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Floral Displays of Special Interest in 1930
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AIRPLANE VIEW OF NORTH HALF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,

(Photo by courtesy of C. H. Butler, Aerial Surveys, Inc.)

Missoun Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XVIII JANUARY, 1930 No. 1

FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

Gentlemen:

I have the honor to submit herewith the forty-first annual
report of the Director.

Any one engaged in attempting to grow plants out of doors
realizes what a factor the weather is in the success or failure
of his efforts. While no one ever expects the weather in this
climate to be ideal, during the growing season at an institution
like the Garden the fluctuations come to be regarded as part
of the ordinary routine which must be counteracted in the
best way possible. It is not uncommon to read in reports
from other institutions such statements as ‘‘The atrocious
weather of the last two weeks has had a most disastrous effect
on plants,’’ but only when exceptional storms do unusual dam-
age is it necessary that more than this be said. The snow
storm of May 2, 1929, falls in this class, since the damage to
trees and particularly to shrubs and herbaceous plants was
very great, even exceeding that from the eyclone of Septem-
ber, 1927. Coming at a time when many plants were in full
leaf, the heavy snowfall caused a type of damage quite
unusual. Small plants which are ordinarily uninjured by
storms were, because of the weight of the snow, snapped off
at the ground, and no eatastrophe which the Garden has ever
suffered has caused so much damage to the smaller woody
and ‘herbaceous material. Trees likewise suffered, hundreds
of them losing branches, in some cases the tops being broken
out so as to disfigure them badly. The greatest loss was from

(1)

G4

2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

the disfiguration or practical destruction of trees fifty or
more years of age of which the Garden possessed but a single
fine specimen. <A list of those most seriously damaged ap-
peared with a brief account of the storm in the May BULLETIN.
While such catastrophes may always be expected, they are
always to be deplored. The possibility of having a tree which
for fifty years has weathered all storms and grown to be a
magnificent specimen destroyed in a few minutes or hours is
one reason that the Garden is growing such large numbers of
trees and shrubs at the Gray Summit Extension. Many of
these in future years will be available for replacement pur-
poses at the city Garden.

Another thing which makes for the success or failure of
outdoor planting is the ability with which insect and fungous
pests may be combated. The year 1929 is one which will
long be remembered, because of the unusual number and
ferocity of these plant enemies. It was only through the con-
stant use of fungicides and insecticides that many trees and
shrubs were prevented from being entirely defoliated. The
acquisition of a large power sprayer capable of throwing a
stream a hundred feet high was of the greatest assistance. It
was in constant use, over sixteen thousand gallons of spray
material having been used during the season.

Instruction in Gardening.—As was announced in the report
of the Director for 1928, a change was made in the work
previously offered in the School for Gardening so that short
courses of a practical nature could be offered to those inter-
ested. These courses were planned to meet the needs and
desires of amateurs in St. Louis, and covered such subjects as
elementary gardening, identification of plants in the local
flora, and vegetable growing. In addition demonstrations
were held in the iris and rose gardens, and questions con-
cerning propagation, pruning, diseases, fertilizers, ete., were
discussed. There was also an afternoon devoted to creeping-
bent grass lawns. Judging from the expressions of apprecia-
tion from those who registered for these courses the change
has been well worth while. At least it has enabled a consid-
erably larger number of amateurs in St. Louis to acquire the
information of which they were in need, and a number of
requests have already been made to have similar courses

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3

offered during the coming spring. The number of people
registered in all the courses totaled fifty, which was greater
than the entire number of students in the School for Garden-
ing for the thirty-eight years of its existence.

As has been the ease for the past three years, a special
course in elementary gardening extending throughout the
school year has been provided for students in the School of
Occupational Therapy. The article in the May BuLLErin on
“Gardening and Its Relation to Occupational Therapy’’ dis-
cusses the subject at length. To meet the demand for trained
gardeners capable of taking charge of private estates, or of
entering park, cemetery, or country-club work, there was
inaugurated at the first of the year a system of apprentice-
ships. There are at present five young men taking advantage
of this opportunity, a number which exceeds the average
yearly registration in the old School for Gardening.

Henry Shaw Museum.—It has long been recognized that
there was no suitable place at the Garden for the display of
the numerous portraits of Henry Shaw, together with arti-
cles associated with the early history of the Garden. With
the abandonment of the old School for Gardening. the lower
floor of Henry Shaw’s former country residence became avail-
able. This, besides being a most suitable place for such a col-
lection, lends itself admirably for the purpose. The double
parlors and the library across the hall have been redecorated,
including the installation of two old crystal chandeliers.
These were formerly in the reception room of Henry Shaw’s
town residence. The portraits of eminent botanists painted
during the lifetime of Henry Shaw have been restored and,
with the portraits of Mr. Shaw, practically cover the walls in
the old residence rooms. Mr. Shaw’s old piano, his desk, and
minor pieces of furniture have been assembled here. An
appropriately designed case occupies the center of the parlors,
in which are displayed old record books, the diaries of Henry
Shaw, and documents of historical interest. Here are also to
be found early photographs of the Garden and the guest books
in which Mr. Shaw always liked to have visitors to the Garden
register their names and addresses. It is a matter of great
satisfaction to be able to bring together amid such appro-
priate surroundings all of this material so intimately asso-

+ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ciated with the life of Henry Shaw. While it probably will
never be possible to open these rooms to the general public
owing to the impracticability of accommodating large crowds,
small groups of visitors who may be interested can always be
admitted on request.

Outdoor Planting—An unusually good display of pansies
occupied the beds in the main garden for many weeks in the
spring. The Darwin tulips have previously been grown in
these beds, but this year they were planted in the Italian
garden. The summer bedding material in the main garden
consisted of coleus, alternantheras, castor beans, and Cen-
taurea gymnocarpa. For the first time in many years the
eastor-bean plants were used in the circular beds, and they
attracted considerable attention. In September the beds in
this part of the Garden were planted with chrysanthemums,
which commenced blooming in October and were a brilliant
mass of color the first part of November. Many beds were
planted with the various ‘‘Caprice’’ varieties, and probably
not for years to come will there be such a wonderful display
of these plants outdoors, due to there having been no killing
frost until November 20.

The rose garden gave every promise of an abundance of
flowers, but the heavy snow storm of May 2 ruined the bush
plants. The leaves of the hybrid tea and hybrid perpetual
roses were blackened, and while not all of the flower buds
were injured, many failed to open. The climbing roses were
not damaged to any great extent.

Without a doubt the Linnean garden in iris time presents
a mass of color that cannot be produced by any other flower.
The blooming period in this garden was extended by the four
large beds of hollyhocks planted against the old brick wall.
These were replaced by cosmos which continued in flower
until the end of the season. The rearrangement of the formal
lily pools immediately in front of the Linnean house neces-
sitated replanting the iris around these pools. Only the
better varieties were used, such as ‘‘Julia Marlowe’’, ‘‘ Pros-
pero’’, ‘‘Mildred Presby’’, ‘‘Taj Mahal’’, ‘‘True Charm’’,
ete. Four large iris beds in the east end of the garden were
also replanted with new varieties. Another large bed of
Japanese iris was added, so that a display of these plants will

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5

continue in this garden after the bearded varieties have
passed.

During the summer months the Italian garden was very
attractive, with its brilliant masses of foliage and flowering
plants and the fine display of cannas.

In the economic garden the plot of cotton plants attracted
many visitors. While cotton is grown in this garden every
year, it received more notice the past season due to a write-up
in the local press. A small section in the economic garden,
originally planted with herbs, is now devoted to the peonies
where a representative collection of named varieties will be
maintained. Most of the herbs formerly grown here are now
to be found in the medicinal garden.

Many new varieties have been added to the collection in
the iris test garden, and its appearance has been improved by
replacing the cinder paths with grass walks and a central
gravel walk.

Unusual attention has been paid during the year to the
care of trees and shrubs. Besides the routine pruning, much
additional work was necessitated by the storm of last May,
practically the remainder of the year being required to repair
as far as possible the damage. Attention has also been paid
to major tree surgery, and some of the larger trees have been
treated in the most modern manner.

The medicinal plant garden aims to provide in so far as
circumstances permit a separate bed for each particular
species. Consequently the larger beds have been divided by
means of additional grass walks, This not only provides for
a greater variety of plants, but likewise adds much to the
appearance of the garden.

The 1929 check list comprises some 300 medicinal plants.
Much of the harvested material was utilized by the students
in the pharmacognosy class of the St. Louis College of Phar-
macy. Some 50 or more medicinal shrubs and trees were
added during the past year, being a nucleus for what is hoped
will be a rather extensive group to serve as the western bor-
der of the garden. The section devoted to tropical medicinal
plants was likewise increased in size and number of speci-
mens. Owing to unfavorable weather conditions many of
these failed to make any decided progress, at least as com-

6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

pared to those set out in 1928. The number of native medic-
inal plants for the state of Missouri is being rapidly increased.

Floral Displays—The usual Christmas display of poin-
settias and other brightly colored plants was carried through
into the first of the year. The orchid show was installed the
last Sunday in January and removed the first of March in
order to make way for the annual spring show sponsored by
the florists and growers of St. Louis. While the attendance
did not reach the record established in 1928, the show was a
creditable one, and on Sunday there were more visitors than
could be comfortably taken care of. At the end of March
the spring bulb display was arranged, and after the second
week the new collection of azaleas was staged. This is the first
time in a number of years that any considerable quantity of
these plants has been shown at the Garden, and it was inter-
esting to note how their reappearance was welcomed by the
publie.

Mention should be made of the flower show held in Boston,
March 19-23, celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. It is generally ad-
mitted that this was the most elaborate and beautiful flower
show ever held in this country, surpassing in many respects
the so-called national shows. Large sums were expended by
individual exhibitors, their displays covering thousands of
square feet, so that the small booth installed by the Garden,
illustrating the growth of orchids from seed to flower, seemed
insignificant. However, it attracted much attention and most
favorable comment. A gold medal was awarded for the
exhibit. The same display was forwarded to the national
flower show at Buffalo, April 6-14, where it was again deemed
worthy of a gold medal. At the dinner given by the presi-
dent of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society the Board of
Directors of the Garden presented an illuminated parchment
conveying the congratulations and best wishes of the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden. At the spring show of the St. Louis
Horticultural Society, May 16-18, the Garden’s exhibit of
flowering orchids covered a space of 100 square feet.

Throughout the summer months the floral display house
was devoted to a series of exhibits intended to give the
public an idea of the varied activities of the Garden. This

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7

exhibit was written up at length in the June BuLLETIN and
need not be further referred to here. Toward the end of
October, instead of having a formal dahlia show, blooms were
shown of some fifty of the newer varieties of dahlias from
plants grown both in town and at Gray Summit. These had
received awards of merit or for other reasons were of special
interest. This display was followed by the annual chrysan-
themum show, views of which appeared in the November
BuLuerIn. For the past few years an effort has been made
to stage these plants in as natural a setting as possible. A
Japanese-garden effect, produced with the aid of old stone
lanterns, torii gates, bamboo and rush-thatched houses, has
proved most satisfactory. While the inclusion of these deco-
rative features involves much additional work, the effort
seems to be worth while. Over 78,000 visitors came to view
the show, and leading commercial and horticultural maga-
zines throughout the country have published accounts and
pictures of it. The show lasted until the first Sunday in
December, when it was replaced by the regular Christmas
display.

The Missouri Botanical Garden is the only institution of
its kind in the world which makes such a feature of its flower
shows. While many botanical gardens, as well as city parks,
display various collections of blooming plants throughout the
year, none of these has as yet succeeded in developing this
feature to the extent that has been done at St. Louis. In
fact, while a few of the larger cities of the United States
have annual flower shows, these are maintained by contribu-
tions from a great number of amateurs and commercial grow-
ers. They submit most excellent displays which when grouped
together give a beautiful and impressive effect, but only in
St. Louis may one find a practically continuous display
of blooming material through the fall, winter and spring
months. It should be borne in mind that all of the plants
shown, with the single exception of the three-day com-
mercial show in the spring, are grown at the Garden, Con-
sidering the labor and expense involved in the elaborate set-
tings now provided, it will be readily understood that the
Garden is maintaining for the public a unique feature which
is not equalled elsewhere.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ATTENDANCE FOR THE YEAR 1929
(Recording turn-stile count)

Week-days Sundays
IE iio kok 5 Grabs AEN 8 Oe Ree Ne ORE SA 3,877 5,392
ee Ts ACRE LOTTE CELT eRe Er 11,838 16,354
NS en a mae becca awe ot es ss aed 8 6 17,556 29,002
“1 ale al Rear ee aCe) Ret 19,934 9,656
EG Seer Tree ee ee ker 17,796 18,152
BS ea eae snah be sh whe eee sa oS ae 23,899 11,715
it oS odin kaw ba ale ae o.5'ss ® 8s Shek nae 21,586 11,231
ss ake caked eran scsi ds aseda Caan ens 25,903 17,966
NNN $n ccs fs cs hee Soaks 8s Ree 78s 15,576 17,914
I Sod ec do aig te oA Sea Se eee 21,671 13,481
a ee a FE ree era re 30,269 48,596
POO ikke Kv dae 9 os 0 06a eee esi cee eee aes 7,276 6,852
217,181 206,311
217,181
WN yoo o.o hoe 0 seeds ees kowres wie bape 1 Sate 423,492

Construction One of the principal improvements during
the year was the completion of the storm-water drain extend-
ing from the outlet of the lake in the North American tract
along the line of Alfred Avenue to the inlet of the large sewer.
This involved the laying of 855 feet of 36-inch pipe, with
about 200 feet of smaller pipe connecting various drains and
outlets. The elimination of the open ditch at the western
boundary of the Garden has been long desired, not only be-
cause of the unsightly appearance of the stagnant stream,
but also because it prevented proper grading and planting
at this side of the Garden. This area is now for the first
time attractively planted, and since Alfred Avenue has
become such a thoroughfare the improvement is obvious to
those who pass the Garden on the outside.

The completion of an adequate cold-storage house in which
such plants as azaleas, roses, ete., could be carried through at
the proper temperature for early spring forcing makes a
welcome addition to the growing space. This house, which
stands immediately north of the Linnean house and conse-
quently is concealed from the main garden, will furnish mate-
rial for staging even better floral displays.

The tropical pools in front of the Linnean house have been

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9

entirely reconstructed. Originally built of brick, the action
of frost during the past fifteen years finally rendered them
almost useless. All of the old construction had to be torn
out and replaced with reinforced concrete walls. Advantage
was taken of the opportunity to change the design of the
pools so that more direct walks could be provided leading
from the rose garden to the Linnean house.

When the heating system was installed in the main con-
servatories concrete walls were built in front of the pipes so
that earth could be banked up against them. Owing to the
gradual subsidence of the soil during the past ten years the
top half of this retaining wall had become exposed. Since
this exposed portion was no longer necessary to retain the
soil, it was thought that a much better circulation of heat
would result if this part of the wall were removed. <A bene-
ficial effect was manifest almost immediately, it now being
possible to maintain the proper temperature in the various
houses with fewer coils turned on than formerly.

The 10,000 square yards of walks in the Garden previously
treated with Tarvia were resurfaced during the summer, and
about 3,000 additional square yards of walk, particularly
in the Italian garden, medicinal garden and iris garden,
received this treatment. All the walks are now in excellent
condition and the thin film of mud which was so objection-
able, particularly when frost was coming out of the ground,
is entirely eliminated.

A new slat house was built for plants requiring shade
while they are out of doors during the summer, as well as a
cheese-cloth experimental house in which to grow a special
collection of plants requiring protection. The main con-
servatory received two coats of paint outside, including the
roof bars. Much inside painting was also attended to, and
innumerable small construction and repair jobs taken care
of. An unexpected expense was the replacement of most of
the copper roof and gutters on the south end of the adminis-
tration building. The original copper used was very light
and apparently the hailstorm of 1927 contributed to its rapid
deterioration. So many cracks and holes had developed that
there was nothing to do but replace practically all of the old
copper with new. It can safely be said that the physical

a

10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

condition of the various glass houses and other structures at
the city Garden was never so good.

Gray Summit Extension Considerable progress has been
made during the year in the blasting of rock and grading
incidental to the construction of permanent roads throughout
the property. Large quantities of gravel obtained from the
beds in the Meramec River have been used in road construe-
tion, as well as accumulated at convenient points where it
can be drawn upon at times when the river is high or weather
unfavorable for obtaining it. The site for the proposed rock
garden has been cleared in preparation for future planting
and much underbrush removed along the seven miles of trails
now established. South of the administration building the
old fence and accumulated rubbish have been disposed of and
the unused corn cribs and sheds have been wrecked and
removed. This greatly improves the appearance of the prop-
erty in the vicinity of the administration building and at the
same time opens up some very attractive vistas from this
point. A garage and tool house with toilet has been built
back of the administration building. Over 1,500 feet of foot-
ings for the stone wall along the Manchester Road was
poured and hundreds of loads of weathered rock and bould-
ers collected and hauled for use in the construction of the
wall. Some 300 feet of this wall was built late in the vear,
and an idea can now be obtained of the great improvement
this will make in the general appearance of the place.

Seeds of hundreds of varieties of new trees and perennials
have been planted in the seed beds, necessitating the con-
struction of some 500 lineal feet of additional beds. Innu-
merable seedlings have been transplanted to the nursery rows,
and approximately 2,000 well-grown trees and shrubs are in
the new nursery. Over 500 conifers from the nursery have
been moved to their permanent location around the lake.
Although this is a very small start compared with the thou-
sands of evergreens which will ultimately make up the
pinetum, even these few trees make a respectable showing
and greatly improve the appearance of this part of the
grounds. Forty-five hundred lily and narcissus bulbs have
been planted among these evergreens. The rhododendron
dell established last year has developed sufficiently to give

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Ad

indication of what may be expected within the next few years.
With over 2,000 of these plants in bloom, people visiting the
Gray Summit Extension may see such a mass of rhododen-
dron blossoms as has never before been possible in this vicin-
ity. One thousand flowering cherry trees in some half dozen
of the best varieties were set out late in the year, and next
spring a thousand flowering crabs will be added to the eol-
lection. This will provide about twenty-five acres of bloom-
ing trees which, with the two apple orchards of twenty acres
each, will furnish masses of beauty for future visitors.

The greenhouses, in which are maintained some 30,000
plants, are devoted almost exclusively to orchids. A few hun-
dred of these plants are housed at the city Garden, and there
are more than 5,000 plants at the Tropical Station in the
Canal Zone. In addition to the commercial varieties which
are grown primarily for the orchid show, there are hundreds
of botanical species which are necessarily included in a col-
lection such as is expected of a botanical institution.

Orchid Seedlings.—An effort has been made to increase the
stock of spray orchids this year. With an almost unlimited
quantity of choice and fertile seeds available, the results have
proved satisfactory. There are many thousands of seedlings
of the following genera in the flask stage, in community pots,
and in one-inch pots:

Phalaenopsis Rimestadtiana Oncidium hybrids
Phalaenopsis Sanderiana Saccolabium hybrids
Phalaenopsis hybrids Miltonia hybrids
Cymbidium hybrids Dendrobium hybrids
Oncidium species Odontoglossum hybrids

Vanda Sanderiana and Peristeria elata have been grown
in great numbers and are vigorous and established seedlings.
A Zygopetalum hybrid of select parentage is also a sturdy
grower. The hybrid forms of the Cattleya orchid and its
allied species are represented by thousands of seedlings in
various stages of growth. These seedlings are the result of
crossing very choice parent stock, many of which have re-
ceived award-of-merit medals or first-class certificates from
the Royal Horticultural Society. Efforts have been made to
obtain white forms, yellow-flowering types, saffron, deep

12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

mauve and delicate tints. The Potinera hybrids, which com-
bine the characters of Brassavola, Sophronitis, Laelia, and
Cattleya and are among the very finest orchids, have been
produced in considerable numbers.

The seedling orchids are developing rapidly and require
more and more space. The number of seedlings old enough
to be transplanted to one-inch pots is approximately 10,000,
while the number in earlier stages of growth approximates
50,000.

Tropical Station—Mr. A. A. Hunter, the resident man-
ager, reports that the garden at Balboa is looking and doing
better than ever before. The trees planted by Mr. Powell are
now large enough to furnish considerable shade, and new
plants have been added as the result of the manager’s trip to
Chiriqui. This station continues to afford an excellent oppor-
tunity for the propagation of orchids and other plants which
eannot be satisfactorily grown in St. Louis, as well as pro-
viding a tropical garden to which to send plants for recupera-
tion which have begun to decline under St. Louis conditions.

European Representative—Mr. Gurney Wilson, European
representative of the Missouri Botanical Garden, continues
to supply seeds and books which are much desired by the
Garden and which cannot be obtained through ordinary
channels. He likewise has been very helpful in adding mate-
rially to our collection of seed catalogues, particularly those
of an early date which are now extremely rare. He was able
to secure several hundred original sketches and finished draw-
ings made by the late John Weathers, which he presented to
the Garden. Weathers was formerly Secretary of the Royal
Horticultural Society and is well known for his illustrations
of various horticultural subjects, reproductions of his work
being found in many English catalogues and magazines.

Annual Bequests—The only annual bequest provided for
in Henry Shaw’s will, which was observed during the year,
was the annual flower sermon to ‘‘ecommemorate the goodness
of God as revealed in flowers.’’ This sermon was delivered
at Christ Church Cathedral, May 12, by the Rev. Phillips E.
Osgood, D. D., Rector of St. Mark’s Church, Minneapolis,
Minnesota.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13

RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION

The work in research and instruction has continued to go
forward with the same intensity as in previous years, but with
a larger number of graduate students; and with the increased
number of students there has been an expanding interest and
activity in cogent subjects. The laboratories at the Garden,
accommodating the graduate students in morphology, tax-
onomy, mycology, and genetics, and the new laboratories in
Rebstock Biology Hall on the University campus, planned
especially for work in plant physiology, cytology, and certain
phases of mycology, have been taxed during the year almost
to their full capacity.

Dr. Mildred E. Mathias and Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr.,
have been appointed research assistants. Dr. Mathias has
assisted in the work of the herbarium and in graduate instruc-
tion. Dr. Woodson, in the absence of Dr. Anderson, has con-
ducted the course given to the pupils from the School of
Occupational Therapy, and will devote a considerable por-
tion of his time to the correct naming of the orchid collection,
particularly those from Panama.

Research.—Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the Herbarium
and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Wash-
ington University, has carried on his regular curatorial duties
and continued investigations in the taxonomy of certain
eroups of plants, particularly studies of the Senecioneae, a
tribe of the great family Compositae, and meanwhile has pur-
sued the preparation of a ‘‘Flora of the Southwest’’. Dr.
Greenman also has been continued in charge of graduate
work, Shaw School of Botany, and has personally directed
the work of graduate students majoring in taxonomy of vas-
cular plants.

Dr. E. S. Reynolds, Physiologist to the Garden and Asso-
ciate Professor in the Shaw School of Botany, has pursued
his investigations on the toxic effect of certain plant extracts
on fungi; he also is now occupied in researches which involve
‘*Studies upon the causes of resistance to plant diseases’’ and
‘<Studies upon the temperature of trees and its relation to
external temperature’’. Dr. Reynolds also has directed the
research work of the students majoring in plant physiology.

14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden and Assist-
ant Professor in the Shaw School of Botany, has continued
his investigation on the genus Iris. Dr. Anderson is now on
leave of absence and is studying at the John Innes Horticul-
tural Institute, London, England.

Dr. David H. Linder, Mycologist to the Garden and Assist-
ant Professor in the Shaw School of Botany, has continued in
immediate charge of the collections of fungi, and has done
effective work in reorganizing the fungus material and rein-
stalling this part of the herbarium in new steel cases in the
administration building. Dr. Linder in the meantime has
continued investigations in his field and is now engaged in
original research on ‘‘ British Guiana Fungi Imperfecti’? and
‘‘The structure of Tremellogaster surinamensis.’’

Dr. Roland V. La Garde, Research Assistant, has investi-
gated some of the problems involved in the non-symbiotie
germination of orchid seeds, and in codperation with the
Director is engaged in carrying on certain work relating to
soil acidity.

Dr. Mildred E. Mathias, Research Assistant, has pursued
her monographie studies in the Umbelliferae, having devoted a
considerable part of the past summer to field studies in gain-
ing a first-hand knowledge of these plants in the living state,
and is now completing ‘‘A monograph of the genus Cymop-
terus, including a critical review of related genera,’’? which
will appear in a forthcoming number of the ANNALS.

Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Research Assistant, completed
a ‘‘Monograph of the genus Apocynum,’’ which will appear
in the next number of the ANNALS.

Instruction.—Undergraduate and graduate courses offered
by the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington Univer-
sity in codperation with the Missouri Botanical Garden for
the college-year 1929-1930 were the same in number as in the
preceding year, but with minor changes in the personnel of
the teaching staff and in courses presented. Dr. A. M.
Showalter was given charge of Botany 1 and the courses in
cytology, and has directed the research work in cytology. Dr.
Showalter has also continued his investigations on the Hepat-
ieae, particularly on ‘‘Experimental studies in the genus
Pellia’’. The total number of students in the Shaw School

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15

of Botany has remained approximately the same as in 1927-
1928, but the number of graduate students has increased.

Graduates, Fellows, and Scholars.—The following appoint-
ments have been made in the Shaw School of Botany for
the academic year 1929-1930: Miss Martha L. Beardsley,
A. B., M. S., Washington University, Instructor in Botany
(half-time graduate student, Cytology, Physiology, and
Mycology); Assistants in Botany (half-time graduate stu-
dents), A. F. Bucholtz, B. S., Cornell University, M. S.,
Washington University (Plant Physiology), Miss Dorothy 8S.
Francis, A. B., Radcliffe College (Plant Physiology and
Morphology), and Harry J. Fuller, A. B., Washington Uni-
versity (Plant Physiology and Mycology); Rufus J. Lack-
land Research Fellows in Botany, Earl EK. Berkley, A. B.,
University of West Virginia (Plant Physiology and Chemis-
try), H. H. Card, A. B., A. M., University of Illinois (Tax-
onomy and Morphology), George J. Goodman, A. B., Univer-
sity of Wyoming (Taxonomy and Morphology), Charles L.
Hitcheock, A. B., A. M., Pomona College (Taxonomy and
Morphology, and John T. Johnson, A. B., A. M., University
of Illinois (Mycology, Taxonomy, and Morphology) ; Jessie
R. Barr Fellows in Botany, Miss Marion Child, A. B., Ober-
lin College, M. S., Washington University (Mycology and
Physiology), and Eva M. Fling Roush, A. B., A. M., Univer-
sity of West Virginia (Taxonomy and Morphology) ; Grad-
uate Scholars, Miss Caroline K. Allen, A. B:, Vassar College,
M. S., Washington University (Taxonomy and Morphology),
Miss Josephine Darlington, A. B., B. S. in Forestry, Univer-
sity of Montana (Taxonomy and Morphology), and Julian
A. Steyermark, A. B., Washington University (Taxonomy and
Morphology).

Degrees.—The following graduate students in the Shaw
School of Botany received advanced degrees at the Washing-
ton University Commencement, June 11, 1929: Everett Fogg
Davis, formerly Instructor in Botany, Washington University
(Physiology and Pathology, Morphology and Mycology), Mil-
dred Esther Mathias, Jessie R. Barr Fellow in Botany (Tax-
onomy and Morphology), and Robert Everard Woodson, Jr.,
Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellow in Botany (Taxonomy
and Morphology)—Doctors of Philosophy; Miss Caroline

16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Kathryn Allen, Assistant in Botany, Washington University
(Taxonomy and Morphology), Alexander Feodor Bucholtz,
Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellow in Botany (Physiology
and Cytology), Miss Marion Child, Jessie R. Barr Fellow in
Botany (Mycology and Cytology), and Miss Julia R. Law-
rence, Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellow in Botany (Tax-
onomy and Morphology )—Masters of Science.

Published Articles —The results of research and investiga-
tion have appeared in the ANNALS OF THE Missourt BoTANICAL
GARDEN, the quarterly journal which since it was founded in
1914 has so admirably served the members of the staff and
graduate students of the Henry Shaw School of Botany as a
place of publication. During the year four numbers of the
ANNALS have been issued. Following are the titles of ar-
ticles which have appeared in the ANNALS and elsewhere:

Anderson, Edgar. Variation in Aster anomalus. Ann. Mo.
Bot. Gard. 16 :129-144, pl. 4, figs. 1-3. 1929.

Child, Marion. Preliminary Studies in the Genus Daldinia.
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16:411-486, pls. 36-38, figs. 1-4. 1929.

Davis, Everett F. Some Chemical and Physiological Studies
on the Nature and Transmission of ‘‘ Infectious Chlorosis’’ in
Variegated Plants. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16 :145-226, pls. 5-11,
figs. 1-6. 1929.

Greenman, J. M. Botany. (The American Year Book for
1928, pp. 711-713. 1929.)

Greenman, J. M. A New Variety of Senecto aureus L.
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16 :405-406, pl. 35. 1929.

Greenman, J. M., and Eva M. Fling Roush, New Agaves
from Southwestern United States. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.
16 :389-392, pl. 32. 1929.

Jensen, L. P. Pruning of Ornamental Shrubs. Parks and
Recreation. 12:130-131. 1929.

Jensen, L. P. Planting for Winter Effect. Parks and
Recreation. 12:171-173. 1929.

La Garde, Roland V. Non-Symbiotic Germination of
Orchids. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16:499-514, pl. 42. 1929.

Linder, David H. A Monograph of the Helicosporous
Fungi Imperfecti. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16:227-388, pls.
12-81, figs. 1-17. 1929.

Linder, David H. The Life History and Cytology of Sac-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17

coblastia intermedia, n. sp. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16 :487-498,
pls. 39-41. 1929.

Lieneman, Catharine. A Host Index to the North Ameri-
can Species of the Genus Cereospora. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.
16:1-52. 1929.

Mathias, Mildred E. Studies in the Umbelliferae. II. Ann.
Mo. Bot. Gard. 16:393-398, pl. 33. 1929.

Mathias, Mildred E. Notes on Southwestern Plants. Ann.
Mo. Bot. Gard. 16:399-404, pl. 34, fig. 1. 1929.

Moore, George T. The Tropical Station of the Missouri
Botanical Garden. Bulletin of the Garden Club of America.
Ser. [V®:47-49. 1929.

Pring, G. H. Water Lilies. Ladies’ Home Journal.
46° :22-23, 154-155. 1929.

Pring, G. H. Orehids. Ladies’ Home Journal. 47':18-19,
154, 157. 1929.

Woodson, Robert E., Jr. Studies in the Apocynaceae IIIA.
A New Species of Amsonia from the South-Central States.
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16 :407-410. 1929.

Scientific and Popular Lectures.—The scientific and popu-
lar lectures given during the year before various organiza-
tions are as follows:

Edgar Anderson, January 4, before the St. Louis Horti-
cultural Society, on ‘‘Courses in Gardening’’; January 9,
before the Botany Club of Soldan High School, on ‘‘ How
Plants Germinate’’; May 1, before the science section of the
Wednesday Club, on ‘‘The Great Conflict: The Rising Tide
of Insects’’; May 15, before the Women’s Round Table, on
‘*Plant Families’’; May 24, before the P. E. O. of Webster
Groves, on ‘‘The Rising Tide of Insects’’; and on November
29, in London, before the Genetical Society, on ‘‘ Variation
in Two Species of Iris.’’

L. P. Jensen, January 4, before the St. Louis Horticultural
Society, on ‘‘The Gray Summit Extension’’; May 12, before
the Junior Chamber of Commerce, on ‘‘The Missouri Botan-
ical Garden Extension’’; May 24, before the Osage Hills
Garden Club, on ‘‘Native Plants’’; June 7, before the St.
Louis Horticultural Society, on ‘‘Growing Trees and Shrubs
from Seeds’’; June 14, before the South Kirkwood Garden
Club, on ‘‘ Wild Flowers’’; July 1, before the Garden Club

18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

of Gray Summit, Mo., on ‘‘The Gray Summit Extension”’ ;
July 7, radio talks over station KMOX, on ‘‘ Wild Flowers
of the Ozarks and Their Conservation’’; August 4, before the
Garden Club of Gray Summit, on ‘‘Transplanting of Woody
Plants’’; October 3, before the Faculty and Board of Direc-
tors of the St. Louis College of Pharmacy, and October 6,
before the Garden Club of Gray Summit, on ‘‘The Gray Sum-
mit Extension’’; November 1, before the St. Louis Horticul-
tural Society, on ‘‘The Conservation of Native Plants.’’

Paul A. Kohl, January 4, before the St. Louis Horticul-
tural Society, on ‘‘The Flower Shows at the Garden’”’; Febru-
ary 12, before the Garden Club of St. Louis, on ‘‘ Flowers for
the Cool Conservatory’’; March 28, before the Garden Club
of Springfield, Illinois, on ‘‘Plant Propagation’’; August 2,
before the St. Louis Horticultural Society, on ‘‘Iris and Iris
Diseases.’’

Roland La Garde, November 7, before the class in garden-
ing of the St. Louis School of Occupational Therapy, on ‘‘The
History and Culture of Orchids.’’

Elinor Alberts Linder, January 4, before the St. Louis
Horticultural Society, on ‘‘Orchids.’’

Mildred E. Mathias, December 31, before the Systematic
Section of the Botanical Society of America, at Des Moines,
Iowa, on ‘‘Generie and Specific Delimitation in the Umbel-
liferae.’’

George T. Moore, January 4, before the St. Louis Horti-
cultural Society, on ‘‘The Missouri Botanical Garden’’; Jan-
uary 19, before the Artists’ Guild, on ‘‘ Morality in Plants’’;
February 18, before the Kirkwood Garden Club, on ‘‘Some
Activities of the Missouri Botanical Garden’’; February 26,
before the Scottish Rite Club, on ‘‘The Plant Common-
wealth’’; March 8, before the pupils of Cleveland High
School, on ‘‘What Goes On Inside the Plant’’; May 12,
before the University Club, on ‘‘Morality in Plants’’; June
3, before the St. Louis section of the American Chemical So-
ciety, and October 9, before the Parent-Teachers Association
of the George Dewey School, on ‘‘The Plant Commonwealth’? ;
November 19, before the Women’s Overseas Service League,
on ‘‘What Goes On in the Soil.’’

G. H. Pring, January 4, before the St. Louis Horticultural

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19

Society, on ‘‘Orchid Collecting’; January 15, before the
Webster Groves Home Garden Club on ‘‘Evergreens Suit-
able to Our Variable Climate’’; January 22, before the
Highland Woman’s Club, on ‘‘Collecting Orchids’’; January
28, before the Illinois State Florists’ Association, on ‘‘ Orchids
and Orchid Collecting’’; February 11, before the Women’s
Advertising Club, on ‘‘Orchids’’; March 14, before the
Cemetery Superintendents of St. Louis, on ‘‘Spring Work
in the Garden’’; April 2, before the Junior Council of Alton,
Illinois, on ‘‘Orehids’’; April 25, before the Fortnightly
Club of Kirkwood, and May 1, before the Wednesday Club
of Kast St. Louis, on ‘‘Cultivation of Orchids’’; May 7, before
the Business and Professional Women’s Club of St. John’s
Episcopal Church, and May 13, before the Traffic Club of
St. Louis, on ‘‘Orchid Exploration in the Andes of Colom-
bia’’; June 7, before the St. Louis Horticultural Society,
on ‘‘Water-lilies’’?; October 8, before the Scottish Rite Club,
on ‘‘ Activities of the Missouri Botanical Garden’’; October
22, before the Kirkwood Literary Society, on ‘‘Orchids’’;
October 23, before the West End Lions Club, on ‘‘ Activities
of the Missouri Botanical Garden’’; November 4, before the
St. Louis Retail Florists’ Association, on ‘‘Commercial Or-
chids for the Retail Florists’’; December 2, before the Gar-
den Club of Gray Summit, on “Collecting Orchids in the
Andes of Colombia’’; December 10, before the Parent-Teach-
ers Association of the Stix School, on ‘‘The Missouri Botan-
ical Garden Floral Exhibitions.’’

E. 8. Reynolds, January 16, before the Phi Sigma Biolog-
ical Society, on ‘‘ Disease Resistance in Plants’’; December
28, before the Section for Cereal Diseases, American Phyto-
pathological Society, at Des Moines, Iowa, on ‘‘Extracts of
Flax Varieties Toxic to Fungi.’’

Hermann von Schrenk, November 21, before the engineer-
ing departments of the University of ‘Tllinois, on ‘‘Timber
and Timber Preservation.’’

Fields of Activity—The problems under investigation em-
brace primarily the fields of Cytology, Genetics, Horticulture,
Morphology, Mycology, Physiology, and Taxonomy, in their
various ramifications.

20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

HERBARIUM

The year 1929 is outstanding in the equipment added, the
growth, expansion, and reorganization of the herbarium.
About the average amount of new material has been acquired
during the year, but more than twice the usual number of
specimens has been mounted and incorporated in the general
collection.

The policy formulated several years ago of concentrating
the herbarium’s resources mainly in the Southwest has been
continued, and valuable collections have been secured and
progress made in the study of the flora of this region; but
notable collections also have been obtained from various parts
of the world, especially Mexico, Central America, South
America, and southeastern Europe.

The rearrangement of the library and laboratories has
made it possible to install additional new steel cases for the
herbarium so that the collections of fungi have been trans-
ferred from the museum building to the administration
building, thus bringing all the organized herbarium under
one roof and affording case capacity for the much-needed
expansion of the entire herbarium. This has greatly facili-
tated the use of the collections not only for members of the
staff and research students, but also for visiting specialists
consulting the herbarium.

New Accessions—The larger and more important collee-
tions obtained during the year are the following: Dr. E.
Anderson, 87 plants of eastern United States; Arnold Ar-
boretum, 835 plants of eastern United States, collected by
E. J. Palmer; Berlin Botanic Garden, 300 plants of Bolivia,
collected by Dr. José Steinbach ; Botanical Institute, Masaryk
University of Brno, by Professor Podpera, 100 plants of
Czechoslovakia; Botanical Museum, University of Cluj, by
Professor Al. Borza, 200 plants of Roumania; W. E. Broad-
way, 300 plants of Trinidad and Tobago; Cornell University,
by Professor K. M. Wiegand, 197 plants of New York; Dr.
A. de Degen, 280 plants of Hungary; Professor D. Demaree,
500 plants of Arkansas; Professor J. A. Drushel, 154 plants
of New York, New Jersey, Missouri, and Texas; Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, 990 plants from various regions,
including Labrador, Illinois, Indiana, Mexico, Yucatan, and

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21

Costa Rica; Dr. John Fogg, 155 plants of Massachusetts ;
Professor C. M. H. Gliick, 275 plants of Germany; J. M.
Grant, 107 plants of Washington; Dr. J. M. Greenman, 315
plants of Wyoming; A. A. Heller, 335 plants of Washington,
Oregon, and California; Dr. William Herter, 172 plants of
Uruguay; Dr. H. D. House, 72 plants of New York; Earl
Lynd Johnston, 115 plants of Colorado; Professor Marcus
K. Jones, 946 plants of Mexico; P. Jorgensen, 874 plants of
Paraguay; John H. Kellogg, 238 plants of Missouri; B.
Lynge, 77 plants of Nova Zembla; Dr. Mildred Mathias, 853
plants of Missouri and western United States; Mrs. Ynes
Mexia, 262 plants of Alaska; W. Migula, 100 plants of Ger-
many, Austria, and Switzerland; Professor G. Montero, 102
plants of Chile; T. K. Nyi, 51 plants of China; Professor
L. O. Overholts, 125 plants of Ohio, Missouri, Colorado, ete. ;
265 orchids transferred from the Panama Station of the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden; Professor H. Pittier, 165 plants of
Venezuela; Pomona College, by Professor P. A. Munz, 68
plants of California; Dr. C. A. Purpus, 150 plants of Mex-
ico; Eva M..Fling Roush, 84 plants chiefly from West Vir-
ginia, Indiana, and Illinois; Rev. Frank C. Seymour, 100
plants of Massachusetts; Sofia University, by Professor N.
Stojanoff, 100 plants of Bulgaria; Dr. José Steinbach, 798
plants of Bolivia; Miss Mary Stevens, 152 plants of Penn-
sylvania; Dr. H. Sydow, 200 fungi of Germany; Professor
J. W. Thompson, 42 plants of Oregon; U. S. Department
of Agriculture, by Professor A. 8. Hitcheock, 100 North
American grasses; U. 8. National Museum, by Dr. Wm. R.
Maxon, 223 plants chiefly from North America; Professor S.
Venturi, 531 plants of Argentina; and Th. Oswald Weigel,
350 eumycetous fungi. In addition to the above, numerous
smaller collections have been received from correspondents
and friends of the Garden, which have been recorded in cur-
rent numbers of the BULLETIN,

Mounting and Inserting of Specimens.—The mounting of
specimens by the regular mounter has continued throughout
the year. Extra help was employed for this work during
the spring and summer months, and as a result nearly 30,000
specimens have been mounted during the fiscal year. The
installation of additional eases and the expansion of the

22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

herbarium have facilitated the interpolation of all this new
material in the organized collection.

Exchanges. — Duplicate herbarium material numbering
nearly two thousand specimens has been distributed to vari-
ous herbaria and to correspondents with which the Garden
maintains exchanges. The number of duplicate herbarium
specimens sent to individuals and to institutions amounts to
only about two-thirds of the number of similar material re-
ceived by exchange during the same period of time. It is
anticipated, however, that in a comparatively short time all
obligations in this respect can be fully met.

Reorganization of Specimens in the Herbarium. — Much
time during 1929, as in previous years, has been devoted to
the reorganization of material already in the herbarium.
Many specimens have been either remounted or the herba-
rium sheets cleaned, soiled genus covers replaced, labels
amplified, and specimens rearranged in accordance with a
definite geographical sequence. In this work the more ad-
vanced graduate students have rendered valuable assistance.
The reorganized material not only greatly facilitates deter-
minations, floristic and monographic work, but it enhances
the scientific value of the collections.

Field Work.— A limited amount of field work has been
carried on during the past year. The Curator made a small
but interesting collection of plants in Wyoming, particularly
on the Laramie Plateau and in the Medicine Bow Mountains ;
the research assistant made a notable collection in the south-
western United States. Important local collections have been
added by the veteran collector, Mr. John H. Kellogg, a mem-
ber of the Garden staff.

Use of the Herbarium by Outside Botanists.—It is note-
worthy of record that of the constantly increasing number
of visitors to the Garden, both laymen and specialists are
making more and more use of the facilities of herbarium and
library. Several loans of herbarium specimens, as in years
past, have been made to institutions during the year for study
by specialists and research students; and loans have been
made to the Garden for study by members of the staff and
by advanced graduate students in the Shaw School of Botany
in connection with their research problems. All requests for

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23

the loan of herbarium material for monographic study have
met with the most cordial response by American as well as
foreign institutions.

Statistical Summary (For the year ending December 31,
1929).

Number of specimens received on new accessions:

BY NUrcoase (5. ecer ss. 6643
BY Sifte lc. c,ose news s 771
By exchange ......... 3407
By field work........ 1363
By cransters of sees 265
Total: 4.6 ae eens e 12449 valued at $1,244.90

Number of specimens

mounted and _ incorpo-

TECCOs eels eels eres ieieio es 29494 valued at $5,898.80
Number of specimens dis-

carded from the herba-

PUTT: | care eG is ieredets eet as 62 without value
Number of specimens in organized
NeERDanil iam eateries icc el: «sicaeisie les 977795 valued at $157,504.80
Number of specimens in unorganized
TOT OAL sicavreets erie ees a entire aie 87584 valued at 8,758.40
Wood specimens, etc., supplanting the
NeErDariwM: wow eet oe alee wake valued at 280.00
MICTOSCODIC® SIICGS 3.7 < ere ste cstats she ereters valued at 410.00
TOCA!» VAalUatlOniy, ee -nale ate cea wate ees tans. ss Fate a $166,953.20
LIBRARY

The most important event in the library in 1929 was the
acquisition of new space. For years the congestion in the
library has been the main topie of the librarian’s report, but
during the past year the former lecture room at the south
end of the building was fitted with 3,600 feet of steel cases,
and the books on plant geography, systematic botany, algae,
fungi, bacteria, and gardening were moved into this room.
Already the room is so nearly filled that many wonder where
the books were kept before this space was provided. Addi-
tional space was obtained in the periodical section by adding
extra shelves to extend from the old cases to the windows.
Although the time necessary for moving all the books, to-
gether with the checking and labeling incident to it, econ-

24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

sumed the greater part of the spring and summer months,
the routine of the library was not interrupted.

The policy of discarding literature unrelated to botany
has been continued during the year. <A set of chemical seri-
als, which was already available in at least two departments
of Washington University, was sold at a considerably higher
price than it had cost. In addition, about 150 volumes, rep-
resenting chiefly government reports on education, civil serv-
ice, minerals, ete., were returned to the government printing
office at Washington. This elimination not only gives more
space to the rapidly growing library, but when books are sold
provides funds for purchasing useful botanical works.

In addition to the binding necessary to take care of current
periodicals, ete., two itinerant bookbinders, who repaired some
of the Garden books in 1928, were reengaged in 1929. These
people brought all their equipment with them, and a corner
of the old lecture room was set aside for their workshop.
During the two weeks they were at the garden, 275 books
were repaired or rebound at a Considerably less cost than the
work could be done elsewhere, with the additional advantage
that the books could be consulted while being mended.

In July the ANNALS reprints were sent to the botanists on
the Garden exchange list. Eight hundred and thirty reprints
were sent to 285 individuals in this country and abroad, each
receiving the publications in his special branch of botany.
In exchange for these, the Garden brary receives many im-
portant botanical pamphlets soon after they are published.

Use of the Inbrary.—Besides the staff and students in the
Henry Shaw School of Botany, the library was consulted
during the year by the following out-of-town visitors, some
of whom came to the city especially to refer to the Garden
books: Prof. A. T. Erwin, professor of horticulture, Iowa
Agricultural College; Mr. A. Saeger, teacher of botany, Kan-
sas City Jr. High Sehool, who recently published a mono-
graph of a genus of the duckweed family compiled largely
from Garden references; Prof. H. W. Rickett, professor of
botany, University of Missouri, accompanied by some of the
assistants and classes in botany from his institution; Prof.
J. A. Drushel, of New York University; Prof. W. 0. Richt-
mann, professor of pharmacognosy, University of Wisconsin ;

een.” > sh ied

«

bo

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
Prof. G. H. Bretnall, accompanied by his class in botany,
of Christian College, Columbia, Mo.; Dr. Carl G. Deuber,
instructor in plant physiology, Yale University ; Mr. Edward
L. Evinger, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. 8. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Out-of-town botanists also have the
privilege of borrowing books on the interlibrary loan plan,
and during the year 109 such loans were made to 28
institutions.

New Accessions.—Quite a feature of the Garden’s acces-
sions in 1929 was the collection of old horticultural literature
which Mr. Gurney Wilson, the European representative, was
able to obtain from time to time in England. Also the book
catalogues have been listing some unusually desirable things,
and recently several old Floras and a work on Mosses for
which the Garden has been searching for years was ordered
from a foreign dealer. Some of the important books obtained
in 1929 were Roseoe’s ‘‘Monandrian plants,’’ published in
1828, Patouillard’s ‘‘Tabulae analyticae fungorum,’’ and
Wizlizenus’ ‘‘Memoir of a tour of northern Mexico connected
with Col. Doniphan’s Expedition.’’ Some modern works of
particular interest were the following: Cram, Modern loose-
leaf atlas; Druce, Flora of Oxfordshire; Farlow and Burt,
Iecones Farlowianae; Hough, American woods, pt. 14; Index
Londinensis; Proceedings International Congress of Soil
Science, 2 vols.; Inzenga, Funghi Siciliana; Lemée, Diction-
naire descriptif et synonymique des genres de plantes phan-
erogames; Mayo Foundation Lectures on Plant Physiology
and Pathology; Meisel, A bibliography of American history,
Vol. 3; Morris and Eames, Our wild orchids; Seymour, Host
index to the fungi of North America; Turrill, Plant life of
the Balkan Peninsula; a reprint of Van de Pass, Hortus
Floridus; Wilson, China, mother of gardens; and Walcott,
North American wild flowers, Vol. 5. Due to the failure of
a foreign publisher, some of the foreign continuations were
not received in 1929. When this was discovered every Gar-
den continuation was checked, and the missing parts written
for. Many books and pamphlets, as well as serials, were
received during the year in exchange for the Garden pub-
lications.

Garden Publications —The four numbers of Volume XVI

26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

of the ANNALS were issued in 1929. The volume is unusually
large, containing 519 pages, 42 plates, and 31 text-figures.
Eleven institutions were added to the ANNALS exchange list
during the year, of which 1 was in Russia, 1 Poland, 2 Ger-
many, 2 China, 1 Japan, 1 Canada, and 3 the United States.
Volume XVII of the monthly BULLETIN was completed, with
167 pages and 39 plates. A new catalogue of the water-lily
plants on sale by the Garden was also published in 1929.

The Garden has continued to receive an increasing amount
of publicity not only from the local press, national and inter-
national news reels, ete., but from a variety of periodicals.
In order to give some idea of the scope of the publicity outside ©
of St. Louis, the names of some of the magazines which have
printed either articles from the BuLuerin, original matter,
or extended notices of the Garden, are listed:

Southern Florist ‘ Lorettine

Florists’ Review Orchid Review

Ladies’ Home Journal Florists Exchange
Flower Grower Park & Cemetery
American Iris Society Bulletin Horticulture Illustrated
Horticulture Pudor Seed Co, Catalogue

Statistical Information.—There have been donated to the
library or received in exchange during the year 519 books
valued at $1053.10, and 1036 pamphlets valued at $624.40.
Three hundred and ninety-five books were bought at a cost
of $2083.65, and 283 pamphletsvat a cost of $411.95. Seventy-
six volumes were sold for $485,00, and 147 books and pam-
phlets were discarded. The library now contains 44,810 books
and 68,540 pamphlets. There are also 331 manuscripts val-
ued at $1614.80 and 972,862 index cards valued at $11,582.22.
A total of 9439 cards was added during the year, of which
1315 were written by Garden employees and 8124 were
bought at a cost of $158.35. Three hundred and sixteen books
were bound and 275 were repaired.

Grorce T. Moors,
Director.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR DECEMBER, 1929

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

MOLAl TUMDEL Of WVASICOES) + techs ete crt on akeistuie vie aisleielcers eis 14,128
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought........... 15
Total number of books and‘pamphlets donated.......... 94
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
NOVEMBER
By Purchase—
Broadway, W. E.—Plants of Trinidad and Tobago....... 100
Purpus, Dr. C. A—Plants of Mexico..................4.. 150
By Gift—
Hitchcock, C. L.—Photograph of Washingtonia filifera
WSO oes Sete ere ate wc Se ae etna tea eee ite a eae
Husted, Miss Fanny Lou—Plants of Colorado........... 27
Roush, Eva M. Fling—Plant of horticulture............. 1
von Schrenk, Dr, Hermann—Pinuws rigida Mill.......... 1

By Exchange—

Botanical Museum—University of Cluj, by Professor Al.
Borza—Plants of Roumania—Centuries VIII-IX, Nos.

0129.0 0 dal Clog Mresteee te ca trttes es. nicwe oie-oi= epi eerie ns eo ales 200
AOUEL cerca Gd tan rete ener on tte aden ae eee mE S vies e1ehe letersi s 480
DECEMBER
By Gift—

Bush, B. F.—Mosses of North America.................. 2
Deam;-C.-C.— Plants OL. TO tee ee aie dae vent aac oc egvan 2

Heitman, Arthur—Conocephalus conicus (l..) Dum. from
MIBSOUTT:: 35:58 Sete etree eT eee etna clea et Ge yes 1
Mallinckrodt, Edward—Plants of Alaska................ 2
Roush, Eva M. Fling—Sidalcea sp. from horticulture.... 2
Saeger, A. C—Lemna from Missouri and Nebraska...... 4

By Exchange—
Sofia University, by Prof. N. Stojanoff—Plants of Bulgaria 100

FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1930

In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com-
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol-
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of-
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting
the Garden.

JANUARY FEBRUARY
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids.
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias.
MARCH APRIL
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
March 8&-17—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus.
March 20-28—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors)
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early-
March 29—Azalea Show. flowering Shrubs.
MAY

(Floral Display House)
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines,
and other spring annuals.
(Outdoors)
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies.
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials.

JUNE
(Outdoors)
Roses, Hollyhocks, Medicinal Garden.

JULY
(Outdoors)
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden.

AUGUST
(Outdoors)
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic
Garden. Medicinal Garden.

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House)
Tropical Water-liilles. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties).
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)

Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias.

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr.
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw,
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was,
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating, By a further pro-
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely
from funds left by the founder.

The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani-
cal garden.

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer.

OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

A + George T. Moorz,

Director
KATHERINE H, Leteu,
Assistant.to the Director

HERMANN VON Sonu, -Axton Hoastap, Jp.,
Pathologiat Pharmacognosist ,
JESSE M. GREENMAN, RoLanp V. LAGARDE,
Curator of Herbarium Research Assistant
ne: Epaar ANDERSON, Mitprep EB. Marrias,
is Geneticist eG! , Research Assistant’ °
Ernest 8, REYNOLDS, . Rosert EB. Woopson,y Jr., .
Physiologist >» Research Assistant
rif Davip H. Linper, Newt C, Horner,
Ghe » Mycologist : Libarian and Editor of Publications
Grorer H. Prine,
. \; Superintendent
\ JOHN NOYES, ee ire ¥ Kou, »
ese: . Consulting Landscape Architect } ‘ Floriculturist
Exrnok ALBeets Linpss,
Orchidologist
i iW, F: LANGAN,
hs A. P, BEIMANN; _ | J. H. KELboce,
by > Trees and Shrubs ' Herbaceous and Nursery —
J. Curak, : J. LANGAN,
Exotics eon a Assistant Engineer
A. Di Forrester, ’ ie, __ A. Pearson,
Plant Recorder "Painter
qos: AL VanLenrine,
} Carpenter
5 GRAY hsp aca EXTENSION
L. P, JENSEN, * D. MItres,
{ Arboriculturist ~) Orchida
G. GoEDEKE, -.R. Ey Kissecx,
Farm ae Ehgineer

TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE
: AS A, Hunter,

S29 C's : : ; Manager

REPRESENTATIVE IN: EUROPE
GuRNEY Wison, F. L.'S.

MlssouRI IROTANICAL
GARDEN [BULLETIN

Vol. XVIII FEBRUARY, 1930 No.2

CONTENTS

Page
The Growing of Orchids from Seed he Nig gg BP hs RO a ee
Control of the Bagworm .. pe ins Renae egy ape S|
Spring Course in Gardening for Aibatease Sp ge thee ek ae
PROPCS is Rae A RO a hat POR tae averse’ etie gine
Statistical Information . . w Ak OSS

Floral Displays of Special Tederege in 1930

ST. LOUIS, MO.
1930

Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees

4 SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

Qe BOARD OF TRUSTEES
ee ' | QF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL
AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING

‘4 President
: | GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK ‘ aH 2

\ Vice-President
SAMUEL C. DAVIS. 7H

Second Vice-President
DANIEL. K. CATLIN: “t

L- RAY Carrer. - _ ALBERT. T. PERKINS,

THOMAS S, MAFFirt, Pump C. SCANLAN, .
Grore® T, Moore. Frep G, Zrinia.

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

GrorGce R. THROOP, Victor. J. MILLER,

Chancellor of Washington University Mayor of the City of St. Lonis
FREDERICK F. JOHNSON, ARTHUR THACHER,

Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri President of The Academy of Science

of St. Louis.

ARTHUR A. BLUMEYER,
President of the Board of Education of St. Louis

t ‘ Dante. Breck, Secretary | ets

Miltonia

ria y
\
V
}
j
‘
Cattleya Epidendrum

DHL

Seeds of different genera of

orchids showing the characteristic structure of the seed coat.

Magnified about 100 times.

‘OIN

“LOW

“aU ?)

Tia

“OAS

“OSGL ST

ALV' I]

%

Missoun Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XVIII FEBRUARY, 1930 No. 2

THE GROWING OF ORCHIDS FROM SEED

Orchids, in the minds of many people, are represented by
those tropical flowers, mostly from South America, which
are some shade of lavender, and are of relatively large
size,—the flowers of the well-to-do. This is true in some
cases, although a large number of tropical species from South
America, Africa, and the Asiatic regions are inconspicuous
and indeed may not even be recognized as belonging to the
orchid family. For the true lover of orchids there is no neces-
sity of going to the tropics, since during the months from
spring until fall he may make an excursion to neighboring
woods or meadows and there have the good fortune to dis-
cover, if they have not previously been exterminated by van-
dals, the pink lady-slipper, the snake-mouth, or the white or
purple fringed orchid. Occasionally in the late summer months
the rattlesnake plantain, with its clusters of delicate flowers
lifted on slender stems above the beautifully mottled leaves,
will reward the orchid lover’s walk. Since home products
are often little appreciated, or because wild orchids are not
produced in the winter months when our desire for the most
beautiful in the form of plant life is difficult to satisfy, the
orchid greenhouse becomes a sort of earthly paradise.

In going through the greenhouses at Gray Summit (pl. 8),
where plants are growing luxuriously, or viewing the magnifi-
cent flowers at the annual orchid show, it is difficult to realize
the obstacles which frequently discouraged pioneers of the
early nineteenth century and which to-day prevent many en-

(29)

30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

thusiasts from attaining the success they desire. The large
orchid flowers of lavender, white, yellow, or intermediate
shades, in such great demand by the orchid collectors, were
originally obtained from the tropics where they grew at almost
inaccessible heights on the trees in little-frequented regions.
Thus few people had seen these plants in their natural en-
vironment, and this fact added to the difficulty of the early
growers.

At the time when orchid growing was truly horticultural
pioneering, attempts were made to grow species, which were
subsequently found to be epiphytic or tree-inhabiting, in the
same manner as terrestrial species. This inevitably resulted
in the death of the plants. Sir Joseph Banks, the famous
English traveler and explorer, noticing that the plants grew
on trees where they obtained a free circulation of humid air
and only a little food material in the nature of decomposed
leaves and washings from the upper parts of the trees, at-
tempted to grow the plants in individual wicker baskets sus-
pended from the roof of the greenhouse. His experiments
were partially successful, and little by little improvements
were made on this method. In 1841 Paxton devised the plan
of fastening the plants to a piece of wood by means of a brass
wire, placing a little moss around the roots to furnish perma-
nent moisture. While this method was used by him in the
Duke of Devonshire’s greenhouses, nevertheless there con-
tinued to be a number of failures. At this time it was thought
that all plants coming from the tropics and near the equator
were accustomed to a uniform climate of considerable heat,
but Lindley, in 1830, pointed out that there was the addi-
tional factor of high humidity to be considered. Consequently
it became the practice to grow the plants under conditions of
high heat and high humidity, but even then some plants fell
by the wayside.

The reason some plants thrived and others perished was
finally explained in 1835, when Joseph Cooper, the gardener
of the Earl of Fitzwilliam, discovered that some orchids were
being suffocated in the air-tight and too-warm greenhouses,
a fact that was amply substantiated by the observations of
various explorers in the tropics of different parts of the world.
Thus it was noted that in such widely separated places as the

PLATE

Orchid flower
form for use in hybridizing.

well-rounded
and petals.

(¢ ‘attleya

form

and

Trianae ) showing desirable

the

Note the symmetrical,
erect position of sepals

Orchid flower (Brassocattleva Hyea) showing unde-
sirable traits. The sepals and petals are narrow and
show a tendency to recurve and thus to give a
spidery effect.

Mo. Bot

\BOVE
BELON\N

months

GARD. BULI

PLATE 4

Orchid plant (Cattleya
Orchid plant (Dendrobien

old

ya ,
Lriande ),

bearing seed pod 10 months old.

Phalaenopsis), bearing seed pods Ss

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 31

Peruvian Andes, the Khasia Hills in India, and the mountains
of Java, even at the higher elevations where snow sometimes
fell, beautiful orchid flowers were found. At last the reason
for the lack of success in the culture of certain species of
Cattleya and other genera was explained, and as a result
greenhouses were soon divided into three categories, namely,
the hot house, the temperate house, and the cool house. With
the perfection of cultural methods and the corresponding in-
crease in successful growers, there arose at the end of the
nineteenth century a great demand for orchid plants and these
were imported extensively by collectors in out-of-the-way
places. Advantage was taken of the natural resting period of
the plants during the dry season to send them back to the hor-
ticultural establishments of Europe, especially of England.
Here they arrived in large numbers, actually or apparently
dead. An occasional rare or exceptionally beautiful form was
recognized among the survivors of the multitude, and these
were eventually to become the parents of the exquisite and
highly developed hybrids of to-day.

At first all attention was directed to the cultivation of the
wild orchid species or natural hybrids, but Man was not for
long content with Nature’s efforts, for as early as 1856 the
first artificial hybrid made its appearance. It was a cross-
between Calanthe Masuca and Calanthe furcata and was
named Calanthe Dominyi in honor of its originator, Dominy.
Three years later Dominy produced Cattleya Dominiana by
crossing Cattleya maxima and C. intermedia. This appears
to be the first Cattleya hybrid. The first hybrid Cypripedium
to flower was also a cross made by Dominy, and this was ap-
propriately named Cypripedium Harrisianum, for Dr. John
Harris, a surgeon who pointed out to Dominy the feasibility
of hybridizing orchids. A succession of hybrids followed,
produced by Dominy and his successor, Seden, in the Veitch
establishment in England. Later others carried on the work,
not only crossing Cattleyas but species of other genera, such
as Laelia, Cypripedium, Dendrobium, and Masdevallia, to say
nothing of crossing two related but distinct genera. The mul-
tiplication of hybrids has taken place at such a rapid pace
that a filing system is needed to keep abreast of the times,
there being something like 8500 registered hybrids all created

32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

by the orchid breeder. Up to the present time, American
orchid growers have been far behind Europe, and especially
England, in the production of hybrids.

The orchid family is divided into a large number of genera
which comprise somewhat over 15,000 species, and yet each
year, as new and even more inaccessible regions are explored
and our knowledge increases, new species are being added. A
great number of the flowers of orchid species are of only
average beauty, while a considerable number, to one of criti-
eal taste, are inferior and unworthy of further cultivation.
Only very rarely is an individual flower discovered that pos-
sesses great floral beauty. The species, furthermore, are very
similar in coloration and, however beautiful, are monotonous
when cultivated in large numbers. The orchid hybrid is, in
a sense, a creation having no counterpart in nature, possess-
ing exceptional size, beautiful form, and entirely different
and marvelous colors. The reason for this, providing the
erosses are intelligently made, becomes obvious when it is
realized that the hybridizing of allied species or even allied
genera gives greater chances for variation in the resulting
offspring. This is most clearly shown in the horticultural
genus Potinera which combines the characters of Brassavola,
Laelia, Cattleya, and Sophromtis.

As a result of all this work, there are today, in addition
to the popular lavender color, varieties with a wide range of
very deep lavenders and intense purples, blue-lavender,
bronze, orange, light and dark yellow, saffron, flesh tints, pink,
pure white, and white with richly colored lips. Not only have
the colors been somewhat changed or blended, but the shape
has also been altered. In the wild species the petals are not
infrequently narrow and strap-shaped, or if they are broad
have some objectionable trait, such as recurving or drooping,
or lack of texture. This last character, if it be transmitted
to the hybrid offspring, makes the flower short lived. The
commercial growers, in addition to requiring flowers that last,
desire plants of great vitality that are easily grown and which
possess the free-flowering habit. Those who grow orchids as
a hobby, while recognizing the value of the preceding char-
acteristics, aim also for perfection in form. To fulfill the
requirements, the flowers should not have a spidery appear-

Mo. BoT. GARD. BULL., VoL. 18, 1930. PLATE 5,

ABOVE: Dendrobium hybrid seedlings, 4 months old.

BELOW: Cymbidium hybrid seedlings, transplanted, 5 months old.

6

PLATE

(JARD.

SsOW-

)
)

hybrid

rassocattleya

47 he ee PE AEA Se EEF ave in
bi ; - = Y

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 33

ance. The petals should be so arranged as to fill the spaces
and thus balance and make a symmetrical background for
the ornamental and frequently brilliantly colored lip (pl. 3).

To approach perfection in the offspring, the selection of
both parents, as has already been intimated, is of utmost im-
portance, since in many cases-undesirable traits appear to
be dominant while surpassing beauty is recessive and occa-
sionally may be lost unless reinforced by the other parent.
For example, it is recognized that certain parents take on
or impart color more readily than others, while still others
take on or impart poor form or poor lasting quality. Occasion-
ally, when comparatively mediocre stock is used for hybridiz-
ing, surprising results are obtained, due probably to the out-
cropping of recessive factors, but nevertheless a great propor-
tion of success is to be expected when parents of finest quality
are selected. With multi-generic hybrids, the chance for sur-
prises is greatly increased, and this is what adds zest and
fascination to the game of raising orchids from seeds. A
parallel may be drawn from animal breeding. For example,
in breeding race-horses, one would not go into a pasture and
choose indiscriminately the parents of a future Derby winner.
The chances are that instead of a Man 0’ War, a Spark Plug
would be the outcome. However, the horse fancier has an
advantage since the result of his breeding experiment becomes
evident in two or three years, while the orchid grower must
often wait six or seven or even ten years.

From the beginning of fertilization, approximately one year
is required to obtain the mature seed pod (pl. 4), but the time
may vary from six to eighteen months, depending on the
species involved. Not infrequently, after the pod has matured,
it will be found to contain nothing but sterile seed or chaff.
The percentage of fertile seed, for some unknown reason,
varies, even with the same parents, although there appears
to be a positive correlation with the complexity of the crosses.
The resulting fertile seeds are very minute (pl. 2), something
like 30,000 being required to weigh as much as a single grain
of wheat. The embryo contains very little reserve food mate-
rial—insufficient to permit the seedlings to become well es-
tablished unless the environment is most favorable for germi-
nation and growth. It is therefore evident that environmental

Oe BS ee ae ee
0 ex

Te? tea

34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

factors are important in determining the distribution and
occurrence of the species in nature. Probably not more than
one in a million of the seed produced results in a mature
plant. Under artificial cultivation it is even more important
that favorable conditions be maintained.

The early history of raising orchids from seed is full of
more or less accidental discoveries. As a result of a series of
scattered observations it became the custom to sow the seeds
at the base of the parent plant, for it was evident that seeds
thus sown germinated far better than those sown on a similar
substratum that had not been in contact with the parent. The
significance of these results was not appreciated until the
end of the nineteenth century, when Wahrlich called attention
to the fact that the roots of five hundred representatives of
the orchid family, taken at random, all contained a fungus.
Later Noel Bernard, who had made unsuccessful attempts to
germinate the seeds of Neottza, the bird’s-nest orchid of Eu-
rope, discovered during one of his field trips that the seed
capsules of this species bent toward the ground and discharged
the seeds upon the soil in the vicinity of the parent plant.
These seeds had germinated and later when examined in the
laboratory were found to be infected by a fungus. The pres-
ence of the fungus seemed to explain the relatively frequent
success of the old method of germinating the seed in the vicin-
ity of the parent.

The next step was to attempt to isolate the fungus, but this
did not meet with immediate success. Although a fungus
was isolated by Bernard and others, it was subsequently shown
by Gallaud in 1894 to be not the true orchid fungus, but one
not involved in the germination of the orchid seed nor in the
welfare of the mature plant. After the publication of Ber-
nard’s paper, a controversy arose as to the necessity of the
fungus. Some persons claimed to have had success without
it, but when such cases were examined carefully it was found
that only those seed germinated which had become infected
by the fungus. It was later disclosed that those who had
claimed success without the fungus had in reality infected
the composts with the fungus from the roots. Thus the hit-
or-miss fashion of sowing seeds at the base of the parent plant
was succeeded by the method of sowing seed on Turkish towel-

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 18, 1930. PLATE 7.

ABOVE: Phalaenopsis hybrid seedlings in one-inch pots, 10 months old,

BELOW: Dendrobium hybrid seedlings in one-inch pots, 2 years old,

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL. 5, 1930. PLATE 8,

ae aie E
«=

ABOVE: Interior of seedling house No, 5, at Gray Summit, showing
hybrid seedlings in one- and two-inch pots. On the two left-hand benches,
interesting although not always conspicuous, tropical orchids are growing.
hybrid seedlings in three- and four-inch pots. The two right-hand
benches contain orchid seedlings in four-inch pots. These will bloom
in two or three years.

BELOW: Interior of seedling house No. 2, at Gray Summit, showing

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35

ling or burlap that had been stretched over the surface of
compost containing orchid roots. This method is often used
to-day, even though the seedlings are liable to contamination
by highly destructive fungi.

While Gallaud was the first to isolate the true orchid fungus,
Bernard in 1903 led the way in the successful germination
of orchid seeds in the presence of the fungus, on artificial
media and in flasks, Later, in 1909, Hans Burgeff published
the results of his successful experiments in which he employed
essentially the same methods as Bernard. The use of flasks
was a distinct advance over the old methods, since attacks by
parasitic fungi and insects were avoided and the air about the
seedlings could be maintained at a more even degree of
humidity.

In recent years another method, known as the asymbiotic
method of germination has been developed by Knudson and
others. It receives its name from the fact that seeds are suc-
cessfully germinated without the aid of fungi. This is in
contrast to the symbiotic method in which fungi are employed.
As a result of this development, two contending schools have
arisen—the one claiming that the presence of the fungus is
not necessary ; the other contending that although the fungus
is not necessary when proper sugars and other nutrient ma-
terials are supplied in sufficient quantities and in the right
proportion, nevertheless the seedlings grow more rapidly and
are more robust when the fungus is present. Furthermore,
this second school believes that the symbiotic method more
nearly duplicates the natural process. Which school may
eventually prove to be correct remains for the future to de-
cide, but it seems that if logical conclusions be derived from
the ample evidence of many experiments and observations
in the field, the symbiotic relation of fungus and host is a
foregone conclusion.

In the work at the Garden, both methods are employed.
The minute seeds are sown in flasks upon a specially prepared
jelly containing nutritive salts. When the symbiotic method
is used germination becomes evident within three or four
days by the seeds turning green. The first leaf and a lux-
uriant growth of hair roots develop within one to three
months (pl. 6, upper figure). The seedlings are then trans-

oo

36 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

planted to another flask where they are allowed to remain
until the root system is well established (pl. 5). This requires
from five to six months. They are next potted in fern fibre
in one-inch pots (pl. 7), carefully watered, kept in a humid
atmosphere at a suitable temperature, shaded from the direct
rays of the sun, and sprayed to discourage attack by insect
pests and infection by fungi. At this critical period, the per-
centage of loss is about one per cent. After the seedlings
outgrow the one-inch pots they are transplanted into a suc-
cession of larger ones (pl. 8) at varying intervals until at the
age of six to ten years the plants mature and bloom, at which
stage they are usually in five-inch pots.

The asymbiotic method, while having its use under certain
conditions, is much slower than the preceding method. Ger-
mination takes place, instead of within three to four days,
only after ten days to six weeks, depending on the species or
varieties from which the seeds are obtained. However at no
time during the first two to three years of growth do these
seedlings become as vigorous as do those grown by the symbi-
otic method. The root system is slow in developing and the
percentage of fatalities upon removal from the flask is gen-
erally very high.

Success in growing orchids from seeds, or even in growing
the mature plants, depends largely upon the amount of care
given to the plants. Over-enthusiastic beginners frequently
make the mistake of killing the plants by kindness, which
may be evidenced by too much watering, too little or too
much sunshine, or other factors. Only through experience
and continued observation can the requirements of the plants
and an understanding of their needs be learned.

E. A. L.

CONTROL OF THE BAGWORM

In the March, 1921, BuLuerin there appeared an article
under the title ‘‘Bagging the Bagworm’’ which gave direc-
tions for controlling this pest. This number of the BULLETIN
has long been out of print but the demand for information
concerning the bagworm is great enough to warrant reprint-

A a ye ae Le Gree ss: Daa)

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 37

ing the major portion of the article, bringing it up to date
in so far as remedial measures are concerned.

While the bagworm has been more or less prevalent in St.
Louis for a number of years, the unusual number of these
pests last spring, with the resulting cocoons, makes it prob-
able that a considerable amount of damage to the trees may
be anticipated during the coming season unless some syste-
matic campaign is devised against them. The curious habit
of the caterpillar of crawling about in a bag-like case makes
it unusually conspicuous, and there are few trees in the city
on which a careful inspection will not reveal, attached to the
twigs, the old female bags, within which are the eggs for this
spring’s crop of caterpillars. The bagworm is often the most
serious leaf-chewing pest of ornamental evergreens, attack-
ing also nearly all of the deciduous trees and shrubs.

Immediately upon the hatching of the eggs the young cater-
pillar makes its way to the nearest leaf, where it begins to
feed and construct a bag for itself. This bag consists of
small fragments of leaves and bits of twigs held together by
a large amount of silk spun by the caterpillar. The construe-
tion of this bag by the young larva is extremely interesting
and well worth observing. Because of the soft body of the
larva, the protective bag is needed throughout its existence,
and as the caterpillar grows the case is constantly enlarged.
About the end of August the caterpillar completes its growth
and the bag is promptly attached to a twig. Additional layers
of silk are spun within the bag, forming a cocoon, and here
the transformation to the pupal stage takes place. In about
three weeks after the cocoon is formed the male moth emerges
from the base of the bag and flies about seeking the female.
The female moth never leaves the bag entirely, although the
head emerges from the lower end. Fertilization takes place
within the bag, after which the female gradually works her
way back into the chrysalis, which she then nearly fills with
eggs. After accomplishing this the female forces her body
through the opening in the bag, falls to the ground and dies.

Damage.—While the chief damage from this worm is of
course the defoliation of the tree, an investigation of the
effect of the construction of twigs by the bagworm, published
in the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical

38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Garden by Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, showed that the pres-
sure exerted by the silken bands on twigs of coniferous trees
was sufficient to cut off the food supply and that practically
no growth took place in the twig on the sides below the bands.
The portion of the twig above the band continued to grow
for a considerable period, but that ultimately considerable
damage might occur in coniferous trees seemed to be prob-
able. In the hardwood trees investigated, with the exception
of the locust, the pressure of the band was never great enough
to obstruct the passage of elaborated food material. The
strength which some of these bands showed was very consid-
erable. The growth energy exerted by the twig, necessary
to burst the band, of course varied very much with the
strength of the individual band, but actual measurements
showed that as high as 162 atmospheres was exerted in one
case, and it is probable that in many eases at least from 30
to 40 atmospheres pressure was produced.

Collecting the Bags.—Since the eggs of the caterpillar are
carried over the winter in the bag, the collection and destruc-
tion of these bags before the time of hatching is the most
natural method which suggests itself of eradicating the worm.
On small trees which can be thoroughly gone over with the
aid of a short ladder, or by the use of a light pole pruner,
such a method is recommended, provided all of the bags can
be removed. However, unless this can be accomplished for
all the trees, both large and small, over a very considerable
area, results may be more harmful than beneficial, for the
reason that at the time the eggs of the bagworm are destroyed
the natural enemies of the caterpillar are likewise obliterated.
Various flies which breed within the bag of the bagworm are
parasitic upon the caterpillar and under favorable conditions
are a very important factor in preventing the rapid spread
of this pest. Consequently everything should be done to
encourage the growth of the parasites. Of course, if only
a small number of the bags is collected, the beneficial para-
sites which are destroyed might have ultimately been more
effective than the elimination of comparatively few bagworm
eggs. It is therefore advisable to keep the hand-picked bags
in some sort of a receptacle instead of burning them. If a
barrel is used for this purpose it should be covered with a

pe ee ee

mayor?

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39

wire netting which will confine the caterpillars as they hatch
out but will permit the numerous parasites to escape and
be ready to assist in the control of the bagworms the following
year. In general, then, the collecting of the bags is effective
only where a comparatively few trees are infected, and it is
not likely to be of much benefit when the pest is so widespread
as it was in St. Louis during the past season. A striking ex-
ample of the futility of this method is given by the late Pro-
fessor C. V. Riley. He stated that for two consecutive months
he worked attempting to keep a single cedar tree, not more
than six feet high, free from caterpillars. Almost every day
he found fresh specimens which he had overlooked at the pre-
vious visit, and he estimated that this prodigious number of
caterpillars was the progeny of not more than two females.

Spraying.—Wherever appliances, capable of reaching all
parts of a tree, whatever its size, are available, there is no
question but that the use of some arsenical spray offers the
only adequate means of combating the bagworm. If carefully
carried out spraying will result in the destruction of all the
bag-manufacturing caterpillars so that in the following win-
ter there will be no bags to collect. Paris green has been used
with good effect for this purpose, but powdered arsenate of
lead, because of its great adhesiveness which prevents its
being easily washed off by rains, is the poison generally
employed. Any standard, well-known brand will be found
satisfactory provided it contains not more than .05 per cent
of water-soluble arsenic. Larger amounts cause burning of
tender foliage.

When mixing a spray for a few trees or shrubs it is advis-
able to follow the maker’s directions on the label, remember-
ing to use the maximum rather than the minimum as sug-
gested, especially if the caterpillars are nearly full grown.
Most brands of arsenate of lead will give good control if one
pound is mixed with each twenty gallons of water. To this
solution should be added either calcium ecasenite or a miscible
oil, obtainable at local seed companies (one gallon to two hun-
dred gallons of water), to insure even distribution and adher-
ence of the poison. The kind of sprayer, the season, and the
efficiency of the operator, will all affect the amount of mate-
rial necessary for any tree or shrub. Sufficient arsenate of

ake

40 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

lead should be purchased to permit refilling the sprayer tank
again and again until the trees or shrubs have been entirely
covered. For medium-sized shrubs perhaps one-half gallon
each will be enough. A tree ten feet high, having a spread
of ten feet, may require three gallons. Later in the season
these amounts may be doubled. In using a small hand-pump
enough pressure should be maintained to produce a fog-like
mist. Much more beneficial results can be obtained with this
mist spray; a coarse spray forms heavy drops which run off.
Both upper and lower surfaces of every leaf should be cov-
ered to give effective control.

Time of Spraying.—Owing to the great variation in the
time at which trees leaf in different seasons, it is impossible
to give any definite date on which the spraying should begin.
The best rule is to begin to spray as soon as possible. after the
pest is first noticed. Much less spray is needed when the
leaves are small and the young caterpillars are more quickly
killed. Furthermore, it is extremely desirable to destroy the
pest before serious damage to the young foliage is done. The
amount of arsenic necessary to kill a full-grown caterpillar
apparently varies greatly. It has been estimated, however,
that a quantity of the powder equal to 1/4000 of the body
weight of the caterpillar will stop its feeding in an hour or
two and kill it in a few days. Even though poisoned eater-
ae appear to recover, they often fail to pupate success-

ully.

SPRING COURSE IN GARDENING FOR AMATEURS

The success of the special courses in gardening for amateurs
in 1929 warrants the offering of a new course this spring.
The following outline indicates the general content of the
course although changes may be made later to meet the spe-
cial needs or desires of those constituting the class. The work
will consist of talks, demonstrations and, as far as may be
possible, the actual use of plant materials. While the course
may be regarded as elementary, it is hoped that any who
took the work last year will be able to find enough that is
new to warrant their joining the course for the second season.

on ipa eee RL eb tet en men ema a ty Pheri

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 41

Those who may have had no previous course of this kind
would be able to follow the work without difficulty.

Registration.—While no previous notice of intention to join
the course is necessary, it would be advisable to notify the
Garden office by letter any time before March 4. Registra-
tion will take place at the administration building, 2315 Tower
Grove Ave., on Tuesday, March 4, at 3:45 p. m. The subse-
quent meetings will be held at the same hour on the dates
indicated.

Fees—A fee of $5.00 payable at the time of registration
will be charged.

ELEMENTARY GARDENING

Tuesdays, 3:45 p. m.

March 4—Gardening books.
Catalogues.
Bulletins.
Magazines.
March 11 | Masaz care of plants including principles of growth.
| Soils and fertilizers.
March 18—Omitted on account of spring flower show.
Growing plants from seeds.
March 25— 4 Sowing seeds, transplanting, subsequent care.
| Propagating plants by cuttings.
April 1—Roses and irises,
April 8—Gladiolus, dahlias, bulbs, peonies.
April 15—Trees and shrubs and their care.
April 22—Annuals and perennials.
April 29—Hanging baskets, window boxes, trained ivies and
philodendrons. House plants and their care.
May 6—Insects and diseases and their control.
May 13—General discussion of gardening problems.

NOTES

Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, ad-
dressed the Cosmopolitan Club, January 21, on “The Activ-
ities of the Missouri Botanical Garden.”

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, attended a
meeting in Chicago of the science advisory committee of the
Chicago World’s Fair Centennial Celebration, of which he is
a member.

42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Dr. E. 8. Reynolds showed motion pictures of plant life
at the joint meeting of the Washington University chapter of
Sigma Xi and the St. Louis Academy of Science) held at Reb-
stock Hall, Washington University, February 20.

Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, gave an
illustrated lecture before the St. Louis chapter of Alpha Chi
Sigma, national chemical fraternity, February 10, at the War-
wick Hotel, on ‘‘The Evolution of Landscape Art.’’

At the January meeting of the St. Louis Horticultural So-
ciety Mr. Anton Hogstad, Jr., Pharmacognosist to the Garden,
spoke on ‘‘ Vegetable Drugs’’; and at the February meeting
Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, gave an illus-
trated talk on ‘‘Plant Germination from Seed.’’

Among the recent visitors to the Garden were Dr. L. H.
Pammel, professor of botany, Iowa State College; Dr. Dow
V. Baxter, assistant professor of forestry, University of Michi-
gan; Mr. John C. Wister, president of the American Iris
Society; Mr. C. C. Deam, state forester of Indiana; and Mr.
F. E. Dixon, of Philadelphia.

Prof. A. T. Erwin, chief of the vegetable crops section at
Iowa State College and a graduate of the School for Garden-
ing of the Missouri Botanical Garden, was elected president of
the American Society for Horticultural Scientists at a meet-
ing of the society in Des Moines recently. The American So-
ciety for Horticultural Scientists is a professional society for
research workers and professors of horticulture in the United
States and Canada.

Mr. George H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, and
Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Research Assistant to the Garden,
have left on a trip to The Tropical Station of the Missouri
Garden at Balboa. The object of Mr. Pring’s visit is a gen-
eral inspection of the plants at the Station. Dr. Woodson
is on a collecting trip for herbarium specimens and living
plants of orchids, representing all possible species of the
region.

i oe

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JANUARY, 1930

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

PLGUAM ADU DOD OL VASLLOLS arc « wic.c are aisiecercie obolarareae ecole alee eat one's 13,752
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought........... 199

Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 56

PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of packets of seed donated................ 33

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase—

Herter, Dr. Guillermo—Plants of Uruguay.............. 103
Jones, Prof. Marcus H.—Plants of Arizona............... 325
Purpus, Dr. C. A—Plants of Mexico...........cceccccecs 50
Samuelsson, Dr. G.—Plants of Brazil, collected by Dr. P.
IDUBGIIM Ss erek fee eas teiriely necks aoe s etic wretete lore Ge re 178
By Exchange—
House, Dr. Homer D.—Plants of New York............. 100
Jennison, Prof. H. M.—Plants of Tennessee...........6. 6
University of California, by Prof. E. B. Copeland—Plants
ol, California, 6tCig.s sec ios Maks oes iets Clete he vis een mites 238

FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1930

In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com-
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol-
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of-
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting

the Garden.
JANUARY FEBRUARY
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids.
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias.
MARCH APRIL
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
March 1-17—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus.
March 20-23—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors)
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early-
March 29—Azalea Show. flowering Shrubs.
MAY

(Floral Display House)
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines,
and other spring annuals.
(Outdoors)
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies.
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials.

JUNE °

(Outdoors)
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden.

JULY
| (Outdoors)
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber
: plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden.

AUGUST

(Outdoors)
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic
Garden. Medicinal Garden.

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House)
Tropical Water-lilles. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties).
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias.

Nie a al TEEN a SO ee a ene Tk

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr.
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw,
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was,
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro-
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely
from funds left by the founder,

The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani-
cal garden.

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave.
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer.

STAFF: |
_ OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

GrorGE T. Moore,
Director By 4
KATHERINE H. LEreH, -
Assistant to the Director

HERMANN VON SCHRENK, ANTON Hoastap, Jr.,

».~ Pathologist Pharmacognosist

JEssE M, GREENmAN, RoLanp V. LAGARDE, —
Curator of Herbarium Research Assistant

Epear ANDERSON, ‘Mriprep E. Marutas,
Geneticist : Research Assistant

Ernest S, REYNOLDS, ey Rosert E. Woopson, Jr.,
Physiologist ae Research Assistant

Davip H. LInpDER, NELL C. Horner, »
Mycologist Librarian and Editor of Publications

GrorcE H, Prine,

md Superintendent f
JoHn Noyes, Paut A, Kont,
Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist
ELINOR “ALBERTS LINDER,
Orchidologist

W. F. Langan, ©

, Chief Engineer.
A. P, BEILMANN, » ‘ J. H. KEi1oae,
Trees and Shrubs Herbaceous and Nursery
J. Curak, J. LANGAN,.

Exotics . Assistant Enginéer
A.D, FoRRESTER, 5) A. PEARSON, |

‘Plant Recorder s) Painter

H, VALLENTINE,
Carpenter’

ny GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION
“LP, JENSEN, re Ds Mittra 6

Arborieulturist ‘ Orehids
G. GorpeKn, »« .RyE. Kissecr, |
Farm ; Wngineer

TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE
A’ A. Hunter,
Manager j

= iG REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE
wee GuRNEY WILson, F; LS.

~ Missouri BoraNIcAL
GARDEN BULLETIN

Vol. XVIII MARCH, 1930 No. 3

CONTENTS

The Pruning of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs . . . . 45
A Plant that Stopped Navigation... 2.9... ...48
- Frozen Hedges. and Shrubs. . J 0.0.0.0... 51

PRIDE NG is eh ip ok Se a ISN 7 cay a ea Poe Cag Cet ckey stg Se

Statistical Information . 9.0. s+... Ne Saiee f=:

Floral Displays of Special Interest in 1930

1

ST. LOUIS, MO.
1930.

Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL
AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS, SELF-PERPETUATING

President
GEORGE C, HITCHCOCK :

Vice-President
SAMUEL C. DAVIS.

Second Vice-President
DANIEL K, CATLIN,

L. RAY CARTER. ALBERT T. PERKINS.
THOMAS ‘S. MAFFITT. | Puiu C. SCANLAN,
GEORGE T. Moore. FRED G. ZEIBIG,

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

GmorGE R. THROOP, Victor J; MILLEr,
Chancellor of Washington University “Mayor of the City of St. Louis
FREDERICK F. JOHNSON, ALYRED F, SATTERTHWATI,
Bishop ‘of the Diocese of Missouri. . President of The Academy of Science |
of St, Louis

ARTHUR A. BLUMEYER,
President of the Board of Education of St. Louis

DANIEL Breck, Secretary

Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., Vou, 18, 19380 PLATE 9

‘
..

OLD VIBURNUM IN NEED OF RENEWAL PRUNING.

Shoots at “.\" to be removed the first spring, those at “B” the following year.

Missoun Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XVIII MARCH, 1930 No. 3

THE PRUNING OF ORNAMENTAL TREES
AND SHRUBS

The removal of any growth from a tree or shrub might be
considered pruning; yet many distinct kinds may be recog-
nized. Some pruning is adapted to shrubbery only, some to
ornamental trees, still other kinds to fruit trees and bush
fruits. Then there is topiary work in formal gardens and
lastly ‘‘tree butchery.’’? This article is concerned chiefly with
the pruning of ornamental trees and shrubs.

Success in pruning will be proportional to the gardener’s
ability to co-operate with Nature. In every group planting
the individuals are constantly struggling for light and food,
and when the buds are shaded by their faster growing neigh-
bors they cannot obtain light and food and consequently die.
The same competition exists between the buds on the branches,
and usually but one or two survive to continue the growth of
a particular branch. A tree or shrub produces many more
buds than ean ever grow into mature branches. The majority
remain undeveloped and grow only when an emergency arises,
but each single bud is capable of reproducing an entire plant
if necessary. This ‘‘shading out’’ is Nature’s way of prun-
ing—a method which has produced the giants of our forests.
Cultivated ornamentals cannot be permitted to follow such
a method. The ‘‘specimen’’ tree or shrub on a lawn will
have many lower branches nearly touching the ground. If
planted in a group, it must accommodate itself to the limited
space, and may not have one branch near the ground.

Before attempting to prune, allowance must be made for

(45)

46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

this constant struggle. Consideration should be given to the
age and vigor of the plant, the available moisture and food,
the presence of buildings or other trees and shrubs which
might shade it, and especially the pruning which it has already
received. No hard and fast rule ean be given for the pruning
of any particular shrub because of the many varied condi-
tions under which it will be found growing. For most shrubs
a system of ‘‘renewal’’ pruning is all that is necessary. This
consists of removing the older stems, those that are too old
to bloom profusely (plate 10), leaving more room for younger
and more vigorous shoots, which may with some shrubs begin
to flower in two years. This method applies only to shrubs
having the same flowering habit, as the mock-orange (Phila-
delphus), deutzia, nine-bark (Physocarpus), and dogwood
(Cornus). All of these bear flowers on the older wood on
short lateral branches formed the current year. Established
plantings of bridal-wreath (Spiraea) and snow-ball (Vibur-
num) will require little or no pruning. Very old plants may
be much improved by ‘‘renewal’’ pruning (plates 9-11)
if it is extended over two or more years. Hydrangea panicu-
lata and other shrubs which produce flowers on the new growth
will require severe cutting back each year. Choke-cherry
(Aronia), dwarf buckeye (Aesculus), and Kerria produce
flowers on the tips of new wood, and require only the removal
of dead wood. Lilac (Syringa) will not be killed by severe
cutting back, but flowering will be much delayed. Basal shoots
should not be permitted to grow unless the plant is on its own
roots, and ordinarily little pruning is necessary.

Before pruning the flowering habits of the shrubs should
be learned. <A safe rule to follow is to prune within a short
time after flowering, those which flower in early spring, that
is before June. Those blooming later in the summer should
be pruned in the fall. Never cut off the tips, for the flowers
are produced there, but remove the entire shoot.

The proper pruning of shade trees presents a number of
different problems. The flowers are usually inconspicuous,
and only the continued growth and good health of the tree
are important. The newly set tree has probably already
undergone severe pruning to balance its loss of roots through
transplanting. For the first few years training is necessary ;

10

PLATE

18, 1930

Bolin» Vole

CV ARD.,

Mo. Bor.

CUTTING SHOOT * TO GROUND.

2
REMOVING LAST LARGE OLD BRANCH.
RENEWAL PRUNING.

COMPLETED,

VIBURNUM

VIBURNUM

‘OW

OA SUTTON “duvr) (LO

‘SI

OGL

ALT |

EL

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 47

if room to walk beneath it is desired the crown must be raised
year after year until the desired height is reached. Then the
permanent scaffold or lateral branches should be permitted
to grow. These must be well spaced and equally placed around
the tree. Before any training is attempted, a clear mental
picture should be formed of the tree as it should look when
mature. There are distinct types of branching, which are
characteristic of certain trees. For instance, in the straight
‘*single leader’’ type one branch continues all upward growth.
This type is usually found in the pin oak, tulip, and sweet-
gum. The ‘‘modified leader’’ grows straight for a distance
then turns off to a side, forming a flatter top, the Norway
maple being an example. The ‘‘multi-leader,’’ as found in
most elms, ginkgo, and many other trees, has many upward-
growing branches, sometimes all starting a few feet from the
ground. These types must be considered when pruning, since
an elm cannot be trained as a single leader nor will a pin oak
achieve the same distinction if trained as a multi-leader type.

After the scaffold branches have been formed ‘‘corrective’’
pruning is necessary. This consists of the removal of one
limb if two rub against or shade each other, the pruning of
all dead and diseased wood, and, if the tree is to be grown as
a single leader, of the immediate removal of any branch grow-
ing parallel with the leader. Removing the parallel branches
prevents the formation of sharp ‘‘V’’ crotches which are
generally undesirable. The exposed surface remaining after
the pruning of any branch should be covered with a good
white-lead paint, darkened with lamp black to make it less
conspicuous, and repainted year after year until the cut has
healed.

Most tree pruning is accomplished during the dormant sea-
son. This is partly due to custom, for ‘‘corrective’’ pruning
can and should be extended throughout the growing season.
Extensive cutting of larger limbs, sometimes properly called
‘tree butchery’’ can only be done while the tree is dormant.
Pruning will not correct an over-crowded planting, nor keep
large trees from growing larger. It is after all only an aid
to Nature and not a cure-all.

Many special problems arise which are beyond the scope of
this bulletin, and which only experience will help to solve.

48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Spraying, irrigation, fertilization, and cultivation are equally
important, and only after these have been taken care of will
the desired results from pruning be attained.

A? B.

A PLANT THAT STOPPED NAVIGATION

While it is a well-known fact that wild plants often multiply
so rapidly as to render the land useless for any purpose until
they have been eradicated, it is not so well known that certain
water plants are likewise capable of emulating the familiar
weed patch, making it necessary to expend much time and
money in destroying them. In salt water the familiar ‘‘Sar-
gasso Sea’’, with the fables concerning the trapping of vessels
and their ultimate decay, furnishes an example of how marine
plants, through the action of favorable currents, may accumu-
late in great masses and by a process of vegetable division
perpetuate themselves. That the same thing may oceur in
fresh water is not so well known, and that the so-called ‘‘ water
hyacinth’’ (Eichhornia speciosa) with its attractive blue
flowers could cause so much damage to navigation and com-
merce that the United States Government was compelled to
take drastic measures to remove it seems scarcely to be ered-
ited. Yet here we have another example of a plant escaping
from cultivation and becoming a serious pest.

The water hyacinth was long cultivated in Florida as an
ornamental plant, being used in pools both in greenhouses and
outdoors. It appears that about 1890 a certain pond in the
vicinity of Palatka, Florida, was cleaned out and the plants
growing there thrown into the St. Johns River. Within five
years a solid mass of water hyacinths entirely covered the
surface of the river for nearly twenty-five miles, and steam-
boats caught in the entangled plants could make no progress
(plate 12). This pest has been by no means confined to
Florida. G. S. Jenman, Government Botanist in Georgetown
(British Guiana), in an article published in ‘‘The Gardeners
Chronicle’ (1888), says:

“The water in the canals and trenches of the town and the estates

varies from 2-5 feet in depth, and in the parts of the rivers that
are occupied it is several feet deeper. But in disused trenches on

Mo. Bot, Garp. BuULL., Von. 18, 1930 PLATE 12

Pal 2)

i sige eT

From “Harper's Weekly,’’ Mareh 19, 1908.

WATER HYACINTH IN ST. JOHNS RIVER, FLORIDA.

From ‘‘The Sydney Mail,’’ March 16, 1901.
A YEAR'S GROWTH OF WATER HYACINTH IN THE
RIVER BREMER, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., Vou. 18, 19380 PLATE 13

SUCCESSIVE STAGES IN THE WILTING OF WATER
HYACINTH FLOWERS.

taken a }-| 1 ntervals. Notice rapi rowt of le

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49

the sugar estates, that are more or less silted up, plants are found
in patches, or mixed with sedges and grass here and there, and
in these trenches the roots penetrate the mud on which the plants
rest. But by far the greater part of the vast abundance of Fich-
hornia speciosa found in the colony—and also that which is most
luxuriant—is in deep water, where the roots cannot reach the
ground. In such situations it is gregarious, and, like several of
the other plants I have mentioned, is rarely, or very little, mixed
with the other weeds, and forms glorious unbroken sheets, in its
earlier stages of growth displaying a wealth of pale green foliage,
and subsequent!y of delicate azure-blue bloom. On the Canje River
large masses frequently break away from the main colonies that
line the river, and, meeting together, block the entire width of the
river, and greatly impede navigation, ... ”

And in another place he states:

“It is estimated that about 25,000 dollars are spent in this colony
every year in keeping down this and other aquatic weeds in the
canals and trenches; for so slight is the fall or gradient available,
that a covering of weeds in the draining trenches almost entirely
stops the flow, and in the navigation trenches, by which the cane are
transported from fields to the manufactory, passage would be impos-
sible if the Eichhornias were not cleared away.”

Also T. A. F. Darker reported in 1901 that at Ipswich,
Queensland, a single year’s growth of water hyacinth in the
River Bremer extended over an area three-quarters of a mile
long and a half mile wide (plate 12). Naturally all naviga-
tion was stopped until the plants could be removed.

The reason for the rapid spread of this plant it is readily
understood when its method of propagation is learned. It is
the habit of Eichhornia to send out stems or stolons branch-
ing in every direction from the mother plant, and on the tips
of these stolons new plants are formed. The connecting stolon
may break or decay when the young plants grow independ-
ently. If, however, the stolons remain intact the parent plant
may form the center of a colony of plants covering a consid-
erable area, thus forming a solid mass on the surface of the
water on which birds and even larger animals may make their
way. The reason this mass does not sink with its own weight
to the bottom is that in addition to its expanded surface the
stems of the leaves are swollen into spherical or egg-shaped
bladders which act as reservoirs for air, thus assisting the
plant to float and also preventing its being turned over by
the wind.

elie
emails!
ed
one

50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

There are some five or six species belonging to the genus
Eichhornia, one being native to Africa and the remainder to
South America. While the common water hyacinth (Kich-
hornia speciosa), seen at the Garden and in pools in parks
in and about St. Louis, produces pale violet flowers, there are
other varieties with rosy lilac and bright blue blossoms. In
one species (E. paniculata) the bladders are not formed on the
leaf stem, and this has been regarded as an indication that
the water hyacinth was originally a land plant and has grad-
ually adapted itself to life in the open water. Professor
Boresch, of Prague, has been working on this theory for sev-
eral years, and has experimented with LZ. speciosa to find out
whether it could be adapted to life in soil. He has proved
that the size of the bladders depends upon different factors,
such as light, shade, temperature, and the consistency of the
medium in which the plants were grown. In general, he
found that the leaf stalks became elongated when the plants
were kept shaded or exposed to higher temperature. When
the plants were grown in pots in very moist soil, so that there
was formed a widespread root-system which anchored them in
the soil, the leaf stalks were stretched to such an extent that
the bladders disappeared completely. If the plants be kept
floating free on the surface of the water, or exposed to full
daylight, or kept in lower temperature, large bladders are
formed and the leaves become smaller. Between these two
extremes there are various grades of transition which may
be noted in the development of water hyacinth plants in the
greenhouse. If a single plant be placed in a tank of water six-
teen to twenty inches in depth and two to three feet in width,
it is forced to keep itself floating on the surface, with the
result that the bladders become large and the leaf blades
smaller. As soon as young plants are formed, producing a
coherent growth, the stability of this colony becomes greater
and the individual plants are able to increase the size of the
leaf blades. Finally, under favorable conditions during one
season, the growth will have spread all over the surface of
the water, the plants being so crowded that they form a solid
mass (see plate 12). If the shape and size of the leaves be
compared with those of the mother-plant when it was planted,
it will be noticed that the stalks are more elongated, the blades

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 51

larger and the bladders more slender. Often only a slight
swelling marks the place where under different conditions a
large egg- or sphere-shaped bladder would appear. This ex-
periment demonstrates the ability of the plant to respond
quickly to different conditions, thus carrying on the ‘‘struggle
for existence’’ more successfully.

Another phenomenon worth observing by those interested
in plant life is the behavior of the flower stalks. As mentioned
above, E. speciosa forms loose spikes with about eight blos-
soms. These blossoms last only for one day and wilt at or
shortly after sunset. Plate 13, figs. 1-6, shows the successive
stages in the wilting of the flower, the photographs being
taken at 24-hour intervals. As soon as the inflorescence starts
wilting the upper portion of the stalk with the fertilized
blossoms begins to bend downward (fig. 2). When this upper
part has reached the surface of the water, usually after five
days, the lower portion of the flower stalk commences to bend
at the base, thus pushing the developing seed-pods under the
surface of the water (fig. 5). This movement stops when the
lower part of the stalk is level with the surface (fig. 6). The
upper part carrying the seed-pods is then submerged in the
water at an angle of 45°, the seed-pods being covered and pro-
tected by the extended root system. If for some reason the equi-
librium of the plant is disturbed during this period and the
flower stalk stands out of the water, the bending continues
until the lower part of the pedicel again is level with the
surface of the water. This motility lasts only as long as the
seeds are ripening. The whole process of bending requires
from six to seven days.

R. V. L.

FROZEN HEDGES AND SHRUBS

The ever-popular California privet is widely used in and
about St. Louis for planting around dwellings and for hedges.
This privet makes an average growth of about two feet in a
season, and in two years a hedge of the desired height may
be obtained. Those who have had this kind of privet for
only a few years are now much worried because they have

ae

52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

been told their hedge was frozen during the past winter. Con-
sequently the Garden has been flooded with many inquiries
and has been asked to state definitely what to do under the
circumstances.

The last time the California privet was frozen to the ground
was during the winter of 1923-1924, and the March, 1924,
BULLETIN gave a detailed discussion on ‘‘Frozen Hedges and
Roses and Their Treatment.’’ In that article it was suggested
that all California privet hedges be cut back to within a few
inches of the ground.

The situation this year is practically the same as in 1924,
and severe winters that will kill the privet hedges to the
ground can be expected to recur from time to time. The fact
that the California privet freezes to the ground in some years
should not necessarily deter any one from planting it, if it
is the plant best suited to his needs. It is reasonably priced,
is easily obtained, makes a rapid growth, lends itself to shear-
ing into any desired shape, and is adapted to many kinds of
soil conditions. Cutting this hedge back close to the ground
at this time of the year seems like harsh treatment, but it is
the only way to regain a uniform stand. Some of the plants
in the hedge are hardier than others, and it is a temptation
to let such plants stand. This usually results in uneven
growth of the hedge during the coming vear and the final
appearance is never satisfactory.

As suggested in the March, 1924, BuLLETIN, there are other
privets used as hedge plants that are perfectly hardy in this
locality. Their growth, however, is coarser. The ‘‘Ibolium’’
privet, a cross between Ligustrum ovalifoliwm and Ligustrum
Ibota, grows a little heavier than the California privet, but it
is hardy. Those who become discouraged with California
privet in winters like the past one are urged to try the
Ibolium privet as it will prove hardy and will give practically
the same effect as the California privet.

Certain early-blooming shrubs also suffered from the severe
cold of the winter, notably the Forsythia. This shrub usually
bursts forth in a mass of yellow some time in March, but this
year a few scattered flowers may be found only where the
drooping canes were covered with snow during the severest
weather. The golden-bell (Forsythia) and the fragrant honey-

a
u

MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 53

suckle (Lonicera fragrantissima) will not bloom this spring,
but the damage to these shrubs is only confined to the flower
buds. The leaf buds have not been damaged and the plants
will continue growing as in previous years. Unlike the privet
hedge, the entire plants have not been frozen and they will
not have to be pruned to the ground as the hedge plants. Only
such canes are removed as are normally cut away when the
branches become too crowded. This subject is covered in the
article on *‘Pruning’’ in this issue.

Most of the bush and climbing roses have been damaged
by the cold winter, and all such plants must be eut back to
the point where the new eyes are developing.

After such a severe winter as the one just past we find that
those plants that are always over-anxious to grow with the first
mild spell are also the first ones to suffer when bitter winter
returns. The native plants growing in the same beds with
those introduced from other climates have learned, through
years of experience, that the first warm spell in the new year
is not the beginning of spring and that more cold weather 1s
still to follow. Consequently they are content to wait until
their normal growing period arrives before venturing forth.
The red-bud, fragrant sumac, and the other native shrubs and
trees are now blooming or are preparing to bloom as they do
in any other year, and they are able to do so because they have
not been coaxed to flower by some of the mild spells during the
past winter. P. A. K.

NOTES

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, showed mov-
ing pictures of plant life at Mary Institute, March 10, and at
the John Burroughs School, Mareh 12.

Recent visitors to the Garden inelude Dr. Edgar T. Wherry,
of the Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture; Professors Alex Laurie and L. C. Chadwick, of the
department of floriculture, Ohio State University, accom-
panied by their class in floriculture; and Mr. R. A. Stud-
halter, Head of the Department of Biology, Texas Tech-
nological College, Lubbock, Texas.

54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Dr. George T. Moore spoke before the St. Louis Co-opera-
tive Club, March 5, on ‘‘The Missouri Botanical Gardens’’;
and on March 6 he gave an illustrated talk to the Forsythe-
West Lindell Improvement Association on ‘‘The Planting of
Trees, Plants, and Flowers as a Community Asset.’’

Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, gave
the following lectures while he was in Panama recently : ‘‘The
Missouri Botanical Garden and The Missouri Botanical Tropi-
cal Station,’’ before the Woman’s Club, at Cristobal, Febru-
ary 19; ‘‘Plant Curiosities,’’ before the Army and Navy Y.
M. C. A., Balboa, February 27; ‘‘Insect Pollination and Seed
Dissemination,’’ before the Balboa High School, February 26.

by
*_
“

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5d

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 19380

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

otal DUMmpOr Ol. VISILOLSi eat ©. = a cstee Crater eters iene ea ernie reds 19,954
Lipgary ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought........... 46

Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 233

PLANT ACCESSIONS:

Total number of packets of seed received in exchange... 443
PLANT DISTRIBUTION:

Total number of plants distributed in exchange......... 30

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:

By Purchase—
Greene Herbarium, University of Notre Dame—Photo-

STAPHS Ol. SIAGlICEO ieee a oak she cece Melee Uw els sietelbae 4
Imier) Ralph Plants of Kansas: oir. fesse ss oes creeks oe 430
United States National Museum, by Dr. Wm. R. Maxon—

Plants of British Honduras, collected by C. L. Lundell.. 34
Weigel, Th. Oswald—Weese’s “Eumycetes selecti exsic-

cath.’ Nase. XV, Nos: 301-376) inclusive. s...0% «sini co whe 25

By Gift—
Bush, B. F.—Plants of Hawaiian Islands, collected by

Brother ‘Matthias’ Newellni sao oivisies «sca me eae ce ble sieean 6
Mathias, Mildred E.—Plants of Missouri................ 2
Showalter, A. M.—Hepaticae of Missouri................ 2

United States Department of Agriculture, by E. B. Lam-
bert and W. W. Diehl—Pseudobalsamia microspora from
MINN OGSOLEs uses eletecs le oyeated so She lei eae ard bho ls womens oles 1

By Exchange—
Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin Dah-
lem—Fragments of type specimen of Musineum Ehren-
DET tT SW OLE g crave ceciatele va euch ia aiaunaets eile cele alert ee eas @ cs ecey cist, aie i
Botanical Institute, University of Brno, “Flora exsiccata
Reipublicae Bohemicae Slovenicae,” Cent. V, Nos. 401-
bO0;; inclusive: 2.2. nerwesn | arate prelate Rtepere a a aCae fee oe 100
O’Neill, Rev. Hugh—Plants of Florida................... $2

ans alls Since

oa)

FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1930

In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com-
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol-
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of-
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting

the Garden.
JANUARY FEBRUARY
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids.
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias,
MARCH APRIL
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
March 1-17—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus.
March 20-23—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors)
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early-
March 29—Azalea Show. flowering Shrubs.
MAY

(Floral Display House)
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines,
and other spring annuals.
(Outdoors)
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies.
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials.

JUNE

(Outdoors)
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden.

JULY
(Outdoors)
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden.

AUGUST

(Outdoors)
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic
Garden. Medicinal Garden.

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House)
Tropical Water-lilles. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties).
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)

Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias.

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr.
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw,
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was,
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro-
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely
from funds left by the founder.

The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani-
cal garden.

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a, m. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave-
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer.

STAFF

OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

GrorGE T. Moors,
Director
KATHERINE H. Letrcu,
Assistant to the Director

HERMANN VON SCHRENK, ANTON Hoastap, JR.,
Pathologist Pharmacognosist

JESSE M, GREENMAN, RoLanp V. LAGARDE,
Curator of Herbarium. Research Assistant

Epear ANDERSON, _. Mizprep E. Marais,
Geneticist ; ; Research Assistant

Ernest 8. REYNOLDS, Rosert E. Woopson, Jr.,
Physiologist ' Research Assistant

Davin H. LINbER, NELL C, HORNER,
Mycologist Librarian and ‘Editor of Publications

GrorcE H. Priva,

Superintendent
JoHN NOYES, _ > PauL A. Koxwr,

Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist

Evinor ALBerts LInDER,
Orchidologist

W._F. Lanean,
Chief Engineer

A. P, BEILMANN, J. H. KetLoaa,

Trees and Shrubs Herbaceous and Nursery
J. Curax, . J. Langan,
Exotics Assistant Engineer
A. D. ForReEsTER, A. PEARSON, |
Plant Recorder Painter _
H. VALLENTINE,
Carpenter
, GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION
L. P, JENSEN, : D. MILteEr,
Arboriculturist ; Orchids is
G. GorDeKr, R. E. Kissecx,
Farm Engineer

TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE

A, A. HUNTER,
Manager

\ REPRESENTATIVE IN. EUROPE
’-. GurNEY Wizson, F. L. 8.

<a

MussoURI BOTANICAL

GARDEN JBULLETIN

Vol. XVIII . APRIL, 1930 No. 4

CONTENTS

Page

The Missouri Botanical Garden and the St. Louis Schools 57

Records of First Blooming of Wild Flowers in the Vicinity

Ol bs Eeounie yes eR SO ee ED

BTEC S25 eee Nee ae ig en Ne eer Ag eg ey by hie ts OO

statistical Information? 56 4257 hl ak ort Ate oe ee ee BS
Floral Displays of Special Interest in 1930

ST. LOUIS, MO.
1930

Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

Pag

lh ‘ . 4 , Lh : ;
Pa

: ORIGINAL ‘Mipihe WERE BR IN aks SHAW'S wit,

AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE
, reaeaguaenice MEMBERS, Is SLD PRRPRT OATES eg

) ie 4 'mcectei: !
quoren o HITCHCOCK |

ee

- Vioe-President.
| SAMUEL C: DAVIS.

“Second \Wice-President
K “Dasa Ky CATLIN.

ay

‘Ervan A. SHeriey.

- Fien Gy Mam ¥

| EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS ee

Die eck © Veoroy J Mam, |
azcnae ot Washington Univeraty alos of the City of st. oa

F , ak ~ Anime F, Sarmennarwarn, Se |
"nn ‘the :Dhogtoe ot are aM gr of a ‘erase of Setence

ws, Ve Be
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bce ‘AnraUE A. BuvMever, “ Saves
‘President ot the Board vot Bauedtion of ‘st ‘Touis ye

g eR ay

Missoun Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XVIII APRIL, 1930 No. 4

THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN AND THE
ST. LOUIS SCHOOLS

The modern botanical garden fails to serve the community
to the fullest degree if the school child as well as the ad-
vanced student cannot learn from it and be interested in it.
Educators seeking improved methods of teaching are begin-
ning to recognize the fact that a garden such as the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden furnishes some most important and
unique opportunities for imparting knowledge. Formerly
books and travel were the chief sources of information to
the grown-up, as well as those younger, but in these days of
the moving picture visual education is taking a larger and
larger place.

Exhibits of plants native to a tropical country being studied
at school may give the pupil a better idea of conditions in
that country than anything else short of an actual visit.
The knowledge of the way tropical fruits, spices, and per-
fume plants look and grow, the lessons derived from the
cultivation of coffee, tea, rice, sugar-cane, cotton, peanuts
and a host of other useful plants, cannot but be a most helpful
adjunct to any child’s education.

Nowhere can the fundamental facts concerning heredity,
selection and breeding be so satisfactorily demonstrated as
in a garden. Even an insight into physiology, morphology,
and pathology may be imparted to a child through a study
of the life of a plant. Most children are interested in gar-
dens of one sort or another, and through their desire to know

(57)

58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

about plants many important bits of knowledge are almost
unconsciously acquired. A botanical garden, aside from its
many other functions, should be regarded as an educational
institution, and its use by the schools of a city fortunate
enough to have a public garden should be encouraged in
every way possible.

While the facilities of the Garden have always been avail-
able to the pupils and teachers of the St. Louis schools, there
has never been any particular effort made to systematize the
work. For years it has not been an uncommon sight to see
a teacher with her class going through the Garden, and
small groups of boys and girls have always been granted per-
mission to gather leaves of trees and other specimens for
school use. But with the increasing interest of the school
children in the things that ean be learned at the Garden,
a time would seem to have come when the facilities available
could be better organized, particularly as regards letting it
be known just what can be done.

At the request of Mr. C. G. Rathman, Adviser in Visual
Edueation for the St. Louis Public Schools, the Director met
with a number of the school principals and after a walk
through the Garden discussed with them the possibility of
making the institution more useful to children of school age.
The general opinion seemed to be that teachers would be glad
to take advantage of the opportunities offered if they knew
what they were and how to use them. Consequently, there
has been prepared a series of suggestions which will at least
furnish a basis for developing ultimately a somewhat compre-
hensive series of studies that can be profitably carried on at
the Garden. It is not the intention to teach botany or horti-
culture, but simply to furnish the teachers with certain infor-
mation which will enable them to supplement by actual ob-
servation certain aspects of the regular class-room work.
Talks to the children will not be given by members of the
Garden staff—that will be done by the school-teacher.
Should there be sufficient demand, however, arrangements
can be made for groups of teachers to hear a discussion by
a member of the Garden staff on some particular subject ; they
in turn imparting to the pupil as much of this information as
is necessary or desirable. It is hoped that the number of

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 59

children visiting the Garden with one teacher will not be
so great as to defeat the object of the new arrangement—
namely, to make it a dignified school exercise, pleasant, but
distinctly informational rather than recreational.

It should be understood that the topics listed below are
merely suggestions, and are capable of almost unlimited ex-
pansion. Furthermore, the wealth of plant material avail-
able makes it possible to illustrate almost any aspect of the
vegetable kingdom which will supplement the regular school
exercises.

THE COFFEE AND BANANA HOUSE

The coffee and banana house was designed and planted to
resemble the coffee and banana plantation, or ‘‘finea’’, in trop-
ical America. A narrow path curves through the ‘‘finea’’,
with interspersed banana trees and coffee bushes. Ocea-
sionally other trees and bushes typical of tropical climates
are to be seen, and in the background tropical vines, called
‘‘lianas’’, bearing whole bouquets of brilliant artificial-
looking flowers, add the vivid splotches of color always
associated with tropical vegetation. One almost feels
as though it would not be too surprising to be met by a mozo,
or native plantation worker, around the next clump of
bushes. The air is balmy and sweet with the odor of the
lush vegetation and the sound of a water course is heard
from a distance.

Coffee.—The coffee bush is thought to have grown originally
in the hills of Abyssinia, the Sudan, and the island of
Mozambique. It is known that it was used as a drink in
Ethiopia from the earliest times. From Ethiopia the use of
coffee spread to Abyssinia, and from thence to Arabia. It
was Arabian coffee, shipped from the port of Mocha, that
resulted in the high esteem for, and the general use of the
term, ‘‘Mocha’”’ for millions of tons of foreign-grown coffee.

The introduction of coffee as a beverage into Europe dates
back to about the middle of the seventeenth century, and
immediately it became a universal favorite. Coffee-houses
soon became numerous and served as congenial gathering-
places for literary men, politicians, and all other ranks of
society. The coffee-house was one of the forerunners of the

60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

modern ‘‘saloon’’, and was as roundly denounced by moral-
ists of that period.

Louis XIV, king of France, is credited with having intro-
duced the plantation of coffee into the French West Indies.
In the eighteenth century the culture was brought to Brazil.
Mexico, Sumatra, Java, and the Philippine Islands were next
among the commercial cultivators. Africa, the home and
only important source of coffee until 1800, is now a rela-
tively unimportant factor in its production, while Brazil has
become the world’s leader. It has been estimated that the
world consumption of coffee is now between 2,500,000,000
and 3,000,000,000 pounds annually. The United States is
apparently the largest single consumer. The average annual
consumption per person is about twelve pounds.

The coffee plant forms a fairly symmetrical bush which
bears frequently throughout the year many rather small
whitish flowers, these in time replaced by a crop of red
berries about the size of a small marble. In Arabia the berries
are boiled whole, and a liquid rather more resembling tea than
our familiar beverage is obtained. In other countries only
the seeds of the berry, called the coffee ‘‘beans’’, are used.
Ordinarily a mill is used to remove the pulp while fresh. In
many American plantations, however, the fresh berries are
placed at once in large vats of water where they ferment and
the pulp separates from the beans. The beans are then cleaned
by machinery and dried for three to four days by spreading
out in a thin layer over a stone floor, being stirred occa-
sionally to accelerate the drying process.

The coffee is then stored until perfectly dry, when it is
again spread out in the sun for two or three days. When
the beans are too hard to be broken easily with the teeth,
they are hulled in a mill propelled by hand, by mule, or
by water, and the resulting debris blown away by a win-
nower. <At last the beans are packed in bags and sent to
the roaster. After roasting, the beans are ready for the
market.

Bananas.—F or a fruit with as many practical associations,
it may be surprising when one is told for the first time the
romantic history of the humble banana. Migrating races have
carried it with them to their new home as a most priceless

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 61

possession; upon the price of a bunch of bananas govern-
ments have risen and fallen.

The first home of the edible banana is thought to have
been in the humid tropical region of southern Asia, which is
known to anthropologists as the ‘‘home of the human race.”’
As the teeming Asiatic peoples migrated to the islands of
the Pacific Ocean (which is thought to have been at about
the time of Christ), bananas were carried along with the
other agricultural necessities. The earliest white explorers
found bananas cultivated in Hawaii, and in Easter Island,
a small island in the south Pacific between South America
and Australia, and 2,000 miles from the nearest human habi-
tation. The banana was one of the first foods of man, and
it was probably one of the first cultivated plants. The
absence of seeds in the banana has long been considered
evidence of very early cultivation.

The Portuguese discoverers brought the cultivation of the
banana from India and Egypt to the Canary Islands about
the year 1402. From the Canary Islands it was in turn
introduced into the island of Santo Domingo, in the West
Indies, by the Spanish monk Father Tomas de Berlanga,
afterward Bishop of Panama. Immediately upon its intro-
duction to tropical America, the banana became a most highly
prized food, and a staple due to its easy propagation.
However, it was impossible to import it to the northern ports
because it was so delicate that it could not withstand the long
voyage successfully. The first bananas were shipped to New
York from Cuba in 1804, and the fruit was looked upon as
a great curiosity. By 1850 clipper schooners were bringing
occasional small eargoes from Cuba. Toward the close of
the Civil War small lots of bananas found their way to New
Orleans in schooners from the Bay Islands, off the coast of
Honduras, and were sold at auction upon the levees.

At the present day the fruit companies which ship bananas
to the world’s ports are the powers behind the thrones in
most tropical American countries. The governments dare not
displease the banana shippers, who hold the fate of the pop-
ulation in their hands. A certain Central-American republic
at the present time faces the dire result of having raised the
tax upon bananas from three to five cents per bunch. In

62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

such lands the banana is king and exacts a royal tribute. The
United States and Canada are the world’s largest market for
bananas. Their total consumption for 1926 was 53,500,000
bunches exported from the Caribbean countries, and 250,000
bunches from Hawaii.

The scientific name of the banana, Musa, comes from the
Arabie word ‘‘muz’’. The Hindu worshipers of the god-
dess Kali worshiped it upon the third day of the month,
called Sravana. The West African word for the fruit,
‘‘banema’’, or ‘‘bonano’’, is considered to be the source of
the popular name. The banana plant is most frequently
spoken of as a tree, but such is not the ease. The banana
is very similar to the canna plants used so extensively for
cultivation, to which it is in fact closely related. As any one
can easily see, the banana plant is not woody, and planks
could searcely be hewn from its juicy stem. Therefore the
plant is not a tree, but an herb—one of the largest in the
world.

THE DESERT HOUSE

The old proverb ‘‘Birds of a feather flock together’’
should be framed and hung over the entrance to the desert
house. How ean any one who isn’t a trained botanist walk
through the house and pick out the real cactuses from the
milk-weeds and spurges and night-blooming cereuses and
stone-crops which merely look like cactuses? As one looks
at these plants one wonders which of them was the first to
discover how to keep from being thirsty in the desert. By
this time they all know the secret, however, and they have
all been wise enough, with Mother Nature’s help (perhaps
all the credit belongs to Her), to take advantage of it. The
enormous barrel-cactus upon the south side of the path looks
formidable and very wicked with all its bayonet-like needles
and fortress construction, but within all is sweet and juicy
pulp, thanks to the water artfully drawn from the seemingly
parched sand and protected from evaporation by the thick
rind. The water stored within the trunks of such cacti has
saved the lives of many travelers in American deserts.

The desert house is a_ fairly successful attempt to
represent desert plants in the natural condition under

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 63

which they grow. Few of the great deserts of the
world are the barren, desolate wastes of our imagination.
By far the greater portion of them, like our own Arizona
deserts, are more or less clothed with natural vegetation.
More than one visitor has commented on the garden-like
effect of natural desert scenery. ‘‘Try as you will to get
rid of it, the garden idea sticks in your mind,’’ writes one
visitor to Arizona, ‘‘and the more you see of these deserts,
the more fixed does it become. Many times your progress
will lead you to a five or ten-acre tract of desert botanical
garden, whereon you will find that Nature had joyously
thrown together a fine sample of all the species that have
been used in planting operations for twenty miles around.
When we begin to analyze the component parts of the desert,
we immediately notice that it is made like an old-fashioned
museum. Hach object is an individual specimen, standing
on its own solitary pedestal. Each is a perfect botanical
specimen, growing in its own invisible tub, standing alone,
and quite untrammeled by its neighbors. Out of a million
desert plants nearly every one has its own circumpolar area
of smooth bare earth. Elsewhere we have been accustomed
to seeing bushes massed together with little individuality ;
and the independent specimens of the desert are far more
interesting. They compel interest in a way that massed
bushes never can, no matter what they are. Out here every
traveller becomes a botanist, because the facilities are match-
less and the temptation is irresistible. The reason for the
zones of bare ground between the bushes is easily recognized ;
there is not enough water to support a shrub growth that is
continuous. The desert rain is sufficient only for one bush
every five or ten feet; not to be wondered at in a region
where the average able-bodied man consumes two gallons or
more of drinking water daily.’’

If portions of a desert often look like a botanical garden,
is it too much to claim that a portion of the Missouri
Botanical Garden resembles a real desert? The essentially
natural aspect of the planting in the desert house becomes
even more remarkable when we consider that the plants have
been brought, not from any one region, but from all the
great deserts of the world. Some, like the prickly pears, are

—

64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

from our own western deserts, and some, the stapelias, for
instance, are from South Africa. Others are from northern
Africa, Asia Minor, and Australia. That they fit so nat-
urally together is due to the fact that most desert plants
have many features in common, while some of them are almost
identical in general aspect. When we come to study them
we find them adapted for desert life in two general ways.
First, they are adapted for water-storage; second, they are
well protected by various kinds of spines and thorny out-
erowths. Water storage is effected by some sort of a
reservoir and by various devices for reducing evaporation,
such as a waxy coating over the skin, accordion plaits which
shrink together during dry weather and reduce the amount
of surface exposed to the desert air, etc. Scientists them-
selves are not agreed as to how desert plants developed the
features we have been considering: thick, waxy skins, pro-
tective thorns, water reservoirs, etc. Whether they were
developed in response to the desert environment; whether
plants with features of this sort, having originated else-
where, spread to the deserts and found there a favorable
home; or whether we rely upon some other explanation, are
questions that must be left to the future. Of only one thing
are we certain: we find desert plants adapted to desert life.

THE GRAFTED CACTI

Those queer, misshapen objects on display in the alcove of
the south entrance to the main greenhouse are cacti surely,
but they look more like the product of a child’s imagina-
tion than objects of nature. With the use of various
cacti, night-blooming cereuses, and spurges which we have
already seen in the desert house, the gardeners have played
building-blocks. Just as a fruit-grower grafts his fruit trees,
so the cactus-grower has grafted one peculiar-looking vege-
table building-block upon another.

One can graft one sort of apple upon another sort of apple
tree, but one cannot graft a mulberry tree upon an apple
tree. Likewise, a night-blooming cereus can be grafted upon
a cactus, or vice-versa, for the cereus is really only another
kind of cactus. The spurge, however, can only be grafted upon

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 65

a spurge, for it has milky juice while the cactus has clear
juice, and neither one can bring itself to adopt the other’s
point of view.

ECONOMIC HOUSE

As one may well believe after visiting it, the house con-
taining the tropical fruits and spices is one of the most inter-
esting in the whole garden. In this house, unlike the spe-
cialized houses, a great number of miscellaneous plants are
gathered together, representing the sources of many of the
familiar perfumes, spices, fruits, and drugs. The diverse
nature of the contents of this particular house may be ap-
preciated from the following notes upon only a very small
percentage of the plants.

The chewing-gum tree; Sapodilla plum (Achras Sapota).—
This tree resembles the persimmon and belongs to the same
family. It is a native of tropical America, but is generally
cultivated in the warmer spots of the whole world. The
fruit tastes like a superior sort of persimmon, looks a little
like a small round Irish potato, and has caused some people
to pronounce it the very best-tasting fruit in the world.
Hiowever, if this were true it would probably be more
widely used. As it is, the tree is cultivated almost entirely
for the bark, which is full of a white, rubbery sort of juice
used in the making of chewing-gum. Chewing-gums ean
have many different sorts of flavor, but they all have to have
some sort of elastic snap to make them ‘‘chewy,’’ and
the juice from the bark supplies this principle. The Indian
name for the plant is ‘‘chicle.’’

The ginger plant (Zingiber officinale).—This weedy-look-
ing little plant is a very important crop indeed in the warmer
parts of Asia, Africa, and the West Indies. The root-like
stems, or rhizomes, yield the well-known spice, ginger. The
underground stems are very fleshy and full of the spicy
juice which is preserved in the tissues. At certain times of
the year they are dug by the natives and dried on tables
placed in the hot tropical sunshine. Preserved ginger is
merely the young shoots of the rhizome boiled for a long
while in a sugary syrup. The boiling reduces the peppery
taste of the fresh plant, which is almost too strong to endure.

ea

66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

In preparing the ginger for preserves it is necessary to pro-
tect the hands with gloves, or they will ‘‘burn’’ for days.

The tiger-apple or ordeal plant (Cerbera Tanghin).—This
plant has had a dark past in the superstitious rites of African
tribes. Among the bushmen of Africa the eating of the fruit
is used as a test of divine judgment against an accused per-
son. If the prisoner can eat the apple successfully, he is
acquitted. As a matter of fact, however, even the kernel of
the fruit contains enough deadly poison to kill twenty people,
so that the verdict is usually ‘‘guilty.’’ Other plants
of the same family are equally poisonous, and their juices
are used by the natives to poison their arrows and spears.
The poison so effectively used by the natives in their warfare
against the invading white men was a great mystery until
the venomous plants were discovered, and then means could
be taken to counteract it.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum).—The black pepper plant is
half vine and half shrub. It scrambles over whole planta-
tions in India, Malaya, and elsewhere in the tropies. When
the use of pepper as a seasoning was first introduced into
Europe several hundreds of years ago the people went wild
over the improvement which it made in even the most com-
monplace food. Every one had to have pepper in his food,
and because of that demand many sailors set out to procure
the coveted condiment. The quickest and best way to India
and the Spice Islands, as Malaya was known in the early
days, was the ambition of half the nations in Europe. Upon
one of the expeditions to find a shorter route, the Cape of
Good Hope was discovered; upon another, the continent of
America. When Alarie the Goth captured Rome he de-
manded as his tribute 5,000 pounds of gold, 2,000 pounds of
silver, and 2,000 pounds of pepper. In medieval England
rents were sometimes paid in pepper.

The pepper-vine bears many minute flowers, or florets,
which are in turn replaced by many little berries. ‘‘ Black
pepper’’ for the table consists of the dried unripe berries
ground whole. ‘‘White pepper’’ is the ground seeds from
which the skin and pulp have been separated, and conse-
quently commands a somewhat higher price as a rule. Un-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 67

fortunately, although the pepper-vine has been introduced
into California, it does not produce seed.

Dumb-cane; mother-in-law plant (Dieffenbachia Seguine).
—The caney-looking ‘‘mother-in-law plant’’ is a frequent
object of interest in greenhouses. As it is very easily prop-
agated by cuttings of the stem and not difficult to grow, it
is frequently obtainable at florists at a reasonable price.
Many people have asked just why it is called ‘‘dumb-cane’’
and ‘‘mother-in-law plant.’’ The reason for both is that the
tissue of the stem is packed with tiny crystals which are ex-
ceedingly irritating to the skin, and especially the membrane
of the mouth. A gardener who has been making cuttings of
the plant and inadvertently touches his fingers to his mouth
will shortly after experience most painful burning sensations
wherever the juice of the plant has touched. Those who
chew it sometimes lose the power of speech for several days.
A safe rule is never to chew a plant about which one knows
nothing. However, the early Spanish rulers of tropical
America, where the plant is native, knowing its painful ef-
fects (perhaps from sad experience), frequently inflicted
the chewing of it as a torture upon slaves suspected of lying;
henee the name ‘‘dumb-cane.”’

THE PALM HOUSE

Visitors to the Garden who have seen real jungles are
always loud in praise of the palm house. The arrangement
of the plants to simulate a small patch of tropical woodland
could hardly be improved and still serve the purpose of a
botanical collection. The size of many of the specimens is
particularly noteworthy. The palm house appears to merit
the distinction of being the most popular house in the whole
Garden. There are so very many interesting plants in this
house that it seems unfair to mention only a few:

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera).—-Several fine specimens
of the date palm are to be found here. They are the
largest and most picturesque specimens in the entire col-
lection. One of them, bending over the east walk, has
become so top-heavy that a large chain has been fastened to
it to keep it from obstructing the path.

68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

The date-palm is a tree averaging from forty to fifty feet
in height. It is distributed over southern Europe, northern
Africa, and southeastern Asia. As was the ease of the
coffee bush, the Arabs were largely instrumental in the
spread of date-palm cultivation. The tree is invaluable to
the desert tribes of north Africa and the Sahara Desert
whose most important wants it supplies. The fruit serves
as the most common food not only for the natives but also
for their live stock. The huts and houses are chiefly con-
structed from the scanty wood of the tree.

The culture of the date-palm runs far into the earliest
antiquity. It was long the emblem of the Jewish people,
Jericho being known as the city of palm trees. Date-palms
have recently been introduced into our own desert region of
the Southwest, and in time native fruit may supplant that
now imported in such large quantity from northern Africa
and Arabia.

The Panama-hat palm (Carludovica palmata).—Although
it is only a small palm with searcely any trunk, the Panama-
hat palm has a great appeal to the people who visit the palm
house, especially in warm weather. In Panama the leaves of
the palm, which are about all there is to see of the plant, are
gathered when very young and cut into narrow strips which
are then soaked successively in boiling water, in water acidu-
lated with lemon juice, and finally in cold water, and allowed
to dry. When the soaking and bleaching are completed, the
strips are made into ribbons and woven into hats. The in-
dustry of Panama-hat-making is a very prosperous and
influential one, although it is chiefly handled by numerous
individual concerns rather than by one monstrous trust, as
are the bananas.

Giant bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea).—With the excep-
tion of the date palm, perhaps the clumps of bamboo at either
side of the north entrance to the palm house may be con-
sidered the most picturesque component of the collection.
Just like the pictures in our old geography books, the giant
erass-like stems rise gracefully to a height of twenty to thirty
feet. The narrow-leaved foliage resembles that of the wil-
low—a misleading clue to their relationship, for the bam-
boo is a grass, although the largest one on earth. The people

—

ae ea

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 69

of southern Asia, where the bamboo grows naturally, are very
fond of it as a garden plant, and it appears in many of the
Japanese and Chinese works of art, from chinaware to
Mandarin coats. Besides serving as an inspiration for objets
d’art, the stalk of the bamboo is used in weaving, basketry,
house-building, and fishing-poles.

THE FERN HOUSE

All of the other houses which have been discussed have
been found to contain plants of economic importance, or else
of some freak design in construction and function. They
teach lessons of every-day life. Not so the fern house, which,
aside from certain scientific interests, exists merely because
it is pretty and because people like cool, green, fern-bordered
paths, and the sound of water splashing into a little pool.

The fern house also teaches a lesson, but it is a lesson not
of every-day life but of a time which no man can remem-
ber, for there were no men then. In a piece of ordinary
furnace coal, if one is sufficiently keen-sighted, tiny bits of
fern leaves and stems may be seen. For coal, the scientists
tell us, is the leaf-mold and muck of swamps which existed
so long ago that a difference of a million or two years is of no
consequence when we try to say just how long ago it really
was. However, we do know that at that time ferns and fern-
like plants were the most characteristic vegetation upon the
earth and that none of the plants with which we are now
familiar even existed. But now, the ferns are not common
except in places which happen to suit their fancies particu-
larly well, and other plants, young upstarts of less old and
respected families but with the modern method of living,
are not only taking their place but crowding them out al-
together. The ferns have not kept abreast of the time and
so they are being displaced. Who can imagine what sort of
plants will eventually take the place of the ones which have
the upper hand now? The only economic use of the fern-
like plants, of any consequence, is in the manufacture of
funeral-wreaths from the palm-like leaves of the cyeads.
What could be more appropriate ?

70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

THE ECONOMIC GARDEN

To those relatively few visitors to the Garden who pene-
trate beyond the main greenhouses and their surrounding
lawns, the economic garden holds much interest. This part
of the Garden makes no attempt to imitate Nature; it is
merely a collection of little plots containing samples of
some of the world’s most famous and interesting crops. Let
us examine a few of these crops and try to find some of the
reasons why they were selected for a place in the economic
garden.

Wheat.—There is little need to discuss the importance of
wheat, especially to a white man. A Chinaman could easily
do without wheat, but it is the white man’s favorite food.
During the World War the greatest sacrifice which many
stay-at-homes made was the giving up of white bread. No
form of rye, barley, corn, or any other bread would satisfy.

Next to rice, wheat is the world’s greatest food. Unlike the
former, however, it is one of the most easily adaptable of
plants. It will grow in almost any kind of soil and in al-
most any temperate climate. So important is the power
of wheat that the nation which is able to produce the most
and the best wheat is able to hold the balance of power of
the world. To hold the power that lies in wheat a nation must
have large areas for its growth, and deep, rich soil. Russia,
Argentina, Canada, and the United States are the greatest
wheat-growers of our day.

However, wheat cannot be grown continuously on the same
land. It withdraws so much nourishment from the soil that
eventually little is left for the nutrition of future crops. It
is said that this is what brought about the downfall of Rome,
for civilizations must have access to abundant food supplies.
The effect of continuous crops of wheat upon the soil is the
same as that of continuous plantings of any other crop. For
the plant withdraws always certain substances from the
ground, and when these are gone the plant naturally suffers.
To counterbalance this result of cultivation, farmers have
learned not to grow the same things in the same soil every
year, but to alternate, say, a crop of corn with a crop of
wheat. This plan is known as the ‘‘rotation of crops.’’

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN pi

Rrce.—Rice is believed to be the world’s greatest crop. It
is estimated that the production of the grain in 1929 was
over 440,000,000,000 pounds. It is probably the staple food
for the greatest number of people.

Rice cultivation began in the period before history. Be-
cause the earliest history of rice is in Chinese, many people
believe that its origin was China, which is probably true.
In the old Chinese language, a single word means both ‘‘rice
eulture’’ and agriculture in general. Unlike wheat, rice is
a plant of warm climates, and is unable to grow at low tem-
peratures. Alone among the world’s great crops, it grows
typically in a field of standing water. Asiatic peoples living
in mountainous regions have invented many clever ways to
obtain standing water for their rice. In the interior of
China or in the hilly regions of Japan or the Philippine
Islands, the sides of the hills are graded into broad flat ter-
races with confining rims. Thus, when it rains, little pools
are formed systematically laid out, in which the water-loving
plant is able to grow, sometimes at elevations of a thousand
feet above the surrounding country-side.

Japan is the most industrious rice-growing country. In
1929, more than 7,800,000 acres were given over to the ecul-
ture of rice, representing more than one half the extent of
eultivated land in the kingdom. In the United States, people
are inclined to treat rice as a vegetable instead of a grain,
and its cultivation on a large scale is comparatively recent.
Its popularity, nevertheless, is growing by leaps and bounds.
In 1929, 851,000 acres were given over to the cultivation of
rice im the United States, vielding a total of 35,000,000
bushels of grain.

Cotton.—Next to food, man’s chief dependence upon plants
is as a source of fiber from which clothing may be made.
Cotton is the most important of all fibers. Its cultivation
gives employment to millions, and its preparation into cloth
is the means of livelihood to many millions more. The
world’s output of cotton in 1929 was over 11,000,000,000
pounds of fiber. Of that total, the United States alone pro-
duced about 7,000,000,000 pounds.

Cotton is a rather small plant belonging to the hollyhock
family, and producing small flowers resembling a_ yellow

72 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

hollyhock. At first it is a very commonplace and uninterest-
ing vegetable, but when the seed-pods are mature and open,
fleeey white cotton is to be seen tightly stuffed within. In
looking at the snowy handful of cotton which each
seed-pod contains when mature, one is apt to overlook
the fact that there are seeds within the pod, as_ well
as cotton. The so-called ‘‘plant wizards’’ have never been
able to produce a seedless cotton-plant, and it is exceedingly
doubtful if they ever will, for the cotton fiber is nothing
less than long white hairs growing out of the seed itself. If
there were no seeds there would be no cotton fiber. Besides
producing the fiber, however, the cotton seed also contains
a great deal of oil which is pressed from it by enormous
hydraulic machines and used as ingredients of salad-oils,
butter substitutes, ete.

Cotton was first brought to the attention of Europe
through tales brought back by travelers to Egypt and India,
long before the time of Christ. The soldiers of Alexander
the Great thought the fiber was wool growing on a bush,
and gave rise to the story that a lamb, half plant, half ani-
mal, inhabited Asia. This useful combination, with its hooves
rooted in the ground, browsed eternally on the herbage about
it and kindly allowed the Hindus to cut the wool from its
back.

Although mythically known from a very early period,
eotton cloth was not common in England until the fourteenth
century. However, species of cotton were being cultivated in
America, all unknown to the inhabitants of the Old World.
When Cortez came to the capital city of the Aztees in Mexico
he was amazed to find the people dressed in cotton robes.
It was not until the close of the colonial period that cotton
was grown in the United States. The soil and climate of
the southern states proved so ideal for its cultivation that
a great boom was given it. It is well known that slavery was
on the wane in the South until cotton became king. Then,
however, as the demand for cultivation grew the practice of
bound employment so increased that it precipitated a conflict
in the middle of the nineteenth century which might have dis-
rupted not only the power of the United States of America
but the Anglo-Saxon race.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 73

Corn.—Corn is the only important food which America
has given to the world. When the earliest discoverers came
to the New World they found the principal staple of food to
be a grain which the natives called ‘‘maize’’ and which they
held in a form of religious veneration. In Longfellow’s
poem ‘‘Hiawatha’’ the story is told of the coming of the
maize to the Indian tribes and how it insured against famine
and pestilence in time of need.

In the Americas corn is still one of the most important
crops, and is grown principally in the great fertile prairies
and river bottoms of the West and Middle West. In 1929
the total corn crop amounted to about 2,500,000,000 bushels.
In the Old World corn is also an important erop, but is used
chiefly as a food for cattle.

Corn is one of the most adaptable plants to cultivation, and
at the time of the discovery of America was common prop-
erty of practically all the Indian tribes of both North and
South America. It is also the most majestie of all grain
plants, attaining a height of fifteen to twenty feet in fertile,
well-watered soil, such as that of the flood-plains of the Mis-
sissipp1 and Missouri rivers,

Tobacco.—Tobacco is perhaps the most famous crop which
has originated in America. Columbus was the first white
man who ever saw tobacco. At the time of his first visit to
America, it was grown and smoked from southern Canada
to Patagonia. It was ever a means of barter among the
tribes, and among those who were unable to cultivate it for
themselves it was a priceless luxury. To the Indians the
tobacco was a sacred plant, and its smoke was equivalent to
incense.

It is said that Sir Walter Raleigh was the first man to
introduce the use of tobacco to Europe, but it is another
Englishman, Sir John Hawkins (1565), who deserves the
honor. Sir Francis Drake is credited with starting the cus-
tom of tobacco smoking in 1573, and it is from that year that
its popularity dates.

The tobacco habit gained foothold in Asia sooner than it
did in Europe, and did not historical records prove otherwise
we might believe that its use originated in Asia. The vari-
ous methods of smoking tobaeco all hark back to its use

74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

by the American aborigines. The cigar is the national smoke
of the West Indies (especially Cuba) and South America.
The cigarette was first used in Mexico and Central America,
while the pipe was the invention of the Indians inhabiting
the region of the eastern United States. The English con-
querors of the Indians of the United States consequently
spread the use of the pipe to Europe, while the Spanish, the
conquerors of the tropical and subtropical tribes, are re-
sponsible for the popularization of the cigar and cigarette.
The other uses of tobacco were originated by Europeans. The
least lovely of the various tobacco habits, chewing, was in-
augurated by the pioneers of the English North American
colonies. This practice supposedly arose as a prophylactic
during the great plague of 1665, for it was believed that the
plague never descended upon a tobacco shop, and school boys
were instructed to chew the quid as a preventive. Snuff-tak-
ing started in France and Spain. It is said that the first
person to use snuff was Catherine de Medici, who professed
to be cured of colds and headaches by placing a little tobacco
powder up her nostrils.

THE MEDICINAL PLANT GARDEN

Directly behind the pergola of the Italian garden is the
medicinal plant garden. For most people, the chief charm of
this portion of the Garden undoubtedly hes in the beautiful
spreading shade-trees, the quiet paths, the ponds, and mean-
dering streams. Quite apart from its natural beauty,
however, the medicinal garden serves much the same purpose
as the economic garden. It is a sample collection of many of
the world’s important drug and medicine plants. Drug
plants, it appears, are much more attractive than economie
plants, and the casual visitor may think that he is in a purely
decorative garden when he sees the beds of stately fox-gloves,
or in a wild garden, at the sight of wake-robins and blood-root
flowers clustered as though growing naturally beneath the
trunks of spreading trees or shrubs. As a matter of fact,
many of the so-called decorative plants were originally cul-
tivated because they were believed to have value in medi-
eines, and they have escaped, as it were, from the medicinal

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN io

garden into the decorative garden. Originally, however, all
plants, economic and medicinal as well as decorative, came
from the forests and fields, and that is why we see so many
of our common ‘‘wild flowers’’ seemingly inappropriately
growing in the medicinal garden. Let us see for what uses
some of these plants are cultivated in the drug gardens of the
world.

Belladonna.—The botanical origin of the drug belladonna
is the root and mature leaves of Atropa Belladonna, a plant
belonging to the tomato family, native to Central Europe.
The root is from two to three inches thick. From very early
times belladonna has been used in German domestic medi-
eine. In 1505 ‘‘Le Grand Herbier,’’ an herbal, carried the
first authentic note of the plant. Fuchs figured it in 1542,
fully identifying its toxic properties, for besides being a use-
ful medicine when taken properly, like many other drugs
it is a poison when used improperly. Himly, in 1802, used
it in ophthalmology to dilate the pupils of the eyes. Until
the twentieth century all the belladonna of commerce had
been taken from the wild plant of Germany. Cultivation on
a large scale in this country, however, has already been com-
menced by some of our leading manufacturers of pharmaceu-
tical supplies, and will eventually much inerease the acces-
sibility of the drug.

Digitalis—The drug digitalis is produced from the com-
mon fox-glove, a favorite plant of old-fashioned gardens.
It is a common biennial or perennial herb throughout the
greater part of Europe. The leaves are employed in medicine
and should be gathered while the plant is in full bloom, The
lower leaves are often a foot or more long and five to six
inches broad. Digitalis is a very potent drug, having the.
effect of reducing the frequency and increasing the force of
the heart action, and hence is given in special cases as a seda-
tive.

Podophyllum.—The drug Podophyllum is, as the visitor
to the medicinal garden will instantly recognize, no other than
the familiar ‘‘may-apple’’ of our southeastern woodlands.
Although it is a relatively unimportant drug, it interests us
here chiefly because it is one of the ancient remedies used by

76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

the Indian tribes of southeastern North America long before
the coming of the white man.

The fruit and underground rootstalk of the may-apple
are very effective laxatives. In fact, so drastie is the action
of the fruit upon the human constitution that country chil-
dren are frequently warned that it is poison. When eaten
moderately, however, it will cause little discomfort and has
a pleasant taste. The powdered and erystalized root-stalk
forms the principal ingredient of several sorts of ‘‘mandrake’’
pills offered at drug stores.

“LIVING FOSSILS” IN THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

One is accustomed to think of fossils as objects with no
useful purpose other than as museum relies. Such is most
frequently the case with animal fossils, it is true, but it is
surprising how useful and beautiful plant fossils ean be.
If the reader is inclined to doubt such a statement, let him
consider the beauty of an amber necklace and the wealth of
a coal mine. Amber beads are carved from large balls of
crude amber frequently buried many feet under the surface
of the soil. Such masses of crude amber are the accumu-
lated resin of trees related to our modern pines, which
lived many, many centuries before the first man. Some of
the commonest amber is taken from the soil of southeastern
Africa in places where great forests of resin-producing trees
once grew. How do we know? Because the trunks of the
trees are still there, although buried in the soil and fossilized
or turned to stone as completely as the amber. Imbedded
in the drops of amber one can frequently find little bits of
the foliage of the forest plants, or even tiny insects em-
balmed for eternity within the erystalized resin. From such
evidence, we know with certainty that a flea or an ant, en-
tangled and smothered in a drop of sticky resin many thou-
sands of years ago, was almost exactly like the little pests
of our own day.

But coal is the most important of all plant fossils. It con-
sists almost purely of plant remains packed tightly to-
gether ages ago, perhaps becoming a little mouldy and sticky,
and eventually being petrified or turned to the stone which

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN car

we know as coal. Peat, which is so widely used as fuel in
Ireland and other northern European countries, is merely
young coal which has not yet petrified.

Coal botanists tell us that coal is formed principally under
water in the following ways:

(1) In fresh water: Plants growing beside the edge of a
still lake or pool dropped twigs and leaves into the water
from time to time. Eventually, after floating aimlessly, these
remains became water-logged and sank to the bottom. Con-
tinuously, especially during the fall of the year, such de-
posits were made until the pool became shallow enough for
various water-loving plants, as ferns and mosses, to root
upon them. These quickened the process of vegetable
filling-in until the lake or pool became a bog or swamp. Then
small trees and shrubs could root upon the surface and
eventually the water was quite displaced and the actual for-
mation of the vegetable mass into coal could begin. The
northern parts of North America contain numberless so-
called ‘‘quaking bogs’’, which are merely little lakes and
ponds which the plants have just managed to fill over. If
one steps carefully into the middle of the bog and jumps up
and down, the whole bog, plants and all, will gently rise
and fall with him.

(2) In salt water: The sea is kept brimful through the
continuous supply of fresh water from the rivers which enter
it. In the unrecorded past tree trunks and large tangled
masses of vegetation drifted down the rivers and out to sea
just as they do to-day. These plant masses eventually be-
came water-logged and sank to the bottom some distance
from the shore. The currents brought numbers of such
plant remains to the same area until a large mass was de-
posited on the sea floor. Finally the currents of the sea
changed somewhat, bringing quantities of mud and sand
which covered the vegetable mass, forming, after thousands
of centuries, a ‘‘seam’’ of coal. And that is why, in many
parts of the world, coal mines reach far out from the sur-
face of the land, and men work for their living below the
bottom of the sea.

By treating plant remains found in coal and other min-
eral deposits with different sorts of acids and other reagents,

78 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

botanists have been able to tell us much about the plants
which lived long before the earliest known ancestors of man.
And, strange to say, many of the plants which then flourished
have been found still to grow upon the earth. Such plants
are very aptly called ‘‘living fossils.’’ As one writer has
appropriately phrased it, these plants ‘‘belong to the fos-
sil world as a belated November rose belongs to the summer.’’
In the greenhouses and about the lawns of the Missouri
Botanical Garden one may find several examples of these
living fossils, and may piece together for himself a fairly
satisfying picture of what the world’s vegetation looked like
millions of years ago.

Ginkgo tree—One of the most fascinating of living fossils
is the ginkgo, or maidenhair tree. Several superb specimens
of this handsome tree grow in the Garden lawns. Old plants
are tall, handsome trees with noble trunks and many sturdy
branches. The leaves grow on little side shoots, and their
resemblance to the enlarged fronds of the maidenhair fern is
the reason for the popular name,

Had this tree not been held sacred in China and Japan
it would long since have been utterly extinct, for it is known
only in cultivation. As much for its beauty and size as for
its rarity, it was grown in temple gardens in eastern Asia,
and was looked upon with reverence and awe by the wor-
shipers. The exact time of the cultivation of the ginkgo
as a part of the old temple gardens is lost in the remote past,
but it is probably as old as the foundations of eastern religion
itself, for the tree is now only found as a fossil in rocks and
never growing wild. No other plant, save a very few ferns,
has leaves at all like those of the ginkgo, so that it is par-
ticularly easy to identify the fossil remains, which are
abundant. From the evidence found in the rocks it is cer-
tain that the tree was once very widely distributed upon the
earth.

The poet Keats, always an admirer of beauty, must have
had the great antiquity of the ginkgo in mind when he wrote
the following lines:

oe se eee ees the trees
that whisper round a temple soon become
dear as the temple’s self. . . . . et

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 79

Cycads.—The eyeads, several splendid specimens of which
one may find in the fern house, are thought by some students
of evolution in the plant kingdom, to represent ‘‘stepping
stones’’ from the ferns to the seed plants. The cyeads are
very tropical-looking plants, and in fact inhabited the
warmer parts of the earth during the time of their reign in
the vegetable world. They have rather short, rough trunks
with a rosette of palm-like leaves at the summit, and might
be mistaken for palms. They bear cones, however, which look
quite a little like those of an evergreen.

Although they were once very widely distributed, as testi-
fied by their remains in rocks of known age, the cyeads now
rarely grow naturally. Of those which still survive the count-
less years since the time when they were common constit-
uents of the world’s vegetation, one genus is native of
America from Florida to Chile, one is confined to western
Cuba, and five or six are still extant in Australia, Japan,
and southeastern Asia.

Bald cypress—lLike the ginkgo, the bald eypress is a
stately tree which is represented by several specimens upon
the lawns of the Garden. It is really an ‘‘evergreen,’’ but
unlike the pines and cedars, it is not always green, for it
loses its needles every fall and grows a new crop every spring.
For that reason, the bald eypresses in the Garden have not
been killed or badly hurt by the city’s smoke as have the other
‘fevergreens’’ which keep their needles from year to year.

The bald cypress is an unusually tall tree, with a shaft
as straight and sturdy as the mast of a ship, and rela-
tively slender side branches. It is easily the most con-
spicuous tree in the Garden. Once the bald cypress lived
practically all over the world, for we have specimens of it,
petrified, from Siberia, China, Africa, Australia, Antarctica,
Greenland, and the Pacifie Coast of North America. At the
present time it is one of the characteristic ‘‘coastal’’ plants
of the lowlands bordering the Atlantic Ocean from southern
New Jersey to the Republic of Mexico. Strange to say, it
also occurs frequently up the valley of the Mississippi River
and its tributaries as far north as southern Missouri and
Uhnois, which shows us what excellent recorders of geo-
logical time plants can be, for the geologists tell us that thou-

80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

sands of centuries ago the Gulf of Mexico extended far up
what is now the lower Mississippi Valley. At that time the
bald cypress was flourishing as a coastal tree, just as it is
to-day, and when the sea receded it was left, not along the
coast, but a thousand miles inland.

Pine trees—Something has already been said concerning
the presence of ‘‘evergreen’’ trees in early geological times in
connection with the souree of amber. The resinous char-
acter of pine-wood probably greatly assisted its preservation,
and fragments of it are very common in rocks of all ages.
Since the pines must keep their needles from year to year,
the smoky air of the city has about done for them, and only
a few trees are to be found in the Garden. Years ago, Mr.
Shaw, the founder of the Garden, planted many pines, as
well as other evergreens, and for years the evergreens,
or ‘‘eonifers’’ as they are more properly called, were one of
the glories of the Garden. But that was when the city of
St. Louis was far smaller than it is to-day, and factories and
apartments were not numerous. F'rom the loss of our conifers
alone, it should be only too evident that in remaining in
the city the Garden is undergoing hardship and risk in its
effort to benefit the citizenry. The establishment of the Gray
Summit Extension was therefore a wise move of provision
for the future, as well as making it at once possible to grow
there many things to be shown at the Garden, of which other-
wise the public would be deprived altogether.

Horsetails—Country people are familiar with the horse-
tails, or ‘‘seouring rushes’’ as they have been called because
of their use by the diligent housewives of colonial New York
as substitutes for serubbing brushes. The horsetails are
plants closely related to the ferns, curiously enough, and
looking frequently like a small green fishing-rod or a minia-
ture pine tree. They like to grow in sandy moist places gen-
erally, and average from four inches to a couple of feet in
height.

As one looks at the patch of horsetails growing, as if by
accident, just below the concrete wall of the pergola in the
Italian garden, it is hard to realize that they are the surviving
relatives of enormous trees which greatly resembled them,
but on a vast scale. The lepidodendrons and calamites, as the

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 81

extinct horsetail trees are now called, were once very common
plants. Single fossilized trunks of these giant horsetails,
as we find them in the museums, were frequently more than
ten feet in diameter. What a peculiar sight the world must
have presented in those days! No wonder the animals were
so huge and peculiar, since they lived among such peculiar
plants.
STUDY TOPICS FOR A GARDEN VISIT

1. The plants of the medicinal plant garden employed as medicine
by the American Indian. (Medicinal plant garden.)
2. The effect of climate upon plants. (Various houses, featuring
the desert house.)
3. Adaptation to environment of aquatic plants. (Various lily pools

and ponds.)
4. Similarities and dissimilarities: the horsetail, the cycad, the
pine, and the.ginkgo. (The fern house and the lawns

of the Garden generally.)

5. Medicinal plants also used as decorative subjects.
(Medicinal plant garden and the
hardy perennial borders.)

6. Identification of various economic grains: wheat, corn, rice,

oats, barley, rye, ete. (Economic garden.)
7. Protective devices of the desert plants. Notice particularly the
different kinds of thorns, spines, ete. (Desert house.)

8. The response of various plants to cultivation in the heart of a
great city. Notice those which appear to thrive, and those which
do not become firmly established in an urban situation. Partic-
ularly examine for damage by smoke.

(The lawns of the Garden.)

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

Berry, E. W. Tree ancestors. 270 pp. Baltimore. 1923.

Cheney, R. H. Coffee. 244 pp. New York. 1925.

Copeland, E. B. Rice. 352 pp. London. 1924,

Gibbs, W. M. Spices and how to know them. 179 pp. Buffalo. 1909.

Goulding, E. Cotton and other vegetable fibers. 231 pp. London.
1917.

Oliver, F. W. The exploitation of plants. 170 pp. London. 1917.

Peattie, D. C. Cargoes and harvests. 311 pp. New York. 1926.

Pickering, C. Chronological history of plants: Man’s record of his
own existence illustrated through their names, uses, and com-
panionship. 1222 pp. Boston. 1879.

Reynolds, P. K. The banana. 181 pp. Cambridge, Mass. 1927.

Ridley, H. N. Spices. 449 pp. London. 1912.

Seward, A. C. Links with the past in the plant world. 147 pp.
Cambridge. 1911.

Stopes, M. C. Ancient plants. 191 pp. London. 1910,

Wood, T. B. The story of a loaf of bread. 138 pp. London. 1913.

82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

RECORDS OF FIRST BLOOMING OF WILD FLOWERS
IN THE VICINITY OF SAINT LOUIS

Every spring there is much interest in the first wild
flower to make its appearance after the rigors of winter.
While the seasons vary within certain limits, the time of
blooming of spring flowers does not vary as much as is gen-
erally supposed. In view of the unusually severe winter
just past, it seems a particularly favorable time to record
for future reference the date at which certain of the common
wild plants first bloomed. At the localities indicated, on the
dates given, the plants listed below were observed to be
in blossom but they may have been in flower a day or two
earlier in more favorable localities. The first date only is
given; for instance, bloodroot which bloomed on March 9
at Osage Hills might have bloomed at Gray Summit at the
same time, or even as late as March 13, but since it was
recorded on March 9, a later date at some other place is of
no importance so far as the earliest date of flowering for
that particular plant is concerned.

OSAGE HILLS (MERAMEC HIGHLANDS)—MARCH 9, 1930
1. Liverleaf (Hepatica acutiloba DC.)
2. Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L.)
3. Spring beauty (Claytonia virginica L.)
GRAY SUMMIT—MARCH 13, 1930
Cut-leaved toothwort or pepper-root (Dentaria laciniata Muhl.)
Fragrant or sweet-scented sumac (Rhus canadensis Marsh.)
GRAY SUMMIT—MARCH 20, 1930

6. Midland adder’s-tongue (Hrythronium mesochoreum Knerr)
7. Rue anemone (Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach.)
8
9

oe

. Tinted spurge (Huphorbia commutata Engelm.)
Plantain-leaved everlasting (Antennaria plantaginifolia (1..)
Rich.)
10. Spice bush (Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees.)
11. Marsh blue violet (Viola cucullata Ait.)
12. Wild pansy (Viola Rafinesquit Greene)
13. Least bluets (Houstonia minima Beck)
14. Harbinger-of-spring (Hrigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt.)
15. Golden corydalis (Corydalis aurea Willd.)
16. Hoary puccoon (Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm.)
17. Carolina whitlow-grass (Draba caroliniana Walt.)
18. Wedge-leaved whitlow-grass (Draba cuneifolia Nutt.)
19. Virginia rock-cress (Arabis virginica (1.) Trel.)

we *

22

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 83

RANKIN ESTATE (ST. LOUIS COUNTY)—MARCH 238, 1930

Dutchman’s breeches (Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh.)
Mouse-tail (Myosurus minimus lL.)

Common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber)
Virginia cowslip or bluebell (Vertensia virginica (L.) Link)
Blue phlox (Phlox divaricata L.)

Large-flowered verbena (Verbena canadensis (l..) Britton)
Common chickweed (Stellaria media (1...) Cyrill)
Androsace (Androsace occidentalis Pursh)

American or white elm (Ulmus americana L.)

Shepherd’s purse (Capsella Bursa-pastoris (1...) Medic.)
White or silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.)

Cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marsh.)

PACIFIC—MARCH 22, 1930

Short-fruited whitlow-grass (Draba brachycarpa Nutt.)

Common juniper (Juniperus virginiana L.) Pistillate tree

False rue anemone (/sopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G.)

Shad bush or service berry (Amelanchier canadensis (L.)
Medic. )

Miterwort or two-leaved bishop’s cap (Mitella diphylla L.)

Forbe’s saxifrage (Sazxifraga Forbesii Vasey)

GRAY SUMMIT—APRIL 8, 1930

Sessile-flowered wake-robin (Trillium sessile L.)
American bladder nut (Staphylea trifolia L.)
Bird-foot violet (Viola pedata L.)

Wild cranesbill (Geranium maculatum L.)

Hispid buttercup (Ranunculus hispidus Michx.)
Small-flowered crowfoot (Ranunculus abortivus 1...)
Wild yellow plum (Prunus americana Marsh.)
Missouri gooseberry (Ribes gracile Michx.)

Yellow false garlic (Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton)
White dog’s-tooth violet (Hrythronium albidum Nutt.)
Greek valerian (Polemonium reptans L.)

Ground ivy (Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevisan)

HOG HOLLOW (JEFFERSON COUNTY)—APRIL 13, 1930

Missouri violet (Viola missouriensis Greene)

Downy yellow violet (Viola pubescens Ait.)

Striped violet (Viola striata Ait.)

Lyre-leaved rock cress (Arabis lyrata L.)

Toothed rock cress (Arabis dentata T. &G.)

Smooth rock cress (Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir.)
Blue-eyed Mary (Collinsia verna Nutt.)

Harvey’s buttercup (Ranunculus Harveyi (A. Gr.) Britton)

84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

58. Swamp buttercup (Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir.)

59. Early or tufted buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl.)
60. Wild goose plum (Prunus hortulana Bailey)

61. Celandine poppy (Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt.)
62. Slender plantain (Plantago elongata Pursh)

63. Common wood rush (Luzula campestris (L.) DC.)

64. Larger ground plum (Astragalus mexicanus A. DC.)

65. Emmon’s sedge (Carex varia Muhl.)

66. Nodding chickweed (Cerastium nutans Raf.)

NOTES

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before
the Garden Lovers Club of Cincinnati, April 24, on
‘*Orchids.”’

The University of Illinois Library School, in its biennial in-
spection visit to libraries, printing and engraving establish-
ments, visited the Garden library, April 17.

Dr. George T. Moore attended the meetings of the Ameri-
ean Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, April 25 and 26,
and the meeting of the trustees of the American Orchid So-
ciety at Philadelphia, April 29.

Recent visitors to the Garden include Mr. S. Kamesam, of
the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India; Mrs. Susan
Delano McKelvey, of Boston, author of botanical monographs ;
Prof. O. GC. Schultz, associate professor of botany, Oklahoma
A. & M. College, Stillwater, Oklahoma; Prof. H. W. Rickett,
assistant professor of botany, University of Missouri.

Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has
given the following lectures recently: April 8, before the St.
Louis Electrical Board of Trade, at the Hotel Statler, on
‘Spring Work in the Garden’’; April 9, before the City Club,
on ‘‘Orehid Exploration in Panama’’; April 10, before the
St. Louis Florists’ Club, on ‘‘Commercial Rose Growing in
Panama’’; the afternoon of April 17, before the floricultural
department of Ohio State University, on ‘‘Water Gardens”’,
and the evening of April 17, before an open meeting of fac-
ulty and students of Ohio State University, on ‘‘Orchids.”’

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 85

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1930

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:
TOL NUMIDCrAOLeVASTLOLS .:.5c. voices oye «voc ciel ons tous sues Auete ele setae 51,291

Liprary ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought........... 162
Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... sis Uy ae

PLANT ACCESSIONS:

TMOtalsnumMmbersor planes GONALCC sa ores creee ears sole seeps lenereusre = 1,116
Total number of packets of seed donated................ 341

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:

By Purchase—

Muenscher, W. C.—North American Myxomycetes, Coll. of
Wann & Muenscher, Fasc. 1. ed. 2. (Nos. 1-50a)....... 50
University of Minnesota—Reliquiae Holwayanae (South
American plant rusts), Fasc. 1-4 (Nos. 1-200), and extra
numbers of Holway collection of South American plant
rusts: not ancluded «in fascicles’... evi. cise sass cdederers wiesere 350
Weigel, Th. Oswald—Krieger, W. Schddliche Pilze....... 297
Weigel, Th. Oswald—Weese’s ‘“‘Eumycetes selecti exsic-
eati,” Lief. XVI (Fasc. XVI, Nos. 376-400, inclusive)... 25

By Gift—

Brown, Mrs. J. B.—Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. & Zuce.

TrOM HOLL CUltEUTE mee ele eee ee oe ciate sales
Buswell, W. M.—Ficus ulmifolia Lam. from horticulture..
Eames, E. H.—Plants of Connecticut.............-++.-..
Kiener, W.—Oreoxis sp. from Colorado..............+06-
La Garde, Dr. R. V.—Equisetum sp. from Missouri......
Rigg, Dr. G. B.—Plants of Washington..................
Showalter, Dr. A. M.—Riccardia pinguis type C. from

CULEUTO: 2. Gi neers renee ete et iata ie tetenet oneie bee csateretate ober a a\aiene a eee"

ot
WHEE

—

By Exchange—
Cornell University, by Prof. K. M. Wiegand—Plants of

University of Tennessee, by Prof. H. M. Jennison—Plants
of seastern TOnN@sSSA@ secre pcos o fieccs eis iets isle eee ook wine wi ele toe 100

FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1930

In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com-
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol-
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of-
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting

the Garden.
JANUARY FEBRUARY
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids.
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias,
MARCH APRIL
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
March 1-17—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus.
March 20-283—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors)
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early-
March 29—Azalea Show. flowering Shrubs.
MAY

(Floral Display House)
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines,
and other spring annuals.
(Outdoors)
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies.
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials.

JUNE

(Outdoors)
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden.

JULY
(Outdoors)
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden,

AUGUST

(Outdoors)
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic
Garden. Medicinal Garden.

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House)
Tropical Water-lilles. Hconomic Dahlia (novelties and newer
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties).
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias.

~S

ee ee

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr.
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw,
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was,
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of
Mr, Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro-
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely
from funds left by the founder.

The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani-
cal garden.

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer.

LEGS ay A hie Ly APRS , Byntay

W OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN ures id pate
4 ” fi ..
Grorce T. Moors, .
Director
Katnertne.H, Lerten, | | ei
( Assistant to the Director 5 eeneres'
HERMANN VON SCHRENK,. — Anton Hogsrap, Jr., p
; Pathologist ‘ { Pharmacognosist ~
JessE M..GREENMAN, RoLanp V. LAGARDE, Me
Curator of Herbarium Research Assistant
Epcar ANDERSON, Mi~prep E. MaTHias, Waa Cakes
Geneticist H Research Assistant . ieee |
Ernest S. ReyNorps, Rozert E. Woonson, Jz., :
, Physiologist , Lak Research Assistant :
Davin H. LanDeR, NELL C. Horner, é
Mycologist } Librarian and Editor of Publications
GeorcE H, PRING, Bee
i : Superintendent.> : e
Joun NoyEs. ~ Paut A, Kout,: r
Consulting Landscape Architect Ploriculturist }
Etinor ALBerts Linper, | , “ Dane *
Orchidologist,- if
Wa Fc LAngan, 0).
f . > «Chief Engineer
A) P, BEILMANN, > pO. VaR Eoaeekega, : |
Trees and Shrubs ‘ 2.7 Herbaceous and Nursery Cranes, te
‘J. Curak; < Jo Langan, © |; eye res
Exotics _ Assistant wagitcer er rand hgs’ ee
A. D. Forrester,“ Meg Mb Yee ee PEARSON, \
~ Plant Recorder ; z Painter
Ps |. HL VaLLenting, 1 fects
, Carpenter : rex ;
GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION’ Rau ie 7
L.'P. Jensen, — ¢ D. MILLER, : aie
Arboricultyrist «- Orehids 0 ~ a Mo eee
G. GOEDEKE, y . &R, EY Kissecx, bas
Farm ; } Engineer ‘
SH es TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE~ Co
Ls ea A. A. HUNTER,
Manager SS

REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE
GURNEY WILSON, F. LS.

‘Missouri Botanica,
- GARDEN BULLETIN. —

Vol. XVITI MAY, 1930

CONTENTS

The Dogbane: Roadside Weed and Future Staple .

Statistical Information. .
Floral Displays of Special Interest.in 1930

No. 5
Page
peed | 5
» - 104
5-409

ST. LOUIS, MO.

Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:

SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL
AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING

President
GEORGE ©: HITCHCOCK

Vice-President
SAMUEL °C. DAVIS.

ie \
(Se aa ‘Second. Vice-President
_ DANIEL K, CATLIN, | if
L. Ray CARrmr. Lee ALBERT T. PERKINS.
Tuomas S, Marrirr, PHiLip C. ScaNLAN,
Bey : GEORGE T, Moore. Renan A, H. SHEPLEY.
Frep G. ZEia.
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
bs: bi -Gronor R. THROOP, ~ ‘Vieror J. MILLER,
; Chancellor of Washington University Mayor of the City. of St. Louis
: ak FREDERICK F. JoHNSON, ALFRED F, SATTERTHWAIT,

Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri President. of The Academy of Science
ret ‘ of St. Louis a

oe - ARTHUR A, BLUMEYER,
Ta ei : ” President. of the Board of Education of St. Louis

DANIEL BrecK; Secretary

NEAR CARONDELET,

* APOCYNUM CANNABIN UM,

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Missouri Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XVIII MAY, 1930 No. 5

THE DOGBANE: ROADSIDE WEED AND FUTURE
STAPLE.

Little does the farmer suspect, as he patiently plows
through the patches of hated ‘‘dogbane’’ or ‘‘Indian hemp’’
ever spreading and choking out the grain upon his unproduc-
tive soil, that he is actually engaged in cultivating a plant
which may prove to be a future staple—a plant of many
varied economic uses. If one were to warn him that instead
of exterminating the weed he is actually giving it a still
greater lease on life, he would scarcely believe it. And if he
were told that, properly appreciated, the weed might repay
him much better than the stand of grain which he so indus-
triously tends, he would probably laugh. However, especially
in the western states, the dogbane, or Indian hemp, as it is
sometimes called, is no laughing matter. It is a rank, tough,
ugly weed, which can usually flourish upon much poorer soil
than the commonly cultivated grains. And instead of having
to be resown each year, up it comes without waiting to give
the corn, wheat, or whatever the real crop may be, an even
start. What a boon it would be if the cultivated crop were
so sturdy and trustworthy!

Few of our native plants are more common over a greater
part of the United States than the several species of dogbane,
or Apocynum, the scientific name for the plant. There is
scarcely a roadside or railroad right-of-way which hasn’t
large and frequent patches of it, and almost every farm in

(87)

88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

the country is familiar with it. For in addition to having
seeds which are wonderfully fitted for a wide dispersal, the
plant possesses a system of thick rootstalks specially con-
structed for the production of new plants. Upon these root-
stalks, which do not reach straight down into the earth as
most other roots do, but travel for a long distance just a few
inches beneath the surface, a multitude of tiny buds, or root-
shoots, are produced, each of which eventually develops into
a full-fledged plant. In turn, these plants produce more
rootstalks and more little buds. Each time the farmer’s
plowshare cuts across the under-ground rootstalk, it cuts
off one or many of the little root-shoots, casts them to one
side or even carries them for a distance, where they eventually
settle down to the business of crowding out the crop plants
in the neighborhood. Text-figure 1, diagram 3, illustrates
the under-ground parts of the dogbane. Plate 15 presents
two views of a farm in southern Colorado which has become
almost completely covered with plants of Apocynum medium
var. lividum. This variety has never been known to produce
seed, and must rely entirely upon propagation by cuttings
and root-shoots. Therefore, in all probability, the entire field
has become infested through the division of a single plant.

A great number of other plants also reproduce themselves
by means of root-shoots, notably the Lombardy poplar
and the black locust. This method of propagation is really
more effective than seeds; and some plants have given up the
production of seeds altogether and can only be multiplied
by cuttings or by root-shoots. The Lombardy poplar, which
occurs in such numbers over nearly all the western world, can
only be reproduced in that way. Every Lombardy poplar in the
world is a direct descendant of a single black poplar tree in
northern Italy which devoted its energy to the formation of
a tall spire instead of a bushy tent like its brothers and
sisters. From that single tree, millions of other trees have
been propagated by means of cuttings and root-shoots. At
the present day a sugar-maple tree, of almost the same tall,
slender shape as the Lombardy poplar, is growing in a ceme-
tery in New England. This tree is being carefully watched
by nurserymen; and we may eventually have a ‘‘Lombardy’’
maple.

‘igi

aad, aie tliebd

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 89

The seeds of the dogbane much resemble those ot the com-
mon milkweed, having a long comet’s-tail of silky hairs
which a breath of air may blow about after the seed-pod
has burst. Carried into the air they finally land in a place

‘ providing suitable conditions for germination and growth.

The two most common popular names of the Apocynum,
‘‘Indian hemp’’ and ‘‘dogbane,’’ owe their origin to certain
uses which were found for the plant many centuries ago.
The species of Apocynum called Indian hemp contain a tough,
silky fiber which, from the earliest recorded times, was
twisted into crude rope or thread by the Indians of North
America. Conspicuous among the domestic articles found in
the Cliff Dwellings of the southwestern states are rude fabrics
of the fiber from the leaves of the Yucca plant woven with
the silky floss of the Apocynum. The Yucca fiber usually
forms the substantial warp, while that from the Apocynum
constitutes the more delicate woof. Sandals and bowstring
were also made from the strong thread taken from the Apocy-
num stems, and frequently the wooden handles of stone axes
were bound with it.

In the eastern sections of the United States, as well as in
Canada, the aboriginal inhabitants recognized the fiber of
Apoeynum as a valuable article. From them the early
European settlers learned its use. In the sixteenth century
Janus Verrazanus, a Venetian sailor, came upon natives along
the shores of South Carolina wearing clothing made of Span-
ish moss interwoven with cords of Apocynum. From an old
book entitled ‘‘A brief relation of the discovery and planta-
tion of New England . . . from 1607 to this present 1622’’
one is informed that the plant called ‘‘Indian hemp’’ by the
colonists and ‘‘enequen’’ by the Indians is quite a good sub-
stitute for real hemp. Jacques Cartier found natives of the
Bay of St. Lawrence region fishing with nets made from the
same stuff. Still another record of the plant is given by the
old Spanish historian, Alvarado, who related that the famous
explorer, De Soto, after losing his ships on the lower Missis-
sippi, built brigantines from native wood, caulking them with
‘‘the tow of an herb like hemp, called ‘enequen.’ ’’

The name ‘‘dogbane’’ is an instance of a misapplied pop-
ular name which has remained in use in spite of the error.

90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Like the common mayflower (Podophyllum peltatum), which
many people, botanists included, persist in ealling ‘‘man-
‘drake,’’ the Apocynum does not deserve to be called ‘‘dog-
bane,’’ a name which rightfully belongs to a plant (Cynan-.
chum erectum) found in Greece and around the Adriatie
and Mediterranean Seas generally. The real dogbane of
Europe received its name from the early Greeks, who used
a stew of the stems as a poison for dogs, wolves, rodents,
and other animal pests. Hence the name, which is written
in Greek as &nokuvef, meaning, ‘‘from the dog,’’ or ‘‘bane or
poison for dogs.’’ In some way or other, the North Ameri-
can plant became confused with the European in the minds of
the early botanists. While it is doubtful indeed whether it
was ever used to kill dogs, the early botanists were fully justi-
fied in regarding the American plant as a potential poison.
The poisonous principle of the Apoeynum is contained chiefly
in the milky juice, or latex, which is found in all parts of
the plant. This exudes copiously from a wound, thus re-
sembling the familiar milkweed (Asclepias), as well as the
commonly cultivated rubber plant (Ficus elastica).

But many poisons are also useful as drugs. This fact is
reflected in the word ‘‘pharmacy,’’ derived from the Greek
word Prevost, meaning both a drug and a poison. The root
of Apocynum cannabinum was widely used as a medicinal
herb by the Indians of the southern United States at the time
of the first explorations in that region by the white men.
Especially among the Choctaws and Cherokees was this prac-
tice established. The root was chewed and the juice swal-
lowed as an emetic and diuretic. From the Indians the
medicinal use of Apocynum spread to the woodsmen of Ken-
tucky and Tennessee, and so into the materia medica of the
nation. It is recognized as officinal in the Pharmacopoeia
of the United States, and is recommended in all of the larger
pharmaceutical books. In moderate doses an infusion of the
dried root of Apocynum cannabinum is considered an ex-
cellent diuretic, and is recommended for the treatment of
dropsy and malaria.

In time of war a nation is compelled to examine and take
stock of its natural resources, as at no other period. With
certain important sources of raw materials cut off, substitutes

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 18, 1930 ; PLATE 15

APOCYNUM MEDIUM VAR. LIVIDUM, INFESTING A FIELD
NEAR BAYFIELD, COLORADO.

Mo, Bor. GArv. BULL., VoL. 18, 1980 PLATE 16

APOCYNUM MEDIUM.

APOCYNUM ANDROSAEMIFOLIUM.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 91

must be diligently sought. The American people are pro-
verbially resourceful, and during the relatively brief period
of their participation in the war of 1914-18 they discovered
that they were much less dependent upon the outside world
for many commodities than had been suspected. With an
army of technical students and workers enlisted in supply-
ing important raw materials, amazing resources were dis-
covered, especially in the products obtained from the native
flora. Had the United States been forced to rely for a longer
period upon the home production of commodities there
might have developed a number of additional important na-
tional industries; but with the advent of peace many of the
new-found uses for native plants were forgotten or neg-
lected.

One of the most important commodities of civilized life is
rubber, and practically all of the plants from which it
is produced can be grown successfully only in the tropics
and subtropics. During hostilities importation of such im-
portant plant products is frequently impossible, and it is
then that a nation must turn to its neglected natural re-
sources. Immediately after the entrance of the United States
into the war in 1917, the state of California undertook a
survey of the rubber-producing plants of the Great Basin
and Pacifie Coast areas, the work being carried out under
the direction of the State Council of Defense and the Uni-
versity of California. This research examined some 225
latex-producing plants of the western United States, event-
ually centering about several species of Asclepias and Apocy-
num, or, as they are popularly known, the milkweeds and
dogbanes. This was not the first research undertaken to
determine the potentialities of native rubbers. As early as
1875 Asclepias was investigated, and in 1912 Fox! had found
Apocynum androsaemifolium, the so-called ‘‘spreading dog-
bane,’’ to have a rubber content of 2.27 per cent. The later
studies of the State Council of Defense of California, pub-
lished by Hall and Long? in 1921, proved that the genus
Apocynum was not only capable of a much higher percentage

1 Fox, C. P. Another Ohio-grown rubber. Ohio Nat. 12: 469. 1912.
2 Hall, H. M. & Long, F. L. Rubber-content of North American
Plants. Carnegie Inst. Publ. 313: 1-65. 1921.

92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

of rubber from the milky juice, or latex, but is really the most
promising of the North American rubber plants. These
authors found A. cannabinum to produce as high as 5.1 per
cent rubber, of a very superior quality.

One of the most significant factors concerned with the
study of the latex of Apocynum is that the rubber-content in-
creases to a large extent with drought and infertility of the
soil. Fox found that plants grown upon dry, sandy soil at
West Akron, Ohio, gave a latex containing 2.27 per cent
rubber, while those growing in the swamps of South Akron
contained only 1.12 per cent rubber. Similarly, Hall and
Long found the highest rubber percentage to be obtained
from certain plants growing in the prairies of central
Nebraska.

While summarizing the conclusions of their experiments,
Hall and Long declare: ‘‘The Indian hemp is considered
as one of the most promising plants for further, investiga-
tions. It is true that most of the analyses indicate only a
small percentage of rubber, but the high yield of No. 1039
[5.1 per cent], together with the ease of vegetative propa-
gation in poor, sandy soils, and the high quality of the
product greatly modifies our opinion of its possibilities.’’

It is interesting to note! that during the recent war the
Germans, being unable to import freely, also resorted to
the manufacture of rubber from certain common weeds,
one of which, Sonchus oleraceus, or common sow-thistle,
grows as an introduced weed in the United States. Appar-
ently the most important weed so used, however, was a sort
of wild lettuce, or Lactuca.

Quite aside from its possible use as a source of rubber of
very satisfactory quality, the dogbanes, as it has already
been related, provide very good fiber. As early as 1897 the
United States Department of Agriculture undertook an inves-
tigation of the fiber-producing plants of the world with the
intent of bettering the nation’s home production of fibers.
During the course of this research, the fiber of Apocynum

1 Pearson, H. C. Rubber-producing weeds in Germany. India
Rubber World 59: 201. 1919.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 93

cannabinum was spoken of very highly. Dodge!, who pub-
lished the results of the investigation, wrote of this fiber:

“Easily separated from the stalk, and when cleaned is quite
fine, long, and tenacious. In color it is light cinnamon as
usually seen, though finely prepared specimens are creamy
white and remarkably fine and soft; will rank with Asclepias
for strength, and is readily obtained, as the stems are long,
straight, smooth, and slender. Although paper has not been
made of it, it could doubtless be utilized for the purpose. It is
principally employed by the North American Indians, who
manufactured from it in rude fashion bags, mats, small orna-
mental baskets, belts, twine, and other cordage, fishing lines,
and nets. Among fine specimens received is a fish line, such as
is used by the Pai Utes at the Walker River Reservation in
Nevada.”

Later opinions expressed by experts who have examined
Apocynum fiber are that if it could be produced at a cost
that would permit it to compete with hemp or jute, it might
have a commercial value. Although Apocynum has not been
so used, a fair quality of paper has been produced experi-
mentally from Asclepias syriaca, our common milkweed. It
has been stated that machinery could be constructed both to
extract the latex from the plants of Apocynum and to grind
the tissue preparatory to the preparation of paper-pulp.?

As it has been demonstrated that the dogbane attains its
maximum usefulness upon land too arid for agriculture, its
economic possibilities are greatly accentuated. With vast
stretches of such arid and untillable land lying idle in our
western States, and because of the easy propagation of the
plant, the remuneration from such a project should be con-
siderable. At any rate, the wisdom of maintaining a per-
manent national bureau for the discovery and development
of native resources should be apparent.

THE GENUS APOCYNUM IN MISSOURI.

The dogbanes are scarcely among the most attractive of
our native flowers, and many who have read the preceding
account of their economic possibilities probably are unable to

1 Dodge, C. R. A descriptive catalogue of useful fiber plants of
the world. U.S. Dept. Agr. Fiber Investig. Rept. 9. 1897.
2Hall, E. M., & Long, F. L. l.c. 60. 1921.

94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

recall ever having seen the plants. However, they are rela-
tively common. True, the least attractive of the species are by
far the most frequent. It is a safe supposition that the more
attractive a plant may be the more attention it will attract, far
out of all proportion to its relative frequency as compared
with a less conspicuous although more abundant plant. This
is well demonstrated by our native grasses, which it may be
assumed are the most widespread and common of our plants,
and at the same time the least understood, both by amateur
naturalists and trained botanists.

The dogbane shares with the spiderwort, or Tradescantia,
the fate of the prophet who is not without honor save in his
own country. In Europe, Apocynum androsaemifolium,
known popularly as the ‘‘spreading dogbane,’’ has been cul-
tivated since early days, the exact date of its introduction
being unknown. As early as 1688, however, John Ray men-
tions a plant called ‘‘ Apoecynum flore lilii convallium purpura-
scente’’ as appearing in the famous physic garden at Chelsea,
so we may safely assume that its actual introduction was in
advance of that date. By the last quarter of the eighteenth
century it was evidently widely cultivated on the continent
and viewed as a curiosity because of its propensity for cap-
turing insects.

Although it is now fully understood that insects trapped
within the flowers of Apocynum are probably detained only
by the viscous floral secretions, or ‘‘nectar’’, some fantastic
explanations have been advanced to account for this phenome-
non. The old French biologist, Lamarck, father of one of the
early theories of evolution, was of the impression that me-
chanical pressure exerted by a set of five peg-like nectaries
situated within the flower is responsible for catching the pro-
boscis of the insect. A somewhat more current view was that
the stamens actually grasp the insects just as do the leaves
of the ‘‘Venus’s fly-trap,’’ Dionaea. Erasmus Darwin,! the
grandfather of the author of ‘‘The Voyage of the Beagle’’
and ‘‘The Origin of Species,’’ appears to have been the first
to sponsor this view, and wrote as follows:

“In the Apocynum Androsaemifolium, one kind of Dogsbane,

1 Darwin, E. The botanic garden. Part 2: The loves of the plants.
126. 1791.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 95

the anthers converge over the nectaries, which consist of five
glandular oval corpuscles surrounding the germ; and at the
same time admit air to the nectaries at the interstice between
each anther. But when a fly inserts its proboscis between these
anthers to plunder the honey, they converge closer, and with
such violence as to detain the fly which thus generally
perishes.”

Although it would be wearisome to retell the accounts of
many other authors regarding the insect-catching habit of
Apocynum, the description of the plant by the anonymous
author of ‘‘The Journal of a Naturalist’’! should be included

as perhaps the most fabulous of all:

“But we have one plant in our garden, a native of North
America, than which none can be more cruelly destructive of
animal life, the dogsbane (apocynum androsaemifolium) which
is generally conducive to the death of every fiy that settles upon
it. Allured by the honey on the nectary of the expanded blos-
som, the instant the trunk is protruded to feed on it, the fila-
ments close, and catching the fly by the extremity of its
proboscis, detain the poor prisoner writhing in protracted
struggles until released by death, a death apparently occasioned
by exhaustion alone; the filaments then relax, and the body
falls to the ground. The plant will at times be dusky from the
numbers of imprisoned wretches. This elastic action of the
filaments may be conducive to the fertilization of the seed by
seattering the pollen from the anthers, as in the case of the
berberry; but we are not sensible, that the destruction of the
creatures which excite the action is in any way essential to
the wants or perfection of the plant, and our ignorance favours
the idea of wanton cruelty in the herb; but how little of the
causes and motives of action of created things do we know!”

This highly fictitious narrative is illustrated by a sketch
showing the flower of Apocynum androsaemifolium before:
with outspread stamens awaiting the visit of the victim; and
after: with the anthers pressed tightly about a fly. In justice
to the plant, and deference to the eager public which might
throng to the nearest patch of dogbane to watch the strange
phenomena described above, it must be said that the dog-
bane is not as cruel an herb as the account might lead one
to believe. The number of insects caught is relatively few;
there is not a spectacular elastic movement of the stamens;
and the prisoner may stay until it dries up for all the move-

1 Anon. The journal of a naturalist. 80-81. 1829.

4"

96 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ment which the plant makes to let ‘‘the body’’ fall to the
sround. The last statement of Erasmus Darwin, however,
or rather the moral to be drawn from it, alone remains
significant.

In order to illustrate the vivid tales of how the dogbane
catches flies, and also to show the reproductive organs of the
plant, a drawing of the floral organs of Apocynum andro-
saemifolium is herewith reproduced. The exterior of the
flower of A. androsaemifolium is typical, in its general struc-
ture, of the genus Apocynum (diagram 2, fig. 1). The appear-
ance as a whole is not unlike that of a large five-lobed bowl
set within a shallow, five-pointed saucer. The bowl is the
corolla of the flower, which represents the fusion of five sep-
arate petals, as we frequently see in such flowers as'the wild
rose, geranium, and the violet. The saucer is the calyx, which
also represents the fusion of five sepals. The corolla is tube- or
bell-shaped, and varies in color from greenish-white to a clear,
pearly white striped with pink. The length varies from about
one-eighth to one-quarter inch, which accounts for the fact
that this plant has not been cultivated for decorative pur-
poses. The green calyx varies from a length equalling that
of the corolla in the small-flowered species, to about one-third
the length of the corolla of the large-flowered forms.

Diagram 1 of text-fig. 1 illustrates the condition of the
organs within the flower. <A portion of the calyx and corolla
has been removed to show the center of the flower. In the
very center is the pistil, which consists of a barrel-shaped
style (b) resting upon the tops of the two ovaries (e). Within
the ovaries are many small, round ovules, which eventually
form the seeds. Pressed tightly about the style are five
stamens which alternate in position with the five lobes of the
corolla. The stamens consist of an arrow-shaped anther (c),
which bears the pollen, and a stalk, or filament, which sup-
ports the anther, and attaches it to the base of the corolla.
Alternating, in turn, with the filaments of the stamens are
five plug-like nectaries (f), which secrete the nectar. Such a
great quantity of nectar is secreted by these little organs
and so fond of it are the honey-bees in particular, that whole
fields are allowed to become filled with certain species of
Apocynum in order that the bees may obtain the nectar.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 97

—»ODO.0 O° »

Fig. 1. Apocynum androsaemifolium: diagram 1, showing the condi-
tion of the organs within the flower—a, corolla-lobe, b, style, c, anther,
d, calyx, e, ovary, f, nectary, g, scale; diagram 2, exterior of flower:
diagram 3—st, stem upon which leaves and flowers are borne, r, true
roots which absorb moisture from the soil, rs, the root-stalk which pro-
duces the buds, or root-shoots (b).

98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

In addition to the organs described above, five peculiar-
shaped appendages, or scales (g), are attached to the inside
of the corolla, and are placed alternate with the stamens and
opposite the lobes of the corolla (a). With all the parts of the
flower arranged in fives and fitting closely within one another
like a tiny Chinese puzzle, all covered with sticky nectar, is
it strange that the smaller of the visiting insects frequently
wedge their proboscides far down into the center, only to find
when it is too late that they have been trapped alive?

Passing reference to the stem of Apocynum has been
made in the preceding account of the economic possibilities
of the genus. The stem is always more or less erect, branch-
ing from time to time, and is strictly perennial. The mode
of branching, however, is frequently characteristic of certain
species. In A. cannabinum and A. hypericifolium and their
varieties, two branches nearly always arise at nearly the same
place upon the stem, while in A. androsaemifolium and A.
medium the branches usually occur one at a time. Such
branches are usually called ‘‘opposite’’ and ‘‘alternate,’’
respectively.

The leaves of Apocynum vary greatly in size and outline,
but an important peculiarity is the position which they as-
sume upon the stem. The leaves of A. androsaemifolium
always droop, as will be seen in pl. 16, fig. 2. On the other
hand, the leaves of A. cannabinum and A. hypericifolium
ascend, as is shown in pl. 14. The leaves of A. medium neither
droop nor ascend, but are held nearly straight out from the
stem, as is shown in pl. 16, fig. 1.

The flowers are very numerous, and are arranged in dense
inflorescences placed nearly always at the ends of the stems
or branches. The flowers of A. androsaemifolium usually nod
somewhat, while those of the other species are nearly always
erect.

The fruit consists of two long, narrow seed-pods, joined at
the base and diverging widely, which hang from the branches
like a pair of compasses or dividers. The seeds each have a
conspicuous tuft of silky hairs at one end, like that of the
common milkweed.

In order that the species of Apoeynum which grow in Mis-
souri may be better understood, a key for the determination

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 99

of the various species and varieties has been prepared. Fol-
lowing the key each of the plants is briefly described, the com-
mon names listed, and the localities where found, according
to specimens deposited in the herbarium at the Garden, ar-
ranged according to counties.

KEY TO THE DOGBANES OF MISSOURI.

a. Leaves drooping or spreading;
corolla at least twice the length
of the calyx-lobes, white or pink-
ish.
b. Leaves drooping; corolla at
least three times the length of
the calyx-lobes, pinkish........ 1. Apocynum androsaemifo-
; lium var. incanum
bb. Leaves spreading; corolla
about twice the length of the
calyx-lobes, white.

c. Leaves downy or woolly....2. Apocynum medium
ec. Leaves smooth and _ rather
WER V etter sick stan o hols sree sn ned 2a. Apocynum medium var.
leuconeuron

aa, Leaves ascending, not drooping
or spreading; corolla scarcely
longer than the _ calyx-lobes,
greenish-white.
b. Leaves with definite stalks or
petioles.
ce. Plant downy or woolly, at
least the lower surface of the
leaves.
d. Only the lower surface of
the leaves downy; plant
otherwise smooth and waxy.3. Apocynum cannabinum
dd. Entire plant downy or
WOOLY ec valence te ee ois 3a, Apocynum cannabinum
var. pubescens
ce. Entire plant smooth and
WER Y. wileiece) Aavsye capeheis eieusteya.eiaie 3b. Apocynum cannabinum
var. glaberrimum
bb. Leaves without stalks or peti-
oles, or the latter very short,
frequently clasping the stem.
c. Leaves oblong, tapered at the

CLD c.ctrokG me ton ncmenten oes 4, Apocynum hypericifolium
ec. Leaves nearly round, not
tapered at the tip........... 4a. Apocynum hypericifolium

var. cordigerum

100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

1. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. var. incanum A. DC.
Preferred popular name: spreading dogbane.

Other popular names: dogbane, dogsbane, black Indian
hemp, honey-bloom, bitter dogsbane, milkweed, bitter-root,
eatchfly, flytrap, ipecac, Indian ipecae, wandering milkweed.

This is the prettiest of our native dogbanes. It forms mats
of rather low, spreading plants from six to eighteen inches
tall. The leaves are usually dark green, and softly downy
or woolly on the lower surface. The spreading dogbane native
to Missouri is the same variety which is common in the eastern
United States. The true A. androsaemifolium is an entirely
smooth or waxy plant which is generally found only west
of the Rocky Mountains. Plate 16, fig. 2, is a photograph
of this species growing at Estes Park, Colorado,

Specimens collected in Missouri: BARRY CO.: Eagle
Rock, uncommon, near spring, June 26, 1897, B. F. Bush.
CLARK CO.: Dumas, rocky banks, July 6, 1909, B. F. Bush.
HOWELL CO.: exact locality lacking, Aug. 12, 1892, B. F.
Bush. JASPER CO.: Joplin, rocky ground, June 7, 1909,
E. J. Palmer; rare and local, a clump at Castle Rock, Turkey
Creek, near Joplin, June 7, 1909, H. J. Palmer; open rocky
woods, north slope of Turkey Creek, near Joplin, June 22,
1928, E. J. Palmer. PHELPS CO.: Jerome, June 16, 1914,
J. H. Kellogg. ST. LOUIS CO.: rocky hills, May 15, 1896,
H. Eggert. WRIGHT CoO.: thickets along rocky creek near
Mansfield, June 25, 1928, EL. J. Palmer.

2. Apocynum medium Greene
Preferred popular name: intermediate dogbane.
Other popular name: Miller’s dogbane.

This plant is somewhat similar to the preceding, but is
taller and more erect in habit, frequently attaining a height
of two or three feet. The corolla is usually a clear white,
but may occasionally be found slightly rose-tinted. It aver-
ages about one-sixth inch long. The whole plant is frequently
downy or woolly, and the under-surface of the leaves and the
calyx always so.

Specimens collected in Missouri: JASPER CO.: Joplin,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101

rocky wooded hillsides, FE. J. Palmer. MACON CO.: Ethel,
June 12, 1915, B. F. Bush, SHANNON CO.: Montier, com-
mon, June 30, 1894, B. F. Bush. VERNON CO.: exact local-
ity and date lacking, G. C. Broadhead. WRIGHT CO.: Mans-
field, alt. 1450 ft., June 12, 1911, O. H. Lansing.

2a. Apocynum medium Greene var. leuconeuron (Greene)
Woodson

Preferred popular name: white-veined dogbane.

This variety is almost exactly like the preceding species,
except for the fact that the leaves are absolutely smooth and
waxy. A good photograph of this variety growing in Mount
Olivet Cemetery, Hannibal, Missouri, is reproduced in pl.
16, fig. 1.

Specimens collected in Missouri: JACKSON CO.: clayey
hills, only found near Little Blue as yet, June 24, 1884, B. F.
Bush; loose sand-hills, July 3, 1898, K. K. Mackenzie; Cock-
erell, July 3, 1898, common in barrens, B. F. Bush. MARION
CO.: Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Hannibal, waste fields, July 21,
1914, J. Davis; northeast corner of Mt. Olivet Cemetery, July
23, 1927, R. HE. Woodson, Jr. & H. L. Fuller. PHELPS CoO.:
Jerome, May 24, 1914, J. H. Kellogg. PIKE CO.: Clarks-
ville Depot, June 16, 1914, J. Davis; railroad bank, opposite
depot, July 23, 1927, R. E. Woodson, Jr. & H. L. Fuller.

3. Apocynum cannabinum IL.
Preferred popular name: Indian hemp.
Other popular names: army root, choctaw root.

This is the largest species of the genus Apocynum. It is
usually tall and bushy for an herbaceous perennial, and fre-
quently attains a height of four to six feet. The flowers are
produced in great quantities, but the individual blossoms are
relatively inconspicuous. The corolla is greenish-white, and
is usually about one-eighth inch long. The plant is generally
smooth except for the under-surfaces of the leaves, which are
somewhat downy or woolly. This is our commonest species,
and occurs over the entire United States. It is frequent in
neglected farms, and along roadsides and railroad right-of-
ways. A photograph showing a typical colony of A. canna-

102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

binum growing near Carondelet, Missouri, is presented in
pl. 14.

Specimens collected in Missouri: IRON CO.: near sum-
mit of Pilot Knob, May 21, 1927, R. E. Woodson, Jr. ST.
LOUIS CO.: Allenton, June 30, 1912, G. Letterman; bar-
rens, Wild Horse Creek Valley, June 16, 1918, Hoffmann.
STONE CO.: rocky ledges, high hills, May 28, 1914, E. J.
Palmer. PHELPS CO.: Jerome, June 6, 1914, J. H. Kellogg.

3a. Apocynum cannabinum L. var. pubescens (Mitchell)
C.

Preferred popular name: velvet dogbane.

This variety is quite similar to the preceding species, but
is downy or woolly throughout, usually less tall and bushy,
and the leaves are frequently much broader. Also a familiar
roadside plant.

Specimens collected in Missouri: IRON CO.: Shut-In,
Areadia, May 8, 1925, R. EF. Woodson, Jr. JACKSON CO.:
Courtney, dry ground, Aug. 2, 1906, B. F. Bush; Swope Park,
Kansas City, barrens, July 21, 1915, B. F. Bush; Dodson,
June 6, 1913, rocky barrens, B. fF. Bush. JASPER CO.: Webb
City, prairies, June 23, 1911, H#. J. Palmer; upland prairies,
near Asbury, June 23, 1928, E. J. Palmer; Forest Mill, June
23, 1909, FE. J. Palmer. LINCOLN CO.: Moscow Mills, June
23, 1927, R. E. Woodson, Jr. MARION CO.: dry open slope
beside Ely Street, Hannibal, Aug. 21, 1914, J. Davis. RALLS
CO.: south of Oakwood, July 16, 1915, J. Davis: ST. LOUIS
CO.: Allenton, July 30, 1901, G. Letterman; near Cliff Cave,
July 29, 1886, H. Eggert; near Webster Groves, railroad em-
bankment, July 25, 1927, R. H. Woodson, Jr.; Jefferson Bar-
racks, June 17, 1890, A. S. Hitchcock. WRIGHT CO.: Mans-
field, frequent, open woods, ete., alt. 1480 ft., June 5-12, 1911,
O. E. Lansing.

3b. Apocynum cannabinum IL. var. glaberrimum A. DC.
Preferred popular name: Canadian hemp.

This plant is also similar to A. cannabinum L., but is abso-
lutely smooth or waxy. It is a common roadside and field
weed.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 103

Specimens collected in Missouri: CASS CO.: bottoms,
June 14, 1865, G. C. Broadhead. CLAY CO.: eommon in
open grounds, Randolph, July 17, 1898, K. K. Mackenzie.
JEFFERSON CO.: roadside south of Festus, May 31, 1926,
Rk. E. Woodson, Jr. JACKSON CO.: Sheffield, common in
fields, July 10, 1899, B. F. Bush. JASPER CO.: Webb City,
rocky woods, Aug. 6, 1920, B. F. Bush; Carterville, July 13,
1920, EF. J. Palmer; Reeds, June 28, 1913, E. J. Palmer;
Sarcoxie, rocky woods, Sept. 18, 1910, E. J. Palmer. MAD-
ISON CO.: Mine LaMotte, June 22, 1897, J. T. Monell.
RALLS CO.: uncultivated field near New London, Aug. 24,
1927, Rk. E. Woodson, Jr. ST. CHARLES CoO.: near. Gil-
more, July 18, 1927, Rk. HE. Woodson, Jr. ST. LOUIS CO.:
in open woods, rather damp places, June, 1833, G. Engel-
mann; Allenton, June 8, 1896, J. H. Kellogg; Frisco R. R.
embankment, near Webster Groves, July 22, 1927, R. E.
Woodson, Jr.; Cliff Cave, May 9, 1879, H. Eggert. WRIGHT
CO.: Cedar Gap, hillsides, alt. 1675 ft., May 22-June 2, 1911,
O. E. Lansing.

4. Apocynum hypericifolium Ait.

Preferred popular name: clasping-leaved dogbane.

This species is distinguished from A. cannabinum and its
varieties chiefly by the conspicuously clasping leaves, which
usually lack a petiole, or leaf-stalk. Beside the character of
the foliage, botanists also are able to recognize additional
differences. This species is chiefly found in the northeastern
United States and southeastern Canada, where A. cannabinum
is relatively rare. It thrives upon stream-banks and sandy
places.

Specimens collected in Missouri: JACKSON CO.: open dry
bank, Dodson, June 9, 1917, Hoffman. ST. LOUIS CO.: banks
of the Mississippi, below St. Louis, August, 1863, G. Engel-
mann.

4a. Apocynum hypericifolium Ait. var. cordigerum
(Greene) Bég, & Bel.
Preferred popular name: prairie dogbane.
This variety differs from A. hypericifolium in its conspic-
uously broad, round, and heart-shaped leaves, which have

104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

given rise to its scientific name. It is found chiefly in the
northern prairie states of the Dakotas, Nebraska, Minnesota,
and Iowa. Missouri evidently is its most southern extension.

Specimens collected in Missouri: JACKSON CO.: Ethel,
June 12, 1915, B. F. Bush. MACON CO.: four miles east of
Blue Springs, in an uncultivated field, July 3, 1926, A. A.

Heller. R. E. W., JR.

NOTES

In the exhibition of the work of the School of Occupational
Therapy held in the school building, May 1, were examples
of the work done in the course in gardening at the Garden.
Flats of different kinds of cuttings and of seedlings, potted
plants grown from seeds, miniature rock gardens, and
arrangements of blooming plants were displayed. Photo-
graphs of the best miniature rock gardens and of the indoor
gardens planted in the experimental greenhouse at the
Garden, together with outlines of the lectures held during
the summer semester, completed the exhibit.

Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke
before the South Side Optimists’ Club at its luncheon at
Bevo Mill, May 15, on ‘‘Some Experiences in the Jungles
of Panama’’; and in the evening he addressed the Men’s Club
of the Union Avenue Christian Church on ‘‘The Orchids in
the Missouri Botanical Garden Tropical Station, Balboa,
Canal Zone.”’

The annual flower sermon, provided for in the will of
Henry Shaw, was preached at Christ Church Cathedral, on
May 11, by the Rev. Robert Norwood, D. D., Rector of St.
Bartholomew’s Church, New York City.

Professor H. W. Rickett, accompanied by the instructors
and students in the Department of Botany of the University
of Missouri, spent the day at the Garden, May 17, visiting the
library, herbarium, and greenhouses.

The February-April number of the Annals of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, containing ‘‘Studies in the Apocynaceae.
I’’, by Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., has recently been issued.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before
the Webster Groves High School, May 9, on ‘‘Movement in
Plants.’’ The lecture was illustrated with moving pictures.

eee Ee nt ae. ne a a i?
uM ‘ ’ aie x

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL, 1930

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

TOTEM DET O LecViASIUOLS 15.2. 16/.,¢70\ e's os sus cele coe ee elena eter atetene ee 29,483
LiprRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 170

Total number of books and pamphlets donated..... Pa ok

PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of packets of seed donated................ 260

PLANT DISTRIBUTION:
Total number of plants distributed as gifts............. aly

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:

By Purchase—

Venturi, Dr. S.—Plants of Argentina...............-20eee 340
By Gift—

Bovard, Mrs. O. Kirby—Senecio salignus DC. from Arizona 1
Connell, Mrs. W. H.—Carezx varia Muhl. and C. varia var.

colorata Bailey from Arkansas.............cceeceeeees 2

By Exchange—

Cabrera, Dr. Angel L.—Plants of Argentina.............. 14
Field Museum of Natural History, by Dr. E. E. Sherff—

Rlamts rm Of PEA Wallies ts. 0.5.5 c.ai0 «crore ous oie natalie Gi oie aie ome ates 2
New York Botanical Garden, by Percy Wilson—

Malvaviscus grandiflorus HBK, from horticulture...... 1
New York Botanical Garden, by Percy Wilson—

Conium maculatum L. from Colombia..............e08% a
New York Botanical Garden, by Dr. H. H. Rusby—

Plants of Bolivia collected by G. H. H. Tate............ 11
United States National Museum, by E. P. Killip—

Plante-oruPernt and Brazil. 2... iis se tee See 103
University of California—Miscellaneous herbarium

GUILT CATOS .. satiate rah aaew elvis wwe aig qucheieeel Pare tal hc ie reee aerate 655
University of Montana, by Miss Esther Larsen—

Plantswory Montana. ...c. 02. ccc cade ee ee ae eee 2

By Transfer—

Greenhouse of Missouri Botanical Garden—Cultivated
specimens Of OTCHIdS. 4.0... 1s eraaie ctetlicie rau ae meric 4

FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1930

In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com-
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol-
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of-
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting
the Garden.

JANUARY FEBRUARY
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids.
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias.
MARCH APRIL
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
March 1-17—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus.
March 20-283—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors)
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early-
March 29—Azalea Show. flowering Shrubs.
MAY

(Floral Display House)
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines,
and other spring annuals.
(Outdoors)
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies.
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials.

JUNE

(Outdoors)
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden.

JULY
(Outdoors)
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden.

AUGUST
(Outdoors)
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic
Garden. Medicinal Garden.

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House)
Tropical Water-lilles. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties).
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)

Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias.

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr.
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw,
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was,
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro-
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. ‘The Garden
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely
from funds left by the founder.

The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani-
cal garden.

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave-
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer.

, ..! Grorce T. Moors,
mcg Director
‘KATHERINE H, LeicH,. .
many Assistant to the Director
HERMANN yon ScHRENK, AnToN Hogstap, Jr.,

Pathologist ; Pharmacognosist

‘Jesse M, Gaicenibal, Mae Rotanp V. LaGarpg,

a Curator of ‘Herbarium Research Assistant

‘EpcarR ANDERSON, Mitprep E, MATHIAs,

“ Geneticist Research Assistant

Ernest §, RexNorps, ° j Rogert E. Woopson, JR.,
Physiologist Research Assistant. - SS yal

; Davin H. Linper, . NELL C. Horner,

Mycologist ‘Librarian and Editor of Publications

GEORGE H. Priva,

% : " Superintendent
JOHN NOYES,” ~ Pau. A. KOHL,
Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist
ELiInor ALBERTS LinpsEkr,
Orchidologist
W. F. Lancan,
Chief Engineer ) 7
A. P; BEILMANN, J. H. Ketxoge, .
- Trees and Shrubs _ ) Herbaceous and rape cuehas
_J. CurTax, J. LANGAN,
3 Exotics, ° % ~ Assistant Engineer
f A. D. FORRESTER, / ; A, PEARSON,
Plant Recorder Painter

ay t ee ap & H. VALLENTINE, |
Carpenter

GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION

‘LL. P. Jensen, D. MILLER,
Arboriculturist . ~ ; Orchids — ;
|G. GoEDEKE, = R. E. Kissxox,

Parm eS. Engineer

TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA; CANAL ZONE
$ A. A. HUNTER,

iN igs ae Manager

REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE
GURNEY WILSON, F. L. S.

OA gene F Ora
>) 4 a

Mussouri BOTANICAL
GARDEN [BULLETIN

-_

Vol. XVIII JUNE, 1930 No. 6

=

CONTENTS

Page
Rock Gardens for St. Louis and Vicinity .. . 9. . 107
Gray Summit Extension, the Home of a Wealth of Wild

Flowers’. "7 ue HO% ioe 413
co Ca” RAB Oe aoe A aR Paaly WH ig AD dd ig Mh aos! A Rp MM ot
Statistical Information . . . ; ae A ERAS

Floral Displays of Special Interest in 1930

|

ST. LOUIS, MO.
1930

Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

:
e
és
»

ee ees

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL
AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING

(President.
GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK

Vice-President
SAMUEL Cc, DAVIS.

Second Vice-President
DANIEL K. CATLIN,

.L. Ray CARTER. ALBrertT T, PERKINS.

Tuomas S. MAFFITT. Pup C. SCANLAN,
Grorct T. Moore, Ernan A. H. SHEPLEY. .

, Frep G. Zerera,

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

Grorce R. THROOP, Vicror J. MILLER,
Chancellor of Washington University Mayor of the City of St. Louis
Freperick F. JoHNsoN, ALFRED F. SaTTeRTHWAIT,
Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri . Ppapipent ot! The Academy of Science
oO

ArTrHur A. BLUMEYER,
President of the res of Waucation of St. Louis

DANIEL Breck, Secretary

Mo. Bor. Garp. Bunn., Vou. 18, 1930. PLATE 17

GARDEN OF A, D. GOLDMAN, CLAYTON ROAD

Se eee

he en ak ak Pee n> i ine Saline

Missouri Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XVIII JUNE, 1930 No. 6

ROCK GARDENS FOR ST. LOUIS AND VICINITY

Of all the types of gardens in which one may specialize,
the true rock garden has usually been considered so poorly
adapted to St. Louis conditions that it was useless to attempt
even a smnall one, While it is a fact that many of the alpine
plants which constitute such an important part of the rock
vardens of Europe and of the eastern United States cannot
be grown successfully here, there are fortunately many other
plants which can be used. Naturally, a form of gardening
which has been called ‘‘the most intriguing of all’’ should
not be neglected because it is difficult; and at least a few
earden lovers in and about St. Louis have demonstrated what
can be done with this type of planting.

That there is a growing interest in rock gardens throughout
the United States is manifest. Books and magazine articles
diseuss at leneth the subject from every standpoint, and there
is now available a wealth of literature from which one may
learn the essential facts necessary at least to plant such a
garden. But a word of caution may not be out of place. If
the plants used so successfully in cooler climates are dupli-
‘cated in rock gardens in this vicinity, the results are almost
certain to be disappointing. Ileaping up stones may produce
a rock pile or even a “‘rockery’’, but unless the plants used
will establish themselves and survive during the season, by
no stretch of the imagination can it be called a garden.

Without attempting to describe the various types of rock

(107)

108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

vardens, such as ‘‘natural,’’ ‘‘artificial,’’ ‘‘wall,’’ and to dis-
tinguish between them and a so-called ‘‘wild garden,’’ it has
seemed advisable to give actual results obtained in this part
of the country. Consequently there have been selected some
of the suecessful gardens around St. Louis which most nearly
approach the rock-garden class. Different types have been
chosen illustrating the possibilities of various settings and
localities, and it is believed these practical examples will be
more beneficial to one contemplating a rock garden than any
veneral discussion on the subject. There is also appended a
list of a few of the more recent books on rock gardens which
may be consulted at the Garden library.

BOOKS ON ROCK GARDENS

Correvon, H. Rock gardens and alpine plants. New York. 1930.

Cotter, J. L. A simple guide to rock gardening. London. 1930.

Farrer, R. The English rock garden. London. 1919.

Hamblin, S. F. American rock gardens. New York. 1929.

Jenkins, E. H. The rock garden. New York. 1920.

Meredith, L. B. Rock gardens; how to make and maintain them.
New York. 1914.

Rockwell, F. F. Rock gardens. New York. 1928.

Thomas, H. H. Rock gardening for amateurs. London. 1914.

Wilder, L. B. Pleasures and problems of a rock garden. Garden
City. 1928.

A. D. Goldman, Clayton Road (pl. 17).—Passing through
an interesting walled formal garden, which must have been
beautiful in tulip time, one steps on to an open lawn shaded
by large oaks. At a distance is seen a mass plantation of
pines, spruces, arborvitae, cedars, and deciduous trees and
shrubs, behind which a delightfully arranged rock garden is
hidden. This garden is 100 x 150 feet and slopes toward the
west. Small hills and rock glades with interwinding walks
compose the entire area except the western portion, where a
small waterfall with a rustie bridge is featured. In the early
spring color effect is produced by bulb plants, such as snow-
drops, museari, crocus, scillas, tulips, Jris pumila, followed by
aubrietias, phlox, arabis, primroses, anchusas, Polemonium
reptans, Lychnis alpina, and Saxifraga orbicularis.

On May 15 the following plants were noted in flower:

Mo. Bot. Garp. BuLu., Vou. 18, 1930. PLATE %

GARDEN OF F. C. THOMPSON, BIG BEND ROAD,
WEBSTER GROVES

Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLu., VOL. 18, 1950. PLATE 19

SAXIFRAGA SARMENTOSA IN FLOWER

GARDEN OF F.C. THOMPSON, BIG BEND ROAD
WEBSTER GROVES

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109

ranunculus, iris, dianthus in variety, Helianthemum Chamae-
cistus var. mutabile (sun rose), linum, Gewm ‘‘Mrs. Brad-
shaw,’’ Lychnis Viscaria var. splendens, Salvia azurea, sedums
in variety, Geranium sanguineum, Veronica repens, Ceras-
tiwm tomentosum, Leontopodium (edelweiss), Armeria vul-
yaris var. splendens, Festuca glauca, Filipendula hexapetala
(Spiraea Filipendula), Ajuga reptans, Verbena canadensis,
cypripedium (lady’s slipper in bud). A small clump of
Daphne Cneorum planted three years ago evidently will suc-
cumb, due to the effect of the past winter.

PF. C. Thompson, Big Bend Road, Webster Groves (pls.
18-19).—For the last twenty years Mr. Thompson has devoted
his efforts to bringing together the largest possible collection
of shade-loving rock plants, the greater number being either
local or North American species. The rock garden is situated
in the southwestern part of his estate. Its contour is a gradual
slope of twenty feet from north to southwest, and a northern
exposure is created by massive trees which shelter it on the
south. The garden is an irregular glade formation, with inter-
winding walks of stepping-stones and ledges. Through the
middle eleven pools are connected by a series of cascades
which finally terminate in an irregular pond, 150 feet long,
planted with domestic water-lilies. An electric water pump
forces the water up hill from the lake to the upper cascade,
whence it again falls down the series of cascades into the lake.

The first impression of the garden is that of a beautiful
fern glen. Some of the earliest-blooming flowers are the
native blue-bell (Mertensia virginica) and Phlox divaricata,
planted or naturalized between the native ferns, blood-root,
violets in variety, spring-beauty (Claytonia virginica), tril-
liums, dicentras, ete. Mr. Thompson called attention to a
rock ledge shaded by tall trees, entirely covered with the
tender greenhouse Saxifraga sarmentosa and mats of glossy
green leaves of Pachysandra terminalis, both planted fifteen
years ago. A few steps toward the east, in a similar loea-
tion and position, some interesting ericaceous plants were
pointed out with pride: Gaultheria procumbens (partridge
berry), which has been established for over five years and
which flowered for the first time last year; Epigaea repens
(trailing arbutus), planted summer before last and repre-

110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

sented by several small new shoots. In a more exposed posi-
tion hidden in a rock pocket Erica cinerea has survived the
winter without any apparent injury. <A group of these plants
in the garden at Gray Summit likewise passed through the
winter successfully. Last fall Mr. Thompson purchased eighty
specimen plants of Rhododendron and Azalea, including
R. maximum, R. catawbiense, R. carolinianum, Azalea calen-
dulacea (R. calendulaceum), A. canescens (R. canescens), A.
nudiflora (R. nudiflorum), A. arborescens (Rt. arborescens),
and Kalmia latifolia, most of which were in bloom May 15.
Determined to grow rhododendrons with the same degree of
suceess as the partridge berry four feet of ground was
replaced with wood soil mixed with twenty sacks of Belgian
leaf soil, and a four-inch layer of the latter used as a muleh.
Native lilies are well established, attested by a large group
of Lilium philadelphicum, with stems three feet high and a
half-inch thick a foot from the ground. They have flowered
well for the past three years and increased in number.

Plants in flower on May 15 included: domestic water-lilies
in variety, iris in variety, rhododendrons, azaleas, Myosotis
scorpioides, Tradescantia virginica, Saxifraga sarmentosa,
Bellis perennis, Bellis alpina, Helianthemum Chamaecistus
var. mutabile, Armeria vulgaris var. Laucheana, sedums in
variety, columbines, Campanula carpatica, C. rotundifolia,
primulas, Cypripedium acaule, ranunculus, cheiranthus, dian-
thus in variety, Veronica incana, Geranium sanguineum,
Nepeta Cataria, Ajuga reptans, Arabis alpina, and Sarracenia
purpurea which is treated as an annual notwithstanding our
local conditions.

Morton May, Brentmoor Park, Clayton (pl. 20).—This com-
bined rock and water garden was begun in 1927 and was
extended somewhat in area last spring. The ground slopes
toward the northeast and is fully exposed to the sun. The
central feature of the design is a series of water-lily pools,
two above and one below. From the uppermost pool the water
flows under the rock garden into a lower pool to the east, con-
tinuing down over a series of cascades under a small stone
bridge and out into the lowest pool. A continuous circuit of
water is maintained by pumping from the lowest into the
uppermost pool. The plants in the pools furnish interest

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., Vor. 18, 1930. PLATE 20

GARDEN OF MORTON MAY, BRENTMOOR PARK, CLAYTON

Mo, Bor. Garp. Buun., Vou, 18, 19380, PLATE 21

a
.
AA

et
my ‘

ah Ny

GARDEN OF MARK C. STEINBERG, WARSON ROAD, CLAYTON

Vee ness TERS Re eee Foe

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 111

when the rock plants are past flowering, the two large pools
being planted with tropical water-lilies, and the middle pool
with smaller water plants, such as water poppy, water hya-
cinth, and water lettuce.

Between the pools and surrounding them are ledges, glades,
and stepping-stones for rock-garden planting. The entire
garden is screened with a border plantation of native cedars,
pines, willows, wild plum, hawthorn, and shrubs. The rock
varden is most effective during May, while from the middle
of June until frost the water plants are the main attraction.
Plants in fiower May 27 included: Geranium sanguineum,
Myosotis scorpioides, columbines, pansies, Veronca repens,
Linaria Cymbalaria (Kenilworth ivy), Dicentra eximia,
Geum ‘‘Mrs. Bradshaw,’’ Helianthemum Chamaecistus var.
mutabile, Armeria vulgaris var. splendens, dianthus in variety,
Filipendula hexapetala (Spiraea Filipendula), and delphi-
niums, Other plants not in bloom were primulas, phlox in
variety, blood-root, trilliums, thalictrums, stocks, violets,
Campanula carpatica, sedums in variety, Festuca ovina var.
glauca, Cerastium tomentosum, and three clumps of Daphne
Cneorum which have passed through the winter in fine con-
dition.

Mark C. Steinberg, Warson Road, Clayton (pl. 21).—
One of the largest rock gardens in St. Louis County is under
construction on the Steinberg estate. It parallels the Warson
Road for 1000 feet and is 100 feet in width, with at least a
hundred-foot slope toward the north, oceupying an ideal loca-
tion for a rock garden. It was started during the latter part
of 1928, and the greater part of the rock work is now com-
pleted. Upwards of 500 tons of rock, including massive bould-
ers in proportion to the size of the garden, have been hauled in
from the Ozark region. At the highest point, or south end, a
pool thirty feet in diameter is planted with tropical water-
lilies; this flows through the valley into a series of smaller
pools and cascades crossed by natural bridges. The large
boulders permit the free use of dwarf and procumbent ever-
greens on the glades, and native cedars, dogwoods, red woods,
and hawthorns form the boundary plantation between the gar-
den and the Warson Road. Both slopes are built to represent a
natural series of irregular glades and ledges. Most of the

112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

planting so far consists of large perennials, such as iris, pe-
onies, foxgloves, veronicas, lupines, tritomas, and gaillardias.
Plants noted in flower on May 15 included: sedums in variety,
dianthus in variety, iris, Delphinium grandiflorum var. chi-
nense, veronicas, Lychnis Viscaria var. splendens, aubrietias,
Geum ‘‘Mrs. Bradshaw,’’ Linum flavum, L. perenne, Silene
acaulis, columbines, Armeria maritima, gaillardias, foxgloves,
Lupinus polyphyllus, dicentras, pyrethrums, and tritomas.
When fully planted this rockery will contain thousands of
plants and will be a mass of color.

E. M. Funsten, Hampton Park, Clayton (pl. 22).—This
rock garden is entirely screened from the roadway by the
residence to the north of it. The slope of the ground is from
south to northeast, presenting an eastern exposure. A small
waterfall flows from an upper into a lower pool, around which
rocks are artistically arranged leading up to the ledge behind.
Entering from the east one is immediately attracted by this
ledge which is filled with sedums, dianthus, phacelias, and
phlox.

The garden was built during 1927 and is planted mainly
with native material brought in from the woods. Missouri
ferns are well represented, especially north and west of the
residence. Plants observed in flower on May 15 ineluded:
dianthus in variety, sedums in variety, Tradescantia virgin-
tca, monarda in variety, iris, columbines, myosotis, phacelias,
armerias, geraniums, phlox in variety, Chrysanthemum Leu-
canthemum, Verbena canadensis, Ranunculus repens, veroni-
cas in variety.

F. A. Brickenkamp, 64 Fair Oaks, Clayton (pl. 23).—As
an illustration of the possibilities of a rock garden in a lim-
ited area, this is a very good example. It is built in the
corner of the garden for the purpose of hiding the unsightly
bare wall of a garage. Small procumbent junipers are used
to advantage, and the smaller rock pockets are planted with
sedums, arabis, dianthus, ete. An interesting cascade with a
miniature pool gives added beauty to this artistic little garden.

es ae
Sar a

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL, 18, 1930. PLATE 22

GARDEN OF EF. M, FUNSTEN, HAMPTON PARK, CLAYTON

Mo. Bor. Garb. BULL, Vou, 18, 1950. PLATE 23

GARDEN OF F..A\. BRICKENKAMP, CI,AYTON

ae, Yew

a)

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 115

GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION, THE HOME OF A
WEALTH OF WILD FLOWERS

The sixteen-hundred-acre tract belonging to the Garden, at
Gray Summit, Mo., comprises practically every possible soil
condition, with the natural result of a great variety of wild
flowers. Among the types of situation may be mentioned
limestone glades, open fields, shaded and partly shaded _hill-
sides and rich woodlands, river-bottom land, sand_ bars,
ravines, lake shores, limestone cliffs, sandstone outcroppings,
and swamp land.

The one hundred wild flowers and ferns in the following
list were collected on this tract on May 9, 1930, all in flower.
The greatest number to be collected at any one time at Gray
Summit was a hundred and seventeen, in June, 1928. Owing
to the exceedingly dry weather that prevailed throughout
April and May of this year, there was not the abundance of
wild flowers found in former years, especially the year 1928.
Due to the opposite reason, an excessive rainfall, there was
also a searcity in 1929. The rainfall during the middle of
May, 1930, has done much to increase their blooming,
especially the purple cone-flower (Brauneria angustifolia
(DC.) Heller), tickseed (Coreopsis lanceolata L. and C.
lanceolata (.) var. villosa Michx.), Missouri primrose
(Ocenothera missouriensis Sims), and others, found especially
on the limestone glades.

. Nodding chickweed (Cerastium nutans Rat.)

. Corn speedwell (Veronica arvensis L.)

. Common yarrow (Achillea Millefolium L.)

. Slender plantain (Plantago elongata Pursh)

. Carolina cranesbill (Geranium carolinianum L.)

. Shepherd’s purse (Capsella Bursa-pastoris (l.) Medic.)
. White clover (Trifolium repens L.)

. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Daisy fleabane (Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) BSP.)
10. White top (Hrigeron annuus (L.) Pers.)

11. Philadelphia fleabane (Hrigeron philadelphicus L.)
12. Little barley (Hordeum pusillum Nutt.)

13. Wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana Duchesne)
14. Spring avens (Geum vernum (Raf.) T. & G.)

15. Sheep sorrel (Rumezx Acetosella L.)

16. Pale dock (Rumex altissimus Wood.)

WHI TDoP wn

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

. Violet wood-sorrel (Oxalis violacea (1.) Pers.)

- Yellow wood-sorrel (Owalis stricta L.)

. Gray beard-tongue (Pentstemon canescens Britton)
. Common cinquefoil (Potentilla canadensis 1.)

. Blue phlox (Phiox divaricata L.)

. Yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis (l.) Lam.)
. Dewberry (Rubus villosus Ait.)

. Pursh’s phacelia (Phacelia Purshii Buckley)

. Cleavers (Galium Aparine L.)

. Pellitory (Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl.)

. Virginia rock-cress (Arabis virginica (l.) Trel.)

. Field scorpion-grass (Myosotis arvensis (1..) Hill)
. Sleepy catchfly (Silene antirrhina 1.)

. Sandwort (Arenaria patula Michx.)

. Sickle-pod (Arabis canadensis L.)

. Wild ginger (Asarum canadense I..)

. True Solomon’s seal (Polygonatum commutatum (R. &. S.)
Dietr.) '
. Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott)

. Green dragon (Arisaema Dracontium (L.) Schott)

. Dwarf larkspur (Delphinium tricorne Michx.)

. Carolina larkspur (Delphinium azurewm Michx.)

. Four-leaved milkweed (Asclepias quadrifolia Jaeq.)

. Wild comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum L.)

. Virginia goat’s-beard (Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt.)

. Rue anemone (Anemonella thalictroides (.) Spach)

. Scarlet-fruited horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum Bicknell)
. Green violet (Hybanthus concolor (Forster) Spreng.)

. Spreading chervil (Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz)

. Spring beauty (Claytonia virginica L.)

. Nyctelea (Ellisia Nyctelea L.)

. Beet corn salad (Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr.)

. Hairy sweet cicely (Osmorhiza Claytoni (Michx.) Clarke)

- Smooth sweet cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.)

. Cow parsnip (Heracleum lanatum Michx.)

. Ground ivy (Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevisan)

. High-bush blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis Porter)

. White violet (Viola striata Ait.)

. Bird-foot violet (Viola pedata 1.)

. Bi-colored bird-foot violet (Viola pedata (L.) var. bicolor Pursh)
. Marsh blue violet (Viola cucullata Ait.)

. Purple meadow parsnip (Thaspium aureum Nutt.)

. Appendaged waterleaf (Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx.)
. White dwarf plantain (Plantago virginica L.)

. Small skulleap (Scutellaria parvula Michx.)

. Nuttall’s prairie parsley (Polytaenia Nuttallii DC.)

. Oblong-leaved milkweed (Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) Gray)
. Shooting star (Dodecatheon Meadia L.)

Reh pale ye at

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 115

i4. Flowering spurge (Huphorbia corollata 1.)
. Tinted spurge (Luphorbia commutata Engelm.)
. Hairy lance-leaved tickseed (Coreopsis lanceolata (1...) var.

villosa Michx.)

57. Bradbury’s monarda (Monarda Bradburiana Beck)

. Creeping parthenium (Purthenium repens Eggert)

9. Long-leaved houstonia (Houstonia longifolia Gaertn.)

. Golden Alexanders (Zizia aurea (lu) Koch)

. Amsonia (Amsonia Tabernaemontana Walt.)

. Hoary puccoon (Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm.)
. Yellow pimpernel (Tuenidia integerrima (L.) Drude)

. Clustered snakeroot (Sanicula gregaria Bicknell)

. Short-styled snakeroot (Sanicula canadensis 1.)

. Wild cranesbill (Geranium maculatum L.)

. Rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.)

. Larger yellow lady’s slipper (Cypripedium parviflorum (Salisb.)

var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight)

. False Solomon’s seal (Smilacina racemosa (L.) Defs.)
- Smooth rock-cress (Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir.)
. True water-cress (Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Britten

& Rendle)

2. Common lousewort (Pedicularis canadensis L.)

- Hispid buttercup (Ranunculus hispidus Michx.)

- Hooked crowfoot (Ranunculus recurvatus Poir.)

. Pointed blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill.)
. Star grass (Hypoxis hirsuta (1.) Coville)

. Missouri primrose (Oenothera missouriensis Sims)

. Sessile-flowered wake-robin (Trillium sessile L.)

. Green wake-robin (Trillium viride Beck)

. Prairie wake-robin (Trillium recurvatum Beck)

. Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana 1.)

. Ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. )

. Golden corydalis (Corydalis aurea Willd.)

. Fremont’s clematis (Clemutis Fremontii Wats.)

. Prairie ragwort (Senecio plattensis Nutt.)

. Golden ragwort (Senecio aureus L.)

. Greek valerian (Polemonium reptans L.)

. Purple rocket (lodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.}) Steud.)
9. Common winter-cress (Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.)

. Robin’s plantain (HLrigeron pulchellus Michx.)

116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

NOTES

The group of physicians attending the clinical conference
of the St. Louis Clinics, held in St. Louis, June 9-21, visited
the Garden, June 14.

Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke
at St. Peter’s Evangelical Church, May 21, on ‘‘Orehid Ex-
ploration in Central and South America.”’

Mr. G. H. Pring acted as judge at the ninth annual garden
show of the Associated Garden Clubs of Kirkwood, May 24.

The Kirkwood Garden Club No. 2 visited the Gray Summit
Extension, May 16, accompanied by Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arbori-
eulturist, and Mr. Anton Hogstad, Jr., Pharmacognosist to
the Garden.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke on
‘‘Movement in Plants’’ before the American Electro-Chem-
ical Society, at the Coronado Hotel, May 30. The lecture was
illustrated with moving pictures.

Dr. George T. Moore is the author of an article in the June
‘‘Junior League Magazine’’ on botanical gardens in general
and the Missouri Botanical Garden in particular, under the
title ‘‘The Greatest of Human Pleasures.’’

Mr. Anton Hogstad, Jr., Pharmacognosist to the Garden,
has been selected by the ‘‘ American Druggist’’ to represent
that paper on the program of a model pharmaceutical con-
vention for the state of Texas, held at Houston the week of
June 16.

In the series of radio talks given by the Community Forum
of the Community Fund Council over station KMOX, May
25, on ‘‘What Hobby Should I Choose,’’ was an address by
Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, on ‘‘The Hobby
of Gardening.’’

Mr. Anton Hogstad, Jr., Pharmacognosist to the Garden,
leetured before the Colloidal Medical Seminar, May 21, on
‘The Modern Atom;’’ and spoke on ‘‘The Romance of
Drugs,’’ May 23, before the teachers of biological sciences of
the St. Louis schools, and June 12, before the South Side
Lions Club.

Sa?

MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 117

Recent visitors to the Garden include Mr. A. C. Hottes.
assistant editor of ‘‘Better Homes and Gardens’’: Dr. Ella
M. Martin, professor of biology, North Carolina Gctlegs for
Women, Greensboro, North Carlina; and Dr. R. H. Compton,
director of the National Botanie Gardens of South Africa,
who spent a day also at the Gray Summit Extension.

Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, gave two
talks at the Missouri School for the Blind, before the Teach-
ers’ Institute, a summer course for the home teachers of the
Missouri Commission for the Blind, June 11, on ‘‘Hortieul-
ture,’’ and June 12, on “Floriculture. On June 19 he spoke
before the South Side Lions Club on ‘‘Plant Curiosities.’

Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garde ‘n, on a year’s
leave to study at the John Innes Horticultural Institution.
Merton, England, spoke before the Boys’ League of Nations

“lub of the Mill Hill School, May 11, on “Camping in Amer-
ica.’’? It will be recalled that Mill Hill School was the schoo!
which Henry Shaw attended in his boyhood. Dr. Anderson
addressed the Genetics Club of Cambridge University, May
12, on ‘‘Biologieal Factors Affecting Speciation.’? He has
recently made trips to the Universities of Glasgow and Edin-
burgh, spending considerable time in the botanical garden of
the latter institution.

118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 1930

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total number of Visitors. ........... cece eee e reece eee 35,206
LiprRarRY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought..........-- 47
Total number of books and pamphlets donated.........-. 180
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of plants and seed packets donated........ 190
Total number of plants and seed packets purchased..... 3,645
PLANT DISTRIBUTION:
Total number of plants distributed in exchange.........- 25
HereariuM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase—
Bush, B. F.—Plants of Missouri...........-. eee seer cers 62
Donat, Dr. A.—Plants of Patagonia.......--+.+eee errr 100
Lundell, C. L.—Plants of British Honduras...........-- 159
By Gift—
Cottam, W. P.—Specimens of Umbelliferae............--. 6
Featherley, H. I1.—Plants of Oklahoma............-...+.: 2
Graham, E. H.—Plants of British Guiana............-.-. 2
Tallman, Roscoe—Oenothera missouriensis Sims from Mis-
MENARD te ea ie yc ic’ so bigs «, 0,66 ie aa we tie 8b eae She ene, Euuemians 1
von Schrenk, Dr. H—-Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk.
ae TPT ACHIIEUICO sss oicn bis bee ie tye tA ye 6050 4+ tele Gee Pane ®
By Exchange—
Hicks, Lawrence E.—Lemnaceae of Ohio..........++.--- 7
U. S. National Museum, by Dr. William R. Maxon—Myx-
omycetes from the Lloyd collection........-..+-s+++++5 L?
University of California, by Prof. E. B. Copeland—Miscel-
laneous herbarium duplicates..............0.eeeeeeees 135
University of Montana, by Miss Esther Larsen—Plec-
tritis macroptera (Suksd.) Rydb. from Montana...... 1
WMA re Oe Tae hh ale vie e\s'6. w MSaje 04's 6 840) 8 8 Oe QUES 491

FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1930

In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com-
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol-
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants
igs subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of-
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting
the Garden.

JANUARY FEBRUARY
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids.
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias.
MARCH APRIL
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Mareh 1-17—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus.
March 20-23—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors)
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early-

March 29—Azalea Show. flowering Shrubs.

MAY
(Floral Display House)
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines,
and other spring annuals.
(Outdoors)
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies.
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials.

JUNE

(Outdoors)
toses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden.

JULY
(Outdoors)
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden— farm crops, fiber
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden.

AUGUST

(Outdoors)
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic
Garden. Medicinal Garden.

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House)
Tropical Water-lilles. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties).
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)

Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias.

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr.
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw,
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was,
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro-
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely
from funds left by the founder,

The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani-
cal garden,

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave-
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer.

STAFF
: oF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

» GEORGE T. ‘Moonn,
Director

KaTHERINE H. LEtcu, Z
: , Assistant to the Director
HERMANN VON SCHRENK, : Anton Hogstap, JR.,
Pathologist Pharmacognosist :
JESSE M. GREENMAN, RoLanpD V. LAGARDE,
Curator of Herbarium ' Research Assistant
EpeGar ANDERSON, MiIcprepD. #.. Marutas,
Geneticist Research Assistant
_Erniest 8S. REYNOLDS, Rogert E. Woopson; JR.,
Physiologist > Research Assistant
Davip H. LINDER, NELL C. Horner,
Mycologist Librarian and Editor of Publications ©
GroRGE H. Prrina,
Superintendent
JOHN NOYEs, Pau A, Kout,
Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist
ELINoR ALBERTS LINDER,
Orchidologist

oW. F. LANGAN,
Chief Engineer

A. P. BEILMANN, J. H. KEeLroaa,

Trees and Shrubs Herbaceous and Nursery
J. CUTAK, J. LANGAN,

Exotics ; Assistant Hngineer
A. D. FoRRESTER, j A. PEARSON,

Plant Recorder Pes Painter

H. VaLtenring,
Carpenter ©

GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION

L. P. JENSEN, D. MILLER,
Arboriculturist Orchids .°
G. GOEDEKE, jis -R. E. Kisskox,

Farm ; j : Engineer

TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE

A. A. HuNTER,
Manager

-_—

REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE
GURNEY WIxson, F. L: 8.

Mussourt BoTANICAL

GARDEN [BULLETIN

No. 7

Vol. XVIII SEPTEMBER, 1930

CONTENTS

Page

. 119
(£22

The Early Days of ‘‘Mr. Shaw’s Garden” -
Glad-e-o’-luss or Glad-eye’-o-luss? te eee
The Trailing Ground Pine Found for the First Time in’

gh 25
- 126
- 126
~ 128
«429

e Plant for Open Ditches
Summit Extension

An Excellent Decorativ
Wild Flowers at the Gray

ion . . . .

Statistical Informat
Floral Displays of Speci:

1 Interest in 1930

ST. LOUIS, MO.

Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:

SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

‘ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR

“BOARD OF TRUSTEES —
oF: THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

if ee VE ‘oat 4 a
. how 4

“THE oeratwaz MEMBERS ghie DESIGNATED IN MR. ‘SHAW wna
ty AND. THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE |
tae, sot diet ETERS Is srosgditenia sins cole

4 ¥
if A 2% ee )

’

GEORGE ©, HITCHCOCK

Vice-President
SAMUEL C. DAVIS,

Second Vice-Preside nt

DANIEL K. CATLIN.
‘U.Ray Camrmn = ss Aer T,,
THOMAS S. Marrrrr. cals | Panu C.
George T, Moore: © as Se) EAR A.

FRED 6. ZEIBIG.

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

“Gvonce R:THmoor, = ——~—-Vacron J; ‘Miter, Bae
- Chancellor ‘of sence ass ch re: “Mayor of the city of St. ‘Lonle
Hehicd 145 RTS. ae Jac’? PUN, he iy

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‘Acrnmp F aiieakennaie,

Becky ec ene

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VIEW OF SOUTH PORTION OF GARDEN, AND VICINITY

(From ‘Pictorial St. Louis, the great metrcpolis of the Mississippi Valley, a topographical survey drawn in perspective, A. D. 1875,
by Camille N. Day, designed and edited by Rich. J. Compton, 1876.)

“Lod ‘OI

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Missoun Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XVIII SEPTEMBER, 1930 No. 7

THE EARLY DAYS OF ‘MR. SHAW’S GARDEN”

Because of the developments which have taken place since
the death of Henry Shaw, one is apt to lose sight of the
unique position held by his garden during the lifetime of its:
founder. An old number of ‘‘The Gardener’s Monthly and
Horticultural Advertiser’’, edited by Thomas Meehan and
published in Philadelphia, was recently presented to the
Garden library by Dr. William C. Wilson, of St. Charles, Mo.
This number, which appeared in August, 1868, contains an
interesting account of the Garden as it was sixty years ago.
Because of the light it throws upon the outstanding position
of ‘‘Mr. Shaw’s Garden’’ at that time, as well as certain infor-
mation relative to the content of the Garden in its early days,
it is printed herewith in full:

THE BOTANIC GARDEN, ST. LOUIS, MO.

Mr. Henry Shaw is one of those liberal public spirited men who
do so much honor to the United States. Some take pride in endow-
ing and establishing one kind of institution, some others. Mr.
Shaw’s taste leads him to botany, arboriculture, and gardening.
His Botanic Garden and residence at Tower Grove is unequalled by
anything of the kind in the United States, and indeed by few others
in the world. A substantial and handsome stone wall, with an
imposing arched entrance, encloses the garden proper. This en-
closed area is divided into suitable compartments, for the systematic
arrangement of herbaceous and other plants of low growth. An
architectural flower garden, sunk somewhat below the general level,

(119)

120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

and surrounded by a grass terrace formed an attractive point. There
is also within this main enclosure a portion of ground which has
been set apart for a Fruticetum, or general collection of all hardy
fruit-bearing trees; this will be of much interest, and has already
been enriched by a considerable number of plants.

An Arboretum is also commenced, a field of thirty acres having
been appropriated for the purpose, and a finer opportunity for dis-
playing the relative beauties and peculiarities of trees could not be
desired. The soil is rich prairie-loam, well adapted to tree growth,
and the ground is sufficiently elevated and undulating to insure
drainage; an injurious retention of moisture during winter months
being the greatest attending evils of these rich soils.

The hot-house department is quite extensive, and the various
collections are gradually being filled up. A new palm or tropical
house on a magnificent scale was being constructed. The acacia
and cactus families are so far the most extensive, although, of
course, very far from being complete; there are also quite a number
of palms and numerous miscellaneous plants, all in robust health,
clean and kept in the finest condition. One of the hot-houses is
built with a ridge and furrow roof, a style seldom adopted now on
a single slope or lean-to house, although its only objection is prob-
ably that of cost; houses so built are as suitable for plant structures
as any other.

A noticeable improvement is a large building of elegant propor-
tions, which is to be devoted to the purpose of a Museum of Botany.
‘The interior fittings are being finished in an elaborate manner, The
eeiling of the principal room is enriched by emblematic frescoes,
and the names of Linneus, Jussieu, Endlicher, De Candolle, Brown,
Hooker, Lindley, Gray and Engelmann, are placed in conspicuous
niches. The Herbarium already embraces forty thousand speci-
mens, and is constantly receiving additions.

The whole of this beautiful place is thrown open freely to the
public every day in the week, and the greatest pleasure of the
liberal proprietor is to see how freely the public enjoy themselves,
and to reflect on the immense power which such refined influences
have on the general happiness of mankind. It is difficult indeed to
form an estimate of the full value of such liberality. Thousands
here have created in them the first germs of usefulness which
operate in so many ways. In Botany already the whole world
looks to St. Louis. The name of Engelmann is honored wherever
Botany thrives; and we believe we violate no confidence in saying,
that the name of Shaw, Engelmann, and the Botanic garden will go
down into history together. A rather sad but yet interesting fea-
ture of the ground was the lots set apart for the future resting
place of Mr. Shaw and Dr. Engelmann. It was sad to reflect that
the noblest minds amongst humanity, whose whole lives are devoted
to the happiness of their fellow men, and the development of science
to which we all owe half the comforts and pleasures of the present
age, received no more consideration from the hands of death than

25

PLATE

18, 19390

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VIEW OF NORTH PORTION OF GARDEN, AND VICINITY

(From ‘Pictorial St. Louis, the great metropolis of the Mississippi Valley, a topographical survey drawn in perspective, A. D. 1875,
by Camille N. Day, designed and edited by Rich. J. Compton, 1876.’’)

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 121

the meanest and most useless; yet it was comforting to feel that
death does not destroy the work of such men. A man’s identity
after all is his character. This never dies. And though this lovely
spot may contain the ashes of these men, they will live in the hearts
of thousands for generations yet to come,

Mr. Shaw’s benevolence has not rested with these gardens, which
are mainly for the purpose of gardening and science, He has
donated a large tract of very valuable land to the city for the pur-
pose of a public park and drive, on condition that the city appro-
priate a large sum of money for its immediate improvement, We
see since our return, by the St. Louis papers, that this has been
accepted, and we may soon hear of St. Louis having a lovely spot
to boast of, of which a New Yorker might be proud.

Another interesting account has been received through the
kindness of Mr. and Mrs. George O. Carpenter. It was found
among a collection of old newspaper clippings and sent to them
by a friend. Although there is no indication as to the paper
from which it came or the date, it must have appeared about
1859 or 1860:

GREAT WORK—THE JARDIN DES PLANTES OF THE
UNITED STATES

A few days since we visited for the first time the estate and
private grounds of Henry Shaw, Esq. We doubt whether one In a
hundred of the residents of St. Louis know of the immense work
laid out by this gentleman, for the benefit not only of St. Louis—
within whose borders it will be—but of the whole United States,
and especially that portion west of the Alleghany mountains. Here
is a man who, relinquishing, at the age men generally become
craving, all desire for further accumulation of wealth, has studied
how best he can appropriate the fortune of which he has been the
artificer, to the best interest of his fellow-beings. Here we find a
man, who, taking a broad, common sense view of things, sees that
so long as man exists, the pursuit of agriculture must be the lead-
ing one of the majority, and that to create an endurable existence
of matter, enuring to its interests, he is creating one which has in
its object the greatest good to the greatest number. Here, then,
right in our midst, and unknown by but few, for such men never
blazon their acts, is a man devoting his time, his talents and his
purse to the creation of a complete arboretum of all the known
plants, trees or shrubs in existence, and having as one of its con-
tinuing objects the reproduction and improvement of sundry plants,
trees, fruits, etc., etc., by aid of scientific skill and its abettors.

Here is a man who, instead of parcelling out his lands, and selling
them by the foot, to see how many dollars he can count as his
deposit in bank, prefers rather to devote not only this land, but with

122 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

it his time and other means to the establishment of an immense
public garden and museum, destined as a gift to our city.

Already have ten acres been prepared by first thoroughly and
deeply trenching it, laying in main and intersecting drains, and
enclosing the same with a wall that will stand as long as the native
rocks. At this time the entrance gate-way or lodge is being con-
structed—it is of massive, yet architectural proportions, laid with
limestone and perfectly cemented. The joiner work of the plant
houses is also going on, and it is designed to have this ten acres,
which is to be devoted exclusively to plants and vines, completed
this fall. Another year will probably see it filling up with plants
arranged in reference to their botanical affinity—From year to year
the work is to be pushed forward as rapidly as is consistent with
true arrangement until the fruticetum, pinetum, etc., etc., are
complete.

An immense building for the purpose of a museum, and for lec-
ture halls, is also to be erected. Professors are to be engaged and
supported from a fund or revenue accruing from rent of lands out-
side, and classes of students are to be instructed in all the branches
requisite to their pursuance in practice of any and everything relat-
ing to agriculture, horticulture or floriculture,

With all the care of planning and superintending the prosecution
of this great work, Mr. Shaw finds time to see that his grape
houses, plant houses, and private gardens, are kept in perfect order
and neatness. In his glass structures, we observed many of the
best known sorts of foreign grapes, with large and full branches,
having the fruit well filled out, and generally promising to mature
perfectly. In one house we saw a wall of some fourteen by forty
feet, perfectly covered with fig trees, trained en Enspalier. They
had made vigorous and healthy growth, and if root-pruned at the
right time, as undoubtedly they will be, they will set a splendid
crop of fruit another year. Pine apples, lemons, etc., were ripening
up, and the whole appearance of the house plants can only be ex- |
celled by the luxuriance of vegetation among hardy tree and shrub,
in fruit or flower border out of doors.

GLAD-E-0’-LUSS OR GLAD-EYE’-O-LUSS ?

As is well known, all plants which have been described are
given a Latin name consisting of two or three words. The
first indicates the genus or group under the family to which
the plant belongs. The second is the specific name applied
to the kind of plant in question, and this may be followed
by a third or varietal name which indicates some slight dif-
ference not regarded as sufficiently distinct to warrant its
being named as a new species. Thus while there can be but

ata Pe

ee lies,

} eels Pew Ny 5 0 tad es

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123

one genus name, there may be many species names under a
genus.

In the Lily family (Liliaceae), for instance, there are some
twelve or fourteen genera found in the United States. One
of these, the common wild onion, belongs to the genus Allium,
and to distinguish it from the wild garlic and seven or eight
other alliums it is called Allium cernuum. It is as though
the Smith family were divided into groups (or genera) ac-
cording to the color of hair, eyes, ete., and those dark-skinned
red-haired individuals were given a name such as Rhodomela
(red-black). Then a specific or Christian name of John or
Helen would be added to describe the individual. In plants,
of course, there is no duplication of specific names under a
given genus. So in the Smith family, following the same
system, there could be only one John Rhodomela (or Rhodo-
mela John as the plants have it), although there might be
other Johns in other groups.

The advantage of a Latin name is that it can be universally
employed and will indicate to a student of plants, in what-
ever country he may live or whatever language he speaks,
the precise plant meant. Many plants, but not all, have in
addition a common name by which they are known locally.
The average gardener is usually satisfied if he can call his
flowers by the English name that was known to his mother
or that he has learned from a seed catalogue. However, the
common name he uses may mean something quite different
to his neighbor and is almost certain to mean something else
in another country. In Missouri the blue-bell generally de-
notes Mertensia, in Scotland it is the Campanula, and in Eng-
land Scilla. There are some twenty or thirty other plants
which go under the local name of ‘‘blue-bell’’ in different
parts of the world.

This may seem a long preamble to a discussion of the cor-
rect pronunciation of Gladiolus, but it is essential that the
distinction between the Latin name and the common name
be clear, for this is where the confusion has arisen. It so
happens that the common name for Gladiolus has been adopted
directly, without change of spelling, from the Latin name,
and it all depends upon whether one is talking about the

124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

genus Gladiolus or the flower growing in the garden. The
preferred pronunciation of the genus is Glad-eyé-o-luss,
although one authority maintains that Terence (born
190 B. C.) would have said Glad-e-6-lus. In Latin all vowels
are usually short (i as in pin). But if one is using the name
as a common or English name, as one would say ‘‘dandelion’’
or ‘‘honeysuckle,’’ there is certainly no point to giving the
Latin pronunciation. In other words, the Latin name is pro-
nounced Glad-eyé-o-luss, the common or English name Glad-
e-6-lus. The dictionaries are about equally divided, some
favoring Glad-i-6-lus, and others Glad-i-o-lus. It is difficult
to tell, however, whether the pronunciation of the Latin or
common name is meant. In most cases the pronunciation is
evidently for the Latin name, which of course should be
Glad-i-o-lus. If the spelling were not the same for both the
Latin and common names there would probably have been no
difficulty. The genus name for the rose is Rosa, and conse-
quently there has never arisen any confusion as to the correct
pronunciation of the common name.

Botanists themselves are far from consistent in pronounc-
ing the Latin names of plants. Usually the pronunciation is
handed down by oral tradition from the men with whom they
have studied. In fact, the few botanists who pronounce plant
names according to the fixed rules of Latin grammar are fre-
quently understood with difficulty by their fellow workers.

Another good example of the difference in the pronunciation
of the Latin and common name is to be found in that of the
widely distributed ‘‘wind-flower’’ or anemone. The Latin
name of the genus is pronounced an-e-mé-ne, but if one called
our graceful wild flower anything but a-nem’-o-ne, it is doubt-
ful if those to whom he was talking would know what was
meant. Another plant name about which there is confusion
is the vine Wisteria. Those who make a pretense of speaking
accurately take great delight in saying Wistaria and do not
hesitate to correct any one using an ‘‘e’’ for an ‘‘a’’. They
have been told, no doubt, that the plant was named in honor
of Caspar Wistar, professor of anatomy at the University of
Pennsylvania, and it seems natural enough to say Wistaria.
However, it so happens that Nuttall, who originally gave the

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 125

name, wrote Wisteria and the change to Wistaria came later,
presumably by some one who thought he knew better. Surely
the author of the genus knew what he was doing; in any case
the name given by him should stand.

On the other hand, it sometimes is quite necessary to know
the name of the man for whom the plant was called. The
dahlia was named in honor of the Swedish botanist, Andrew
Dahl. Consequently the pronunciation usually heard in
America is correct. In England the impression seems to have
been that the plant was named for Dr. Dale, a botanist of
the old Chelsea Physic Garden, hence the ‘‘day-lia’’ fre-
quently heard in Great Britain.

THE TRAILING GROUND PINE FOUND FOR THE
FIRST TIME IN MISSOURI

A recent botanical trip to Pickle Spring in Ste. Genevieve
County by Mr. John H. Kellogg revealed for the first time the
fact that, so far as known, the trailing ground pine (Lyco-
podium complanatum L.) grows in Missouri. It was found
on dry sandstone ledges among pines and azaleas. Although
called ‘‘trailing ground pine’’ it is not a pine and does not
creep over the ground. It is the creeping nature of the root-
stock, which is superficial and rather widespread, that gives
it the name of ‘‘trailing.’’ Because it is evergreen it is some-
times popularly called ‘‘trailing Christmas green.’’ The
group to which Lycopodium belongs is commonly termed
‘‘elub moss,’’ although, as a matter of fact, it is not a moss
but belongs to the same group as the fern. This makes the
third club moss found growing in Missouri, the other two
being Lycopodium lucidulum (Michx.), collected at Hog Hol-
low, and Lycopodium lucidulum var. porophilum (Lloyd &
Underw.) Clute, collected at Pickle Spring. Aside from its use
as Christmas greens, the spores of the common club moss
(Lycopodium clavatum Linn.) have been used in the manu-
facture of flashlight powder and for causing the flare in
flambeaus, as well as a dusting powder in pharmacy.

126 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

AN EXCELLENT DECORATIVE PLANT FOR
OPEN DITCHES

During the course of the past two years numerous persons
have made inquiry concerning the decorative plant in the
ditches which connect the several pools in the medicinal plant
garden, directly west of the Italian garden. The plant used
here is the creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens L.), found
in the vicinity of St. Louis in wet meadows, fields, and road-
side ditches. It was probably introduced from Europe but
is now indigenous to middle and western United States. It
is a perennial and a rapid grower, and when placed in the
erevices of rocks in a walled-in ditch completely fills the
ditch and covers the rocks the first year. The plant is char-
acterized by green and white variegated or spotted leaves,
and an abundance of showy yellow flowers.

WILD FLOWERS AT THE GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION

The following 66 native plants, all in flower, were collected
at the Garden Extension at Gray Summit, on August 20,
1930. After a period of extreme heat and drought lasting
nearly five months, it seems remarkable that so many plants
have been able to persist and to produce flowers, particularly
those which are found growing in open fields and sunny rocky
glades :

Abutilon Theophrasti Medic (Velvet leaf)

Asclepias verticillata L. (Whorled milkweed)
Cacalia reniformis Muhl. (Great Indian plantain)
Cacalia tuberosa Nutt. (Tuberous Indian plantain)
Campanula americana L. (Tall bellflower)

Cassia Chamaecrista L. (Partridge pea)

Oichorium Intybus L., (Chicory)

Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. (Roadside thistle)
Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill (Bull thistle)
Commelina virginica L. (Virginia day-flower)
Convolvulus arvensis L. (Field bindweed)

Croton glandulosus L, (Glandular croton)

Croton capitatus Michx. (Hogwort)

Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne (Clammy cuphea)
Datura Tatula L. (Purple thorn-apple)

Desmodium grandifiorum (Walt.) DC. (Pointed-leaved tick trefoil)
Dianthera americana L. (Water willow)

Pir ol Ce ep) eS ee 9

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 127

Eupatorium coelestinum L. (Mist flower )
Eupatorium serotinum Michx. (Late-flowering thoroughwort)
Euphorbia corollata L. (Flowering spurge)
Gaura biennis L. (Biennial gaura)
Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl (Slender gerardia)
Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. (Purple-head sneezeweed)
Helianthus annuus L. (Common sunflower)
Helianthus hirsutus Raf. (Stiff-haired sunflower )
Helianthus tuberosus L. (Jerusalem artichoke)
Houstonia angustifolia Michx, (Narrow-leaved houstonia)
Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Meyer (Wild potato vine)
Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. (Florida lettuce)
Lespedeza Manniana Mackenzie & Bush (Mann’s tick trefoil)
Lespedeza procumbens Michx. (Trailing bush clover)
Lythrum Salicaria L, (Simple loosestrife)
Lobelia siphilitica L. (Great blue lobelia)
Melilotus alba Desr. (Sweet clover)
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam, (Yellow sweet clover)
Mimulus alatus Ait. (Sharp-winged monkey flower)
Monarda fistulosa L. (Wild bergamot)
Oenothera biennis L. (Common evening primrose)
Oenothera serrulata Nutt. (Tooth-leaved evening primrose)
Oxalis corniculata L. (Lady’s sorrel)
Physalis angulata L. (Cut-leaved ground cherry)
Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. (False dragon-head )
Phytolacca decandra L. (Pokeweed)
Polygonum aviculare L. (Knot-grass)
Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx, (Mild water pepper)
Polygonum lapathifolium L. (Pale persicaria)
Prunella vulgaris L. (Heal-all)
Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt. (Hairy mountain mint)
Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. (Orange cone-flower)
Rudbeckia triloba L. (Thin-leaved cone-flower)
Ruellia strepens L. (Smooth ruellia)
Seymeria macrophylla Nutt. (Mullein foxglove)
Sida spinosa L.. (Prickly sida)
Silphium integrifolium Michx. (Entire-leaved rosin-weed )
Silphium laciniatum L. (Compass plant)
Silphium perfoliatum L, (Cup plant)
Solanum nigrum L. (Common nightshade)
Solidago canadensis L. (Canada golden-rod)
Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. (Elm-leaved golden-rod)
Tecoma radicans (L.) Juss. (Trumpet creeper)
Teucrium canadense L. (American germander)
Verbena stricta Vent. (Hoary vervain)
Vernonia Baldwini Torr. (Baldwin’s iron-weed )
Vernonia crinita Raf. (Great iron-weed)
Vernonia fasciculata Michx. (Western iron-weed)
Xanthiwm canadense Mill. (American cocklebur)

—L. P. J.

128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

NOTES

Dr. David H. Linder, Mycologist to the Garden, lectured
before the St. Louis Horticultural Society, September 5, on
‘*Plant Exploration in British Guiana.”’

The July number of ‘‘Garden Life’’ contains an article by
Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, on ‘‘ Native
Plants for the Rock Garden.’’

Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke at a
luncheon of the South Side Kiwanis Club, at Bevo Mill,
August 22, on ‘‘Plant Curiosities.’’

Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, gave an
illustrated lecture before the St. Louis Horticultural Society,
August 1, on ‘‘ Wild Flowers for the Garden.”’

Mr. Anton Hogstad, Jr., Pharmacognosist to the Garden,
addressed the Nature Study group of the Chautauqua, Piasa,
Illinois, July 16, on ‘‘ Orientation of Man to Nature.’’

Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, read a paper
before the International Botanical Congress, at Cambridge,
England, August 21, on ‘‘Internal Factors Affecting Discon-
tinuity between Species.’’

The members of the St. Louis Horticultural Society were
guests of the Garden at the Gray Summit Extension, June 7,
when Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, gave a
talk on ‘‘The Gray Summit Extension.’’

Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, who has
been on leave of absence for a year to study at the John Innes
Horticultural Institute, Merton, England, in collaboration
with Miss H. Schafer of that institution, presented a paper
and exhibit at the Conversazione of the Royal Society of
London, at Burlington House, June 25, on ‘‘Interspecifie
Hybridization in Aquilegia.”’

Among those visiting the Garden library during the summer
were: Dr. Ethel T. Eltinge, instructor in botany, Mt. Holyoke

College, South Hadley, Mass.; Miss Catharine L. Lieneman,
instructor in botany, North Carolina College for Women,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

129

Greensboro, N. C.; Dr. C. C. Epling, instructor in botany,
University of California at Los Angeles; Dr. H. M. Jennison,
professor of botany, University of Tennessee; Dr. Baini
Prashad, officiating director of the zoological survey of
India and in charge of the zoological section of the Indian
Museum in Caleutta; and Dr. C. E. Moore, head of biology

department, State Teachers College, Memphis, Tenn,

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR
JUNE-AUGUST, 1930

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

‘Total. number of visitors in June... .%3...+4.60i .snkeae ee 31,131
ADL MUMDEL OLAVIBILOrS In JUV. cern ae hee eee cae 25,575
Total number of visitors in August..............eece00- 34,893

PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of plants and seed packets received as gifts
LEN UALS he Aieae cee erate e oe hk wk ocecg ced Hn Sees 4 «ee ee

5 age Yb eo ae Pe i order NRE Nar ag a ain Ril ak AE SE ALL PI
Total number of plants and seed packets received as gifts
TVG SALE BE usher rarer ata tales, toler ty erche ess aks iene tere OG Oe eT

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought in June....
Total number of books and pamphlets donated in June..
Total number of books bought in’ July....4....< 3455s es
Total number of books donated in July..................
Total number of books and pamphlets bought in August
Total number of books and pamphlets donated in August

20
32
42

30
105
17
pis
88
179

FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1930

In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com-
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol-
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of-
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting
the Garden.

JANUARY FEBRUARY
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids.
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias.
MARCH APRIL
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
March 1-17—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus,
March 20-23—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors)
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early-
March 29—Azalea Show. flowering Shrubs.
MAY

(Floral Display House)
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines,
and other spring annuals.
(Outdoors)
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies.
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials.

JUNE

(Outdoors)
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden.

JULY
(Outdoors)
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden — farm crops, fiber
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden.

AUGUST

(Outdoors)
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic
Garden. Medicinal Garden.

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House)
Tropical Water-lilles. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties).
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)

Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias.

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr.
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw,
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was,
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro-
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely
from funds left by the founder.

The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani-
cal garden.

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave-
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer.

STAFF
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Grorer T. Moore, _
Director. -
KATHERINE H. LEIGH,
Assistant to the Director

“HERMANN VON SCHRENK, -Davip H, LinpEsr,
’ Pathologist Mycologist
Jusse M. Recap iii ANTON HoastabD, JR.,
ator 0 erbarium ‘
(On leave of absence) Pharmacognosist
ADELE L. GRANT, -~ Rotanp V. LAGARDE,
‘Acting Curator of Herbarium Research Assistant (
Epcark ANDERSON, . . Roserr E. Woopson, JB.,
Geneticist ‘ Research Assistant
Ernest 8S. REYNOLDS, Neti C. Horner,
Physiologist Librarian and BHditor of Publications

Grorce H. Prine,

Superintendent
JouN Noyes, PauL A. KOHL,
Consulting Landscape Architect Fioriculturist
Exinork ALBERTS LINDER,
Orehidologist
W.-F. LAancan,
Chief Engineer ©
A, P. BEILMANN; i «3. KELLOGG,
Trees and Shrubs Herbaceous and Nursery
J. CuTak, ee J. LAN@AN,
Exotics Assistant HEngineer
A.D, Forrester, ‘A. PEARSON, |
Plant Recorder : Painter >
H. VALLENTINE,
Carpenter

te GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION
L..P. JENSEN, D. Miter,

Arboriculturist : Orchids —-
G. GOEDEKE, R. E. Kisseck,
Farm Engineer : (

RROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE

yal HUNTER, —
Manager

REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE.
Gurney Wison, F. L. 8,

Missour: BoranicaL
GARDEN [BULLETIN

Vol. XVIII

OCTOBER, 1930 No. 8

CONTENTS
Page
Miniature Glass Gardens forthe Home . ... . 131
Fashioné.n ‘Fidwets ck to SW i 135
The National Orchid Show. . 9°. 2... . 136
PHOUNS Sh SU Thy ae res are Wo Dee ets oe 138
ouy 140

Statistical Information. . . . 9...

Floral Displays of Special Interest in 1930

ST. LOUIS, MO.
1930

Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees

Pa

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR

SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

. BOARD OF TRUSTEES 7 |
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN — 2 ae

)
i

~

_ THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL oie
he eee AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE ue
ie ees EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, 1S SELF-PERPETUATING ed JAN heey

_ President
GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK

Vice-President
SAMUEL C. DAVIS,

. Second Vice-President
DANIEL K. CATLIN.

L. Ray CARTER. ; ALBERT T, PERKINS.
_ Tuomas 8, Marrirr. | Pump ©, SCANLAN, se Ahan
\Georce T. Moore. | ETHAN A. H, SHEPLEY.

b

Frep G. ZEIBia.

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

- Qgorce R. THRooP, ; se Victor J. MILLER,

nae on Chancellor of Washington University Mayor of the City of St. Louis :
Freperick F. JOHNSON, . ALFRED F. SATTERTIWAIT,

Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri President of The Academy of Science
“ ’ j of St. Louls ' ;

‘ArtHur A. BLUMEYER,
President of the Board of Education of St. Louis

Dante. Breck, Secretary

(Hardy

GLASS GARDEN TWO YEARS

primroses, bird’s-foot

violet. dwarf philodendron,

OLD

dianthus,

ceratostigma, )

ALVId

9S

Missoun Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XVIII OCTOBER, 1930 No. 8

MINIATURE GLASS GARDENS FOR THE HOME

Although the Wardian case as a means of shipping plants
successfully between widely separated countries has long been
well known to both botanical and commercial institutions,
it is only within comparatively recent years that miniature
Wardian cases, or glass-enclosed gardens, for the home have
become popular, or have seemed even feasible. The Novem-
ber, 1914, number of the BULLETIN contained an extensive
article on the history, use, and construction of Wardian
cases, and therefore only a short resumé will be given here.

Nearly a hundred years ago, Nathaniel Ward, a London
physician, stumbled upon a method of raising and keeping
plants in an environment supposedly quite unsuited to them.
He had built for himself in his London garden a brick-
walled corner and had carefully planted it with the mosses
and ferns which he so earnestly desired to grow. Much to
his distress the fog and smoke of London killed all his plants
one by one. One day he discovered the cocoon of a sphinx
moth, placed it in a large-mouthed glass bottle containing
some rich damp loam, and covered it with a lid. Much to
his surprise, within a few weeks a young fern and small grass
plant made their appearance and continued to grow in the
covered bottle. For nearly four years he kept these plants
in the bottle and would have probably kept them indefinitely
had the bottle not been accidentally destroyed.

Dr. Ward then began to experiment with many plants in

(131)

132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

cases of various sizes and shapes until finally his invention
found a very practical use in transporting plants between
foreign countries. In those days of sailing vessels, when a
voyage might last for eight months, especially when it in-
volved crossing the equator, the transportation of plants was
a difficult problem. They would die from cold, from heat,
from lack of water, from gases in the hold of the ship, ete.
In 1833 two cases were filled with plants and sent from
England to Sidney, Australia, where they were emptied, re-
filled with other plants and sent back. The cases were kept
on deck and the plants not once watered during the eight-
months voyage, yet they arrived in perfectly healthy and
vigorous condition. A letter from Captain Mallard, in
charge of this ship, to Dr. Ward, concludes: ‘‘Allow me to
offer you my warm congratulations upon the success of this
simple but beautiful discovery for the preservation of plants
in. the living state upon the longest voyage; and I feel not a
little pride in having been the instrument by which the truth
of your new principle has been fully proved by experiment.”’

Elaborate instructions as to the making of small Wardian
eases for the home have appeared in various publications
during the past few years, but to the ordinary householder
without the gift of carpentry, building the necessary wooden
framework and fitting it with glass seems too great a task.
Looking about for some easier method of bringing a bit of
the summer woods indoors for the winter, Miss Ruth Barry,
one of the most successful amateur gardeners in St. Louis,
had the happy inspiration of building these small gardens
in glass globes, thus eliminating the labor of construction,
as well as reducing the expense so as to bring the gardens
within reach of almost any one. After considerable experi-
mentation the type of globe decided upon as producing the
best results was a two-gallon clear-glass aquarium with two
flat sides and a round hole at the top. Smaller sizes of the
same type can of course be used, but then the difficulty of
keeping the scale of the plants and finished garden down to
that of a smaller bowl is hard to overcome. These bowls may
be purchased at any department store or shop where goldfish
are for sale. It should be borne in mind that the glass must

, BOT, GARD. BULL., VOL, 18, 1930.

PLATE

bo
~

GLASS GARDEN SIX MONTHS OLD

(Red cedar, greenhouse ferns. and messes.)

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., Von. 18, 1930. PLATE

GLASS GARDEN ONE YEAR OLD

(Red cedar and club moss.)

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133

be clear, since the plants will not flourish in bowls of tinted
glass.

After cleaning and polishing the bowl, place a large hand-
ful of charcoal chunks in the bottom, to aid in keeping the
soil ‘‘sweet.’’ A handful of broken flower pots is then added
and finally the soil. The mixture of soil usually advocated
is one-third each of ordinary garden soil, leaf mold, and
sand, and these proportions can very well be followed by
those who do not have access to natural leaf mold from the
woods. It has been found, however, that if the plants come
from the woods (and these are on the whole the most suc-
cessful) well-rotted leaf mold collected in the woods at the
same time as the plants, combined with one-third sand,
makes an ideal soil for the gardens. The soil should be sat-
urated with water, that is, it should be so wet that when
taken in the hands and placed in the bowl the water almost
drips from it. Fill the bowl about one-third full of this soil,
arranging it unevenly so as to give the effect of a natural
woodland, with tiny hills and valleys. While putting in the
soil quantities of green moss should be forced down the flat
sides of the bowl, together with a few colored stones and
shells, so that the sides will be attractive. This moss will
continue to grow upward through the soil and give the
appearance of a miniature forest.

Naturally the most important matter now is what plants
to use and where to obtain them. Experience has taught
that the best source of supply is our own native woods. It
is not necessary to go far from the city to find a wealth of
material admirably well suited for the purpose. A brook-
side leading from a spring which has not gone dry during
the summer is a good collecting place. Gather quantities of
soft green moss, all the varieties that can be found growing
on soil, not on wood, the tiniest ferns that ean be found, the
smallest imaginable seedlings of spruce, pine, and cedar, none
over three inches in height. Until you have made one of
these gardens it is almost impossible to realize how very
small the plants must be to conform to the scale of the fin-
ished garden. In case it is impossible to gather material
in the woods, a successful garden may be made from such

134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

plants as very small palm seedlings, snake grass, myrtella,
selaginella, croton, green and white variegated pandanus, ete.
Sprigs of box or barberry stuck in the soil will root and grow
most effectively. In general, avoid plants with succulent
leaves and stems, with the one exception of the common
begonia. Rooted cuttings of begonia, which begin to bloom
almost at once, add a pleasing touch of color to the small
garden and if carefully watched will last a long time. Half
the fun of these gardens, however, is the trip to the woods
for material. As late as the middle of November, in small
gulleys under fallen leaves, may be found quantities of baby
ferns and fat hummocks of bright green moss to use in mak-
ing the gardens for Christmas gifts.

After all the larger plants are arranged according to indi-
vidual fancy and planted, the surface of the ground should
be covered with as many varieties of moss as ean be found
and very small-leaved ground-cover plants. A few small
boulder-shaped rocks, a shell or two, tiny Buddhas or dwarf
figures may be used beneath the trees. Very small round
mirrors, shellacked on the back to prevent penetration of
moisture, make quite natural-appearing lakes. Ambitious
makers of these gardens follow a definite landscape plan,
with paths and pergolas and even miniature rock gardens.

When the garden is planted, carefully clean from the glass
all smears of soil, place a flat glass plate on top as a lid and
establish the bowl in a north window. It should never be
placed in direct sunlight, since the intense heat created in-
side the closed bowl will injure the plants in an almost un-
believably short time. Keep the glass lid on the bowl almost
constantly. The moisture observed on the inside of bowl and
lid each morning will fall on the plants and be absorbed
later in the day. Look at the garden each day, and if at
any time mold is observed on the soil or plants, tip the lid
to one side a trifle and leave it so for a half-day. Test the
soil once in a while with the finger to see if it is moist,
and if not, sprinkle very lightly with a fine spray of water.
This should very seldom be necessary, however, since the
moisture which naturally forms inside the bowl is sufficient
for the plants. These gardens may be kept for many years

GARD, BULL, Vou. 18, 1930.

Bor,

Mo,

TWO MONTHS OLD TWO YEARS OLD

Greenhouse ferns, selaginella, and red cedars.

Mo,

Bor.

GARD.

BULL., VoL. 18, 1930. PLATB

AGINELLA GROWN IN GLASS BOWL FOR

ABOUT TWO YEARS

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 185

practically with the same contents as when started, though
occasional replacements with smaller plants or fresh moss
are sometimes desirable. Keeping the air free from soot, the
temperature even, the moisture content constant, and the air
quiet yet with sufficient ventilation, makes possible success
with these gardens in the unfavorable environment of the
average home. Be ty ak

FASHIONS IN FLOWERS

That there are fashions in flowers and landscape effects, as
well as in architecture and in clothes, is easily proved by a
glance into the back numbers of almost any magazine dealing
with floriculture and so-called artistic planting. Just as large
hats atop enormous pompadours, mutton-leg sleeves, and
waspish waist lines are now objects of mirth, so do the pic-
tures of elaborate plantations in the parks and gardens of
forty years ago rouse ridicule at the peculiar taste that could
have fancied such monstrosities, and just so perhaps will the
knee-length dresses, bobbed hair, and rock gardens of this
age affect the more erudite generation which is to follow us.

One of the most striking examples of the so-called ‘‘carpet
bedding”’ of the eighties was that established in Washington
Park, Chicago, in the summer of 1888. Mr. James M. Gurney,
Jr., Superintendent of Tower Grove Park, found the
old photograph (here reproduced), and it is to him that the
BULLETIN is indebted for the information which forms the
basis of this article. Mr. Kanst, of Chicago, now 83 years
old, father-in-law of Mr. Gurney, was the author of this
especially interesting bit of work, and without either defend-
ing or condemning the fashion of that day, he simply insists
that ‘‘beauty is in the eye of the beholder’’ and lets the
matter rest with that. Below is Mr. Gurney’s explanation
of the photograph:

‘The planting pictured includes two row-boats, rowed from
opposite directions toward the same goal, a large chair on
the back of which grows the date ‘1888.’ Seated in each
boat is a man, literally implanted at the oars, and endowed
with individual facial characteristics (likenesses were
achieved by infinite detail work in the selection and shading

136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

of plants used). Directly in back of the chair looms a floral
post, on top of which sits an owl, presumably of the wise
variety, and directly under the owl his immortal utterance,
‘HOO,’ asks it with plants.

“Now for the explanation: Cleveland and Harrison were
the Democratic and Republican candidates for the Presi-
dential chair that year, 1888, and Mr. Kanst indulged his
notion of mixing politics with a bit of floral cartooning.

“At that time visitors to Chicago parks were greatly
pleased with the apparent popularity of the floral fancies
of carpet bedding. Whether it was worth doing (and no
one can deny it was laborious work requiring skill when
well executed) did not enter into the doing for this again
was the fashion of the day, and thousands of succulents and
dwarf plants were offered up or coaxed to embroider lawn
areas in the prevailing style.’’ HK 28. 1,

THE NATIONAL ORCHID SHOW

The fourth national exhibition of orchids given by the
American Orchid Society was held in the ball-room of the
Willard Hotel, Washington, D. C., October 16-18. The num-
ber of exhibitors, both private and commercial, exceeded that
of past orchid shows, and the type of flowers showed that
the orchid hybridist and enthusiast is striving for a higher
standard in quality. Due to the show being held in October,
instead of May as heretofore, the plants represented different
genera from those formerly displayed at orchid shows. The
greatest number of specimens were Cattleya species and
hybrids, the number of Odontoglossums was limited, and
there was an absence of Cymbidiums, Dendrobiums, Mil-
tonias, and Phalaenopsis. A few rare plants of Vanda were
seen, one specimen, Vanda Lowii, bearing three pendent
spikes, four feet in length, with both staminate and pistillate
flowers. The largest single-specimen orchid was Cattleya
Bowringiana, bearing more than two hundred flowers of a
deep mauve color. Despite the season, Paphiopedilum (Cypri-
pedium) was well represented and showed the great strides
made by hybridization in this genus, especially in increasing
the size of the dorsal sepal. The Odontoglossum group was

PLATE 31.

CARPET BEDDING IN WASHINGTON PARK, CHICAGO, 1888

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 137

awarded the first prize for the most artistic exhibit in the
show, and Cattleya x ‘‘Mona’’ was given a prize for the best
hybrid seedling of American origin not previously exhibited.

Missourt Botanical Garden Exhibit—The Garden sent an
exhibit illustrating the development of orchids from seed to
the mature plant. One hundred Erlenmeyer flasks contained
the seedlings in various stages of growth from two weeks to
eight months old. A complete succession from this stage to
the flowering plant was demonstrated by numerous potted
plants from those in thimble-size pots to six-inch size. The
symbiotic and asymbiotic methods of germination could be
compared by examples of plants one and four months old.
The various genera represented were: Cattleya, Laeliocatt-
leya, Brassolaeliocattleya, Rolfeara, Potinera, Cymbidium,
Dendrobium, Zygopetalum, Odontoglossum, Oncidium, Vanda,
and Phalaenopsis. Seed-pods in various stages of develop-
ment were displayed, and a quantity of the minute seed from
the ripe pod was shown in a Petri dish.

Demonstrations of the actual work of removing the seed-
ling from flask to flask and from flask to the thimble pots
were given three times daily. The attendance at these demon-
strations and the daily broadcasting over the radio of the talk
connected with them attested to the interest and enthusiasm
in the Garden exhibit. A special demonstration was given
Mrs. Herbert Hoover and distinguished visitors during the
private viewing of the show which was held on Thursday
afternoon, October 18, following the completion of the
judging.

The Garden received the Mrs. F. E. Dixon silver cup as
a first prize for the exhibit showing the development of
orchids from seed. The large exhibition gold medal of the
American Orchid Society was awarded to Elinor Alberts
Linder, Orchidologist to the Garden, for horticultural effort
in developing the growing of orchids from seed.

GBP:
| pap: Wa Op

138 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

NOTES

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before
the Garden Club of St. Louis, October 21, on ‘‘ What Goes on
in the Plant.’’

The third annual dahlia and fall flower show of the St.
Louis Horticultural Society was held at the Missouri Botan-
ical Garden, October 18 and 19.

Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, is the
author of an article on ‘‘Chrysanthemums’’ in the November,
1930, number of the ‘‘ Ladies’ Home Journal.’’

- The convention of the American Institute of Park Execu-
tives visited the Garden, September 30, and the convention of
the American Society of Civil Engineers, October 9.

The October, 1930, number of the ‘‘ American Druggist’’
contains an article by Mr. Anton Hogstad, Jr., Pharmacog-
nosist to the Garden, entitled ‘‘Coming Back, the Show-Globe,
Emblem of Pharmacy.’’

Mrs. Katherine H. Leigh, Assistant to the Director, and
Miss Ruth L. Barry, spoke before the St. Louis Horticultural
Society, October 3, on ‘‘Glass Gardens for the Home’’ and
gave a demonstration of making one of these gardens.

Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, lectured
before the Osage Hills Garden Club, September 26, on
‘‘Hlowering Plants for the Garden,’’ and before the conven-
tion of Park Executives, September 30, on ‘‘Plant Move-
ments.’’

Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the Herbarium (on leave
of absence) ; Dr. Adele L. Grant, Acting Curator of the Her-
barium; Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden; Dr.
Robert E. Woodson, Research Assistant to the Garden, and
Miss Caroline K. Allen, student in the Henry Shaw School
of Botany, attended the Fifth International Botanical Con-
gress, held in Cambridge, England, August 16-23.

Dr. R. V. La Garde, Research Assistant to the Garden, has
returned from a trip of two and one-half months in Europe.
He visited the principal gardens and arboretums in central
Europe and the orchid nurseries in Schonbrunn, Austria.
While in Prague he gave a talk before the German Students’

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 139

Union on ‘‘Universities and University Life in America.’’

Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. Donald Reddick,
professor of plant pathology, Cornell University ; Dr. Harold
C. Bryant, head of the educational department, National Park
Service, Washington, D. C.; Dr. Victor E. Levine, professor.
of biochemistry, Creighton University, Omaha, Neb.; Dr.
Arthur D. Houghton, of Los Angeles, Cal.; Dr. Frederick R.
Wellman, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture; Dr. Wal-
ter F’. Loehwing; professor of plant physiology, University
of Iowa.

Mr. Anton Hogstad, Jr., Pharmacognosist to the Garden,
gave a talk before the Naturalists’ Club of St. Louis, Sep-
tember 27, at its thirty-second anniversary meeting, on ‘‘Some
Chemico-Pharmacological Aspects of the Nightshade Family.”’
On October 15 he gave the opening lecture for the 1930-31
season of the Colloid Medical Seminar, at the Coronado Hotel,
discussing the subject ‘‘Isomerism .. . as a Related Phenom-
enon to that of Colloidal Chemistry.”’ .

Students pursuing graduate work in the Henry Shaw
School of Botany, either at the Missouri Botanical Garden or
in Rebstock Hall at Washington University, during the
academic year 1930-31, are as follows:

Instructor.—Martha L. Beardsley, A. B. and M. S. Wash-
ington University.

Assistants.—Alexander F. Bucholtz, student at Dorpat Uni-
versity, Dorpat, Esthonia, B. S. Cornell University, M. 8.
Washington University; Harry J. Fuller, A. B. and M. S.
Washington University; Mary Elizabeth Pinkerton, B. S.
University of Nebraska.

Rufus J. Lackland Fellows—George J. Goodman, A. B.
University of Wyoming, M. S. Washington University ; Leo
C. Hitcheock, A. B. and A. M. Pomona College; John Adam
Moore, B. S. Butler College, M. S. Washington State College ;
Julian Steyermark, A. B. and M. S. Washington University ;
F. Lyle Wynd, B. S. and M. S. University of Oregon.

Jessie R. Barr Fellowship.—Marion Child, A. B. Oberlin
College, M. S. Washington University.
Washington University Scholarship.—Josephine Darling-

140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ton, A. B., B. S. in Forestry, University of Montana, M. 8.
Washington University. !

Fellowship of American Creosoting Co.—EKarl E. Berkley,
A. B. University of West Virginia, M. S. Washington Uni-
versity. ;

Special Garden Fellowships——Caroline K. Allen, A. B. Vas-
sar College, M. 8. Washington University; Lily M. Perry,
B. A. Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia; Paul F.
Shope, B. S. Pennsylvania State College, M. S. University of
Colorado.

Special Fellowship.—Chienfan Li, A. B. Yenshing Univer-
sity, China.

Other students——George D. Diehl, A. B. Grinnell College;
Dorothy Megowen, A. B. University of Illinois; Mary Ledger-
wood, A. B. Harris Teachers College.

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR SEPTEMBER, 1930

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

ODM MIMGOE” OL FIBILOTS © ook og 6 dicks a cba ein ceoc ee aan as 40,537
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:
' Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 69
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 206
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of plants and seed packets donated........ 25
Total number of plants and seed packets purchased...... 75

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:

By Purchase—
Stanford, Prof. E. E.—Plants from California and Oregon 200

By Exchange—

O’Neill, Hugh—Plants of the southeastern states......... 161
By -Gift—
Wilson, P.—Plants from New York...............eee0008 1

FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1930

In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com-
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol-
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of-
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting
the Garden.

JANUARY FEBRUARY
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids.
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias.
MARCH APRIL
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
March 1-17—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus,
March 20-23—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors)
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early-
March 29—Azalea Show. flowering Shrubs.
MAY

(Floral Display House)
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines,
and other spring annuals.
(Outdoors)
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies.
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials.

JUNE

(Outdoors)
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden.

JULY
(Outdoors)
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden — farm crops, fiber
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden.

AUGUST

(Outdoors)
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies, Economic
Garden. Medicinal Garden.

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House)
Tropical Water-lilles. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties).
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)

Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias.

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr.
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw,
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was,
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro-
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely
from funds left by the founder.

The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani-
cal garden.

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave-
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer.

\

ng he STAFF .
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

GrEorGE T. Moors,

Director
KATHERINE H. LEIGH,
Assistant to the Director

HERMANN VON SCHRENE, Davip H. LInDER,
Pathologist Mycologist
JESSE M. GREENMAN, ANTON HoGsrTap, JR.,
Curator of Herbarium
(On leave of absence) Pharmacognosist
ADELE L, GRANT, RoLAND- V. LAGARDE,
Acting Curator of Herbarium ; Research Assistant
. Epcar ANDERSON, Rosert E. Woopson, Jp.,
Geneticist : Research Assistant
Wy: ?
Ernest S. REYNOLDS, NELL C. HogNeER,,
Physiologist Librarian and Editor of Publications

- Georce H. Patna,

Superintendent
JoHN NOYES, Paut A. Kou,
Consulting Landscape Architect Fioriculturist

ELInog ALBERTS LINDER,
Orchidologist

W. F. Lanaan,
Chief Engineer

A. P, BEILMANN, '. J, H, KELvoaa,

Trees and Shrubs Herbaceous and Nursery
J. CUTAK, ; J. LANGAN,
. Exotics Assistant Engineer
A. D, FoRRESTER, A. PEARSON,

Plant Recorder ‘ Painter

H. VALLENTINE,
Carpenter
—ooooOoOoOoO
GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION:

L. P. JENSEN, D. MILLer,

Arboriculturist Orchids
G. GoEDEKE, ; R. EB. Kissecx, |

Farm : Engineer

TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE

A. A. HUNTER,
Manager

REPRESENTATIVE'IN EUROPE
GURNEY. WILSON, F. L. S.

Missouri BoTANICcAL
GARDEN BULLETIN

Vol. XVIII NOVEMBER, 1930 No. 9

- CONTENTS.

Page
The Three Hundredth Anniversary of the First. Recog-
“tized Use of Cinchona: i 6° fea een oe ea
Warnings for Winter: 5. 2 RS ag
TER oo Bes with Wey VAS Neh SET RNA nek ted FOS
‘Statistical Information.) v0 Cee or Sr ahaa DRS
Floral Displays of Special Interest i in 1930

ST. LOUIS, MO.
1930

Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR id SINGLE COPIES TEN. CENTS

Bs BOARD OF TRUSTEES _ Loe hn a yin
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Pace Gh

E ORIGINAL decane WERE DESIGNATED IN tk. SHAW's win, ne
AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE
BR-OFFICIO SEMERRE, Is RELARERE SIRENS aS

-Gnonan C. aTCHCocK

hy axel

"Vice-President sted
" SAMUBL a DAVIS.

"Second Wide-Presiaent
DANIEL K. CATLIN.

ALaeer Fe Penns,
PHILr i ScANTAN,
-Brmax A B. Sueniee.

| Fa G. Zao
‘ % ieee Ga

" Gronce R. ‘Txno0r, png ers “Vicron Jy
_ Chancellor ot hicnparieg ‘psig Hs “Mayor of the City of Bt. Louis

4 _Piteator F. JOHNSON, aie _ Avene F. ‘Sarvomrawarn,

| Bishop of the Diocese of at i Vio gnys by The Meer: of Sctence
Ss 7 mete! y. Barra
_ President of ¢* ‘Board of Baueation of st ‘Lots

3

REAU rue INCREASING THE USE

* KINABOREAU

AMSTERDAM-HOLLAND
P ROL AGARYS DE ae

EXHIBIT OF PROPAGANDA MATERIAL

OF

A, heading; B, painting “ a? age seh : C-F, posters for Dutch

calendars; M, disc for Siam; N-W, books and circulars about

THE

KINABURE

AU OF

East Indies, G, for Jugoslavia, H,
malaria and

quinine.

NETHERL

ANDS

Algeria and Morocco;

I-L,

ALW To

‘70
ore

Missoun Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XVIII NOVEMBER, 1930 No. 9

THE THREE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY
OF THE

FIRST RECOGNIZED USE OF CINCHONA

HELD AT THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, OCTOBER 31
AND NOVEMBER 1, 1930.

For three hundred years mankind has enjoyed the blessing
of the febrifuge properties of cinchona or quinine bark. Noth-
ing is actually known as to the discovery of the febrifuge
properties of this bark, but many legends concerning it are
to be found in historical archives. One of the most interest-
ing is that some trees in the Peruvian wilds were blown into
a pool by the wind, and thereby the water became very bitter,
in fact so bitter that the natives refused to drink it. One day
a native was seized with a violent fever, and finding no other
water to quench his thirst, he was foreed to drink of the
water from this pool, with the result that he was cured. He
then related his wonderful discovery to the other inhabitants
of the district, and thus the fame of the febrifuge qualities of
einchona bark became known.

The year 1638 has been generally accepted as the date of
the first recognized use of this bark, in which year Countess
Ana de Chinchon, wife of the viceroy of Peru, Luis Geronimo
Fernandez de Cabrera y Bobadilla, was cured of the intermit-
tent fever. The powdered bark used in this connection had
been received from a Spanish corregidor, Don Juan Lopez de
Canizares, who having learned of the illness of the Countess,

(141)

142 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

had sent a packet of the powdered drug to Don Juan de Vega,
her physician.

Search among the old books at the Missouri Botanical Gar-
den library revealed the fact that eight years earlier this
Spanish corregidor had likewise been cured of the intermittent
fever by means of cinchona bark, thus establishing the date of
the first recognized use of cinchona as the year 1630. It is
interesting to note that this finding has been verified by
Dr. E. M. Holmes, Ph. C., president of the British Pharma-
ceutical Conference, in an article entitled, ‘‘Three Hundred
Years of Cinchona’’ which recently appeared in the ‘‘ Chemist
and Druggist’’ (London).

Upon recovery, the Countess Ana de Chinchon caused the
bark to be collected in large quantities and given to others
who were suffering from intermittent fever. The powdered
bark then became known as Polvo de la Condesa, i. e., the
Countess’ Powder. In the spring of 1640, the Countess re-
turned to her native home, Chinchon, in Spain, bringing with
her a quantity of the remedy for distribution to the sufferers
of the tertian ague on her husband’s estate. Dr. Juan de
Vega, physician to the Countess, followed his patient back
to Spain and he also brought with him a quantity of cin-
chona bark, which he sold at Seville for 100 reals (one real is
equivalent to 10 cents) per pound. Some authorities state
that cinchona bark had found its way to Spain in 1639, one
year before the return of the Countess, for in that year it had
been tried at Aleala de Henares, near Madrid.

Owing to the many requests for the Countess’ Powder, the
Countess of Chinchon transferred the distribution of this bark
to the Jesuit fathers, it then being assigned the name of
Jesuit’s bark.

In 1649, a large quantity of the bark was exported to
Europe by the Jesuit fathers, being received by Cardinal
Juan de Lugo at Rome, who distributed it to members of that
fraternity throughout Europe. It was later carried to Bel-
gium by these same priests. Jesuit’s bark was introduced
into England by James Tompson, a merchant of Antwerp,
and in 1655, when there was a wide-spread epidemie of inter-
mittent fever, it became greatly advertised.

Robert Talbor, an apprentice to Dean, an apothecary of
Cambridge, took an active part in the usage of Jesuit’s

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 143

powder. In 1672 he published a book dealing with the cause
and cure of agues. Through his cures his reputation rapidly
spread, and in 1678 he was appointed physician to King
Charles II. In 1679 he visted France and cured a number of
prominent persons of intermittent fever, but he was always
very careful not to let it be known that he was employing
Jesuit’s bark in the treatment. Louis XIV, having been in-
formed of Talbor’s remarkable achievements with intermit-
tent fever, induced him to sell his secret for the sum of 2000
livres (a livre at that time being equivalent to about twenty
cents). Talbor died in 1681, in which year Louis XIV pub-
lished his method of curing intermittent fever.

Although the bark was employed in 1630 in effecting a cure
for Don Juan Lopez de Canizares, and afterwards was widely
diffused and utilized throughout Europe, no attention was
devoted to the sources of this remarkable bark for almost one
hundred years. The first authentic record of anyone seeking
the source of cinchona is that of the endeavor of Charles-
Marie de la Condamine, a French astronomer, who, when meas-
uring the are of a degree near Quito, availed himself of the
opportunity of being in the vicinity to investigate the origin of
the famous Peruvian bark. In the year 1737 (February), he
collected specimens of this bark at Sierra de Cajanuma, about
two and one-half leagues from Loxa, where the Spanish cor-
regidor, Don Juan de Canizares, had been cured of the inter-
mittent fever in 1630. In 1738 he published an account of
his findings, which was supplemented with a number of illus-
trations.

In 1742, Linnaeus, the father of the binomial system of
plant nomenclature, assigned the name of Cinchona to this
genus of plants in honor of the Countess of Chinchon. In
so doing he was not aware that he had left out the letter ‘‘h’’
in the spelling of the word ‘‘Chinchon,’’ with the result that
this genus of plants then became known as ‘‘Cinchona”’ in-
stead of ‘‘Chinchona.’’ His mistake was not discovered until
many years later. Several attempts have been made to cor-
rect the error, one such an attempt being made at an inter-
national botanical congress, but without avail. The name
‘*Cinchona’’ had become too firmly implanted in the minds
of the botanists and quinologists, and the Linnaean spelling

144 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

was Tecognized by the Revision Committee of the United
States Pharmacopoeia (Tenth Decennial Revision).
Following the work of Condamine, many expeditions set
forth to South America. These expeditions were in charge
of such men as Markham, Mutis, Ruiz and Pavon, Caldas,
Humboldt, Bonpland, Weddell, Tafalla, and others.

Much difficulty was encountered in removing the cinchona
from South America, especially the seeds. The inhabitants
of the cinchona areas in South America became suspicious
of the real intent of the plant collectors and made every
effort to prevent them from shipping the seed to Europe.
Beyond a doubt, no other group of drug plant explorers suf-
fered more hardships than those who went forth in search of
the famous cinchona trees. An excellent account of the many
trials encountered by Markham has been given in a book,
‘<The Life of Sir Clements Markham,”’ written by Sir Albert
H. Markham (London, 1917).

Although the original trees were found growing in South
America, in the Andes mountains at an altitude of 5,000 to
8,000 feet, this continent no longer enjoys the pleasure of
supplying the world with this famous bark, the only and origi-
nal source of the important alkaloid, quinine. Today 97 per
cent of the world’s production of this bark is being conducted
in Java, under the direction of the Dutch. Some 2% per
cent is being produced in British India and about 1% per cent
in the remainder of the world. Such is but one of the
many tales that can be related about cinchona bark. Per-
haps no other drug in our vegetable materia medica has as
much to offer of an interesting nature as cinchona. Further,
no other drug has passed through more trials and vicissitudes.
It has been subject to all types of quackery of the worst kind,
but it still remains supreme.

Some little concern was felt a few years ago when the an-
nouncement was made that a synthetic quinine had been pro-
duced by the modern chemist in his organic chemical labora-
tory, and many predicted that success in this connection would
mean a downfall of the Java cinchona industry. Clinical in-
vestigation, however, has failed to substantiate the anticipa-
tion that this new substance, ‘‘Plasmochin,’’ would replace
the alkaloid quinine. It has been found to be of value as a

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 145

complementary drug when used in conjunction with quinine
as a specific in the treatment of malarial fever. It is of in-
terest to record at this point a statement made by Dr. M. Ker-
bosch, of Java, who was present at the Tercentenary Celebra-
tion just recently held at the Missouri Botanical Garden, to
the effect that one-third of the population of the world is suf-
fering from malarial fever. This is due to the large number
of persons living in the malaria-infected areas of the globe.

In connection with the work dealing with the synthesis of
quinine or a quinine-like substance it is interesting to note
that the world today enjoys the many benefits of the aniline
dye industry through the work of Perkins, a noted chemist,
who at one time attempted to synthesize quinine. Instead of
obtaining quinine, he was rewarded by the achievement of
producing the first aniline dye, a yellow dye known as mauve.
This discovery gave birth to the vast so-called ‘‘coal tar in-
dustry’’ that today is supplying thousands of medicines, dyes,
perfumes, ete.

This in brief is the story of a drug that occupies a promi-
nent place in the vegetable materia medica of the pharmacist
and the physician. Today the alkaloid quinine stands su-
preme in the treatment of malarial fever. A noted physician
once said that if any one of his colleagues was unable to effect
a cure for malaria by the use of quinine, he ought to relin-
quish the practice of medicine.

Having established the date of the first recognized use of
cinchona as being 1630, it seemed fitting and worth while,
since the year 1930 marks the anniversary of three hundred
years of cinchona medication, to commemorate such a date—
to pause in the rush of a busy life and to reflect on the role of
a drug that has been official in every edition of the United
States Pharmacopoeia since 1820.

The Missouri Botanical Garden, with its many excellent
features, including one of the finest and most comprehensive
of libraries, a lecture hall unique in character, display rooms,
conservatories, etc., presented much as an ideal setting for a
gathering of scientists. Accordingly, invitations were ex-
tended to scientists, including the leading quinologists, over
the world, to participate in such an international gathering.
The preliminary plans called for a symposium covering all
phases of a _ botanical, chemical, pharmaceutical, and

146 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

pharmacological nature, relative to the drug cinchona. It was
likewise deemed advisable to bring together what perhaps
would prove to be the most comprehensive collection of cin-
chona barks, their alkaloids, salts and derivatives, as well as
photographs, books, ete., that had ever been shown at any one
time in the history of a single drug of our vast vegetable
materia medica.

The response was more than gratifying. From Java jour-
neyed Dr. M. Kerbosch, Director, Government Cinchona
Estate and Cinchona Experimental Station at Tjinjiroean,
Pengalengan, Java, having been accorded a four months’
leave of absence by the Java Government. Today Doctor
Kerbosch is recognized as the world’s leading authority on
the cultivation of cinchona trees, for from the trees under
his personal supervision comes 97 per cent of the world’s
supply of the bark.

From Maarssen, Netherlands, came Dr. A. R. Van Linge,
president of the Nederlandsche Kininefabriek, who occupies
the responsible position of head of the so-called Dutch Qui-
nine Monopoly. During the summer of 1929 the Missouri
Botanical Garden was visited by the son of Dr. Van Linge,
who, during a world tour with his wife, stopped off in St.
Louis to inspect the Garden. When informed of the proposed
Cinchona Tercentenary Celebration the younger Van Linge re-
marked that he felt sure that his father would gladly co-
operate in such a remarkable undertaking. The result was
that this gathering was honored by the presence of this noted
quinologist.

Germany was represented by Dr. Karl Merck, president of
Merck & Company, of Darmstadt, manufacturers of fine chemi-
eals since 1668. The City of Glasgow, Seotland, sent their
personal representative, Mr. W. D. Besant, Director of Parks
and Botanic Gardens of that city.

A number of noted American quinologists were in attend-
ance. Among them was Dr. George D. Rosengarten, of Phila-
delphia, member of the well-known firm of Powers-Weight-
man-Rosengarten (now merged with Merck & Co., Ine., Rah-
way, N. J.), which was the first to produce quinine on a
commercial scale in this country. Quinine was produced in
Philadelphia by this firm in 1823, three years after it had been
isolated from cinchona bark by two French scientists. Pelle-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 147

tier and Caventou. Mr. G. W. Merck, president of Merck &
Co., Ine., was likewise present, Other guests included Dr.
Torald Sollman, professor of Pharmacology, Western Reserve
University ; Dr. Kenneth F. Maxcy, University of Virginia,
an authority on malarial fever; Dr. Wilbur L. Scoville, dean
of American pharmacists, from Detroit; Dr. Edward Krem-
ers, the volatile oil authority and phytochemist, from the Uni-
versity of Wisconsin ; and Dr. George Dock, of Pasadena, Cali-
fornia, formerly of St. Louis.

The proceedings of the congress are to appear shortly in
full in a volume devoted to the celebration. Following is a
program of the events:

PROGRAM
CELEBRATION OF
THE THREE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY
OF THE
FIRST RECOGNIZED USE OF

CINCHONA

Friday, October 31—Saturday, November 1, 1930
Saint Louis

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 31

10:00 a. m.
Assemble at the main entrance to the Garden (Tower Grove
avenue and Flora place). Viewing of the Chrysanthemum
Show and trip through conservatories,

10:30 a. m.
Exhibition of books, pictures, crude materials, and drugs
pertaining to cinchona.

11:00 a. m.
Assemble in the “Library and Museum” Building.
Address of Welcome...... Director George T. Moore °
“THE HISTORY OF CINCHONA”

4 CME BD) atl Aaah eee Cee Professor Leo Suppan
St. Louis College of Pharmacy

The CUGMICAl . ..ice st. : ls bce Dr. Edward Kremers
University of Wisconsin

The Medicinal Use.......... Dr. George Dock

Pasadena, California

Dr. John Sappington, Pioneer

in the Use of Quinine in the

Mississippi Valley .......... Professor Robert J. Terry
Washington University
School of Medicine

148 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

1:00 p m.

Luncheon at the Garden
2:00 p. m.

“THE CINCHONA INDUSTRY OF JAVA”
Dr. M. Kerbosch
Director, Government Cinchona Estate and Cinchona
Experimental Station
“Tjinjiroean,” Pengalengan, Java

“THE PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS OF CINCHONA”
Dr. Wilbur L. Scoville,
Detroit, Michigan

“MINOR ALKALOIDS OF CINCHONA BARK”
Mr. Frederic Rosengarten
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

“THE CINCHONA ALKALOIDS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE”
Dr. Torald Sollman
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

“THE PRESENT CONCEPTION OF THE
. ACTION OF QUININE IN MALARIA”
Dr. Kenneth F, Maxcy
University of Virginia
7:30 p. m.
Trustees’ Banquet, Hotel Jefferson
Mr. George C. Hitchcock

President Board of Trustees, Missouri Botanical
Garden, Presiding

Speakers:

Dr. C. E. Caspari
Dean, St. Louis College of Pharmacy
St. Louis, Missouri
Representing Pharmacy
Mr. W. D. Besant
Director of Parks and Botanic Gardens,
Glasgow, Scotland
Representing Botany
Dr. George D. Rosengarten
Past President of American Chemical Society
Malvern, Pennsylvania
Representing Chemistry
Dr. A. R. Van Linge
N. V. Nederlandsche Kininefabriek
Maarssen, Netherlands
Representing Industry

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 149

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 1
10:30 a. m.
Assemble at the Garden to view Library, Herbarium, and
special exhibits.

11:30 a. m.
Leave Museum Building (Cleveland avenue gate) for Mis-
souri Botanical Garden Extension, Gray Summit, Missouri.

1:00 p. m.

Luncheon.

2 :00 p. Mm.
View orchid seedlings and collections. For any who desire
it, trips will be arranged to various parts of the grounds.

3:30 p. m.
Return to city.

8 :00—10 :00 p. Mm.

Reception at Director’s residence.

In the address of welcome by Dr. George T. Moore, Direc-
tor of the Missouri Botanical Garden, attention was called to
the importance of the work of the vegetable kingdom from
a humanitarian point of view, as well as the need of com-
memorating such a date as 1630, the date of the first recog-
nized use of cinchona.

Professor Suppan’s paper dealing with the history of this
interesting and important drug represented beyond a doubt
one of the most comprehensive papers on this subject ever
prepared. Professor Suppan spent many months in inten-
Sive investigation at the Missouri Botanical Garden, review-
ing all of the literature in the various languages.

Mr. Frederic Rosengarten of Philadelphia, being in Europe
at the time, his paper on the ‘‘ Minor Alkaloids of Cinchona,’’
was read by his brother, Dr. G. D. Rosengarten. This paper
dealt at some length with the alkaloids cinchonine, cinchoni-
dine, and quinidine, the latter having gained considerable
popularity during the past few years as an alternate drug
with that of Digitalis in the treatment of auricular fibrilla-
tion. In addition to these three alkaloids, the substance desig-
nated as chinoidin was likewise discussed, in which it was
pointed out that this substance apparently has many uses as
yet unknown.

In discussing the chemical aspects of cinchona, Doctor Ed-
ward Kremers reviewed the many pitfalls and complications

150 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

in the path of the phytochemist, as well as pointing out the
need for more intensive phytochemical research in the future.

Doctor George Dock, formerly of St. Louis, reviewed the
medical aspects of the bark, for the most part dealing with
the many interesting points relative to its history.

The paper by Doctor Robert J. Terry, on the life and activi-
ties of Dr. John Sappington (1776-1856), of Arrow Rock,
Missouri, was of especial interest, owing to the fact that
through the endeavors of Doctor Sappington, quinine was
introduced in the Mississippi Valley in the treatment of
malarial fever.

Dr. M. Kerbosch, of Java, presented a very comprehensive
picture of the entire cinchona culture industry, and also ex-
plained the true purpose of the so-called ‘‘Dutch Quinine
Monopoly,’’ which is to the effect that this organization is
expending every effort to distribute quinine as cheaply as pos-
sible for the millions of persons suffering from malarial fever.
As stated previously, it is to be remembered that one-third
of the population of the world is affected with malarial fever.
The paper was supplemented by motion pictures of cinchona
eulture, prepared especially for this celebration. They were
remarkable in every respect, and brought to those interested
in this subject the first depiction of every stage in the culture,
collection, and preparation of this important drug.

From the dean of American pharmacists, Dr. Wilbur L.
Scoville, much was learned about the galenical preparations
of this drug, as well as the many problems that the manufac-
turer of cinchona pharmaceutical preparations has to face
every day. Simple percolation is no longer the only problem.
It is essential to prepare these pharmaceutical preparations in
such a manner that they will retain their efficiency, as well
as to eliminate the objectionable features of sedimentation.
Doctor Scoville exploded the old-time theory of slow perco-
lation, stating that in the case of cinchona extraction, a rapid
percolation was far superior.

Dr. Torald Sollman, the noted American pharmacologist,
dealt with the cinchona alkaloids in medical science. The
paper was replete at every point with clear-cut facts as to the
role of the cinchona alkaloids in modern medical practice. It
was interesting to learn from this noted pharmacologist that
the branch of pharmacology known as chemotherapy did not

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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ToL

have its origin in the monumental and classie work of Ehrlich
on the salvarsans but rather on the discovery of cinchona in
1630, for today quinine represents one of the few specific
medicines.

The paper dealing with the present conception of the action
of quinine in malaria, by Dr. Kenneth F. Maxcy, of the Uni-
versity of Virginia, was a comprehensive review of this vast
and complicated problem. Apparently there is much yet to
be learned of the mode of action of quinine in the treatment
of malarial fever, for this problem, like others of the serologi-
eal nature, involves the complicated study of blood chemistry,
together with an appreciation of its colloid-chemical aspects.

The scientific program occupied the morning and afternoon
of Friday, October 31, and a portion of the morning of No-
vember 1.

The Trustees’ Banquet, on the evening of Friday, October
31, proved to be a most delightful occasion, at which time
three hundred guests were entertained. Mr. George C. Hitch-
cock, President of the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Bo-
tanical Garden, was toastmaster for the occasion. It will be
noted from the program that Dr. C. E. Caspari, dean of the
St. Louis College of Pharmacy, spoke in behalf of Pharmacy ;
Mr. W. D. Besant, of Glasgow, Scotland, for Botany; Dr. G.
D. Rosengarten, of Philadelphia, for Chemistry, and Dr. A.
R. Van Linge, of Maarssen, Netherlands, for Industry.

The trip to Gray Summit, Missouri, where the Missouri
Botanical Garden maintains an extension of 1600 acres, and
where is housed the world’s greatest collection of orchids,
was a most enjoyable occasion. Two motor busses were char-
tered for the trip. The fall colorations of the oaks, sumacs,
and other shrubs and trees were at their most gorgeous, and
afforded the guests an excellent opportunity to note the
autumnal beauty of the State of Missouri. After a delight-
ful repast served at the Administration Building, the dele-
gates inspected the collection of orchids. Elinor Alberts
Linder, Orchidologist to the Missouri Botanical Garden, then
explained the various steps in the growing of orchids from
seed. Her talk was supplemented with the display of orchid
seedlings that had just recently been exhibited at the meeting
of the American Orchid Society, Washington, D. C.

The Tercentenary Celebration of the first recognized use of

152 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

cinchona was brought to a close by a reception held at the
residence of the Director, on Saturday evening, November 1,
at which time friendly greetings were exchanged and many
new friendships formed.

The lower floor of the Henry Shaw residence, now devoted
to a collection of historical objects, was utilized for the various
cinechona exhibits—exhibits that represented the most com-
prehensive collection of cinchona bark and its products ever
assembled in the past three hundred years of cinchona medi-
cation. Through the courtesy of Merck and Company, Inc.,
logs of cinchona trees of varying ages with barks attached,
quills of the bark, a bale of ground cinchona bark, roots,
branches, etc., had been imported from Java for this occa-
sion. In addition to the above items, this firm exhibited a
complete list of cinchona alkaloids, their salts and derivatives,
both in crude and purified forms (pl. 33). The Mallinckrodt
Chemical Works, St. Louis, as well as the New York Quinine
and Chemical Works, New York City, likewise exhibited fine
collections of cinchona alkaloids and their salts.

From the Kinabureau of Netherlands was imported a
unique set of posters telling the story of quinine in relation
to the treatment of malarial fever (pl. 32). In addition to
these posters a large oil painting, entitled “Anguish,” de-
picted a person dying of malarial fever at the base of a pile
of human skulls, and a skeleton with the wings of the mos-
quito hovering above.

The Société des Quinquinas of Paris, France, sent for the
oceasion two placques of Pelletier and Caventou, discoverers
of quinine.

One of the most interesting of all exhibits was the historical
relics of the late Dr. John Sappington, of Arrow Rock, Mis-
souri, loaned by the Daughters of the American Revolution
(pls. 34-35). This collection included Doctor Sappington’s
saddle bags, carpet bag, medicine chest, agreement of sale for
10,000 boxes of Sappington’s Antifever Pills at 60 cents per
box, and his prescription book, in which was noted that he
charged for both mileage and professional call in those early
days. An entry for January 31, 1838, shows that he charged
$4.00 for 80-extract of cinchona pills.

Dr. M. Kerbosch brought with him from Java a most in-
teresting collection of cinchona barks, fruits, and seeds, speci-

35.

PLATE

DR. SAPPINGTON’S PRESCRIPTION BOOK, AND THE SADDLE BAGS
FROM WHICH, TRAVELING ON HORSEBACK, HE DISTRIBUTED THE FIRST QUININE USED IN THE MISSISSIPPI
VALLEY

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 153

mens of cinchona branches, as well as an excellent collection
of herbarium specimens of many species of cinchona. He
likewise exhibited the method of germination of cinchona
seeds, and various forms of animal life that are destructive
to cinchona trees.

The Missouri Botanical Garden displayed herbarium speci-
mens and an interesting set of books from the library dealing
with all phases of this remarkable drug. The St. Louis Col-
lege of Pharmacy loaned some books for this exhibit, as did
Dr. George Dock, of Pasadena, California.

An added attraction which the Garden offered the guests
was the Chrysanthemum Show, which was especially rushed
along in order to be in readiness at the time of the celebration.

All in all, this celebration was a most unusual gathering in
many respects. It brought together for the first time in the
history of this important febrifuge drug the leading quinolo-
gists throughout the civilized world. As stated previously,
it also afforded an opportunity of displaying the most com-
prehensive collection of cinchona and its products from the
seed to the living plant, as well as all the barks and the many
products derived from them. Much was learned of the many
hardships endured by those who undertook to search for the
source of this remarkable tree in the Peruvian wilds. In a
kaleidoscopic manner we were carried over a period of three
centuries, during which time was revealed a story replete with
points of interest at every turn in the road. We were like-
wise informed of the many problems confronting the phyto-
chemist and pharmacologist in their quests for remedial agents
to alleviate the sufferings of mankind. Also, we were told of
the true intent and purpose of the so-called Dutch Quinine
Monopoly—information that has changed our opinions of it in
many respects. We likewise learned much relative to the
perseverance of the Dutch, to whom all credit is due for
keeping alive an industry that some years ago seemed doomed,
owing to the fact that the market price of quinine was far be-
low the cost of production. When other countries turned to
more profiable pursuits, the Dutch kept on, with the result
that today quinine—the remedial agent, par excellence for
malaria—is to be had throughout portions of the world.

Is it any wonder then that at the close of the Trustees’ Ban-
quet in the Gold Room of Hotel Jefferson the guests arose

154 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

in silence as the orchestra rendered ‘*‘ Wien Neerlandschbloed’’
—the National Anthem of Netherlands? It was a just tribute
to these noble people tendered in the presence of its two offi-
cial representatives, Doctors M. Kerbosch and A. R. Van
Linge, who had traveled thousands of miles to be present at
this auspicious gathering.

—A. H., Jr.

WARNINGS FOR WINTER

Winter affords the gardener an excellent opportunity for
pruning trees and shrubs. Broken stubs, frequently caused
by storms, stand as much chance to heal over as a broken
arm without a splint. Maples or walnut trees should be
pruned before December or after April, otherwise excessive
bleeding will result. The long icicles often seen hanging
from the freshly pruned branches during March illustrate
this loss of sap. When pruning shrubs and climbing roses,
keep the shears away from the spring-flowering species
which flower before the first of June. These should be
pruned after flowering if you expect good flowering wood
for the next spring to develop.

Examine your trees and shrubs for scale, particularly
Cornus for San Jose and oyster-shell, and hawthorns for
black-banded scale. Spray the Japanese quince on general
principles, as it is a favorite home for scale. Your seedsmen
ean supply you with dormant sprays.

The past summer has been an unusually dry one, and
ornamental trees and shrubs should not be permitted to go
into the winter dry. Evergreens should be well soaked.
Do not just sprinkle the top soil, but by means of a crow-
bar or auger drive holes six inches or more deep around
the tree and fill with water. When filling the holes, work
in some bone meal. A coarse mulch of about four inches
around the small evergreens and deciduous shrubs will help
to maintain moisture, and cultivation will prevent a hard
crust.

Roses, despite the hot, dry weather, have made remarkable
growth this year. It suggests that under normal conditions
more drainage may help us grow better roses. Do not expect

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 155

to succeed with all hybrid tea roses; they are temperamen-
tal. Experiment with new varieties before permanently
planting in the rose garden. Roses should not be covered
too early, as most of the damage in this climate is wrought
in late spring. Wait until continued freezing is here, then
protect the tender hybrid tea roses and such climbers as Dr.
Van Fleet, Silver Moon, ete. Hybrid perpetuals are much
hardier. Straw makes an excellent winter cover, and should
be placed lightly around the plants so as to permit aeration.
As soon as defoliated, bush roses with long canes should be
trimmed back to 18 inches, and the weak shoots cut out.
Control, or help control leaf spot by raking up and burning
fallen leaves.

Prune the old tops or flowering stems of delphiniums,
phlox, and peonies. Be sure to examine the roots or bulbs
of cannas, dahlias, caladiums, ete. The cellar might be a
little too warm, causing rot or rapid drying. Watch the
young fruit trees. We have rabbits that bark. A good
temporary protection is to wrap the trunks with several
layers of magazine sheets. Field mice will also feed upon
the roots of young trees, causing considerable damage.

sf aso Oe oe

NOTES

Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has re-
cently been elected president of the St. Louis Horticultural
Society.

Dr. Adele L. Grant, Acting Curator of the Herbarium,
spoke before the P. E. O., November 5, on “*Collecting Plants
in South Africa.”’

Mr. G. H. Pring acted as judge at the national exhibition
of orchids given by the American Orchid Society, at Washing-
ton, D. C., October 16-18.

Mr. G. H. Pring gave a talk before the St. Louis Horticul-
tural Society, November 7, on “Orchids,” and November 25
spoke before the Festus J. Wade Parent-Teachers Associa-
tion on “A Hunt for Orchids.”

Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. Edward J. Petry,
head of the department of biology, Central College, Fayette,
Mo.; Mr. W. W. Ashe, of the U. S. Forest Service ; and Prof.

156 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

N. N. Kuleshov, of the Institute of Applied Botany, United
States Soviet Republics.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, gave a lecture
illustrated with moving pictures before the Technical Club
of Madison, Wis., November 10, on ‘‘The Plant Common-
wealth’’; and was the speaker at one of the McBride lectures,
which are maintained at Western Reserve University for the
people of Cleveland, November 17, on ‘Morality in Plants,”’
the lecture being illustrated with moving pictures. He also
addressed the Biological Club of Western Reserve Univer-
sity on “Botany and Business.”

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR OCTOBER, 1930

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total number of visitors.......----:eeeeee reece tees 38,638
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought.....---.---- 48

Total number of books and pamphlets GOnAtOGs ns Seales 0 228

PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of plants donated.....-..--.. see eeeereeeee 10

PLANT DISTRIBUTION:
Total number of plants distributed in exchange. .i..6...- 167
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase

Valeur, E. J.—Plants of Dominican Republic...........-- 287
Sydow, H.—Fungi exotici exsiccati, Nos. 751-900, inclusive. 150
Eyerdam, W. J.—Plants of Kamenatita. as aaa se rpiesees 128
By Gift—
Linder, Mrs. Mary F.—Macrophonia Candollei........---- 1
Chase, Mrs. Agnes—Plants of Dratil. ..5.i5 6 wees epee ses 17
Leineman, Catharine—Miscellaneous MBO iceceraen ee ss 8
British Museum—Lycium macrophyllum.......--++50050 1
Diehl, D. G. and others—Fungi of Missouri............-. 7
By Exchange—
Dudley Herbarium—Plants of Pacific Coast........-.-..-- 100
U. §. National Herbarium Umbelliferae........----++-+-- 225

iit a -G g “+ ma eae er 4 —_ <<’, eS et a ee ee ee re ee eye

FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1930

In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com-
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol-
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of-
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting
the Garden.

JANUARY FEBRUARY
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids.
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias,
MARCH APRIL
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
March 1-17—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus,
March 20-23—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors)
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early-
March 29—Azalea Show. flowering Shrubs.
MAY

(Floral Display House)
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines,
and other spring annuals.
(Outdoors)
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies.
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials.

JUNE

(Outdoors)
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden.

JULY
(Outdoors)
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden.

AUGUST

(Outdoors)
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic
Garden. Medicinal Garden.

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House)
Tropical Water-lilles. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties).
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)

Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias.

oy Sint: Leal: Od eget

en ee

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr.
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw,
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was,
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely
from funds left by the founder.

The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani-
cal garden.

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, excep!
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset,

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer.

; : ; STAFF dai ‘
OF Tee MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN © ef,

Grorce 'T. Moorn, " | i ae
Director eee
KATHERINE H. LEIGH,
Assistant to the Director

HERMANN VON SCHRENK, ~ Davin H, Liver, ) be
- Pathologist Mycologist Re
peda bag REESHELA, Anton Hoesrap, Jr.,
‘“urator of Herbarium h j
(On leave of absence) Pharmacognosist
ADELE L. GRANT, Rotanp V. LaGARpDE,
Acting Curator of Herbarium Research Assistant
’ Hpear ANDERSON, ..Roserr E. Woopson, JR.,
Geneticist ; Research Assistant
-» Brnesr S. Reynowps, Netz C. Horner,

‘Physiologist ig Librarian and Editor of Publications

x

Grorce H: Prine,

Oa hate Superintendent
| Joun Noyes, en ~ Pav A. Kou,
! Consulting Landscape. Architect Floriculturist.
Eurnor Axserrs LInpER,
‘ Orchidologist

W. F. LANGAN, rp sige cy
Chief Engineer ae

A. P. BEILMANN, E J. H. KEtroae,
Trees and Shrubs * ‘Herbaceous and Nursery
- J. CuTAK, } m8 LANGAN,
; Exotics Assistant Engineer
A.D. Folsthaven’ “ . A, PEARSON,
Plant Recorder Painter
H, VALLENTINE,
Carpenter

GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION

L. P. JENSEN, - “D. MILLER,
Arboriculturist “Bho Orchids
G. Gorprxs, ‘R. BE, Kissecx,

Farm Engineer |

TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE
A.A. Hunter, —
Manager ;

REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE
GurNpy WIxson, F. L, S.

Missouri B BOTANICAL
GarDEN B ‘BULLETIN

Vol. XVIII ~ DECEMBER, 1930 ~ “No.10 |

CONTENTS

Page
A Large Shrub for the Garden. Re ee pe ies ge a
| Novel Methods of Displaying Chrysanthemums ES
Transplanting Trees and SPEEU RB eho a ak: bag
BOG fe ee eR One a ee BS
Statistical Information... . aN Rae pray, 9 Ge ee
Index to Illustrations of Vol. XVII» fis Ee Oa i NINE Fe —* CN
Mencral indéex-to Wolk SOME ee i eae ee ET
Floral Dispiays of Special Interest i in 1930
ST. LOUIS, MO,
1930
‘Published Monthly, Except July and August, by-the Board of Trustees
SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ON DOLLAR PER YEAR _ SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

hope
= é rs

ay - goarRD 0 oF “TRUSTEES _ a Maen
| _OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICA GARDEN —

Re Raa Wink b ieiaabian. An tin, anes wit
Sane Baa THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF ie
coun Miuaesdset ‘agus: Is. sy cats dich ah

s Phosiitene.
| GEORGE Cc. HITCHCOCK

ae eee ‘las Pulse.
J “SAMUEL c. DAVIS.

‘ oon Vice-President

Banas A. ah Snmeiey.

3 Pe a. Zen.

if

i

"EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

’ ibon iw" Mim, WL eee,
. Mayor of the City of st. Loule

:
y =

“Pretent of The
f St. Lope i

cm Danret. Breck, Secretary —

ye

5

JOUS HOLLY, SHOWING
RRIE

NORTH AMERICAN TRACT.

‘ON

"OA “ITA ‘duvs) “LOY

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‘98 ALWId

PRES a Nee a Ne a

Missoun Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XVIII DECEMBER, 1930 No. 10

A LARGE SHRUB FOR THE GARDEN

Few large shrubs bear flowers of a size and color to make
them conspicuous in spring, and in addition in the fall bear
fruit whose color is strikingly vivid against a background of
autumn foliage. The deciduous holly (Jlex decidua Walt.)
(pl. 836) does both and is unusually well able to adapt itself to
a variety of conditions. In the wet low meadows and river
bottoms of the state it attains a height of thirty feet, but in
drier situations it will not exceed twelve feet. In spring
before the leaves appear the small yellow flowers bloom, giv-
ing the whole plant a pale yellow appearance. Later the dark
green leaves unfold and remain until the berries attain their
searlet color. From then until the following spring the tip
of each branch is clothed with red berries (pl. 37). The ber-
ries remain only as long as the branch is attached to the plant.

Since the staminate (male) flowers are borne on one plant
and the pistillate (female) on another, some plants are with-
out fruit. To be certain of a crop of berries, which are more
showy than the flowers, it is necessary to choose a plant bear-
ing pistillate flowers, or if dug in the fall, one bearing fruit.

In the summer the plant bears a general resemblance to
privet. The leaves are approximately the same size, color,
and shape, while the general growing habit is almost identical
with Ibolian privet. The leaves are oblong and wedge-shaped,
with impressed veins on the upper surface, dark green above,
paler below. The twigs are light gray. The shrub is found

(157)

158 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

from Virginia to Florida, west to Illinois, Kansas and Texas.
It is admirably adapted to any wet position which for some
reason cannot be drained. Its greater height fits it for plant-
ing as a background, as a specimen, or in any situation where
a taller shrub is required. It is unaffected by city smoke.
After planting no pruning except the removal of dead
branches is necessary. af, &.

NOVEL METHODS OF DISPLAYING
CHRYSANTHEMUMS

Mr. W. D. Besant, Director of Parks and Gardens, Glasgow,
Scotland, when visiting the Garden during the recent Cin-
chona celebration, made the following comment on the chry-
santhemum show: ‘‘ This is the most beautiful chrysanthemum
exhibition I have ever seen. You Americans are evidently not
satisfied with one show in a house, but even have to suspend
another from a roof. I will certainly introduce this artistic
manner of culture into our own show next season. Please
give me full details of its eulture.’’

Hanging Baskets —The exhibit of chrysanthemums in hang-
ing baskets was first introduced at the Garden in 1920 (see
BuLLETIN, Vol. 8, pl. 17), at which time six baskets were sus-
pended from the middle of the roof. At the present time
thirty-two large baskets and twenty-four small ones exhibited
as standards constitute the ‘‘aerial’’ display. For the culture
and final development of this feature, a special growing house
must be set aside for seven months. It is interesting to note
that the varieties first selected and developed during the grow-
ing season in 1919 have not been superseded by other or later
introductions, with the exception of the large single yellow
‘* Adele Wallner.” The original varieties, which still seem to
be the best for the purpose, are ‘‘Anna’’ single white, ‘‘Cos-
mos’’ single pink, and ‘‘ Yellow Daisy’’ somewhat suggesting
C. indicum, the original chrysanthemum from China.

Cultivation in baskets is comparatively simple and within
the reach of the amateur who has a greenhouse at his dis-
posal. Cuttings are selected from the varieties named, all of
which may be purchased from commercial growers. The short
sturdy root cuttings will develop the best plants. These
should be rooted in sand (the local Meramee sand preferred )

37.

PLATE

30.

19

18,

, VOL.

Li:

Bu

Mo. Bor. GARD.

FLOWERING BRANCH OF DECIDUOUS HOLLY. FRUITING BRANCHES OF DECIDUOUS HOLLY.

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VoL. 18, 19380. PLATE 38.

BASKET CHRYSANTHEMUM “ANNA.”

eae Ott —_
as

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 159

about January 15. Within four weeks the shoots should have
sufficient roots to warrant potting into 214- or 3-ineh pots,
using a light sandy soil for the first growing medium. As roots
develop the plants should be transferred into 4-inch pots. Sys-
tematic pinching of the terminal shoots is necessary in order
to produce a plant with many lateral branches. The number
of pinches necessary varies with the plant, the aim being to
produce a so-called bushy specimen. About May 15 the plants
should be in readiness for transplanting in baskets. The size
of the basket depends entirely upon the desired size of the
exhibition plant. Two sizes were selected for the Garden
exhibit. For the large specimens which are suspended from
the roof a two-foot basket is used, and for the small standards
supported upon bamboo poles a one-foot basket is more con-
venient. Baskets should be made of galvanized wire and not
common wire which often will rust out before the end of the
season. They should be lined with either sphagnum or sheet
moss so as to keep the soil from leaching out during watering,
being sure that the layered moss joints overlap. The soil
should be a mixture of three parts sod or good garden soil
and one part decayed leaves and sand. Pack the soil within
the mossed area so that the moss is made firm against the
sides of the basket. For the large baskets four specimens
are planted in quadrangle outline, and the soil firmed around
the ball of roots. The soil should be concave at the surface and
come within not more than two inches from the top of the
moss. This is to facilitate a thorough watering without the
soil being washed over the mossed edge. Pinching should be
practised until about the end of July. Subsequent culture
is identical with that of the pot chrysanthemum.

Recently a method of obtaining a more pendent growth has
been developed by twisting the main stem during July. With
one hand the plant is secured at its base, with the other the
stem is held against the rim of the basket and at the same time
a gentle downward twist is given, just sufficient to break the
outer bark and slightly split the woody tissue. The wounded
tissue calluses over, leaving the shoot pendent. Needless to
say this is a delicate operation and in the hands of a careless
person will result in breaking the stem beyond healing.

Cascade Chrysanthemums.—Many kinds of bush chrysan-

160 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

themums, particularly the single-flowered types, may be
trained to various shapes. An interesting account appeared
in the January 11, 1980, ‘Gardeners’ Chronicle’’ (English)
of a new style of treatment, differing from the familiar ball
and large specimen types. This article, written by K.
Yashiroda, Kagawaken, Japan, mentioned as suitable for this
work only Japanese varieties of chrysanthemums. Conse-
quently it required a year of experimenting at the Garden to
determine which of the varieties commonly grown in this
country were best adapted to the cascade effect. Large-flow-
ered single varieties such as ‘‘Molly Hunt’’ and ‘‘Melba,’’
which have a heavy stem, were found to be unsuitable, but
the more floriferous, wire-stemmed varieties could be grown
to almost any desired shape. The original chrysanthemum
(C. indicum) (pl. 39) lent itself admirably to training for cas-
eades. Of the larger-flowered singles the old variety ‘‘Lady-
smith’’ was the best (pls. 40 and 41). Other good varieties
for cascade treatment were ‘‘Anna,’’ ‘‘Benten,’’ bronze and
pink ‘‘Buckingham,’’ ‘‘Columbia,’’ ‘‘Cosmos,’’ ‘‘Old Gold,’’
‘‘Roupel Beauty,’’ and ‘‘ Yellow Daisy.”’

In order to produce cascade effects constant attention must
be given during the entire growing season. Cuttings should
be rooted early, and as soon as the young plants are five or
six inches high they should be pinched back, leaving four or
five leaves. When lateral shoots have formed in the axils of
the leaves, the uppermost one is left unpinched to form the
leader or growing tip of the plant, and each of the remaining
side-shoots is pinched back to two or three leaves. <As
growth continues these lateral branches when pinched will
give rise to sub-laterals, which in turn are pinched to two or
three leaves. This repeated pinching, which must be done
at least once a week, will gradually produce a plant bushy at
the base. As soon as the leader has grown about a foot high,
the plant now being in a four- or five-inch pot, a long bam-
boo cane is pushed into the soil at an angle of 45 degrees.
The plants are then set on a bench, with the bamboo cane
pointing north. The leader must be tied close to the bamboo
support, and every few days as the stem grows it should be
tied. If this is neglected the leader will grow up vertically
from the last tie. As it grows in length more laterals will

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 18, 1930. PLATE 39.

HANGING BASKET
CHRYSANTHEMUM INDICUM

Mo. Bor. Garb, BULL., VOL, 18, 1930 PLATE 40.

CASCADE CHRYSANTHEMUM
“LADYSMITH”, FRONT VIEW

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 161

torm along the sides and these should be pinched in the same
manner as the first basal shoots. As with other chrysanthe-
mums grown in pots, repotting must be attended to several
times during the season. The plants are awkward to handle
after they have attained considerable size, and two persons
will be required for this operation, one to hold the plant and
the other to do the potting. If the plant becomes too broad at
the base additional wire or bamboo supports will be needed
to prevent it trom twisting. Bringing the leading shoot grad-
ually into the horizontal plane causes the lateral shoots to
adjust their position for the final lowering of the entire stem
and turning of the plant to the south. By September 1 the
leading shoot should be horizontal, and by October 1 it should
be in its final position.

The operation of removing the bamboo support and lower-
ing the plant over the side of the pot in a vertical position
must be done slowly and carefully. If the stem near the
base of the pot where most of the bending takes place is hard
and in danger of splitting it should be wrapped with raffia be-
fore lowering into the final position. If the plant is not more
than five feet long the stem probably will hang in place with-
out any additional support after being hung over the side
of the pot.

The essential points to remember in training chrysanthe-
mums into pendent or cascade shapes are:

Start the plants early (December or January).

Retain one leader and keep it tied to the support placed at
an angle of forty-five degrees.

Have the leader always pointing to the north, thereby
exposing the entire plant to the same amount of sunlight.

Pinch the laterals repeatedly.

Lower the leader gradually so that it will be horizontal by
September 1, but still pointing north.

Repot when necessary.
Discontinue pinching September 15.

Suspend leader in vertical position October 1 and turn
plant to the south.

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162 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

The other operations of watering, spraying, insect pre-
vention, and fertilization are performed as for any pot-grown
ehrysanthemum. G, B.. P:;

eh Be

TRANSPLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS

Replanting small trees and shrubs, which have been brought
trom the nursery, is attended with but little danger of loss.
The transplanting of larger trees and mature shrubs is, of
course, accompanied by a proportionately greater amount of
risk. Previous neglect and age greatly increase the risk,
while more care and attention after planting will do much to
lessen it. Transplanting is, and must be considered, a serious
operation, one which may result in the death of the plant.

The experienced gardener can successfully move shrubs and
small trees at any time of the year, but he takes into con-
sideration the new and changed conditions under which the
plant must live after transplanting. He prepares for this
by mulching, watering, pruning, and sometimes shading.
Shrubs and trees may be moved safely any time after the
beginning of dormancy, except during the coldest days of
winter, and as late in the spring as the buds remain unopened.
Late spring planting requires the lifting of a large ball of
earth, to save as many of the fibrous roots as possible. These
roots and their accompanying minute hairs are the absorbing
organs of the plant, the larger roots serving only as anchors.
Early fall planting is therefore more likely to succeed, since
it gives time for the cut surfaces of the roots to heal and the
absorbing hair to form long before active growth begins.

In digging shrubs from a nursery row the ball surrounding
the roots must be in proportion to the size of the plant (pl.
43, fig. A). In fig. B the shrub is being root-pruned. Note
that though much of the soil has fallen from the roots, most of
the fibrous roots have been preserved and that only a few of
the larger roots have been cut in digging. These larger roots
must now be pruned so as to remove all torn ends and leave a
smooth eut surface in contact with the soil.

The pruning of a small tree before planting has a direct
bearing on its future health. If properly pruned at this time,
most future structural weaknesses, such as sharp ‘‘V’’

Mo. Bot. Garb. BuLL., Vou. 18, 1930. PLATE 41.

CASCADE CHRYSANTHEMUM
“LADYSMITH”, SIDE VIEW.

i

:

GROUP OF CASCADE CHRYSANTHEMUM S.

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‘ST

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“Sb ULVId

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 163

crotches, can be eliminated. Plate 44, fig. A, shows a syea-
more just after being dug. The large roots have broken in
digging, and lateral branches are growing near the ground.
These reots must be cut back to an unbroken area (fig. B),
and the low lateral branches removed to compensate for the
loss of the roots but the leader must not be shortened. Should
some of the top die before growth starts in spring, usually
only a single lateral bud will continue upward growth. If
the leader, or upward-growing central stem, is much short-
ened, many buds will compete for leadership, causing a num-
ber of weak ecrotehes to form. These must later be removed,
and often it is necessary at a time when the tree ought not
be heavily pruned.

The next and most important step is the actual setting of
the tree or shrub. It should be planted at least one or one
and one-half inches lower than it grew in its former position.
Too often a small hole is dug, the roots twisted so that they
fit, a little soil placed on top, and the plant expected to flour-
ish. By all means, have the hole sufficiently large to hold all
the roots without crowding or bending. If the soil is packed
or poor, dig the hole twice as large as necessary, replacing
with new soil from the garden. A hole dug large enough for
planting in good loose soil is shown in pl. 44, fig. C. At the
left is a pile of top-soil, to be pulverized and placed around
the roots before the pile of subsoil, on the right, is put back
on top. When refilling the hole gently rock the tree back and
forth, permitting the earth to fill in all around the roots and
preventing the formation of pockets. These pockets oceur
when lumpy soil and chunks of sod are used to fill the hole.
Grass or litter should not be permitted to come in contact
with the roots. A heavy sod will heat, causing burning, while
coarse litter prevents the soil from packing around the roots.
After the hole has been refilled, pack the soil firmly around
the roots by stepping on it and settle it by pouring on a
bucket of water. <A thick layer, three or four inches, of
compost or manure will do much toward keeping the moisture
supply constant and assist the plant to re-establish itself.
Dynamiting is often used to loosen heavy soils before plant-
ing, but this is quite impractical when only a few trees are to
be moved. ;

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164 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

The moving of mature trees is beyond the scope of the
Buuuetin. A number of reputable tree-moving firms operate
in St. Louis, making it possible for us to have large trees on
our lawns if we so desire.

When to Plant—Although the time of transplanting has
been briefly referred to above, the question would seem to be
of enough importance to deserve more detailed consideration.
Certainly there is hardly any one thing about which so many
inquiries are received at the Garden. The difficulty, of course,
is that it is impossible to predict what the succeeding season
will be. If we could only know in the fall what kind of
weather to expect in the coming winter or spring, very spe-
cifie rules eould be laid down. Since this is not the ease in
the vicinity of St. Louis, only general principles ean be stated,
recognizing that an unusually open winter or a very cold wet
spring may upset the best-laid plans.

The time in which trees and shrubs in this locality may be
moved is somewhat limited. Compared with the Eastern States
the planting season is much shorter. In the fall the deciduous
plants retain their foliage later in the season, often carrying
into the period of freezing and thawing. In the spring the
eradual passing of winter into summer is frequently so abrupt
that transplanting must be done when the young growth is
well advanced. This necessitates unusual watering and heavy
pruning. In the fall the so-called Indian summer offers a
longer period for transplanting, when many species may be
moved with less risk. Specimen conifers, if the season’s
erowth is well matured, have been suecessfully transplanted
at the end of August or in early September. However, in
general, evergreens may be transplanted with less danger in
the spring than in the fall, particularly pines, hollies, spruces,
arbor-vitaes, retinosporas, firs, and cedars. Since evergreens
retain their foliage throughout the winter, the leaves make
unusual demands upon the roots, the water often evaporating
faster than it ean be supplied by the mutilated roots. Even
well-established evergreens, such as arbor-vitae and spruce,
frequently show so-called ‘‘die-back’’—a browning of the
eurrent season’s growth. Specimens are submitted to the
Garden to ascertain the disease involved, but almost invariably
the main trouble proves to have been due to the plants going

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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 165

into the winter with too little water in the soil. A dry wind
in early spring, with the ground dry or frozen, causes the tips
of the branches to brown, not from disease or freezing but
from drouth. The conifers at the Garden Extension at Gray
Summit are well watered during the fall and the ground
around each plant covered with a straw mulch. About 2000
young trees were transplanted to the new Pinetum in 1929,
and despite their exposure to full sunshine, the loss so far
has been negligible. On the other hand, during the fall of
1928 several hundred cedars which were dug from the glades
near the Meramec River and planted alone the Manchester
Road where the necessary water could not be supplied showed
a loss of sixty per cent.

Some of the deciduous shrubs show a greater mortality if
planted in the late fall than in the spring. Fall-planted
shrubs in many cases show a heavy freeze-back in the spring,
especially if there has been a dry winter. If planted in the
early fall and kept watered. there is time enough before the
approach of extreme winter to repair the injury to the roots
caused by digging and moving. If vacant spaces are left
around the roots, due to imperfect firming of soil, the exposed
roots dry up, reducing still further the chances of success.
The roots are not nearly as apt to be harmed during the
winter by freezing if there is close contact with the soil.
Many experienced nurserymen in this vicinity prefer spring
planting for those varieties of trees and shrubs most subject
to winter killing, since extra attention and protection may
thus be avoided. The following plants may be regarded as
falling within this group: magnolia, lilac, Cornus florida,
red-bud, willow, Lombardy poplar, birch, beech, tulip, and
sweet-gum. The two last mentioned are regarded as the most
difficult to move, either in spring or fall. For this reason the
nurserymen offer these trees shipped B. B. (balled and bur-
laped), the same as evergreens.

It is not intended in this article to diseredit fall planting.
On the contrary, many plants will succeed if moved at this
time of the year, and conditions may necessitate the trans-
planting of even those mentioned above in the fall rather than
the spring. Extra precautions should be taken, however, to
see that the trees and shrubs moved are not left to the mercy

OO ee ee te ew soe

El ihe: be

166 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

of the elements before they have become established. The
nurseryman should not be accused of disposing of inferior
stock when the loss is due to neglect or an unwillingness to
meet the extra cost of additional watering and winter pro-
tection. Ae Ee B.
G. 3, P:

NOTES
Dr. H. W. Rickett, assistant professor of botany, University

of Missouri, visited the Garden library and herbarium, Novem-
ber 27-29.

Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, lec-
tured before the School of Design at the Soldan High School,
December 16, on ‘‘House Plants.”’

Dr. Ernest S. Reynolds, Physiologist to the Garden, and Dr.
Edgar Anderson, Geneticist, spoke over Station KMOX, De-
cember 15, on ‘‘Modern Miracles of Plant Science.’’

Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has
been appointed chairman for 1931 of the School Gardens Com-
mittee of the Society of American Florists and Ornamental
Horticulturists.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, gave a talk
illustrated with moving pictures at the dinner of the Ameri-
ean Society of Mechanical Engineers, December 12, on “‘ Plant
Growth.’’

Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, served as
one of the judges in the 1930 Roadside Beautification Contest,
sponsored by the Missouri State Highway Department, De-
cember 10.

Mr. lL. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, has given
the following talks: ‘‘Roadside Beautification,’’ at the dedica-
tion of a new road at Villa Ridge, Mo., October 18; ‘‘Trees,”’
before the members of the Kirkwood Garden Club, No. 1, Oc-
tober 20; ‘‘The Value of a Garden Club and How It May be
Organized,’’ before a meeting of citizens of Washington, Mo.,
assembled to organize a Garden Club, October 22.

I PS eT) ee Ee Ones aE oe OEE So age aM} Cee
eee. para eS hus om

y

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 167

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR NOVEMBER, 1930

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Hotel MuUMvEr Ole VistOrs.'2-/24 suas cate eta dees ee 60,384
Liprary ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 22

Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 373
PLANT ACCESSIONS:

Total number of plants and seeds donated................ 37

Total number ol pulbs Gonated:..7. 1st emoes hee e 7,340
PLant DIstTRIBUTION:

Total number of plants distributed in exchange..,....... 39

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase—

Clemens, J. and M. S.—Plants of Borneo................. 687

Venturi, S.—Plants of Argentina..................,..... 271
By Gift—

Drushel, J. A~—Plants of eastern United States.......... 22

Fuller, H. J—Plants of western United States............ AT

Kellogg, J. H.—Plantsof -Missiuriy. i... i. cs oe asec sce 7
By Exchange—

California Academy of Sciences—Plants of California..... 117

Drushel, J. A—-Plants of eastern United States........... 216

Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University—Plants of Mexico 96
Kew Herbarium—Photograph of type of Lycium macro-
DRY UMN «0.0 0s We ed ete ale Ge ee hes ok ee ee eee 1

ee eee ee ae ee ee ee ee

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 169

Index to Illustrations

' PAGE
Missouri Botanical Garden, airplane view of north half of the.... 1
Orchids, seeds of different genera of, showing characteristic struc-

Mure Ot ADO HOGA CORT ey bls p95 <5 ied bonis Sin Sk ale ARM 29
Orchid flower (Cattleya Trianae) showing desirable form for use

PECVD TIC 1LZ1 TDs o..o0.d0crdcapanc ie alee ls Xe tsa) Cote oe eee 30
Orchid flower (Brassocattleya Hyea) showing undesirable traits 30
Orchid plant (Cattleya Trianae), bearing seed pod 10 months old 31
Orchid plant (Dendrobium Piuiaenopsis), bearing seed pods 8

MICU OF OLCG cae adeacrsencerat ens clave ds a SINT ecg ar uacietens Go Sa ee ee 31
Dendrobium hybrid seedlings, 4 months old..................... 32
Cymbidium hybrid seedlings, transplanted, 5 months old........ 32
Brassocattleya hybrid seedlings, 3 months old................-. oo
Dove orchid (Peristeria elata) seedlings, 5 months old.......... 33
Phalaenopsis hybrid seedlings in one-inch pots, 19 months old... 34
Dendrobium hybrid seedlings in one-inch pots, 2 years old...... 34
Orchid seedling house No. 5, at Gray Summit, interior of....... 35
Orchid seedling house No. 2, at Gray Summit, interior of........ 35
Old Viburnum in need of renewal pruning.................0.5. 45
TeecyoTey (2: Eas) ba bs 4 ean ane meas es re fe! Og om 46
Viburnum bush before and after pruning..................2-00- 47
Water hyacinth in St. Johns River, Florida................05. 48
Water hyacinth in the River Bremer, Queensland, Australia..... 48
Water hyacinth flowers, successive stages in the wilting of...... 49
Apocynum cannabinum, a typical colony of, growing near Caron-

mee PODUE Eph ee ek haa ood cued yew cea Peas hae eee 87
Apocynum medium var. lividum, infesting a field near Bayfield,

“Lf Ual32100 C0 ae cee ee ee eM caer Sg ge on Pack ma al Yo, 90
PMI ihe LCCLILIU vies cvaale sislnis a'nicanen gue bee ots Bole tas ee 91
Apociinum androsdemifolium......-...ccccccccssccceccccactece 91
Apocynum androsaemifolium. .... 0... ccc cc ecccncrccccececeecs 96
Garden of A. D. Goldman, Clayton, Mo,.............cecceccccee. 107
Garden of F. C. Thompson, Big Bend Road, Webster.......... 108
Saxifraga sarmentosa and Pachysandra terminalis in garden of

em SE NOM DSO «ics crac « scx c)ene cnecc se ox abe et ee 109
Garden of Morton May, Brentmoor, Clayton. OTe ERS ee a 110
Garden of Mark C. Steinberg, Warson Road, Clayton........... 444
Garden of E. M. Funsten, Hampton Park, Clayton............... 112
Garden of F. A. Brickenkamp, Clayton................ece.000- 113
Garden and vicinity, view of south portion of................... 119
Garden and vicinity, view of north portion of.................6.- 120
tpamee arden two years Old... oso. 5 os dsc ee oc oe av 131
Glass garden six months old..... 2.02... ccc ccc cccccccuccuechce 132
Glass garden one year Old... ..... ccc eens ccc cccecsndecceecs 133
Glass gardens two months and two years old................... 134

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170 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Carpet bedding in Washington Park, Chicago, 1888............. 136
Kinabureau of Netherlands, exhibit of propaganda material of...141
Merck & Co., cinchona exhibit of. . 05.33.00. s.ccceseeuesasiseeses 150
Dr. John Sappington, some of the relics of........... cen eeeeee 151
Dr. Sappington’s prescription book and saddle bags............. 152
Deciduous holly, fruiting specimen of................ 20sec ee eee 157
Deciduous holly, flowering and fruiting branches............... 158
Maener Corveantnemiuim” “ANNA... 0006.8 sseese chess aan ewe as 159
Hanging basket. Chrysanthemum indicum... ....ccecceeeeenees 160
Cascade chrysanthemum. “Ladysmith” front view............. 161
Cascade chrysanthemum. ‘“Ladysmith” side view.............. 162
Oasends cirysantnemums, group of... 6... cece ec eees eeu eet’ 163
Digging tree from nursery so that ball is preserved............. 164
Ce oti Osan os Diapers aE) DO Or 606 et ce ee eens nes 164
er eeLOTO ENO GLUE PIUNING ss soos cc a'os ck cane ete dies os 165
Tree planted one-half inch lower than in nursery row........... 165

Pee Ie Rye ey er es ee hee oye OP
¥ f Fine

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ie re ed re wie te eee ee a ee ee
Fs tale i

171

General Index

Figures in italics refer to page numbers of plates and cuts.

A

Achras Sapota, 65

Activities of Garden,
floral display house, 6

Aesculus, pruning, 46

Airplane view of north half of Mis-
souri Botanical Garden, 1

Amateurs, spring course in garden-
ing for, 2, 40

Amber, 76

Anderson, Dr. E., 14

Anemone, pronunciation of word,
124

Aniline dye, production of first, 145

Anniversary, three hundredth, of
the first recognized use of Cin-
chona, 141; visitors at, 146; pro-
gram of, 147

Annual bequests, 12

Annual report of the Director, 1

Apocynum; the genus, in Missouri,
93; primitive uses of, 89

Apocynum androsaemifolium, $1,
94, 96, 97, var. incanum, 99, 100;
cannabinum, 90, 99, 101, a typical
colony of, growing near Caronde-
let, Missouri, 87, rubber content
of, 92, var. pubescens, 99, 102, var.
glaberrimum, 99, 101; hypericifol-
ium, 98, 99, 103, var. cordigerum,
99, 108; medium, 91, 99, 100, var,
leuconeuron, 99, 101, var. lividum,
88, infesting a field near Bay-
field, Colorado, 90

Apprenticeships, system of, at Gar-
den, 3

Aronia, pruning, 46

Arsenical sprays, 39

Asclepias, rubber content of, 90, 91

Asymbiotic method of orchid ger-
mination, 35

exhibit in

Atropa Belladonna, 75
‘Attendance for the year 1929, 8
Awards to Garden in 1929, 6; given
at National Orchid Show, 137
Azaleas, 6, 110
B
Bagworm control of the, 36
Bamboo, giant, 68
Bambusa arundinacea, 68
Bananas, 60

Banks’, Sir Joseph, methods of
growing orchids, 30
Baskets, exhibiting chrysanthe-

mums in, 158, 159, 160
Begonias in glass gardens, 134
Belladonna, 75
Bernard’s, Noel,

ments, 34
Boresch’s experiments with water

hyacinth, 50
Brassavola, 32
Brassocattleya hybrid seedlings 3

months old, 33
Brassocattleya Hyea, showing un-

desirable traits for hybridizing,

30
Brassolaeliocattleya, 137
Bremer River, water hyacinths in,

48, 49
Brickenkamp, F. A., garden of, 112,

113
Bridal-wreath, pruning, 46
British Guiana, water hyacinths

in, 48
Buckeye, pruning, 46
Bulb display, 6
Burgeff’s experiments

germination, 35

Cc

Cacti, grafted, 64
Calamites, 80

orchid experi-

in orchid

ait es 5

a

> +. 2a

Ct 2 he eT Be) oan

i hl a te

172 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Calanthe Dominyi, 31; furcata, 31;
Masuca, 31

Canizares, Don Juan Lopez de, 143

Carludovica palmata, 68

Carpet bedding, 135; in Washing-
ton Park, Chicago, 1888, 136

Cascade chrysanthemums, 159, 167,
162, 163

Caterpillars, bagworm, 37

Cattleya, 32, 126; Bowringiana, 136;
Dominiana, 31; intermedia, 31;
maxima, 31; X “Mona,” 187;
Trianae, 30, bearing seed pod 10
months old, 37, showing desirable
form for use in hybridizing, 30

Cattleya orchid seedlings, 11

Cerbera Tanghin, 66

Cereus, night-blooming, 64

Chewing-gum tree, 65

Choke-cherry, pruning, 46

Christmas green, trailing, 125

Chrysanthemum “Anna,” 158, 150,
“Benten,” 160; “Buckingham,”
160; “Columbia,” 160; “Cosmos,”
160; indicum, 160, 160; “Lady-
smith,” 159, 1/61, 162; “Melba,”
160; “Molly Hunt,” 160; “Old
Gold,” 160; “Roupel Beauty,”
160; “Yellow Daisy,” 158

Chrysanthemum show in 1929, 7:
in 1930, 153

Chrysanthemums, cascade, 159 16/,
162, 168; in baskets, 158, 159, 160;
novel methods of displaying, 158

Cinchona: the three hundredth an-
niversary of the first recognized
use of, 141; discovery of, 141; ex-
hibits of, 741 150, 151, 152, 152;
use of, 141

Club moss, 125

Coal, 69, 77

Coffee, 59

Coffee and Banana House, 59

Cold storage house, completion of,
during 1929, 8

Condamine, Marie de la, 143

Conifers, 80; at Gray Summit Ex-
tension, 10; transplanting, 164

Construction work at Garden dur-
ing 1929, 8

Cooper’s Joseph, discoveries in or-
chid growing, 30

Corn, 73

Cornus, pruning, 46

Cotton, 71

Cup, Mrs. F. E. Dixon, awarded
Garden at National Orchid Show,
137

Cycads, 79

Cymbidium, 187; hybrid seedlings,
transplanted, 5 months old. 82

Cypress, bald, 79

Cypripedium Harrisianum, 31

Dahlia, 7, 124

Degrees in the Henry Shaw School
of Botany, 15

Dendrobium, 31, 137; hybrid seed-
lings 3 years old, 34, 4 months old,
82; Phalaenopsis bearing seed
pods 8 months old, 3/

Desert House, 62

Deutzia, pruning, 46

Dieffenbachia Seguine, 67

Digitalis, 75

Director, forty-first annual report
of the, 1

Ditches, an excellent decorative
plant for, 126

Dixon silver cup awarded at Na-
tional Orchid Show, 137

Dogbane: roadside weed and future
staple, 87; clasping-leaved, 103;
intermediate, 100; prairie, 103;
spreading, 100; velvet, 102;
white-veined, 101

Dogwood, pruning, 46

Dominy, 31

Dumb-cane, 67

Dutch cultivation of Cinchona, 144

E

Economic garden, 5, 70

Economic House, 65

Eichhornia paniculata, 50; speciosa,
48, 50

Epigaea repens, 109

Frica cinerea, 110

European representative of Garden,
work of, 12

~ ie se vr, _— es Fee a DART on ead
oe ia ae is canes baited —s

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 173

F

Fashions in flowers, 135

Fellows in the Henry Shaw School
of Botany, 15

Fern House, 69

Ferns for glass gardens, 134

Fiber, dogbanes as a source ol, 89,
92

Floral displays in 1929, 6

Flower sermon, annual, 12

Flower shows at Garden, 7

Forsythia, frozen, treatment of, 52

“Fossils, living,’ in the Missouri
Botanical Garden, 76

Frozen hedges and shrubs, 51

Fruit trees at Gray Summit Hxten-
sion, 11

Fungous pests at Garden in 1929, 2

Fungus, relation of a, to orchid ger-
mination, 34

Funsten, E. M., garden of, 112, 112

G

Gallaud’s experiments with the or-
chid fungus, 34

Gardener’s Monthly and Horticul-
tural Adviser, early account of
Garden in, 119

Gardening: elementary spring
course in, for amateurs, 40; in-
struction in, 2

Gaultheria procumbens, 109

Ginger plant, 65

Ginkgo tree, 78

Glad-e-6-luss or Glad-eyé-o-luss?,
122

Glass gardens: for the home, minia-
ture, 131; two years old, 13/1; six
months old, 152; one year old,
1383; two months old, 134; two
years old, 134

Golden-bell, treatment of frozen, 52

Goldman, A. D., garden of, 107, 108

Graduate students in Shaw School
of Botany in 1929, 15

Grafted cacti, 64

Gray Summit Extension, 10; green-
houses at Gray Summit Exten-
sion, 11; the home of a wealth of
wild flowers, 113; interior of or-
chid seedling house at, showing

hybrid seedlings, 33; spring wild
flowers blooming at, 82; wild
flowers at the, 126

Greenhouses at Gray Summit Ex-
tension, 11

Greenman, Dr. J. M., 13

H

Hanging baskets of chrysanthe-
mums, 158, 160

Heating system at Garden, improve-
ment in, during 1929, 9

Hedges, frozen, treatment of, 51

Hemp: Indian, 87, 101; Canadian,
102

Herbarium, report of, for 1929, 20;
exchange of specimens, 22; field
work during 1929, 22; mounting
and inserting of specimens, 21;
new accessions, 20; reorganiza-
tion of specimens, 22; statistical
summary, 23; use of herbarium
by outside botanists, 22

Hog Hollow (Jefferson County),
spring wild flowers blooming at,
83

Holly, deciduous, 157, 157, 158

Honeysuckle, treatment of frozen,
53

Horsetails, 80

Hybrids, orchid, 31

Hydrangea paniculata, pruning, 46

I

Ilex decidua, 157, 157, 158

Insect-catching habit of Apocynum,
94, 97

Insects and fungous pests during
1929, 2

Instruction: in gardening, 2; in the
Henry Shaw School of Botany, 14

Iris test garden, 5

Italian garden, 5

J

“Jardin des Plantes of the United
States,” 121

Java, cinchona growing in, 144

Jesuits bark, 142

. ——— Fr.
pis

ee ee et
ies Poteet

&

eo ae ne, tae

~

CP ee en ee ee ee Le ee eee

174

K

Kalmia latifolia, 110

Kerria, pruning, 46

Kinabureau of Netherlands, exhibit
of propaganda material of, 141,
152

Knudson, asymbiotic method of ger-
minating orchids developed by, 35

L

Laelia, 31

Laeliocattleya, 137

La Garde, Dr. Roland V., 14

Latin names of plants, 123

Lectures, scientific and popular, by
members of staff during 1929, 17

Lepidendrons, 80

Library, report of, for 1929, 23; Gar-
den publications, 25; new acces-
sions, 25; statistical information,
26; use of the library, 24

Ligustrum “Tbolium,” 52; Ibota, 52;
ovalifolium, 52

Lilac, pruning, 46

Lilies, 110

Lily bulbs at Gray Summit Exten-
sion, 10

Linder, Dr. David H., 14

Lindley’s observations on orchids,
30

Linnaeus’ spelling of Cinchona, 143

Linnean garden, 4

Lonicera fragrantissima, treatment
of frozen, 53

Lycopodium clavatum, 125; com-
planatum, 125; lucidulum, 125,
var. porophilum, 125

M

Maidenhair tree, 78

Maple, tall, in New England, 88

Markham, Sir Clements, 144

Masdevallia, 31

Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety flower show, 6

Mathias, Dr. Mildred E., 14

May-apple, 75

May, Morton, garden of, 110, 1/70

Medals: awarded Garden in 1929,
6; of American Orchid Society,
137

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Medicinal plant garden, 5, 74

Medicinal use of Apocynum canna-
binum, 90 .

Merck & Co., quinine exhibit of, 150,
152

Miniature glass
home, 131

Missouri Botanical Garden: air-
plane view of north half of the,
7; and vicinity, 1875, view of
south portion of, 1/9, of north
portion, 720; and the St. Louis
schools, 57; exhibit of orchids at
orchid show, 137

Mock-orange, pruning, 46

Moss, club, 125

Mosses used in Wardian cases, 133

Mother-in-law plant, 67

Museum, Henry Shaw, 3

N

Narcissus bulbs at Gray Summit
Extension, 10

National Orchid Show, 136

Navigation, a plant that stopped,
48

Neottia, 34

Nine-bark, pruning, 46

Nursery at Gray Summit Exten-
sion, 10

gardens for the

O

Oak, pin, pruning, 47

Odontoglossum, 136

Oncidium, 137

Orchid: hybrids, 31; seedlings at_
Gray Summit Extension, 11, 34;.”
dove, seedlings 5 months old, 33;
show, the national, 136; show at
Garden, 6

Orchids: flowering, exhibited by
Garden at St. Louis Horticultural
Society spring show, 6; from
seed, exhibit illustrating, 137;
growing of, from.seed, 29; growth
of, from seed to flower, Garden
exhibit showing, 6; seeds of dif-
ferent genera showing character-
istic structure of the seed coat,
29

Ordeal plant, 66

ae wee ee oe Np ee

els

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Ornamental trees and shrubs, prun-
ing, 45

Osage Hills, Mo.,
flowers found in, 82

Outdoor planting, 4

spring wild

P
Pachysandra terminalis, 109
Pacific, Mo., spring wild flowers
blooming at, 83
Palm: bamboo, 68; date, 67;

seedlings in glass gardens, 134;
Panama-hat, 68

Palm house, 67

Paphiopedilum, 136

Paris green for spraying the bag-
worm, 39

Paxton’s methods of growing
orchids, 30
Pelletier and Caventou, placques

of, 152

Pepper, black, 66

Peristeria elata, 11;
months old, 33

Phalaenopsis, 137; hybrid seedlings,
10 months old, 34

Philadelphus, pruning, 46

Phoenix dactylifera, 67

Physocarpus, 46

Pine: trailing ground,
the first time in Missouri,
trees, 80

Piper nigrum, 66

Plant that stopped navigation, 48

Planting, outdoor, in 1929, 4

Podophyllum, 75, 90

Poinsettia display, 6

Pools, tropical, reconstruction of, 8

Poplar, Lombardy, 88

Potinera, 32, 137; seedlings, 12

Prickly pears, 63

Privet, California, 51; treatment of
frozen, 52; “Ibolium,” 52

Pruning, 162, 164, 165; ‘‘corrective,”
47; renewal, 46, 46; of orna-
mental trees and shrubs, 45; root,
162, 164; Viburnum in need of,
45

Published articles by members of
staff during 1929, 16

seedlings 5

found for
125;

~ ae ee fe ies a. | ONE aa at. ve

175

Q

Queensland, Australia, water hya-
cinth in, 48, 49

Quinine, propaganda material of,
141

R

Rankin Hstate, spring wild flowers
blooming at, 83

Ranunculus repens, 126

Records of first blooming of wild
flowers in the vicinity of St.
Louis, 82

Red-bud, 53

Renewal pruning, 45, 46, 46

Research and instruction
1929, 13

Reynolds, Dr. E. S., 13

Rhododendron, 110; dell at Gray
Summit Extension, 10

Rice, 71

Roads at Gray Summit Extension,
10

Rock garden at Gray Summit Ex-
tension, 10; for St. Louis and vi-
cinity, 107

Rolfeara, 137

Roses: damage to, by storm of
May 2, 1929, 4; treatment of
frozen, 53; winter treatment of.
155

Rubber content of Apocynum an-
drosaemifolium, 91

Rushes, 80

during

Ss

Saint John’s River, Florida, water
hyacinths in, 48, 48

St. Louis and vicinity,
dens for, 107

St. Louis College of Pharmacy,
medicinal plants used by, 5

St. Louis Horticultural Society
spring show, Garden exhibit of
flowering orchids at, 6

St. Louis, records of first blooming
of wild flowers in the vicinity
of, 82

St. Louis schools, the Missourt
Botanical Garden and the, 57

Sapodilla plum, 65

rock gar-

PY es

eat) Gato AD AD |

*

yo. ee

fei ea sg a he

176 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Sappington, Dr. John, some of the
relics of, 751, 152, 152

Saxifraga sarmentosa in _ flower,
109, 109; rock ledge planted with,
109

School for Gardening, 2

School of Occupational Therapy,
courses offered to students in, 3

Schools, the Missouri Botanical
Garden and the, 57

Selaginella grown in glass bow] for
about two years, 135

Shade house, 9

Shaw Museum, 3

“Mr., Shaw’s Garden”, the early
days of, 119

Shrub, a large, for the garden, 157

Shrubs: frozen, 51; pruning, 45, 45,
46

Snowball, see Viburnum

Snowstorm of May 2, 1929, dam-
age to plants at Garden by, 1

Sonchus oleraceus, 92

Sophronitis, 32

Spiraea, pruning the, 46

Spraying: for the bagworm, 39;
for scale, 154

Spring course in gardening for
amateurs, 40

Spurges, 64

Stapelias, 64

Statistical information for Decem-
ber, 1929, 27; January, 1930, 43;
February, 55; March, 85; April,
105; May, 118; June-August, 129;
September, 140; October, 156;
November, 167

Steinberg, Mark C., garden of, 111,
11

Sumac, fragrant, 53

Swect-gum, pruning, 47

Sycamore, 161; before and after

pruning, 165

Symbiotic method of orchid ger-
mination, 35

Syringa, pruning, 46

Thompson, F. C., garden of, 108,
109, 109

Tiger apple, 66

Tobacco, 73

Trailing ground pine, 125

Transplanting trees and _ shrubs,
162, 164, 165

Trees: damage to, by snowstorm
of May 2, 1929, 2; and perennials,
plantings of, at Gray Summit Ex-
tension, 10; care of, during 1929,
5; pruning, 45; and shrubs, trans-
planting, 162

Tropical Station, Missouri Botani-
cal Garden, 12

Tulip tree, pruning, 47

Vv

Vanda, 137; Lowii, 136; Sander-
iana, 11

Viburnum, 46: bush, before prun-
ing, 47, after pruning, 47, in need
of renewal pruning, 45

WwW

Wahrlich’s observations on orchid
culture, 34

Ward, Nathaniel, 131

Wardian cases, 131, making of, 132

Warnings for winter, 154

Water hyacinth, 48: a year’s growth
in the River Bremer, Queensland,
Australia, 48; in St. Johns River,
Florida, 48; successive stages in
the wilting of flower, 49, 51

Weather in St. Louis during 1929, 1

Wheat, 70

Wild flowers: at the Gray Summit
Extension, 126; Gray Summit
Extension, the home of a wealth
of, 113; records of first blooming,
in the vicinity of St. Louis, 82

Wilson, Mr. Gurney, work of, 12

Winter, warnings for, 154

Wisteria, spelling of name, 124

Woodson, Dr. Robert E. Jr., 14 4

yA

Yucca plant, fabrics from, 89

Z

Zingiber officinale, 65
Zygopetalum, 11, 137

FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1930

In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com-
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol-
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of-
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting
the Garden.

JANUARY FEBRUARY
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids.
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias.
MARCH APRIL
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
March 1-17—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus.
March 20-23—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors)
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early-
March 29—Azalea Show. flowering Shrubs.
MAY

(Floral Display House)
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines,
and other spring annuals.
(Outdoors)
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies.
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials.

JUNE

(Outdoors)
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden.

JULY
(Outdoors)
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden.

AUGUST

(Outdoors)
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic
Garden. Medicina] Garden.

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House)
Tropical Water-lilles. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties).
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House)
Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias.

et, ae

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr.
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw,
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was,
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely
from funds left by the founder.

The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani-
cal garden.

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave-
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer.

Me STAFF

OF THE MISSOURI BOLE GARDEN

Grorce T. Moors,
Director
KaTHERINE H, LEIGH,
Assistant to the Director

HERMANN VON cute aati _ Davin. H, Liner,

Pathologist

JESSE M, GREENMAN,
Curator of Herbarium
(On leave of absence). .

ADELE ‘L.. GRANT,

Mycologist

Anton Hogsrap, JR.,
Pharmacognosist

Rovanp V. LaGarog,

Acting Curator of Herbarium Research Assistant

Epear ANDERSON,

Geneticist ;
_ERNEST S,. REYNOLDS, ee -NELL C. HoRNEr, ‘
Physiologist Fes * Librarian and Editor of Publications

JOHN NOYES,

Rovert E. Woopson, JE.,

Research Assistant

i

-GrorGe H. PRIN, -
‘ Superintendent
- Pau A. Kou,

Consulting Landscape Architect a Fioriculturist °

A. P. BEILMANN,
Trees and Shrubs
-J.,CUTAK,
Exotics
A. D, FoRRESTER,
Plant. Recorder

x

L. P. JENSEN,
Arboriculturist

G. GOEDEKE,
Farm

Evinor ALperts, LiNpER,
Orchidologist

W. F.. LAncan,
Chief Engineer.
J. H. KELLoae,
Herbaceous and Nursery

J. LANGAN,
Assistant Engineer
A, PEARSON,
x7 Painter
H. VALLENTINE,
Carpenter

BRAY: SUMMIT EXTENSION ,
D. MILER,
Orchids

| R, BE. Kisseox,
Arig ;

EROVISAR STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE

A, A, HUNTER,
Manager

REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE
Gurney Wiison, F. L. 8.”