MussouRI IBOTANICAL GARDEN |BULLETIN VOLUME XIV WITH 42 PLATES 1926 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST, BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE NUMBER TEN CENTS MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN LIBRARY MussourR! BOTANICAL GARDEN [BULLETIN Vol. XIV JANUARY, 1926 No: 1 » CONTENTS . age Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the Director. ... . 1 Statistical Information: “2.03037 Ge iw Sea Ss 28 ST. LOUIS, MO. 1926 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR , SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL. MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF PERPETUATING President EDWARDS WHITAKER. Vice-President EDWARD C., ELIOT. Second Vice-President GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK. SAMUEL C. DAVIS. A, C, F. Mayer. THomMAs 8S. MAFFITT. Puinie C. SCANLAN, EpWARD MALLINCKRODT. JOHN F. SHEPLEY. 3 EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS . Henry F.. FAHRENKROG, FREDERICK F’, JOHNSON, President of the Board ot Education ‘Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri of St. Louis Herprmt §. Hapiey, Vicror J. MILirr, Chancellor of Washington University Mayor of the City ot St. Louis Grorer T. Moors, President of The Academy of Science of St. Louis ie PLATE 1926. ’ ]4 BuLL., VOL. ARD. G Bor. Mo. — a es Se tae EXTENSION. GRAY'S SUMMIT ROOK, \ND RAVINE Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XIV JANUARY, 1926 No. 1 THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR Gentlemen : I have the honor to submit herewith the thirty-seventh an- nual report of the Director, The year 1925 may be properly regarded as an epoch- making one for the Missouri Botanical Garden. The acquisi- tion of the long-contemplated site for an out-of-town exten- sion would be of itself sufficient to mark the year as a not- able one; while the settlement of the two-hundred-foot strip controversy and various other additions or improvements combine to insure the continued usefulness and success of an institution which has in the past made a notable record for service, not only locally, but nationally and throughout the world. The annual reports of the Director are by tradi- tion nothing more than an account of the achievements of the year past, but in view of the record for 1925 it may be permissible, without attempting to prophesy, to indulge in some hopes for the future. Out-of-town Extension to the Garden.—In the annual re- ports for the past several years the desirability and neces- sity of securing an additional location which would provide conditions suitable for the growing of plants, no longer ob- tainable within the city, has been sufficiently commented upon. Permission having been obtained from the Court to dispose of the unimproved land west of the Garden, and enough lots of this subdivision having been sold to insure a revenue sufficient to provide an out-of-town location without cur- tailing the revenue available for the maintenance of the original Garden, a careful survey was made of all the pos- (1) 2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN sible locations within a reasonable distance from St. Louis. The requirements for the new extension were exacting, in- eluding not only a situation which would lend itself to the growing of every kind of tree and plant hardy in this vicinity, but it was also desirable that there be already rep- resented a sufficiently large proportion of the local flora so that a good start would already have been made towards securing the natural effect desired. In view of the fact that it is contemplated that many of the plants grown at the new location are to be transported for exhibition to the city Garden, it was absolutely necessary that the new site be located on a good road, and many other factors, such as an adequate water supply, isolation from adjoining tracts which ultimately might be developed in a way detrimental to the Garden, variety in soils and topography, presence of building material, such as rock, gravel and sand, reasonable price, ete., all had to be taken into consideration. After more than a year spent in investigating various properties, a tract was located, near Gray’s Summit, agere- gating 1300 acres. This consisted of five separate farms, thirty-eight miles from St. Louis on the Manchester Road, and seemed to meet to an unusual degree all requirements. This land is bounded on three sides by public roads and with a frontage of about two miles on the Meramec River, thus being well cut off from adjoining property. ‘The contour of the ground combines broad level expanses and hilly areas having north, south, east and west exposures. The soil in- eludes clay loam, sandy loam, black bottom land, with lime- stone bluffs along the river. There is an unlimited supply of rock, gravel, and sand on the place. Thousands of na- tive cedars cover the limestone hills, and the intervening ravines are filled with wild flowers. Over fifty kinds of native trees grow here, and although the list is by no means complete, over 500 different kinds of plants have been listed, some of them so rare that this is practically the only loca- tion known for them in the state. While the tract is a little further from St. Louis than was at first contemplated, the fact that the concrete road passing the place will soon be eompleted makes it more accessible by automobile than the original Garden was to the citizens of St. Louis at the time it was laid out by Mr. Shaw. The bus line from Union and Washington, Mo., to St. Louis, now passes the place, and 96 61 ‘FT "IO A ‘ory r Ing ‘duvVy “LOg ‘OI, EXTENSION. SUMMIT GRAY’S TR, RIVE Cc * 4 NE CLIFFS ALONG MERAME ST LIME Mo. Bo GARD. BULL., VOL. 14 " 1926. PLATE 3, * ‘* S20" eee ts EXTENSION. SUMMIT GRAY’S PROBERY 5 EVERGREEN NI MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 the Missouri Pacific Railroad station is located about a mile away. The more familiar we become with this location the more ideal it seems for the various purposes for which it is to be used, and it is confidently believed that, taking every- thing into consideration, we have succeeded in securing an extension to the Garden which meets every present need and every future one which can possibly be foreseen. The pur- chase of the main portion of the tract was made last March and an additional area of about ninety acres was bought in November. No additions to this area are contemplated, since it would seem that we have quite everything necessary to take care of the future plans or developments for many years to come. One of the pressing reasons for securing an out-of-town location was the necessity of being able to grow the Garden’s magnificent collection of orchids away from the detrimental influence of a city atmosphere. Consequently one of the first things done after the purchase of the property was to contract for a range of greenhouses sufficiently large to ac- commodate these plants. This range, consisting of eight houses 100 feet long by 27 feet wide, an accompanying heat- ing plant and a connecting head house, is practically com- pleted. The benches in these houses, instead of being of the ordinary type, are constructed to hold water of a sufficient depth to grow water-lilies, thus enabling us to increase very greatly the facilities for propagating these plants. At the same time there is provided a water surface from which evaporation will assist in maintaining the moist atmosphere so desirable in the growing of orchids. An improved method of shading has been devised for these houses which it is believed will make it easier to carry the orchids through the summer. Provision has also been made for storing all the rain-water from the greenhouses in a concrete reservoir. This will have a capacity of 150,000 gallons. As a supplement to this rain-water supply a natural reservoir with a capacity of about 6,000,000 gallons has been built in the general proxi- mity of the greenhouses. This lake has a drainage area of about eighty acres and, owing to the excessive rains during the fall, is now nearly full. When filled it will cover an area of about six acres and will afford a pleasing element in the landscaping of that part of the Garden. A cottage for the man who will be in charge of the green- 4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN houses is also under construction, and by early spring this part of the extension will be in operation, Early last spring a start was made toward the develop- ment of a large nursery. Seed-beds were prepared and a quantity of seeds, chiefly from China and Austria, were planted. This fall some 3,000 evergreens in about 25 va- rieties were also planted out. Many of these will be of suffi- cient size within a year or two to be placed in a permanent position. A large collection of evergreens and deciduous plants was obtained from the Arnold Arboretum through the generosity of Professor C. S. Sargent. Included in this gift are many rare trees and shrubs not hitherto grown in this region, many of which will undoubtedly prove to be most valuable additions to the plants suitable for outside use in the vicinity of St, Louis. One of the ravines which was par- ticularly well adapted for the growing of wild flowers has been planted with about 14,000 bulbs and roots of native plants, such as eypripediums, lilies, ete, which, while onee appearing in the loeal flora, have long since been extermi- nated. A preliminary survey of the entire tract has been made and during the coming year this will be supplemented by several special surveys, including the laying out of roads and the development of areas for a pinetum, a nut orchard, a fruit orchard, and other features designed to fit into a complete and comprehensive scheme which should be em- braced in a garden of this character. Settlement of the Two-hundred-foot Strip Matter—At the time Henry Shaw presented Tower Grove Park to the City of St. Louis he reserved a strip 200 feet wide all around the park which was to be divided into lots, and these lots leased to those desiring to erect thereon suitable dwellings. The entire revenue derived from leasing this land was to be paid to the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden as one of the means of supporting this institution. With the exception of the first few years after Mr. Shaw’s death, when a few hundred dollars was received from mar- ket gardeners, the Garden has never had any income from this property. It seemed to be the general consensus of opin- ion that the land could not be leased for the purpose indi- eated by Mr. Shaw, and in an effort to arrive at some solu- tion of the problem the matter was carried through the lower 4 PLATE VIEW LG THE BAS; GRAY’S SUMMIT EXTENSION. BIRD’'S-EYE VIEW OF LEFT NORTHERN PORTION OF CORNER, GRAY’S SUMMIT FARM HOUSES, CENTER. EXTENSION. GREENHOUSES, “LOG ‘OJ “duvy TOA “ITA OL FL G 9 ‘g MLV Iq MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 courts to the Supreme Court of Missouri, from which, in April, 1914, a decision was handed down. This decision held that it was the duty of the City of St. Louis to make an attempt to lease this property and to turn over to the Mis- souri Botanical Garden any of the rentals that might be re- ceived. In spite of this decree and numerous conferences held between representatives of the City and the Trustees of the Garden, no satisfactory solution of the various prob- lems involved was reached until this year. It had long been recognized by the Board of Commissioners of Tower Grove Park that the erection of houses on the two-hundred-foot strip would seriously curtail the benefits of the park to the public, and all parties concerned were anxious to preserve the ex- isting area for playgrounds and recreation purposes and yet at the same time provide for possible additional revenue for the Missouri Botanical Garden. Mr. Shaw clearly anticipated that the income from the estate would not continue indefinitely to maintain the Gar- den according to the plans set forth in his will and hoped that the revenue from the two-hundred-foot strip would, in a measure at least, make up the deficit. Recognizing that any money derived from this land would be spent for the benefit of the citizens of St. Louis in augmenting the edu- cational and recreational features of the Garden, and like- wise believing that the present area of Tower Grove Park should not in any way be restricted, an ordinance authoriz- ing the Mayor and Comptroller, on behalf of the City of St. Louis, to acquire the interest and claims of the Missouri Botanical Garden was passed and received the approval of the Mayor on April 18. This ordinance further provided that the sum of $500,000, payable $50,000 in cash and the remainder in nine equal annual payments bearing interest at 5 per cent per annum was to be appropriated for this purpose. After this ordinance became effective, pleadings were prepared and presented to the Cireuit Court. These included the answer of the Attorney General, the answer of the Board of Commissioners of Tower Grove Park, the answer of the City of St. Louis, and the answer of certain ex-officio members of the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. On June 24 a decree was issued by the Cireuit Court authorizing the Trustees of the Garden to convey the rights and interests which they had in the two- 6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN hundred-foot strip to the City of St, Louis for the amount and on the terms named above. Thus after a lapse of a period of nearly half a century this somewhat vexatious ques- tion has been amicably settled in probably as satisfactory a manner to all parties concerned as was possible. The following editorial from the St. Louis Globe-Demoerat so completely embodies the general attitude of the press and the public concerning the Garden and the two-hundred-foot strip that it is reproduced in full: SQUARE DEAL FOR HENRY SHAW. Many years ago Henry Shaw gave Tower Grove Park to the city and created Shaw’s Garden for the perpetual benefit of the people of St. Louis. The one was an outright gift; the other was placed in the hands of a Board of Trustees to operate it in the public interest and to carry out the design of its founder to establish and conduct a great botanical garden which should be comparable with that world-famous garden at Kew, England, which had aroused the admiration of Mr. Shaw in his youth in that country. He wanted his city and his adopted country to have such a garden as that, and he left a large estate to provide for its maintenance. His vision has long been realized, and his garden has contributed more to the fame of St. Louis throughout the earth than any other of the city’s institutions. Indeed, there are many in foreign lands who have heard of Shaw’s Garden who have never heard of St. Louis. Its celebrity is greater than the city. And for this great institution neither the city nor the people have ever paid a dollar. The park has been maintained from the public treasury, but the gar- den has been maintained continuously from the private re- sources provided for in Mr. Shaw’s will. Yet its great attractions and benefits have ever been free to the people of St. Louis. But that is not all. The garden has had to pay the city continuously for the privilege of existence. Deriving no revenue itself from the city or the people, it has had to contribute a large revenue to the public treasury. Over one- fourth of its gross income from the property of the estate, upon which it must depend for the maintenance of the garden, goes annually to the city in general taxes, and it has paid to the city, since the death of Mr. Shaw, over a million and a half dollars in special and general taxes. In addition to taxes the garden is required to pay the city for all water used, for building permits, boiler and scale inspec- tion, licenses, and every other charge that the city levies upon private enterprises generally. Where in the world is PLATE 6. Garp. BuLL., Vou. 14, 1926. Mo. Bor. ORCHID RANGE OF FIGHT GREENHOUSES WITH CONNECTING HEAD HOUSE, GRAY’S SUMMIT EXTENSION. GARDENER’S COTTAGE, NORTH HALF OF ORCHID RANGE, AND HEATING PLANT, GRAY’S SUMMIT EXTENSION. eee se ck MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5) there a public benefaction of that magnitude and character that is so penalized by the government under which it exists? Yet the garden has never asked to be relieved of these charges, nor has it ever asked for any assistance from the city or the people. But it has been continuously growing in value, and in the variety and extent of its usefulness, while it has had to meet the increasing costs of operation that have come in recent years to all enterprises, public or private. Its present income, with these heavy charges, will not permit it to continue its high standards and provide for its necessary growth. Yet it must live within its in- come. It follows that additional income must be provided. It has two sources of additional income available, one which it can draw upon on its own motion, the other de- pendent upon the settlement of a long-standing obligation by the city. The first is by charging admission to the garden. Mr. Shaw’s will contains the provision that if sufficient funds are not available for the maintenance of the garden an entrance fee may be required of visitors. That provision has never been applied. The trustees do not want to apply it. The other source of revenue is the payment by the city of rental for the 200-foot strip around Tower Grove Park which Mr. Shaw anticipated would be leased for residence purposes and thereby add to the revenue of the garden. That land, which does not belong to the city, has long been incorporated with the park. The city in effect has con- fiscated it, and has for years declined to come to any agree- ment for compensation for its use. Whether the city should now restore it to the garden for the uses originally in- tended, or whether it should pay the garden a reasonable rental for it, is not now essentially material. The point is that the city has for many years used it and continues to use it as its own, that the garden is justly entitled to a fair revenue from this land, and that the city should pay it. The failure to do so is a grave injustice and gross ingrati- tude to a great civic benefactor and a great civic benefaction. At the very least Henry Shaw is entitled to a square deal from the city for which he has done so much. Construction and Repair Work.—Two important items of construction have been taken care of during the past year. One was the building of five hundred feet of concrete tunnel to house a part of the heating pipes running from the palm house to the buildings in the south end of the Garden. These pipes, although originally laid in insulated tile in the ground, had deteriorated rather rapidly, and experience of the previ- ous winter indicated that something radical would have to be done in order to prevent a break-down in the system. The tunnel already constructed takes care of the lengths 8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN of pipe needing immediate attention, but it is hoped that during the next year or two the remainder of the system may likewise be included in a conerete tunnel so that all the underground pipes in the Garden may be readily accessible. The other important item attended to was the resurfacing of all the walks in the Garden. While these walks have good foundations, the surface of crushed limestone has never proved entirely satisfactory. After heavy rains or when the frost is coming out of the ground they are apt to be muddy, and on days when large crowds attended special shows the surface of the walks was so cut up that much time and labor had to be spent in repairing them. During the summer all of the walks were brought to proper grade with erushed limestone and treated with oil and tarvia, with a final surface of torpedo gravel. Experience thus far would indicate that the problem had been satisfactorily solved and that trouble from this source was now entirely eliminated. The aquaria in the aroid house have been removed and the aleoves built up with porous rock so that they ean now be used for minor displays of orchids and other attractive plants which would not normally be included in one of the regular flower shows. The hot-water heater at the boiler house was rebuilt and various other repairs in connection with the heating plant attended to. More than the usual amount of painting and glazing was done, including the replacement of certain parts of the glass roof and sides in the palm and fern house with galvanized iron. It has been found that this does not inter- fere with the growing of plants and does prevent consider- able breakage due to sliding snow and iee. New sectional stages were devised for use in the floral display house and many other minor matters of construction and repairs at- tended to. Outdoor Planting—The grading along Alfred and Shaw Avenues incident to the improvements in this part of the Garden has made it possible to do a considerable amount of permanent planting at the northern and western boun- daries of the Garden. A large number of trees and shrubs, all from our own nursery, have been established here, and over five hundred trees were set out in other parts of the 8. PLATE = r= BULLAaO Viol. tD. GAI Bor. Mo. VIEW ACROSS WOODED AREA, GRAY’S SUMMIT EXTENSION. ARTIFICIAL LAKE, GRAY’S SUMMIT EXTENSION. ‘OWN IVE) Log y Q ‘d “OA “TIA GL ‘Fl G 9 ALV'T,| ‘6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 Garden. The removal of the Magnolia grandiflora from the grounds of Mr. Leonard Matthews, which tree was presented to the Garden by Mr. Matthews several years ago, was suc- cessfully accomplished. This is by far the largest and finest specimen of this rare tree to be found in St. Louis and it is hoped, with all the precautions taken, that it may thrive in its new location. As a culmination of five years’ experiment with various grasses it was decided that creeping bent is the type best adapted for lawns in this region. As a consequence, this grass, obtained from our own nurseries, has been used to re- place the unsatisfactory growth between the main gate and the palm house and it is the intention to extend gradually the use of ereeping bent in all the important lawns of the Gar- den. The subject was treated at length in the September, 1925, BULLETIN. Flower Shows.—The usual floral displays have been held throughout the year. On account of the flowering of the Colombian orchids, brought to the Garden the previous year, the orchid show was the best that has ever been put on. The spring flower show of begonias, standard roses, forced iris, ete., attracted unusual attention and by some was regarded as the most beautiful show of the year. In May the Garden Club of St. Louis held its show, but the dahlia show sched- uled for October was omitted because of the unfavorable weather which prevented the maturing of these flowers. The November chrysanthemum show was nearly three weeks late owing to the dark, rainy weather of the previous month, but in spite of this fact came up to the average. The show was followed by the display of red, pink, and white poinsettias which for several years have been staged at about Christ- mas time. Additions to the collections of blooming plants include 160 named varieties of iris from the New York Botanical Garden, as well as forty new varieties of Japanese iris pur- chased, and forty-five varieties of rare camellias, the pick of the European markets, deposited at the Garden by the D. Hill Nursery Co. From Europe, besides valuable dona- tions from Kew and Glasnevin, a considerable number of hybrid orchids were purchased by Mr. Pring on his trip abroad last summer. ped) P 10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Because of the great publicity which the Garden has re- ceived during recent years through its orchid collection, a special request was received from the management of the National Flower Show held in Kansas City in March that we exhibit orchids on this occasion. Special erates were de- signed and built at the Garden in which some 300 orchids in full bloom were shipped to Kansas City and return with- out damage. The exhibition, though small, attracted a great jeal of attention and received the gold medal awarded by the Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horti- culturists, as well as the gold medal of the American Orchid Society. This Society also awarded the Garden a silver medal for the collection of eypripediums shown. School for Gardening—Miss Edith Mason and Miss Kath- erine Perkins completed the regular three-year course and were awarded certificates in June, 1925. Mr. H. E. White, having decided to specialize in purely horticultural lines, transferred his credits to Purdue University. An account of his researches on poinsettias appeared recently in the BuLLetTIn. Three new students registered this fall, but as in the past few years, the main energies of the school have been devoted to the training of disabled soldiers under the auspices of the U. S. Veterans’ Bureau. Four of these men completed their work during the year and all have been placed in positions. Five vocational students are still reg- istered in the school and will finish their training, so far as the Garden is concerned, in June, 1926, when the assistance rendered by the Veterans’ Bureau will terminate. The dis- continuance of this vocational work by the Veterans’ Bu- reau will enable us to bring about the long-contemplated reorganization of the school next fall. Annual Bequests—The unique bequests of Mr. Shaw set- ting aside funds for the entertainment of distinguished vis- itors, as well as for the Trustees and members of the Garden force, have made it possible for the Garden to extend its hospitality to two national organizations. In May the mem- bers of the American Museums Association, which included the directors of natural history, art, and educational museums throughout this country, were entertained at luncheon and conducted through the Garden. On December 27 delegates on their way to the meeting of the American Association for MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 the Advancement of Science, in Kansas City, spent the day at the Garden. ‘The library, herbarium, and _ laboratories were open to inspection, and many of the visitors availed themselves of the opportunity to consult these important research facilities of the Garden. Demonstrations of some of the scientific work in progress were made. Luncheon was served at the Garden, and after a dinner in the evening the delegates were transported to the station and took train for Kansas City. The annual flower sermon, provided for in the will of Mr. Shaw, was preached at Christ Chureh Cathedral by the Rev. Harry P. Nichols, D. D., of New York City. The bequest provided by Mr. Shaw for ‘‘premiums or prizes at a flower show or exhibition’’ was participated in by the Garden Club of St. Louis, being used for prizes awarded at the show in May, RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION During 1925 the experimental projects under investigation have been greatly diversified. Studies on variegation and mosaic diseases have continued, and there is being attempted the establishment of a collection of living material represent- ing such an assortment of ‘‘decorative’’ variegations as will serve for consecutive investigation of the nature and rela- tions of these variations. Numerous fundamental and prac- tical problems in the direction of the physiology, cytology, pathology, and genetics of such material await attention. The general significance of ‘‘virus diseases’’ of plants is still unsettled, and the best approach to a general understanding of this class of infectious agencies is thought to be through such readily transferable and typically active diseases as the mosaic disease of tobacco and tomato. Other projects include special phases of physiological path- ology, methods of nitrogen analyses, the effects of conditions on the absorption and exosmosis of ions by roots, certain re- lations of the bacteria, investigation of the subterranean algal flora, statistical study of the smoke content of the St. Louis air, and development of the method of growing orchid seed- lings. For the first semester there are being offered the usual research courses in physiology, morphology, and tax- es ee - ae 12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN onomy, with broader relations, especially in pathology, bae- teriology, and horticulture. The equipment for research is constantly being added to, especially in the direction of physical-chemical apparatus; and with the natural development of the demand for oppor- tunities to undertake fundamental experimental study, on the part of young investigators, the need of a building adapt- ed primarily for research purposes is becoming increasingly urgent. Published Articles—During the past year five numbers of the Annals, a quarterly journal of scientific research, have appeared or are in press, including No. 4 of Volume XI, and Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 of Volume XII. The articles appearing in these issues are as follows: Zeller, S. M., and C. W. Dodge, ‘‘Leucogaster and Leu- cophlebs in North America.’’ Vol. XI, pp. 389-410. 1924. Harris, J. Arthur, ‘‘Variation and Correlation in the In- florescenee of Manfreda virginica.’’ Vol. XI, pp. 411-459. 1924. Epling, Carl C., ‘‘Monograph of the Genus Monardella.”’ Vol. XII, pp. 1-106. 1925. Epling, Carl C., ‘‘Studies on South American Labiatae.”’ Vol. XII, pp. 107-132. 1925. Young, H. C., ‘Colloidal Sulphur as a Spray Material.’’ Vol. XII, pp. 133-143. 1925. Howard, Grace E., ‘‘Pigment Studies With Special Refer- ence to Carotinoids in Fruits.’’ Vol. XII, pp. 145-212. 1925. Burt, E. A., ‘‘The Thelephoraceae of North America. XIV.’’ Vol. XII, pp. 213-357. 1925. Tisdale, L. E., ‘Colloidal Sulphur: Preparation and Tox- icity.”’ Vol. XII, in press. Duggar, B. M., and Joanne Karrer Armstrong, ‘‘The Effect of Treating the Virus of Tobaceo Mosaic With the Juices of Various Plants.’’ Vol. XII, in press. Ranker, E. R., ‘‘Determination of Total Nitrogen in Plants and Plant Solutions.’’ Vol. XII, in press. Scientific and Popular Lectures and Papers—During the year a number of lectures have been delivered or papers read on scientific and popular topics by members of the scientific MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 and Garden staffs to special audiences as follows: B. M. Duggar, January 1, before the Botanical Society of America, presidential address, ‘‘Physiology in the Service of Pathology.’’ Hermann von Schrenk, January 13, before the New Eng- land Railroad Club, at the Copley-Plaza Hotel, Boston, ‘*Preservation of Forest Preduets.”’ Hermann von Schrenk, January 19, before the Southern Conservation Congress, Little Rock, Ark., ‘‘ Forest Conser- vation from the Standpoint of the Consumer.”’ Hermann von Schrenk, January 30, Jane Aldred Lecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., ‘‘Forestry, Pathology, and Engineering.’’ ~ B. M. Duggar, February 16, before the Washington Uni- versity chapter of Sigma Xi, on ‘‘The Behaviour of the Causal Ageney in Certain Plant Virus Diseases.’’ Edgar Anderson, March 10, before the Izaak Walton League of Webster Groves, ‘‘Metropolitan Parks.”’ George T. Moore, March 13, before the St. Louis Business and Professional Women’s Club, at Second Presbyterian Church, ‘‘Cultivating a Garden.’’ Edgar Anderson, March 15, before St. Andrews Brother- hood, ‘‘The Life of the Bumblebee.’’ George T. Moore, March 26, before the St. Louis Woman’s Club, ‘‘What Goes On in the Soil.’’ G. H, Pring, March 28, at Cleveland Flower Show, ‘‘Cul- tivating and Collecting Orchids.’’ J. M. Greenman, April 1, before the Phi Sigma of Washington University, ‘‘Botanical Observations in Central America.’’ Edgar Anderson, April 14, before the Parent-Teachers’ Association of the Loeust Grove School, ‘‘Forestry.’’ George T. Moore, April 16, before the members of the Women’s Chamber of Commerce, as part of the City Beau- tiful program, ‘‘ Lawns and Flowers.’’ George T, Moore, April 21, before the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, ‘‘What Good Is a Botanical Garden ?”’ George T. Moore, April 24, before the American Philo- sophieal Society, Philadelphia, ‘‘The Subterranean Algal Flora,’’ and ‘‘ Analysis of the Smoke Pollution of the Air of a Large City by Means of the Owen Automatic Filter.”’ Hermann von Sehrenk, April 30, before the Canadian In- 14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN stitute of Engineers, at Montreal, ‘‘Timber Preservation. ’’ B. M. Duggar, April 30, before the scientific staff of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, ‘‘Some Principles in Research.’’ George T. Moore, May 1, before the Sales Managers’ Bu- reau of the Chamber of Commerce, ‘‘Conservation of Forests and Natural Resources.’’ George T. Moore, July 6-10, delivered a series of lectures on botanical subjects at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory of the Western State College of Colorado, at Gunnison, Colorado. B, M. Duggar, August 25, before Rotary Club of West Chester, Pennsylvania, ‘‘Promotion of Research in Agricul- ture by the National Research Council.’’ G. H. Pring, September 18, before the St. Louis Greens Committee at the Algonquin Club, ‘‘Grasses for St. Louis.’’ George T. Moore, September 22, before the Northern Nut Growers’ Association convention at St. Louis, ‘‘Environmen- tal Requirements of Nut Trees.’’ G. H. Pring, November 3, before the Men’s Club of the Clifton Heights Presbyterian Church, ‘‘The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, England.’’ G. H. Pring, November 16, before the Florists’ Club, “Towa State Flower Show.’’ George T’. Moore, December 10, before the St. Louis Flor- ists’ Club, ‘‘Relations Between the Garden and the Florists.’ B. M. Duggar, December 29, before the Botanical Society of America, ‘‘The International Congress of Plant Sciences.’’ G. H. Pring has given his lecture, ‘*Colleeting Orchids in South America,’’ before the following audiences: Electrical Board of Trade, January 20; the Brotherhood of St. Paul Evangelical Church, February 11; Springfield Garden Club, Springfield, Hlinois, February 24; Men’s Club of the Clifton Heights Presbyterian Chureh, March 3; Peabody School Patrons’ Association, March 11; the pupils of the Harris Teachers’ College, March 11; Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, November 5; the Kirkwood Garden Club, Kirkwood, Mis- souri, November 13; the Traffie Club, November 16; the i lla ade Association of the Clinton School, Decem- er 3. Other Outside Scientific Activities —Since the present is rather conspicuously a period of cooperation and reorgani- zation in research and research agencies the members of the ae ee) MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 scientific staff have contributed time and effort, as far as seemed desirable and practicable, to the general develop- ments in botanical science. Accordingly, various scientifie meetings have been attended—often with the presentation of papers or reports—and offices of responsibility have been held in representative societies or associations. Some of these activities may be listed as follows: George T. Moore and B. M. Duggar attended the meeting of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, April 24-25, 1925, the former presenting two papers. George T. Moore, B. M. Duggar, Edgar Anderson, Everett F. Davis, Elva Pumphrey (Mrs. H. M.) Miller, E, R. Ranker, and Fannie Fern Smith attended the meeting of the Ameri- ean Association for the Advancement of Science and affili- ated societies, at Kansas City, December 28-31. Participation in the work of organization of the Interna- tional Congress of Plant Sciences, to be held at Ithaca, New York, August, 1926, has been effected through the activities of B. M. Duggar as chairman of this committee and of George T. Moore as treasurer of the Congress. ‘The former also at- tended a meeting of the committee at Ithaca, New York, September 17. Hermann von Schrenk has continued to serve as president of the Missouri Forestry Association. B. M. Duggar and J. M. Greenman have edited respec- tively the sections ‘‘Physiology’’ and ‘‘Taxonomy of Vas- cular Plants’’ in ‘‘ Botanical Abstracts.”’ As Chairman of the Division of Biology and Agriculture of the National Research Council, B. M. Duggar spent the major part of the summer—July—September—at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where the summer office of the Division is maintained. B. M. Duggar has continued to serve as secretary of the Union of American Biological Societies, George T. Moore was re-elected a member of the Commit- tee of One Hundred on Scientific Research, and has continued to act as Vice-President of the American Orchid Society. Graduates, Fellows, and Investigators —The experimental research, as heretofore, has been conducted by members of the scientific staff of the Garden, graduate students regis- tered as candidates for degrees in the Henry Shaw School A hye 16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN of Botany of Washington University, and special research assistants or investigators engaged upon co-operative or inde- pendent investigations. Graduate Students—During the calendar year the follow- ing graduate students have been in residence: Dorothy M. Anderson (Mrs. Edgar), formerly teaching fellow; Walter J. Bach, formerly Lackland Research Fellow; Everett Fogg Davis, instructor in ‘Washington University; Myrtle E. Grenzebach, formerly teaching fellow, Washington Univer- sity; Meta Gummersheimer; C, KE. Kobuski; Elva Pumphrey Miller (Mrs. Harry M.), formerly teaching fellow; Emery R. Ranker; Fannie Fern Smith; L. E. Tisdale, formerly Crop Protection Institute Fellow; Esther L. Larsen; J. Paul Reeves; D. C. Neal; T, Fukushi, professor of botany at the Agricultural College, Tottori, Japan. Rufus J. Lackland Fellows.—Holders of these fellowships for the academic year, 1925-1926, are as follows: Clarence Emmeren Kobuski, B.S. Cornell University, M.S. Washing- ton University, 1925, reappointed second year; Emery R. Ranker, B.S. and M.S. Utah Agricultural College, Assist- ant, Department of Horticulture, Utah Agricultural College, reappointed second year; David Carleton Neal, B.S. Missis- sippi A. & M. College, M. S, Washington University, who held a Lackland Fellowship in 1916-17, and now holds the position of professor of plant pathology and pathologist to the Mississippi State Plant Board and Agricultural Experi- ment Station, A. & M, College, Mississippi, has been re- appointed to a Lackland Fellowship and also holds a special fellowship from the American Fertilizer Association; Fanny Fern Smith, B.S. and M.S. Washington University, reap- pointed third year. Teaching Fellows—During 1924-25, Myrle E. Grelineb ach, A.B. Oberlin College; Elva Pumphrey Miller (Mrs, Harry M.), A.B. and M.S. Ohio Wesleyan University, Graduate Assistant, University of Illinois, Research Assistant 1925- 1926. During 1925-1926, Esther L. Larsen, A. B. University of Montana; and J. Paul Reeves, A. B. State Teachers’ Col- lege, Peru, Nebraska. Degrees and Assignments.—At the commencement of Wash- ington University, June 12, 1925, degrees were conferred MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17 upon students in the graduate laboratory of the Garden as follows: Master of Science, Myrle E. Grenzebach, Teaching Fellow (thesis topic ‘‘A Revision of the Genus Bouchea [Exclusive of Chascanum]’’) ; Meta Gummersheimer (thesis topic ‘‘Cell Proliferation and Growth Stimulation in Certain Tissues of Plants’’); Clarence E. Kobuski, Lackland Re- search Fellow (thesis topic, ‘‘Revision of the Genus Priva’’). HERBARIUM The herbarium has maintained an average growth during the past year, although the total number of specimens ac- quired is somewhat smaller than it was in 1924, This is due to the fact that no single large collection or private herba- rium was obtained during the year. The new material ac- quired represents a wide geographical range, and substan- tially augments the general herbarium, not only in North American plants, but in a comparatively large number of exotics, thus greatly increasing the value of the herbarium for comparative studies. Several units of steel cases were installed during the year. These cases conform to the type of herbarium cases previ- ously installed, but are specially designed with adjustable shelves to accommodate the pine-cone collection of the Engel- mann Herbarium and the rapidly growing fruit and wood collections which are too bulky to mount on standard herba- rium sheets. New Accessions.—The more noteworthy individual collec- tions which have been added during the year are the follow- ing: Cyril Allen, 160 plants of Colombia; Arnold Arbor- etum, 1026 plants of North America, collected by E. J. Palmer; E. Bartholomew, 200 North American fungi; Bo- tanie Garden, University of Cluj, by Dr. Al. Borza, 200 plants of Roumania; Botanical Garden, Leningrad, Russia, by Professor Boris Fedtschenko, 336 plants of central Asia, Turkestan, Transeaspian region, and Brazil; W. E. Broad- way, 400 plants of Trinidad & Tobago; B. F. Bush, 191 plants of Missouri; Canton Christian College, 176 plants of Hainan, China, collected by F. A. McClure; Mrs. Agnes Chase, 268 plants of Brazil; Hon. Joseph R. Churchill, 31 plants of Virginia; Professor J. A. Drushel, 70 plants of ae 18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the United States; D. Lewis Dutton, 405 plants of Vermont ; Dr, Carl C. Epling, 90 plants of California and Idaho; George L. Fisher, 207 plants of Mexico; Herbert C. Hanson, 390 plants of Arizona; Professor L. F. Henderson, 669 plants of Oregon; John M. Holzinger, 25 mosses of North America; C. E. Kobuski, 84 plants of New York; G. K. Merrill, 50 lichens of the United States; Dr, E. B. Payson, 22 plants of Colorado and Utah; Dr. Morten P. Porsild, 104 plants of Greenland; Miss Christine Fredrika Posse, 51 plants of New Mexico; George H. Pring, 236 plants of England; Robert Ridgway, 156 plants of Illinois; Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, 191 plants mainly from Switzerland; Dr. F. L. Stevens, 156 fungi from Central America and British Guiana; United States National Museum, 493 plants chiefly from North America, Mexico, and Central America; Dr. I. Urban, 47 plants from West Indies; Th. Oswald Weigel, 300 plants of Argentina collected by W. Lossen; Dr. E. Werdermann, 376 plants of Chile; Kirk Whited, 196 plants of Alaska. Numer- ous smaller collections have been received from correspond- ents and friends of the Garden, which have been recorded in current numbers of the BULLETIN. Mounting and Distribution—Nearly 10,000 specimens have been mounted and distributed in the herbarium during the fiscal year. Field Work.—Field work has been continued in the vicin- ity of St. Louis during the year as time permitted. Local botanists and friends of the Garden have contributed numer- ous native plants of special interest. The effective field work earried on in Colombia, South America, in 1924, by Mr. Cyril Allen was continued in 1925, and a substantial collec- tion of vascular plants was obtained by him in the Magdalena River Valley of Colombia. Owing to unusually heavy rains and a prolonged wet season, travel in Colombia during the past season was rendered exceedingly difficult and progress to the higher altitudes was seriously delayed. The enforced delay in the low country brought on acute malaria, resulting in Mr. Allen’s untimely death in the spring of 1925. Special arrangements were made whereby Mrs. Agnes Chase of the United States Department of Agriculture was commissioned to collect certain groups of plants for the Missouri Botanical Garden during her recent botanical expedition to Brazil. As MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 a result the Garden has secured an interesting and valuable series of Compositae from southeastern Brazil. Exchanges.—Several important series of herbarium speci- mens have been received from institutions with which the Garden maintains exchange relations, and from individual correspondents. A comparatively small number of dupli- cate herbarium specimens has been distributed during the year. Use of the Herbarium by Outside Botanists. — The past year has brought an increased number of visiting botanists to consult the herbarium. Several loans of specimens have been made to institutions in different parts of the country for comparison and study by specialists; loans have also been made to the Garden for the benefit of those pursuing a de- tailed study of special groups of plants. In all eases, this interchange of material has been mutually advantageous and has furthered the opportunity for critical study and mono- graphic research. The recent publication in the ANNALS OF THE Missourrt BoraNnicAL GARDEN of a ‘‘Monograph of the Genus Monardella’’ by Dr. Carl Clawson Epling, and ‘‘Studies on South American Labiatae. I’’ by the same author, being the results of work carried on primarily at the Garden, has resulted in augmenting substantially the her- barium representation of the genera concerned as well as a more thorough organization of the material of the entire family of Labiatae, Statistical Summary (For the year ending December 31, 1925). Number of specimens received on new accessions: Ey PurCnase” «10. ne 4,715 3 get 41d Sader ee a rb 1,108 PIV HOXCNANSE oo o2 sc sheers 1,216 By. Held «work... i460 443 MOU hic oc cle ac eee 7,482 valued at $748.20 Number of specimens mounted and incorporated........ 9,101 valued at 1,820.20 Number of specimens. dis- carded from the herba- PAU aie arent. cs ee eke 39 without value AY 20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Number of specimens in organized herbarium .........ceeccseseeeee. 921,387 valued at $146,172.50. Number of specimens in unorganized NOTDRTIUM c6405as eccads esses ecee 86,019 valued at 7,258.56 Wood specimens, etc., supplementing the herbarium ................... valued at 280.00 Microscopic slides, Gt. 22.0665 cece cs se valued at 410.10 TOtLA), VRIUALION. «5. 685 ete eee $154,121.16 LIBRARY The library staff has been occupied throughout the year in caring for the present contents of the library in space which has become inadequate through its growth. Besides incorporating the numerous additions of the year, in the way of authors’ separates, books, and serial publications, the library staff has the task of editing the two publications of the Garden. A good deal of time has been required during the year for preparing the list of periodicals in the Garden library for the ‘‘Union List of Serials in the Libraries of the United States and Canada.’’ The last issue of this work included G-I. The library is used, not only by investigators in residence and by visitors who come to consult the literature in their . various fields of research, but also by other educational in- stitutions. During 1925, 19 such institutions borrowed from us 110 books on the interlibrary plan, Part 4 of Vol. XI, and parts 1 and 2 of Vol. XII of the ANNALS OF THE Missourt BoranicaL GARDEN have been pub- lished during the year and parts 3 and 4 are now in press. The three parts issued contain 299 pages of text, 13 text- figures and 20 plates. The ANNALS is our principal medium of exchange for publications of other scientific societies and institutions. The thirteenth volume of the monthly Garden BULLETIN was published during the year. While the BULLETIN was originally intended to serve primarily as a means of inform- ing the public as to what is of particular interest at the Garden, this field has been considerably extended in recent years until its contents now cover a great variety of horti- eultural and floricultural subjects. It now fills a distinct need among those amateurs interested in the establishment of gardens in this region. From practically every issue ar- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 ticles are reprinted in various publications throughout the country, and it is in increasing demand all over the United States. Visitors frequently ask to see some special plant or collection about which they have read in the BULLETIN, or in some publication copying its articles. Both the ANNALS and the BULLETIN are supplied to reg- ular subscribers. Separates of the various articles in the ANNALS are also for sale by the library. The cash receipts from such sales for the year, and for views of the Garden, were $1699.32. Statistical—There have been donated to the lhbrary or re- ceived from our correspondents during the past year 466 volumes, valued at $1059.27, and 2323 pamphlets, valued at $213.96, and 5 maps. Three hundred and thirty volumes were bought at a cost of $1747.33, and 273 pamphlets costing $396.08, and 10 maps costing $1.00. The library now con- tains 41,445 books and 57,712 pamphlets, a total of 99,197, valued at $142,261.21. There are also 330 manuscripts, val- ued at $1609:80, and 925,278 index cards, valued at $10,446.50. A total of 6,235 index ecards have been added during the year, of which 686 were written by library employes ; 5,549 were bought at a cost of $138.95. Two hundred and twenty- two books were bound. Dr, Burt, after twelve years of service as librarian, is re- tiring at the end of the year. It is with regret that the Garden is forced to dispense with his services, since he has been most faithful in his direction of the library work, and his contributions to science as Mycologist to the Garden have added greatly to its prestige. S- Ae i 22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ATTENDANCE FOR THE YEAR 1925. Week-days Sundays 0 oe A ae a re 3,945 3,427 dF SEE Ce ene arn nen 3,212 3,247 che UE OT re Pe enn 6,109 7,163 nk er are ere TT 6,725 10,693 ngs: EET TEE CERT TTT ey re 12,476 13,776 UNION ha SG ex pina We o 49 5500 AO oe ae es 8,031 9,686 OO 6 veh SoG ie dw end ciceekacesesacscsn foe: 10,688 8,755 MUR. 2k tbe aw eed treet elena ens aedassie the 20,210 21,381 WODROTIDER on vive cccscvesbetcereeedacececcius 8,050 7,914 cect. CO OC TY een es 8,046 7,669 WEA asic v5 ss Vdc ae es asa he eee eee ee% 33,304 20,160 es sa gg RTT ET OR TCT Te Or rer raat 3,792 1,957 124,588 115,828 124,588 A Saas 3004s ae ee ean hee eae kee: 240,416 Respectfully submitted, Grorce T, Moors, Director. ere ee a. Ge eS ee ‘ v ‘pee = MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23 STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR DECEMBER, 1925 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: POUL MUMPDOL OLE VAISICOLB ss situs ciaic:d occa etererciele ciequeieeeais 5,749 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants received as gifts............... 51 Total number of seed packets received as gifts......... 2 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books; DOUZNU: ¢ ..< , o sacrercreters abe ieeeis siete tisceio ote civik, vie te sors eed: 1 Kellogg, John H.—Mosses of Franklin County, Missouri 2 Newson, A. W.—Plants of Alabama...............-+... 4 Pessin, Prof. L. J—Eupatorium incarnatum Walt., from EP OSA orcad cheteeiclcle Cael Win Uer ois sre marie eee ore iettic’s wTeleten sins ag Prunty, Charles E.—Aristida purpurascens Poir., from VIERA en cercketete cit ¢ tacit ool raiery ee etd ie seine Es antes vases 1 Rusby, Dr. H. H.—Senecio sinapoides Rusby from Bolivia 1 By Exchange— United States National Museum, by Dr. J. N. Rose— Plants of Mexico and Cun@enk scnecaie tects ets ose if By Purchase— Whited, Kirk—Plants of Alaska... 2 00...60.. 0. .0008- 196 By Field Work— Chase, Mrs. Agnes—Plants of Brazil...........-....65. 268 NOVEMBER By Gift— Coulter, Professor J. M.—Plants of Texas............... 2 Fuller, Dr. George D.—Plants of Alabama.............. 1 Jones, J. S.—Petiveria alliacea L., from Florida........ 1 Newson, A. W.—Plants of Alabama...............++... 5 Ridgway, Robert—Plants of Illinois.................... 24 By Purchase— Broadway, W. E.—Plants of Trinidad and Tobago, Pritigh West Indies 2.50.2. so alee ia 4.5 8 ete ce ces 400 patos 24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN DECEMBER By Gift— Chase, Mrs. Agnes—Photograph of a Brazilian Composite 1 Cody, W..E.—Plants of Florida............ccccceceeeue 2 Posse, Miss Christine Fredrika—Arctostaphylos Uva- ursi Spreng., from New Mexico...............ses0e0- 1 By Exchange— Epling, Dr. Carl C.—Bark specimens of plants of Idaho 61 Epling, Dr. Carl C.—Fertile cone of Araucaria Bidwellii FIOok., Tram Horeienlture: . 4.66 aes hc ces oe a5 pe wie kee 1 Rose, Dr. J. N.—Cultivated specimen of Dioon sp...... 1 University of Minnesota, by Prof. V. O. Rosendahl—Sul- livantia sp. from Minnesota.............0.00c0c cease 1 United States National Museum, by Dr. J. N. Rose— Plants of Mexico ft) Se eee ee ee en eee, err eee ner 77 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas — week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Gmrorer T. Moone, Director BenJAMIN M. Dueaar, Epcar ANDERSON, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory Geneticist HierMANN VON SOCHRENKE, EtvA PUMPHREY MILLER, Pathologist Research Assistant Jesse M. GREENMAN, KATHERINE H. Lrieu, Curator of Herbarium Secretary to thé Director Nex. C. Horner, Librarian and Editor of Publications G. H. Prine, Pavut A. Kout, Horticultarist e Floriculturist JoHn Noyes, EpGAR ANDERSON, Landscape Designer In charge of School for Gardening P. C. BRAWNER, W. F. LANGAN, Painter \ Engineer J. Curax, > J, LANGAN, Exotics Assistant Engineer W. C. FarrBank, D. MILLER, Plant Recorder ‘ » Orchids A. HUBER, G.. NINTEMAN, Aquatics Construction J. H. KELLoee, J; ULRicH, Herbaceous and Nursery Inside Floral Display H. VALLENTINE, Carpenter MussoURI BOTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. XIV FEBRUARY, 1926. No. 2 CONTENTS ; Page The Sapricnia Nutty so 8 Sie: 8G BOR eA ete RAS TB COATES OF IWEISSOUEL | ie se aly 5 ae fe awe tee INOGOS ores oR hr gh OES Ss Hike te ESTE eg eR Statistical Information «5.03. aa ew le SO ST. LOUIS, MO. 1926 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees oe me dae mes — SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS THE aektiras ‘MEMBERS. WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. snawss wo _ AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF TH ; EX-OFFICIO MECMEETNA, hax same PERPETUATING 3 N So op idan “EDWARDS WHITAKER, | Vice-President pDWARD C. ELIOT, 1 Sesonik Vtee President i : " qnonan c. HITCHCOCK, 3 a “i Bane a Davie A> EXOFFICIO ‘MeNBERs 34 Xe I a aes ae FAHEENEROG, | mee _ Paepenrox F, Jounsox, ia Board ot Education us eas De ‘Grorae T. Moon, Way Vis | President of The Reade perme of St. Lonis i aN “dUVE) LOE “ON “IOA “TTA c6T ‘FI ) | « ALVIT] OT NORMAL POSITION OF SAPUCAIA RUIT WHEN FRU SHOWING INTERIOR AND LID, WITH PORTION OF SUSPENDED FROM THE TREE THE COLUMN, it all ce ri ot he a Missoun Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XIV FEBRUARY, 1926 No. 2 THE SAPUCAIA NUT The genus Lecythis includes some of the most ornamental trees of the forests of South America. The fruit is extremely interesting, in most species being very large, thick, and variable in shape, and, owing to its weight, hanging in an inverted position. When ripe a swelling is at first noticed around the opereular zone, and afterwards, by rupture of the central column, the operculum, or lid, falls off with a portion of the attached column (pl. 10). The seeds, which are not un- like the Brazil nut, hang down in bunches which soon become loosened from the hard shell, dropping to the ground below. The main body or shell remains suspended from the tree for a long time. The writer observed sapucaia trees about 100 feet in height, growing along the Magdalena River, in Colombia. Later he saw cultivated specimens at the Hope Gardens at Kingston, Jamaica, where as many as one hundred fruits were suspended from a single tree. It behooves visitors to stand clear of the branches, as the falling shells which weigh as much as two pounds, may cause injury. Under the name monkey pots the seeds of several species of Lecy- this are exported to Europe, where they are regarded as greatly superior in delicacy and flavor to the closely allied Brazil nut. THE CONIFERS OF MISSOURI Conifers are what their name literally implies, cone-bear- ing trees and shrubs. Their outstanding characteristics are stiff, dark, and usually evergreen leaves, even-grained wood, (25) 26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN and a resinous sap. They are a very ancient group, geo- logically speaking, some of them, very much like present- day forms, having been found in rocks of the Mesozoic Age. There are in the world, mostly in the South Temperate and North Temperate zones, somewhere in the neighborhood of 350 species, belonging to about forty different genera. Of these genera, three are native to Missouri, Pinus (the pine), Juniperus (the juniper), and Taxodium (the bald cypress). Each is represented in our state by a single species. THE SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinus echinata Mill.) ‘‘What the apple is among the fruits, what the oak is among the broad-leaved trees of the temperate zone, the pines are among the conifers, excelling all other genera in this most important family in number of species, in fields of distribution, in extent of area occupied, in usefulness and importance to the human race.’’ There are in the neigh- borhood of eighty distinct species of Pinus, over half of which are native to North America. They are characterized by their long needle-like leaves borne in bundles, with a tiny sheath at the base. Their cones are woody and require two or three years to mature. Missouri’s representative is Pinus echinata, the short-leaved pine—so called to distinguish it from the long-leaved pine of the South, Pinus palustris Mill. As a matter of fact, the short-leaved pine has needles of a very respectable length when compared with pines grow- ing farther north. Although the short-leaved pine is native to southern Mis- souri and occasional specimens are found within twenty-five miles of Saint Louis, it is almost unknown to the general pub- lic. Yet it is one of the most important timber trees of America and grows over a wider area than any other Ameri- ean pine. It originally occurred seatteringly from the Hud- son Valley, southward to the Gulf States and westward through the Ohio Valley to Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma. In all it has been found in twenty-four states. At the present time, however, it does not occur in commercial Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VoL. 14, 1926. PLATE 11. SECOND GROWTH OF SHORT-LEAF PINE, NEAR NEW OFFENBURG, MO Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., Vou. 14, 1926. PLATE 12 a. Li AS ¢ a ‘ aN . a SHORT-LEAF PINE SPARTING UP IN A PASTURE, NEAR NEW OFFENBURG, MO. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN AT quantities north of Virginia or in the Ohio Valley. In Missouri it is native to the Ozark region, occasionally forming pure stands but usually mixed with oak and hickory. It has been excessively lumbered, and most Missouri pine is second or third growth. One of the largest tracts of virgin timber yet re- maining, covering an area of over one thousand acres in south- ern Dent County, is being lumbered at the present time. The only other large tract of virgin short-leaved pine in Missouri known to the writer is a stand of over five hundred acres near the forks of the Black River in Reynolds County. Most authorities describe the tree as occurring only in the extreme southern part of the state, but as a matter of fact, seattered colonies are found as far north as Jefferson County. The nearest colony to Saint Louis is at Cedar Hill on the Gravois Road. There are a few scattered trees a few miles nearer to the city, just east of the town of High Ridge. These trees, however, are in old family graveyards and were probably not native to the immediate neighborhood. As might be expected of so widely distributed a tree, the short-leaved pine has a number of popular names. In Mis- souri it is commonly called yellow pine, but the Forest Serv- ice discourages the use of this name because of confusion with the western yellow pine, a totally different species. Rose- mary pine and two-leaf pine are common names in the South. In some districts it is called spruce pine, perhaps because of its symmetrical shape. Its technical botanical description is as follows: Buds blunt, scaly; leaves 3 to 5 inches long, in bundles of two or three, dark, slender, flexible, acute-pointed; cones abun- dant, maturing in two years, 1% to 2% inches long, ovate; seales 4-angled at tip, usually bearing a short, recurved prickle; seeds winged. The form of the tree is very distinctive. The trunk, straight and unbranched, rises to a height of over a hundred feet in mature specimens. This habit and the comparatively small top make it an economical tree to lumber. As a timber tree its value has been appreciated for over two hundred years. It was originally common on the upper reaches of the Potomac, where it was lumbered in Colonial fr oe A. ae oe ra a em er >. > te += ra >.” —— 28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN times. Its earliest use was for boat building and it is interest- ing to note that it is still in large demand for this purpose, being used for nearly every part of the boat which is made of wood. Its handsome grain and good wearing qualities have recommended it for interior finishing where it has been very largely used for window and door-frames, base-boards, and the like. It is not as strong as long-leaved pine and the latter has been preferred for structural timbers except in certain cases where the short-leaved species has been more desirable because of its lighter weight. Several characters make the tree particularly useful in reforestation projects. Most important from an economic standpoint is the ability of the young trees to sprout up from the root after the top has been killed by fire. The species reproduces itself unusually well. The seeds are light and are borne in abundance, even by young trees. They are fur- thermore less particular about germinating conditions than are the seeds of most pines, and will even germinate well in the grass or among leaf litter. Thanks to these characteristics it is able to wage a winning fight against civilization. It invades abandoned fields and cut-over lands in much the same fashion as does the white pine (Pinus Strobus L.) in New England and New York. These second-growth stands of Pinus echinata are yearly becoming a more common sight in the South and much of the Missouri pine forest is of that character. THE BALD CYPRESS (Taxodium distichum Rich.) The bald cypresses are the dwindling survivors of an ancient group of trees. In the early Tertiary period when great dinosaurs roamed through lush forests, the bald eypresses flourished over the entire northern hemisphere. To-day only two species are left. To one of these, the Mexi- ean cypress belongs the oldest living tree in the world, de- scribed in the December, 1916, number of the BuLLETIN. The other species, Taxrodium distichum, occurs seatteringly in swamps along the Atlantie coastal plain, the Gulf coast, and x f arty A Owe DAA hie, byt ee wre 13 PLATE 1926. VoL. 14, BULL... ARD, G Bor. Mo. LIAVES. AND SHOWING CONES PINs, AF OF SHORT RANCH B PLATE 14. be clea ‘tye? N. GARDE THE CYPRESS AT AT,D B MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 29 the southern Mississippi basin. In Missouri it is native only to the swamp lands in the southeastern corner of the state. In Saint Louis the finest specimens are in Tower Grove Park and the Garden where they were planted thirty-five to forty years ago by the late James Gurney. There is a par- ticularly fine double row of them along the drive in the east- ern end of the Park that gives much the same effect as Italian cypresses. The technical botanical description is as follows: Tall tree, narrowly cone-shaped, up to 150 feet; high, be coming round-headed in age; bark light reddish-brown, nar- rowly furrowed; wood soft, easily worked, durable; leaves deciduous together with the lateral branchlets, linear, % to % inch long, two-ranked, acutepointed, light green; fruit, globose woody cones 1 inch in diameter; seeds winged, 2 under each scale. The outstanding characteristics of the tree are its pyramidal shape, its feathery, light green foliage, and its slow growth. The fact that it takes over a century to produce a mature specimen perhaps accounts for its not having been more com- monly planted. Although it takes kindly to cultivation, is even resistant to smoke, and a number of nurseries carry the cypress in stock, it has been very little used in landscape work. Yet it is hardy as far north as central Michigan and on ac- count of its graceful foliage is beautiful even when small. It is particularly handsome in the fall when the leaves turn va- rious shades from golden brown to light yellow. Though the tree has been slow in winning recognition for its beauty, its utilitarian qualities have long been recog- nized. Because of its durability it has been very much used in the South. In New Orleans the city fathers even made water mains from cypress which gave good service for nearly a century. Coffins, and in at least one case, tombstones, have been made from the wood. Since the letters on the latter were still legible after a century and a half, it was at least as durable as many of the stones used for that purpose. At the present time most of the cypress lumber is being used in two ways, interior finishing and greenhouse construction. For the latter, on account of its durability under exacting eondi- ; F 30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN tions, it stands in a class by itself. The new greenhouses which are being built for the Garden at Gray’s Summit have cypress doors and woodwork. THE RED CEDAR (Juniperus virginiana L.) The genus Cedrus, the true cedar, to which belong the famous Cedars of Lebanon, has no representative in North America. Yet the name is in our blood and we have given it popularly to a number of conifers belonging to quite differ- ent genera. Some of the most common examples are the ‘‘northern white cedar,’’ a member of the genus Thuja, the ““coast white cedar,’’ a member of the genus Chaemaecyparis, and the ‘‘California incense cedar,’’ a Libocedrus. The com- monest of these ‘‘cedars’’ and the only one native to Mis- souri is the ‘‘red eedar,’’ Juniperus virginiana. As one might suspect from the scientific name, it is really a juniper. If we were to split hairs we should speak of ‘‘juniper fence posts,’’ ‘‘juniper pencils,’’ and even ‘‘juniper hope chests.’’ Redwood, however, has in recent years been very largely sub- stituted for cedar in the manufacture of chests so that one name is perhaps as good as ancther. The junipers as a group are most easily distinguished by their fruit. Though it is actually a cone, the separate scales are so swollen and grown together that it looks more like a berry. The fruits of one of our Eastern species have of late years been a very familiar sight in drug store windows, as it is they which give gin its distinctive resinous tang. Juniperus virginiana is the one conifer native to our immediate neighborhood and should be familiar to every resi- dent of Saint Louis. Formerly native within the city limits and very largely planted about dooryards, it has been driven out like the other conifers and there are no healthy specimens within the smoke zone. One of the glories of the Garden’s new reservation at Gray’s Summit is what is probably the finest natural grove of red cedars in this section of the coun- try. It covers an irregular area of over one hundred acres in = 15. PLATE RED CEDAR AT GRAY’S SUMMIT EXTENSION. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ol the southwest portion of the reservation. Like many cedar groves in Missouri, it occupies a dry southern slope with thin soil and frequent outcrops of limestone rock. The red cedar has a very wide range. Its natural habitat is from Maine to the Gulf coast and westward to the Rockies. It is everywhere variable in color and shape. Many of the unusual forms have been vegetatively propagated and are for sale by nurserymen. The normal color of the leaves is a dark green, almost bronze on the most exposed portions, but there are light green and yellow-tipped varieties. The wild type and the several varieties have been extensively planted, par- ticularly in this part of the country. Unfortunately they do not transplant at all well, a conservative estimate of the per- centage of failures being close to fifty per cent. The thickly clothed branches make the tree a good windbreak and it has been much planted for this purpose. It is a particularly good tree for bird sanctuaries since it supplies food as well as shelter. Birds are very fond of the berry-like cones and have been an important agent in distributing the tree. Red cedars will very commonly be observed to spring up near fence posts and other places where birds have roosted. The tree has one bad habit which prohibits its unqualified recommendation for general planting. It is the alternate host of the fungus which causes apple rust. The so-called ‘‘cedar apples,’’? plump, gelatinous balls with orange spurs, are in reality one stage of the apple rust. Just as the wheat rust spreads from the wheat to the barberry and back to the wheat again, so the apple rust Jumps back and forth between the cedars and apples. For this reason red cedars should not be planted in the vicinity of apple orchards. The technical botanical description is as follows: Shrub or small tree to 100 feet high, usually much smaller; bark reddish, fibrous, shredded; wood soft, sapwood white, heartwood purplish-red, fragrant; leaves of two kinds, opposite, persisting several years; fruit a berry-like cone, dark glaucous blue, resinous, inclosing one or two angular grooved seeds. The purplish-red heart-wood from which the tree takes its popular name has a pleasant resinous odor. When free from knots it has a fine, straight grain. It is soft and easily 32 MISSOURI BOYTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN worked yet very durable. It was one of the first woods to take the notice of the early American explorers and by the middle of the seventeenth century the tree was already well estab- lished in European gardens. Its durability and ease of work- ing recommended it for a variety of uses and as early as 1740 Benjamin Franklin sounded the first warning note, a note which for nearly two centuries has remained practically un- heeded. We find him writing as follows in ‘‘Poor Richard’s Almanack’’ for 1749: ‘‘By a diligent observation in our provinces and several adjacent, | apprehend that timber will soon be very much destroyed, occasioned in part by the necessity that our farm- ers have to clear the greatest part of their land for tillage and pasture, and partly for fuel and fencing. The greatest quan- tity of our timber for fencing is oak, which is long in growing to maturity, and at best is of short duration; therefore, I believe it would be to our advantage to endeavor to raise some other kind of timber that will grow faster or come sooner to maturity and continue longer before it decays. ‘‘The red cedar (a species of juniper) I take to be the most profitable tree for fencing and several other uses that we can raise in our country, considering how easily it may be raised from seed, its readiness to grow on most kinds of soil, its quick growth, the profits it will afford while it is arriving at maturity, and the long duration of the wood when grown to a proper size for the materials we want for our several oceca- sions in husbandry and building. I know of no other tree that will grow so well on such different soils as this will, for upon our sandy beaches, which are nothing but beds of sand, they grow as thick as possible, from whence many thousands of posts for fencing are brought into Pennsylvania and York governments; and I have séen, in a great miry swamp upon a branch of Susquehannah, great trees growing, near 18 inches diameter, 70 feet high, and very straight. And the inhabi- tants near the mountains, up Hudson River, make great use of them for making hovels or barracks to put their corn in before it is threshed. They will grow well in high gravelly or elay soil, in rich or in poor, or even upon a rock, if there be but half a foot of land or earth upon it. It is much to be a7 we ae MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN oa valued for its quick growth from seed, the little sap, and its durable heart, which it acquireth sooner than any tree that we can raise on common land. Indeed the mulberry and locust are of quick growth in very rich land, but not upon poor. 8 PO Ai eal a ee ar Painter. ia Rete Cet g Pave a hae) Lh SUR Wettpy He eg os OR Ra ea Y i; Ms Zz LANGAN, dk e De Se Rt vik: 6 Raptics PY Neen pe ae at Assistant Rapti Saute he epee Ww. c. Wittens Ed Need Tale ie come,” fa ti PEN iene) » Plant Recorder PIM GORGES ES pe So the oe et . At z: Deh a Bao y "Inside Fora Diglay abe ax af Mile _ Missouri BOTANICAL - GarpeN [BULLETIN Vol. XIV - MARCH, 1926 | No. 3 ay oe tots, ee ? . aes 7 CONTENTS . Page 8 Be SOR SAIN CN ME hes Sag Ua. SA RGCeneT Pie wat The A New Orchid from Panama... . 2. 0s eee 2 45 Notes . oak ase ge Re Sarat at OR ae rl ese tals RRO Statistical Information... 4) eo. ei ae es oe el 48 ST. LOUIS, MO, ‘ 1926 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS ee hen, OF TRUSTEES oF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN | _ THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED Siar ‘SHAW'S wien ehh 7 _AND. THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE > ‘ _ EX-OFFICIO SERRE, 1s SELF elope ikersins 4 th - President. "EDWARDS WHITAKER. _ Vice-President _ EDWARD C. ‘ELIOT. ane, *, Second iasratded A tA aa een ©. HITCHCOCK. : re A AO Mere | Anoenn rT Panis. “oun r. Sunrex. £4 J is "EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS | re 9 Shee gees - Hsu rn yisneine fn F Oe Sew ‘Prepertcx F, Jounson, Presiden of ho Boar ot Haienton, a a ‘ Victor 7: Miner, - ae - Mayor ig4 seta, ot se Louis Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., Vou. 14, 1926 PLATE 16 CAMELEIA THEA, BLOOMING IN ECONOMIC HOUSE AT THE GARDEN Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XIV MARCH, 1926 No. 3 TEA The tea of commerce consists of the cured young and ten- der tips of a shrub which Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, orig- inally described under the name of Thea sinensis. Later botanists, however, referred the plant to Camellia and recognized two varieties, Camellia Thea var. viridis and Camellia Thea var. Bohea. From the variety viridis, a native of northeastern India, is derived the races of ‘* Assam Indigenous’’ and ‘‘Manipur’’ as well as many other eultivated varieties widely grown in India, Ceylon, and Java. The Chinese tea, Camellia Thea var. Bohea, is the tea plant chiefly grown in southern China and is distin- guished by its squat straggling habit and comparatively thick leaves. The ‘‘Assam Hybrid’’ is considered a natural cross between the ‘‘Assam’’ and China teas. In its natural state the ‘‘Assam’’ tea is an erect tree 30-40 feet high, but in cultivation it is ‘‘topped’’ early and kept as a bush aver- aging about four feet high. Whether the original home of the plant is in the country naturally associated with it, viz., China, or in the neighbor- ing Indian province of Assam is a question by no means settled. A Japanese legend ascribes the honor to China, but unfortunately there is evidence for supposing that the Chinese themselves never heard of the legend except from foreign sources. There are, however, certain references to the plant in the writings of a Celestial author who lived about 2700 B. C., and a Chinese commentator of this ancient au- thor, writing in the fourth century B. C., calls attention to (37) oo eS eh eee . iT a Tad 38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the mention of the plant and adds that a beverage could be obtained from the leaves by adding hot water. It appears that the plant was used entirely as a medicine until 500 A; D. when it became a popular beverage. Inasmuch as the plant has been repeatedly found growing wild in Upper Assam and in the provinee of Cachar, De Candolle concludes that it unquestionably must be native to the mountainous region which separates the plains of India from those of China.. Moreover, he regards the evidence sufficient to prove that the use of the leaves was introduced into India from China. Its introduction into Europe is less obscure. There is a story which states that a package of a commodity hitherto unknown was received by an old couple in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, ,and that, instead of infusing the leaves and using the extract, they threw away the colored liquid and ate the leaves spread upon bread. Whatever may be said as to the probability of this story, it is definitely known that tea was introduced into Europe from China late in the sixteenth century, and that in 1657 a regular tea house was opened in Exchange Alley, London. From this date tea began to be used as a beverage in England. Pepys, in his ‘‘Diary’’ under the date September 28, 1660, writes: “‘T did send for a cup of tea (a China drink), of which I had never drunk before’’, and ‘‘Home and there find my wife making of tea, a drink which Mr. Pelling the Pothicary tells her is good for her cold and defluxions.’’ About the same date as its introduction into England, the tea became known in Russia, having been brought to the ancient capital, Mos- cow, by an embassy to the Court of Pekin. In 1664 the famous English East India Company made a present of two pounds of tea to the queen of Charles II, Catherine of Bra- ganza, and the product was still regarded as a rare delicacy. Fourteen years later the Company imported from China nearly 5,000 pounds and towards the end of the century tea had ceased to be a rarity. The amount of tea consumed in all countries may be judged by the annual export from the tea-growing regions, which reaches approximately one billion pounds. Of this huge amount the British Empire is responsible for 350,000,000 Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., Vou. 14, 1926. PLATE: 17, FRUIT OF CAMELLIA THEA, SHOWING THREE-SEEDED CAPSULE Mo 30T. GARD. BULL., VoL, 14, 1926 PLATE 18 JAPANESE WOMEN PLUCKING THA LEAF-ROLLING IN JAPAN TR Or i eS MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39 pounds, or nearly half of the world’s production. India’s export heads the list, with a valuation of $29,150,000, and is followed by that of China, valued at $27,500,000. In spite of this order of precedence however, it should be noted that the actual quantity of tea exported from China is three times as much as that of India, but the quality of the Chinese product is very inferior to the Indian article, and hence the difference in value. In Ceylon the export during 1873 amounted to 231 pounds, and in recent years reached the enormous amount of about 192,000,000 pounds. Japan is credited with an export of 150,000,000 pounds, Java with approximately 18,500,000 pounds, and Formosa with 1§8,- 000,000 pounds. During the last few years the import into England amounted to 255,112,000 pounds annually, followed by Russia, with about 126,000,000 pounds, and the United States with 81,389,000 pounds. The rise in popularity of tea in England was compara- tively slow up to the beginning of the seventeenth century. In 1711 the consumption per head was only .03 pound, and in 1780 it had risen to only .57 pound. During the first four decades of the next century the average stood at about 1.25 pounds, but after 1840, the period at which tea-planting was rapidly being extended in India, the consumption rose very quickly. In spite of the increasing consumption, how- ever, tea has continued to fall in price, owing to the enor- mous increase in production. With regard to the chemistry of the tea, the most impor- tant constituents from the point of view of the quality of the beverage are an essential oil, tannin, and a closely allied alkaloid known as theine. The flavor of the tea is largely due to the essential oil, but the remarkable stimulating and refreshing qualities of the drink are attributable to the theine, which is also found in coffee, Paraguay tea or mateé, and the kola nut. Experiment has shown that an infusion of the leaf for ten minutes is sufficient to extract all valuable theine, and a longer period merely results in accumulation of tannin which, in excess, is well known to impede digestion seriously. — a ee oe 40 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN MODERN METHODS OF CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE IN CEYLON The propagation of the plants is entirely by seed. These are sown in nursery beds, four inches apart each way, the beds being shaded by fern leaves, etc., fixed to the ground at an angle. In about ten months the seedlings are transplanted to their permanent position in the field about 4 or 5 feet apart. The plants have become well established and ready for picking when three years old, at which time they are sending out an abundance of young leaf-shoots, known as the ‘‘flush’’. When the bushes stop ‘‘flushing’’ they are pruned back severely, this being necessary at intervals of about fifteen to eighteen months in the low-country, or of three to four years in the up-country. This series of prun- ing keeps the plants within bounds to permit easy picking and gathering of the crop. The flush is ready for picking every ten to twelve days, the young leaves and shoots, including about the fourth leaf back from the terminal bud, being plucked. The quality of the tea is dependent upon the size of the collected leaf. Thus, the plucking is designated as ‘‘Fine’’ when the bud at the top of the shoot and the two leaves just below it are taken, ‘‘Medium,’’ the bud and three leaves, and ‘‘Coarse,’’ when the bud and four leaves are picked. From the ‘‘Fine’’ plucking the tea known as ‘‘pekoes’’ are made, ‘‘ flowery pekoe’’ from the youngest leaf, ‘‘orange pekoe’’ from the next youngest, and ‘‘pekoe’’ from the third leaf. ‘‘Souchongs’’ and ‘‘congous’’ are prepared from the larger leaves. ‘‘Pekoe- souchong,’’ as the name indicates, is intermediate in quality between pekoe and souchong. The crop is gathered by women who fill their baskets and take them to the factory to be weighed. The leaves are then carried to the upper floor of the factory, where they are thinly spread on light open-work shelves of canvas, or on wire-meshed trays, placed one above the other, in order that the drying or ‘‘withering’’ may take place. In good weather the correct degree of flaccidity is reached in seventeen or eighteen hours; but if the weather is damp, artificial heat is employed. The withered leaves are then colleeted from Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., Vou. 14, 1926. PLATE 19: WITHERING PROCESS, CEYLON Mo. Bor. Garp. Buun., Vou. 14, 1926 PLATE 20. PRUE PARAGUAY TEX AND A SUBSTITUTE GROWN AT THE GARDEN an 7 A SY ge ee eee ary Prise MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 41 the trays and thrown down through chutes into the roll- ing machines upon the ground floor. The object of the rolling process is to bruise the leaves, in order that the leaf juices may become mixed, and a twist or curl be im- parted to the leaf. The rolling machine consists essentially of a table with a central depression to hold the leaf anu a hopper above it, the two moving one above the other with an eccentric motion. Any required degree of pressure can be placed upon the mass of leaf that is being rolled, and at the end of about an hour the door in the bottom of the machine opens and the roll falls out. The twisted leaves, which have become somewhat yellowish, are clumped together in masses which are broken up in a machine called a ‘‘roll breaker’’. A ‘‘sifter,’’ which separates the coarse leaf from the fine, is usually attached to the breaker. The next process, the fermentation process, is one of the most important in tea manufacture, for on its efficient ac- ecomplishment depends to a large extent the quality and character of the tea. In the manufacture of ‘‘green’’ teas, which formerly enjoyed great popularity, this stage is omitted. In the preparation of black teas. however, the rolled leaves are piled in drawers or upon mats, one above the other, and left to ferment or oxidize, air being allowed free access. The process occupies a varying length of time ac- cording to the particular garden and weather conditions. During the fermentation the leaves emit a peculiar odor and change color. After about two hours, when the right degree of copper-brown ecolor has been attained, the leaves are ‘‘fired’’ in drying machines, the heat arresting all further fermentation. In many factories the leaves are re-rolled pre- vious to firing. Besides checking fermentation, the firing process removes all the moisture without driving out all the essential oil and other constituents upon which the value of the manufactured article depends. The firing is effected by one or more of many types of machines, all of which act by passing a current of hot, dry air through the damp fer- mented leaves until they are dry and brittle. A commonly used type of machine is the ‘‘Siroceo’’. After firing the tea is taken to the sorting room, where a machine consisting 42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN of a series of moving sieves of different sizes of mesh sepa- rates it into grades. The resulting sievings are classed as Flowery Orange Pekoe, Orange and Pekoe No. 1, and ‘‘un- broken teas.’’ The first is the finest tea, but the coarser tea ¥ is transferred to ‘‘breaking machines’’, and broken up and again sifted, the product being known as Broken Orange Pekoe No. 2, ete. The tea dust which accumulates during these processes is kept from the better qualities, and is shipped as ‘‘dust’’ and ‘‘fannings.”’ BRICK TEA The chief manufacturing center of this kind of tea is at Si-Chuen, in Western China. It is a very cheap product of the industry and used by the Tibetans to the amount of twenty to thirty million pounds annually. Very little care is given in its manufacture, the main object being to obtain x weight. In plucking, therefore, six to eight leaves are roughly stripped from the stems and in most eases the smaller twigs are also used. No withering or regular fermentation takes place, but both twigs and leaves are at once heated in thin iron pans for a few minutes and then tied up into bun- dles and sacks and taken to the factories. Here the tea is i piled in heaps to ferment, after which it is dried in the - sun, sorted into grades, steamed, and finally moulded into + shallow bricks by the use of heavy hammers. Frequently a : glutinous substance, such as butter or paste made from rice, is added in order to make it adhesive. Within a few days the bricks have become quite hard, and, being stamped ue with the maker’s name and wrapped in paper, are ready for Bs export to Tibet. ee, es Be ee GREEN TEA In the preparation of green tea the leaves are subjected immediately upon plucking to a process of steaming in re- . volving cylinders. Afterwards they are rolled, dried, ete., E but the process of withering and re-rolling is omitted. China teas are usually made on this principle. The United States has been one of the largest users of green tea, but of later & ‘A 7 i Sty ee ee a On ae + FO Lee ee ~~ a 2 > a ae » i, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43 years, with the popularizing of iced tea as a summer drink, the Ceylon or black tea is gaining in favor. LEPPET OR LEPTET TEA Leppet tea is a form of tea prepared only in Burma and in the Shan States, where it is used as a vegetable rather than a beverage. The tea leaves are preserved as in ensilage, and afterwards eaten mixed with garlic, salt, oil, and other ingredients. SOLUBLE TEA Of recent years, one of the Ceylon Government Chemists has perfected a process which reduces the tea to a fine powder or essence of tea, known as soluble tea. PARAGUAY TEA The yerba de maté, or Paraguay tea, is purely a South American beverage obtained principally from the leaves of one of the hollies, Ilex paraguariensis. Recently, however, two other plants which do not belong to the holly family, Elaeodendron quadrangulatum and Symplocos lanceolata, have been substituted for the maté. The true maté is a large shrub somewhat resembling the common tea, but its leaves are much larger, often measuring five inches in length, oval in shape, and deeply serrate along the edges. The plant is native to Paraguay and Brazil, where large planta- tions are under cultivation for its leaves. The leaves are not cured in the same manner as the Cey- lon tea. Instead, large leafy branches are cut from the plants and roasted on hurdles over a wood fire. They are then placed upon a hard floor where the withered leaves are beaten with sticks. After being reduced to a coarse powder in crude mills the tea is ready for packing in skins and leather bags. There are three grades of the South American product: (1) Caa-Cuys, which is made from the half- expanded leaf buds; (2) Cas-Miri, the unroasted leaf from which the principal veins have been removed; (3) Caa- Guaza, or yeba de palos of the Spaniards, which is prepared J 4 ig Sue ee Atl” nee ee a 44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN from the roasted leaves, together with the leaf stalks and smaller twigs. The beverage is prepared by putting a small quantity of the tea in a cup with a little sugar and pouring boiling water over it. When sufficiently cool the infusion is sucked up through a bombilla, a drinking tube with a wire network or perforations at the bottom. Maté has an agreeable, slightly aromatic odor, and a somewhat bitter taste. It is very re- freshing and is a valuable restorative, especially after great physical exertion, while it also possesses mild diuretic and aperient properties. Over one million pounds of prepared maté are used annually in South America, and small quan- tities are also exported to Europe. OTHER TEAS Another species of holly (Ilex vomitoria Ait.), called yau- pon or cassena, was the source of the famous ‘‘black tea’’ of the North American Indians. Cassine or cassena, in the language of the Timucua Indians, is the name of an exhil- arating beverage prepared from the leaves. The plant is native from Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas. It is a shrub, rarely a tree, growing to a height of twenty-five feet, with spreading branches bearing oval or obtuse leaves about two inches long. The method of preparing the cassine was comparatively simple. The small leaves and tender shoots were carefully picked at the time of harvest in the fall. The leaves, after being dried, were roasted in ovens, remains of which may still be found in the Cherokee region. The roasted leaves were kept in baskets in a dry place until needed for use. An infusion of cassine leaves with boiling water gives a liquor of little taste and slight odor, but if boiled for an hour it becomes a very dark liquid somewhat resembling strong black tea and with an odor not unlike that of Oolong tea. The taste is similar to that of inferior black tea, quite bitter, but with little flavor. There are several other lesser-known plants which are used in various parts of the world for the preparation of a refreshing drink. For example, in Australia, the plants of the tir MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 45 genus Leptospermum and Melaleuca have needle-like leaves which have been employed for tea making, but the beverage is not very palatable. The famous ‘‘Bushman tea’’ of South Africa is prepared from Cyclopia genistoides, and lemon grass is the source of an infusion which is drunk by na- tives of some of the inland districts of India. The ‘‘Bourbon’’ or ‘‘Faham’’ tea is particularly inter- esting, inasmuch as it is obtained from an orchid, Angrae- cum fragrans, epiphytic upon trees in the forests of Bour- bon and Mauritius. It is a small plant with cylindrical leaves which have a persistent vanilla-lke odor. A specimen has been in the Garden collection for many years, usually flow- ering in the summer months. The beverage is prepared by pouring cold water on the dried leaves and boiling the liquid for about ten minutes in a kettle or closed vessel. It is then sweetened according to taste. The tea possesses an aroma of great delicacy and leaves a lasting fragrance in the mouth. A NEW ORCHID FROM PANAMA An interesting new species of Oncidium, Oncidium ful- gens Schltr., was collected by Mr. C. W. Powell in the Chiri- qui region of Panama, and a single specimen from the col- lection was presented to the Garden in July, 1924. Only two small bulbs constituted the entire plant upon arrival in St. Louis, and inasmuch as this represented the only specimen in cultivation outside of Mr. Powell’s garden, special care was given to its culture. The orchid promises to be a good grower. Two bulbs have developed and a well-developed spike of lemon-yellow flowers barred with reddish brown in the center were produced from the new growth. At first glance the connoisseur might mistake this orchid for a very good specimen of Oncidiwm flexuosum, but the individual bulb character and leathery leaves indicate a new species. Description—Pseudobulbs ovate-compressed, two inches long, one inch wide, with one terminal and four lateral leaves, the basal two becoming deciduous with the full de- velopment of the pseudobulb, the lower portion forming PENS gee ee pe ae ee 46 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN bracts. Inflorescence paniculate, two feet long, bearing seven branches, each possessing three to six yellow or yel- lowish brown flowers about three-quarters of an inch wide and one inch long. Sepals oblong-oblanceolate, rounded at the apex, slightly undulate, about one-half inch long, one- eighth of an inch wide, lemon-yellow barred with reddish brown at the base; lateral petals obovate, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, about half inch long and_five- sixteenths of an inch wide, margins undulate, lemon-yellow barred with reddish brown at the base in the same manner as the sepals. Labellum three-lobed, the terminal lobe widely reniform, deeply emarginate, the slightly undulate margins the most conspicuous part of the flower, lateral lobes small, oblong-rounded at the apex, base of labellum erested, barred with the same reddish brown bands. Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 14, 1926. PLATR 21. ONCIDIUM FULGENS MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 47 NOTES Prof. A. T. Erwin, professor of horticulture, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, spent several days at the Garden re- cently, consulting the library. Miss Fern Goss, student in the School for Gardening, spoke before the Better Homes Group of the Monday Club, Webster Groves, March 9, on ‘‘Garden Planning.’’ Dr. Otto Rahn, teacher of agriculture at Christian-Albrechts University, and on the staff of the Experiment Station for Dairy Industry, at Kiel, Germany, visited the Garden, Feb- ruary 19. Mr. George H. Pring, Horteulturist to the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture before the science section of the Wednes- day Club, February 24, on ‘‘The Effect of Smoke Upon Plants.”’ The third number of Volume XII of the Annals of the Mis- souri Botanical Garden, consisting of the fourteenth install- ment of ‘‘The Thelephoraceae of North America,’”’ has re- cently been issued. The Cemetery Officials’ Association of St. Louis visited the Garden, March 11, and were conducted through the buildings and grounds by special guides. After the tour Mr. Pring gave a talk before the members on ‘‘Landscape Gardening.’’ Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, has returned from a trip to Central America, having visited Cuba, Jamaica, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Panama. Dr. Moore secured a number of interesting additions to the Garden’s collections of tropical plants. 48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1926 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: "POLS Maer OL “VIGILOTE 6. caves es Gs a os ieee Lh aa hte 25,970 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants received as gifts............. 7 Total number of seed packets received as gifts....... 117 PLANT DISTRIBUTION: Total number of plants distributed................... 3 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought........ 20 Total number of books and pamphlets donated....... 259 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Miller, Mrs. A. J—From Horticulture............... 1 By Exchange— Holling, Dr. C; C-—Plants of Idahio:s...... 00. ss dds eee 101 New York Botanical Garden—wSenecio sp. from a Cee es eee eee eee eee Tere ees. ee 1 Rocky Mountain Herbarium, by Dr. E. B. Payson— MGS OL NIP OLLIE =, 5's ca huars <0 vie ale 6 dune OM ORES 283 University of Montreal, by Brother Marie-Victorin— LGU NG hia 7r'e ke Sangery s acess ERS a aes baw aus kee 415 U. S. Department of Agriculture, by Mrs. Agnes Chase—Grasses of Africa collected by Mr. David POOL 5 op OR er rae Pia hes sven nls cebein Dy yee 6 By Purchase— Bush, B, F.—Plants of Missouri.............0.ceccvae 50 Grant, J. M—Plants of Washington.................. 250 Merrill, G. K.—Lichenes Exsiccati, Fase. III, Nos. 51-75 NONE VE ose eae cobs kv oo bac is cee nia Cae eae - 25 By Field Work— Chase, Mrs. Agnes—Grasses of Brazil................ 504 CE Gao oie 8 yc uc bin es 8 8 Ne eos an aos ed ee 1,636 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. -Grorcr T. Moore, ' Director © Beanery M. Boia. Crater mean ANDERSON, Pagano in chaser: of Graduate Laboratory. ay Gyre, : potest von SOHRENK, eis Se “Bawa Puabaniy Mates, ; peneeeey fei Be a Me ods be Research Assistant: Coa ~ ie ty f - Tesse M. ec ae veed ; co ea aime a emer, » Curator of Herbarium A Se payee eee eee ‘Secretary to the Director. 4 hry tte 4 ¥ bas Ni: rts . Newt C. HORNER, Librarian and Editor. of Publications a. H. Priva, tse ae eS Pacr ‘e Rik” “Horticulturist. = 2. h Ps ‘ ~ Plorteattarist - oe Joun Noves, Se eee a “Bean ‘Aitintson, : Landscape Designer = 3 See ee ian sen oe Bohol for Gardening Pat BRAWNER, Painter "Inside Floral Display ‘AS Watksnoriie, — Mussouri BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XIV . APRIL, 1926 No. 4 § : Page The WNarcisstis.. ea BO SRA re ree ao Notes ete ee ia Se oe = mua | Maries 1 Soe Statistical. Information 040). oe Se ae Rae Re ST. LOUIS, MO. 1926 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS } BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD S0 CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF PERPETUATING President Vice-President EDWARD C. ELIOT. Second Vice-President GHORGE C. HITCHCOCK. SAMUEL C, DAVIS. A, C:-F. Mnyer. THomAS §. MAFFIT?T. Puinie C, SCANLAN, EDWARD MALLINCKRODT, ALBERT T. PERKINS. | Joun F. Suepriry. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Henry, F. FAuRENKROG, _ FReDERick F, JoHNson, President of the Board ot Education Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri of St. Louis THimrpert S. HaApDuiey, . Victor J... MILLER, Chancellor of Washington University Mayor of the City ot St. Louis Groree T. Moore, President of The Academy of Science of St. Louis Rrewarp Morry,. Secretary. PLATE 22 Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 14, 1926 TYPES OF NARCISSUS GROWN IN ST. LOUTS, SHOWING CHARACTERISTIC FLOWERS AND FOLIAGE: A, NARCISSUS ODORUS (CAMPERNELLE); B, DOU ELE N. INCOMPARABILIS “GOLDEN PHOENIX”; C, N INCOMPARABILIS “SIR WATKIN’; D, N. PSEUDO-NARCISUS MAJOR: E, N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS BICOLOR “EMPRESS.” Missoun Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XIV APRIL, 1926 No. 4 THE NARCISSUS MYTHOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL The craving for explanations of natural objects and phe- nomena is by no means an offspring of our modern natural sciences, as We are so prone to regard it; but rather a pro- genitor of them. The explanation of the existence or habits of an animal or plant, offered by the ancient philosopher and poet in the form of fanciful myth, was prompted and executed in as earnest a vein as is the present-day scientist’s account of its life history recorded with the aid of micro- scope and other technical apparatus in leu of that more lovely but less accurate instrument, the imagination. There- fore, in studying such an interpretation, which we usually dismiss as only a ‘‘fable’’ and worthy of but superficial examination, we should not only regard its beauty, but ac- cord it as much of the respect for which it was written as our sophisticated attention can allow. One of the most beautiful of ancient myths concerns the origin of the narcissus flower. It is hardly to be believed that any one who has read the poetic tale in Ovid’s ‘‘ Meta- morphoses’’ can have escaped its charm. Narcissus, the son of the river god Cephissus, was a youth of wondrous beauty, but haughty and eruel. His chief delight was in rendering admiring nymphs unhappy. Echo, a fair victim of his vanity, was turned into a rock by the pitying gods. Venus, however, warned him at the time that he would remain happy only until he should behold his own image. One day, weary and hot from hunting, he sought to quench (49) 50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN his thirst at a erystal fountain. Upon looking in the water, he beheld his image for the first time and was held spell- bound by its beauty. Not until he became completely en- amoured of the reflection did he realize that it was his own. He became consumed with his self-passion, and, sleep and food forgotten, could but gaze into the water, and thus he pined to death. When the Naiads had prepared the funeral pyre, however, the body was missing, and they found in its place a golden flower bending over the stream dropping sweet beads of nectar into the reflecting water. Another well-known tale is that Persephone was lured into the power of Hades by the sight of a clump of narcissi in a field where she was playing. The story is first told completely in the chronicles of Apollonius Rhodius, but ref- erence to Hades as ‘‘Persephone’s husband’’ is made in the Iliad. Jean Ingelow, in the last century, was particularly happy in poetizing the tale. “She stepped upon Sicilian grass, Demeter’s daughter fresh and fair, A child of light, a radiant lass, And gamesome as the morning air. The daffodils were fair to see, They nodded lightly on the lea, Persephone—Persephone! “Lo! one she marked of rarer growth Than orchis or anemone; For it the maiden left them both, And parted from her company. Drawn nigh, she deemed it fairer still, And stooped to gather by the rill The daffodil, the daffodil.” The flower, from its twice-unhappy fame, became a symbol! of sorrow in very early times. Wreaths of them were dedi- cated to Hades and placed upon the dead; the Fates were depicted with crowns of narcissi upon their heads. The cup in the center of the flower was fabled to contain the tears which the unhappy youth shed for his self-love. Milton re- ferred to this tradition in ‘‘Lycidas,’’ as follows: “Bid Amaranthus all his beauty shed, And Daffodillies fill their cups with tears, To strew the laureat hearse where Lycid lies.” Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VoL. 14, 1926. The Garden of plealant Flowers, ula. de ne dah he ise a Nowefiar weacifelvariae tend ) i NareiGasTameifalines what, Whe whieelunquilia, 2 Nearei[ar Cancifaliw’ flere alio renee. The white tarmuagivayulae x aalsca atan rs deers folye albix, The yellow cerniag luagailia. 4 Narcsgi ; - e648 wsior vuiew is, Cheacdaary yello¢ lang ibia. maiden fet Thin. 7 MareiQasargyt ippling sarysa aalvipion, Ting gallea doable autos lpatc§ Dada 8 “Norole Lenni saline lore peor, The cafes Lames (olive lutrws mageecalice, The ve owl Neverfiae Lwmcifoline Aurwomalis flores PARKINSON’S “PARADISI IN SOLE. SPECIES: “OF Ob PPATE | Slay REPRODUCTION PARADISUS TERREST FROM SHOWING MISCELLANEOUS DAFFODILS. PLATE 24 Mo. Bor. Garp. Buuu., Vou. 14, 1926. a a wenger ee re, The Garden of pleafant Flowers, 101 ~ 1 "Piontenereiffas Hijpanicns marinus ow eas The great yeilow Soanith batard Daf ill, 2 P/radenarciffna Pyrenens varsfermir The Monataine ba: lard Dafodal of diners kin test PfewlomareiJas He(panicm maser alone Che grcare white Spanith battard Datodill. « P fandonare’ [fist Hi/pan eu miner alo The leile-Soandh wher hatin! Da kadll 9 Pfoudenarciffar tube fexanewlars.The fix cornered baltard Daffodil. 6 Ppeomdonarss fae mea rims atirene Mae Refews Tra teeantsfoha Craiefeaace great Rote artod.ll, 7 “P/udemares [ue anrens Amelscu: maxims Mafter Wilmer: grease doaste Datodill 9 P, hat Hsfranicns amvead fore bless, Phe dou'sle Spanith Dalfadilh, or Parkinfans double Datfodill, 9 P/eudenarcifise peer’ Move plone, Ese greacce double Preaca Dak odill, to Djawterarciffias Anglious fore plene, The doable Eaghih Daffedill,or Geerards Dattodll. 14 REPRODUCTION OF PLATE FROM PARKINSON’S “PARADISI IN SOLE PARADISUS TERRESTRIS,” SHOWING SINGLE AND DOUBLE DAFFODILS, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 51 Ancient authors frequently called narcissi ‘‘the flowers of deceit,’’ because of their sweet but narcotic flowers, which charm with their beauty but had the reputation of producing stupor, madness, or even death. Both Theophrastus and Dioscorides refer to the malevolent effects of the perfume and juices of the narcissus, but only the latter contrives to find some medicinal use for the plant. In his ‘‘Materia Medica,’’ Book IV, it is recommended for the treatment of ulcers and spasmodic affections such as whooping cough and ague. Theophrastus limits himself to descriptive references to the plant in the ‘‘ Historia Planta- rum,’’ Books VI and VII, but, strangely enough, takes no account of the traditions connected with it. From the oldest printed herbal in the library of the Mis- souri Botanical Garden, the ‘‘ Hortus Sanitatus’’ (1491), we receive very little information concerning the narcissus. Its only virtue is given as ‘‘warming to the stomach,”’ but only when digestive ailments are unlikely. The wood-eut which accompanies the account is very poor, resembling cuts of several other plants in the book, especially that for Iris. The advance of the art of herbal-writing in ninety years may be judged by consulting the ‘‘Kruydtboeck”’ of Matthias de L’Obel (1581). On page 147 we find euts which actually resemble the narcissus, an innovation in the illustration of herbals, but the written account is still unsatisfactory. ‘*This Narcissus is a plant of even length. In October it shoots up a white flower which is yellow in the centre; held up by a thin stalk. Clusius writes that it blooms around the river Juadina (Guadalquivir) at Granada. In Holland it is yet unknown.’’ The narcissus proved a ‘‘flower of deceit’’ indeed to the exponent of the Doctrine of Signatures. In the ‘‘Phy- tognomonica’’ (1588), Porta recommends it for ulcers ‘‘caused by serpents,’’ because of the blisters which appear on the bulb, and because of the linear or serpentine leaves. It is not recommended highly for this use, however. Later, Helvetius (1750) includes it in his list of plants having the signature of the eye. Our good friend, William Cole, how- 52 MISSOURI] BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ever, both in ‘‘Adam in Eden’’ (1657) and ‘“‘The Art of Simpling’’ (1656) makes no claims whatever for the plant. The Herbal of Matthiolus (1586) reeapitulates the opinions of Dioscorides relative to the narcissus, with nothing new added. Five good plates are included, three of which, how- ever, are not narcissi at all, one being a tulip, one a snow- drop, and one a grape hyacinth. The year 1629 is well marked in thé mind of every fancier of the daffodil, since it saw the appearance of John Parkin- son’s justly famous ‘‘Paradisus Terrestris.’’ Here for the first time the plant receives very considerate attention, and because of its importance, the chapter dealing with the nar- cissus may well be quoted at some length, not only as illus- trating the careful style of the author, but as furnishing an example of the use of Prelinnean polynomials in the naming of plants. ‘There hath beene great confusion among many of our moderne Writers of plants, in not distinguishing the manifold varieties of Daffodils; for euery one almost, without consid- eration of kinde or forme, or other special note, giueth names so diuersely one from another that if any one shall receive from several places the Catalogues of their names (as I haue had many) as they set them down, and compare one Cata- logue with the other, he shall scarse haue three names in a dozen to agree together, one calling that by one name, which another calleth by Another, that uery few can tell what they meane. And this their Confusion, in not distinguishing the name Narcissus from Pseudonarcissus, is of all other of this kinde, the greatest and grossest error.’? Then he divides the daffodils ‘‘into such a methodiecall order’’ that euery one may know into which of two classes any form belongs, namely, into ‘‘Narcissos, true Daffodils, and Pseudonarcissos, bastard Daffodills.’’ With painstaking zeal he continues on what might be ealled his ‘*Pseudomonograph’’: ‘‘Now to eause you to un- derstand the difference between a True Daffodill and a false, is this; it consisteth onely in the flower (when as in all other parts they cannot be distinguished) and chiefly in the middle eup or Chalice; for that we doe in a manner onely _ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 53 account those to bee Pseudonarcissos, bastard Daffodils, whose middle cup is alto-gether as long, and sometime a little longer then the outer leaues that do encompasse it, so that it seemeth rather like a trvunke or long nose, then a Cup or Chalice, such as almost all the Narcissi, or true Daffodils haue; I say almost because I know that some of them haue their Middle Cup so small, that we rather call it a crown then a Cup; and again, some of them haue them so long, that they seem to be of the number of the Pseudonareissi, or bastard Daffodils; but yet they may easily be knowne from them, in that although the cup of some of the true Daffodils bee greate, yet it is wider open at the brim or edge, and not so long, and narrow all alike as the bastard kindes are; and this is the chief and onely way to know how to sever these kindes, which rule holdeth certaine in all, except that kinde which is ealled Nar- cissus lancifolius reflexo flore, whose cup is narrow, and as long as the leaues that turne vp againe. Secondly, I will sub- diuide each of these again apart by themselves into four sorts ; and first the Narcissus or true Daffodils into Latifolius, broad leafed Daffodils, Angustifolius, narrow leafed Daffodils, Lancifolius, rushe Daffodils, and Marinos, Sea Daffodils. ‘These sorts againe do comprehend vunder them some other diuisions, whereby they may the better be distinguished, and yet still be referred to one of those foure former sorts; as Monanthus, that is, Daffodils that beare but one flower; or two at the most vpon a stalke, and Polyanthus, those that beare many flowers vpon a stalke as also Simplici flore, those that beare single flowers, and Multiplici flore, or flore pleno, that is, haue double flowers. Vernales, those that flower in the Spring, and among them some that are earlier, and therefore called Praecoces, early flowering daffodils, and Autumnales, those that flower in Autumne onely. **And lastly with the Pseudonarcissus or bastard Daffodils, I will keepe the same order to distinguish them likewise, unto their forme, seuerall sorts. . . . To begin there- ad 54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN fore, I thinke fittest with that stately Daffodill which for his excelleney carrieth the name of None Such.’’? And therewith follows the description of four sorts of what we now know as Narcissus incomparabilis, but which then, because of the extensive artificial subdividing, bore the awesome polynomial of ‘‘ Narcissus latifolius omnium maximus amplo ealice flave sive nonpareille (the great None Such Daffodill, or Inecom- parable Daffodill).”’ As is evident from the above quotation, which may appear excessive but which is truly important in a historical treat- ment of the daffodil, Parkinson’s descriptions become almost painfully painstaking, and we are surprised indeed when he falls into the error of Matthiolus in including a Crocus and a Hippeastrum (which he allows to be a ‘‘strange sea daffo- dill’’) with his narcissi. In all, he gives nine excellent plates containing practically all the main species now known, as well as the two “‘exoties’’ mentioned above. Although Crocus and Hippeastrum may have deceived him, he at least sueceeded in relegating Tulipa, Scilla, and Muscaria from their previ- ously unchallenged places as bona fide Narcissi to their proper categories, as well as clearly outlining the gross mor- phology of the Narcissus in classification. In arriving at the ‘‘Paradisus Terrestris,’? we reach debated ground, for al- though the atmosphere of the work is medieval from the pic- ture of the Vegetable Lamb on the title-page to the decorated ‘*Finis’’ at the end, here we perceive a definite change from man’s earlier interpretation of Nature by means of myth and philosophical speculation to the spirit of modern ex- planation by observation and experiment. DAFFODIL, JONQUIL, OR NARCISSUS, WHICH? There is no more certain way of starting a discussion among amateur gardeners than to ask ‘‘ What is the difference between a daffodil and a jonquil?’’ For though jonquils are seldom grown in this country and few people have actually seen any, nearly every one has his own idea of what they-look like, and rarely does it happen that any two persons in one company are of the same opinion on the subject. Should you, however, have the unusual experience of finding three MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Bo gardeners who can agree on a definition, one question will serve to revive the discussion, ‘‘What is the difference be- tween a daffodil and a narcissus?”’ Let us answer the last question first. The term narcissus is scientific as well as popular. As a scientific name it refers to the whole group of plants which we eall by the popular names, daffodil, jonquil, poets’ nareissus, and paper-whites. All of these belong to the genus Narcissus and the term may very properly be used to refer to any one of them. In other words, all daffodils and jonquils are Narcissi but not all Nar- cissi are jonquils or daffodils. As a popular term, however, it has often been restricted in England to the poets’ narcissus and similar forms, and that custom has sometimes been fol- lowed in this country. As a group, the Narcissi (taking the term in its broadest sense) have so many striking characteristics, that it is easy to distinguish them from other flowering plants. They are all low-growing bulbous plants, the tallest kinds barely exceeding two feet. All of those in cultivation are spring flowering; their fiowers, borne on leafless stems of about the same height as the leaves, are yellow or white, in some forms marked with reddish or orange. Their most striking feature is the erown or corona, a petal-like outgrowth from the center of the flower. It varies from the long trumpet of the common daffodil to the shallow cup of the poets’ narcissus and is well shown in plate 22. The first question is even easier to answer. Though their flowers are distinctive, daffodils and jonquils are most readily distinguished by their leaves. Those of daffodils are much wider than thick, while those of jonquils are of about equal dimensions each way. The twenty or more species of Nar- ecissus can be divided into two groups on this basis, the daffo- dils and other species with similar leaves forming the ‘‘flat- leaved’’ or ‘‘grass-leaved’’ narcissi; while the jonquils and the other round-leaved species are known as the ‘‘rush-’ leaved’’ narcissi. As has been said there are many other differences between jonquils and daffodils, and there is really no cause for confusion. Jonquils are very sweet-scented. Their odor is more like that of paper-white narcissi (though 56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN not as sickening) than it is like that of daffodils. Furthermore, their flowers are smaller, are usually borne in clusters of two or three, and are of a brighter yellow than daffodils. When we leave the question of what differentiates a daffo- dil from a jonquil and try to distinguish the separate species of Narcissus, we find it a difficult if not an impossible task. The species are very variable and it is hard to tell where one leaves off and another begins. There are numerous inter- mediate forms between the outstanding types. Sweet, the British botanist, died in the madhouse, the result, it is said, of trying to straighten out the species of Narcissus. Nearly all of the species will cross with each other if given the op- portunity, and many botanists believe that this has occurred in nature and is responsible for much of the confusion that exists. When we leave the wild species and attempt to classify the garden forms, the confusion is even greater. The original types have been crossed and recrossed to such an extent that they can no longer be recognized. In 1909 the Royal Horti- cultural Society of England took the matter in hand and after several preliminary attempts developed an artificial classification which has been largely followed since that time. Though it does not adhere throughout to botanical relation- ships and though forms of very different ancestry are some- times brought together under one heading, it has been found of great practical convenience in classifying garden forms. It divides the genus into eleven divisions as follows: DIVISION I. Trumpet Daffodils. Distinguishing character. Trumpet or crown as long as or longer than the perianth’ segments. Here belongs the common daffodil, Narcissus Pseudo-Nar- cissus, Which grows wild in Europe from the Seandinavian peninsula to Spain and Roumania. In England the wild daffodils are often referred to in country districts as Lent Lilies. This division is subdivided on the basis of flower eolor. *The term perianth used in these descriptions is a general term for the outer whorls of the flower and includes the petals (corolla) and sepals (calyx). In Narcissus there is usually little or no dif- ference between petals and sepals. PLATE 25 Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., Vou. 14, 1926. TYPES OF NARCISSUS PSEUDO-NARCISSUS VAR. MAJOR TAZETTA VAR. PAPYRACEUS (SINGLE DAFFODIL). (PAPER-WHITE). PSEUDO-NARCISSUS VAR. FLORE JONQUILLA PLENO (DOUBLE DAFFODIL). (TRUE JONOUIL). PLATE 26 Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VoL. 14, 1926. TYPES OF NARCISSUS TRIANDRUS INCOM PARABILIS (ANGEL'S TEARS). (NONE-SUCH). ODORUS VAR. HEMINALIS BULBOCODIUM CORBULARIA (CAMPERNELLE), (PETTICOAT DAFFODIL). MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 57 (a) varieties with yellow or lemon-colored trumpets and perianth of the same shade or lighter (but not white). (b) varieties with white trumpet and perianth. (ec) bicolor varieties, i. e., those having a white or whitish perianth and a trumpet colored some shade of yellow. These are the varieties which have been aptly deseribed as ‘‘apples of gold in baskets of silver.”’ DIVISION II. Incomparabilis. Distinguishing character. Cup or crown not less than one third, but less than equal to, the length of the peri- auth segments. Here belongs Narcissus incomparabilis, found wild in Spain and southern France, and a number of garden hybrids of similar form. They are of diverse ancestry, the results of crosses between trumpet daffodils and poets’ narcissus. Like the trumpet daffodils they are subdivided on the basis of color: (a) yellow shades with or without red coloring in the cup. (b) bicolor varieties with white or whitish perianth and self yellow, red-stained, or red cup. DIVISION III. Barri. Distinguishing character. Cup or crown less than one-third the length of the perianth segments. Garden hybrids of various ancestry, mainly crosses between poets’ narecissi and trumpet daffodils or incomparabilis. DIVISION IV. Leedsii. Distinguishing character. Perianth white and cup or erown white, cream, or pale citron, sometimes tinged with pink or apricot. Embracing all sizes as found in the incomparabilis and PBarrii divisions. DIVISION V. Triandrus hybrids. Distinguishing character. All varieties obviously of N. triandrus ancestry, such as Queen of Spain, ete. [Narcissus triandrus is a small, nodding daffodil found wild in the mountains of Spain and Portugal, where it grows between clefts in the rock. Because of its nodding flowers it 58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN is commonly known as ‘‘Angel’s Tears.’’ The leaves are rush-like, the flowers are small, their perianth is reflexed and gives the flower somewhat the aspect of a fuchsia or a cy- clamen. Hybrids between them and the larger narcissi re- tain somewhat of the grace of the wild form and are com- monly grown from seed in England. ] DIVISION VI. Cyclamineus hybrids. | Narcissus cyclamineus, as its name would indicate, is an- other wild species with reflexed perianth. It is a tiny form, six inches high at the most, with small drooping flowers of a rich, shiny yellow. Its hybrids are distinguished by drooping flowers and globular eups. | DIVISION VII. Jonquilla hybrids. N. odorus. [|The true sweet-scented jonquil, Narcissus Jonquilla, deseribed below, has been crossed with N. Pseudo-Narcissus to produce a race of larger-flowered forms. Similar forms long known as Narcissus odorus have been found growing wild in southern Europe and are considered by many botanists to be natural hybrids. All these forms are known to gar- deners as Campernelle jonquils, or simply campernelles. They are early blooming, producing two or more fragrant flowers on each stalk. ] DIVISION VIII. Tazetta and Tazetta hybrids. [Narcissus Tazetta is the exceedingly variable species to which belong most of the ‘‘bunch-flowered narcissi,’’ the paper-whites, the Chinese saered lily, and other forms hav- ing numerous small flowers clustered at the end of slender stalks. With them are grouped the poetaz varieties (hybrids with the poets’ narcissus) and other hybrid forms. ] DIVISION IX. — Poetieus varieties. The poets’ narcissus, Narcissus poeticus, and its several varieties. DIVISION X. Double varieties. Here are lumped together all the double varieties of Nar- eissus. In some of them the doubling is mainly of the MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 59 trumpet and the perianth remains normal, in some the peri- anth is also doubled. Most of these forms are of very ancient origin. The following are a few of the commoner sorts: Double Van Sion or Telamonius plenus. This very ancient type is found wild in southern Europe. It is the com- mon double daffodil, sometimes erroneously called jon- quil, found in old American gardens. It is very vigorous and free-flowering and can be seen every spring by the thousands around several of the older homes in St. Louis County. In this country it displays an annoying tend- ency to produce flowers streaked with green. Queen Anne’s Double Daffodil or Capex Plenus. The flower has no trumpet and the perianth is composed of six superimposed layers of petals, each one a little smaller than the one below it. Orange Phoenix, Golden Phoenix, and Silver Phoenix. Often called in England by the country names of Eggs and Bacon, Butter and Eggs, and Codlings and Cream, respectively. These are double forms of N. incompara- bilis, differing in the shade of the flowers. Double Poets’ Narcissus. Often called the gardenia- flowered narcissus. Double Jonquil. A double form of the true jonquil, which is described in the next section. Queen Anne Jonquil. This is a double form of the Camper- nelle jonquil of Division VII. DIVISION XI. Various. Here are included all the forms which do not come under any of the above headings. It is mainly composed of wild species, N. triandrus and N. cyclamineus, already described, and Narcissus Jonquilla, the true jonquil. It is distinguished from the Campernelle jonquils by its smaller size and its relatively smaller cup which is much less than half the length of the perianth segments. Here also belongs the dainty little Narcissus Bulbocodium, the hoop-petticoat daffodil, so called beeause of its widely flaring corona. Though there are many varieties of narcissus, few of them are seen in this country. In Europe the flower has been culti- 60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN vated since very early times. The Reverend Joseph Jacob says of its history as a garden flower: “The poets of ancient Greece and Rome sang its praises two thousand years ago; the bunch-flowered form (N. Tazetta) was in all probability cultivated in Egypt a hun- dred years and more before the birth of Christ, and it was used then, as it is today, in funeral ceremonies. * * * * At the same time it is a new flower, inasmuch as the lovely forms which are now the commonplaces of the garden and show table were undreamed of fifty years ago. One has only to remember that in Glenny’s ‘Properties of Flowers and Plants’ no other Narcissus or Daffodil is thought worthy of mention but the Tazetta or ‘Polyanthus.’ ‘The last and by far the most interesting stage in the life- history of the Daffodil began in the forties when Dean Her- bert of Manchester, in order to find out which varieties he should class as natural species, crossed for his own satisfac- tion, ‘a trumpet with a poet’ and produced a flower (incom- parabilis) intermediate between the two. Then came the days of Backhouse and Leeds who in their leisure hours ‘busied themselves with hybridizing and raising seedlings with the result that pretty well all the first generation of new and beautiful garden forms were their seedlings. One wonders what might have been the fate of these early, garden-raised seedlings had not they been taken in hand by Peter Barr, and through his instrumentality distributed to the garden world. Peter Barr in no figurative sense, made the Daffodil. He travelled for it, he worked for it; he classified it, he ad- vertised it. * * * * The send off of Daffodils as we now know them was the Daffodil conference of 1884. This event more than anything else sent the ball rolling. Before twelve months were past Peter Barr had arranged in system- atic order all the known varieties, and his firm, in conjune- tion with Mr. F. W. Burbidge, had published ‘Ye Narcissus, a Daffodyl Flowre and hys Roots, with hys culture & &’ and Mr. Hartland of Cork had issued the first catalogue devoted entirely to Daffodils ever published.’’ The interest thus started increased from year to vear. The numbers of named varieties mounted into the thousands. The MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 61 first show exclusively for daffodils was held in Birmingham in 1893. By 1910 eighteen British cities were holding such ex- hibitions annually and daffodil societies were springing up throughout the empire. The craze was just reaching a peak when checked by the World war. At that time enthusiasts were paying as much as two to three hundred dollars for single bulbs of new varieties and sturdy Britons were being turned from pheasant shooting to daffodil raising. One en- thusiastie aristocrat wrote: ‘‘I always thought a real good shoot or a good salmon river, with plenty of water in it, about the top of the tree for enjoyment, but I am beginning to think that I look forward to my visit to the Birmingham Daffodil Show more than any thing in the year.”’ CULTURAL DIRECTIONS The various garden forms of Narcissi are among the best subjects for the spring garden. They are hardy and reliable, standing frost even after they have come into flower, and are equally effective outdoors or as a cut flower. They have a long blooming season, two months elapsing between the earliest of the vellow trumpets and the last of the poets’ nareissi. Once planted they will bloom for many years with- out further attention and their culture is extremely easy. Formerly within the reach of every householder, the restric- tions enforced by the Federal Horticultural Board has eut off the main source of supply and made all but the very com- mon sorts a rich man’s luxury. While narcissi prefer a light sandy loam, they will give good results in our heavy clays, particularly if a little sand is filled in about the bulb when planted. They may be put in the ground any time between July and October but the sooner the better, as the bulbs do not keep well when exposed to the air. The general rule for all varieties is to plant them six inches apart and to have the top of the bulb three inches below the surface of the ground. If the soil is heavier, how- ever, the bulbs need not be planted so deeply, and if it is lighter they should he planted deeper. With small-bulbed sorts the distances apart and the depth of covering need to be decreased. When in doubt plant them deeper, as it will do the bulbs no harm, and will merely make them come into 62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN flower a little later. Bulbs have been known to flower sue- cessfully when covered with nearly two feet of earth. The smaller sorts are easily planted with a dibble, a pointed stick a little larger in diameter than a broom handle. If many bulbs are to be planted, it is a convenience to have one made from an old spade or shovel handle with a cross bar six inches from the point for the foot. When bulbs are being planted in the grass the dibble may be used, or a slant-wise cut may be made with the spade and several bulbs inserted. One caution only needs to be given. Do not use manure, particularly fresh manure of any kind, as the bulbs are very sensitive to it. It is best not to use manure even as a mulch, though this is often done without injury if it is removed early enough in the spring. The very best mulch is marsh hay, but if this is not obtainable, leaves weighted down with a few branches, or sphagnum moss or cocoanut fibre may be substituted. The bulbs may, in fact, be left without any mulch, although the smaller and shallower-planted sorts will sometimes be injured in the alternate freezing and thawing to which the ground is subjected. Narcissi are particularly at home when grown in the grass. That is where they grow naturally, and if the grass does not need to be mowed until after their leaves mature, they will eare for themselves without further attention. All of the hardy kinds can be used; the trumpet daffodils for well- drained slopes and poets’ narcissi for the heavy wet soil of pond margins. If more than one kind is to be used, each kind should be planted separately, otherwise an unpleasant, spotty effect is obtained. Narcissi are most effective when planted in bold, irregular clumps of 25 to 100 with a few outlying individuals. VARIETIES FOR THE HOME GARDEN The following are all standard, reliable varieties, com- paratively low in price: Autocrat (Incomparabilis). Rich yellow, cup very wide at the mouth, tinged with red. Early. Beauty (Incomparabilis). Perianth light yellow, cup deeper yel- low, shaded with reddish orange. Splendid cut flower. Natu- ralizes well. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 63 EMPEROR (Trumpet). The standard, all-yellow trumpet. Old and reliable. Empress (Trumpet Bicolor). Perianth sulphur-white, trumpet rich yellow. Dependable for naturalizing, forcing, or growing in the garden border. SEAGULL (Barrii). Perianth pure white, cup pale yellow edged with orange. RucuLosus (Hybrid Jonquil). The best of the Campernelles. Fra- grant, free-flowering. Naturalizes well. Sir WATKIN (Incomparabilis). One of the largest of this section. Free bloomer. Very early. WHITE Lapy (Leedsii). Perianth white, cup pale canary-yellow. Van Sion (Double Trumpet). Sometimes called Telamonius plenus. Standard for forcing. Naturalizes well, though flowers are often streaked with green. Many narcissi are well adapted for forcing for winter bloom in the house; the paper-white being one of the easiest to handle. For cultural directions see the article on ‘‘ Bulbs for the Home”’ in the October, 1922, number of the BULLETIN. NOTES Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, spoke before the Women’s Round Table dinner, March 18, on ‘‘Con- servation.’ Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, presented a paper before the Botanical Society of Washington, April 6, on ‘‘Some Recent Studies on the Virus of Tobacco Mosaic.’’ Recent visitors to the Garden include the University of Illinois Library School, April 9; and Professor Yoshiji Yoshii, professor of plant physiology, Biological Institute, Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan, on April 10. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist and in Charge of the School for Gardening, spoke before the members of the Garden Club of Springfield, Illinois, March 23, on ‘‘Flower Forms and Their Meaning;’’ and on April 2 addressed the Nature Study Society of Webster Groves, on the same subject. Dr. Anderson assisted as an instructor at the National Girl Scouts training course at Irondale, Missouri, April 15-17. The fourth number of Volume XII of the Annals of the 64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Missouri Botanical Garden has recently been issued with con- tents as follows: ‘“The Effect of Treating the Virus of Tobacco Mosaic with the Juices of Various Plants.’’ B. M. Duggar and Joanne K. Armstrong. ‘*Determination of Total Nitrogen in Plants and Plant Solutions: A Comparison of Methods with Modifications.”’ Emery R. Ranker. **Colloidal Sulphur: Preparation and Toxicity.’’ Lionel E. Tisdale. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 65 STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1926 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Tota lenumber Ol VISIUONS. 2.4 « «nis scence the wits oles Bienes te sous 8,231 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants received as gifts............. 3,025 Total number of seed packets received as gifts....... 180 PLANT DISTRIBUTION: Total number Of plants GiStripUledss.m «sess cs vis se ss 6 Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought ....... 44 Total number of books and pamphlets donated ...... 213 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Collins, J. Franklin— Gymnosperms, mostly from FRDOGOmUSLATON wei cic cis.c.c 25 cra ere ake eueester Otis ettes paoisie ened 21 Howe, T. D.—Liatris acidota Engelm. & Gray, var. mucronata (Engelm. & Gray) Gray, from Nebraska.. 1 Kellogg, John H.—Plants of Horticulture............ 2 Powell, CG. W.—Plants: of Panama... oe 5 oct civic sos 10s 18 Pring, George H.—Oncidium fulgens Schltr. from Pan- SRTTN Ee aiatis rate Petra rience acetic eres ce ay al seer ayn tate el ates cou aietle aetistlaitel s le 1 By Purchase— Plants of Trinidad and-Tobago.:...: 0.55. .sseeesies eee 100 Holzinger, John M.—Musci Acrocarpi Boreali-Ameri- cani et Europaei, Fasc. XXIII, Nos. 551-575, incl.... 25 Seymour, Frank C.—Mexican Gulf Coast Flora, Cent. TecINOSee OOS Clee terearerstesetalas un nik e agiataie ato aun sake 100 Weigel, Th. Oswald—Plants of Papuasia (Kaiser Wil- helmsland ), wa saree we es. ee hea dys hee ean ate ee ee 100 By Exchange— Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University—Plants of the United States, collected by E. J. Palmer........ 1,60 Bailey, Dr. L. H.—Plants of Venezuela............... 21 Rose, Dr. J. N.—Senecio eriophyllus Greenman, from MCX I CO. cco ao teen eed al Re eee EMS a etna rtucs aire Sia eren etal 1 Ota Divi pueter sate gel cake thao eae wes aoe eile de eueteeeta ss 1,990 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth ef July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. AGabaae T. ‘Woden, i -Direttor aA b ~ aie de pette | M. Siocee Physiologist i in charge of Graduate je Laboratory. ‘Geneticist ie Necr C. Horner, _ Librarian and Editor of Publica P. ‘Baawnen, | Painter MllssoURI IBOTANICAL GARDEN [BULLETIN Vol. XIV MAY, 1926 No. 5 CONTENTS Page The River Birch? oe 0 es Ok PAs ee ee neds peeig ite | Mee Oe The Story of William Cobbett, Plantsman and Pamphleteer 69 Information Furnished by the Garden . . . .. . 74 Werte Fo ON, ae AR AGES 5 Statistical Information’ tiie se eer ae Oe og i ST. LOUIS, MO. 1926 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE; ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS 'WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF PERPETUATING » President EDWARD C. ELIOT. Vice-President GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK. Second Vice-President SAMUEL. C.; Davis. THOMAS S. MArrirt. PHivip C. SCANLAN. -Epwarp MALLINCKRODT, ALBERT T. PERKINS. A. C. F. Meyer. Joun F. SHEPLEY. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Henry F. FAHRENKROG, FREDERICK F'. JOHNSON, President of the Board ot Education Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri Ris of St. Louis Herpert. S. HADLEy, ' Victor J. MILLER, Chancellor of Washington University Mayor of the City ot St. Louis Grorcr T. Moore, President of The Academy of Science of St. Louis RicHarp Morey, Secretary. Mo, Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 14, 1926. PLATE 27 Pon i 5 CEES eres ie, ABS 2 SS i ec ea SPECIMEN OF RIVER BIRCH, NEAR NEW ATHENS, ILLINOIS Missoun Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XIV MAY, 1926 No. 5 THE RIVER BIRCH A Native TREE oF PROMISE FOR THE SMOKE ZONE In Saint Louis the one question which outweighs all others when the garden value of any plant is being considered is, ‘‘How will it stand the smoke?’’ Because of smoke condi- tions we grow hardy four-o’clocks instead of lilies, and how- ever much we may enjoy the fragrance of conifers we tol- erate in their stead the malodorous Ailanthus. For this rea- son the river birch, Betula nigra L., seems worthy of a more extended trial in Saint Louis. Like the syeamore and the silver maple, the river birch is native to the bottomlands of the Mis- sissippi Valley, but, unlike them, it has not been generally used for city planting. There are several trees at the Garden and one or two here and there in the city parks, but with these few exceptions it seems to have been overlooked by our gar- deners. Yet it has done uniformly well in these situations and has proved hardy north of its natural range, nor has the Saint Louis smoke affected it as it has many of our native trees. The group in the North American tract is healthy and vigorous. Measurements made this winter show that the smaller saplings planted a few years ago near the Director’s residence are growing as rapidly as the trees of the same age in Saint Louis County. The technical botanical description is as follows: Tree to 90 feet in height, trunk occasionally reaching a diameter of 5 feet; branches slender, pendulous; bark on trunk and larger limbs very dark brown, in large gran- ular-surfaced flakes, that on branches lustrous, reddish brown to cinnamon-red, separating naturally in ragged, curly sheets, wood close-grained, light, and strong, heart-wood scarcely differentiated; leaves alternate, lustrous, dark (67) pe ae a 68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN green above, whitish beneath, coarsely and irregularly bi- serrate, acuminate-pointed, cuneate at the base, downy beneath when young; petioles short, pubescent; flowers appearing before the leaves; staminate catkins in three’s, distillate catkins erect, short, soft-downy, peduncled; fruit ripening in May or June of the first year. More striking than any of these technical points is the pic- turesque aspect of the tree, perhaps too much so for general planting. The trunk, in young trees, is narrow and divides into a few gracefully curved branches. These are slender and supple, clothed along most of their length with the ragged, papery bark whose color has lent the name of red birch to the species. It is probably too limber for a street tree, though an avenue on a private estate would be an interesting experi- ment. Like most birches, it is little damaged by snow and ice, bending under its load instead of breaking. Although the river birch thrives in gardens and is the only bireh which takes kindly to warm climates, it is found wild only along river banks, pond margins, or in wet swamps. It oceurs seatteringly along the Atlantic coastal plain from the Merrimac River in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, southward, and in the bottomlands of the Mississippi River system. At its western limits, along the upper branches of the Missouri, it becomes dwarfed and serubby; southward it grows more luxuriantly, probably reaching its best develop- ment in the Red River country in Arkansas. Loeally it occurs here and there along our smaller water courses, probably the nearest to the city being the mutilated specimen close to the North and South road just outside the town of Clayton, It is found scatteringly in the vicinity of Barnhardt, Mo., and is very abundant along the Meramec River at Allenton. The finest grove known to the writer is on the banks of the Kas- kaskia River just outside the town of New Athens, Illinois, where there are several very large specimens (pls. 27-28) and forty or fifty younger trees. Although the species is nowhere plentiful, it will probably always remain with us. In the first place it is a tree of the waste lands, growing on the very edge of the rivers, and therefore is least likely to be eut down when the land is cleared. Secondly, though the wood is usable it has no out- Mo. Bot. GArbD. BULL., Vou. 14, 1926. PLATE. “28. ed yo & TRUNK OF LARGE RIVER BIRCH, NEAR NEW ATHENS, ILUINOIS Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., PLATE 29. ~ oy IF. Bartolossi, WILLIAM KY. Ie aysrer COBBET'I MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 69 standing qualities to make it particularly sought after. It is used in the manufacture of wooden kitchen-ware, picnic plates, and the like, by furniture makers for the sides and backs of drawers, and as a foundation for veneers of more beautiful woods. Probably the only special use is that re- eorded by Michaux: ‘‘In Philadelphia its twigs are exclu- sively chosen for the brooms with which the streets and court- yards are swept, which are similar to those employed for the same purpose in Paris. The twigs of the other species of birch, being less supple and more brittle, are not proper for this use.’’ Considering the tree as a whole, it does not deserve to re- main what it is at present, the least known of our native trees. For, as Michaux observed in his ‘‘North American Sylva,’ ‘‘if the good properties of the birch are not bril- liant, they are at least numerous and useful.’’ THE STORY OF WILLIAM COBBETT, PLANTSMAN AND PAMPHLETEER Among books recently acquired by the Garden library is a copy of ‘‘The Woodlands,’ by William Cobbett, a figure as striking in horticulture as in all the diverse activities into which he thrust himself. He was a man of whom his biog- rapher, Lewis Melville, could write, ‘‘If there has lived any- one with a more goodly conceit of himself than William Cob- bett, more convinced of his virtues as a man, more satisfied with his achievements as a politician, and more delighted with the effects of his writings, history has failed to record his existence. In the realms of vanity, albeit it must be remem- bered that there was in him a substratum of sound common sense, it is verily William Cobbett first and the rest nowhere.”’ Although self-educated, he became one of the greatest Eng- lish politicians of his day, a fiery champion of the poor and the oppressed, a publicist, who spared no one and attacked friend and foe with equal vigor. With boundless energy he wrote book after book, on English Grammar, Travel, Horti- culture, History, Ethics, the Use of Horse-drawn Cultivators, Religion, Geography, Dendrology, and Political Economy. With a conceit equally boundless he could say of these books, Yee > eke 70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the main ones of which he expansively dubbed ‘‘The Cobbett Library,’’ ‘‘When I am asked what books a young man or young woman ought to read, I always answer, let him or her read all the books that I have written.’’ Cobbett was born in 1763, the son of a Surrey farmer. A local gardener having kindled his imagination with tales of ; the wonderful gardens of the King, he ran away from home at the age of eleven, and made his way to Kew on foot. In one of his autobiographical sketches he tells of his reception there, ‘‘The singularity of my dress, the simplicity of my | manner, my lively and confident air, and doubtless his com- : passion besides, induced the gardener, who was a Scotchman, a to give me victuals, find me lodgin, and set me to work; and it was during this period that I was at Kew that George IV and two of his brothers laughed at the oddness of my dress while I was sweeping the grass plot round the foot of the Pagoda. The gardener, seeing me fond of books, lent me some gardening books to read.”’ Upon his return home shortly afterward, he enlisted in the army and saw service in New Brunswick. In the army he advanced rapidly in spite of his conceit and his unwillingness : to overlook the corruption and graft which he found there. He was offered a commission, but preferred to resign and return to England where he spent time and energy in a dis- astrous attempt to have his superiors prosecuted for graft. Having long been interested in the affairs of the American colonists, in 1792 he set sail for Philadelphia with his young bride, and offered his services to the American government. He was unable to obtain anything sufficiently remunerative from them, however, and set himself to teaching English to French immigrants, and was soon making a comfortable liv- ing. But his fingers itehed for the pen, and a number of pro-English pamphlets published under his nom-de-plume of Peter Porcupine made him extremely unpopular. The climax of his American career came when he proceeded to attack Dr. Benjamin Rush, saying, ‘‘Can a Rush grow without mire?”’ Rush was successful in a libel suit against him, and Cobbett eventually vielded to the advice of friends to return to England. Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., Vou. 14, 1926. PLATE 30. THE WOODLANDS: A TREATISE On the preparing of ground for planting; on the planting ; on the cultivating ; on the pruning; and on the cutting down of Forest Vrees and Underwoods ; DESCRIBING The usual growth and size and the uses of each sort of tree, the seed of each, the season and manner of collecting the seed, the manner of preserving and of sowing it, and also the manner of managing the young plants until fit to plant out; THE TREES i? cing arranged in’ Alphabetical Order, and the List of them, in- cluding those of America as well as those of England, and the Eavlish, French, and Latin name being prefixed to the directions relative to each tree respectively. BY WILLIAM COEBETT. aa Shckadate, Shite TITLE PAGE FROM WILLIAM COBBETT’S “THE WOODLANDS” MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 71 In England he plunged anew into agitation and contro- versy, writing continually and furiously, and eventually landed in prison in 1810, where he remained two years. His many enemies hounded him in financial as well as in political ways, so that in 1817 he came again to America to escape his cred- itors. On this visit he spent two years in the country and traveled as far west as Vincennes, Indiana. His journal of this visit, published under the title of “‘A Year’s Residence in the United States of America,” treats in an interesting manner of the crops, climate, customs, and vegetation, of the country at that time. In 1819 he returned to England, tak- ing with him the bones of Thomas Paine, the free-thinker. He busied himself characteristically in many things, but the tide of his fortune had turned and though he made many enemies he also made many friends. He was tried for sedi- tion in 1831 but was acquitted and was elected to the House of Commons a year later. There he fought so valiantly for his ‘‘beloved poor’’ that he brought about his death in 1835 from over-exertion. He died as he had lived, fighting fear- lessly, asking quarter from no one, sparing not even his friends. ‘‘Let them write on till their own pens are worn to the stump; let them fire their balls at my reputation, till the very press cries out murder. If ever they hear me whine or complain, I will give them leave to fritter my carcass.”’ To gardeners he is of particular interest for two reasons: his introduction of American trees into England, and his de- seription of the farms and gardens of America at the time of his second visit. His exploitation of the American locust has been mentioned in the November, 1925, number of the Buuuetin. He sincerely believed that our locust was supe- rior to any of the trees then. grown in Britain and set about with characteristic energy to popularize it, writing in his treatise on woodlands, ‘‘T believe that I know as much on this subject [the growing of locust trees] and perhaps more than any man in the world. I shall make it as easy to the reader as the rearing of cabbages and turnips; and that, too, at an expense so moderate as to make it next to impossible for any gentleman who has the seed to refrain from eulti- vating this tree upon as large a scale as his possessions will +) aa Se ne Tee oe o iz MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN permit.’’ His persistent advocacy brought the tree into favor, but, unfortunately for England, his predictions as to its rate of growth did not materialize. He made an unsuccessful attempt to interest the British public in Indian corn, but, like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Herbert Hoover at later dates, he failed to convince them that it was meant for human food. He published a number of his journal, ‘‘The Register,’? on paper made from corn husks, and even established stores where flour and bread made from Indian corn might be purchased. For these ef- forts the Society of Arts presented him with its silver medal in 1823, but the great British public characteristically kept to its old ways. He also wrote widely on American plants in general and on American trees in particular. He grew a number of these at his home in Surrey, recommending, among others, the American white ash as superior to the British. Its seed, he declared, ‘‘could be germinated the first year with just as much ease as an onion or radish seed.” His descriptions of American farms, gardens, and forests, in the year 1818 are very delightful reading. His versatile nature was interested in so many different features of the life around him that, on reading his journal, one is reminded of Darwin’s ‘‘ Voyage of the Beagle.’’ The following extracts are typical: {Long Island—1817.|] ‘‘The fences are of post and rail. This arose in the first place from the abundance of timber that men knew not how to dispose of. It is now become an affair of great expense in the populous parts of the country; and, that it might, with great advantage and perfect ease, be got rid of, I shall clearly show in another part of my work.”’ “‘From December to May there is not a speck of green. No green grass and turnips, and wheat, and rye, and rape, as in England. The frost comes and sweeps all vegetation and verdant existence from the face of the earth. The wheat and the rye live; but they lose all their verdure.’’ [New York.] ‘‘May 16, 1817. Dry wind, warm in the sun. Cherry trees begin to come out in bloom. The Oaks show MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 73 no green yet. The Sassafras in flower, or, whatever else it is called. It resembles the Elder flower a good deal.’’ ‘*Let us, now, take a survey, or rather a glance at the face which nature now wears. The pears, apples, and other fruit trees have not made much progress in the swelling or burst- ing of their buds. The buds of the Willow tree have bursted (for in spite of that conceited ass, Mr. James Perry, to burst is a regular verb and vulgar pedants only, made it irregular) and those of a lilac, in a warm place, are almost bursted, which is a great deal better than to say, ‘almost burst.’ Oh, the coxcomb! As if an absolute pedagogue like him could injure me by his criticisms! And, as if an error like this, even if it had been one, could have anything to do with my capacity for developing principles, and for simplifying things, which in their nature are of great complexity! The Oaks, which in England have now their sap in full flow, are here quite unmoved as yet. In the gardens in general there is nothing green, while in England they have Broccoli to eat, early cabbages planted out, coleworts to eat, peas four or five inches high. Yet, we have green peas and leaved eab- bages as soon as they will.’’ ‘‘Transplanting Indian Corn. ‘*T was always of opinion that this would be the best mode, under certain circumstances, of dealing with this crop. The spring, in this part of America, and further to the north, is but short. It is nearly winter till it is summer. The labors of the year are, at this season, very much crowded. To plant the grains of the Indian Corn over a whole field requires previous plowing, harrowing, marking, and manuring. The consequence is, that, as soon as there are so many other things to do, something is but too often badly done. Now this could be postponed by transplanting the plants of Indian Corn. I was resolved to try this; and so confident was I that it would succeed that I made some part of my preparations for six acres.’’ [Evansville, Indiana.] ‘‘June 23, 1818. See great quan- tities of turkey buzzards and thousands of pigeons. Came to Pigeon Creek about two hundred and thirty miles below the 74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN falls, and stopped for tonight at Evansville, a town of nine months old near the mouth of it.’’ {Lexington, Kentucky.| ‘‘July 10, 1818. Leave Frank- fort, and come through a district of fine land, very well wa- tered, to Lexington. Had the good fortune to meet Mr. Henry Clay, who carried us to his house, about a mile in the coun- try. It is a beautiful residence, situated near the center of a very fine farm, which is just cleared and is coming to ex- cellent cultivation. I approve of Mr. Clay’s method very much, especially in laying down pasture. He clears away all the brush or under wood, leaving timber enough to afford a sufficiency of shade for the grass, which does not thrive here exposed to the sun as in England and other such climates.”’ Enough has been quoted to show that while William Cob- bett’s main concern was not with America but with William Cobbett, his journal nevertheless makes interesting reading. As Hazlitt says of him in one of his ‘‘Table Talks,’’ ‘‘ He does not talk of himself for lack of something to write about, but because some circumstance that has happened to himself is the best possible illustration of the subject, and he is not the man to shrink from giving the best possible illustration of the subject for a squeamish delicacy. We feel delighted, rub our hands and draw our chairs to the fire, when we come to a passage of this sort; we know it will be something new and good, manly and simple, not the same insipid story of self over again.”’ INFORMATION FURNISHED BY THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden has long been recognized as a source of botanical and horticultural information, not only by the citizens of St. Louis but throughout the country. In order that readers of the BuLLETIN may have a more definite idea of the kind of questions to which answers may be obtained it has been decided to publish from time to time a list of the inquiries received, by personal visit, by tele- phone, and by mail. VF One, eee eS | MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN To INQUIRIES RECEIVED DURING APRIL St. Louis: Kind of grass to use and treatment of lawns............... 12 Kind of shrubs and trees to plant, where to obtain them ONG CATO! OL SAIC for 5k A esis wo ctele cee Site eie de SA ae w oPe te syehers 7 Where to obtain and how to plant water-lilies.............. S Propagation, care, and varieties to use, of roses, iris, and other bedding plants; also house plants; where to obtain; planning of backyard. gardens: 3.05.0. 0. seas ss eee anes 13 Causes of specific plant diseases and remedies for same, InTOTINALION. OY“ SOL ame LOLUlli Zerg van... cc. iere-sieielets gietssc share 2 either fungous Or INSeCl: -. eles. 3. ee 6SG eee ss ee ses 4 Various requests for information from books contained in GL SS ah th AE rot i a OO aM OE ee Le Sole) OCR oe et ff Library consulted by students from Washington University, St. Louis University, and scientific staff of commercial concerns. Request for loans of cuts from BuULURTIN. ©. \i.% 65. 2. .6es ase al Information about power mowers. How to treat a tree burned by fire. How to treat tulips after flowering. Properties of a plant supposed to be medicinal. Concerning Paraguay tea. Use of seaweed. Raising fish and plants for aquaria. Pollens concerned in hay-fever. Regarding use of colloidal sulphur. Alabama: Information concerning Henry Shaw and founding of Garden, Arkansas: Concerning’ hardy water-Willes. v.05 ii. sie oleae ne ee teen es eas rv; Best plants for home grounds. Colorado: Concerning Victoria regia. Georgia: Method of propagating azaleas and camellias. Illinois: Hardiness of certain plants in that state. Identification of shrub. Value of sawdust as fertilizer. Identification of plant. Best varieties of shrubs, and care. Iowa: Concerning old horticultural varieties of garden vegetables de- scribed in unique collection of old seed catalogues in Garden library. Kansas: Botanical material for classes. cy? 4 ee ~ % “ ws 76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Kentucky: Information on soil fertilizers. Massachusetts: How to obtain seed from Russia. Information concerning chrysanthemums and orchids. Michigan: Information on prairie wild-flower seed. Information on herbarium specimens. Minnesota: Verification of quotation from Ovidius Motalbanus “Hortus Botanographicus,” 1660. Missouri (outside St. Louis): Where to obtain water-lilies. Concerning possibility of transmitting disease by planting seed from foreign country. Use of copperas to destroy dandelions. School for Gardening—2 requests. Use of bent grass. Effect of electric light on plant growth. Identification of plant. Request for economic plants. New York: Information concerning the Garden. Request for use of cuts from BULLETIN, and permission to re- print article. Ohio: Information concerning the Garden. Identification of twigs. South Carolina: Information concerning shading of greenhouses. Tennessee: Rose planting. When to plant tropical water-lilies. Where to obtain Ornithogalum arabicum. Texas: Identification of native Texas plants and of cultivated plant. Customers for cacti. Washington: Concerning title-page and preface to Matthiolus’ “Herbal.” Information regarding BULLETIN. West Virginia: Material for the study of forestry. Wisconsin: Information concerning cacti, where to obtain, kind of soil, ete. District of Columbia—Washington: Identification of Costa Rican plants. Loan of herbarium material. England: Where to obtain plants for specific purposes. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 77 NOTES The March, 1926, number of the ‘‘New Phytologist’’ con- tains an article by Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, on ‘‘The International Congress of Plant Sciences.”’ Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before the annual joint mecting of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi, at Washington University, May 4, ‘‘On Being Scientific.’’ The Nature Study Group of the National Girl Scouts vis- ited the Garden, April 20, and were conducted through the buildings and grounds by Dr. Edgar Anderson, in charge of School for Gardening. The annual flower sermon, provided for in the will of Henry Shaw, was preached at Christ Church Cathedral, on Sunday, May 11, by the Rev. Joseph Fort Newton, Rector of St. Paul’s Church, Overbrook, Philadelphia, Pa. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, Mr. Clar- ence Kobuski, Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellow, Mrs. Elva Pumphrey Miller, Research Assistant, and Dr. Roland La Garde, Scientific Assistant, were initiated into Sigma Xi, on May 4. Dr. George T. Moore attended the annual meeting of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, April 22-24, and on April 22 gave a paper before the body on ‘‘An Ac- curate Identification of Wind-Borne Pollens for Diagnostic Tests in Hay-Fever. Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, attended the second National Orehid Exhibition given by the Ameri- ean Orchid Society, at Philadelphia, May 7-9. The Society presented the Garden with a silver medal as a special award for an educational exhibit of orchid seedlings. Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, spoke be- fore the National Academy of Sciences, April 27, on ‘‘The Colloidal Behavior of the Agency Inducing the Mosaic Dis- ease of Plants’’; and on May 13, broadcasted a talk from Washington, D. C., on ‘‘ How Plants Behave When Diseased.’’ 78 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL, 1926 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: URE OT OL VIRILOPE 06 Cs bec cis 4 Ghee ee geenlae ee PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants received as gifts............. Total number of seed packets received in exchange... LrprArRyY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought........ Total number of books and pamphlets donated....... HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Teas Nursery Co., by Edward Teas—Cornus florida RRR A area a cra yd aco sath ee a hb ORE seas Se Anderson, Dr. E.—Plants of Arkansas............... Churchill, Hon. Joseph R., by Walter Deane—Plants of Vermont and Massachusetts. .........00.sedecneees By Purchase— Henderson, Professor L. F.—Plants of Oregon....... By Exchange— Botanical Museum, University of Cluj, by Professor Al. Borza—Flora Romaniae exsiccata, Cent. VI, Nos. 501- DOF THROM. 6. 5 ee ea a En oe hg wie bees ORR ee U. S. Department of Agriculture—Plants of Manchuria, RIMM No wn tle hg vg Sada Fo VR ET Oe bps ae BO ne Re ee 14,620 206 205 29 43 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas — week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. south from all intersecting lines. Transfer STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN GrorGE T. Moore, Director Bensammn M. Ducaar, Epcar ANDERSON, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory Geneticist HERMANN VON SCHRENE, ELva PUMPHREY MILLER, Pathologist Research Assistant Jessz M. GREENMAN, KATHERINE H. LEIGH, Curator of Herbarium Secretary to the Director Nex. C. HORNER, Librarianfand Editor of Publications G. H. Prine, b > pau A. Koxt, Horticulturist fF Floriculturist Joun Noyes, : EpGAR ANDERSON, Landscape Designer ‘ In charge of School for Gardening P. C, BRAWNER, W. F. LAanGan, Painter ‘ Engineer J, CUTAK, J. LANGAN, Exotics Assistant; Engineer W.' C. FAIRBANK, D. MILLER, Plant Recorder — Orchids J. H. KEetxoae, J. ULRICH, Herbaceous and Nursery Inside Floral Display H. VALLENTINE, Carpenter _ Missouri BoTANICcAL Garpben BULLETIN Vol. XIV . JUNE, 1926 CONTENTS The Black or Common Locust. . The Great Locust Bubble. . ... St. Lottis--1819 SS xk Ge ee Inquiries received during May . Notes . ais RIS CRE a ie Statistical Information .-. . . >. No. 6 Page RNG EO Peay. Bak ot hae BO ABS See,

8 How to stop woodpeckers from boring holes...........0.ee00. 1 Treatment of tree torn by truck. ......60 cece ccc cecacecncccce 1 RB Ge SN iss oe anes eee ha ae ee ees Reese epee ues 66 3 Information about School for Gardening rere rs Cee ee 3 How to kill undesirable tree......... ccc cece cesccccvese ree Bradication of ‘WeCdS. ...c6sicccvvessscveseeevcebesen¥erreves 2 IROVICO OL CIE “BULSOVy «6 o6 ib 8 oie Us asic db sceietene nd 0808 Go and eae gel 2 Various requests for information from books in library..... 11 Library consulted by students and staff from Washington University, St. Louis University, City schools. Reducests for certain BULLETING...02..ecs sc cevenevsscecs one Alabama: Concerning creeping bent grass. Arizona: Publishers, ete., of certain books on orchids. California: Request for publications. How to grow mushrooms. Colorado: Request for publications. Connecticut: Request for publications. Florida: Identification of plant. Request for certain BULLETIN. Illinois: Information about School for Gardening. Request for seeds. Care of certain plants. Where to obtain and culture of certain plants. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Indiana: Identification of hay-fever pollens. Kansas: Request for BULLETIN. Michigan: Hay-fever pollen information. Minnesota: Loan of books. Information concerning plant labels. Missouri (outside St. Louis): Planning iris garden. Where to obtain lily plant. Identification of plant. Nevada: How to grow orchids and where to procure them. New Jersey: Requests for publications. Reauest for agaves. New York: Cultivation of ramie in the United States. Regarding wild yeasts. Formula for pollen stain. North Carolina: Where to obtain cacti and information concerning them. Ohio: Request for BULLETIN. Where to obtain publications of Luther Burbank. Information on Plant Quarantine 387. Formula for pollen stain. Oklahoma: Information on lawn grass. Pennsylvania: Where to obtain Owen dust filter. Request for report on pollen work. Virginia: Loan of books. Washington: Loan of books. District of Columbia—Washington: Loan of books. Dominion of Canada: Loan of books. Information on hardiness of certain plants. Request for certain desert plants. China: Request for certain publications. Germany: Request for publications. Hungary: Consultation of library. 93 94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NOTES Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, spoke before the Men’s Club of the First German Presbyterian Church, May 11, on ‘‘Collecting Orchids in South Ameriea.’’ Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, has been elected a member and chairman pro-tem of the Board of Trus- tees of the Bermuda Biological Station. Dr. Duggar will spend the months of July and August at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, in connection with preparations for the International Congress of Plant Sciences. Number 2 of Volume XIII of the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden has recently been issued with contents as follows: ‘‘Further Studies on the Subterranean Algal Flora of the Missouri Botanical Garden.’’ George T. Moore and Nellie Carter. ‘*Pseudo-Fertility in Nicotiana.’’ Fanny Fern Smith. In recognition of ‘‘distinguished service rendered Iowa State College during a period of more than a quarter of a century,’’ a twenty-five year service certificate was awarded Prof. A, T. Erwin, Chief in Truck Crops Section. Professor Erwin is an alumnus of the School for Gardening of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. Robert Bal- lenegger, Head of the College of Horticulture, Budapest, Hungary, now assigned to the department of soils, Michigan Agricultural College, under the exchange professorship inaugurated through the American-Hungarian Foundation; and Dr. Mitsuhari Ishikawa, professor of botany of the First College, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan. At the commencement of Washington University, June 8, the degree of doctor of philosophy was conferred on Fanny Fern Smith and Emery R. Ranker, Rufus J. Lackland Fellows in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University; and the degree of master of science was con- ferred on Esther L. Larsen and J. Paul Reeves, Teaching Fel- lows in the Henry Shaw School of Botany. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 95 STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 1926 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of Visitors. ........... ccs cece ere cceees 33,988 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants received as gifts............. 218 Total number of seed packets received as gifts....... 178 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought......... 112 Total number of books and pamphlets donated........ 36 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Braun, Dr. E. Lucy—Ranunculus sp., from Ohiow- ees y4 Deam, Charles C.—Phacelia Covillei Watson, from In- CLL EUT ee Sco ate a wile enn as, wT etcetera 1 Florists Publishing Co.—Aralia spinosa L. and Ligus- trum ovalifolium, from Pennsylvania and Arkansas TOSDOCUIVECLY, oc sc i Seo ohne oe cule eisinweaee wise ew eine 2 Smith, Miss Fanny Fern—Phacelia sp., from Oklahoma 3 By Exchange— Iowa Agricultural College, by Prof. L. H. Pammel— Plants of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota........... 245 U. S. Department of Agriculture, by Prof. A. S. Hitch- cock—Bromus unilioides HBK., from Florida....... at U. S. National Herbarium, by Paul C. Standley—Plants Oli COnte. riGas 5 oars sac ai aici os ana ee ei Gee 19 By Purchase— Elmer, A. D. E.—Plants of Bormeo............:eseeees 1,511 STON CBs aa we aa ce oe bul Oa eae ala Fc a ee eee 1,784 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN GroraEe T. Moors, Director 4 EpcAr..ANDERSON, BENJAMIN M. Ducedk, Geneticist _ Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory ELvA PUMPHREY MILLER, HERMANN vON SCHRENK, Pathologist Research Assistant Jesse M. GREENMAN, ae KATHERINE H. LrigH, Curator of Herbarium Secretary to the Director NELL C. HORNER, Librarian and Editor of Publications G. H. Prine, Pavr A. Kou, Horticulturist Floriculturist JoHn NOYES, Epcar ANDERSON, Landscape Designer Tn charge of School for Gardening w. F. LANGAN, P; ©, BRAWNER, Painter Engineer J. CuTak, ; J. LANGAN, Exotics “Assistant Engineer W. C. FAIRBANK, : D, MILLER, Plant Recorder Orchids J. H. Kettoee, J. ULRICH, Herbaceous and Nursery Inside Floral Display H, VALLENTINE, Carpenter MussourRI BOTANICAL GARDEN [BULLETIN Vol. XIV SEPTEMBER, 1926 No. 7 oS jes iN. he CONTENTS Page The Doctrine of Signatures) 5 Pe A ts rE The Powell Orchid Collection . . w WERE en Agile Sw Inquiries received during juiniAuauee CET eee Ota Eaten & & | Notes . i Fo ae ee te Ie ae k's ie es Gg Statistical Fateemnation ET al RD: BAO eee roe aa ae ROP Oe SY 8" te ST. LOUIS, MO. 1926 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees ae ———_— ane oor ee eee ee a a SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS. ay 2 1 ORIG NAL deeocivas WERE DESIGNATED: ee vee WILL» . Bn THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, i ~~ THE Sasi MEMBERS, As SELF ards 0) aoe . ees c HuITCHOOCK \ ¥ Joun F. ‘Sueruiy, ‘ on og é x , oral ee > “EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS -Fepenrcx Fr, Jonson, 45) BS Bio of the Dicoese of Missouri nh OS) Sta wu ‘MbbEe: xe on | President of f The Acndenty of ice of St. St. Loui RrowaK Mone, Secretary. i? . ge ~ y Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., Vou. 14, 1926. PLATE 32, Reproduction of plate from Porta’s ‘*Phytognomica,” showing toothwort, pomegranate, and pine cone, with a set of teeth. Reproduction of plate from Porta’s ‘*Phytognomica,” showing orchids, pa- pillonaceous plants, butterflies, etc. Missoun Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XIV SEPTEMBER, 1926 No. 7 THE DOCTRINE OF SIGNATURES ‘Step right up, gentlemen,’’ harangues the quack at the country fair, ‘‘just read what it says on the label!’’ So, in substance, did William Cole address his audience of nearly three centuries ago in his ‘‘Adam in Eden,’’ published at ‘the Angell in Cornhill,’’ London, 1657. ‘‘Though Sin and Sathan have plunged mankinde into an Ocean of Infirmitics Yet the merey of God which is over all his Workes Maketh Grasse to grow upon the mountains and Herbes for the use of Men and hath not onely stemped upon them (as upon every man) a distinct forme, but also given them particular signatures, whereby a Man may read even in legible Char- acters the Use of them.’’ But to begin at the inauguration of this strange doctrine of divine labeling by ‘‘Signatures,’? we should go back a little over a hundred years to Philippus Areolus Theophras- tus Bombastus von Hohenheim, the King of Quacks, whom Robert Browning has immortalized in his famous poem en- titled ‘‘Paracelsus,’’ the professional name of that gentle- man. Born in 1493 in Schwyz, canton of William Tell fame, he early manifested a natural bent towards the Science, or rather Pseudo-science, of his period. He studied at the Uni- versity of Basel, and was taught alehemy by the renowned Trithemius. He also acquired a practical knowledge of min- erals in the mines of his native Switzerland. In 1526, after extensive travels over Europe, he returned to Basel, and _be- eame town physician and lecturer before the University. There, however, his eccentricity and boundless conccit caused him to give great offense by lecturing in the vulgar tongue, burning the writings of Galen, Avicenna, and other classics, (97) 98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN and interpreting his own works in their stead. In 1528 he resumed his wanderings, dying in Salzburg in 1541. Some say that he drank himself to death: others that he was mur- dered. Because of the man’s insurmountable egot ism, one is hardly able to regard him as more than a contemptible charlatan.His very nom de plume is a standard of his vanity, since he coined it to indicate his superiority to Celsus, the Roman medical author of the first century. In one of his early works he lightly predicts, ‘‘I shall be the Monarch; and mine shall be the Monarchy!’’ In Browning’s poem he is in the habit of telling people confidently that they shall some day be proud to have looked upon him. However, his value to the Science of that period was considerable, since he did much to stimu- late the activities of Botanists, Chemists, and Physicians. To estimate what may be called his philosophic worth, one must explain his words as symbols. Thus, when he says that “Sulphur,’’ ‘‘Salt,’’ and ‘‘Mereury’’? make up all matter, we must read into his statement that he means combustion, growth, and change by ‘‘Sulphur’’; non-inflammability and stability by ‘‘Salt’’; and fluidity by ‘‘Mereury,’’ according to Mrs. Arber, in her work on ‘‘Herbals.’? Later, when he states that the three elements are bound together with ‘‘azoth,’’ a mysterious force, some might regard him as hav- ing anticipated the discovery of electricity. But what chiefly concerns us here is a passage from his ‘““Ettliche Tractatus des hocherfarnen und_ beriimbtesten Philippi Theophrasti Paracelsi’’ (Strassburg, 1570): ‘‘T have often declared how we may know by the outward shapes and qualities of things their inward virtues, which God has put in them for the good of man. So, in St. Johnswort, we may notice the shape of the leaves and flowers, the porosity of the leaves, and the veins. The porosity or the holes in the leaves show us that this herb helps both interior and exterior holes or cuts in the skin. . . . The flowers of St. Johnswort, too, when they are putrified, are like blood; which teaches us that this herb is good for wounds, to close and fill them up.”’ That is Paracelsus’ enunciation of what has been known as ‘‘The Doctrine of Signatures,’’ of which many believe him to be the originator. But in spite of what is written in most MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 99 books concerning him, the idea was not original. Pliny, cen- turies before, hinted broadly to his readers that if they would but carry the plant known as ‘‘ Dracontium’’ upon their per- son, serpents would not bother them, a sure predecessor of Cole’s caution to put the plant called ‘‘hounds-tongue’’ in shoes, in order to ‘‘tye the tongues of Hounds so they shall not Barke at you.’’ Most authorities. however, assign to Giambattista Porta, a Neapolitan physician, the part of having first established the Doctrine of Signatures upon a scientific basis. Porta was a philosopher and observer of no mean worth, and wrote a sug- gestive treatise on interpreting human character by the study of physiognomy. This led to the publishing of his most famous work, ‘‘Phytognomica,’’ Naples, 1588. It is probably this which Ccle had in mind when he declared that plants have telltale signs of their traits as has every man. Porta assigns to the outstanding character of every plant the power of an analogous effect upon man. If a plant is long-lived, as Sempervivum, a brew from it will prolong life. A plant with a smooth surface will produce smooth skin, and con- versely, a rough plant will roughen the skin. Thus, the hard, stony seeds of the Gromwell are good for gravel, and the yellow juice of the Turmeric is a specific for Jaundice. He also declared that the labels upon plants are at times even more plain, bearing a resemblance to a part of the body to be healed or even to a mechanical cause of disease. In this development of Signatures, Porta shows ingenuity, for he gives very good illustrations of plants, and in the same plates includes drawings of the member to be healed, or the animal or insect whose bite or sting could be cured by it. For example, an illustration of a hand accompanies that of some plants having a root divided into five parts; a set of human teeth is printed with a picture of Toothwort, an opened Pomegranate, and a Pine cone; various winged in- sects are depicted below representations of Orchids and Papil- lonaceous flowers (pl. 32). Porta also holds that astrologers ean tell the planet under which certain plants should be gathered by the reading of Signatures. He illustrates these plants in the same fashion as the medical herbs, by including 100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN a representation of the heavenly body, as the moon, with the picture of the plant. We now return to a consideration of William Coles, who was the last exponent of Signatures, as well as the most noted. Cole wrote two books, ‘‘The Art of Simpling’’ (1656), and ‘‘Adam in Eden’’ (1657) which is the more remarkable of the two and which has already been quoted. By this late date, the physicians on the Continent were almost unanimous in refuting the Doctrine of Signatures; some of them, like Dodonaeus, publishing elaborate eriticisms of it (1583). Cole, however, in conservative England, kept his fidelity to the ancient models, and produced a work which, though it err, has still a lesson to teach. The first part of ‘‘Adam in Eden”’ contains a conven- tional treatment of Signatures in the manner of Porta. For instance, his first consideration is the head, and the plants good for it. ‘*Wall-nuts,’’ he declares, ‘‘have the perfect Signature of the Head. The outer Husk or Green Covering representing the peri-cranium or the outward skin of the Skull, whereon the hair groweth, and therefore Salt made of those Husks or barks are exceedingly good for wounds in the Head. The Inner wooddy shell hath the Signature of the Skull, and the little yellow Skin or Peel, that eovereth the Kernell, of the hard Meninga & Pia mater, which are the thin searfes that envelope the brain. The Kernell hath the very figure of the Brain, and therefore it is very profitable for the Brain and resists poysons: For if the Kernell be bruised, and moystned with the Quintessence of Wine and laid upon the Crown of the Head, it comforts the brain and head mightily.’’ He further finds a significance for the worms of the green husk, which we, however, like all other writers upon Cole, forbear to quote. One of Cole’s claims to originality lies in his inelusion of a whole chapter upon herbs for ‘‘Bruit Beastes.’* In it we learn that wild goats wounded by arrows will heal them- selves by eating dittany; that a toad bitten by a spider will use plantain leaves for a balm; that the goldfinch uses eye- bright for sore eyes; that garlie will put spirit into fighting cocks; that when two oxen fight, loosestrife thrown between them will make them part. Several herbs are also said to MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101 be opiates for animals, among which is hemlock. We read that ‘‘if Asses chance to feed much upon Hemlock, they will fall fast asleepe that they will seeme to be dead, in so much that some thinking them dead indeed have flayed off their skins, yet after the Hemlock had done operating they have stirred and awakened out of their sleep, to the griefe and amazement of the owners.”’ Unlike Paracelsus and Porta, Cole, who seems to have been an honest man, deemed it necessary to consider those plants which have no evident Signatures. In so doing, he attained true wisdom where his more pretentious rivals scorned it; and such quotations as the following, selected from both of his books, will bear careful consideration even in our own sophisticated day. ‘‘We must cast ourselves with great Cour- age and Industry (as some before us have done) upon at- tempting the Virtues of them which are yet undiscovered. For man was not brought into the world to live like an idle Loyterer or Truant, but to exercise his mind in those things, which are therefore in some measure obscure and intricate yet not so much as otherwise they would have been, it being easier to adde than invent at first. . . . They would not be without their use if they were good for noth- ing else but to exercise the Industry of Man to weed them out who, had he nothing to struggle with, the fire of his spirit would be halfe extinguished in the flesh.’’ Evidently taken with the notion of plants thus giving indi- rect benefit to mankinde, he continues in the following: ‘“‘If gentlemen which have little else to doe would be ruled by me, I would advise them to spend their time in their gardens, either in digging, setting, weeding or the like, then which there is no better way in the world to preserve health. If a man want an appetite to his Victuals the Smell of the Earth new turned up by digging with a spade will procure it, and if he be inclined to a Consumption it will recover him.’’ He refers to the Emperor Diocletian, who, accord- ing to him, ‘‘left for a season the whole Government of the Empire and forsaking the Court betook him to a meane House with a Garden adjoyning, wherein, with his own handes, he both sowed and set and weeded the Herbes of his 102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Garden which kind of life so pleased him, that he was hardly intreated to resume the government of the Empire. : Gentlewomen if the ground be not too wet may doe them- selves much good by kneeling upon a Cushion and weeding. And thus both sexes might divert themselves from Idlenesse and evill company, which oftentimes prove the ruine of many ingenious people.’’ With such sound counsel coming, as it were, from the apocalypse of the old Herbals, we may be inclined to ask ourselves if William Cole deserved to share the fate of Para- celsus and Porta. But today comparatively few people re- member the old Doctrine of Signatures, and only such books or popular plant names as survive testify to the once broad acceptance which it enjoyed. THE POWELL ORCHID COLLECTION The acquisition by the Missouri Botanical Garden of this well-known collection of orchids, through the generosity of Mr. C. W. Powell, has not only added very materially to the number of botanical species belonging to the Garden, but has also made it possible to attempt numerous experiments with orchids which can only be earried on in the tropies. For, with the co-operation of the Canal Zone Government, plans are being made to continue ‘‘Powell’s Orchid Garden’’ in the vicinity of Balboa as a southern branch of the Missouri Bo- tanical Garden, and it is hoped that, because of the facilities that will there be available, the Garden may make very defi- nite contributions to orchidology as well as to horticulture in general. In the BuLLETIN for November, 1923, under the title ‘‘The Private Orchid Collection of Mr. C. W. Powell,’’ is given a full account of this garden as it was at that time, so there is no need of further description. It is desirable, however, that the list of orchids added to the Garden collection be published for the benefit of orchid growers throughout the world, and while it is not apt to be of interest to the general reader, it may, even to them, serve as an indieation of what an a* MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 103 addition has been made to the orchids of the Garden through Mr. Powell’s gift. ACINETA Ldl. A. chrysantha Ldl, No. 314. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft. A. selia var. turcica Rehb. f. *. Panama. A. superba Rchb. f. Panama. ASPASIA Ldl. A. epidendroides Lal. No. 171. Panama, Chiriqui Prov.; Veraguas Prov. S. L.7 A. principissa Rehb. f. Panama. A, Rousseauae Schltr. No. 39. Panama, hills near city. S. L. BLETIA Ruiz & Pav. B. florida R. Br, Panama. B. purpurea (Lam.) DC. No. 45. Panama, hills east of city, S. L.; Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. B. purpurea var Pittieri Schltr. No. 128. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. BRASSAVOLA R. Br. B. lineata Hook. No. 102. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. B. nodosa Ldl. No, 25. Panama, along both coasts. S. L. BRASSIA R. Br. B. Gireoudiana Rehb. f. & Warsc. No. 143. Panama, Rio Cal- dera. 3500 ft. B. lanceana Ldl. Panama. B. longissima Schltr. No. 87. Panama, near city. S. L. B. longissima var minor Schltr. No. 72. Panama, near city. S. L. BULBOPHYLLUM Thou. B. pachyrachis Griesb. No. 364. Panama, Frijoles. 8S. L. B. vinosum Schltr. No. 269. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. B Wagneri Schltr. Panama, Chiriqui Prov., near San Felix, 3000 ft. CAMARIDIUM Ldl. C. affine Schltr. No. 7. Panama, hills near city. S. L. C. arachnites Schltr. No. 210. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. C. grandiflorum Ames. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 6000 ft. C. latifolium Schltr. No. 8. Panama, hills near city. S. L. CAMPYLOCENTRUM Benth. C. peniculis Schltr. No. 184. Panama, hills near city. 8. L. CATASETUM L. C. Rich. C. bicolor Kl. No. 168. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 3500 ft. C. macrocarpum Rehb. f. Panama. *Where no number is given, the species has not yet been redis- covered. +S. L.sea-level. 104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN C. Oerstedit Rehb. f. No. 351. Panama, Chiriqui Prov, near Do- lega, 1000 ft. C. viridi-flavum Hook. No. 3138. Panama, quite general. S. L. C. Warscewiczii Ldl. No. 60. Panama, Gatun Lake, hills near city. S. L: CATTLEYA Ldl. C. Deckeri Kl. No. 81. Panama, hills east of city; Veraguas Prov. S. L. CHYSIS Ldl. C. aura Ldl. No. 309. Panama, near Arraijan. S. L. CHONDRORHYNCHA Ldl. C. Lipscombiae Rolfe. No. 47 & var. 11. Panama, Gatun Lake, hills near city. S. L. C. Lipscombiae var. caloglossa Schltr. No, 11. Panama, hills near city. S. L. CLEISTES Juss. C. rosea Ldl. No. 118. Panama, hills east of city, near Tecumen. S. L. COCHLIODA Ldl. C. Warscewiczii Rehb. f. Panama, COELIOPSIS Rchb. f. C. hyacinthosma Rehb, f. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. CORYANTHES Hook. C. Hunteriana Schltr. No. 19. Panama, hills near city. S. L. C. Powellii Schltr. No. 158. Panama, hills near city. 8. L. CORYMBIS Thou. C. flava Hemsl. Panama. CRYPTOPHORANTHUS Rodr. C. Powellii Ames. No. 278. Panama, San Juan. S. L. CYCNOCHES Ldl. C. aureum Ldl. Panama. C. Dianae Rehb. f. No. 186. Panama, Chiriqui Prov., Caldera River. 4000 ft. C. guttulatum Schitr. No. 14. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. C. pachydactylon Schitr. No. 159. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 5000 ft. C. stenodactylon Schltr. No. 173. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 3000- 3500 ft. C. Warscewiczii Rehb, f. No. 165. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 2000- 3000 ft. DIACRIUM Ldl. D. bilamellatum (Rehb. f.) Hemsl. No. 67. Panama, along Pacific Coast. S. L. DICHEA L4dl. D. panamensis Ldl. No. 175. Panama, near city. S. L. D. Powellii Schltr. No. 23. Panama, near Bohio. S. L. D. trichocarpa Ldl. Panama. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105 DIMERANDRA Schitr. D. Isthmi Schltr. No. 17. Panama, hills near city. S. L. ELLEANTHUS Presl. E. Brenesii Schitr. No. 97. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 1 E. hymenaphorus Rehb. f. Panama. E. laxus Schltr. Panama. E. linifolius Presl. No. 353. Panama, Cativa, Porto Bello trail. S. L. E. trifoliatus Ames. No. 421. Panama, San Juan, Chagres River. Ss. L: ENCYCLIA Hook. E. alata Schltr. No. 189. Panama, near Culebra, in hills, S. L. E. atropurpurea Schitr. No. 148. Panama, hills east of city. S. Ls E. atropurpurea var. leucantha Schltr. No. 149. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. E. atropurpurea var. rhodoglossa Schltr. No. 80, Panama, hills east of city. S. L. E. atropurpurea var. rhodoglossa f. laciniata Ames. No. 287. Pan- ama, hills east of city. S. L. E. campylostaliz (Rechb. f.) Schltr. No. 74. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft. E. chiriquensis Schltr. Panama. E. Powellii Schltr. No. 83. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft. E. tessalata Schltr. No. 95. Panama, Chiriqui Prov., Caldera River. 4000 ft. E, varicosa Schitr. Panama. EPIDENDRUM L. E. alanjenses Ames. No. 84. Panama, near David. S. L. E. amandum Ames. No. 271. Panama, hills east of city. 5. L. E. anceps Jacq. No. 40. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. E. bisulcatum Ames. No. 280. Panama, Chiriqui Prov, Palo Alto Hill. 6000 ft. E. Brassavolae Rehb. f. Panama. E. caligarium Rehb. f. No, 380. Panama, San Juan, Veraguas Prov. 1200 ft. E. centropetalum Rehb. f. Panama, E. chlorocorymbos Schltr. No. 82. Panama, Gatun Lake, hills east of city. 8S. L. . ciliare L. No. 100. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. . colonense Ames. Panama, Colon Prov. “Rio Indio de fato.” S. L. . confusum Rolfe. Panama. . . coriifolium Lal. No. 119. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4500 ft. E. difforme Jacq. No. 259. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-4500 ft. E. eburneum Rehb. f. Nos. 38 and 132. Panama, Gatun Lake and swamps near Colon. 8. L. E. equitantifolium Lal. No. 206. Panama, hills near city. S. L. E. floribundum var. (H. B. & K.) Ames. No. 233. Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. BE. fragrans Sw. Nos. 30 and 43. Panama, hills east of city; Gatun Lake. S. L. eS & 106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN E. fragrans Sw. var. pachypus No, 208. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. . fuscopurpureum Schltr. No. 257. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4500 ft. - glandulosum Ames. No. 338. Panama, Cativa trail. S. L. . Hunterianum Schltr. No. 29. Panama, Gatun Lake. S. L. - imatophyllum Ldl. No. 138. Panama, hills near city. 8. L. . incomptum Rehb. f. Panama. . ionophlebium Rehb. f. Nos. 310 and 384. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. E. Isthmi Schltr. No. 104, Panama, hills east of city. S. L. £. latilabre Ldl. No. 249. Panama, Gatun Lake, hills near city. 5: L. E. Mooreanum Rolfe. No. 292. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. “Lino Hill.” 4500 ft. E, myodes Rehb. f. Nos. 188 and 242. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. E, nocturnum Jacq. Nos. 216, 217, var. 347. Panama, Gatun Lake, hills around city. S. L. E. nocturnum Jacq. var. panamense Schltr. No. 35. Panama, Gatun Lake, hills east of city. S. L. E. Oerstedii Rehb, f. No. 239. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4500 ft. E. Ottonis Rehb. f. No. 131. Panama, hills east of city. 3. 1. E. pachycarpum Schltr. Nos. 151 and 187. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. E. panamense Schltr. Panama. EB. piliferum Rehb. f. Panama. EE, platycardium Schitr. No. 141. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. E. porpax Rehb. f. No. 244. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-4500 ft. E, porphyrophyllum Schltr. No. 183. Panama, hills east of city. Ss. L Se eye E, Powellti Schitr. No. 228. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. E. prismatocarpum Rehb. f. Nos. 99 and 101. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 3500-4000 ft. E. prorepens Ames. Nos. 152, 238, 381. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. E. pseudopidendrum Rehb. f. Panama. E. pudicum Ames. No. 319. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4500 ft. HE. radicans Ruiz et Pav. var. chiriquense Schltr. No. 61. Panama, Chiriqui Prov., along roadside and open places. 4000 ft. E. ramosuim Jacq. No. 322. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. “Lino Hill.” 4500 ft. E. resectum Rehb. f. Panama. E. rigidum Jacq. No. 352. Panama, Cativa, Porto Bello trail. S. L. E, Rousseauae Schitr. No. 112. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-4500 ft.; hills east of city. S. L. E. Schlechterianum Ames. No. 18. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. E. sculptum Rehb. f. No. 116. Panama, Gatun Lake, hills near city. S. L. EL. simulacrum Ames. No. 298. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. “Lino Hill.” 4000-4500 ft. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 107 E. Stamfordianum. Batem. No. 33. Panama, hills east of city. il EB. Stangeanum Rehb. f. Panama. E. stenopetalum Hook. Panama. E. strobiliferum Ames. Nos. 209, 350. Panama, San Juan range. Seas, E. subpatens Schltr. No. 86. Panama, Gatun Lake, Veraguas Prov. E. tenuiflorum Schltr. No. 48. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. E. teretifolium Sw. var. Poivellianum Schltr. No. 240. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4909-45090 ft. E. tetraceros Rehb. f. Panama. E. turialvae Rebb. f. No. 323. Panama, Rio Indio, near mouth of Chagres River. S. L. E. volutum Ldl. No. 89. Panama, Chiriqui and Veraguas Prov. 3500-4000 ft. E. Warscewiceii Rehb. f. Panama. ERYTHRODES Blume. E. Killipii Ames. Panama, Chiriqui Prov., Rio Caldera. 4500-5000 ns EULOPHIA R. Br. E. longifolia Schltr. No. 10. Panama, hills near city. S. L. FREGEA Rchb. f. F.. amabilis Rehb. f. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. GONGORA Ruiz & Pav. G. aromatica Rehb. f. Nos. 32, 69, 71, 938. Panama, hills near city. S. L. G. Powellii Schitr. No. 76. Panama, hills near city. S. L. G. tricolor Rehb. f. Nos. 63, 70, 176. GOVENIA Ldl. G. Powellii Schitr. No. 205. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. HABENARIA Willd. H. alata Hook. Nos. 316, 317, 318, 321. Panama, near city. “Casa lago.” S. L. H. avicula Schltr. No. 162. Panama, hills near city. S. L. H. bicornis Ldl. No. 315. Panama, near Tecumen. S. L. H. petalodes Ldl. Nos, 266, 326, 327, 328, 330, 331, 336, 337, 339. Panama, near city. S. L. H. Warscewiczii Schltr. No. 212. Panama, hills near city. S. L. HEXISIA Ldl. H. bidentata Ldl. No. 68. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 3000 ft. H. oppositifolia Rehb. f. No. 333. Panama, San Juan range, S. L. HEXADESMIA Brongn. H. micrantha Ldl. Panama. H. pachybulbon Schitr. No. 229. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4500 ft. H. Powellii Schitr. No. 225. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 5000 ft. 108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN IONOPSIS H. B. & K. v I. utricularioides Ldl. No. 181. Panama, hills near city. S. L. ISOCHILUS R. Br. I. chiriquensis Schltr. No. 98. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4500 ft. KEFERSTEINIA Rchb. f. K. lactea Rehb. f. Panama. LAELIA Ldl. - L. rubescens Ldl. No, 64, Panama, N. W. Chiriqui Prov. . LEOCHILUS Kn. & West. L. Powellii Schltr. No. 129. Panama, west of Canal. S. L.; near Arraijan. S. L. LEPANTHES Sw. L. chiriquensis Schltr. No. 254. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 5000 ft. L. Maxoni Schitr. Panama. L. ociliate Schltr. Panama. LEUCOHYLE Kl. L. subulata Schitr. No, 241, Panama, upper Chagres River. S. L. LIPARIS L. C. Rich. L. elata Ldl. No. 243. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. LOCKHARTIA. Hook. L. chiriquensis Schltr. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. L. elegans Hook. Panama. . micrantha Rehb. f. No. 51. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. . mirabilis Rehb. f. Panama. . multidentata Ames. No. 362. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. . Oerstedii Rehb. f. No. 75. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 3000-4000 ft. . pallida Rehb. f. No. 52. Panama, near city. S. L. . Pittieri Schitr. Panama. . triangulabia Ames, No. 362a. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. . variabilis Ames. Nos. 355, 361, 372. Panama, Frijoles, Porto Bello trail, Ft. Sherman trail. S. L. LYCASTE Ldl. L. brevispatha Kl. No. 140. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-4500 ft. L. macrophylla Lidl. No. 246. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft. L. Powellii Schitr. No. 15. Panama, hills near city. S. L. L. tricolor Rehb. f. Panama. MACRADENIA R. Br. M. Brassavola Rehb. f. No, 357. Panama, Juan Diaz. S. L. MASDEVALLIA Ruiz & Pav. M. attenwata Rehb. f. No. 268. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-4500 ft. M. Livingstoniana Roezl et Rehb. f. No. 273. Panama, near Ar- raijan, hills east of city. S. L. M. Wagneriana Ldl. Panama. MAXILLARIA Ruiz & Pav. M. aciantha Rehb. f. No. 136. Panama, hills near city. S. L. M. alba Ldl. No. 127. Panama, hills near city. S. L. SESE SESESIeISEs MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109 M. crassifolia Rehb. f. No. 118. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. M. chiriquensis Schltr. No. 125. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. M. diuturna Ames. No. 376. Panama, Cativa, Porto Bello trail. Ss. L. M. gatunensis Schltr. No. 207, Panama, Gatun Lake. S. L. M. longipetiolata Ames, No. 307. Panama. S. L. M. nigrescens Ldl. Panama. M. oreocharis Schltr. No. 256. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft. M. panamensis Schitr. No, 124, Panama, hills near city. 5. L. M. Powellii Schltr. No. 28. Panama, hills near city. S. L. M. pubilabia Schltr. No. 214. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft.; hills near city. S. L. M. Rousseauae Schitr. No. 115. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. M. stenostele Schltr. No. 120. Panama, hills near city. S. L. M. vagans Ames. No. 348. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. ‘Palo Alto.” 4500-5000 ft. MICROSTYLIS Nutt. M. blepharglottis Schitr. Panama. M. Pittieri Schitr. Panama. MILTONIA Ldl. M. Endresii Nichols. Panama. MORMODES Lal. M. atropurpureum Ldl. Nos. 193-197, 200-204, incl. Panama, Chiri- qui Prov. 3500-4000 ft. M. bucinator Ldl. Panama. M. Hookeri Lem. Nos. 24, 96, 199. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 3500 ft.; hills near city. S. L. M. igneum Lal. Nos. 88, 191, 192, Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 3500 ft.; hills near city. S. L. M. Powellii Schltr. No 59. Panama, Gatun Lake and regions. sae Fe NOTYLIA Lal. N. bipartita Rehb. f. No. 401. Panama, Veraguas Prov. 1000 ft. N. gracilispica Schltr. No. 185. Panama, hills near city. Sacks. N. latilabia Ames. No. 406. Panama, Frijoles hills. S. L. N. pentachne Rehb. f. No. 81, 400. Panama, hills near city, S. L. N. Pittieri Schltr. No. 405. Panama, Balboa, Arias hill. S. L. OCTOMERIA R. Br. O. costaricensis Schltr. No. 413. Panama, Cativa, Porto Bello trail. Ss. L. ODONTOGLOSSUM H. B. & K. O. cariniferum Rehb. f. No. 142. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft. O. chiriquense Rehb. f. Panama. Chiriqui Prov. O. Powellii Schitr. No. 178. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 3800 ft. O. pulchellum Batem, Panama. 110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ONCIDIUM Sw. O. ampliatum Ldl. No. 53. Panama, hills around city. S. L. O. ansiferum Rehb. f. No. 145. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 2000-3000 ft. O. bracteatum Warsec. Panama. O. bryolophotum Rehb. f. No. 48. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 5000-5500 ft. O. cebolleta Jacq. Panama. O. cheirophorum Rehb. f. No. 54. Panama, Chiriqui Prov, 4000-5000 ft. - confusum Rehb. f. No, 267, Panama, hills east of city. S. L. . fulgens Schltr. No. 157. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft. . Isthmi Schltr. No. 397. Panama, San Juan. 8S. L. . kymatoides Kraenzl. No. 270. Chiriqui. 4000-5000 ft. - nebulosum Ldl. No. 49. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft. - ocmatochilum Rehb. f. No. 160. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4500 ft. . Oerstedii Rehb. f. var. crispiflorum Schltr. No, 1. Panama, Pa- cific Coast west of city. S. L, . onustum Ldl. Panama. - panamense Schltr. No, 4. Panama, hills near city. S, L. . peliograma Ldl, Panama. polycladium Rehb. f. Panama. . Powellii Schltr. No. 58. Panama, Gatun Lake. S. L. . pusillum Rehb. f. No. 26. Panama, hills near city. S. L. . Reicheringerianum (Kraenzl) Ames. Nos. 161, 177. . Stipitatum Ldl. Nos. 220, 375. Panama, hills near city. S. L. . teres Ames. No. 383. Panama, Veraguas Prov., San Francisco. 1000 ft. O. Warscewiczii Rehb. f. Panama. ORNITHIDIUM Salisb O. anceps Rehb. f. No. 324. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. O. conduplicatum Ames. No. 341. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. Palo Alto. 4000-5000 ft. O. fulgens Rehb. f. No. 283. Panama, Upper Chagres River. S. L. ORNITHOCEPHALUS Hook. O. bicornis Ldl. Nos. 174, 368. Panama, hills near city. S. L. O. lanuginosus Ames. Panama, near Tecumen River. 200 ft. O. Powellii Schltr. No. 231. Pdnama, hills east of city, “San Juan.” 100-300 ft. OSMOGLOSSUM Schltr. Osmoglossum acuminatum Schltr, No. 255. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 5000 ft. PAPHIOPEDILUM Pfitz. P. longifolium Pfitz. No. 308. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. PERISTERIA Hook. P. elata Hook. No. 213. Panama, hills near city. S. L. PESCATOREA Rchb. f. P. cerina Rehb. f. Panama. eecessescos sosessso MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 111 PHRAGMOPEDILUM Rolfe. P. Warscewiczianum Schitr. No. 153. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft. PHYSOSYPHON Ldl. P. multiflorus Ames. No. 345. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. PLEUROTHALLIS R. Br. P. alpina Ames. No. 282. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. ‘Jaramilla’’. 4500 ft. P. aperta Ames. Nos, 245, 277. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. P. arietina Ames. No. 288. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft.; “Cerro Horquita’”’. 5000-5500 ft. P. barboselloides Schltr. No. 92. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. P. Brighamii S. Wats. No. 274. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. P. canae Ames. Panama, Cana and vicinity. 6000 ft. P. chiriquensis Schltr. No. 227. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft. P. diuturna Schltr. No. 172. Panama, Veraguas Prov. 8S. L. P. dubia var myriantha (L. et K.) Schltr. No, 224. Panama, Cal- dera River, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft.; No. 420. Panama. P. ecrisepetala Ames. Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft. P. falcatiloba Ames. Panama, Chiriqui Prov., Rio Quebrada. 5000 ft: P. fulgens Rehb. f. Nos. 335, 340. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. ‘“Hor- quita’’, 4000-4500 ft. P. glandulosa Ames. No. 306. Panama, Juan Grande range. S. L. P. gnomonifera Ames. No. 311. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. Cerro Horquita. 5000-6000 ft. . Octomeriae Schltr. No. 252. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 5000 ft. . panamensis Schltr. No. 106. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. . perpusilla Rehb. f. Panama. . Powellii Schitr. No. 146. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. . pyrsodes Rehb. f. No. 219. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. . spectabilis Ames, No. 382. Panama, Veraguas Prov., “Santa Fe”. 1500 ft. P. rhodoglossa Schitr. No. 182. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. P. trachychlamys Schltr. No, 215. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. P. verecunda Schitr. No. 91. Panama, hills east of city. 5S. L. P. Wagnerii Schltr. Nos. 190, 236. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. P. Wercklei Schltr. Nos. 279, 289. Panama, Chiriqui Prov., “Palo Alto”. 5500 ft. POLYSTACHYA Hook. P. Massayensis Rehb. f. No. 366. Panama, Cativa, Porto Beilo trail. S. L. P. panamensis Schltr, No. 122. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. P. Powellii Ames. No. 343. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. PONTHIEVA R. Br. P. racemosa Mohr. No. 356. Panama, San Juan. 8. L. yd 112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN PRESCOTTIA Ldl. P. panamensis Schltr. Panama, Cerro Vaca, Chiriqui Prov. 2700- 3300 ft. RESTREPIA H. B. & K. : R. filamentosa Ames. No, 344. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. “Cerro Horquita”’. 5000-5500 ft. R. Powellit Schltr. No. 123. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. RHYNCHOLAELIA Schltr. FR. glauca Schltr. Panama. RODRIGUEZIA Ruiz & Pav. R. secunda H. B. & K. var. panamensis Schltr. No. 79. Panama, hills near city. S. L. ROLFEA Zahlbr. R. Powellii Ames. No. 325. Panama, Juan Diaz. S. L. SARCOGLOTTIS Presl. S. Hunteriana Schitr. No. 147. Panama, hills east of city, S. L. S. picta Kl. Nos. 388-392, 394-395, 398, 399. Panama, various. S. L. S. Powellii Schltr. No. 179. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. SCAPHOSEPALUM Pfitz. S. elasmatopus Schltr. Panama. S. longirepens Ames. Panama, Rio Caldera. 6000 ft. SCAPHYGLOTTIS Poepp. & Endl. S. albida Schltr. Nos. 363, 368, 373, 374, 378, 395. Panama, San Juan, ete. S. L. S. amethystina Rehb. f. No. 358, 360. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. Palo Alto. 4000-4500 ft. 8S. Behrii Benth. & Hook. No. 211. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. S. dolichophylla Schltr. No. 126. Panama, hills east of city, Ar- raijan. S. L. S. laevilabium Ames. No. 370. Panama, Juan Diaz range, 180 ft.; San Juan range. S. L. S. pauciflora Schltr. No. 359. Panama, Juan Diaz range. S. L. S. Powellii Schltr. No. 134. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 3000-4000 ft. S. unguiculata Schltr. No. 105. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. S. Wercklei Schltr. No. 349. Panama, San Juan range. S. L. SCHOMBURGKIA L4al. S. Lueddemanii Prill. No. 170. Panama, near David, Chiriqui Prov. S. L., 200-300 ft. S. tibicinus Batem. Panama. SELENIPEDIUM Rchb. f. S. Chica Rehb. f. No. 258. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. SIGMATOSTALIX Rehb. f. S. costaricensis Rolfe. No. 230. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 5000 ft. SIEVEKINGIA Rchb. f. S. suavis, Rehb. f. No. 379. Panama, Cativa trail. S. L. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 1138 SOBRALIA Ruiz & Pav. S. Bletiae Rehb. f. Panama. S. Fenzliana Rchb. f. No. 158. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. S. fragrans Ldl. No. 114. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. 8S. epiphytica Schltr. No. 253. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. S. labiata Warsc. et Rchb. f. Panama. S. Lindleyana Rehb. f. Panama, S. macrophylla Rehb, f. Panama. S. panamensis Schitr. No. 21. Panama, Gatun Lake and others. S. L. S. panamensis var albiflos Schltr. No. 31. Panama, hills near city. Ss. L. S. Powellii Schltr. No. 2. Panama, Gatun Lake. S. L. S. Rolfeana Schltr. f. No. 3. Panama, hills east of city, Gatun Lake. S. L. S. suaveolens Rehb. f. Panama. S. Warscewiczii Rehb. f. Panama. SPIRANTHES L. C. Rich. 8. subpandurata Ames. No. 377. Panama, San Juan Chagres. S. L. STANHOPEA Frost. S. bucephalus Ldl. Nos. 295, 302, 303. Panama, hills near city. Ss. L. S. Wardii var. amoena (K1.) Schltr. No. 103. Panama, Chiriqui Prov., Caldera River. 4000 ft. S. Warscewiceii Kl. Panama. STENORRHYNCHUS L. C. Rich. 8. orchioides L. C. Rich. Nos. 300, 386, 387, 393, 396, 402, 404, 407, 408, 409, 410, 414-415. Panama, near Pacora. S. L. 8S. speciosus L. C. Rich. No. 4. Panama. STELIS Sw. S. chiriquensis Schltr. Panama, Horquita. 6000-7000 ft. S. erescenticola Schltr. No. 232. Panama, hills east of city, Ar- raijan. S. L. S. eximia Ames. Nos. 312, 334. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-4500 ft. S. inaequalis Ames. No. 272. Panama, San Juan, S. in S. longipetiolata Ames. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 6000-7000 ft. 8. Maroni Schitr. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4500-5000 ft. S. panamensis Schltr. Panama, Marmoni River, 500-1200 ft. S. perplexa Ames. No. 290, 293, 294, Panama, Chiriqui Prov, 4500- 5000 ft. S. Powellii Schitr. No. 247. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. 8. Williamsii Ames. No. 180. Panama, hills east of city. S. L. TRICHOCENTRUM Poepp. & Endl. T. panamensis Rolfe. No. 371. Panama. Ft. Sherman trail. S. L. 114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN TRICHOPILIA Ldl. T. maculata Rehb. f. Panama. T. marginata Henfr. Nos. 65, 66, var. alba, No, 154. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 3800-4000 ft. T. Powellii Schltr. No. 9. Panama, mango trees near city. S. L. T. suavis Ldl. No. 75, var. alba, No. 135, Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000-5000 ft. TRIGONIDIUM L4dl. T. Seemanni Rehb. f. No. 44. Panama, hills near city. S. L. TRIPHORA Nutt. T. Wagneri Schltr. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. and Veraguas Prov. TRIZEUXIS Lal. T. faicata Ldl. No. 286. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. Concepcion. 800 ft. VANILLA Mill. V. pompona Schiede. No. 137, Panama, hills east of city. S. L. WARSCEWICZELLA Rcehb. f. W. aromatica Rehb. f. No, 248. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4500-5000 ft. W. discolor Ldl. No. 77, var. 155. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000- 5000 ft. XYLOBIUM L4al. X. elongatum Hemsl. No. 167, Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 3800 ft. X. Powellii Schltr, No. 117. Panama, Chiriqui Prov. 4000 ft. X. stachyobiorum Hemsl. No. 27. Panama, hills near city. S. L. INQUIRIES RECEIVED JUNE 15-AUGUST 31, 1926 St. Louis: Kind of grass to plant and treatment of lawns............... 6 Kind of trees and shrubs to plant, where to obtain, how to OO TN 58555 6.05 1454-9 6 OG EEN ES as bee Sen CER EEO owes 4 Information on water-lilies.........00 0000. c ec cc cece cece. 2 Identification of plant diseases and remedies for same........ 10 How to get rid of insect posts... ..cccccccccvcccsPeceecscceees 14 Information on soils and fertilizers................000000-.... 8 Identification of plants, shrubs, trees, vines.................. 13 MES OE DURA 6 oisin 6h Fin oe 69.0% 40. 04a SARS NEO 16 Advice on flower SHOWS............ 0c. cece cucccecceccuvceuccs 2 Information on importing plants........... 0... ccc cece ceeceee y ROW 1 CORIO: IGG sis ik 60 6666 ak ohio 85040044 e ORR: 2 Cause of plants dropping leaves (due to drought)............. 6 Names of orchid collectors in South America................ 1 MUIR: TOT DINMES «x 6 55 65 6 oh 64 Rabid 440009 RRL aw eens 2 Information from library............ 0c. ccc cece ecu cceeccuccee 7 Requests for certain BULLETINS..............0ccccceceecccces 8 Information on School for Gardening....................0.0.. 4 Library consulted by students from Washington University.... 1 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Arkansas: . Address of maker of colored plates. Cut flowers for decorating hall. Information on fall dahlia show. Information about type specimens in herbarium. California: Request for teacher of botany. Information on method of importing plants. Colorado: Information on Colorado lichens. Information on Colorado fungi. Florida: HO CUUIACALLON: OL MDL a MUR rte trac w. «c. ¢-+ Geis ctteedesien skeransia een mer one Request for plant. Request for man to fill position. Identification of banana. Georgia: Identification of palm pollen. Illinois: Identification of flowers and plants................0000es Culture of aromatic herbs. Statistical information about garden................-05- INOViCe Ole DOL CIS ae eet waist We 0s snc’ g aia oS cnet ee operece tone ete Advice on insect pests. Where to get certain plants. Indiana: Information on medicinal plants. Identification of worm. Request for information on ecological literature. Kansas: Consultation Of library... ons A, 1°. 142 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Euonymus radicans Sieb. (evergreen bittersweet). — This is an evergreen vine, with attractive fruit, and one of the most interesting plants in the collection. It has been very much used in eastern gardens, but has not been considered hardy around Saint Louis. Plate 38 shows how well it has done at the main entrance of the house. Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech).— One tree. Fine condition. Fagus sylvatica var. pendula (weeping beech).—One tree. Fine condition. Juniperus chinensis L. (Chinese juniper).—This beautiful evergreen has spread over an entire hillside and is in excel- lent condition. Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. (golden varnish tree).— Three trees in fine condition. Magnolia tripetala L. (umbrella magnolia).—Five trees in a fine condition. | Tsuga canadensis Carr. (hemlock).—Three trees in excel- . lent condition. They are somewhat sheltered from the sun, | but, on the other hand, they are very close to the railroad 7 tracks and the species is notably affected by smoke, - CHESTNUTS In speaking of chestnuts in the United States, one is eon- tinually forced to use the past tense. Since 1904, when the chestnut bark disease was first discovered in this country, it has made such inroads on both native and cultivated trees as virtually to exterminate them in certain districts. What the final outcome will be no one ean say with certainty. Some think that the American chestnut will eventually dis- appear from this country. Others feel that it will survive in isolated districts where the disease does not reach. Still others believe there is evidence that resistant individuals, here and there, are making a successful fight against the disease and that from these trees a more resistant species will eventually result. Whatever be the final truth of the 37. PEATE BuULL., VoL. 14, 1926. ARD. G Bor. Mo. SUGAR MAPLE. iL saccharum SENTINE monumentale. ) Var, (Acer Mo, Bot. GARD, BULL., VoL. 14, 1926 PLATE 388. EVERGREEN BITTERSWEET (Euonymus radicans.) MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 143 matter, certain it is that over large areas in New York and New England the chestnut is to-day a thing of the past. Particular interest is therefore attached to the discovery at the Garden’s Extension at Gray’s Summit, Missouri, of two splendid specimens of the American chestnut, Castanea dentata (pl. 39). They are on the recently acquired prop- erty south of the Meramee River, in a situation so isolated that the chanees of their becoming infected with the bark disease are very slight. The trees were six feet high when planted by Mr. Philip Brindly, the former owner of the property, in the spring of 1894. The larger is now about thirty feet high, sixty-one inches in cireumference two feet from the ground, at which height the main branches start. The total spread of branches is thirty-eight feet. The genus Castanea (the chestnut) consists of about ten species in the temperate regions of northeastern America, Europe, northern Africa, and Asia. The American chest- nut (Castanea dentata Borkh.), the European chestnut (Cas- tanea sativa Mill.), the Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata Sieb. & Zuee.), and the chinquapin (Castanea pumila Mill.) are extensively grown in the United States. THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT The American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is one of the largest trees of the eastern states. In general distribution it ranges from southern Maine and New Hampshire to south- eastern Vermont, Ontario and southern Michigan, south to Delaware and southeastern Indiana and along the Allegheny Mountains to central Kentucky, central Tennessee, central Alabama, and Mississippi. Loeally it is of rare occurrence. It attains its greatest diameter on the northern slopes of the southern Alleghenies. The tree usually reaches a height of sixty to eighty feet, with a diameter of three to four feet, but it occasionally erows to over one hundred feet in height, with a diameter of ten feet. A tree with a diameter of seventeen feet has been recorded from Francis Cove, Kentucky. Growing in the open the chestnut is rather broader than tall, its branches : : ; a 3 Te ee See ) «i gi ee alin, . a q ee Peo an Pi 144 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN often covering an area of eighty to one hundred feet in diameter. The bark on old trunks is fibrous and deeply fis- sured in somewhat oblique ridges which are covered with dark brown scales. Young trunks and older branches are smoother. The twigs are stout and smooth, of a greenish to brown color, covered with numerous small, white raised lenticels. The buds are dark brown, ovate, pointed. The leaves are alternate, six to eight inches long, tapering at both ends, strong-ribbed, toothed, light green and shining above, paler beneath. The flowers are monoecious, blooming in June or July, the staminate catkins slender, four to six inches long, clustered at bases of leafy shoots, the pistillate catkins solitary or few, short-stalked, on base of staminate catkins or in the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a bur covered with numerous prickly spines and containing two to five, usually two to three, nuts which mature in September or October. The chestnut will grow from bottomlands to mountain tops in almost any kind of soil except limestone, stiff clay, or extremely wet soil. In the North it is common on glacial drift, and in the South it remains close to mountains. It is a handsome shade and ornamental tree, with beautiful foliage. The flowers, appearing after most trees have finished bloom- ing, are yellowish white and not individually showy but in masses they give a rich golden effect which is very striking, especially on a hillside, against the darker foliage of other trees. Later, the burs add much to the beauty of the foliage, forming tufts of light green in the summer and golden brown in the fall. The wood is pale brown, soft, light, and very durable. It is used for furniture, picture-frames, fence-posts, coffins, piling, and railroad ties. The chestnut is comparatively free from the attack of insects. The most serious disease is the chestnut bark dis- ease, before mentioned, commonly known as the chestnut blight. It is eaused by a parasitic fungus, Endothia para- sitica, which attacks trees of all ages and kills them by eirdling them. The fungus is spread by the spores, which are sticky, and are carried by rain, insects, man, birds, and small mammals. Systematie cutting out of infested trees PLATE 39. Bub “VOL. Bot. GARD. Mo. AT GARDEN’S EXTENSION, GRAY’S SUMMIT, MISSOURI. Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VoL. 14, 1926. PLATE 40, SRT lee ie {ee i ee MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 145 combined with the destruction of their bark by fire has proved the only practical method of control. The wedge-shaped brown nuts are sweet and agreeable in flavor, and are obtained in large quantities from the forests of the Appalachian region and from orchards where varie- ties with larger nuts are developed through selection. Propa- gation of species is by seeds, which should not be permitted to dry but planted as soon as mature. Varieties are propa- gated by grafting or sometimes by budding. THE JAPANESE CHESTNUT The Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata) is a dwarfish tree in this country but is said to attain a height of fifty feet in Japan. The branches are slender. The buds are small, and the leaves are smaller than in other chestnuts. The nuts are large to very large, but of poorer quality. It is less subject to fungous disease than other species and is well adapted for ornamental planting. THE CHINQUAPIN The chinquapin (Castanea pumila) is a miniature chest- nut. It is usually a spreading shrub but sometimes attains a height of twenty to thirty feet, with a diameter of three feet. It can be distinguished from the American chestnut by its smaller size, its whitish down on the lower side of the leaf, its smaller scurfy red buds, and smaller burs usually containing one nut. Its range is from Pennsylvania to Florida and west to Arkansas and Texas. The trees native to Arkansas and Texas are so much larger than those found in the East that some authorities believe they belong to a distinet species. The chinquapin is usually found on dry sandy slopes, rather fertile hillsides, and borders of ponds and streams. It is valuable for ornamental planting. The : nuts are sold in the markets of the South. THE EUROPEAN CHESTNUT The European chestnut (Castanea sativa) closely resembles the American chestnut. The nuts are larger but not so sweet ee ee ae ee ee Pee ee ee Owe ey Tope Ee pt a SOOM, yy See es eee ee To ae TT se ee os = 146 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN and palatable. The leaves are more square at the base and slightly tomentose when young. This species is one of the largest of forest trees. The old Tortsworth chestnut (sup- posed to date back to the time of the occupation of Britain by the Romans) was fifty-two feet in circumference at five feet from the ground, in 1880. It was so large as to be ealled the ‘‘Great Chestnut of Tortsworth’’ as early as 1153. The greatest diameter of a tree has been observed in this species, of which a tree with a partly decayed trunk at the foot of Mount Etna, in Sicily, measured more than sixty feet. It was called the ‘‘Chestnut of a Hundred Horsemen,’’ be- cause it sheltered them all at one time. It lived to be 2000 years old. Though hollow and with its shell in five parts when measured, records show that a century before it had been a continuous cylinder. Each year these decaying stems wore a crown of green, until an eruption destroyed the tree. The chestnut was the favorite tree of the great master of the picturesque in landscape painting, Salvator Rosa, and flourished in the mountains of Calabria where he painted. In France and Italy the nuts have been of economie value as a food for centuries. John Evelyn, in his well-known ‘‘Sylva,”’ published in 1664, says: ‘‘But we give that fruit to our swine in Eng- land which is amongst the delicacies of princes in other coun- tries; and being of the larger nut is, a lusty, and masculine food for rusties at all times. The best tables in France and Italy make them a service, eating them with salt, in wine, being first rosted on the chaplet; and doubtless we might propagate their use amongst our common people, at least as being a food so cheap and lasting.’’ NOTES The following students are registered in the School for Gardening for the year 1926-27: F. S. Embree, Joseph Gil- mour, Emmett Layton, Walter Rist, and Eugene Waldbart. Mrs. Francis King, of Alma, Michigan, author of articles MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 147 and books on horticultural subjects, spent a day at the Gar- den recently, visiting the library and plant collections. Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, spoke on ‘‘The Effect of Smoke upon Plants,’’ October 27, before the Chamber of Commerce, and November 17, before the Rail- road Y. M. C. A. On the afternoon of November 12, Queen Marie of Rouma- nia, with members of her suite and representatives of the Chamber of Commerce, visited the Garden and were received by the Director and shown the chrysanthemums. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, gave an illus- trated talk before the Webster Groves Garden Club, November 2, at the home of Mrs. J. P. Larson, on ‘‘Flowering Trees of This Loceality.’’ Recent visitors to the Garden include the Honorable Tsuneo Matsudaira, Japanese Ambassador to the United States; Dr. Alfred C. Kinsey, associate professor of zoology, University of Indiana; Miss Koch, graduate student in botany at Cornell University. On several occasions during the last month a large green and yellow parrot has been observed in the Garden. One cold morning it was seen sunning itself in the bare branches of an ailanthus tree and croaking ‘‘Poor Polly’’ at three very much-disturbed bronze grackles. |. Pe ee i ae 148 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR OCTOBER, 1926 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: OUR ee “OL! VIBILOTBs i666 i dda ohodaca Oooh ewan 23,057 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed packets received as EN ETT end cad bs bea 5w ook Oe eciak bad SER 753 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought......... 29 Total number of books and pamphlets donated........ 146 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Anderson, Dr. E.—Iris lacustris Nutt. from Michigan : Kellogg, John—Thelephora sp. from Missouri......... 1 McCurdy, Charlotte—Lespedeza Sieboldii Miq., culti- PEO RC UIIGIL , 040) 'c-6 80 pap t kc pauta c RRR le Baie 1 Neal, D. C.—Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. from Missis- BG tata as. x oy4 kV diinke oe CEs aes tak 1 Woodson, Robert—Cyperus aristatus Boeckl. from PR ooiiigiy. i iaesghe'tn ev 00k dpe taal ek a po ee iene a By Exchange— Botanical Garden, Copenhagen, Denmark, by Prof. Carl Christensen—Calophanes hirsutus Oersted, photo- graphs and fragments of the type................ 1 United States National Museum, Washington, D. C., by WW. Maxon—Plants of: Pertis .. 2.4.00. 080 sees aas's 4 By Purchase— Merrill, G. K.—“Lichenes Exsiccati,” Nos. 76-100 in- GLUT YE “ga This WES OG ox 2 XS a 5 049 oie ss CRE ee 25 OLS CET ek AS CTR TIE ee Ole s aE SS 35 SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the per- sonal direction of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex- officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported en- tirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises about 75 acres. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1500 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propa- gation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an aboretum as well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. About 12,000 species of plants are erowing in the Garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christ- mas—week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset ; from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue ear line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN GrorGe T. Moore, Director -- BENJAMIN M. DucGGAR, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Pathologist : JEssE M. GREENMAN, Curator of Herbarium EpGar ANDERSON, Geneticist G. He PRING, Horticulturist Joun NOYEs, Landscape Designer Len O. OvVERHOLTS, ~ Mycologist ALEXANDER F’. BUOHOLTZ, Research Assistant KATHERINE H. LEIGH, Secretary to the Director Neti C. HORNER, ’ Librarian and Editor of Publications Patt ‘A. Kou, Floriculturist EpGar ANDERSON, In charge of School for Gardening P, C. BRAWNER, Painter : J. CUTAK, Exotics W. C. FAIRBANK, Plant Recorder J. H. KELLOGG, Herbaceous and Nursery é W. F. Langan, Engineer . J, LANGAN, Assistant Engineer J. ULRion, 5 Inside Floral Displa H. VALLENTINE, Carpenter ~ GRAY’S SUMMIT EXTENSION ‘L. P. JENSEN, _Arboriculturist, in Charge G. GOEDEKE; Farm 1D, MILLEs, Orchids Ro #. KISSECK, Engineer TROPICAL GARDEN, BALBOA, C. Z. C. W. PowrE Lt, Manager Missouri Botanica GARDEN BULLETIN "| Vol. XIV DECEMBER, 1926 No. 10 CONTENTS The Importance of Scientific Libraries - . 2... . The Library of the Missouri Botanical Garden . ... Spring Flowers.in Winter: 20.0 6 ee we Notes ws Seas ped tee: SRD ERG Ele et OAS Statistical Information » . 2 0.0. 6 ew bw ee Index to Illustrations of Volume XIV... 66.0. General Index to Volume XIV 2. fw es ee Page 149 152 156 158 159... 161 ) 163 ST. LOUIS,’ MO. © 1926 Published Monthly, Except July and August . by the Board of. Trusrees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE; ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS : Ph BOARD ¢ OF TRUSTEES IIe. 3 OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN bes THE BOARD so CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE ‘OF tHE i EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, 1s SELF "PERPETUATING dy 4 = » 7 ve’ » EDWARD G. "s1i07. ee a A. | Vice-Pristdent G Gnonce C. ‘HETCHQOCK., iA ele ita, Priciaae Hinge C, Davis. y aa bc dene a * + Ma ek Merten fi WV WR | betta whermy a ag miteagere . | Mayor ofthe City at St. Henin ES eneit Ts Moore, _ Prot of The Acadamy of Sie of St. Louis PLATE 41. Mo. Bor. Garp. Buuu., Von. 14, 1926. <8 ® Kea ae Cg ieee . re a, " PIS Ics Oe. ioe os = eo LB IP VA=2S € Ce ae Lunt gee ee ee vo SiG. Jil LP IG — aL tmnotie lI) Sees ommend — " Sh " eee ors GAEL AL ie oe waft = Cpt 7 Pm a gn ee Se — LOG PRR oS See Sp = Aeteteged Oe ae. - ; Gt — Diincea.. 22 Pd Aig 2 4 A — Anvz eS ee LIWS ? Shai! IERE - Arif al 4 27g: Ee | Las Loti a eae ae : pS SE pee Ss MT Jt bg Bie a eS 8 F; \ a m, Os Bag SESS NOTE ACCOMPANYING LETTER WRITTEN BY HENRY SHAW TO DR. ENGELMANN, GIVING A LIST OF BOOKS TO BE PURCHASED * Missoun Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XIV DECEMBER, 1926 No. 10 THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC LIBRARIES Were you to establish an institution for scientific investi- gation, what equipment would you provide? It is highly probable that unless you have had close touch with scientific work of some sort you would leave out the most essential fea- ture, a good library. Laboratories and scientific personnel are necessary, but without a library the institution could not funetion. Fundamentally important as they are, scientifie libraries do not seem to eatch the faney of the public. When a popu- lar movie shows a scientist at work it lays the scene in a lab- eratory. That is where most people think of him as work- ing, amid test-tubes and microscopes; but a library scene in which he went grubbing through one volume after another would ba quite as true to life. This lack of appreciation on the part. of the publie has had a serious effect in those insti- tutions which are dependent on popular support. In more than one university in this country, laboratories, professor- ships, clerical assistance, and scientific apparatus have been provided with a lavish hand, but appropriations for scientific books have been so meagre that scientists connected with these institutions have had to pay for the necessary books out of their own pockets. Since scientific books are often expensive and the pockets of scientists are notoriously empty, investiga- tional work in these institutions has been seriously handi- eapped. Thanks to the wisdom of Mr. Shaw, the work of the Mis- souri Botanieal Garden and the Shaw School of Botany has (149) = 5 150 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN never suffered from need of a library. In his will he ex- pressly stipulated that a library of ‘‘Botany, Horticulture, and allied objects’’ be maintained at the Garden. He further- more directed that certain revenues from his estate be ap- plied to “‘the maintenance and inerease of a botanical library and herbarium.’’ It had been his declared intention ‘‘that scientific investigations in Botany proper, in vegetable physi- ology, the diseases of plants, the study of the forms of vege- table life, and of animal life injurious to vegetation, experi- mental investigations in horticulture, arboriculture, ete., are to be promoted.’’ He was a well-enough informed man to know that if these intentions were to be carried out, a good library would be essential. Perhaps a simple comparison will serve to explain just why a library is so necessary a feature of an institution like the Missouri Botanical Garden. Let us compare science to a very large and very intricate picture puzzle which is being put to- gether bit by bit by all the scientists of the world. If each puzzler were working by himself the work would go very slowly. Men would duplicate each other’s work, and no one could have any notion of the general seheme of the picture and how the seetions that he had solved would fit into that scheme. On the other hand, if a bulletin were sent around from time to time, informing each puzzler of the work done by the others, these hindrances would be eliminated and new puzzlers would know where to begin working. It is in just such a way that lbraries aid the scientists of the world in their in- vestigations. When a man starts to study a particular sub- jeet, he does not have to begin at the beginning. He consults hooks and articles which have already been written on the subject until he has found out all that is already known. Then he proceeds with his own work, always keeping his eyes open for new articles by other workers in the same field. This relatively simple process is made more complex by the enormous number of books and journals in which the seientifie work of the world has been and is being published. Tt is only at a large scientific library that a student will be able to find any considerable proportion of the references in which he is interested. It is no overstatement to assert that without MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 151 a good library a scientist would not know where to begin work, nor would he be able to work effectively after he had begun. In one special field of biology the need of a library is so imperative as to merit a special discussion. This is the science of taxonomy, which deals with the naming and classifying of plants and animals. To name and classify the plants of the world, to determine where one kind leaves off and another begins, to arrange these kinds in orderly groups according to their likenesses and differences, is no small task. It has been worked at intensively for two centuries and is by no means completed. Ag the work has advanced and the number of species which have been treated has increased, it has become necessary to make certain rules which are followed by all botanists in, ‘naming plants. We might compare these rules to those estab- lished for naming streets in a town. When the town was small any one who felt so inclined might name or rename one of the streets without causing serious difficulty, and might even put up his own signs at street intersections without get- ting into trouble. But as the town grows into a city it be- comes imperative that each street have only a single estab- lished name. Rules are therefore made as to how and when a street may be named. Not all the people who live on a cer- tain street may like the name, but in the interest of an effi- cient city they allow it to remain. In a similar manner, rules have been developed as to the proper fashion of naming species of plants. It very often happens that the same species is described by different botanists and given different names. Sometimes a single species may receive as many as a dozen names. By a series of regulations adopted by the botanists of the world, it is possible to decide which one of these names is the correct one to use. The adoption of these rules has brought comparative order out of very great confusion, but it necessitates an exacting amount of library work on the part of taxonomists. In any eareful work on a group of plants it is necessary to look up all the descriptions of these species which have been published sinee the time of Linnaeus (1707- 1778). It might well be imagined that this requires an un- : ; Og a, eo Le eee ee ee é ‘ hl a te ee me! Tr ee ae eee . 152 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN usually good library. There are, in point of fact, less than half a dozen libraries in the United States which are any- where near adequately equipped for taxonomic work. It is because of its fine library, as well as its fine herbarium, that the Missouri Botanical Garden has become one of the centers of taxonomic work in this country. THE LIBRARY OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN One of the oldest documents relating to the Missouri Botan- ical Garden library is shown in plate 40. It accompanied a letter written by Mr. Shaw in January, 1858, to Dr. Engel- mann and has been earefully preserved among the latter’s correspondence. Dr. Engelmann was in Europe and to him Mr. Shaw wrote repeatedly in regard to the institution which he was in the process of founding. He was beginning to build up a scientific library, and this hastily written note is in regard to one of his first large purehases. In the letter accompanying it he wrote: ‘‘The list of books has my best attention—and from it I have selected 34 works, mostly such as you have scored. These will be as many as I wish to have at present, when we get the library built in 1860 we will make a more liberal purchase.’’ True to his word, Mr. Shaw made substantial purchases after the new building was completed, and at his death these books, with 500 given by the first director of the Garden, formed the nucleus of the present library. It was no ineon- siderable legacy, consisting in round numbers of 5,000 vol- umes, many of them large and expensive monographs. It was somewhat deficient in the botanical and horticultural journals of the time, but large purchases of these were made later. Substantial inereases have been made year by year and with numerous donations have brought the present total to around 50,000 volumes and an equal number of pamphlets. Only one of the donations has been important enough for special mention, that made by Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant. Dr. Sturtevant, director of the first state agricultural experiment station, was particularly interested in questions pertaining to MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 153 the origin of cultivated plants. He built up from his own funds one of the largest collections in the world of early works on botany. This he voluntarily offered to the Garden in 1891, stipulating only that it be adequately protected from fire and theft. It eomprised nearly 500 volumes and was ae- companied by other general botanical works which were in- corporated in the main library. Many of the books and periodicals received by the Garden are sent in exchange for our own publications, the Annals and the Bulletin. As one of the recognized botanical jour- nals of the world, the Annals is sought after by other institu- tions who gladly offer their own publications in exchange. This has resulted in the acquisition of one of the best Ameri- ean collections of publications of scientific institutions and learned societies of the world. Unlike most of the books of a popular library, these works do not decline in value as they accumulate year after year. Many of them, in fact, are to-day much more valuable than when purchased. In these ways the library has fulfilled Sir William Hooker’s prophecy to Mr. Shaw, and has continued to ‘‘increase like a rolling snow ball.’’ At the present time it is among the best in the world for those studying plant physiology, taxonomy (plant classification), plant diseases, and biochemistry. In other horticultural and botanical fields it is well, though not so preéminently, represented. This has led, in many eases, to the inelusion of material which might not seem of a botan- ical nature. For instance, who would expect to find the fol- lowing three books in a botanical garden library ? 1. Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of the St. Peter’s River, Lake Winnepeek, & under the Command of Major Long.—The journals of Long’s Expedition are among many similar works in our library on the early travels and expeditions in this country. They are useful in a number of ways. It is to them we must turn when we wish to learn of the original state of the vegetation in any part of the coun- try. Recently, for instance, an American botanist was inter- ested in questions concerning the Illinois prairies. He be- lieved that the climate of the state had become generally more moist in the last thousand years or so, and that when Illinois > fg Saw eee ia s i 7 * ant } *t i> “4 Ba af j 154 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN was first settled the forests were spreading out from the river valleys on to the prairies. By going over the accounts of early travelers in Illinois he was able to obtain an impressive amount of evidence in support of his contention. 2. Journal of the American Waterworks Association.—The Journal of the American Waterworks Association is only one of several publications relating to water supply which are a necessary part of the library. Most of the organisms which contaminate water are plants, microscopic ones, it is true, but nevertheless enough like their larger and more familiar relatives to come within the field of botany. 3. Introduction to Mathematical Analysis—The book on Mathematical Analysis is a well-thumbed copy. As botany becomes more and more an exact science, in which precise methods are used, it becomes necessary for betanists to use standard mathematical methods in dealing with their data, and several reference books on mathematics have been added for the use of staff and students. These three examples, chosen at random, will perhaps serve to illustrate the very diverse field covered by a good botanical library. There are, quite naturally, several features of the library which have become especially well developed. Probably the most outstanding is the serial scientifie literature which com- prises over one-third of the total number of volumes. This section includes more or less complete sets of the scientific journals and publications of the learned societies of the world. The number of such periodicals is staggeringly large, how large only those who have worked in scientific libraries ean realize. Many of our college and university libraries have good sets of the scientific journals, but few have as complete a representation of the publications of the scientifie societies of the world, such as the Academy of Science of Paris, the Linnean Society of New South Wales, the Botanical Society of Petrograd, to mention only a few typical ones. Probably the next most important feature is the large col- lection of botanical books published before the time of Lin- naeus. These are mostly old herbals, strange mixtures of bot- any and medicine, horticulture and witcheraft. To them we MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 155 must tuin when we come to the study of any question con- cerning the early history of cultivated plants. Most of this pre-Linnean literature is in the above-mentioned Sturtevant collection. The number of volumes in a library is not necessarily an index to its usefulness. It is not the number of guns, but the number of telling shots that decides a battle. Similarly it is not the number of books, but the number of accessible books that determines the usefulness of a library. In this respect the Garden library is one of the best in the country. At few other large scientific libraries ean the books on the shelves be so readily consulted. Recently a scientist working at another institution turned in a list of 16 books which he desired to consult. All these books were in the institution’s library, but it was a day before any of them could be located and several weeks before any considerable proportion of them had been assembled. A few months later, when he came to the Missouri Botanical Garden library, this same scientist found that he could have obtained nearly all of these books within an hour’s time. It may be thought that this is an extreme example, but quite the opposite is true. While the Garden library was primarily created to serve the needs of this institution, it freely offers its services to any qualified worker. A surprisingly large number of people take advantage of the opportunity, and searcely a week passes that the library does not offer assistance to some one from outside the Garden. These visitors come on all sorts of errands and stay for varying lengths of time. Some take a fieeting glance at a single book; others remain to work for a week or more. Within the last few weeks, for instance, the following visitors from out of town have made use of the library : 1. A fibre expert who wishes to learn more about the plants from which the fibres he studies are obtained. 2. The president of a garden club who is studying the lives of the early herb doctors. 3. A scientist who is studying the history of certain varie- ties of vegetables. He was particularly interested in the col- lection of old seed catalogues which he said was the most eom- plete he had seen. “2. so 4 7 a Se Oe eee oe aS . a an ‘ ; ke is : Ps. id x 156 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Not all of the people who use the library come to Saint Louis to do so. The libraries of the country have organized an exchange service by which it is possible to loan books from one library to another. Within the last twelve months, about 60 volumes have been loaned to 16 institutions outside of Saint Louis. Some of these books traveled long distances. Four went to California, one to Maine, and eight to Winnipeg, Can- ada. These instances are but one more illustration of the fact that the Missouri Botanical Garden is nation-wide in its use- fulness. SPRING FLOWERS IN WINTER It is unfortunate that more people do not know the ease with which branches of spring-flowering shrubs may be brought to bloom indoors during the winter. During Feb- ruary and March, when anything green and growing is ap- preciated, they make interesting, and in some eases, very beau- tiful, decorations for the home. If the best results are to be obtained certain simple pre- cautions need to be followed. In the first place, the branches selected should be well supplied with flower buds. In most shrubs the flowers are produced only from certain specialized buds, and there is no general rule by which these may be told from the leaf buds. In some species the leaf buds are set between flower buds, while in others the reverse is the rule. Generally, the flower buds are larger and less closely ap- pressed to the twigs. Sometimes, as in the pear and apple, they are borne on short, crooked side branches, ealled spurs by nurserymen. The form of the branches should be consid- ered when selecting sprays for foreing. They will be bare, or practically so, for at least the first week, and the flowers, when they do appear, are usually smaller than those which open naturally out of doors. The branches may be of any size, however, from small twigs to six-foot sprays. All that is needed to force the sprays is a jar of water, ordinary room temperature, and a little sunlight. Quicker results may usually be obtained if the entire branch is soaked in warm water for ten to fifteen minutes when first brought into the house. Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., Vou. 14, 1926. PLATE 42. FORSYTHIA SPRAYS BLOOMING IN WINTER. Bare branches cut February 24, blooming indoors on March 5, = ilk al Se. weet MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN py | There are a large number of plants which can be brought tc bloom indoors. Almost any of the spring-flowering shrubs will produce a few leaves and a flower or two, and some bloom almost as well as they do out of doors. The Cornelian cherry, Cornus mas, is one of the very best, as the flowers begin to appear almost at once and are fully open inside of a week. The golden-bell, or Forsythia, is almost as desirable. The flowers are larger than those of the Cornelian cherry, but they take longer to appear and wilt sooner. Other promising sub- jects are pear, crab-apple, sycamore (with flowers like small fuzzy, green lemons), barberry, silver-bell, and Japanese quince. Strangely enough there seems to be no absolute rela- tion between the flowering time of the shrub and the ease with which it may be forced. The fragrant sumac (Rhus canaden- sis) and the spice bush (Benzoin aestivale) are both among the very earliest of our flowering shrubs, but the sumac blooms almost as soon outdoors as when foreed inside, and the spice bush is very slow to open its flowers. The branches may be brought into the house almost any time after the turn of the year, although it goes without say- ing that much better results are obtained by waiting until late February or early March. The following table sum- marizes the’results of an experiment conducted by one of the pupils in the School for Gardening. The branches were all cut during the third week in February and kept in a warm, light place: Number Number of days of days Common name Botanical name required flowers to force remained into flower| in bloom Golden-bell Forsythia sp. 9 7 Cornelian cherry | Cornus mas 8 10 Japanese barberry | Berberis Thunbergit 12 tae Silver-bell Halesia sp. 14 (i Japanese quince Cydonia japonica 14 6 Bladder-nut Staphylea trifolia 10 7 Lonicera Lonicera fragrantissima 3 3 Wild plum Prunus anericana 14 3 Chionanthus Chionanthus americana 16 7 Te a ta a 158 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NOTES The Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticul- turists has elected Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Gar- den, a member of the committee on school gardens for 1927. Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist of the Garden, spoke before the Wednesday Club, December 1, on ‘“Termites.’’ Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, spoke before the Lions Club, at Belleville, Illinois, December 9, on ‘‘ Expe- riences of an Orehid Collector ;’’ and before the Rotary Club, at the Hotel Statler, December 16, on ‘‘The Effeet of Smoke upon Plants.’’ The number of birds in the Garden this winter is much larger than in recent years. A number of feeding stations have been ereeted at sheltered points and are being well patronized. Cardinals, juncoes, hairy and downy woodpeckers are the commonest visitors. The flock of bob-whites is par- ticularly large and is quite tame. Recent visitors to the Garden inelude Mr. Wallace Lund, of the International Education Board; Mr. H. J. Thorkelson, of the General Education Board; Dr. Ross G. Harrison, Direc- tor of the Osborn Zoological Laboratory, Yale University ; Dr. D. T. MacDougal, Director of the Laboratory for Plant Phys- iology, Carnegie Institution, Tueson, Arizona; Prof. Naohide Yatsu, professor of biology, Tokyo Imperial University; Dr. EK. M. East, professor of plant geneties, Bussey Institution of Harvard University. Apropos of the article in the November BuLLETIN on Koel- reuteria paniculata, the following note from Mr. Benjamin W. Douglas, of Hickory Hill, Trevlac, Indiana, is of interest : ‘You will probably be interested to know, if you do not know already, that this tree was planted in Indiana at a very early date. ‘“‘The New Harmony colonists used it as a shade tree and as a rule it was planted about the entrances to residences. From the use of it the name ‘gate tree’ became established in that community and it is still known in New Harmony by that title. ‘*T understand that the Chinese have a name for it that is far more fitting than any name that has been given in this country. They eall it ‘The Tree of the Golden Rain’—from the fact that its vellow flowers fall like rain at the end of the blooming period.”’ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 159 STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR NOVEMBER, 1926 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number OL Visitors... .:.%5,. « fastemieye ie eee ae 32,029 PLANT ACCESSIONS: ; Total number of plants and seed packets received as ig b dN: aN ge 4 Oe SP ER PR SOPRA Acne geet Rp: 7M 592 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought........ 40 Total number of books and pamphlets donated....... 138 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Barrett, R. H.—Specimens of oak from Missouri....... 2 Bechtel, A. R.—Specimens of fungi from Indiana...... 23 Bettis, Mrs. James R.—Rhus canadensis Marsh. from MiISSOUTI 4xccesttn ieee aaa a eats Senate cee 1 Churchill, Hon. Joseph R., by Walter Deane—Plants of WAT RUDI, 2.2) Mane ree trees sicittiens eaves te eit axsuetienanelaUete wicliete ie 12 Dixon, Royal A.—Magnolia tripetala L. from Tennessee i Dougan, Prof. L. M.—Carya microcarpa Nutt. from INGTSBO UT r escent ince es as iL Dugzgar, Dr. B. M— Plants of Texas..........25.6.65. 11 Fuller, Prof. George D.—Phacelia sericea Gray from Rocky “Mountains co fecccteee ele Fr ls ate = ele Syne ele 1 Kellogg, John H.—Grasses and sedges from Missouri. . 104 Lieneman, Miss Catherine—Ferns from Missouri...... 2 Mathias, Miss Mildred—Plants from Missouri......... 3 Ridgway, Robert—Plants of Illinois.................. 59 Stewart, F. C.—Polyporus cuticularis from New York.. mt Whetzel, Prof. H. H.—Sclerotinia erythronii Whetzel... 1 By Exchange— Botanical Garden and Museum, Berlin, Germany, by Dr. L. Diels—Fragments and photographs of type SPECIMENS |... = ai: cs -cie eiale, Soleus meee Petar eNCR ess. es a c's s 13 Botanical Garden, Leningrad, U. S. S. R., by Prof. Boris Fedtschenko—Fragment and tracing of type...... 1 Stevens, F. L.—Meliola Alstoniae from the Philippine TSIATIGG : -< ics oe aco ee ee iteraetetetaa eres Moe Tareas o s0i wees ore 1 University of Wisconsin, by Dr. J. J. Davis—‘Fungi Wisconsinenses exsiccati,’” Decades XIV-XV, Nos. TOU=EOO cic ee eat oer eae Pers 6.0 6 Byes elas 20 By Purchase— Broadway, W. E.—Plants of Trinidad................. 100 By Field Work— Overholts, Prof. L. O.—Plants of Missouri and Illinois TL MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 161 Index to Illustrations Gray’s Summit Extension, ravine and brook.................04- Gray’s Summit Extension, limestone cliffs along Meramec River Gray’s Summit Extension, evergreen nursery.................-- Gray’s Summit Extension, view to the east.................060. Gray’s Summit Extension, bird’s-eye view of northern portion... Gray’s Summit Extension, orchid range of eight greenhouses With COHNMeOCLINS NCAG MOUSE aa): cis c++ cake saab kip wusManahetavan Pe auet ers Ieee a alarerele Pine, short-leaf, second growth of, near New Offenburg, Mo..... Pine, short-leaf, starting up in a pasture, near New Offenburg, RRR RM cr ee feller Giese) Siok ond, eo vas 0/ie oie. ai aves ci ee /alecdlebeny sobs’ e Mastek RACE OL Or ec Pine, short-leaf, showing cones and leaves................050005 Gynressrmbaim At the Garden... 2. .is/2+ 5 «ssl es ey wee oes Coys Cedar, red,;at Gray’s Summit Extension................00ce.ee. Camellia Thea, blooming in economic house at the Garden....... Camellia Thea, fruit of, showing three-seeded capsule.......... Japanese Women DlUCKINE TOs ccm =n rc eter resis pe Maa eles oe cess Leaf-rolling- in Japans.s <. <1 weemtaeteeie eres ps Cale oe cos Withering iprocess; ‘Ceylon 2x, .itn © cones eee ee eo oO ale se Hermenting leaf of Ceylon teas hsv - snr sci tetece = nes ooo ot es True Paraguay tea and a substitute grown at the Garden....... ONCIAUUIM: PUTO ENS oo..)< 5 vino jore cleeamate sim ieT re aCe aaa ats o/s oa es ew He Narcissus, types of, grown in St. Louis, showing characteristic flowers and Tollage. cis. oh Gorter tere a ee te tse 5G ole ss verelsia Parkinson’s ‘‘Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris,’” reproduction of plate from, showing miscellaneous species of daffodils...... Parkinson’s ‘“Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris,”’ reproduction of plate from, showing single and double daffodils............. Narcissus, types: Of: «ci siccierg cies een ee Gee css ce ede MNarnisana: tyes: OF... 4.uta, shat mires ee ieete Aa tere teehee. os 6 oleic ws alee River birch, specimen of, near New Athens, Illinois............. River birch, trunk of large, near New Athens, Illinois........... OGUPECE,. WALLA ’..5:.)... ccsteseke ASR errataaee RS Gh eters oo Siete b0's @ a spe. ele ave tes “The Woodlands,” title page from William Cobbett’s............ Gocust, black (Robinid P&eudoAicacw i aiiss ose oe be eee he ee Porta’s “Phytognomica,” reproduction of plate from, showing toothwort, pomegranate, and pine cone, with a set of teeth.... oOrRWN Re 97 162 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Porta’s “Phytognomica,” reproduction of plate from, showing orchids, papillonaceous plants, butterflies.................... 97 mempnaes, “maward ©. BHGt"... wc. ck ccc secs cubinderewecc. 123 Golden varnish tree (Koelreuteria paniculata)................. 139 oenen VAareh- tree; MOWers Of... .. 6.55 osc ccc svc cadeduwecaiie. 140 nen: Wrenn SOOM OPUS OP ss kw ryt s «o's o's os cumple beens e. 140 Maple, English (Acer campestre).............ccceccecccccccccce 141 Maple, sentinel sugar (Acer saccharum var. monumentale)......142 Bittersweet, evergreen (Euwonymus radicans)............e..000-- 143 Chestnut trees at Garden’s Extension, Gray’s Summit, Missouri. 144 RRL UMIILI evn ua gtt Siere Sie kc oe # a he ahd en 145 Note accompanying letter written by Henry Shaw to Dr. Engel- mann, giving a list of books to be purchased Forsythia sprays blooming in winter..................0.cceeeue 156 Gt aye j ct See mS aed ks MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 163 General Index Figures in italics refer to page numbers of plates and cuts. A Abies concolor, 141 Acer campestre, 141, 141; pseudo- platanus, 141; saccharum var. monumentale, 141, 141; tataricum, 141 Agriculture, Jefferson’s contribution to, 125 American farms and gardens, Cob- bett’s description of, 72 American Waterworks Association Journal, 154 Angraecum fragrans, 45 Annual bequests, 10 Annual flower sermon, 11 Annual report of the Director for 1925 (thirty-seventh), 1 Ash, white, 72 Attendance, Garden, for 1925, 22 B Barberry, forcing of, indoors, 157 Beech, European, 142; weeping, 142 Benzoin aestivale, forcing of, in- doors, 157 Berberis Thunbergii, forcing of, in- doors, 157 Betula nigra, 67, 67 Birch, river, 67; specimen of, near New Athens, Illinois, 67; trunk of, 68 Bittersweet, evergreen, 142, 143 > Cc Camellia Thea, 37, blooming in eco- nomic house at the Garden, 37; fruit of, showing three-seeded cap- sule, 38; var. Bohea, 37; var. viri- dis, 37 Cassena, 44 Castanea crenata, 145; dentata, 143; pumila, 145; sativa, 145 Cedar, red, 30; at Gray’s Summit Extension, 30; use of, 33 Chamaecyparis pisifera, 141 Chestnut burs, 145 Chestnut, 142; at Garden’s Exten- sion, Gray’s Summit, Missouri, 144; American, 143; European, 145; Japanese, 145 Chinquapin, 145 Cobbett, William, plantsman and pamphleteer, 69; the story of, 69 Coles’ “Adam in Eden,” doctrine of signatures according to, 100 Conifers of Missouri, 25 Construction and repair work at Garden during 1925, 7 Corn, Indian, exploitation of, by William Cobbett, 72 Cornelian cherry, forcing of, in- doors, 157 Cornus mas, forcing of, indoors, 157 Crab-apple, forcing of, indoors, 157 Crop rotation, report on, by Jeffer- son, 124 Cyclopia genistoides, 45 Cydonia japonica, forcing of, in- doors, 157 Cypress, bald, 28; at the Garden, 29; Sawara, 141 D Daffodil, 50, 50, 57, 54, 56 Dawson Arboretum, Webster Groves, Missouri, 140 Director, annual report of the, 1 Doctrine of signatures, 97 E Elaeodendron quadrangulatum, 43 Endothia parasitica, 144 Engelmann, Dr. George, correspond- ence between Henry Shaw and, relative to purchase of books, 149, 152 164 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Euonymus radicans, 142 Evelyn’s “Sylva,” description of the chestnut in, 146 Evergreen bittersweet, 142 Evergreen nursery, Gray’s Summit Extension, 3, 4 ¥ Fagus sylwatica, 142, var. pendula, 142 Fir, white, 141 Flower shows during 1925, 9 Flower sermon, annual, 11 Forcing flowers, 156 Forsythia, forcing of, indoors, 157; sprays blooming in winter, 156 Franklin’s notice of red cedar in “Poor Richard’s Almanack,” 32 G Garden, some facts about the, 121 Gardener’s cottage, Gray’s Summit Extension, 3, 7 Golden varnish tree, 139, 139, 158; description of, 139; flowers of, 140; fruit of, 140 Graduate students at Garden during 1925, 15 Gray’s Summit Extension to the Gar- den, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 30, 144 H Heating plant, Gray’s Summit Ex- tension, 7 Hemlock, 142 Herbals, old, in Garden library, 154; doctrine of signatures in, 97; re- productions of plates KES: 50, 51, OF Herbarium, report of, for 1928: ex: changes, 19; field work, 18; mounting and distribution of specimens, 18; new accessions, 17; statistical summary, 19; use of herbarium by outside botanists, 19 Holly, 43, 44 I Ilex paraguariensis, 43; vomitoria, 44 Information furnished by the Gar- den, 74 Inquiries received during April, 75; May, 92; June 15-August 31, 114 J Jefferson, Thomas: naturalist, 123 Jonquils, 54 Juniper, Chinese, 142 Juniperus chinensis, 142; virgin- iana, 30 K Koelreuteria paniculata, 139, 139; flowers of, 140; fruit of, 140; at Dawson Arboretum, 142; in In- diana, 158 L Lake, artificial, Gray’s Summit Ex- tension, 9 Lecythis, 25 Lemon grass, 45 Leptospermum, 45 Lewis and Clarke expedition, Jefter- son’s part in, 130 Library of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 152; report of, for 1925, 20; Garden publications as a means of exchange, .20, 153; sta- tistical, 21 Libraries, the importance of scien- tific, 149 Locust, the black or common, 79, 79, 81; technical description of, 80; exploitation of, by William Cobbett, 71 Locust borer, 80 Locust bubble, the great, 81 Long’s Expedition, narrative of, 153 M. Magnolia grandiflora, 9; tripetala, 142 Maple, English, 141, 141; sentinel sugar, 141, 742; sycamore, 141; Tartarian, 141 Maté, 43 Mathematical Analysis, introduction to, 154 Melaleuca, 45 Monticello, 125 ee Oe ees ee 2? |, ae MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 165 N Narcissus, 49; cultural directions for, 61; medicinal use of, 51; re- production of plate from Parkin- son’s “Paradisi in sole paradisus terrestris,’ showing species of, 50, 51; types of, 56; types of, grown in St. Louis, 49; varieties for the home garden, 62 Narcissus Bulbocodium, 58, var. Corbularia, 57; cyclamineus, 58, 59; incomparabilis, 57, 57, 60, var. “Golden Phoenix,” 49, var. “Sir Watkin,” 49; Jonquilla, 56, 58, 59; odorus, 49, 58, var. heminalis, 57; Pseudo-Narcissus, 56, 58, bicolor “Empress,” 49, 56, var. flore-pleno, 56, var. major, 49, 56; poeticus, 58; Tazetia, 58, var. papyraceus, 56; triendrus, 57, 57, 59 New hybrid water-lily, 132 “Notes on Virginia,” by Thomas Jef- ferson, 127 Nursery at Gray’s Summit Exten- sion, 4 Nymphaea castaliiflora, 132; “Ed- ward C, Hliot,” 128, 132, 7188; “General Pershing,’ 132; ‘Mrs. G. H. Pring,” 132; ‘“Henry Shaw,” 132; “Mrs. Edwards Whitaker” var. marmorata, 132 oO Oncidium flexuosum, 45; fulgens, 45, 46 Orchid: a new, from Panama, 45; collection of Mr. C. W. Powell at Balboa, Canal Zone, 102; exhibi- tion, Garden’s, at National Flower Show, Kansas City, 10; range, Gray’s Summit Extension, 6, 7; tea made from an, 45 i Outdoor planting, 8 ie Paleontology, Jefferson’s investiga- tions in, 128 Panama, a new orchid from, 45 Panama orchids, gift of, by Mr. C. W. Powell, to Garden, 102 Paracelsus, 97, doctrine of signa- tures according to, 98 Paraguay tea, 43; true, and a sub- stitute grown at the Garden, 41 Parkinson’s ‘‘Paradisi in sole para- disus terrestris,” 52; reproduction of plate from, showing miscella- neous species of daffodils, 40, showing single and double daffo- dils, 52 Pecan, Jefferson’s description of, 127 Pine, short-leaved, 26, 26, 27, 28 Pinus echinata, 26, 26, 27, 28 Planting, outdoor, during 1925, 8 Plough invented by Thomas Jeffer- son, 125 Porta’s “Phytognomica,” 99; repro- duction of plate from, showing toothwort, pomegranate, and pine cone, with a set of teeth, 97; showing orchids, papillonaceous plants, butterflies, etc., 97 Powell orchid collection, 102 Published articles by members of Garden staff and students during 1925, 12, 20 Q Quince, Japanese, forcing of, in- doors, 157 R Research and instruction during 1925, 11 Rhus canadensis, forcing of, in- doors, 157 Rice,- upland, introduction of, by Jefferson, 129 River birch, 67; specimen of, near New Athens, Illinois, 67, 68; botanical description of, 67 Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, 71, 79, 79, 81 as Ss Saint Louis—1819, 85 Sapucaia nut, 25; normal position when suspended from tree, 25; showing interior and lid, with portion of column, 25 ——e-. er oe ee 2 166 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN School for Gardening, 10 Scientific activities engaged in by members of staff, 15 Serial scientific literature in Garden library, 154 Shaw, Henry: beginnings of Gar- den library made by, 149; reminis- cences of, 85 Signatures, the doctrine of, 97 Silver-bell, forcing of, indoors, 157 Spring flowers in winter, 156 Statistical information for Decem- ber, 1925, 23; January, 1926, 36; February, 48; March, 65; April, 78; May, 95; June-August, 119; September, 136; October, 148; November, 159 Sturtevant, Dr. E. Lewis, gift of book collection of, to Garden, 152 Sumac, fragrant, forcing of, indoors, 167 Sycamore, forcing of, indoors, 157 Symplocos lanceolata, 43 — Taxodium distichum, 28, 29 Taxonomy, importance of library in field of, 151 Tea, 37; history of, 37; Assam, 37; black, 41; Bourbon, 45; brick, 42; Bushman, 45; Ceylon, fermenting leaf of, 40, modern methods of cul- tivation and manufacture, 40, withering process, 40; China, 37; green, 42; Japan, Japanese women plucking, 39, leaf rolling, 39; lep- pet, 43; Paraguay, 4/, 43; soluble, 43 @hea sinensis, 37 Tower Grove Park 200-foot-strip matter, settlement of the, 4 Tsuga canadensis, 142 WwW Water-lily, a new hybrid, 132 Weather observations of Thomas Jefferson, 127 Wild flowers at Gray’s Summit Ex- tension, 2, 4 Winter, spring flowers in, 156 Wooded area, Gray’s Summit Ex- tension, view across, 8 “The Woodlands,” 69, 82; title-page from William Cobbett’s, 70 x Yaupon, 44 SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passec at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro- vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises about 75 acres. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1500 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establish- ing an aboretum as well as holding a certain area as a forest reser- vation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. About 12,000 species of plants are growing in the Garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset; from April to Decem- ber, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. -Gzoxce T. Nobiae Director ay semges o somes oe Palace itm F Buonortg, : ye SS i Roscarch Assistant ~ a GOR Te KATHERINE H. Laon, "Curator of Herbarium ; ‘ We, — Fe Rare " Seoretary to the Director, pean ease Rs ; NET Ye a er ONE Cc, “Horwen, %, Semen! / Genetictn ay OAH ENG A | Librarian and Editor of Publications : Wy prs ; avr A. Kom, | Ploricultariat Bnaar: Axpeneow, A ibe te sharon of, Bohaet for: Gardening Hetbacoougand Nargery “GRAYS SUMMIT EXTENSION . 2D. Mrenen, — i ¥ / Orchids” eae RE: Kisseox, | ‘Bngincer aicieee ed w. power, % Manager