF LANDSCAPE WORK IN 
PORTLAND, OREGON 


Presumably what would be of interest in my career to Gar- 
den pupils are the phases of professional and executive work 
in landscape development in the West. 


In 1908 I arrived in Portland immediately after the elec- 
torate authorized a million dollar bond issue for park exten-. 
sion. The prosperity wave which commenced to extend over 
the entire nation in 1904 and 1905, influenced Portland and 
caused her to share in the accelerated vigor of progress, 
peculiar especially to the Pacific coast which was experiencing 
an enormous increase in population. The American. people 
show a constant trend of immigration westward, and the am- 
bitious, virile spirit of youth anxious to better itself, is felt in 
the main body of inflow to these coast cities. The hardihood 
of the early pioneer who braved the hostile Indians and the 
hardships of the frontier is still a distinguishing mark of the 
new arrival to-day, although he comes to a more settled and 
cosmopolitan community. The boundless optimism, the 
courage and enterprise which typify the social body must be 
seen to be fully appreciated. They are demonstrated by the 
rearing in a few short years of a new and better San Francisco 
on the ashes and ruins of a devastated city ; they transform an 
arid waste into a national playground of beauty, culture, and 
happy living at Los Angeles; and they build factories, ship 
the products of a vast surrounding region, and distribute roses 
broadcast at Portland. 


Into this feverishly active, buoyant, and aggressive com- 
munity I came in 1908 to assume responsibility for its public 
parks and the future of their development. Generously and 
loyally supported by successive park boards (and often bit- 
terly assailed by private individuals and a part of the press), 
it has been a pleasure to plan and execute in a virgin field ina 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 71 


position of guide and leader. It is true that mistakes and de- 
ficiencies have developed in abundance, but taken as a whole, 
the onward strides and successes give ample cause for a 
measure of satisfaction and a feeling of having used well one’s 
inherent talents. With the passing of years I appreciate more 
deeply the solidity, breadth, thoroughness, and practical ap- 
plication of the Garden course given so distinctively at the 
Missouri Botanical Garden as compared with that of agricul- 


¢ 
PRELIMINARY PLAN 


COLUMBIA PARK 


CITY OF PORTLAND. ORE. DEPT OF PARKS 


Rag re 85 @ 


@ 


tural colleges, and I take this opportunity of acknowledging 
that to the solid and thorough foundation secured at the Gar- 
den is due what measure of success I have attained. I am im- 
pelled to add the hope that casual culture will never dictate 
the curricula at the expense of the highly specialized, purely 
scientific teaching so admirably intermixed with a good pro- 
portion of well selected practice. 


In 1900 Portland had a population of 90,000; to-day it has 
nearly 300,000. The rapid transition from swaddling clothes 
to habiliments of maturity caused awkwardness, growing 
pains, and paradoxes, and the parks shared the effects of the 
encircling atmosphere. My position, officially, at the outset 
was purely executive, but it gradually partook of the J apd 
sional, advisory duties. As an executive it was my duty to 


NILATTAG NAGUVY TVOINVLOd INNOSsI 


cL 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 73 


handle men, organize, direct, control, construct, and execute 
work and movements. As an advisor it became my task to 
prepare plans, to advise the board upon matters of policy, to 
interpret facts occurring in the daily life of the city and to 
point out their significance, their dangers, and opportunities 
in the interests of a park program adopted as a municipal pro- 
ject. 

What is apparent as an established accomplishment in the 
discharge of the duties of this dual office can perhaps best be 
noted by personal observation on the ground, but an idea of 
it may be conveyed by the illustrations accompanying this 
article. A technical discussion of “shop”? would be out of 
place here, but if there are any interested in the detail and 
technique I shall be glad to supply printed reports, photo- 
graphs, plans, and other information relating to the land- 
scape work at Portland. 


The expenditure of two million dollars, the establishment 
of twenty-six playgrounds, the promotion of a mountain res- 
ervation, the construction of parkways, and the development 
of a series of public parks has been a task consuming vitality, 
but the result is worth far more than it costs; the worry lies in 
there being no more worlds to conquer. 


Perhaps the most interesting feature of our parks to Garden 
folk is the vast range of flora that can be employed by reason 
of mild winters and equable temperatures, the immense size 
of the vegetation, and the luxuriance and thrift of its growth. 
In equal opportunity we compare with Georgia and South 
Carolina, or with London or Paris; indeed, the abundance of 
European holly, of aucubas, and laurustinus suggest the 
similitude. As an illustration it may be mentioned that we 
cultivate in the open Pittosporum Tobira, Camellia japonica, 
C. theifera, Azalea indica, Prunus lusitanica, gardenias, 
fuchsias, neriums, daphnes, laurocerasus, and similar sorts. 
Our difficulty is not the intensity of cold, but the uninter- 
rupted growth without resting in the fall and the consequent 
injury should frost subsequently appear, and the cool nights. 

EMIL T. MISCHE, 
Landscape Advisor, Portland, Oregon. 


RAILROAD AGRICULTURE 


What can or what does a railroad do for agriculture or hor- 
ticulture? Or, what does a railroad man know about farm- 
ing? These questions are often asked by people unfamiliar 
with the new line of development which is so rapidly gain- 
ing favor in the agricultural sections of our country. Of 


74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


course, the answer in a few words is: “Codperate with the 
farmers living along the line.” But to this they reply that 
the farmers, from boyhood up, have been taught to fight the 
railroads in every way possible. This is true to a large degree, 
and we sometimes see practical demonstrations of it to-day. 
For instance, when a finger is pinched in the car door, be- 
cause one was standing up when he was warned by a sign on 
the door to “Sit down until train stops” and “Passengers are 
not allowed on the platform when trains are moving,” he sues 
the railroad for $50,000, and gets, after several years, a few 
hundred, and the lawyer gets about nine-tenths of that; and 
when a razorback is killed, the road is asked to pay for a reg- 


istered Duroc if it is red, or a Poland China or a Berkshire if 
it is black. 


These conditions are largely passing, however, and to-day 
the car door of an official bears the sign, “Office Car” or 
“Business Car,” instead of the warning, “Private.” Railroad 
officials are merely business men, and to-day they mix with 
the people living along their line more than ever before. The 
railroad is dependent upon the farmer for a great part of its 
business, and the farmer, on the other hand, must have 
transportation facilities; and this mutual dependence makes 
a common meeting ground. 


There are numerous ways by which this development or 
educational work can be, and is being, carried on by the rail- 
roads. To begin with, agricultural, industrial, and immigra- 
tion development all come under one general head, and fre- 
quently they are operated under one department with an ex- 
pert in charge of each division. At other times they are 


divided into different departments, all separately reporting to 
the traffic officials. 


A careful survey has recently been made of the railroads of 
the country, and it has been found that over three-fourths of 
their mileage is controlled by companies having an organized 
agricultural, industrial, and immigration department. In 
this survey a step farther was made, and it was found that 
this work could be distributed under about thirty-nine differ- 
ent heads. To emphasize what these heads are, a few will be 
outlined covering duties of the agricultural department as it 
particularly affects the work of the writer, viz. : 


Encouraging and assisting farmers in planting diversified 
crops; employing agricultural experts to instruct farmers 
with respect to the selection of seed, planting, cultivation and 
Richens of crops for markets; organizing and conducting 

emonstration farms; sending out special trains in the inter- 
est of good roads, seed, silo, soil, packing, and better farming; 


Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. PLATE 19, 


CROWDS ENTERING TRAINS TO HEAR K. C. S. AGRICULTURAL LECTURES. 


VISITORS, INCLUDING SCHOOL CLASSES, LISTENING TO LECTURES AND 
VIEWING EXHIBITS ON K. C. S. AGRICULTURAL TRAIN 
AT WESTVILLE, OKLAHOMA. 


76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


equipping exhibit cars with agricultural products and send- 
ing them over the line. (These cars usually spend a day and 
evening in each town, giving chart talks in the day time and 
lantern-slide or moving-picture shows at night.) The work 
also includes: defraying expenses of lecturers to farmers’ in- 
stitutes and other meetings; preparing and printing agricul- 
tural bulletins of information and distributing them among 
farmers, either through the mails or from agricultural trains ; 
providing special rates and free transportation to farmers’ in- 
stitute workers, especially federal and state employes; fur- 
nishing pure-bred stock to farmers for breedin g purposes; col- 
lecting data and furnishing reports on the condition of crops 
along the line, this information being also given to the traffic 
department, so that they can make arrangements for hasty 
handling, and proper refrigeration of perishables, also for ex- 
tra telegraph service during a rush season, ete. ; getting in 
touch with produce commission men in the cities with a view 
to assisting the growers and shippers in proper and profitable 
marketing; furnishing daily, through the local agents, tele- 
graphic reports to shippers respecting market conditions; in- 
forming farmers as to the customs and requirements of the 
various markets; organizing poultry, dairy, horticultural, and 
truck-growing associations; aiding in securing a supply of 
agricultural labor and transporting it at a reduced rate; fur- 
nishing free, good seed, fertilizers, ete., and providing inocu- 
lation material for use in growing legumes. 


This, in brief, gives an idea of the possibilities of railroad 
agriculture, and of some of the problems being worked out 


by the railroads for the benefit of people living along the 
ine. 


J. HOLLISTER TULL, 
Agriculturist, Kansas City Southern Railway. 


NOTICE 


There are a number who have registered as Garden pupils 
since 1890 who are not members of the Alumni Association, 
and whom we would like very much to have join. In some 
instances we have been unable to locate them, and would be 
glad if anyone knowing their whereabouts would advise the 
secretary, or if the members who are best acquainted would 
lend a helping hand to awaken their interest. 


Name Year Last Address 
Chilton, John A....... 1911....36 Paris Road, Louisiana, Mo. 
Culling, bows = 222, 1912.... Webster Groves, Mo. 

Dunford, J; W.... 2.5: 1890....Sioux City, Ia. 
Field, Ernest P........ 1898....Kansas City, Mo. 


Kawase, Harutaro ....1893... -Sapporo, Japan. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 77 


Name Year Last Address 

Lipscomb, John ...... 1894....No address. 

Marker, Oliver P...... 1900....Evansville, Ind. 

Meyer, Robert. °.8....02% 1899....St. Louis, Mo. 

NSISOn AA ei aes ew 1890....No address. 

Overland, Ralph G.....1901....No address. 

Polst,; Wilham =.2 2 3... 1902....No address. 

Reed, Homer. Earl..... 1909....503 Georgia St., Louisiana, Mo. 

Roper, Paw) ey 1904....Fresno, Cal. 

Shepherd, Hugh ...... 1890....No address. 

Smyth, Eugene ....... 1905....Department of Agriculture, 
Washington, D. C. 

Wakely, Cecil ........: 1911....Care of Stark Bros. Orchard & Nursery 
Co., Louisiana, Mo. 

Weymann, Otto H..... 1901....No address. 


In accordance with the constitution and by-laws adopted 
by our association, the next regular meeting takes place in 
1917. It is our desire to have every member bear this in 
mind and make his plans so that he may be able to attend. 
No definite date has as yet been set, but undoubtedly it will be 
so arranged that the meeting can be held at the time of the 
Gardeners’ Banquet which usually takes place in November. 

We wish to make this meeting an especially interesting one 
and have as many present as possible, so that we may cele- 
brate an enjoyable “home coming.” There are no doubt a 
number of you who are planning a trip in the direction of 
St. Louis, and if made at that time we feel that you would be 
amply repaid. Now, remember; if you cannot, make a note, 
write your chums and say to every member you see, “Meet me 
at the Garden in November, 1917.” 

A. R. GROSS, 


Sec’y-Treas., Missouri Botanical Garden Alumni Association. 


SCHOOL FOR GARDENING 
OFFICERS OF ADMINISTRATION AND INSTRUCTION 


George Thomas Moore, A.M., Ph.D., Director of the Garden, 
and Engelmann Professor in the Henry Shaw 
School of Botany of Washington University. 

Jesse More Greenman, A.M., Ph.D., Curator of the Her- 
barium, and Associate Professor in the Henry 
Shaw School of Botany of Washington University. 

Edward Angus Burt, A.M., Ph.D., Mycologist and Librarian 
to the Garden, and Associate Professor in the 
Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington 
University. 

Harry Milliken Jennison, A.B., A.M., Assistant in Botany 
in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washing- 
ton University. 


78 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


William Woodward Ohlweiler, B.S., A.M., General Manager 
to the Garden. 
B.S., Connecticut Agricultural College; A.M., Washing- 
ton University; Missouri Botanical Garden, 1907-; 
Teaching Fellow, Washington University, 1912-13. 


John Noyes, 8.B., Landscape Designer to the Garden. 
S.B., Massachusetts Agricultural College; Instructor in 
Landscape Gardening, Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
lege, 1909-11; with Warren H. Manning, Boston, 1911- 
14; Missouri Botanical Garden, 1914- 


Alexander Lurie, B.S., Horticulturist to the Garden. 
B.S., Cornell University. Charge of ornamentals and 
greenhouses, Greening Bros. Nurseries, Monroe, Mich., 
1913-14; Instructor in Floriculture, in charge of green- 
houses and grounds, University of Maine, 1914-16; Mis- 
souri Botanical Garden, 1916- 


George Harry Pring, Orchids and other Exotics. 


oyal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1899-1906; Missouri 
Botanical Garden, 1906- 


Max Schiller, Palms, Ferns, and Floral Displays. ; 
Palmgarten, Frankfurt am Main, 1893-1903; Missouri 
Botanical Garden, 1903- 


Julius Erdman, Rose, Medicinal, and Economic Gardens. 
Hoehere Gartenbau Lehranstalt, Koestritz, Germany, 
1897; Department of Horticulture, Iowa State College, 
1903-08 ; Florist, Colorado State College, 1909-14; Mis- 
souri Botanical Garden, 1914- 


COURSES OF INSTRUCTION 
First Year 


1. GeneraL Botany. (At Washington University.) 
Laboratory course with lectures and quizzes dealing with the 
form and structure of plants, with special reference to their 
life processes. A brief study will be made of living plants 
in relation to their environment. October to July. 

(Jennison ) 


2. GENERAL Froricunrurs. The general principles of 
greenhouse management. Methods of propagation by seeds, 
cuttings, division, layering, grafting, ete., under glass and 
outdoors. Cultural methods for successful growing of out- 
door roses, bulbs, tubers, decorative and bedding plants, ete. 
October to April. (Lurie) 


_ 3. ComMeErcian Froricutrure. Culture of roses, carna- 
tions, chrysanthemums, violets, orchids, sweet peas, bulbs, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN : 79 


ferns, palms, and other decorative and flowering plants. 
Marketing, packing, shipping, designing. April to October. 
(Lurie) 


4. VEGETABLE GARDENING. Methods of growing, har- 
vesting, and marketing vegetables for commercial purposes. 
Home gardens. July and September. (Lurie) 


_ 5. Disease Controu. Methods of control of fungous and 
insect diseases affecting greenhouse and other cultivated 
plants and trees. Sprays and spray machinery. April to 
October. (Lurie) 


6. Surveyinc. Topographical surveying and _ plotting, 
principally with the Wye level and transit, using the stadia. 
Practice in the use of the hand level, compass, etc. Staking 
out, setting grades, etc., from plans, and practice in grading 
design, estimating cut and fill, ete. October to April. 

Zot (Noyes) 


7. Construction. Concrete construction, retaining 
walls, drains, sewers, culvert and road making, ditches, green- 


house construction, paints, ete. April to July. 
(Ohlweiler) 


8. ADMINIsTRATION. Management of public parks, es- 
tates, cemeteries, public grounds, ete. A practical discussion 
from the administrative standpoint. July and September. 

(Ohlweiler) 


_ 9. Mecuanicat Drawine. Lettering, geometrical draw- 
ing, projections, shades and shadows, perspective, architec- 
tural drawing. October to April. (Noyes) 


10. Free-Hanp Drawinea. Pencil, charcoal and water 
color work, sketching of simple models, casts, flowers, trees, 
shrubs, ete. April to October. (Noyes) 


Second Year 


11. Denprotogy. Nursery work. Planting, growing, 
pruning, and care of trees and shrubs. Tree surgery. Fun- 
damentals of forestry, including forest management, men- 
suration, protection, utilization, by-products, and wood preser- 
vation. October to April. (Lurie) 


12. Forctna Fruits anp Vecerasies. Forcing of 
ey peaches, nectarines, figs, strawberries, pineapples, etc., 
under glass. Forcing of lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, 


melons, radishes, etc., under glass. January to April. _ 
(Lurie) 


80 : MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


13. Puant Breepinc. The principles and practice of 
plant breeding. Hybridization and selection. The origin 
of horticultural varieties. April to October. (Lurie) 


14. PLant Mareriats. Flowering trees, shrubs, peren- 
nials, and annuals used in landscape designs and private gar- 
dens in this country. Intended to familiarize the student 
with the variety of flowering material at his disposal, together 
with the facilities of various nurseries and growers in Amer- 
ica. April to October. (Ohlweiler) 


15. Sorrs. A consideration of the soil as a medium for 
root development and as a reservoir for the storage and con- 
servation of water. Water movement, capillarity, aération, 
temperature, natural minerals, soil organisms, ete. October 
to April. : (Ohlweiler ) 


16. Ferrinizers. Function of manure and commercial 
fertilizers, including a_ special study of nitrates, nitrites, 
phosphates, superphosphates, ete. A résumé of the present 
status of the subject with special reference to horticultural 


uses. October to April. (Ohlweiler) 
17. Aquatic GarpENING. Culture and use of aquatic 
plants. April to October. (Pring) 


18. Pure Design. Theory and practice; its application 
to all arts, especially landscape gardening. October to Janu- 
ary. (Noyes) 


19. Prrncrptes or LANDSCAPE GARDENING. Lectures on 
history and theory. Practice in drafting, rendering in ink 
and water colors; office methods. Analysis of landscape de- 
signs. January to July. (Noyes) 


20. Lanpscare Design. Practice in design of home 
grounds, private estates, parks, playgrounds, cemeteries, sub- 
divisions, etc. July and September. (Noyes) 


Third Year 


21. ParHotoey. Laboratory work with lectures on the 
common diseases of greenhouse and other cultivated plants 
and trees. October to April. (Burt) 


22. Systematic Botany. Gross anatomy of plants, the 
study of the relationships between the various groups and 
individuals to be found cultivated and wild; designed pri- 
marily to train the student in the ready identification of 
plants. The period from J anuary to March is devoted to the 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 81 


study of trees and shrubs in their winter condition. Making 
an herbarium. October to October. (Greenman) 


23. Economic Borany. The uses of plants and their 
products; fibers, fruits, condiments, perfumes, medicinal 
plants, ete. April to October. (Pring) 


24. Fruir Growine. A consideration of the various 
fruit areas of the United States, and of the climatic and 
topographical conditions influencing them; the location of 
orchards and fruit lands; windbreaks, tillage and moisture; 
planting schemes, harvesting, and marketing. April to 


October. (Ohlweiler) 
20. Lanpscape Design (Continued). October to Janu- 
ary. (Noyes) 


25. Puiantina Desian. Study of harmony of color, 
form, foliage, ete., in plants for outdoor use; analysis of de- 
signs. Practice in planting design for various locations and 
purposes, for private estates, parks, city streets, flower gar- 
dens, ete. January to July. (Noyes) 


26. GARDEN ARCHITECTURE. Lectures on architectural 
styles and design. Practice in design of garden furniture, 
pergolas, arbors, summer houses, gates, entrances, ete. July 
and September. (Noyes) 


27. Tests. During the second year the student will 
choose or be assigned some definite problem leading out of 
the courses given, and in the third year he will be expected 
to pursue this topie with the intention of presenting a thesis 
covering the work done. 


82 


SCHEDULE OF AFTERNOON WORK 


First Year 
Time | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 
Oct. | General General Surveying | General Mechanical | Special 
Botany Floricul- Botany Drawing Work 
ture 2 6 1 9 
Jan. |General | General Surveying | General Mechanical | Special 
Botany Floricul- Botany Drawing Work 
ture 2 6 1 9 
General | Commercial] Construc- | General Free-Hand | Disease 
Botany Floricult. tion Botany Drawing Control 
July Z 1 
Construc- 
tion 
July | Vegetable | Commercial] Construc- Special Free-Hand | Disease 
Gardening} Floricult.3} tion 7| Work Drawing Control 
Sept. * Adminis- | Adminis- 
4| tration 8] tion 8 10 5 
Second Year 
Dendrol- | Soils Fertilizers | Pure Pure Special 
ogy il 15 16) Design = 18 Design 18) Work 
Dendrol- | Soils 15| Forcing Principles of | Principles of | Special 
ogy Fruits and | Landscape | Landscape | Work 
Fertilizers | Vegetables | Gardening | Gardening 
11 16 12 19 19 
Plant Plant Aquatic Principles of | Principles of | Special 
Breeding | Materials | Gardening |Landscape | Landscape | Work 
July Gardening | Gardening 
13 14 17 19 19 
July | Plant Plant Aquatic Landscape | Landscape Special 
Breeding | Materials | Gardening | Design Design Work 
Sept. * 13 1 =47 2 20 De 
Third Year 
Thesis Pathology | Systematic | Landscape | Landscape | Thesis 
27 21) Botany 22) Design 20 Design 20 
Jan. | Thesis Pathology | Systematic | Planting Planting Thesis 
Botany Design Design 
Apr. 27 21 22 25 25 27 
Apr. | Economic | Fruit Systematic | Planting Planting Thesis 
Botany Growing Botany Design Design 
July 23 22 5 27 
July | Economic | Fruit | Systematic | Garden Garden Thesis 
Botany Growing Botany Architecture | Architecture 
Sept. * 23 22 26 26 27 


* Vacation during August. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 83 


SUMMARY OF AFTERNOON COURSES 


One or more exercises, afternoons of each week. Lectures, 
laboratory work, and demonstrations supplemented by prac- 
tical work each morning, in the various departments of the 
Garden. 


BOTANY Foreing Fruits and 
First year: Vepotahles ©. 3c: 2. 3 months 
General Botany...... 9 months Plant Breeding ...... 5 months 
Third year: Soils .........--.-5. 6 months 
Systematic Botany. ..11 months Fertilizers re adn 6 months 
Economic Botany .... 5 months Aquatic Gardening .. 5 months 
PEUOIORY sees 6months Third year: 
Fruit Growing ...... 5 months 
ENGINEERING 
Surveying’. 2400... 6months First year: 
Construction .....'... 3 months Mechanical Drawing.. 6 months 
Administration ...... 2 months Free-Hand Drawing .. 5 months 
Second year: 
HORTICULTURE Plant Materials ..... 5 months 
First year: Pore: Design 23... 3 months 
General Floriculture... 6 months Landseape Gardening... 6 months 
Commercial Flori- Landscape Design .... 2 months 
CUE 8 ea 5months Third year: 
Vegetable Gardening.. 2 months Landscape Design .... 3 months 
Disease Control... >... 5 months Planting Design ..... 6 months 
Second year: Garden Architec- 
Dendrolopy 260. 6 months SF) 2 cae ape ar Pe a 2 months 


Morning Work.—During the three years, the regular gar- 
den pupils are assigned to the various departments, both in- 
doors and outdoors, the work being arranged to afford as 
much experience and practice as possible in propagating, 
growing, and caring for the very large variety of plants main- 
tained at the Garden. The time devoted to each department 
will depend upon circumstances. 


Scholarships.—Six scholarships, of the annual value of 
$350 each, are offered to students between the ages of sixteen 
and twenty years, possessing at least the education afforded 
by a regular high school course of recognized standing, or 
its equivalent. Since a scholarship may be reconferred upon 
the original recipient for two additional years, there are 
ordinarily but two scholarships to be awarded each year. All 
scholarships are awarded by a competitive examination held 
on the first Saturday in September, in the administration 
building of the Garden, Tower Grove and Botanical Avenues. 
Application blanks may be obtained at the Director’s office 
and must be returned not later than August 15. Examina- 
tions are held in United States History, English Literature, 
Arithmetic, Algebra, Elements of Botany and one other 


84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


science (either Zoblogy, Chemistry, Physics, or Physiology) 
to be selected by the candidate, and one foreign language 
(either German, French, Spanish, Latin, or Greek) accord- 
ing to the training of the candidate. 


Candidates who live at places remote from St. Louis may 
send, with their application, the name and address of the 
principal or a teacher in the nearest high school who will 
be willing to take charge of the examination. All applica- 
tions of this character must be received by the Director not 
later than August 15. The charges for and place of hold- 
ing such an examination must be a matter of mutual arrange- 
ment between the examiner and the student. The Garden 
in no way can assume the slightest responsibility for such 
matters. 


Tuition.—In addition to those holding garden scholar- 
ships, a few suitably prepared pupils will be admitted to the 
regular course at the rate of $50.00 per year. The charge 
for a single course of nine months, or more, is $15.00; for 
one of five or six months, $10.00; and for one of three 
months or less, $5.00. 


Certificate—Upon the satisfactory completion of the regu- 
lar three-years’ course and the passing of such examinations 
as may be required, a student shall receive a certificate from 
the Garden, indicating the work accomplished. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 85 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1916 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


LOLA MUnIDer OL VIBIEOIS 32 Sisco esa ae eee eon es 5,819 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of plants received in exchange...........-- 10 

Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange..... 4 
PLANT DISTRIBUTION: 

Total. number of plants distributed. . 0.026.060. cnet 121 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought...........-. 32 

Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 47 


HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — 


BF. Bush—Moesses of Miss0uri. 6s oe eens Ve ees 1,748 
J. M. Holzinger — “Musci Acrocarpi Boreali-Americana,” 
Nos O20-s00 2 ek eo ed Oo Pew oes Cee OS ee 25 
Pedro Jurgensen—Plants of Argentina .................. 100 
By Gift — 
B: F. Bush——Plants of: Missourt:. 20. 28 02 ee 160 
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Alabama, Ohio, Missouri, Tocas. 
GCalarado; ane. California: os coer ia es ee ek 48 
Mrs. A. Jones—Cassia sp., cultivated at Houston, Texas... 1 
O. S. Ledman—Oenanthe bracteata ..................-.. 1 
Mrs. B. Mackensen—Plants of Texas.................... 35 
E. J. Palmer—Seeds of Baptisia sp.............-+-++++--- 1 
G. S. Stone—Ipomoea fistulosa from Punta Gorda, Florida. . i 


By Exchange — 
New York Botanical Garden—Plants of Jamaica......... 350 
U. S. National Museum—Fragments of the type of Senecio 

Aypotrichts Green. 2. 686 ee ee ee ces we ee 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays, from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


Mussour! BOTANICAL 
(GARDEN BULLETIN: 


Mol. IV 2 & BPREGY 191608 35 Se No.4 


“CONTENTS 


Dr. Gcarge Engelmann’s Grape Investigations oe ek “87 ue f 
The Cattleya Orchid Fly ae Ses, at ne 


List of Birds Observed in the Miesous Botanical Garden. 


During the Month of April = | peor ase. } Bias 
She Shaerarear aL ante be oe he A aR ee pele aM to 
Notes - - Uae cw he BOO ae Oo 
Se Statistical Information for "March LE patie he 


st. Lous, ‘Mo. 
a a ot iran WE : 
; "PuarisnEn: MONTHLY BY THE “Boarp « oF TRUSTEES 


PLATE 20. 


Mo. BOT. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. 


sh as Sab 


reese 


aerate 


~sraegenesn 


meron se-snapree >a 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. IV St. Louis, Mo., April, 1916 No. 4 


DR. GEORGE ENGELMANN’S GRAPE 
INVESTIGATIONS 


As is well known, the late Dr. George Engelmann, of St. 
Louis, in the midst of a busy life as a physician found time 
to pursue investigations of great value to the botanist. In 
addition to his published works, the results of these studies 
are to be found in sixty large volumes of notes in the library 
of the Missouri Botanical Garden. One of these volumes, 
that upon the grape, is interesting both to the casual reader 
for its revelations as to the methods of work of this un- 
usual man, and to the viticulturist for its detailed studies 
as well as the breadth of view shown. 


Dr. Engelmann’s notes on the grape are of a character 
to interest the anatomist, the horticulturist, and the system- 
atist, and contain careful pencil drawings of many struc- 
tural details of stem, berry, leaf, and flower. Included with 
the personal observations are notes from catalogues, extracts 
from articles, quotations from correspondence, comment 
upon blooming time and visitations of insects, copies from 
herbarium specimens, outlines of leaves of species, drawings 
of internodes and seeds, lists of varieties, mention of species’ 
characteristics, types of flowers, and pollen, photographs of 
viticulturists, and much else. The list might be extended 
to a greater length, but the points covered are enough to 
show the activity of the man’s mind, the thoroughness of 
his observations, and the keenness with which he followed 
important details of structure from the taxonomic stand- 
point. 

In addition to being well informed as to the culture of 
the grape, Dr. Engelmann contributed materially to a 
knowledge of the classification of this group of plants. He 
was a careful observer of the species of other botanists and 
was also a thorough student of new forms. His studies 
upon new species of this genus were published rather exten- 
sively, and his writings are widely read and quoted to-day. 


Dr. Engelmann was quick to see the taxonomic value of 
a number of structures of the seed, fruit, cane, - ae 
8 


88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Among the important taxonomic characters on which he 
placed especial emphasis is the diaphragm, or the partition 
in the node at each leaf. This is present in all species, ex- 
ceptiny Vitis rotundifolia, being thick in some and thin in 
others. He pointed out clearly, and has illustrated carefully, 
the taxonomic value of the cord-like raphe in the seed of 
V. cordifolia, the central position of the chalaza in. 
rotundifolia, the notched or rounded condition of the distal 
end of the seed, as in V. Labrusca and V. rupestris, and the 
long beak of the seed of V. vinifera. He made careful 
records and observations of the difference in the blooming 
time of different species and its bearing upon interspecific 
crosses in the wild forms. He had gone so far into the 
taxonomy of the grape as to make accurate and detailed 
tracings of the type specimens in herbaria, including those 
of Michaux, and five of his species are generally accepted 
by taxonomists to-day. © 


The writings of Dr. Engelmann upon the grape include 
several articles published in the scientific journals as well 
as in horticultural papers. These have to do with taxonomy, 
culture, diseases, varieties, and general observations, and they 
contain many priority statements with reference to species 
and points of taxonomy. His notes show also that he was 
in correspondence with a large number of viticulturists of 
Europe and America, and include quotations and letters. 


This brief account of the notes of Dr. Engelmann on the 
grape is offered partly as an appreciation of his services in 
the study of this group, and partly as an estimate of the 
man and his methods of investigation. The same might be 
repeated with equal or greater emphasis with reference to 
many other genera. Dr. Engelmann was typical of a num- 
ber of men of his day, whose services to science were most 
important. With their passing, however, was ushered in a 
new type of worker who, because of the development of 
science and the broadening and deepening of the field of 
soy eles have ne y been f =e to adopt new 
me : 


THE CATTLEYA ORCHID FLY 


Requests from various parts of the country have come to 
the Garden at different times for full information re arding 
the cattleya fly or borer (Isosoma orchidearum) which is 
occasionally imported from the Cordilleras in South America, 
this being the cattleya region. 

When fresh importations arrive, the plants are usually in 
resting condition. In case the fly is present, an examina- 


Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 4, 1916. PLATE 21. 


1. NORMAL PSEUDO-BULB CUT TO SHOW THE EFFECT OF THE LARVAE, 
WITH HOLE WHERE THE INSECTS ESCAPED. 2. ABNORMAL PSEUDO-BULB 
INCAPABLE OF PRODUCING FLOWERS. 3. PERMANENTLY INJURED GROWTH 
SHOWING WHERE THE INSECTS ESCAPED. 


(About Natural Size) 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 89 


tion of the pseudo-bulbs will reveal the damage done, in 
the form of small holes bored for its exit. On cutting the 
bulbs in half large cavities are disclosed, showing the full 
extent of this injury. In Plate 21 may be seen the effect 
of the insect, the plants in figs. 2 and 3 being grown at the 
Garden for experimental purposes. In their natural state 
the orchids are stronger and are able to withstand these 
attacks without any material damage. Under cultivated con- 
ditions, however, their growth is more or less restrained, and 
unless careful precautions are taken, an attack by these in- 
sects results in the final destruction of the plants. 


The Adult Fly—In the “American Gardening,” Vol. 
XXI, the following description is given: 


“The perfect insect or fly is black, and has clear, shining 
iridescent wings. The female is about one-seventh of an 
inch long, while the male is considerably smaller, being only 
about one-tenth of an inch in length. The head and thorax 
are rough and unpolished, the microscope showing them to 
be covered with tiny pits, from each of which little bristles 
or hairs project. The abdomen is black, smooth, polished 
and shining, and is without hairs except on the smaller last 
segments. The abdomen of the female is pointed and 
somewhat wedge-shaped beneath, while that of the male is 
small, being not more than half the length of the female 
abdomen and terminating bluntly or abruptly. Under the 
microscope the sexes may be readily separated by the 
antennae. In the female most of the joints are about the 
same size and shape, being symmetrical and connected to- 
gether by inconspicuous pedicels; while the male antennae 
are somewhat longer, the chief joints being longer and ab- 
ruptly tapering to a slender neck or pedicel at the anterior 
ends, and lacking symmetry by. being much more swollen 
on one side than on the other. The whorls of hair or bristles 
are very much longer than on the female antennae. 


“The legs at the joints are red, the thighs being black, the 
middle portion yellowish or reddish, except on the hind 
pair—where they are blackish, and the feet (tarsi) are pale 
or dull white and tipped with minute dark claws. 


“The female is provided with a long and extremely slender 
ovipositor, which it inserts into the tissue of the plant when 
depositing its eggs. When not in use this ovipositor lies 
quite concealed by a groove and protecting sheaths.” 

Larva.—The little footless larva is white, a little less than 
a sixth of an inch in length when full grown. This is the 
feeding period, when the growths of the pseudo-bulbs are 
tunneled. From this it develops into a pupa and is black 


90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


in color, measuring one-seventh of an inch in length. From 


= pupa develops the winged insect, completing the life 
cycle. 


Detection and Eradication—When importations arrive 
from South America it is almost impossible to find any 
traces of the pests except in the developed pseudo-bulbs, from 
which they have made their escape. However, it is advis- 
able to take the precaution of fumigating with hydrocyanic 
gas, as there is always the possibility of the winged insect 
having developed in transit. After the plants have become 
established and the dormant eyes begin to show activity, 
daily examination is essential, since this is the critical period 
when the larvae are feeding and may be detected. The first 
fumigation should not be relied upon as final, because if 
the young growths do contain eggs, it is not possible to 
reach and destroy them with gas. 


The presence of the insect in the young growths may be 
detected by their abnormal shape. ‘Under normal condi- 
tions they are strap-shaped and slightly rounded at the base. 
If the growths are infested with the larvae or pupae, they 
will appear unnaturally large, rounded and gradually taper- 
ing to a point, especially when they are about two to three _ 
inches in height. If these characteristics are noticed, there 
should not be the slightest hesitancy in cutting the growths 
off close to the parent pseudo-bulb and burning them, be- 
cause each contains eight to ten small black pupae which will 
eventually develop into adult or winged insects. Com- 
mercial growers would no doubt hesitate to cut these young 
shoots because of losing the blooms. However, if they are 
left, the growths are finally too crippled to develop flowers 
and an opportunity is given the insect to reproduce. The 
parent pseudo-bulb is always supplied with dormant eyes or 
growths which will soon develop after the infested growth 
has been removed, and will produce flowers almost as fine 


as the lead, although the flowering period will naturally be 
a few weeks later. 


Cyanide Fumigation—Even if the orchid fly has been 
located during its early stages, there is still a possibility that 
some have been overlooked and have developed into winged 
insects. In any case it is advisable to fumigate with hydro- 
cyanie gas weekly until the pseudo-bulbs are well developed. 
This will certainly eradicate the pest in the final stage, pre- 
venting the possibility of reproduction. 

Careful preparations should be made for fumigating, 
evening being the best time for the work. The greenhouse 
and plants should be kept dry the entire preceding day, the 


Mo. BOT. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. PLATE 22. 


r 


1. THREE ABNORMAL GROWTHS CONTAINING PUPAE, THE MIDDLE ONE 
CUT TO SHOW CAVITY AND PUPAE. 2. PUPAE JUST BEFORE EMERGING 
INTO THE WINGED INSECTS. 3. NORMAL GROWTH NOT ATTACKED BY THE 
INSECTS. 


(Twice Natural Size) 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 91 


plants not to. be watered under any circumstances, because 
of the succulent nature of the leaves. The cubic feet of 
space in the house should be exactly determined, the ratio 
to be one ounce of cyanide of potassium (98 to 100 per cent 
pure) and one ounce of commercial sulphuric acid in three 
ounces of water, to 2,000 cubic feet. Earthenware jars 
should be used, as glass jars will break when filled with the 
sulphuric acid. The water should be poured into the jars 
first, then the sulphuric acid added, and the jars placed at 
equal distances throughout the house. Before adding the 
cyanide, the steam valves should be regulated to carry the 
necessary temperature throughout the night. When these 
preparations are complete, the cyanide (previously wrapped 
in tissue paper to prevent contact with the hands) should 
be dropped into the solution by two men—one on each side 
of the house—and the house immediately vacated and 
locked, and signs attached warning against entrance. 

Next morning the doors should be left open for a few 
minutes, and then the top ventilators opened to allow the 
remaining fumes to escape. It should be borne in mind 
that cyanide is a dangerous poison, and the utmost care is 
necessary in using it in fumigation. 


LIST OF BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE MISSOURI 
BOTANICAL GARDEN DURING THE 
MONTH OF APRIL 


The birds on the following list were observed by members 
of the St. Louis Bird Club in the Missouri Botanical Garden, 
with the exception of those listed on April 19, which were 
observed by Mr. Otto Widmann: 


April 1 April 8 
American Tree Sparrow 
Bob-white Bob-white 
Brown Thrasher 
Bronzed Grackle Bronzed Grackle 
Cardinal Cardinal 


Cedar Waxwing 
Chipping Sparrow 


Crow Crow 

Downy Woodpecker : 

English Sparrow English Sparrow 
European Sparrow 
Flicker 

Fox Sparrow Fox Sparrow 

Junco Junco 

Meadow-lark Meadow-lark 

Robin Robin 

Rusty Blackbird 

Song Sparrow Song § 


Tufted Titmouse 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


April 15 
Bluebird 


Bob-white 
Brown Thrasher 
Bronzed Grackle 
Cardinal 

Cedar Waxwing 


Chipping Sparrow 


Cowbird 

Crow 

Downy Woodpecker 
English House Sparrow 
European Tree Sparrow 
Field Sparrow 

Flicker 


Junco 
Meadow-lark 


Red-winged Blackbird 
Robin —~ 
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 
Pe Sparrow 


April 19 
Bluebird 
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 
Blue Jay 


Brown Thrasher 
Bronzed Grackle 
Cardinal 

Cedar Waxwing 
Chimney-swift 


Cooper’s Hawk 


Crow 


European Tree Sparrow 


Flicker 

Hermit Thrush 

House Sparrow 

House Wren 

Junco 

Meadow-lark 
Mourning Dove 
Palm-warbler 
Red-breasted Nuthateh 
Red-shouldered Hawk 
Red-winged Blackbird 
Robin 

Ruby-crowned Kinglet 
Song Sparrow 

Towhee 
White-throated Sparrow 
Winter Wren 


Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 


THE SHAKESPEAREAN GARDEN 


The Shakespearean garden, which was described in detail 
in the February number of the BULLETIN, was opened to 
the public in the floral display house on Sunday, April 23, 
and will continue as the main attraction throughout the 
month of May. This show will be interesting not only be- 
cause of its architectural and landscape features, but also for 
the abundance and variety of flowering material used. The 
list of plants published in the previous Bunzerin does not 
suggest the color possibilities, but roses, daisies, lilies, pansies, 
tulips, zinnias, and marigolds will be grouped in the most 
effective way possible. On the platform at the south end of 
the house will be massed a large uantity of flowering plants, 
such as calceolarias, spiraeas, lilies, hydrangeas, etc. The 
entrance passage will likewise be filled with loom, and the 


floral display will extend even to the flower alcoves in the 
aroid house. 7 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 93 


NOTES 


The Rufus J. Lackland fellowships for the year 1916-17 
have been awarded to the following: 

Mr. W. W. Bonns, B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
nology, 1899; B.S.A., Cornell University, 1909, reappointed. 

Mr. Carroll W. Dodge, A.B., Middlebury College, 1915, 
reappointed. 

Mr. R. A. Studhalter, A.B., University of Texas, 1912, 
reappointed. 

Mr. H. C. Young, B.S., Ohio State University, 1913; M.S., 
Agricultural and Mechanics College of North Cavolina: 1915, 
reappointed. 

Mr. D. C. Neal, B.S. Mississippi Agricultural and 
Mechanical College, 1909; graduate work, University of 
Chicago, 1915, and Henry Shaw School of Botany, 1915-16. 


Mr. George W. Freiberg, Rufus J. Lackland Fellow, has 
been appointed Research Assistant to sueceed Dr. A. R. Davis. 


Dr. Samuro Kakiuchi, of the Imperial University, Tokio, 
was a Garden visitor February 9. 


Mr. G. H. Pring delivered an address on “The Mimicry 
of Orchids” before the Mothers’ Circle of the Clifton Heights 
School on April 6. 


Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, discussed 
before the St. Louis Garden Club “Some Fundamental Facts 
of Plant Life,” on April 11. 


Dr. A. R. Davis, Research Assistant to the Garden, ad- 
dressed the Academy of Science, March 20, on “Enzyme 
Action in the Marine Algae.” 


On March 27, Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the 
Garden, lectured before the viwond Monday Evening Club 
on the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” 


Dr. Edwin C. Miller of Kansas Agricultural College, Man- 
hattan, Kansas, visited the Garden, April 4-6, and Mr. C. 
H. Winkler of the Department of Botany, University of 
Texas, April 14. 

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, served on 
the Board of Jurors of the National Flower Show at Phila- 
delphia, March 25-April 2, and in the same capacity at the 
New York Show, April 5-12. 


_ The 1915 volume of the Proceedings of the American So- 
ciety for Municipal Improvements contains an article by Dr. 
Hermann von Bchien Pathologist to the Garden, on 
“Creosote for Wood Block Paving.” 


94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Dr. Joseph Erlanger, Head of the Department of Physiol- 
ogy, Washington University Medical School, gave an address 
before the graduate seminar, April 12, on “Faradic Stimuli: 
A Physical-Physiological Study.” 


Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, 
presided at the meeting of the Douglas Fir Manufacturers 
Association, and at the American Society for Testing Ma- 
terials, at Seattle, Washington, April 6-8. 


Among the visitors to the Garden during March were Mr. 
J. B. Swayne, florist and mushroom grower, Kennett Square, 
Pennsylvania, and Mr. B. H. Slavis, Assistant Superin- 
tendent Park Department, Rochester, New York. 


The position of Horticulturist to the Garden has been 
filled by the appointment of Mr. Alexander Lurie. Mr. 
Lurie is a graduate of Cornell University, and has been in 
charge of greenhouses and ornamentals, Greening Bros. 
Nurseries, Monroe, Michigan, and Instructor in Floriculture, 
in charge of greenhouses and grounds, University of Maine. 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1916 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


total: numberof yinitors. 8,872 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of plants received in exchange.............- 26 

Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange....- 14 


PLant Distripution : 

Total number of plants distributed in exchange 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought...... Peet rs 55 


ee ee 


Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 157 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase ~ 
E. Bartholomew —“North American Uredinales,” Cents. 
XV and XVI, Nos. 1401-1600... 2. 5c ee 200 
By Gift — 
E. Bartholomew—Fungi from the Pacific ere eee 9 
W. ©. Coker—Fungi from Chapel Hill, North Carolina..... 6 
J. A. Drushel—Flowering plants from Alabama, Missouri, 
Texas, Colorado, Arizona, and California............... 54 
W. G. Farlow—Fungi from New England and Venezuela... 39 
C. H. Kauffman — Fungi from New York, Michigan, and 
Washington 0565. 3.2 ee 52 


Meyer Brothers, Druggists—Chrysanthemwmn ci iae- 
folium (Trev.) Boce. ......... i es 1 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 95 


Geo. L. Moxley—Ferns and flowering plants of California... 15 
Miss Minnie E. Nash—Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes 


trom -Lonisians —. 5 Se riee eta t eee cei gt 1 
C, E. Owens—Wood-destroying fungi from Oregon......... 2 
S. B. Parish—Flowering plants from California........... 51 
W. H. Rankin — Stereum rameale as a trunk parasite on 

RGVUNYG DulgONle 655 eg ETE ES 1 
J. B. Rorer — “Pink disease” on Amherstia nobilis from 

DUUMNOAG. 805 2 Fees oo ee ee 1 
H. von Schrenk—Specimens of Pinguicula and Mayaca from 

Aiabaiis and Mississippi. <. 6.6 awe es 3 
A. B, Seymour—The fungus Poria aurea Pk. from Massa- 

OR oe es a a eee 1 
P. Spaulding — Fungus on living Pinus Strobus from 

CO Re et 1 
Geo. W. Stevens—Specimen of Senecio glabellus Poir. from 

Rae a a Ba ee 1 
John A. Stevenson—Fungi from Porto Rico.............. 37 


R. Thaxter—The smallest kind of hymenomycetous fungus 
so far known, constituting a new genus and species, from 


aes Ee Ee EE a ee eee 1 
L. A. Zimm—Fungi from New York...................5. 8 
By Exchange — 
Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University—Woody plants of 
Pinake, Onin 6062 ot ie es 233 
Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh—Mosses from Pennsylvania 
OSE ORANG 5 ao Ey EAT ES 84 


J. M. Grant—Flowering plants and ferns of Washington... 200 
University of Texas, by Dr. Mary S. Young— Plants of 
En Sree wee ee ee We 29S es ge eS eo ee ee ree 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays, from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


STAFF 
_OF THE Desrstat gia BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Director, : ‘ ee ee be By ~ 


NMOL acts 5 GRORGE Ty MOORE. DP ae Oa 
es ~Benyamn Mice Duccar,-  Epwarp’ A. Bors, ‘ 
_ Physiologist i in charge of Graduate Eahormery, EE Macolenes and Librarian. ; 7 ie 
ae | Himacawes VON ScHRENK, Ameer ALA R Davis, 


? athologist, Research Assistant. 


" JESSE M. diasenic, 


aa gE. ‘Hurcines, 
{ Curator of the Herbarium. _ 


Photographer. i 


‘ : Karueaive HL ition 8 Fe 
: am “Secretary to the Direttor.. = TOBE if 
> [aiaas Gurwey, | 3 nk : 
: “Head Gardener, Emeritus. 8 ie 
- - * | - + — 
ye * ‘ Wicuta Ww. Onaranua, 
* . * ou Noyes, cb ; 
Moti ce ESE ie if re. Landscape Designer. : . : 
we Bi Bh | ALEXANDER Lurie, . 
: _ Horticuluria. sae oO 
E..D.Emmg, Ses W. F. Lanoay, Pe pei e 
ss "Recording and Labeling.” 4 Pie , be ok “Engineer. mepe Aeon 
ais J. ExpMay, ibbay ae Te, ~) 7 eae Nac 5. GCG. H. Pac, ; 
<< Plant Propagation, 2 FY Ofehids and other Exotics. 


‘COR. Fouten, ce OM. Scauer, 
«Construction. * Oo ny toe Se New Conservatories 


: Missouri BOTANICAL 
GarbEn B BuLierin | 


ae Seen a S OOMAN, 1918! 305 Fah SNe ee 


fee PONENTS 
Fepietgand Piast: - ae tas i Hix ek hs ae oi: a "ee 
- Two Rare Epiphytic Chatickiaeae: Seance th gel any 
ety Birds i in the Missouri Botanical ‘Garden: RIA ae 102. ; 
= _ Floral Display for the Summer Months © ne ig kas BS se 
» .: Notes - PRN a ZO ia tei a SO a 
ig Pint sticat Information for F April EArt ner, ie TOG: 


ee 


: A LOUIS, MO. 


Mo. BoT. Garp. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. PLATE 23. 


FLORIDA MOSS (X) 


AND SPECIES OF THE TANK EPIPHYTE, KARATAS (Y). 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. IV St. Louis, Mo., May, 1916 No. 5 


EPIPHYTIC PLANTS 


The establishment of a bromeliad house as part of the 
new plant range, recently completed at the Garden, warrants 
calling attention to the peculiar habit of growth of a num- 
ber of these plants which normally are not dependent on the 
earth for their existence but live as epiphytes. 


Epiphytic plants are those which spend all or the greater 
part of their existence upon other plants. In its broader 
sense the term would include such non-flowering plants as 
the fungi and the lichens, but usually it is limited to the 
higher, or the flowering plants, and it is so understood here. 
Epiphytes may be truly parasitic, i, e., completely depend- 
ent upon the plant upon which they grow for all nutrition, 
or the host plant may simply function as a support. Most 
epiphytes are of this latter type and obtain their mineral 
food, either from the dust particles of the air, or from the 
decaying vegetable matter which collects in their leaves and 
about their roots, while their water comes from chance rains. 


Such plants are very plentiful in moist tropical countries, 
_ and especially in forests where the heavy foliage overhead 
prevents sunlight from reaching the ground. In the struggle 
for existence under these conditions, only those small plants 
can survive which are able to utilize the diffuse light on 
the forest floor, or which have become adapted to an aérial 
habit, thus being placed within reach of the sunshine over- 
head. In such localities many orchids, members of the pine- 
apple family (bromeliads), as well as diverse species of 
ferns, are found growing on the branches and in the axes 
of limbs far above the ground. 


Although less frequently met with in northern latitudes, 
there are some plants found here which show this dependent 
habit very well. In the immediate vicinity of St. Louis the 
dodder or the lover’s twine is a familiar type. In the sum-- 
mer and fall one frequently sees the yellowish brown vine 
forming an interlacing network over shrubs and herbs. A 
close observation at the gr season will reveal the presence 


of small inconspicuous white flowers. These gers 


98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


which germinate in the earth and send out long thread-like 
shoots which soon come in contact with near-by plants. These 
shoots twine about the stems of such plants and here and 
there form small suckers which tap the food and water sup- 
ply of the host. All connection with the earth is then lost 
and the dodder settles down to its parasitic existence. _The 
plant = becomes a pest, although when once established 


in a bed of flowers or in shrubbery it becomes very difficult 
to eradicate. 


Another epiphytic plant, perhaps better known for its 
various Christmas uses than for the peculiarity of its epi- 
phytic habit, is the mistletoe. In the west and southwest it 
grows so abundantly on the sycamore, fir, pine, and oak, 
as to cause the early death of many trees. Unlike the dodder, 
this plant never has any direct connection with the ground, 
but spends all its life as a parasite. When the waxy berries ~ 
ripen they are eaten by birds, or being extremely sticky, 
may cling to the feet of birds and are thus dispersed from 
tree to tree. Coming to lodge in a crack or a knot-hole these 
seeds germinate and send root-like processes into the host 
tissue. So firmly connected do these become that the union 
appears similar to a natural graft. 


The Garden is very fortunate in the possession of many 
representatives of the tropical and sub-tropical epiphytes. 
One of the latter, ve familiar to many readers, is the 
: —— moss (Tillandsia usneoides L.), sometimes called 
Florida or Louisiana moss from its prevalence in those two 
regions. The plant is especially interesting in that it illus- 
trates the extreme modification in structure and function 
of various organs which may result from an abnormal habit 
of growth. Only weak and insignificant root development 
ever takes place, and this only in the very earliest stages of 
seed germination. Such roots are quickly lost, and the 
mature moss, as one finds it draped gracefully over the 
branches of trees, consists wholly of stems and leaves. The 
plant is not a parasite and does not have any connection with 
the tree upon which it grows. Naturally one might expect 
to find here the question of food and water su ply a serious © 
one. Organic foods, as sugars, are formed ty the green 
pigment of the leaves, as is true in normal plants. The 
entire outer surface of the stems and leaves are covered with 
extremely small scales which during a rain greedily absorb 
the falling drops much as a sponge absorbs water. This 
water is held by capillary attraction and is given up to the 
plant as seeded ery drop of such water is precious and 


must be made to go as far as possible. It is not rising 
then that one finds that during a dry spell the Seales be- 


Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. PLATE 24. 


thy 
"4 
tee 
a 
ly 


iy 


> 
« HEI 


c ae 4 7 


be 4) . ad Ed 


PLATYCERIUM ALCICORNE OR STAG-HORN FERN—A NEST EPI- 
PHYTE. NOTE THE CLASPING BASAL LEAVES WHICH RETAIN DECAY- 
ING VEGETABLE MATTER. 


TILLANDSIA ALOIFOLIA, A TANK EPIPHYTE. THE ROOTS SEEN 
SERVE ONLY TO FASTEN THE PLANTS TO THE BRANCH. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 99 


come closely appressed to the surface, thus diminishing to 
a great extent the loss by evaporation. The necessary min- 
eral food of the moss is gathered from the air by these very 
same scales. Dust particles blown about by the wind and 
containing substances which may be utilizable as mineral 
food come to lodge in them, and becoming dissolved in the 
water held by the scale eventually pass into the plant. The 
“host” plant in this instance simply acts as a support, and 
one might expect that the moss could grow and thrive on 
almost anything that offered such a support whether it be 
tree or not. This explains the phenomenon reported from. 
time to time in popular magazines, of plants growing on 
telephone wires and the like. Propagation is chiefly by 
means of wisps which are blown about by the wind or are car- 
ried by birds as nest material. 


Besides the Florida moss there are some other exception- 
ally good specimens of epiphytic bromeliads in the brome- 
liad house. Several species of Tillandsia looking very much 
like aérial pineapple plants are perched on the old stum 
Just inside the entrance. These are all of the so-called “tan 
pe an ao type, that is, the leaves are firmly appressed to 
each other at the base (Plates 23 and 24), thus forming 
—- or reservoirs in which water collects during rains. 

n the larger plants as much as two or three quarts of water 
may be held in the pockets so formed. Not only water is 
collected, but leaves and decaying vegetable matter as well 
which are made use of as a food supply for the plant. The 
roots are very poorly developed; indeed, in most cases they 
simply act as anchors to fasten the plant to its host. The 
leaves, on the other hand, assume most of the root functions, 
and one finds in their basal portion special modifications 
which permit the taking in of water and substances in solu- 
tion. Many of the plants of this group, which in their 
native habitat ordinarily have an aérial habit, may also grow 
on the earth, several such being shown on the ground on 
either side of the walk, particularly species of Karatas, 
Aechmea, and Billbergia. 


The ferns also have many representatives which, under 
their native conditions at least, are epiphytic. One of the 
best examples possessed by the Garden is the ‘‘stag-horn 
fern, of wun a number are found attached to the rustic 
railing just inside the fern house door. When examined 
the plant reveals two of leaves—those which simulate 
the stag-horn, and the broad basal ones. Decaying vegetable 
matter, humus and the like, collects in these latter and is 
held by means of the peculiar clasping manner of growth. 
Thus a natural reservoir is formed which affords an 


100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


efficient source of mineral food supply. A fibrous mass 
of absorbing roots penetrates this decaying matter in all 
directions, while anchorage is maintained by means of 
other roots which seem to function in no other way. Plants 
collecting humus in this way have been termed “nest 
epiphytes. 


There are several other noteworthy epiphytic ferns in the 
collection—some, as Psilotwm triquetrum, growing on the 
trunks of tree ferns, others in the hanging baskets overhead. 


A discussion of epiphytic plants would be incomplete 
without mention of the copcat orchids. As a group they 
are essentially epiphytic, growing luxuriantly in most inac- 
cesable tree-tops, in the crevices of limbs, and indeed far out 
on the ends of branches. Besides being interesting from the 
standpoint of floral modification, the group attracts atten- 
tion by reason of the modifications which an aérial environ- 
ment has brought about in the functions of other organs. 
Notably is this true where the absorption of water is con- 
cerned. Many orchids send down long aérial roots, the cen- — 
tral cylinder alone of which is made up of living tissue, The 
thick coat surrounding this is composed of empty dead cells 
which absorb water very readily. As was true with the 
_ Spanish moss, water is taken in during rainfall and held in 

these empty cells which act as a reservoir. Orchids are not 
parasitic—they extract no nourishment from the tree upon 
which they live. When they anchor themselves, dead ma- 
terial accumulates in the mass of leaves and roots, which 
through its decay affords a mineral food supply to the plant. 


TWO RARE EPIPHYTIC GESNERIACEAE 


The family Gesneriaceae is familiar through the well- 
known genus Gloxinia (see April, 1915, number of the 
BULLETIN), species of which are extensively grown and a 

ood collection of which may be seen in the floral display 
ouse during the month of June. In the aroid house at 
the Garden, however, are two genera of Gesneriaceae which 
are so little known and so unusual that it seems especial 


attention should be called to them, i. e., Aeschynanthus and 
Columnea. : 


There are upwards of forty species of Aeschynanthus, 
most of which are natives of the East Indies. ‘They are 
found associated with orchids and other epiphytes, attach- 
ing themselves to the trunks and branches of trees by their 


roots which are freely produced from the trailing branches 
or stems. - ete 


PLATE 25. 


VoL. 4, 1916. 


Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., 


AESCHYNANTHUS LAMPONGA. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101 


Aeschynanthus Lamponga which is displayed in the 
floral orchid alcoves, is a native of Sumatra. The flowers 
are produced in clusters at the end of pendant branches and 
are covered with very fine silky hairs. The calyx is tubular 
or vase-shaped and purplish brown in color from the interior. 
The bright scarlet corolla gradually emerges until it is twice 
the length of the calyx when fully open, and the yellow 
throat with its dark-colored markings emphasizes the gaping 
effect of the corolla. It is this latter characteristic which 
— the name to the genus, Aeschynanthus being derived 

rom the Greek words, aischyne, shame, and anthos, flower. 


Being of epiphytic habit, the plant is best grown in hang- 
ing baskets, as exhibited at the Garden. The growin 
medium consists of equal parts of orchid or fibrous peat an 
sphagnum moss. The temperature should be 65-70° F., and 
since heat and moisture are essential requirements, the condi- 
tions will be ideal if grown with the pitcher plants (Ne- 
penthes). 

Propagation may be accomplished either by seeds or cut- 
tings, the latter being preferable. These should be made 
in the spring by dividing the long trailing stems in sections 
about three inches long, and laying or inserting these in a 
mixture of finely chopped sphagnum moss and sand. They 
should then be placed in the propagating case, or the pan 
should be covered with a Bell jar and kept fairly moist. If 
conditions are favorable they will readily root, after which 
they may be transferred into the permanent baskets. When 
the young growths begin to me over the edge of the basket 
they aboaid: b be carefully pegged to the side until the peat 
is entirely covered. The new growths should then be allowed 
to hang down and in time will produce the remarkable 
scarlet Hotears Two years, however, will elapse between the 
cutting stage and the flowering period. 


The genus Columnea is named in honor of Fabius 
Columnea, or more correctly Fabio Colonna, an Italian of 
noble family and author of several botanical books published 
in the sixteenth century. The genus embraces upwards of — 
one hundred species, but representatives are very rarely 
grown except in botanical gardens. Like the Aeschynanthus 
it is epiphytic in habit and is usually grown in association 
with orchids. The various species are native to Mexico, 
Colombia, Guiana, Brazil, and the West Indies. 


Columnea Schiedeana, which is frequently in flower at the 
Garden, is a herbaceous climbing plant and a native of 
Mexico and Panama. Both the stem and the oblong- 
lanceolate leaves are clothed with silky hairs. The flowers, 


102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


which are very showy, are produced along the stem from 
short solitary racemes. The corolla is about six inches long, 
variegated with yellow and brown, and clothed with glandu- 
lar hairs. The calycine segments are also spotted and hairy. 
In propagating, the terminal shoots should be used for 
cuttings, and the stem divided into lengths about two inches 
long, laid flat, and treated in the same manner as advised 
for the Aeschynanthus, except that it is not advisable to peg 
the shrubby stems to the basket, as they are very brittle. 


BIRDS IN THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


The birds on the lists of April 22 and 29 were observed - 
by the members of the St. Louis Bird Club; those of April 
30 were seen by Mr. George F. Tatum; and those of May 2 
and 8 by Mr. and Mrs. Otto Widmann. 


April 22 April 29 April 30 
Gteen Heron 
Bob-white Bob-white Bob-white 
i Woodpeck idee: Bt tba 
why er wn, er 
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker = 2 2 
Red-headed Woodpecker Red-headed Woodpecker 
Flicker Flicker Flicker 
Night-hawk 
Swift 
Chimney-swift Chimney-swift ee er 
Ruby-throated Humming- 
bird 
Kingbird Kingbird 
Crow Crow Crow 
Blue Jay Blue Jay Blue Jay 
Cowbird Cowbird 
Red-winged Blackbird Red-winged Blackbird Red-winged Blackbird 
Meadow-lark Meadow-lark Meadow-lark - 
Baltimore Oriole Baltimore Oriole 
Bronzed Grackle Bronzed Grackle Bronzed Grackle 
Goldfinch Goldfinch 


European Tree Sparrow European Tree Sparrow European Tree Sparrow 
White-throated Sparrow White-throated Sparrow White-throated Sparrow - 


Chipping Sparrow Chipping Sparrow Chipping Sparrow 
Field Sparrow Field Sparrow - 
Song Sparrow Song Sparrow Song Sparrow 


Lincoln Sparrow 
Swamp Sparrow 


Towhee Towhee Towhee 
Cardinal Cardinal Cardinal 
Rose-breasted Grosbeak Rose-breasted Grosbeak 
Purple Martin 
_ Waxwing Waxwing 
: 3 Cedar Waxwi 
Warbling Vireo Warbling Vireo Warbling Vireo 
Bell’s Vireo 


os Black-and-white Warbler 
Yellow Warbler Yellow Warbler Yellow Warbler 


Myrtle Warbler 


Brown Thrasher 
House Wren 


Ruby-crowned Kinglet 


Robin 
Bluebird 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN | 


House Wren 


Robin 
Bluebird 


May 2 
Green Heron 


Spotted Sandpi 
Bob-white Box 
Downy Woodpecker 
Red-headed Woodpecker 
Flicker 
Chimney-swift 


Blue Jay 

Crow 

Cowbird 

Red-winged Blackbird 
Meadow-lark 


Baltimore Oriole 


Bronzed Grackle 

European Tree Sparrow 
White-crowned Sparrow 
White-throated Sparrow 


Chipping Sparrow 


Song Sparrow 

Swamp Sparrow 
Towhee 

Cardinal 

Indigo Bunting 
Warbling Vireo 
Yellow Warbler 
Grinnell’s Water Thrush 
Maryland Yellow-throat 
Catbird 

Brown Thrasher 

House Wren 

Prairie Marsh Wren 
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 


Myrtle Warbler 
Maryland Yellow-throat 


Brown Thrasher 


Ruby-crowned Kinglet 


103 


Myrtle Warbler 
Maryland Yellow-throat 
Mocking-bird 

Catbird 

Brown Thrasher 
House Wren 

Tufted Titmouse 
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 
Wood Thrush 
Olive-backed Thrush 
Robin 

Bluebird 


May 8 


Green Heron 
Woodcock 


Bob-white 

Downy Woodpecker 

Red-headed Woodpecker 

Flicker 

Chimney-swift 

Ruby-throated Humming- 
bird 

Crested Flycatcher 

Wood Pewee — 

Blue Jay 

Crow 

Cowbird 

Red-winged Blackbird 

Meadow-lark 

Orchard Oriole 

Baltimore Oriole 

Bronzed Grackle 

European Tree Sparrow 


Chipping Sparrow 
Song Sparrow 


Towhee 
Cardinal 
Indigo Bunting 
Warbling Vireo 
Yellow Warbler 


Maryland Yellow-throat 
Catbird 

Brown Thrasher 

House Wren 


Wood Thrush 


- Gray-cheeked Thrush 
Thrush 


Olive-backed 
Robin 


104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


‘The following notes were supplied by Mr. George F. 
Tatum: ; 


“After many years’ observation of the birds in various 
places in and around St. Louis, I feel warranted in assertin 
that the most favored locality is the Missouri Botanica 
Garden where, during a morning or afternoon walk of not 
exceeding an hour, in the spring or early summer, one may 
see or hear from twenty-five to forty species, and usually 


under such conditions that identification is not difficult. 
“That many of our summer birds, particularly those that 


are highly mi 


gratory, i. e., wintering in or near the tropics, 


ey but little in the date of their arrival in the Garden is 
evident from the following first appearance tables: 


1913 1914 1915 1916 
Yellow-billed Cuckoo ......... May 24 |May3 |May 15 |May 8 
Wight-tawk: 5) fe April 30] April 26| April 26| April 30 
Great crested Flycatcher......| May 11 May 3 | April 30) May 5 
Wood: Pewee: oo. ese May 20 |May 10 |May 13 | May 8 
Traill’s Flycatcher ........... June 4 |May 16 |May2 =| May 13 
Orchard Oriole <5 May 8 |May2 |May8 |May7 
Baltimore Oriole ............ April 23) April 26} April 25) April 19 
Rose-breasted Grosbeak ....... April 27| April 22| April 27 | April 29 
Warbling Vireo ............., y 3 | April 23| April 28 | April 23 
¥eliow Warbler ............. May 4__|April 25| April 26 | April 23 
Maryland Yellow-throat ...... April 27|April 25} April 25 | April 23 
ONDE oes a April 27 |May 2 ey 2 |April 29 
Wood ‘Trwh  S e April 23|April 25|April 24 | April 23 


“Much has been written on the early singing of the birds, 


and the following from m 
day 


June 7, 1914, on which 


time at which the various species were heard: 
Purple Mics Bae Faas 3:25 A.M. 
ROU ores Cie eee 3:35 pee 
Chippin AL POW ee ea wns oe ee ee ee ee ee 3:45 A.M. 
Segtich “Bp ecoe Bowers ok oe ees Be ree ee ee 4:10 A.M. 
OF Siete ee es 4:15 A.M. 
Ross-brenbted Grosbeak 3. <3 4:15 A.M. 
Meadowlark 35s. ee 4:15 A.M. 
Brown Thrasher......... See ets ort ee ee ee 4:20 A.M. ~ 
Blue J8y ei tee ig os 4:20 A.M. — 
Grackle 355" oe Pee Re pe ee ee 4:25 A.M. 
BUONO ors ins even Pet enkes SO ea 4:30 A.M. 
Orotard Oridls 252.5 isc ks ee 4:40 A. M. 
Warbling Vitee a cs er ee 4:50 A.M. 
Wood: Thr jin iistivct see Se 4:50 A.M. 
Canal <3... See re ee 6:00 A.M. 


‘Bird Record’ for Sunday, 
was out by 3 A. M., gives the 


FLORAL DISPLAY FOR THE SUMMER MONTHS 


ean plants which formed such 
Shakespearean garden during 


The collection of Shak 


an interesting feature of t 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105 


April and May will be replaced by a new floral display for _ 
the summer months, The effect of the three gardens, with 
the trellis and arbor work, will be retained, but in the borders 
will be shown such flowering plants as be es greenhouse 
oad even during warm weather. Hydrangeas in pink, 

lue, and white, purple achimenes, many varieties of fuchsia, 
and velvety gloxinias in shades of pink, blue, and purple will 
form the greater part of this exhibit. Fancy-leaved caladi- 
ums will also be on display, while tuberous begonias will vie 
with the gloxinias in variety of form and color. 


In the floral alcoves will be found many of the late- 
flowering orchids which, while not presenting the color 
effect of the winter-blooming varieties, may prove of greater 
interest because of their rarity. Many other tropical plants, 
seldom seen even in greenhouses, will be placed in these 
alcoves as they come into bloom. 


Of the various out-door displays, especial attention should 
be called to the rose garden in which many plants are now 
coming into bloom. | : 


NOTES 


_ Dr. W. Van Fleet, of the Office of Drug Plant Investiga- 
tions, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, was a Garden visitor 
on April 24, 


The delegates and members who attended the sixty-fourth 
annual meeting of the Western Unitarian Conference visited 
the Garden on May 16. | 


Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, spoke 
before the open meeting of the graduate seminar, April 26, 
and the St. Louis Florist club, May 11, on “The Development 
of the Carnation.” 


_The Annual Flower Sermon, provided for in Mr. Shaw’s 
will, was preached on Sunday, May 21, at Christ Church 
Cathedral by Rev. George C. Dunlop, Rector of Christ 
Church, Springfield, Illinois. . 

On May 19, Mr. Angelo Corrubia, of Cann & Corrubia, 
Architects, gave an informal talk to the landscape students 
_ on “Architectural Design.” Several of Mr Corrubia’s 
sketches, made abroad and in this country, were exhibited. 

A party from the University of Missouri, consisting of 

rof. George M. , Professor of Botany, Prof. H. W. 
Lawrence, ‘Professor of Horticulture, and Prof. Herman 
Fema Professor of Chemistry, visited the Garden on 

Pp . 


106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Mr. Wychoff, Secretary of the Pacific Coast Cedar Manu- 
facturers’ Association, visited the Garden on May 9. 

Dr. Hermann von Schrenk spoke before the science section 
of the Wednesday Club, April 25, on “Diseases of Trees.” 

Mr. Henry L. Ochs, a graduate of the Garden course, has 
become associated with Mr. Edward Sedivic in the floral and 
landscape business. 

On May 26, Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, 
delivered an address at the Harris Teachers’ College before 
the St. Louis Association of Science and Mathematics Teach- 
ers on “Chance and Adjustment vs. Purpose in Responses 
and Evolution of Living Things.” _ 

Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler, General Manager to the Garden, 
addressed the Lindell Boulevard Improvement Association, 
May 2, on “Flowering Plants for St. Louis,” and Mr. John 
Noyes, Landscape Designer to the Garden, spoke before the 
same organization, May 9, on “Boulevard Design.” 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL, 1916 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


sotal Miinber-of snstora.. a ee Ss OO Oe 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of plants received in exchange..... eon 17 

Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange..... 66 

Plants donated 2... 5 Se re ee er ees _ ‘194 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Z 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought..........-.. 39 

Total number of books and pamphlets donated..........-. 140 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 

By Purchase — 
B. ¥F.. Bush—Plants of Missouri. ...........:..s.-:ies*s> 785 


Ce de ee ok ae ee ke De ee ae 


ee ee 


By Exchange — : 
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, by Charles N. Forbes— 
Plants of the Hawaiian Islands. . 
By Field Work — 


E, J. Palmer— Fruit and seeds of Arkansas and Texas __ 
PINE 8 SR ee ee eee 3 


Ce ee 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 107 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays, from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


The Garden will be open all day on Decoration Day, May 30. 


he Be? a STAFF | 
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


. " GEORGE Ts MOORE. ah epee : Se 
‘Benyamun Mavis Ducoar, wer pone A; ee ul ; 


“Physiologist. i in Charge: of Graduate Laboratory. cept a and Librarian: ~ 


HERMANN VON. ScHRENK,. “i cane » ALVA R Diva, © 
Pathologist, a Ealive: aate ee ee Research Assistant,” 


“Jesse M. Guniicacs 7 : Est Fin SF B. HUrcuines, si 


Curator oF whe Herbarium. ; ‘ae %s Si Ehmoerateet et j 2 Merl ¥. 
: : a, | Katee H. Lnoy, | ; fia ca eae ea 
2 xh ‘Secretary to the. Director. : posse 
$ : Pleto one fig eo te ne 


Soe aa oo w. Osiwaren, Mee ast eR 
 Joun nae f % | 
-Landsca ye Deltin 


a eA Le ALEXANDER Lurie, ie 
eylaceee G Oes ne: sie Me | 


eds Reba: Mei alone 
fe “nt i ne Engineer. , at ? 4 [ . 


z " Plant Propagation. ta Ns Be re: 
C.R. Forten, eee = Soren ar eae ea 
B. Posastaas 32 ie M. Seamer, 


Mssour! BOTANICAL 
GARDEN BULLETIN 


Vol. IV JUNE, 1916 © “No. 6 


Tuberous Begonias - - . -~ - mid ates - 109 
tah g Seca gE hee pee Sa Se en ee ide 5 Voge 

A New Lily - - 4 re rate bs 
Birds in the Missouri Botanical Garden - Shee tase eee 8 | 6 
Notes 65. eee het oe 5° We 
‘Statistical | Information for May Fa) eee Peas ek VAR ee, 


‘ 1916 ae 
‘PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF edi detilod..o) Pecie. 
= 
; a 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. IV St. Louis, Mo., June, 1916 No. 6 


TUBEROUS BEGONIAS 


During the summer the tuberous begonia, with its large 
- waxy flowers of various colors, has no equal for an indoor 
floral display, and the Garden will have a large collection on 
exhibit during the months of July and August. 


The begonia was named after a French patron of botany, 
M. Begon, and the term “tuberous” is applied because the 
group possesses perennial rootstocks. Thirty-five years ago 
the plant was just beginning to attract popular attention. 
At that time a number of hybrid forms were introduced, 
and the evolution since then has resulted in the production 
of varieties with large-sized blossoms as double as a rose. At 
the present time nearly every imaginable tint is being 
shown, as well as many shapes which often present an extra- 
ordinary similarity to other flowers, such as camellia, rose, 
hollyhock, carnation, and peony. In a great many varieties 
the petals are round, in some short and narrow, while in 
others they are fine and frilled; sometimes they are loose 
and open and often the reverse is true. Many of the flowers 
are flat when open, a few are anemone-centered, and others 
are globular, pyramidal, or elliptical. The plant blooms 
continuously from June to October, the duration of the indi- 
_ vidual flowers varying from three to six weeks from time of 

opening. : 

The first species concerned in the parentage of the present- 
day forms was Begonia boliviensis, which was introduced 
into England from Bolivia in 1864, It is characterized by 
long narrow leaves and scarlet fuchsia-like flowers. This 
species has recently been crossed with some of the double 
and single forms and has given rise to a type with long 
pendulous stems and drooping flowers which is very suit- 
able for hanging baskets. = oe 

The next species to be introduced was Begonia Pearci, also 
from Bolivia, in 1866. The plant has_ yellow flowers 
in axillary panicles and has been the chief factor in the pro- 
duction of huonvecis of yellow, buff, and Seige forms. In 
1867 B. rosaeflora was brought from Peru. It _ Stig 


110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


rose-red flowers and has proved to be important in the crea- 
tion of some of the white forms, the best known of these 
being the “Queen of the Whites.” The same year B. Veit- 
chit followed, with its round vermillion-tinted flowers, to 
which many of our present-day varieties owe their coloring. 
In 1876 B. Clarkei and B. Davisii were introduced. The 
former has rose-colored blossoms, and the latter, a dwarf 
plant with smooth glossy foliage, has been of great value 
to the hybridists who, by crossing it with other strains de- 
rived from B. boliviensis and B. Veitchii, have produced a 
number of varieties with a dwarf compact habit but moderate 
sized and highly colored flowers. 


The above-named species are the chief parents of the 
present-day forms and in their native habitats grow at an 
altitude of 11,000 to 13,000 feet, which, however, does not 
signify that they are hardy in our climate. It will be 
noticed that, with the exception of the yellow-flowered B. 

Pearci, all the original species have red, scarlet, or crim- 
gon flowers; yet the result of hybridizing and crossing has 
been the production of progeny showing many varieties of 
color, such as white, pink, yellow, orange, crimson, and 
many intermediate iste: Veitch & Sons of England, and 
Crousse of France were the pioneers in the work, and when 
the small drooping flowers of the parents are compared with 
the large brilliant flowers of to-day, it seems hardly credible 
that such magnificent results could have been produced in 
a little over thirty years. 

Cultivation.—The cultivation of the tuberous begonia is 
not difficult. The easiest way is to purchase the Bees 3 
tubers from a specialist and start them in February or Mare 
in shallow boxes filled with sandy loam. They should be 
placed far enough apart to prevent matting and tangling 
of the roots when taken up to be potted, and kept at a 
temperature of 60-65°F, The plants are ready for potting 
when the new shoots are about two inches long. e soil 
should consist of sandy loam and well-rotted manure in pro- 
portion of four to one. The size of the pots should vary 
according to the tuber, but generally a three-inch size is 
large enough for the first potting. After potting watering 
should be moderate, as excessive moisture causes decay at 
the base. A light, ary boas and a temperature of 55-60° F. 
are necessary for the best development. However, when the 
flower buds begin to form it is advisable to apply shade to 
the glass. This not only improves the coloring of the flowers 
but also their keeping qualities. ; 

By the first of June all the plants should be in their 
flowering pots. The amount of water given at this time 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 111 


should vary according to the weather and the growth. It is 
important, however, to water in the morning, for if the 
foliage is wet when the sun is powerful, brown blotches occur 
where the drops of moisture have rested. To produce fine 
bushy plants early flower buds should be panes off so that 
the strength will go to the plant itself, and the leading shoots 
should be removed to encourage side growths from lower 
down the stem. In order to bring forth showy specimens 
growth should be stimulated by feeding with liquid manure 
_ two or three times a week. The liquid manure may be made 
by suspending a half-bushel sack of cow manure in a 50- 
gallon barrel of water. 

In October, when signs of ripening begin to show, the 
water should be gradually withheld until the growths decay, 
and the pots then placed on their sides under the benches 
in a greenhouse at a temperature of 40°F.; or the tubers 
ma taken out of the pots and placed in dry sand in a 
cool cellar. In either case, care must be taken to prevent 
any moisture from reaching the tubers raat 2 the restin 
period. In the spring, as soon as the tubers show signs 0 

wth, they should Gs potted, the best plants being pro- 
uced during the second year, although they are good for 
several years. 

Propagation.—Tuberous begonias are propagated by seeds, 
division of tubers, or by cuttings of side shoots, the most 
common and satisfactory method being from seed. The seed 
should be sowed in sallow boxes or seed pans about Febru- 
ary 1, the compost consisting of equal of leaf mold 
and peat and one-quarter ¢ a e seed are very 
minute, resembling tobacco dust, and for this reason are 
best sown directly on the surface of the soil. The pan 
should be covered with a glass pane and shaded to prevent 
drying out, but as soon as the mg es the glass and 
the shading should be removed. en the plants show the 
third leaf they should be pricked into flats containing a 
compost similar to the one mentioned above, and spe 
two inches each way. It is advisable to keep the flats in a 
moist atmosphere, and near the glass of the nhouses to 
prevent spindling. Later the plants should be transferred 
to four-inch pots using soil similar to that used for the 
po aes The subsequent treatment corresponds to that of the 

If it is desired to retain and increase the stock of any 
variety this may be done by taking cuttings of side shoots, 
two to three inches long, during the summer and inserting 
them into leaf mold, sphagnum moss, or cocoanut fibre. The 
cuttings should be kept close and shaded for several days, a 


112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


moist atmosphere maintained by sprinkling overhead, and 
the temperature kept at 60-65° F. As soon as the cuttings 
root they should be potted. 


Another method of increasing the stock of any desired 
variety is to cut large tubers into parts, each of which con- 
tains a bud. This should be done in the spring, and the 
treatment thereafter is similar to that for the tubers. A 
necessary precaution in this method is to dip the tubers into 
slaked lime or charcoal to hasten the healing of the cut. 


Hybridization —The raising of new varieties from seed is 
a most interesting occupation. The grower’s enthusiasm is 
somewhat dampened at the start by the uncertainty of re- 
sults, but the variety and brilliance of the flowers are hardly 
to be equalled by any other plant. The operation itself is 
simple. The female parent is chosen and the stamens are cut 
off before the pollen is ripe, and the flower enclosed in a 
small waxed paper bag to prevent any foreign pollen from 
settling on the stigma. The male flower may also be enclosed 
in a similar bag to avoid the intermixing of pollen from 
other plants by insects. As soon as the stigma of the female 
plant is ripe—which can be told by the protruding of little 
hairs upon it—the pollen of the male plant may be brought 
to it by means of a camel’s-hair brush or forceps, this being 
best accomplished in the middle of a bright day. In a day 
or two the stigma will turn brown and ually die away, 
thus indicating that fertilization has taken place. <A pod, 
which is soon formed, bursts at the top when ripe, and the 
seeds fall to the bottom of it. Some difficulty is experienced 
with the double flowers. Very often these fail to produce 
pollen, as the pollen-bearing stamens may have changed into 

tals. This condition may be avoided, however, by starv- 
ing the plant, that is, reducing the water supply, thus forcing 
the flowers to be smaller and sometimes changing them into 
single flowers with some pollen-bearing stamens. This pro- 
cedure is not always successful, however. 


PAPAWS! 


Of all the important native fruits of the United States, 
the least known is probably the papaw, which flourishes in 
the forests of the southern part of the Mississippi valley, 
and extends west to Oklahoma and north to Michigan and 


* The numerous papaw trees in the region reached by the BULLETIN 
warrants the reprinting of the following article from the July number 
of the “Journal of Heredity” (organ of the American Genetic Associa- 
tion), Washington, D, C, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 113 


New York. As an ornamental tree or shrub, it is occasion- 
ally grown over a much wider range. 


Belonging to the family of Anonaceae or custard-apples, 
the papaw has a good deal in common with those delicious 
fruits. Its creamy pulp is of exquisite texture in the mouth, 
while its distinctive flavor and its aroma, often too pungent, 
give it a decided individuality. The shiny black seeds 
occupy more space than is desirable, in most specimens. 


The poor shipping quality of the fruit doubtless accounts 
largely for the fact that it is so little known outside of the 
immediate localities where it grows wild. It is not consid- 
ered eatable until it is dead ripe and has begun to turn 
blackish in color; it sometimes hangs on the tree until 
Christmas, although it will have reached maturity in the 
latter half of September, when the flesh is usually yellow, 
occasionally white. Good individual fruits, according to 
Little, usually weigh about half a pound apiece, but some- — 
times they attain a pound in weight. 


Not only is it too soft to ship, under most circumstances, 
but it does not keep well after it is picked. Sometimes it 
can be held for a number of days, if picked a little firm, 
but ordinarily it must be eaten from the tree. 


The drawbacks of the fruit, then, are largely of a com- 

mercial character. They are drawbacks which can prob- 

ably be removed by intelligent breeding. With this idea 
a number of individuals have undertaken during the last 
few years to improve the papaw; but there is still plenty of 
room for work, and the American Genetic Association there- 
fore feels the desirability of calling attention to the papaw, 
and pointing out the attractiveness of the problem it offers. 


BEST SEEDLINGS WANTED 


Among the wild trees along the creeks and in the under- 
brush of the river bottoms, there must be many a seedlin 
which combines superior quality with a tougher skin an 
greater firmness than usual. Probably farmers have picked 
out some of these trees and transplanted them to the orchard. 
The American Genetic Association wants to locate these 
superior trees, in order that they may be made available for 
rapid propagation; and a member has given $100 as a 
stimulus to oe search for the superior specimens. 

_Two rewards are offered from this fund. Fifty dollars 
will be paid for the largest individual tree, and for the 
tree, regardless of size, which bears the best fruit. The offer 
will terminate on January 1, 1917, thus including the com-— 


114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ing crop-season in which members (or others interested) 
can keep an eye open for superior specimens. 


The award for the largest tree will be made on the basis 
yi Eeeerseme The conditions to be observed are as 
ollows: 


Photographs must be on glossy paper, not smaller than 4x5 or 
3% x5 inches, and must be of sufficient excellence to allow reproduc- 
tion in the “Journal of Heredity” or elsewhere. Photographs in which 
the tree is so small that its details cannot be made out, cannot be con- 
sidered. The measurement of the tree must be given in detail. In 
making it, the only method which may be followed is to take the cir- 
cumference of the trunk at two feet from the ground. It is desirable 
that the full height of the tree and spread of branches, as well as the 
girth, should be stated; if they cannot be measured exactly, they should 
be estimated. Photographs should, when possible, contain some object, 
such as a human figure, which will aid in giving a realization of the 
size of the tree; but such figure should be beside, not in front of the 
tree. It is necessary that the photograph should include the whole tree. 
If there are other trees growing beside it and cutting off part of it, these 
other trees should be included in the picture. Contestants may send 
photographs of as many different trees as they like. 

With each photograph, a statement should be submitted telling all 
that is known about the tree, with reference to its age, the size of 
it bears, the quality of the fruit; the character of the soil and surround- 
ing vegetation. It is particularly necessary that photographers should 
state whether there are many other papaw trees in the neighborhood— 
within a radius, say, of five miles. If the tree is on private land, and 
likely to be destroyed, the fact should be mentioned. It will be helpful 
if photographers can tell to what extent the tree is subject to attacks 
by disease or insects. In short, the council desires to gain as much 
information as possible about the papaw trees of the United States; but 
it imposes as few hard-and-fast restrictions as possible, because of the 
varying conditions under which photographs may have to be taken, or 
under which they have been taken at some time in the past. 

The tree should be shown with full summer foliage. 

All photographs submitted will become the pro: of the American 
Genetic Association, to be kept as a scientific sam oid used in any way 
that the council may think desirable. 


In the award for excellence of fruit, it will not be neces- 
sary to submit a photograph of the tree, since many of the 
igi pe grow in dense thickets where it would be im- 
possible to make a picture. It will be necessary, however, 
to give a description of the tree from which the fruit is 

en, telling approximately how large it is, exactly where 
located, and whether or not it can be transplanted, or twi 
obtained for grafting. The amount of fruit it bears sho 
also be stated. The contestant must send by parcel post to 
the office of the American Genetic Association, 511 Eleventh 
—— N. Mee es D. C., at least six baa pe 

1e same tree, an ripe enough to be eaten. award — 
will be made on the bests of the excellence of flavor, small 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 115 


number and size of seeds, but more particularly on the con- 
dition in which the fruits reach this office, taking into con- 
sideration the number of days they have been in transit; 
for the great need of the market is for a fruit that will keep 
and ship well, and if these qualities are once obtained, selec- 
tion of the best for propagation can be depended on gradu- 
ally to improve the quality. 

The same tree may, of course, be entered for both awards 
—for size of tree and for quality of fruit. 


CULTIVATED TREES ELIGIBLE 


If anyone is cultivating the papaw and has produced a 
variety that he considers of superior excellence, it will be 
entirely permissible for him to enter this in competition. 
The award is not limited to wild trees; although the number 
of trees in cultivation is believed to be so small that it is 
probable some of the many wild trees will be found superior 
to anything known in orchards. . 


It is the hope of this association that the superior trees 
found will be propagated by grafting, and a large quantity 
of them secured within a few years. The papaw can be 
grown from seed, but only with difficulty from_ suckers,’ 
while transplanting is recognized to offer much trouble. One 
correspondent describes the general experience when he says, 
“T have been growing papaws for seventy-five years, not will- 
ingly but because I could not help it. It is claimed there 
is no way to kill a papaw except to transplant it and try to 
make it grow.” 


Grafting in the spring has been found to offer no great 
obstacles, however, and is the best means of propagation, 
from the plant-breeder’s point of view. Budding has not 

ven good results, but this may be due to wrong technique. 

far as is recorded, the papaw has not been grafted on any 
stock cap its own, ck Pars appears to be no necessity 
for any other stock. 


_ One of the promising fields for plant-breeding, in connec- 
tion with the papaw, appears to be in hybridizing it with its 
close relatives, the tropical anonas, the genus which includes 
the bullock’s-heart, sweet-sop, sour-sop, and the imcompar- 
able custard-apple or cherimoya. ese fruits are larger 
and finer than the papaw, but too tender to grow in the 
United States except in southern California and southern 
Florida. There would appear to be a good chance that they 
could be crossed with the papaw, and a fruit produced whic 
would be hardy in a large part of the United States, while 


116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN — 


superior in quality to the papaw itself. So far as is recorded, 
this cross has never been made. 


PROPAGATION FROM SEED 


_ _ It may be helpful to give the advice of the late James A. 
Little on the propagation of the papaw. To grow seedlings, 
he writes, “My plan, which has been entirely successful, is 

to make a hill like a watermelon hill and plant about five 

seeds two or three inches deep in the fall. In part for pro- 
tection but mainly for shading the plants when they come 
up I place a barrel with both heads out over the hill and 
let it remain for a year or two. After that the barrel may 
be removed and then the plants will bear the sun. Tt must 
not be expected that the plants will come up until the 

harvest or later. The plants will not get more than 2 or 3 

inches high the first year, but the root will be proportion- 

ately much larger than the top. The second year the plants 
will grow 6 or 8 inches high and after that they will greatly 
increase in growth from year to year. It will take them 
six or eight years to come into bearing.” ae 

More recent experiments than those of Mr. Little indicate 
that if planted as soon as taken from the fruits the 

lie dormant in the soil for one year and germinate the 

second spring. There appears to be little difficulty in trans- 

planting the young ings from the seed bed to the nur- 
sery row and getting plants 12 to 18 inches tall in two years, 
providing they are grown in rich garden earth. Transplant- 
ing has to be done in the spring before any growth starts. 


A NEW LILY 


In keeping with the practice of the Missouri ‘Botanical 
Garden to obtain and grow, whenever possible, horticultural 
novelties which may be of value to flower lovers in St. Louis, 
there is now being shown in the formal garden the new 
regal lily (Lilium regale). This lily, which was discovered 
growing wild in Thibet about six years ago by the well- 

own botanical explorer, Mr. E. H. Wilson, although not 
yet in general cultivation, promises within the near future 
to be one of the most widely grown plants. Aside from the 
rare beauty of the flower, which is pink on the outside and 
white within—with the exception of a yellow throat—the 

lant has a number of advantages which will enable it to 
be cultivated extensively. So far as known, Lilium regale 
18 Not subject to any disease and will flourish in any fair 
soil. It is perfectly hardy in this climate and when once 
planted need not be disturbed for years. The stem, which 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 117 


may bear as many as twenty-five funnel-shaped flowers, is 
choy, Bua 8 to withstand wind and rain without support, 
and the pollen is so waxy that it does not readily fall off, 
discoloring the interior of the blossom. 


Because of these many superiorities over other lilies which 
can be grown under similar conditions, it would not be sur- 
rising to find within the next generation that Lilium regale 
as become the most widely distributed and best known of 
this popular group of plants. Some authorities believe ‘it 
to be the finest addition to gardens which has been made in 
years, and those interested should not fail to visit the formal 
garden in the enclosure bounded by the main conservatory, 
where about a hundred plants will be found blooming at the 
base of the Juno statue. 


BIRDS IN THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


_ The lists of May 15 and 22 contain eight species of tran- 
Silent visitants which stopped over for a short time on the 
way to their breeding grounds. All these were gone by 
May 30, as were also seven species which breed in our region 
but apparently did not find conditions to their liking. — 

_As subsequent lists made on June 9 and 14 are identical 
with that of May 30, it shows that the thirty species noted 
on these three days are either nesting in parts of the Garden 
itself or so near to it that they use the Garden as regular 
feeding grounds, some of them attracted to it by the abund- 
ance of ppening mulberries. The birds on the following 


lists were observed by Mr. and Mrs. Otto Widmann: 
May 15 May 22 May 30, June 9 and 14 
Green Heron z 
Mourning Dove Mourning Dove Mourning Dove 
Bob-white Bob-white Bob-white 
Yellow-billed Cuckoo = Yellow-billed Cuckoo = Yellow-billed Cuckoo 
Red-headed Red-headed Red-headed 
Woodpecker Woodpecker Woodpecker 
Flicker Flicker Flicker : 
Chimney-swift Chimney-swift Chimney-swift 
Ruby-throated Ruby-throated 
Hummingbird Hummingbird tae 
Kingbird 
Crested Flycatcher Crested Flycatcher Crested Flycatcher 


Wood Pewee Wood Pewee z 

Traill’s Flycatcher Traill’s Flycatcher Traill’s Flycatcher 
Least Flycatcher 

Blue Jay 


Crow Crow ne 
Cowbird Cowbird ; ir 

+ seat, es Blackbird Red-winged Blackbird Red-winged Blackbird 
Meadow-lark Meadow-lark Meadow-lark : 


Orchard Oriole Orchard Oriole Orchard Oriole 


118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Baltimore Oriole 
Bronzed Grackle 


European Tree 
Sparrow 


Chipping Sparrow 


Song Sparrow 
Cardinal 


Red-eyed Vireo 
Warbling Vireo 
_ Yellow Warbler 


Grinnell’s Water 
- Thrush 


Maryland Yellow- 


throat 


Yellow-breasted Chat 
Wilson’s Warbler 


House Wren 


Ruby-crowned Kinglet 
Wood Thrush 


Vi 


Robin 
Bluebird 


eery 
Olive-backed Thrush 


Baltimore Oriole 
Bronzed Grackle 


European Tree 
Sparrow 
Chipping Sparrow 
Song Sparrow 
Cardinal 


Warbling Vireo 
Yellow Warbler 


Magnolia Warbler 


Maryland Yellow- 
throat 


Wilson’s Warbler 
Canada Warbler 
Redstart 

Catbird 

Brown Thrasher 
House Wren 


Wood Thrush 


Robin 
Bluebird 


NOTES 


Bronzed Grackle 
Goldfinch 
European Tree 
Sparrow 
Chipping Sparrow 
Song Sparrow 
Cardinal 
Rose-breasted 
Grosbeak 


Warbling Vireo 
Yellow Warbler ~ 


Maryland Yellow- 
throat 


Catbird 
Brown Thrasher 
House Wren 


Wood Thrush 


Robin 
Bluebird 


A party of fifty ladies attending the Democratic National 
nvention were Garden visitors on June 15. 


Mr. Tomi Inouye, a graduate of the Horticultural College 
of Japan in 1914, has registered for the Garden course. 


On June 14 the delegates to the Democratic National Con- 
vention visited the Garden and were conducted through the 
greenhouses and grounds by especially appointed guides. 

The noteworthy specimen of Cereus giganteus, which was 
described in detail in the July, 1914, number of the But- 


-obeel is now in flower and may be seen in the succulent 
ouse. 


Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, at- 
tended the sao the Missouri State Florists’ Associa- 
tion at Columbia, May 24-25, and made response to the 
speech of welcome by Dean Mumford. | 


Dr. A. R. Davis, for the past year Research Assistant to 
the Garden, has gone to Pomona College, Claremont, Cali- 


fornia, to conduct a course in Botany during the summer 
pain Mr. George W. Freiberg will sound Dr. Davis at 
e en. 


=< 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 119 


The Garden has sent a set of its scientific publications to 
help constitute the North American library which the 
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is to present 
to the Museo Social Argentino on July 4. The total pub- 
lications, about 11,000, will serve as a symbol of good will 
and a permanent interpretation of the feelings of the people 
—— United States in the largest of the South American 
Cities. 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 1916 


GaRDEN ATTENDANCE: 


‘£otal naniber Of visitors. is. ee i eee 30,012 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of plants received in exchange............-. ll 

Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange..... 94 

Pitta donated eee ea ES 5 6 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: — 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought............. 39 

Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 92 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 

By Purchase — 


John Weldon & Co.—‘Fungi Britannici,” Parts I and I, 
Nos. 1-200, and “Micro-fungi Britannici,” Fasc. i, Nos, 
1-100, collected, named and prepared by J. E. = = 300 
“British Fungi”: isting of dried imens 
species deserted te Yor ne rt ii of the English Flora, 
Fase. I and II, Nos. 1-120, by M. J. Berkeley........- = 420 

By Gift — 

Mrs. J. R. Bettis—Brassica arvensis (L.) Ktze. from Mis- : 
MT SS SoS A fo SET CE 

Miss N. E. Boddie—Collinsonia violacea Nutt. from Mis- : 
WUT Se es EG PRS oe a eee Fas SG aeti veens 

R. P. Burke—Fungi of Alabama........--.--+++e++seeees 48 

J. A. Drushel—Plants of Illinois, Missouri, Colorado, and 
Calilornia= 25ers 4 Os er re ers 

B. M. Duggar—Ruppia maritima, var. subcapitata Fernald 
& Wiegand from Massachusetts........-+-0++02+8ee5> 

J. Herter—Hypolyssus Montagnei from Cuba.......---.-> 

O, S. Ledman—Plants of Missouri. .... OR POE rg Pees 

R. S. Mills—Plants of Illinois. ........-+.--e+++eeeereee 

L. O. Overholts—Fungi from Pennsylvania and other local- 
Be ae ear ne ee ee ge Pee ren he ee ie nai 

F. W. Patterson — An undescribed Aleurodiscus from the ; 
state of Washington ..........- fo nga tR Pestana 


120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


A. H. Schroeder—Rhamnus Padus from plant cultivated in 


ee RO oats ek a eee 1 

C. O. Smith — FP gett ws bain fungi on living leaves of 
itetpardll doen sR REL RS PR ee oe oe Pe 2 
S. W. Stanford—Plants of Texas ee eee oes Saas sees 7s 

G. W. Stevens—Senecio obovatus Muhl., var. rotundus Britt. 
sont Oia Ss ees ae 2 

By Exchange — 

University of Wisconsin—“Fungi Wisconsinenses Exsiccati,” 
N06. LD ee eee 10 
Li 2 Ue eee eereee 602 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays, from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset, 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


The Garden will be closed all day July 4. 


‘STAFF = ; 
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Director, 


GEORGE T. MOORE. ae . AEE 


eee Mince Duccar, ’ Epwarp A. Burt, . 


“Physiologist, i in charge of Graduate Laboratory: ‘ Mycologist and Librarian, ee 
f _ HERMANN VoN SCHRENK, GEORGE W. FREIBERG, 


; : cee Pathologist. a ie as : ” Research Assistant... 
pe Cae ees oS rod 1 eee fe ‘ : 


4 


_ Jesse M. GREENMAN, 
Curator of the Herbarinm. 


-C. E. HUTCHINGS, 
Photographer: : 


+ 


- Rarsenine’ H. Leics, 


. ve Seéretary to the Director. 
Ae % 
‘ James ‘Gunner, 
| Head Gardener, Eserinus ; i. 
WiitiaM. Ww. “OnLWELLER, oy 
Desa ot 3 rf eemetel Mammen! si a si pee 
“JouN ‘Noyes, : 
: Landscape Desisner 
HES OP Se oes ALEXANDER Lurie, 
“Horticulturist Fe 
~ J. ExpMay, BE Ag Oe i, AB LAMOR | < 
» Plant Propagation, : See eo Engineer. ig » 
C Ray fe et G. H. PRING, - 
P.Forssrern, ..)——s—~i«i‘<CSsSMs SCR, | 


Mlissour! BOTANICAL 
GARDEN BULLETIN 


Vol. IV JULY, 1916 ce 4 ioe t 


| CONTENTS vie 
Se) bs Pea 

Hardy Phlox = - See RE < pe ae Sgn ttre 
Weed Eradicttion 5: = So Be ee ae 
a Notte 4 yc te se Se Pe en eel Bee eke eg 
Statistical SnpOrea NOR for Secu Reh ee Brig e's x 128 yore 


ST. LOUIS, MO. 
Cine? OE cee 
e PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY. Sh ohad ‘BOARD OF TRUSTEES bs x, 


ORIGINAL x 
- AND TH 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. IV St. Louis, Mo., July, 1916 No. 7 


HARDY PHLOX 


Among the great variety of perennial flowering plants 
which are in use in our gardens for border effects and color 
grouping, the phlox may well lay claim to a high position. 
Their vigor, upright, compact habit of growth, immense 
panicles of flowers, and long period of bloom make them 
a great asset. The colors of the flowers are rich and varied, 
comprising white, pink, rose, salmon, orange, scarlet, crim-_ 
son, lilac, lavender, mauve, purple, and violet. Phlox 
are among the earliest plants to appear in the spring and the 

last to die down in the fall. A period of continuous bloom 

from July to October may be secured by serge a succes- 
sion of varieties and by cutting away the first trusses, others 
being produced later. : 


_ _ The present-day phlox are chiefly of hybrid origin. They 
belong to the family Polemoniaceae and are close relatives 
to Gilia and Polemonium. Phlox paniculata (decussata) 
and P. maculata were the parents of most of the highly de- 
veloped varieties of to-day. Phlox paniculata is an erect 
plant growing to a height of two to four feet, with pink- 
purple flowers varying to white. Phlox maculata is a some- 
what more slender and a more dwarf pa with spotted 
stems and pink-purple flowers. Both of these species are 
indigenous to the United States, but up to 1850 they were 
seldom cultivated. At that time improvement was begun, 
and by 1885 varieties of such high merit had been produced 
that it seemed that a stage had been reached which would 
be difficult to surpass. However, this opinion was soon dis- 
pelled as the phlox shortly demonstrated that its powers — 
of variation and improvement were not yet exhausted. The 
chief advancement up to thirty years ago was the develop- — 
ment in the size and shape of the flowers, while improve- 
ment of color was overlooked. At that time there was a 
superabundance of varieties with pink, peer and slate- 
colored flowers, with or without deeper coloring at the center. - 
Later, see reds made their appearance, followed by gee <8 Pa 
scarlets of dazzling brilliancy, and. in due course nae Sys 


122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


purples and deep violet-blues were obtained. At present the 
late-flowering kinds are being ignored, which is to be de- 
plored, for although they have smaller flowers, the panicles 
are denser and more pyramidal. The quality of lateness is 
‘worthy of crossing with the finest strains so as to extend the 
season and thus make the plant play its part to the fullest 
extent. Recently a remarkable strain was obtained in Eng- 
land as a result of a cross between P. paniculata and a hybrid 
form secured from a cross between P. canadensis and P. 
Laphamii. These two are early-flowering plants, ten to eigh- 
teen inches in height, with small panicles of bluish fragrant 
flowers. The new strain, P. Arendsii, is a vigorous grower 
of branching habit, with flowers varying in color from white 
to rose and pale violet. It attains a height of two feet and 
produces a succession of bloom from May to July. 


Of the various species of hardy phlox, one that deserves 
especial mention is Phlox subulata (moss or mountain pee) : 
This dwarf species is suitable for low borders and rockeries, 

orming a mat of pretty moss-like foliage over the surface of 
the ground. The plant is a very profuse bloomer, producing 
a great mass of pink or blue flowers, which hide the foliage 
completely. It blooms early in May and is exceedingly 
hardy. Hard frosts rarely cause any injury, although it is 


not unusual for patches to die away in winter when the 
weather is mild and damp. 


. Propagation —Phlox may be propagated by seeds, cut- 
tings, or division. The hybrid phlox will not breed true from 
seed but it is found that about forty per cent of the seed- 
lings will be as good as the parents, In order to secure the 
best results with seed, cross pollination is necessary. The 
seed should be sown in February in moderate temperature, 
and as soon as the seedlings are large enough to handle, they 
should be placed singly in 214-inch pots and grown in 
cold-frames or a greenhouse. The new plants should be set 
out early in the spring, allowing two to two and one-half 
feet between plants. In this manner it is possible to secure 
bloom the first season from seed. 


To perpetuate varieties of especial merit propagation b 
a is resorted to. Cuttings may be ta a the fall 
from flowering stems which had been previously cut back 
immediately after flowering. Cuttings two to three inches 
long should be selected, preferably with a heel, and rooted 
:0 sand in a shady cold-frame. They should then be potted 
In light sandy loam and kept in the cold-frame over winter — 
with a protection of sash and straw. Early in the spring ~ 
these young plants should be set out similarly to seedlings, 

or placed in a nursery row until they have attained sufficient 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123 


size for permanent planting. Another method employed 
where greenhouse facilities are available is to take up old 
plants from the garden in December, pot them, and force 
grows Good strong cuttings may then be obtained in 
arch, which are rooted and potted in the usual manner. 


The most common and easiest method of propagation to 
be employed by amateurs consists of taking up the plants 
in the fall or spring and dividing the clumps with a spade 
or knife. Phlox increase by underground stolons grow- 
ing outward, and it is these young vigorous shoots on the 
outside which produce best plants. The newly divided 
plants should be set out at once. With the dwarf and creep- 
ing species (P. subulata), large plants may be converted into 
numerous small ones by shaking some light soil among them 
in the summer and then dividing in the fall, when the trail- 
ing branches will be found to have rooted. 


The garden culture of phlox is very simple. As they are 
gross feeders, the soil should be worked up to a depth of 
eighteen inches to two feet and well enriched with well-rotted 
manure. The manure is especially necessary in light sandy 
soil to conserve moisture. It should be used sparingly in stiff 
heavy soil, however, in view of a prevalent spot disease 
caused by a fungus, Cercospora phlogina. The disease is 
characterized by circular brown spots on the foliage, which 
on the upper surface show a dark brown border. The dis- 
tance of planting should vary from two to three feet, de- 
pending upon the effects docived. For color grouping 
clumps may be set two feet apart without being overcrowded. 
: lox suffer in hot weather because of their tendency to 

form roots at the surface. To avoid this, mulching with 
well-decayed cow manure should be resorted to in June. 
Moderate shade is also beneficial during the hot part of the 
day, so that an eastern or western border is — to one 
facing south. For the best results phlox should be divided 
every three or four years. 

The Garden has a good collection of phlox in the economic 
garden, consisting of the following varieties arranged ac- 
cording to their coloring: 

Diadem.—Dwart. . Fi 
eanne d’Are.— : ing. 
 perre ee — Late-flowering. 
Mrs. Jenkins.—Very large flower trusses. Early-flowering. The best 
of the whites. 


WHITE WITH CRIMSON CENTER 


_ Albion.—White with faint red eye. : 
Bridesmaid.—Pure white with large carmine center. 


124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


H. O. Wijers—Pure white with crimson-carmine eye. 
Henry Murger.—White with large red eye. The best of the type. 
LIGHT PINK 
Henry Royer.—Dwarf. Light rose-colored. 
Manzelbrunnen.—Pink with white eye. 
Mme. Paul Dutrie—Delicate lilac-rose, with large flower heads. 
W. C. Egan.—One of the best. Very large flowers. 
BRIGHT PINK 
Bacchante.—Rose with crimson eye. 
Pantheon.—Uniform rose-colored. 
R. P. Struthers——Crimson-salmon with red eye. 
Rynstrom.—Clear bright pink. Very large trusses. The best of the 
type. Z 3 
SCARLET 
Baron von Dedem.—Brilliant red. 
Danton.—Scarlet with purple eye. 
Henry Marcel.—Pure red with salmon shading. 
Siebold.— Bright scarlet. One of the best. 
Sunshine.—Aniline-red with crimson eye. 
/ MAGENTA 


Rosenberg.—Bright reddish violet with red eye. 


LAVENDER 


- Anton Mercie.—Light lavender. 
B. Comte.—Brilliant purple. 
La Vague.—Pure mauve with red eye. 


On the knolls will be found the following additional 

varieties : 
MAGENTA 
Champs Elysee.—Bright rosy magenta. 
Obergartner Wittig—Bright magenta with red eye. The best of the type- 
_ ORANGE-SCARLET ee 

L’Evenement.—Orange-scarlet overlaid with pink. 
Pierre Bayle.—Red overlaid with orange-scarlet. 
Professor Virchow.—Bright red overlaid with orange-scarlet. 

: LIGHT PINK 
Professor Schlieman.—Lilac-rose. Late-flowering. 


: BRIGHT PINK | 
Beacon.—Cherry-colored. Very effective. 


WEED ERADICATION 


A question that annually confronts the owner of a lawn, 
ne or small, is how to get rid of the unwelcome plants 
called weeds. The name “weed” is applied to any herbaceous 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 125 


plant that is useless or troublesome and which persists upon 
places where it is not wanted. Some plants, however, which 
are called weeds, may be ornamental and useful in suitable 
situations; and perhaps the best definition of a weed is a 
“plant out of place.” 


The beauty of a lawn is due chiefly to its smoothness and 
the uniformity of color and texture of the grass. Therefore, 
_ any plant which tends to detract from this appearance must 
be eradicated. The farmer is able to get rid of the noxious 

weeds by means of thorough cultivation and crop rotation, 
but of course such a treatment is not feasible upon a lawn 
and other means must be sought. However, the weed prob- 
lem loses some of its importance if the lawn is well made 
and, above all, well kept and fertilized. Fertilization helps 
by keeping up a constant and vigorous growth of the lawn 
- grass, thus preventing weeds from getting a foothold. An- 
other factor which may keep weeds in check is heavy seed- 
ing with Kentucky bluegrass two or three times during the 
season. The seed form a fine mat over the entire area, pre- 
venting bare spots wherein weed seed may lodge and germ- 
inate. The young weed seedlings cannot withstand a dense 
— of young grass and are killed out even should they 
nd a favorable spot for germination. eee 


The most common weeds that infest lawns are crab grass 
Digitaria hwmifusa), quack grass (Agropyrum repens), 
andelion (Taraxacum officinale), plantain (Plantago 
Rugelii), chickweed (Stellaria media), moneywort (Lysi- 
machia Nummularia), shepherd’s purse (Capsella Bursa- 
pastoris), and pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). 


The crab grass and quack are very difficult to eradi- 
cate once they become established. The former is an annual 
and may be gotten rid of by raking off the — early 
in the spring, seeding down with good grass seed, and by 
constant mowing, especially in the fall, in order to prevent 
the maturing of the seed. In this way after several years the 
lawn may be freed of the pest. The only treatment avail- 
able for the quack grass is radical in its nature and con- 
sists of plowing up the lawn, growing a cultivated crop a 
_ the land for one year, and then reseeding. Of the other 
weeds mentioned, dandelion and plantain may be eradicated, 
if not too abundant, by cutting the tops with a knife. If 
all the leaves are kept cut so that there will be no food stored 
a the roots, these will eventually starve and the plant will 
One of the most efficient methods of weed eradication 1s 
by means of a chemical spray which kills the weeds with- — 


126 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


out injury to the grass, it having been found that all plants 
with broad leaves will be destroyed while the narrow-leaved 
_ plants will not. The grasses are especially protected because 

they have not the extended absorbing surfaces of the broad- 
leaved weeds. Besides, they are intermediate growers while 
young, growing from the inside outward at the stem ends, 
the young or growing point being protected at the base. The 
parts which come into contact with the spray are the tips 
and these have already done their chief physiological work. 
Even if the tips are killed the basal portion continues to 
grow, furnishing new surface to the sunlight. The grasses 
also have a waxy covered cuticle which causes the chemical — 
spray to remain in round spheres which rattle off at the first 
wind. In the case of the wide-leaved weeds the drop of mois- 
ture extends at once over the entire surface and comes in 
direct contact with the juices of the plant. This readily 
explains why crab grass and quack grass do not succumb to 
the treatment by chemical sprays, as both are narrow-leaved — 
and grass-like. 

The use of chemicals for weed eradication has been suc- 
cessfully employed at the Garden, and it has been found 
that the one which is most efficient and which causes no 
injury to the grass is iron sulphate. It should be applied to 
the lawns by means of a compressed-air type of hand 
sprayer or a traction or cart sprayer, depending upon the size 
of the lawn. Sufficient pressure to make a fine spray is neces- 
sary, for too much solution at one place may cause injury 
to the young grass shoots just beneath the surface, which 
have only a slight power of resistance. If a hand sprayer 18 
used it should Tie fitted with three feet of compression hose 
and a three-foot extension rod for swinging the nozzle over 
the lawn. The solution is made by dissolving two pounds 
of iron hie a in one gallon of water, and, to be effective, 
lawns should be sprayed five to six times during the season 
in order that each set of new leaves may be destroyed as they 
appear. The solution should be applied on bright days, for 
if the rain comes too soon after spraying it may wash ol 
the iron sulphate before it has had a chance to act. It is 
not advisable to spray until two to three days after mowing, 
and the grass should not be mowed until two to three days 
after raying. Care must be taken not to get the solution 
upon clothing or stone walks, on account of discoloration. 


Copper a mie sometimes used in a similar way to 
that described for iron sulphate, except that, as it is about — 
ten times as destructive as iron sulphate, the solution should 


be weaker—about eight to ten unds of copper sulphate 
to fifty gallons of ee = geeeials P : 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 127 


Ammonium sulphate, though sometimes used in small 
quantities as a fertilizer, in larger amounts mixed with such 
inert material as sand, has been applied successfully upon 
lawns for the destruction of broad-leaved weeds. This chem- 
ical generally forms the basis of the commercial “lawn sand” 
and when spread upon the lawn checks the growth of all 
vegetation. The grass soon recovers, however, and through 
the stimulus received, produces luxuriant growth, choking 
out the weeds. 


For walks, roads, tennis courts, and all places where com- 
plete and lasting extermination of all plant life is desired 
other chemicals are used. The most important of these is — 
arsenate of soda. This is a very active poison and care must 
be exercised in its use. Two pounds to ten gallons is the 
formula employed. The solution may be applied with a 
watering can, using care not to get too close to valuable trees. 


_Carbolic acid is a very powerful and quick acting weed 
killer, but its effects are not as enduring as those of the 
arsenical solution. The formula is one pint to four gallons 
of water. Salt may also be used in the form of hot brine, 
the solution being strong enough to show crystals forming ~ 
on the surface. Better than carbolic acid or salt, however, 
for the destruction of woody plants, like poison ivy, is caustic 
soda (either sodium hydrate or sodium hydroxide). It 
should be applied hot in practically a saturated solution, dur- 
ing dry weather. After the destruction of the weed the soil 
should be thoroughly watered in order to wash out the soda 
and permit other vegetation to grow. 


_ In general, complete and permanent eradication of weeds 
is an economic impossibility, because they have gained a 
world-wide distribution and are found in waste places from 
which they are readily disseminated. : 


NOTES 


Volume III, Number 1, of the Annals of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden has been issued with the following 
contents: 

“Rhizoctonia Solani in Relation to the ‘Mopopilz’ and the 
‘Vermehrungspilz.’” B. M. Duggar. é 

“The Texas Root Rot Fungus and Its Conidial Stage. 
B. M. Duggar. : 

“Cabbage Yellows and the Relation of Temperature to Its 

ceurrence.” J. C. Gilman. ee yee os 

“Monograph of the North and Central American Species 
of the Genus Senecio—Part II.” J. M. Greenman. 


128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN aie 


“New or Interesting Species of Gill Fungi from Missouri.” — 
L. O. Overholts. : 


Dr. J. R. Schramm, Assistant Professor of Botany, Cornell 
University, recently spent a few weeks at the Garden consult- 
ing the library. 

Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, 
attended the Motor Car Builders’ Convention at Atlantic 


City, June 14-16. 


Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, gave a 
course of five lectures on “Cell Entity or Growth Organiza- | 
tion,” July 17-23, at the Graduate School of the Massachu- 
setts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts. _ 


Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, 
spoke before the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Associa- 
tion, Chicago, May 31, on “Fire Resistive Wood” and before 
the architects and engineers of Indianapolis, June 7, on 
“Timber Uses.” . 


Mr. H. L. Merkel and Mr. R. 8. Hoyt, proprietor and 
landscape designer, respectively, of Watrous Nursery Co., 
Des Moines, Iowa, spent July 15 and 17 at the Garden study- 
Ing plant material. Other recent visitors include Dr. B 
Leonard Grondal, Instructor in Forestry, University of 
Washington, on July 10, Prof. Hugo Winkenwerder, Dean 
of the College of Rosary. University of Washington, on 
June 24, and Prof. V. R. Gardner, of the Department of 
Horticulture, Oregon Agricultural College, on July 20. 


~ 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE, 1916 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


Totel miiber ok visitors... <2. 26,083 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of plants received in exchange...........+-- 18 
Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange..... 20 
Plante dopsted score So Si ee 37 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought.....-.....-- 12 
- Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 61 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — 
F. C, Clements—“Herbaria Ecadium Californiae”......---— Ads 
Rev. John Davis—Plants of MOUS 0s. es ee ees es me 
By Gift— _ 


R. P. Burke—Fungi of Alabama.................-+ sa aee 120 — 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 129 


J, A. Drushel—Plants of Alabama, Ohio, Missouri, Colorado, 


Stas, Bnd Caliiprmig =: 425 a eee 31 
W. H. Emig—Plants of Missouri and Oklahoma.......... 500 
O, A, Farwell—Quamassia hyacinthina (Raf.) Britton.. 1 
H. 8. Fawcett—Septobasidium pedicellatum from Florida 

and Cube 75 os a Se ne 3 
Mrs. Ida M. Jackson—Liparis liliifolia (L.) Richards from 

UU See ere ee ee ee ee 
E. L, Johnston—Plants of Colorado..............+--.-+- 31 
O. S. Ledman—Plants of Missouri and Colorado.......... 4 
Bayard Long—Duplicate type of Scirpus Longii Fernald 

from: New: Jersey aoe sv ess ee a I 1 
E. O. Matthews—Fungi from Mexico....... Oe ae oy ox ex 27 
Mrs, K. L. Monteith—Sarcodes sanguinea Torr. from Cali- 

CLs Seren er eo ee Seen a ee ee ee 1 
L. O. Overholts—Fungi from various localities.............. 6 
H, von Schrenk—Peniophora gigantea on shortleaf pine ties 

from Adelaide, Pennsylvania. .........2..0620- 0000s 
Mary E. Sharer—Hydrangea arborescens L. from Miesdock= 1 
J. A. Stevenson—Fungi from Porto Rico.............+.+: 2 
L. B. Strube—Plants of Porto Rico...........-.-6.4+--+ 3 
Edward Teas—Cultivated specimens of Duranta fepone L. 

SrOn Verne, es ee at ae a 1 
Mrs. E. H. Vance—Cultivated specimen of linden from 

Malvern, Arkatisas =< fy ca oo a oa 1 
Mrs. Kathryn Walsh — Saponaria Vaccaria L. from Mis- : 

BOUL os ee a ee ON PE es ee 
Mrs. Mayo Scott Wood—Lilium Grayi Watson from Ten- : 

TiCROS ee sk a 0s A - 

By Exchange — 
University of California—Plants of California.........-. 451 
"PVP ANs i ee ee 1,698 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays, from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
South from all intersecting lines. : 


STAFF 
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


¢ 


eave: ; 


“GEORGE Fy MOORE. 
SBewyAnaw Mince Duccar,, ny ieiww At A. Burt, | 
\ Physiologist, in charge of Graduate Laboratory: ‘Mycologist and Librarian. . 6 
~ HERMANN VON SCHRENK, ae GEORGE W. FREIBERG, 
Pathologist, ON dee nee > “Research Assistant. 
“Jesse M. GreenMan, © 0 > 4h €, E. HUrcHINGs, ey 
_ Curator of the Herbarium. a sia st He 0 Ph, 


; ‘Rapin H. LeioH, 
peerer ee Be _Seesday 30 the Wieetor 


“Haus Gomuet 
me _ Heed Gardener, Berio 


~ Wiuntame Ww. Omtwerss, | a 
. : General Manager. 
satin  JouN Noyes, oy 
: : ‘Landscape Designet. 


. ALEXANDER Lurig, 


7; Aenean Pe ian 
Plant Propagation. Pens ee eae ‘gusta ; 

ee tt Mea Te PRING, fs 
' P. FOErsrer, Be eae Se 5 ScuILLeR, 


Missouri BOTANICAL 
GARDEN [BULLETIN 


Vol. IV AUGUST, 1916 = ~——-No.8 


CONTENTS Bs 
. Page 
New ‘Hybrid Water-Lilies HET Fe - ei relies + 1 EAE 
Hybridization in Plants - - - eo ea 134. 
Birds in the Missouri Botanical Gatien - - - 138 
Notes - = %, wise herria Gtk e tee 140°. - 
-* Statistical Information ie. Ss pe pleas Sepak fe 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 


: 1916 Re ae 
| PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD oF TRUSTEES aN 


oy ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR Sheer AS TISINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS 


NEST OF YELLOW WARBLER, WITH TWO EGGS AND ONE COWBIRD EGG, IN HAWTHORN TREE. 


(PHOTOGRAPHED BY MR, E, S. DANIELS.) 


1OA ‘“T1Ng ‘auyvy “LOg -OW 


“OI6I ‘Pr 


aALV1d 


iz 


Missouri: Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. IV. St. Louis, Mo., August, 1916 No. 8 


NEW HYBRID WATER-LILIES 


Climatic conditions in St. Louis during the summer are 
admirably adapted to the growth of tropical lilies. Within 
the last four years the aquatic collection at the Garden has 
been greatly augmented, and the area of water devoted to 
this fascinating branch of floriculture considerably extended. 


Water-liles may be divided into two groups: (1) diurnal 
flowering, representatives of the two sub-groups, Anecphya 
. and Brachyceras, and (2) nocturnal flowering, more com- 
monly called the “night bloomers,” which are representa- 
tives of the Lotos group. During a bright August day flowers 
of the diurnal lilies will be open between 7:00 A. M. and 7:00 
P. M., but if the weather is dull and rainy they remain 
closed, In the night bloomers the flowers open at sunset and 
stay open until about 10:00 o’clock the following morn- 
wit However, if the weather is inclined to be cloudy, they 
will remain open during the entire day, acting the reverse 
of the diurnal type. 


The blossoms of the nocturnal lilies are considered by 
many far superior to those of the diurnal, or “day bloomers,” 


and thus many visitors coming to the Garden during the — 


water-lily season, are disappointed. With this in mind, a 
number of Se are being carried on in an effort to 
improve and the few types of day bloomers, the present- 
day plants having resulted largely from insect pollination, 
especially the Brachyceras representatives. 

_ The Nymphaea capensis and its varieties, commonly found 
in gardens, are far from the typical species. They are the 


crosses resulting from insect pollination, between the blue — 


and rose, and possibly the Egyptian N. caerulea, until we 
find gradations of color from the darkest blue to deep pink. 
These, being self-pollinated, result in a breaking up into 
blues, pinks, and dark pinks. : 

One method of selecting the color of lilies to be planted 
out is to examine the under side of the young leaves, 


color which ey kegs usually ving some masucesion. of | a 


| y here . 
the ultimate color of the flowers. somewhat haphaza 


(131) 


I 


132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


method undoubtedly eliminates the tedious work of prepar- 
ing the flowers for pollination, but is not to be advocated, 
as the true identification of the parents is always lacking 1n 
hybrids of this nature. 


Pollination.—Probably the best month for experiments in 
pollination is August, when the plants have usually attained 
their maximum growth and are producing their best flowers. 
Intercrossing must be done at a time when the concave 
stigmas of the flowers are well filled with nectar, as with- 
out this fertilization cannot be accomplished. Experience 
has shown that the hours between 9:00 and 11:00 A. M. are 
best suited for this process. 


Plants are selected which will produce the desired uali- 
fication in the progeny. The pistillate parent, or lower 
which is to bear the seed, is carefully emasculated in the 
bud stage. This should be done the day before opening, 
when the stamens are easily broken off and no sign of 
pollen has appeared. The bud is then allowed to close. The 
next essential factor is the total exclusion of all insects by 
enclosing the bud in fine cheese-cloth and tying below the 
ovary. The staminate parent, or flower which is to supply 
the pollen, is then selected, also in the bud stage, and is pro- 
tected in the same manner as the emasculated flower. Pol- 
len should never be removed from anthers which have been 
exposed to the insect’s trail, because of the Basi of 
foreign pollen being left behind. The second day the act 
of pollination is accomplished by the aid of a camel’s-hair 
brush, the pollen readily adhering to the brush, especially 
if it is passed over the anthers with an upward movement. 
The pollen thus obtained is then deposited on the stigma 
which is filled with nectar, the nectar immediately chang- 
ing to a light yellow color. The flower is then rewrapped, 
securely fastened to a stake, and a label attached indicating 


the cross. Within three weeks the seed will be ready for 
collection. 


Nymphaea castaliaflora Pring—This pink-flowered hy- 
brid is the result of the intercrossing during 1912 of two 
varieties of N. capensis, selected from the miscellaneous hy- 
brids of insect agency. This is a large, cup-shaped, well- 

etaled flower, fa: “es to anything else of its type. 

ince 1912 the plant has been pollinated each year with its 
own pollen and by careful selecting and crossing has become 
fixed; in other words, by self pollination the progeny will 
be an exact replica of the parent with a total exclusion of 
the blue color. The plant is readily recognized by its num- 
erous petals and stamens, and large flowers which measure 
eight inches across. It bears as many as six flowers at one 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133 


time. The leaves in the seedling stage are prominently 
blotched with dark pink on the upper surface. The under 
side is also of a dark pink or almost red color. The adult 
leaves during the summer are entirely green on the a 
surface, but the same reddish color is retained on the under 
side and even intensified. 


The hybrid is named after the hardy or native water-lily, 
which it resembles in several respects, such as the concave 
or ee flower, and the fact that when first opening 
the four whorls of petals are separated and after the third 
day the flower rests on the surface of the water. In the bud 
it 1s also suggestive of the castalia. It has proved itself a 
good subject for breeding, especially for the purpose of in- 
creasing the number of petals, the amount of perfume, and 
the length of the blooming period. 


Nymphaea “Mrs. Edwards Whitaker,’ Pring. —This hy- 
brid, between N. castaliaflora and N. a aa, is so far 
superior to the other day bloomers in size, shape, length of 
blooming period, and growth that it could be easily mistaken — 
for Nymphaea Lotus. The flowers, during the month of 
August, measure ten inches in diameter, the measurement 
being taken just below the sepals. The maximum number 
of open flowers found on a single plant is six. 


The parents used were the recently introduced N. ovali- 
folia and the fixed hybrid, N. castaliaflora. The flowers of 
the former are white, occasionally tipped with blue, stellate 
in shape, the few petals narrow, and the flowers supported 
by a more or less weak peduncle. The leaves are oval, as 
the specific name indicates, some varieties being faintly 
blotched with dark red on the upper side, while others are 
spotted with purple. WN. castaliaflora was used as the stam- 
inate, or pollen-bearing parent, because of its large, concave, 
sae chat flowers, which possess strong supporting pe- 

uncles. 


This combination has produced in the offspring large, 
well-petaled, light blue flowers. The growth of the hybrid, 
in general, is much stronger than that of either parent. The 
length of the blooming period is extended through the in- 
fluence of the staminate parent, the flowers i early 
as 6:30 A. M. and closing as late as 7:30 P. M. The indi- 
vidual flowers last from tose to six days, bleaching to al- 
most pure white the third day, the contrast which then ap- 
pears between the old white flowers and the fresh blue ones 
on the same plant being an interesting phenomenon. The 
shape of the leaves is intermediate, being almost round, and 


measuring eighteen inches across. 


134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


There are two prominent factors in the leaf character: . 
first, where the base of the leaf is green and both sides — 
bear a few bluish purple spots, the under side also showing 
indication of the red color of the staminate parent; second, 
where the upper surface of the leaf is beautifully streaked 
with dark red, radiating from the central axis, some of 
these bars, which terminate at the edge of the leaf, being 
an inch wide. The under side is regularly blotched with 
red and bluish purple, upon a light green base. These 
prominent markings of the leaves are ¢ aracteristic of the 
staminate parent in the seedling stage and the pistillate 
parent in the adult stage and are sufficiently striking to war- 
rant the adoption of a varietal name. This variety will be — 
known as Nymphaea “Mrs. Edwards Whitaker” var. “mar- 
morata.”’ 


.A detailed description of these lilies, with colored plates, 
will occur in a subsequent number of the Annals. 


HYBRIDIZATION IN PLANTS 


During the past few years numerous experiments have — 
been carried on at the Garden in crossing antirrhinums, 
calceolarias, begonias, cinerarias, primroses, water-lilies and 
other flowering plants, as well as tomatoes, melons and a few 
other vegetables. While in some cases it will require a num- 
ber of years to attain the results desired, sufficient indica- 
tion of the effect of some of the crosses made has been ob- 
tained to warrant the statement that some new and valuable 
hybrids are to be added to the Garden collections as a result 
of this work, the new water-lilies, referred to elsewhere in 
this Bunietin, being an example. 


Although the knowledge of hybridization in plants has 
been greatly augmented within recent years, there still re- 
mains a great deal to discover. Just what will happen when 
two species or varieties of plants are crossed is a question to 
which there is an almost unlimited number of possible and 
conceivable answers, and the problem has been discussed and 


. . 


diligently experimented upon ever since the latter part of 
the seventeenth century. : 

Koelreuter, who made extensive experiments near the end 
of the eighteenth century and published his results chiefly 
at the Academy of Science in Petrograd, laid the founda- 
tion for an empirical knowledge of the subject. He, to- 
gether with Sprengel and others, studied the part insects 
play. in effecting cross-pollination, and Knight, a little earlier 
in England, devoted a large amount of time to the improve- 
ment of many fruits an vegetables by cross-pollination. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 135 


Gaertner, in the period preceding the publication of the 
“Origin of Species,” experimented extensively in crossing 
different plants, but his work for the most part was not sufh- 
ciently methodical, nor was it carried far enough to discover 
any underlying principle. 

Wichura, in 1865, combined six species of willows into 
One complex hybrid. In France, Naudin, Gordon, and 
Jordan made notable additions to the subject of hybridiza- 
tion, the first-named coming very near to discovering the law 
which is now associated with the name of Mendel. At the 
same time Naegeli was concerned with the hybridization of 
plants in Germany, while Darwin, as is well known, made 
many important contributions, particularly on such subjects 
as the inheritance of the various forms of the primrose and 
other flowers. By the early eighties an immense literature 
on the subject had been accumulated, and the number of 
plants experimented upon constituted a formidable list. In 
spite of this fact, the advance made in so complex a subject 
was comparatively slow, and the greatest differences of - 
| Sees prevailed concerning all questions of hybridization. 

his condition resulted partly from lack of knowledge of the 
essential nature of fertilization and the structure of the germ 
cells which unite to form new individuals, and partly from 
the small number of hybrids usually produced from a cross, 
as well as the insufficient study of the later generations of 
the hybrids. 

Investigators at this time were chiefly concerned with such 

uestions as the degree and cause es sterility in hybrids, 
the relative influence of the male and female parent, whether 
the hybrid was an actual blend of the elements involved, 
or 4 mere mosaic, and similar problems. By this time, how- 
ever, two laws seem to have been pretty well established, 
namely, that in a cross between two pure races or species, 
the hybrids of the first generation were all alike, and 
secondly, that the male and female characteristics produce 
ultimately an equal effect on the offspring. Notwithstand- 
ng the rather general applicability of these conclusions, they 
did not go far enough to make possible the formulation of 

any general laws of hybrid inheritance, and the whole sub- 
ject was more or less confused. 

About 1865, at a time when ee with plant 
hybrids was very active, Mendel, Abbot of Brinn, Austria, 
discovered an illuminating and far-reaching principle which 
since 1900 has been associated with his name. It is a curious 
fact that the significance of Mendel’s experiments with 
garden peas was entirely overlooked by his contemporaries, 
though they are mentioned by Focke as an important con- 


136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


tribution to the subject of hybridization. Mendel appealed 
to Naegeli, the leading botanist of his time in Germany, but 
Naegeli failed to see the importance of the work, so that 
Mendel’s researches lay buried until the end of the century, 
when the principle was rediscovered by independent workers 
in Germany, Austria, and Holland, and published within 
a few weeks of each other. 


It seems probable that the lack of knowledge of the actual 
factors civelsae in the reproduction of plants prevented the 
realization of the importance of Mendel’s discovery. More- 
over, Mendel was in advance of his time both in his concep- 
tion of the organism and in the methodical way in which 
he attacked this particular problem. Briefly stated, the 
essence of Mendel’s discovery is that in the hybrid offspring 
the different characters of the parents are independentl 

inherited. Previously hybrids had been compared wit 

their parents, organ for organ, the whole plant being treated 
as a unit. Mendel’s method, which has proved so useful in 
modern experimental work, was to compare the races which 
he crossed, character for character, and in this way to study 
the inheritance of each parental difference independently of 
all the others. This result was achieved by confining his 
experiments to plants which differed not in many ways, but 
in a single feature. Thus Mendel crossed peas having yel- 
low seeds with those having green ones, the plants in every 
other respect being alike. As a consequence the inheritance 
of this single character, yellow or green seeds, could then 
be studied in the offspring. By this means the fundamental 
fact was demonstrated that, alaioas a first generation (F,) 
of hybrids produced seed of a uniform color (all yellow), 
the parental difference of green seed reappeared in the second 
generation (F,). This latter fact is now known as the prin- 
ciple of segregation, since the second generation plants, the 
result of self pollinating the hybrid Seats of the first gen- 
eration, produce seeds, some yellow and others green. Simple 
as this fact apes, it is the principle of segregation which 
constitutes Mendel’s chief contribution to the subject. Not 
only does the diversity of parental characters appear in the 
second generation but the two types are in a fairly definite 
Sy gee Mendel obtained from 253 first generation hy- 
brid plants a total of 6,022 yellow seed ane 2,001 green 


seed, which is very close to theoretical expectation, namely, 
a ratio of three to one. ; 


When some of the yellow and green seed thus obtained 
pial a cones it was found that the green seed always pro- 
duced plants bearing nothing but green seed ; in other words, 
this character bred true. But when the yellow seed were 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 137 


planted they  patapee some plants which bore yellow seed, 
and others which produced seed both yellow and green in 
the ratio of three to one. The latter plants were therefore 
hybrid in nature since they possessed the two types which 
were combined in the seeds of the first generation. The 
green character of the seed in this case is now spoken of 
as “recessive” and the yellow as “dominant,” because in 
hybrid plants when both characters are present in the germ, 
only one of them, the yellow, appears. This led Mendel to 
attempt to explain the three-to-one ratio, and he believed 
that in the germ cells of the first generation hybrids, as 
well as in those of later generations which contained the two 
characters, the yellow and green factors were separated so 
that each plant contained the capacity of producing one or 
the other character but not both. The differences then which 
led to the production of one character or the other must 
therefore be segregated at some time in the production of 
the elements which fuse to ultimately produce seed. 


Still another pair of factors experimented with by Mendel 
was that of size, by crossing a pea plant which was normally 
tall with one which was normally short. It is now known 
that in many plants and animals if a dwarf race is crossed 
with a tall one that the resulting progeny are all tall. This 
was true in the case of peas, but in the second generation, 
derived from self fertilizing the first generation, there was 
obtained approximately the ratio of three tall to one short. 


If we represent the dominant character, tallness, by T 
and the recessive character, shortness—which may be 
thought of as the absence of tallness—by ¢, then the first 
generation hybrid would possess both characters and be 
represented by Tt. Since tallness is dominant, however, 
none of the plants would be short. In the next generation, 
these characters would unite in the Meant four possible 
combinations: seeds containing only the tall character repre- 
sented by T'7'; seeds possessing tallness and shortness, 7't; 

possessing shortness and tallness represented by ¢7’; 
and finally those possessing only shortness represented by 
tt. Since tallness is completely dominant over shortness 
(represented by T) the first three combinations would pro- 
uce nothing but tall plants, and although the germ cells 
were differently constituted, it would be impossible to tell 
one lot of plants from the other. The plants which possess 
only shortness, however, (tf), would of course be dwarfed, 
and consequently in the second generation the ratio of tall 
to short plants would be three to one. The same principles 
apply to all cases of Mendelian inheritance, although many 
complications have, as the result of actual experience, 


138 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


discovered since 1900. In general, however, the law applies 
widely to such characters as the color and size of flowers 
as well as the coats of animals. Many vegetables and bloom- 
ing plants have been hybridized from this point of view 
and the predictions of particular crosses resulting have been 
proved to be correct. ; 


It has likewise been noted in Mendelian inheritance, show- 
ing the ratio of three to one, that it is impossible to dis- 
tinguish between true dominants and dominant ad babe 
their behavior in subsequent generations being the only test. 
On the other hand, the recessives with respect to any one 
character mk Spies in the second generation will subse- 
quently breed true for this character. Consequently, reces- 
sives give the practical breeder an opportunity of determin- 
ing the value of a new form much sooner than would other- 
wise be the case. 


Among the plants whose constitution has been investi- 
gated may be mentioned the primrose (Primula), sweet pea 
(Lathyrus odoratus), stock (Matthiola), four o’clock (Mir- 
abilis), violet (Viola), shepherd’s purse (Capsella Bursa- 
pastoris), tobacco (Nicotiana), foxglove (Digitalis), snap- 
dragon (Antirrhinum), as well as peas, beans, and various 
other vegetables. : 


Mendel believed that in order to study heredity intelli- 
gently it was necessary to contrast individuals in such a wa 
that they might be considered as constituting a pair, eac 
factor to be ses with a different one; for example, char- 
acters for yellow and green-seeded peas formed a pair. 
somewhat different conception is held at the present time, 
and it is now known that in some cases the codperation or 
presence of more than two factors which are independently 
inherited is necessary for the production of a particular 
character. It should be explained here that by a “factor”. 
is meant a difference in the germ which leads to the develop- 
ment of a particular character, and consequently the absence 
of any character means that the factor associated with it 
fails to develop. The fundamental nature of a factor is, 
however, only pore understood. In the case of the flowers 
referred to, at least one of the factors is always a chromogen, 
or color-producing substance, while others may be various 


enzymes or ferments which h i 
solr prodeed ch have an effect on the particular 


BIRDS IN THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


The following observati 
Daniels and Mr. R. F. O'Neal. 8° °Y Mr. Edward 8. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 139 


“Bird life was at high-tide in Shaw’s Garden in June, 
and a forenoon in the first half of the month was a good 
time for exploring in the North American tract. Incident- 
ally, it afforded an opportunity for some observations a little 
out of the usual lines. 

_ “It was a showery morning of summer and seemed just 
right for the quest that led us along the little stream and 
around the marshy brink that borders the straggling cat- 
tails. We were seeking an elusive bird—so elusive, indeed, 
that we found nothing that indicated that he might be found 
within these grounds. In May, 1914, a woodcock was flushed 
in the rushes near the arboretum. ‘This, it seems, was the 
first record of this fine game bird in the Garden; but it was 
the opinion of those familiar with his habits that he might 
do well to bring his mate to the shelter of the bulrushes where 
they would be protected against all hunters, save those who 
hunt with cameras, or with empty hands. One of these birds 
was seen in the North American tract on May 8th; an- 
other, or the same one, on the 9th. We were seeking his 
lurking place, for a good picture of these furtive denizens 
of the marshes, with the female, perchance, sitting on her 
= nest would add much to the bird lore of the 

arden, 


“In the midst of our search we were caught in a shower 
that caused us to seek shelter under the dense foliage of a 
red-fruited thorn—a circumstance that turned ill luck into 
a lucky find; for in the wet grass, fresh and dainty as a 
precious pearl, was the unbroken egg of the yellow warbler, 
the well-known summer yellow bird. Parting the tall grass, 
we found an egg of the cowbird, a much larger bird, and 
One whose ways are past finding out. We went through the 
grass very carefully and soon we found another of the little 
warbler’s eggs and remnants of two others. We turned our 
attention to the thorny branches above our heads, and_at 
first saw only leaves, branches, and thorns; then we espied 
the nest from whose fibre cup the eggs had evidently fallen 
during a recent storm. It was eight or ten feet from the 

und—high up for a nest of this kind; but in return for 
the privileges of the Garden, with its wealth of flora and 
fauna, surely we should undertake to put the eggs in the 
nest and get a picture of the little home that had been 
broken up—another one of the many tragedies in which the 
nests and their builders are the hapless victims. 


_““We got it—just how would be tedious to relate—a good 
Picture of the nest and the three eggs (see Plate 26). The 
yellow warbler is the little artist that sometimes thwarts 
the wary cowbird by abandoning her first clutch of eggs and — 


140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


building a new nest on the first one, a double-decker affair, 
in the effort to get rid of one that is alien and unwelcome. 
And sometimes the cowbird shows that she is not offended 
and lays two eggs in the yellow warbler’s second-story nest. 


“The yellow warbler builds a beautiful and compact little 
nest and, as may be seen in the accompanying plate, this 
one is so thin in places that it may be easily seen through.” 


NOTES 


Mr. Ernest J. Palmer, collector for the Missouri Botanical 
Garden and the Arnold Arboretum, is spending a few weeks 
at the Garden organizing the plants ollected during the 
early part of the season. 


_lhe competitive examinations for the Garden scholarships 
will be held the first Saturday in September. Those wish- 
ing to take the examinations may obtain application blanks 
from the office at the Garden. 


Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, has re- 
turned from a trip to Devils Lake, North Dakota, where he 
spent a few days at the Biological Station of the University 
of North Dakota, collecting and studying the algae of that 
region. 


Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. George W. 
Stevens, formerly of Harvard University, on August 11, 
Mr. A. G. Hecht, Instructor in Floriculture, University of 
Illinois, on August 19, and Mr. John Dunbar, Assistant 
perecatenion of Parks, Rochester, New York, on August 


The position of Assistant Botanist to the Garden has been 
filled by the appointment of Mr. J. C. Th. Uphof. Mr. 
Uphof graduated from the College of Horticulture at Fred- 
eriksoord, Netherlands, in 1905, taking the degree of M.S. 
from the University of Amsterdam in 1907. From 1908 to 
1911 he travelled and studied in Germany, Sweden, Nor- 
way, Denmark, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, and 
England. Since coming to this country he has been In- 
structor in Botany and Curator of the Botanical Garden and 
Herbarium of the Michigan Agricultural Colle e, East Lan- 
sing, for one year, and Assistant Professor of tany at the 
University of Arizona, Tucson, for three years. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 141 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JULY, 1916 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


Total-aumber of visitors .5 Ao ss 16,893 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: : 
Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange..... 1 
Plants donated 5 a ee ae 112 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought..........-- 6 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 106 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — 
G. W. Freiberg—Plants of Washington............-...-- 675 
P. Jérgensen—Plants of Argentina.........-----++-++5++ 124 
G. W. Stevens—Plants of Oklahoma.................+-+- 340 
C. A, Wenzel—Plants of the Philippine Islands.......... 1,375 
By Gift — 
_ Miss Mary Baier—Cissus arborea (L.) Des Moulins from 
MAGSOUS Ts 5G 5 a ON a ores 1 
Mrs. L. M. Brown—Acacia filicoides (Cav.) Trelease, culti- 
vated specimen 9.2. 2.5 esi nee ee er ee ee 1 
P. R. Burke—Fungi of Alabama.............--.++++0+-> 18 
W. C. Coker—Fungus from North Carolina..........-.--- 1 
J. Dearness—Merulius lachrymans from Canada.......--- 1 
J. A. Drushel—Plants from Missouri, Texas, and Colo- 
So Sees ee eae pe ree ee ee ae 
Mrs. Harry January — Menispermum canadense L. from 
Missouatl 65 ee a ESS 1 
O. 8S, Ledman—Plants from Missouri........----.-+-++-- 4 
J. Macoun—Fungi from Vancouver Island, B. C.....-.-. 99 
L. O. Overholts—Fungi from various localities.........-- 3 
S. B. Parish—Flowering plants from California....-....- 36 
N. E. Pfeiffer—Plants of North Dakota........-..---+-- 2 
H. von Schrenk—Anthracnose of Sycamore from Pawling, A 
i He Schianhten= dwolats chalcedonica L., cultivated speci- ‘ 
or eae renee ene are rane an re ee wer ee bias 
J. A, Stevenson—Fungi injurious to sugar cane and species 
of Citrus; also wood-rotting fungi..-...---- 5 ene ars 25 
U. 8. —Fragments of Cithareaylum spino- 
ee ee and Senecio Faydenii Griseb., 
var. dolichanthus Urb. from Jamaica.....-----+---+- 2 
J. R. Wier—Fungi of Idaho. *.......... ee ae 6 
By Exchange os 


New York Botanical Garden—Plants of the West Indies. . 
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, etsinge ‘of Plant Industry— 
Plante: of Ching; 30.25 os ae ss ESE Spee 87 


142 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


The. Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. : 


The Garden will be open all day Sunday, September 3, but closed on 
Labor Day, September 4. 


OF THE MISSOURI t ROTAMIOAS GARDEN 


“STAFF 


Directer, , . 


GEORGE * we MOORE. 


~Bengamix ‘Mince Ducear, 


Physiologist, i in chargeof Graduate Labtinety: 


- HERMANN VON SCHRENK, 
Patholdgiv, 


Jesse M. GREENMAN, 
en Curator of the Herbarium. 
“Epwarp Ay Suk: 


Mycologin and Enbiation, 


% 


Bey 


a Cs Tu. Uisicr: 


Assistant Botanist: ae: 


Grorce W. Wikeiinnes 


-. Research Assistant. 


"C, E HUrcHINes, 


x grshat ee 


KarHentte H. ‘Letcu, 
Secretary. to the Director. 


¥ 


_ James GuaNey,, 
Bas “Head = DN Emeritus. 


| WinuaM W. ‘Outieitek, 
General Manager. 
Soon Noves: 
ALEXANDER LURIE, 
< Horticulturist. : 


% 


_J. Erpmay, 
Plant Propagation, ’ 
C. R: FOLLEN, 
‘S Construction. 
P ‘Foerster, 
i -Farmand Stables, a oR hes 


ee w. F, LaAnGan, | 


cuneate yy 


G. H. Prixc, : 


"orchids and other Exotics 


et 


_ Missouri BOTANICAL 
-Garpen BULLETIN: 


Vol. IV SEPTEMBER, 1916 _ No. 9 


:. ae CONTENTS 
Bulbs aad Pubscous Phe Se a 


_ Production of Light and Heat by Plants | Poa ae | eae 
"Landscape Architecture Exhibit -  -  -° - = 153 > 


Statistical Information for August - . - Eee OE aim i on 


“st. LOUIS, MO. 
ak PRES Cac OSG e ., ‘ 
ee FusLisusD MONTHLY BY THE LAs pias oF TRUSTEES ae 


ra 


ON DOLLAR Pam YEAR ae ae ASH MUMRRS TEN CENTS 


THE 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. IV St. Louis, Mo., September, 1916 No. 9 


BULBS AND TUBEROUS PLANTS 


_ The brilliancy of coloring, ease of culture, and compara- 
tive cheapness make bulbous plants the favorites with the 
amateur, as well as the professional gardener. Moreover, the 
amateur is not placed at a disadvantage because of his lack 
of skill, for the bulbs have their latent beauty stored up in 
them and at first are little dependent upon the knowledge 
of the grower. These plants are used in formal beds and 
borders, as well as the wild spots, the rockery and the aquatic 
garden, the shady nooks and the sunny places. At the 
present time the natural arrangement of bulbs is beginning 
to supplant the formal manner of grouping, and they are 

ing planted profusely in masses in the open lawn, around 
the bases of evergreens, in front of shrubbery borders, and 
Scattered upon terraces and slopes. The effects are not last- 
ne but nothing could be more pleasing in the spring than 
tufts of crocuses, daffodils, or snowdrops contrasted against 
the light green of the rejuvenated lawn or peeping from 
beneath the trailing branches of the evergreens. 


_ Popularly, any plant that stores up food during the grow- 
ing season in a fleshy root, so that it lasts through the next 
Season of bloom, is known as a “bulb.” According to their 
structure “bulbs” may be classified as bulbs, corms, tubers, 
rhizomes, pips, etc. A bulb is a specialized bud which is 
made up of an axis closely encased in bulb-scales or thick- 
ened leaves, at the base of which roots are emitted. The more 
common bulbs are lily, hyacinth, daffodil, snowdrop, tulip, 
ete. <A corm differs from a bulb in that it is solid through- 
out, the expansion being composed of the swollen base of 
the stem, the leaves having degenerated into sheaths which 
act as a protective envelope. Gladiolus, crocus, and mont- 
bretia are representatives of this class. A tuber is a thick- 
ened portion of the underground stem having buds at the 
surface, like the dahlia or potato. A rhizome or rootstock is 
a fleshy underground stem divided into nodes, as in canna, 
each branch developing a terminal bud at the end of the 
; (143) 


144 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


season, which gives rise to a flowering stem next season. A 
crown or pip is a detachable part of the rhizome bearing a 
prominent bud and roots, the lily-of-the-valley being an illus- 
tration of this class. 


In addition to the above classification, the “bulbs” may be 
grouped into hardy, chiefly spring-blooming, and tender, 
summer-blooming. In the first ee are placed crocus 
(Crocus vernus), glory of the snow (Chionodoxa Luciliae), 
crown imperial (Fritillaria Imperialis), daffodils (Nareas- 
sus sp.), hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis), ixia (Ixia macu- 
lata), lilies (Lilium sp.), lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria ma- 
jalis), montbretia (Tritonia Pottsii), snowdrop (Galanthus 
mivahs), squill (Scilla sibirica), tulip (Tulipa suaveolens 
and 7’. Gesneriana). Of these, the hyacinth and the lilies 
are not strictly hardy. In the second group are found canna 
ome indica hybrids), Dahlia coccinea, and gladiolus 

ybrids. 


The growing of bulbs for market is done chiefly in Hol- 
land, on account of the favorable climatic and soil conditions 
and cheapness of labor. However, the United States De- 
partment of Agriculture is trying out bulb growing in this 
country, chiefly in the State of Washington, with very suc- 
cessful results. A light, sandy, fine-grained soil and period- 
ical rains are the ideal conditions. 


The methods of propagation of bulbs are diverse and de- 
_ pendent upon their structure and reproduction. Seed pro- 
——— is rarely resorted to except when new varieties are 
esired, as the mixed hybrid origin of many of the varieties 
and the constant mixing through the insect cross pollina- 
tion of the flowers make the results uncertain. The bulbs 
and corms have a natural tendency to reproduce by means 
of offsets, and in commercial pro agation this method is fol- 
lowed with lilies, tulips, daffodils, gladioli, ete. The hya- 
cinths normally produce very few offsets or “slabs,” so that 
artificial means are employed of “scoring” and “scooping. 
For “scooping,” large, healthy hyacinth bulbs are selected — 
in July and the base scooped out with a curved knife or a 
special machine manufactured for the purpose, so as to 
expose the scales just above where they unite with the base. 
This destroys the growing point, and the strength of the bulb 
is thrown into the production of small bulblets at the cut 
surface. After scooping the bulbs are placed upon trays 
and set in the sun for a day to allow the Fectity cut surfaces 
to dry. They are then removed to a shed where a tempera- 
ture of 75-90° is maintained, and in a few weeks the scales 
separate, callus, and produce new bulblets. In October the 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 145 


mother bulbs with the bulblets are set out in rows four inches 
apart and eight inches between the rows, and covered with 
three inches of soil. Later these beds are mulched with 
straw to a depth of three to five inches for winter protection, 
the mulch being removed in the spring. At the time of 
harvest in July the old bulb will have rotted off and the 
_ new bulbs are then taken up and dried. These are grown 
in beds and taken up every year for five or six years until. 
bulbs of marketable size are obtained. The method of 
Saree 2 produces fewer but larger bulblets and reduces the 
time of maturity to three to five years. The process con- 
sists of making four cross cuts across the base of the bulb 
about one-third the way through. This kills the growing 
point and produces the same result as the scooping. The 
treatment thereafter is similar to the scooping except that 
some growers prefer to bury the scored bulbs in trenches for 
six weeks before taking them to the propagating sheds. 


The bulbs and corms which produce an abundance of 
offsets are simply taken up each year and the offsets allowed 
to develop. The time required to reach maturity is much 
shorter than with the hyacinths, varying from one to three 
years. In this connection it is necessary to note the repro- 
duction of corms. During the season a new corm grows 
above the old one and at the base the cormlets are produced. 
At the same time two kinds of roots are noticed coming from 
the base of the new corm, the feeding and the thicker, ringed 
roots. The latter push deeper into the soil than the feed- 
ing roots and then contract, thus bringing the new corm to 
the same level as the old one. 


The tubers and rhizomes are propagated by means of 
division, the clumps of “roots” being cut into sections bear- 
ing at least one bud. These divisions are planted out in the 
Ge and the roots are readily developed in a warm soil. 

f greenhouse facilities are available the cannas may 
started in sand, and as soon as the roots are formed, potted, 
and grown until ready to be set outdoors. Under the same 
conditions dahlias are propagated by means of soft cuttings, 
two to three inches long, which are taken from the old 
shoots and rooted in propagating benches. The dahlia, un- 
like the potato, has no other buds than the one at the point 
of connection between the tuber and the old stem, and has 
not the function of producin adventitious buds, so that care 
should be taken to include the bud with the tuber in divid- 
ing old plants. The crowns or pips are propagated by sep- 
arating the offsets from the main plant, each offset formin 
a new plant. This is generally done in the spring, althou 
it may be done in the fall, as the lily-of-the-valley is hardy. 


146 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


The ideal soil for growing bulbs is a well-drained loam, 
deep, moist, and underlaid by a heavier but fairly porous 
subsoil. The soil should contain plenty of humus but no 
fresh manure, as contact with the latter often results in the 
rotting of the bulbs. Light, dry soils should be made heavier 
and more retentive of moisture by plowing under a green 
crop, such as clover or cowpeas. Heavy, soggy soils should 
be made lighter by tile drainage, deep plowing, and the 
addition of lime. 


When special beds are used for bulbs they should be pre- 
pared as follows: The soil should be removed to a depth 
of one foot, five to six inches of well-rotted manure placed 
at the bottom, and on top of that about one inch of sand 
to keep the bulbs from coming in contact with the manure. 
The bulbs are then set, base down, upon this layer of sand 
and covered with soil level with the surface. This planting 
is done in October or early in November with such hardy 
bulbs as daffodils, tulips, crocuses, snowdrops, jonquils, ete. 
The hyacinths may be planted at the same time, although — 
they are not entirely hardy and ample protection during the 
cold weather is necessary. The distance and depth of plant- 
ing vary with the different kinds and will be found in the 
accompanying table. The lilies need a deeper and warmer 
soil than the other bulbs, and as they are not strictly hardy, 
require greater protection during winter. All spring-bloom- 
ing, fall-planted bulbs should be covered by a mulch of three 
to five inches of straw, grass, or even well-rotted manure. 
This should be applied after the ground is frozen in the 
case of the hardy bulbs, and is used chiefly to prevent alter- 
nate thawing and freezing during spring and consequent 
heaving and breaking of the roots. For naturalized hardy 
bulbs the soil itself is sufficient protection. In the partiall 
hardy bulbs, like the lily and the hyacinth, the mulch ~ 
should be put on before the first heavy frost. It should be 
removed from all the bulbs in the spring as soon as danger 
from frost is over. After flowering the bulb leaves should 
be left on until they begin to brown and wilt, the browning 
being an indication that the leaves have performed their 
function of storing food for another year, and the bulb is 
ready for its resting period. 


if the bed which contained the bulbs is to be replanted 
with annuals or bedding plants, the bulbs may be taken 
up carefully before they have ripened, and trenched in a 
shady place where the ripening will proceed. If this opera- 
ion is not performed carefully enough to prevent the wilt- 
ing of the leaves, which is very likely to happen because it 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 147 


takes some time for the roots to reéstablish themselves in the 
new soil, the ripening will not be completed and the result- 
ing bulbs will be of inferior quality. After the bulbs have 
a they should be taken out of the soil, the leaves cut 
off, and the cleaned bulbs put away in cool, dry storage until 
pets time. It is not necessary to take up the naturalized 

ulbs every year, the hyacinths requiring attention every 
two years, the tulips every three or four years, while the 
others may be left undisturbed even longer. 


The care of the tender bulbs differs somewhat from that 
of the hardy kinds. Gladiolus is one of the best summer- 
blooming bulbs, blooming late in the season and producing 
bright-colored spikes of flowers. The corms are planted five 
to six inches deep, this depth being necessary to furnish sup- 
port for the tender leaves and the heavy spikes of flowers. 
As soon as the leaves attain a height of one foot the ground 
should be mulched with manure to stimulate growth and 
keep the moisture in the soil during hot, dry weather. After 
the first frost the corms should be taken up, left out for a 
few days to dry, and then stored over winter in a cool, dry 
cellar, the leaves having been previously cut off. Dahlias 
and cannas require a rich, deep, moist soil and do best in 
cool situations. Both are particularly attractive for their 
flowers, and the canna for its fine foliage as well. The 
Plants should be set out after all danger of frost is over and 
should be given a thorough cultivation and plenty of water 
during the growing season. The first hard frost will kill 
their tops, which should then be cut off, and the roots taken 
up, cleaned, and stored in a cool, fairly moist cellar. Too 
dry and hot an atmosphere is injurious during the resting 
period. The roots should be placed stem end down to prevent 
the juices which are contained in the stems from running 
down into the tubers and rhizomes and causing them to rot. 
They are sometimes packed in sand or sawdust or hung up 
in bunches in the lan 


148 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


LIST OF BULBS AND TUBEROUS PLANTS 


: Time | Depth fee is- 
Botanical | Common |Hardi-\Flower| of | of | ‘20°°| Standard Color 
name name ness | period] plant-| plant- ne t variety 
ing ing |P* 2 
ing 
(King Hum-|Orange fls., _ 
bert bronze foliage 
Italia Red fis., green 
: foliage 
Canna in- Canna j|Tend’r| July- | June | 1 in. | 12-18 |} Mme.Crozy|Red and yellow 
dica . met fis., green fol’ge_ 
hybrids Mt. Blanc |White fls., green 
foliage 
Mile. Pink fis., green 
| Berat foliage 
Chionodoxa | Glory of |Hardy|March| Oct. | 3in. | 2in White and blue- 
Luciliae | the snow pink 
Convallaria |Lily-of-the-| Hardy| April |Oct. or} At | 8 in. 
majalis valley March] sur- White 
face E 
Cloth of [Yellow : 
Crocus Gold 
vernus Crocus |Hardy|Spring| Oct. | 3in. | 3in. |} Mt. Blanc |White 
Hero Purple 
aed 
ani = 
Dahlia coc- 5 = Peat White, pink, red, 
cinea ahlia end’r| Aug.- | June | 6in. | 36-48 |{ Cactus purple, i 
Oct. : in. || Decorative | and variegated 
Single : 
Collerette 
Fritillaria Crown | Hard pt. i in. Yellow 
Taporielid: Hageeel ardy| May | Sept. | 4in. | 8in 
Galanthus | Feb. 
nivalis Snowdrop| Hardy| and | Sept. | 2in. | 3 in. White 
March Bro 
(America |Pink 
Augusta [White 
Petalot {Violet 
t le 
Gladiolus Gladiolus |Tend’r| July- | April | 4-6 | 8-10 |4 Golden 
(hybrids) Oct. aa ia | in. ing  |Yellow 
gett as Red 
ces 
Peace White and 
lavender _ 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


LIST OF BULBS AND TUBEROUS PLANTS 


149 


2 Depth 
Common i-/Flower of Standard Color 
name period plant- variety 
ing 
H Pink 
yacinth Sprin: 5 in, in 
(Dutch) : Blue 
Yellow 
Brown 
White 
Ixia May 3 in. Yellow 
Purple 
Gold- Aug. 3 in. Yellow and 
banded lily crimson 
Canada July 3 in. Yellow and 
lily orange 
Madonna May 3 in. White 
lily and 
June 
Japan lily July 6 in. Yellow, orange, 
Easter lily Aug. 5 in. White 
Autumn Aug. 4in Pink, red, white 
pink lily’ 
Turk’s July 4 in. Orange 
cap lily 
Coral lily June 4 in. Scarlet 
Tiger lil : Ain. Orange, red- 
iger lily Aug. in pe 
Ma (ame oe 
Regal lily an 6 in. White and pink 
June 
Van Sion tere yellow 
Daffodil 4 in. Emperor le yellow 
, Hardy} March in oe Vellow 
R ma 
| Jonquil | Hardy| Apri 4in. : 
ere Hacdy ay 4 in. Ornatus _| White and red 
heats Sir Watkin [Yellow 
4 in. ellow “ 
Hardy} April ; 
Squill |Hardy| Feb. | Oct. | 3 in. White 


150 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


LIST OF BULBS AND TUBEROUS PLANTS 


3 Dis- 
‘ Time Depth tance 
Botanical | Common |Hardi-|Flower| of of a Standard Color 
name name ness | period] plant-| plant- plant-| Variety 
ing ing ing 
Tritonia Montbre- | Hardy| July | Oct. | 3in. | 3 in 
Pottsii tia and | or Orange, scarlet 
Aug. | March 
{ Late ‘Bouton Yellow 
tulip |Hardy| May | Oct. | 4in. | 6in. d’Or : 
Innocence | White 
May Queen|Lilac 
Tulipa ; Bronze 
Gesneriana|| Darwin |Hardy| May | Oct. | 4 in. | 6in. Queen Old gold 
Painted si 
Lady | White | 
| Glow Vermilion 
(Parrot. |Hardy| May | Oct. | 4in. | 6in. | Dracontia |Red, yellow 
Duc Van. |Crimson, yellow 
Thol 
3 Chrysolora | Yellow 
Cottage : 
Maid Pink 
T. suaveolens} Early |Hardy| April! Oct. | 4in. | 6in. |4 Vermilion 
: tulip Brilliant |Scarlet 
Pink 2 
Beauty | Rose-pink 
Proser- 
pine Deep rose 


PRODUCTION OF LIGHT AND HEAT BY PLANTS 


as the 


vation of plant habits. 


The discovery of the luminous property of nasturtium 


iy 


Phosphorescence or the emission of light by insects, such 
fly, has attracted the attention of everyone, but its 
occurrence among plants is of such a sin 
atively rare occurrence as to be known on 
attention is directed more 


lar or compar- 
to those whose 
or less constantly toward the obser- 


leaves is ascribed to a daughter of Linnaeus, who published 


her observations in the 


‘Transactions of the 


tockholm 


Academy” for 1762, under the title “Remarks on a lumin- 
ous appearance of Indian cresses.’”’ 


Pulteny in his 


naeus,” refers to 
which had never been no’ 


arise from a fulminating 


“General View of the Writings of Lin- 


the matter as follows: 


f “This appearan 
ticed before, is like the sparks that 
powder, and was first observed by 


ce, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 151 


this lady while walking in her father’s garden at Hammarly. 
She mentions its being visible only in the dusk of evening 
and ceasing when the darkness came on. Subjoined to her 
account are some observations by M. Wilckes, a celebrated 
electrician, who considered the phenomenon as being of an 
electrical nature.” 


_ The various collections of flowering plants in the Garden 
include a number of species of which the flowers—and in 
Tare cases the leaves—have been reported to display the 
rather phenomenal capacity of self-illumination. This 
ability is not a constant characteristic of the plants in which 
it has been observed, but appears intermittently. It is 
apparently of an electrical nature, since the illumination is 
reported to be very pronounced when the atmosphere is dry 
and the temperature high, and most striking immediately 
preceding electrical storms when the atmosphere is warm 
and sultry. 


The supposition that so-called phosphorescence in the 
flowering plants is of a physical nature, i. e., electrical, 
rather than the result of metabolic activity or an evidence 
of chemical changes taking place in the tissue, has been sub- 
stantiated by evoking this phenomenon experimentally. Pots 
containing plants were insulated from conducting material 
by piecing them on glass plates or on inverted glass tumblers, 
and the plants were then charged by means of a small elec- 
trostatic instrument. The gradual accumulation of the 
charge finally resulted in a difference of potential t 
enough to warrant a discharge from the flowers and buds 
identical with that observed in nature. In the light of these 
experiments and in view of the fact that in nature this phe- 
nomenon is observed when meteorological conditions are 
most favorable for electrical disturbances, we have reason to 
believe that self-illumination in the flowering plants can be 
accounted for on purely physical grounds. Some of the 
plants in which it has been observed are nasturtium (Tro- 
pacolum majus), firelily (Liliwm bulbiferwm), sunflower 
(Helianthus annuus), velvet-flower (Tagetes patula), poppy 
(Papaver orientale), and others, notably some occurring in 
tropical forests. It seems probable that the luminous mosses 
which have made certain caves in central Europe famous, 
likewise produce their light electrically. 

Some of the lower plants display phosphorescence which 
cannot be accounted for on physical grounds, about twenty- 
five species of bacteria, arid about as many species of fila- 
mentous fungi and “toadstools” having exhibited this 
capacity. In these plants light is not emitted at irregular 
intervals but as a continuous glow. tures of filamentous 


152 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


fungi have retained this power for one and one-half years, 
while cultures of bacteria emitted light for two years, the 
only limiting factor being that of nutrition. The phosphor- 
escence of wood is almost invariably due to a filamentous 
fungus, or the vegetative stage of a toadstool, which is causing 
its decay, while the phenomenon in dead tissues of animals 
may be attributed to phosphorescent bacteria, such as Bac- 
terwm phosphorescens, Microspira luminosa, ete. A rough 
estimate regarding the amount of light emitted by bacteria 
shows that it would require a colony 2,000 meters square 
to produce one candle power of light. ‘Bacterial lamps,” 
made by coating the interior of large flasks with nutrient 
media and inoculating them with phosphorescent bacteria, 
produce enough light to make reading of large type possible. 
Photographic plates are sensitive to the light emitted, a ten 
to fifteen-hour exposure, however, being necessary to satis- 
factorily photograph objects illuminated by “bacterial 
amps.” In but one instance was the light produced by a 
culture of these organisms strong enough to be resolved into 
‘spectral colors—green, blue, and violet. In all other cases 
no colors appeared, though a faint luminescence appeared in 
the yellow, blue, and green portion of the spectrum. 


Self-illumination of this nature is associated with meta- 
bolic activity and must be accounted for on_ biological 
grounds. It is the result of oxidative processes which, how- 
ever, are not of a respiratory nature, since an increase of 
the intensity of illumination does not necessarily result in 
an increase of carbon dioxide production. It should, there- 
fore, be looked upon as an indication of complex chemical 
oxidative changes in the living matter of the cells, rather 
than of simpler oxidation, as in respiration, which results 
in energy release and the immediate liberation of carbon 
dioxide. 

It is of interest to note that no other form of energy, as 
for example, heat, accompanies light radiation; at least the 
sensitive radiometers used were unable to measure any heat. 
That plants are capable of producing an appreciable amount 
of heat is, however, well known. The arums, of which there 
are a considerable number in the aroid house, present some 
of the most notable examples of this power. Arum italicum, 
at the time of the opening of the spathe, recorded a tem- 
perature of 44°C. immediately within the spathe, while the 
temperature of the surrounding air was 15°C. While this 
is probably the maximum amount of heat produced by a 
plant, it is believed that many, if not all, flowers show a 
rise of temperature at the time of opening. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 153 


_ The Garden contains a number of plants for which the 
internal temperature of leaves, resulting from the absorption 
of radiant energy, has been definitely determined. It has 
been found that during winter the leaves of the Austrian 
pine (Pinus Laricio var. austriaca) will, under brilliant 
Ulumination, attain a temperature from 2-10°C. higher than 
the surrounding air, the temperature of which may be as 
low as —15°C. Even diffuse light, according to its inten- 
sity, will raise the temperature from 0.5-2°C. Leaves from 
tropical plants, such as the cucumber-tree (Magnolia sphen- 
ocarpa) and the three-seeded mercury (Acalypha tricolor) 
will, under full illumination, attain a temperature from 
10-16° above that of the surrounding air, or an actual tem- 
perature as high as 43°C. This is of interest Since the 
lethal temperature for living material or protoplasm is ap- 
proximately 50°C. 


The internal temperature is greatly influenced by external 
factors such as humidity and air currents, but also, and this 
is of primary interest here, by the internal factor of pig- 
mentation. The yellow leaves of Codiaeum variegatum attain 
a temperature 8°C. above that of the surrounding air, while 
the green leaves of the same plant reach a temperature 
11° above that of the atmosphere. Similarly, the internal 
oo See of green and red leaves of variegated caladiums 
is about 4°C. higher than that attained by green and white 
leaves of similar plants. The difference, of course, is 
attributed to the higher absorptive power of the more pig- 
mented leaves. Similarly, young leaves of the cacao tree 
(Theobroma Cacao), which are of a red color due to their — 
high content of the red coloring matter, anthocyanin, may 
attain a temperature 3 or 4°C. higher than that of older 
green leaves relatively poor in anthocyanin. The internal 
temperature attained by thin leaves is practically the same 
as that attained by thick or fleshy leaves, but the latter reach 
their temperature more slowly and, bane influenced less 
easily by breezes, retain their temperature longer and more 
constantly. 


LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE EXHIBIT 


In an effort to stimulate interest in landscape architecture 
there will be held in the Museum of the Garden, during the 
month of October, an exhibition of plans, drawings, models, 
and photographs of some of the best of the recent —— 
developments in this country. This exhibition will be under 
the management of the erican Society of Landscape 
Architects and of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Several 


154 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


of the best-known landscape architects of this country will 
contribute, and the Departments of Landscape Architecture 
of Harvard University, Massachusetts Agricultural College, 
the School for Gardening of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 
and other institutions will be represented. 


Similar exhibitions are held annually in Boston, _New 
York, and other places, and have proved to be exceedingly 
instructive and interesting, not only to architects, landsca e 
architects, engineers, and gardeners, but to the general public 
as well. The work shown will include developments of 
private estates and home grounds, parks, playgrounds, cem- 
eteries, and subdivisions, and a few plans and sketches show- 
ing the beautification of civic and neighborhood centers will 
probably be on display. 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR AUGUST, 1916 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


Sorat Namur Of Visors <:..: SS 18,687 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: : 
Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange..... ee 
Total number of plants received in exchange.............. 1 
SnUte Comnaend e  ee 6 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 13 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 82 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — 
Fe 8: Collins —“Phycotheca Boreali-Americana,” Fase. 
MA ag THE BIDAR GG eg ee 50 
Rev. John Davis—Plants of Missouri.................--- 260 
Miss Marion E. Moodie—Plants of Alberta.............-- 146 
By Gift — 
W. C. Coker—Hydnum spongiosipes from North Carolina. . 1 
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Missouri.....................: 5 
E. D. Hull—Clitoria Ternatea L., cultivated specimen..... 1 
E. L. Jensen—Fungi of Minnesota...................-.. 10 
O. S. Ledman—Plants of Illinois........................ 2 
L. C. Monahan—Stereum hirsutum causing injury to living 
WT ON ae a a. 
C. L, Shear—Fungi from various localities and fragment 
of authentic Thelephora illinita Walter as 4. 
By Field Work — 
J. M. Greenman—Plants of Missouri.................... 54 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 155 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


‘STAFF 
OF THE MISSOURI ca ashi ese GARDEN 


Meee? Se 
GEORGE es MOORE. Wiki oe a” 
BeNsaman MINGE. Duécar, : ise +: Cc. TH. ‘Urnor, 


Physiologist, i in charge of Graduate Laboratory — . Assistant ‘Botanist. $ 


Hermann VON ScHRENK, -% 5 Georce W. FREIBERG, 


‘Pathologist, \ < | Research Assistant. 
Jesse M. GREENMAN, nae ._C. EB, Hurenines, 


Curator of the Herbactam. ES a See Se es Photographer : 


‘Eowaxo A. Burr, - \ KATHERINE H. Leics,” 
| Mycologiet and Librarian BR ee ae as Sectetary to the Director. 


a Aer Guiry, See eee : 
_ Head Gardener, Emeritus, Pht Be 
: —-Wruntane Ww. ‘Ontwaren, 
NS a: 
Reh Se Galen Jou. Noyes, . 
ce : ~ Landacape Designer. 
ALEXANDER Luniz, 


J. ERpMAw, » PPA S eae Ww. F. Lancay, 


= Plant Propagation. = = <3 One as Bagineer. 
CR. Foie 50s Ce GE Raine, 
 Meomatipiton. Coys he a “<_ Orebids and other Exotics, 
oP. Forrsrer,  () | 3) 2 8") ML Souter, 
” Karm aad Stable a Se i New Conservatories. 


_ Missour! BoTANICAL © 
~Garpen BULLETIN ~ 


_VolIV. OCTOBER, 1916 =————=<C«<N. 10 


Plants in Economic House 9 - >t 
Landscape Architecture Exhibit - - 9 -  - 
The Chrysanthemum Show aie - - ets Fie 3 
Se rac pA ee Pe nes et 
Statistical Information for September =~ - =~ (172 


Sie en eee ic ppg BORG AE ORC pats oP Ae 
- PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


Mo. BoT. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. PLATE 27. 


= s 


+ £ix 
ty + a 


he. 


VIEW IN ECONOMIC HOUSE, 


SHOWING COFFEE TREE IN LEFT FOREGROUND. 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. IV St. Louis, Mo., October, 1916 No. 10 


PLANTS IN ECONOMIC HOUSE 


The permanent plantations in the various display houses 
having become well established, it is now possible to furnish 
a list of the plants to be found in these greenhouses. Begin- 
ning with this issue of the Butterin there will be printed 
from time to time as complete an inventory as possible of 
the various collections at the Garden, with such items of 

eneral interest concerning each plant as may be included. 

t is hoped that such lists may serve as a guide to each house 
until such time as a complete guide to the Garden can be 
prepared. 

CONDIMENTS 

_Amomum Cardamon. Scitaminaceae. Cardamom. — A 
ginger-like herb of the East Indies, 4-5 feet in height. The 
leaves are thick and spicy, and the seeds are the cardamom 
seeds of commerce. 


Camellia Thea. Ternstroemiaceae. Tea plant.—A native 
of Assam and probably also of China, eg 2 in the latter 
country it is known only under cultivation. Black and green 
teas are obtained from the same plant. Green tea is prepared 
by rapidly drying the leaves, considerable artificial heat 
being , whereas black tea is manufactured by a slower 
process, the leaves being withered and fermented. Tea is 
ee largely in India, Ceylon, China, Japan, and Java. 

or some years the plant has been grown in South Carolina, 
at first only experimentally, but now on a commercial scale. 
Both black and green teas are prepared from the domestic 
product, and while the total production is small, the plants 
are of very superior quality and the industry promises to 
grow. 

Cinnamomum Cassia. Lauraceae. Cassia.—A tree native 
of south China. The unripe fruits, cassia-buds, are used as 
a spice, chiefly in confections. Cassia-lignea is the bark of 
this tree and closely resembles the true, or Ceylon cinnamon 
and is used for the same purposes. The true cinnamon is 
obtained from the bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. 

(157) 


158 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Cinnamomum Tamala, southern Europe. (©. grandi- 
florum, southern Asia. 


Coffea arabica. Rubiaceae. Coffee—The name is derived 
from the Arabian word for drink. The berries may be dried 
as picked and the seeds afterwards extracted by a hulling 
machine, or the outer fleshy material may be removed before 
drying by a huller, leaving the coffee in its parchment. It 
is then fermented, washed to remove a slimy covering, and 
dried, after which its tough inner integument or pare iment 
is removed by other machines, and the beans polished, 
graded, and marketed. 


Coffea mauritiana, Mascarene Islands. C. bengalensis and 
C. zanzibariensis, South Africa. 


Cola acuminata. Sterculiaceae. Cola-nut tree.—Cola-nuts 
are the seeds of a small tree native of west tropical Africa 
and naturalized in the West Indies. Powdered cola-nuts 
thrown into foul water are said to clarify it and render it 
agreeable to taste. The nuts are chiefly used, however, as 
an article of food and are said to enable those who eat them 
to endure prolonged labor without fatigue: The seeds con- 
tain about 2 per cent of caffeine, and are highly esteemed 
by natives of tropical Africa, a paste, similar to chocolate, 
being prepared by grinding them. 


Cryptocarya sp. Lauraceae. Australian Gaeta large 
tree, native of Australia, with aromatic fruit. The nuts are 
called nutmegs but are poor substitutes for the true nutmeg 
(Myristica fragrans). 


Ilex paraguensis. Tlicineae. Paraguay tea—A small tree 
native of Paraguay. An aromatic beverage, similar in its 
effects to coffee ariel tea, is prepared from the leaves. These 
are scorched and dried while still attached to the branches, 
after which they are beaten, separated, coarsely ground in 
rude mills, and packed in skins and leather bags. 


Laurus nobilis. Lauraceae. Laurel.—A tree attaining 
40-50 feet in height, native of southern Europe. The leaves 
are aromatic and are used for flavoring c and puddings, 
and a few are often packed in fig boxes to give the figs a 
flavor. The tree is used ornamentally for esplanades, archi-- 


tectural appurtenances, ete., the head being trimmed to as- 
sume any desired shape. 


_ Pimenta acris.— Myrtaceae. Wild clove.—The dried un- 

Howe the lores of thts aster ecm menento ot alee. 
m eaves 0 es is obtain oil of myrica 

which furnishes the basis for bay-rum. ‘ ie 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 159. 


Pimenta officinalis. Myrtaceae. Allspice, pimento, or 
Jamaica pepper.—A tree native of the West Indies, but culti- 
vated almost exclusively in Jamaica. The dried unripe 
fruits are imported to this country in large quantities and 
yield the allspice of commerce, so-called because it was sup- 
posed to combine the flavors of cinnamon, nutmeg, and 
Cloves. Pimento is very largely employed as a spice, but 1s 
used also in medicine on account of its aromatic and stimu- 
lating qualities. Oil of pimento, obtained from the fruits 
by distillation, is used in perfumes, and is also often substi- 
tuted for oil of cloves which it closely resembles. The wood 
of this tree is made into umbrella handles and canes. 


Piper nigrum. Piperaceae. Pepper plant.—A creeping 

dian vine, with minute flowers and jointed stems, culti- 
vated in India, East India Islands, and elsewhere in the 
tropics. ‘Black pepper is made from the dried unripe ber- 
ries, while white pepper is a product of the ripe fruit deprived 
of the pulp by macerating. 


_ Piper unguiculatum, Peru. P. amplum, Brazil. P. gen- 
wculatum, Peru. 


Zingiber officinale. Scitaminaceae. Ginger.—The ginger 
plant is cultivated in the warmer parts of Asia, Africa, and 
the West Indies. The root-like stems yield the well-known 
condiment. In preparing it the shriveled rind may be 
retained, or it may be scraped off and bleaching further 
accomplished by means of chloride of lime or lime and 
water. Preserved ginger is merely the young shoots of the 
rhizome preserved in syrup. 


DYES 


Biza Orellana. TBixaceae. Arnatto.—A small, bushy 
tree widely distributed in the tropics, with handsome white 
or pinkish flowers. An orange or yellow dye is prepared. 
from the reddish yellow pulp surrounding the seeds, which 
is used for dyeing silks, woolens, and cottons, and as a color 
ingredient for butter, cheese, chocolate, varnishes, and lac- 
ee Both the prepared dye and the seeds are imported to 

untry chiefly from South America and the West 


dies 


Coccoloba laurifolia, Polygonaceae. Seaside grape. — A 
small tree with cordate, ov Nate: It is a native of Bar- 
bados and other West Indian islands and belongs to the 
buckwheat family. The flowers are produced in spikes, and 
the calyx, becoming fleshy when ripe, has the appearance of 
a grape. The bark is astringent and has been used for tan- 
ning leather. . 


160 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Semecarpus Anacardium. Anacardiaceae. Marking-nut 
tree—A moderate-sized, deciduous tree, native of the East 
Indies. The juice of the nut, mixed with a little quick-lime 
and water, is employed throughout India for marking linen 
and cotton cloths, being far more durable than the marking 
inks of Europe. Undiluted, the juice acts as a vesicant, one 
used by the Hindus for rheumatism. A dye is prepare 
from the bark. 


Wrightia tinctoria. Apocynaceae. Indigo tree—A small 
tree native of India. The leaves when macerated in water 
yield a kind of indigo. 


FRUITS 
Aberia caffra. Flacourtiaceae. Kei apple—A spring 
shrub, native of South Africa. The small, apple-like fruits, 


about 2 inches in diameter, are used when green for pickling, 
and when ripe are made into preserves. . 


Achras Sapota. Sapotaceae. Sapodilla plum. — A plant 
native of tropical America and the West Indies, and gener- 
ally cultivated in the tropics. It yields an elastic gum known 
_ as chicle gum, which is imported into the United States in 
large quantities, being the principal ingredient of well- 
known brands of chewing gum. The fruit is much esteemed 
and tastes like a superior sort of persimmon. 


Adansonia digitata. Bombaceae. Monkey bread or bao- 
bab.—A tree of immense size, native of tropical Africa and 
cultivated in India. It is known also as the African calabash 
tree. The large gourd-like fruits contain an acid pulp which 
is eaten by the natives, the gourds being further used as 
floats for fishing nets and botiles for holding water. Paper 
and cloth are made from the bark, the latter being prepared 
by beating out the inner bark. Trees are known to measure 
as much as 30 feet in diameter, but the wood is light, soft, 
and of little value. 


Anona muricata. Anonaceae. Sour sop or custard-apple. 
—A tree 15-20 feet high, native of the West Indies and 
tropical America, and cultivated for its fruit, which varies 
in size from 6 to 9 inches in circumference. There are many 
forms of custard-apple, but the heart shape predominates, as 
indeed it does in fruits of most of the other anonas. Its pulp 
is wooly in appearance, but contains a fresh and agreeable 
sub-acid juice. 

Anona laurifolia, West Indies. A. glabra, Florida. 


Antidesma Bunius. es Niggers cord. — A 
tree native of Australia. e fruit is about the size of a 


28, 


PLATE 


GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916, 


Mo. Bor. 


>~KGROUND. 


IN BAC 


LE 


WITH FRUITING PAPAYA TRE 


HOUSE, 


-CONOMIC 


INE 


VIEW 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 161 


cherry, with sharp acid flavor, and is used for jelly. The 
ect is valuable in alleviating the parching of the throat in 
ever. £2 


Artocarpus integrifolia. Urticaceae. Jak fruit.— This _ 
plant has been grown from time immemorial in southern 
Asia. The fruits attain an enormous size, and certain var- 
ieties are highly esteemed as articles of food by the natives 
of India. The name “Jak’’ is derived from the Sanskrit 
name of the fruit, “Tehakka.” The wood is valuable for 
making furniture. 


Atalantia trimera (glauca). Rutaceae. Desert lemon.—A 
tree native of Queensland and New South Wales. The fruit 
is globular, 14 inch in diameter. It may be used for pre- 
serves, or an agreeable beverage is made from its acid juice. 


Blighia sapida. Sapindaceae. Akee tree——A tree native 
of western tropical Africa, early introduced into the West 
Indies. It forms a handsome specimen 30 feet in height, 
having large broad-winged leaves. The fruit has a reddish 
color, is about 3 inches in length, and contains a yellowish 
pulpy aril in which are imbedded three black seeds. In its 
Taw state it is considered poisonous, but cooking makes it 
wholesome. During the season large quantities are brought 
to Kingston (Jamaica) market. 


Brosimum Alicastrum. Urticaceae. Bread-nut tree. — A 
large tree of the West Indies. It has lance-shaped leaves and 
fruit about the size of a plum, containing one nut-seed, which 
when roasted is edible. The wood has a fine grain like 
mahogany. 

Calodendron capensis. Rutaceae. Cape chestnut. — The 
tree is a native of the Cape of Good ne Tt has broad, 
elliptical leaves, and snow-white flowers. The fruit is a five- 
celled, five-angled, prickly capsule, bearing some resemblance 
to the fruit of the chestnut. The seeds are shiny black. 


Carica Papaya. Papayaceae. Papaw tree.—A fast-growing, 
soft-wooded tree of tropical America, averaging 20 feet in 
height. The thick stem is terminated by a crown of large- 
lobed leaves on long foot-stalks, the flowers being produced 
from the stem, below the leaves. The fruit when ripe is yel- 
low, 8-10 inches long, and shaped like a melon. It is pal- 
atable when eaten with sugar and has the flavor of apricots. 
The tree and fruits are full of an acrid milky juice which 
is used to make animal flesh tender, old fowls or hogs being 
wrapped in the leaves. 

Carissa grandiflora. Apocynaceae. Natal plum.—A low, 
prostrate b, native of South Africa, where it is used ex- 


162 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


tensively as a hedge. The half-ripe fruit is used for pickles, 
and sauce made from the ripened berries has a flavor almost 
indistinguishable from that of cranberry sauce. The wood 
is well adapted for turning on the lathe. 


Carissa Carandas, East Indies. C. Arduina, South Africa. 
C. edulis, Egypt. 7 


Chiococea racemosa. Rubiaceae. Snowberry.—A climb- 
ing shrub of the Florida Keys and south Florida. It is eul- 
tivated in hothouses for its panicles of yellowish white flowers 
and the white fruits. The leaves are ovate to lanceolate, 
thick, shining, and entire, and the fruit is a globular drupe 
¥% inch in diameter, turning glabrous. 


Chrysophyllum sp. Sapotaceae. Star apple—A native of 
the West Indies, sedeiinis a height of 30-40 feet. The fruit 
is about the size of an apple and is wholesome, with an agree- 
able sweet flavor. It consists of ten cells, each containing a 
single seed, and when cut across has a star-like appearance. 


Citrus Aurantium. Rutaceae. Orange. — A low, much- 
branched tree, native of western India. It was introduced into 
Italy in the ninth century, and is now grown all along the 
Mediterranean. The tree attains a great age, those in the 
groves of Spain being more than six hundred years old, and 
some trees producing six thousand fruits a year. The orange 
is naturalized in California and Florida, where immense 
—- of the fruit are grown for consumption in the 
United States as well as for exporting. There are a great 

many cultivated varieties, among which are the Malta or 
bl orange, which has a red rind and flesh; the Mandarin 
with a small, flat fruit, from which the skin separates readily ; 
the Bergamot from which an essence called bergamot oil 1s 
extracted; and the Seville or bitter orange which is largely 
used for making marmalade and candied peel. 


_ Chtrus grandis var. “Royal.” Rutaceae. Grapefruit—A 
tree native of the Malay Archipelago, growing to a height 
of 25-30 feet. It is extensively cultivated in Florida and to 
some extent in California. e fruit is globose, with pale 
yellow pulp, and is used largely for dessert. There are @ 


number of varieties, many of which have been originated in 
Florida. | 


Citrus japonica. Rutaceae. Kumquat.—lIt is a small tree, 
native of Japan and China, ree upon the slopes of hills. 
The yellow fruit is preserved in jars and forms an important 
export. It is in California and Florida and is used 
in the United States either preserved or fresh. The pulp is 
sour, while the rind is sweet. : 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 163 


Citrus Medica var. Limonum. Rutaceae. Lemon.—A 
small, spreading tree or shrub, native of India, and culti-_ 
vated in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world. 
The lemon is one of our most important commercial fruits, 
grown extensively in California and Florida and also im- 
ported in large quantities from Italy. The entire fruit, rind 
and pulp, is used widely for culinary and confectionery pur- 
poses, and for the manufacture of citric acid. The cultivated 
varieties must be propagated by budding, grafting, or cut- 
tings, as they do not come true from seed. 


Coccoloba uvifera. Polygonaceae. Sea or shore grape.— 
The sea grape is native of the West Indies and is found grow- 
ing in sandy soil in the proximity of the sea. The red, 
grape-like fruits, occurring in large bunches, are edible but 
very astringent. The broadly heart-shaped leaves are worthy 
of note and make the plant attractive for horticultural pur- 
— _ghe wood is used in cabinet work and when boiled 

s red. 


Coprosma Baueri. Rubiaceae. Tasmania currant.—A low, 
prostrate shrub or small tree native of Norfolk Island, 
where it varies in height from a few feet to 25 feet. The 
small currant-like fruit is used for preserves. The variegated- 
leaf variety is grown in California as an ornamental plant. 


Cordia Myza. Boraginaceae. Sebesten plum.—A small 
tree native of India. The fruit grows in clusters and con- 
sists of a drupe 1 inch in diameter, yellow, with soft and 
clammy pulp. 

Cordia serratifolia and C. Francisci, Mexico. (. angusti- 
folia, India. 

Crataeva gynandra. Capparidaceae. Garlic tree—A tree 
native of the West Indies. The fruit has an odor strongly re- 
sembling garlic. 

Diospyros discolor. Ebenaceae. Mabolo.—A tree native 
to the Philippine Islands, medium-sized, with large, firm, 
light-colored fears: The fruit is like a large quince, wi 
an agreeable flavor. 

Diospyros montana. TEbenaceae. Date plum.—A_ tree 
native of India and China, where it is cultivated for its fruit, 
which is about the size of a small apple. It is delicious and 
is often made into preserves. 

_ Ehvetia tinifolia. Boraginaceae—Trees and shrubs found 
in the warmer regions of the world. The fruit is a yellow 
_ globose drupe, the size of a small pea, with edible thin pulp. 


164 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Ehretia laevis, Australia. 


Ertobotrya japonica. Rosaceae. Loquat or Japanese 
plum.—tThe loquat is a native of China and Japan but is 
grown extensively in Florida and California. The large 
clusters of white flowers appear during the winter months, 
and the fruit ripens in the spring. The latter resembles a 
plum in shape but has a strong acid flavor. The loquat is 
also valued as a decorative plant, the variegated variety 
especially being frequently grown in the northern states. 


Eugenia Jambos. Myrtaceae. Rose-apple.— A small 
tree native of India but cultivated in many tropical coun- 
tries. The tree is planted for shade and ornament, as well 
as for the fruit, ‘hich is heavily rose-scented but very in- 
sipid in taste and almost without juice. It is usually about 
the size of a small apple, but varies in color from white to 
at sa and is used for making jelly and confections. 
Candied rose-apples are much esteemed by the natives. 


Eugenia uniflora. Myrtaceae. Pitanga or Surinam 
cherry.—A small tree or shrub, native of South America. It 
is used as a pot Sage and ornamental shrub and is very 
attractive when the small, globular, white flowers are in 
bloom. The small, showy, ribbed berries resemble a minia- 
ture tomato. They have a spicy acid flavor and are much 
used for making jelly, sherbet, and a refreshing drink. The 
Surinam cherry is grown in southern Florida and southern 
California. 


Eugenia Smithii (lilly-pilly), S. Wales. E. Pitanga, 
Brazil. E. pungens (myrtle), West Indies. E. ternifolia, 
Venezuela. 


Feijoa Sellowiana. Myrtaceae. — This is considered a 
promising fruit plant in southern France. The fruits are 
about 2% inches long, 2 inches thick, and 4-celled. The 
flesh is thick, white, pulpy, and watery, with a strong and 
agreeable odor and a sugary taste, resembling the pineapple 
and the guava. 


Flacourtia Ramontchi. Flacourtiaceae. Indian plum.— 
A small tree, native of India, more or less spiny, with small 
alternate leaves. The fruit is about the size of a plum with 
a sharp but sweet taste. 


Garcinia Mangostana. Guttiferae. Mangosteen——A mod- 
erate-sized tree of Malacca and the Malay Archipelago, intro- 
duced into Ceylon and the West Indies.. The fruit resembles 
a small apple in size and shape, is of a reddish brown color 
when ripe, and is considered by some the choicest of all 
tropical fruit. The rind of the fruit and the bark of the tree 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 165 


are very astringent and have been used more or less in 
medicine. 


Garcinia Livingstonei, tropical Africa. G. Xanthochymus, 
Malay Archipelago. 


Harpephylium caffrum. Anacardiaceae. Kaffir plum.— 
A tree native of the Cape of Good Hope, with edible, plum- 
like fruits. 

Hovenia dulcis. Rhamnaceae. Japanese raisin tree—A 
small tree, also known as the coral tree, distributed over 
China, Japan, and the Himalayas. The fruits, which are 
about the size of a pea and borne on enlarged fleshy 
peduncles, contain a sweet juice and are edible. 


Hymenaea Courbaril. Leguminosae. Courbaril tree or 
West Indian locust.—A large tree with simple bilobed leaves, 
Nnative of the West Indies and tropical America. The diam- 
eter of the true stem is 6-9 feet, surrounded by buttresses 
measuring around the base over 80 feet in circumference. 
Some trees are supposed to be more than a thousand years 
old. The pods are thick, flat, 3-4 inches long and 2 inches 
broad. They contain a few bean-like seeds, imbedded in 
> which becomes mealy as the pod ripens, and is eaten 

y the natives. 

_ Inga dulcis. Leguminosae.—A tree of the Mimosa sec- 
tion of the bean family. It is a large showy specimen with 
simple winged leaves, cultivated for its pods which are 2 or 
more feet long, 3 inches broad, and pendulous. The seeds 
are imbedded in a sweet pulp which is eaten by the natives. 
Different species of Inga are common throughout the whole 
_ of tropical America and the West Indies, the pods of all 
containing a sweet, mucilaginous, edible pulp. 

Lansium domesticwm. Meliaceae. Lanseh.—A tree native 
of and cultivated throughout the Malay Archipelago. The 
fruit is yellow, the size of a pigeon’s egg, and is produced in 
bunches. When ripe it consists of a transparent, pleasant, 
subacid pulp, enclosed in a very bitter skin, which must be 
removed before the fruit is eaten. The natives value the 
lanseh next to the mangosteen and durian in flavor, and 
Europeans rank it foremost among the Malayan fruits. 


Lucuma mammosa. Sapotaceae. Marmalade plum.—The 
marmalade plum tree is native of the West Indies and South 
America. The fruit is filled with an agreeably flavored pulp, 
and the seeds, which contain hydrocyanic acid, are used in 
the West Indies as a substitute for bitter almonds in flavoring. 


Lucwma Bonplandia, Cuba. L. serpentaria, Jamaica. L. 


* 


Rivicoa var. angustifolia, B 


166 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Mangifera indica. Anacardiaceae. Mango.—This tree is 
common in India. The fruit may be called the apple of the 
tropics, and like the apple, has a great many varieties, differ- 
ing in shape, size, color, and flavor. It varies in form from 
kidney-shaped to roundish, and the average weight is from 
one-fourth to three-fourths of a pound. 


Manihot utillissima. Euphorbiaceae. Cassava.—A slender, 
erect shrub of Brazil, chiefly cultivated for the large fleshy 
roots which contain a great quantity of farina. This is ob- 
tained by grating the roots to a pulp, extracting the poison- 
ous juice by washing, and pounding the mass into a coarse 
meal, which is then subjected to heat to drive off the remain- 
ing poison. The meal forms the basis of cassava bread, an 
— article of food in South America. In washing the 
pulp the starch is extracted and placed on hot plates, causing 
the grains to swell and burst, and Sete the tapioca of 
commerce. An intoxicating drink is made from the cassava 
cakes. The women chew them and eject the masticated sub- 
stance into a wooden bowl, where it is allowed to ferment, 
after which it is boiled. 


Melicocea bijuga. Sapindaceae. Honey berry.—A tree, 
native to Guiana, where it attains a height of 40 feet and a 
circumference of 4-5 feet. It produces numerous egg-shaped 
fruits about one and one-half inches in length, the pulp 
having an agreeable vinous, aromatic flavor. 


Nepheliwm Longana. Sapindaceae. Litchi, longan, and 
rambutan.—Small trees, seldom exceeding 20 feet in height. 
The litchi, which is the most celebrated native fruit of China, 
is nearly round, about 14-1 inch in diameter. The Chinese 
dry it when it becomes black like a prune, and thus preserve 
it for use throughout the year. 


Oxyanthus natalensis. Rubiaceae—A native shrub of 
N — a bears long white flowers in racemes, and the berries 
are e. : 


Parkia Roxburghii. Leguminosae. Nutta—Native of 
tropical Africa and Asia, attaining a height of 40 feet. The 
grow in bunches, each pod containing fifteen seeds im- 
ded in a yellowish sweet pulp which is made into a drink. 
In Africa the-seeds are Reaaed. then bruised and placed in 
water which subsequently ferments and is allowed to stand 
until it becomes putrid. The seeds are then washed and 
pounded, and the powder made into little cakes which are 
used as a sauce for all kinds of food. 


_ Persea gratissima. Lauraceae. Avocado or alli tor 
—The avocado pear is one of the most highly cea of the 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 167 


tropical fruits and is widely grown throughout the tropics, 
having been cultivated in Mexico for centuries. It is grown 
commercially in Florida and is shipped to the northern states 
during winter months. Budded trees of improved types pro- 
duce two to three hundred medium-sized fruits. The fruits 
are pear-shaped, light or dark green, and the interior is a 
mass of yellowish pulp of the consistency of firm butter and 
of a delicious nutty flavor. Varieties “El Oro,” “El Fuerte,” 
“San Sebastian.” 


Pithecolobium dulce. Leguminosae. Zamang.— A very 
large tree of Mexico. A circumference of 570 feet has been 
attained at the top branches, while the diameter of the stem 
reaches 9 feet. The pods are thick, flattish, curved, contain 
a sweetish pulp, and are commonly used for feeding cattle. 


Pithecolobium filicifolium (wild tamarind), West Indies. 


Psidium. Myrtaceae. Guavas, various species—Small 
trees, native of tropical America. The collection embraces 
a number of species, among which are the lemon guava, red 
guava, and white guava. The trees are rather widely culti- 
vated and have become naturalized in most tropical and sub- 
tropical countries, including Florida and California. The 
fruit is the important part of the plant, being used for des- 
serts and jelly. 

Psidium Cattleianum, P. Guajava, P. Araca, and P. litto- 
rale, Brazil. P. cuneifolium, P. pyriferum, and P. acre, 
tropical America. P. chinense, China. 


Spondias dulcis. Anacardiaceae. Otaheite apple. — The 
tree abounds in Polynesian islands, and has been introduced 
in many parts of the tropics. It attains a height of 50-60 
feet i has dark n, winged leaves, which contrast with 
the golden fruit. The average fruit is about the size of an 
apple. The rind tastes of ntine, but the pulp has a fine 
apple-like smell and agreeable flavor. The wood is valued 
for making canoes. 


Spondias lutea. Anacardiaceae. Hog-plum.—A tree at- 
taining a height of 40-50 feet. It is commonly cultivated 
for its fruit, which is oval and yellow, and is used for feed- 
Ing swine. 

Tamarindus indica. Leguminosae. Tamarind. — The 
tree, found chiefly in Africa, grows to a height of 60-80 feet 
and has a wide-spreading head of dense foliage. Though 
cultivated for its fruit, it is frequently used as a shade tree 
in warm countries, and as such its value is enhanced by the 


Sours flowers that it bears. The fruits have an agreeably 
acid taste and in hot countries are used for making cooling 


168 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


drinks. The wood is heavy, so heavy in fact that it sinks 
in water. 


Terminalia trifoliata. Combretaceae. Myrobalan.—Large 
trees common throughout India, the East Indies, Fiji, and 
other islands of the Pacific. The fruit is a winged drupe 
containing a hard stone about the size of a nutmeg. It is 
highly astringent, and large quantities are annually im- 
ported for tanning and for making black dye. The kernels 
of the nuts taste like filberts, but if eaten too freely produce 
intoxication. 

Triphasia awrantiola. Rutaceae—A native shrub of East 
Asia, which is often used for hedges. It has flowers of fine 
fragrance, and the fruits are small but of pleasant sweetness. 


(To be continued) 


LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE EXHIBIT 


The exhibition of the American Society of Landscape 
Architects in the Museum of the Garden, during the month 
of October, proved of great interest, especially to those en- 
_ gaged in the allied professions of architecture, engineering, 

and gardening. A great variety of problems were presented, 
and although the geology and topography, the climate and 
the vegetation could not be indicated in every case the designs 
were very instructive and full of valuable ideas and su ges- 
tions. Many of the plans and perspectives, although inci- 
dental to the final development of the roject, were in them- 
selves works of art and presented a phase of the landscape 
architect’s work but little appreciated. The photographs, 
besides suggesting the beauty of the subjects, showed excel- 
lent pictorial balance and composition. 


At least one-half of the space was devoted to developments 
of home grounds and estates, these ranging in size from small 
lots to country homes of large area. Plans for water-front, 
hill, suburb, and country localities were included, the formal 
as well as the natural school being represented. The finish 
and elegance of many of these gardens would compare favor- 


grounds. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 169 


In addition to the above, attractive subdivisions for all 
pes of residence were presented in plan and photograph. 
The practice among large manufacturing concerns of pro- 
viding improved conditions for their employes is growing, 
and practically all the subdivisions planned for such pur- 
poses not only furnish ample space for a lawn and garden 
on each lot but include within the areas parks and play- 

unds for the recreation of the residents. The attention 
that all progressive cities and towns are giving the very nec- 
essary problem of city planning is of course well known, and 
the plans and perspectives of civic centers speak well for the 
possibilities of introducing beauty, convenience, and dignity 
in the arrangement of public buildings. 


* The work shown of the students promises well for the pro- 
fession at large. Harvard University, University of Mich- 
igan, and University of Illinois had fine exhibits of their 
student work, consisting of studies in home grounds, parks 
cemeteries, school grounds, subdivisions, ete. The central 
panel was devoted to the work of the School for Gardening 
of the Missouri Botanical Garden, typical work for all three 
years being shown. With the object of setting a higher 
standard for college students an organization known as the 
University Landscape Architects’ Society was formed a few 
years ago, membership being awarded to students who have 
done work of a high grade. A three-year fellowship in land- 
scape architecture at the American Academy at Rome was 
also recently established. 

In addition to the schools mentioned above, the following 
landscape architects and organizations have contributed to 
the exhibition : 


HOME GROUNDS AND COUNTRY ESTATES 


Brett and Hall, Boston, Mass. 

H. A. Caparn, New York, N. Y. 

Hare and Hare, Kansas City, Mo. 

H. J. Kellaway, Boston, Mass. 

Morell and Nichols, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Olmsted Bros., Brookline, Mase, 
Phillips and Wilcox, Detroit, Mich. 
Pray, Hubbard and White, Boston, Mass. 
Charles H. Ramsdell, Minneapolis, Minn. 
F. A. C. Smith, Amherst, Mass. 

Albert D. Taylor, Cleveland, Ohio 
Ralph M. Weinrichter, Rochester, N. Y. 
Phelps Wyman, Minneapolis, Minn. 


PARKS, PLAYGROUNDS, CEMETERIES 


Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
H. A. Caparn, New York, N. Y. 


170 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Hare and Hare, Kansas City, Mo. 

Charles W. Leavitt, New York, N. Y. 

Massachusetts Agricultural College, Extension Department 
E. T. Mische, Portland, Ore. 

Phillips and Wilcox, Detroit, Mich. 


SCHOOLS AND HOSPITAL GROUNDS 


H. J. Kellaway, Boston, Mass. 
Charles H. Ramsdell, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Albert D. Taylor, Cleveland, Ohio 


CITY PLANNING AND SUBDIVISIONS 


Brett and Hall, Boston, Mass. 

H. A. Caparn, New York, N. Y. 
Alling S. De Forest, Rochester, N. Y. 
Hare and Hare, Kansas City, Mo. 

H. J. Kellaway, Boston, Mass. 
Warren H. Manning, Boston, Mass. 
Olmsted Bros., Brookline, Mass. 
Phillips and Wilcox, Detroit, Mich. 
F. A. C. Smith, Amherst, Mass. 
Albert D. Taylor, Cleveland, Ohio 


THE CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW 


Following the custom of previous years, the chrysanthe- 
mum show, opening the first Sunday in November, will in- 
augurate the series of interior floral displays for the winter. 
The variety and quality of the blooms shown, together with 
the number of plants, will more than equal that of former 
displays. Over 2,000 plants, about equally divided between 
the single-stem and the bush forms, will be staged, and this 
means that there will be something over 10,000 flowers open 
at one time. All the known types from single, recurved, 
reflexed, incurved, and anemone, to the extreme pompon 
and hairy varieties are included, the colors varying from 
white to pink, red, crimson, and maroon, to yellow and 
bronze. extra effort has been made to produce specimen 
plants of the various types, including the production of 
single large plants, as well as single large blossoms. 

A specimen of the original wild type, Chrysanthemum 
indicum, from which practically all ie mole chrysanthe- 
mums have been derived, will be shown in contrast with the 
white and yellow “William Turner,” a variety which shows 
the extreme development of the chrysanthemum, so far as 
size is concerned. x : 

eet will ‘ open to o ublic from 8:00 A. - 
unt ; - M. wee an n 2: . M. unti 
5:00 P. M. Sundays. me ee 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 171 


NOTES 


_ A spring flower show will be held in the Armory Build- 
ing, March 15-18, 1917, under the direction of the St. Louis 
Flower Show Association. 


Mr. G. H. Se ee the E. T. Harvey collection of 
water-lilies, Bond Hill, Cincinnati, in the interest of the 
Garden, September 15-18. 


Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent and Mr. Ames, of the 
Arnold Arboretum, recently spent a day at the Garden con- 
sulting oaks and other material in the herbarium. 


A stereopticon lecture on “Insects and Flowers” was given 
by _Mr. G. H. Pring before the members of the Clifton 
eights Presbyterian Church, September 26. 


A reception to the delegates to the General Convention of 
the Protestant Episcopal Churches was given in the floral 
display house of the Garden on October 21, about 2,000 
attending. 

The goose or pelican plant (Aristolochia ee var. Sturte- 
vantu), described in detail in the June, 1914, number of 
the BuLLertn, is producing an abundance of flowers. The 
plant may be seen in the east side of the bromeliad house. 


Mr. Henry Schmitz, B.S., University of Washington, 
1915, M.S. sisiivanity of Washington, 1916, and Mr. Louis 
J. Pessin, BS., University of Georgia, 1915, curator of bot- 
any department, University of Georgia, have been awarded 
Rufus J. Lackland fellowships for the year 1916-17. 


Recent visitors to the Garden include Mr. C. J. Humphrey 
of the United States Forests Products Laboratory, M n, 
Wisconsin, September 6 and 7; Professor Arthur L. Peck, 
of the department of landscape architecture, Oregon State 
College, Corvallis, August 80; Mr. Emanuel T. Mische, a 
former Garden pupil and now landscape advisor, Portland, 
Oregon, October 7. 


_ On October 8 about twenty-five members of the American 
Association of Park Superintendents visited the Se lawe tage 
were conducted through the greenhouses and groun b 
special guides, particular interest being shown in the land- 
scape architecture exhibit in the Museum. At the recent 
convention of the Association in New Orleans it was decided 
to hold the 1917 convention in St. Louis. 

The second number of Volume III of the Annals of the 
Missouri Beige | Garden has been issued with the following 
contents: oes 

“A New Senecio from Jamaica.” J. M. Greenman. 


172 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


“The Thelephoraceae of North America. VI.” E. A. Burt. 


“The Occurrence in Nature of Certain Yeast-Like Fungi 
with Reference to their Possible Pathogenicity in the Higher 


Animals.” W. H. Emig. 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR 
‘SEPTEMBER, 1916 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


Total number of Vanbi Sees or ae ewe re 


PLANT ACCESSIONS: 


Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange... .. 
Total number of plants received in exchange...........-- 
WON MORGUE coke ees or ree no See boc dar ee 


LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 


Total number of books and pamphlets bought..... eens 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 


HeRBakium ACCESSIONS: 


By Exchange— 


Oakes Ames—Orchids of the Philippine Islands.........-- 
U. 8. National Museum—Plants from various localities. . . 


By Gift— 


S. Alexander—Helianthus tuberosus L. from I[llinois...... 
J. C. Arthur—Fragments of Hupatorium phenicolepis var. 

guatemalensis Rob. from Guatemala............-...++> 
Dr. Geo. Dock—Hriogynia caespitosa (Nutt.) Wats. from 

the Grand Canyon of Arizona...............-0.e000% 
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Missouri, Alabama, Colorado, 

Utah, Oregon and California................2.2..005 
Prof. B. M. Duggar—Parasitic fungi of Colorado.......-. 
W. H. Emig—Plants of Oklahoma...............-..+-++ 
Geo. R. Hill—Specimen of Salicornia sp. from Utah...... 
A. Jaenike—Grasses of Colorado................0.000+: 
La Mortola Botanical Gardens—Specimen and seeds of 

Senecio Prainignus Berger............0....00.ceeees 
0. S. Ledman—Plants of Illinois and Missouri..........- 
Mrs. K. H. Leigh—Specimen of the “tree tomato,” Oypho- 


nee ene Sendt., spontaneous in garden at Kirk- 


ese 
et eek ee eee eee ON Ee 8 6 wee oOo e eek eee 


Fae ee ee Re OE eee, cere kl a 


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= s Overholts—Fungi from New York and Pennsylvania 
© nH Pring—C Jultivated specim Bais ” Zizyp 
ete Gate pa ere see 


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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 173 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


i STAFF 
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Director, 
GEORGE sf MOORE. 


- BENJAMIN Pitice Duccar, > “Epwarp A.’ Burr, 3 
Physiologist, pac batee of Graduate Laboratory : ~ Mycologist and Librarian. 


HERMANN VON SCHRENK, % Jc C) Ta. Urnor, 


Pathologist, e } y =e > Assistant Botanist. — eee, 


Jesse M. GreeNMAN, .. > ~~ GorGE W. FREIBERG, 
Curator of the Herbert, 9 pees Aesistans.. 


F KATHERINE. H. ee: 
: ae : ? “Secretary to the Director. : 


James Gurney, — 


3 “Head | Gardener, vancabicr ea a 
oR ee ae 
eee ee Sem “Wuuam W. OHLWEILER, 
be Genera Manager. 
. ae 
 Joux Noxes, 
‘Landscape Desizmer.- 
- ALEXANDER Lainie, 
_. Horticulturist. *~ 
“4 4 a | i : 5 
eS ' 
AC] ERMAN nh oe ee ee We Be RAR 


Plant Propagation. © CAM caf? we Se Re 


OR. FOLLEN, |. #5 ee 3 2 : - H. Prine, 


_ Farm and Stables. Bea? Ca 
a re wt big 


GARDEN BULLETIN 


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Vol. IV > NOVEMBER, 1916 No. 11 y : 


Sekai 


| eee CONTENTS | 
Plants: in ‘Riobonse House’: IOI a Pee = ANS: 
Floral Display for December > soy = ts Se kes ; ‘e a 
x Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden pe poh SBS? 
Statistical Information for October Flees pe = 190 
st. LOUIS, MO. 
3 Re AS 
PuBLisHED MONTHLY. BY THE BOARD oF. 


“$0 heied Pomme a CLUSIVE O 
18 SELF PPERPRTUATING. 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. IV St. Louis, Mo., November, 1916 No. 11 


PLANTS IN ECONOMIC HOUSE 
(Continued from October Bulletin) 


GUMS 


_ Acacia arabica. Leguminosae. Gum arabic tree.—A 
moderate-sized tree found in India, Arabia, Egypt, and 
tropical and southern Africa. This, together with several 
other species of the genus, yields the gum arabic of com- 
merce, which is imported in the form of large, nearly black 
blocks or small rounded tears. It is used for imparting lustre 
to crape and silk, for thickening colors and mordants in 
calico printing, in the preparation of ink and blacking, as 
a mucilage, and in medicine. The wood of the tree is very 
durable if well seasoned, and is utilized in India for wheels, 
sugar and oil presses, rice pounders, agricultural implements, 
etc. The bark is used in dyeing and tanning industries. 


Castilloa elastica. Urticaceae. Panama rubber tree.—A 
large tree native of Central America. It furnishes the india- 
rubber of this region, and is known by the natives as the ule- 
tree. A large tree, when first cut, yields eight gs of 
milk, each gallon making two pounds of rubber. The plant 
has been introduced into India and Ceylon. 


_ Clusia Hilariana. Guttiferae. Balsam tree.—A gum resin 
is obtained from the different species of Clusia, a genus native 
of the West Indies and tropical America. The trees are 
small, much-branched, and soft-wooded. 

Clusia alba (balsam fig), India. 

Cryptostegia grandiflora. Asclepiadaceae. India-rubber 
vine.—A climber, native of India and South Africa. Its 
milky juice contains caoutchouc. The plant is common but 
the quantity of juice is not sufficient to make it of great com- 
mercial importance. 


Cryptostegia madagascariensis, Madagascar. 
Hevea brasiliensis. Euphorbiaceae. Caoutchouc.—A tree 


attaining 50-100 feet in height, with smooth trifoliate leaves 
(175) 


176 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


and inconspicuous flowers. The fruit is a three-valved cap- 
sule containing three seeds. The stems contain a milky 
juice which is obtained by making deep vertical and slant- 
ing incisions in the bark. The juice is caught in receptacles, 
thickens by exposure to the air, and becomes a creamy paste. 
The paste is dried over a fire upon molds, and upon comple- 
tion 1s the raw india-rubber of commerce. This substance 
did not come into general use until 1842, when the discovery 
was made that it possessed the power of absorbing sulphur, 
which rendered it unaffected by extremes of temperature and 
made it possible for any degree of texture to be obtained. At 
the present time innumerable articles are made from it. 


Landlophia owariensis. Apocynaceae. African rubber 
plant.—A more or less climbing shrub or tree, widely dis- 
tributed in tropical Africa, and one of the rincipal sources 
of African palbae The fruits of some of the species, which 
are known as aboli, are eaten by the natives of the west 
African coast. 


Mimusops sp. Sapotaceae. Monkey’s face.—Trees native 

to northern Africa, possessing a niliey juice which is ex- 

tracted by making incisions in the bark. Upon exposure to 

the air the juice thickens and forms an adhesive glue similar 

to gutta-percha. The fruit is the size of an apple, juicy, and 

edible. The timber is hard and used for many purposes. 
Mimusops Elengi, Africa. 


Piptadenia rigida. Leguminosae. Angico gum.—A native 
tree of South America. it furnishes the angico gum similar 
to gum arabic. The wood is used in the building of ships. 


Pistacia Lentiscus. Anacardiaceae. Mastich.—A tree 20 
feet high, native of the Mediterranean region. It yields a 
balsamic sap, which is obtained by making incisions in the 
stems and branches. It hardens and is the mastic of com- 
merce. Mastic has a sweet, resinous smell, and is chewed by 
the Turks to preserve the gums and teeth. It is also used in 
the preparation of a liquor called raki, as a varnish for pic- 
tures and maps on paper and canvas, and as a tooth cement. 


Pistacia chinensis, China. P. K hinjuk, Egypt. 


Schinus M olle. Anacardiaceae. California pepper tree.— 
A native of tropical America, where it is known also as the 
Peruvian mastic tree, owing to the gum which it exudes. 
In California it is extensively used as a shade tree, and in 
the southern nee attains a height of 50 feet. The tree 
is graceful, clothed with ; pendulous branches, and _ bears 
feathery panicles of greenish or yellowish white flowers, fol- 
lowed by pendant clusters of rose or red fruit. It is owing 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 177 


to the strongly pungent character of the latter that the tree 
is called the pepper tree. 


Shorea robusta. Diptero aceae. Sal.—A large tree, 
native of India, attaining a height of 100 feet. Its wood is 
light brown, close-grained, strong and durable, being even 
stronger and heavier than teak. The tree yields a resin 
known as dammar, which is obtained by siialeleig incisions 


in the bark. An oil is obtained from its seeds. 


MEDICINAL 


Aloe vera. Liliaceae. Aloe——A succulent plant native of 
south Africa. From the hardened juice of the plant is de- 
rived the purgative drug called “bitter aloes.” 


Anamirta Cocculus (Cocculus indica). Menispermaceae. 
Fish poison.—A climbing shrub of southern Asia. It is used 
in medicine as an ointment for chronic skin diseases. It is 
also said to be employed by brewers to increase the bitterness 
of malt liquors, but the practice is illegal because the berries 
of the plant contain an acrid irritant poison called picro- 
toxin. The berries are used by the Chinese as fly and fish 
poison. ? 

Casearia glomerata. Samydaceae. Snake root.—A shrub 
or small tree native of Brazil. The leaves are somewhat as- 
Saag and when boiled are applied to wounds and snake 

ites. 


Casimiroa edulis. Rutaceae. Mexican apple—A tree 
native of Mexico. The fruit is greenish yellow with thick 
rind, and resembles an orange in size and shape. It has a 
delicious flavor similar to the peach, but is used chiefly in 
aeunng sleep, while the leaves are used as a remedy for 

arrhea. 


Cassia Fistula. Leguminosae. Senna—An ornamental 
tree, native of tropical Asia, 20-50 feet high, bearing num- 
erous racemes of bright yellow flowers. e seed pods are 

ndulous, often 2 feet long, cylindric, and when ripe of a 

ark purplish brown color. The small seeds are imbedded in 
a brownish pulp, which has a sweetish taste, and is used as a 
mild laxative. The bark is in considerable demand in India 
for tanning. The plant also yields a gum. 


Cassia javanica and C. nodosa, Malay Archipelago. 


Cerbera Tanghin. Apocynaceae. Poison ordeal-tree.—A 
soft-wooded, small tree of Madagascar, with stiff branches 
and elliptical leaves 4-5 inches long. It bears pretty white- 
pink flowers and a fleshy fibrous drupe about the size of a 


178 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


plum, containing a hard seed, the kernel of which is highly 
poisonous. In Madagascar persons suspected of crime are 
made to swallow a small portion of the kernel, and if they 
die from its effects are supposed to be guilty. Condemned 
criminals are put to death by being pricked with a lance 
dipped in the juice of the kernels. It is said to produce death 
in 20 minutes. 


Cerbera Odollam, East Indies. 


Cinnamomum Camphora. Lauraceae. Camphor tree.—A 
tree native of Formosa, Japan, and China, also cultivated ex- 
tensively in India and Ceylon. Camphor of commerce is ob- 
tained from the root, trunk, and branches, and in India is 
extracted successfully from the leaves and twigs also. The 
plant parts are broken up and heated with water in closed 
vessels, the volatilized camphor collecting as a sublimate upon 
rice straw. The product is further refined upon arrival in 
America. Camphor is used extensively in the manufacture 
of celluloid, smokeless gunpowder, and in the preparation of 
disinfectants and medicines, 


Guaiacum officinale. Zygophyllaceae. Lignum-vitae—A 
small tree (20-30 feet) native of Jamaica and other West 
Indian Islands, and parts of tropical America. It has a round — 
head and conjugate winged leaves, and produces clusters of 
blue flowers resembling hepatica. The wood is extremely 
hard, and is extensively used in dockyards for pulleys and 
bearings of steam machinery. It contains a resin known as 
gum guaiacum, which has long been in use as a medicine, 
especially in rheumatic affections. 


Hernandia sonora. Lauraceae. Jack-in-a-box.—A_ tree 
about 40 feet high, native of India. The leaves are glossy 
and light green with a red spot in the center. The fruit is 
large, whitish, and egg-shaped. The plant is much used in 
Europe for wabtapical bedding, and produces a juice that 
removes hairs from the face without pain. 


Ipomoea Horsfalliae var. Briggsi. Convolvulaceae. Bind 
weed.—A vine native of the East Indies. From the roots is 
obtained a resinous substance which is highly purgative. 


Jatropha Curcas. Euphorbiaceae. Physic-nut plant—A 
shrub native of — America but introduced into most 
tropical countries. e seeds yield an oil having strong pur- 
gative properties, and aside from its use in medicine, is em- 
ployed in the manufacture of soap and candles. 


Jatropha multifida, J. podagrica, and J. wrens, tropical 
America. . 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 179 


Myrozxylon toluiferwm. Leguminosae. Balsam of tolu 
tree—A tree native of Venezuela and Colombia. It grows 
to a height of 80 feet, and is often unbranched for a distance 
of 40-60 feet from the ground. Balsam is obtained by mak- 
ing V-shaped incisions through the bark of the growing tree 
and inserting calabash cups. Balsam of tolu is used in medi- 
cine as an expectorant and stimulant, and tolu lozenges are 
well known as a remedy for allaying coughs. 

Myroxylon Pereirae (balsam of Peru). 

Piper angustifolium. Piperaceae. Soldier’s herb. — A 
plant native of South America. It is an erect-growing 
species, with lanceolate rough leaves, which are used for 
stanching the bleeding of wounds. 

Pilocarpus pennatifolius. Rutaceae. Jaboranda plant.— 
A native of Brazil. The leaves and bark of this shrub con- 
tain essential oil and a peculiar alkaloid, pilocarpine, which 
are recommended as a sudorific and as a specific in diphtheria 
and hydrophobia. Pilocarpine contracts the pupil and also 
stimulates the salivary glands. 

Pistacia Terebinthus. Anacardiaceae. Turpentine tree.— 
This tree has winged leaves, similar to those of ash, of a red- 
dish tinge, and small and inconspicuous flowers. Solitary 
small trees are common in the Mediterranean region, 
Algeria, and Palestine, and are also found in Egypt and 
westward through northern Africa. A liquid flows from in- 
cisions made in the stem, which is the Chian turpentine of 
commerce, coming mainly from the island of Chios. The 
substance has a pleasant aromatic smell, and in the last two 
years has been Scag into prominence as a remedy for 
cancer. 

Smilax mauritanica. Smilaceae. Sarsaparilla—A woody 
climber of Morocco. The leaves are alternate, smooth, and 
shiny. The flowers are inconspicuous, the fruit a berry. 
From the roots is obtained the drug sarsaparilla, which is 
considered to be a restorative in complaints arising from poor- 
ness of the blood. 

Sophora secundiflora. Leguminosae. Sophora.—A round- 
headed tree, attaining a height of 40 feet and having light 
green winged leaves. It is a native of China and Japan 
where its white, papilionaceous flowers are used for dyeing 
both yellow and green. A purgative property pervades the 
whole of the tree, even affecting those who prune it or work 
with the wood. 

OILS 


Aleurites triloba. Euphorbiaceae. Candle nut or country 
walnut oil tree—A handsome tree, widely distributed in 


180 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


tropical countries. The seeds, strung upon a stick, are 
burned as candles in the Sandwich Islands. When pressed 
the seeds yield a large amount of pure oil similar to linseed 
oil, except that it dries more saaokiy and presents a harder 
and more waterproof surface, and is less light-proof and 
elastic. The oil derived from Aleurites Fordii is imported 
into the United States for use in varnishes, paints, soaps, 
linoleums, etc. 


Calophyllum inophyllum. Guttiferae. Domba-oil tree.— 
A large tree, native of the East Indies and Polynesia, also 
known as Alexandrian laurel. From the fresh seeds a 
fragrant green oil is obtained, which in India is known as 
pinnay or domba oil. It is used for burning in lamps, and 
also as a medicine, being externally applied in the treatment 
of rheumatism. 


Calophyllum Calaba (calaba oil), tropical America. 


Olea europaea, Oleaceae. Olive tree—An evergreen tree, 
native of Syria, Palestine, and Greece, naturalized abund- 
antly on the shores of the Mediterranean, and cultivated ex- 
tensively in California and southern Australia. The tree 
reaches 40 feet in height and attains great age. It is exceed- 
ingly productive, even thriving on poor, ae sandy soils, 
and has been prized from antiquity on account of the oil ob- 
tained by pressure from the pulp of the fruit. Cotton-seed 
oil, which is sometimes used as an adulterant in olive oil, re- 
duces silver nitrate, whereas olive oil does not, and this prop- 
erty makes possible the detection of adulteration as small as 
1 per cent. Large quantities of olives are preserved or 
pickled, being prepared by soaking the unripe fruits in 
eee and lime to remove the bitter constituents, and then 

ttling in brine. Ripe olives are bluish black in color, and 
are also important as an article of commerce. 


Olea cuspidata, southern Asia. 


Salvadora persica. Salvadoraceae. Mustard tree.—A 
small, glaucous tree of India, Ceylon, and Arabia. Persians 
make tooth-brushes from the twigs, hence the tree is some- 
times called the tooth-brush tree. The bark has an odor like 
that of cress, and is supposed to be the mustard of Luke 
XIII: 19. The root bark is very acrid and acts as a vesicant. 
The leaves are eaten as salad and also serve as fodder for 
cattle, and the seeds yield an oil, “kikuel-oil.” 


Terminalia Catappa. Combretaceae. Indian almond.—A 
large, deciduous tree, native of India, but naturalized in the 
West Indies and America. The wood is largely used for the 
construction of houses, carts, ships, etc. The Leas of the 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 181 


nuts are large almond-like seeds, which are eaten raw or 
roasted and are said to compare with the filbert in taste. The 
nuts also yield an oil. Several species of this genus are used 
in tanning. Astringent galls which form on the young twigs 
are employed in India for making ink, as well as for dyeing. 


ORNAMENTALS 


Abrus precatorius. Leguminosae. Coral-bead plant.—A 
slender, twining, wing-leaved shrub, native of the East 
Indies. The seeds are scarlet with a black spot; and are used 
for rosaries, necklaces, goldsmiths’ weights, etc. 


Acacia spadicigera. Leguminosae. Bull horn—A small 
tree of Mexico, with 1-3 erect stems, and a few lateral 
branches bearing numerous large, inflated spines, remark- 
able for their close resemblance to the horns of an ox or 
buffalo. The pods are eaten by pigs and other animals. The 
spines are utilized by certain stinging ants of the genus 

seudomyrma as nesting places for raising their young. The 
horns are hollowed out by the insects, which perforate one 
of the spines near the tip, usually on the under side so that 
no water can enter. The bipinnate leaves have nectar glands 
on the rachis and petiole, and are still further provided with 
paula processes on the tips of the leaflets, minute wax-like 

ies rich in oil and protoplasm, which are used as food by 
the ants. Belt was the first to suggest that in return for the 
quarters and subsistence, the little ants protect their host as. 
body-guard soldiers. 

Antigonon leptopus. Zee. Mountain rose.—A 
tropical tendril climber, probably the only species cultivated 
in this country. The stem is slender, tall and glabrous, and 
the rose-pink flowers are in racemes. The plant requires an 
abundance of light but is one of the handsomest of summer- 
blooming greenhouse climbers. In the south it blooms freely 
in the open. 

Artabotrys odorotissimus. Anonaceae. Climbing ylang- 
ylang—aA woody climber of China. It is widely cultivated 
in the tropics and conservatories for its flowers and fruits. 
The flowers are yellow, two inches long, fragrant, and showy. 

Bignonia speciosa. Bignoniaceae. Trumpet flower.—An 
ornamental climber native of South America. 

Bignonia violacea, B. buccinatoria, and B. Tweediana. 

Brezia madagascariensis. jad meee RE tree native 
of Madagascar, with alternate leaves furnished with minute 
stipules. The flowers are green, produced in axillary umbels. 
The plant is much used in conservatories. 


182 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Bunchosia sp. Malpighiaceae.. West Indian cherry.—An 
ornamental erereren shrub of Jamaica, with axillary flowers 
and fleshy smooth fruit containing three seeds. 


Callicarpa americana. Verbenaceae. French mulberry.— 
This is a very effective shrub with handsome fruits, a native 
of southern United States. 


Dianella caerulea. Liliaceae. Paroo lily—A subshrubby 
plant, native of Australia, chiefly attractive for its blue ber- 
ries which remain for several weeks. The stem is short, 
branching, with six leaves clustered at top. The leaves are 
9-12 inches long, dark green, and rough on the back and 
margin. 

Escallonia macrantha. Saxifragaceae. Chilean gum box.— 
A small tree of South America, used as an ornamental vine. 
The leaves are alternate, and the flowers are strongly odorous, 
red, and tubular in racemes. 


Hura crepitans. Euphorbiaceae. Sandbox tree.—A large 
tree of western tropical America. The fruit is curious, bein 
circular in form and consisting of 12-15 valved cells, whic 
give it the appearance of a single flat seed. It is often kept 
as a curiosity, but with overheat or dryness, bursts with a 
report as loud as a gun, spreading its seeds and valves to a 
distance of several feet. 


Nandina domestica. Berberidaceae. Sacred bamboo of 
China.—A small tree of China, bearing tufts of compound 
leaves on its apex, and terminal panicles of flowers, followed 
by red berries like those of holly. During the Chinese re- 
ligious season, corresponding to our Christmas, the plant is 
used for decorating houses and altars in temples; hence the 
name of sacred bamboo. 

Paradisea Liliastrum. Liliaceae. St. Bruno’s lily.—A 
decorative plant of Europe. It has white, lily-like flowers 
borne on a scape 1 foot long. The leaves are linear, radical, 
1 foot long. 

Persea indica. Lauraceae. Canary wood.—This is a fine 
evergreen tree, native of the Canary Islands and Madeira. 
There are three ies of this genus in the American trade, 
all being prized for their clean evergreen foliage. 


Phyllanthus speciosus. Euphorbiaceae. Seaside laurel.— 
A small shrub, native of Jamaica, with floriferous lanceolate 
branches. More than 400 species of this genus exist, mostly 
in tropical regions, but only a few are levied. chiefly as 
foliage plants. 

_Saurauja lanceolata. Ternstroemiaceae.—A plant native 
of South America, and used chiefly as an eae in con- 
servatories on account of its fine foliage and flowers. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 183 


Synadenium Grantii. Euphorbiaceae. Milk bush.—A 
succulent shrub of tropical Africa. The plant is smooth, 
thick-branched, with ovate leaves 3-4 inches long. The juice 
is milky. 

Thevetia nereifolia. Apocynaceae. Lucky beans. — A 
small tree, native of South America, bearing yellow flowers. 
The hard, oblong seeds are mounted and used as pendants 
and charms. 

Trachelospermum jasminoides. Apocynaceae. Star jas- 
mine.—A climber, native of southern China, where it is 
especially valued for its flowers. When in bloom the plant 
seems to be covered with a white sheet, the flowers almost hid- 
ing the foliage and filling the air with a peculiar, pleasant 
fragrance. 

Vitis capensis. Vitaceae. Grape.—An ornamental 
climber of the Cape of Good Hope. 


PERFUMES 


Acocanthera spectabilis. Apocynaceae. Winter-sweet.— 
A tender shrub of south Africa. It is cultivated in green- 
houses and outdoors in Florida and California. The leaves 
are long, leathery, and shiny. The flowers are numerous in 
dense, axillary racemes, pure white, with odor of jasmine, 
and much used in the manufacture of perfume. 


Jasminum Sambac. Oleaceae. Arabian jasmine. — An 
ornamental plant, native of tropical Asia, producing large 
double, white flowers with a strong, ae i odor. From the 
flowers of this species, as well as of the other jasmines, the oil 
of jasmine is prepared. They are further used by the Hindus 
for making garlands. 

Jasminum grandiflorum (oye! jasmine), India. J. cap- 
ense (Cape jasmine), South Africa. J. officinale, tropical 
Africa and Asia. J. simplicifoliwm, Pacific islands. J. pan- 
iculatum, China. J. fructicans, southern Europe. J. humile 
(yellow jasmine), southern Asia. 

Myrtus communis. Myrtaceae. Myrtle—A shrub or 
small tree, native of western Asia and naturalized in southern 
Europe. The wood-is hard and mottled, often knotty, and 
is much esteemed in Turkey. An oil is obtained from it 
which is used in perfumery, and the leaves are used to make 
sachet powder, potpourris, etc. The fruit is a pulpy black 
berry, and is used in some countries as an aromatic condi- 
ment. 

Plumeria rubra, and P. bicolor. Apocynaceae. Frangi- 
pani.—These are shrubs, native of South America, with de- 


184 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


liciously scented flowers from which perfumes are said to be 
made. The name frangipani is from the name of an ancient 
family of Rome, a descendant of which first invented a 
method of perfuming gloves, but what the perfume con- 
sisted of is not known. 


Pogostemon Heyneanus. Labiatae. Patchouli—aA plant 
2 or 3 feet high, native of India. The leaves are used by the 
Hindus for perfuming cashmere shawls. India-ink also owes 
its peculiar odor to this plant, and the essential oil from 
which this odor emanates is distilled for toilet use. The 
leaves are commonly used in sachets. 


TEXTILES 


Antiaris toxicaria. Moraceae. Upas-tree—This is the 
celebrated poisonous tree of Java, which at one time was sup- 
posed to give off fumes fatal to animal life. The fresh juice 
is virulent poison and is used by aboriginal tribes in the 
Malay Archipelago to tip arrows. In western India sacks 
are made from the bark, which is removed whole by soaking 
and beating the trunk, a portion of the stem being left at 
the end to serve as a bottom for the bag. 


_ Bauhinia candicans. Leguminosae—A woody vine hav- 
ing stems 200-300 feet long, which climb over and interlace 
the highest trees. The plant often twists the trees so tightly 
that they become strangled and die. The bark is very toug 
and ao is valuable for making ropes for suspension 
bridges. The leaves are about a foot in diameter and are 
used for making platters. 


Boehmeria argentea. Urticaceae. Grass cloth—An her- 
baceous perennial plant of Mexico, which sends up numerous 
rod-like stems feet high. The leaves are heart-shaped 
and silvery white on the under surface. The stems contain 
fine fibre from which ropes and sail cloths are made. 


Cyperus textilis. Cyperaceae.—A like plant, grow- 
ing in tufts, native of south Africa. m the flower stalks 
ropes and mats are made. 


Lagetta lintearia. Thymelaeaceae. Lace bark.—A native 
of Jamaica, growing on limestone rocks and insinuating its 
roots in the fissures. The flower resembles the lily-of-the- 
valley, and the fruit is a pulpy white berry. The tree is 
remarkable for its bark which separates into twenty or more 
layers, assuming the appearance of lace. It was at one time 
used in Jamaica for net caps, bonnets, veils, ruffles, etc., and 


with care will stand washing. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 185 


Pachira campestris. Bombaceae. Silk cotton tree—A 
tree, native of Brazil, attaining a height of 100 feet and hav- 
ing flowers 15 inches in length. The seeds are involved in 
silky, wool-like hairs, firmly packed in a capsular fruit. 
When this opens the hairs expand and form a wooly mass. 
The hairs are not adhesive and are brittle, and are used for 
stuffing cushions but cannot be spun. 3 


' Phormiwm tenax. Liliaceae. New Zealand flax.—Fibre 
is contained in abundance in the long sword-like leaves of 
this plant. Various attempts have been made to separate and 
clean the fibre on a large scale, but thus far the product so 
obtained does not equal that prepared by the native Maoris. » 


Phormium tenax var. atropurpureum. 


Sansevieria zeylanica. Haemodoraceae. Bowstring hemp.— 
The plant is a native of Ceylon, India, and tropical Africa, 
and is found also in Mauritius and Jamaica. In Ceylon it 
is known as “niyanda” and in India as “moorva.” The fibre, 
which is very tough and elastic, is obtained from the leaves 
and was used by the ancient Hindus for bowstrings, hence 
the common name. At the present time it is used chiefly 


in rope-making, ete. 


WOODS 


Afzelia rhomboidea. Le inosae. Tindalo.—A native 
of Borneo and the Malay Archipelago. The wood is used 
for timber and cabinet-making. 


Berria Ammonilla. ‘Tiliaceae. Trincomalee wood.—A 
large, erect, handsome tree of southern Asia, used for timber. 


Citharexylum quadrangulare. Verbenaceae. Fiddle wood. 
—A tree of the West Indies with branches permanently four- 
angled. Its leaves are elliptic-oblong, and the flowers white. 
The wood is used for making musical instruments. 


Crescentia Cujete. Bignoniaceae. Calabash tree —A 
medium-sized tree, native of the West Indies and South 
America. The hard shells of the gourd-like fruits are made 
into numerous domestic utensils, such as cups, basins, 
spoons, bottles, etc., and are often elaborately carved or 
painted. The peculiar knotted growth is et and 
characteristic of this plant which should not be conf with 
the calabash gourds of the West Indies. > 
_- Elaeodendron orientale. Celastraceae. Olive wood.—A 
native of Madagascar. It is a tree attaining a height of 30-40 
feet. The timber is both hard and white, and is adapted for 
fancy and cabinet work. 


186 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Jacaranda ovalifolia. Bignoniaceae. Green ebony.—A 
native of Brazil, producing the fancy wood of commerce. 


Macadamia ternifolia. Proteaceae. Queensland nut tree. 
—A tree, native of Australia, seldom attaining a great 
height. It is valued chiefly for its wood, which is marked 
by its peculiar silver grain and is used in cabinet-making. 
ac tree bears an edible seed, which, however, is of little 
value. 


Sterculia acerifolia. Sterculiaceae. Flame tree.—A native 
tree of New South Wales, attaining a height of 60-100 feet 
and a circumference of 6-8 feet. It has smooth, large-lobed 
leaves and racemes of showy red flowers. 


Sterculia alata (Buddha cocoanut), India. S. discolor, 
—— S. platanifolia (Chinese parasol tree), China and 
apan. 


Swietenia Mahagoni. Meliaceae. Mahogany. — A large 
tree, native of Jamaica, with winged, dark-colored, ash-like 
leaves. The wood is used for interior fittings, furniture, and 
cabinet-work. 


FLORAL DISPLAY FOR DECEMBER 


During the month of December the display of flowering 
plants in the floral display house will typify the holiday sea- 
son, the predominating colors being red and white. About 
2,000 poinsettias, varying in size from the dwarf varieties 
about a foot or less in height to the tree plants as high as 
twelve feet, will constitute the greater part of this exhibit. 
Interesting variations of the poinsettia being shown in St. 
Louis for the first time are the white and pink-flowered var- 
leties. As a matter of fact, however, the flowers of the poin- 
settias are neither white, pink, nor red but a sort of greenish 
yellow, the part of the plant usually called the flower being 
the conspicuous whorl of leaves immediately surrounding the 
cluster of flowers in the center. 


As a setting for the poinsettias about 2,000 potted plants 
of the variegated stevia are being used. These plants have 
rather insignificant white flowers, but because of the loose- 
ness and natural gracefulness of the sprays they tend to set 
off to advantage the form and color of the poinsettia. In ad- 
dition to the stevia about 2,000 bulbs of the paper-white nar- 
cissus will be on display, and besides adding to the white 
color of the exhibit will fill the house with fragrance. A few 
cyclamen in red, white, and lavender will be shown, and a 
few groups of the yellow-flowered reinwardtia will also be 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 187 


used to vary the general red and white scheme. On the 
balcony overlooking the display house will be shown many 
begonias and a few hundred lilies of various varieties. 


In point of beauty the December show bids fair to rival 
that of the chrysanthemums during the month of November. 


ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


_ It does not seem to be generally known in St. Louis that 
in addition to the BuLLeTin, the Garden publishes a quar- 
terly known as the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 
This journal is devoted exclusively to scientific papers con- 
tributed by members of the Garden staff, by graduate stu- 
dents in the Shaw School of Botany of Washington Univer- 
sity, or by botanists using the extensive facilities offered by 
the Garden. Except when exchanged for an equivalent pub- 
lication, the Annals is supplied only on subscription, $3.00 
annually. : 

The scope and character of the Annals may be Judged from 
the table of contents of the three volumes which have ap- 
peared thus far. 

VOLUME I 
The Effects of Surface Films and Dusts on the Rate of Tran- 
Spirakion. = 3355-65 2 a ee ee B. M,. Duggar and J. 8. Cooley 
Some Pure Culture Methods in the Algae............--. J. R. Schramm 
The Identification of the Most Characteristic Salivary Organism 
and Its Relation to the Pollution of Air.............. A. G. Nolte 
The Polyporaceae of Ohio... 5.2. ss ee v see owen ee L. O. Overholts 


A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Relation of Certain 
Species of Grass-green Algae to Elementary Nitrogen. .J. R. Schramm 


The Thelephoraceae of North America, I.......-..-.-+++-- EH. A. Burt 
Indications Regarding the Source of Combined Nitrogen for 
Ub ea ect a a a ES G. L. Foster 
The Effects of Certain Conditions upon the Acidity of Tomato : 
PUES oo ee ee ee B.-M. Duggar and M. C. Merrill 
A Method for the Differential Staining of Fungous and Host 
Ra oe EEN OP AE R. EB. Vaughan 
Two Trunk Diseases of the Mesquite...........- Hermann von Schrenk 
A Trunk Disease of the Lilac.......--.-+-++--+: Hermann von Schrenk 
Descriptions of North American Senecioneae........ aw. M. Greenman 
A Study of the Physiological Relations of Sclerotinia cinerea 
(Bon;). Schiviiter ..5 skis ew eee he gee ieee J. 8. Cooley 
The Thelephoraceae of North America. Il.......-..-.-++-- EH. A. Burt 


The Effects of Surface Films and Dusts on the Rate of Transpira- 


tion: E i ith Potted Potatoes.........---+++++: 
sts crenata Z B. M. Duggar and ae 


The Thelephoraceae of North America. III......--.----+-- . A. Burt 
Some Oenotheras from Cheshire and Lancashire........--+- R. R. Gates 
A Texan Species of Megapterium....-.----+-0+-++200+00" R. R. Gates 
Diagnoses of Floweri lants, chiefly from the Southwestern 


United States and Mexico....J. M. Greenman and 0. H. Thompson 
Enzyme Action in Fucus vesiculosus. .... B. M. Duggar and A. R. Davis 


188 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


VOLUME II 
The Twenty-fifth Anniversary Celebration. 
The Vegetation of Mona Island................-seee0e: N. L. Britton 
The Flora of Norway and Its Immigration.................. N. Wille 
The Phylogenetic Taxonomy of Flowering Plants......... C. H. Bessey 
The Botanical Garden of Oaxaca.............0..eeceeeees C. Conzattt 
The Origin of Monocotyledony................-ececeees J. M. Coulter 
The History and Functions of Botanic Gardens............ A. W. Hill 
Recent Investigations on the Protoplasm of Plant Cells and Its 
cleigee DAG) ach, , ee See eee ee ee ees F. Czapek 
The Experimental Modification of Germ-Plasm....... D. T. MacDougal 
The Relations between Scientifie Botany and Payeopetelons Pa 
Te ahe hehe ge ke RS Be ne ee eg Se ea - Appe 
The Law of Temperature Connected with the Distribution of 
MRE DIDI Hos as CPs ess Fees W. A. Setchell 
Phytopathology in the Tropics.................40. Johanna Westerdijk 
Phylogeny and Relationships in the Ascomycetes........ G. F. Atkinson 
A Conspectus of Bacterial Diseases of Plants............. E. F. Smith 


ONIG OMG sc ee oy aS ois kbs dads + . C. Merrill 
Electrolytic Determination of Exosmosis from the Roots of Plants ; 
Subjected to the Action of Various Agents.......... . O. Merrill 
Monograph of the North and Central American Species of the 
nee: Domine —P art Fe es es J. M. Greenman 
The Thelephoraceae of North America. IV................ E. A. Burt 
Toxicity of Galactose for Certain of the Higher Plants. .Lewis Knudson 
Comparative Studies in the Polyporaceae.............. L. O. Overholis 
The Thelephoraceae of North America. V................. E. A. Burt 
Action in the Marine Algae.................+0005 A. R. Davis 
VOLUME III 
Rhizoctonia Solani in Relation to the “Mopopilz” and the “Ver- 
WP a a a a B. M. Duggar 
The Texas Root Rot Fungus and Its Conidial Stage. ..... B. M. Duggar 
Cabbage Yellows and the Relation of Temperature to Its Occur- 
SD Sucpatna Ree oe ere ee eee teveeeee dhe O. Gilman 
Monograph of the North and Central American pecies of the 
sh me Biestaier sins ced See oe eee Se J. M, Greenman 
New or Interesting Species of Gill Fungi from Missouri..L. O. Overholts 
New Senecio from Jamaica...........:....0+2+-0+ . M. Greenman 
The Thelephoraeceae of North America. VI...............- E. A. Burt 


The Occurrence in Nature of Certain Yeast-Like Fungi with 
Reference to Their Possible Pathogenicity in the Higher 


SMM ee ise es eS W. H. Emig 
The Missouri Agrimonies.................... ee B. F, Bush 
The Thelephoraceae of North America. VII.............. E. A. Burt 
Catalogue of the Plants of Jasper County, Missouri...... E. J. Palmer 
Pistillaria (subg. Pistillina) 2 Ure BOD Ss. ae =: E. A. Burt 
A Note on the Adaptability of the Folin Micro-Kjeldahl A 

gr ba Ea, ee = eee A. R, Davis 
Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. I. Nitrogen Fixa- 
nce tee ee eee eS B. M. Duggar and A. R. Davis 


Studies in the Physiol of the Fungi. II. Lenzites saepiaria 
Fries, with Special Heferenee to Enzyme Activity... .. 8. M. Zeller 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 189 


NOTES 


The third number of Volume III of the Annals of the 
Missouri Botanical Garden has been issued with the follow- 
ing contents: ; 

“The Missouri Agrimonies.” B. F. Bush. 

. des Thelephoraceae of North America. VII.” E. A. 
urt. 

“Catalogue of the Plants of Jasper County, Missouri.” 
BK. J. Palmer. 


Mr. I. C. Hoffman, Industrial Fellow, Department of 
Horticulture, Purdue University, has registered for work in 
the graduate laboratory. 


On November 22, Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to 
the Garden, spoke before the Railroad Branch, Y. M. C. A., 
on “Flowers for the Home.” 


Dr. A. R. Davis, formerly Research Assistant to the 
Garden, has been ne Mons. Assistant Professor of Botany 
at the University of Nebraska. 


Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler, General Manager of the Garden, 
lectured before the Parkview Improvement Association, 
November 13, on “Garden Development About the Home.” 


As a result of the competitive examinations held in Sep- 
tember, Miss Margaret Corley of St. Louis, and Mr. George 
Pedlow of Indianapolis, were awarded Garden scholarships. 


Mr. W. W. Eggleston, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, 
U. S. Department of Agriculture, recently spent a day in 
the Garden herbarium studying certain plants which are 
poisonous to stock in the Northwest. 


Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. W. C. Sturgis, 
of Cambridge, Massachusetts, on October 21, and Mr. Martin 
Nelson and W. H. Wicks, sea: sepes§ Director and_Horti- 
culturist of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 
Fayetteville, on November 8. 


The Association of Collegiate Alumnae of St. Louis held 
their November meeting in the graduate lecture room of the 
Garden, on November i. Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticul- 
turist to the Garden, addressed the meeting on “Winter Pro- 
tection of Plants.” 


Dr.. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, 
attended the meetings of the American Society for Municipal 
Improvements as a member of the committee on Paving 
Standards, at Newark, New Jersey, October 10. He also 
attended the convention of South Cypress Manufacturers 


190 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Association, Jacksonville, Florida, November 1, and gave 
a report on “Fire-resistive Methods in Wood Construction.” 


The following addresses have been delivered by Dr. Her- 
mann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden: “Timber 
Specifications,” before the convention of Employes of Pur- 
chasing and Store Departments, Santa Fe System, at Temple, 
Texas, October 16; “On Defects of Timber and Preventive 
Methods” before the convention of American Railway Super- 
intendents of Bridges and Buildings, at New Orleans, Octo- 
ber 18; “On Structural Timbers, Their Use and Disuse” 


— the Purchasing Agents Association, Chicago, Novem- 
r 14. 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR OCTOBER, 1916 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


Tetal whither Gf visitors. os ee 28,785 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of plants received in exchange.............. 397 
Plants and seeds donated................. er ere 18 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought............. 28 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 36 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — ‘ 
Pedro Jérgensen—Plants of Argentina................-- 104 
Paul C. Standley—Plants of Florida.................... 315 
By Gift — 
J. A. Drushel—Umbilicaria Dillenii from Vermont........ 1 
J. A. Drushel—Quercus Cerris L., “Austrian oak,” a street 
iret in: St, De Se gs aK 1 


- M. Duggar—Fungi from Creve Coeur, Mo...........-- 
J. H. Kellogg—Specimens of Quercus, a hybrid oak from 


Ce 


Stereum hirsutum from Australia..................+- 3 
L. B. Walker—Fungi of Nebraska.....................: 17 
RS ee es 465 


A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vande er 
— : venter Avenue car line. Transf 


: ap STAFF 
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 
“Director; ; 
GEORGE . MOORE. 
"BENJAMIN Mines Duccar, _ Epwarp A. “Burr, 
: "Physiolorist in charge of Genter Laboratory _Mycologist and Libratian: 
s ‘HERMANN ' voN ScHReNK, s I. C: Ta. Uruor, 
Pathotoris.. Assistant Botanist #4 
Jesse M. Guaewnay,, - Gronce W. Fuses, 
aS Curator of the Herbarium. Ze ie Research Assistant - 
; ped - Katsenive H. ‘Leton, Bo < BOER OF 
ee ers e Secretary to the Director. aa: 
z 5; James: Gurney, ; ene 
_ Bend Gardenen, Berit o ae es . 
4 Wutam Ww. Onna, - 
4 General Manager. A: 
: % : “Joun Noyes, a y Me} 
. "Landscape Designer. : 
: Be ALEXANDER ‘ty | 
: - Horticulturist. ; 
: ae ‘Expmas,, es gsi - od, WwW: F. LANGAN,, 
Plant t Propagation. : aS a : pate Be 
c R. FouLes, A G. H. Princ, 
- Construction. Mae abt ee Orehide and other Exotics. 
“% -P. FOnnsrex, ie oe M, Scuueze, | 
2 ret sete Ae uae 


- Missourr Boranican 
Garden BULLETIN 


Vol: IV DECEMBER, 1916 = No, 12, 


ay ae 


i The Oldest Living Tree in n the ¢ World Lae Sag) 
_ Evergreens © on Aare le hes Sac ae Shag pe 
gg Notes. Aree (ie Rega ies ars ee . - 
’ Statistical eiforsiayian or “November Ree etn gota hh ROO 
: ‘Index to Illustrations of. Volume. i a oe ~ : th : ea 2 3 
General Index to Volume IV _ Ogee oe ee ae 


Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. 


SF 


i a 


e," 


PLATE 29. 


BALD CYPRESS AT SANTA MARIA DEL TULE, MEXICO. 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. IV St. Louis, Mo., December, 1916 | No. 12 


THE OLDEST LIVING TREE IN THE WORLD 


_ Large trees have from time immemorial excited the 
interest and admiration of man. In Europe many trees of 
extraordinary size have been objects of curiosity to travelers, 
while in this country the great size and age of the giant 
redwoods of California have been the subject of frequent 
investigations and descriptions, notably by Muir, Dudley, 
and Huntington. 


It is not so generally known, however, that trees belong- 
ing to a closely allied species, the bald cypress, attain an 
age equal to, and in one case certainly ing, that of 
any known redwood. The redwood and the bald cypress 
flourished during the same prehistoric periods, and were 
widely distributed not only in this country, but in Europe. 
At the present time, however, each is restricted to a limited 
area in the United States—the two species of redwood, to 
California, and the bald cypress, to narrow strips along the 
Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, extending a short dis- 
tance up the Mississippi Valley. A third related genus, 
Glyptostrobus, is now confined to a narrow region in south- 
east China. Although many of the cypress trees now grow- 
ing in our southern swamps are very old, there are prob- 
atiy very few that even approach the of the giant red- 
woods of California, and we must go to Mexico to find what 
is probably the oldest living tree in the world. There are 
a number of extraordinary specimens of the cypress tree in 
southern Mexico, some of which have attracted the atten- 
tion of travelers and have been referred to in their writings. 
It is one of these which is the subject of this sketch. 


In 1803, Alexander von Humboldt, during his travels 
through southern Mexico, came across an enormous cypress 
tree. He says of it: “In the vill of Santa Maria del 
Tule, 22 km. east of the capital of Oaxaca, between Santa 
Lucia and Tlacochiguaya, there is an enormous trunk of a 
Cupressus disticha-(sabino), which has a circumference of 
36 metres. This old tree is accordingly very much eg 

191 


192 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


than the cypress of Atlixco, to which I have already made 
reference, and thicker than the dragon trees of the Canary 
Islands and all of the baobab (Adansoniae) in Africa. Mr. 
Anza, in making a detailed investigation of this trunk, 
found that it was not a single trunk, but is made up of three 
united trunks.” At the time of his visit Humboldt inserted 
a square board into the side of the trunk, about 12 feet above 
the ground, cutting a shallow hole in the outer part of the 
tree for that purpose. This board bore a Spanish inscrip- 
tion, a copy of which does not seem to have been recorded. 


Dr. Gray, in his charming essay on “The Longevity of 
Trees,” refers to this tree as follows: ‘We possess three in- 
dependent measurements of this enormous trunk. The first 
is that given by Humboldt, who states, probably on the 
authority of his informant, M. Anza, that the trunk is 36 
metres (118 English feet) in circumference. -In the year 
1827, Mr. Poinsett, then our minister at the court of Mexico, 
transmitted to the American Philosophical Society at Phila- 
delphia a cord which represented the exact circumference of 
this tree. Its extraordinary length naturally excited some 
doubts as to the correctness of the measurement; and im- 
mediate application was made to Mr. Poinsett for further 
particulars. He accordingly transmitted a communication 
from Mr. Exter, an English traveler who had just returned 
from Oaxaca, and who had carefully examined the tree in 
question. r. Exter’s letter was afterwards published in 
Loudon’s ‘Magazine of Natural History’; and a French — 
translation, accompanied by some interesting comments by 
the younger De Candolle, appeared in the ‘Bibliotheque Uni- 
verselle’ for 1831.. According to Mr. Exter’s measurement, 
the trunk is 46 varas—one hundred and twenty-two English 
feet—in circumference; which is nearly in accordance with 
Humboldt’s account. In neither case is the height at which 
the trunk was measured expressly mentioned. But this point 
has been duly attended to by a recent scientific observer, M. 
Galeotti, who visited this celebrated tree in 1839 and in 1840, 
and whose careful measurement gives to the trunk the cir- 
cumference of 105 French (equal to 112 English) feet, at 
the height of four feet above the surface of the soil. The 
previous measurements, therefore, were. taken somewhat 
nearer the base. The tree as yet shows no signs of decay, 
although it bears less foliage in proportion to its size than 
its younger fellows. But we find no authority for Mr. Exter’s 
statement, that this tree was mentioned by Cortes, and that 
its shade once afforded shelter to his whole European army. 
Perhaps he had in some way confounded it in his —t 
with a cypress which the Conquistador passed on the m 


2 
ou. 


PLATE 


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Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 4, 1916. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 193 


to Mexico, and which is still traditionally associated with 
his name.” 


In 1903, Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the 
Garden, visited this famous tree. At this time measurements 
were made of the trunk and photographs taken, two of which 
are herewith reproduced. Plate 29, taken from the roof of 
one of the buildings across the square of the small church- 
yard, where the cypress stands, gives a good idea of the gen- 
eral shape of the tree. The crown is almost round, and the 
tree has little resemblance to young cypress trees growing 
in dry localities or older ones growing in the swamps, but 
looks more like a large oak. It has an extremely massive, 
comparatively short trunk, deeply fluted. 


A careful examination of the tree (incidentally it might 
be stated that this was made under the supervision of a 
guard of soldiers and a large aes of the population 
of the village) showed no evidence of decay or disease of 
any sort, all of the branches appearing healthy and vigorous. 
The best indication of its good condition was evidenced by 
the manner in which the famous Humboldt plate had been 
more or less covered during the hundred years after its plac- 
ing. Plate 30 shows a photograph of this plate, from which 
it will readily be seen that the tree had almost fully healed 
over the wound made by the insertion of the board. The 
photograph shows only indistinctly the Spanish words which 
are still evident on the board. Of Humbe dt’s name, the only 
parts legible are “der” of the first name, the small “‘v,” and 
‘Hum.’ 

Dr. Gray, in his essay, makes the following remark: ‘We 
trust that the next intelligent traveler who visits this most 
ancient living monument, or any other cypress of remark- 
able size, will not fail to complete the evidence that is needed, 
as the full solution of this curious problem may throw light 
upon some interesting questions respecting the physical hi 
tory of the world. One or more lateral incisions, not at all 
endangering the existence of the tree, would at once reveal 
its actual growth for the last few centuries. And if made at 
proper ae and carried to a sufficient depth, they might 
enable the judicious operator to disprove or confirm the sur- 
mise, that this huge bole may consist of the trunks of two 
or three original trees, long since united and blended into 
one. This conjecture is by no means very improbable, al- 
though there is nothing in the external appearance of the 
trunk to confirm it.” 

Unfortunately, it proved entirely impossible to,carry out 
the suggestion made by Dr. Gray, use the slightest men- 


194 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


tion of injury to this famous trunk was regarded with horror 
by the inhabitants. The external examination does not con- 
firm the description which Humboldt attributes to his friend, 
Mr. Anza, but confirms the accounts of Mr. Exter and M. 
Galeotti, that the tree appears to be one solid trunk. 


The measurements of the tree were made with difficulty, 
since it has a considerable swelling, which extends from six 
to eight feet up from the ground, and furthermore because 
of the tremendous buttresses, some of which are three to four 
feet deep. The measurement made by the writer showed 
a circumference of 126 feet, measured breast high. 


The age of this great trunk has pasrally been the subject 
of a great deal of speculation, but due chiefly to the fact that 
we have so few data as to the rate of growth of. these large 
trees during the past century, no very accurate statement 
can be made. However, enough is definitely known to in- 
dicate that a conservative estimate of the age of this trunk 
would be considerably over 4,000 years, and probably nearer 
to 6,000 years. It is hard to realize that this particular tree 
started its growth at a period antedating any human records. 


EVERGREENS 


Evergreens have long been recognized as very effective 
both for decorative and for prastienl whereas Their dark 
green, dense foliage persisting throughout the year, their 
symmetrical, conical forms with the lower branches remain- 
ing intact for a long time, as well as their value as wind- 
breaks, hedges, and backgrounds for groups of deciduous 
trees and shrubs make them an acquisition to any garden, 
large or small. In spite of their many advantages, however, 

evergreens are seldom used within city limits. This is 
due to the fact that they will not usually stand the dust and 
smoke and poisonous gases which are prevalent in the city, 
and it is away from this unnatural environment, in the deep, 
moist soil of the country, that the best effects may be realized. 


Under the term “evergreens” are included the narrow- 
leaved, cone-bearing trees and the broad-leaved shrubs to 
which the azalea and rhododendron belong. Among the 
latter are to be found some of the most effective of orna- 
mental shrubs. In the spring when they are completely 
covered with brilliantly colored flowers, the present a strik- 
ing appearance, while during the rest of the year the dark 
green a is an addition to any landscape. In selecting 
a location for broad-leaved evergreens shelter from the hot 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 195 


sun and the drying winds, both during the summer and 
winter, should be sought. This factor is even of greater im- 
portance than the soil, which should be a well-drained, peaty 
loam with an abundance of moisture and lack of limestone. 
During the summer water should be applied regularly to 
keep the roots in healthy condition. A top dressing of cow 
manure is also beneficial, but cultivation of the ground 
should not be resorted to, because the roots grow near the 
surface and injury will result. In the fall the ground should 
be covered with a mulch of leaves, hay, or other material 
which will keep the frost out. This mulch may be left on 
during the summer, especially if the plants are not large 
sicieh to shade the ground. After flowering the shriveled 
flowers should be removed to prevent the formation of seed, 
this treatment tending to force growth into the foliage and 
preparing the plants for extensive bloom the following 
spring. 


The conifers are propagated chiefly by seed. The cones 
of most of them ripen in the fall and should be gathered at 
that time. They generally open up upon ripening, although 
in some cases heat must be applied to secure the seed. These 
are usually sown in May in finely pulverized, rich, sandy 
soil, and covered to a depth of 4%—%4 inch in rows 6 inches 
apart. If a mulch of pine needles or straw is placed in be- 
tween the rows, the necessity for — and weeding will 
be reduced. The seeds do not need much moisture for ger- 
mination, but as soon as the seedlings appear, they should 
be watered well and shaded to prevent burning by the sun 
and drying by the wind. Lath or canvas shades are the most 
desirable, these being removed upon cloudy days and towards 
the evening to prevent too close an atmosphere and conse- 
quent “damping off.” A modification of this method of 
planting consists of sowing freshly ripe seeds thinly in pots 
or pans of peat or sphagnum moss, which are placed in a 
cold-frame over winter. The seedlings will germinate the 
following spring, when they should be transplanted to the 
lath houses. 


The retinosporas, arbor-vitaes, and spruces are often pro 
agated by mature cuttings in the fall. Cuttings of the 
entire season’s growth, cut to a heel, should be obtained in 
October or November and placed in sand in a cool green- 
house, gentle bottom heat being given in the spring. As soon 
as the roots are formed, the plants should be potted singly 
and grown in a close atmosphere until established. The 
should then be placed in the cold-frames over winter wi 
some protection, and planted out in the spring. The spruces 


196 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


are very readily propagated by “veneer” grafting under glass 
in winter, using white spruce (Picea sanedenen for stock. 


The broad-leaved evergreens, such as rhododendron, moun- 
tain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), azalea, holly (Ilex opaca), An- 
dromeda, etc., are propagated by seeds, cuttings, grafting, and 
layering. The seeds should be sown in the spring in pans 
or boxes of sandy peat, and, if covered at all, finely cut 
sphagnum moss should be used lightly. As soon as the 
seedlings appear, they should be pricked off into flats, placed 
in a cool greenhouse or cold-frame, and gradually hardened 
off. Holly seeds, as a rule, take a long time to germinate, 
2, and sometimes 3, years elapsing between the sowing of 
the seeds and the appearance of the seedlings. As soon as 
the seeds are ripe they should be collected and mixed with 2 
or 3 times their bulk of sand in flats, and exposed to changes 
of weather for 12 months. At the end of that time they 
should be brought into a warm greenhouse to hasten germin- 
ation. After the seedlings appear they should be left un- 
disturbed for 2 years, when they should be taken up, their 
roots pruned back, and set out in the nursery. When prop- 
_ agation by cuttings is employed the half-ripe wood is cut 
to a heel, and the cuttings rooted in a greenhouse during the 
winter or in a specially prepared hot-bed during the summer. 
Veneer praleng is performed upon potted plants in late 
summer or ear fall, the grafted plants being kept close, 
either in a greenhouse or covered with moist sphagnum moss, 
until callusing takes place. Layering is sometimes prac- 
tised, but the layers cannot usually be separated until the 
second year. 


Whatever the methods of propagation, it is necessary as 
soon as possible to plant the evergreens in the nursery row 
and to keep them cultivated for several years, at which time 
they are large enough to plant out permanently. Frequent 
transplanting should be practised in order to secure a com- 
pact, fibrous root system. This is best accomplished late in 
the spring during cloudy weather, in order that the roots 
may not become by exposure to the sun and wind. Fall 
planting is also practised with satisfactory results after the 
plants have become dormant in October or November. The 
trees are dug from the nursery row with a large ball of soil 
attached to the roots, these being less easily broken or made 
bare if wrapped in burlap until planting time. When plant- 
ing, a hole is dug large enough to admit the entire ball of 
soil. If done in the spring “puddling” is resorted to by 
filling the hole with water several times, and after it settles 
putting the tree in place. Little benefit is derived from sur- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 197 


face watering after the tree is planted, because the diffusion 
of water through the soil is very slow and irregular and it 
frequently never reaches the root system. Ordinarily, with 
deciduous trees, pruning of the tops is necessary to produce 
a balance with the roots, which may be cut and bruised in 
the process of digging. With evergreens, however, very little 
pete is practised, but a symmetrical form is produced 
y shortening the end branches, cutting out all but one 
leader, and removing any branches that are not needed. 


While the cone-bearing trees are becoming established they 
require an abundance of water, and if this is not available 
a mulch of some material, like straw or grass, will help keep 
the moisture at the roots. The mulch must not be more 
than 2-3 inches deep, however, since, if too heavy, it will 
cause the roots to grow near the surface where they might 
be injured during winter or extremely dry weather. The 
treatment consists further of keeping up a healthy growth by 
judicious cultivation around the trees and the application of 
a fertilizer, either in the form of a mulch of manure, which 
is spaded in in the spring, or a commercial fertilizer, such as 
bone meal, acid phosphate, etc. After the conifers reach 25 
years of age or more they begin to lose their symmetrical 
form, and the lower branches die out. It is then necessary 
to cut these limbs off close to the trunk so as to permit per- 
fect callusing of the wounds, this work being best accom- 
plished during the dormant period. 


The treatment of coniferous evergreens, when used for 
hedges, requires special attention. A trench 2 feet deep and 
3 feet wide should be dug the full length of the line where 
the hedge is to be, and the bottom filled with loose soil and 
puddled. The plants should be spaced 3-4 feet apart, and 
the soil made ders around the roots and overlaid with a 
mulch of sawdust or coal ashes. The trees or shrubs must 
be cut back about one-third, so as to make all the plants the 
same size and induce branching from the base, which is so 
essential in a good hedge. With proper pruning a compact 
hedge may be secured at the end of 4 years, and much 
of the subsequent success depends upon the shaping induced 
during the few years. Pruning should be done once 
a year before the new growth appears. If done during the 
fall or winter, the cutting away of the growth which serves 
as a protection for the buds will probably result in injury 
and killing back of branches. When trimming, the cutting 
should be close to the wood of the previous year, leaving a 
small portion for the production of new growth. This por- 
tion need not be very long, for the longer it is the greater 
will be the resulting growth and the harder will it be to 


198 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


= the hedge within bounds. Evergreen hedges must not 
be handled roughly while frozen, since the branches are 
brittle and easily break off, leaving dead places in the hedge. 


DESIRABLE EVERGREENS 


Height 
Botanical name Common name in Use 
feet 
Abies balsamea......... SS ee eee 50 | Specimen 
A CORED «5.0 i eS White ff. .2.5265.5 45 | Specimen 
A. Nordmanniana...... Nordman’s fir....... 40 | Specimen 
Andromeda floribunda. ..| Andromeda......... 2. | Group 
Azalea nudiflora........ Swamp pink........ 6-8 | Group 
Ay MOS OS Japanese azalea..... 6 |Group. 
Chamaecyparis obtusa . . .| Obtuse-leaved 
cyires Ss: 10-15 | Specimen 
GC piitera. Se Thread-branched 
cypress. 2-555 10-15 | Specimen 
bet Ob06E = Sk BION Sie se og CS 15 | Specimen 
Juniperus communis... .| Juniper............ 3-4 | Cover for banks 
J. communis var. 
Rabernsea.. 65 oe Irish juniper........ 8-10 | Specimen 
Je SABiNe 3 vin juniper....... 3-4 | Cover for banks 
J. VIF GiNtana.. 22. 6s... Red Cedar s2 20-30 | Hedge, wind- 
break, speci- 
: men 
Kalmia latifolia ........ Mountain laurel... . . 5-10} Group or speci- 
men 
Picea canadensis........ White spruce....... 50-75 | Hedge, wind- 
break, speci- 
men 
et Nee eee Norway spruce...... 50-75 | Hedge, specimen 
P., PURgEns oe. sess Colorado blue spruce.| 60-70 | Specimen 
Pinus Laricio var. 
QOUNGOR 6 oe cs Austrian pine....... 40-50 | Specimen 
P. montana var. Mughus | Swiss mountain pine.| 8 | Specimen 
Pr. VEANOSE RSS Red “pine... 2333s 50-60 | Specimen 
Oy SWOORE 56 es Peres White pine......... 50-75 | Specimen 
P. Syleastit 7. es SCeteh Pies O55 40-50 | Specimen 
Pseudotsuga mucronata... .| Douglas fir........ 40-50 | Specimen 
ron cataw- 
erie ea C8 ee ee 6-8 | Group or speci- 
: men : 
Re. PORIRNIE os Great laurel. ....... 8-10 | Group or speci- 
men 
Taxus baccata.......... English yew........ 10-15 | Specimen 
T. canadensis........... erican yew...... 3-4 | Group 
T. cuspidaia............ Japanese yew....... 3-4 | Group 
Thuya orientalis........ Oriental biota....... 4-5 | Specimen 
T. occidentalis (many 
varieties) Arbor-vitae......... 15-20} Hedge, wind- 
break, speci- 
: men 
Tsuga canadensis....... ee ea 60-70} Hedge, wind- 
break, speci- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 199 


NOTES 


Mr. John Noyes, Landscape Designer to the Garden, spoke 
before the St. Louis Garden Club, December 12, on “Dis- 
tinctiveness in the Garden.” 


Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, 
gave an address before the Purchasing Agents’ Association of 
St. Louis, December 19, on “Timber Specifications and How 
to Use Them.” 


Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, at- 
tended the meetings of the Missouri State Horticultural 
Society at Kansas City, December 5-7, and gave a talk on 
“Tree Surgery.” 


On December 15, Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler, General Manager 
to the Garden, lectured before the faculty and students of 
the St. Louis College of Pharmacy on “What the Missouri 
Botanical Garden Offers to the Student of Pharmacy.” 


The St. Louis chapter of the Association of Collegiate 
Alumnae met in the graduate lecture room on the evening 
of December 14. An interesting program consisting of mov- 
ing pictures of horticultural ane. agricultural subjects was 
provided. 


The annual Gardeners’ Banquet, provided for in Mr. 
Shaw’s will, was held December 1 at the University Club. 
Professor E. A. White, professor of floriculture, Cornell 
University, gave an address on “What Science Has Done for 


Floriculture.” 


Recent visitors to the Garden include Professor George 
Lefevre, professor of zodlogy, University of Missouri, and 
Professor A. 8. Hitchcock, systematic agrostologist, Bureau 
of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, on 
November 24; Mr. L. C. Le Van, formerly teacher in the 
St. Louis public schools and now instructor at_ McKendree 
College, November 25; and Mr. Louis Agassiz Fuertes, bird 


painter and lecturer, December 5. 


On December 15, the annual meeting of the State Audu- 
bon Society was held in the graduate lecture room. The 
principal speaker was Dr. R. J. Terry, who discussed “Birds 
in Relation to Human Life.” An interesting exhibit of bird 
books was displayed, also bird houses and other means for 
the attraction and propagation of birds. The society decided 
to make an active educational campaign to promote interest 
in the protection of wild birds throughout the state. 


200 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR NOVEMBER, 1916 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


SOCAE Nimber-OF Winer SS os es Ss 54,494 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of plants received in exchange.............. 10 

Plants and seeds donated... 53s i Se i ss Se es 37 
PLANT DISTRIBUTION: 

Total number of plants distributed.....................- 249 - 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought............. 82 

Total number of books and pamphlets donated ............ 426 


HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — 
A. A. Heller—Plants of California....................:+ 400 
H. Sudre—Plants of Europe—‘Batotheca Europea,” Fase. 
XIV., Nos. 651-700; “Herbarium Hieraciorum,” Fasc. 


WE NOK: BOE-B00 aise coerce cas oes ea ees 100 
By Exchange — 
C. W. Dodge—Ferns of Vermont.............c.eceeecaee 97 
C. W. Dodge—Polyporus Ellisianus from Vermont........ 1 
C. W. Dodge—Merulius sulcatus Pk. from Missouri....... 1 
E. L, Johnston—Plants of Colorado...................4. 150 
New York Botanical Garden—Plants of the West Indies 
mt Wiveide so i Ss a eee 334 
By Gift — 
W. H. Aiken—Polypremum procumbens L. from Texas.... 1 
W. H. Ballou—Peniophora Allescheri from New York..... 1 
T. S. Brandegee—Croton sp. from Mexico..............-. 1 
L. M. Dougan—Plants of Vermont, New York, and New 
© Le ae ee eae Pe ee ee ea 18 
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Colo- 
rado, and -Oslifornia 2 SS ee 6 


O. = Seer esculenta (Ker) Rob. from Michi- 


Cr 


es “Alice Flickinger—Cultivated specimen of Callicarpa 


purpurea Juss. from Webster Park, Missouri.......... 1 

Chas. Goessl—Specimen of Othonna crassifolia Harv., culti- 
vated at Sheboygan, Wisconsin..........--..-+--ee0e: 1 

Miss Caroline Haynes—American Hepaticae, chiefly from 
NOW NONE Seo oe te ee ee ee eee 53 
H. D, House—Fungi ot New York 67 
O. 8. Ledman—Acalypha sp. from India.............+. eee 1 
_ W. A. Murrill—Fungi from New Mexico................. 5 
W. A. Murrill—Stereum elegantissimum Speg. from Chile. . 1 

W. A. Murrill—Corticium polyporoideum & C. from Vir- 
a Ss Sees ee en ee ee eee 1 

C. V. Piper—Ewobasidium Vaccinii on fruits of Vaccinium 
membranaceum from Idaho: ............6...00-2.000: 1 

J. B. Rorer —Septobasidium pseudopedicellatum Burt on 
oranae tren: i Topaees oe ees vk a ws 1 
Forest Shreve—Compositae from Arizona................ 29 
Di toy We ge OF NGI, 27 


E. Mead Wilcox—Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh from Kansas.. 1 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 201 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 203 


Index to Illustrations 


Page 
Floral display house, south end of......... og wiv hee es eee 1 
New plant range, view--Of 25655 S06 5 Fis a ee ea 04 SS 7 
New plant range, ground plan Of.... 2.0.6.0 es ce cece reece cseeses sf 
Floral display house, chrysanthemums in ...........-++++e+eee05 9 
Floral display house, view from balcony in.........--..++++++++ 11 
Floral display house, view im .....-....--+eeecesee ce teeeeceree 13 
Experimental greenhouses ........---2- see eee ces reer eer teeeceee 15 
Shakespeare, Tower Grove Park statue of..........-++-++++-005: 29 
Montacute, two views of garden at........-. eee eee eee eet eeeeee 30 
Montacute, plan of garden at............-+se eect eee eee eens 32 
Shakespearean garden, plan of, in floral display house..........-. 33 
Hatfield House, garden and maze at........---ee reece reer eeeee 34 
Natural grafts on treeS......05. ccc eee cece tenet enter ee teneeenes 38 
Self grafts on trees at Garden... .......... ee eee eee e eee tenes 41 
Self graft at the fork of two branches.......-...-++++-+eereeeees 43 
Salisbury, England, view from cathedral grounds, and the bishop’s 
pict) ogee rrr eee eee ee ee ee 
Welbeck Abbey, garden at.......... 22 cece rere rece teen ee eee eners 58 
Brockenhurst Park, garden at.......-..-+---eeee creer rer eteeecs 58 
Frankfort-on-Main, opera house at.....-----+e- ser eee errr eeercs 60 
Windeor Great: Park sso 5s 555 a a es 5s oo eee eg eS 60 
Chatsworth, an English country seat............-- re weer 60 
Petit Trianon, palace and gardens of the..........----+-++++-++> 62 
Bagatelle, the chateau of, Paris.........-++--+eeeeeeeererreeees 63 — 
Florence, modern residence section Of........---++e+ee-rerereees 63 
Babelsberg, the chateau of, near Potsdam........-.+--+++++++-505 64 
Fiesole, near Florence, view at.......-..-eeee reece cree re rr eenee 64 
Florence, a side street in....-...--e cece errr e reece renner renee 64 
Iowa State College, new greenhouses at......--.---++++eeeeeeees 66 
Columbia Park, Portland, plan of......----+++-+eeeeereeeeeeees 71 
Laurelhurst Park, Portland, plan of.........-+.--+++eeeeereeees 72 
K. GC. S. agricultural trains. ........-. +--+ se ee cere errr reer 74 
Engelmann, Dr. George.......+-.+++-serecreeseet en etecesenrees 87 
Orchid fly, effect of, on cattleya growths..........---.- Jeeta eeee 88 
Cattleya, abnormal growths of, containing pupae of orchid fly, and 
normal growth not attacked.........----+-+ss+-eeeererreeee 
Florida moss and species of the tank epiphyte, Karatas........-. 97 
Platycerium alcicorne or stag-horn fern......-----++-+++++rreee* 98 
Tillandsia aloifolia, a tank epiphyte.....------+-+r+rrererreeers 98 
Aeschynanthus Lamponga ...----+-+0+ ee crr eee rrr tere eeraeee 100 
Yellow warbler, nest Of... ...-+- cece ese ere cc ener eer eeesseeree 131 
Economic house, View iM........-.:e cece cece reset eee ereeereeees 157 
Economic house, view iM......+-++-++++-++ terse eeeareeereee ness 161 
Bald cypress at Santa Maria del Waele? MAORI 66 ss e0n cee seen 191 


Plate, partially overgrown, inserted in bald cypress by von Hum- 


boldt in 1803.......-..+++e+-+> Uc swan ae dae ees veo aes 193 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


205 


General Index 
Figures in italics refer to page numbers of plates and cuts 


A. 


Aberia caffra, 160 

Abrus precatorius, 181 

Acacia arabica, 175; spadicigera, 181 
Acalypha tricolor, 153 

Achimenes, 105 

Achras Sapota, 160 

Acocanthera spectabilis, 183 
Adansonia digitata, 160 

Aechmea, 99 

Aeschynanthus, 100 

Aeschynanthus Lamponga, 100, 101 
Afzelia rhomboidea, 185 

Agricultural trains, 74, 76 
Agropyrum repens, 125 

Akee tree, see Blighia sapida 
Aleurites triloba, 179 ~ 

Alligator pear, see Persea gratissima 
Allspice, see Pimenta officinalis 
Almond, Indian, see Terminalia Cat- 


appa 

Aloe vera, 177 

Amaranthus retroflexus, 125 

Amomum Cardamon, 157 

Anamirta Cocculus, 177 

Andromeda, 196 

Angico gum, see Piptadenia rigida 

Annals of the Missouri Botanical 
Garden, 187 

Annual Bequests, 26 

Annual reports for 1915: of the Of- 
ficers of the Board, 1; of the 
Director (twenty-seventh annual re- 
port), 5 

Anona glabra, 160; laurifolia, 160; 
muricata, 160 

Antiaris toxicaria, 184 

Antidesma Bunius, 160 

Antigonon leptopus, 181 

Antirrhinums, 43 

Apple, experiments with the, 68; Kei, 
see Aberia caffra; Mexican, see 
Casimiroa edulis; Otaheite, see 
Spondias dulcis; star, see Chryso- 
phyllum sp. 

Arbor-vitaes, 195 

Arnatto, see Bixa Orellana 

Aroid house, description of, 9 

Artabotrys odorotissimus, 181 

Artocarpus integrifolia, 161 


Arum italicum, 152 

Astilbe, 43 

Atalantia trimera (glauca), 161 
Attendance, Garden, for 1915, 13 
Avocado, see Persea gratissima 
Azaleas, 43, 194, 196 

Azalea indica, 73 


B. 


Babelsberg, chateau of, 64 

Bacterwum phosphorescens, 152 

Bagatelle, chateau of, 61, 64 

Balsam of tolu tree, see Myrowylon 
toluiferum 

Balsam tree, see Clusia Hilariana 

Bamboo, sacred, see Nandina domes- 
tica 

Bartholomew, E. “Fungi Columbiani,” 
Cents. XLVII and XLVIII, Nos. 
4601-4800, 46; “North American 
Uredinales,” Cents. XV and XVI, 
Nos. 1401-1600, 94 

Bauhinia candicans, 184 

Begonia boliviensis, 109; Clarkei, 110; 
Davisii, 110; Pearcei, 109; “Queen 
of the Whites,” 110; rosaeflora, 
109; Veitchii, 110 

Begonias, tuberous, 105, 109, 187; 
cultivation of, 110; history of, 109; 
i apa of, 112; propagation 
of, 111. 

Berria Ammonilla, 185 

Bignonia buccinatoria, 181; speciosa, 
181; Tweediana, 181; violacea, 181 

Billbergia, 99 

Bind weed, see Ipomoea Horsfailiae 
var. Briggsi 

Birds in the Missouri Botanical 
Garden, arrival of, 104; list of, ob- 
served in April, 91, 102, in May, | 
103, 117, in June, 117; observa- 
tions on, made by Messrs. Daniels 
and O’Neal, 138; time of singing 
of, 104 

Bizxa Orellana, 159 

Blighia sapida, 161 

Boehmeria argentea, 184 

Box, 66 

Bread-nut tree, see Brosimum Al- 
castrum 


206 


Brezia madagascariensis, 181 

Brockenhurst Park, garden at, 58, 60 

Bromeliad house, description of, 10 

Brosimum Alicastrum, 161 

Bulbs and tuberous plants, 143; ecul- 
ture of, 147; list of, 148; propaga- 
tion of, 144 

Bull horn, see Acacia spadicigera 

Bunchosia sp., 182 

Burke, R. P. Fungi of Alabama, 128 

Bush, B. F. Mosses of Missouri, 46, 
85; Plants of Missouri, 85, 106 


C. 


Cabbage, experiments with, 69 

Calabash tree, see Crescentia Cujete 

Caladiums, 105 

Calceolarias, 92 

Callicarpa americana, 182 

Calodendron capensis, 161 

Calophyllum Calaba, 180; inophyllum, 
180 

Camellia japonica, 73; Thea, 157; 
theifera, 73 

Camellias, 66 

Camphor tree, see Cinnamomum Cam- 
phora 

Canary wood, see Persea indica 

Candle nut tree, see Aleurites triloba 

Canna indica, 144 

Cannas, 143, 144; care of in the fall, 
147; culture of, 145, 147 

Caoutchouc, see Hevea brasiliensis 

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 125 

Cardamom, see Amomum Cardamon 

Carissa Arduina, 162; Carandas, 162; 
edulis, 162; grandiflora, 161 

Carica Papaya, 161 

Casearia glomerata, 177 

Casimiroa edulis, 177 

Cassava, see Manihot utillissima 

Cassia, see Cinnamomum Cassia 

Cassia Fistula, 177; javanica, 177; 
nodosa, 177 

Castilloa elastica, 175 

Cattleya labiata, 43; Mossiae, 43 

Cattleya orchid fly, the, 88; cyanide 
fumigation for, 90; description of, 
89; detection and eradication of, 
90; effect of, 88 

Cattleyas, growths of, attacked by 
— fly, 88, 90; normal growths 
of, 90 

Cerbera Odollam, 178; Tanghin, 177 | 

Cercospora phlogina, 123 _ 

So landscape treatment at, 60, 


Chatsworth, view at, 60 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Chemicals, use of, in weed eradication, 
125; method of applying, 126 
Cherry, West Indian, see Bunchosia 


sp. 
Chestnut, Cape, see Calodendron cap- 
; ; 


Chiococca racemosa, 162 

Chionodoxa Luciliae, 144 

Chrysanthemum show, the, 170 

Chrysophyllum sp., 162 

Cinerarias, 43 

Cinnamomum Camphora, 178; Cassia, 
157; grandiflorum, 158; Tamala, 
158; zeylanicuwm, 157 

Citharexylum quadrangulare, 185 

Citrus Aurantium, 162; grandis var. 
“Royal,” 162; japonica, 162; Med- 
ica var. Limomum, 163 

Clements, F. C. “Herbaria Ecadium 
Californiae,” 128 

Clove, wild, see.Pimenta acris 

Clusia alba, 175; Hilariana, 175 

Coccoloba laurifolia, 159; uvifera, 163 

Cocculus indica, 177 

Cocoanut, Buddha, see Sterculia alata 

Codiaewm variegatum, 153 

Coffea arabica, 158; bengalensis, 158; 
mauritiana, 158; zanzibariensis, 158 

Coffee, see Coffea arabica 

Cola acuminata, 158 

Cola-nut tree, see Cola acuminata 

Collins, F. S. “Phycotheca Boreali- 
Americana,” Fase. XLII, Nos. 2051- 
2100, 106; Fase. XLITI, Nos. 2101- 
2150, 154 

Columbia Park, Portland, plan of, 71 

Columnea, 101 

Columnea Schiedeana, 101 

Condiments, 157 

Conifers, 195 

Conservatory, main, changes in, 11 

Conservatory, new, description of, 6; 
plan of, 7; view of, 7 

Convallaria majalis, 144 

Coprosma Baueri, 163 : 

Coral-bead plant, see Abrus preca- 
torius 

Cordia angustifolia, 163; Francisci, 
163; Myxa, 163; serratifolia, 163 

Corn, experiments with, 68 

Cotton tree, silk, see Pachira campes- 
tris 

Courbaril tree, see Hymenaea Cour- 
baril 


Crataeva gynandra, 163 
Crescentia Cujete, 185 
Crocus, 143, 146 
Crocus vernus, 144 
Crown imperial, 144 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Cryptocarya sp., 158 

Cryptostegia grandiflora, 175; mada- 
gascariensis, 175 

Cupressus disticha-(sabino), 191 

Currant, Tasmania, see Coprosma 
Baueri 

Cyclamen, 186 

Cyperus textilis, 184 


Cypress, 66; bald, at Santa Maria del — 


Tule, Mexico, 191, 191; partially 
overgrown plate inserted in, by von 
Humboldt, 193 

Cypripediums, 43 


D. 
Daffodil, 143, 144, 146 
Dahlia, 143, 144; culture of, 147; 


propagation of, 145 

Dahlia coccinea, 144 

Daisies, 92 

Daniels, Edward S., and O’Neal, R. F., 
birds observed by, at the Garden, 
138 

Daphnes, 73 

Davis, Rev. John. Plants of ieiscast 
46, 128, 154 

Degrees ‘awarded to graduate stu- 
dents in 1915, 17 

Deusner, Charles W. Observations of 

a landscape gardener abroad, 58 

Dianella caerulea, 182 

Digitaria humifusa, 125 

Diospyros discolor, 163; montana, 163 

Dodder, 97 

Domba-oil tree, see Calophyllum in- 
ophyllum 

Dyes, 159 


E. 


ert green, see Jacaranda ovali- 

 folia 

Economie house, plants in, 157, 175; 
view in, 157, 161 

Ehretia laevis, 164; tinifolia, 163 

Blaeodendron ‘orientale, 185 

Emig, W. H. Liverworts, lichens, etc., 
from Oklahoma, 106; Plants of 
Missouri and Oklahoma, 129, 172 

pie. area Dr. George, portrait of, 


Engelmann’s, Dr. George, grape in- 
vestigations, 87 

Epiphytes, nest, 98, 99; tank, 97, 98, 
99 


Epiphytic plants, 97, 97, 98, 100, 100; 
— of, 97; tropical orchids, 
Ericaceous house, description of, 10 


Eriobotrya japonica, 164 


207 


Erwin, A. T. The horticultural ex- 
perimentalist and his work, 66 

Escallonia macrantha, 182 

Eugenia Jambos, 164; Pitanga, 164; 
pungens, 164; Smithii, 164; terni- 
folia, 164; wniflora, 164 

Euonymus, 66 

Evergreens, 194; broad-leaved, culture 
of, 194, propagation of, 196; con- 
iferous, culture of, 195, propagation 
of, 195; list of desirable, 198; 
planting of, 196; use of, as hedges, 


Experimental greenhouses, description 
of, 11; view of, 15 


F. 


Feijoa Sellowiana, 164 

Ferns, stag-horn, 98, 99 

Fiddle wood, see Citharexylum quad- 
rangulare 

Fiesole, landscape at, 64, 66 

Fig, balsam, 175 

Firelily, 151 

Fish poison, see Anamirta Cocculus 

Flacourtia Ramontchi, 164 

Flame tree, see Sterculia acerifolia 

Flax, New Zealand, see Phormium 
tenag 

Floral display, for March, 43; for 
the summer months, 104; for De- 
ecember, 186 

Floral display house, 8; chrysanthe- 
mums in, 9; description of, 8; south 
end of, 1; view in, 13; view from 
baleony in, 11 

Florence, modern residence section in, 
PP a 66; a side street in, 64 

angipani, see Plumeria rubra 

Frank? ort-on-Main, 64; opera house 
at, 60 

Freiberg, G. W. Plants of Washing: 
ton, 141 

Fritillaria Imperialis, 144 

Fruits, 160 

Fuchsias, 73, 105 


G. 


Galanthus nivalis, 144 

Garcinia Livingstonei, 165; Mangos- 
tana, 164; Xanthochymus, 165 

Garden, main, improvements made 
during 1915, 12 

Gardenias, 73 

Gardening, school for, 21, 77; courses 
of instruction in, 78; morning work 
in, 83; officers of administration 
and instruction of, 77; schedule of 


208 


afternoon work in, 82; scholarships 
in, 83; summary of afternoon 
courses in, 83; tuition in, 84 

Garlic tree, see Crataeva gynandra 

Genistas, 43 

Gesneriaceae, two rare epiphytic, 100 

Gifts of plants made during 1915, 12 

Ginger, see Zingiber officinale 

Gladiolus, 143, 144; culture of, 147 

Glory of the snow, 144 

Gloxinias, 105 

Glyptostrobus, 191 

Graduate students during 1915, 16 

Grafts, natural, 38; example of, on 
red oaks, 38; methods of forming, 
41; self, examples of, at Garden, 
41; at fork of two branches, 43; on 
ginkgo, 41; on hawthorn, 38; on 
Osage orange, 41 

Grape: investigations of Dr. George 
Engelmann on the, 87; sea or 
shore, see Coccoloba wifera; sea- 
side, see Coccoloba laurifolia; see 
Vitis capensis 

Grapefruit, see Citrus grandis var. 
“e oyal” 

Grass cloth, see Boehmeria argentea 

Gross, A. R. Notice to members of 
Garden Alumni Association, 76 

Growing houses, purpose of, 10 

Guaiacum officinale, 178 

Guavas, see Psidium 

Gum arabic tree, see Acacia arabica 

Gum box, Chilean, see Escallonia ma- 
erantha 

Gums, 175 


H. 


Harpephyllum caffrum, 165 

Hatfield House, gardens of, 33; garden 
and maze at, 34 

Heat, production of, in plants, 152 

Helianthus annuus, 151 

Heller, A. A. Plants of California, 


200 
Hemp, bowstring, see Sansevieria 
zeylanica 


Herbarium, report of, for 1915, see 
annual report of Director, 22; field 
work during 1915, 23; important 
accessions during 1915, 22; mount- 
ng and distribution of specimens, 


Hernandia sonora, 178 

Hevea brasiliensis, 175 

Hog-plum, see Spondias lutea 

Holly, 196 poe 

Holzinger, J. M. “Musei Acrocarpi 
Boreali-Americana,” Nos. 326-350, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Honey berry, see Melicocca bijuga 

Honeysuckle, 66 

Horticultural experimentalist and his 
work, the, 66 

Hovenia dulcis, 165 

Hura crepitans, 182 

Hyacinths, 143, 146; propagation of, 
by scooping and scoring, 144 

Hyacinthus orientalis, 144 

Hybridization in plants, 134; history 
of, 134; importance of Mendel’s ex- 
periments in, 135 

Hydrangeas, 92, 105 

Hymenaea Courbaril, 165 


= 


Ilex opaca, 196; paraguensis, 158 

India-rubber vine, see Cryptostegia 
grandiflora 

Indigo tree, see Wrightia tinctoria 

Inga dulcis, 165 

Instruction, courses of, offered in the 
Shaw School of Botany during 
1914-15, 14 

Towa State College, new greenhouses 
at, 66; work being undertaken at 
experiment station of, 68 

Ipomoea Horsfalliae var. Briggsi, 178 

Isosoma orchidearum, 88 

Ixia maculata, 144 


J. 


Jaboranda plant, see Pilocarpus pen- 
natifolius 

Jacaranda ovalifolia, 186 

Jack-in-a-box, see Hernandia sonora 

Jak fruit, see Artocarpus integrifolia 

Jasmine, 66; see Jasminum : 

imu p , 183; fructicans, 

183; grandiflorum, 183; humile, 
183; officinale, 183; paniculatum, 
183; Sambac, 183; simplicifolium, 
183 

Jatropha Curcas, 178; multifida, 178; 
podagrica, 178; urens, 178 

Johnston, E, L. Plants of Colorado, 
200 

Jonquils, 146 

Jérgensen, Pedro. 
tina, 85, 141, 190 


ok 
Kalmia latifolia, 196 
Karatas, 97, 99 

Koelreuteria paniculata, 64 
Kumquat, see Citrus japonica 


eM, m Din 


Plants of Argen- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


L. 


Lace bark, see Lagetta lintearia 

Lagetta lintearia, 184 

Landlophia owariensis, 176 

Landscape architecture exhibit, 153, 
168 : 

Lanseh, see Lansium domesticum 

Lansium domesticum, 165 

Laurel, see Laurus nobilis; mountain, 
196; seaside, see Phyllanthus specio- 


sus 
Laurelhurst Park, Portland, plan of, 
72 


Laurocerasus, 73 

Laurus nobilis, 158 

Laurustinus, 66 

Lawns, method of eradicating weeds 
in, 124 

Lectures delivered by members of 
staff in 1915, 15 

Lemon, see Citrus Medica var. Limo- 
mum; desert, see Atalantia trimera 
(glauca) 

Library, report of, for 1915, see an- 
nual report of Director, 25; Garden 
publications as a means of ex- 
change, 25; importance of new 
serial publication list, 25; loans of 
books, 26; progress of subject in- 
dex, 26; reclassification of books, 
25 

Light and heat, production of, by 
plants, 150 

Lignum-vitae, see Guaiacum officinale 

Lilies, 92, 143, 144; preparation of 
beds for the, 146 

Lilium bulbiferum, 151; regale, 116 

Lily, a new, 116, description of, 116; 
Paroo, see Dianella caerulea; St. 
Bruno’s, see Paradisea Liliastrum 

Lily-of-the-valley, 
of, 145 

Litchi, see Nephelium Longana 

Locust, 66 

Longan, see Nepheliwm Longana 

Loquat, see Hriobotrya japonica 

Lover’s twine, see Dodder 

Lucky beans, see Thevetia nereifolia 

Lucuma Bonplandia, 165; mammosa, 
165; Rivicoa var. angustifolia, 165; 
serpentaria, 165 

Lysimachia Nummularia, 125 


M. 


Mabolo, see Diospyros discolor 

Macadamia ternifolia, 186 

Macoun, J. Fungi from Vancouver 
Island, B. C., 141 


144; propagation | 


209 


Magnolia sphenocarpa, 153 

Mahogany, see Swietenia Mahagoni 

Mangifera indica, 166 

Mango, see Mangifera indica 

Mangosteen, see Garcinia Mangostana 

Manthot utillissima, 166 

Marigolds, 92 

Marking-nut tree, 
Anacardium 

Mastich, see Pistacia Lentiscus 

Melicocca bijuga, 166 

Mendelian law of inheritance, 136 

Microspira luminosa, 152 

Milk bush, see Synadenium Grantii 

Mimusops Elengi, 176; sp., 176 

Mische, Emil T. Phases of landscape 
work in Portland, Oregon, 70 

Missouri Botanical Garden Alumni 
Association, a message from the 
president of, 49; Garden students, 
members of, 50; notice of 1917 
meeting of, 76 

Mistletoe, 98 

Monell, Mrs. J. T. Private _her- 
barium of the late J. T, Monell, 27 

Monkey bread or baobab, see Adan- 
sonia digitata 

Monkey’s face, see Mimusops sp. 

Montacute, 33; view across the pond 
at, 30; garden house and pavilion, 
30; plan of garden, 32 

Montbretia, 143, 144 

Moodie, Miss Marion E. Plants of 
Alberta, 154 

Moss, Florida, see Tillandsia usne- 
oides 

Mulberry, 
americana 

Mustard tree, see Salvadora persica 

Myristica fragrans, 158 

Myrobalan, see Terminalia trifoliata 

Myroxylon Pereirae, 179; toluiferum, 
179 

Myrtle, see Myrtus communis 

Myrtus communis, 183 


N. 


Nandina domestica, 182 

Narcissus, 144, 186 

Nasturtium, 151 

Nehrling, Arno H. A message from 
the president of the alumni associa- 
tion, 49 

Nephelium Longana, 166 

Neriums, 73 

Nigger’s cord, see Antidesma Bunius 

Nutmeg, Australian, see Cryptocarya 


Sp. 
Nutta, see Parkia Rowburghii 


see Semecarpus 


French, see Callicarpa 


210 


Nymphaea caerulea, 131; capensis, 
131; castaliaflora, 132; “Mrs. “Ed- 
wards Whitaker,” 133; var. “mar- 
morata,”’ 134 


0. 


Observations of a landscape gardener 
abroad, 58 

Ohlweiler, W. W. Private herbarium 
consisting of plants of Connecticut 
and Missouri, also numerous horti- 
cultural varieties, 46 

Oils, 179 : 

Olea cuspidata, 180; europaea, 180 

Olive trees, 66; see Olea europaea 

Olive wood, see Hlaeodendron orien- 
tale 

O’Neal, R. F., and Daniels, Edward 
e. birds observed by, in the Garden, 

8 

Orange, see Citrus Aurantium 

Orchids, 12, 105; epiphytic, 100; lady 
slipper, 43 

Ordeal-tree, see Cerbera Tanghin 

Ornamentals, 181 

Oxyanthus natalensis, 166 


P. 


Pachira campestris, 185 

Pansies, 92 

Papaver orientale, 151 

Papaws, 112; description of, 113; 
propagation of, from seed, 116; re- 
wards offered for the best, 113 

Papaw tree, see Carica Papaya 

Paradisea Liliastrum, 182 

Parasol tree, Chinese, see Sterculia 
platanifolia 

Parkia Roxburghii, 166 

Patchouli, see Pogostemon Heyneanus 

Pepper, Jamaica, see Pimenta offici- 
nalis 

Pepper plant, see Piper nigrum 

Pepper tree, California, see Schinus 
Molle : 

Perfumes, 183 

Persea gratissima, 166; indica, 182 

Phlox, hardy, 121; culture of, 123; 
horticultural varieties shown at the 
Garden, 123; origin of present-day 
forms, 121; propagation of, 122 

Phlow canadensis, 122; Laphamii, 
122; maculata, 121; paniculata 
(decussata), 121; subulata, 122 

Phormium tena, 185, var, atropur- 
pureum, 185 

Phosphorescence, 


occurrence of, in 
plants, 150 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Phyllanthus speciosus, 182 

Physic-nut plant, see Jatropha Cur- 
cas 

Pilocarpus pennatifolius, 179 

Pimenta acris, 158; officinalis, 159 — 

Pimento, see Pimenta officinalis 

Pinus Laricio var. austriaca, 153 

Piper amplum, 159; angustifolium, 
179; geniculatum, 159; nigrum, 
159; unguiculatum, 159 

Piptadenia rigida, 176 

Pistacia chinensis, 176; Khinjuk, 176; 
Lentiscus, 176; Terebinthus, 179 

Pitanga, see Eugenia uniflora 

Pithecolobium dulce, 167; filicifolium, 
167 

Pittosporum Tobira, 73 

Plantago Rugelii, 125 

Plants in economic house, 157, 175 

Platycerium alecicorne, 98, 99 

Plum, date, see Diospyros montana; 
Indian, see Flacourtia Ramontchi ; 
Japanese, see Hriobotrya japonica; 
Kaffir, see Harpephyllum caffrum; 
marmalade, see Lucuma mammosa ; 
Natal, see Carissa grandiflora; Sap- 
odilla, see Achras Sapota; Sebes- 
ten, see Cordia Myxa 

Plumeria bicolor, 183; rubra, 183 

Plumbago, 66 

Pogostemon Heyneanus, 184 

Poinsettias, 43, 186 

Poppy, 151 

Portland, Oregon, phases of landscape 
work in, 70 

Potatoes, 143; experiments with, 68, 
69 

Prunus lusitanica, 73 

Psidium, 167; acre, 167; Araca, 167; 
Cattleianum, 167; chinense, 167; 
cuneifolium, 167; Guajava, 167; 
littorale, 167; pyriferum, 167 

Psilotum triquetrum, 100 

Publications and papers published by 
the staff and graduate students dur- 
ing 1915, 18 


R. 


Railroad agriculture, 73; departments 
of, 74; object of, 74 s 
Raisin tree, Japanese, see Hovenia 

dulcis 


: Rambutan, see Nephelium Longana 


Reinwardtia, 186 

Research and instruction, report of, 
for 1915, see annual report of 
Director, 14 

Rhododendron, 43, 194, 196 

Rose garden, 105 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Rose, mountain, see Antigonon lep- 
topus 

Rose-apple, see Eugenia. Jambos 

Roses, 66, 92 

Rubber plant, African, see Landlophia 


owariensis 
Rubber tree, Panama, see Castilloa 
elastica 
Rufus J. Lackland fellowships, ap- 
pointments to, for 1915, 16 


8. 


Sal, see Shorea robusta 

Salisbury, the bishop’s palace at, 49, 
58; view from cathedral grounds at, 
49, 58 

Salwadora persica, 180 

Sandbox tree, see Hura crepitans 

Sansevieria zeylanica, 185 

Sarsaparilla, see Smilax mauritanica 

Saurauja lanceolata, 182 

Schinus Molle, 176 

Scilla sibirica, 144 

Semecarpus Anacardium, 160 

“oma see ee Fistula ¢ Hampde 

ur, F. C. Plants of Hampden 

ic Mass, Nos. 134-313, 46 

Shakespeare, Tower Grove Park statue 
of, 29 

Shakespearean garden, a, 29, 92; fea- 
tures of, 30; flowers used in, 35, 
92; plan of, 33; reproduction of, at 
Garden, 33 

Shorea robusta, 177 

Smilax mauritanica, 179 

Snake root, see Casearia glomerata 

Snowberry, see Chiococca racemosa 

Snowdrops, 143, 144, 146 

Soldier’s herb, see Piper angustifolium 

Sophora secundiflora, 179 

Sour sop or custard apple, see Anona 
muricat : 

Spiraeas, 92 

Spondias dulcis, 167; lutea, 167 

Spruces, 195 

Squill, 144 

Standley, Paul C. Plants of Florida, 
190 


Statistical information for December, 
1915, 27; January, 1916, 46; Febru- 
ary, 85; March, 94; ae 106; 
May, 119; June, 128; July, 141; 
August, 154; September, 172; Octo- 
ber, 190; November, 200 
ellaria media, 125 

Sterculia acerifolia, 186; alata, 186; 

meat 186; platanifolia, 186 


211 


Stevia, 186 

Sudre, H. Plants of Euro “Bath- 
otheca Europea,” Fase. XIV, Nos. 
651-700; “Herbarium Hieraci- 


orum,” Fase. VI, Nos. 251-300, 200 
Sunflower, 151 
Swietenia Mahagoni, 186 
Synadenium Grantii, 183 


‘ne 


Tagetes patula, 151 

Tamarind, see Tamarindus indica; 
wild, see Pithecolobium filicifolium 

Tamarindus indica, 167 

Taraxacum officinale, 125 

Tatum, George F., birds observed by, 
in the Garden, 102 

Tea plant, see Camellia Thea; Para- 
guay, see Ilex paraguensis 

Terminalia Catappa, 180; trifoliata, 


Thevetia nereifolia, 183 

Tillandsia aloifolia, 98, 99; usneoides, 
97, 98 

Tindalo, see Afzelia rhomboidea 

Trachelospermum jasminoides, 183 

Tree, the oldest living, in the world, 
191; early accounts of, 192; exam- 
ination of, in 1903, 193 

Tritonia Pottsit, 144 

Tropaeolum majus, 151 

Trincomalee wood, see Berria Am- 
monilla 

Triphasia aurantiola, 168 

Trumpet flower, see Bignonia speciosa 

Tulipa Gesneriana, 144; suaveolens, 
144 


Tulips, 92, 143, 146 
Tull, J. Hollister. Railroad agricul- 
ture, 73 


Turpentine tree, see Pistacia Tere- 
binthus 


u. 


Upas tree, see Antiaris toxicaria 


Ms 


Varied industries house, description 
of, 9 

Velvet flower, see Tagetes patula 

Versailles, 60; hameau in gardens of 
Petit Trianon ~ 62; 8 

Vitis capensis. ; cordifolia, 88; 

885, rotundifolia, 88; rw 

pestris, 88; vinifera, 88 


212 


ww, 


Water-lilies, new hybrid, 131; polli- 
nation of, 132; types of, 131 

Weed eradication, 124; methods of, 
125; use of chemical sprays in, 125 

Weigel, Th. O. “Cyperaceae, Junca- 
ceae, Typhaceae et Sparganiaceae 
exsiccatae,” Fase. I-IV, Nos. 1-200, 
46 

Welbeck Abbey, 60; view at, 58 

Weldon, John & Co, “Fungi Britan- 
nici” Parts I and II, Nos. 1-200, and 
“Micro-fungi Britannici” Fase. I, 
Nos. 1-100, 119; “British Fungi”: 
consisting of dried specimens of the 
species described in Vol. V, Part II 
of the English Flora, Fase. I and 
II, Nos. 1-120, by M. J. Berkeley, 
119 

Wenzel, C. A. Plants of the Philip- 
pine Islands, 141 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Widmann, Mr. and Mrs. Otto, birds 
observed by, in the Garden, 91, 102, 
117 

Windsor Great Park, 60, 60 

Winter-sweet, see Acocanthera spec- 
tabilis 

Woods, 185 

Wrightia tinctoria, 160 


4's 
Yellow warbler, nest of, 131, 139 


Ylang-ylang, climbing, see Artabotrys 


odorotissimus 


Z. 


Zamang, see Pithecolobium dulce 
Zingiber officinale, 159 
Zinnias, 92