MlissourRI BOTANICAL... GARDEN [BULLETIN VOLUME VI WITH 24 PLATES 1918 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS MissouR! BOTANICAL GARDEN LIBRARY Missouri BoTaNicaL — _ GARDEN BULLETIN - Vol. VI JANUARY, 1918 No. 15% PRES: -CONTENTS : ‘Report of the Officers of the Board - le - et ee Aes Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Director sai ty be Say __ Statistical Information for December, 1917 - - - 17 ST. LOUIS, MO. neh B9IG . : rae _. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES oop cere teas SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: _ A oe Me ts - ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR ~ -_~ SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS — _ BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN | THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL, AND THE BOARD SO -CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF \THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING. ‘President, ; EDWARDS WHITAKER, ig Vice-President, . ze DAVID S. H. Sur. i Rpwann C. Exsor. Ba fe LEONARD MATTHEWS. GEORGE 'C. Firescock. pe had ne oa H. H. Perrus, P. CuourEay Ks bi ees Pg Pinup C. ScANEAW: . cA a eae SAEED de Epwarp ‘Matiwtezobn oe a ‘Tome Sutneee: ie EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS oe Henry W. Kiet, 3 . President of The Academy of Science of Mayor of the City of St. Louis. 5 ae St. Louis,’ : ! eal i a os Freperic A. HAL, ~~) Ricuarp Murpsy, peer ane ".. Chaneellor of Washington University. President of the Board of Education of aie ; Ack GR St. Louis. : ee Daniet S: TuTrie, : hae Oe Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. ; ea ; RoLanp Ww. Swirzer, Secretary. | hee Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., January, 1918 No. 1 REPORT OF THE OFFICERS OF THE BOARD To the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden: We submit for your consideration a statement of the financial transactions for the year ending December 31, 1917. The results during the year have been satisfactory, the vacancies amounting to only $1,845.25, and the income from rentals, royalties, and interest exceeding that of 1916 by $8,192.23. At the present time we have only two vacant buildings, the total rentals of which were $1,320.00 per year. A one-story brick addition was erected in the rear of the stores, Nos. 816-18 North Grand Avenue, at a cost of $1,848.82, increasing the rental $420.00 per annum. Dur- ing the year a new building was erected ‘at the southeast corner of Seventh Street and Washington Avenue, at a cost to the lessee of $75,000.00, and the lease extended for a term of ten years from March, 1929. The tract of land west of Tower Grove Avenue, known as Shaw’s Vandeventer Avenue Addition, has been improved, with the exception of that portion west of Newstead Avenue, which contains about 2,100 front feet. This improvement will embrace the making of Alfred Avenue, a street about 450 feet long and 50 feet wide, a sewer system for blocks 4 and 5, and some 435 feet of sidewalk on the south side of Lafayette Avenue, the total cost approximating $7,000.00. Sales of residence property during the year were as follows: Lafayette Avenue Addition . ‘ 1,220 front feet . $40,010 00 Arsenal Street Addition . ; : 105 front feet. 4,065 00 Vandeventer Avenue Addition : 1,152 front feet . 36,000 00 $80,075 00 A new residence was erected at the Garden for the use of ‘the engineer, at a cost of $4,087.03, and general improve- ments were made in the Garden, costing $13,759.62. (1) ‘. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Three of the bequests provided for in Mr. Shaw’s will have been carried out—the annual Flower Sermon, the appropriation for the St. Louis Flower Show, and the Gar- deners’ Banquet. For an itemized account of receipts and disbursements your attention is called to the following statement: INCOME: Rentals... ree tay ea ae eS a ee ea Interest and dividends . SRN nga olay SRE ae BT Sau igs ene neh 17,893 10 Reyaltion weselved so ae eS ea Be 9,448 30 OCs INOONIE en ee a ee ee OF LESS — ADMINISTRATION AND UPKEEP EXPENSES: Commissions on bonds . . . . . . § 967 50 Heating and janitor service. . . . . 807 09 PUSUTETICR re 5,597 51 SROUE PRE ee 547 50 AGEL ORDURNES OO ee aa 1,086 65 Miscellaneous expenses . . . . . ._ 1,698 94 Office salaries and — co OOO be Repeite. os pe ee, ce OOO Te WHHGGE Tinenee 5 29 OG ee 635 64 MOR Re et ee a eee BY 60,237 94 $129,795 11 LESS — ANNUAL BEQUESTS: f Annual Flower Sermon, Gardeners’ ege and Trus- tees’ Banquet. . . : 1,600 00 Amount available for upkeep of Garden . . $128,195 11 DISBURSED AS FOLLOWS: Gaiden BONGURE ee RR ORE 08 Herbarium Pg gaa Se Cn a oes ee eS 7,153 99 Library. goa eee 1 4,813 02 Research and instruction SSE ny Os che ea 15,487 15 AiG Cee Se eee as 96,766 34 $31,428 77 LESS—GARDEN IMPROVEMENTS. ...... 19,922 55 Excess income over Crepes for the Shee! “ee De- cember 31,1917 .. - . $11,506 22 ‘eancatoy submitted, Epwarps WHITAKER, President. Attest: R. W. Switzer, Secretary. TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit herewith the twenty-ninth annual report of the Director. Perhaps the improvement of greatest importance at the Garden during 1917 has been the reconstruction of the Garden between the main gate and the palm house, with the accompanying rearrangement of the water gardens here, they now being in the form of permanent concrete pools of dignified design. This very necessary improvement has necessitated a great amount of grading, the removal of over 1,500 cubic yards of soil, the removal of old and construc- tion of new and more direct walks, the laying of new drains, etc. A number of large trees have been transplanted to this area, including two ginkgos, several liquidambars, and thirty fine specimens of Magnolia grandiflora, as well as many small junipers and other conifers, and a hedge of barberry, extending from the main gate to the palm house. As a part of this general scheme, a new rose garden has been established to the south of the Linnean house, on the site formerly occupied by the old greenhouses, removed in 1916. Practically all the plants from the old rose garden near the administration building have been transferred to this new lo- cation, and a great many new varieties added, as well as addi- tional roses which have been proved to be hardy in St. Louis. The new location will undoubtedly make this—one of the most popular attractions at the Garden—much more ac- cessible to the public. The garden has been enclosed with a planting of several hundred hawthorns, which will mate- rially add to its beauty in both spring and fall. All of this has undoubtedly been well worth while, since the incorrect- ness of the grade has been an eyesore to all observers, and the dignity of the new formal approach to the conservatories impresses the visitor at once on entering the main gate. — Work begun on the economic garden in 1916 has been continued throughout the year. A walk and flight of steps from the economic house to this garden have been built, four Is have been completed, and permanent planting installed, including a collection of shrubs, sample nse plots, cordon fruit trees, and birches for pleached alleys. (3) + MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN During the summer plots of farm crops of all sorts were shown, as well as collections of flowering plants, vines, etc. This garden as a whole is now taking on a finished appear- ance and is proving extremely valuable as a demonstration of what may be grown in the vicinity of St. Louis. Many improvements have been made in other parts of the Garden, the two most notable being the construction of a house for the engineer and the building of a pit for the stor- age of coal. The engineer’s house, completed in November, is a six-room brick structure, with all modern conveniences. A great amount of filling was necessary to bring this site up to grade, but the house, while facing Shaw Avenue at the west end of the stone wall, is very near to the boiler house, thus adding both to the convenience of the engineer and safety of the Garden. A new water connection was brought in from Shaw Avenue to supply this house, as well as to provide much-needed additional water for the propagating houses. A storage pit with a capacity of 25 to 30 cars of coal has been practically completed during the year. The construction of this pit has been a slow process, since it is all of reinforced concrete and was built in sections. Much time has been devoted to the building of new walks where they seemed desirable. The main conservatories have been painted both outside and inside, and the stone wall on Shaw Avenue has been pointed. In the fern house a new concrete bridge with porous rock trim has been built, re- placing the rustic bridge, which had become unsafe. The interiors of the new shops and other service buildings have been completed, involving the construction of benches, lock- se racks, and necessary fittings in paint and glass storage ouses. Articles in the February, April, and May BULLETINS on back-yard gardens and window boxes, vegetable gardens, canning, drying, and storage of vegetables, created an un- precedented demand for these numbers. Over 40,000 copies of the February number alone have been reprinted and distributed by the St. Louis Art League and the National Clean-Up Association, while articles from the April and May issues were widely pes et by other publications throughout the country. In addition to this means of assisting the public, members of the staff and the garden pupils devoted much time, during the summer, to superintending school vegetable peiees and those promoted by the Food Con- servation Committee, as well as answering many calls for information along these lines, by mail and telephone. Opportunity was given early in the spring to employes of the Garden to raise vegetables for their personal use on plots *, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 prepared by the Garden. Garden tools were also loaned for this purpose, and many were glad to avail themselves of this assistance, who otherwise would have been unable to have had a vegetable garden. Unusual quantities of corn, oats, millet, alfalfa, soy beans, cow-peas, and cane were grown during the summer. Over 500 bushels of corn were har- vested and sufficient hay to more than supply our stock for the coming year. A new roof was built on the walls of the old hay barn to provide storage room for the large crop. The floral displays have been maintained throughout the year in their usual excellence. These shows continue to attract more and more attention from local commercial growers and florists, since the Garden is able to show many novelties before they are on the open market. March 15-18 the St. Louis Florists’ Club held a flower show in the Coliseum, which was the most successful thing of its kind attempted in St. Louis in several years, The Shaw medal was offered by the Garden as well as $500 dollars in pre- miums. Nineteen first prizes were obtained by the Garden in addition to the silver medal offered by the Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists. The use of the Garden has been offered to the Government in whatever capacity seems most fit, together with the equip- ment of the laboratories, sterilizing apparatus, etc. The Garden has also been of considerable assistance to the Mis- souri Library Commission, in the collection of books and magazines to be forwarded to the army cantonments. In- formation furnished by the Garden to meet the demand arising through the shortage of certain drugs, fibers, dyes, - ete., due to the war, has even exceeded the amount given out in 1916. ATTENDANCE FOR THE YEAR 1917 Week-days Sundays JOUR 2 rae i ee SOT 2 ee BS LS. Mee ee ee ee eee ee ae ae a4e0 .: 5 | eee Mitek 3 e Oe e Bek BOE ee ak ee ee ce OR ce ee 13,794 May ON ee Bee ee eg Ge yl SE Ue see win oo a es a ee ee oe SON re ee I es 7,570 RN ee a OO ee ee Diner Se ee ee A ee ee October Be ee ee ke ea eee i ee Wieser. a ee Bea ee ee Wie a eee a oe ee RO Oe ee 143,598 135,856 143,598 Ph ee AO eee 6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ANNUAL BEQUESTS The Flower Sermon, provided for in the will of Mr. Shaw, was preached in Christ Church Cathedral by the Rev. James E. resin: of St. Mark’s Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota, on May 13, 1917. The Twenty-eighth Gardeners’ Banquet was held on the evening of September 12, 1917, at the Mercantile Club, members of the American Association of Park Superin- tendents, then meeting in St. Louis, being guests of the evening. SCHOOL FOR GARDENING Through graduation and the call to arms by the Govern- ment, the attendance of the School for Gardening has decreased. Miss Clara Fuhr, Mr. Clarence Pedlow, Mr. P. A. Kohl and Mr. A. J. Cella completed their course in September and were awarded the Garden certificate. Miss Fuhr is em- loyed temporarily at the Bourdet Floral Company; Mr. edlow is a draftsman and outdoor foreman for Mr. C. W. Fullgraff, landscape architect; Mr. Kohl has been appointed Assistant Supervisor of School Gardens in St. Louis; Mr. Cella is in charge of the landscape department of Stark Nursery Company, at St. Louis. Three of the students have entered the army service. Mr. James Monteith is corporal of Headquarters Company of 128th Field Artillery, now at Camp Doniphan; Mr. George Pedlow is a marine stationed “somewhere” in France; Mr. W. G. Ellis is corporal of Battery C, 345th Field Artillery, Camp Travis. Due to the resignation of Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler, several of the courses given by him were taken over by other members of the instruction staff, the course in soils and fertilizers being given by Mr. C. L. Moody. During the spring and summer campaign for thrift gar- dens, the students aided the Women’s Food Conservation Committee in the work of organization. At the same time Miss Clara Fuhr was engaged by the Webster Groves Garden Club to take charge of school gardens in that town and achieved very favorable results. As a result of competitive examinations, Miss Anne L. Chase of St. Louis, Mr. R. D. Mitchell of Gotha, Florida, and Mr. F. C. Harris of Coffeen, Illinois, were appointed to the vacant scholarships. Miss Virginia McMath of Webster Groves is also enrolled in the regular course. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 A course of eight lectures on “The Development of a Small Place” has been arranged for the benefit of amateur garden- ers, and treats in detail the various theoretical and practical phases of designing, developing and maintaining a small estate. Several women have been enrolled by the payment of a nominal tuition fee. RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION Graduate instruction in botany offered in connection with the Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, and conducted in the graduate laboratories of the Garden, reached a maximum during the latter part of 1916-17. The operation ‘of the federal draft and the great demand for men in the research and instructional departments of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations have together reduced _ma- terially the enrollment in graduate work for 1917-18. This has made it desirable and necessary to depart somewhat from the announced program of courses of instruction. At the same time it has given members of the staff greater oppor- tunity to devote themselves to other phases of the work made more urgent by the conditions. Coéperating with the de- artments of Washington University, the facilities of the aboratories have been offered for the solution of problems confronting business firms in the city and vicinity, directly or indirectly engaged in the manufacture of war products. Much interest has been manifested in this opportunity. In addition, the members of the scientific staff, as well as those of the Garden staff, have given considerable attention to the work of increased production and of conservation of vegeta- ble products. This has required an increased number of lectures, conferences, personal inspection of fields and gar- dens, and much correspondence. "Scientific and Extension Lectures.—The following are the more important given by members of the scientific and Gar- den staffs during 1917: Alexander Lurie, January 19, before the Mothers’ Club of the Benton School, “Outdoor Flowers.” George T. Moore, February 1, before the Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity, “The Garden and the Town.” George T. Moore, February 7, before the Wednesday Club, “New Fruits and Vegetables for the St. Louis Market.” George H. Pring, February 13, before the St. Louis Aqua- rium Society, ‘Native Aquatic Plants Adapted to Aquaria.” Alexander Lurie, February 16, before the Mothers’ Club of the Devonshire School, ‘“Back-yard Gardens.” 8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Alexander Lurie, March 18, before the Webster Groves Garden. Club, ‘‘Hot-beds.”’ B. M. Duggar, March 16, before the Alumni Association of the Washington University Dental School, “Some Phases of Parasitism and Immunity in Plants.” Alexander Lurie, March 16, before the St. Louis Flower Show, ‘“Back-yard Gardens.” George H. Pring, March 16, before the St. Louis Flower Show, ‘Aquatic Plants for St. Louis.” George T. Moore, March 27, before the Washington Uni- versity Association, “Some New and Old Plant Industries.” B. M. Duggar, April 7, before the Washington University Chapter of Sigma Xi, “Some Materials and Problems in Plant Pathology.” Alexander Lurie, April 10, before Butler Bros.’ Employes’ Association, “Vegetables.” Alexander Lurie, April 10, before Richmond Heights School Patrons’ Association, “Vegetables.” W. W. Ohlweiler, April 19, before the Boy Scouts, at Knights of Columbus Hall, “Vegetable Gardening.” P. A. Kohl, April 20, before the Boy Scouts, at St. Peter’s Evangelical Church, “Vegetable Gardening.” Alexander Lurie, April 20, before the Boy Scouts, at Bryan Mullanphy School, “Vegetable Gardening.” Alexander Lurie, April 20, before the Rose Fanning School, “Flower Gardens.” Clarence Pedlow, April 20, before the Bo Scouts, at Kingshighway Presbyterian Church, “Vegetable Garden- ing. George H. Pring, April 20, before the Boy Scouts, at St. Peter’s Episcopal Church, “Vegetable Gardening.” J. M. Greenman, April 23, Public Lecture Course of Wash- ington University, “The Flora of the High Rockies.” ‘ M. Duggar, April 30, Public Lecture Course of Wash- ington University, “The Plant Life of the Desert.” Alexander Lurie, May 4, at the Kirkwood City Hall, “Questions on Vegetables.” George T. Moore, May 4, at the Kirkwood City Hall, “Vegetables.” George T. Moore, May 10, before the McKinley High School, “Some Applied Aspects of Botany.” Alexander Lurie, May 14, at Webster Groves, “Questions on Vegetables.” George T. Moore, May 16, before the St. Louis College of Pharmacy, at Sheldon Memorial, valedictory address. George H. Pring, June, before the St. Louis Association of Gardeners, “Development of Hybrid Nymphaeas.” . MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 Alexander Lurie, October 26, before the Household Science Club of Belleville, at the Carnegie Library, “The Storage of Vegetables.” Hermann von Schrenk, November 18, before the Kirk- wood Monday Evening Club, “My Summer in the Garden.” George H. Pring, November 22, before the St. Louis Gar- deners’ Association, “The Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.” George T. Moore, November 26, Public Lecture Course of Washington. University, “The Evolutionary Consequences of the War.” George H. Pring, December 6, before convention of Na- tional Gardeners’ Association, Chicago, “The Botanic Gar- dens, Kew, England.” George H. Pring, December 12, before convention of Mis- souri Horticultural Society, Kansas City, “Aquatic Gardens.” Graduates, Fellows and Investigators—During the sea- son of 1916-17 there were registered for graduate work sixteen students, as follows: Ruth Beattie, instructor in botany, Wellesley College; W. W. Bonns, Rufus J. Lack- land Rasoicth Fellow; C. W. Dodge, Lackland Research Fellow; Lucy D. Foote, teacher, St. Louis Public Schools; G. W. Freiberg, formerly research assistant; I. C. Hoffman, industrial fellow, Purdue University; H. M. Jennison, as- sistant in botany, Washington University; A. Lurie, horti- culturist, Missouri Botanical Garden; D.C. Neal, Lackland Research Fellow; Alice Pickel; L. J. Pessin, Lackland Re- search Fellow; W. S. Reeves, scientific assistant to the Director; H. Schmitz, Lackland Research Fellow; J. W. Severy, teaching fellow, Washington University; R. A. Studhalter, assistant bacteriologist, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station; S. M. Zeller, special research assistant, Yellow Pine Association. Owing to the operations of the draft, to voluntary enlistment in public service, and to the great demand for scientific men in botanical and agricul- tural work, the number of students has been reduced for the season of 1917-18, and the following are registered for reg- ular graduate work: W. W. Bonns, Anne W. Davis, C. W. Dodge, Lucy D. Foote, H. M. Jennison and E. B. Payson. In addition, the following visiting investigators have been in residence, using the facilities of the saniines laboratory, namely, Dr. E. R. Allen and Dr. S. M. Zeller. Appointments to the Rufus J. Lackland fellowships for 1917-18 were made prior to the entrance of the United States into the war, with the following result: W. W. Bonns, 8. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1899, B. 8. A. Cor- nell University, 1909, reappointed third year; W. H. Cham- 10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL- GARDEN BULLETIN bers, B. S. University of Illinois, 1915; C. W. Dodge, A. B. Middlebury College, 1915, reappointed third year; D. C. Neal, B. S. Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, 1909, A. M. Washington University, 1916, reappointed second year; H. Schmitz, B. S., 1915, and M. S., 1916, Uni- versity of Washington, reappointed second year. ‘Other appointments included that of Anne W. Davis, A. B. Bryn Mawr, 1917, research assistant, to succeed Dr. G. W. Freiberg; of J. W. Severy, A. B. Oberlin College, 1915, and E. B. Payson, B. A. University of Wyoming, 1917, teaching fellows in Washington University; and of W. 5S. Reeves, B. 8. Pomona College, 1915, scientific assistant to the Director. Graduates formerly connected with the laboratory and terminating their connection during the calendar year for educational or scientific work are as follows: Dr. G. W. Freiberg, Messrs. W. S. Reeves and J. W. Severy, now in the Washington University Base Hospital, Unit 21, France; I., C. Hoffman, assistant horticulturist, Bureau of Plant In- dustry and Purdue Experiment Station; H. M. Jennison, assistant professor of botany, Montana Agricultural College; D, C. Neal, pathologist, citrus investigations, United States Department of Agriculture, Alabama Experiment Station; H. Schmitz, Naval Reserves; R. A. Studhalter, forest pathol- ogist, United States Department of Agriculture; 8. M. Zeller, investigator, Yellow Pine Association, stationed at the Mis- souri Botanical Garden. Mr. W. H. Chambers was unable to report for a fellowship and is now enlisted in the Sanitary Corps of the United States Army. Dr. E. R. Allen, associate in the Ohio Agricultural Experi- ment Station, in charge of the department of soils and of soil chemistry, has been granted a leave of absence for the aca- demic year by the station to pursue investigations in the graduate laboratory. He has also been appointed associate in bce chemistry in the Washington University Med- ical School. At the commencement of Washington University, June 14, degrees were conferred on the members of the graduate laboratory as follows: Doctor of Philosophy, G. W. Freiberg, with a thesis on “Studies in the mosaic diseases of plants,” and S. M. Zeller, thesis, “Lenzites saepiaria Fries, with special reference to enzyme activity.” The degree of Master of Arts was conferred on three students as follows: Ruth Beattie, thesis, “Temperature relations of enzymes, with special refer- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 ence to the effects of various temperatures upon the forma- tion of glucose from starch by the action of diastase”’; Alice Pickel, thesis, ‘A taxonomic study of the genus Tetradymia”’ ; and R. A. Studhalter, thesis, “The factors involved in the dissemination of the chestnut bark disease.” Publications and Papers.—There are given below a list of the more important papers published during the year as a result of investigations and observations made in the lab- oratories, herbarium and Garden. This list does not include many briefer popular discussions, articles which have ap- peared in the BuLiErin, and abstracts in scientific journals. Bryan, Mary M. “A Spurless Variety of Habenaria psycodes.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1917. Burt, E. A. “Merulius in North America.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1917. Burt, E. A. “Odontia Sacchari and O. saccharicola, New Species on Sugar Cane.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1917. Burt, E. A. “The Thelephoraceae of North America. VIII.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1917. Dugger, B. M., Severy, J. W., and Schmitz, H. “Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. IV. The Growth of Certain Fungi in Plant Decoctions.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, 1917. Duggar, B. M., Severy, J. W., and Schmitz, H. “Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. V. The Growth of Certain - Fungi in Plant Decoctions.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1917. Duggar, B. M. “Botany.” American Year Book, 1916. Freiberg, G. W. “Studies in the Mosaic Diseases of Art League Bull., 1917. Pring, G. H. “Hybrid Nymphaeas.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1917. Zeller, S. M. “Studies in the Physiology of the oe oi III. Physical Properties of Wood in Relation to Decay In- 12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN es by Lenzites saepiaria Fries.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1917. The following papers were presented before the Botanical Society of America during convocation week of the Amer- ican Association for the Advancement of Science, at Pitts- burgh, December 28 to January 1: B. M. Duggar and Anne W. Davis. “The Disinfection of Seed for Pure Culture Work.” B. M. Duggar and C. W. Dodge. “The Use of the Colori- meter in Hydrogen-Ion Determinations of Culture Solutions and Plant Juices by the Indicator Method.” George T. Moore. “The Subterranean Algal Flora.” George T. Moore. “A Wood Penetrating Alga.” S. M. Zeller and C. W. Dodge. “Rhizopogon in North America.” HERBARIUM Continued progress has been made in the herbarium dur- ing the year. A relatively large amount of new material has been acquired; and another room on the third floor of the office building has been equipped with the much-needed steel cases, which give sufficient capacity to accommodate all of the gymnosperms, including the valuable collections of Coniferae from the Engelmann herbarium. New Accessions.—The private herbarium of Mr. John H. Kellogg, consisting of upwards of 12,000 specimens, has been acquired by Ron, This collection consists primarily of plants from Missouri, Arkansas and Texas, but also con- tains several sets of plants from various parts of the United States, which were obtained by Mr.Kelloge through exchange with correspondents. Among other important accessions secured during the year are the following: From Dr. Adolf Alt, 65 plants of Switzerland; E. Bartholomew, 300 “Fungi Columbiani,” and 100 “North American Uredinales’’; Ber- nice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 420 plants of the Hawaiian Islands; Miss Florence Beckwith, 87 plants of Missouri, Illinois and Kansas; Dr. R. P. Burke, 266 specimens of fungi of Alabama; B. F. Bush, 213 plants of Missouri; California Academy of Science, 398 plants of the Galapagos Islands, and 74 plants of California; Canton Christian Col. lege, 835 plants of southern China; F. 8, Collins, 100 “Phy- cotheca Boreali-Americana” ; Ira W. Clokey, 1,205 plants of Colorado, Texas, Utah, Nevada, Mexico, etc.; Prof. C. Con- zatti, 70 plants of Mexico; D. L. Crawford, 217 plants of California; Rev. John Davis, 1,164 plants, chiefly from Mis- souri and South Carolina; J. A. Drushel, 107 plants, mainly MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 from Missouri; Dulau & Co., 660 specimens of Gottsche and Rabenhorst’s ‘“Hepaticae Europaeae”’; Dr. W. G. Farlow, 461 specimens of algae, lichens and fungi; Mrs. R. S. Ferris, 112 plants of California; Field Museum of Natural History, 731 plants of central and western United States; G. W. Freiberg, 573 plants of Washington; Gray Herba- rium of Harvard University, 915 plants, chiefly from New- foundland, eastern and southern United States, Dr. Homer D. House, 204 specimens of Thelephoraceae and other fungi of New York; E. L. Johnston, 105 plants of Colorado; P. Jérgensen, 342 plants of the Argentine Republic; Dr. W. H. Long, 94 timber-destroying fungi; Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, 143 plants of Yucatan; Prof. Aven Nelson, 420 plants of Alaska and 907 plants of Idaho; New York Botanical Gar- den, 1,196 specimens from various parts of North America, Bermuda and the West Indies; Dr. L. O. Overholts, 107 specimens of fungi of Colorado and Pennsylvania; Edwin B. Payson, 451 plants, mainly from Colorado and Wyoming; Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 451 plants of Delaware; Dr. H. von Schrenk, 253 specimens, chiefly from the herbarium of Prof. Joseph Schrenk; P. C. Standley, 95 plants of Florida; Dr. Forrest Shreve, Compositae es Eu- phorbiaceae from Arizona; J. A. Stevenson, 57 specimens of fungi from Porto Rico; H. Sudre, 50 specimens of Rubus and 50 specimens of Hieracium from France; United States National Museum, 469 plants from various arts of North America and 375 plants from the Canary slands; University of Texas, 126 plants of Texas; Charles T. Vorhies, 117 plants from northern Arizona; Dr. 8S. M. Zeller, 475 plants of Washington. A complete list of acces- sions received each month of the year has been recorded in the successive issues of the BULLETIN. Mounting and Distribution —The mounting of herba- rium specimens has continued throughout the greater part of the year, and a large part of the material received on new accessions has been mounted and inserted in the organized herbarium. Several thousand miscellaneous undetermined specimens, accumulated during previous years, have been ‘dentified and distributed. In addition to this, nearly 1,500 specimens from the private herbarium of Dr. A. W. Chap- man, which was purchased several years ago, have been mounted and incorporated in the general collection. Field Work.—The botanical survey of the southwest in codperation with the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Uni- versity has been pursued throughout the entire season, eX- cept for the last two weeks in August; and the collector, Mr. Ernest J. Palmer, has visited numerous localities in Texas, 14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Oklahoma and Arkansas. Spring and summer collections were made on an itinerary beginning early in March, con- tinuing until early August, and embracing the following stations which were visited essentially in the order enumer- ated: Corpus Christi, Campbelton, Alice, Laredo, Cotulla, Uvalde, Pulliam, Del Rio, Devils River, Alpine, San Angelo, Brownwood, Houston, Dayton, Livingston, Boerne, Kerrville, Sabinal, Utopia, Concan, San Marcos, Blanco, Boerne, San Antonio, Sullivan, Kingsbury, Milano, Somerville, Quarry, College Station, Bryan, Valley Junction, Milano, San Saba, Brady, Menard, Brownwood, Houston, Morgans Point, Goose Creek, Dayton, Livingston, Huntsville, Latexo, Grapeland, Palestine, San Marcos, Manchaca, Buda, Blanco, Fisher’s Store, Lacey’s Ranch, Boerne, Medina Lake, Uvalde, Pulliam, Montell, Barksdale, Del Rio, Devils River, Brownwood, San Angelo, Mertzon, Sweetwater, Blackwell, Fort Chadburn, Big Spring, Lubbock, Amarillo, and Canyon, in Texas; Clin- ton, Elk City, Snyder, Cache, Anadarko, Lawton, Ryan, and Ringold, in Oklahoma; Denison, in Texas; Mena, in Arkan- sas; Page, in Oklahoma, and Allenton, in Missouri. About two weeks in midsummer Mr. Palmer spent in sorting and labeling the plants secured during the early part of the season. On September 1, collecting was resumed at Fulton and McNab, Arkansas, and continued at San Augus- tine, Beaumont, Fletcher, Houston, Liberty, Dayton, Living- ston, Palestine, Latexo, Grapeland, Blanco, San Marcos, Boerne, San Antonio, Pleasanton, Coraleta, Sabinal, Utopia, Comstock, Del Rio, Uvalde, Montell, Brownwood, Sweet- water, Big Spring, in Texas, and at Altus, Elk City, Snyder, and Muskogee, in Oklahoma. Thus a splendid representa- tion of both the vernal and autumnal flora was obtained. Although the season on the whole was an exceptionally dry one and collecting therefore more difficult than in the three years groecing, yet upwards of 10,000 specimens were obtained. These collections afford excellent material for scientific study, pain in tracing the geographical range of species and in throwing more light on many species about which very little at present is known. Seeds of a number of plants were secured, particularly of such plants as seem of special interest for growing in the garden. Distribution of Duplicates—A relatively small number of duplicate herbarium specimens has been distributed to correspondents during the year. However, 2,572 specimens have been forwarded chiefly to American institutions on the basis of exchange; and in return therefor several valuable series of plants have been received. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 ( Use of Herbarium by Outside Botanists.—Visiting bota- nists from different parts of the country have consulted the herbarium from time to time during the year. Several loans of herbarium specimens have been made to institutions in order to facilitate the work of specialists in monogra hing technical groups of plants, and in studying the detailed flora of different parts of the country. Such loans for the most part have been of mutual advantage. An important work has been undertaken by Dr. Norma E. Pfeiffer of the Uni- versity of North Dakota, who spent the month of July in the herbarium in pursuance of a monographic study of Isoetes. Statistical Summary: (For the year ending December 31, 191Q). 7. Number of specimens acquired on new accessions : By purchase .......--+--+++eeereees 19,070 BS Sie Aen en ede 5,556 By exchange ....-----+++eeeses rere 3,489 By field work......---++++-+++-e++0% 8,537 TOU) oo ee ns 36,652 valued at $3,665 20 Number of specimens mounted and incorporated : From Chapman Herbarium........--- 1,485 From all other sources.....-----.++-> 15,860 Total ineseeri wees 17,345 valued at $3,469 00 Number of specimens discarded from the herbarium ...-.--+se+eeeereere cress 136 Number of specimens sent to correspondents on the basis of exchange......---+-++> 2,582 Number of specimens in organized her- teFitink 2 ois 6 Sos Span © OS ES 820,772 valued at $123,983 05 Number of specimens in unorganized her- barium (estimated at)....---..++--+> 62,000 valued at 5,080 00 Wood specimens, ete., supplementing the Cees pre ea ee ie hea Cee tee valued at 280 00 Microscope slides, ete.....--++++r-++errerr rte valued at 410 00 Total valuation ........---++es+erees $129,753 05 LIBRARY Since the Garden library receives annually 944 serial ublications containing more or less botanical matter, a arge part of the daily work is required for checking up and entering the current numbers of these publications as they arrive, sending them on the round of the laboratories, collating the volumes for the binder and finally indexing and distributing them on the shelves. 16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN There have been even fewer opportunities than in former years during the war to purchase books which will complete sets in old serials lacking one or more volumes. Reclassification of Books.—Work has been continued dur- ing the year in making changes in the card catalogue and in accession slips in the vault, which were made necessary by reclassification in 1915 of the books and pamphlets in the sections of plant physiology and plant pathology, but this work is not yet completed. About 1,000 more subject cards were prepared during the year to complete the entries in the library section of mycology for the subject card index. Publications.—The current volume of the ANNALS OF THE Missourt BoranicaL GaRDEN, which is our principal exchange for publications of scientific institutions and socie- ties, contains 368 pages, 22 plates and 74 text figures, and consists of the results of botanical researches by individuals connected with the Garden. It is computed that the value er year of exchanges received for the ANNALS is about $1,500. Some exchanges are also received for the BULLETIN. Both the Annas and the Butiertn are supplied to regular subscribers, and separates of the various articles in the ANNALS are for sale by the library. The cash receipts from subscriptions and separates for the year were $502.85. Loans of Books.—While the library is not a circulating library, it does loan many books which are needed by in- vestigators in other institutions. The borrower makes ap- plication for the loan through the library of his home university, which is responsible for return of the book at expiration of the loan and payment of transportation both ways. Loans of 80 books to 29 institutions have been made during the year. Subject Index.—Work on the subject index of titles of botanical articles published by scientific societies of the world was continued during the greater part of the year. Indexing the serial publications of Great Britain and Ireland and nearly half of those of Germany and Austria had been com- leted by the end of 1916. During the present year cards ave been prepared for botanical articles of nearly all the remaining scientific societies of Germany and Austria, but most of the cards of the present year have not yet been classified by the librarian. In all, about 18,300 articles are now indexed for 179 sets of publications. Statistical—_There have been 499 volumes, valued at $940.55, and 697 pamphlets, valued at $149.00, donated to the library; and 337 volumes, valued at $957.94, and 18 pamphlets, valued at $19.39, purchased. The library now { } oA MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17 contains 35,364 books and 45,712 pamphlets, a total of 81,076, valued at $121,380.51. There are also 326 manu- scripts, valued at $1,603.25, 920,929 index cards, valued at $9,281.85, and 162 maps, valued at $258.60, making the total estimated value of the library and card catalogue $132,524.21. A total of 33,584 index cards have been aided. of which 19,831 were typewritten by Garden employees, and 13,753 purchased at a cost of $181.76. The number of a aes was 201, and 5 maps were donated, valued at $2.00. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR DECEMBER, 1917 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of Visitors... .. secs cece eee eee e ease 9,451 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts...... 6 Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books bought...........-.---+.++eeees 8 Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 140 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS : By Purchase— Canton Christian College—Plants of southern China...... 105 Paul C. Standley—Plants of Florida, collected by Miss Jeanette P. Standley... 2.0... c sete cece csw sess seee 95 By Gift— Dr. R. P. Burke—Fungi of Montgomery Co., Alabama..... 70 J. A. Drushel—Plants of Ohio, Missouri, Texas, and Col- OTENO ey vee ees beeen eee e eee ee nee eeeeeneeees 17 Miss Caroline C. Haynes—Hepaticae of New York and New SOROS as vei ic cans tase these ens esse vssssctvesus 20 New York Botanical Garden—Thelephoraceae from various es OE ae Feo oh a oan ere ee ere ee) 700 Dr. L. O. Overholts—Sterewm rameale from Maryland..... 1 Edwin B. Payson—Plants of Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, end California 5566 inc iene inne reed cen secs 451 C. V. Piper—Ewobasidium Vaccinii on Xolisma ferruginea Pre HOP os os ions k ee wos oh ore Cees ees eee 1 Dr. Mary S. Young—Symphoricarpos sp. from Texas...... 1 By Exchange— California Academy of Sciences—Plants, chiefly from Cali- oe | Reet remy Eee rer gee re ae ete 75 Ira W. Clokey—Plants of Colorado, mostly Senecio....... 30 Field Museum of Natural History—Plants of Indiana, Illi- mois, Oregon, CbC.....-0. cece eeeee cece neseceres eee SOL By Field Work— Ernest J. Palmer—Plants of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri (estimated at)..........6.-seeeeeeees 8,500 18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2.00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN * -* Director, GEORGE T. MOORE. BENJAMIN Mince DuccaR, . - Epwarp A, Burt, ch Physiologist in charge of, Graduate Labormosy- ; Myrologst ‘and Librarian. _.) HERMANN yon s SCHRENE, gE ate “ANNE Ww. Dav, es he kee Patholovit. yearn é beh se Research Assistant. ice M. GreexMay, ee PE Ss ee KATHERINE H. ‘LEIGH, (ies ‘Cerator of the Hesbarjunt th _ Secretary to the Director. JAMES GURNEY, Head Gardener, Emeritus. JOHN Noyes, Landscape Designer. _ "ALEXANDER Lurig, ° Horticulturist, G. H. Princ, ~ Floriculturist. : J. J. Coucutin, o“) WLP. LANGaN, © Construction, © eae oi Engineer. AP Foenstiny 2 H. VALLENTINE, ¥ +4 bax zs Be es % ‘a Missour! BOTANICAL — GARDEN [BULLETIN — i Mol! VE. FEBRUARY, 1918 = ~-No.2 ea oe BONPENTS. <5 Wiehe Pree 8 oe, a ee Untibegs? La iets hah ate’ AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE O X-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELE-PERPRTUATING. PAEONIA OFFICINALIS. “IOA ““I1NG ‘duvy) Log ‘of ‘9 “SI6L ‘LT SLV Id | Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., February, 1918 No. 2 THE PEONY Although the peony is one of the commonest of our garden flowers, frequently seen growing in single clumps in front or back yards, yet it deserves even greater ap- reciation. The old-time red “piney,” while of great uty, is dwarfed into insignificance by the gorgeous new forms and colors produced by hybridization in recent times. With its masses of ‘SE surpassing in effect even the rose, its fragrance, ease of culture, ex- treme hardiness and permanency, together with com- parative freedom from disease and insect attacks, and its adaptability to pleasing landscape effects and cut-flower purposes, the peony stands a peer among flowers. This fit- ting tribute was paid the peony as early as 1879 by H. Huftelen in Vick’s Magazine: ‘No flowering plants cap- able of enduring our northern winters are more satisfactory than the peonies. Massive without being coarse, fragrant without being pungent, grand without being gaudy, various in form and color, beyond the possibility of Seite success- fully superseded, they .stand in the first rank of hardy flowers. In America the first mention of peonies was made about 1800, but it was not until the middle of the nineteenth cen- tury that the popularity of the plant with its ever-increasing number of varieties began to be apparent. During the latter half of that century the production of such a large number of varieties occurred as to occasion confusion in nomen- clature. This difficulty was finally eliminated, however, by the establishment of test gardens at Cornell University, for which upwards of 2,500 different varieties were secured from various nurseries in the United States and abroad. After a period of several years of painstaking effort, the varieties were simmered down to 500 which were clearly distinct. Most of these were derived from P. albiflora. The American Peony Society, as well as some of the local organizations and many enthusiastic individuals, has con- (19) 20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN tributed a great deal to the present enviable position of the peony. The gradual evolution into the highly colored, fragrant, double flower of to-day has come about through the natural tendency towards variation aided by the change of climate, environment, and ease of hybridization. Because of the extensive variation the peony flowers have been classified into seven types — single, Japanese, anemone, semi-double, crown, bomb, and rose. (1) Single peonies are composed of a ring of broad guard petals surrounding a mass of stamens and carpels. (2) The Japanese type shows the first indication of doubling. The filaments of the sta- mens have broadened, while the guard petals have remained the same. (3) The anemone presents the next develop- ment in doubling. The filaments have been converted into narrow petals, the anthers disappearing completely. (4) The semi-double is not really a step in advance of the anemone, as a few stamens still remain, though those which have changed into petals have begun to resemble the guard petals very strongly. (5) The crown type exemplifies the change of carpels into petals which are slender and reflexed. (6) In the bomb type we have the combination of doubling of both the stamens and the carpels, but the guard petals are still slightly different. (7) The fully double type is the rose where the petals are evenly arranged, very often indis- tinguishable from the guard petals. It is to be noted in this connection that extensive studies have revealed that fragrance increases with each successive type of doubling. The single peonies often possess a disagreeable odor, while the rose varieties are extremely fragrant. _ The one criticism usually voiced against the peony is the short duration of the bloom. This is a serious drawback, but the season may be prolonged six weeks or more by the use of a number of different species. P. tenuifolia is the first to bloom in the spring, followed by P. Witmanniana hybrids in May, and a little later by P. officinalis. Early in June the shrubby P. Moutan makes its debut with a wonder- ful mass of large flowers. It is closely followed by another shrubby form, P. lutea—a somewhat rare and recent intro- duction with large golden yellow flowers. The last to bloom are the numerous varieties of early, midseason, and late types of P. albiflora. From a cultural viewpoint the Paeonia ( Ranunculaceae) may be classified under two heads—the herbaceous and the tree, the herbaceous kinds composing by far the larger group. The propagation of herbaceous peonies is comparatively a simple process. Seeds may be sown or the fleshy rootstocks ‘St ULV Id “SIGE 9 “IOA * "I1Ng ‘auvy ° LOG ‘OW TINA. > A ARIE PAEONL/ Mo. Bot, GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 3. PAEONIA ANOMALA. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 divided, but because of the variability and hybrid character of the plants, seeds are rarely used, except to produce new varieties. It is best to sow the seeds immediately after maturity, in sandy soil, about two inches deep. Soaking in water previous to planting is advisable to facilitate germ- ination. Upon appearance of the seedlings above ground shading of lath or brush should be provided and the young lants allowed to remain in the seed-beds for at least a year. ropagation by root division should be accomplished in the fall after the tops have fully matured. The roots should be dug up and placed in a shady place for a few days. Then wo may be cut in pieces containing at least three buds. each. P. albiflora and P. officinalis are the most important of the herbaceous species. P. albiflora is a native of northern Asia and withstands a large degree of cold. It was known to the Chinese previous to the sixth century, having been used by them for medicinal purposes, food, and later for ornamentation. It is readily distinguishable from the other species by bearing more than one flower upon the stem. A number of valuable varieties have been introduced, but its chief value lies in the wonderful results obtained from cross- ing with P. peregrina, P. arietina, and particularly P. officinalis. P. officinalis is native of southern Europe and is appar- ently the species which secured for the genus its name Paeonia. A physician named Paeon was supposed to have used the roots of the plant in curing the wounds of Mars during the Trojan War. A good many legends concerning its properties have been handed down from the ancients, ascribing miraculous faculties to its use and presence. Even late in the nineteenth century the feeling prevailed among the peasants of Europe that evil spirits would be kept away by the presence of a peony plant near a house, which may explain to a certain extent the planting of one or two peonies at each cottage door. Other species of herbaceous peonies of some ornamental value and deserving of mention are the following: P. paradoza, a native of Ile de Levant, France, quite late in blooming and producing small flowers on very short peduncles. P. anomala, a Siberian species Bigs enormous roots which are eaten by the natives. The flowers are large, crim- son, single. P. tenuifolia, native of Ukraine, Russia, characterized by its linear leaves. 22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN P. Witimanniana, a pale yellow peony, desirable for its parentage in a number of valuable hybrids. P. Emodti, the only species native of India, but closely allied to P. albiflora. P. Brownii, rather insignificant but worth mentioning, being the only species native of the Western Hemisphere (California). Of lesser importance may be mentioned P. decora, P. arietina, P. humilis, P. peregrina, and P. corallina. The tree peony, Paeonia Moutan, is a native of China, its discovery dating previous to the sixth century, when it was cultivated for medicinal uses only. Later it was intro- duced into gardens for ornamental purposes, oe a great favorite with the Japanese. The first shipment reached England in 1794 from where introduction into France was secured. A more recent addition to the tree peonies is P. lutea, with yellow flowers. The tree peony is somewhat more difficult to i ei than the herbaceous type. Several methods are em oyed : seeds, grafting upon herbaceous peonies, layering, division of the roots, and cuttage. The commonest method is by grafting upon the fleshy roots of the herbaceous types. The operation is performed in August or September, so that new roots will be developed before winter. A healthy piece of a root of P. albiflora is selected and slit about two inches from the crown down- ward. A scion with at least two buds is cut wedge-shaped, ‘inserted into this slit, and bound tightly with raffia. The grafted plant is potted, leaving one eye of the scion above ground, and the pot is plunged into a cold-frame where it remains over winter and the following season. Cleft graft- ing upon the roots is sometimes practised with success, if plenty of wax is applied at the union. Layering is best performed in the spring just before owth commences. The operation consists of bending own branches, making a slit on the under surface to en- courage root formation, and pegging to the soil. It usually requires two years before the plant may be severed from its parent. Division of the roots and cuttings of the stems are methods rarely practised. The former has a tendency to injure the plant, while the latter is rarely successful unless unusual pre- cautions are employed. In order to have the cuttings root, they should be taken in August or September with a portion of the old wood attached, and planted in pots of sandy soil. A close atmosphere and shade are essential for success, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23 The growing from seed has the advantage of securing plants upon their own reots, but when it is realized that a year or more is required for germination and an additional five to six years before flowers are produced, the method is found to be too slow and precarious. The soil required for the maximum development of peonies should be a somewhat heavy clay loam, especially if quality of blooming is considered. For propagation pur- poses, however, a lighter soil is preferable. A thorough preparation of the beds is necessary because of the deep- rooting, gross-feeding propensities of the plant. Stable manure is considered the most efficient of fertilizers, but should not be applied in too fresh a state, as rotting or gen- eral debility of the plant will result. Early fall planting in September should be practised. The summer’s growth is then completed and the winter buds formed at the crown. Spring planting is not advisable be- cause of the unavoidable breaking off of the new rootlets which start very early in the gy om a consequent check- ing of growth. After the soil has been plowed two feet deep in September and enriched with well-rotted manure, the _ Toots may be lifted, divided, and planted in the new loca- tion, setting the plants three inches below the surface of the soil. This depth is essential to prevent freezing and heaving during winter. A slight mulch of straw, manure or litter is desirable. In the spring the mulch may be worked into the soil and thereafter shallow cultivation and occasional watering is given to keep the plants in a healthy condition during the summer. A slightly shady position would be beneficial in localities with extreme summer heat, as during exceptionally hot weather the foliage becomes brown early in the summer, often necessitating its removal. Some species, however, like P. tenuifolia, naturally lose their foliage shortly after blooming, to reappear again next spring. During the season the P. albiflora varieties require disbud- ding in order to increase the size and improve the form and color of individual flowers. Cut peonies would be appreciated to a greater extent were certain precautions taken in cutting. This should be done when the buds are just unfolding and rolling back the outer etals. Quick immersion into cold water to prevent air ing drawn into the stems, and storage in a cool place until expanded will prolong the keeping qualities considerably. This is impracticable for commercial purposes, but if fol- 24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN lowed as closely as possible would result in greater satisfac- tion among the flower-buying public. Both the herbaceous and tree peonies are readily forced in the greenhouses. The plants should be lifted in Septem- ber after completion of their growth, potted in rich soil, and plunged into a cold-frame, where they should remain until about December. When first placed in the greenhouses a temperature of 40-45° F. should be maintained, gradually being raised to 55-60° F. Under such treatment, with fre- quent applications of liquid manure, the tree peonies may be forced in six weeks and the herbaceous kinds in about eight to ten weeks. Double-flowering varieties should be used for forcing, their flowers possessing longer keeping Y Negare After forcing at least two years should elapse be- ore the same plants are forced again. Comparatively, the peony is immune to insect attacks and in a lesser degree the same holds true for fungous diseases. By far the most important disease is the Botrytis blight, oc- curring simultaneously in widely separated localities, espe- cially during a wet spring. It is caused by Botrytis paeonzae —a fungus belonging to a widely distributed genus attack- ing many ornamental and economic plants. The disease affects the stems, buds, and leaves. In the early spring an attack upon the stems often results in rotting and complete wilting. The buds are the next to succumb to the attack, indicated by wilting, drying up, or failure to open. In wet seasons as many as 90 per cent have been found blasted in this fashion. The leaves show symptoms of this disease in the form of blotches spreading from the apex, which soon become brown and dry. In all cases a thick felty covering of spores indicates the presence of the parasitic organism. Due to the wide-spread nature of the disease, numerous hosts, and transference of spores by ants, methods of con- trol are not efficacious. Spraying is not desirable because of the discoloration of the buds and foliage and the neutral- ization of copper in the Bordeaux mixture by the exuded sugary solution from the buds. Sanitary eradication meas- ures promise a greater degree of success. Cutting away and burning the old stubble in the fall and replacing the old soil at the top by fresh sand, as well as removal of all in- fected stems in the spring, will reduce the chances of infec- tion of the buds. Rotted buds full of spores should be re- moved and burned. A number of other diseases have been observed, but in most cases they are not very serious and no effective meas- CINCHONA OFFICINALIS. “Tong ‘auvy) ‘Log ‘OW “SI6I “9 “IOA ‘p ULVId MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 25 ures of control have been devised for them. Among the number may be included the root gall, root rot, leaf blotch, mosaic, and Sclerotinia stem rot. The following is a short selected list of some of the best peonies for garden use and cut-flowers: Name Color Time of Bloom Type ANBIANCNG. 40 fot ae White June Crown Baroness Schroeder....... White June Rose Couronne: Ore... 5 0s White June Rose Claire DUbGiss5..< <5 cies os Pink - June Rose Duchesse de Nemours..... White May Crown Delugiet oA soi ieee. Red June Rose Edulis Superba........... Pink May Crown Eugene Verdier........... Pink Early June Rose Helis Crouse 52 isn scene Red Early June Bomb Festiva Maxima.......... White May Rose Grandiflora Rosea........ Pink June Rose La Printemps 4 653553 5s Yellow Early May Single Livingstone... i asians. Perko Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. VIEW OF GARDEN IN FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE. Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., March, 1918 No. 3 THE INDOOR BULB SHOW The advent of spring is to be fittingly emphasized by the April indoor show in the floral display house at the Garden. The show will consist of the early-blooming bulbous plants which have become universally associated in the popular mind with the transition from the bleak days of winter to the brightness of the Easter season—lilies, hyacinths, tulips, and narcissus. The flowers have been arranged in a formal garden of a simple parterre design unusually well adapted to the pro- portions of the floral display house. A new feature is a marble figure in the center of a circular bed at the north end, which is framed by the arbor beyond. The wall foun- tain and pool at the south end form a most important part of the effect produced. Hyacinths occupy the triangular beds and the small circular beds of the middle panel. The beds forming the squares of this part are filled with tulips, while the larger circle at the north end contains the nar- cissus and the hyacinth collections. At the sides are hya- cinths, amaryllis, spiraea, and roses, and several pieces of topiary work at regular intervals. Borders of snakegrass, palms, and other exotics enclose the garden in a wall of green. A special feature of the display will be a collection of 148 bulbs of hippeastrum, valued at $10,000, loaned to the Garden last October by John Scheepers Co., New York, to be grown and exhibited at the time of the National Flower Show which was to have been held in St. Louis in April. On account of war conditions the show had to be abandoned, but the Garden has made an extra effort to make up, in part at least, for the disappointment of those who had been look- ing forward to this floral treat. Mr. Scheepers visited Europe for the sole purpose of bringing to this country the finest of modern hybrids, and he believes that he secured the only specimens of the two rarest hippeastrums in ex- (29) 30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN istence, a pure albino variety under the popular name “White = a a2 JP NNN IS . s - . ~~ -,) eS FZ agi e ert 4 \ Rae =f PLAN OF GARDEN IN FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE. Lady” and a light pink variety called “Apple Blossom.” St. Louisans are particularly fortunate in having the opportunity of seeing this unusual and noteworthy collection. HIPPEASTRUM (Amaryllis) The development of this well-known genus covers a_ considerable period of activity on the part of the enthusiast and hybridist. It was well known in gardens before the Linnean period, and the old name Amaryllis suggests that it was named for the sweetheart of the Roman_ poet Virgil. Sternbergia lutea was de- scribed by John Gerard under the name Narcissus autumnalis major. Park- inson figured the same plant in his “Paradisus,” as well as a red-flowered type, Narcissus indicus, which is popularly known at the present time as Amaryllis formosissima, native of exico and Guatemala. It was prob- ably introduced into Spain previous to 1593. In 1822 Dean Herbert published “The Produc- tion of Hybrid Vege- tables’ in the Transac- tions of the Royal Horti- cultural Society. Under this somewhat eccentric title he devised a complete systematic classification of the known species of MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 31 Amaryllis. The greater part of Herbert’s life was de- voted to the Saaetioddan of the order and the cultivation of all the known amaryllis, numerous hybrids being raised. In a subsequent treatise the genus was separated, probably through the suggestions of Linnaeus, into Hippeastrum and Amaryllis, Amaryllis Belladonna, indigenous to the Cape of Good Hope, being the only remaining representative, while the western group embraced many species. The separation was not entirely geographical, however, but founded on minute botanical characters. Up to this period the genus had been named successively Narcissus, Lilio Narcissus, and Amaryllis, which, however, are readily differentiated. The liliums have a leafy stem without spathes, while the amaryllis produce naked flower stems with buds inclosed in spathes. There are upwards of 70 described species of Hippeastrum, a number of which have been used in the production of the thousands of variable present-day hybrids. The most prom- inent species, Hippeastrum Reginae, a native of South America, was introduced and flowered by Fairchild of Hox- ton, England, in 1728, under the name Lilium Reginae. It was figured in the Botanical Magazine, 1799, the flower being a short funnel-form variety, crimson in color. Huzp- eastrum vittatum, native of Peru, was imported into urope in 1769, having white flowers prominently over- laid with red stripes, with a white keel. Hippeastrum reticu- latum, native of Brazil, was introduced into England by Dr. Gray, in 1777, and was described in the Botanical Maga- . zine, in 1803. The flowers of this species are mauve or purple-red, with cross lines and bars of crimson. Hip- peastrum equestre, of tropical America, dates back to 1698, and is probably one of the earliest parents used in breed- ing. Its flowers are bright red with green at the base. Other imported species used are Hippeastrum aulicwm, introduced from Brazil in 1819, H. psittacinuwm, introduced from Brazil in 1820, H. solandriflorwm from Brazil, H. pardinum from Peru, and H. Leopoldii. H. Johnsoni, the first re- corded hybrid, was raised, in 1799, by an English watch- maker named Johnson, who crossed H. Reginae and H. vittatum. The development of Hippeastrum me bed was taken up commercially by Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, England, about 1870, resulting in a more open, regular flower. Large se of these hybrids were exhibited at the annual shows of the Royal Horticultural Society of London. The work of im- provement was later taken up by the Belgians, Dutch, and Germans. At the present time thousands of hybrids are 32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN "raised annually in California by Burbank, and in Florida by Nehrling. There are two methods by which hippeastrums may be cultivated, (1) planting outside for the summer months, and (2) greenhouse or pot culture. The first method in- volves the planting out of bulbs in rows, during the month of May, in a well-drained border and top dressing with cow manure. During summer plenty of water and destruction of weeds are essential. In October the bulbs should be lifted and either potted, or stored in the bulb house and potted two or three weeks before the starting period. One objec- tion to this method is the unavoidable breaking of the num- -erous thick, fleshy roots, which occurs in the process of lift- ing and potting, at the expense of the future flowers. It is advocated, however, for the increase of stock, through the agency of side growths which are produced more freely out- side. Greenhouse or pot culture is without doubt more satis- factory when the production of perfect flowers is the ob- ject. The plants should be transplanted before the starting period, usually January, or top dressed, depending upon their condition. A good heavy soil should be selected, adding leaf mold and sand in proportion, and enriching it by applying bone meal or cow manure. Water should be given sparingly until the plants are well rooted. It is not neces- sary to transplant annually, but top dressing in alternate years, combined with feeding with liquid cow manure and soot-water, is desirable. After growth is completed, usuall by the end of October, the water should be withheld ‘a ually, and the temperature reduced from 60 to 45° F. for the resting period. Mealy nae ee thrips are the two chief insect pests, the former inhabiting the under side of the scales, the latter puncturing the epidermis of the succulent leaves. The mealy iy may be kept under control by forcible spraying, or, when badly infested, by brushing the bulbs with 50 per cent alcohol. Nicotine solution will control thrips. Hippeastrums are easily raised from seeds, producing flowering bulbs within 4 years. Seeds should be sown immediately after ripening, as they soon lose their vitality. The best method is to sow in sandy soil in flats, placing the seeds about 2 inches apart to eliminate early transplant- ing. If properly wn, bulbs 1 inch in pede ss may easily be obtained by the end of the first year, when they should be transplanted into 3-inch pots or set outside dur- ing the summer for further development. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 33 THE LILY No other flower upon display exemplifies the Easter season as does the lily. It has been associated so long with Easter decorations that its absence would be considered inappro- pee The lily is one of the oldest flowers known to man- ind, having been mentioned in legends and verse from earliest times, though its history is shrouded in mystery. Parkinson (1869) was the first to describe accurately several different species, and he was later followed by Linnaeus in the “Systema Plantarum,” in 1774. Many new forms were discovered by Thunberg and Siebold, which enabled M. Spae (1847) to publish a memoir containing 44 species. A com- nee classification of the lily was published in 1874 by aker, which led to the standard work on the subject by H. J. Elwes, “A Monograph of the Genus Lilium.” Of the 200-300 species that have been described, only four with their varieties are commonly used for indoor decoration— Lilium longiflorum eximiwm (Harrisii), L. longiflorum giganteum, L. candidum, L. speciosum album, L. speciosum rubrum, L. speciosum Melpomene, and L. Henry. The Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum, is a native of China, and is cultivated for decorative purposes to a larger extent than any other lily. The white tubular flowers of L. longi- florum eximium and L. longiflorwm gigantewm often reach 8 inches in length, while as many as 15-20 have been borne on a 4-foot stem. The average commercially grown plants, however, produce 3-5 flowers per plant. The susceptibility of L. longiflorum eximium to a bacterial disease has led to its being superseded by L. longiflorwm giganteum, which differs from the former by greater vigor of the bulb and a reddish tinge of the stem. The Madonna lily, Lilium candidum, is a native of the Mediterranean region, and is used quite extensively for for- cing. It differs slightly from LZ. longiflorum in having smaller and more numerous flowers with a greater fragrance. Lilium speciosum and its varieties, rubrwm and Mel- pomene, rank next to L. longiflorum in their use for for- cing purposes. The flowers are reflexed, white or pinkish with blood-red spots, 1-10 being borne on a stem. The varieties differ from the type in deeper coloration of the petals and somewhat different habit of growth. They are native of Japan. Lilium Henryi is similar to L. specioswm in bulb and form of flowers but differs in habit and coloration. The flowers are more numerous, orange-yellow with reddish brown spots and a green band at the base. It is native of na. 34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN One of the main factors in successful forcing of lilies is the development of a strong root system before any top growth is permitted. To accomplish this the bulbs are tted in the fall in 6-inch pots containing a compost of e parts loam and 1 part well-rotted manure, the pots being only half filled in order to allow for a top dressing when growth begins. The bulbs should then be stored out- doors in frames and covered with cinders, soil, or manure. About 13-14 weeks before the time that flowers are de- sired, the pots should be brought into a greenhouse with a temperature of 45-50° F. at night, which is gradually raised in the course of 2 weeks to 60° F. With proper ventilation and weekly applications of liquid manure after the buds begin to show, no trouble hoa be experienced in produc- ing well-flowered plants. Approximately 6-8 weeks are re- quired for forcing lilies from the time that the buds ap- pear. Application of water at a temperature of 70° F. is recommended, as well as shading the glass to draw up the stems to a desirable height. The lasting qualities of the flowers may be increased by the removal of the anthers upon opening of the blooms. This prevents the self-pollination and subsequent fertilization of the ovary, with rapid withering of the corolla. In addition, this practice prevents the spot- ting of the pure white bells with the sticky yellow pollen. Eradication of green aphis is essential to prevent malforma- tion of the flowers. NARCISSUS The narcissus, a true harbinger of spring, was greatly prized in the ancient times. It was mentioned by Virgil some 2,000 years ago and later by Mohammed. In botanical works the first account of the daffodils occurs in Gerard’s “Herbal,” in 1597. In 1629 Parkinson figured it in his “Paradisus,” while in 1724 numerous varieties were listed in Miller’s ‘Gardeners’ Dictionary.” In modern times great impetus has been given to the popularity of narcissus by the classification and introduction of various types by Peter In popular nomenclature great confusion exists as to the proper terminology for daffodils, jonquils, narcissi, Chinese sacred lilies, etc. The daffodils or trumpet narcissi differ from jonquils in having much larger trumpets and bearing flowers singly upon a flowering stem, while each jonquil stem bears 2-6 shallow-cupped yellow flowers resembling those of the paper-white narcissus. The much-prized sacred lily is but a variety of the paper-white narcissus. ‘The popularity of the narcissus is not confined merely to growing outdoors, as the demand in recent years for cut MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35 flowers and pot-grown plants has been enormous. The prin- cipal species used for forcing are N. Tazetta papyraceus (paper-white narcissus), NV. Pseudo-Narcissus (trumpet daf- fodil), N. incomparabilis, N. Jonquilla, and N. poeticus. N. Tazetta produces 4-12 white flowers with shallow cups. It is an extremely variable species both as to color and size. The most important varieties are the common paper-white narcissus (N. Tazetta papyraceus) and the Chinese sacred lily (N. Tazetta orientalis), the latter being extensively grown in bowls of water. N. Pseudo-Narcissus (trumpet daffodil), with its brilliant yellow single and double flowers, is one of the favorites. 1 mcomparabilis differs slightly from the trumpet daffodil in having a shorter trumpet, and is thought to be a hybrid be- tween N. Tazetta and N. Pseudo-Narcissus. N. Jonquilla (jonquil) is a hardy species forced extensively for its small yellow shallow-cupped flowers produced upon slender stalks. N. poeticus is an old favorite easily recognized by the red- margined shallow cup and spreading white segments. The majority of the bulbs are grown in Holland and to a certain extent in France. Upon their arrival in Septem- ber, immediate potting is recommended to prevent drying out and thus impairing the quality of the flowers. The best soil is a mixture of equal parts of leaf mold, well-rotted manure, and fibrous loam, nitrogenous fertilizers tending to turn the flowers green. For cut-flower oy pees the bulbs are usually placed close together in shallow flats, their tops being just level with the surface of the soil. When used as pot aby several bulbs are placed in a 6-inch pan. Care should be taken to provide sufficient drainage and not to press the bulbs into the soil, as this may compact the soil underneath to such an extent as to lift the bulb out of the earth when the roots begin to develop. Thorough watering - and storage in a cold-frame in a manner similar to that prac- ticed for lilies give best results. Subdued light is neces- sary upon removing the bulbs from the frames, in order to draw up the foliage and prog uniformity of bloom. At this time a temperature of 50° F. should be maintained, but as the light is increased the temperature 1s raised 10-15 degrees. Under proper conditions 4-6 weeks are required to bring the bulbs into bloom. HYACINTH Very little is known of the early history of the hyacinth. Gerard mentioned it in the “Herbal,” but failed to state its origin or source of introduction. White, pink, and blue 36 ‘MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN varieties were then figured, but now the range of color is much greater, including yellows and reds of many shades. The Dutch hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis) and the Roman hyacinth (H. orientalis albus) are the two types commonly forced. The latter differs from the former in a smaller bulb producing earlier flowers, usually of a pale ink, blue, or white color, and fewer on astalk. The Dutch yacinth produces a single stiff flowering stem from a bulb, as a rule, while the Roman hyacinth may produce three or four graceful spikes. The propagation of the hyacinth is so: distinct as to re- quire a brief mention. In July fully ripened bulbs are taken out of the ground, and 3 or 4 cross cuts deep na to reach the growing point made in the bottom. These bulbs are then placed in a trench, with the cut end upward, cov- ered with soil, and allowed to remain a few weeks. As soon as the wounds are healed and the cuts opened wide the bulbs are taken up and placed in storehouses until October, when planting takes place. Upon. being lifted next June the cuts are found to be lined with 20-30 small bulblets, while the substance of the old bulb has practically disappeared. The young bulbs are planted next fall in a aimntte manner to the old bulbs, this process being repeated for four or five years, until a mature flowering bulb is developed. Another method consists of scooping out the center of the bottom of the bulb instead of scoring it. More but smaller bulblets are secured in this manner, but the advantage of quantity is offset by the additional one or two years required to attain maturity. _ The soil and conditions essential for proper forcing are similar to those of the narcissus, except that Dutch hyacinths are grown singly in pots. It is very necessary to produce a strong root system in order to have long healthy spikes of flowers. Low temperature, not above 65° F., is conducive to large flowers, more brilliant coloration, and longer last- ing qualities. Usually for Dutch hyacinths 4-6 weeks are required for the proper development of the flowers after be- ing brought from the frames. The Roman hyacinths may be forced in a much shorter time. _ The Dutch hyacinth, as well as the Chinese sacred lily, is often Shibe in water. The principles of growth are the same as for potted bulbs, except that each bulb is so placed in a glass that the bottom is barely in contact with the water. It should then be set away in a cool, dark place for 8-10 weeks, until a strong root system has been developed and the growing shoot has reached 2-3 inches in length. By grad- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 37 ually increasing the temperature and ght, good flowers may be obtained, providing fresh water is added occasionally. TULIP Although it is well known that tulips are of extremely old garden origin, no exact records are in existence. It is thought that Tulipa Gesneriana and T. suaveolens are re- sponsible for the common types of to-day. To the former are ascribed the late tulips, while the early-flowering varieties belong to the latter. Their cultivation in Europe dates back to 1554, when seed was brought to Austria from Turkey. The Turkish tulips were composed of pointed petals of red and yellow hues, but these were gradually, by a process of selection, changed to broad rounded forms of varying colors. Two forms of 7. Gesneriana are of importance in forcing, the long-stemmed, self-colored, large-flowered Darwins, and the Parrot tulips (7. Gesneriana var. Dracontia). It is thought that Parrot tulips are merely hybrids possessing deeply and fancifully cut petals, although the same condi- tion may have been brought about by continuous selection. T. suaveolens differs from the others chiefly in earliness of ‘bloom and comparative dwarfness. A garden hybrid be- tween 7. Gesneriana and T. acuminata—T. retroflexa—is of interest, possessing yellow funnel-form flowers with twisted, undulated edges. Tulips are propagated by means of offsets and cutting of the old bulbs. While flowering, new bulbs are formed in- side of the outer covering. Consequently the bulbs which are dug up from the beds in the spring are not the same that were planted in the fall. Thorough ripeness is essential for bulb production. Pot culture of tulips does not differ from that of the other bulbous plants. Several bulbs are placed in a pan, watered, stored in frames, and then gradually forced into bloom in 3-4 weeks. Proper rooting is essential to develop long- stemmed, large flowers. ASTILBE Astilbe japonica, or, as it is pagrem 4 called, Spiraea, belongs to the Saxifragaceae, and is a hardy herbaceous perennial, with compound foliage and tall, dense spikes of white, pink, or purplish flowers. The clumps of plants are allowed to freeze outdoors, then are potted into a mixture composed of sandy loam and manure in ratio of 4 to 1, and Dieta on in the greenhouse at a temperature of 50° F. No higher temperature than 38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 60° should be allowed, but copious quantities of water should be applied throughout the growing season and especially when the flower spikes begin to show color. Generally, three months are required to bring the plants into full flower. Division of the clumps after forcing and growing them on in a cool place in the free ground outdoors for a year will produce new plants ready for forcing the year following. Astilbe is singularly free from attacks of diseases and insects. NOTES Mr. W. S. Wells spoke on “Thrift Gardens” at the Car- negie Library, Belleville, Illinois, March 18. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, gave a talk before the St. Louis Garden Club, March 12, on “Lawns.” Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, spoke on “Thrift Gardens” at the Wellston High School, March 8. Mr. F. S. Collins, of Boston, is spending some time at the — working over the collection of algae in the her- arium. An illustrated lecture on “Tree Surgery’ was given be- fore the St. Louis Gardeners’ Club, March 6, by Mr. Alex- ander Lurie. Dr. Norma E. Pfeiffer, of the University of North Da- kota, has resumed at the Garden her monographic studies of the genus Isoetes. Visitors to the Garden during March included Mr. J. F. Collins, Forest Pathologist, U. 8. Department of Agriculture and Demonstrator, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and the Rev. John Davis, of Hannibal, Missouri. On March 28 fifty students from the St. Louis College of Pharmacy, accompanied by Professor Hemm of that insti- tution, visited the Garden, and were conducted through the greenhouses and grounds by Mr. George H. Pring, Flori- culturist to the Garden. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39 STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1918 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total: vymber of Visitore....5 «<3 6555S oe a ee ee 8,478 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of packets of seeds received as gifts......-- 10 LipraRky ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought.........---- 53 Total number of books and pamphlets donated........---- 57 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift — E. Bartholomew—Hydnum laeticolor from western Missouri 1 O. C. Charlton—Quercus sp. from Dallas, Texas...-..---- 1 Mrs. Joseph Clemens—Plants of Oklahoma. 225.56 i sess 427 Prof. C. Conzatti—Passiflora sp. from Mexico.....------- 1 J. A. Drushel—Plants of Missouri, Ohio, Texas, and Colo- es os Os a Pe ER et eS Se 12 Dr. W. G. Farlow—Fungi from Venezuela, Georgia, and Rew TA 5 os ce eo Vk er es ae Sere 12 A. G. Johnson—Plants of Switzerland, collected by Miss Be leds Nia os ss dis en iv 8a week E ee A AOE CERT PEE 82 Dr. J. Lunell—Plants of North Dakota......--+-++++:++> 12 Dr. W. H. Long—Merulius ambiguus from New Mexico... 1 Miss Ida M. Roper—American plants introduced into Eng- land through war conditions.....-.---+++:+tr5777"" 7 By Exchange — Botanic Gardens, Sydney, N. 8. W.—Plants of Australia.. 200 756 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2.00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN seek ae GEORGE T.. MOORE. BENJAMIN MINGE Duccar, Epwarp A, Burt, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. ; Mycologist and Librarian. HERMANN YON ScHRENE, ANNE W. Davis, ee Research Assistant. Jesse M. GREENMAN, KATHERINE H. Leicu, Curator of the Herbarium. Secretary to the Director. JAMES GURNEY, Head Gardener, Emeritus. JoHN Noyes, Landscape Designer. ALEXANDER LuRIE, Horticulturist. G. H, PRING, Floriculturist. J. J. CoucHtin, W. F. LaNGAN, Construction. Engineer. P. FOERSTER, Hp Vaccenting, Farm and Stables. Carpenter. ore £ s ‘ gp Missouri BoTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN — Vol. VI. . APRIL, 1918 ~ dNo. 4 owe CONTENTS — _ The Economic Garden == = Statistical Information <=. re ge cs So he 58 ST. LOUIS, MO. iin cowee ee pe 1918 : alk PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES ie raise BOARD so CONSTITUTED, “EXCLUSIVE OF EX-OFFICIO M pxcatcne ss Is SELEA EMP ALERTING: a Ba) | Ee eis THE ECONOMIC GARDEN Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., April, 1918 No. 4 THE ECONOMIC GARDEN One of the most popular, interesting, and instructive of the outdoor gardens is the economic garden, so named because of the material grown there. The value of this garden lies in the educational features embodied in its various sec- tions, giving the city-dweller a comprehensive idea of the manner in which various economic plants are grown, as well as setting forth possibilities that may well be incorporated in his own home grounds. This tract, about two acres in extent, 1s oval-shaped, di- vided from east to west through the center by a rough stone walk, bordered with birch which will eventually form a pleached alley. At the upper or south end, on either side the central walk, are located beds of farm crops, vegetables, savory herbs, bee plants, ornamental grasses, and lawn — The north end is divided into three terraces. The rst comprises four ideal back-yard garden arrangements ; the next is devoted to hedges of various sorts, as well as dwarf =e small fruits; and a medicinal garden occupies the last errace. At either end of the garden is a circular pool. The cen- tral north-and-south walk is lined throughout its oo. with trained fruits, while the outer border consists of trellis work supporting numerous hardy and tender vines. A cut- flower border surrounds the entire garden, which in turn is screened off from the main garden by a thick border planta- tion of trees and shrubs. Farm Crops.—The plots in this section are mainly sam- ples of crops to be grown upon a large acreage and used as staple articles of food or in the manufacture of economic products. Several crops are of such unusual interest as to require special mention, such as Mandan corn, teosinte, pea- nut, Australian salt bush, and beggarweed. Mandan corn is described as the earliest-fruiting corn known and one which withstands drought, cold, and neglect. (41) 42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Under most unfavorable conditions ears will mature in 70- 90 days. The stalks are slender and short, with many suck- ers, bearing numerous ears. Through hundreds of years of selection by the Mandan Indians for perfection of ear and earliness of maturity this wonderful type has been developed for sections of the northwest and eastern slopes of the Rock- ies, where semi-arid conditions are prohibitive of successful agriculture, The purity of the various strains was preserved by the Indians, who held the corn sacred. Teosinte, an annual forage plant closely related to corn and similar in appearance but forming no true ears, is a rank ~ grower, reaching a height of 15 feet and producing as many as 60 stalks from a single root. Its great yielding property (20-30 tons per acre) would place teosinte at the head of all forage crops were it not for the fact that it will thrive only in moist, rich soil with a hot growing season. Only limited areas are devoted to its culture, the larger proportion of the crop being used as ensilage. The peanut is an annual leguminous plant of creeping habit, with two kinds of flowers, the showy male and the hidden female. The former soon drop off, while the latter grow eet by the extension of the stem, which curves toward the ground, and becomes buried, to mature the pods. The seed is shelled before planting and is placed in loose soil 2 inches deep, 8 inches apart in the rows, 2 seeds being dropped at each place. Proper cultivation and ridging of lants is essential to further the development of the pods. “eanuts are used as roasted nuts, salted nuts, and for confec- tionery purposes. Peanut butter and peanut oil form ex- tremely important by-products, while the vines form excel- lent forage. Australian salt bush is a good cover crop upon alkaline soils and forms a forage of high quality, though the taste for 1t 1s acquired very gradually. nike capa is an annual leguminous plant used as a cover crop for orchards, being a vigorous grower and having high nitrogen-producing property. If used for hay two crops may be cut during the season and the third crop allowed to ma- ture seed, thus pie ge eb the crop from year to year. Warm, moist soil and hot weather are conducive to its best development. FARM CROPS ae Sauoeg name Botanical name alfa Medicago sati a salt bush ‘Atetolon aclianieie ey Hordeum sativum MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43 Common name Botanical name rweed Desmodium tortuosum Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Burnet Poterium sp. Canadian field peas Pisum sativum var. arvense Clover, crimson Trifolium incarnatum Corn, broom Andropogon Sorghum Corn, field (Mandan) Zea Mays Corn, pop Zea everta Corn, sweet Zea saccharata Cotton Gossypium herbaceum Cowpea Vigna sinensis Flax Linum usitatissimum Furze Ulex europaeus Millet Panicum miliaceum Oats Avena satwa Peanut _ Arachis hypogaea Rape, dwarf Essex Brassica Napus Rice Oryza sativa Rye Secale cereale Sainfoin Onobrychis sativa Soy beans Glycine Soja Spelt wheat Triticum Spelta Spurry Spergula arvensis Sugar beet Beta vulgaris Sugar cane Saccharum officinarum Teosinte Euchlaena mexicana Timothy Phleum pratense Vetch Vicia villosa V egetables.— Representative vegetables are grown on sev- eral plots, the following list including two little-known but desirable plants, udo and dasheen. The udo is a hardy perennial producing strong, blanched shoots early in the spring, which may be cooked or used as a salad, It is readily grown from seed sown In a cold-frame in March. Upon reaching 4 inches in height the plants are set out in the open ground 3% feet apart. Blanching is accomplished by mounding the soil over the tops, placing tile, boxes or tubs filled with sand over each plant, through which the shoots develop. After the removal of the crop full erowth should be permitted, pinching out the flowers as they form. The turpentine flavor of the shoots 1s removed by boiling them 10 minutes in salt water. The dasheen is a vegetable introduced into the United States in 1905 from Trinidad. It is closely related to our ornamental elephant’s ear and is thoroughly adapted to cul- tivation in the warm, moist south Atlantic and Gulf states. In Florida, dasheens are planted in March, the tubers being placed 2 inches deep and 4 feet apart. The crop matures in October, when it may be harvested in a manner similar to the potato. Partial maturity has been obtained in the Gar- den by starting the tubers in the greenhouses in January, 44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN but this, of course, is not practicable on a commercial basis. When fully grown the tubers, varying in color from white to violet, vidld 4-30 pounds to a hill. Because of the 7- month requirement for maturity, it is not a profitable crop for cool climates. Dasheens are cooked in a manner similar to the potato and possess a nutty flavor which makes them an acceptable substitute for this popular vegetable. VEGETABLES Common name Artichoke, globe Artichoke, Jerusalem Botanical name Cynara Scolymus Helianthus tuberosus Asparagus Asparagus officinalis Beets Beta vulgaris Bean, common Phaseolus vulgaris Bean, Lima Phaseolus lunatus var. macrocarpus Brussels sprouts Cabbage, Chinese Cabbage, fiat Dutch Cabbage, Jersey Wakefield Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera Brassica Pe-tsai Brassica oleracea var. capitata Brassica oleracea var. capitata Cabbage, red Brassica oleracea var, capitata Cardoon Cynara Cardunculus Carrot Daucus Carota Cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Celery Apium graveolens Chicory Cichorium Intybus Chives Allium Schoenoprasum Collard Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera Corn salad Valerianella olitoria Cress Lepidium sativum Cucumber Cucumis sativus Dasheen Colocasia esculenta Egg plant Solanum Melongena Endive Cichorium Endivia Horseradish Radicula Armoracia Kale Brassica oleracea var. acephala Kohlrabi Brassica oleracea var. Caulo-Rapa Leek Allium Porrum Lettuce, head or leaf Lactuca sativa Mustard Brassica nigra Okra Hibiscus esculentus Parsley Carum Petroselinum Parsnip Pastinaca sativa Pea Pisum sativum Pepper Capsicum annuum Potato, sweet Ipomoea Batatas Pumpkin Cucurbita Pepo Radish Raphanus sativus Rhubarb Rheum Rhaponticum Sea-kale Crambe maritima Spinach Spinacia oleracea uash Cucurbita moschata Tobacco Nicotiana Tabacum Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum Turnip Brassica Rapa Udo Aralia cordata Unicorn plant Martynia proboscidea MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 45 Bee Plants——In order to secure a quantity of honey of good quality, plants possessing flowering parts with an abundance of nectar acceptable in flavor to the bees, and affording easy access to the nectar glands, should be grown in close proximity to the hives. The following list com- prises the plants grown in the garden which possess not only the above requirements, but provide a succession of bloom throughout the season: BEE PLANTS Common name Alfalfa Aster, white heath Balm Bee-balm Borage Buckwheat Catnip Chowlee plant Chrysanthemum Clover, Alsike Clover, crimson Clover, Japan Clover, red Clover, sweet Clover, white Dandelion Figwort Furze Giant spider plant Globe thistle Goldenrod Knotweed Lions’ tails Mustard Peppermint Rape, dwarf Essex Sacaline Sainfoin Sweet alyssum Tickseed Vetch, hairy Botanical name Medicago sativa Aster ericoides Melissa officinalis Monarda didyma Borago officinalis : Fagopyrum esculentum Nepeta Cataria Vigna sinensis Chrysanthemum sp. Trifolium repens Trifolium incarnatum Lespedeza striata Trifolium pratense Melilotus alba Trifolium repens Taraxvacum officmale Scrophularia nodosa Ulex europaeus Cleome spinosa Echinops sphaerocephalus Solidago sp. Polygonum pennsylvanicum Leonurus Cardiaca Brassica nigra Mentha piperita Brassica Napus Polygonum sachalinense Onobrychis sativa Alyssum maritimum Bidens bipinnata Vicia villosa Savory Herbs.— Savory herbs are used for culinary a. oses, to add flavor to dressings, soups, stews, and salads. he prevailing ignorance of their good qualities is respon- sible for their infrequent use and lack of demand. e comparative ease of cultivation should induce many to cul- tivate such common herbs as parsley, sage, thyme, savory, marjoram, spearmint, dill, fennel, balm, and basil. The following plants are grown in the section devoted to savory herbs: HERBS Common name Botanical name Agrimony Agrimonia officinalis — Angelica Archangelica officinalis 46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Common name Anise Balm Basil, dwarf Basil, sweet Borage Caraway Catnip Coriander Cumin Dill Elecampane Fennel, sweet Horehound Hyssop Lavender, true Marjoram, sweet Mint, curled Peppermint © Rosemary Rue Sage Sage, red Savory, summer Savory, winter Spearmint Tansy Thyme Tarragon Wormwood Botanical name Pimpinella Anisum Melissa officinalis Ocimum minimum Ocimum Basilicum Borago officinalis Carum Carvi Nepeta Cataria Coriandrum sativum Cuminum Cyminum Anethum graveolens Inula Helenuum Foeniculum dulce Marrubium vulgare Hyssopus officinalis Lavandula vera Origanum Majorana Mentha crispa Mentha piperita Rosmarinus officinalis Ruta graveolens Salvva officinalis Salvia Horminum Satureia hortensis Satureia montana Mentha viridis Tanacetum vulgare Thymus vulgaris Artemisia Dracunculus Artemisia Absinthium ORNAMENTAL GRASSES Agrostis nebulosa Agrostis pulchella Arundo Donax Avena sterilis Briza geniculata Briza gracilis Briza maxima Brizopyrum siculum Bromus brizaeformis Bromus macrostachys Bromus madritensis Chloris barbata Chrysurus cynosuroides Coia Lacryma-Jobi Cortaderia argentea Cortaderia Quila Eleusine barcimonensis Eleusine coracana Eragrostis abyssinica Eragrostis amabilis Eragrostis elegans Eragrostis maxima Erianthus Ravennae Eulalia japonica Eulalia japonica var. zebrina Festuca glauca Gymnothria japonica Hordeum jubatum Lagurus ovatus Panicum atropurpureum Panicum sulcatum Pennisetum japonicum Pennisetum latifolium Pennisetum longistylum Pennisetum Ruppellii Stipa elegantissima Stipa pennata Zea Curagua Zea Mays var. gracillima Zea japonica var. follis variegatis Zea japonica var. gigantea quadricolor Phalaris. arundinacea var. variegata Lawn Grasses—Two circular plots near the pleached ma are divided into 12 sections. Each section in one plot evoted to a single kind of lawn grass, while the sections MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN AT in the other plot consist of mixtures of these individual grasses, suitable for various purposes. The following list in- dicates the grasses used, as well as the proportions in the mixtures : GRASSES AND MIXTURES 1. English rye 7. Kentucky blue-grass 2. Orchard grass 8. Sheep fescue 3. Red top 9. St. Augustine grass 4. Bermuda grass 10. Italian rye 5. Canadian blue-grass 11. White clover 6. Rhode Island bent 12. Wood meadow grass MIXTURES 1. General Purposes— 6. Slopes— Red top 35 per cent Rhode Island bent Kentucky blue-grass 40 per cent 35 per cent Wood meadow 25 per cent Sheep fescue 10 per cent Canadian blue-grass English rye 20 per cent 25 per cent Kentucky blue-grass 2. General Purposes— 10 per cent Kentucky blue-grass 7. Extreme Heat— 50 per cent Siemeda grass 50 per cent Red top ZO per cent Kentucky blue-grass Rhode Island bent 50 per cent ican ie I pee ene mrone Hoot : = a er Bermuda grass 60 per cent 3. General Purposes— Italian rye 40 per cent Kentucky blue-grass 9. General Purposes 20 per cent Rhode Island bent Italian rye 20 per cent 30 per cent Canadian blue-grass Encli 40 per cent nglish rye 40 per cent White clover 10 per cent Red top 30 per cent White clover —_10 per cent 10. Sandy Sotls— Rhode Island bent 4. Fair Green— Kentucky blue-grass 30 per cent ‘ 4 Rhode Island bent 50 per cen 50 per cent Orchard grass 20 per cent Sheep fescue 30 per cent 11. Extreme Heat— St. Augustine 40 per cent per cent Bermuda grass 60 per cent Wood meadow 40 per cent 712, Hatreme Heat— —o— BO pet cent Bermuda grass 40 per cent . Kentucky blue-grass 50 per cent White clover 10 per cent Back-yard Gardens— Four model back-yard gardens, each 28 x 60 feet, illustrate the effects that may be obtained in an average back yard. A full description of the subtrop- ical, rose, shrubbery and perennial, and vegetable and flower . Sheep fescue 20 per cent 5. Shady Miature— Kentucky blue-grass 40 48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN back-yard gardens is contained in the February, 1917, number of the BULLETIN, Hedges.— The possibilities in the use of other plants than California privet for hedges are shown in the terrace devoted to this purpose. The various widths and heights illustrate the different effects obtainable. HEDGE PLANTS Common name Althea, shrubby Aralia Barberry, box Barberry, Japanese Bridal-wreath Buckthorn Deutzia Dogwood, red Osier Gumi Hawthorn Honey locust Honeysuckle, fragrant Honeysuckle, Morrow’s Mock-orange Oregon grape Privet, California Privet, Japanese Privet, yellow Pearl bush Quince, Japanese Rose, Japanese Sea buckthorn Spiraea Stephanandra Botanical name Hibiscus syriacus Aralia pentaphylla Berberis Thunbergii var, nana Berberis Thunbergii Spiraea prunifolia Rhamnus cathartica Deutzia scabra Cornus stolonifera Elaeagnus longipes Crataegus Oxyacantha Gleditsia triacanthos Lonicera fragrantissima Lonicera Morrowii Philadelphus inodorus Mahonia Aquifolium Ligustrum ovalifolium Ligustrum Ibota Ligustrum ovalifolium var. aureum Eaochorda grandiflora Cydonia japonica Rosa rugosa Hippophae rhamnoides Spiraea “Anthony Waterer” Stephanandra flexuosa Medicinal Section.— The plants in this group are ar- ran according to their botanical relationship. Many kinds of plants of v: cluded in the collection. stances nearly all entire root of bell medicinal importance are in- obtaining the medicinal sub- arts of the plant are employed. The onna, licorice, ete., is used; the bark of the root of sassafras and cotton; the entire herb of lobelia, pennyroyal, catnip; the leaves of belladonna, foxglove; the seed of poppy, castor bean, ete. MEDICINAL PLANTS Botanical name Achillea Millefolium Achillea santolinoides Acorus Calamus Actinomeris squarrosa Allium sativum Althaea officinalis Anethum graveolens Common name Common milfoil, yarrow Sweet flag Common garlic Marshmallow Anet, dill MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49 Botanical name Antirrhinum majus Apocynum cannabinum Aquilegia vulgaris Arctium Lappa Artemisia vulgaris Asparagus officinalis Borago officinalis Calendula officinalis Cannabis sativa Capsicum sativum Chelidonium majus Chrysanthemum coccineum Convallaria majalis Coriandrum satiwum Cynoglossum officinale Daucus Carota Dictamnus (Fraxinella) albus Digitalis purpurea Dipsacus atratus Dipsacus sylvestris Euphorbia marginata Genista tinctoria Glycyrrhiza glabra Heuchera americana Humulus Lupulus Hydrastis canadensis Hyssopus officinalis Inula Helenium Tris cretensis Tris Pseudacorus Iris tectorum Tris versicolor Lavandula vera Leonurus Cardiaca Linaria vulgaris Linum alpinum var. albwm Linum perenne Lycopersicum esculentum Malva rotundifolia Melilotus officinalis Mentha piperita Mentha viridis Monarda fistulosa Narcissus poeticus Nepeta Cataria Ocimum Basilicum Opuntia vulgaris Oryza sativa Paeonia officinalis Phytolacca decandra Platycodon grandiflorum Polygonum hydropiperoides Radicula Armoracia Ranunculus bulbosus Rheum compactum Rheum macropterum Rheum Rhaponticum Ricinus communis - Common name Snapdragon Canada or Indian hemp Common columbine Burdock Mugwort Common asparagus Common borage Pot marigold Common hemp Red pepper Cock-foot, tetterwort Common lily-of-the-valley Common coriander Common dog’s tongue Wild carrot White-flowered fraxinella Common foxglove Wild teasel Snow-on-the-mountain Base broom Licorice plant Alum root Common hop Golden seal Common hyssop Horse elder Jacob’s sword, water flag Wall iris Large blue flag True lavender Common motherwort Butter-and- , toad-flax Dwarf white-flowered flax Perennial flax Tomato Dwarf mallow avin wild bergamot Poet’s narcissus Catnip Sweet basil Barbary fig Ri ce Common garden peony Poke Chinese bellflower Mild waterpepper Common horseradish Crowfoot, buttercup Rhubarb Garden or tart rhubarb Castor bean 50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Botanical name Rubus caesius Rubus strigosus Rumesx acutus Rumex Patientia Ruta graveolens Salvia officinalis Sanguinaria canadensis Satureia hortensis Scrophularia nodosa Secale cereale Solanum Dulcamara Spiraea Filipendula Statice Limonium Symphytum officinale Tanacetum vulgare Taraxacum officinale Thymus vulgaris Urtica dioica Verbascum Thapsus Veronica grandis Veronica virginica Vinca minor Zea Mays var. indentata Zea everta Common name Bramble, dewberry Red raspberry Herb Patience, spinage dock Rue Sage Bloodroot Summer savory Knot-rooted figwort Common rye Bittersweet or woody nightshade Dropwort, Italian “May” Common sea lavender, wild marsh beet Boneset Common tansy Dandelion Thyme Common stinging nettle Common mullein Culver’s root Common periwinkle Common maise, Indian corn Popcorn Vines.— Aside from their ornamental value, vines are very useful on pergolas, trellises, and lattice work, shutting from view various unsightly objects. They serve also as a means of relieving the bareness of walls, thereby uniting the house with the lawn. The numerous annual and perennial chmbers which will be planted at the base of the trellis work surrounding the garden illustrate the kinds which thrive in this vicinity, as well as their methods of attachment. Botanical name Adlumia cirrhosa Bryonopsis laciniosa Cardiospermum Halicacabum Cobaea scandens Convolvulus japonicus Echinocystis lobata Humulus japonicus Ipomoea Quamoclit Ipomoea Bona-nox Ipomoea grandiflora Ipomoea setosa Ipomoea (mixed Japanese) Maurandia Barclaiana Mina sanguinea Momordica Balsamina Momordica Charantia Phaseolus multiflorus Tropaeolum canariense Tropaeolum Lobbianum ANNUAL VINES Common name Mountain fringe vine Ornamental fruited vine Balloon vine Mexican ivy plant Bindweed Climbing cucumber Hop vine Moon vine Brazilian morning-glory Balsam apple Balsam pear Runner bean Nasturtium Nasturtium (mixed) MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 51 PERENNIAL VINES Botanical name Actinidia arguta Actmidia polygama Akebia quinata Ampelopsis heterophylla Ampelopsis Engelmannti Ampelopsis Lowti Ampelopsis muralis Ampelopsis quinquefolia Ampelopsis tricolor Ampelopsis tricuspidata Apios tuberosa Aristolochia Sipho Aristolochia tomentosa Boussingaultia baselloides Clematis coccinea Clematis crispa Clematis Flammula Clematis florida “Duchess of Edin- burgh” Clematis Jackmanii Clematis Jackmamii “Madame Baron Veillard” Clematis lanuginosa var. Henryi Clematis lanuginosa “Lady Caro- line Nevill” Clematis lanuginosa var. Lawson- tana Clematis lanuginosa “Nelly Moser” Clematis orientalis Clematis paniculata Clematis patens “Fair Rosamond” Clematis patens var. Standishii Clematis virginiana Clematis Vitalba Clematis Viticella “Ville de Lyon” Celastrus orbiculatus Celastrus scandens Cucurbita Pepo Dioscorea Batatus Dioscorea villosa Evonymus radicans Evonymus radicans var. variegatus Hedera cambwoodiana Hedera Helix Hedera Helix var. arborescens Hedera Helix var. Crippsi Hedera Helia var. latifolia Hedera Helix var. palmata Humulus Lupulus Hydrangea petiolaris Ipomoea pandurata Jasminum nudiflorum Jasminum offici Lathyrus latifolius Lonicera brachypoda Lonicera Caprifolium Lonicera flava Common name Silver sweet vine Variegated Virginia creeper Japanese ivy Virginia creeper Turquoise berry vine Boston ivy Wild bean Dutchman’s pipe Madeira vine Scarlet-flowered clematis Curled-sepaled clematis Sweet-scented virgin’s bower Large-flowered clematis Jackman’s clematis Wooly clematis Oriental clematis Virgin’s bower Open-flowered clematis American virgin’s bower Traveler’s joy Purple virgin’s bower False bittersweet Gourd Cinnamon vine American wild yam Spindle tree | English ivy Tree ivy Silver queen Hop Climbing hydrangea Man-of-the-earth Naked-flowering Jasmine Jasmine Everlasting pea 52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Botanical name Common name Lonicera japonica Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica var. aurea Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica var. chinensis Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica var, Halliana Honeysuckle Lonicera perictymenum var. belgica Woodbine Lonicera sempervirens Trumpet honeysuckle Lycium barbarum Matrimony vine Lyctum chinense Chinese box thorn Menispermum canadense Moonseed Passiflora caerulea Passion vine Passiflora incarnata Wild passion flower Periploca graeca Silk vine Polygonum baldshuanicum Knot weed Pueraria Thunbergiana Kudzu vine Smilax hispida Bamboo brier Solanum Dulcamara Bittersweet Tecoma grandiflora . Trumpet vine Tecoma radicans Trumpet creeper Vitis aestivalis Summer grape Vitis arborea Vitis Berlandieri Winter grape Vitis bicolor Blue grape Vitis Champinii Vitis Coignetiae Crimson glory vine Vitis cordifolia Vitis Henryana Vitis Labrusca Vitis megalophylla Vitis rotundifolia American bull grape Vitis Thomsonii Vitis vulpina Frost grape Wistaria sinensis Chinese wistaria Wistaria sinensis yar. alba Wistaria frutescens American wistaria Wistaria multijuga Japanese loose-clustered wistaria Trained Fruit Trees—The central walk of the economic garden is lined with trees of apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, nectarine, and gooseberry, trained in various ways. The modes of training upon espaliers are cordon, fan-shaped, gridiron, and verrier. In a cordon two branches are per- mitted to develop, each attached to a single wire. A short trunk with several branches radiating from its top in a single plane constitutes the fan-shaped espalier. In gridiron train- ing two main horizontal branches ascend in the form of a gridiron. The verrier system consists of developing two or more sets of horizontal branches, emanating from the main trunk, one above the other, the ends being bent upwards into vertical shoots. Tree training of this sort is essentially an Old-World custom, having been evolved under intensive culture and patient hand-work. Only painstaking care and thorough understanding of the fruiting habits will lead to any degree of success. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 53 Cut-flower Border— Many annuals and perennials are desirable not only for the pleasing effects produced in masses, but also because of the quantity of cut-flowers pro-. duced which may be used for home decorating. The representative collection grown in the cut-flower border does not exhaust the list of plants possible, but is comprehensive enough for general purposes. CUT-FLOWER BORDER Common name African marigold Botanical name Tagetes patula Aster Aster patens Aster Aster nova-angliae Aster Aster “St. Egwin” Bachelor’s button Bachelor’s button Centaurea Cyanus Gomphrena globosa Beard-tongue Pentstemon barbatus Blanket flower Gaillardia grandiflora Blazing star Liatris elegans Blazing star Liatris scariosa Bleeding-heart Dicentra spectabilis Candytuft Iberis umbellata Candytuft Iberis sempervirens Canterbury bells Campanula Medium China aster Callistephus chinensis Chinese bellflower Platycodon grandiflorum Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum uliginosum Clarkia Clarkia elegans Columbine Aquilegia vulgaris Columbine Aquilegia chrysantha Columbine Aquilegia canadensis Coral bells Heuchera sanguinea Cone-flower Rudbeckia bicolor Cone-flower Rudbeckia triloba Cone-flower Rudbeckia subtomentosa Corn poppy Papaver Rhoeas Cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus Dahlia Dahlia coccinea Everlasting flower Helichrysum monstrosum Everlasting Acroclinium roseum False dragon-head Physostegia virginiana Farewell-to-spring © Four o’clock Godetia amoena Mirabilis Jalapa Foxglove Digitalis purpurea Heliopsis Heliopsis Pitcheriana Hollyhock Althaea rosea Japanese false goat’s beard Larkspur Astilbe japonica Delphinium grandiflorum var. chinense Larkspur Delphinium formosum Lavatera Lawatera trimestris Lupine Lupinus nanus Madonna lily Lilium candidum Maltese cross Lychmis chalcedonica Marigold, African Mexican tulip poppy ' Mignonette Tagetes erecta : : Hunnemannia fumariaefolia Reseda odorata 54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Common name Mist flower Monk’s hood Mourning bride Mullein pink Peony Periwinkle Petunia Phlox Phlox Poppy, California Poppy, oriental Red-hot poker plant Sea lavender Shasta daisy Silver thistle Snapdragon Sneezeweed Soapwort Stocks Stokes’ aster Sunflower Sunflower Sweet Sultan Sweet William Tickseed Tickseed Tobacco Yellow day-lily Youth-and-old-age Botanical name Eupatorium ageratoides Aconitum autumnale Scabiosa caucasica Lychnis Coronaria Paeonia officinalis Vinca rosea Petunia (mixed) Phlox paniculata (pink) Phlox paniculata (white) Eschscholizia californica Papaver orientale Tritoma Pfitzerir Statice Limonium Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum Eryngium amethystinum Antirrhinum (mixed) Helenium autumnale Saponaria Vaccaria Matthiola incana Stokesia cyanea Helianthus annuus Helianthus mollis Centaurea moschata Dianthus barbatus Coreopsis lanceolata Coreopsis coronata Nicotiana affinis Hemerocallis flava Zinnia elegans IRIS This showy, hardy outdoor plant is very popular, and its common, less expensive varieties are extensively used. It is to be regretted, however, that advantage is so rarely taken of the many beautiful new forms which have been intro- duced into this country. The comprehensive collection, at the Missouri Botanical Garden, located in the central section of the perennial garden, in front of the Linnean house, rep- resents most of the common and many rare types, and should prove of value in popularizing some of the better varieties which are not as yet very widely known. The iris may be popularly divided into three classes: German or tuberous rooted, Japanese or fibrous rooted, and Spanish or bulbous. In the German group may be included Iris germanica, I. florentina, I. pallida, I. flavescens, I. plicata, I. neglecta, I. lurida, I. sambucina, I. squalens, and 1. hybrida. Owing to their diversity of origin, the varieties of this group range in color from pure white through mauve and blue to purple. The flower stalks are branched, extending above the light green, flat, sword-like leaves. Two flowers are usually borne on a stem, the inner segments curved inward, the outer curv- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 55 ing outward with a tuft of hairs near the base. The flower- ing period extends from late May through June. The Japanese iris (I. laevigata or I, Kaempferi) differs from the German group in possessing fibrous roots, some- what more slender, parallel leaves, and flat, expanded flowers free of the crest of hair, ranging in color from white through purple and blue. A moist, cool location is desirable for best results. The flowering season begins in June and continues through July. The Spanish iris (J. Xiphiwm and I. Xiphoides), a dwarf, bulbous form, partly hardy, is effective because of strong color contrasts and numerous flowers. The flowers, appearing in May and June, are borne singly, having re- curved segments, the outer being broader and of more bril- lant hue. The iris is easily grown. Any rich, moist, light soil will give satisfactory results, though the Japanese types require a greater degree of moisture. The common metho of propagation is by division of the roots, early in the fall or spring. It is preferable that this be done in the fall in order that the plants may be established in the ground before winter, After the ground freezes a light mulch of manure or litter will help prevent heaving and loss of plants. Divi- sion of the clumps every three years is desirable, especially in the case of the tuberous iris, to avoid the matting and gradual elevation of the roots to the surface of the ground. Thorough cultivation should be practiced during the entire growing season. ge Despite the numerous varieties of iris there is room for betterment through hybridization. Pollination is effected by removing the anthers when the flower first opens. and preserving bea in vials until ready to apply to the stigma of the flower selected for pollination, the anthers of the female parent having previously been removed and the en- tire bloom covered with cheese-cloth or a paper bag to pre- vent insect pollination. The pollen is usually viable for the period of a week. The stigma is located near the apex of the petal-like style and is ready for pollination when the upper edge drops down and exposes the upper surface. The seeds germinate readily, being either sown in the open ground in the fall or started indoors in the winter and planted out in the spring. Two or three years are required before flowers appear, : The Garden collection is arranged botanically as follows: SUBGENUS EVANSIA (CHARACTERIZED BY A SLENDER CREEPING RHIZOME, THE OUTER SEGMENTS OF FLOWERS DISTINCTLY CRESTED) Tris cristata, dwarf blue Tris tectorum, lilac 56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN SUBGENUS POGONIRIS (CHARACTERIZED BY A SHORT THICK RHIZOME, AND OUTER SEGMENTS OF FLOWERS BEARDED) Iris pumila var. atroviolacea, deep purple Iris pumila var. caerulea, sky-blue Iris pumila var. lutea, yellow Iris pumila var. alba, white Iris pumila var. hybrida, white Iris biflora, purple Iris hybrida “Balceng,” white Iris hybrida “Bridesmaid,” white Iris hybrida “Canary-bird,” bright yellow Iris hybrida “Eburna,” white © Iris hybrida “Josephine,” white Iris variegata “Ada,” canary- yellow Iris variegata “Adonis,” yellow Iris variegata “Beaconsfield,” crimson Iris variegata “Ganymede,” yel- low Tris variegata “Marie Corelli,” primrose-yellow Iris variegata “Mrs. Neubronner,” yellow Iris variegata “Princess of Teck,” yellow Iris amoena “Donna Maria,” white Iris amoena “Innocenza,” ivory- white Iris amoena “Jungfrau,” white Iris amoena “Mrs. H. Darwin,” white Iris amoena var. reticulata alba, violet Iris amoena “Victorine,” blue Iris pallida “King Edward,” blue “ pallida var. dalmatica, laven- er Tris pallida “Albert Victor,” blue aad pallida “Glory of Hillegom,” ue Tris pallida “Her Majesty,” rose- pink Tris pallida “Khedive,” lavender Iris pallida “Madame Pacquitte,” claret Iris pallida “Leonidas,” mauve Iris neglecta var. amabilis, pale lilae Tris neglecta “Cottage Maid,” sil- very blue Iris neglecta “Florence Barr,” rose-lilac Iris neglecta “Frederick,” laven- der Iris neglecta “Othello,” dark blue Iris neglecta “Wm. Wallace,” blue Iris squalens “A. F, Barron,” bronze Tris squalens “Bronze Beauty,” yellow Iris squalens “Dr, Bernice,” cop- r ie squalens “Gypsy Queen,” smoked pearl Iris squalens “Lord Grey,” rose- fawn Tris squalens “Mr. Shaw,” fawn Iris squalens “Sir Walter Scott,” bronze-yellow Tris albicans, white Iris albicans var. Biliottii, blue- purple Iris fansinenn yellow Iris florentina, creamy white Tris lurida, mahogany Iris sambucina, coppery rose Iris trojana, pale blue Iris plicata “Agnes,” white Iris plicata “Bleu Parfleur,” dark blue Iris plicata “Hebe,” white Iris plicata “Madame Chereau,” white Iris plicata “Sappho,” white Iris plicata “Sparte,” pearly lav- ender Iris germanica “Argus,” dark urple : Iris germanica “Kharput,” violet Iris germanica “Major,” purple- blue SUBGENUS APOGON (CHARACTERIZED BY A FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM WITH NO BEARD OR CREST UPON THE SEGMENTS OF FLOWERS, THOUGH THEY ARE SOMETIMES PUBESCENT) Iris longipetala, violet-blue Iris sibirica, blue : Iris sibirica “Distinction,” violet Iris sibirica var. grandis, violet Iris sibirica var. lactea, milky white Iris missouriensis, lilac Iris fulva, coppery maroon MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 57 Tris versicolor, violet-blue Iris orientalis, brilliant blue Tris orientalis “Blue King,” blue Tris orientalis “Snow Queen,” ivory-white Tris orientalis var. gigantea (och- roleuca), yellow Tris aurea Tris spuria, lilac-blue Tris spuria var. alba, white Iris laevigata (Kaempferi) “Chadai,” white Tris laevigata “Fascination,” blue Tris laevigata “Hodai,” violet-blue Tris laevigata “Hanaaoi,” blue Iris laevigata “Hino Dezurn,” white Iris laevigata “T. S. Ware,” gar- net Iris laevigata “Koko-No-Iro,” royal purple Iris laevigata “Meiran,” lavender Tris laevigata “Osho-Kun,” Tyrian blue Iris laevigata “Samidare,” violet- blue Iris laevigata “Shiratki,” silver- white Tris laevigata “Senjo-No-Hara,” erimson Iris laevigata “Tora-Odori,” purple Iris laevigata “Tsurigi-No-Mai,” blue-purple Iris laevigata “Triumph,” maroon Iris laevigata “Uchui,” purple Iris laevigata “Wm. Tell,” blue Iris laevigata “Yomo-No-Umi,” lavender-blue Iris laevigata “Yedo-Jiman,” blue NOTES Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, gave a talk on “Gardening” before The Town Club on April 13. Mr. W. S. Wells gave a talk on “Thrift Gardens” before the Bryan-Mullanphy Parent-Teachers’ Association, on April 9. Miss Clara Fuhr, former pupil in the School for Garden- ing, has been appointed Leader of Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs in St. Louis County and surrounding towns. Dr. E. A. Burt, Librarian and Mycologist to the Garden, is visiting the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, where he will spend several weeks in research work. | Mr. G. H. Pring, Floriculturist to the Garden, gave a talk on “Vegetable Planting” at a mass meeting of the St. Louis Association of Gardeners, at the Public Library, April 3. Mr. C. W. Dodge, Rufus J. Lackland Fellow 1917-18, and Mr. P. A. Kohl, former pupil in the School for Gardening, have entered army service. ing at Camp Devon, Mass. ; an Mr. Dodge will receive his train- d Mr. Kohl at Camp Grant, Il. Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, pub- lished an article durin Woman” on “Thrift Ga the month in “The Missouri ens” ; and an article on “Planting” was contributed by him to the April number of the “Garden Magazine.” Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, talked on “Diseases and Insects Injurious to Thrift Gardens” at a mass meeting of the St. Louis Association of Gardeners, at the Public Library, April 3; and_on April 4, he spoke at a meeting of the East St. Louis Civic Association, at the East St. Louis High School, on “Trees.” 58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Volume V, Number 1, of the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden has appeared during the month, with the following contents: “Rhizopogon in North America,” S. M. Zeller and Carroll W. Dodge. “Monograph of the North and Central American Species of the Genus Senecio—Part II,” J. M. Greenman. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1918 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number Of VIsitOrs. 6 oss oS cas os Wis pace See ees 20,550 © PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange..... 211 Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts.......- 103 PLANT DISTRIBUTION: Total number of plants and seeds distributed in exchange.. 116 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought...........-. 28 Total number of books and pamphlets donated...........- 103 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase — : B; F. Bush—Plants of Missouri... .0. 6s ce bie e tec enes 488 Rev. John Davis—Plants of South Carolina............-> 117 Rev. John Davis—Plants of California................-- 89 By Exchange — College de Longueuil, by Bro. Marie-Victorin—Plants chiefly from: Quebec; Canada) i si otis econ 374 University of Wisconsin, by Dr. J. J. Davis—“Fungi Wis- consinenses Exsiceati,” Decade V, Nos. 41-50, inclusive.. 10 By Gift — B. F. Bush—Plants of Missouri, collected by Rev. John DOVIS= ciara is ices ON eka ee) tan ae pes CHESS Eee et 101 Mrs. Joseph Clemens—Fungi of Oklahoma and Texas (24), and one specimen of Polypodium sp. from Borneo.... --. 25 J. A. Drushel—Plants of Colorado and Utah.............- 4 John Macoun—Polyporaceae of British Columbia........- 43 Geo. L. Moxley—Plants of California................+-: 16 Dr. J. R. Weir—Fungi from Montana.............-.++++ ll TOTAL Sey ode oa ck eieeeeean cee eae 1,278 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2.00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF | OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Director, GEORGE T. MOORE. ‘BENJAMIN Mince Duccar, — ~__ Epwarp A, Burt, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Labotatory: Mycologist and Librarian. , HERMANN VON SCHRENK, ANNE W. Davis, Pathologist. 5 : a Research Assistant. Jesse M. GREENMAN, _ _Karuerine H. Leicn, Curator of the Herbarium. Secretary ‘to the Director. JAMES GURNEY, Head Gardener, Emeritus. Joun: NoYes, Landscape Designer. ALEXANDER LURIE, Horticulturist. G. H. Prine, _Floriculturist. _J. J. Covcuun, - W. F. LAnéan, Construction. r Engineer. _, P. FOERSTER, H. VALLENTINE, Farm and Stables. : Carpenter. Een? oe MlussouRI BOT ANI CAL : GARDEN [BULLETIN ~ Vol. VI MAY, 1918 No. 5 CONTENTS Gift of Plants by Mr. D.S. Brown © - - - = Winter Injury to Plants inthe Garden’ - =~ - 69 4. i Skatistionh Thformation 30-5 CeO aii ee } 4918 pater PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES BREE Be. - {SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: — Be aie a ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR "SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS : BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 7 AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF | Cuaries A. Roz, Secretary ao CATTLEYA DUSSELDORFFEI VAR. UNDINE. ‘9 “IOA “ITN ‘duvy ‘Log ‘off “ST6T 'CALVIg Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., May, 1918 No. 5 GIFT OF PLANTS BY MR. D. 8. BROWN Through the generosity of Mr. D. S. Brown, of Kirkwood, Missouri, the Missouri Botanical Garden has become the possessor of the major portion of his magnificent collection of orchids, palms, cycads, and various other plants. In fact, with the exception of the cypripediums, all the contents of Mr. Brown’s greenhouses are now to be found at the Garden. For a period of more than thirty years Mr. Brown has been interested in bringing together rare and valuable plants, and he has been successful to a degree seldom equaled by any individual, his collection being recognized through- out the world as one of the finest of its kind in existence. It is impossible to refer particularly to the vast number of interesting plants which he has given to the Garden, but those familiar with the various groups will be able to gain from the lists printed below some idea of the importance of his contribution and of the magnitude of the collection of orchids, palms, ete., now to be found at the Missouri Botan- ical Garden. Among the more notable orchids may be mentioned the extremely rare pure albino forms represented by Cattleya poor) 38 var. Undine (Cattleya intermedia alba X Cattleya Mossiae Wageneri) raised by Capt. Holford, of England. Both of the white parents were also donated. Cattleya Skinneri var. alba is another of the white types, as well as numerous plants of Dendrobium virginale. Other rare varieties include numerous brassocattleyas, the best of which is Brassocattleya Veitchii var. Queen Alexandra. — These hybrids were derived by crossing Brassavola Digbyana with mauve-colored cattleyas, resulting in the brilliantly tinted flowers with fringed lips. Also included were nu- merous plants of the hybrids Brassolaelia, Sophrocattleya, and Laeliocattleya, the last-named being especially useful for the floral display in the orchid alcoves. : Among the palms contributed, three stand out as most rare: Kentia Brownii is the only palm of its kind in exist- ence to-day and Bismarckia nobilis is found in but few col- (59) 60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN lections, while Phytelephas macrocarpa (ivory-nut palm) is interesting because of the use of its seeds as a substitute for ivory in making buttons. Some of the huge specimens re- quired extreme care in transportation; a thirty-foot Caryota urens (fish-tail palm) with graceful, fern-like foliage; a thirty-foot Phoenix dactylifera (fruiting date palm), which bears fruit every year; and a giant forty-foot Livistona chinensis (cabbage palm) being among those safely estab- lished at the Garden. The additions to the Garden collection we ash which was already unusually complete, are listed elow: Acanthophoeniz crinita — Kentiopsis macrocarpa Acrocomia mexicana Livistona Hoogendorpii Archontophoenix Alexandrae Livistona humilis Areca furfuracea Martinezia corallina Arenga Engleri Martinezia erosa Bismarckia nobilis Mazimiliana Maripa Brahea macrocarpa Phoenix rupicola Calamus erectus Phoenix zeylanica Caryota Mooreana Phytelephas macrocarpa — Caryota urens Rhapis flabelliformis variegata Cocos Bonneti Sabal Blackburniana Howea Belmoreana aurea Sabal oleraceum Howea Belmoreana variegata Thrinaz Chuco Jubaea spectabilis Thrinaxz elegantissima Kentia Brownii Thrinax radiata As the result of the addition of several large tree ferns donated by Mr. Brown, the appearance of the fern house is more attractive than ever. The two most noteworthy plants are Cyathea medullaris (thirty feet) and Cyathea dealbata (twenty feet). Some of the rare ferns are: Cyathea deal- bata, Cyathea medullaris, Dicksonia antarctica, Dicksonia Chamissoi, Dicksonia regalis, Dicksonia squarrosa, and Dick- sonia Wendlandi Verachaffelti. The Garden collection of cycads, considered the most_com- plete in this country, has been augmented by the addition of the following rare species: Cycas Bellefonti, Cycas Michol- itzii, Cycas siamensis, Encephalartos Lehmannii, and Macro- zamia plumosa. The specimen of the common cycad, Cycas revoluta (sago palm), deserves special mention, it being at least three hun- dred years old and unusually well rancted: This plant was exhibited by the Japanese Government at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, in 1900, where it was acquired by Mr. Brown. Several araucarias, not previously possessed sf fe Garden, are: Araucaria Cookii, Araucaria Cunninghamii, Arav- caria excelsa var. Goldieana, Araucaria excelsa var. Muelleri, and Araucaria Rulei. PLATE 6. Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. MR. D. S. BROWN IN HIS ORCHID HOUSE AT KIRKWOOD. s 2 w ° “iy go ae > a 2 ee) aq re p < © 3s o os = - MOVING A SPECIMEN OF LIVISTONA CHINENSIS TO THE GARDEN. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 61 Numerous anthuriums, both of the flowering and varie- gated-leaved varieties, as well as a comprehensive collection of nepenthes (pitcher plants), were also included. _ The gift of Mr. Brown has placed in the possession of the Garden the most complete collection of orchids in the United States. Exclusive of the cypripediums, 115 genera and 691 species are represented. ORCHIDS, EXCLUDING CYPRIPEDIUMS AND SELENIPEDIUMS, IN GARDEN COLLECTION (Nomenclature that of Rolfe and Hurst, The Orchid Stud Book, and Sander’s Orchid Guide.) Acampe multiflora Aerides Ballantineanum* Aerides expansum* Aerides expansum var. Leonaei Aerides longiculcaratum Aerides faleatum Aerides Fieldingis Aerides Houlletianum Aerides multiflorum* Aerides odoratum* Aerides odoratum var. majus Aerides odoratum var. purpur- ascens* Aerides quinquevulnerum Aerides Sanderianum Aerides Savageanum* Aerides speciosa* Aerides suavissimum Aerides virens* Aerides virens var. Dayanum Aerides virens var. Ellisii* Aerides virens var. purpurascens Amblostoma sp. Angraecum Chailluanum Angraecum distichum Angraecum Dubuysonti Angraecum eburneum* Angraecum Hichlerianum Angraecum Humblott Angraecum modestum Angraecum Sanderianum* Angraecum Scottianum Angraecum sesquipedale Angraecum superbum Anguloa Ruckert Arpophylium gigantewm Barkeria elegans Bifrenaria Harrisoniae Bletia sp. Brassavola cucullata Brassavola cuspidata * Gift of D. S. Brown. 1G.H.= Garden hybrid. Brassavola Digbyana Brassavola nodosa - Brassavola venosa Brassia Lawrenceana var. long- issima Brassia maculata Brassia verrucosa Brassocattleya X Cordelia var. (B. Digbyana X OC. intermedia alba)* G.H.* Brassocattleya X Empress of Rus- sia (B. Digbyana X C. Men- delii)* G.H. Brassocattleya < Empress of Rus- sia var. (B. Digbyana X C. Men- delii alba g )* G.H. Brassocattleya X Holfordii (B. tan x OC. Forbestt Q )* G Brassocattleya X Leemanniae (B. Digbyana X C. Dowiana)* 'G.H. Brassocattleya < Mariae (B. Dig- byana X OC. Warneri)* G.H. Brassocattleya X Maronae (B. Dig- byana X C. Warscewiczii) G.H. Brassocattleya X Pluto (B. Dig- byana X C. granulosa)* G.H. Brassocattleya xX Siren (B. Dig- byana X C. Skinneri)* G.H. Brassocattleya X Veitchit (B. Digbyana X OC. Mossiae Q ) G.H. Brassocattleya X Veitchii var. Alexandra (B. Digbyana x C. Mossiae Wageneri)* G.H. Brassolaelia X Gratriviae (B. Digbyana X IL. cinnabarina)* G.H. 62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Brassolaelia X Helen (B. Dig- byana X L. tenebrosa 9 )* G.H. Brassolaelia X hybrid (B. Dig- byana X L. grandis 9 )* G.H. Brassolaelia X hybrid (B. Dig- byana X L. majalis)* G.H. Brassolaelia xX Veitchii (B. Dig- byana X L. purpurata)* G.H. Broughtonia sanguinea Bulbophyllum sp. Bulbophyllum Careyanum Bulbophyllum Cassiopeia? Bulbophyllum cupreum Bulbophyllum fuscum Bulbophyllum Lobbii Bulbophyllum Medusae Bulbophyllum Pechei Bulbophyllum recurvum Calanthe Laselliana? G.H. Calanthe Orpetiana G.H. Calanthe X Whiteana G.H. Calanthe X Bryan rubro oculata X C. Regnieri Williamsii) G.H. Calanthe X Bryan var. Wm. Mur- ray (C. vestita rubro oculata < C. Regnieri Williamsii) G.H. Calanthe X hybrid G.H. Calanthe Regnieri : Calanthe Regnieri var. Williamsii Calanthe X Veitchii (C. rosea x C. vestita) G.H. Calanthe X Veitchiit var. Sand- hurstiana (C. rosea X C. ves- tita rubro oculata) G.H. Calanthe vestita var. Turneri Catasetum sp. Catasetum Christyanum Catasetum ciliatum Catasetum macrocarpum Catasetum macrocarpum var. folium variegatum Catasetum maculatum : Catasetum maculatum var. Wail- esit Catasetum maculatum var. luteo- purpureum Catasetum Oerstedii Catasetum planiceps Catasetum pileatum Catasetum X splendens (OC. ma- crocarpum X OC. pileatum) N.H.* Catasetum tabulare Catasetum trifidum Catasetum viride-flacum * Gift of D. S. Brown. *N.H.= Natural hybrid. (C. vestita Cattleya X Alfredi var. (C. Tri- anae alba X OC. granulosa)* G.H. Cattleya X Armstrongiae (C. Loddigestt X C. X Hardyana)* G.H. Cattleya aurantiaca Cattleya bicolor Cattleya X Boadicea (C. Gas- kelhana K C. X Hardyana)* G.H. Cattleya Bowringiana Cattleya xX Browniae (C. Bow- ringiana X OC. Harrisoniana) * G.H. Cattleya (Brownhurst seedling) * G.H Cattleya X Cooksonii var. (C. Trianae alba XK OC. X Hardy- ana alba)* G.H. | Cattleya X Daphne (C. Harrison- iana X C. Schilleriana)* G.H. Cattleya Deckeri Cattleya Dowiana Cattleya K Dusseldorffet var. Un- dine (C. intermedia alba X C. Mossiae Wageneri)* G.H. Cattleya < Edwardi (C. Schiller- tanag X CC. Warscewiczii)* G.H. Cattleya X Ella (C. bicolor x C. Warscewiczii)* G.H. Cattleya Eldorado var. Wallisii Cattleya Forbesti Cattleya Gaskelliana Cattleya Gaskelliana var. alba* Cattleya Gaskelliana var. albes- cens* Cattleya guttata var. Leopoldi Cattleya Harrisoniana Cattleya X hybrid (C. Dubuy- soniana X C. labiata)* G.H. Cattleya X hybrid (C. xX Har- dyana X C. velutina)* G.H. Cattleya intermedia Cattleya intermedia. var. alba* Cattleya < Iris (C. Dowiana X C. bicolor 9g )* G.H. Cattleya labiata Cattleya labiata var. albescens* Cattleya Leopoldi Cattleya Lindleyana Cattleya X Luceaniana (C. Har- risoniana X CO. Leopoldi) G.H. Cattleya Luedd iana Cattleya (Manda’s seedling) * Cattleya maxima ‘MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 63 Cattleya Mendelit Cattleya Mendelii var. Wilsoni* Cattleya X Moira (C. X Fabia x CO. X Mantinii)* G.H. Cattleya Mossiae Cattleya Mossiae var. Conference* Cattleya Mossiae var. Wageneri Kee. G.H. Cattleya* N.H. Cattleya < O’Brieniana var. alba (C. dolosa. X C. Loddigesii)* G.H. ‘ Cattleya X Patrociana var. aurea (C. Leopoldi 9g X OC. Loddi- gesti)* G.H. Cattleya Percivaliana Cattleya quadricolor* Cattleya quadricolor var. alba* Cattleya Xx Rafaeliae var. alba (C. Dowiana 9 X C. Trianae)* G.H. Cattleya Rea* Cattleya < Robert de Wavrin var. Westonbert (C. Schilleriana X C. Schroederae)* G.H. : Catileya x Rothschildiana (C. Dowiana X C. Gaskelliana) * G.H. Cattleya Schroederae Cattleya Schroederae var. alba* Cattleya Schroederae var. albes- * cens Cattleya Schroederae var. Brown- hurst* Cattleya seedling Cattleya seedling (Roehr’s white var.) * Cattleya Skinneri Cattleya Skinneri var. alba* Cattleya Skinneri var. alba mag- .: * nifica Cattleya X Stuartit var. (C. Mendelii magnifica X C. Moss- iae) G.H. Cattleya X suavior var. (OC. in- termedia alba X C. Mendelit) Cattleya superba Cattleya X Thayeriana var. (C. intermedia alba 9 X C. Schroed- erae)* G.H. Cattleya Trianae Cattleya Trianae var. albescens* Cattleya Trianae var. delicata* Cattleya Trianae (dark var.)* Cattleya Trianae var. pallida Cattleya Trianae (Roehr’s type)* _ * Gift of D. 8. Brown. Mossiae var. Wageneri* - Cattleya Trianae var. Schroed- erae* Cattleya Xx Victoria Regina (C. labiata X C. Leopoldii pernam- bucensis) G.H. Cattleya Warscewiczit Cattleya XxX Williamsiit (C. Gas- kelliana X C. Harrisoniana Q ) G.H. Chysis sp.* Chysis bractescens Chysis X Chelsoni (C. bractescens xX C. laevis) G.H. Cirrhopetalum Lendyanum? Cirrhopetalum maculosum ‘ Cirrhopetalum Thouarsii Cirrhopetalum vaginatum Coelia Baueriana Coelia triptera Coelogyne asperata Coelogyne barbata Coelogyne cristata var. alba Coelogyne Dayana Coelogyne fimbriata Coelogyne flaccida Coelogyne fuscescens Coelogyne graminifolia Coelogyne lactea Coelogyne lentiginosa Joelogyne Massangeana Coelogyne ovalis Coelogyne pandurata Coelogyne psittacina Coelogyne Rhodeana Coelogyne Rossiana — Coelogyne speciosa Coelogyne speciosa var. major Coelogyne Swaniana Coelogyne tomentosa Coryanthes macrantha Cyenoches Warscewiczit Cymbidium affine Cymbidium aloifolium Cymbidium Devonianum Cymbidium xX eburneo-Lowianum (C. eburneum X OC. Lowia- num)* G.H. Oymbidium elegans Cymbidium ensifolium Cymbidium Finlaysonianum Cymbidium giganteum var. Traceyanum Oymbidium insigne Cymbidium lancifolium Cymbidium Lowianum Cymbidium pendulum Cymbidium sinense Cymbidiwm Traceyanum 64 Cymbidium tigrinum Cyrtopodium sp, Cyrtopodium Andersonis Cyrtopodium Godseffianum* Dendrobium sp.* Dendrobium aggregatum Dendrobium X< Ainsworthii aureum X D. nobile) G.H. Dendrobium X Ainsworthii var. Leechianum (D, aureum X D. nobile Cypheri)* G.H. Dendrobium X Ainsworthii var. splendidissimum (D. aureum x D. nobile albifiorum) G.H. Dendrobium X< Ainsworthii var. splendidissimum albens (D. au- reum X D., nobile var.)* G.H. Dendrobium X Ainsworthii var. splendidissimum flavescens (D. aureum X D. nobile var.)* G.H. Dendrobium X< Ainsworthii var. splendidissimum — grandiflorum (D. aureum X D. nobile var.)* (D. Dendrobium albo-sanguineum* Dendrobium X Andromeda (D. X Ainsworthti X D. X Cassiope) G.H. Dendrobium bigibbum Dendrobium Cassiope (D. mon- oe! a xX D. nobile albiflora) Dendrobium chrysanthum Dendrobium chrysotoxmum Dendrobium clavatum Dendrobium crassinode Dendrobium crepidatum Dendrobium crumenatum Dendrobium Dalhousieanum Dendrobium Dearei* Dendrobium X dulce (D. aureum x, D. Linawianum)* GH. Dendrobium X< dulce Brownhurst var. (D. aureum X D. Lin- awianum)* G.H. Dendrobium X Euryalus vor. grandiflorum (D. X Ainsworthii grandiflorum xX D. nobile no- bilius)* G.H. Dendrobium Euryalus var. mag- nificum (D. X Ainsworthii x D. nobile)* GH. ' Dendrobium Farmeri Dendrobium fimbriatum Dendrobium fimbriatum var. ocu- latum * Gift of D. S. Brown. Dendrobium teum Dendrobium MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN formosum var. gigan- x Gem (D. Aime- worthii X D. aureum) G.H. Dendrobium < chlorostele (D. Linawianum X D. Wardianum) G.H. Dendrobium Dendrobium Dendrobium Dendrobium Dendrobium Dendrobium Dendrobium Dendrobium gracile gracilicaule hybrid hybridum* Kingianum Macraei macrophyllum x Melpomene (D. X Ainsworthii splendidissimum X D. signatum)* G.H. Dendrobium moschatum Dendrobium moschatum var. cup- ersum* Dendrobium nobile Dendrobium nobile var. Ballia- num Dendrobium nobile var. Burford- ense* Dendrobium nobile var. Cookson- tanum Dendrobium nobile var. Domin- tanum* Dendrobium nobile var. elegans Dendrobium nobile var. giganteum Dendrobium nobile var. nobilius* Dendrobium nobile var. pulchel- lum Dendrobium nobile var. R. Ash- worth* Dendrobium nobile var. Rappart- ianum* Dendrobium nobile var. roseum Dendrobium nobile var. rotundi- florum* Dendrobium nobile var. rubellum Dendrobium nobile var. Sander- tanum Dendrobium nobile (Thwaites’ var.)* Dendrobium nobile var. virginale* Dendrobium nobile var. virginale alba* Dendrobium nobile (Weetman’s var.) * Dendrobium Parishii Dendrobium xX Perfection (D. X Euryalus Apollo grandiflorum < D. nobile nobilius)* G.H. Dendrobium Phalaenopsis var. Schroederianum Dendrobium Pierardii MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 65 Dendrobium primulinum Dendrobium regium* Dendrobium xX Rolfae (D. nobile xX D. primulinum) G.H. Dendrobium Roxburghii Dendrobium Sanderae* Dendrobium X Schneiderianum é D. aureum X Findlayanum)* -H Dendrobium secundum Dendrobium superbum Dendrobium thyrsiflorum Dendrobium X Vulcan var. (D. X chlorostele album X< D. Ward- tanum album)* G.H. Dendrobium Wardianum Dendrobium X Wiganiae var. album (D. nobile var. X D. signatum var.)* G.H. Diacrium bicornutum Epidendrum sp. Epidendrum alatum Epidendrum alatum var. majus Epidendrum anceps ' Epidendrum aromaticum Epidendrum atropurpureum Epidendrum atropurpureum Epidendrum auritum Epidendrum bifarum _Epidendrum bractescens Epidendrum Brassavolae Epidendrum Candolle var. Epidendrum elongatum Epidendrum falcatum Epidendrum fragrans Epidendrum X Kewense (2. erectum X E. xcanthium) G.H. Epidendrum microbulbon Epidendrum nematocaulon Epi m nemorale Epidendrum nocturnum Epidendrum X O’Brienianum (EB. erectum X E. radicans) G.H. Epidendrum ochraceum t m odoratissimum Epidendrum oncidioides Epidendrum pachysepalum Epidendrum Parkinsonianum *Gift of D. S. Brown. Epidendrum Epidendrum Epidendrum Epidendrum Epidendrum ramosum raniferum rigidum scabrum Stamfordianum tampense tessellatum umbellatum variegatum wanthinum Epicattleya X Nebo (OC. Claesi- ana X E. O’Brienianum) G.H. Eria sp. Eria albido-tomentosa Eria flava Eria gigantea Eria stellata Eria velutina Eulophia monophylla Gongora galeata Gongora leucochila Hartwegia purpurea Hexadesmia crurigera Laelia acuminata Laelia anceps Laelia anceps var. Laelia anceps var. alba* Laelia anceps var. Brilliant* Laelia anceps (extra dark var.)* Laelia anceps (extra large var.)* Laelia anceps var. Hilliana* Laelia anceps var. morada Laelia anceps var. Sanderiana* Laelia anceps var. Schroederiana® Laelia anceps var. Stella Laelia anceps var. vestalis Laelia anceps (white lip)* Laelia anceps (white var.) Laelia autumnalis Laelia Boothiana Laelia crispa Laclia X Euterpe (L. crispa X L. Dayana) G.H. Laelia harpophylla G.H. Laelia glauca Laelia Gouldiana* Laelia grandis var. tenebrosa Laelia Lindleyana* Laelia X nigrescens (L. pumila 9 x L. tenebrosa) G.H. Laelia X Pacavia (L. purpurata x L. tenebrosa)* G.H. 66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Laelia * Pacavia var. (lL. tene- brosa (yellow) X L. purpurata (white) )* G.H. Laelia Perrinti Laelia pumila var. praestans Laelia purpurata Laelia rubescens Laelia superbiens Laeliocattleya xX Acis (CO. Men- deli < L. tenebrosa)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Aphrodite (C. Mendelii Q X L. purpurata) G.H. Laeliocattleya X Astorae {C. Gaskelliana X LL. sxanthina) G.H. Laeliocattleya X< Barbarossa (L. C. X Callistoglossa x C. Tri- anae)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Bedouin (L. pur- purata X L. C. XK Hyeana)* G.H. Laeliocattleya % Bedouin var. (L. C. X Hyeana splendens X L. purpurata)* G.H. Laeliocatileya X Bertha (L. — x C. Schroederae)* Laeliocattleya X Birkbeckii (L. C. X Greenwoodii x OC. Men- _ deli)* GH. Laeliocattleya x Bletchleyensis (C. Warscewiczii xX LL. tene- brosa) G.H. Laeliocattleya (Brownhurst seed- ling)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Callistoglossa (C. Warscewiczii X L. purpur- ata) G.H. Laeliocattleya X Canhamiana (. Mossiae X L. purpurata) G.H. Laeliocattleya * Canhamiana var. (C. Mossiae alba x L. purpur- ata alba)* G.H. Laeliocattleya < Canhamiana yar. (C. Mossiae Wageneri x L. purpurata alba)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Chantinii var. (C. X Hardyana X L. C. X elegans Sibyl)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Clonia var. (C. Warscewiczit X L. 0. X elegans Schilleriana)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Constance (DL. C. X Bletchleyensis % OC. Mos- siae)* G.H. Laeliocattleya xX D. 8. Brown * Gift of D. S. Brown. (C. Trianace xX L. C. xX ele- gans)* G.H. Laelhocattleya X D. 8, Brown var. Martinetit (‘C. Trianae X< L. C. X elegans)* G.H. Laeliocattleya XX Dora (0. Schroederae X L. GC. X Hip- polyta)* G.H. Laeliocattleya * elegans (C. Leo- poldi xX JL. purpurata) N.H. Laeliocattleya x elegans var. Turnert (OC. Leopoldi X L. purpurata)* N.H. Laeliocattleya X Empress of Rus- sia?* G.H. Laeliocattleya xX Eva (C. Gas- kelliana X* L. tenebrosa) G.H. Laeliocattleya X exoniensis (C. Mossiae X L, crispa)* G.H. Laeliocattleya xX. Fascinator (C. Schroederae xX IL. purpurata) GB; Laeliocattleya X Fascinator var. (C. Schroederae alba X Laelia purpurata)* GH. Laeliocattleya X Fournierae (C. Dowiana X L. C. X elegans 9 ) G.H. Laeliocattleya xX Gottoiana (C. Warnert < LL. tenebrosa)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Greenavoodii (C. x Hardyana X L. C. * Schil- lerianag )* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Hildegard (C. Warscewiczti X L. C. X De- cia)* G.H. . Laeliocattleya X_ hybrid (L. C. x Bletchleyensis x OC. Gaskell- jana)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X hybrid (C. X Hardyana X L,. C. X Green- woodiu)* GH. Laeliocattleya X hybrid (C. gigas x L. C. X Greemvoodii)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X hybrid (C. gigas x L. C. X Endymion)* G.H. _ Laeliocattleya xX hybrid (OC. X Hardyana X L. C. X Green- woodii)* G.H. Laeliocattleya < hybrid (C. Gas- kelliana X L. C. X Bletchley- ensis)* GH. Laeliocattleya hybrid (OC. War- scewiceui X L. OC. X Endy- mion)* GH. Laeliocattleya X hybrid (C. War- scewiczi X L. CO. X Green- woodu)* G.H. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 67 Laeliocattleya X Hyeana (OC. Lawrenceana X UL. purpur- ata g )* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Ingrami (C. Dowiana X L. Dayana)* G.H. Laeliocattleya xX Jeanette (C. labiata X L. C. X Gottoiana)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Kathleen (L. C. x Canhamiana X OL. tene- brosa)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Leoniae (C. labiata X L. CO. X exonien- sis)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Lucasiana (C. labiata < L. tenebrosa)* G.H. Laeliocattleya xX Lycidas (C. eee x L. tenebrosa)* Laeliocattleya X Mabel (C. Tri- anae Q X L. tenebrosa)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Marquis de Wavrin var, (L. OC. X elegans Turnert X C. X Hardyana)* G.H. - Laeliocattleya xX Marquis de Wavrin var. (L. C. X elegans Sibyl x OC. X Hardyana)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Martinetii (C. Mossiae X L. tenebrosa)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Martinetii var. (L. tenebrosa xX C. Mossiae Wageneri)* G.H. Laeliocattleya XX Massangeana (C. Schilleriana X I. tene- brosa)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Memmon (C. ae x L. C. X elegans)* Laeliocattleya X Minnie (C. Dow- tana X L. C. X exoniensis)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Nysa (L. crispa x C. Warscewiczii)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Pallas (C. Dow- iana X L. crispa)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Purple Emperor (CO. Warscewicziit X L. C. X callistoglossa)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X pu o-Rex (L. C. Xx Canhamiana Rex X L. purpurata)* G.H. Laeliocattleya. X Wellesleyi (C. Warscewiczii X L. C. X Mar- tinetii)* G.H. Laeliocattleya < Woodhamii (C. * Gift of D. S. Brown. < Hardyana X L. purpurata)* G.H. Laeliocattleya X Zoroaster (L.« x Latona X L. C. X Can hamiana)* G.H. Leptotes bicolor Lockhartia pallida Lycaste sp.* Lycaste aromatica Lycaste cruenta Lycaste cruenta var. majus* Lycaste Deppet Lycaste lasioglossa Lycaste Skinneri* Lycaste Skinneri var. alba* Masdevallia bella Masdevallia muscosa Mazillaria sp. Mazwillaria crassifolia Mazillaria luteo-alba* Mawzillaria nasalis Mazillaria picta Mazillaria tenuifolia Mazillaria valenzuelaria? Mazillaria variabilis Mawillaria variabilis var. lutea Mazillaria Yanaperiensis Megaclinium sp. Megaclinium colubrinum Miltonia sp. Miltonia candida Miltonia Clowesii Miltonia Cogniauxiae var. bicolor Miltonia flavescens Miltonia Roezlit Miltonia Roezlii var. alba Miltonia spectabilis Miltonia vevillaria* Mystacidium infundibulare Nanodes Mathewsit Neobenthamia gracilis Odontoglossum citrosmum Odontoglossum X Clytie (O. Ed- wardii X Pescatoret) Odontoglossum grande* Odontoglossum pulchellum var. majus Odontoglossum Reichenheimit Oncidium sp. Oncidium ampliatum Oncidium ampliatum var. majus Oncidium barbatum var. limba- tum? Oncidium carthaginense Oncidium Cavendishianum 68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Oncidium Cebolleta Oncidium crispum Oncidium divaricatum Oncidium flexcuosum Oncidium Geertianum Oncidium Kramerianum Oncidium Lanceanum Oncidium leucochilum Onecidium luridum Onecidium Marshallianum* Oncidium microchilum Oncidium ornithorhynchum Oncidium Papilio Oncidium phymatochilum Oncidium pumilum Oncidium Retmeyerianum Oncidium rupestre Oncidium Schlimii Oncidium sphacelatum Oncidium splendidum Oncidium stipitatum Oncidium varicosum var. Rogersii Oncidium Wentworthianum Ornithidium sp. Ornithidium densum Ornithidium sophronitis Peristeria elata Phaius grandifolius Phalaenopsis amabilis Phalaenopsis Cornu-cervi Phalaenopsis Esmeralda Phalaenopsis Regnieriana Phalaenopsis Rimestadtiana* r is Schilleriana* Pholidota chinensis Platyclinis Cobbiana Platyclinis filiformis* Platyclinis glumacea Platyclinis latifolia Pleurothallis sp.. Pleurothallis Grobyi Pleurothallis longissima Pleurothallis peduncularis Pleurothallis Pernambucensis Pleurothallis platyrachis Pleurothallis tribuloides Pleurothallis villosa Polystachya sp. Polystachya affinis Polystachya laviflora Polystachya leonensis Polystachya lineata Polystachya minutiflora Ponera sp. Ponera amethystina * Gift of D. 8S. Brown. Renanthera coccinea Renanthera Imschootiana Rhynchostylis violacea Restrepia sp, Saccolabium Blumei var. majus Saccolabium giganteum Saccolabium guttatum Saccolabium praemorsum* Sarcanthus lawvus Sarcanthus Williamsoni Sarcochilus Hartmani Sarcochilus unguiculatus Scaphyglottis sp. Scaphyglottis prolifera Schomburgkia sp. Schomburgkia tibicinis Schomburgkia undulata Sigmatostalia radicans Sobralia sp. Sobralia dellense (leucorantha xX Lowti) G.H. Sobralia macrantha Sobralia macrantha var. albida Nobralia Warocqueana? e Sophrocattleya X Chamberlain (C. Harrisoniana X 8S. grandi- flora)* G.H. Sophrocattleya X Thwaitesii (C. Mendelii X 8S. grandiflora)* G.H Sophrolaelia xX Gratriwiae (LL. tenebrosa xX SS. grandiflora)* + G.H. Spathoglottis x aureo-Vieillardit (S. aurea X 8. Vieillardii) H. Spiranthes grandiflora Stanhopea sp. ‘ Siemhoned sp. (large red spots)* Stanhopea Amesiana* Stanhopea concolor* 2 Stanhopea X Devoniensis (8. in- signis X 8. tigrina) N.H. Stanhopea eburnea var. spectabilis Stanhopea insignis Stan oculata Stanhopea (Rita)* Stanhopea tigrina : Stanhopea tigrina var. splendens Stanhopea Wardii Stauropsis giganteus Stauropsis lissochiloides Stelis sp. Stelis aurea var. purpurea? Stelis ciliaris Stelis ophioglossoides Stelis smaragdina MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 69 Stenoglottis longifolia Vanda Parishii var. Mariottiana a : Vanda Sanderiana Tainia penangrana Vanda suavis* Tainia viridi-fusca — Vanda suavis var. Rollisoni Thrizspermum lilacinum Vanda suavis var. superba* Thunia alba Vanda teres* Trichocentrum fuscum Vanda teres var. alba* Trichopilia sp. Vanda teres var. Andersoni Trichopilia hymenantha Vanda X Joaquiniae (V. Hook- Trichopilia suavis eriana X V. teres) G.H. Trigonidium obtusum Vanda tricolor Venda iy Vanilla sp. Vanilla Humbolotii Vanda Bensonit Vanilla Portacei Vanda Bozallii Vanda coerulea Xylobium concavum Vanda gigantea* Xylobium hyacinthina Vanda lamellata Xylobium squalens Vanda limbata Vanda Niemanii* Zygopetalum Mackaii* Vanda Parishii WINTER INJURY TO PLANTS IN THE GARDEN The extreme severity of the winter 1917-18 has caused a great deal of injury and in some cases death to the woody plants at the Garden which under ordinary conditions sur- vive the cold successfully. The rather unusual abundance of snow, however, was instrumental in protecting the roots of the woody and particularly the herbaceous plants so that the latter suffered much less than might have been expected from the unusual season. The abnormal conditions have served a useful purpose in indicating the thorough hardiness of certain planting material as well as the need of substitu- tion for the more tender plants. The killing back to the ground of most of the California privet (Ligustrum ovalifoliwm)—the plant almost untiver- versally used for hedges in St. Louis—was surely an im- pressive demonstration of the necessity for a substitute for this favorite. Fortunately, Amoor privet (Ligustrwm amur- ense) is hardy, easily clipped, and fully as effective, and should be acai in place of the California variety. The Jap- anese barberry (Berberis Thunbergii) may also be success- fully substituted. The roses, as a whole, have suffered more damage than any of the other plants. In ex locations the — hardy climbers have been killed back to the ground, wit the exception of Rosa Hugonis, “Crimson Rambler,” ‘‘Kal- mia,” and a few others. Despite the thorough protection given the standard tree roses, the hybrid perpetual and * Gift of D. S. Brown. 70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN hybrid tea types were all winter killed, only the rambler type surviving (“Lady Gay”). The usual protection of 10-12 inches of soil around each plant, as well as an addi- tional mulch of manure, failed to save many of the teas and hybrid teas, particularly such yellow and orange varieties as “Mrs, Aaron Ward,” “Duchess of Wellington,” “Madame Ravary,” “Melanie Soupert,” “Sunburst,” and “Harry Kirk.” And even more hardy varieties were killed to the ground, including the popular “Gruss an Teplitz,” which has always been considered extremely resistant to cold. The hybrid perpetuals wintered without injury, being killed back to about where they would naturally be pruned in the spring. The polyanthas and the Bourbons also survived, thoug. severe pruning was required to remove all the dead wood. Among the rugosa types the usually hardy “Conrad F. Meyer” was killed to the ground, while Rosa rugosa alba suffered somewhat lesser injuries. The type R. rugosa, as well as R. blanda, R. setigera, R. multiflora, etc., showed no deleterious effects of the winter. The evergreens, as a group, suffered severely, due to the combination of extreme cold and accompanying increase of coal gases in the atmosphere. The arborvitaes (Thuya), junipers (Juniperus), hemlocks (Tsuga), and Pinus mon- tana sustained the greatest injuries. _ Among the broad-leaved trees Magnolia grandiflora (bull magnolia) and Broussonetia papyrifera (paper ge ell 2 were affected quite seriously. The specimens of Magnolia grandiflora, newly set out, despite a heavy protection of straw and burlap, showed a complete death of lcagihan: the trunk itself, however, containing sufficient life to push out adventitious buds which may ultimately result in establish- ing the trees. The fact that they were not thoroughly ac- climated before the coming of such a severe winter is prob- ably responsible for the great injury. Broussonetia papy- rifera trees were killed half way to the ground, necessitat- ing severe pruning. White birch (Betula alba) and Pau- lownia tomentosa have died back, forming misshapen speci- mens, The following table indicates the shrubs affected and the extent of the injury: Botanical Name Common Name Injury Amorpha fruticosa False indigo Half way killed Aralia spinosa Hercules club Slight Callicarpa purpurea French mulberry Dead Calycanthus floridus Allspice Slight Cephalanthus occidentalis Button bush Slight Deutzia scabra Killed to ground MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 71 Botanical Name Common Name Injury Elaeagnus longipes Gumi Partly killed Forsythia viridissime Golden bell Killed to ground Hibiscus syriacus Rose of Sharon Half way killed Ligustrum ovalifolium California privet Killed to ground Stephanandra flexuosa . Killed to ground Tamarix africana Tamarisk. Half way killed Tamarix gallica Tamarisk Killed to ground Vitex Agnus-castus Chaste tree Dead Zanthoxylum americanum Prickly ash Slight Zanthocylum clava-Herculis Toothache tree Half way killed Among the newer introductions from Asia the following have proved hardy: Acanthopanax ricinifolius Populus angustifolia Aesculus Bushii Populus balsamifera X deltoides Aesculus “E. G, Palmer” Populus suaveolens Aesculus splendens Populus tomentosa Ailanthus Duclauaii Prinsepia uniflora Ailanthus Vilmoriniana Pyrus Michauaii Buddleia japonica ~ Pyrus serotina Caragana arborescens pendula Sorbaria arborea Cornus brachypoda Spiraea Veitchit Cornus controversa Spiraea Wilsonti Corylus heterophylla Syringa Josikaea Diervilla japonica Syringa reflexa Hamamelis japonica Syringa Sweginzowii Hamamelis vernalis Syringa tomentella Hypericum Kalmianum Ulmus glabra Wheatleyi Indigofera Kirilowtt Ulmus parvifolia Juglans rupestris Viburnum Opulus xanthocarpum Physocarpus opulifolius inebrians Viburnum Sargentii NOTES Mr. F. C. Harris, student in the School for Gardening, has been drafted in the National Army. Hon. Joseph Richmond Churchill, of Boston, Mass., spent a part of May in the herbarium and library. Mr. Clarence Pedlow, former student in the School for Gardening, has been aeemnied Assistant Superintendent of School Gardens of St. Louis. Mr. R. A. Studhalter, formerly Lackland Fellow, has en- tered the Naval Reserve So Mare Island, San Francisco, as Hospital Assistant, first class. Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, led a “round table” discussion on gardening at the Webster Groves Gymnastic Association, on May 2. Mr. Charles W. Fullgraf, former student in the School for Gardening, has receiv the commission of First Lieutenant in the United States Quartermaster Department. 72 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN M. Takenouchi, Assistant Professor of Bacteriology, Uni- versity of Tokyo, visited the Garden May 14, with a view to arranging for some special investigations in the fall. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL, 1918 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: EOCRE NINNGT Ol VINILOTR 6 og evi ee ies ee 23,826 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of packets of seed received in exchange..... 18 Total number of plants and seed received as gifts....... 142 PLANT DISTRIBUTION: Total number of plants and seed distributed in exchange. 94 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought... .. s aheg 17 Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 118 HEBBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Canton Christian College—Plants of China............. 762 A. A. Heller—Plants of California........... RL Se eat 300 By Exchange— Bureau of Science, Manila, by E. D. Merrill—Plants of the Philippine Islands... ............ cee ceeeeces 359 Towa State College, by L. H. Pammel—Plants of Iowa and WY POT a ee ae ee Cia ee eee es 51 J. R. Wier—Fungi of northwestern United States....... 274 By Gift— Oakes Ames—Isoetes saccharata var. Amesti Eaton...... 1 J. A. Drushel—Plants of the central and western United ee rere or Oe ee Fee ee eee, hy 14 ORME cei es oo Fee 1,761 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2.00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. | STAFF was OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Director, GEORGE T. MOORE. BENJAMIN MINGE DuccaR, Epwarp A. Burt, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian. HERMANN VON SCHRENK, ANNE W. Davis, | Pathologist. Research Assistant. Jesse M. GREENMAN, - \ Katueriye H. Letca, Curator of the Herbarium. ee _ Secretary.to the Director. James GURNEY, Head Gardener, Emeritus. JoHN Noyes, Landscape Designer. ALEXANDER LURIE, Horticulturist. G. H. PRING, Floriculturist. J. J. CovcHun, W. F. LANGAN, Construction. Engineer. ~ P. FOERSTER, : H. VALLENTINE, Farm and Stables. _ > Carpenter. MllssouRI BOTANICAL GARDEN [BULLETIN Vol. VI JUNE, 1918 No. 6 CONTENTS ae : Page The Chewing Gum Tree - . ‘ ‘ er oe Dasylirion serratifolium -.. - - - == = + 74 Pothos celatocaulis ~- - . - foe - 74. Bird of Paradise Plant - - ee -. 74 Dracaena glomerata and Dracaena kindtiana pacer akas. ve The Banyan Tree - = se : sme fF Growth of Palms —- BOS Ee Mer eG Re Effect of the War at the Garden _ Te eae Notice Sg iy - ey z “= ae . SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE oa, wehbe BOTANICAL GARDEN | THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL, AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING. ee ‘SBrastlent, ‘ canibndcla wha WHITAKER j Poa Ae pale ae Seas _ DAVID om H SMITH, ae _ Epwarp C. Euior, ‘ ani “Taha Marriews. Le - Grorce C.Hrrcncoce, Wauase H. H. Perrus. P. CHoureau Marri. - Puise C. ScANLAN. _EXOFFICK (o) MEMBERS Pees ey ti ers: thea ESOT ee 3 "RicHarp RE. aie ea Proident oft ar of Ravan St Vouin Mo. Bot. GARD, BULL., L. 6, 1918. PLATE 8. THE CHEWING GUM TREE. (ACHRAS SAPOTA.) Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., June, 1918 No. 6 THE CHEWING GUM TREE One of the plants in the economic house which always attracts the attention of children as well as some older people, is the sapodilla, or chewing gum tree (Achras Sapota). It is a native of tropical America and the West Indies and is gen- erally cultivated in the tropics. The wood, called by the natives “the wood of eternal life,” is very hard, with a per- fectly straight grain, and is used for rafters in buildings, and the fruit, which resembles the persimmon both before and after it is ripe, is much relished. But it is the dried milky juice of the sapodilla tree which makes it of so much com- mercial importance. This juice, known locally as “chicle” (the native word for juice, now universally applied to the product of the sapodilla), is collected during the rainy season, when it flows most freely. The native laborer makes a series of v-shaped incisions in the bark, being careful not to cut too deeply, and the milk-like juice flows into a canvas bag or other receptacle at the base of the tree. Contact with the air speedily thickens it as well as changing it to a deep yellow hue. The thickened juice is collected daily and removed to camp, where it is boiled and kneaded to remove the super- flous moisture. By this time it is like fresh taffy and gray in color and is ready to be molded into square blocks for shipment. The raw product is imported into this country from Mexico, British Honduras, Venezuela, Central America, and Canada, the latter being supplied from certain British pos- sessions. After the chicle reaches the manufacturer it is first chopped into fine particles, then dried, and finally boiled down in vacuum pans to further purify it and remove any natural moisture. Sweetening and flavoring ingredients having been added, the dough is kneaded, rolled, cut into strips, and wrapped in the regulation manner. All these operations are accomplished by machinery. W hile orig- inally the natural gums of spruce, sweet gum, tamarack, es and other trees were resorted to for the basis of chew- (73) 74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ing gum, and later paraffin was used, chicle seems to be the most satisfactory and has practically replaced all other ma- terials in the making of this popular confection. The chew- ing gum industry of the United States has grown to such proportions in the last decade that it now exceeds each year by several millions of dollars the value of all synthetic chem- icals, dyestuffs included, imported annually before the war. DASYLIRION SERRATIFOLIUM For tropical ornamentation Dasylirion serratifolium, a native of southeastern Mexico, is equal in many respects to the commonly used Yucca filamentosa except that it does not possess quite the same degree of hardiness. Dasylirion forms dense heads of glaucous leaves measuring 2-3 feet in length with prominently serrate, prickly margins. After having been transplanted into the succulent house from the old yucca dome, where it was annoying to all passers-by on account of the prickly leaves spreading out above the walk, it flowered for the first time in twenty years. The flower spike was 15 feet high, formed like a fox tail, with hundreds of small yellow flowers attached to the parent ps upon small racemes, resembling somewhat the golden- rod. POTHOS CELATOCAULIS The shingle plant (Pothos celatocaulis) is a tropical American climber commonly used in greenhouses as a wall covering. It fastens itself to the wall by means of hairy pro- tuberances radiating from the stem, the leaves being im- bricated in the form of shingles. As soon as the plant outgrows its support, large-lobed leaves are produced and at the same time thick roots are sent out, penetrating the ground. In this stage it is often mis- taken for Philodendron pinnatifidum with its large-lobed foliage. The photograph illustrates the stages from the en- tire to pinnatifid formation and the reverse. BIRD OF PARADISE PLANT The bird of paradise plant is so called because of the bril- liant and unusual color combination of its flower stalk. Botanically it is known as Strelitzia augusta, the genus being named in honor of Queen Charlotte of the Mecklenburg- Strelitz family, and wife of George III. This plant belongs to the banana family (Musaceae) and includes six species PLATE 9. 1918. VOL. 6, TARD. BULL., Bor, CG Mo. DASYLIRION SERRATIFOLIUM. POTHOS CELATOCAULIS. Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 10. DRACAENA KINDTIANA. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 75 native of Africa, the Garden collection being represented by three species. Strelitzia augusta is the largest-growing type of the genus, forming a woody trunk with numerous suckers and fan- shaped leaves attaining a height of 20-25 feet. In general habit it strongly resembles the ‘travelers’ tree” of Mada- gascar especially in the fan formation of the leaf stalks, and is like the common banana in the large flat leaves which often measure 3-4 feet in length. These split readily to the central stalk, giving the same ragged appearance as the banana when subjected to the action of winds. The large specimen on the west side of the palm house has been in the collection for fifteen years. Previous to its removal to the palm house, it was grown in a tub under crowded conditions in the old greenhouses. However, since being placed under more natural conditions, a considerable growth has been attained, its first flowers having finally been produced. The formation of the flowers is unusual ; they are enclosed in a large dark purple bract which emerges from the base of the imbricated leaf stalk. When fully matured the single flowers have to force their way through the apical portion nearest the trunk. New flowers appear every two or three days, pushing the preceding ones back.. The petals are pure white with a beak-like lip of pleasing dark blue color. During its present blooming period it has produced two spikes with over twenty flowers. Propagation 1s accom- plished by suckers or seeds. DRACAENA GLOMERATA AND DRACAENA KINDTIANA During the World’s Fair at St. Louis in 1904, arrange- ments were made with Mr. Verner, who brought the South African pygmies for exhibition, to collect rare plants for the Garden. In 1906 a consignment of rare plants was re- ceived, including two very rare dracaenas, D. glomerata and D. Kindtiana, at that time the only specimens of these varieties in any botanical collection of the world. Some- time later, however, the Laurente expedition collected these same varieties. Dracaena glomerata is the more ornamental of the two, resembling in habit D. Goldieana, although the growth is more vigorous. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, light green, sparsely mottled with lighter green. The flowers are white. At the St. Louis Spring Flower Show in 1917 the Society of American Florists silver medal was awarded to this new introduction. D. Kindtiana grows to a height of 2-3 feet 76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN with lanceolate, acuminate, dark green, furrowed leaves, pro- duced in fan formation. Its peculiarity of growth, rather than ornamental value, makes it of particular interest. The abundance of white, strongly scented flowers produces a pleas- ing effect during certain seasons. THE BANYAN TREE The banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis), a small specimen of which is to be found at the west end of the varied in- dustries house, is a tropical tree of India, chiefly noteworthy because of its columnar roots. Closely related to this species is the celebrated Asrhatta, sacred fig tree of the Hindus, under which Buddha is said to have gained his wisdom. As the banyan grows upward and outward the branches are supported by aerial roots, resulting from seed germinat- ing while still on the topmost leaves, which reach to the ground and take root. These columnar roots extend in diam- eter, producing branches and other lateral roots, the entire structure acting not only as a support but assuming the function of absorption and distribution of food as well. The trees grow to such an immense spread that it is claimed that an army of 5,000 men once encamped beneath the shade of one, while the village of Dina Pitza, Ceylon, with its hun- dred huts, stands under the crown of another. It is only through care and cultivation by the natives, who consider the tree sacred, that such size is attained. Ordinarily the ground under the tree is so hard, due to the dense foliage, that the aerial roots cannot penetrate it without aid from the natives, which is furnished by encasing the roots in bamboo tubes and sinking them in the ground. Usually the col- umnar roots are not developed in greenhouses, but the Mis- souri Botanical Garden is fortunate in having one specimen showing a large aerial root which started at a height of about 4 feet and, after twining itself around the main stem, en- tered the ground. The tree yields an inferior grade of rubber containing 12.4 per cent caoutchoue and 82.2 per cent resin. It is employed in Lahore in the oxidation of copper. For medicinal pur- poses the juice is applied externally for bruises and as an anodyne in rheumatism. An infusion of the bark is re- garded as a powerful tonic in the treatment of diabetes, while the leaves are heated and used as a poultice. The fruits, leaves, and young shoots are used as food by the natives as well as fodder for their cattle. Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 11. DRACAENA GLOMERATA. <4 Vee BIRD OF PARADISE PLANT. STRELITZIA AUGUSTA. Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 12. THE BANYAN TREE. (FICUS BENGHALENSIS. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 77 GROWTH OF PALMS The determination of the age of palms grown under greenhouse conditions is a matter of considerable interest, but very little data is available for comparative study. Cer- tain palms, like Oreodoxa regia, indicate their rate of growth by the permanent leaf scars upon the trunk, while others, like Livistona, Cocos, Phoenix, ete., have a tendency to lose their leaf blades, leaving no scars, thus making age deter- mination impossible with any degree of accuracy. The following list indicates the study of growth in the palm house at the Garden during a period of one year. It is interesting to note that almost invariably the greatest growth has taken place during the summer months, indi- cating: partial dormancy during the winter. NUMBER OF LEAVES DEVELOPING Name . Jan. Mar. July Sept. Dec. Total Acanthorhiza aculeata .......... 1 2 3 4 3 13 Archontophoenix Cunninghamii ... 1 0 1 2 2 6 ATENGE: BACCROTTETA 2. ee ies Z 1 1 0 1 f Astrocaryum mexicanum ........ 1 L 2 Z 2 8 Ceroxylon andicolum ........ are k 1 1 1 1 5 CRaMnedored BN ee ees 1 1 1 1 1 5 Chamaerons humilis ............ 3 4 8 9 + 28 Chrysalidocarpus lutescens ...... 1 1 1 1 1 5 COCKE HOGG or. <5 i Se 1 1 1 1 1 5 EUGAS QUONEONHS 0. oh oes 1 1 1 2 1 6 PPUtRCd GVO Fh ee et 2 2 2 2 1 9 Howea Beimorcana .... 5... tee. 1 1 1 1 2 6 AACUNIA OTONMIS Fie tae 1 1 1 2 0 5 butstond GUstralia ot ens ck 1 2 5 6 4 18 hivistona chimensts 20... 6 i ess 1 1 2 + 2 10 Martinezia caryotaefolia ........ 1 1 1 2 1 6 Oreddowd: Vent | 60 se eis 1 1 1 1 1 5 Phoenin dactylifera v0. ..00....- 3 3 5 9 Hy 25 EROGNIG: FOCURELG os ae nas 3 3 a 5 4 19 Vhoenin Roebelentt. 2... 0... = 2 2 3 10 7 24 Ptychosperma Macarthuri ......- 1 1 1 1 2 6 Pritchardia Martti 2.06.5 Se. 1 1 3 2 2 9 Rhapis flabelliformis ..........- 1 3 3 2 2 11 Sabal giaucescens .......4.57-. =. 1 1 0 1 1 4 Savel Puunctts 2a a. 1 1 1 2 ] 6 Thrinag argente@ ....6. 5%, 666-5 1 1 2 ] 2 7 Trachycarpus excelsa Fortunei... 2 3 4 4 4 17 Washingtonia filifera ........... 1 3 5 4 2 15 TOTAL coe Wee faves 37 Ht 64 82 60 =.287 EFFECT OF THE WAR AT THE GARDEN The order of the Fuel Administrator, reducing by 50 per cent the amount of coal available for florists has been in- terpreted as applying to institutions like the Garden as well 78 | MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN as commercial concerns. Special permission has been ob- tained from Washington allowing the Garden to use suf- ficient coal to maintain its various permanent collections of tropical plants, but it will be necessary to cut off all the prop- agating houses back of the wall in order that as much coal as possible may be saved. This will prevent growing a large number of the plants used in the winter floral displays and likewise make it impracticable to grow the bedding plants used in the outdoor gardens during the spring and summer months. Consequently the Garden will probably present a very different appearance next summer, since many of the beds will have to be either left unplanted or used for grow- ing vegetables or other annuals which can be started from seed out of doors. Since it will require no heat to bring the chrysanthemums to their usual perfection, the regular chrysanthemum exhibit will be made next fall, but after this show the displays will be confined to blooming orchids, azaleas, and other perennial material. NOTICE For various reasons it seems desirable to discontinue the publication of the Butnerin during the months of July and August. Consequently the next number of the BuLLEerrn will not appear until the end of September. The total num- ber of pages for the current volume will not be materially reduced and the regular contents will appear in ten numbers instead of twelve. NOTES _ Dr. Charles Thom, of the United States Bureau of Chem- istry, was a recent visitor at the Garden. Dr. I. E. Melhus, of the lowa Agricultural Experiment Station, spent June 14 and 15 at the Garden consulting the library and mycological herbarium. Miss Anne W. Davis, of Princeton, New Jersey, research assistant in the graduate laboratory, has resigned to engage in chemical work relating to the war. Dr. M. Kanda, professor of botany in the Hiroshima Higher Normal School, Japan, accompanied by a group of his countrymen, visited the Garden on June 11. The following have been appointed Teaching Fellows in the Shaw School of Botany, Washington University, and will register for work in the graduate laboratory: MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN : 79 Miss Joanne L. Karrer, Puyallup, Washington; B. S. Uni- versity of Washington, 1915; M. 8. University of Washing- ton, 1916. Mrs. Adele L. Grant, Columbia, California; B. S. Univer- sity of California, 1902. Volume V, Number 2, of the Annals of the Missouri Bo- tanical Garden has appeared during the month, with the following contents: “Correlation of the Strength and Durability of Southern Pine,” S. M. Zeller. “Corticiums Causing Pellicularia Disease of the Coffee Plant, Hypochnose of Pomaceous Fruits, and Rhizoctonia Disease,” E. A. Burt. “Gautieria in North America,’ S. M. Zeller and C. W. Dodge. “Notes on Certain Cruciferae,’ E. B. Payson. “The Effect of Bordeaux Mixture on the Rate of Tran- spiration,” B. M. Duggar and W. W. Bonns. 80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 1918 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors...........; Ri gee kW ON ee 20,202 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange...... 47 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought....... gives 9 Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 297 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase — T. 8. Brandegee — Plants of Mexico, collected by ©, A. REGS oie ee a a 232 Walter Fischer—Plants of Argentina.................... 283 Dr. C. S. Sargent—Plants of the Philippine Islands, col- lected by Aduro and Sabiarya.,.....;.:.......:..0.+: 486 By Gift — Hon. Joseph Richmond Churchill—Plants of Massachusetts.. 124 Dr. G, P. Clinton—Coniophora hyssoidea on stems of seed- ling of Picea excelsa just imported from France........ 1 Dr. W. G. Farlow — Hydnaceous fungi from Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Florida............... 72 Prof. H. M. Jennison—Pleurotus ulmarius and P. ostreatus iro Montene 6 ise a ie es 2 C. D. Learn—Pyrus ioensis (Wood) Bailey and Centaurea americana Nutt. from Oklahoma..................... 2 Dr. W. H. Long—Wood-destroying fungi mostly from New ONION eas ee Se Se Re toy fe Philip C. Scanlan—Ellisia Nyctelea L. from Mlinois...... 1 Shenandoah Nurseries—Cultivated specimen of Elaeagnus op. trom Muakoget, O08 ee 1 By Exchange — U. S. National Museum—Plants of the United States...... 330 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2.00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. ba eae See Mussour! BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. VI SEPTEMBER, 1918 No. 7. Wwe ate ‘CONTENTS f Henry Shaw’ s Contribution to Art in St. Louis - ~- 81 nen ee ten Gr MAC et car Re eee Smceeidiaes - Se ree ea, S45 ee ee Ce Ph ST. LOUIS, MO. — 1918 A Se ee an 1 Published ‘Monthly Except July and August by the Board, of. ‘Trustees > at ees "SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: * Sree “ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR et ‘SINGLE NUMBERS TEN cents: Sy SBoaRD OF TRUSTEES —t™ ae OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN — ¥ THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S: WILL, ; AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING. . we : — “ : as : President, = + EDWARDS WHITAKER. Vice-President, DAVID S$. H. SMITH. Epwap C. Euior, .< ee Leow arp Merraswas Wiuran H. H. PerTus. 3 Puttar sk SCANLAN. re a Jou F. Sueruey,, "EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS ‘- Grorce T. ‘Mie ‘President of The Academy of Science of _ St. Louis, : ~_ Ricwarp Murray, a President of the Board of Education of Mo. 30T. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. ee wr r t—- wr? PLATE 13. IN. ‘ GARDI THE NRY SHAW IN HE OF TOMB Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., September, 1918 No. 7 HENRY SHAW’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO ART IN ST. LOUIS Although Henry Shaw is rightly regarded as one of the greatest benefactors of the city of his adoption, this idea is based primarily, if not entirely, upon his founding of The Missouri Botanical Garden and his gift to St. Louis of Tower Grove Park. Still another aspect of his generosity and desire to give pleasure to his fellow townsmen, which is not so generally recognized, was his effort to provide ob- jects of art, in the form of statues and busts, which were worthy of the men thus commemorated. As early as 1878 he presented to the city two bronze statues, which at that time were among the most noteworthy pieces of this character in the United States. These gifts were followed by others until, at the time of his death, eleven years later, he had made available to the public another bronze statue, three marble statues, and nine marble busts, all executed in the best artistic manner of the period. In order that a permanent record may be made of some of the little-known facts concerning these various gifts, it has seemed advisable to bring together in the BULLETIN an account of the circumstances associated with Mr. Shaw’s efforts to provide for St. Louis suitable examples of the sculptor’s art. The sources of the information here em- bodied are the newspapers of the day, a review of the origin and history of Tower Grove Park, by David H. Mac- Adam, prepared by order of the Board of Commissioners in 1883, and, most important of all, certain letters from the sculptors themselves, which it is believed contain facts of interest not hitherto made public. The first statue presented to the city by Mr. Shaw was that of Shakespeare, which was unveiled on April 23, 1878, the 314th anniversary of the poet’s birth. The event was marked by unusual simplicity. Mr. Shaw, in the fewest possible words, formally presented the statue and acting- (81) 82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Mayor Lightner accepted it for the citizens of St. Louis. Some impromptu remarks by Capt. James McDonough fol- lowed, and a party of Mr. Shaw’s friends then proceeded to his residence in the Garden, where a reception was held. The statue was designed and executed in bronze by Ferdi- nand Miller,* of Munich, afterwards Baron von Miller, who was later elected first president of the International Exhibi- tion of Art and was apparently recommended to Mr. Shaw by Mr. George I. Barnett, the architect who designed. the pedestal and base. On November 24, 1878, the second bronze statue, namely, that of Humboldt, was unveiled in Tower Grove Park. Mr. Shaw was ill at the time and not able to be present, but the occasion was a much more festive and elaborate one than that of the presentation of the Shakespeare monument. The ceremonies were in the hands of the German-American societies of St. Louis, and a procession consisting of various Turnverein, Maennerchor, and Saengerbund organizations, together with school children and two bands, marched through the park before assembling at the site of the statue. Mr. Preetorius acted as chairman, and the program con- sisted of music, an address in German by Mr. Carl Luede- king, the acceptance of the statue for the citizens of St. Pies by Mayor Overstolz, and remarks by Professor W. T. Tarris. This statue was executed by the same sculptor and the pedestal by the same architect who had furnished the Shakespeare statue, and the cost of each statue was appar- ently the same, namely, $5,000, delivered in St. Louis, not including the pedestal or setting up. Additional artistic features were added to the park on Sunday afternoon, July 16, 1882, when the marble busts of Mozart and Rossini were presented by Mr. Shaw. These were the work of Howard Kretschmar, a St. Louis sculptor. The St. Louis Grand Orchestra rendered several selections from Mozart, and, after the unveiling by Miss Lena Anton, a pianist of St. Louis, Mr. Shaw in a few simple words pre- sented the busts to the city. Judge J. Gabriel Woerner delivered an appropriate address and the ceremony con- cluded with music by the orchestra and the Liederkranz. Postlewaithe’s band gave a concert for the remainder of the afternoon. * This spelling of the name, instead of Mueller which has appeared in print at various times, is in accordance with the signature of the letters of the sculptor. Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOt.. 6, 1918. PLATE 14. STATUE OF SHAKESPEARE IN TOWER GROVE PARK. Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 15, STATUE OF HUMBOLDT IN TOWER GROVE PARK. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 83 That Mr. Shaw had long had in mind the presentation of a statue of Columbus is shown by a letter from Miller, as far back as 1878, who wrote: “I was always afraid you would not enjoy the statue of Humboldt because your wish had been to erect a monument to Columbus,” and at an- other time: “I surely admit that the enthusiasm would have been still greater for Columbus, as any man that lives in America must have for him great interest, but it would not have been possible to change it with all my best will.” Apparently, after the statue of Humboldt was in progress, Mr. Shaw had contemplated having it changed to one of Columbus. The following extracts from letters* of Ferdinand Miller add greatly to the interest of the Columbus statue as it stands in the park, since they throw much light upon the conception of the discoverer which the artist tried to carry out. They also demonstrate that Mr. Shaw had very definite ideas of what he wanted and that his part in the develop- ment of the statue was by no means a small one. “Munich, March 9, 1883. “ * * * * * * * + % * * * * % * * * * * “The pedestal for Columbus I get drawn just now and I hope you will agree with it. Respective to your conceiving of Columbus I shall fulfil your wishes but shall at all events make first a sketch of it which I will send you. Concerning the relievoes, you wanted upon one side Piloty’s picture and upon the other the design which you suggested. I shall take the drawing you have sent as the main idea but shall make a few alterations and send you a sketch of it. That question, however, is not pressing and can be settled after- wards. Drawings of the pedestal and relievo I’ll send you before long. I am just commencing the sketch of the monumental grave- stone. I am much obliged to you for the photographs which are very good. I shall also comply with your desires in this case. I would be pleased to know whether you wish me to finish first Columbus or the tombstone? “If you deem it proper to make a synallagmatic contract I beg you to send me same to sign, I think in the way we did it the last time. “About the relievo and pedestal I cannot tell you anything as yet; you must first see the drawing. I would like to have the pedestal richer than that of Humboldt and Shakespeare. I sup- pose you will agree with it.” “Munich, May 5, ’83. “Dear Sir: “Just now I have received your favor. I sent you a small sketch of Columbus which gives only an approximate idea of the way I picture the statue to myself and how it would look upon the ped; *The letters are written in English and the author frequently ex- presses his dissatisfaction with the translation. However, it seems best to copy them verbatim. 84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN estal. I am just modeling the sketch. It is a conception which is expressed in Piloty’s picture and also the same which I intend to give the figure, but certainly it is not possible to make the same thing in plastic art as in the picture. A figure must be composed for every side and a picture only for one; we therefore have to make some alterations in the posture and the conceiving; how- ever, you needn’t feel uneasy as I have under- stood your intentions and shall act accord- ingly as much as _ pos- sible. The drawing of the relievo I have put in the post, it is also only a sketch. Please to send it back and let me know your wishes about it, to enable me to make the altera- tions according to them. “Concerning the second relievo our wishes seem to meet. I have written to you that I should like to choose the moment when Columbus takes possession of the coun- _ try. The pedestal for the grave monument I get drawn, so that they can work after it in America, the measures in English feet.” “Munich, May 24, 783. 66 ME ON ee 5 eas, 0, ee Se ome seer Me ie eee Se eae “About the second relievo, I thought if it wouldn’t be better to choose instead of Piloty’s picture, the moment when Columbus set his foot in the new world on the 12th of October, 1492, and kissed the ground and then drew his sword and took possession of the country. In the background are the nude natives watching the strangers. Then I should take the statue of Columbus when he just beholds the country for the first time. Please inform me of your opinion about it.” “Munich, June 23, ’83. “Dear Sir: “Your letter of the 25th of May expresses so little confidence towards me that I will not try to explain my idea and intended alterations, but shall be willing to copy Piloty’s Columbus at your wish, For my justification, however, I have to clear up the seem- ing inconsistency existing between my last letter and the desire expressed to you by occasion of the remittance of Piloty’s picture. “At the time you first have spoken of getting made a statue of Columbus as a very remote idea yet and wanted to hear something about it from me I did not have any order yet to occupy myself more closely with the affair, but I knew a great number of repre- sentations of Columbus. In most of them he was more than the learned explorer, or represented after his landing in a quiet posture Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 16. ¥ STATUE OF COLUMBUS IN TOWER GROVE PARK. Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 17. THE LINNEAN HOUSE—SHOWING THE BUSTS OF LINNAEUS, NUTTALL, AND GRAY. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. BULLETIN 85 but not as the undaunted sea-farer. Piloty had chosen a different conceiving which I liked much better and when I have expressed the desire of seeing Columbus executed in bronze I meant by this | to represent him as the energetic and undaunted sea-farer. If my letter said something else it certainly was the fault of my im- perfect translation for I would not have taken the liberty to sug- gest to you the simple copy of a picture for a statue, as I did not doubt that you wanted an original work for your great idea, in the way as you have chosen an entirely new and original repre- sentation for Shakespeare and Humboldt by which you have ob- tained great applause both in America and in Europe, and_par- ticularly in Germany. Since that time I have earnestly studied the question, have read all the works affording sources about the costume of the time and about the person of Columbus, and if my sketch therefore has turned out somewhat different than Piloty’s picture which in the first rank is contrived with consideration of the effect of the colors, it anyhow had the same idea for its basis in the way Piloty has first given it in his picture. Piloty him- self will confirm that there are other conditions for the plastic execution and if you wish I could easily send you Piloty’s own opinion about it, if you attach any importance to it. What I have altered I have only done out of conscientious consideration for all the circumstances. I think I have never ill advised you, and here in Germany at least, where the artists of Munich have unanimously elected me for their president and where at present their confidence has placed me in the rank of the first president of the International Exhibition of Art, people think so much of my judgment that it was certainly not immodest on my part when I thought I should furnish you with an original sketch after my own studies and not with a simple copy. “But as I said at the beginning of my letter, you may please yourself about it. I shall certainly copy Piloty’s picture as well as possible and have only to beg you to inform me at your earliest. convenience of your definite opinion to enable me to go on with the work. In the relievo I find the precise copy of Piloty’s picture very suitable and very easy to execute; that certainly will turn out to advantage. “Beethoven is modeled. The photographs I have received, the pedestal looks better than I expected. I am just working at Richard Wagner. As to the expense of the bustoes, I may inform you that I can save by each 50 dollars, consequently I get only 700 dollars for one busto, as I have got by a lucky chance two beautiful marble blocks, each 50 dollars cheaper than I reckoned.” “Reichenhall, Aug. 23, ’83. “% * ee ee i ee * ee See ee * * Complying with your wish I am to take as a model for Columbus the figure of that one on Piloty’s picture, but only on one condi- tion, that I may have as much liberty as possible in the concep- tion of it, that I may alter what is absolutely necessary for a monumental statue. I would rather renounce the execution of the commission if you do not agree to this condition for I will never undertake anything that might not succeed. I esteem more my reputation as an artist than any sum that could be gained in such a way. And at the same time Director Piloty would make a protest against my copying his picture so very accurately. As a relief I shall copy the picture exactly, nothing could be said against that. : : : “The bust of Beethoven is finished in marble, but if you like I will delay sending it to you until that of Richard Wagner is 86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN finished too. For the latter I made use of a bust which a friend of mine modeled in Venice eight days before Richard Wagner’s death and which unfortunately he could not finish, but it is de- cidedly the very last likeness of that great master. “T am now beginning to work at Columbus and you and your friends will certainly be contented with it. The design of the pedestal of the sepulehral monument I will forward to you very soon.” “Munich, Apr. 9, ’84. “Dear. Sir: “T am ever so much obliged to you for your favor of the 13th of March and for the remittance of £ 148 s. 17. Indeed I am happy to know that the bustoes have met with your approval. Next week I shall go to Carrara to buy the marble for the grave monument. The expression of the figure I am going to make a little more cheerful. The monument itself has met here with great applause and I hope it will be the same case in America. To tell you the truth, I did not like the idea of sending you the photograph of the monument as it is always sad to see one’s self represented in a dead state. But anyhow I thought to have acted according to your notion. The model of Columbus is very near being done and as soon as it is far enough advanced I shall send you a photograph of it. “T thank you for remembering my parents. They return their compliments to you.” “Munich, May 26, ’84. “I did not return any sooner from Carrara than just now and have found on my arrival your favor of the 29th of March and the remittance of £ 100, equal to 491 dollars gold, which I shall deduct from the costs of the grave monument. I am very much obliged to you for both. The grave monument is commenced in Carrara and will be done in February; the expression of the face will be more cheerful. In the very next time I shall send you the photograph of the relievo of Columbus, that of La Salle will be done a few days afterwards. Please send me the inscription for - the plates of the Columbus monument in case you wish any altera- tions. “Columbus cannot be finished before the winter, but if you wish the relievoes any sooner than that, they may be done in three months. The head of the statue of Columbus I have made some- what different than on the relievo, as they found in Madrid a portrait which is taken to be authentic; both the heads, however, bear the same character.” “Munich, November 18, ’85. “Dear Sir: “T have received your favor of the 3lst of October and the photographs of the pedestal on the excellent execution of which I congratulate you. “To comply with your wish and that of your friends I shall make the execution in bronze with the bearded head, though against my conviction. Here in Munich, however, I shall exhibit Columbus with the beardless head. I am very glad indeed you like the grave monument. You need not be afraid that the bronze will not look well on the pedestal or that it will not be in character with it, as I have tried it here and was very much pleased with the arrange- ment, the whole looking to great advantage.” MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 87 “March 8, ’86. “Dear Mr. Shaw: “Columbus is now so far that I think to be done with the cast- ing in four weeks. Reckoning two weeks for the packing and ex- hibition, the statue will be ready for transport in the month of May. Please to appoint the time now when you want me to for- ward the figure. I have been asked from Berlin to exhibit there Columbus at the International Exhibition. 1 declined as I did not know whether you would like it.” It is to be regretted that Mr. Shaw’s letters to Miller are not also available, but the extracts given above are sufficient to indicate how keen an interest he took in the planning and execution of the various works of art presented to the city. He did much more than merely furnish the money for their purchase. The Columbus statue was unveiled October 12, 1886, the 394th anniversary of the landing of the discoverer of Amer- ica. As on the oceasion of the presentation of the Hum- boldt statue, the ceremonies were chiefly delegated to the representatives of the nationality of the man to be honored. The Societa di Unione i Fratellanza Italiana, students of Washington University, and others took part in the proces- sion, and the American and Italian flags were prominently displayed. The assembly was called to order by Mr. Joseph Franklin, and the statue unveiled by Miss Sadie MacAdams and Miss Edith Franklin. Mr. Shaw made a most inter- esting address, going into the history of St. Louis with some detail, and letters were read from distinguished men, among others the historian Bancroft, felicitating Mr. Shaw and the city upon the occasion. Others who spoke were Rev. R. A. Holland, rector of St. George’s Church, Prof. Calvin M. Woodward, and Mr. James D. Butler, of Madison, Wisconsin, who is recorded as having made a “humorous address.” Mr. F. A. Cafferata and Mr. Moretti represented the Italian so- cieties, the latter speaking in Italian. The statue was ac- cepted for the city by Mayor D. R. Francis. The marble busts of Linnaeus, Nuttall, and Gray, over the entrance of what in 1883 was the “principal plant house” of the Garden, were dedicated on Friday, June 22, 1883. The members of the American Association of Nurserymen, Florists and Seedsmen, then holding a convention in St. Louis, were present with other guests, by special invitation. The following remarks were made by Mr. Shaw: “Gentlemen.—I greet you and welcome the horticulturists and florists of America to the Missouri Botanical Garden, On this ocea- sion of your visit, in the briefest possible way, I take the agree- able pleasure of inaugurating the marble busts placed over the 88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN entrance of this newly erected plant house. In the center is Lin- naeus, the great reformer of the natural sciences, called by his contemporaries the ‘Prince of Nature.’ On his right the bust of Thomas Nuttall, designated the ‘Father of Western American Bot- any’ by our learned friend, Dr. George Engelmann. To the left, on the east side, is that of Dr. Asa Gray, well known to you all as a bright ornament to American science. These men are and have been shining lights as naturalists in describing and classifying the numerous and various objects of the vegetable kingdom. These monuments are durable mementoes of our esteem and respect for illustrious men whose names are indelibly connected with the plants and trees that beautify the face of nature, and thus their names will be handed down to future ages and be known as long as science and civilization exist among men.” The marble statues of Juno and Victory were both made by Ross C. Adams of Carrara, Italy. The Juno, now in the Italian garden, formerly stood opposite the main gate in the center of a small formal garden, but the Victory has always stood within the structure it now occupies. Tradition has it that this was originally intended by Mr. Shaw as his mausoleum, but later he decided granite would be more permanent and built the second mausoleum. The statue of Juno is an exact copy of an antique, now in the National Museum, Naples (photograph No. 5099), and cost $775.00 delivered in St. Louis. The Victory is a copy of a statue by Consain, also in the Naples gallery (photograph No. 523) and cost $1,050.00 delivered. These statues arrived together during the month of September, 1886, and were almost immediately put in place. Mr. Shaw evidently placed the order for his own monu- ment in 1882, since by March, 1883, Miller had received photographs and begun the preliminary sketches. The granite mausoleum was begun in 1884, and, as is well known, this structure, as well as the statue and pedestal, were completed several years before Mr. Shaw’s death. The bronze ornaments and the marble figure of Mr. Shaw were executed in Germany, but the pedestal was made in St. Louis. No record exists of the cost of the monument, but the following itemized account of the preliminary work called for by Mr. Shaw may be of interest: To the architect Rohmeis for making three drawings and the Jarger Getall foci ie ee ee $220.00 For making the whole sarcophagus in wood and gypsum to model the ormaments: 605.4000. 7 ee 88.00 For modeling six wreaths, two inscription plates, and five and : One-half metres of gatlawie. ce 530.00 For the casting of the whole; jy. i..45.5... 2... 440.00 Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 18. STATUE OF JUNO IN THE GARDEN. Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 19. STATUE OF VICTORY IN THE GARDEN. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 89 Apparently, the artistic temperament of the sculptor was somewhat disturbed by having to furnish such a detailed account of expenses, for after an impassioned letter he con-. cludes as follows: ‘Finally, I beg you to excuse me for having written to you as much about the matter, but think yourself in my place who has never received a similar re- proach and you will find my excitement excusable. _Never- theless, | shall still esteem you as my fatherly friend. May you live a great many years yet, may God bestow upon you health and prosperity.” On July 6, 1884, the marble busts of Wagner and Beetho- ven were presented to Tower Grove Park. These were both executed by von Miller, and the reference in the pre- viously quoted letters to these busts, particularly as to the source of the study for the Wagner marble, is interesting. After the unveiling, which ceremony was performed by Miss Carson, Mr. Shaw and Dr. Wm. Taussig made brief addresses. Dr. Taussig, “in the name of the art-loving com- munity of St. Louis, thanked Mr. Shaw for adorning that beautiful park with the busts of those two immortals, Beethoven and Wagner.” The Henry Shaw Musical Society rendered an elaborate program made up exclusively of compositions of the two musicians honored, and “‘at its close the members of the society adjourned to the residence of Mr. Shaw, where an hour was pleasantly spent in saunter- ing through the grounds.” The busts of Gounod and Verdi are presumably the work of Ross C. Adams, the same sculptor who did the Victory and Juno. The Verdi shows no mark indicating its origin, but the Gounod bears the faint inscription “C. Nicoli & Adams.” It is believed that Nicoli, of Carrara, who was a well-known sculptor of the day, was associated with Adams in some way in the execution of the Gounod bust at least, and possibly also the one of Verdi. The following extract from the Globe-Democrat of May 16, 1886, gives a general account of the ceremonies attend- ing the presentation of these works of art: “A typical opening day, a large concourse of people, and a_per- fect smoothness of all arrangements combined to make the cere- monies incident to the unveiling of the busts of Gounod and Verdi an unusual success. The busts were the gift of Mr. Henry Shaw, adding another token of the munificence to which is due the ex- istence of the beautiful resort in which they are located. They stand, with a number of other works of art, upon the outer edge of the circular esplanade around the central music stand. Both are highly creditable to the skill of the sculptor and the taste of the giver. 90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN “The ceremonies were preceded by a portion of a musical pro- gramme, beginning at 4 o’clock with the massive and sonorous grand march from the opera ‘Faust’ by Gounod. The grand fan- tasie and march from ‘La Reine de Saba’ by the same composer, potpourri from “Traviata,’ and a brief selection from ‘I Lombardi’ by Verdi, followed, when Mr. Shaw, who was in unusual voice and spirits, mounted the platform and in a brief speech tendered the busts to the city. When the applause died away, acting Mayor Allen accepted the gift in a few complimentary sentences and in- troduced Mr. Peter L. Foy, who spoke for about five minutes, briefly reviewing Mr. Shaw’s many acts of public and _ private philanthropy. Mr. E. C. Kerr and Prof. Woodward followed in a similar vein and the ceremonies proper concluded. The crowd, however, tarried to hear the conclusion of the musical programme which was made up of selections from the works of Gounod and Verdi, and admirably rendered by Postlewaithe’s orchestra of 25 pieces. The speakers of the day and a few invited guests then ay piace to Shaw’s Garden where they were entertained until dark.’ After Mr. Shaw’s death a letter from the Rev. Hubert Lowe, of London, showed that it had been Mr. Shaw’s in- tention to complete the group of busts around the music stand at the park, by adding those of Sir Arthur Sullivan and Donizetti. In fact, he seems to have commissioned his cousin, Mr. Lowe, to have the two busts executed by a Lon- don sculptor. However, the practice of being the single donor of the works of sculptors to the city inaugurated by Mr. Shaw, seems to have died with him and, as yet, he has no successor in this particular field. HYBRID NYMPHAEAS The continuation of the work of breeding water-lilies at the Garden is gradually developing types of greater de- sirability and effectiveness. The production of that admir- able type, NV. “Mrs. Edwards Whitaker,” in 1917, has led to its use as a parent in an effort to increase the size, im- prove the coloration, and add vigor to other promising types. Among these new hybrids a very pleasing new variety has been secured, NV. “General Pershing.” Another introduc- tion of merit is N. “Mrs. Woodrow Wilson” hort. var. gigantea, notable for its size and the greatly increased vivi- parous habit. xX NYMPHAEA “GENERAL PERSHING” PRING, N. HYB. (Nymphaea “Mrs. Edwards Whitaker” ¢ x N. castalii- flora 2) The floral character of this hybrid strongly resembles that of the staminate parent, especially. in the concave for- mation of the pistils, as well as compactness and the forma- tion of three distinet whorls of light pink. The exterior MiSSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 91 of the outermost petals is channeled longitudinally with green and striped with dark purple. The sepals are pinkish white on the interior, externally strongly resembling the pistillate parent with its coloration dark green prominently striped with purple. The foliage is similar to the seed arent, the upper surface being dark green conspicuously blotched with dark purple, but the margins are more undu- lated than either parent. The under side is green, ODOC | Nymphaea “General Pershing:” 1, sepal; 2, petals; 3, submerged leaves of seedling; 4, first floating leaf; 5, sta- mens. One-half natural size. grading to greenish red toward the margins and spotted with a slightly darker color. Owing to the low percentage of developed seeds of the pistillate parents, very few seed- lings were obtained. However, the colors. of the progeny when flowered were all pink shades, showing the dominant factor of the pollen parent, N. castaliiflora. Description —F lowers 8-10 inches across, opening from 4-6 successive days from 7:30 A. M. to 7:00 P. M. during August, extremely fragrant; bud ovate-acuminate, dark green, prominently striped with dark purple in the apical 92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN portion; peduncle rising 1 foot above the water, in cross- section showing 7 main air-canals circled by 14 smaller ones, these again irregularly surrounded by minute air- canals; sepals wedged, ovate, 4 inches long, 134 inches wide, hooded at the apex, thick and fleshy in texture, outer surface dark green striped with purple, less at the base, light pink on the margins, inner surface pinkish white, light green at the base, showing 10-12 nerves; petals 30, comprising three whorls; outermost whorl lanceolate-obtuse, slightly hooded at the apex, 334 inches long, ¥% of an inch wide, with the outer surface channeled longitudinally with green and striped with purple, thick in~ texture except along the light pink margins, and the inner surface light pink, 7-nerved; the inner whorls light pink, slightly acute, becoming shorter and narrower toward the innermost; stamens about 300; outermost whorl occasionally becoming petaloid, 1% inches long, with appendages ovate-oblong at the base, bright yellow, pink and pinkish white at the apex; the inner whorls becoming shorter and narrower toward the innermost, which are linear, yellow, and yellowish white at the apex; carpels 35-40, with carpellary styles ob- long-obtuse, introrse, dark yellow; fruit globose, containing more fertile seeds than N. “Mrs. Edwards Whitaker” but considerably less than N. castaliiflora; leaves of submerged seedling light green with reddish brown spots on the upper- most side, ovate to deltoid; first floating leaves orbicular, dark green spotted with greenish brown on the upper side, under side light green tinted with bluish brown, spotted with purple; developed leaves suborbicular, 14 inches across, peltate, with deeply sinuate undulated margins, upper sur- face dark green spotted with brownish purple, brownish toward the margins, the under surface light green in the center, pinkish toward the margins, spotted with reddish brown; basal portion of leaves overlapping, terminating in short acute lobes; sinus nearly closed. x NYMPHAEA “MRS. WOODROW WILSON” HORT. VAR. GIGANTEA, PRING, N. HYB. (Nymphaea “Mrs. Woodrow Wilson” Tricker 9 x N. castaliiflora Pring @ ) The viviparous habit of N. micrantha, the West African species, is a dominant factor transfused through N. Dau- beniana to the pistillate parent, of the hybrid. The pecu- liar leaf vegetation is important, enabling the increase of stock without the use of tubers. The latter in most cases is a slow means of reproduction peculiar to the Brachyceras group. The result of intercrossing N. “Mrs. Woodrow MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 93 Wilson” with the pink N. castaliiflora brought both the nor- mal leaf development and the viviparous type, the flowers retaining the bluish color of the seed parent. The seedlings showing the vegetative leaf character have an extremely low percentage of fertile seeds, whereas the non-vegetative types have a high percentage of minute seeds for perpetuating the type. The influence of the parent, NV. castaliiflora, is appar- ent in the enlargement of the sepals and petals and the Nymphaea “Mrs. Woodrow Wilson” var. gigantea: 1, sepal; 2, petals; 3, stamens; 4, submerged leaves of seedling; 5, first floating leaf. One-half natural size. pinkish color fused in the sepals and the outer whorl of petals. However, there is no increase in the number of petals above that of the seed parent. The purple markings are more numerous than in NV. “Mrs. Woodrow Wilson” ; they are totally absent in the sepals and petals of N. castaliiflora. The variety so strongly suggests the seed parent that a varietal name indicating a major form has been attached. It may be distinguished from the type, however, by the tall peduncles terminating in a much larger flower, darker blue color, pink in the interior of the sepals and petals, the in- tensified markings externally, the larger leaves overlap- 94 .- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ping one-third, the deeply undulated margins, and promi- nent acuminate lobes at the base. Description.—F lowers 7-8 inches across, opening 4-5 days during August, fragrant; bud ovate-acuminate, green ; peduncle rising 1 foot above the water, in cross-section showing 9 main air-canals surrounded by 17, these again by irregular smaller ones; receptacles light yellow; sepals 4-wedged, lanceolate, 34% inches long, 14% inches wide, prominently hooded at the apex, thick and fleshy in tex- ture, outer surface green, yellowish green at the base, striped with purple markings, shaded with blue at the margins, inner surface pinkish white, showing 10-12 nerves; petals 20-25; outermost whorl lanceolate-obtuse, hooded at the apex, 31% inches long, % of an inch wide, the outer surface green prominently striped with purple, thick in texture ex- cept along the blue margins, 7—S-nerved, inner surface pinkish blue; inner whorls lavender-blue; stamens 140-150; outermost whorl 1% inches long, with appendages ovate- oblong at the base, yellow, brown on the dorsal side, pinkish blue at the apex; the inner whorls shorter and narrower toward the innermost, which are linear, yellow, white at the apex; carpels 25-30 with carpellary styles short, obtuse ; fruit globose, containing very few fertile seeds; leaves of submerged seedling ovate to deltoid, with acute lobes, pri- mary leaves light green, secondary leaves light green with prominent brownish marmorations; first floating leaves suborbicular with acute lobes, dark green sparsely spotted with brown, brownish pink on the under side; developed leaves orbicular, 14 inches across, deeply obtuse, sinuate- dentate, green on the upper surface, pinkish green beneath; basal portion of the leaves overlapping one-third, terminat- ing in acuminate lobes, producing flowers at the insertion of petiole and blade when not detached. NOTES The ladies attending the National Safety Congress visited the Garden September 19. Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, has been elected a trustee of the St. Louis Florists’ Club. During an absence of two weeks from the Garden, Mr. Alexander Lurie visited places of horticultural interest in New York, Philadelphia, and Washington. Mrs. Katherine H. Leigh, Secretary to the Director, is now in France, having been granted a leave of absence to accept a position in the personnel department of the American Red Cross. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ne! A Mr. John Noyes, formerly landscape adviser to the Garden, has been appointed an assistant town planner, and is now engaged in an elaborate Government housing prop- osition at Davenport, Iowa. Mr. C. L. Moody, formerly in charge of trees and shrubs at the Garden, is at Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass., having at- tained corporal rank since being drafted. Other Garden employes who have entered the military service recently are Mr. Adam Huber and Mr. C. MeGovern. The 54th annual convention of the Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists was in session in St. Louis at the Moolah Temple, August 20-22. The mem- bers and their wives were guests of the Garden the evening of August 22, when a supper was served outdoors. Recent visitors to the Garden include Captain A. R. Davis, of the Coast Artillery, U. S. Reserves, formerly Research Assistant at the Garden; Professor C. A. Shull, Associate Professor of Plant Physiology and Genetics, University of Kansas; Dr. A. L. Bakke, Assistant Professor of Botany, Iowa State College; and Ensign Henry Schmitz, of the Naval Reserves, formerly Rufus J. Lackland Fellow. Of the former Garden pupils, Mr. Clarence Pedlow has accepted a position as Instructor in Horticulture at the Agri- cultural and Engineering College, Raleigh, N. C.; Mr. Carl Giebel is now Sergeant in the Engineers Corps, stationed at Chattanooga, Tenn.; Mr. Robert Mitchell has enlisted in the Navy and is now at the Great Lakes Training Station; Mr. N.S. Philippi is in an army railroad camp in Washington, laying out roads through the forests; Private P. A. Kohl has last been heard from in Tours, France; Sergeant George Pedlow is on a furlough behind the lines, after having been in the thick of the fight at Chateau Thierry. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE- AUGUST, 1918 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: TOcds Tuer Of. VigItOTe IR OUNG: i 22,486 Total numer or visitors Mm UUuly oe oe Vi oe EO SBS Total Bomoer Or VISILOIe McCAUPIBt ee ae ee ee 19,278 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seeds donated in June......... 73 Total number of plants and seeds donated in July... ... is 400 Total number of plants collected in July................. 15 PLANT DISTRIBUTION : Total number of plants distributed in exchange in July.... 403 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 96 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought in June...... 32 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in June... .. 155 Total number of books and pamphlets bought in July...... 13 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in July..... 84 Total number of books and pamphlets bought in August. . . 5 Total number of manuscripts and pamphlets donated in PUDUIRD ee cis es Gcite ek We eee pile ee olga amet 49 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase — Rev. John Davis—Plants of Missouri, South Carolina, ete... 150 By Gift — Prof. G. F. Atkinson — Thelephora, cuticularis Berk. from MITRE has foe saa Mee oh Fhe We Lee oe Ome ee 1 Dr. John T. Buchholz—Drosera annua Reed, and a cultivated specimen of Hlodea canadensis Michx. var. gigantea Hort. STOW, APKANSAS (6a. sou. Oe er ts Siete on eee ee ety 2 H. Calkins—Cirsium arvense (1..) Seop. from Pacific, Mis- BOUND 2s oo ed es ee ee ] J. A. Drushel—Plants of the United States................ 14 J. A. Drushel—Plants of Missouri, Texas, and New York... 15 Dr. C. E. Fairman—Fungi of Orleans Co., New York.....-.. 3 Dr; H. D. House—Stereum Willeyt Pk. oo. oie es ee ] Prof. H. M. Jennison—Fungi of Bozeman, Montana........ 3 I. M. Johnston—Senecio from California................-. 4 W. C. Lilley—Monotropa uniflora L. from Towa........... 1 C. G. Lloyd — Collections of Hymenochaete from various loGalities: 25400 fe. i a i ee 85 S. H. Moreton—Hoheria populnea Cunn. from New Zealand. . ] J. CO. Nelson—Senecto from Oregon... 20.6.0 e ce et es 3 Dr. Norma E. Pfeiffer—Hydrodictyon reticulatum (L.) Lagrh. from Tower Grove Park, St. Louis... .....2.-.+-.. ] A. D. Rudolph—Mutinus caninus from Illinois............- ] Dr. J. R. Schramm—RKhinotrichum sp.......--+--+ ++ eee ] Dr. J. R. Weir—Rocky Mountain Fungi........-......--. 6 By Exchange — Prof. J. C. Arthur—Puecinia Eatoniae Arthur from Indiana, and P. Liatridis (Ell. & And.) Bethel from Colorado..... 2 E, D. Merrill—“Species Blancoanae,’”’ Plants. of the Philip- WUNG SSMU a ee ey oe 1,060 New York Botanical Garden—Plants of Jamaica.......... 76 University of Texas, by Dr. Mary 8. Young—Plants of ROSAS osc ae eee a i eee 145 By Field Work — Dr. J. M. Greenman—Plants of Missouri.........2........ 280 Dr. J. M. Greenman—Plants of St. Louis Co., Missouri..... 27 TOTAL ge a a ee a ee a, 1,883 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Director, GEORGE T. MOORE, BenjJAMIN MINGE DuccaR, Epwarp A. Burt, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian. HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Jesse M. GREENMAN, Pathologist. Curator of the Herbarium. JAMES GURNEY, Head Gardener, Emeritus. ALEXANDER LURIE, Horticulturist. G. H. Princ, Floriculturist. J. J. CoucHuin, W. F. LANGan, Construction. Engineer. P. ForERsTer, H. VALLENTINE, Farm and Stables. 5 Carpenter. _ Missouri BoTaNIcAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. VI OCTOBER, 1918 , No 8 - F CONTENTS Effect of Electricity on Plants - : - - 97 Winter Protection of Plants: SO ag, Tea ne Ue ‘Testing Of. Potato: VaneGés » =~ 562 40 3. 08") INGORE Soar t) Sel Re Rn ON ein 1, | Statistical Information <5 as Se OR _$T. LOUIS, MO. ee ‘ i _ 1918 ot __ Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees __ Be oe eo 3 gC RIPTION SRick 2, ake ag ak _.ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS _ j BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN - rae THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL, < Saree AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF ; THE RR ETO, MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING. ag EDWARDS WHITTAKER. Sa hes Vice Bieilent, ; DAVID S. H. SMITH. : Pu Epwaro C Euior. Nest Leonarp MatTHews. ~ Gronce €. Hirrencoce. ee eee ‘Wituam H. H. Petrus, ee eRe Cuouresu Marr. - gale: Pim C. Scantay. # % . Epwaxo Mauuiexnoor. a Sy OMe F. SHEPLEY. : pr ‘EX-OFFICI o MEMBERS ‘e ? Repoemcx A. ink f oo ; Georce r. Moore, at re Chancellor of Washington Universy. a4 President of The weademy of Scien of a? : Hany w. AS): ie may ’ ne ieee i. Wourwer, Av _ Per ot the Cif oP. , ae eg President ofthe Board of Education of ghee i “Diwel 8. ‘Turrs, : ay ¥ a Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. Ee Pe cg "CHARLES A. Ro®, Secretary aes Mo, Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918 PLATE 20. “ELECTRIFIER” USED AT THE GARDEN. Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., October, 1918 No. 8 EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY ON PLANTS The relation that exists between electrical stimulation and plant growth has been a subject of many experiments of varied range, resulting in conflicting and contradictory conclusions. Investigations have been carried on for over 150 years, since it was first supposed that electricity, which manifests itself so universally in nature, would be capable of plant stimulation under certain conditions. It has been shown by Elfving, Brunchorst, etc., that roots are susceptible to the influence of galvanic currents. Through the experi- ments of Kunkel it has also been proved that electric cur- rents exist in plants and that differences in potential (Haake) are caused by metabolism and respiration. The greatest attention was at first centered upon the in- fluence of current electricity on plants. In 1746, Main- bray, Nollet, and Jallabert tried the effects of electric cur- rents upon fruit trees and seeds with marked stimulative results. Vigor and germinative powers were found to be considerably increased by the experiments of Boze, Menon, De Lacepede, Marat, etc., but Gardini, Sylvestre, Paets, and several others secured negative results with overhead elec- tric wires. While Humboldt believed that electricity ex- erted considerable influence on plant growth, de Candolle concluded that its effect was negligible. In 1844 Forster’s experiments with barley and Ross’s experiments with pota- toes by means of galvanic culture showed such promise as to arouse considerable interest. On the other hand, very careful extensive investigations of Wollny upon rye, beans, potatoes, beets, etc. showed negative results. Lemstrém obtained favorable results with static electricity in a large number of cases, suspending wire meshes over plants and connecting the former with the positive pole, the negative pole being connected with the ground. Due to the eareful methods ig Ce as well as the extended period of experimentation, his results are deemed trustworthy. He demonstrated that strong charges were unfavorable, and (97) 98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN he further arrived at the conclusion that electricity acts in an indirect way, and that a zone is produced by electrical discharges which have an influence on plants. More recent work by Monahan, Kinney, and Stone showed considerable acceleration in seed germination and growth through the aid of weak currents. In 1917 Prof. Hendrick reported upon four years’ tests carried on in England with overhead installation and ar- rived at the general conclusion that no consistent improve- ment in crops grown was noticeable. In February, 1918, however, an electrical engineer, R. C. McCreery, of Chicago, issued a report upon effects of electrification of corn and beets. The results showed an increase in germination of seed of 31-39 per cent, an increase in pride of growth of 30-50 per cent, increased production of forage and grain of 30-40 per cent. The device employed distributes the cur- rent through special electrodes embedded in the soil at a depth of 6 inches in parallel lines along two opposite sides of the field. From these a high-frequency alternating cur- rent is driven through the surface of the soil where it is held by lines of less resistance created by metallically coat- ing the seeds with a non-deteriorating metal before planting. Since the general belief has been that rational electrifica- tion of plants favors their development, increases growth, and hastens maturity, it seemed desirable to attempt to prove or disprove the efficacy of this method of plant growth stimulation. With this end in view the Garden secured an apparatus from France called “Electrifier,” pat- ented by Henry de Graffigny. The apparatus consists of a so-called “electrifier” constructed of bronze with 5 prongs of pure nickel, non-rustible and infusible, a copper wire at- tached to the bottom of the bronze part, a pole 15-35 feet long, a switch, a galvanized iron pane with an eye for fastening to the pole, a tarred rope for sliding the electrifier down to the base, and two porcelains for attaching the rope to the pole. The apparatus was set up in the following manner: The soil was removed to a depth of 114 feet, the radius of the plot being equal to the length of the pole; the pulley was affixed to the top of the pole, while the switch and the por- celains were placed near the base; the tarred rope was passed through the pulley in order to permit of lowering the electrifier to examine the points occasionally; the pole was then placed in the ground deep enough to be absolutely stable; ¥g-inch galvanized iron wire was stretched every 3 feet at the base of the pole and connected with the copper Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 21 COMPARISON OF AVERAGE PLANT FROM CHECKED PLOT WITH ONE FROM “ELECTRIFIED” PLOT. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 99 wire attached to the electrifier; finally the soil was moved back over the wires, the plot being ready for planting. On May 18, 1916, the apparatus was set up, using a 15-foot pole and a plot 30x xO feet which was divided into four parts. Tomatoes, string beans, sweet corn, and Salvia lendens were planted in the individual sections. Another lot 30 x 30 feet was selected and similar plants were used in the individual sections, serving as a check. The soil was worked in a similar manner but no wires were used. At the end of the season of 1916 tomatoes ripened two weeks, and corn ten days, earlier upon the electrified plot. Tomatoes averaged 10 to the plant on the electrified and 5 to the plant on the non-electrified plot. Corn and beans showed no difference in yield, while salvia began flowering earlier and attained double the size upon the electrified plot. The experiment was repeated during the season of 1917, showing ripening of tomatoes and corn to correspond exactly to that of the previous season. Beans and salvia also ma- tured and flowered one week earlier upon the electrified plot. In yield the tomatoes averaged 11 per plant upon the electrified and 8 per plant upon the non-electrified plot, while beans yielded 14 pounds upon electrified and 914 pounds upon non-electrified. Salvia showed a composite growth of a single plant of 20.6 feet against 14.1 feet upon the non-electrified plot. In 1918 a repetition of the same experiment, shifting the apparatus to the plot previously used as check, showed sim- ilar results, The earliness of maturity, as well as the yields, remained constant for all crops. Salvia did not show quite the decided difference as in previous experiments, the elec- trified plants averaging 17.3 feet, while the others averaged 12.5 feet. The results of the experiments conducted indicate that there would appear to be some merit in the apparatus and the methods employed. All crops which he opie were influenced by an electric current conveyed by the apparatus showed considerable increase in vegetative, as well as re- productive, growth, and the date of maturity was hastened. The phenomena underlyin electrical stimulation are still imperfectly understood and the precise Bu, eng of any favorable results obtained is not known. here are many - theories, however, in regard to its action. Nollet, Jallabert, and Lemstrém held that the accelerated growth was induced by increase in the movements of the sap. Tschinkel main- tained that electricity rendered soluble the salts and. other constituents, while Jadro believed in the mechanical action, 100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN as well as the chemical, which set particles of soil into a state of vibration resulting in greater growth. Kinney and Stone have shown that positive charges increased the growth of roots, while negative ones acted on the stems. This might be explained by the fact that the protoplasm of the roots and stems contains particles which are charged pos- itively and negatively. In general, it may be said that while some experiments seem to demonstrate the favorable effect of the electrical treatment, many others are negative or may be explained on other grounds. Before any definite practical application can be made of the use of electricity in growing plants, it is necessary to realize (1) the need for quantitative measure- ments of the electric discharge, (2) that a stimulus may act differently on the plant at different stages of its life, (3) that the effect of the stimulus depends upon its intensity, (4) that the effect of the stimulus depends on the time at which it is applied, and (5) that the effect of the stimulus may appear a considerable time after it is applied. \ EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY ON PLANTS (Averages for three years) Average | Average number| Date Treatment of plot Crop growth of of per plant fruits maturity MiecteiSed ss Tomato | 13 ft. 12 per plant | July 10 Non-electrified ........ Tomato | 11 ft. 7perplant j|July 22 Electrified ........... Corn 13 ft. 2per plant | Aug. 10 Non-electrified ........ Corn 10 ft. 2per plant | Aug. 20 Electrified ........... Beans 2.44 ft.| 14 Ibs. per plot | July 5 Non-electrified ........ Beans 2.03 ft.| 10 lbs. per plot | July 12 Electrified ........... Seva 900 fb. iii st vas July 10 Non-electrified ........ PRY =) Pi TR Fiend s cies aclu July 20 WINTER PROTECTION OF PLANTS Effective winter protection consists of assistance rendered by man to nature in its effort to carry plants through the hardships of severe winters. The attempts to afford pro- tection to tender plants generally result in a futile waste of time and money. It is difficult to protect a tender plant from frost when the thermometer stands below zero and the MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101 ground has been frozen two or more feet deep, for under such conditions its temperature will soon equalize itself with that of the surrounding air, despite a thick covering. The function of a protective dressing lies chiefly in its reduc- tion of evaporation, which is very excessive during dry winters of light snowfall. Being “teaiis, the roots cannot respond to the drain upon the plant’s system, and the parts exposed to the action of the atmosphere consequently shrivel. A mulch also serves a useful purpose in prevent- ing alternate thawing and freezing, which is particularly injurious in heavy soils, causing the heaving out of plants with irreparable damage to the roots. Excessive packin and baking of the ground through the weight of snow an rain is also eliminated. The chief protection afforded trees and shrubs usually con- sists of a mulch 4—6 inches deep of well-rotted manure, straw, or other litter, placed over the roots when planted in the fall. If planting is to be delayed until spring, the trees or shrubs may be heeled in; i. e., the roots are laid in a shallow trench, covered with well-drained, sandy soil, and later given a covering of straw. Occasionally, newly planted, large trees need protection over winter in order to acclimate them ually to a colder climate than that of their nativity. Such trees should be given a mulch at the roots, while the tops should be tied close to the main trunk, covered with a 6-inch thickness of straw or hay, and finally tied with burlap. The latter serves to keep the wind out and sheds water. Where available, hemlock boughs effec- tively replace the straw and burlap. Among shrubs the rhododendrons as a class require winter protection. When planted, a location sheltered from winds and midday sun should be selected, a ican ever- green being an admirable windbreak. In addition, as soon as cold weather sets in, a mulch of leaves 10-12 inches deep should be placed over the roots, while tall evergreen boughs should be stuck into the ground and bent over the tops of the plants. Native roses, as well as many of the hardy Chinese and Japanese kinds, need no covering, but the various hybrid types, such as hybrid perpetuals, hybrid teas, teas, etc., will not withstand our winters unless a measure of protection is afforded. The climbers, being largely offspring of the hardy Wichuraiana and multiflora types, are comparatively hardy except during such a severe winter as was experienced in 1917-18. To be reasonably sure of saving the entire cane growth and thus preserving the flower buds, the long canes should be laid down, pegged to the ground, and cov- 102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ered with a mulch of soil 10 inches deep combined with a light layer of manure on top. A mere mat of straw placed around the canes on the trellis will be of little avail in severe weather. It is essential in covering the vines that no por- tion be left exposed, otherwise the entire cane above the dead section will have to be removed, nullifying the whole rocedure. The tender roses should be protected by hillin oose soil around each plant to a depth of 6-8 inches an mulching the entire Beds with a 3-4-inch covering of well- rotted, strawy manure. The wood above the mulch will shrivel and die during winter, but since the flowers are borne upon new wood in the spring no damage is done. The mulch ontd be put on just before continuous cold weather sets in and removed as soon as the sap begins to flow in the spring. Failure to remove the nick in the spring will cause a spindly growth which may be killed back by late frosts. Small beds may be covered by placing a wooden frame around the bed and stuffing it with straw or hay. Boxes, barrels, and other contrivances may be used, * ath viding care is taken to avoid smothering plants or allow- ing water to stand at the rovts. In loose sandy soils the herbaceous perennials need but little protection besides their natural covering of dead branches and leaves. However, a light mulch 2-3 inches deep placed over perennial beds after the ground has frozen is beneficial, particularly in heavy soils where heaving is liable to take place. Too heavy a covering has a tendency to rot the crowns of such biennials as Digitalis, Campanula, etc., and a heavy snowfall without any mulch is usually the best protection. Young herbaceous perennials and pansies are best wintered over in cold-frames. The plants should be allowed to freeze and straw mats then be placed over the frames. Sufficient light and ventilation should be afforded to prevent the plants from rotting, but not enough to thaw oC ae and early in the spring the mats should be re- moved, A somewhat different method of winter protection has been tried, based upon the theory that dark colors absorb heat, while light colors reflect it. In this latitude winter se SES the peach fruit buds is usually due to freezing after being stimulated into growth by warm weather. This stimulus may be due entirely to warmth and be practically independent of root action. It has been found that fruit buds may safely endure 10-20 degrees below zero if well matured, but if swollen by premature warmth may be killed at zero. Several applications of whitening during winter and spring have been of benefit in reducing winter killing. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 103 Whitewash mixed with 1 pound of salt to every bucketful was the material used. TESTING OF POTATO VARIETIES During the season of 1918, which was particularly un- favorable for potato culture in this vicinity, a number of varieties were tested at the Garden in order to determine the relative value of each under the climatic conditions of St. Louis. While too great reliance should not be placed upon the results, since they represent the tests for but a single year, the table given below indicates that there is a wy decided difference in the yield from different varieties, and that while within certain limits the number of potatoes obtained from one variety might vary, the probabilities are that of those tested the Irish Cobbler, Early Ohio, and Triumph potatoes are the ones most likely to produce the highest yield in this vicinity. The table also indicates that the much-advertised method of planting potato peelings in- stead of strong eyes does not seem to be worth while for St. Louis growers. 3 .| Amount Length of Harvest dt La planted row Per 210 ft.| Per acre Irish Cobbler........ 1 pk. 210 ft. 1.92 bu. | 161 bu. Early Ohio... 2.5... 1 pk. 210 ft. 1.43 bu. | 120 bu. SEO ha parents 1 pk. 210 ft. 1.12 bu. 94 bu. Early Seer ae 1 pk. 210 ft. -76 bu. 64 bu. Carman No fo 1 pk. 210 ft. 68 bu. 57 bu. Rural New Yorker... 1 pk. 210 ft. 59 bu. 50 bu. fgg: 0) anne ree oe ee 1 pk. 210 ft. .40 bu. 34 bu. | ee RES Reem errs 210 ft. Roe Sie eee ee. Since many ingenious methods for ei ine, Sate ee have been developed at various times for the benefit of the amateur, a few tests were made in order to determine whether these methods were practicable or not. One of the most widely advocated means of growing potatoes for the backyard is the so-called barrel method. Last spring a piece of ground 2 feet square was carefully fertilized, and 500 ams of selected pieces of potatoes were planted 2 inches eep in this space. A barrel open at both ends and with perforations at intervals on the sides was placed over the — area. As the vines grew the barrel was gradually led with rich soil until finally the foliage extended over the top. According to the claims made for this system, tatoes should form all —— the vine to the top of the ony producing a crop which far exceeds one grown in 104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the normal way. The test at the Garden, however, does not warrant such a conclusion, as the crop harvested weighed but 100 grams, or only one-fifth of the amount planted. Another method advocated for those who have not suf- ficient garden space to grow potatoes in the ground consists of using several bins placed one upon the other. These are filled with rich soil and planted in the ordinary manner with pieces of potatoes containing one or more strong eyes. In the test at the Garden 5,000 grams of potatoes planted in this manner yielded but 470 grams. Results obtained from one year’s test at the Garden would indicate, therefore, that neither of these two special methods are worthy of serious consideration for those who have to grow potatoes under the rather unfavorable conditions which must always obtain in this vicinity. NOTES An article on “Fall Planting” by Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, appeared in the October num- ber of the Garden Magazine. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, has been appointed Director of the Productions Division of the United States Food Administration for St. Louis. Prof. E. T. Bartholomew, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Wisconsin, accompanied by Mrs. Barthol- omew, visited the Garden September 20, on their return east from California. Mr. R. S. Kirby, who is engaged upon cereal rust in- vestigations for the. United States Department of Agricul- ture, spent several days at the Garden recently and has es- tablished here experimental plots for rust “wintering over” tests. The Se eg issue of the Journal of the International Garden Club contains an article on “Wild Plants in Orna- mental Planting” by Mr, Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, and one on “Cycads” by Mr. G. H. Pring, Floriculturist to the Garden. Volume V, Number 38, of the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden has been issued with the following contents: “The Thelephoraceae of North America. IX.” E. A. Burt. “A New Selaginella from Mexico.” J. M. Greenman and Norma E. Pfeiffer. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105 “Algological Notes. III. A Wood-penetrating Alga, Gomontia lignicola, n. sp.” George T. Moore. The Rufus J. Lackland fellowships for the year 1918-19 have been appointed as follows: Mr. R. W. Webb, B.S. Clemson College; and Prof. R. A. ‘McGinty, B.S. Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Associate Professor of Horticulture, Colorado Agricultural College. Other appointments include the following: Mrs. Emily D. Schroeder, M.S. Washington University, research assistant; Miss Joanne L. Karrer, B.S. and M.S. University of Washington, teacher of biology and chem- istry, Puyallup High School, Puyallup, Washington, and Mrs. Adele L. Grant, B.S. University of California, teaching fellows in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University. In addition to the above, Mr. T. Matsumato, B.S. Tohoku Imperial University, Japan, M.S. University of California, is enrolled as a graduate student; and Dr. S. M. Zeller, B.S. Greenville College, A.B. and A.M. University of Wash- ington, Ph.D. Washington University, has been reappointed special investigator by the Yellow Pine Association to con- tinue his studies on the durability of wood. 106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR SEPTEMBER, 1918 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: POURS NOUIDOE OL VIBINOIS | oes FS Sa is a OR we 28,219 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought............. 23 Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 122 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase — Milton T. Greenman— Plants from Door County, Wis- OUR oc ee easel ph ars on Oe a 120 P. Jérgensen—Plants of Argentina...................... 328 By Gift — Jos. R. Bohr—Prunus from Michigan.................... xe | Ira W. Clokey—Senecios from Colorado.................. 10 J. A. Drushel—Plants of the United States............... 23 Dr. W. H. Emig—Mosses of Oklahoma................... 3 Forest Products Laboratory of Canada, McGill University —Fungi destructive to timber of mills................ 3 Dr. Geo. T. Moore—Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. from Massa- CUUSETIE SS ye ons espe er ee a eee ee i Dr. L. O. Overholts—Fungi from New Hampshire......... ll Prof. Chas. A. Shull— Xanthium globosum Shull from nh Ee ee eee ee eee PE ee Ys BONN COEUR AGS 507 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF _ OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN | Director, GEORGE T. MOORE. BENJAMIN MINce Duccar, Epwarp A. Burt, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian. HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Jesse M. GreenMAN, Pathologist. Curator of the nes Saciacgs Karuerine H. Leicu, Secretary to the Director. James GuRNEY, Head Gardener, Emeritus. “ALEXANDER LuRIE, Horticulturist. } G. H. Princ, Floriculturist. J. J. Covcutn, "s W. F. Lancan, Construction. Engineer, P. FOERSTER, - H. VALEENTINE, Farm and Stables. ; at Carpenter Mussourt BoTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol, VI NOVEMBER, 1918 No. 9 CONTENTS oraning 7 to hc ee Sper a8 1 Pe ae Additional Gift of Orchids by Mr. D.S. Brown -~ - 113 Mette Seis arte ee a an ee Statistical Information - - + - - +126 ST. LOUIS, MO. “ 1918 ¢. Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees — Sige Sti ae, SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ; % ist ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR oe SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES oF THE MISSOURI | BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE 1 DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL, AND (THE BOARD so CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF |. ~ _ THE agate Yeh een 7 eae Atl psa deskunk lecieu i EDWARDS | WHITAKER. | PR a ee ; rr DAVID 8. H. SMITH. Ste Ree - Leowaro Marngews, ae etter Epwano fe Bur. Wie H. H. Pers. * - Pause S Sonwtan, ip ii Jou F. Survey, Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 22. SAME TREE PROPERLY PRUNED. Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., November, 1918 No. 9 PRUNING Pruning is a horticultural practice of great importance, but its object is frequently misunderstood and its results looked upon with distrust. When improperly done it may be devitalizing and injurious to plant growth as well as detrimental to its beauty; but the experience of centuries, together with extensive physiological studies and the prec- edent in nature, warrants the conclusion that scientific — pruning is a legitimate procedure, advantageous, and in fact indispensable, to successful growth. The essentials of pruning consist in the removal of ex- cessive or undesirable living or dead branches and _ roots for the benefit of the parts that remain. In intelligent hands the process is of vital importance, but as often prac- ticed by tree “butchers” and other “experts” who aimlessly lop and shear trees and shrubs, the only result is to endanger their growth and to despoil them of their natural beauty. The principles of pruning will be considered here under the following heads: (1) street and lawn trees, (2) orna- mental shrubs and vines, and (8) fruit trees, bush fruits, and grapes. Street and Lawn Trees—The need for pruning trees first arises at the time of transplanting. Since even with the greatest precautions it is impossible to dig up all the roots, it is necessary to cut back the top to maintain a bal- ance. The amount of cutting depends upon the nature of the roots, the less fibrous SENS greater reduction at the top. Usually the removal of four-fifths of the previous year’s growth is sufficient, a smooth cut being made just above an outward-pointing bud. The amount of top prun- ing also depends upon the ease with which the various species are transplanted. A more severe pruning Is re- quired for trees difficult to move, such as magnolias, sweet gums, and tulip trees, than for maples, sycamores, elms, poplars, ashes, etc. In general, however, it is better to prune too much rather than not enough, for the more se- (107) 108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN vere the pruning the more compact is the top with an abun- dance of shoots close to the stem. The roots require no pruning except where bruised or broken. In this first operation there is no difference in treatment between the lawn and street tree. In later treatment the lawn tree is allowed to grow at will and to assume its nat- ural form, requiring but little attention except the careful removal of dying limbs. On the other hand, the street tree must be straight and symmetrical, with branches beginning at a height sufficient to permit free passage underneath. These essentials are secured through the medium of pruning. The lower branches should be allowed to remain until the trunk thickens enough to support the top, their removal then being accomplished in yearly intervals until a height of 10-12 feet is reached. The training of the crown consists of the suppression of some branches and the encouragement of others to produce a compact and symmetrical me i A single leader is de- sirable in order to eliminate the danger of the formation of crotches with their tendency to split. Strength may be thrown into the central stem either by the removal or short- ening of co-leaders. In cases where tops bend over and droop the leader may be tied with raffia to poles and thus forced to remain upright until strong enough to need no support. The loss of a leader may be replaced by training a lateral twig to take its place. All dead and imperfect limbs should be removed. If the top becomes so dense as to exclude the sun from the sidewalk or near-by buildings it should be thinned by removing the third or fourth division of branching, but not the main laterals. In eliminating the low- er branches the main laterals need not be removed to any great height, the subdivisions being cut so as to produce a graceful upward sweep. It is essential to bear in mind that the natural shape and habit of the tree should be preserved and all artificia shap- ing avoided. The retaining of the natural form involves considerable skill which is often obviousl lacking in the treatment of many of our street trees. hey should not, however, be permitted to Pies beyond certain bounds, their spread being restricted when too much shade is cast. upon the roadway or adjoining houses. Shortening of branches Is necessary to produce compactness of form. Since the root system usually has the same diameter as the top, and as the poor street soil generally restricts the growth of the roots, the spread of the top should be limited in roportion. The necessity for cutting back is manifested i the branches becoming ragged toward the top and the foliage thin. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109 Severe cutting back is sometimes necessitated when regular pruning has been neglected, the degree of severity depend- ing upon the power of the tree to send out adventitious buds. Sycamores, soft maples, elms, and poplars lend them- selves well to heading back. The operation of pruning should begin at the top, as by doing so it is easier to shape the tree, besides saving time in clearing off the cut limbs. All cuts should be made close to the base of the limb and parallel to the axis of the trunk. Stubs should never be left, as decay would soon ensue, penetrating to the heart and eventually destroying the tree. To avoid splitting and tearing the bark, the limb should be sawed half way through on the under side about 10 inches from the base, and the final cut made at the shoulder. The weight of the limb will cause it to split off at the upper cut without injuring the bark. If the limb is so large as not to split horizontally to the upper cut, the cut at the shoulder is made half way through and then an- other cut opposite will cause the limb to drop off. The stub left is then easily sawed off without damage. No matter how small the scar, a protective and disinfectant dressing should be applied immediately to prevent decay until the callus grows over the wound. Paint made of linseed oil and white lead makes a good dressing provided it is applied again after checking of the wood has taken place. Coal tar and various asphalt preparations also make desirable dressings. Heavy pruning should be done in the fall or winter while the trees are in a dormant condition. The shaping should be done during August or September when it is easier to discover the weak, imperfect or dead branches. Early spring or summer pruning is not advisable, as the rapid flow of sap leads to bleeding, stripping of the bark, and a check to the root system by removal of elaborated food material. The tools required for pruning are: pruning saws of various sizes, but always single-edged, as a double- edged saw is harmful to the tree; an ax; a pole pruner; pruning shears; and a ladder. Ornamental Shrubs, Roses, and Vines.—The pruning of shrubs at the time of transplanting is similar in principle to that suggested for trees. A balance should be maintained between the root system and the to by cutting back the individual branches at least one-fourth, the severity depend- ing upon the root system and the species planted. The gen- eral purpose of pruning shrubs is to aid the plant to assume its natural form and characteristic beauty, and therefore only 110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN diseased, interfering, or misshapen growths should be re- moved. Occasionally the dictates of formal gardening re- uire shaping into artificial forms, but ordinarily such shearing results in mutilation and disfigurement. Trimming of shrubs is justified when increased vigor is sought, this being accomplished by gradual thinning of the old wood and, in exceptional cases, cutting back to the ground plants that lose their winter attractiveness as the stems grow old (Cornus, Kerria, etc.). Before any pruning of shrubs is attempted it is essential to recognize their flowering habits. The spring and early summer-blooming kinds produce flowers upon wood which is formed during the previous year, thus necessitating pruning shortly after the flowering season so that the new growths may steko buds for the next season. ‘The late summer and fall-blooming plants produce flowers on the same season’s wood and require Shen in the fall. In either case, the work should be one after flowering. The following table indicates the more common shrubs and the Spe to which they belong. Those marked with 8 an asterisk are profited by annual pruning. SPRING AND SUMMER- LATE SUMMER AND FALL- FLOWERING FLOWERING Benzoin aestivale *Amorpha fruticosa Berberis Thunbergii *Buddleia Davidii (cut back in Cercis canadensis spring to prevent danger of rot- Chionanthus virginica ting) Cornus (numerous species) Ceanothus americanus Cotoneaster (numerous species) Cephalanthus occidentalis *Deutzia (numerous species) *Clethra alnifolia *Diervilla hybrida Hamamelis virginiana Dirca palustris Hibiscus syriacus Elaeagnus angustifolia *Hydrangea arborescens Euonymus (several species) *Hydrangea paniculata Forsythia (several species) *Sambucus canadensis Hippophae rhamnoides *Sorbaria arborea *Kerria japonica Spiraea Billiardii Ligustrum (several species) Spiraea Douglasii Lonicera (several species) Spiraea tomentosa Philadelphus (several species) Symphoricarpos racemosus Physocarpus opulifolius *Vitex incisa Rhamnus cathartica Rhodotypos kerrioides Robinia hispida Spiraea prunifolia *Spiraea Thunbergii Spiraea Van Houttei *Stephanandra flexuosa Syringa (numerous species) Viburnum (numerous species) The matter of pruning hedges is of vital importance. The prime requisite of a hedge is a thick bottom, which is MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 111 secured in most cases by a severe cutting back, sometimes to within 6 inches of the ground, at the time of planting. Most hedges require trimming several times a year, the last cutting being given early enough in the fall to allow thor- ough ripening of the wood and avoidance of winter killing. The best form for a hedge is rounded at top, permitting a more natural development. The privets, however, readily adapt themselves to the flat-top pruning. Garden roses represent many species, differing in habit and requiring different treatments. Before pruning the hy- brid teas one must decide what kind of a crop is wanted. If the largest and finest flowers are sought the plants must be thinned and pruned severely, but where abundance is of prime importance for effect, more shoots are left. Prunin of hybrid teas consists of two operations—thinning of dea or weak canes and cutting back the remainder, being per- formed in the order given. In general the eng goto: varieties can be pruned more heavily than those of strong growth. By hard, moderately hard, medium, and sparing pruning the following is meant: Hard—Thin out all but 3-5 canes and cut these to 3 eyes each. Moderately hard—Thin out all but 3-5 canes and cut _ back to 5-10 eyes. . Medium—tThin out to 5-7 shoots and cut back one-half. Sparing—Thin out to 5-7 shoots and trim the tips. oe foe perpetuals do not require severe pruning, bein usually thinned out but a trifle and the canes cut to feet from the ground unless winter-killed. The shoots should be shortened after blooming, so that strong new canes may be secured for the next season. The polyanthas and baby ramblers usually require the removal of fruits, while the rugosas and moss roses need only the old and scraggly shoots cut out. The climbing roses need little attention except to keep them within bounds, allowing relatively few canes to grow, which should be well spaced on the trellis, and re- moving the old ones from time to time. The Wichuraiana and rambler types produce flowers om the wood of the previous year and thus should be pruned after flowering and in the spring. Vine pruning consists merely of removing the old shoots and cutting tak straggling growths, bearing the same prin- ciple in mind as that for shrubs in so far as the blooming riod is concerned—namely, pruning after blooming. ines which are grown for their ornamental fruit should be cut hard in early spring, as they fruit on the new wood. 112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Fruit Trees, Bush Fruits, and Grapes.—Fruit trees are pruned for the purpose of enabling them to produce a su- perior quality of fruit, the fundamental conception being to reduce the struggle for existence among branches so _ that the remainder may yield larger and finer products. Heavy pruning of the top during dormancy produces very vigorous growth, due to the same amount of root energy being con- centrated into a smaller top. Conversely, heavy pruning of roots reduces wood growth, the top receiving less water sup- ply from the diminished roots. Too vigorous a growth reduces fruitfulness and should be avoided. It is essential to know the fruiting habits of various fruits for intelligent pruning. The apple and the pear bear upon spurs, while the peac bears upon shoots of previous season’s growth, indicating that similar methods cannot be employed in the two cases. The entire operation usually resolves itself into a systematic, yearly thinning-out of weak, interfering branches, thereby deflecting energy into the sound limbs and at the same time promoting healthfulness by admitting the sun to the innermost parts and permitting convenient spraying and picking. In order to lay the fundamentals of a desirable head, young trees are pruned so as to leave 4-5 of the best side branches which are headed back to a few buds each. The leader is removed to make an open-headed tree, except in the case of the peach and plum, where it is left, and the side branches pruned to spurs of one bud each. Old, weak, and neglected trees may be considerably revived and renewed by severe pruning known as “dehorning.” The severity of heading-in depends largely upon the vigor of the tree, each branch being cut back several feet. _ The bearing habits of bush fruits differ widely, the va- rious kinds requiring individual treatment. Blackberries, raspberries, and dewberries bear on canes of the preceding year. Their pruning consists in: (1) removing superfluous shoots from the base of the plant, leaving 5-6 canes; (2) heading back the shoots Shen they are 2144-3 feet high, causing them to become stocky and throw out laterals; (3) heading back these laterals to 12-20 inches in length early in the spring before growth starts; (4) cutting out the canes soon after harvesting the fruit. The canes of currants and gooseberries bear several times, but the first two or three crops are the best. It is therefore desirable each year after the plants have come into bearing to cut one or more of the oldest canes and to encourage new ones. Neglecting the removal of old canes leads to pro- duction of small fruit, induces taller growth, and encourages MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 113 the ravages of the currant borer. Too vigorous a growth may be headed back. To understand grape pruning it is essential to know that: (1) the fruit is borne on wood of the present season; (2) a vine should bear only a limited number of clusters—30-80, de- Ree upon the variety; (3) the bearing wood should be ept near the original trunk or head of the vine, otherwise the fruit will be borne further and further from the main trunk. The current systems of pruning renew to a head or main trunk each year. The trunk is carried up to the top of the trellis and two canes are taken from the top each year, their length varying from 6 to 12 nodes, depending upon the va- riety. A renewal cane is grown each year near the head, so that the old canes may be cut out yearly, thus keep- ing the fruit always near the trunk. Grape prpnine should be done during the winter or early spring before the flow of sap so as to prevent “bleeding”. ADDITIONAL GIFT OF ORCHIDS BY MR. D. S. BROWN An account of the donation to the Missouri Botanical Garden by Mr. D. 8S. Brown, of orchids, ferns, palms, ete. was given in the May, 1918, number of the Butierin. At that time it was stated that Mr. Brown’s gift placed the Garden in possession of the most complete collection of orchids in the United States, comprising, exclusive of the cypripediums, 691 species. Recently Mr. Brown has decided to present to the Garden the remainder of his orchid col- lection consisting of cypripediums and selenipediums and including many rare and beautiful specimens which could only be duplicated with the greatest difficulty, if at all. Through the generous public spirit of Mr. Brown the Mis- souri Botanical Garden will now be able to display these wonderful plants as never before. The entire collection of orchids now at the Garden includes 1,235 species and va- rieties, which, with many duplicates of the more common forms, makes a total of 5,732 plants. PAPHIOPEDILUMS (CYPRIPEDIUMS) AND PHRAGMOPEDILUMS (SELENIPEDIUMS) IN GARDEN COLLECTION (Nomenclature that of Rolfe and Hurst, The Orchid Stud Book, and Sander’s Orchid Guide.) — Paphiopedilum X Aasenii (Fairieanum X Swanianum 9 +" 4S P. X Abraham Lincoln (X Niobe X orphanum)* G.H. *Gift of D. S. Brown. 1 G.H.—Garden hybrid. 114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN P. X Actaeus (insigne X Leeanum)* G.H. P. X Actaeus Bianca (insigne Sanderae X Leeanum Prospero)* G.H. P. X Actaeus Bianca Sander’s var. (insigne Sanderae X Leeanum Pros- pero)* G.H. P. X Actaeus gigantea (insigne X Leeanum)* G.H. P. X Actaeus langleyensis (insigne Sanderae X Leeanum)* G.H. P. X Actaeus langleyensis var. (insigne Sanderae X Leeanum su- perbum) * G.H. P. x Actaeus superba (insigne X Leeanum)* G.H. P. X Actaeus var. (insigne X Leeanum)* G.H. P. X Actaeus var. (insigne Chantinii X Leeanum)* G.H. P. X Actaeus var, (insigne Harefield Hall X Leeanum Clinkaberry- anum)* G.H. P. X Actaeus var, (insigne Sanderae X Leeanum aureum)* G.H. P. X Actaeus var. (insigne Sanderianum X Leeanum Prospero)* G.H. P. X Adonis (Curtisii X hirsutissimum) G.H. P. X Alcides (imsigne X hirsutissimum) G.H. P. X allertonense (bellatulum X villosum)* G.H. P. xX Almum (barbatum X Lawrenceanum) G.H. P. X amabile (Hookerae X Sementa) G.H. P. X Amesiae (Fairieanum X tonsum Q )* G.H. P. X Andonicus (Rothschildianum X Victoria Marie)* G.H. P. X Antigone (Lawrenceanum X niveum)* G.H. P. X apiculatum (barbatum X Bogallit) G.H. P. X Arethusa (X Milo X nitens)* G.H. P. Argus,* Philippines P. Argus moense,* Philippines P. xX Artemis (Dayanum X Swanianum) G.H. P. X Arthurianum (Fairieanum X insigne)* G.H. P. X Arthurianum pulchellum (Fairieanum X insigne Chantinii)* G.H. P. xX Arthurianum pulchellum giganteum (Fairicanum X_ insigne Chantinii)* G.H. P. X Arthurianum pulchellum Harrisit (Fairieanum X insigne Chan- tinit)* GH. P. X Ashburtoniae (barbatum X insigne)* G.H. P. X Ashourtoniae expansum (barbatum X insigne)* G.H. P. X Ashburtoniae Laforcadei (barbatum X insigne Chantinii)* G.H. P. X Astrae (philippinense < Spicerianum) G.H. P. X Atlas (xX Ceres X insigne)* G.H. P. X augustum (‘Lawrenceanum X superciliare)* G.H. P. X aureum album (X nitens X Spicerianum)* G.H. P.xX — Augusta (X nitens Sallierii Hyeanuwm X Spicerianum)* P. X aurewm Cyrus (X nitens Sallierii Hyeanum X Spicerianum) * G.H. P. X aureum distinct (xX nitens X Spicerianum)* G.H. P. X aureum Hyeanum (X nitens X Spicerianum)* G.H. P. X aurewm Hyeanum giganteum (X nitens * Spicerianum)* G.H. P. X aureum Oedippe (X nitens Sallieriti Hyeanum X Spicerianum magnificum)* G.H. P. X aureum Prospero (X nitens X Spicerianum)* G.H. P. X aureum Surprise (X nitens Sallierii Hyeanum X Spicerianum)* P. X aureum var. (X nitens Sallierii « Spicerianum)* G.H. P. X aureum var. (X nitens superba X Spicerianwm)* G.H. P.X Pgs var, (X nitens superbum X Spicerianum magnificum) * P. X aurewm Vertumnae (xX nitens Sallierii Hyeanwm X Spiceri- anum)* G.H. fr. P. Sa P, P. P. 2; Fs r. P. Ps ~ hy a) A wx XK XK XX A hy & A] my hy XXKXXKXKXKXK a4) hy a of is P; re ¥. PF. ¥. ¥; P. ta P. FP. P. P. P. #. P. . P. P. aS P. ae P. i P. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 115 x Pe rb virginale (X nitens Sallieriti Hyeanum X Spicerianum)* X aureum virginale magnificum (X nitens Sallieritti Hyeanum X Spicerianum)* G.H. X Bagshaweae (callosum X oenanthum g )* G.H. X Ballantinei (Fairieanum X purpuratum)* G.H. barbatum,* Java barbatum Crossii, Java barbatum Hendersoni, Java barbatum illustre, Java barbatum Mosaicum, Java X Barbeyae (Lawrenceanum X tonsum) G.H. X Beatrice (Bowalliti X Lowii)* G.H. X Behrensianum (Bowallii X Io grande)* G.H. Bella Sander’s var. (philippinense X vewillarium)* G.H. Benita (aureum X Maudiae)* G.H. bingleyense (Charlesworthii X Harrisianum)* G.H. bingleyense splendens (Charlesworthii X Harrisianum)* G.H. Black Watch (Curtisii Sander’s var. X W. R. Lee)* G.H. owallti,* Moulmein orallii aureum,* Moulmein Brandtiae (x Io grande g X Youngianwm)* G.H. Brandtiae Rothwell var. ('X Io grande Q X Youngianum)* G.H. Brunhild (x Lathamianum X Victoria Marie)* G.H. Bruno (X Leeanum X Spicerianum)* G.H. Bruno Keeling’s var. (X Leeanum X Spicerianum)* G.H. Buchanianum (Druryi X Spicerianum) G.H. Buckinghami (bellatulum X enfieldense Q )* G.H. Bulliert (tonsum X villosum)* G.H. X Cahuzacii (pavoninum X villosum) G.H. xX calloso-Argus (Argus X callosum) G.H. cele X calloso-Rothschildianum (callosum X Rothschildianum)* G.H. callosum,* Burma callosum Browniae,* Burma callosum giganteum,* Burma callosum Sanderae,* Burma callosum Sanderae Jules Hye’s var.,* Burma calophyllum (barbatum X venustum)* G.H. X Calypso (Bowallii X Spicerianum)* G.H. X Calypso illustre (Bowallii X Spicerianum)* G.H. — é X Calypso Oakwood var, (Bowallii atratum X Spicerianum)* G.H. X Calypso var, (Bowallit X Spicerianum)* G.H. : X Calypso var. (Bowallii grande X Spicerianum) G.H. Canhami (superbiens 9 X villosum)* G.H. . X Caruso (xX J. Howes X insigne Harefield Hall)* G.H. X Ceres (hirsutissimum X Spicerianum)* GH. | X Ceres fascinator (hirsutissimum X Spicerianum)* G.H. X Ceres superba (hirsutissimum X Spicerianum) G.H. Chamberlainianum,* Sumatra A 3 X Chapmaniae (X Calypso X Fairieanum) G.H. Charlesworthti,* Burma A X Charlesworthii Brownhurst seedling* G.H. Charlesworthii splendens,* Burma Charlesworthii Westfield var..* Burma — X chloroneurum (X Harrisianum X venustum) G.H. ciliolare,* Philippines : ciliolare superba,* Philippines a . X Olarkiit (x Fairieanum X Harrisianum) G.H. X Olinkaberryanum (Curtisii X philippinense)* G.H. 116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN P. X Clio (insigne X Lynchianum) G.H. P. X Clio var. (insigne Chantinii < Lynchianum)* G.H. P. X Colmanii nigrum (x Harrisianum x javanicum 9 ) G.H. P. X Comus var, (insigne Ernesti X Swanianum)* G.H. P. X Comus var. (insigne Sanderae X Swanianum)* G.H. P. X concinnum (purpuratum xX Harrisianum)* G.H. P. X concinnum superbum (purpuratum xX Harrisianum)* G.H. P. X concinnum transparent (purpuratum X Harrisianum)* G.H. P. concolor, Burma P. X Connie (Fairieanum X glaucophyllum)* GH. P. X conspicuum (X Harrisianum X villosum)* G.H. P. X conspicuum Prewettii (< Harrisianum X villosum)* G.H. P. X Constance (Ourtisii 9 X Stonei) G.H. : P. Xx Constance James H. Veitch exquisetum (Curtisii < Stonei platytaenium)* GH. : P. X Constance James H. Veitch exquisetum var. (Curtisii xX Stonei platytaenium)* GH. P. X Cravenianum (x Hera Q X Spicerianum)* G.H. P. X Creon (X Harrisianum X oenanthum)* G.H. - X Creon var. (X Harrisianum X< oenanthum)* G.H. - X Crossianum (insigne X venustum) G.H. - X Crossianum Maud Adams (insigne Sanderae X venustum Measuresianum)* GH. - X Crossianum Tautzianum (insigne X venustum)* G.H. - X Crossianum var. (insigne Sanderianum X venustum Measures- tanum)* G.H. ; - X Monsieur de Curte (Boaallii x insigne)* G.H. . Curtisii,* Sumatra - Curtisit exquisetum,* Sumatra ; - X Cymatodes beechense superbum (Curtisii Q X superbiens Demi- doff’s var.)* G.H. - X Cyris (Argus X Bowallii)* GH. - X Cythera (purpuratum x Spicerianum) G.H. . X Daphne (Charlesworthii oniae var. (callosum « insigne Sanderae)* G.H. P. X Leoniae var, (callosum X insigne yellow)* G.H. P. X loochristiense (x Harrisianum xX Hookerae)* G.H. P. Lowii, Borneo x Lumsdenii (barbatum x Charlesworthii)* GH. X luridum (Lawrenceanum x villosum)* G.H. P. X Mabeliae (Rothschildianum x superbiens) G.H. P. X Macfarlanianum (Lawrenceanum xX Lowii) G.H. x macropterum (Lowii Xx superbiens) G.H. . X Madeline (Argus X bellatulum)* G.H. P. X Madiotianum (Chamberlainianum « villosum)* GH. x x x x M M P. Se Sag S P. X Mahlerae (Lawrenceanum x Rothschildianum) G.H. P. X Mapleae (‘X Gowerianum x Youngianum 9 )* G.H. P. X Mary Beatrice (bellatulum x Gowerianum 9 )* G.H. _P. X Massaianum (Rothschildianum xX superciliare)* G.H. P. Mastersianum,* Java FP FP. P. X Matthewsii (Lawrenceanum x Mastersianum)* G.H. P. X Maudiae Dell var. (callosum Sanderae X Lawrenceanum Hye- anum)* GLH. P. X Maudiae magnificum (callosum Sanderae < Lawrenceanum Hye- anum)* GH. P. X Maudiae var. (callosum x Lawrenceanum)* GH. P. X Measuresianum (venustum X villosum)* GLH. P. X Measuresianum atratum (venustum X villosum)* G.H. P. X Medeia superbum (hirsutissimum xX Spicerianum) G.H. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 121 - X Menelik (Boxallii K Calypso)* G.H. - X Menelik var. (Bowallii X Calypso illustris 9 )* G.H. - X microchilum (Druryi X niveum)* G.H. . X Milo Westonbert var. (insigne X oenanthum)* G.H. ‘a> 4 x aaa) Mwuos Lowii (X Arthurianum X Spicerianum)* G.H. Minos Veitchit (X Arthurianum X Spicerianum) G.H. X Minos Youngianum giganteum (xX Arthurianum X Spicerianum)* G.H . ~hsy xX Minos Youngii (X Arthurianum X Spicerianum)* G.H. X Morganiae (Stonei X superbiens)* G.H. X Morganiae burfordiense (Stonet X superbiens)* G.H. x Morganiae gloriosa (Stonei X superbiens)* G.H. x Morganiae langleyense (Stonei X superbiens)* G.H. X Myra (Chamberlainianum X Haynaldianum)* G.H. xX Nandii (callosum X Tautzianum)* G.H. X Nellie (Charlesworthii x tonsum) G.H. X< Niobe (Fairieanum X Spicerianum)* G.H. xX Niobe Brownhurst seedling (Fairieanum X Spicerianum)* G.H. ? < Niobe dark var. Brownhurst seedling (Fairieanum X. Spiceri- anum)* G.H. ; X Niobe Brownhurst var. (Fairieanum X Spicerianum)* G.H. x Niobe stray seedling* G.H. X Niobe giganteum (Fairieanum X Spicerianum)* G.H. x Niobe-Leeanum ('X Leeanum X Niobe)* G.H. X Niobe nigrum (Fairieanum X Spicerianum)* G.H. X Niobe Westonbert var. (Fairicanum X Spicerianum)* G.H. X nitens (insigne X villosum)* G.H. xX nitens Almos (insigne X villosum aureum Q )* G.H. X nitens Arlecourt var. (insigne X villosum)* G.H. x nitens Great Rea (insigne Sanderae X villosum)* G.H. xX nitens Great Rex var. (insigne yellow X villosum)* G.H. X nitens Leeanum (X Leeanum X nitens)* GH. X nitens Leeanum var. (X Leeanum giganteum X nitens)* G.H. P. X nitens Leeanum var. (nitens superbum X Leeanum)* G.H. P. X nitens magnificum (insigne X villosum)* G.H. P. X nitens Olympia (insigne X villosum Q )* G.H. P. X nitens Prince Olaf (insigne X villosum)* G.H. P. X nitens Sallierii (insigne X_ villosum Q )* G.H. P. X nitens Sallierii Hyeanum (insigne X villosum)* G.H. P. X nitens Sallierii pictum (insigne X villosum)* G.H. P. X nitens Sallierii platypetalum (insigne X villosum 9 )* G.H. P. X nitens Sander’s var. (insigne X villosum)* G.H. P. X nitens var. (insigne X villosum)* G.H. P. X nitens var. (insigne Sanderae X villoswm aureum)* G.H. P. niveum,* Tambelan Islands P. X oenanthum (Harrisianum X insigne)* G.H. fie i P. X oenanthum De Wittsmith var. (X Harrisianum X insigne) GH. P. X oenanthum porphyreum (xX Harrisianum X insigne) G.H. P. X oenanthum superbum (xX Harrisianum X insigne) G.H. P. X Olivia (niveum X tonsum Q )* G.H. P. X Orion (concolor X insigne)* G.H. : P. X orphanum superbum (barbatum X Druryi)* G.H. P. X Orpheus (callosum X venustum) G.H. P. X Our King (xX Leeanum X Stevensii)* G.H. P. Parishii,* Burma P. X pavoninum (Bowallii X venustum)* G.H. Ff Ps Sete ty WR PVP VDT BBD . X Phoebe (bellatulum X philippinense)* G.H. X Pitcheri (barbatum X purpuratum) G.H. P. X Pitcherianum (X Harrisianum X Spicerianum) G.H. 122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN P. X Pluto (Bowallit x calophyllum)* G.H. P. X Polkii (Chamberlainianum X nitens)* G.H. P. X Pollettianum (X calophyllum X oenanthum) G.H. P. X polystigmaticum (Spicerianwm X venustum) G.H. P. xX Priam (insigne X Niobe)* G.H. P. X Princess (Coffinetii < Fairieanum)* G.H. P. X Queen Mary (X Aeson X insigne Harefield Hall)* G.H. ‘ P. X radiosum shorthilliense (Lawrenceanum X Spicerianum)* G.H. P. X regale (insigne X purpuratum)* G.H. P. X regale superbum (insigne X purpuratum)* G.H. . X Regina var. (Fairieanum X Leeanum Albertianum 9 )* G.H. . X Regina extra (Fairieanum X Leeanum Albertianum)* G.H. . X Reynaldi (Bowalliti XK villosumg) G.H. . X Richmanii (barbatum X bellatulum)* G.H. . X Rolfet (bellatulum X Rothschildianum)* G.H. . X Rosita (callosum X Charlesworthii)* G.H. . X Rosita Stanley Rogerson (callosum X Charlesworthit)* G.H. yyy ts wy P. X Rossetti (insigne Sanderianum X Maudiae)* G.H. P. Rothschildianum,* Borneo P. X Rufus (insigne Macnabianum X Milo)* G.H. P. X St. Albans (X Aphrodite X Harrisianum)* G.H. P. X Salomonae {xX Lathamianum X Spicerianum)* G.H. P. X Sanarthur var. (x Arthurianum X insigne Sanderae)* G.H. P. X Sanderiano-Curtisti (Curtisii xX Sanderianum)* G.H. P. X Sanderiano-superbiens (Sanderianum X superbiens)* G.H. P. X Schlesingeri (Bogallit X insigne) G.H. P. X Schroederi (Fairieanum X oenanthum) G.H. P. X Schroederi Sander’s var. (Fairieanum X oenanthum)* G.H. P. X selligerum (barbatum X philippinense)* G.H. P. X selligerum majus (barbatum xX philippinense)* G.H. P. X selligerum porphyreum (barbatum X philippinense)* G.H. ~ X selligerum rubrum (barbatum xX philippinense) G.H. P. X Seymouri (callosum * gigas?)* G.H. P. X Simonii (insigne X Leeanum)* G.H. P. X Simonii inversum (insigne X Leeanum)* G.H. P. Xx Smithianum (callosum X Druryi) G.H. P. Spicerianum var., Assam P. X Spicero-niveum (nweum X Spicerianum) G.H. P. Stonei,* Borneo P. Stonei superbum,* Borneo P. X superciliare (barbatum X superbiens)* G.H. P. X Sutherlandiae (Rothschildianum < Youngianum) G.H. hy . X Tankervillei (Eaul X nitens Sander’s var.)* . X Thalia Mrs. Francis Wellesley (‘Baron Schroeder X insigne)* G.H. . X Thayerianum (Bowalliti * Lawrenceanum)* G.H. . X Thompsonii (X Calypso X villosum)* G.H. tonsum,* Sumatra Transvaal (Chamberlainianum xX Rothschildianum)* G.H. tringiense (barbatum X Rothschildianum)* G.H. triumphans (X nitens Sallierii X oenanthum superbum)* G.H. Troilus (insigne X nitens)* G.H. Trotlus Oakden var. (insigne X nitens)* G.H. hs yt . shy hy 4) . xXXXX MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123 P. X Troilus Oakwoodense var. (insigne X nitens)* G.H. P. X Ultor (Lawrenceanum X Sanderianum)* G.H. P. X Umlauftianum (insigne X Lawrenceanum) G.H. P. X Vacuna (Rothschildianum X wvillosum)* G.H. P. X venubel (bellatulum X venustum)* G.H. P. X Venus Boltoni (insigne Sanderae X nivewm)* G.H. P. X Venus Ram Lee var. (insigne Sanderae X niveum)* G.H. P. venustum Measuresianum,* Himalaya P. venustum spectabile, N. India x vernivium (Argus X villosum)* G.H. X Veronica (Fairieanum X Mad. Octave Opoia)* G.H. X vemillarium (barbatum X Fairieanum)* G.H. X vexillarium superbum (barbatum X Fairieanum)* G.H. . Victoria Marie, Sumatra villosum,* Burma villosum Bonhoffianum,* Burma villosum giganteum,* Burma villosum Grand Monarch,* Burma villosum nigrum,* Burma villosum Norman var.,* Burma villosum platypetalum,* Burma x Vipanii (niveum X philippinense)* G.H. volontianum Rothschildianum,* Borneo X Wendigo (callosum X nitens) G.H. P. X Wiertzianum (Lawrenceanum X Rothschildianum)* G.H. P. X Winnianum (Druryi X villosum)* G.H. P. X Youngianum (philippimense X superbiens)* G.H. P. X Zampa (hirsutissimum X Leeanum 9 )* G.H. P. X Zampa var. (hirsutissimum var. X Leeanwm superbum 9 )* G.H. ° . DTT WWE YS aa P. X conchiferum (caricinum X longifolium ) G.H. P. X giganteum Gottianum (caudatum X grande macrochilum)* G.H. P. X grande (caudatum X longifolium 9 )* G.H. e P. X grande atratum (caudatum X longifolium H artwegit)* G.H. P. X grande macrochilum (caudatum Lindeni X longifolium)* G.H. P. xX Hardyanum (calurum X caudatum) G.H. P. Lindleyanum,* British Guiana P. longifolium, Central America : P. longifolium Hartwegii, Central America P. X L’Unique (Lindleyanum X Schlimii albiflorum)* G.H. P. X nitidissimum (caudatum X conchiferum) G.H. P. X Perseus (Lindleyanum X Sedenii 9 )* G.H. Soy nee coma OO Sedenii)* G.H. . X Seo (ca tum X Ne 1 ‘: P. X Schroederae splendens (caudatum rosewm X Sedenii)* G.H. P. X Sedenii (longifolium X Schlimit) GH. P. X Sedenii candidulum (longifolium X Schlimii) GH. gee : P. X Sedenii teucorrhodum (longifolium Hartwegit X Schlimit albi- florum) G.H. ae e ae P. X Sedenii porphyreum (longifolium Hartwegn x Schlimii albi- florum) G.H. ) aes. ae P. X Sedenii superbum (longifolium X Schlimii) G.H. P. X Umbriel (grande X Sargentianum) G.H. 124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NOTES The St. Louis Florists’ Club held a meeting at the Garden, November 21. Sergeant A. B. McIntyre, of the Aviation Corps, formerly outside foreman at the Garden, visited the Garden recently. Dr. W. W. Bonns, formerly Rufus J. Lackland Fellow, has accepted a position as director of the botanical research department of Eli Lilly Co., pharmaceutical chemists, Indianapolis. Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, has been appointed Assistant to the Director of the Production Division of the Federal Food Administration of St. Louis. Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, has been appointed a member of a Committee on Standardization of Terminology and Methods in Phytopathology, which will hold its first session in Baltimore, December 27. On the afternoon of November 20, the British Educational Commission to the United States visited the Garden. Mem- bers of the party were: Dr. A. E. Shipley, University of Cambridge ; Sir Henry Miers, University of Manchester; Rev. KE. M. Walker, Oxfor University ; Sir Henry Jones, Univer- sity of Glasgow; and Dr. John Joly, Trinity College, Dub- lin. Much interest was manifested in the library, her- barium, and laboratory equipment for graduate work in botany, as well as in the various collections of plants in the greenhouses. In exchange for a duplicate collection of vandas and nepenthes, Mr. Joseph Manda, of West Orange, New Jersey, orchid expert of the eastern states, has contributed to the Garden a valuable collection of brassocattleyas, cattleyas, and laeliocattleyas. These plants are recent hybrids from rare types which will add greatly to the orchid displays. Among them the albino variety of Laeliocattleya Canhamiana and the brassocattleyas, noteworthy for their extremely large, fringed lips, stand out most prominently. The entire col- lection includes the following: Brassocattleya * Ilene (B. O. X Maronae 9 X OC. Dowiana) Brassocattleya X Leemanniae (B. Digbyana 9 X OC. Dowiana) Brassocattleya < Mariae (B. Digbyana 9 X O. Warneri) Brassocattleya x Maroni (B. Digbyana K OC. Mendelii 9 ) Brassocattleya * Thorntonii (B. Digbyana x C. Gaskelliana 9) Brassocattleya X Wellesleyae (B. Digbyana 9 X OC. Lueddemannia Cattleya X Adula (bicolor x Hardyana) Cattleya X amabilis (labiata 9 X Warscewiczii) Cattleya < Beatrice (Dowiana 9 X Minucia) Cattleya X Brenda (x Dusseldorffei Undine © X Gaskelliana alba) ) Cattleya Cattleya Cattleya Cattleya Cattleya Cattleya Cattleya Cattleya x x x x x x x x MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 125 Dusseldorffei (intermedia 9 X Mossiae) Fabiata (‘X Fabia X Portia) Harold (Gaskelliana 9 X Warscewiczii) Kienastiana (Dowiana 9 X Lueddemanniana) Minucia (Loddigesii 9 X Warscewiczit) Naidia? : Prince John (Dowiana rosita 9 X Hardyana) Thurgoodiana (Hardyana 9 X Lueddemanniana) Laeliocattleya X Alphand (0. X Fabia g X L. C. X callistoglossa) Laeliocattleya < Artoturus? Laeliocattleya X autodoin (C. X Doiniig X L. autumnalis) Laeliocattleya X Ballii (C. Schroederae X L. cinnabarina Q ) Laeliocattleya < Canhamiana alba (C. Mossiae X L. purpurata Q ) Laeliocattleya < Carmencita (C. Dowiana g X L. C. X luminosa) Laeliocattleya X Colemaniana (C. Dowiana 9 X L. C. X callistoglossa) Laeliocattleya < Cooksonae (C. labiata g X L. CO. X Olive) Laeliocattleya X Domos (C. Mossiae g X L. C. X Dominiana) Laeliocattleya Xx Golden Oriole (C. Dowiana X L. C. X Charles- worthit) Laeliocattleya < Linda? Laeliocattleya eee ee 150 Bureau of Science, Manila, by E. D. Merrill—Plants of Che PU ppine Tees os es i as 615 Ralph Hoffmann—Senecio pauperculus Michx. from Michigan 1 Dr. Earl E. Sherff—Photographs of type specimens, chiefly of Bidens and Xanthium.............. a2 aS 36 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF — | OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN ; Director, : GEORGE T. MOORE. BENJAMIN MINGE DucGar, © Epwarp A. Burt, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian. HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Jesse M. GREENMAN, Curator of the Herbarium. Pathologist. 4 KATHERINE H. Leieu, Secretary to the Director! JAMES GURNEY, Head Gardener,’ Emeritus. ALEXANDER LURIE, Horticulturist. G. H. PRING, Floriculturist. «a SJ. J. Coucnim,:; « W. F. LANGAN, ~ Construction. © ¥ Engineer. P.. Foerster, oe H. VALLENTINE, Farni and Stables. Carpenter. ‘Missouri BoTaNIcaL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. VI . - DECEMBER, 1918 No, 10 CONTENTS eon Page Some Early History of the Gatdes sap as BT : Additional Information Relative to the Works of Art 5 Contributed by Henry Shaw - - - eS <5 Savory Herbs: <-. .- tate eae ek UE 1) bee Statistical Information for Woveusber: 1918. - -. 141 Index to Illustrations of Volume VI - . ees ce Stee General Index to Volume VI«- 0 - = AS ‘ST, LOUIS, MO. 1918 : Published Monthly Scent July and August by the Board of ‘Traiides . . ro ee SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 2 ; ‘ONE Dotan PER YEAR 2 SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS a THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL, Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., December, 1918 No. 10 SOME EARLY HISTORY OF THE GARDEN In looking up data regarding some of the collections in the herbarium, some interesting facts concerning the early history of the Garden were discovered, of which it seems worth while making a permanent record. Mr. Shaw was an omnivorous reader and spent a great deal of time hunting for information about the plants grow- ing in the Garden. Much of this is in siatiared notes, and these notes were later gathered together in two manuscripts, one called ‘Guide to the Missouri Botanical Gardens” and the other ‘“‘A guide to the trees and shrubs in the arboretum of the Missouri Botanical Gardens.” The latter paper was unfinished. In it a short description of the land now oc- cupied by the Garden is given as follows: “When the writer first visited these grounds in 1820, they were called ‘La Prairie de la Barriére & Denoyer’ from Louis Denoyer who formerly lived at, and kept, the gate of the fence (barriére), _ by which the commons of the old village of St. Louis were sur- rounded. For a distance of nearly two miles from where Tower Grove Park is now laid out to Taylorwich Station, or rather the pond still existing there [1875], no trees were growing except two or three venerable cottonwoods (Populus canadensis) in the low ground, on the watercourse running to Rock Spring and thence to Chouteau’s Millpond; on this small watercourse were a few plants of the Nymphea odorata Ait., sweet-scented water lily, and a clump of hazel bushes on the rising ground, where the grove at the Garden now exists, The prairie was grown over with a tall natural grass, Andropogon, prairie grass, with an occasional patch of the wild strawberry (Fragaria Virginiana), of which neither a tuft of the grass nor a plant of the strawberry can now be found. There were no residences in sight nor any to be seen on the narrow road passing Rock Spring to St. Louis till coming to the stone dwelling of Mr. John B. C. Lucas, on the street now called 7th Street, and the house and garden of Mr. Joseph Charles Sen, now 5th and Market Streets, where he was the first to cultivate the grape vine (Isabella) at St. Louis, and a zealous planter and pro- tector of shade trees.” In the “Guide to the Missouri Botanical Gardens” a fuller history of this land is given. Mr. Shaw acquired the prop- (127) 128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN erty by purchase from Thomas Jefferson Payne, in 1840. Payne had laid out a race track, the center of which was in a grove of trees. Near the grove Mr. Shaw built his house with a tower and called it Tower Grove. This was his country home and became his favorite spot. Like all Englishmen of wealth, he believed in having a town. house as well as a country house, so the town house was built on Seventh and Locust Streets, in 1851, two years after the completion of Tower Grove. Shortly after purchasing this property, Mr. Shaw went to Europe, and most of his time during the next ten years was spent in visiting different places of interest on the Continent, Constantinople and Egypt. The idea of estab- lishing a garden came to him during this time. Among interesting papers left by him is a sheet entitled “List of places worthy of notice,” in which is given a list of thirteen places, with addresses and directions as to how to reach them, in Mr. Shaw’s own handwriting. The thirteen places are all gardens or nurseries. Mr. Thomas Dimmock, in a Le ale Sami: sketch of Mr. Shaw,1 says that Mr. Shaw told him that “it was while walking through the grounds at Chatsworth—the most magnificent private residence in Europe—that the fruitful idea first dawned upon him. He said to himself: ‘Why may I not have a garden, too? I have enough land and money for something of the same sort in a smaller way.’” In the “Guide to the Missouri Botanical Gardens” Mr. Shaw says that the idea of start- ing the Garden came “during his travels in Europe from 1840 to 1850.” Observing the great attention paid to pub- lic parks and gardens in England, France, and Germany and the high esteem in which these institutions were held by the people of those countries, he conceived the idea of founding a Missouri Botanical Garden, for which the grounds, ample in extent and in close vicinity to the future Sreat city of the west, were so appropriate. The plan of the Garden was determined on, drains constructed, and the wall surrounding the same commenced in 1855. Dr. George Engelmann, one of the foremost botanists in America, resided in St.. Louis, and Mr. Shaw went to him with his hopes and his plans. Dr. Engelmann was study- ing cacti and various other groups of plants and had started a small garden near his home. He encouraged Mr. Shaw im every way possible, selected botanical books for him to study and gave him his first introduction to scientific botany. When Dr. Engelmann went to Europe in 1856 he was com- missioned by Mr. Shaw to buy books and other things *Mo. Bot. Gard, Rept., vol. 1, p. 12, 1890. | Mo, Bor, Garp, Burt., Vor. 6, 1918. PLAN OF GARDEN PREPARED BY MR. SHAW, IN 1858. Mo. Bor. Garp. Butt.., Vor. Re 3 PLATE 24. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN pe needed for the Garden. In a letter! dated October 18, 1856 he wrote to Dr. Engelmann, then at Kew, saying, “Get all the plans and catalogues you conveniently can. My mind is intent on the undertaking which I am anxious to com- mence, and by dint of reading and observations am endeavor- ing to gather up some crumbs of botanical science.” Ap- parently his first idea had been to get only such as he needed himself, for in this same letter he states, “Hope you will not give yourself much trouble in the seeking of these works, as He might probably find some others equally or more suitable to my sbisduthat is, to acquire a knowledge of botany and horticulture myself and diffuse a taste for the same among others. In the purchase of books, you can go to the amount of one hundred dollars.” Dr. Engelmann was then at the Kew Gardens and he interested Sir William J. Hooker, the Director, in Mr. Shaw’s Garden. On August 10, 1857, Sir William Hooker wrote to Mr. Shaw? that “very few appendages to a garden of this kind are of more importance for instruction than a library and an economic museum, and these gradually in- crease like a rolling snow-ball.”’ This letter and Dr. Engel- mann’s influence seem to have decided Mr. Shaw to start a botanical library and museum. In a letter to Dr. Engel- mann,! dated September 15, 1857, he says, “As to the botanical library, if you will have the goodness to send me a list of such works as you consider the most essential, I will select from them what may appear to me most useful for the present. As to the herbarium you mention of Prof. Bernhardi, if it is in good order you can purchase the same at the price you mention ($600).” The Bernhardi herbarium was bought three months later and at a lesser figure, as is shown by the following receipt: “Leipzig, Saxony, Dec. 18, 1857. “Mr. Henry Shaw at St. Louis “to Theodor Bernhardi agent. “to the Herbarium or collection of Plants of the late Prof. Joh. Jae. Bernhardi of Erfurt, consisting of 374 packages (said to con- tain about 40,000 species) of dried plants. “Prix dollars 400. “Reed. Pay’t. by Dr. George Engelmann. “Theodor Bernhardi.”’ ‘The letter from Dr. Engelmann to Mr. Shaw telling about the herbarium cannot be found, but apparently the collection was not fully labeled, as he writes,! on January 1 Engelmann letters, vol. 8, in Mo. Bot. Gard. 2 Mo, Bot. Gard. Rept., vol. 1, p. 13. 1890. 130 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13, 1858, “if possible, my dear Sir, by all means get the deficient labels to them; perhaps the cost would be consider- able, but then what an advantage to have them complete. I should not regret the expense—it could not be done prob- ably in St. Louis except by yourself and then you will be otherwise occupied. The list of books has my best atten- tion. . . . I have all Loudon’s works except his Gardeners’ Magazines 1st and 2nd series which I should very much like to have. They contain valuable information to persons like myself devoted to horticulture and planting.”’ The next letter,1 dated Ma 18, 1858, refers again to the Bernhardi herbarium: “TI enbiutk with due deference to the A Pa of yourself and learned friends as to labeling the Plants of the Bernhardi herbarium... . Am now vigorously at work on the building of the Hort. Bot. Missouriensis.” The details of the Garden, planting, ete., occupied most of Mr. Shaw’s time. In the letter quoted from previously, September 15, 1857, he speaks of the early wore done in the Garden: Plant houses, so that you see I am by no means idle. If I attempt too much at once, I should make a fatigue of a pleasure. The lant houses—say in 1859. I intend to have everything substantial and elegant but on -@ small scale. I shall commence the ornamental planting next spring, the botanical arrangements afterwards. All this I am do- ing according to my own ideas gathered from horticultural works of Loudon, McIntosh, ete—no one here can give me the least in- formation. How can I obtain dried specimens of seeds, fruits things we could have. ...I take a great and increasing pleasure in my undertaking and am devoting myself almost entirely to it of my Tower Grove estate and send a copy to Sir Wm. Hooker for his inspection and advice,” In the letter of January 13, 1858, also previously quoted from, he writes more of the work done in the Garden: “T am employed every day in my great undertaking—I may say every hour in the day. Good and substantial stone and brick drains are made in every part of the ground. The stone wall on * Engelmann letters, vol. S, in Mo. Bot. Gard. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 131 the west side and the brick wall coped with stone on the north sides are finished at a cost of 8,000 dollars. I am now proceed- ing with the entrance gate and lodge on the eastern front, which with the stone walls and iron railing I estimate to cost not much short of $10,000—all substantial and elegant. At the same time I shall commence the plant houses (150 feet) against the north wall (one of the compartments I intend for cacti and succulent plants), also the rosarium or sunk parterre, which together with the plant houses will cost about $5,000. These buildings with some planting of trees and shrubs and fencing Tower Grove and Shaw Avenues and building two brick cottages will be my work for the present year, 1858. I enclose you a plan of the garden and the lands intended to endow the same, in amount more than 600 acres. ...I1 feel quite competent to the building of plant houses suited to this climate, as regards construction, heating and ventilation, theoretically from books and six years’ experience in my private garden. . . . I have sent plans to Prof. Gray and Sir W. Hooker, and with many thanks for your pains and exertions.” Dr. Engelmann returned to St. Louis in 1858 and took an active interest in the Garden until his death. He like- wise interested Dr. Asa Gray in the project, and in 1859 Dr. Gray wrote,! saying, “Shaw has just written and I have replied expressing a lively interest in his projected estab- lishment and offering my best services if he requires them in the way of advice or suggestion.” The gateway was erected in 1858 from a design of George I. Barnett.2. The museum and library building was finished in 1860, and the Bernhardi herbarium, the library, and many things collected by Dr. Engelmann® in Europe were put in place. The Bernhardi collection consisted of approx- imately 70,000 specimens. At Dr. Gray’s and Dr. Engel- mann’s suggestion, August Fendler was employed as a sort of curator in the Garden and museum.* e began work for Mr. Shaw on October 12, 1860, at $1.00 per day, and worked for him about a year and a half, according to Mr. Shaw’s private cash book. His chief work seems to have been the arrangement of the Bernhardi, Riehl, and other collections in the museum. According to the plans adopted in 1858, the Garden was divided into three large divisions, containing about 60 acres altogether :? ; “1st, The Garden proper, containing the plant houses for tropical and other plants requiring protection, the herbaceous ground with plants scientifically arranged and named, and the cacti in the north end of the Garden next the wall. “2nd, The Fruticetum for shrubbery and experimental fruit gardens. 1 Engelmann letters, vol. G, in Mo. Bot. Gard. ¥ . Guide to Missouri Botanical Gardens, by Henry Shaw. ® Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 1, p. 316. 1857. ‘Letters from Dr. Engelmann to Dr. Parry, Jan. 24, 1861. 132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN “3rd, The Arboretum, containing a collection of trees, compris- ing all that will grow in the open air in this climate and local- ity; a Pinetum for the Pine Family, a Quercetum for oaks and a Salicetum for willows.” The arboretum was started in 1860, and this part of the Garden received much personal attention from Mr. Shaw. The trees were mostly planted in rows, and many of them were measured each year to get the rate of wth. Un- fortunately, many of them were blown down y a tornado in 1896. Dr. Engelmann went to Europe again in 1868, and Mr. Shaw writes to him eagerly asking for more plants, seeds and specimens for the museum. In fact, Dr. Engelmann did more for the Garden and museum than anyone else, except Mr. Shaw himself. In 1868, the plants having out- grown the original plant houses, Mr. Shaw writes! that a palm house with additional wings for “moist store and temperate house” was built near the center of the Garden. Another letter, written January 24, 1869, tells of more changes: “Since I addressed you last, I have brought the plant houses to a finish, removing those that stood against the wall and put- ting them in range with the Palm House. The heating apparatus answers beyond my expectations... . The learned Agassiz was here last October and was much pleased with our garden. He promised some leaves and fruits of Amazonian palms for our Museum. The garden was visited by increased numbers the past Summer. I think not less than 40 to 50 thousand. I do wish we had something more interesting and instructive for the inspection of such multitudes,” Orchids now began to demand attention and the Gar- den collection was started by a gift from Mrs. Henry T. Blow of the orchids collected by her in Brazil. From that time on, orchids have been one of the favorite display plants in the Garden. ; In 1882, the plants having again outgrown their quar- ters, a larger house was built and “dedicated to Linnaeus by placing his bust over the entrance.’”2 This is the Linnean House and the only one of the plant houses built by Mr. Shaw that still remains. The Garden has always been open to visitors and for many years registers were kept, most of which are still in the possession of the Garden. The first one says on the title page: “Visitors to Tower Grove and the Botanical Garden are respect- fully requested to write their names. “Henry Shaw.” * Engelmann letters, vol. S, in Mo. Bot. Gard. * MSS. Guide to Missouri Botanical Gardens, by Henry Shaw. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133 The first page bears the inscription “Commencing June, 1859,” also in Mr. Shaw’s handwriting. Several hundred visitors to the Garden registered that year and many more the following year. In 1880, Mr. Shaw wrote: “The Gardens have been visited by eminent men of science, among whom Sir Joseph Hooker, Director of Kew Gardens, Prof. Asa Gray, the late Prof. Agassiz, and the celebrated plant collector Roesl, now in South America, and others, who have warmly en- couraged the proprietor in his exertions in collecting and bringing forward the plants, shrubs, and trees to their present state of growth. He has had much aid by the contributions and councils of Dr. Geo. Engelmann and the approbation of the citizens of St. Louis and the public in general, who visit the Gardens in increas- ing numbers. It is computed that a million or more people have seen the Garden since its first opening in 1860.” Dr. Engelmann died in 1885, and Mr. Shaw, wishing to commemorate his memory, called Dr. Asa Gray in consulta- tion, with the result of the founding of the Henry Shaw School of Botany and establishing therein the Engelmann rofessorship of botany. The very valuable herbarium of r. Engelmann and his library were given to the Garden by his son, Dr. George J. Engelmann, and formally ac- cepted by the trustees on October 14, 1889. Finally, it may be of interest to add a list of the rules which were considered necessary by Mr. Shaw when the Garden was opened: “1, Smoking, or eating and drinking or the carrying of pro- visions of any kind into the Gardens are strictly forbidden. No dogs can be admitted. “2. No packages or parcels, bags or baskets are allowed to be carried into the grounds. All such must be deposited at the Gate of Entrance, while the owners make the tour of the Gardens. “3. No person attired otherwise than respectably can enter, nor children too young to take care of themselves, unless a parent or suitable person be with them. The police (when there) have orders to remove such, or also persons guilty of any kind of impropriety. When large schools are admitted, they must be accompanied by a requisite number of Tutors and in accordance with the rules of the Gardens. “4, It is by no means forbidden to walk upon the grass walks; still it is requested that preference be given to the gravel paths, and especially that the lawn edges parallel to the walks be not made a foot way, as nothing renders them more unsightly. It is scarcely needful to say that all play, leaping over beds, run- ning on the grass and slopes are prohibited. The Gardens are in- tended for agreeable recreation and instruction, not for idle sports. “5. It is requested that visitors will refrain from touching the plants and flowers; a contrary practice can only lead to suspicion, rhaps unfounded, that their object is to abstract a plant or ower, which when detected must be followed by expulsion. “g. In entering the plant houses, it is particularly requested that visitors will keep to the right; if they do otherwise, they 134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN will pass each other, which the narrowness of the walks renders difficult, and this must occasion inconvenience to all parties and often injury to the plants.” ADDITIONAL INFORMATION RELATIVE TO THE WORKS OF ART CONTRIBUTED BY HENRY SHAW Since the publication of the article in the September, 1918, Butierin on “Henry Shaw’s Contribution to Art in St. Louis” certain additional letters from the artist Miller have been found which throw further light upon the his- her of these statues. It is believed that the matter is of c lent interest to warrant the printing of the letters which follow: “Munich, November 20th, 1875. “Dear Sir: “TI herewith send you the sketch of the great poet Shakespeare, » but let me again tell you that they are only rough sketches, merely made to give you an approximate idea of what I am will- ing to make; the same is to be said of the Humboldt sketch, which appears too short on the photograph. My idea was not to repre- sent Shakespeare as an enthusiast or an ideal poet, but as a man of action, who knew mankind. In the right hand I gave him a pen; on the column lays a sheet of aper on which a ag, of one of his works could be engraved. The pedestal is in the style of his time, on the front of which we could put the name ‘Shake- Speare the great poet’ and on the three sides reliefs ; the corners would be decorated with emblems representing ‘tragedy, comedy, ete.’ below Acanthus leaves. I repeat that the design could be made so exact that they would have no trouble whatever to execute the stone work in America. The cost of these bronze ornaments on the pedestal would be about 1800 dollars. I would like very much to have the pedestal executed in this way. It would then be a monument where the pedestal corresponds with the figure and stands in perfect harmony. “Although the Shakespeare statue in New York is very fine, I do not think that the pedestal suits it very well. Should the sum that you have fixed not be sufficient for the bronze decoration on the pedestal, we must, of course, then do without it. I have given you the costs as cheap as possible in the interest of the matter and hope that the reputation of our establishment will give you sufficient guarantee for the best execution of the work. Hop- ing that I shall be able to follow all your desires, I am, “Yours very respectfully, “F. v. Miller.” “Munich, December 29th, 1876. “Dear Sir: “I cannot let the old year pass by without sending you my best wishes for the coming new one. “Your kind letter of November 18th was very delightful to me, as it gives me the satisfaction that you are contented with every- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 135 thing that I have made. I hope that it will be so for the future and you and everybody will enjoy the two monuments. “With the Humboldt relief I shall do as you desire and make the voleanoes smoking. It was only a small wax sketch that I sent to you, wherein it is not possible to give the effect as it would be in the large relief. On the other side I shall put palm trees, which, though, must not be out of proportion on account of the other relief. “Tf you allow me I shall not send you the sketches of the other reliefs, as this makes me lose so much time waiting for the answer and I believe that you can depend that everything will be all right. I knew that the pedestal would look well and I am very thankful to you that you have followed my advice. “Shakespeare is in the foundry already. You will receive him first, as I have only commenced modeling Humboldt a short time ago. Lady Macbeth is finished. Falstaff, I am just working at. I am trying to get the portrait likeness of Ben deBar as near as possible, although it is very difficult, as the beard, etc., will always spoil it, but I hope it will be very good. “T have regretted very much that you did not allow me to place your medallion on the back of the Humboldt monument, but just as you like. Is the front side of the stone as I put it down here polished, that is where the inscription will be fastened to the stone every single letter? I shall send the exact instructions about that later, as well as about the fastening of the bronze reliefs and the statues; iron cannot be employed for it, for iron will rust and the rust would always run down the pedestal. “Shakespeare will be shi by the end of May if the cast- i aceasta; and also the ores "Humboldt cannot be completed before late in the autumn. You will be surprised that it takes so long a time, but if I tell you that I model all alone and have nothing done by a stranger, for the purpose of being sure that everything is well done, you may have an idea how hard I worked until now and how much I have yet to do to be able to give you the pleasure of bringing you soon in the possession of the two monuments. With kindest regards “Yours very truly, : “F. y. Miller.” “Munich, February 20, ’77. “Mr. Henry Shaw, St. Louis: ; sé 0 I did not get any news from you since my last letter, I sare you the. photograph of the Hamlet relief sketch and would be obliged to you if you give me your opinion on it immediately. Macbeth and the Queen Katherine are mostly fin- ished, and I shall send you the Seg a 9 them in a few days. With Queen Katherine I had great di ties to find an appro- priate scene for the small space and so I chose the moment when she leaves the throne supported by her Patience, I think it will please you. “The relief of the Chimborazo and a palm landscape are also almost finished. You will receive from me a paper cut in some days, showing the size of the Shakespeare relief and one for Hum- poldt; it is the exact size of the bronze reliefs and will you be so kind as to hold these papers to the stone, but into every frame and you will then see if everything fits. The measure of the Shakespeare plinth is also inclosed in the package. Please to 136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN place the same on the top of the plinth and let me know imme- diately if all is right, so that if there is anything to alter it can still be done here. “I would like to know the exact depth of the space where the reliefs are to be set; it must be at least two centimetres com- mencing with the frame. “With many kind regards and hoping to hear from you, I am, “Yours very respectfully, “F. v.- Miller.” “Munich, November 2, 1877. “Dear Sir: “The day before yesterday I have sent you my last letter and today I receive yours of October 14th; you may imagine how astonished I was, Your wishes cannot be satisfied any more. The reliefs of Humboldt are entirely completed; some parts of the statue itself are already cast, the others are being molded. The cost to the entire completion may yet be 2000 dollars; if it is not going to be completed 4500 dollars will be lost, because almost nothing of the work can be used. The model is cut in pieces and va - the mold; the mold is worthless if nothing is to be cast into it. “I cannot agree with your last opinion, that Humboldt should, through the progress of science, be put in the background. I rather find the inscription that you want to have engraved on the monument, which says, ‘In honor of the most accomplished tray- eller of this or any other age’ very correct and I am sure that this will be true for all times. Humboldt will for science always remain the second discoverer of America. And how little they think in our country that Humboldt should be less esteemed in the future is shown by the fact that in Berlin a monument is going to be erected for the great discoverer for the price of ‘one hundred thousand marks.’ ~ must confess that if you had asked me before Humboldt was finished if Columbus or Humboldt, I also would have pleaded for Columbus. He is the man who has discovered America, and is therefore more popular for the great mass. But Humboldt’s merits are only known by the learned men and his theories are the founda- tion for a new science. Just imagine how disagreeable it would be for me if Humboldt almost finished would not be erected. Even if no material damage would result. for me, how happy is the artist whose work finds the general admiration and satisfaction. No one would believe the real cause, the more as the generous idea of a noble American citizen is known to a large extent and the work itself generally admired. “My proposition would therefore be if you will in no case erect the Humboldt as a pendant for Shakespeare to put the same in your Missouri Botanical Garden or in any other place, or else even, this would be very sad to me, sell it to any other city or museum. I believe that the sum for the monument without the pedestal is so small that you would have no difficulty in selling a work of art like this ; for without praisin, myself I can say that it is a Success in every respect. I shall then make a Columbus for you for the same amount of money that I asked for late Humboldt. The best would, of course, be to put Humboldt on his old place in the eb and you have a Columbus made for some other place, but larger than these two statues are, for Columbus has a great MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 137 meaning for America. If you make a present of the figure and the city or somebody else of the pedestal your idea could easily be carried out. I am sure that there are plenty of fine places left for Columbus in Tower Grove Park. “To my great sorrow I heard that Ben deBar is dead. I had wished that he could have seen my works, for he had a very correct judgment. It is possible that you found his likeness not very resemblant, It is rather difficult to strike any one’s likeness in a strange costume and after a photograph, but you will find that the relief is more resemblant than the photograph that I have sent to you. I hope you will be satisfied with the portrait medallion of yourself. At least I think that it is very much like you. “Please let me soon have news from you and deliver me from the anxiety in which your last letter has put me. With many kind regards, I remain dear Sir, “Yours respectfully, “F. v. Miller.” “Munich, January 2, 1878. “Dear Sir: “Many thanks for your kind letter; it delivered me from the inful uncertainty whether I had worked a whole year for noth- ing or not, for it is a loss in an artist’s life to destroy a success- ful piece of work. “But, that it is impossible to change a statue that must have the portrait likeness not only in face but also in the whole coun- tenance into an entirely other one, will be comprehensible even to a layman. On the other hand, I was very sorry not to be able to fulfil your wish; you mention Rafael’s Ascension as an example how the artist should be able to content all wishes, but this is quite different from our case, for there it was the problem to compose an entirely new work. “To prove this I send you herewith a photograph of the colossal laster model of Humboldt and the photograph of Columbus as Mr. Probasco of Cincinnati had him painted by the celebrated painter and director of our Academie of fine arts, Mr. Piloty, and you will find that I am right. I don’t mean that I find faults in the conception of Columbus by Piloty, but in comparing the two you will find that I would have had to destroy the Humboldt statue before making a new work. “T would, of course, be very happy to execute the Columbus statue, for it would be an excellent problem to ch ap egg so grand a figure in the picturesque costume and I would be satisfied to fix the terms of payment at your convenience as far as my means go; send me only one word and I shall remit you sketches, which surely will find your contentment.. The Shakespeare statue will probably be in your possession by this time; if you, as I hope, are pleased with it and everything is in good condition, I would be quite thankful to you if I could get the agreed sum for it; I had so many expenses for the bronze cast, and the want of money in our country is yet greater than in America. The relief of Hamlet has been packed today and sent off by rail. “The insurance is made for only 5000 dollars, because if any accident should happen, I am yet in session of the plaster model and could execute the whole with reliefs again for the above sum. 138 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN My expense for the insurance is: 130 Marks 25 Pfenige. With many kind regards and my best wishes for the new year, I am as ever, “Yours very respectfully, “FR. v. Miller.” “B. P. The Shakespeare statue has been shipped on deck from Hamburg to Havre, and it may be that the figure has received green spots by the sea water. Such spots can easily be removed with pulverized red tartar or else with pulverized pumice stone in water. Please let me know if the front of the Humboldt pedestal is polished; if not I shall put the name on a bronze plate.” “Munich, April 30, ’83. “Dear Mr. Shaw, “Today I have posted a small sketch of the pedestal of Colum- bus; I have drawn Columbus upon it at the same time, but only very hastily. Jointly I send you a larger drawing of the pedestal to enable you to inquire about the expense. The relievo follows. I am working at the sketch of your grave monument at present and in order to give you an approximative illustration about the appearance of the ensemble, I shall have it photographed. The phe otograph of the pedestal is also from a sketch which I have made ; “Expecting a speedy answer and hoping you to be in good health, aie WISH est XegArds, “Yours respectfully, “P, y, Miller.” “Munich, Erzgiesserei, May 19, 1883. “Dear Sir: eRe Ss “Your favour of 26th past and also the drawing came to hand. The bust of Beethoven is already commenced. I would, however, request you to let me know whether the pedestals are round and whether the base on which the bust will get placed is round or angular according to the enclosed drawing, as the foot of the bust is to be made to conform to it. Should the pedestal not yet be made I would take the liberty to send you a drawing with some variations on the estal which I think desirable, at least on the upper consoles. e photograph I am expecting. “With kindest regards I remain, dear Sir, “Yours very faithfully, “F. vy. Miller.” SAVORY HERBS Savory, or culinary, herbs are aromatic plants used to add flavor to various cooked products. Most of them are readily grown and should more frequently find a place in small gardens than they do at present. Not only does their © aroma add to the palatability and variety of the ordinary diet, but certain condimental properties aid in digestion. Plants, like rue, stimulate the appetite and thus form a part of beverages which are used as appetizers. Others, like pars- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 139 ley, are used merely for garnishing, while various oils em- ployed in perfumery are yielded by a number of herbs. The following table indicates the herbs grown last summer in the economic garden, with their uses and methods of propagation: COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Angelica Archangelica offici- nalis Anise Pimpinella Anisum ’ Balm _— Melissa officinalis Basil Ocimum Basilicum Borage Borago officinalis Caraway Carum Carvi Catnip Nepeta Cataria Chervil Anthriscus Cerefo- lium Chives Alliwm Schoeno- prasum Clary Salvia Sclaria Corian- (Coriandrum sativum Cumin Cuminum odorum Dill Anethum graveolens Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Hore- Marrubium vulgare Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis Laven- Lavandula angusti- der folia Mari- Calendula officinalis gold Marjo- Origanum vulgare Mint Mentha spicata USE Stem and leaves as salad; seeds for flavoring Leaves as garnish; seeds and oil for flavoring and perfumes Foliage for flavoring and salad; oil for perfum- ery and bev High seasoning; oil for perfumery Foliage as salad, garnish, or flavoring Herbage as salad; roots as vegetables; seeds as flavoring; oil for per- fumery Condiment Leaves for seasoning Flavoring In making wines Seed in confections, con- diments, beverage fla- voring Flavoring in _ pickle, pastry, soup Seeds as seasoning for pickle; oil for per- fumery; vinegar as condiment Herbage for garnishing and flavoring; seeds in beverages and confec- tionery; ofl for per- fumery Confectionery Salad; oil in preparation of soap Flowers and oil in per- fumery; condiment Flowers as_ seasoning, butter coloring Seasoning; oil in per- fumery Seasoning PROPAGATION Seeds during late summer Seeds in early spring Division, eut- tings, seeds Seeds in spring Seeds in spring Seeds in spring Seeds in spring Seeds Bulbs or divi- sion Seeds Seeds Seeds Seeds Division, cut- tings, seeds Division or cuttings Seeds Division or cuttings Division or cuttings 140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Parsley Petroselinwm hor- tense Penny- Mentha Pulegium royal Pepper- Mentha piperita mint Rose- Rosmarinus offici- mary nalis Rue Ruta graveolens Sage Salvia officinalis Savory, Satureia montana summer Savory, Satureia montata winter Tansy Tanacetum vulgare Tarra- Artemisia Dracun- gon culus Thyme Thymus vulgaris USE Seasoning, garnish Seasoning Flavoring, perfume in soap Seasoning; oil in per- fumery Seasoning, flavor in bev- erages; oil in perfum- ery Seasoning; oil in per- fumery Seasoning Seasoning Seasoning Seasoning, salads, decoc- tion in vinegar; oil in perfumery Seasoning; oil in _per- fumery; oil crystals as disinfectants PROPAGATION Seeds Division Division Cuttings or seeds Division, cut- tings, seeds Division, cut- tings, seeds Seeds Division, cut- tings, seeds Division, cut- tings, seeds Division, cut- tings, seeds Division, cut- tings, seeds MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 141 STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR NOVEMBER, 1918 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: "Potal: NUMVEL Ol VAIBILOTS... ok ass SE oe ee 14,204 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts........ 6 Total number of plants received in exchange...........-. 32 PLANT DISTRIBUTION: Total number of plants distributed in exchange.......... 57 Total number of seed packets distributed in exchange..... 1 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 13 Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 5 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase — Canton Christian College—Plants of China.............. 116 A. D. E. Elmer—Plants of the Philippine Islands........ 2,146 By Gift — Walter H. Aiken — Leucophyllum texanum Benth. from POS i ke eo IG HI OEE BA ee eee Sp 1 J. A. Drushel—Plants of the central and western United ONE Sn Sma aR dein Geponriny ahr er Ore! en Pee eee eee ee 26 Dr. W. G. Farlow—Fungi of Massachusetts and New Hamp- AON 0 Re rete cn ie Cee ore Se Pe eee eee en ee he eas 29 Prof. A. Yasuda—Thelephoraceae of Japan.............. 35 By Exchange— Arnold Arboretum — Plants of Alaska, collected by Miss Me RW ies cs ye nee a Shee ls 218 L. Rodway—Isoetes from Tasmania...........-......+-- 3 U. S. National Museum—Photographs of type specimens in the Herbarium of the University of Oregon........... 7 RN eee ec ai bn cw oe Raa Soe 2,581 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 143 Index to Illustrations Page Paeonia officinalis .......-..-- PRLS SOA E EEE OE AEG EEE ESOS 19 Paeonia arietina .........++-+5+- ite tear eee Mate ctu ta's e's ok 20 Pacoria GROWN oo Oe i EN ANS se 21 Oinchona officinalis ... 2.2.6.5 e cece cee eee reenter terete 24 Garden in floral display house, view Of...-...---++-+--++++ss0005 29 Garden in floral display house, plan of.......-------+++-+---s005 30 Economic garden, the..........--s2eeeeeree erect sees erste 41 Cattleya Dusseldorfei var. Undine.....-.--.-+++++-0sserr reese 59 Brown, Mr. D. S., in his orchid house at RAPeWO0d 6 sie ies 60 Livistona chinensis, moving a specimen of, to Garden..........-. 61 Chewing gum tree, the. ..........-- +s ese eee rere reteset ee eeees 73 Dasylirion serratifolium ......-...+.+0s seer eee eter e eee eteees 74 Pothos celatocaulis .......... cece cece neste cette eens sees 74 Dracaena Kindtiana ...........-+2 eee e cence entre ee renee 75 Dracaena glomerata ........---+:0 er eee reer t etree tresses 76 Bird of paradise plant..........+-.+s+essseseeeeeeesscceseeees 76 Parryan tree, the. 6666s oe es cee thet ate ips ee rnnnd tote een es Deter 2 | Henry Shaw, tomb of, in the Garden... ise pees eves Vaan caw rca 81 Shakespeare, statue of, in Tower Grove Park. 2. ose. oe eee 82 Humboldt, statue of, in Tower Grove Park.......-.-----+-+++0++: 83 Columbus, relievo on statue of....--.-----+-+-++- wie Cape ee 84 Columbus, statue of, in Tower Grove Park.........----+-+--+++++ 84 Linnean House—showing the busts of Linnaeus, Nuttall, and Gray.. 85 Juno, statue of, in the Garden.....-..-...-+--+- e+e eres reer eee 88 Victory, statue of, in the Garden.......----+ +++ sereeee ere e ces 89 Nymphaea “General Pershing”......---.---++-+++2+++rrrrretces 91 Nymphaea “Mrs. Woodrow Wilson” var. gigantea..............++ 93 “Blectrifier” used at the Garden..........--.--- eee eeere seer eee 97 Comparison of average plant from check plot with one from “elec- rifled” PlOb cece ese ence ee ete ee used e eee eee e ance 98 Tree improperly pruned and same tree properly pruned...........- 107 Plan of Garden prepared by Mr. Shaw in 1858...........-.+--+-++ 130 Plat of lands and buildings intended to be left for the support of the Missouri Botanical Garden.......----.--+.--eeeeeeree 131 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 145 General Index Figures in italics refer to page numbers of plates and cuts. A. Achras Sapota, 73 Amaryllis, 30 Amaryllis Belladonna, sissima, 30 Annual bequests, 6 Annual reports for 1917: of the Of- ficers of the Board, 1; of the Director (twenty-ninth annual re- port), Anthuriums, 61 Araucaria Cookii, 60; Cunninghamii, 60; excelsa var. Goldieana, 60, var. Muelleri, 60; Rulei, 60 Arborvitaes, winter injury to, at Garden, 70 Art, Henry Shaw’s contribution to, in St. Louis, 81; additional informa- tion relative to, 134 Astilbe, 37; culture of, 37 Astilbe japonica, 37 Attendance, Garden, for 1917, 5 Australian salt bush, 42 B. Back-yard gardens, four model, in eco- nomic garden, 47 Banyan tree, the, 76, 77 Barberry, Japanese, see Berberis Thunbergit Bartholomew, E. ‘ Uredinales,” Cents. XIX, 28 Bee plants grown in economic garden, 45 31; formo- “North American XVIII and Beethoven, bust of, in Tower Grove Park, 89; letters from Miller to Henry Shaw concerning, 85, 138 rweed, 42 Berberis Thunbergii, 69 Bernhardi herbarium, purchase of, 129 Betula alba, 70 Birch, white, see Betula alba Bird of paradise plant, 74, 76 Bismarckia nobilis, 59 Blackberries, pruning of, 112 Botrytis paeoniae, 24 Brandegee, T. S. Plants of Mexico, collected by C. A. Purpus, 80 Brassavola Digbyana, 59 Brassocattleya Veitchii var. “Queen Alexandra,” 59 Brassocattleyas, list of, exchanged for Garden material, 124 ' Brassolaelia, 59 Broussonetia papyrifera, 70 Brown, Mr. D. 8.: gift of plants by, 59; additional gift of orchids by, 113; in his orchid house at Kirk- wood, 60 Bulb show, the indoor, 29; arrange- ment of, 29; flowers in, 29; plan of, 30; view of, 29 Burke, Dr. R. P. Fungi of Montgom- ery Co., Alabama, 17 Bush, B. F. Plants of Missouri, 58 C. Canton Christian College. Plants of China, 72; Plants of southern China, 17 Caryota urens, 60 Cattleya Dusseldorfet var. Undine, 59, 59; intermedia var. alba, 59; Mossiae var. Wageneri, 59; Skin- re var. rg ae Cattleyas, list of, exchanged for ected material, 124 Chewing gum tree, the, 73, 73 Churchill, Hon. Joseph Richmond. Plants of Massachusetts, 80 Cinchona officinalis, 25, 25 : Clemens, Mrs. Joseph. Plants of Oklahoma, 39 Columbus, statue of, in Tower Grove Park, 83, 84, 87; letters from Miller to Shaw concerning, 83, 136, 137 Corn, Mandan, 41 Cornus, pruning of, 110 Currants, pruning of, 112 Cut-flower border in economic garden, 53 Cyathea dealbata, 60; medullaris, 60 Cycads, gift of, by Mr. D. S. Brown, 60 146 Cycas Bellefonti, 60; Micholitzii, 60; revoluta, 60; siamensis, 60 Cypripediums, see Paphiopedilums D. Dasheen, 43 Dasylirion serratifolium, 74, 74 Davis, Rev. John. Ferns, chiefly from United States, 28; Plants of Cali- fornia, 58; Plants of Missouri, South Carolina, ete. 96; Plants of South Carolina, 58 Dendrobium virginale, 59 Dewberries, pruning of, 112 _ Dicksonia antarctica, 60 3 Chamissoi, 60; regalis, 60; squarrosa, 60; * Wendlandi var. Verschaffeltii, 60 Dracaena glomerata, 75; Goldieana, 75; Kindtiana, 75, 75 E. Economic garden, the, 41, 41, 139 Electricity, effect, of, on plants, 97; apparatus used in experiments on, ig 98; investigations on, at Garden, “Electrified” plot, comparison of average plant from check plot with one from, 98 “Electrifier,” description of, 98; used at the Garden, 97 Encephalartos Lehmannii, 60 ; - George, assistance PY chine to Garden by, 128 vergreens, winter in to, at Gardin, 70 my F. bei crops grown in economic garden, Ficus benghalensis, 76, 77 Fischer, Walter. Plants of Argen- tina, 80 Fruit trees: pruning of, 112; trained, srown In economic garden, 52 Fruits, bush, pruning of, 112 G. Shaw in 1858, 130; plat of lands mr buildings left for support of, Gardening, school fc % 1917, @ or, report of, for MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Gates, F. C. Plants of Illinois, 28; Plants of northern Michigan, 28 Gift of plants by Mr. D. S. Brown, 59, 113 Gooseberries, pruning of, 112 _ Gounod, bust of, in Tower Grove Park, 89 Grapes, pruning of, 113 ; Grasses, lawn, grown in economic garden, 46, 47 Gray: bust of, at Garden, 87; as- sistance given by, in founding Garden, 131 Greenman, Milton T. Plants from Door County, Wisconsin, 106 H. Hedges: plants grown for, in eco- nomic garden, 48; pruning of, 110 Heller, A. A. Plants of California, 72 Hemlocks, winter injury to, at Garden, 70 Herbarium, report of, for 1917, 12; distribution of duplicates, 14; field work during 1917, 13; mounting and distribution of specimens, 13; _ new accessions, 12; statistical sum- mary, 15 , Herbs, savory, grown in economic garden, 45, 138; uses, and methods of propagation of, 139 Hippeastrum, 29, 30; culture of, 32; development of, 31; insect pests at- tacking, 32; propagation of, 32 Hippeastrum “Apple Blossom,” 30; aulicum, 31; equestre, 31; John- sonii, 31; Leopoldii, 31; pardinum, 30; psittacinum, 31; Reginae, 31; reticulatum, 31; solandriflorum, 31; vittatum, 31; “White Lady,” 30 Humboldt, statue of, in Tower Grove Park, 82, 83; letters from Miller to Henry Shaw concerning, 135, 136 Hyacinth, 35; forcing of, 36; propa- gation of, 36; of, 36 Hyacinthus orientalis, 36, var. albus, 36 | Hybrid nymphaeas, 90 I. Improvements at Garden during 1917, 3 Iris, 54; collection of, at Garden, 55; culture of, 55; groups of, 54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Iris flavescens, 54; florentina, 54; germanica, 54; hybrida, 54; Kaemp- feri, 55; laevigata, 55; lurida, 54; neglecta, 54; pallida, 54; plicata, 54; sambucina, 54; squalens, 54; Xephoides, 55; Xephium, 55 J. Jérgensen, P. Plants of Argentina, 106 Johnson, A. G. Plants of Switzer- land collected by Miss Rosa Kuhn, 39 Junipers, winter injury to, at Garden, 70 Juno, statue of, at Garden, 88, 88 K. Kentia Brownii, 59 Kerria, pruning of, 110 L. Laeliocattleya, 59 Laeliocattleyas, list of, exchanged for Garden material, 125 Lectures delivered by members of ; staff in 1917, 7 Library, report of, for 1917, 15; Garden publications as a means of exchange, 16; loans of books, 16; reclassification of books, 16; sta- tistical, 16; subject index, 16 Ligustrum amurense, 69; ovalifolium, 69 Lilium candidum, 33; Henryi, 33; longiflorum, 33, var. eximium, 33, var. giganteum, 33; Reginae, 31; speciosum, 33, var. album, 33, var. Melpomene, 33, var. rubrum, 33 Lily, the, 33; forcing of, 34; history of, 33; species of, 33 Linnaeus, bust of, at Garden, 87 Linnean House, 132; showing the busts of Linnaeus, Nuttall, and Gray, 85 Livistona chinensis, 60; moving a specimen of, to the Garden, 61 Lloyd, C. G. Collections of Hymeno- chaete from various localities, 96 M. Macoun, John. Fungi of British Columbia, 28 Macrozamia plumosa, 60 147 Magnolia grandiflora, 70 Medicinal plants grown in economic garden, 48 Miller, Ferdinand, letters of, to Henry Shaw, 83, 134 Mozart, statue of, in Tower Grove Park, 82 Mulberry, paper, see Broussonetia papyrifera - N. Narcissus, 34; eulture of, 35; prin- cipal species of, 35 Narcissus autumnalis major, 30; in- comparabilis, 35; indicus, 30; Jon- quilla, 35; poeticus, 35; Pseudo- Narcissus, 35; Tazetta, 35, var. orientalis, 35, var. papyraceus, 35 Nepenthes, 61 New York Botanical Garden. The- lephoraceae from various localities, 17 Nuttall, bust of, at Garden, 87 Nymphaea castaliiflora, 90, 92; Dau- beniana, 92; “General Pershing,” 90, 91, description of, 91; mi- crantha, 92; “Mrs. Edwards Whitaker,” 90; “Mrs. Woodrow Wilson,” 92, var. gigantea, 92, 93, description of, 94 Nymphaeas, hybrid, 90 O. Orchids: additional gift of, by Mr. D. 8. Brown, 113; gift of, by Mrs. Henry T. Blow, 132; list of, exclud- ing Cypripediums and_ Selen- ipediums, in Garden collection, 61; list of gre Big hanes (Cypri- pediums) and Phragmopedilums (Selenipediums) in Casta acluee. tion, 113 Oreodowa regia, 77 af Paeonia albiflora, 19, 21; anomala, 21,21; arietina, 20, 21,22; Brownii, 22; corallina, 22; decora, 22; Emodii, 22; humilis, 22; lutea, 20; Moutan, 20, 22; officinalis, 19, 20, 21; paradora, 21; peregrina, 21, 22; tenuifolia, 20, 21; Wittmann- iana, 20, 22 Palm: cabbage, see Livistona chinen- sis; date, see Phoenix dactylifera; 148 fish-tail, see Caryota urens; ivory- nut, see Phytelephas macrocarpa ; sago, see Oycas revoluta Palms: gift of, by Mr. D. S. Brown, 59; growth of, 77 aS oe list of, donated by r. D. S. Brown, 113 Paulownia tomentosa, 70 Payson, Edwin B. Plants of Colo- rado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Cali- fornia, 17 Peanut, 42 Peony, the, 19; culture of, 23 ; us disease of, 24; groups of: herbaceous, 20, propagation of, 20, species of, 21; tree, 22, propagation of, 22; varieties of, 25 Perennials, herbaceous, winter protec- tion of, 102 Philodendron pinnatifidum, 74 Phoenia dactylifera, 60 Phragmopedilums, list of, donated by Mr. D. 8S. Brown, 113 Phytelephas macrocarpa, 60 Pinus montana, 70 Potato varieties, results of tests on, 103 Pothos celatocaulis, 74, 74 Privet: Amoor, see Ligustrum amur- ense; California, see Ligustrum ovalifolium Protection, winter, of plants, 100; methods of, 101, 102 ing, 107; essentials of, 107; of street and lawn trees, 107; of shrubs, roses, and vines, 109; of — trees, bush fruits, and grapes, 112 Publications and papers published by the staff and graduate students during 1917, 11 Q. Quinine, 25; methods of obtaining, 26 R. Raspberries pruning of, 112 Research pe instruction, report of, for 1917, 7 ee winter protection of, Rosa blanda, 70; Hugonis, 69; multi- flora, 70, 101; setigera, 70; rugosa, 70, var. alba, 70; Wichuraiana, 101 ¢ sue cabten oas winter in- jury to, ai 69; winter pro- tection of, 101 : : MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Rossini, statue of, in Tower Grove Park, 82 Rufus J. Lackland fellowships, ap- pointments to, for 1917-18, 9 8. Sargent, Dr. C. S. Plants of the Philippine Islands, collected by Aduro and Sabiarya, 80 Selenipediums, see Phragmopedilums Shakespeare, statue of, in Tower Grove Park, 81, 82; letters from Miller to Henry Shaw concerning, 134, 135 Shaw, Henry: tomb of, in the Garden, 81, 88; additional information rela- tive to works of art contributed by, 134 Shaw’s, Henry, contribution to art in St. Louis, 81, 134 Shingle plant, see Pothos celatocaulis Shrubs: list of Asiatic, proven hardy at Garden, 71; pruning of, 109; winter protection of, 101; winter injury to, at Garden, 70 Sophrocattleya, 59 Standley, Paul C. Plants of Florida, collected by Miss Jeanette P. Standley, 17 Statistical information for December, POLIS AT: January, 1918, 28; Feb- ruary, 39; March, 58; April, 72; May, 80; June-August, 95; Septem- eee 106; October, 126; November, 4 Sternbergia lutea, 30 Strelitzia augusta, 74 ai Teosinte, 42 Testing of potato varieties, 103 Tree improperly pruned, 107; same tree properly pruned, 107 Trees, street and lawn, pruning of, 107; winter protection of, 101 Tulip, 37; propagation of the, 37; types of, 37 Tulipa acuminata, 37; 37, var. Dracontia, 37 ; 37; suaveolens, 37 U. Udo, 43 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 149 V. Vegetables grown in economic garden, 43 Verdi, bust of, in Tower Grove Park, 89 Victory, statue of, at Garden, 88, 89 Vines: grown in economic garden, 50, 51; pruning of, 111 W. Wagner, bust of, at Tower Grove Park, 89 War, etfect of, at the Garden, 77 Winter injury to plants in the Garden, 69 Winter protection of plants, 100 Dg Yucca filamentosa, 74