MussouRI BOTANICAL 
GARDEN BULLETIN 


VOLUME XIX 
WITH -37 #RALES 


1931 


ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 


PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST, 
BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 
ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER TEN CENTS 


W@SOUR! BOTANICA: 
GARDEN LIBRARY 


oon ISSOURI ROTANICAL ae 
- GaRDEN BULLETIN 


‘ee a eee - CONTENTS 
any Forty-second Annual Report ofthe Director . . Fa eS 
Statistical: Information: 30 i x Pa 8G ye ed 


Floral Displays of Special Interest in 1931 


ST. LOUIS, MO. 
1931 


Ya ‘ Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees. 


= 


Bs Si Me SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR er. SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS 


ere | BOARD OF TRUSTEES 
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


y 


‘THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL 
AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE 
EX-OFFICIO. MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING 


\ President 
GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK 


Vice-President 
SAMUEL C. DAVIS. 


Second Vice-President 
DANIEL K. CATLIN. 


L. Ray Carrer. ALBERT T, PERKINS, 
THomAsS S. MAFFITT. Puiuie C. SCANLAN, 
GrorGe T. Moore. ' ErHan A. H, SHEPLEY. 


Frep G. Zrrra, 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


ta GrorcEe R. THROOP, Vicror J. MILtzr, 

‘ ; Chancellor of Washington University Mayor of the City of 8t. Louis 

«ego FREDERICK F, JOHNSON, ALFRED F. SATTERTHWAIT, 

A Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri President. of The Academy of Sctence - 
of St. Louis 


Emit J. BARTH 
President of the Board of Education of St. Louis 


DAntTEt Breck, Secretary 


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Missoun Botanical 


Garden Bulletin 


Vol. XIX JANUARY, 1931 No. 1 


FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 


Gentlemen: 


I have the honor to submit herewith the forty-second an- 
nual report of the Director. 

The yearly report of an institution like the Garden is apt 
to be nothing more than an account of what might be called 
the ‘‘customary seasonable routine.’’ Frequently the only 
topic which calls for unusual treatment is the ‘‘unusual’’ 
weather, and it must be confessed that previous reports 
have not neglected to emphasize the effect of catastrophes 
such as hailstorms, cyclones, and smoke clouds. Extraordi- 
narily dry or wet seasons, very low or high temperatures, 
with their effect upon vegetation, have almost invariably 
been commented upon. Even in this report some mention 
must be made, before it is concluded, of the extreme heat 
and drought of last summer, particularly since the effect of 
that season will probably be reflected for several years to 
come in the growth of trees and other plants. 

Once in a generation it is possible to report some out- 
standing achievement, such as the acquisition of the Gray 
Summit Extension, but this is chiefly of local interest. Only 
oceasionally is the Garden able to ‘‘make the front page’’ 
with an item of sufficient interest to be broadcast throughout 
the world. The year 1930 will be notable for two such events, 
namely, the securing of seed of the lost yellow water-lily, 


(1) 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Nymphaea Stuhlmannii, and the celebration of the three 
hundredth anniversary of the first recognized use of cinchona. 
Certainly nothing which the Garden has been able to ac- 
complish in recent years has so appealed to the imagination 
of the public, as evidenced by the very widespread publicity 
given to both these events. A full account of the cinchona 
celebration appeared in the November, 1930, number of the 
BULLETIN, and further comment here is unnecessary. Nu- 
merous letters from physicians, pharmacists, and scientists 
generally testify to the significance of the celebration. Many 
requests for copies of the proceedings have been received, 
making it imperative that the papers presented on this oc- 
casion be made available to the professions interested. The 
volume which will embody these contributions is now in press 
and will appear some time during the coming year. 


After a search of over ten years, which had been prose- 
euted through every known channel, the Garden received in 
September, 1929, through the personal efforts of Mr. B. D. 
Burtt, Botanist of the Department of Tsetse Research, Tan- 
ganyika Territory, East Africa, seed of what was presumed 
to be the true Nymphaea Stuhlmannii. A single seedling 
was obtained from the thousands of seed sent, and it ean 
be imagined with what interest and care this tiny plant was 
nursed to maturity. In July, 1930, the plant was set out in the 
large tropical lily pool where it bloomed profusely. An abund- 
ant supply of seed of this species was consequently obtained, 
but, much more important, are the seed resulting from 
eighty different crosses made with other tropical lilies. With- 
out being able to predict exact results, there would seem to 
be no question that through securing this lily the Garden 
will be able to introduce within the next few years a new 
strain of tropical water-lilies which should add to the already 
secure reputation of the Missouri Botanical Garden in this 
particular field. Several specialists in water-lily culture, 
who likewise have been seeking the lost yellow lily and who 
consequently appreciate the importance of its discovery, 
made special trips to St. Louis in order to be convinced that 
the true Nymphaea Stuhlmannii had really been obtained. 


Restoration of the ‘‘Museum and Library’? Building — 


Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VoL, 19, 1931 PLATE 2 


RIZE AWARDED THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL ( 
31T ILLUSTRATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORG 
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WASHINGTON, D. C., OCTORER 16, 1930 


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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


This building was erected by Henry Shaw in 1859 and used 
during his lifetime as a museum and for housing the herbar- 
ium and library. In the report of the previous Director for 
the year 1890 appears the following statement: ‘‘Until a 
new building is erected for the reception of the library and 
herbarium, and for office purposes, no attempt can be made 
to form a museum and the specimens collected by Mr. Shaw 
for this purpose have suffered to such an extent as to be 
for the most part worthless owing to the ravages of insects 
and the accumulation of dust during many years.’’ In 1891, 
in accordance with the requirements of Mr. Shaw’s will, the 
residence located at the corner of Seventh and Locust Streets 
was removed and rebuilt on its present site within the Gar- 
den. The acquisition of this building permitted the transfer 
to it of the herbarium and library, thus vacating to a con- 
siderable extent the museum room. In the Annual Report 
for the year 1896 occurs the following: ‘‘ Notwithstanding 
the provision of safe and for the time being ample quarters 
for the library and herbarium in the reconstructed city 
residence, it has not as yet been found practicable to remove 
the numerous wood specimens and other unattractive but 
necessary and valuable material from the old museum build- 
ing so as to free the latter for other uses. Nor has it proved 
possible to spare funds for the purchase of material and 
the salary of an assistant who should be charged with the 
installation and maintenance of a museum illustrating some 
branch of pure or applied botany such as might be accommo- 
dated in this small building were it empty.’’ In 1902 a por- 
tion of the old museum building was adapted to office and 
laboratory use for pathological work under the direction of 
Dr. von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden. The laboratory 
in the basement is still retained for the exclusive use of Dr. 
von Schrenk, and the wall cases on the baleony of the main 
room now contain his valuable collection of wood specimens. 
But this building has not been open to the public since the 
death of Mr. Shaw, it having been used primarily for the 
storage of books and dried plants. 


The conversion of the assembly room in the administra- 
tion building into an additional stack room for the library 


+ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


left no place where meetings or public lectures could be 
held. In view of the ceremonies attending the cinchona 
celebration, it became necessary to provide some such room 
at the Garden and naturally the ‘‘museum and library’’ 
building suggested itself. Little or nothing had been done 
to either the interior or exterior since it was originally con- 
structed, so that it was necessary not only to renovate and 
restore the interior but to repair the exterior extensively, 
including building a new skylight and roof, replacing the gut- 
ters and downspouts, as well as tuckpointing the brick and 
stone. The ceiling was originally decorated with paintings of 
plants and birds, under the direction of Mr. Shaw, and it must 
be confessed that probably no such depiction of the world’s 
fauna and flora had ever before been brought together in such 
a small space. Owing to leaks in the roof, the plaster on 
which the paintings were made was in such condition that 
considerable portions of it had to be removed. Previous to 
repairing the ceiling water-color sketches were made of the 
paintings, so that after replastering the original design 
could be restored. This was done most successfully, and 
with the repainting and furnishing and the installation of an 
indirect lighting system, a modern moving-picture and 
stereopticon booth and curtain, the Garden is at last pro- 
vided with one of the most attractive auditoriums of its size 
that can be found anywhere. 


Additional Range of Growing Houses.—Greenhouse space 
for growing the increasing amount of material needed for 
the monthly flower shows, as well as outdoor planting, has 
been at a premium for the past four or five years, and more 
recently plants have suffered from lack of room. In order to 
afford some relief, two houses 20 feet wide and 75 feet long, 
and one house 28 feet wide and 75 feet long, have been added 
at the end of the existing range of houses of the same dimen- 
sions. The superstructure alone was purchased from the 
manufacturer, and Garden employes built the foundation, as 
well as doing the erecting, glazing, installation of heat, 
water, ventilators, ete. Some 5,000 additional feet of much- 
needed growing space has thus been obtained. 


Some minor construction items, but all contributing to the 


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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


general improvement of the Garden, are listed. The installa- 
tion of concrete posts to support a trellis, replacing the old 
wooden posts bordering the economic garden, is a notable im- 
provement. On this trellis there are being trained fruit 
trees which will eventually produce a pleached alley through 
the center of this garden. Nearly two hundred feet of 
additional fence have been erected along the Alfred Avenue 
boundary. The pit formerly devoted to the growing of 
bananas in the floral display house was converted into a pool 
in which the Victoria and other water-lilies could be grown 
under glass. By transferring the bananas to the house where 
the coffee finca was established, a great many more of these 
trees can be raised, which insures having one or more of 


' them always in fruit. Much painting, both indoors and out, 


has been taken care of, and the usual amount of repair work 
has been done, including the storm-water sewers in various 
parts of the Garden and the replacing of gutters and down- 
spouts with copper where galvanized iron had previously 
been used. 


Floral Displays.—The usual flower shows, which, from the 
standpoint of the public, form one of the most important 
features at the Garden, have been staged in season. An 
attempt is usually made to diversify the arrangement each 
year although necessarily the same plants have to be used. 
While this would seem to be the best policy, it must be ad- 
mitted that visitors are apt to complain that special features 
which they enjoyed in previous years are not represented. 
It should be realized that the floral displays held at the 
Garden, unlike the usual flower shows held throughout the 
country, are always maintained for several weeks and some- 
times for longer periods. This entails having a large amount 
of duplicate material on hand, and in the arrangement of 
the show it must be borne in mind that the plants have to be 
accessible for the purposes of watering and replacement. 


Following the usual Christmas exhibition of poinsettias, the 
orchid show in 1930 was staged in a modernistie setting which 
at least had the effect of novelty. Three separate shows were 
staged during the month of March, the first consisting of 
spring bulbs, including tulips, hyacinths, freesias, ete. A cen- 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


tral garden was laid out and for the first time this was raised 
slightly so that the pots could be completely hidden in peat. 
With the use of bent grass the illusion of an actual outdoor 
garden was perfect. After this.came the spring flower show 
of the florists and nurserymen of St. Louis and vicinity. This 
was pronounced the most successful ever held by the local 
growers, who expressed their gratitude to the Garden for the 
privilege of holding it under such favorable conditions and 
at such small expense to them. Toward the end of the 
month the annual display of cinerarias, azaleas, lilies, etc., 
was staged. Following in successive months came the hybrid 
pelargoniums, salpiglossis, begonias, marguerites, lupines, ete. 
In the fall the dahlia section of the St. Louis Horticultural 
Society, after having tried for several years the experiment 
of holding its show down town, returned to the floral dis- 
play house for the dahlia exhibition. Supplemented by novel- 
ties and newer varieties grown at the Garden, a most 
creditable display was made. The chrysanthemum show, on 
account of the cinchona celebration, was staged somewhat 
in advance of its regular date, it being ready for visitors on 
October 29, and was maintained until December 7. Atten- 
tion was called in the December BULLETIN to the new cascade 
chrysanthemums produced by special training of certain 
varieties, and these, together with the hanging baskets, 
attracted much attention. 


The question is frequently asked as to what is done with 
the flowers from these shows and the surplus planting mate- 
rial which the Garden may have from time to time. For a 
number of years the St. Louis Book and Flower Guild has 
undertaken to distribute cut flowers and plants to all hos- 
pitals and other charitable institutions and has done the 
considerable amount of work involved most admirably. 
Letters from the recipients indicate how greatly this is ap- 
preciated. Those who are able to have flowers always about 
them sometimes fail to realize how much the gift of a few 
plants or blossoms means to those who are eut off from this 
source of enjoyment. Below are listed the institutions which 
during the past year have been supplied by the Garden 
through the able assistance of the Book and Flower Guild: 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


Alexian Bros. Hospital - 
Baptist Hospital 

Barnard Free Skin & Cancer Hospital 
Bethesda Hospital 

Bethesda-Dilworth Memorial Home 
Blind Girls’ Home 

Central Institute for the Deaf 
Children’s Home Society of Missouri 
Christian Hospital 

Christian Old People’s Home 

Christian Orphans’ Home 

City Infirmary 

City Poorhouse 

Deaconess Home and Hospital 
Episcopal Orphans’ Home 

Good Samaritan Altenheim 

Home of Ancient and Infirm Tipeaitins 
Home of the Friendless 

Jewish Hospital 

Jewish Orthodox Old Folks’ Home 
Kingdom House Settlement 
Kirkwood Old Folks’ Home 

Lutheran Hospital 

Little Sisters of the Poor 

McLain’s Home for Crippled Children 
Masonic Home (Hospital Wards) 
Memorial Home 

Missouri Baptist Hospital 

Missouri Pacific Hospital 

Mount St. Rose Sanitarium 

Park View Old Folks’ Home 

Russell Home 

St. Ann’s Maternity Hospital 

St. Joseph’s Deaf and Mute Institute 

St. Luke’s Hospital (Charity patients) 
St. Mary’s Hospital 

Shriners’ Hospital for Crippled Children 
U.S. Veterans’ Hospital No. 92 


Outdoor Planting—Trees and Shrubs.—About 600 pounds 
of commercial fertilizer were used in continuation of experi- 
ments started in 1928 on the feeding of large shade trees. 
The unusual summer permitted few of the tests to reach 
completion. In 1930 ninety-four trees were used in these 
tests. Except for some of the smaller, and in one case the 
largest tree treated, results have been negative. It might be 
said that these experimental trees were in ‘‘good condition,”’ 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


nearly all showing some improvement, but specific changes 
such as the longer retention of leaves and improved color are 
extremely hard to tabulate. 

Dormant spraying with the new power sprayer by a well- 
trained crew in two successive years has reduced oyster-shell 
seale on Cornus, and San Jose scale on Prunus by almost 
100 per cent, and has to a remarkable degree checked red 
spider, mite, obscure scale, and mealy bugs. Practically, 
this result will make possible the dilution of spray material 
by 34 per cent in 1931. Complete discontinuance of dormant 
spraying is not possible in so large a planting as the Garden, 
with the many avenues of reinfestation open to pests. Sum- 
mer spraying in 1929 completely eradicated the bagworm, 
webworm, and other types of chewing insects, making it 
unnecessary to use a single gallon of poison spray in 1930. 
Some poison spray will be needed this year to control leaf 
miners, rollers, and sewers, a group of minute insects that 
gained some headway late last summer. 

Tree surgery in its many branches continued throughout 
the year. Pruning of all shrubs and trees in the entire 
Garden was completed within eight months. Cabling was 
found to be necessary for ten trees where the type of branch- 
ing would have permitted injury by wind and sleet. Con- 
crete fillings were placed in five trees; these fillings ranged 
from a simple trunk cavity, fourteen inches long, to a complex 
root, base, trunk, and notch cavity, requiring steel bracing. 
Experiments with a dressing to prevent the drying of the 
cambium and to seal the edge of the concrete filling proved 
of little value. Some work was done with ‘‘plastie wood’’ 
as a filling in tree cavities. 

In the main garden, ten each of twelve varieties of flower- 
ing crab and cherry were planted in places where they will 
become the outstanding plant when in flower. Nine hundred 
additional privets were removed from the nursery and 
planted throughout the Garden; almost three hundred other 
trees and shrubs, some of considerable size, were moved and 
replanted. 


Outdoor Planting—Display Gardens—The beds in the 
main garden are filled with growing plants for almost eight 


pee eee fal 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


months of the year. Starting with tulips or pansies in April, 
the summer bedding plants follow in late May, and these are 
replaced with early-flowering chrysanthemums in September. 
As soon as a heavy frost blackens the chrysanthemums they 
are removed from the beds and the tulips are again planted. 
In making these changes, naturally a certain amount of soil 
adheres to the roots and is carried away so that in a period 
of ten years the beds have reached a level below that of the 
sod. To remedy this and raise the beds to the proper level 
last spring required forty truck loads of soil. The addition 
of this fresh soil to the beds not only improved them in the 
matter of drainage but also added new life to the plants. 


In 1917 the present rose garden was started on a site 
formerly occupied by greenhouses and various service build- 
ings. During the past thirteen years a gradual settling of 
the beds has taken place, and last spring 175 truck loads of 
soil were brought into this garden. Extensive changes were 
made in re-locating rose beds, eliminating certain grass 
walks, and combining others to permit the use of the power 
lawn-mower. When the rose garden was originally planned 
the intention was to grow as large a variety of hybrid tea and 
hybrid perpetual roses as possible, but time has shown that 
this plan, if carried out, necessitated too heavy an expendi- 
ture each year for replacements. The mortality rate in the 
rose garden in some years was quite high, due to the weak 
nature of some of the varieties and also the changeable 
weather conditions in early spring. 


The west end of the Linnean garden, comprising an area 
80x120 feet, being quite flat, was also in need of better 
drainage. Various iris rot diseases were yearly becoming 
more prevalent in the six large beds of iris located here. 
Consequently all the plants were removed during the sum- 
mer, the level of the beds raised by adding a total of 40 
truck loads of soil, and then replanted with 4,000 divisions 
of iris plants, comprising 50 of the best varieties for land- 
scape use. The iris produces more flowers per plant at one 
time than any other herbaceous perennial and consequently 
in the mass it is the most effective perennial. The Linnean 
garden, comprising more than half an acre, is almost entirely 


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10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


planted with iris, and the effect in May cannot be equalled 
for beauty and mass of color. But unfortunately this area 
lacked color during the remainder of the summer. In re- 
planting the iris this year a 214-foot border was left on all 
sides of the rectangular beds and planted to tulips. In the 
spring myosotis, English daisies, and pansies will be added, 
and during the summer these borders will be filled with 
various dwarf annuals. 


In the fall more bulbs were planted than in any recent 
year, comprising 22 varieties of hyacinths, 14 varieties of 
single early and double tulips, 40 varieties of Darwin tulips, 
14 varieties of Breeder tulips, 4 varieties of Parrot tulips, 14 
varieties of Cottage tulips, and 58 varieties of the new 
Triumph tulips, making a total of 27,000 bulbs. The Triumph 
tulips should prove extremely interesting during the coming 
spring as they represent a new race, just beginning to find 
its way to this country, resulting from the cross of early 
tulips with the Darwins. Whether these tulips will in time 
surpass the many excellent present-day varieties of Darwin, 
Breeder, and Cottage tulips is problematical, but it will be 
interesting at least to see some of the varieties for compari- 
son. This collection has been planted in the Linnean garden. 


As in the past, the Italian garden was planted with a 
variety of bedding plants in the spring. In glancing over 
the main garden and Italian garden it is hard to realize that 
these two gardens require every spring a total of 35,000 
plants. In the iris test garden all of the dwarf bearded iris 
varieties were brought together in one bed and likewise the 
intermediate irises. One hundred and sixty-seven new va- 
rieties were added to the collection during the year and the 
iris test garden now contains a total of 1,238 named varieties 
and species. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


ATTENDANCE FOR THE YEAR 1930 
(Recording turnstile count) 


Week-days Sundays 

RP TREMOR Vale pr See ig eg yo oc a= bmn oats 7,735 6,017 
PRR cet son Gists + ¢.a'ois.+ o'cis 2s oslo Wes 8,104 11,850 
TM ii a piatheéa ys ve ad sets sees eee's 18,615 32,676 
SNe eA g Ge dle is) 6 3s 0s eos Us e's vebes 15,883 13,600 
DPA DUS A 0 A re 18,476 16,730 
NUREMIRR MRE Cn uia'g o o'g co 8s oe 0s eels be Oa are 18,027 13,104 
ERLEWINE a kG Gioy0 0004 6 vt eee ee es enters 19,091 6,484 
RAMP See slsa'e's cle 6 + 00's 6 0's 08 c% wlers oie sie 23,385 11,508 
MP OREISEEIO eg c.g ads Siecle Sisco sales 'ecoe oS ee eies 22,254 18,283 
SOREN a5 05 6\oie'4 « oellele 6.00 #606 wc salsa 22,406 16,232 
MMP ION eg: ai sicily siu'g aio. ai eSic aso es oe BH 23,569 36,815 
PPOUOIIOED So os. csc cccscsecuvessccccbc ens 3,716 8,082 
201,261 191,381 

201,261 

Wa] 2) ieee eae PTT Oe palates tea terca neste deta ha ecards Geel eines ane Aree es 392,642 


Gray Summit Extension—Aside from the continuation of 
road building, with the necessary grading, hauling of gravel, 
building of culverts, ete., the chief item of construction has 
been the erection of three additional greenhouses made neces- 
sary by the rapidly expanding orchid collection. Some 450 
additional feet of rock wall along the Manchester Road 
frontage were also completed. The work was stopped be- 
cause of the uncertainty as to just where the contemplated 
new Highway 66 would intersect the Manchester Road. When 
this matter is settled it will then be possible to carry out plans 
for the erection of a lodge house and the establishment of 
what will be eventually the public entrance to the Gray 
Summit Extension. It has long been recognized that the 
appearance of the frontage on the Manchester Road could be 
considerably improved by changing the grade between the 
conerete highway and the stone wall. Permission was ob- 
tained from the State Highway Commission to make the 
necessary alteration, and grading, sodding, and the con- 
struction of catch basins have all combined to change this 
area materially for the better. Wild rose bushes are being 
collected this fall on the property for planting along the wall, 
and if the new highway intersects the Manchester Road at 


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12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


the present junction of the Pacific and Manchester Roads, 
suitable planting there will make the approach to the Gray 
Summit Extension the most attractive of any public garden. 
Especial attention has been paid to the sodding and seeding 
of slopes which have always washed badly. The work ac- 
complished should eliminate many of the gulleys which 
previously had been cut by heavy rains. 


Four hundred additional flowering crab-apple trees were 
planted out, and 1,000 large-flowered dogwoods, including 75 
of the pink variety, have been established in the vicinity of 
the cherry and erab-apple orchards. All of these trees, in- 
cluding the apple orchards, have been regularly cultivated 
and sprayed during the season and are all in excellent con- 
dition. Approximately 10,000 trees and shrubs were trans- 
planted from the seed-beds to the nursery. 


With the completion of the three new greenhouses the 
orchid collection can be segregated in a way that has not 
heretofore been possible. Changing the majority of the 
plants from baskets to pots has resulted in economizing con- 
siderable space, but with the rapid accumulation of seedlings 
which for the next seven or eight years will need more and 
more room, it is doubtful whether even the existing range 
will be able to accommodate all the plants. At the present 
time the hybrid forms of various Cattleya species are repre- 
sented by approximately 20,000 seedlings. Since most of 
these are from parents of exceptional quality, some most 
satisfactory results should be obtained. Particular attention 
has been paid during the past year to growing the spray 
orchids in greater numbers. Vigorous seedlings of Vanda 
caerulea, Vanda Sanderiana, Oncidium varicosum Rogersti, 
as well as Dendrobium and Miltonia hybrids, are now grow- 
ing. With the possibility of maturing a thousand or more 
plants of each of these species some idea may be obtained 
of the future orchid shows at the Garden. 

At the fourth National Show held by the American Orchid 
Society in Washington, D. C., on October 16, the Garden 
made an exhibit illustrating the development of orchids from 
seeds to mature plants. This display was awarded the Mrs. 
Fitz-Eugene Dixon cup, first prize in this class. 


Pe eye De ie nt 
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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


Tropical Station.—Mr. Pring, the Superintendent, and Dr. 
Woodson, Research Assistant, visited the Tropical Station in 
February. They were able to make several trips into the 
jungle and, accompanied by Mr. Hunter, Manager of the 
Station, and Mr. Bouchet, secured a number of orchids to be 
added to the collection either on the Canal Zone or at Gray 
Summit. Mr. Hunter continues to make collecting trips 
whenever possible and as he visits new regions is constantly 
making new discoveries. The value of the Tropical Station 
to the Garden is manifest to anyone who has an opportunity 
to judge of the work done there and the manner in which it 
contributes to the activities of a garden located in the tem- 
perate zone. 


The Weather.—As has previously been intimated, no report 
of a botanical garden can be complete without some reference 
to the weather. This is justified to an unusual degree this 
year by the severity of the winter of 1929-30, followed by the 
drought and excessive heat of last summer. The outdoor work 
of last spring was materially increased because of the unpre- 
cedented damage done during the previous winter. Shrubs, 
vines, and even trees, which have survived the winters of St. 
Louis for the past twenty-five years, succumbed to the alter- 
nate freezing and thawing to which they were subjected 
during last winter. Practically every plant in the rose 
garden, had to be cut back to the ground and a more dismal 
appearance than it presented could not be imagined. With- 
out attempting to enumerate the different kinds of plants 
showing the effect of the winter, it need only be stated that 
probably not since the Garden was established by Mr. Shaw 
has vegetation out of doors been subjected to such severe 
conditions. 

That last summer was the driest since 1837, the first record 
available, is well known. This drought, accompanied by 
the hottest period of equal length on record, was a most 
severe strain, particularly since it followed such a devas- 
tating winter. Plants had to be severely cut back and 
consequently much of the growth was new and soft. The 
rainfall deficiency at St. Louis was even greater than the 
average deficiency in the state. From February to August, 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


inclusive, the rainfall at the Garden was 60 per cent below 
normal and for July and August was 91 per cent below nor- 
mal. The fact that the dry weather continued up to the end 
of the year, with the moisture deficiency constantly in- 
creasing, makes the prospect very discouraging for vegeta- 
tion next spring. Unless an unusual amount of snow and 
rain falls during the first three months of 1931, the outlook 
for maintaining many trees and shrubs in normal condition 
is distinctly unfavorable. The fact that there is practically 
no water in the ground, and that plants require such 
abundant moisture to carry on their normal activities, has 
caused the Garden BULLETIN to issue a special warning eall- 
ing attention to the necessity for artificial watering where- 
ever possible during the winter and early spring. 


Annual Bequests—The Annual Flower Sermon ‘‘to com- 
memorate the goodness of God as revealed in flowers,’’ as 
stipulated in Mr. Shaw’s will, was delivered at Christ Chureh 
Cathedral on May 11, the Rev. Robert Norwood, D. D., Ree- 
tor of St. Bartholomew’s Church, New York City, officiating. 


On September 30 the National Association of Park Execu- 
tives held its convention in St. Louis and some four hundred 
delegates were entertained at luncheon at the Garden. The 
Gardeners’ Banquet fund was drawn upon to meet a part of 
the expense of the affair, the St. Louis Park Department 
contributing the balance. 


The Trustees’ Banquet, provided for in Mr. Shaw’s will, 
was held in connection with the celebration of the three 
hundredth anniversary of the first recognized use of cinchona, 
on the evening of October 31, at Hotel Jefferson. Over three 
hundred were in attendance, including distinguished for- 
eign guests, delegates from out of the city, and friends of 
the Garden in St. Louis. 


As for the past few years, the employes of the Garden have 
elected to receive each a turkey at Christmas rather than 
being entertained at a dinner, and the Gardeners’ Banquet 
fund was expended in this manner this year. 


A part of the fund set aside by Mr. Shaw for prizes at 
flower shows was donated toward the expenses of the annual 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 


spring show of the florists and nurserymen of St. Louis and 
vicinity, held in March. The silver cup provided by this 
fund was awarded this year to Joseph Witek, Florist. 


RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION 


The largest number of graduate students ever registered in 
the Henry Shaw School of Botany has been accommodated at 
the Garden and in Rebstock Biology Hall of Washington Uni- 
versity during the past year. With the exception of the work 
in taxonomy, which is given at the Garden because the 
herbarium and library are housed there, the major portion 
of graduate work is now conducted at the University where 
facilities not previously provided are available. An addition 
to the greenhouses at Rebstock Hall has made it possible to 
carry on extensive experiments in plant physiology as well 
as to provide material for undergraduate courses. 

In July, Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the Herbarium 
and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of 
Washington University, was granted a six-months’ leave of 
absence for the purpose of visiting European herbaria. He 
will return in time to resume his duties at the beginning of 
the second semester. Dr. Adele Lewis Grant, formerly of 
Cornell University and the University of South Africa, was 
appointed Acting Curator of the Herbarium and Assistant 
Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany, and has 
carried on the required curatorial duties in the absence of 
the Curator, as well as conducting certain graduate courses. 
Dr. Grant is continuing her studies in the endemic genera 
of South African Scrophulariaceae and completing mono- 
eraphie studies on the genera Nemesia, Diascia, Diclis, and 
Hemimeris. 

Dr. E. S. Reynolds, Physiologist to the Garden and Asso- 
ciate Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany, besides 
his teaching duties, has directed the research work of 
students majoring in plant physiology. He is continuing his 
investigations on the toxic effect of plant extracts on fungi 
causing diseases of peas, beans, and other plants; and also 
the work on the internal temperature of trees and its relation 
to external temperature. 


16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, was ad- 
vanced from Assistant Professor to Associate Professor in the 
Henry Shaw School of Botany upon his return from abroad 
where he held a National Research Fellowship. The major 
portion of his time was spent at the John Innes Horticultural 
Institution acquiring facility with modern cytological meth- 
ods. While there he made a study of the division of vegeta- 
tive and generative nuclei in Uvularia; the artificial produc- 
tion of chimeras in the Solanaceae; in conjunction with Miss 
de Winton, an analysis of Mendelian factor interactions in 
Primula sinensis; and in conjunction with Miss Brenhilda 
Schafer, an investigation of interspecific hybridization in 
Aquilegia. Dr. Anderson, in addition to attending the In- 
ternational Horticultural Congress and the International 
Botanical Congress, visited various gardens and _ botanical 
departments in England, as well as making trips to Brussels, 
Berlin, and Geneva, where he studied herbarium material. 


Dr. David H. Linder, Mycologist to the Garden, and As- 
sistant Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany, in 
addition to spending much time in organizing the mycological 
herbarium and conducting his classes, has completed two 
papers now in press, one on the ‘‘Genus Helicoceras,’’ and 
the other on ‘‘Notes on the Helicosporeae, with the Descrip- 
tions of Three New Species.’’ There was likewise published 
in ‘‘Mycologia’’ ‘‘Notes on Tremellogaster surinamensis.’’ 
During the year miscellaneous phytopathological investiga- 
tions, chiefly concerned with the identification of the causal 
organisms, have been completed. On the occasion of the 
visit of Dr. Buisman of Holland, a specialist in the study of 
the Dutch elm disease, a brief survey of this region was 
made to discover whether or not this disease had appeared in 
the vicinity of St. Louis. The investigation was not con- 
clusive because of the drought, but no evidence of the 
presence of this elm disease was found. 

Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Research Assistant to the Gar- 
den, was appointed an Instructor in the Henry Shaw School 
of Botany. Besides conducting the new course in plant an- 
atomy, he has continued his studies on the anatomy of the 
flower and inflorescence of representative genera of the 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17 


Apocynaceae. He is also attempting to interpret, through a 
study of the floral anatomy of representative genera, the 
phylogenetic history of the Contortae. 

Dr. Roland V. LaGarde, Research Assistant, took charge 
for the second semester of the course in gardening offered 
to the students of the School of Occupational Therapy. He 
is continuing his investigations on the non-symbiotic methods 
of raising orchids from seed. 

Miss Katherine L. Perkins, a graduate of the School for 
Gardening of the Missouri Botanical Garden, assumed charge 
in the fall of the course given to the students in the School 
of Oceupational Therapy. 

In June, Dr. Amos Showalter, Assistant Professor of 
Botany in the Henry Shaw School of Botany, resigned and 
the courses formerly conducted by him were taken over by 
Dr. Anderson in the fall. 

The course in gardening offered to amateurs was again 
given in 1930, the major portion of the instruction being con- 
ducted by Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden. 
The work was given on Tuesday afternoons from March 4 to 
May 13, inclusive, and seemed to meet a rather widespread 
demand from St. Louis and vicinity. 

The system of apprenticeships adopted in 1929 has been 
continued with little change. There are now nine apprentices 
enrolled at the Garden, three additional young men being 
admitted each fall to replace the three who have completed 
the three years’ work. That the system is successful would 
seem to be indicated by the number of applications now on 
hand to fill prospective vacancies. By no means all those 
who desire to become apprentices can be accommodated, so 
that it is possible to select with arson oh care those who 
seem best qualified for the work. 


Graduates, Fellows, and Scholars.—The following appoint- 
ments have been made in the Henry Shaw School of Botany 
for the academic year 1930-1931: Martha L. Beardsley, A. 
B., M. 8., Washington University, Instructor in Botany 
(half-time graduate student, Cytology, Plant Physiology, and 
Mycology); Assistants in Botany (half-time graduate stu- 
dents), A. F. Bucholtz, B. S., Cornell University, M. S., 


18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Washington University (Plant Physiology) ; Harry J. Fuller, 
A. B., M. S., Washington University (Plant Physiology and 
Mycology) ; Mary Elizabeth Pinkerton, B. 8., University of 
Nebraska (Taxonomy); Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellows 
in Botany, George J. Goodman, A. B., University of Wy- 
oming, M. S., Washington University (Taxonomy and Mor- 
phology) ; Charles Leo Hitchcock, A. B., A. M., Pomona Col- 
lege (Taxonomy and Morphology) ; John Adam Moore, B. S., 
Butler University, M. 8., State College of Washington (Tax- 
onomy and Morphology) ; Julian A. Steyermark, A. B., M.S., 
Washington University (Taxonomy and Morphology); and 
F. Lyle Wynd, B. S., M. A., University of Oregon (Plant 
Physiology and Taxonomy) ; Washington University Scholar- 
ship, Josephine Darlington, A. B., B. S. in Forestry, 
University of Montana, M. S., Washington University (Tax- 
onomy and Morphology); Jessie R. Barr Fellow in Botany, 
Marion Child, A. B., Oberlin College, M. S., Washington 
University (Mycology and Physiology). 

Fellowship in American Creosoting Company, Earl E. 
Berkley, A. B., University of West Virginia, M. 8., Washing- 
ton University (Plant Physiology and Chemistry) ; Special 
Garden Fellowships, Caroline K. Allen, A. B., Vassar Col- 
lege, M. S., Washington University (Taxonomy and Mor- 
phology) ; Lily M. Perry, B. A., Acadia University, A. M., 
Radcliffe College (Taxonomy and Mycology) ; Paul F. Shope, 
B. 8., Pennsylvania State College, M. S., University of Colo- 
rado (Mycology and Morphology) ; Special Yenching Univer- 
sity Fellowship, Chien-fan Li, B. 8., Yenching University, 
China (Taxonomy and Morphology). Independent Students, 
D. George Deihl, A. B., Grinnell College (Taxonomy and 
Morphology) ; Mary E. Ledgerwood, A. B., Harris Teachers 
College (Plant Physiology) ; Dorothy M. Megowen, A. B., 
University of Illinois (Taxonomy). 


Degrees—The following graduate students in the Shaw 
School of Botany received advanced degrees at the Washing- 
ton University commencement, June 10, 1930: Hamilton H. 
Card, Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellow (Taxonomy and 
Morphology), and Eva M. Fling Roush, Jessie R. Barr 
Fellow in Botany (Taxonomy and Morphology )—Doetors of 


5 et Nl i ed ae tc 


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“4 Met ee ead Le Le ay ~ 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 


Philosophy; Earl E. Berkley, Rufus J. Lackland Research 
Fellow (Plant Physiology and Chemistry), Josephine Dar- 
lington, Graduate Scholar (Taxonomy and Morphology), 
Dorothy 8S. Francis, Assistant in Botany (Plant Physiology 
and Morphology), George J. Goodman, Rufus J. Lackland 
Research Fellow (Taxonomy and Morphology), Julian A. 
Steyermark, Graduate Scholar (Taxonomy and Morphology) 
—Masters of Science. 


Published Articles —The results of research and investiga- 
tion have appeared in the ANNALS OF THE MissourRI BoTANI- 
CAL GARDEN, the quarterly journal which since it was founded 
in 1914 has so admirably served the members of the staff and 
graduate students of the Henry Shaw School of Botany as 
a place of publication. During the year two double numbers 
of the ANNALS have been issued. Following are the titles of 
articles by staff or students which have appeared in the 
ANNALS and elsewhere: 

Hiteheock, C. L. Revision of North American Species of 
Godetia. Bot. Gaz. 79: 321-361. 1930. 

Hogstad, Anton, Jr. Coming Back: The Show Globe, 
Emblem of Pharmacy. Am. Druggist, October, 1930. 

Jensen, L. P. Native Plants for the Rock Garden. Garden 
Life 3%: 1-2. 1930. 

Linder, D. H. Botanical Report on Liberia. Report of the 
Harvard-African Expedition upon the African Republic of 
Liberia and the Belgian Congo, pp. 513-568. 1930. 

Linder, D. H. Notes on Tremellogaster surinamensis. 
Mycologia 22: 265-269. 1930. 

Mathias, Mildred E. Studies in the Umbelliferae. III. 
A Monograph of Cymopterus including a Critical Study of 
Related Genera. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 17: 213-474. 1930. 

Mathias, Mildred E. Botany. Am. Year Book, 1930. 

Moore, George T. The Greatest of Human Pleasures. 
Junior League Magazine. June, 1930. 

Pring, George H. Orchids. Ladies’ Home Journal 47!: 
18-19, 154. 1930. ; 

Pring, George H. Chrysanthemums. Ladies’ Home Journal 
474; 30-31, 162. 1930. 

Pring, George H. Boxwood. Garden Life 3': 3. 1980. 


20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Woodson, Robert E., Jr. Studies in the Apocynaceae. I. 
A Critical Study of the Apocynaceae (With Special Refer- 
ence to the Genus Apocynum). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 17: 
1-212. 19380. 


Scientific and Popular Lectures——The demands upon the 
scientific and Garden staff for talks before various organiza- 
tions increase from year to year. While this service to the 
public is freely granted in so far as possible, it must be ad- 
mitted that with the present organization, which includes 
no one whose special duty it is to give popular addresses, the 
work is becoming somewhat burdensome. Following is a list 
of the more important lectures given during the year. The 
names of the organizations requesting talks will indicate how 
diverse are the interests desiring to hear discussed some 
aspect of botany or horticulture. 

Edgar Anderson, May 11, Mill Hill School, England, 
‘Camping in America’’; May 12, Genetics Club, Cambridge, 
England, ‘‘Biological Factors Affecting Speciation’’; June 
25, Royal Society of London, England, ‘‘Interspecifie Hy- 
bridization in Aquilegia’’; August 21, International Botan- 
ical Congress, Cambridge, England, ‘‘Internal Factors Af- 
fecting Discontinuity between Species’’; December 5, St. 
Louis Horticultural Society, ‘‘English Gardens’’; December 
15, Radio Station KMOX, ‘‘Modern Miracles of Plant 
Science.”’ 

Adele L. Grant, November 5, P. E. O. of Webster Groves, 
‘*Collecting Plants in South Afriea.’’ 

Anton Hogstad, Jr., January 3, St. Louis Horticultural 
Society, ‘‘Vegetable Drugs’’; May 21, Colloidal Medical 
Seminar, ‘‘The Modern Atom’’; May 238, teachers of biolog- 
ical sciences, St. Louis Schools, ‘‘The Romance of Drugs’’; 
June 12, South Side Lions Club, ‘‘The Romance of Drugs’’; 
July 16, Nature Study Group of the Piasa, Illinois, Chautau- 
qua, ‘‘Orientation of Man to Nature’’; September 27, Nat- 
uralists’ Club of St. Louis, ‘‘Some Chemico-Pharmacological 
Aspects of the Nightshade Family’’; October 15, Colloid 
Medical Seminar, ‘‘Isomerism as a Related Phenomenon to 
that of Colloidal Chemistry.”’ 

L. P. Jensen, February 10, Alpha Chi Sigma, ‘‘The Evo- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 


lution of Landscape Art’’; June 7, St. Louis Horticultural 
Society, ‘‘The Gray Summit Extension’’; August 1, St. Louis 
Horticultural Society, ‘‘Wild Flowers for the Garden’’; 
October 18, Villa Ridge, Mo., ‘‘Roadside Beautification’’; 
October 18, Kirkwood Garden Club No. 1, ‘‘Trees’’; October 
22, citizens’ meeting, Washington, Mo., ‘‘The Value of a 
Garden Club and How It May Be Organized.’’ 


Paul A. Kohl, February 7, St. Louis Horticultural Society, 
‘‘Plant Germination from Seed.’’ 


Roland V. LaGarde, August 10, German Students’ Union, 
Prague, ‘‘Universities and University Life in America.’’ 

Katherine H. Leigh, October 3, St. Louis Horticultural 
Society, ‘‘Glass Gardens for the Home.’’ 

David H. Linder, September 5, St. Louis Horticultural 
Society, ‘‘Plant Exploration in British G@uiana.”’ 

Geo. T. Moore, March 5, St. Louis Codperative Club, 
‘“‘The Missouri Botanical Garden’’; March 6, Forsythe-West 
Lindell Improvement Association, ‘‘The Planting of Trees, 
Plants, and Flowers as a Community Asset’’; March 10, Mary 
Institute, ‘‘Moving Pictures of Plant Life’’; March 12, John 
Burroughs School, ‘‘Moving Pictures of Plant Life’’; April 
24, Garden Lovers Club of Cincinnati, ‘‘Orehids’’; May 9, 
Webster Groves High School, ‘‘Movement in Plants’’; May 
25, Radio Station KMOX, ‘‘The Hobby of Gardening’’; May 
30, American Electro-Chemical Society, ‘‘Movement in 
Plants’’; October 21, Garden Club of St. Louis, ‘‘ What Goes 
on in the Plant’’; November 10, Technical Club, Madison, 
Wis., ‘‘The Plant Commonwealth’’; November 17, McBride 
Lecture, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 
Morality in Plants”; December 12, American Society of Me- 
chanical Engineers, ‘‘ Plant Growth.’’ 

George H. Pring, January 21, Cosmopolitan Club, ‘‘The 
Activities of the Missouri Botanical Garden’’; February 19, 
Women’s Club, Cristobal, C. Z., ‘‘The Missouri Botanical 
Garden and its Tropical Station’’; February 21, Army and 
Navy Y. M. C. A., Balboa, C. Z., ‘‘Plant Curiosities’’; Febru- 
ary 26, High School, Balboa, C. Z., ‘‘Insect Pollination and 
Seed Dissemination’’; April 8, St. Louis Electrical Board of 
Trade, ‘‘Spring Work in the Garden’’; April 9, City Club, 


22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


‘‘Orehid Exploration in Panama’’; April 10, St. Louis Flor- 
ists’ Club, ‘‘Commercial Rose Growing in Panama’’; April 
17, Floricultural Department, Ohio State University, ‘‘Water 
Gardens’’; April 17, Faculty and Students, Ohio State Uni- 
versity, ‘‘Orchids’’; May 15, South Side Optimists’ Club, 
‘‘Some Experiences in the Jungles of Panama’’; May 15, 
Men’s Club, Union Avenue Christian Church, ‘‘The Orchids 
in the Tropical Station, Missouri Botanical Garden’’; May 
21, St. Peter’s Evangelical Church, ‘‘Orchid Exploration in 
Central and South America’’; June 11, Teachers’ Institute of 
the Missouri Commission for the Blind, ‘‘Horticulture’’; 
June 12, Teachers’ Institute of the Missouri Commission for 
the Blind, ‘‘Floriculture’’; August 22, South Side Kiwanis 
Club, ‘‘Plant Curiosities’; September 26, Osage Hills Garden 
Club, “‘Flowering Plants for the Garden’’; September 30, 
Convention of Park Executives, ‘‘Movement in Plants’’; No- 
vember 7, St. Louis Horticultural Society, ‘‘Orchids’’; No- 
vember 25, Festus J. Wade Parent-Teachers’ Association, ‘‘A 
Hunt for Orchids’’; December 16, School of Design, Soldan 
High School, ‘‘House Plants.’’ 


K. 8. Reynolds, February 20, Washington University Chap- 
ter of Sigma XI, and the Academy of Science of St. Louis, 
‘“Moving Pictures of Plant Life’’; December 15, Radio Sta- 
tion KMOX, ‘‘Modern Miracles of Plant Science.” 


HERBARIUM 


Probably the most important single piece of work done 
during the year was the rearrangement of the mycological 
herbarium in its new quarters on the third floor of the admin- 
istration building. This has taken a great deal of time and 
work on the part of the Mycologist, and the collections are 
now available for the use of research workers. 

Another accomplishment has been the distribution of a 
large amount of duplicate material to various herbaria in the 
United States and in Europe. Nearly 36,000 sheets have been 
sent out in continuation of exchanges and in the establish- 
ment of new exchanges, so that long-standing obligations to 
other institutions have finally been met. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23 


Somewhat more material has been acquired during the year 
than in 1929, but the number of specimens that have been 
mounted and incorporated into the general collection has been 
less. The new collections have been obtained chiefly from 
different parts of the United States, Central America, South 
America, and Europe. With additional trained assistance 
the work of mounting and incorporating these specimens can 
go forward rapidly. 


New Accessions.—Many collections have been received dur- 
ing the year, chief amongst which are the following: Arnold 
Arboretum, 1434 plants of the United States, collected by 
E. J. Palmer; Wm. Bembong, 450 plants of India, collected 
by Wm. Guntur; Lyman Benson, 500 plants of Oregon and 
Washington; Botanical Garden of Cracow, 100 plants of 
Poland; Botanical Institute, University of Brno, 100 plants 
from Bohemia; B. F. Bush, 68 plants from Missouri; A. L. 
Cabrera, 14 plants from Argentina; Agnes Chase, 17 plants 
of Brazil; J. and M. S. Clemens, 687 plants of Borneo; Car- 
negie Institute at Stanford University, 157 plants of Western 
United States, collected by David Keck; Cornell University, 
by K. M. Wiegand, 544 plants of New York; A. Donat, 100 
plants of Patagonia; K. Domin, 101 plants of Czechoslovakia ; 
J. A. Drushel, 238 plants of eastern United States; Dudley 
Herbarium at Stanford University, 292 plants of the Pacific 
Coast and Mexico; E. H. Eames, 52 plants of Connecticut; 
W. J. Eyerdam, 128 plants of Kamchatka; H. J. Fuller, 47 
plants of western United States; R. M. Harper, 13 plants of 
southern United States; G. Herter, 103 plants of Uruguay ; 
H. D. House, 100 plants of New York; R. H. Imler, 430 plants 
of Kansas; M. E. Jones, 325 plants of Arizona; O. Jaap, 1022 
‘‘Pungi selecti exsiceati’’?; C. L. Lundell, 159 plants of Brit- 
ish Honduras; W. E. Muenscher, 50 North American Myx- 
omycetes; New York Botanical Garden, 11 plants collected by 
H. H. Rusby; H. O’Neill, 380 plants of the southern United 
States; H. Pittier, 129 plants of Venezuela; C. A. Purpus, 50 
plants of Mexico; Eva M. F. Roush, 147 plants of Indiana 
and West Virginia; G. Samuelsson, 278 plants of Brazil col- 
lected by Dr. Dusen; W. A. Schipp, 663 plants of British 
Honduras; F. and A. B. Seymour, 108 plants of Massachu- 


— soe 


~t ee ne 


24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


setts; E. E. Stanford, 400 plants of California and Oregon; 
B. E. Stephenson, 116 plants of Ohio; H. Sydow, 150 ‘‘ Fungi 
exotici exsiccati’’ of South America; University of California, 
by E. B. Copeland, 1026 plants, mostly from California ; Uni- 
versity of Minnesota, 350 plants of ‘‘Reliquiae Holwayanae’’; 
University of Tennessee, by H. M. Jennison, 106 plants of 
eastern Tennessee; United States National Herbarium, by 
Wm. Maxon, E. E. Killip, and others, 504 plants from British 
Honduras, various parts of United States, and Mexico; E. J. 
Valeur, 287 plants of the Dominican Republic; S. Venturi, 
611 plants of Argentina; T. O. Weigel, 372 plants of Eumy- 
cetes collected by Weese. 


Besides these, many small collections have been received 
from correspondents, friends, and former students in the 
Henry Shaw School of Botany. The names of these donors 
have been recorded in current numbers of the BULLETIN. In 
addition, a number of photographs of types, sometimes accom- 
panied by type fragments, have been received from herbaria 
in Europe and America. These add materially to the value of 
the collections. 


Mounting and Inserting of Specimens.—The mounting of 
specimens has continued throughout the year. Some addi- 
tional help was employed to assist the regular mounter, but 
trained help was not available to mount all the numerous 
specimens requiring attention. A large number of mounted 
specimens has been inserted in the herbarium, a few of the 
more advanced students in taxonomy having done most of this 
work. 


Reorganization of Specimens in the Herbarium.—Much re- 
organization work needs to be done in all large herbaria. With 
the valuable assistance of several of the advanced students 
additional plant families have been placed in order, while 
others have been rearranged. Consequently a larger part of 
the herbarium is more readily accessible for comparison and 
for the use of research workers than ever before. 


Eachanges.—In past years the Garden has secured a great 
many duplicate specimens through the purchase of various 
large collections. It seemed highly desirable to distribute 


ae wre Te ae ee er, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 25 


part of these to various herbaria in continuation of our ex- 
changes with them and to establish a number of new exchanges. 
In accordance with this policy, nearly 36,000 sheets of dupli- 
cate specimens have been sent to herbaria in Europe and 
America. The herbarium has now much more than met its 
obligations in this respect to most of the institutions on its 
exchange list, and many collections have been promised in 
return. This is one of the most important ways in which 
additions can be made to the number of plants in the her- 
barium. The collections distributed were mostly those of 
E. J. Palmer, made in Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas, during 
the years 1913-1919; the Eggert Herbarium and the Rev. 
John Davis collections made in Missouri and South Carolina. 


Field Work—Some field work has been carried on during 
the year, chiefly by the graduate students. Two of them 
made an extended automobile trip through southwestern 
United States to California and thence northward to Wash- 
ington and Wyoming. The plants collected by them are be- 
ing distributed to various subscribing institutions, and the 
remaining duplicates will be sent out later as herbarium 
exchanges. Another graduate student made extensive col- 
lections in West Virginia for the herbarium. One of the 
Research Assistants made a collecting trip to Panama. The 
Acting Curator has collected extensively in South Africa for 
four years, and the first set of this collection will be incor- 
porated into the herbarium during the coming year. Mem- 
bers of the class in Taxonomy of the Bryophytes have been 
in the field on several collecting trips and have added to the 
local collections. One student in this class has added a few 
records of plants new to Missouri. 


Use of the Herbarium by Outside Botanists —As in former 
years, numerous herbarium specimens have been loaned to 
outside institutions in this country and abroad, for study by 
specialists. Many loans have been made to the Garden for 
study by members of the staff and by several advanced 
graduate students in the Henry Shaw School of Botany. All 
of these loans have been asked for in connection with mono- 
graphic studies. A number of botanists and botanical stu- 


rea Oe ea eee 


26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


dents have visited the Garden during the year to make use 
of our library and our extensive herbarium collections. 


Statistical Summary (For the year ending December 31, 


1930). 
Number of specimens received on new accessions: 
BY PUTCHABOS ¢ v0 6 sc 6s 9838 
aSy GXCONANRO +... oss < 3138 
So eo ee 533 
day TVORBIGLs sya e seas s 9 
OCGA ester ete s 25%. 13518 valued at $1,531.80 


Number of specimens 

mounted and incorpo- 

PDO edie gh cee hae «36 a 12,3894 valued at 2,478.80 
Number of specimens dis- 

carded from _herba- 


Co a en 40 without value 
Number of specimens in organized 
OM SULIT aS Wee 6 G6 Ae 6 o'¥b Sons 986535, valued at $158,903.20 
Number of specimens in unorganized 
RNP ERLE eos Sg 02s pie sho a 6 0 2% 87500, valued at 8,750.00 
Wood specimens, etc., in the herbarium ... ., Valued at 280.00 
PRIGTORCODIC BLOGG. ..0 500 ended occe cdc ..... Valued at 450.00 
ys a a ee © er $168,383.20 
LIBRARY 


Although no new collections have been acquired, there 
have been more rare or valuable books added to the library in 
1930 than any year since the donation of the Sturtevant pre- 
linnean library. Many important works for which the li- 
brary had been watching for some time were advertised in 
catalogues this year and purchased by the Garden. Perhaps 
the most noteworthy of these purchases are Ruiz and Pavon’s 
‘“‘Flora Peruviana et Chilensis’’?; Hooke’s ‘*Micrographia’’, 
first edition; Batsch’s ‘‘Elenchus Fungorum’’; Lambert’s 
‘““The Genus Pinus’’, and Bruch, Schimper and Giimbel’s 
‘“‘Bryologia Europaea’’—six volumes and supplement. 

An unusual amount of bibliographical assistance has been 
given during the year. Until five years ago there were 
only two or three students specializing in taxonomy. Now 
there are ten, the majority of them working on American 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27 


genera. In taxonomic work the literature is very important 
and every reference to the plant should be consulted. Some 
of the books are so rare or the manner of citing so obscure 
that finding the references is extremely difficult. To obtain 
one South American publication required writing to four 
libraries before the book could be located, and then it could 
not be loaned because of its rarity and the pages required had 
to be photographed. The library is now trying to purchase 
these rare books and when that is impossible to have the 
needed pages or plates photographed to become a permanent 
part of the library. In addition to taxonomists on the Garden 
staff, taxonomists from other institutions have sent in many 
requests for verification of references, or for a compilation 
of all the literature on a certain plant. One request was 
that all the references on a species of South American grass be 
transcribed; a professor who has been writing a series of 
papers on ‘‘Botanists of the Southwest’? has obtained the 
ereater part of his material from the Garden library. The 
papers for the cinchona congress occasioned a great amount 
of research, and one two-hundred page paper on the ‘* His- 
tory of the Cinchona’’ was worked up largely from books in 
the Garden library. 

In order to make room for rapidly increasing accessions, 
the Garden set of ‘‘Biochemische Zeitschrift’’, consisting of 
about 110 volumes, has been loaned to Washington Univer- 
sity, where it will be in constant use by students of plant 
physiology. 

The two itinerant bookbinders whom we employ for a 
short period each year, spent two weeks at the Garden in 
April, when 232 books were mended. The older books are 
gradually being rehabilitated and by having some work done 
each year they can be kept in good order. 

In July the Annals reprints were mailed to the botanists 
with whom the Garden maintains exchanges. About 700 re- 
prints were sent to 270 individuals, each receiving the publi- 
cations in his special field of botany. 

Use of the Library.—In addition to the staff and students 


in the Henry Shaw School of Botany, the following botanists 
have consulted the library during the year: Dr. L. H. Pam- 


28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


mel, professor of botany, Iowa State College; Mr. C. C. Deam, 
state forester of Indiana; Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, of the Bu- 
reau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Mr. R. 
A. Studhalter, head of the department of biology, Texas 
Technological College, Lubbock, Texas; Mr. 8S. Kamesam, of 
the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India; Mrs. Susan 
Delano McKelvey, of Boston, author of botanical mono- 
graphs; Prof. O. C. Schultz, associate professor of Botany, 
Oklahoma A. & M. College; Mr. A. C. Hottes, assistant editor 
of ‘Better Homes and Gardens’’; Dr. Ella M. Martin, pro- 
fessor of biology, Greensboro College, Greensboro, North 
Carolina; Dr. Ethel T. Eltinge, instructor in botany, Mount 
Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; Miss Catherine L. 
Lieneman, instructor in botany, North Carolina College for 
Women, Greensboro, North Carolina; Dr. C. C. Epling, in- 
structor in botany, University of California at Los Angeles; 
Dr. A. Saeger, of Kansas City Junior College; Dr. H. M. Jen- 
nison, professor of botany, University of Tennessee; Dr. C. 
E. Moore, head of biology department, State Teachers Col- 
lege, Memphis, Tenn.; Dr. Arthur D. Houghton, of Los An- 
geles, California; Dr. Frederick R. Wellman, of the U. 8S. 
Dept. of Agriculture; Dr. Walter F. Loehwing, professor of 
plant physiology, University of Iowa; Dr. Edward J. Petry, 
head of the department of biology, Central College, Fayette, 
Mo.; Professor D. M. Moore, professor of botany and plant 
physiology, University of Arkansas; Prof. T. §. Painter, 
professor of zoology, and Dr. Frederick McAllister and Dr. 
B. C. Tharp, professors of botany, all of the University of 
Texas; Prof. E. 8. Heath, Breneau College, Gainesville, 
Georgia. In addition, Professors Alex. Laurie and L. C. 
Chadwick, of the University of Ohio, brought their class in 
floriculture to visit the Garden and library, and Prof. H. W. 
Rickett, of the University of Missouri, accompanied by the in- 
structors and students in botany of that institution, visited 
the library and herbarium. Out-of-town botanists also have 
the privilege of borrowing books on the inter-library loan 
plan, 151 loans having been made to 34 institutions during 
the year. 


Garden Publications—Volume XVII of the ANNALS OF 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 29 


THE Missour1 BoTraNIcAL GARDEN was completed during the 
year. The volume, which contains 476 pages, 51 plates, and 
22 text-figures, consists of two monographs, ‘‘Studies in the 
Apocynaceae, I’’, by Robert E. Woodson, Jr., and ‘‘Studies 
in the Umbelliferae, III’’, by Mildred E. Mathias. The 1930 
volume (XVIII) of the monthly BuLLETIN comprises 171 
pages and 41 plates. Both ANNALS and BULLETIN are sold 
or sent in exchange for other publications. There are now 
550 institutions or individuals receiving the ANNALS in ex- 
change for their publications. The receipts from the sale of 
ANNALS, BULLETINS, Books of Views, reprints, and ANNUAL 
Reports during the year amounted to $1,404.10. 


New Accessions.—Besides the works previously mentioned 
the library has received some interesting publications during 
the year through Mr. Gurney Wilson, the Garden’s European 
representative. Among these was a packet of original draw- 
ings by Oliver for his ‘‘Natural Orders of the Vegetable 
Kingdom”’; sketches of orchid drawings made by J. Weath- 
ers, 6 volumes; a list of orchids certificated by the Royal Hor- 
ticultural Society, 1872-1889; Gerarde, ‘‘The Old Riddle and 
the Newest Answer.’’ Other donations were Miller’s ‘‘Gar- 
deners’ Dictionary’’, by Mrs. S. W. Fordyce; Sprengel’s 
‘‘Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzney- 
kunde’’, Neuberger’s, ‘‘Geschichte der Medizin’’, and Gilder- 
meister and Hoffmann, ‘‘Die atherische Ole’’, by Mr. Leo 
Suppan. 

Some of the important purchases are the following: Alex- 
ander, Colloid chemistry ; new set of Bailey’s Cyclopaedia of 
American Horticulture; Bailey, Hortus; Bibliotheca Botan- 
ica, vol. 89; Britton, H. T. 8., Hydrogen ions; Burdett, The 
Odyssey of an orchid hunter; Curtis, A catalogue of British 
medicinal, culinary and agricultural plants cultivated in the 
London Botanic Garden; Dykes, Notes on tulip species; En- 
cyclopaedia Brittanica; Engler & Prantl, Natiirlichen Pflan- 
zenfamilien, vol. 15%; Goebel, Organographie der Pflanzen, 
3rd edition; Hardy and half-hardy plants (periodical) ; The 
life and works of Robert Hooke, vols. 6 and 7; Index gen- 
eralis, 1929-80; Kappen, Die Bodenaziditat; Korsmo, Un- 
kratiter im Ackerbau der Neuzeit; Levine and Schoenlein, A 


30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


compilation of culture media for the cultivation of microor- 
ganisms; Liebmann and Oersted, Les chénes de 1’Amerique 
tropicale; Martyn, The first lecture of a course of botany, be- 
ing an introduction to the rest, 1729; Protoplasma Mono- 
graphien, 1-3; Murakoshi, Honda, Tamba and Matsumara, 
Dai skokubutso dzukan; Oehlkers, Erblichkeitsforschung an 
Pflanzen; Pharmacopoeia pauperum in usum nosocomii regii 
Edinburgensis, 1758; Reprints of three of Rafinesque—One- 
hundred genera of Ombelliferous plants, Coquilles bivalves et 
fluviales de la Riviere Ohio, and The natural family of the 
Carexides; Ridley, Dispersal of plants throughout the world; 
Sugiyama, The aristocrats of Japan’s national flower; Thom, 
The Penicillia; Villiers & Stuart, Garden art in the Spanish 
peninsula; Webel, German-English scientific dictionary ; 
Wiesner, Die Rohstoffe, 4th edition. 


Statistical Information.—There have been donated to the 
library or received in exchange during the year, 621 books 
valued at $1,396.80, and 1707 pamphlets valued at $341.93. 
Four hundred and forty-six books were purchased at a cost of 
$3,741.30, and 235 pamphlets at a cost of $302.07. The li- 
brary now contains 45,877 books and 70,482 pamphlets. 
There are 331 manuscripts valued at $1,614.80 and 981,828 
index cards valued at $11,751.29. A total of 8,966 cards were 
added during the year of which 1,365 cards were written by 
Garden employees and 7,601 were purchased at a cost of 
$155.42. Three hundred and sixty-three books were bound 
and 232 repaired. Eleven charts were bought at a cost of 
$10.00, and one photostatic copy of a botanical work, at a 
cost of $25.00. 


GrorGE T. Moore, 
Director. 


pl el ee ae, es iad iP 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 31 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR DECEMBER, 1930 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


POEL TUTE "OL VIBILOTS: « o:s.0 o\c.0 ons cnsigals «cts eeie 0,8 odin ses 11,798 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought...... SEs 32 

Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 381 


PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of seed packets donated............... eee 32 


PLANT DISTRIBUTION: 
Total number of plants and cuttings distributed....... 7 62 


HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase— 


Benson, Lyman—Plants of Washington and Oregon...... 500 
Domin, K.—Plants of Czechoslovakia.............eeeeeee 101 
Samuelsson, Dr. G.—-Plants of Brazil collected by 

DY. USED + 6 occ ctinia's 018 Cisse wae eso ain aie ealalaind Are seege 41 
Schipp, Wm. A.—Plants of British Honduras............. 148 
Stephenson, B. E.—Plants of Ohio0......cecceccsssccccces 116 

By Gift— 

Arthur, J. C—Fungi from Alaska collected by 

hy MARTI OT BOR oto aise '6' dis bis 5.6 sed ce ele es Uae ew a hen es 2 


Carnegie Institute at Stanford University—Plants of 
Western United States, collected by David D. Keck.... 157 


Eastwood, Alice—Plants of Utah..........cccceccccvccce ak 
Harper, R.—Plants of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.... 13 
Sher, bi. H.—Flants ot Oahu, H. Ti... 0 ive «aca we eee es 1 


—iee) eee 8 


FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1931 


In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com- 
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits 
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol- 
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can 
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants 
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of- 
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting 


the Garden. 
JANUARY FEBRUARY 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids. 
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias. 
MARCH APRIL 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
March 1-15—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus. 
March 19-22—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors) 
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early- 


flowering Shrubs. 


MAY 
(Floral Display House) 
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines, 
and other spring annuals. 
(Outdoors) 
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies. 
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials. 


JUNE 


(Outdoors) 
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden. 


JULY 
(Outdoors) 
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden — farm crops, fiber 
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden. 


AUGUST 


(Outdoors) 
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. 


SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House) 
Tropical Water-lilies. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties). 
NOVEMBER DECEMBER 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 


Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias. 


SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. 
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, 
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction 
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was, 
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although 
popularly known as ‘“Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri 
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title 
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred 
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of 
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands 
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were 
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of 
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro- 
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested 
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden 
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely 
from funds left by the founder. 


The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species 
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a 
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to 
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and 
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city 
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in 
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as 
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea 
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani- 
cal garden. 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except 
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m, until 
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave- 
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached 
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer. 


oe it gigs >: Groner T. Wipone: ee 
Put tate Wh ale feat | Director 


‘ A ; sich ae Karuentne H, Leiay, 
: t Ay ag Assistant to ‘the Director 
‘Hemwtaxs von Sonex, Pie Payee d ‘Davi H. any 
| Pathologist. BNL, sige ey Mycologist ; 


‘Anton Hoesrap, JR, 


‘Curator of Herbarium A Be) 
(On leave of absence) Pharmacognosist’ y 
ADELE L. MMAR EE Fa 6 5 Rovanp V, ‘LaGang, 
Acting” Curator of Herbarium é Research Assistant 
‘Meals “ANDERSON, Mot. Rorerr E, Woonson, JE.; 
ort oGg pe AY 1( Research Assistant 
- Ervest 8, Reynowps, : Nett C. Horner, © / aa 
_ | Physislogist hit Librarian and Editor of Publications i 
De MAS Gy "* < Q@morce.H. Prine, hg 
Aor My Ait s Superintendent "f 
‘spits Noyes, Pavr A, Kou, is 
Consulting Landscape Architect -. Floriculturist i i gh 
yr a eae oo LINOR ALBERTE: LINDER, sat has We 
Bay. Pens ays Orehidologist Pa ts 
ith. ais . c ¥ 
w. F. ‘Lanoan, . 
hea 8: Chief Engineer 
A. P. BEILMANN, Mae SD «5 Kei.oaa, 
Trees and Shrubs — _. Herbaceous and Nursery 
_J, Curak, . J LANGAN, ; 
Exotics Assistant Engineer 
A. D. FornesTen, | : . A. Pearson, 
‘Plant Recorder eas RY ee Painter MMA Ses 
“Ge abe ee Wien ea > VALLENTINE, 
Pe Fo perl, ime i eae a ay Carpenter 
bit GRAY . sUMMIT EXTENSION » 
L, P. JENSEN, gs OD. MILLER, - 
| Arboriculturist Sot _ Orchids 
eee Ge aie) R. BH. Kissrox, 
a USE MNO i "Engineer eee sf ig 
‘TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE 
A. A, Hunter, 
Manager 


REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE 
Gurney Witson,'F. L. S. 


Missouri BoTranicaL = 
_ GARDEN BULLETIN © 
Vol. XIX FEBRUARY, 1931 No. 2 : 

CONTENTS 
Page 
The “Dancing Girl’’ Orchid (Oncidium stipitatum) . . 33 
‘The Swan Orchid (Cycnoches Warscewiczii). . . . . 35 
Mormodeés atropurpuretim op. SA ae SB 
A White-Flowering Partridge Pea. . . . . . . w 38 
: Glue As a Control for Red Spider. 2. 2 2 20... 39 
Spring Course in Gardening for Amateurs . . .. . 40 ak 
f PR ORO So i eee S  CRo  ee ahs 
Statistical Information: —)2.0 <3) (Fo ere ns 
. Floral Displays of Interest in 193}. 


ST. LOUIS, MO. 
1931 


Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees 


* Cnet ee ee 
— 


SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 
& ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS 


‘OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


« 
, rt 
as 


rae ORIGINAL ESS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. ‘SHAWS WILL. a; # 
; AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE Ses 
ape ctaaNeanes MEMBERS, Is. SELF-PERPETUATING 


President , 
GEORGE mi HITCHCOCK | 


‘ 
re 


Vice-President 
‘SAMUEL c. DAVIS. 


eh 


Second Vices Probes 
DANIEL K. CATLIN. 


Auperr T. PERKINS. 


Puiuie C. SCANLAN, 


f 


Eruan A. H. SHEPLEY. 


Puzo G. Zrtts. 


. 


“EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


= Geonoe R, Ta00r, sees ‘Victor J, Mirus, ; ; 
‘Chancellor of Washington University eS “Mayor of the City of St. ecgee: 


| Pion F. Jounsox, ~ Aurrmp F, Sarrenruw arr, 
‘ President ent, of, The Academy of Selence 


Emit J. Barra artes aR 


P) 


“Preatent ‘of the Board of Education of st. ‘Lacie. | 


va DANIEL Breck, Secretary 


Mo. Bor, GARD. BuLL., Vou. 19, 1931 PLATE 6 


“DANCING GIRL” 


Perfect flower of Oncidium stipitatum (magnified about 4 times 


Missouri Botanical 


Garden Bulletin 


Vol. XIX FEBRUARY, 1931 No. 2 


“THE DANCING GIRL’’ ORCHID 
(ONCIDIUM STIPITATUM) 


No other tamily in the vegetable kingdom can compare with 
that of the orchid for diversity of form and adaptation for 
insect pollination. The collector in the jungle is on the look- 
out for new species. The native, on the other hand, observes 
the flower from the standpoint of its resemblance to some 
common object. All orchid flowers, to his mind, represent 
insects or persons or some well-known event. It is from such 
interpretations that we get the common names of ‘‘The Lady 
of the Night,’’ ‘‘E] Spirito Santo’’? (Holy Ghost orchid), 
‘‘Holy Week,’’ ‘‘Butterfly,’’ ‘‘Bucket,’’ “Swan,’’ ‘‘Chinela” 
(slipper), ‘‘Mariposa’’ (moth), ‘‘Rat-tail,’’ and ‘‘Breath of 
the Angels.’’ 

One of these fanciful-named flowers which the writer ob- 
tained in Panama is the ‘‘Daneing Girl.’’ This plant, with 
its spray of flowers, attracted much attention during the 
recent orchid show held at the Garden. The illustrations show 
not only a single dancing girl (pl. 6), but how by a little 
arrangement a flower ballet with the leading lady in the cen- 
ter may be represented (pl. 7). The head of the girl, covered 
with a yellowish brown tight-fitting helmet-shaped hat com- 
pletely covering the ears, is formed by the anther case. As a 
protection from the rain, the dorsal sepal is hooded to form 
a perfect umbrella. Nature, of course, is trying to protect 
the pollen, since moisture would cause its decomposition. The 
extended arms, clothed in a light yellow sleeve, are formed by 


(33) 


34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


the winged upper portion of the lip, the different species 
showing various arm gesticulations. The base of the lip repre- 
sents a beautiful tight-fitting bodice of a reddish brown color. 
The skirt is a gorgeous primrose-yellow and is made in the 
present fashion, tight at the hips, falling to the floor in ripples, 
and slit to permit perfect grace during the perpetual dance. 
The flower spikes are pendant, bearing upwards of two hun- 
dred flowers arranged upon a series of lateral branches, each 
individual flower being plainly visible. With the slightest 
movement of the air the tiny girls begin their dance. 

The genus Oncidium is represented by over three hundred 
species native to Central America, South America, and the 
West Indies. The prevailing color of the flowers is yellow, 
spotted and barred with brown. White or rose-colored flowers 
occur in a few species, and chocolate-brown is represented by 
such Brazilian species as O. crispum, O. Forbesti, and O. 
Gardneri. The various species have a wide range as to the 
elevation at which they grow. The writer has collected plants 
at sea-level in Panama, at 5,000 feet in the Vulean region in 
Costa Rica, and at 10,000 feet in the Andes of Bogota. All 
are epiphytic except O. confusum, which was found growing 
in clay soil at sea-level, near Panama City. Most of the species 
are upright growers of pseudo-bulbous habit, bearing strap- 
shaped leaves varying in length from a few inches, as in O. 
cheirophorum, to three to four feet, as in O. panamense. An- 
other group possesses small sessile pseudo-bulbs supporting 
large leathery leaves, examples being O. lurtdum and the rose- 
colored O. Lanceanum. The pygmy group is represented by 
O. iridifolium with small fan-shaped foliage. Oncidium 
stipitatum is the only pendant species observed growing upon 
trees in the jungle (O. Cebolleta, native of Brazil, has the 
same habit). It differs from the other species in possessing 
sessile pseudo-bulbs and long stiletto-like leaves ofttimes reach- 
ing two feet in length. These cylindrical leaves have a 
peculiar gutter-shaped groove upon the upper side which 
seems to drain off the water. The flower spike pushes out 
from a bract or sheath which protects the base of the stem- 
like leaf and the small pseudo-bulb. The plant prefers the 
trunk or large branches of trees growing in a pendant posi- 


tion. G. H. P. 


‘ 


PLATE 


1931 


Vou. 19 


BULL., 


GARD. 


Bor. 


Mo. 


FLOWERS OF ONCIDIUM STIPITATUM (NATURAL SIZE) ARRANGED AS A BALLET 


(Sepals and petals removed from all the dancers except leading lady in the center) 


Pistillate (female) flower. Staminate (male) flower. 


CYCNOCHES WARSCEWICZII 


aALWIq 


8 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35 


THE SWAN ORCHID (CYCNOCHES WARSCEWICZII) 


To the early botanists Cyenoches was the most puzzling of 
any genus of the orchid family, because of its peculiar habit 
of producing either male or female flower spikes. Both sexes 
may be seen either upon the same spike or on separate spikes 
at different times. Under cultivation it is a rarity to see 
opposite sexes; in fact, the plant illustrated (pl. 8) is the 
first at the Garden to produce female flowers within the last 
twenty years. In their native home this phenomenon is evi- 
dently not unusual, for in both Central America and South 
America the writer has observed plants bearing seed-pods. 

In former years specimens of this plant were sent to both 
Reichenbach and Lindley for determination, resulting in the 
same plant bearing two specific names. At a later date R. A. 
Rolfe, then editor of the ‘‘Orchid Review,’’ wrote: “The work 
of clearing up the history of a genus which has been so much 
confused as Cyenoches is necessarily slow, but it is satisfac- 
tory that materials are gradually coming to hand.’’ In dis- 
cussing a plant of C. Warscewiczti in the collection of H. J. 
Ross, of Florence, Italy, possessing both sexes upon the same 
plant, he stated: ‘‘ Although Mr. Ross’s plant is the C. Warsee- 
wiezii mentioned above, I am very doubtful if it is the one 
originally described by Reichenbach (Bot. Zeit., X, p. 734) 
in 1852, as an authentic flower of the latter, which was sent 
by the author to Dr. Lindley, is a female of much larger 
dimensions. In fact, Reichenbach said it was near C. chloro- 
chilon, and suggested that it might be a dimorphic form of 
some other species. It was collected at Chiriqui, in Costa Riea, 
by Warscewicz. The collector also obtained C. aureum, Lindl. 
(Paxt. Fl. Gard. III, p. 5, t. 75) at the same time and place, 
and wild dried flowers were also sent by Reichenbach to Lind- 
ley, localised, and correctly named. I rather suspect that 
C. Warscewiczii Rehb. f. may be the female of C. aureum 
Lindl., partly because they were collected together, and partly 
because the former is about as much larger than the female 
of Mr. Ross’s plant as C. aureum is larger than the male of 
the same; which is just what one would expect.’’ 

The Garden specimens were collected in the Chiriqui Region 
of Panama, in March, 1927, on the Llanos of Caldera, at an 


TE ee ae ae POO ee ss ea ee 


Twp ey bee) 8 ee eS PT ee ey be ee 
. . ; i 
oy 
q 
a 
’ 
4 


36 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


elevation of 3,000 feet, a full account of the collecting trip 
being published in the May number of Vol. 15 of the 
Buuuetin. The following two summers several plants flow- 
ered at the Garden, producing only male spikes. In June, 
1930, the seasonal growth of the largest specimen (noted by 
the writer as collected by ‘‘Grandma’’) equalled that in its 
native habitat. When fully matured, in July, it produced 
a massive spike bearing ten well-balanced male flowers (see 
pl. 8). The plant was earefully packed and brought in from 
| the Garden Extension, at Gray Summit, for display at the 
| Garden, and immediately after flowering it was taken back 
- to the orchid houses for its resting period. The following 
month, after partial defoliation, the plant surprised us by 
producing another flowering spike above the previous one, and 
what was even more unexpected, two of the large flowers were 
female, the first in the history of the Garden collection. Both 
| sexes are a light yellow grading to pea-green in the center, 
, with a very dark green patch upon the labellum or lip. The 
female flowers are larger than the male and lack the swan- 
like mimiery. The sepals are much heavier in texture, the 
petals measure five inches in width, while the column is thicker 
and but half the length of the male. 


In cultivation the plants make better growth when sus- 
pended in baskets from the roof glass than when grown in 
pots upon a stage. The former method more nearly approaches 
their natural habit, where they attach themselves to low- 
growing trees, favoring the forked branches. They are ex- 
tremely local in their distribution, growing in association with 
the Catasetums which they closely resemble when deciduous. 
The collector, however, can recognize the genus Catasetum by 
its pungent coat of armor terminating the apical portion of 
the old pseudo-bulbs. These rigid spines are the converging 
portion of the leaf veins which are left behind when the 
deciduous leaves break off. The Cyenoches have more slender 
pseudo-bulbs, and their foliage dehisces closer to the bulbs, 
leaving spineless bracts. Both genera may be found growing 
upon the same tree, particularly low-growing trees, where the 
orchids enjoy the partial shade from the sparsely leaved 
foliage during the growing season. The deciduous habit of 


PLATE 


1M 


MORMODES ATROPURPURELT 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 37 


the tree causes the orchids to be exposed to full sunlight dur- 
ing the resting season, which they seem to enjoy after shedding 
their leaves to offset the loss of moisture. 

G. H.’P. 


MORMODES ATROPURPUREUM 


When this unusual orchid was sent to Dr. Lindley, of Lon- 
don, England, for determination, he was evidently somewhat 
puzzled by the peculiar formation of the flowers, for he gave 
it the generic name Mormodes, meaning ‘‘a grotesque crea- 
ture.”’ However, to the native Panamanians the flower re- 
sembles small birds in flight, and the writer, having seen these 
plants in bloom upon trees in their native environment, agrees 
with this interpretation. With the least movement in the air, 
the weight of the thick waxy flowers will cause a fluttering, 
giving the impression of a small bird or large insect flying 
along the tree stump. 

The Mormodes are fast becoming extinct in the Chiriqui 
Region of Panama. The specimen illustrated (pl. 9) was col- 
lected during the Garden expedition into that region in 1927, 
where after much search it was discovered south of Bouquete, 
along the banks of the Rio Caldera, growing upon a half- 
rotten tree trunk (see May, 1927, BuLLerin). It was in this 
same territory that Warscewiez, a famous orchid collector, 
discovered the plants. Subsequently they were sold in Lon- 
don, and in 1851 a specimen flowered in an English orchid 
collection. 

Under cultivation the plants gradually deteriorate, not only 
in this locality, but also in the Tropical Station at Balboa. In 
the Tropical Station they are attached to logs of wood sus- 
pended from the trees and seem to be perfectly at home until 
the bark of the tree stump rots. The plants are then doomed 
and fresh plants have to be brought from the jungle to replace 
them. In St. Louis the plants do better when grown in peat 
soil in baskets suspended from the roof. The two specimens 
illustrated bloomed at the Gray Summit orchid houses last 
summer, and had flower spikes equal to those in their native 
home. It is interesting to watch the flowering plants in the 
Tropical Station, where they attract many bees by their fra- 


38 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


grance or oddity in color or possibly their mimicry. The visit 
soon becomes a riot, and the lucky bee who maintains the 
firmest foothold upon the individual flower sucks up the last 
drop of nectar. If the flower spike has a dozen flowers one 
can readily imagine there would be plenty of activity and 
ruination of the flowers unless they were protected by a wire 
screen. During the struggle the sticky pollen masses ad- 
here to the back of the bee, bringing it in contact with 
the stigma on the next flower. Almost immediately after polli- 
nation the flowers begin to wilt. 

When in flower the pseudo-bulbs or bulb-like stems are 
naked, the leaves having broken off and leaving light brown, 
membranous, sharp-pointed sheaths or scales as a protection 
for the stems. The scape is twelve to eighteen inches high 
and supports twelve to fifteen flowers. These are dark purple- 
brown to chocolate color, and have the form of a bird. The 
edges of both sepals and petals are decidedly reflexed or rolled 
back. The lip or labellum is velvety, with short hairs upon 
which the bees obtain their foothold when struggling for the 
nectar. The leaves are pea-green and fan-shaped. 


G. H. P. 


A WHITE-FLOWERING PARTRIDGE PEA 


The partridge pea (Cassia Chamaecrista L.) is a well-known 
native annual plant about six to fifteen inches high. It is 
generally found growing in masses along roadsides and on 
sandy fields and hillsides from Massachusetts to Minnesota 
and southwest. Its leaves are evenly pinnate, with twelve 
to thirty linear-oblong leaflets, giving a fern-like appear- 
ance. The bright yellow flowers make the plant conspicu- 
ous during the months of August and September. They 
have five petals, two of which are larger than the other three, 
and there is a purple spot at the base of the petals. As far 
as can be ascertained no other color has ever been found in 
the flowers except yellow. However, on August 20, 1928, the 
writer, accompanied by Mr. Anton Hogstad, Jr., while en- 
gaged in exploring the hills of the Garden Extension at Gray 
Summit, discovered eight plants of a distinct creamy white 
color (pl. 10). These were found in the midst of a large mass 


WHITE-FLOWERING PARTRIDGE 


FLOWERING BRANCH OF PARTRIDGE PEA 


‘6. “IOA “ITA ‘duvy “Log ‘OIL 


IS61 


OL SLVIg 


Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VoL. 19, 1931 PLATE 11 


FILM OF GLUE FROM LEAF (MAGNIFIED 500 TIMES), 
SHOWING ADULT SPIDER, EGGS, AND SOOT. 


ess. OS ee eee ee 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39 


of the typical plants and differed in no other way from their 
parents. Had there been only one plant producing these un- 
usually colored flowers, it would have been concluded that it 
was merely a chance variation, such as occurs occasionally in 
many species of plants, but the fact that there happened to be 
eight plants made one suspect that they might be a second 
generation, the progeny of a single plant which bore these 
cream-colored flowers in 1927. 

The seeds were collected and planted in the seed-beds in 
the nursery in the fall of 1928. About forty plants were pro- 
duced, all but two showing the new color of flowers. The 
seeds of this generation were planted in the nursery, with 
the result that out of about 400 plants which flowered in 1930 
only one produced the typical yellow flowers (pl. 10). 

| a eer 


GLUE AS A CONTROL FOR RED SPIDER 


Red spider is one of the most troublesome pests that the 
gardener or florist has to combat, especially during the hot 
summer months. Forcible spraying is one of the best means 
of control, using a special hose nozzle which directs the spray 
upwards and cleans the under sides of the leaves. This method 
is effective when the plants are grown in open benches, be- 
cause then all sides of the plants are accessible for spraying, 
but when this is not the case dusting sulphur and similar 
insecticides must be relied upon. 

A very cheap and successful control has been used in the 
greenhouses at the Garden this last summer—one pound of 
powdered glue in four or five gallons of water. Sufficient 
water is added to the glue to cause disintegration by heating, 
after which it is poured into cold water and agitated until 
thoroughly mixed. It is then ready for use in the spraying 
machine. With perfect coverage tests have shown that after 
two or three days the film of glue will naturally dry and roll 
off from the leaf, bringing with it both the agglutinated adult 
spiders and eggs, or if the plant is sprayed with water the 
glue will be washed off without injury to the leaf. 

The Citrus House was used for the conclusive tests. The 
upper surfaces of the leaves were well coated with an oily 


REET AS ESR GRD aN ee de et A ee tN ee ee! Ip es oe « Ce ee, ee ee ee evel, ee 


40 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


soot deposit of several winters, and the under sides were 
infested with red spiders. All the plants were well sprayed 
with the glue mixture, and two days later were sprayed again 
to insure a perfect coverage of the leaves. After six days the 
glue was observed peeling off in sheets, bringing with it both 
soot and spiders. A film from one of the leaves was earefully 
removed and photographed with the aid of a microscope. The 
photograph (pl. 11) showed spider and eggs and soot deposit 
securely fastened in the film of glue. The plants could not 
have presented a cleaner appearance had they been cleaned 
by hand. This spray may be used upon evergreens, especially 
spruce and hemlocks, or any plants which possess glabrous 
(shiny) leaves, but will not be successful upon plants with 
pubescent (hairy) leaves. 
G, H. P. 


SPRING COURSE IN GARDENING FOR AMATEURS 


During the past two years courses in various phases of 
gardening have been conducted at the Garden. Owing to the 
popular demand for this type of instruction, a course will 
again be conducted this spring during the months of March, 
April, and May. The class will meet at the Garden on Tues- 
day afternoon of each week at 3:45 P. M., in the lecture hall 
of the Museum Building, entrance at the gate at Tower 
Grove and Cleveland Avenues. 

An outline of the subjects to be given follows: 


March 3—Registration. Gardening books.................. Moore 


March 10—Brief discussion of catalogues, horticultural maga- 
zines, and bulletins. ITIllustrated lecture and in- 
struction on growing plants from seeds and cut- 
tings. The use of hot-beds and cold-frames..... Kohl 


March 17—Trees and shrubs: 

Pruning of shrubs at planting time. 

Summer and winter pruning of trees and shrubs 
with relation to the time of bloom; i. e., trees and 
shrubs flowering in spring from buds formed the 
previous season; those blooming in summer on 
wood made during the current season...... Beilmann 


March 24—Practical demonstration (students participating) in 
growing plants from seeds and cuttings. This 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 41 


period will be conducted in the greenhouse at the 
rear of the floral display house, automobile en- 
trance at Alfred and Castleman Avenues........ Kohl 


March 31—General care of trees; the importance of tree sur- 
gery and the use of fertilizers. Practical demon- 
stration in pruning trees and shrubs....... Beilmann 


April 7—Transplanting of seedlings grown from seed sown on 
March -24,. “(Greenhouse) .. asc. cee bos Se + emia « aceie’e Kohl 


April 14—Lawns: 
Seed lawns: Preparation of the soil, seed selec- 
tion, fertilizers. 
Stolon lawns: Methods of planting by means of 
stolons and plugging. 
Lawns and their subsequent care. 
Hxperimental lawn ploise sccm oo 2 eee es aie Pring 


April 21—Identification of common insect pests. 
Tllustrated lecture pice cos oe kee oe Beilmann 


April 28—Controlling insect pests. 
Materials to use. 
Demonstration of power and hand-operated sprayers 
UTE CRUE Cele Siete ideo ln eo) vs yess woe Beilmann 


May 5—Practical demonstration in the greenhouse of potting 
seedlings, cuttings, and larger plants. 
Transplanting plants to the garden. 
Preparation of soil by spading and raking for sow- 
ing (BeeEds “ONLAGORe wesc te so oils oe ee ie vce ww sis Kohl 


May 12—lIrises, peonies, roses, dahlias. Illustrated lecture....Kohl 


May 19—Water gardens. [Illustrated lecture: 
Construction of pools. 
Preparation of soil and planting. 
Caring for hardy and tropical water-lilies during 
growing season, 
Propagation by seeds, tubers, and leaves. 


Breeding. 
Winter: Storie ccm ee ao vale ope laisle'e wale Pring 
May 26—Annuals, perennials, bulbs. Illustrated lecture....... Kohl 


FIELD TRIPS TO STUDY THE NATIVE SPRING FLORA. 
Should there be a demand for these field trips, sev- 
eral will be arranged during the spring season. . Kellogg 


REGISTRATION: No previous notice of intention to join 
the course is necessary. Registration will take place in 
the lecture-hall of the Museum Building, Tower Grove 
and Cleveland Avenues, on Tuesday, March 3, at 3:45 


42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


P. M. Subsequent meetings will be held at the same 
hour on the dates indicated. 

FEES: A fee of $5.00 payable at the time of registration 
will be charged. 


NOTES 


Mr. John Kellogg spoke before the botany group of the 
Webster Groves Nature Study Club, January 19, on ‘‘ Rare 
and Interesting Missouri Plants.’’ 

On January 24, Prof. John T. Bucholz, professor of botany, 
University of Illinois, accompanied by a party of graduate 
students from that institution, visited the Garden. 

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, gave a lecture 
illustrated with moving pictures, before the St. Louis Horti- 
eultural Society, February 6, on ‘‘What Goes On Inside the 
Plant.’’ 

Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, spoke before 
the South Kirkwood Garden Club, January 9, on ‘‘Aquile- 
gias’’; and before the Webster Groves Nature Study Society, 
January 30, on ‘‘Flower Growing in the Scilly Islands.”’ 

Among the recent visitors to the Garden were Dr. N. I. 
Vavilov, Director of the Institute of Applied Botany, Lenin- 
grad, U. S. 8S. R.; Prof. D. M. Moore, professor of botany 
and plant physiology, University of Arkansas; Dr. Paul C. 
Mangelsdorf, Agronomist, Texas Agricultural Experiment 
Station, College Station, Texas; Dr. E. M. East, professor of 
genetics, Bussey Institute, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; and Dr. S. 
H. Yarnell, Horticulturist, Texas Agricultural Experiment 
Station, College Station, Texas. 

Mr. Anton Hogstad, Jr., Pharmacognosist to the Garden, 
has spoken on the subject, ‘‘The Changing Order of American 
Pharmacy’’ before the following groups recently: December 
11, before the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science; 
December 17, before the New Jersey College of Pharmacy 
of Rutgers College; December 17, before the annual meeting 
of the staff of Merck & Co., Rahway, N. J.; December 19, 
before the New York College of Pharmacy of Columbia Uni- 
versity. He also conferred with government officials of the 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43 


United States Department of Agriculture, Department of 
Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington, D. C., relative 
to the national drug store survey to be conducted in St. Louis 
during the year 1931. 

Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has given 
the following lectures recently: January 19, before the Uni- 
versity Temple Men’s Club, ‘‘Jungle Experiences in the 
Tropies’’; January 23, before the Wyman Parent-Teacher 
Association, ‘‘Plant Curiosities’’; January 27, before the 
Hamilton School Parent-Teacher Association, ‘‘Orchid Ex- 
ploration in the Andes’’; January 28, before the Webster 
Groves Home Garden Club, ‘‘City Street and Highway Beau- 
tifieation’’; February 3, before the Centennial Garden Club, 
Jacksonville, Illinois, ‘‘Water-lilies for Home Gardens’’; 
February 10, before the Mothers’ Club of the Buder School, 
‘“‘The Development of Orchids from Seed to the Mature 
Plant’’; February 12, before the Men’s Garden Club, Chicago, 
‘Orchid Exploration.’’ 


dials 


Ie Pee ee Er re RE Ge a ete om May hE sme ue 


E 
| 
" 
P 
he 
’ 

; 


ae a! a 


44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JANUARY, 1931 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


Wen ON OL VIMAR os icine 0c 4 05k lee ewe ees 05 27,388 
Liprary ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought........... 32 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 230 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of seed packets donated................... 15 
Total number of plants donated or received in exchange. . 19 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase— 
Ciferri, Dr. R.—‘‘Mycoflora Domingensis exsiccata,” Nos. 
PROP Patch tens Gps ke aha, pik Bes 8 0k cee kn oe ee 100 
Jardin de Botanique, Paris—Plant photographs.......... 5 
Linnean Society, London—Plant photographs............ 2 
Pittier, H.-—Planta-of Venezuela. ........04« cvaceeles sedate aie 163 
Thompson, J. William—Plants of Washington............ 406 
Weigel, Theo. Oswald—Weese’s, “Eumycetes selecti ex- 
siccati,” Lief. XVIII-XIX, Nos. 426-475, inel............ 50 
By Gift— 
Anderson, Dr. Edgar—Plants of England and Michigan... 10 
Hargis, Miss Iva Jane—Plants of Oklahoma.............. 15 
University of Michigan, by Prof. H. H. Bartlett—Plants of 
MEXICO: AI PLOMOUTAS <5 6. od coca oGcsy vdeo d care 12 
Peebles, R. H., by C. L. Hitchcock—Plants of Arizona.... 16 
Ruth, Albert—Plants from Arkansas and Rocky Mountain 
PURPIOMA MIE AD es Ges, Sav states 's aaa vate v0 RE Os i he 
Schmalz, Albano—Fern from Brazil..................... i 
By Exchange— 
Bot. Gart. und Museums, Berlin—Plants, chiefly from 
PAO PATIROTN CA. TU o's.) AOS Ne os sighs cs toe ee Can utes 62 
Bot. Museum (Herbarium), Munich—Plant photographs. . 2 
California Academy of Sciences—Plants of California. ... 3 
Gray Herbarium, Harvard University—Miscellaneous spec- 
PHONG aie c ht ee eee She aes k paia atin aie. oo 244 
Overholts, Prof. L. O.—Plants of Missouri, mostly para- 
One Sa rg ely V5 ke cee ews 60k oR kk ees 43 
Stanford University (Dudley Herbarium)—Plants, mostly 
RPO EO Wer TOS foOr nig «oss bb 4k cy cs ae ee CdS eb woe ee 386 
U. S. National Museum—Plants of Colombia and miscella- 
TGOUG OOO Sea, Ee soo dio A ee 352 
University of California—Plants of California and Tonga.. 195 
By Transfer— 
Pring, G. H.—Specimens of water-lilies.................. 13 
SD MQUAN aio ocn wha eee ele esa h nd eile 7b Vas Soe Ee RE OD 2,097 


FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1931 


In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com- 
prebensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits 
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol- 
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can 
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants 
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of- 
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting 
the Garden. 


JANUARY FEBRUARY 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids. 
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias. 
MARCH APRIL 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
March 1-15—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus. 
March 19-22—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors) 
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early- 


flowering Shrubs. 


MAY 
(Floral Display House) 
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines, 
and other spring annuals. 
(Outdoors) 
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies. 
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials. 


JUNE 


(Outdoors) 
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden. 


ne a PN 
(Outdoors) 
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber 
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden. 


AUGUST 


(Outdoors) 
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. 


SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House) 
Tropical Water-lilies. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties). 
NOVEMBER DECEMBER 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 


Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias. 


SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. 
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, 
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction 
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was, 
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although 
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri 
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title 
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred 
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of 
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands 
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were 
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of 
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro- 
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested 
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden 
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely 
from funds left by the founder. 


The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species 
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a 
‘tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to 
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and 
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city 
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in 
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as 
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea 
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani- 
cal garden, 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except 
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until 
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave- 
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached 
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer. 


OF THE 2 MISSOURT BOTANICAL GARDEN 


- Guonar T. ‘Moore, 
Bah rs ne ae Director 
2 my hie _ KatHerine H, Lean, 
} : Assistant to the Director 


“HERMANN | VON Soumanx, ; Davin H, Lryper, 
Pathologist - 3 ti Mycologist 
wet "Jesse M..GueenMan, _—~S~*«é«C AC NTTONN-« HGS TTAAD, JB, 
Curator of Herbarium. i Muay aa -Pharmacognosist. 
oat ANDERSON, seve, ea RoLanp V. LAGARDE, 
Geneticist | G Research Assistant 
“Eaves s. cums , Rozert E. Woopson, Jr., 
‘Physiologiat ; Research Assistant — e 
i Next Cc. ‘Horner, . ion R 
ety goat Librarian and Editor of Publications 


ee SO a GerorcE H. PRING, 


ct Superintendent 
_Joun Noyes, - Paun A. Kout, 
eee Landscape Architect Floricultuarist 
Exrnor Atperrs LINDER, 
Orchidologist 


ees SW. F. Lanaan, 


ay Chief Engineer 
‘A. P, BEILMANN, — i buiee J. H. KELtoae, 
Trees and Shrubs - Herbaceous and Nursery. 
J. Curak, ~ J. LANGAN, | 
Exotics Assistant Mngineer 
A.D. Forrester, = = _ A.) PEARSON, LS OH 
Plant Recorder . Leys Pata ES ete 


; 


y a ‘4H. VALLENTINE, | 
. Carpenter 


SRE GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION 
af P. JENSEN, | baie oct MILLER, 


~ arborlculturist _ hiss aie aaah 3 SPI i, S 
x GoupEeKn, Soave Gehan es E. KIsseck, — us 
. Farm. ; | Engineer — c 
a Derg) ‘TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE 
no AGRI aig A. ae Horm, 5 hed) 
ai ; aS eae _. Manager — pou 


J 


RoR es REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE 
Gourngy Witson, F. L. 8. 


Missouri BOTANICAL 


GARDEN [BULLETIN 


- Vol. XTX 


“MARCH, 1931 No. 3 


CONTENTS 


. Page 
Notes from the Garden’s Tropical Station, Balboa, C. Z. 45 


Notes on Missouri Plants Found on Certain Geological 


POPMations 2: fhe Oe Sa eae te RBCS ep RRS ae ee 
‘Some New and Interesting Plants from Missouri . . . 56 
Di cite i 55 i ae eG ABET he Ie aoe wake 57 
Statistical Information . 9... . . . ee. Se tO 


Floral Displays of Interest in 1931. ° 


. ST. LOUIS, Mo. 
1931 


Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees 


SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 


ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS 


oh a ak ~ BOARD. OF Basra: Pees 
! ‘OF THE 2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN | 


, HE Sitesi MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED a ERS am with 
eye AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE | 


ie "President 
‘GEORGE Cc. ‘HITCHCOCK | 


t visa Podbideas. 
/! SAMUEL ©. DAVIS. 


J ‘Second Vice-President 
DANIEL K. CATLIN. 


| Axa T. PRREINS, 


5 


Paar c. Scanian, 
Brman A Ht Suursey, 


: rakn G. ame, 


_EXOFFI cio. u EMBERS 


Victon J. Muzen, 
- Mayor of the City of Bt. Louie 
‘7, \ 


- Paxpemex. Fr esneon, “Aurmep Fr. “SaTTeRTswalT, 
< Bishop roa ies ‘Diocese’ ot on ae - President oe The. Academy of ‘Selence 


“* 


tS aE B Ew J. Barra Gt Oe 
-Preetdent of ‘the: Board ae Baneation of Bt ‘Louis 


‘OW 


“LOG 


~ 
op: 
> 


VIEW ACROSS TROPICAL STATION, FROM FOOTPATH IN FRONT OF MANAGER’S RESIDENCE. 


Missoun Botanical 


Garden Bulletin 


Vol. XIX MARCH, 1931 No. 3 


NOTES FROM THE GARDEN’S TROPICAL STATION, 
BALBOA, C. Z. 


The following notes from the Missouri Botanical Garden 
Tropical Station, Balboa, Canal Zone, have been supplied 
by Mrs. A. A. Hunter, wife of the manager of the Tropical 
Station : 


The nucleus of the Tropical Station of the Missouri Botani- 
eal Garden is the C. W. Powell collection of orchids. While 
it is spoken of locally as ‘‘The Orchid Garden,’’ it really 
contains, thanks to Mr. Powell’s wisdom and foresight, many 
other interesting plants and trees. 

Visitors usually come to the Station expressly to see the 
orchids, but many times linger to become better acquainted 
with plants whose products they use daily, but with whose 
nature and habits they are not so familiar. For instance, 
the housewife visiting the tropies for the first time is pleas- 
antly surprised to meet in the Station many of her old 
friends, in the form of fruits, nuts, spices, and perhaps the 
source of her favorite breakfast beverage. She may even need 
to be introduced to some before she recognizes them, for there 
is little resemblance between the neatly labeled products on 
her pantry shelves and the living fruits glowing against their 
own leafy background. 


VANILLA 


Visitors scarcely enter the Station before becoming aware 
of a vine which seems to court attention by its striking appear- 


(45) 


46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ance and daring nature. This vine, with its thick stem and 
leaves flatly outlined against the length of a tree, has an arti- 
ficial appearance, as if a long, slender, symmetrical design of 
lustrous green had been modeled in bold relief on a back- 
ground of gray bark. Not all visitors recognize this strangely 
fascinating plant as the vanilla, furnishing the flavoring so 
universally liked or the illusive odor of some costly perfume. 
Besides its unusual appearance, the vanilla has the distine- 
tion of being not only the one member of the aristocratic 
orchid family known to be of economic value, but also of 
being the longest orchid, sometimes attaining the astonishing 
length of one hundred feet. 


Although seemingly so pretentious, vanilla really has simple 
tastes and grows easily and rapidly. A mere slip, planted in 
shallow soil at the foot of a tree, will establish itself in a few 
months. Then clinging firmly to the bark with its hidden 
adventitious roots, the vine in a vertical course quickly 
ascends the trunk of a tall tree. So eager is this plant to 
reach its high goal, that it does not even stop on the way to 
branch. When branches do occur they are the result of injury 
to the stem or of intentional trimming by the hand of man. 
Even when examined closely the vanilla vine still retains that 
artificial appearance. Not a rib or vein mars the smoothness 
of its leaves, which might have been cut in pointed ovoid form 
from a thick piece of glossy bright green wax. These unnat- 
ural-looking leaves of some six inches in length are arranged 
alternately and with symmetrical precision on either side of 
a thick round stem often measuring one inch in diameter and 
apparently molded from this shining green wax. The leaves 
on one plant may lie flat against the tree, at right angles to 
this prominent stem, while on another plant of the same 
species they may have a downward slant, even overlapping 
each other a few inches. 


The flowers of the vanilla are rather large, trumpet shaped, 
and pale yellow in color. They grow in axillary clusters close 
to the stem. Owing to a peculiar formation only a limited 
number become naturally fertilized, and so in cultivation it 
is necessary to pollinate by hand in order to secure a worth- 
while crop. Commenting on this in ‘‘The Tropical Crops,’’ 


PLATE 13 


1931 


VoL. 19, 


Bot. GARD. BULL., 


Mo. 


IN 


GARDEN’S 


TROPICAL 


STATION. 


IN 


GARDEN’S TROPICAL, 


STATION. 


‘OW 


“LOY 


‘auUVves) 


| 


« 
< 


rio 


"TOA. 


6a 
61 


[eel 


PL YLVW Ig 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 47 


Mr. Barrett says, ‘‘A trained worker can pollinate two hun- 
dred flowers an hour. This operation must be done before 
2:00 p. m. while the pollen is ready to shed freely; each 
flower is viable only six hours or so.’’ Better and larger pods 
are obtained when only a few flowers in each cluster are 
pollinated. To do this work and handle the picking con- 
veniently, vanilla vines, except those grown for ornament, 
are kept trimmed low enough to be within easy reach. Strange 
to say, the pods of the showy vanilla are the most incon- 
spicuous part of the whole plant. They look like just ordi- 
nary bean-like pods, of some five to nine inches in length, 
but in them the plant stores its treasure of exquisite fra- 
grance. The pods mature slowly, often ten months being 
required to fully ripen them. As a rule they are gathered 
before they are thoroughly ripe. 


The pods are prepared for use or shipment by first sweat- 
ing them, and that usually means laying them out in the 
sunshine daily for a week or so until they become soft and 
turn dark. Then they are allowed to dry slowly, which some- 
times takes over two months. During this preparatory period 
a curious change takes place within the pod. As its oily 
pulp, containing minute seeds, gradually ferments, a white 
crystalline substance, chiefly vanillin, is developed. Until 
this is developed the pod is not aromatic. These tiny crystals 
may be seen, like delicate frosting, on the dark surface of 
the dried pod. Their presence is taken as a criterion of 
quality. When the pods are dry they are almost black in 
color, thin, pliable, slightly oily, and should, of course, be 
‘‘frosted.’’ Finally the fragrant pods are tied up in bundles 
and packed in tin boxes for shipment. 


It is safe to say that the unsuspecting housewife of today 
seldom gets the genuine essence when she buys a bottle 
marked ‘‘pure vanilla extract.’’ The necessity of artificial 
pollinization accounts partially for the scarcity of vanilla in 
extract form, but the chief reason lies in the cleverness of 
chemists to produce substitutes, mainly from crude clove oil, 
which almost rival the genuine vanilla and are much cheaper. 
However, there are two ways by which the housewife may be 
certain that she is using the real vanilla. The easiest way and 


en ee ie es Be ee 


le 


pied. tata 


vo ne ee 


48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


the one used in a number of countries is to procure the vanilla 
pods or beans, and flake or grate off bits for flavoring pur- 
poses. A French woman, seeing some pods on a vine here, 
remarked that the French use the vanilla pods for flavoring, 
and that this custom sometimes leads to amusing situations. 
She went on to say that in days before travel had become so 
universal, it was not uncommon to see American tourists, 
when served with ice cream, look askance at their cream and 
then to endeavor painstakingly to pick out what appeared to 
be dark specks. 

If the housewife wishes to avoid the presence of these 
‘‘dark specks’’ in her cooking, and yet be sure she is using 
pure vanilla, she may prepare the extract herself by follow- 
ing this receipt: 

Vanilla pods, ground fine............ssesseeaece four parts 
SSN ie dln icie ss ai) biel ans bk Sh Cao ele ss sia Pama five parts 
Soak the ground pods in the alcohol for forty-eight hours. 
Then filter. Keep the essence in a tightly closed bottle. 

The ancient Aztecs were well aware of the delicate flavor 
of vanilla, which grew naturally in their fair land. They 
were accustomed to grind the pods with the cacao beans in 
making their national drink. 

Of course, such a rare flavoring could not forever escape 
the collector’s zeal, and in due time the plant was introduced 
into many tropical countries. However, long before this, the 
venturesome vanilla, true to its nature, fearlessly climbed over 
the borders of Mexico and wandered down through the jungles 
of Central America, and into Panama, where it established 
two species, Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla Pompona, and 
then continued on its way into South America. 

A number of specimens of both these species are growing 
in the Tropical Station. While they have the same general 
characteristics, the Vanilla planifolia is not so striking in 
appearance. Its leaves are smaller, about four inches long, 
and oceur on the stem at less frequent intervals. It, however, 
is the pet of the growers, for it is said to produce ninety 
per cent of the world’s vanilla crop. The Vanilla Pompona 
is the large showy species, and by its vigorous growth thor- 
oughly puts to rout the common notion that all orchids are 
delicate plants. 


2 ee gt 


5 


LATE 1 


P 


1931 


GARD. BULL., VOL. 19, 


Bor. 


Mo. 


| STATION 


,OPICAL 


STATION. 


TROPICAL 


EN’S 


* 
~ 


GARD 


VIEWS IN 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49 


GINGER 


Near one of the vanilla vines is a little patch of ginger 
(Zingiber officinalis), This household favorite is totally unlike 
the daring vanilla in its manner of life. Indeed it is so mod- 
est and inconspicuous that it is seldom noticed, being passed 
by for a clump of coarse reed-like grass. But all the time, 
hidden away in the pudgy fingers of its hand-like roots, 1s 
one of the world’s best-known spices. 


Ginger is a native of southern Asia, but grows equally 
well in any tropical country. Under cultivation it rarely 
ever blooms, propagation being solely from the roots, bits 
of which scattered about sprout readily. Fresh ginger root 
is a pale buff in color. There are two methods of preparing 
it for shipment. The first is to expose the roots or hands 
to the sun until dry. The second,, and the method usually 
preferred, is to scald them and scrape off the thin skin. Then 
dry them and dust them over with lime to prevent molding. 
This coating accounts for the ‘‘white’’ ginger seen in the 
druggist’s glass containers. 

From early history ginger has been highly prized as a 
household spice. In recent years the popular demand for 
ginger ale, and the large amount of delicious preserved root, 
exported from China, have brought fresh laurels to the deserv- 
ing plant. The Jamaican variety is used for ground spice; 
but the Chinese variety is preferred for preserves and candy, 
for it has a milder flavor, that is, comparatively speaking, 
and is fleshy and tender. 

Sometimes the visiting housewife likes to tuck this receipt 
in her pocket for a souvenir. It was worked out by the wife 
of a Canal Zone employee in the good old construction days: 

Scrape off the skin of young, tender ginger “fingers,” cut them 
cross-ways into bits—half an inch thick. Soak them over night. 

Put fresh water over them in the morning and boil slowly. 

Remove from the stove and drain. Repeat the process of 

changing of the water and boiling until the strength of the 

root is reduced to suit the taste. Then, to a cup of sugar 
add a cup of the ginger bits and one-quarter cup of water. 


Boil rapidly until the sugar “threads.” Remove from the stove 
and cool. Stir until the syrup creams. 


Each bit of root will then be found encased in a firm coat 


ee ae re ee RON ee 


50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


of fondant. Prepared in this way ginger is not only a pleas- 
ing sweetmeat but it is often a comforting companion on an 
ocean trip. 


PEPPER 


The fieriest of all spices is represented in the Station by 
Capsicum annuum, or, in every-day terms, red pepper or chili. 
Probably this shrub was never intentionally planted in the 
garden, but, like Topsy, it ‘‘just grew.’’ Although so com- 
mon and well known, it usually gets a nod and smile from 
visitors, for it is such a cheerful little shrub, alight with red 
and, when unripe, yellow, taper-like pods about an inch in 
length, standing erect on the branches, among the green 
leaves, and looking for all the world like tiny Christmas 
candles. 

This familiar plant belongs to the potato family, and is 
distinctly of American origin. Varieties of Capsicum were 
in use by the aborigines ages before Columbus touched Amer- 
ica’s shore and carried specimens of the ‘‘new’’ spice back to 
Spain as souvenirs. All the world now uses red pepper but in 
varying measures. The northern housewife would not consider 
her kitchen cabinet complete without a box of cayenne pepper 
(the powdered pods). She uses it frequently in her cooking 
but so sparingly that the pepper-box seldom needs to be 
replenished. Her Southern sister seasons with a more lavish 
hand. When preparing soups and meats, she steps to the 
door and picks fresh chilies from a convenient bush, and 
adds them to these dishes in surprising amounts. The Kast 
Indian coolie crouches on the ground placidly eating his bowl 
of rice, so fiery with Capsicum that it would literally burn 
up throats less toughened, and smacks his lips with delight. 

One reason given for the very liberal use of red pepper 
in southern countries, aside from the highly cultivated taste 
for ‘‘hot’’ dishes, is the belief that pepper wards off fevers. 
This seems quite reasonable, for no doubt the fever finding 
its subject already occupied by the fiery pepper retreats, 
abashed. 

PERESKIA 


Most visitors, even local ones, need a formal introduction 
to Pereskia Bleo, a little-known member of the Cactus family. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 51 


When seen from a distance, this large attractive shrub 
shows few, if any, of its family’s characteristics. A closer 
view, however, reveals its many branches to be armed with 
countless sharp spines, which seem to repulse friendly ad- 
vances, but, as if to counteract this unfriendly appearance, 
these branches also carry an abundance of shapely green 
leaves and of showy bright tomato-red flowers resembling a 
wild rose in shape and size. 

It is, however, the fruit which adds the unique feature to 
this plant. Mr. Standley in ‘‘Flora of the Panama Canal 
Zone’’ (U.S. Nat. Herb. Contr., Vol. 27), describes it in these 
concise words: ‘‘The fruit is curious and very distinctive, 
in form a broad inverted cone, at maturity smooth and bright 
yellow.”’ 

The result of a little culinary experimenting with this fruit 
is rather interesting. 

Half a dozen ripe fruits were washed and parboiled until 
tender, then the water was drained off. A cup of white sugar 
was added to this water and put on to boil. The fruits were 


dropped into the boiling syrup when it began to thicken. They 
were then gently stewed until clear. 


When the preserve was done, the fruit was found to have 
four outstanding points in its favor. 

1. It had a peculiarly pleasing tart flavor. 

2. It remained firm. 

3. It retained its shape perfectly. 

4. It lost but little color, and had a wax-like appearance. 

It seems likely that this fruit would crystallize easily, and 
make a nice addition to a jar of glacé fruits. It is about 
the right size for this purpose, being some two inches across. 

Pereskia Bleo is a native of Panama and Colombia. It is 
used in country districts for hedges and forms impassable 
barriers. Several varieties of this species were planted in 
the Canal Zone some years ago, for ornamental purposes. 
Perhaps they have not received much encouragement, for 
there are but few specimens left. 

M. D. H. 
(To be continued) 


a. Ae eee oe 


52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


NOTES ON MISSOURI PLANTS FOUND ON CERTAIN 
GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS 


It is a fact of some significance that frequently plants are 
restricted in their distribution to certain types of habitats. 
Rainfall, temperature, light, and soil conditions are among 
the most important factors in the distribution of plants. 
In general, limestone and other calcareous rocks seem to 
give rise to alkaline and neutral types of soils, whereas sand- 
stones, cherts, and granites and their derivatives may effect 
acidic conditions. Where all other conditions in a given 
small area remain relatively constant, the type of substratum 
may become the all-important factor in the occurrence of cer- 
tain species, and often explains why a given species is rare 
or local in its distribution. It will be seen from the follow- 
ing lists that many of the species in Missouri found on sand- 
stone also occur on granite and chert, but not on limestone; 
on the other hand, certain species range on limestone exclu- 
sively. 

In the following lists are to be found certain plants! that 
are typical of the rock formations upon which they occur. 
Where they are found on other rock formations, a corre- 
sponding number is cited. Many species, however, occurring 
on these substrata are not shown, because of their general 
distribution on numerous other types of rocks. 

1=St. Peter sandstone. 

2—La Motte sandstone. 

3—Granite and porphyry. 

4—Various limestones. 

5=Various cherts. 


1. PLANTS FOUND ON THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE 


2,3. Polypodium vulgare L. (Common polypody). 
Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Hitche. (Gray polypody). 
2,3. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Wats. (Hairy lip-fern). 
2,5. Asplenium Trichomanes L. (Maiden-hair spleenwort). 
Aspidium Thelypteris (L.) Sw. (Marsh shield-fern). 
2. Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Miller) Sw. var. intermedium 
(Muhl.) D. C. Eaton. 
2,3. Osmunda cinnamomea L. (Cinnamon fern). 


1Plants listed according to Gray’s Manual, seventh edition. 


oo 99 OT 99 be 


2. 
2, 3, 5. 
5. 
3. 
3, 5. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 53 


Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. (Shining club-moss). 


.Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring (Rock selaginella). 


Selaginella apus (l.) Spring (Creeping selaginella). 
Pinus echinata Mill. (Yellow pine). 
Tradescantia bracteata Small (Long-bracted spiderwort). 


.Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. (Dutchman’s 


breeches). 
Arabis lyrata L. (Lyre-leaved rock-cress). 
Sazifraga virginiensis Michx. (Early saxifrage). 
Saxifraga Forbesii Vasey (Forbe’s saxifrage). 
Mitella diphylla L. (Bishop’s cap), 
Sullivantia renifolia Rosendahl (Kidney-leaved Sulli- 
vantia). 


. Hypericum prolificum L. (Shrubby St. John’s-wort). 


Trichostema dichotomum lL, (Blue curls). 

Hedeoma hispida Pursh (Rough pennyroyal). 

Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont (Blue toad-flax). 

Chelone glabra L,. (Turtle-head). 

Mitchella repens L. (Partridge-berry). 

Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. (Fine-leaved sneezeweed). 
Artemisia caudata Michx. (Tall wormwood). 

Krigia Dandelion (L.) Nutt. (Dwarf dandelion). 

Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. (Carolina dwarf dandelion). 


2. PLANTS FOUND ON THE LA MOTTE SANDSTONE 


ioe 
18: 
3. 
Laos 


ay 


Polypodium vulgare L. (Common polypody). 

Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Wats. (Hairy lip-fern). 

Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. (Pinnatifid spleenwort). 

Asplenium Trichomanes L. (Maiden-hair spleenwort). 

Asplenium Bradleyi D. C. Eaton (Bradley’s spleenwort). 

Aspidium spinulosum (O, F, Miller) Sw. var. intermedium 
(Muhl.) D. C. Eaton. (Spinulose shield-fern). 

Dicksonia punctilobula (Michx.) Gray. (Hay-scented fern). 

Osmunda regalis L. (Royal fern). 

Osmunda cinnamomea L. (Cinnamon fern). 

Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. (Shining club-moss). 

Lycopodium complanatum L. var. flabelliforme Fernald 
(Trailing ground-pine). 


.Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring (Rock selaginella). 


Pinus echinata Mill. (Yellow pine). 

Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. (Elliott’s beard-grass). 

Aristida basiramea Engelm. (Forked triple-awned grass). 

Tradescantia bracteata Small (Long-bracted spiderwort). 

Epipactis pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton. (Downy rattle- 
snake plantain). 

Sazifraga virginiensis Michx. (Early saxifrage). 


.Hamamelis virginiana L. (Witch-hazel). 


Acalypha gracilens Gray (Slender three-seeded mercury). 
Ascyrum hypericoides L. (St. Andrew’s cross). 


WwW Oe eR 


1, 3, 5. 
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bo PY po bo by by bo be ty 


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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


. Hypericum prolificum L. (Shrubby St. John’s wort). 


Hypericum petiolatum Walt. (Larger marsh St. John’s 
wort). 
Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr. (Purple azalea). 


. Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. (Farkleberry). 
. Vaccinium stamineum L. (Deerberry). 


Isanthus brachiatus (L.) BSP. (False pennyroyal). 

Trichostema dichotomum L. (Blue curls). 

Hedeoma hispida Pursh (Rough pennyroyal). 

Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx. (Hoary mountain- 
mint). 

Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont (Blue toad-flax). 

Mitchella repens L, (Partridge-berry). 

Solidago arguta Ait. (Cut-leaved golden-rod). 

Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. (Fine-leaved sneeze-weed). 

Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. (Carolina dwarf dandelion). 


. PLANTS FOUND ON GRANITE AND PORPHYRY 


Polypodium vulgare L. (Common polypody). 
Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Wats. (Hairy lip-fern). 
Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. (Pinnatifid spleenwort). 
Osmunda regalis L. (Royal fern). 

Osmunda cinnamomea L. (Cinnamon fern). 


. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring (Rock selaginella). 


Pinus echinata Mill. (Yellow pine). 

Andropogon Hlliottii Chapm,. (Elliott’s beard-grass). 
Aristida gracilis Ell. (Slender triple-awned grass). 
Cyperus aristatus Rottb. (Awned cyperus). 

Tradescantia brevicaulis Raf. (Short-stemmed spiderwort). 
Tradescantia bracteata Small (Long-bracted spiderwort). 
Habenaria peramoena Gray (Fringeless purple orchis). 


.Anychia polygonoides Raf. (Forked chickweed). 


Cerastium arvense L, (Field chickweed). 


.Hamamelis virginiana L. (Witch-hazel). 


Rosa Woodsii Lindl. (Wood’s rose). 

Acalypha gracilens Gray (Slender three-seeded mercury). 

Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray var. padifolia (Willd.) T. and 
G. (Black alder). 

Ascyrum hypericoides L. (St. Andrew’s cross), 


. Hypericum prolificum L. (Shrubby St. John’s-wort). 
. Viola sagittata Ait. (Arrow-leaved violet). 


Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr. (Purple azalea). 


. Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. (Farkleberry). 
. Vaccinium stamineum L, (Deerberry). 


Vaccinium neglectum (Small) Fernald (Deerberry). 
Gentiana quinquefolia L. (Stiff gentian). 

Phlox bifida Beck (Cleft phlox). 

Isanthus brachiatus (L.) BSP. (False pennyroyal). 
Trichostema dichotomum L. (Blue curls). 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 55 


Hedeoma hispida Pursh (Rough pennyroyal). 


, 2. Houstonia caerulea L. (Bluets). 
,2.Lonicera flava Sims (Yellow honeysuckle). 


Solidago arguta Ait. (Cut-leaved golden-rod). 

Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. var. Helleri (Britton) 
Fernald (Heller’s fragrant everlasting). 

Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. (Fine-leaved sneezeweed). 


4. PLANTS FOUND ON VARIOUS LIMESTONES 


Cheilanthes Feei Moore (Slender lip-fern). 

Asplenium parvulum Mart. and Gal. (Small spleenwort). 

Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. (Wall rue spleenwort). 

Veratrum Woodii Robbins (Wood’s false hellebore). 

Trillium declinatum (Gray) Gleason. (Drooping wake- 
robin). 

Nemastylis acuta (Bart.) Herb, (Northern nemastylis). 

Liparis liliifolia (L.) Richard. (Large twayblade). 

Silene regia Sims (Royal catchfly). 

Clematis Fremontii Wats. (Fremont’s leather-flower). 

Delphinium azureum Michx. (Prairie larkspur). 

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. (Blue cohosh). 

Erysimum asperum DC. (Western wall-fiower). 

Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh (Few-flowered psoralea). 

Petalostemum purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. (Purple prairie- 
clover). 

Petalostemum candidum Michx. (White prairie-clover). 

Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. (Goat’s rue), 

Astragalus distortus T. & G. (Bent milk vetch). 

Astragalus mexicanus A, DC, (Ground plum). 

Croton capitatus Michx. (Capitate croton). 

Croton monanthogynus Michx. (Single-fruited croton). 

Rhus canadensis Marsh. (Fragrant sumac). 

Ilex decidua Walt. (Deciduous holly). 

Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh (Lance-leaved buckthorn). 

Hibiscus militaris Cav. (Halberd-leaved rose-mallow). 

Passiflora lutea L. (Yellow passion-flower). 

Oenothera missouriensis Sims (Missouri primrose). 

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. (Honewort). 

Zizia aurea (L.) Koch (Golden Alexanders). 

Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude (Yellow pimperne!l). 

Polytaenia Nuttallii DC. (Nuttall’s prairie parsley). 

Gentiana puberula Michx. (Downy gentian). 

Gentiana Andrewsii Griseb. (Closed gentian). 

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. (Spreading dogbane). 

Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) Gray (Oblong-leaved milk- 
weed). 

Heliotropium tenellum (Nutt.) Torr. (Slender heliotrope). 


Ce ee ee, ae 


we 


i 


56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. (Hoary puc- 
coon). 

Monarda Bradburiana Beck (Bradbury’s monarda). 

Satureja glabra (Nutt.) Fernald (Low calamint). 

Pycnanthemum flexuosum (Walt.) BSP. (Narrow-leaved 
mountain-mint). 

Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth. (Conobea). 

Castilleja coccinea (L..) Spreng. (Indian paint-brush). 

Orobanche uniflora L. (One-flowered cancer-root). 

Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. (Long-leaved houstonia). 

Campanula americana L. (American bellflower). 

Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal (Broad-leaved gum- 
plant). 

Solidago latifolia L. (Broad-leaved golden-rod). 

Solidago Drummondii T. & G. (Drummond’s golden-rod). 

Solidago Gattingeri Chapm. (Gattinger’s golden-rod). 

Aster laevis L. (Smooth aster). 

Aster azureus Lindl. (Sky-blue aster). 

Silphium integrifolium Michx. (Entire-leaved rosin-weed). 

Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. (Prairie dock). 

Brauneria purpurea (DC.) Britton (Purple cone-flower). 

Brauneria angustifolia (DC.) Heller (Narrow-leaved pur- 
ple cone-flower). 

Verbesina virginica L, (Virginia crownbeard). 

Cacalia tuberosa Nutt. (Tuberous Indian plantain). 


J. A.S. 


SOME NEW AND INTERESTING PLANTS 
FROM MISSOURI 


Collecting trips made by the writer in 1929 and 1930 
resulted in the finding of two unusual species in the flora 
of Missouri. The first of these plants is the kidney-leaved 
Sullivantia (Sullivantia renifolia Rosendahl), a species de- 
scribed by Rosendahl in 1927 in his ‘‘Revision of the Genus 
Sullivantia’’ (Univ. Minn. Research Publication 6, pp. 401- 
427), and hitherto unreported for Missouri. It was found in 
the late spring of 1929, about six miles southeast of Catawissa, 
in Jefferson County. It is interesting to note that each of the 
six species comprising this genus has a very local and limited 
distribution, occurring particularly on moist rocky ledges 
of cliffs or on rocky creek bottoms. Sullivantia renifolia 
Rosendahl has, as far as Rosendahl’s revision indicates, been 
collected only from southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, 
northeastern Iowa, and northwestern Illinois. The moist, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 57 


shaded bluffs of St. Peter sandstone, on which the Missouri 
specimen was collected, have thus provided a more southern 
station in Missouri for this plant. 

The second of these plants, collected in December of 1930 
about four miles east of Pickle, St. Genevieve County, along 
the River aux Vases, is the hairy Dumortiera (Dumortiera 
hirsuta (Sw.) Reinb. Bl. and Nees). This is a very rare 
liverwort of the same family as the common Marchantia. 
It belongs to a genus occurring in tropical and subtropical 
regions of both hemispheres, but is very rare and local. The 
Missouri plant was found growing luxuriantly in large mats 
at the base of a moist, shaded bluff consisting of La Motte 
sandstone. It is a strikingly beautiful plant; the thallus is 
of a dark green color, with smooth surface, has a conspicuous 
midrib, and, in some parts, attains a width of three centi- 
meters. Only one specimen of this plant collected in the 
United States exists in the herbarium of the Missouri Botani- 
eal Garden, that collected by Emig in the Boston Mountains 
of Arkansas. 

In addition to Dumortiera several other liverworts, found 
on St. Peter sandstone, are worthy of mention. According 
to Dr. Evans’ records Diplophyllum apiculatum (Evans) 
Steph., Jubula pennsylvanica (Steph.) Evans, and Frullania 
inflata Lehm. & Lindenb., are new to Missouri. The Diplo- 
phyllum was found near Foley, in Lincoln County, and near 
Pickle Springs, St. Genevieve County, the Jubula near Oet- 
ters, Franklin County, and Frullania near Foley. 

J. A. 8. 


NOTES 


The ladies attending the convention of the Midwest Cireu- 
lation Managers’ Association visited the Garden March 10. 

The Proceedings of the Three Hundreth Anniversary Cele- 
bration of the First Recognized Use of Cinchona, held at the 
Garden, October 31-November 1, have been published. 

Mr. A. P. Beilmann, in charge of trees and shrubs at the 
Garden, spoke before the St. Louis Horticultural Society, 
March 6, on ‘‘Controlling Garden Pests.”’ 


Myo 


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58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, is the 
author of an article in the March number of the ‘‘ Missouri 
Magazine’ (Vol. 3, No. 11), on ‘‘The Relation of Highways 
to State Conservation.’’ 


Mr. Leo Suppan, professor of pharmacognosy, St. Louis 
College of Pharmacy, gave a talk before the graduate semi- 
nar at the Garden, February 25, on ‘‘ Aconite.’’ 


Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, gave 
an illustrated talk before the Missouri Horticultural Society, 
March 25, on ‘‘ How the Termites Wreck Our Buildings.’’ 


Mr. Francis Drouet and Mr. E. E. Naylor, graduate stu- 
dents in botany at the University of Missouri, spent several 
days at the Garden during March, consulting the library and 
herbarium. 


Dr. Adele L. Grant, formerly Acting Curator of Herbarium, 
spoke before the Asklepios Society of Washington University, 
March 4, on ‘‘Collecting Plants in Africa’’; and before the 
Bird Club of Webster Groves, March 27, on ‘‘ Birds in South- 
ern and Eastern Africa.’’ 


Recent visitors to the Garden include Mr. J. Horace Mae- 
Farland, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, president of the 
American Rose Society ; and Mr. Arno Nehrling, of Richmond, 
Indiana, and Prof. H. B. Dorner, professor of floriculture, 
University of Illinois, both of whom acted as judges at the 
Spring Flower Show. 


Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, gave a talk 
at the joint meetings of the garden clubs of Gray Summit, 
Washington, and Pacific, Missouri, at the Gray Summit Ex- 
tension, March 2, on ‘‘Growing Plants from Seed.’’ Over 300 
people attended, some coming from a distance of forty miles. 


Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before 
the Overhill Men’s Club of the First Presbyterian Church, 
March 19, on ‘‘Plant Life Above and Below the Ground’’; 
at the luncheon meeting of the Washington University 
Alumni Association, at the Mark Twain Hotel, March 25, on 
‘The Relation of the Missouri Botanical Garden to Wash- 
ington University’’; and before the Greater St. Louis Mu- 


ge kr 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 59 


seum of Natural History Association, March 26, on ‘‘Moving 
Pictures of Plant Life.’’ 


Mr. Anton Hogstad, Jr., Pharmacognosist to the Garden, 
presented a paper, ‘‘A Correlative Review of the Morpho- 
logical, Chemical, Pharmacological, and Serological Relation- 
ships of the Plant Families in the Light of Modern Allergy,’’ 
at the March meeting of the St. Louis Colloid Medical Club ; 
and spoke before the students of ten colleges of pharmacy and 
the Iowa State Pharmaceutical convention (Des Moines) and 
the Minnesota State Pharmaceutical Convention (St. Paul) 
on the subject ‘‘The Changing Order of American Phar- 
macy.”’ 


Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, has given 
the following talks during March: March 10, before the White 
River Boosters’ League, at the Rockaway Hotel, Rockaway 
Beach, Lake Taneycomo, Mo., ‘‘Conservation and Highway 
Beautification’’; March 11, before a joint meeting of the gar- 
den department of Sorosis, the City Beautiful, and the Civic 
Affairs Bureau of the Chamber of Commerce, at Springfield, 
Mo., ‘‘The Use of Native Plants in Ornamental Planting’’; 
March 17, before the St. Louis Garden Club, ‘‘Wild Flowers 
of Missouri’’; March 20, before a meeting of the St. Francois 
County School Superintendents and School Board members, 
at the High School of Bismarck, Mo., ‘‘The Ornamental Value 
of Our Native Plants.’’ 


The St. Louis Spring Flower Show, sponsored by the St. 
Louis Flower Association, Allied Florists’ Association, Whole- 
sale Florists’ Association, St. Louis Florists’ Club, Retail 
Florists’ Association, and St. Louis Greenhouse Producers’ 
Association, was held at the Garden March 19-22. Prizes 
were given for the most artistic displays presented by mem- 
bers of the Floral Designing School conducted under the 
auspices of the Board of Education. Another new contest 
this year was for the best Japanese garden arranged by any 
garden club in St. Louis or St. Louis County. Mr. George H. 
Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, acted as chairman of 
the judges’ committee. 


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60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1931 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


wOtal Number of visitors. . 6.6. 6cisccssscccecccewasces. 23,285 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought........... 34 

Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 68 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of seed packets donated................... 43 

Total number of plants donated or received in exchange. . 82 
PLANT DISTRIBUTION: 

Total number of plants distributed in exchange.......... 53 

Total number of seed packets distributed in exchange.... 10 


HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase— 


Berkeley, Earl E.—Plants of West Virginia.............. 1,000 
British Museum of Natural History—Photographs of 
RI OED oo oo sc a dey kWh 6 a be aes oben aae cs 40 
Goodman, George J.—Plants of Wyoming, Colorado and 
tah, colleotion of 1929... .. cc... cesses cee sccoedece 360 
Goodman, George J., and Charles Leo Hitchcock—Plants 
of western United States... . 2... 5.0 sces coc gueceecceeus 1,078 
Jones, Prof. Marcus E.—Plants, chiefly of Oregon and 
UGA GE ane Oh ae Sele. o dr eisttce Reina i ee ee 933 
Kittridge, Miss E. M—Ferns of Vermont................ 88 
Museum of Natural History, Paris—Plant photographs. . 5 
Schmalz, Albano—Ferns of Brazil................0ce00. 188 
By Gift— 


Clemens, J. and M. §., by E. D. Merrill—Plants of Borneo 44 
Fosberg, F. R., by Charles Leo Hitchcock—Plants of New 


AGRICO td se eG cs eae 5 he ha a eRe “( 
Hitchcock, Charles Leo—Godetia parviflora (H. & A.) 

sepeon. Irom. California co iis ceo cscs cae Pon eek pe 
Suppan, Leo—Tuberiform roots of Aconitum Napellus L.. 1 


Verdoorn, Fr.—‘‘Hepaticae Selectae et Criticae,” Series I, 


pea pamee: 23° Jae 8) va a e-em ee Oe 50 
Wynd, F. Lyle—E£quisetum sp. from Lower Eocene, Oregon | 
By Exchange— 
Berlin Bot. Gard. and Mus.—Plant photographs.......... 21 
University v. Brno—‘Exsiccata Republicae Bohemicae 
Slovenicae,” Centuria VI, Nos. 501-600 inecl............ 100 


University of Utah, by Prof. V. C. Fisk—Plants of Utah.. 109 


By Transfer— 
Pring, G. H.—Plants of Horticulture.................... 4 


FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1931 


In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com- 
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits 
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol- 
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can 
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants 
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of- 
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting 
the Garden. 


JANUARY FEBRUARY 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids. 
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias. 
MARCH APRIL 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
March 1-15—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus. 
March 19-22—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors) 
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early- 


flowering Shrubs. 


MAY 
(Floral Display House) 
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines, 
and other spring annuals. 
(Outdoors) 
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies, 
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials. 


JUNE 
(Outdoors) 
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden. 
JULY 
(Outdoors) 


Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber 
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden. 


AUGUST 
(Outdoors) 
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies, Economic 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. 


SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House) 
Tropical Water-lilies. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties). 
NOVEMBER DECEMBER 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 


Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias. 


SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr 
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, 
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction 
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was, 
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although 
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri 
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title 
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred 
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of 
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands 
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were 
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of 
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro- 
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested 
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden 
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely 
from funds left by the founder. 


The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species 
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a 
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to 
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and 
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city 
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in 
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as 
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea 
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani- 
cal garden, 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except 
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until 
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave. 
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached 
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer. 


OF THE rte i GARDEN 


fee xf i cae ' Gronar T, Moos, : 
: Sy % % : ‘ ai ae Director ie ee. : ‘ 4 ; povg ‘ z 2 . : 
fem ey ie . . Karuerine H. Leign, sei | 
+ _, Assistant to the Director =~ Seda ai pts Oa 

 fhlgeeies VON Scunenx, Day H. LinpeR, = 

Pathologist ane . ae bi Mycologist “ ; Fe 

» Jusse M. GREENMAN, (hin , ANTON Hoesrap, Je. 

; x Sa Curator. of Herbarium a ‘Pharmacognosist Ey 
_ Epe@ar ANDERSON, _ "© Roranp V. LaGagpe, 
Geneticist — ers rere Research Assistant ge 
nf "ERNEST 8. REYNOLDS, : “Roserr BE. Woonson, Jz, Be 

Ke renelaihest 2 ae ~ Research Assistant, Betas ce" 
Bes Beet Newt OC. Hornes, | Ba ah 
re a ¢ : Librarian and Editor of Publications 

Grorce H. Prine, 
So Superintendent — 

‘Jonn Noyes, oe Pau. A, Kont, / (a 
‘ Ronepltios aes Architect | Floricalturist Poaict 
. Euryorn Avserts LInpes, Hed Ss 3S *} 

Orchidologist mY 

: oy OW. OF. Lanean, ». 
fe -- Chief Engineer ~ 

_A. P. BEILMANN, — _ a PE SO inten 3 Yee Oe 
Trees and Shrubs ’ Herbaceous and Nursery. tS us 
J. Curag, ~~ J. LANGAN, pee 

Exotics — Assistant Engineer _ 


A. D. FoRRESTER, ; A, PEARsoN,: - ; if Re ree 
Plant Recorder. Ch ea Smet it 


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TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE 
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~ Garpen BULLETIN 


Vol. XIX APRIL, 1931 No. 4 
CONTENTS " 
1 ‘age 
Some Diseases of Elm Trees i 2.0. we a 
Notes from the Garden’s Tropical Station, Balboa, C. Z. 69 
PEN ORER 2. cashes, eS UMN aR Op NM cane Pik ds So LM a is wi at 1h eR 
sratistical Information. <6 ( 7 ee SO eee B84 
Floral Displays of Interest in 1931. 
ST. LOUIS, Mo. 
: . 1931 


Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees 


SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 


ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS 


~ Missouri BoTANICAL 


AND THE BOARD so icanerrtores. EXCLUSIVE OF THE 
3 EX-OFFICIO. MEMBERS, 1s SELS-PEEPEE GATING 


x 


‘President She RA ase ae 
GEORGE 38 HEECE DOCK 


“Vioe-President 
SAMUEL C, DAVIS. 


‘Second Vice-President 
DANIEL K. CATLIN. 


Auuert T. PRakiisesis > “Bayes 


PHILIP Cc. 


ScaNLAN, 


A. H. ‘SHEPLEY. 


Ernan 
ea G. Zerpis. 


"EX-OFFICIO. MEMBERS 


Victor J. Muze, 
“Mayor of -the city of 8t. Lotte 


ateee. FP. Sarmenrnwarn,- 


" Bihon ot t the Diocese of aiasourt SS President of The Achdemy of Science: 
fee : of St. Louis. 


SED OS Ot BRB Bens ea hee an Bure J. ‘Biers se ae AG: CHES iat 
eRe ae "President of the Board of ‘Education ot St. Louis Ure teen 


M 


_ Dantet Breck, Secretary 


Mo. Bor, Garb, BULL., Vou, 19, 1931 PLATE 16 


4 


Fig, 1. Cluster of perithecia of Nectria cinnabarina, * 10, 

Fig. 2. Fruiting bodies of J erficilliim sp., consisting of dense aggregations of spore- 
bearing threads, * 10. 

Fig. 3. A cluster of fruiting bodies of Gnuomonia Ulmea, * 10, 


Fig. 4. Black spots on elm leaf caused by Guomonta Ulnieca, about natural size. 


Missoun Botanical 


Garden Bulletin 


Vol. XIX APRIL, 1931 No. 4 


SOME DISEASES OF ELM TREES 


A few years ago there was created abroad a furor mingled 
with a goodly measure of despair when it was found that the 
elm trees were being attacked by a disease that apparently 
gave them no chance for recovery. Furthermore, in spite of 
all precautionary measures, the epidemic spread very rapidly. 
The disease, called the Dutch elm disease, was found to have 
been produced by a fungus which was described by Schwarz, 
a Dutch botanist, as Graphium Ulmi. Following the publica- 
tion of the description in 1922, there was considerable dis- 
cussion as to whether the trouble was actually caused by the 
fungus or by a bacterium that was also found in association 
with the disease. The discussion delayed the application of 
control measures, and by the time the problem was definitely 
settled the disease had spread from Holland into Germany. 
The rapidity of the advance and the severity of the attack 
of the fungus is clearly indicated by the fact that in Rotter- 
dam, where there were about 30,000 elms, 17,000 have been 
cut down in eleven years, all dead from the disease. Reports 
on the presence of the fungus have also come from Belgium, 
France, Italy, and Spain, and in 1927 the first case was 
reported from England. 

In America we have been more fortunate, but in 1930 one 
case was recorded from Cincinnati and four from Cleveland, 
Ohio. Subsequently one or two infestations have been brought 
to light at stations further west. These appearances could not 


(61) 


ee ee ee ee 


62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


be traced to nurseries or to imported stock, and hence it 
appears likely that the fungus is endemic to North America. 
While such a statement appears premature on the basis of 
the meagre evidence at hand, the fact that the disease does 
not seem to be extremely virulent, or at least to have spread 
rapidly in this country, indicates that the American elm has 
been exposed to the fungus for so long a time that it has 
developed a degree of immunity. Seemingly this state of 
affairs parallels the case of the chestnut-blight disease which 
was introduced into this country from Asia, where the chest- 
nut appears to be relatively resistant. The spread of the 
chestnut blight was extremely rapid and the attack severe, 
in fact so severe that unless the American chestnut develops 
resistance there is a chance that it will emulate the Dodo. 
The elm disease in Europe seems to be following a similar 
course. 

The apparent resistance of the American elm to the disease 
should not kill our endeavors to find out as much as possible 
about the distribution and virility of the fungus, for, after all, 
there have been reports of epidemics of elm diseases that were 
of a very serious nature. They have not been satisfactorily 
explained in all cases, and it is possible that Graphiwm Ulmt 
was the causal agent in certain instances. Therefore all sus- 
pected trees should be reported either to the United States 
Department of Agriculture or to the Ohio Experiment Station 
at Wooster, and portions of infected twigs sent for examina- 
tion. For the recognition of the symptoms, the following de- 
scription based on M. and M. J. F. Wilson’s article in the 
‘*Gardeners’ Chronicle’’ (British) for January, 1928, is given 
below : 

‘‘Trees suffering from the disease may be readily recog- 
nized by the yellow discoloration of the leaves in the crown 
of the tree or at the tips of the side branches. This condition 
usually spreads rapidly over the tree and is followed by leaf- 
fall and subsequently the death of the tree. Defoliation may 
be complete within a week, but sometimes extends over a much 
longer period. External symptoms of the disease are usually 
observed about the beginning of June [in Great Britain]. 
Sometimes a tree which has lost all its leaves early in the 


PLATE 17 


Fie. 


1. 


Graphinim 


Ulini: 


A-K 


show various types of spores and spore-bearing threads. L-O show the effect of the fungus on 


the twigs, as indicated by the dark dots in the wood below the bark in N, or the dark streaks in O (A-N after Wollenweber, O 
after Wilson). 


Fig. 


Collybia 


velutipes or 


velvet-stemmed Collybia, occasionally parasitic on elms (after Rolland). 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 63 


year may produce a second crop of leaves late in the season, 
but these are smaller and soon fall. Dying trees often produce 
a large number of leafy shoots at the bases of the branches 
and on the main trunk. Infected branches, when cut across, 
show one or more rings of small brown spots in the most 
recently formed wood (pl. 17, fig. 1, L-O). If the bark is 
peeled from such twigs, longitudinal brown streaks are ob- 
served, which correspond to the brown spots in the cross 
section. These internal symptoms can sometimes, but not in- 
variably, be found in the roots.”’ 

Such then are the characters of the disease as they are evi- 
denced in England. There is another disease of the elm that 
is not at all uncommon in Missouri, and may be confused with 
the Dutch elm disease. It is caused by a fungus of micro- 
scopic size which is known scientifically as Verticillium. This 
fungus is said to attack only the younger trees in which it 
also causes a browning of the wood. The brown area, how- 
ever, has a more watery appearance than is the ease in infec- 
tions caused by Graphiwm Ulmi, and the discoloration is more 
generalized—not in streaks. The disease usually begins at 
the base of the tree rather than at the top. According to 
observations made in September, 1929, the following symp- 
toms were characteristic: The leaves of branches on one side 
of the tree had turned yellow and fallen. An examination of 
the limbs showed that they were apparently healthy, but when 
the trunk was examined the bark was found to be cankerous 
from the base to heights varying from five to twenty feet 
above ground, and in strips of from two to eight inches wide. 
The cankerous bark was somewhat dry in appearance, slightly 
sunken, and inconspicuously cracked although in the older 
portions the cracks were more evident. In the crevices of the 
cankerous bark, the fungus forms its fruiting bodies which 
when young are waxy and salmon-pink but when older be- 
come dirty yellowish and horny. These fruiting bodies (pl. 16, 
fig. 2) are one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch in diameter 
and are flattened, somewhat irregular, cushion-shaped struc- 
tures. In artificial cultures or on dead bark, all stages may 
be found between the loose cottony type of fruiting body to 


= 


a) oI. 


64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


the densely aggregated cushion-shaped mass already referred 
to. 

Apparently the only effective method of controlling this 
and the Dutch elm disease is to remove the infected trees and 
to burn them. By so doing, the chances of the infection 
spreading are materially reduced, especially if the trees are 
removed before the fungi have produced their fruiting bodies. 
Possibly, when the tree is of great ornamental value and is 
infected with Verticillium it may be preserved by careful 
tree surgery. In this instance the wood and bark should be 
removed to a distance of two or three inches away from the 
wound, at least well beyond the infected area. At the same 
time, those roots that may be adjacent to the cankerous area 
should be bared and if infected cut off or treated in the same 
manner as the trunk, depending on the severity of infection. 
After treatment, new soil should replace the old fungus- 
infected soil. 


Another fungus, more popularly called a mushroom, may 
also be the cause of root disease when conditions are favor- 
able, but as a rule it prefers newly killed trees or relatively 
fresh, that is, little decomposed, stumps. This fungus, the 
hairy-stemmed Collybia (Collybia velutipes), is very common 
in St. Louis and vicinity where it is the first to appear in 
the spring and the last to disappear in the fall (pl. 17, fig. 2). 
That it may be parasitic has been shown by several inocula- 
tion tests that have been made abroad, and also by the fre- 
quency of its occurrence at the base of trees that are still 
alive but in a weakened condition. Since this species has 
pathogenic potentialities and also since it is considered edible 
and to have an excellent flavor, it is described. The cap is 
three-quarters to two inches in diameter, smooth, slimy or 
somewhat so, tawny to reddish-yellow, darker at the center 
than toward the edge; the flesh is rather thick and white or 
yellowish. The stem is three-quarters of an inch to two and 
three-quarters inches long and one-eighth to one-quarter of 
an inch thick, firm, or with age hollow, yellow at the apex, 
below densely velvety, with short, tawny or blackish-brown 
hair. 


When such fruiting bodies as have been described are 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 65 


found either singly or in clusters at the base of a living elm 
tree that is highly cherished, especially when the tree appears 
sickly after an unfavorable year, the base of the tree and the 
upper part of the roots should be examined for infection. 
The treatment should be the same as given for the Verticillium 
disease and the same precautions taken. 

The coral-spot disease caused by Nectria cinnabarina may 
at times cause the death of twigs or even of branches. Occa- 
sionally it may be the cause of canker on the trunks of young 
trees. The usual host for the fungus is maple, but it oceurs 
on a wide variety of trees and shrubs, among which the elm 
is numbered. At first the fungus lives as a parasite in dead 
or dying tissue that has resulted from wounds, but once 
established it spreads into the healthy tissue, gradually gird- 
ling the branch or limb and thus by starvation killing all 
twigs or branches beyond the infested zone. When the infec- 
tion has become old enough, the asexual type of fruiting 
bodies is produced. They consist of a vast number of spore- 
bearing threads which are aggregated to form numerous pus- 
tules or wart-like prominences that are conspicuous because 
of their bright pink or salmon color. The multitude of 
asexual spores is capable of spreading infection through the 
agency of birds, man, wind, and a number of other means. 
By the time that asexual spore production begins to let up, 
another stage takes its place. This is indicated by the pro- 
duction of small globose, red or orange-red structures on or 
beside the old pustules (pl. 16, fig. 1). These fruiting bodies, 
or perithecia, of the second phase, although seldom attaining 
a diameter of one-sixteenth of an inch, produce a large num- 
ber of spores which are supposed to be resistant and to tide 
the fungus over winter. In addition to the resistant spores, 
the species may also spend the winter as fungous threads in 
the wood. 

Since there is available to the fungus such a variety of 
methods for spreading and for spending the winter, it is 
obvious that the methods of control should be constantly 
practiced so that spore production and new infections be kept 
to a minimum. To attain this end, all dead twigs should be 
removed in the fall or early spring by pruning, the cuttings 


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66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


made two or more inches away from the infected zones in 
order to avoid the chance of leaving the fungus to continue 
its destructive work. The wood that has been removed, and 
that which may be under the tree should be gathered and 
burned. This is a lot of work, but it is also very good insur- 
ance and protection for the stately yet graceful elms that 
lend so much charm to the landscape. 


Occasionally when seasonal factors are favorable, the elm 
leaf spot, caused by Gnomonia Ulmea, may result in severe 
defoliation of the trees, but as a rule general infections are 
seldom encountered. Yet in the fall of 1927, a large number 
of infected leaves were seen under trees growing on the flood 
plain near Falling Spring, Illinois. Since heavy infection 
may cause a more or less complete dropping of the leaves 
in midsummer and thus reduce the vitality of the tree, and 
also in order that it may not be confused with the Dutch 
elm disease, the symptoms of the disease are given herewith. 


The species forms minute black eruptions, somewhat clus- 
tered together in small circles or scattered over the whole 
upper surface of the living leaves (pl. 16, figs. 3 and 4). In 
time there is a whitish or grayish margin around the groups, 
due to the wearing away of the epidermis. The spores of the 
fungus mature on the old leaves on the ground in the spring. 
An asexual stage also connected with this fungus may attack 
the petiole of the leaves or the young green twigs in the 
spring, girdling them and causing the death of the sub- 
tended parts. This stage appeared rather abundantly in the 
spring of 1928. As a method of controlling this fungus, it 
is suggested that the leaves be gathered in the fall and burned. 
By so doing, spore production is kept to a minimum and the 
infection of the next year’s crop of leaves is reduced. 

While fungi undoubtedly are agents of destruction, they 
are certainly not the only ones, for insects may be either the 
direct or indirect cause of a number of fatalities. Thus the 
scale insects and aphids may be present in sufficient abun- 
dance to bring about the weakening of the host and to cause 
sufficient mechanical injury to make conditions favorable for 
the entrance of fungous parasites. The elm-sap_ beetle 
(Scolytus scolytus) of Europe has recently been proven to 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 67 


be guilty not only of tunneling into the elm tree and afford- 
ing a place for the germination of spores, but also of carrying 
the spores of Graphium Ulmi, already described as the cause 
of the Dutch elm disease. Similarly the leopard moth (Zeuzera 
pyrina) and the elm-bark beetle (Hylesinus opaculus), by 
making their conspicuous tunnels, afford a golden opportunity 
for the lodgment and germination of fungous spores. The 
moth of its own industry is capable of doing considerable 
damage, since its larvae tunnel under the bark, cutting deep 
galleries and often girdling the branches. Since two years 
are required for the insect to complete its life cycle, a system- 
atic cutting and burning of infested branches will check the 
pest. When sawdust is seen on the main trunk of the tree, 
it is an indication that the larvae are at work at that point. 
These may be removed by cutting them out or by injecting 
carbon bisulphide and sealing the burrow. The procedure is 
the same as that outlined for the ash-tree borer and is de- 
scribed in the Garden BuLLetIn for December, 1929. 


Severe defoliation of the trees may be caused by a num- 
ber of insect pests, but such pests may readily be controlled 
when the infestations are sufficiently severe to warrant the 
expense, by spraying with arsenate of lead. 

Before leaving the subject of elm-tree diseases, a cause of 
death may be mentioned that perhaps is not uncommon in 
more or less thickly settled areas. This cause is illuminating- 
gas that may have escaped into the soil or air by way of 
broken pipes or leaky joints. Gas poisoning is rather difficult 
to determine since the trees so afflicted show the same symp- 
toms as those with other root troubles. The roots, however, 
show rather characteristic symptoms when the concentration 
of gas is low for they produce proliferation tissue in the cor- 
tex (bark) which is three or four times thicker than that of 
normal roots. When the gas is more highly concentrated the 
bark of the tree, as far in as the wood, shows a browning and 
discoloration, and at the same time the wood darkens, becomes 
more brittle, and rapidly breaks down. When the trees have 
been destroyed by gas, the plants around the trees show the 
ill effects by drooping or dropping the leaves and by the 
enlargement of the roots. Therefore, before gas leakage is 


Oo i a eee aie ala 


68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


blamed the plants in the vicinity should be examined. A 
very sensitive test for illuminating-gas in the soil is the 
etiolated-sweet-pea-seedling test. To make this, the sweet- 
pea seeds are grown in petri dishes until they are about two 
inches high, then they are placed under inverted cans on the 
soil suspected of containing the gas. If the concentration of 
the gas is strong, growth ceases; if it is weak, then the plants, 
instead of growing upright, bend over and grow horizontally. 
This test is reputed to be far more sensitive than any chem- 
ical test, and demonstrates the presence of gas even when it 
is not detectable by its odor. 

So much for the disorders of the elm. By no means have 
all the causes of death or deformation been noted, but it is 
hoped that with the information furnished a slight insight 
into the problem may have been given. At least the com- 
moner maladies are presented, and it is believed that sufficient 
diagnostic characters have been made available so that the 
Dutch elm disease can be distinguished and the danger of 
excessive alarm be avoided. On the other hand, it is desirable 
to emphasize that should the presence of the disease be sus- 
pected, then portions of the infected limbs or twigs should be 
sent to the nearest experiment station or institute at which 
mycological investigations of tree diseases are being car- 
ried out. 


The best insurance against disease is a healthy plant, hence 
it is highly advisable that the trees be kept clean by pruning 
and healthy by feeding or watering. As far as possible, all 
wounds should be covered with some protective substance, 
such as asphalt, creosote, or Bordeaux paint, followed by a 
waterproof wound dressing. Feeding of the trees may be done 
as suggested in the Garden Butuerin for October, 1929, but 
perhaps one of the best methods is mulching with a thick 
layer of decayed leaves and other nutrient material. Not only 
does the mulch provide nourishment, but it also tends to check 
rapid evaporation of water and drying out of the soil; at the 
same time it protects the roots from excessive heat and cold. 
None of these aids will do much good if they are not carried 
out while the tree is in good health. The hackneyed expres- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 69 


sion that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure is 
the epitome of good sense when it comes to the care of trees. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DUTCH ELM DISEASE. 


Betrem, J. G.—Das Ulmensterben und der Ulmenspintkafer. Mitt. 
Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 42: 335-336. 1930. 

Buisman, C. J.—De oorzaak van de iepenziekte. Tijdschr. ned. 
Heidem. 40: 338-344. 1928. 

Garbers, F.—Der Stand des Ulmensterbens u. seine Erforschung. 
Gartenwelt 34: 563-564. 1930. 

May, C.—The Dutch elm disease. National Shade Tree Conference 
Proc. 6: 91-94. 1930. 

Prell, H.—Ulmensterben und Ulmenborkenkifer. Ursachen und 
Bekampfung einer epidemischen Baumkrankheit. Die Kranke 
Pflanze 7: 89-93, 103-105, 124-127. 1930. 

Roepke, W.—Verdere gegevens omtrent de Iepenziekte en de Iepin- 
spintkaver. Tijdschr. over Plantenziekten 36: 232-237. 2 pl. 
1930. 

Schwarz, M. B—Das Zweigsterben der Ulmen, Trauerweiden und 
Pfirsichbaume., Meded. Phytopath. Lab, “Willie Commelin Schol- 
ten” 5: 1-32. 7 teazt-figs. pl. 1-2. 1922. 

White, R. P.—The Dutch elm disease. The Shade Tree 3 (12): 5 pp. 
1 pl. 1930. 

Wilson, M. and M. J. F. Wilson—Occurrence of the Dutch elm dis- 
ease in England. Gardeners’ Chronicle [British] 83: 31-32, 
fig. 19-22; 273-274. 1928. 

Wollenweber, H. W. und C, Stapp—Untersuchungen iiber die als 
Ulmensterben bekannte Baumkrankheit. Arbeit. Biol. Reichan- 
stalt Land- u. Forstwirtsh. 17: 283-324. 7 tezxt-figs. pl. 1-3. 1928. 

Wollenweber, H. W.—Ueber den gegenwartigen Stand des Ulmen- 
sterbens. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 42: 334-335. 1930. 


I ie gs Oe 


NOTES FROM THE GARDEN’S TROPICAL STATION, 
BALBOA, C. Z. 
(Continued from March Bulletin) 
PAPAYA 

The papaya (Carica Papaya) is one of Nature’s paradoxes. 
It grows in abundance in southern countries, sometimes a 
wayside plant, a door-yard favorite, or a specimen in a gar- 
den. Although so common, there is about it a strangeness 
and aloofness, as if it belonged, not to the present, but to a 
pre-historic period. 


ee 


70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


This odd plant appears to be and is generally called a tree, 
yet it is not a tree, but rather, as Popenoe* says, ‘‘a giant 
herbaceous plant.’’ The woodless stem, ordinarily without 
branches (like a palm), rises straight and tapering from eight 
to fifteen and even thirty feet in height. It is surmounted by 
a cluster of curious leaves. At regular intervals the smooth, 
tan-colored surface of this stem is marked by triangular leaf 
sears, which are so touched by the hand of nature that they 
appear to be geometrical figures embossed on the stem in artis- 
tie patterns. The leaves of the papaya are showy and dis- 
tinctive, forming a fitting crown for the ornamented stem. 
They are some three to five fect in length, often three feet 
across, cut into deep sharp-pointed lobes, and are individually 
earried on stiff hollow stalks. 


While the flowers are probably never used for bouquets, 
they are rather attractive, especially the staminate, which 
are creamy yellow in color. They grow in axillary sprays, 
scenting the air with a delicate fragrance. The pistillate 
flowers are larger and grow in the same position on the stem 
but closer to it. The papayas are usually found in groups. 
Perhaps the fact that the staminate and pistillate flowers are 
borne on different plants has something to do with their 
sociability. Curiously enough, the West Indian laborers claim 
that trimming off the stem of a male plant changes its sex; 
also that cutting away a large root has a like effect. The 
latter is being tested out at present in the Tropical Station. 

Of course the papaya is prized chiefly for its delicious fruit. 
It somewhat resembles a long cantaloupe in shape, weighing 
from less than half a pound to over fifteen pounds. The 
fruits hang, frequently in surprising numbers, close to the 
stem, and as a rule just below the crown of leaves. Their 
thin, dark green skins turn yellow when ripe. Cutting length- 
ways a fruit of good quality, and this is easy to do in Panama 
for here the papaya reaches its climax of perfection, reveals 
a lovely as well as tempting sight. A rich salmon-colored 
pulp surrounds a mass of plump, shiny, black seeds. The 
quantity of seeds in one fruit shows that the papaya, although 


*Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. 


—— ae ef ee ee 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 71 


it does seem a stranger to this age, is in no danger of becom- 
ing extinct. 

It is customary to think of papaya as a breakfast fruit, and 
as such it is probably unsurpassed, combining rich coloring, 
delicate texture, and alluringly sweet, spicy flavor. It is 
served like cantaloupe, sometimes with salt. This is, however, 
but one of its many uses. It may appear on the dinner table 
as a vegetable. For this purpose green fruit is selected. After 
peeling, the pulp is cut into small pieces and cooked in salted 
water until tender. The water is then drained off and the 
papaya mashed and seasoned with pepper and butter, and 
served hot. The chance visitor at this meal more than likely 
asks for a second helping of that unusually good summer 
‘*squas HX. 

An anxious hostess, looking for something different and 
tasty for an appetizer, will find her heart’s desire by cutting 
a ripe papaya into small cubes or balls and chilling them 
thoroughly. Just before serving the prepared papaya is put 
into cocktail glasses with a generous dressing of catsup, and 
a sprig of mint to give a dainty touch. It is hardly neces- 
sary to mention that the colorful papaya is popular in salads. 
It may be either sliced and laid on lettuce leaves with a dress- 
ing of mayonnaise and a sprinkling of chopped nuts, or 
combined with other fruits or vegetables. The Spanish appe- 
tite fancies the papaya in dessert forms, and frozen at that, 
ices, sherbets, etc. As a preserve or sweet pickle, it rivals 
watermelon, and is prepared in the same manner as any other 
sweet pickle. Very green fruit is used for pickling. 

Besides furnishing such a variety of delectable dishes, the 
papaya may be profitably milked. In true dairy fashion the 
milking is done in the early morning. With a sharp splinter 
the surface of green fruit (on the plant) is scratched lightly. 
Shallow bowls, or, better still, stiff leaves, are suspended to 
eatch the milk, which is a whitish fluid containing papain 
(vegetable pepsin). Remarking on the strength of this, Bar- 
rett* says: ‘‘The fresh latex, even, will digest the skin of the 
fingers, especially under rings, in a few minutes.’’ The same 


*Otis W. Barrett in “The Tropical Crops.” 


72 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


fruit may be milked several times a week until it ceases to 
yield. This milky fluid coagulates rapidly, and if spread out 
on leaves will be almost dry in one day. When dry it is 
termed gum. Sometimes the gum brings as high as four dol- 
lars a pound. It is used in medicines and in the manufacture 
of chewing gum. The entire papaya plant, even to its leaves, 
is permeated by this papain. Many a piece of tough cold- 
storage meat has been made tender by wrapping it over night 
in fresh papaya leaves. 

A group of papayas makes an ideal garden planting. There 
is never a time when visitors have to be hurried by because 
the plants are standing nude, for they obligingly exhibit 
leaves, flowers, and fruits, in all stages of development. 
Springing up from seed with surprising quickness, they bear 
fruit within the first year, and continue to produce an 
abundant crop during their life of from three to four years. 
A visitor, and of course one from the far north, after looking 
at the papayas, remarked: ‘‘I thought melons grew on vines, 
but I certainly counted thirty on one of those queer totem- 
pole trees.”’ 

MOMBIN 

One of the largest, as well as one of the oldest, fruit trees 
in the Tropical Station is a yellow mombin (Spondias Mom- 
bin). Just because certain four-footed animals called hogs 
are fond of their fruits and become sleek and fat feeding on 
them the poor trees have been burdened with the unsavory 
name of ‘‘hog plum.’’ However, regardless of this stigma, 
these stately trees, bravely carrying their heads high, some 
forty to sixty feet, grow in natural abundance from Mexico 
down through Central America to Brazil. Not only have they 
unselfishly furnished quantities of food to native people year 
after year, but, gaining in recognition, their fruits have 
become prized in preserved forms and delight the most refined 
tastes. 

No doubt the specimen in the Tropical Station began life 
in a jungle and by some good fortune escaped the sharp 
machete. It is a pretty tree, especially when dressed in new 
leaves. Although the leaves are large they are composed of 
small leaflets, giving the appearance of fine foliage. The 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 73 


rather inconspicuous flowers are followed by ovoid fruits 
which turn bright yellow when ripe. The fruits or plums 
of the tree at the Station are unusually large, sometimes two 
inches in length (almost twice the ordinary size), and con- 
sidered by many, especially small boys, to be of superior 
flavor. As a rule the fruit ripens during August and Sep- 
tember, and the crop is very abundant. At this time they 
scent the air with an odor not unlike ripe pineapples. It 
must be admitted that the seed is the largest part of the plum, 
but the pulp, what there is of it, is very tasty. It has a tang 
or pungent flavor. The northern taste usually fancies this 
fruit best in jellies, jams, ete., because cooking seems to bring 
out more of the plum-like flavor. 


Last season some of the nicest of these plums were gathered 
and jelly made from them in the following manner: 

After being washed, the fruit was put to soak over night. 
Next morning the water was drained off and the fruits placed 
in a kettle with sufficient water to cover them, and gently 
cooked until very soft. They were then strained through a 
colander to remove the cumbersome seeds, and the thick liquid 
poured into a jelly bag and allowed to drain. To every four 
cups of clear juice an equal amount of white sugar was added, 
together with one-half a cup of lime juice. This was boiled 
rapidly until it jelled. 

The result of this experiment was a firm, bright-red jelly 
of excellent flavor. Something, however, apparently was amiss 
for after a time the jelly lost its brightness and some of its 
firmness. Of course these difficulties can be overcome by a 
little patience. 

Another member of the genus and a native of Mexico and 
Central America is the red mombin (Spondias purpurea). 
While lacking the stately grace of the yellow mombin, it is 
by far the more popular and useful, and, besides, it is widely 
cultivated. The trees are sturdy and short of stature, not 
more than twenty-five feet in height, with stiff, spreading 
branches clothed in foliage similar to that of their tall cou- 
sins. When in fruit, a period of several months in the spring, 
they are especially attractive. The branches are then gaily 
decked full length with clustering fruits in shades of red, 
often bright cherry-red. 


74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


The fruits or plums are of the same shape, but somewhat 
smaller, than the yellow ones, and are considered to be of 
superior flavor. Certainly they are less pungent and there- 
fore pleasanter to eat when fresh. They are used in a variety 
of ways. Sometimes they are dried, more often they are made 
into jelly, jam, cool drinks, and frozen desserts. Aside from 
being somewhat milder in flavor there seems to be little dif- 
ference in jelly and jam made from the red mombin. 


In Addition to 
THE REAL MANTECADO 
Which Now Can Be Had at 
PRECIADO’S ICE CREAM PARLOR 
HOBO SHERBET 
and 
COCONUT ICE CREAM 
Also Is Being Served 
Try One of These Delicious Dishes 
SPECIAL ORDERS FILLED ON 48 HOURS’ NOTICE 


A visiting housewife, in talking over different fruits and 
their uses, remarked: ‘‘This morning I had some sherbet in 
an ice-cream parlor in Panama City. It was delightfully 
refreshing and agreeably different. The waiter said it was 
made of ‘hobo’ plums. I’ve been wondering why they are 
called by that queer name.’’ Why these plums, which were 
none other than the lovely red mombins, should be called by 
the wholly misleading name of ‘‘hobo’’ is a dark mystery. 
Webster defines hobo thus: ‘‘A professional tramp.’’ Now 
the trees of this species of Spondias are most home-abiding 
and enterprising. Let only a branch be planted and it will 
immediately take root, establishing itself permanently in that 
place, and in a few years will be generously supplying fruit 
to the neighborhood. The Station’s thrifty little specimen 
of Spondias Mombin was a leafless, rootless twig only six 
months ago. 

When the native farmers need substantial fences, they go 
to the red mombin for their posts, rather than to the lumber 


yy eae 


iq) Oey ane! A ee 7, PL en ee 
carr . . é 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 75 


yard. Cutting stakes of suitable size from the strong branches, 
they sometimes plant them very closely together, and soon 
have a living fence which constantly grows stronger. At 
other times the farmer sets the stakes as ordinary posts and 
nails barbed wire to them. True to their nature, these ‘‘posts’’ 
begin to grow and are soon sturdy trees, even providing shade 
for the cattle they help to guard. 


CACAO 


What is better than a cup of rich, steaming cocoa on a 
frosty day, or what more restful than to spend an evening 
with a good book and a box of chocolate bonbons, or what 
more satisfying than some chocolate ‘‘bars’’ when traveling? 
These dainty and refreshing forms of cacao are the result of 
to-day’s enlightenment, yet ages ago the Indians of Mexico so 
recognized the value of cacao that they called it the ‘‘food 
of the gods,’’ and believed it to be a divine gift brought to 
their shores from the garden of Eden. Later on, specialists, 
with cool scientific minds, delving about in the mass of tradi- 
tion and superstition of facts, in some way failed to find direct 
evidence of this transplanting and so gave to Mexico the 
honor of being the natal home of cacao. 


Although cacao (Theobroma Cacao) is now quite common, 
both in a cultivated and uncultivated state, throughout Trop- 
ical America, the tourist is not apt to see it growing, for it 
is usually found in country districts. The Las Cascadas 
Plantation of 6,000 acres, lying midway of the Isthmus, is 
by far the best place in Panama to see cacao in its different 
stages of growth. Unfortunately, the tourist seldom goes 
there for it is not included in the regular, sightseeing tours. 
True, there are several cacao trees here in the Station, seed- 
lings from this plantation, but rather too young to be either 
very interesting or instructive. 


It is quite safe to say that the cacao tree would never win 
a beauty contest. A casual glance shows a rather ordinary- 
looking tree about twenty feet high with unattractive large 
leaves. However, it is redeemed from being just ordinary by 
its beautiful fruits, or pods as they are commonly called, and 
by the singular manner in which these pods grow, tightly 


76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


clustered on small disks, scattered here and there on its trunk 
and large limbs. Sometimes one little disk or ‘‘button,’’ no 
larger than a quarter, will hold a cluster of four or five pods. 
It is somewhat difficult to describe the cacao pods, for the 
different varieties vary greatly in color, size, and shape. The 
pods in mind are from the Las Cascadas Plantation and said 
by Mr. Standley to be Theobroma leiocarpum. They are thick 
and woody, pointed oval in shape, and at least six inches in 
length. The ribbed surface, slightly roughened, is a deep 
yellowish-orange color brushed over with rich tones of red, 
purple, or sometimes brown, giving an effect beautifully 
artistic. Safely cradled in each ornate pod lie thirty or more 
lilae-colored seeds, wrapped in soft white pulp. The seeds 
are large and rather suggestive of plump lima beans. In 
some countries the dried seeds are used for currency. It was 
Peter Martyr* who aptly styled them, ‘‘the blessed money, 
which exempts its possessors from avarice, since it cannot be 
long hoarded nor hidden under ground.’’ 

The cacao tree is very prolific. When about four years old 
it begins to bear and will continue for many years, producing 
on an average two crops a year, one heavy and several months 
later a lighter crop. The handling and preparing of this crop 
for market is an interesting but toilsome and exacting process. 
Even the picking, to be profitably done, needs experienced 
hands. The next step after picking is called ‘‘breaking.’’ 
The pods are collected in convenient piles, and then laborers, 
using small machetes or even stones, crack open the shells 
with sharp, well-aimed blows. This exposes and loosens the 
mass of pulp and seeds, which they toss to one side. Com- 
menting on this phase of the work, Mr. Barrettt says: “‘A 
good breaker will handle five hundred or so pods in an hour 
without eutting either fingers or seeds.’’ 

Now women take a hand in affairs and strip the seeds from 
the stringy fibers which hold them in position in the pod. The 
seeds, freed from this restraint but still euddled in the white 
pulp, which, by the way, is very tasty, are loaded into baskets 
and taken to the ‘‘sweating room.’’ Here the mass of pulp 


*“Cocoa and Chocolate,” by R. Whymper. 
+The Tropical Crops, 


77 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


and seeds is placed in perforated vats. The most intelligent 
eare and good judgment, in fact intuition, are needed in 
handling cacao during fermentation, for no two batches are 
ever alike. A period of several days is required for the pulp 
to ferment and drain off. The now sticky, slippery seeds of a 
cinnamon-red color are put on drying trays. These trays are 
so constructed that they may be rolled under cover at night 
or during showers, for moisture in any degree, even dew, is 
fatal to cacao at this period. During the drying process ex- 
treme care and watchful attention are necessary, for either 
too fast or too slow drying is injurious. When the beans are 
nearly dry and about ready to enter upon their career, they 
are sometimes given a ‘‘dance.’’ Mr. Barrett* describes the 
preparations for the affair in these words: ‘‘They [the 
beans] are made up into a flat-topped heap, a foot deep by 
six feet in diameter, sprinkled with powdered, fine red clay 
and then with a little water.’’ Now the dancing begins, led 
by several barefooted laborers who tread around and around, 
while assistants, with shovels, stand near to keep the excited 
beans in proper bounds during their hilarious farewell frolic. 
After some ten minutes the beans leave the dancing floor, clad 
in snug overcoats of clay to protect them from mould on their 
long journey to the northern factory, where modern methods 
and machinery soon convert them into the well-known staples 
and delicacies. 


Cacao is marketed as cocoa powder, cocoa butter, the latter 
being used in dentistry, and in forms of bitter and sweet 
chocolate. In talking about the cacao, a visitor asked: ‘‘ Well, 
after all, what is the difference between chocolate and cocoa?”’ 
Briefly speaking, chocolate is the cacao bean, parched (de- 
hulled), ground, and reduced by beating to a more or less 
ereamy paste. Cocoa (powder) is really a residue, for it is 
the flour remaining after most of the fat has been taken out 
of the ground bean or chocolate. 

In early construction days in the Canal Zone, chocolate 
enjoyed a wide popularity as an afternoon drink. The fact 
that the Chinese merchants imported from China very lovely 


*The Tropical Crops. 


” 


aM the 


Tt ie eee ss eS el ee mi rer 


78 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


chocolate sets may have had something to do with its vogue. 
No breath of social ambition influenced Mexico’s swarthy 
monarch when, as Mr. Barrett* relates, ‘‘ Without milk and 
sugar, bitter and gritty, the Emperor Montezuma quaffed 
fifty mugfuls a day and gave two thousand more to his house- 
hold because, besides the nutritious fat, starch and proteids, 
they got a two per cent stimulus out of the theobromine.’’ 


COFFEE 


It so happens that in the Tropical Station the specimens 
of coffee (Coffea liberica) of the Madder Family and the cacao 
seedlings are planted near together. Their very proximity 
invites friendly comparison. In the first place these two 
beverage-producing trees are totally unlike, yet they have 
much in common. It is certain that the coffee has less handi- 
caps and that it easily leads in popularity, although it can- 
not claim to possess the good properties which abound in 
cacao. 

The history of coffee, shrouded in traditions and legends, 
reaches so far back that it is all but lost in the mystery of 
vanished centuries. Perhaps one of the most picturesque of 
these legends is the French version of the dancing goats.t 
The story goes: Once upon a time, long ago, in the land of 
Abyssinia, lived a goat-herd named Kaldi. One day, Kaldi 
was astonished to see his staid goats disporting themselves in 
the most extravagant caperings and prancings. Casting about 
to account for their sudden gaiety, he finally attributed it to 
certain fruits of which the goats had been freely eating. 
Feeling heavy-hearted himself, he, too, partook of the mys- 
terious berries and straightway forgot his troubles and was 
soon dancing merrily about with his goats. It chanced that 
a monk passed by when one of these strange dances was in 
progress. He stood speechless with amazement. Before him a 
score of goats pirouetted in fantastic manner about the goat- 
herd, who was gleefully executing the lively steps of a pas- 
toral dance. Recovering himself, the monk inquired the 
cause of such an unheard-of performance. Kaldi told him 


*The Tropical Crops. 
*Sketched from story in “All About Coffee,” by William H. Ukers. 


+e 


; or 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 79 


of the strange magical fruits he had discovered. Now this 
pious monk had long been sorely distressed because he was 
unable to keep awake during prayers. To his devout mind 
this discovery was no less than a revelation from Mohammed 
to aid him in overcoming his drowsiness. Gathering some of 
the magic berries, he shared them with his fellow monks and 
in time, so the story says, dried and boiled the berries, thus 
brewing the first cup of coffee. News of the ‘‘Wakeful Monas- 
tery’’ spread. Soon the magical berries were in demand 
throughout the kingdom. Then neighboring nations, hearing 
of the new exhilarating beverage, came seeking the wonder- 
ful fruit. 


Authorities on coffee all agree on Abyssinia as its birth- 
place and home since ‘‘time began.’’ Perhaps this is the 
thread of truth running through the fabric of the fable which 
has held it intact. Certain it is that little by little, down 
through the years, in the face of religious superstitions, med- 
ical prejudice, and political opposition, the cultivation and 
use of coffee have spread by devious routes and by strange 
and almost unbelievable circumstances until it has become 
universally used and firmly implanted in almost all tropical 
countries. 

The production of coffee is now the chief industry in a large 
and increasing number of southern countries. Brazil, pro- 
ducing three-fourths of the world’s coffee, may be almost said 
to be one huge coffee plantation. The natural coffee region 
in Panama lies in the highlands about the Chiriqui voleano, 
some two hundred and fifty miles from the Canal Zone. Here, 
besides other favorable conditions, the coffee finds its favorite 
altitude of 1,000 to 4,000 feet above sea-level. In this par- 
ticular it differs radically from cacao, which thrives best in 
the hot lowlands. Both cacao and coffee trees are partial to 
shade. When clearing land for either crop, it is customary 
to leave trees, here and there, to act as living parasols. The 
guava tree, with its large, flat leaves, is their favorite sun- 
shade. 

Happily for the tourist with limited time, the specimens of 
coffee in the Tropical Station afford a fair idea of the inter- 
esting plant. The visitor sees two beautiful evergreen shrubs 


80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


or small trees, three years old and about eight feet high. Being 
the Liberia species, they are coarser in all respects than other 
coffee trees, but this is the only species which grows success- 
fully at sea-level. The leaves are glossy, dark green, slender, 
and shapely, some six to ten inches in length, and of firm tex- 
ture. Most other species have leaves but half this size. During 
the present year these young trees were charming with dainty 
snow-white flowers, scenting the air with fragrance but so far 
producing no cups of coffee. 


Looking at these specimens, it is not difficult to picture 
acres upon acres, laid out in perfect formation, of these beau- 
tiful trees trimmed to a uniform size. Such a plantation or 
“‘finea’’ in full bloom presents a vista of rare but fleeting 
beauty. Against the background of rich dark foliage, the 
pure white blossoms lie like soft tufts of drifted snow along 
the length of the drooping branches. There is a striking 
and apparently unexplainable peculiarity about the flowering 
of coffee, as if a trace of its ancient mystery still hovered 
around.* Suddenly, several times a year, seemingly at the 
signal of an unseen hand, every bud on every plant in a cer- 
tain district will burst into bloom. In a day or perhaps a 
week all the plants in an adjoining tract will take their turn 
at flowering. With all this blossoming it would seem that 
there would be an overwhelming amount of fruit, but far 
from all the flowers ‘‘set.’’ Indeed, at many of these bloom- 
ing periods they all drop. When they do ‘‘set’’ it requires 
from seven to eight months to mature the fruit, at which time 
the trees again present a pleasing appearance. This time the 
color scheme is in tones of red and green. If the crop is 
heavy, and there is at least one heavy crop a year besides sev- 
eral minor pickings, the long branches bend low with their 
thick encrustment of red cherry-like berries. 


The harvesting of coffee and its preparation for market are 
in many ways similar, although not so exacting, to the pro- 
cesses attending the cacao crop. In the first place, it is cus- 
tomary to keep coffee trees well pruned to aid in picking. 
Sometimes the trees are shaken and the berries caught on 


*Information from Otis W. Barrett. 


eo =" 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 81 


mats; at other times they are picked or stripped from the 
branches. Men, women, and children join in this work. In 
Panama the standard measure for coffee is the five-gallon 
kerosene tin. Pickers receive from twelve to fifteen cents per 
tin and average from three to four tins a day. After the 
freshly gathered berries are brought to the ‘‘beneficia’’ they 
are handled in Panama as elsewhere, chiefly by machinery. 
First of all, the fruits must part with their red jackets and 
their pulp. This is usually done by pulping machines which 
tear the fruit apart, letting the pulp and skins fall to one 
side and the seeds to the other. As there is more or less pulp 
still clinging to them, the seeds are placed in fermenting vats 
with a little water and allowed to remain for some thirty-six 
hours, during which time they are frequently stirred. Much 
less diligence is needed in tending coffee at this time than 
for cacao. 


The coffee seeds are now given a bath. Emerging from the 
tubbing with their rough parchment coats washed clean, they 
are hurried off to the drying trays. Under clear skies and 
with bright sunshine the seeds will dry in three or four days. 
Again the coffee is more tractable and easier to manage than 
the cacao seeds. The secret of the coffee’s model deportment 
of course lies in the fact that its precious beans are safely 
encased in the heavy parchment shells, and so much less liable 
to mould than the timely cooled cacao seeds. Just at the 
critical time in the drying of both of these crops a peculiar 
incident occurs, as if the seeds themselves would reassure 
their anxious attendants. The cacao conveys its message of 
encouragement in ‘‘whispers,’’ whereas the coffee ‘‘purrs’’ in 
contentment. Either of these sounds coming-from the drying 
seeds is most weleome to the laborers for it tells them that 
all is well. 

When the coffee is thoroughly dry the parchment shells 
are broken open by de-hulling machines and the debris fanned 
away. Then it is that the lovely sea-blue seeds are revealed, 
glistening in their silver coats. However, even these shining 
mantles must be laid aside or, in harsher words, polished off. 
Then crowded into bags of 100 pounds eapacity the coffee 
beans are ready to ‘‘take the boat.’’ Arriving at their des- 


82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


tination, they must still submit to blending, roasting, and 
grinding before the world can have its breakfast coffee. 

The housewife, strolling about in the Tropical Station and 
examining different economic plants and trees, may not accu- 
mulate much scientific information, but she cannot help feel- 
ing a little more intimately acquainted with some of them. 
She has at least glanced into their home life, sensed their 
social status, and become somewhat aware of their intensely 
interesting natures. She has probably wondered at their 
peculiar characteristics and laughed at their whims. She may 
even have witnessed some plant bravely struggling with evil- 
minded little pests. Then when the housewife is back home, 
busy in her kitchen, perhaps measuring out the coffee or 
opening a can of tropical fruit, it would not be surprising if 
she recalls the little sunny garden at the Tropical Station 
and her visit with the parent plants of the very products she 
is handling. She may think, too, of the long and tedious 
processes through which many fruits must pass before they 
reach her pantry shelves. M. D. H. 


NOTES 


Recent visitors to the Garden were Mr. Andrew C. Life, 
professor of plant physiology, University of Southern Cali- 
fornia, and Mr. H. lL. R. Chapman, Superintendent Beal 
Botanic Garden, East Lansing, Michigan. 

Mr. Anton Hogstad, Jr., Pharmacognosist to the Garden, 
gave an illustrated lecture before the students and faculty of 
the department of botany, University of Pennsylvania, April 
3, on ‘‘The Activities of the Missouri Botanical Garden.”’ 

The first number of Volume XVIII of the Annals of the 
Missouri Botanical Garden has been issued, and contains 
papers by Dr. David H. Linder, Mr. Harry J. Fuller, Mr. 
Julian A. Steyermark, Dr. Ernest S. Reynolds, and Dr. Edgar 
Anderson and Miss Dorothea de Winton. 

Mr. John Adam Moore and Mr. Julian A. Steyermark, 
Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellows in the Henry Shaw 
School of Botany, will make an expedition this summer into 
the Davis Mountains in Texas, the Guadaloupe Mountains 
in New Mexico, and other little-visited regions adjacent, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 83 


where they plan to collect sets of plants for distribution. 

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, has given the 
following talks recently: April 20, before the Ladies’ Aid 
Society, United Hebrew Temple, ‘‘The Missouri Botanical 
Garden’’; April 23, before a meeting of the Engineers’ Club 
of St. Louis, ‘‘The Plant Commonwealth’’; April 24, before 
Town and Gown, ‘‘Plants as Engineers and Architects’’ ; 
April 28, before the St. Louis Florists’ Club, ‘‘Some Things 
We Don’t Often See in Plants.”’ 

Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, gave a 
talk before the South Kirkwood Garden Club, April 10, on 
‘‘The Use of Native Plants in the Garden.’’ On April 12 he 
spoke before a meeting of the citizens of Sullivan, Mo., on 
‘“‘The Organization of a Garden Club.’’ A new garden club 
was organized at this meeting under the name of ‘‘The Main 
Street of America Garden Club of Sullivan.’’ 

Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke 
before the Woman’s Chamber of Commerce at a luncheon 
at the Town Club, April 2, on ‘‘ Activities of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden’’; was principal speaker at the Arbor Day 
celebration of the North St. Louis Business Men’s Association, 
at Chain of Rocks Park, April 10; spoke before the Fathers’ 
Club of the University City High School, April 13, on ‘‘Col- 
lecting Orchids’’; and gave an illustrated talk before the 
Wydown Men’s Club of the First Congregational Church, in 
University City, April 14, on ‘‘Plant Exploration.’’ 


7 rai ee ME CG 


84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1931 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


Total number of visitors..... 0.0.60. .cccesecudssadoveres 42,557 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought........... 71 

Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 147 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of seed packets donated................00- 402 

Total number of plants donated.................cceeeees 125 


HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase— 


Blankinship, Dr. J. W.—Plants of Lake County, California 683 
Goodman, George J., and C, L. Hitchcock—Plants of west- 

Ora (mie PUates 6 isos 5 Ses oc ess 0h5 Os oe eee Cees 127 
Moldenke, Harold N.—Plants of southeastern United States 1,509 
Schultz-Korth, Karl, by Dr. J. M. Greenman—Photographs 

of types and authentic specimens in Berlin Herbarium 72 
Smithsonian Institution, by Dr. Wm. R. Maxon—Plants of 


EROREE 5 Goes Cee Rd ik Ee ate able osh' aioe OE 594 
Steyermark, Julian A.—Plants of New England, Illinois, 

CT PRP Sil 1g pag ete ian ae RR 7) Uy ae 488 

By Gift— 
Botanical Garden, Madrid, Spain, by Dr. E. Balguerias— 

Photograph of Swertia cucullata Sesse and Mocifio.... 1 
Fuller, Prof. George D.—Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Mog. 

PENT CU PRIUS 5p copia iis ke eiblela ale Sioa.» aad Mee ee es i 
Grant, Dr. Adele Lewis—Photograph of Welwitschia...... 1 
Peebles, R. H., by C. L. Hitchcock—Plants of Arizona.... 13 
Sharp, W. M.—Senecio Petasitis DC.—Cultivated specimen 

ETOMT WEST VITSINIG F565 bcc Ons does dc cou 0s Galen vey ewes 1 
von Schrenk, Dr. Hermann—Plants of Texas............ 14 

By Exchange— 
Ciferri, R—Fungi from the Dominican Republic........ 9 
Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University—Plants of Cali- 

a) 4: Sa ae a ane ee ec ae 192 

University of California—Plants of China and Jamaica... 572 
By Field Work— 
Kellogg, John H.—Plants of Missouri................... 198 


FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 19381 


In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com- 
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits 
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol- 
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can 
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants 
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of- 
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting 
the Garden. 


JANUARY FEBRUARY 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids. 
Cyclamen, Second half month—Cinerarias, 
MARCH APRIL 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
March 1-15—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus. 
March 19-22—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors) 
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early- 


flowering Shrubs. 


MAY 
(Floral Display House) 
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines, 
and other spring annuals. 
(Outdoors) 
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies. 
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials. 


JUNE 


(Outdoors) 
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden. 


JULY 
(Outdoors) 
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber 
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden. 


AUGUST 
(Outdoors) 
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. 


SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House) 
Tropical Water-lilies. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties). 
NOVEMBER DECEMBER 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 


Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias. 


4 
* 
* 
sf 
2 


— ee he eee 


SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. 
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, 
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction 
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was, 
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although 
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri 
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title 
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred 
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of 
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands 
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were 
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of 
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro- 
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested 
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden 
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely 
from funds left by the founder. 


The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species 
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a 
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to 
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and 
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city 
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in 
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as 
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea 
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani- 
cal garden. 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except 
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until 
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave- 
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached 
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer. 


‘Himacan'x VON ScHRENK, © 

; se Pathologist ; 

Jesse M: GREENMAN, 
Curator of Herbarium 

‘Bpoan. ANDERSON, 

. ‘astebe S. RrYNoLbs, 

Physiologist 


'JouHN NoYEs, | 
» Consulting Landscape Architect 


“L. P. Jmnsen, 
- Arboriculturist 


apis 


. 
1 


‘Goshen 7, Moonz, q 


ae Bik eee | eh VattENTINE, 


mewn thee 


Director — 


soe a epue. KATHERINE H. Leia, 
; os Assistant to the Director — 


Davip H. ‘Linpze, 
: - Mycologist nee 
ANTON Hogstap, ‘Jn.,, 
Pharmacognosist | 
ROLAND V. LaGarpz, 
-Researeh Assistant 


dint’ BE. ‘Woopson, Jn, 
Research Asajstant 


New C. Horner, 
. Librarian and Editor of Publications 


Groree H. Pring, 
Superintendent 


PauL A, ptt 
Fioriculturist 


2 ELmvor ALBERTS LINDER, 
Ris Orchidologist 


W. F. Lanean, 
Chief Engineer 

A. P, BemMann, J. H. KEioa@e, 

Trees and Aarebe Herbaceous and ‘Nursery 
“J. Curax, J. LANGAN, » 

- Exotics ra Assistant ‘Engineer 
A. D. ForRESTER, a. Esha, 
_ Plant Recorder | : 


"Painter 


GRAY SsuMMrT EXTENSION ERE 


-D. -MILier, 
Orchids 

R. E. Kissncx, 

Engineer 


segs TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL. ‘ZONE 
ras ays a : > A. A. HUNTER) ~ 
Mice 2 Manager 


i 


SL ag REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE 
a ee ans ey Guxey Witsox, F. L. 8. 


Missouri BoranicaL 


GARDEN [BULLETIN ~ 


Vol. XIX MAY, 1931 No. 5.2. <a 


) CONTENTS 
i Page 


Adaptability of American Holly . . 2.0. 2 ee « + 85 
Termited and ‘Anite es PR eek cre ek Wo wre Ce ee eee 
Henry Shaw’s Alma Mater and Peter Collinson . . . 88 


Notes e . e . . . _* s . . . . Sd . s . . 95 
Statistical Information << .°.0. 2.6 . 3%. 2 « . . 96 
Floral Displays of Interest in 1931. 


ST. LOUIS, MO. 
1931 


Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees 


ted eee - — 
— a — 


SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS 


; OF THE meeounr BOTANICAL GARDEN 


é 
# 


THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S $ WILL 
eet AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF SHE aig 
_ EX-OFFICIO ME BERS, 18 SELF-PERPETUATING 


4 


% 


hs prea 
“GEORGE oY HITCHCOCK, 
"Vice-President a 
“SAMUEL ©, DAVIS. 
_ Second Vice-President 
DANIEL K. CATLIN, 


ALBERT T, PERKINS. 


Panu C. SCANLAN, 2 
eee A. H. Sunpiy, 


Fev Ga. Tass. 


| EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


-Vicron J. Muu, 
| Mayor of the. city of St. Louie: 


“Atrnen F, Sarremmewatn, 


President of The Academy of Scien “e 33 
of tae Louis. : 
Eee ae eed Ea, I: Spicer 

_- President of ‘the hacia of Hdueation of st. Louis. 


» 


Mo. 


Ror. 


GaRpD. BULL, Vor. 19, 1931 PLATE 


BRANCH OF HOLLY, SHOWING NEW LEAVES. 


ann | rE ' 
] f 
et 
Ng 
= S / 
~ =|. poll Pa 
aT see 


AMERICAN HOLLY, AFTER HAVING SHED ALMOST ALL ITS LEAVES. 


Missouri Botanical 


Garden Bulletin 


Vol. XIX MAY, 1931 No. 5 


ADAPTABILITY OF AMERICAN HOLLY 


Pictures of the Garden and records show that twenty-five 
years ago conifers and the broad-leaf evergreens were well 
represented in the Garden collection, but lately it has become 
increasingly difficult to grow them. ‘To-day only seven pines 
remain in the Garden, and of that large group known as 
broad-leaf evergreens (Rhododendron, ete.) only the Ameri- 
ean holly remains. The leaves of all evergreens are shed at 
some regular interval. In the Pine family they may persist 
for three, four, or five years. Each spring the oldest leaves 
are shed, because they are near the trunk of the trees and 
away from the light and therefore can no longer function effi- 
ciently. The majority of the leaves persist, however, and it is 
this habit which permits the smoky unnatural conditions to 
do so much harm to evergreens. Deciduous trees remain 
dormant and leafless during the winter when the atmosphere 
is smoky, and develop a new set of leaves each spring. 

The specimens of holly (Jlex opaca Ait.) around St. Louis, 
in order to live, have shown a remarkable ability to adapt 
themselves—they have become deciduous. This tendency has 
been noticed for several years, but not until this spring has 
it been so general and evenly timed. Within a period of ten 
days (April 15 to April 25) all leaves were shed and new 
bronze-green leaves appeared. Small trees of Jlex opaca have 
been planted in the Garden from time to time, but with the 
same results. They make good growth the first summer, some- 


(85) 


tl dla allt tab ae ted ek, pate > en itl heel pin le Nie ies nes ie lis 


86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


times live through the winter, but seldom survive the follow- 
ing summer. Lately all attempts to grow evergreens have 
been confined to Gray Summit, and there a splendid collection 
of conifers and broad-leaf evergreens are now growing. 

re ae : 3 


TERMITES AND ANTS 


In the ‘‘Philippine Agriculturist’’ for February, 1931, is 
an article by Dr. Leopoldo B. Uichanco, of the University of 
the Philippines, in which he suggests a new and simple treat- 
ment for exterminating ants and termites. Since ants in 
lawns and homes around St. Louis are particularly bad this 
year (probably on account of the mild winter), the following 
directions have been condensed from Dr. Uichanco’s article, 
for the convenience of BULLETIN readers. 


In the case of termite nests, a shallow trench was dug 
where the termite tunnels were connected. This was filled 
with water until the soil was so thoroughly drenched that ab- 
sorption became very slow. Enough waste engine oil or kero- 
sene (used crankease oil is excellent and can usually be ob- 
tained free from a garage or gas station) was then poured 
into the trench to make a very thick film on the surface of 
the water. As the water soaked downwards, the oil was 
drawn by surface tension under the ground and through the 
communication galleries of the termites into the nest. Pre- 
vious trials with oil alone had failed because the oil did not 
penetrate into the soil sufficiently to reach the main termite 
colonies. Besides the fact that more oil had to be used, the 
treatment resulted merely in shifting the direction of march 
of the ravagers. 


One treatment was in every case found sufficient to destroy 
an entire colony. The day following the operation termites 
were sometimes seen building tunnels, but these were the 
work of the workers that had been caught in the upper parts 
of the building during the treatment and shut off from their 
nests by the oil. In some cases the building of these tunnels 
continued for two or three days, but after this period the 
last remaining representatives of the colony disappeared. 


MO; bor, GARD: Bui; VoL. 19, 1osd PLATE 19 


PATH THROUGH GROUNDS OF MILL HILI, SCHOOL, SHOWING OLD 
CEDAR PLANTED BY PETER COLLINSON. 


MAIN BUILDING OF MILI, HILL SCHOOL. PETER COLLINSON TREES 
AT RIGHT. 


Mo, Bor. Garp. BuLti., Vor. 19, 198 PLATE 20 


SYCAMORE TREE PLANTED BY PETER COLLINSON 


PERRACE AT MILL HILL SCHOOL, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 87 


There has not been a single case of recurrence of infestation 
from the same source following any of the treatments. 


Its simplicity, the ease of obtaining the materials, and its 
efficacy against subterranean termites are among the desir- 
able features of the method. The practice has been found to 
work with equal success on ground-inhabiting species of ants 
which are a frequent nuisance around houses and yards. 
When treating ants’ nests, however, it was found unnecessary 
to dig a trench. The ground in which the openings of the 
nests were located was merely soaked thoroughly with water 
before oil was added. More water was then poured so as to 
give the oil better distribution. Several quarts of water and 
a cupful of oil are all that are needed for treating an average 
ants’ nest. Because of the injurious nature of mineral oils, 
the method should not, of course, be used if the nests are 
located at the bases of tree trunks or other valuable plants. 


In Webster Groves there is very commonly found a species 
of ant which is light yellowish or white (though it is a true 
ant and not a termite), which, while not dangerous to dwell- 
ings, is very unpleasant. It works mainly in the spring and 
builds its galleries beneath cracks in the cellar floors, bring- 
ing the excavated soil up through the cracks. In April the 
sexual winged forms emerge and swarm about the cellar in 
large numbers. On account of their light color, they are mis- 
taken for the dreaded ‘‘white ants’’ and cause great alarm. 
Ordinary methods of extermination are not usually success- 
ful, since the nest is underneath the cement floor and can be 
reached only through a narrow erack. Dr. Uichanco’s 
method was tried in two houses this spring and was found 
completely successful. The crack through which the ants 
were emerging was soaked at intervals for two days, then the 
oil was applied in a thin stream, nearly a quart being used 
in the case of a heavy infestation. A few stragglers were 
seen in the next day or two, but since that time they have 
completely disappeared. EK. A. 


88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


HENRY SHAW’S ALMA MATER AND 
PETER COLLINSON 


AUTHOR’S NOTE: HOW THE ARTICLE CAME TO BE WRITTEN.—Most of 
my year in England was spent bent over a microscope in a 
little laboratory just outside of London. One Saturday after- 
noon in early spring the librarian came dashing in and _ said, 
“Will you show a whole lot of people around? Everybody else seems 
to be away, and this whole crowd has turned up. I’ll have time to 
show them the grounds, but will you show them the laboratory, 
and demonstrate some of your slides under the microscope”? So 
I gladly turned to, quite as if I really belonged to the place, and 
showed a class from one of the London evening schools how the 
slides were made and what they looked like after they were made, 
and tried to explain why we were studying them. 


After the demonstration we went into the library for tea. In 
English laboratories visitors always arrive some time during the 
afternoon, and always stay for tea, which usually means fancy 
cakes, buns, and piles of bread and butter. During tea time I got 
into conversation with the leader of the group and found that he 
was a Science Master at Mill Hill School. Had it not been for one 
circumstance that name would have meant nothing to me, but it 
so happens that the very fine photographs of that school which won 
a prize at the World’s Fair in St. Louis were turned over to the 
Garden, They were hung beside the main staircase, and the labels 
stated that they were photographs of the school where Mr. Shaw 
had studied as a boy. I had gone up and down past them for seven 
years, and so I knew at once just where Mill Hill School was and 
just what connection existed between the School and the Garden. 

On two occasions I went out to the School and talked before 
groups of boys. I met several of the Masters, including Major Nor- 
man C. Brett-James, the historian, who has written very delight- 
fully about the school and about the old Quaker botanist, Peter 
Collinson. Most of the following account is taken (some of it 
verbatim) from his “Story of Mill Hill Village.” 


Mill Hill School, Mr. Shaw’s old Alma Mater, is pleasantly 
set among old trees just at the northern edge of modern Lon- 
don in the county of Middlesex. It occupies the very crown 
of a steep little hill, and its broad lawns and ample playing 
fields slope away attractively and give wide views to the west 
and north. The School occupies a magnificent site over 400 
feet above sea-level and immediately opposite to Harrow-on- 
the-Hill. From it can be seen Epping Forest on one side and 
the Chilterns on the other, and Windsor Castle is frequently 
visible. There is a legend that a former Headmaster prom- 
ised a half holiday whenever Windsor could be seen from 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 89 


the play-ground, a safe offer, as trees obscure it entirely from 
that spot. Surrounding the School are well over one hundred 
acres, and the unique position of the houses with the ground 
sloping away so abruptly should preserve the amenities of the 
school and the village for many years to come. 


Mill Hill School was founded in 1807 as a Protestant Dis- 
senter School, most of the great English schools being con- 
nected with, or under the influence of, the Church of Eng- 
land. It has had its ups and dcwns but is now a well-estab- 
lished and outstanding institution, with between four and 
five hundred scholars and splendidly equipped buildings. It 
has been unusually fortunate in some of its masters, having 
numbered among them the distinguished Dr. Sir James Mur- 
ray, the editor of the famous Oxford English Dictionary. 
His Seriptorium, in which much of his earlier work was done, 
was given to the School when he left, and was used as a read- 
ing-room by the boys. It burned down in 1902, and the ‘‘Old 
Boys’’ replaced it by a modern building for the same pur- 
pose, to commemorate Dr. Murray’s work. 


To American botanists the School is interesting, not only 
for its connection with Mr. Shaw, but because it is built on the 
site of Peter Collinson’s home and a number of his old trees 
are still standing. Peter Collinson, it will be remembered, 
was the friend and correspondent of Linnaeus and Benjamin 
Franklin, and was one of the most eminent botanists of 
the eighteenth century. It is one of the curious features of 
history that one age often forgets the doings of its predeces- 
sors, and Collinson has suffered severely in this respect. His 
son and Dr. Fothergill wrote short appreciations of him, and 
A. B. Lambert, the famous botanist, started to write his life, 
but it has been left to Maj. Brett-James to do justice to a 
man who was famous in his own day and was universally 
liked by persons of all creeds and classes. He appears in his 
letters as a charming old man with the courtly manners asso- 
ciated with Quakers, an enthusiastic lover of Nature and of 
science in all its branches, a keen politician with little dis- 
crimination and some stupid prejudices, and a man _ who 
numbered among his friends most of the eminent Whigs and 
not a few Tories, several prominent Roman Catholies and 


a 2 aad ’ geet Ope ar ot ee or 


PO ee ee ee ee oe ee) ol ee, 


90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


many Dissenters, and most of tlie foremost figures in scientific 
research in the century in which he lived. 


He was born on January 28, 1693 or 1694, in a house oppo- 
site Church Alley, St. Clement’s Lane, Lombard Street, and 
was the son of Elizabeth Hall, of Southwark, and of Peter 
Collinson, afterwards of the Red Lion, Gracechurch Street. 
His father’s family came from the Lake District, but had 
been settled in London for two generations. His father, whose 
quarrel with a fellow Quaker was made the subject of a most 
trenchant pamphlet, was a merchant who built up a consid- 
erable business in men’s merecery, and Peter and his brother, 
James, increased it by taking advantage of the growing trade 
with America. 


Collinson dated his love of botany from the age of two, 
when he was sent to be brought up by his grandmother at 
Peckham. She had a garden which was quite famous for its 
hedges and shrubs cut into fantastic shapes. Collinson event- 
ually succeeded to the property, which was perhaps situated 
in Meeting House Lane, and for twenty-five years he kept up 
the gardens there. In 1724 he married Mary, daughter and 
heiress of Michael Russell, of Ridgeway House, and Dollis 
Farm, Mill Hill, and the Chauntry, Sproughton, near Ips- 
wich. In 1749 Collinson came to live at Mill Hill, and four 
years later his wife died. 


Collinson’s life was not remarkable for incident, and 
though he was in touch with many movements of importance 
he never made any effort to bring himself before the public 
eye. Much of the time he could spare from business he de- 
voted to botany, and he was always ready to advise his friends 
in the laying out of their gardens. He was a Fellow of the 
Royal Society, and a Foundation Member of the reconstituted 
Society of Antiquaries; and the Royal Societies of Sweden 
and Berlin honored him with membership. He was taken ill 
while on a visit to Lord Petre at Thorndon Park, in Essex, 
in August, 1768, and he returned to Mill Hill to die. All that 
could be done to help him was done by the four doctors who 
attended him, but it was of no avail. He was buried in the 
Friends’ Burial Ground in Long Lane, Bermondsey, now 
used as a children’s playground. Collinson was anxious to 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 91 


perpetuate his own name, but both the little Peters died and 
his only surviving children were Michael, who succeeded him 
at Mill Hill and the Chauntry, and Mary, who married John 
Cator, of Beckenham Place, M. P. for Callington. His grand- 
son, Charles, had a very large family, but three of his sons 
died on active service, and there are no male descendants of 
the name living to-day. There are a number of Cators de- 
scended from Mary Cator’s nephew, among them being Miss 
Betty Cator, one of Princess Mary’s bridesmaids. 


Quakers were greatly attracted to botany in the seventeenth 
and eighteenth centuries, and gardening received a_ big 
fillip from the effort of Evelyn and others, who had picked up 
their knowledge from France and Holland. Collinson col- 
lected material for the lives of the early gardeners and en- 
deavored to do justice to their pioneer efforts. He himself 
was a pioneer, especially in exotics from America, and he was 
responsible for bringing into England over 170 new plants. 
A catalogue of his plants was found among his papers, and 
was published nearly a century after his death. He was an 
intimate friend of Sir Hans Sloane, the great naturalist, 
and contributed many rarities to his collections. When 
Sloane died Collinson helped te secure his treasures for the 
nation, and was thus almost one of the founders of the 
British Museum. 


His business connections with America made an exchange 
of seeds possible, and he secured a collector in John Bartram, 
of Philadelphia, who for over thirty years sent him seeds in 
exchange for those of English shrubs or for a money pay- 
ment. These were distributed by Collinson to many landown- 
ers all over the country, and thus he is responsible for much 
of the beauty in English parks to-day. A manuscript list of 
these enthusiasts is in the British Museum, and it includes 
the Dukes of Norfolk, Richmond, Bedford, Northumberland, 
Manchester, Portland, Argyle and Marlborough, the Earls 
of Essex, Ilehester, Macclesfield, Rochford, Alderman 
Beckford, the Hanburys, Penns and Barclays, well known in 
Quaker circles, and Collinson’s especigl friends, Lord Petre 
and Dr. Fothergill. With almost all these folk he was on 
terms of intimacy. The Duke of Richmond was his ‘‘affee- 


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92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


tionate friend.’’ Earl Rochford wrote, ‘‘Honest Peter and I 
eat ham and eggs together,’’ and the letters that passed be- 
tween him and Lord Petre are of extraordinary interest, 
since Petre was a devout Catholic and had relations (Earls of 
Derwentwater) who took part in the Jacobite Rebellions. 


The garden at Peckham has entirely vanished, but the Mill 
Hill garden which surrounds the School House is still treas- 
ured. Of Collinson’s trees there are three cedars (two of 
them from Goodwood), an evergreen oak, golden holly, an 
oriental plane, a splendid deciduous eypress, some fine chest- 
nuts, remains of the old Portugal laurel, and many others. 
From the Mill Hill garden Mr. Shaw got his first knowledge 
of the bald eypresses which he later planted so plentifully in 
Tower Grove Park and around his garden. The largest 
cypress is now a splendid specimen, about the size of those 
at the Missouri Botanical Garden, and this American tree 
throws a pleasant shade across the lawn where English boys 
play ericket. Loudon, the great botanist, wrote an account 
of the gardens in 1835, when the Linnaean Society had a gar- 
den party to celebrate the visit of their name-giver. It is 
only tradition that Linnaeus had planted the twin cedars 
one hundred years before, although we know from Collinson’s 
letters that Linnaeus did visit Mill Hill. Collinson was on 
friendly terms with this great Swedish botanist who gave him 
immortality by attaching his name to a genus (Collinsia) of 
perennial Labiates with yellow leaves. They corresponded 
for years, and Collinson endeavored, apparently without 
much sueceess, to convince Linnaeus that swallows did not 
spend the winter under water. He knew of their migrations 
from his friend, Sir Charles Wager, who observed the swal- 
lows on his ships when sailing in the Mediterranean. Wager 
was an Admiral who saw service at Cartagena against Spain, 
and eventually became First Lord. He was encouraged to 
collect by Collinson, and he became a most successful amateur 
gardener. 


Benjamin Franklin was in England for a number of years 
as representative of the people of Pennsylvania, and became 
a very good friend of Collinson’s, by whom he was introduced 
to the Royal Society. Franklin’s experiments in electricity 


ee te 


go 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 93 


were made possible by Collinson, and it was he who pub- 
lished Franklin’s book of researches both in England and 
France. The Public Libraries of Philadelphia and Darby, 
and the local Philadelphia Boys’ School owed a great deal to 
Collinson, who was their honorary agent for thirty years. 
Franklin came on several occasions to Mill Hill, and in 1917 
the 150th anniversary of his visits was suitably celebrated at 
the School. When Collinson died Franklin wrote to his son 
as follows :— 
“Dear Sir, 

“Understanding that an account of our dear departed friend 
Mr. Peter Collinson is intended to be given to the Public, I 
cannot omit expressing my approbation of the design, as the 
characters of good men are exemplary and often stimulate the 
well-disposed to an imitation beneficial to mankind, and hon- 
ourable to their successors. He encouraged the design of a sub- 
scription library in Philadelphia by making valuable presents 
to it and procuring others from his friends. And for 30 years 
he undertook the choice collecting and shipping of all our 
books without ever charging for his trouble ... In 1745 he 
sent me an account of the new German experiments in elec- 
tricity together with necessary instruments to repeat them... 
This was the first notice I had of that curious subject which I 
often afterwards prosecuted with some diligence, being encour- 
aged by the friendly reception he gave to my letters. Please 
to accept this small testimony of mine to his memory, for 
which I shall ever have the utmost regard.” 


Collinson was responsible for much of the planting of 
trees at Goodwood, and spent many happy days there with 
two successive Dukes of Richmond. Henry Fox, Lord Hol- 
land, who ran away with Richmond’s daughter and was the 
father of Charles James Fox, was another of Collinson’s inti- 
mate friends, and Holland House was a favorite place for 
the old Quaker to visit. Many gardens in the neighborhood 
of Mill Hill were enriched by gifts of Collinson, whose unsel- 
fish and often unrewarded efforts to improve the countryside 
deserved a better fate than that which has so far followed 
them. 


Collinson is honored at Mill Hill, and the garden, his 
‘little paradise,’’ is well cared for. Two of the boarding- 
houses have names associated with his memory—Collinson 
and Ridgeway. His old house, in which Mr. Shaw lived as a 


ae ths eh Pe Bee 


~~ 


94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


boy, was unfortunately pulled down in 1825, when it was 
showing signs of collapse. An indication of Collinson’s wide 
range of interests is given in his correspondence. The follow- 
ing extracts are typical of the hundred or more letters to Bar- 
tram which are still extant. 


“T caught a perch in my pond and left half of it on the hook. 
The great mud turtle, whom I have not seen for two years, ate 
it, and now I know the poacher who has cleared the pond of 
fish... The King has appointed thee his botanist with £50 each 
year. Please send me some plants; my inclination and fondness 
to natural productions is agreeable to the proverb, ‘Like the 
parson’s barn, refuses nothing.’ ... If thou callest on the Vir- 
ginians thou must be dressed in drugget clothes, and be clean, 
neat and handsomely attired. I hear thee talk much of Pitt 
and his retirement. He was glad of his pension and slipped his 
neck out of his collar when it best became him to serve his 
country. The loss of my plants affects me more than the loss of 
Pitt. We have a good man at the helm, Lord Bute, and a brave 
King, and have gained Louisiana without Pitt. .. I am here re- 
tired from the bustle, and hurry of town, meditating on the 
comforts I enjoy. The old Christmas log is burning and the fire 
of friendship is ablaze.” 


KE. A. 


NOTES 


The St. Louis Florists’ Club held a meeting at the Mis- 
souri Botanical Garden, May 14. After the business pro- 
gram they made a tour through the grounds. 


Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, gave 
an address before the Missouri Historical Society, April 14, 
on ‘*Termites’’; and spoke before the Engineers’ Club of St. 
Louis, April 30, on ‘‘Uses of Creosoted and Other Treated 
Timbers. ’’ 

The annual flower sermon, for which Mr. Shaw provided 
in his will, was preached at Christ Church Cathedral, May 10, 
by the Rev. Beverley D. Tucker, Jr., D. D., of Richmond, 
Virginia. 

Mr. Kazuo Gotoh, of the University of Taihoku, Formosa, 
Japan, formerly a graduate student at the Garden, has been 
spending several weeks in the Henry Shaw School of Botany, 
investigating the cytology of the genus Trillium. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 95 


Dr. Winifred Brenchley, of Rothamsted Experiment Sta- 
tion, Harpenden, England, visited the Garden, May 20, and 
spoke before the graduate seminar of the Shaw School of 
Botany, on ‘‘Types of Work at Rothamsted Experiment 
Station.’’ 

Recent visitors to the Garden include Prof. Alex. Laurie, 
professor of horticulture, Ohio State University; Mr. Paul 
A. Siple, junior member of the recent Byrd Antarctic Expe- 
dition; and Dr. Fanny Fern Smith (Mrs. Everett Davis), of 
Charlottesville, Virginia. 

The students and instructors in the department of botany 
of the University of Missouri, under the leadership of Dr. 
H. W. Rickett, assistant professor of botany, visited the 
Garden, May 9. After a tour through the grounds they were 
shown the herbarium and library. 

Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke 
before the Auxiliary of the St. Louis Medical Society, April 
24, on ‘‘Plant Curiosities’’; before the Carondelet center of 
the Young Women’s Christian Association, April 28, on ‘‘ How 
Orchids Grow’’; and before the Garden Club of Washing- 
ton, Mo., May 12, on ‘‘Orchid Exploration.”’ 


* 


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96 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL, 1931 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


wove NOMS! OF VISTLOPS . 2% .4%.0%-s 2 e'ea ks ee uaunne ans nigas 33,872 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought .......... 50 

Total number of bocks and pamphlets donated ......... 291 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of seed packets donated................. 498 

Total number of plants donated...................000. 208 
PLANT DISTRIBUTION: 

Total number of plants distributed gratis................ 35 


HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase— 
Bush, B. F.—Plants of Missouri....................e.2- 214 
Société Anonyme des Arts Graphiques, by courtesy of Dr. 
J. Briquet—Photographs of specimens in the De Can- 
cle) CFOS mh cc: gt ht 01 a ae er a ree aly ee 4 
Valeur, E, J.—Plants of the Dominican Republic......... 153 
By Gift— 
Anderson, Dr. E.—Plant of horticulture................. 
Berlin Botanical Garden and Museum—Fungi from Bra- 
wil, Coelebes; and Samoa, © ...:4 000s 06s hak os sauwn ase ccwe'ss 
Bettis, Mrs. James R.—Plant of Missouri............... 
Grant, Dr. A. L.—Plants of South Africa................ 1 
Hitchcock, C. L.—Lycium Cooperi Gray from California. . 
Kerbosch, M.—Economic plants of the Dutch East Indies 17 
Matthew, E. O.—Plants of Arizona and Mexico.......... 
Steyermark, Julian—Plant from Maine.................. 
von Schrenk, Dr. Hermann—Pines of Mexico............ 
Woodson, Dr. R. E., Jr..—Marchella hybrida from Missouri 


By Exchange— 
Herbarium of the Botanical Museum, Munich by Dr. Karl 


HPWH ROH Oe fe 


Suessenguth—Photograph of Lycium Marti Sendt...... 1 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden by Dr. H. K. Svenson—Lycium 

sp. from Galapagos IslandS..............ceccececceees 1 
Bureau of Science, Manila—Plants of the Philippine 

yRCUY W Fe pe Saree ene or orien ib ey 100 
Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University—Mosses and 

MOO RR ae at a Fee ays ara ww Sev ots oie 6s Oe ee 58 
Overholts, L. O.—Parasitic fungi of Missouri, Pennsyl- 

WOM EC ye vn oe oS eis Ss ES PR ei wee 55 
Riksmuseets, Botaniska Avdelning, Stockholm—Plants of 

Europe and the West Indies................0ceceeeees 1,317 
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England—Photographs of 

BOPORMIUM SHOCIMONG v6 ssi si eee ork Pes cae ee aes 16 


U. S. National Herbarium, Washington, D. C.—Plants of 
PU OU ee ec sa os eae eo asa na nheeee aia 31 


el Fe 


a 

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 97 

U. S. National Herbarium, Washington, D. C.—Plants of 
PWIGSTOITL: VITICCU. sSUALOS . 3 05s0 5 00-50 clensieiesoisieie loge es Secale d 60 

University of California—‘California Fungi’ Nos. 1-300 
and omiscepaneous L0N21 112 0c aicwiccwiccincibecw seu siace 412 

By Field Work— 

Kellogg, John H.—Plants of Missouri............. socnce . S64 
Ot ee oie Sb cise Rald Male RIE MORE Ce ee 2,791 


FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1931 


In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com- 
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits 
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol- 
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can 
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants 
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of- 
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting 
the Garden. 


JANUARY FEBRUARY 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids. 
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias. 
MARCH APRIL 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
March 1-15—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus. 
March 19-22—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors) 
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early- 


flowering Shrubs. 


MAY 
(Floral Display House) 
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines, 
and other spring annuals. 
(Outdoors) 
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies. 
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials. 


JUNE 


(Outdoors) 
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden. 


JULY 
(Outdoors) 
Tropical plants, Annuals. Economic Garden —farm crops, fiber 
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden. 


AUGUST 


(Outdoors) 
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. 


SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House) 
Tropical Water-lilies. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties). 
NOVEMBER DECEMBER 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 


Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias. 


SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. 
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, 
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction 
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was, 
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although 
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri 
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title 
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred 
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of 
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands 
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were 
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of 
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro- 
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested 
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden 
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely 
from funds left by the founder. 


The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species 
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a 
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to 
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and 
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city 
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in 
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as 
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea 
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani- 
cal garden. 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except 
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until 
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave- 
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached 
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer. 


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“Jesse M. ‘GRreNMAN, -\) Rouarp V. LaGarog,.. yh a. 
Curator of Herbarium Research Assistant SOR A a? 
“Epoan ANDERSON, RR ; _ Roserr E, Woonson, Je, | 
Geneticist Pye MN Toe Research Assistant | Ree oe ean 
_ ERNest s. iaeheibe:, Nett C.-Hogpner, By ond ue 
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Joun Noyes, Paut A. Kout, : Rap tee 
Consulting Landscape Architect Fioriculturist Ey paliet s 


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A. P, BEILMANN, ‘J. H. Kextoga, F 
' ‘Trees and Shrubs — * . Herbaceous and Nursery 
J. Curak, * . aoe rrr oe Ee. TS, arta Mica a kr di 
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‘Plant Recorder bere ee _ Painter _ Sige ee ge ae ied 
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REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE 
GUBNEY Witson, F. L, 8. 


~~ 


Missouri BOTANICAL 
GARDEN /BULLETIN 


Vol. XIX JUNE, 1931 No. 6 


$ 4 
4. 
CONTENTS : 
age 
The American Bottom and the Characteristic Plants of ely? 
the Region + . ° . e . ° * ~ e . . * ~ - 99 ae a 


A New Inexpensive Shade for Greenhouses . . . . . 109 
fo. a eee ORE Aap Se eee a NL oe ea tae et a eay ht 


Statistical Information . ... . - - 5 ees ss 112 : 
Floral Displays of Interest in 1931. 
ST. LOUIS, MO. een 
1931 at 


Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees 


= = = ale 
iB 
SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ne 


ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS 


| BOARD oF TRUSTEES © | 
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN | 


THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL 
AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE 
Spamadiban’ MEMBERS, Is SELY-PERPETUATING 


vs 


_ President 
GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK 


: Vice-President 

SAMUML. C. testa 
“Second Vice-President 
‘DANIEL K. CATLIN, 


ALBERT T. PERKINS, 

"Pump ©. SCANLAN, 

-Ernan A. H. SHEPLEY. 
FRep G. ‘ZEIBIG. 


‘EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


fs 


- Gzosax R. ‘TaRo0P, . een Victor be Mruen, 
Chancellor of Washington University ; “swede: of the Fe of St. Louis 
| PREDERICK F. JouNsox, cee | ALrRED F, Sarrunrenware, 


Fos actd ip the Diocese of Missour! : “President of The Academy of Sclence 
ma i OB St: Louis. _ a Ww 


iss ian Se Bane ee 
- Bpeatgeny of the ‘Board of. Education of ‘St. Louis” 


‘ a . a 


Missoun Botanical 


Garden Bulletin 


Vol. XIX JUNE, 1931 No. 6 


THE AMERICAN BOTTOM AND THE 
CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS OF THE REGION 


The term ‘‘ American Bottom’’ is commonly applied to the 
region commencing at the bluffs at Alton and extending south 
to Prairie du Pont Creek in St. Clair County. It is bounded 
on the east by a chain of bluffs in the State of Illinois and 
on the west it reaches but a few miles across the Mississippi 
River into Missouri. The term is more broadly applied to 
that part of the Mississippi flood plain in Illinois extending 
southward from the bluffs at Alton to the confluence of the 
Kaskaskia River with the Mississippi. The territory is about 
one hundred miles long, and covers approximately 500 square 
miles, or 320,000 acres. 

During the Revolutionary War, about 1781, a small band of 
enterprising emigrants from the eastern colonies moved into 
Illinois, a part of them settling near Bellefontaine in Monroe 
County and another part in the Mississippi Bottom. It was 
the settlers in the Mississippi lowland who gave the section 
the name ‘‘ American Bottom.’’ In 1887 it was considered the 
largest and most fertile body of alluvial soil in the United 
States. Some of it had been cultivated for more than 150 
years without improvement of the soil and yet production 
was luxuriant. Almost all the early French settlements were 
made in the American Bottom. 

Due to its relation to the Mississippi River the American 
Bottom has been frequently inundated. The first time on 


(99) 


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— in dy 2) tose id ee eee a 


100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


record was in 1770, when the river overflowed the banks 
opposite Fort Chartres. At that time the river was three- 
fourths of a mile from the Fort, but it continued to advance 
until 1772, when one of the walls of the Fort was washed 
down by the river’s overflow. An extraordinary inundation 
was in 1784, when there was a deep overflowing of the Ameri- 
ean Bottom. The inhabitants were forced to make temporary 
encampments on the high land, and some of them cultivated 
the land on the hills. Many of the people of Cahokia left 
that town and founded a settlement on the rocky bluffs south- 
east, which they called Bon Succour. The next very high 
water was in 1844, a flood which almost destroyed the villages 
of Cahokia, Prairie du Pont, Prairie du Rocher, and Kas- 
kaskia. In 1851 there was another flood, and still others in 
more recent years. 


For a more complete picture of the nature of the American 
Bottom one must consider the geology of the region. The 
Pleistocene, the Carboniferous, and the Silurian are repre- 
sented in the Missouri section, though not all of these pe- 
riods are exposed. The Neocene, Eocene, Cretaceous, and 
Jura-Trias are entirely lacking here and in the neighboring 
territories both in Missouri and in Illinois. In the Illinois 
section, the Quaternary, Carboniferous, and Silurian sys- 
tems may be recognized. The coal measures are found in the 
Illinois portion, as well as in the Missouri section above the 
mouth of the River des Peres. The latter district is a portion 
of the Illinois coal field. 


The alluvium in this region is partly derived from the Mis- 
souri River, which flows into the Mississippi about ten miles 
north of St. Louis. It is composed mainly of sand, with 
coarser material toward the bottom. Clay or a mixture of 
clay and sand overlays the sand. These deposits, which are 
numerous but variable both in size and locality, are also the 
beginnings of sandbar formations. On the west bank of the 
Mississippi occur wider or narrower bottoms, flooded at times 
of high water only. Their subsoil, to a depth of several feet, 
is a heavy loam laid down by the river. Tall annuals cover 
these banks during the summer and winter, and the thick 
mat of decaying vegetation forms a rich black soil. As a re- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101 


sult of the nature of the shore south of St. Louis, terrace 
formations are absent. 

Loess, the loamy clay, overlays the St. Louis limestone by 
sometimes as much as fifty feet. Worthen considers it possible 
that the loess ‘‘was accumulated when the present valley of 


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the river was occupied by a chain of lakes, the waters of 
which filled it nearly to the height of the adjacent highlands 
and that it was originally spread over the whole surface of 
the valley. A considerable portion of it was no doubt re- 
moved during the drainage of the valley by the gradual ele- 
vation of the surface and other portions have been subse- 
quently removed by the action of river eurrents.’’ Bouldery 


, Wane cael ee eee eS Ue oa a ead ial - Pe ei re, 2S oat, 


102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


drift underlies the loess and covers the surface along the 
western bank of the Mississippi bounding the American Bot- 
tom on the west. 


The ferruginous sandstone of the Chester group is repre- 
sented in this territory by a thin layer of sandy shale, never 
more than a few feet in thickness. It directly overlays the 
St. Louis limestone. Some of the limestone strata are a nearly 
pure carbonate of lime; others are limestone mixed with sand. 
They reach their greatest development on the western shore 
of the Mississippi between the mouth of the Meramec and the 
mouth of the River des Peres and contain many characteristic 
fossils. The beds of limestone were first described by Dr. 
George Engelmann of St. Louis. 


Referring to the western boundary of the coal measures, 
Bowman points out that ‘‘at Granite City the sediments rest 
on the massive bed of the Mississippian limestone, while at 
Monk’s Mound and near Peters they rest respectively on a 
shale and a sandstone which are undoubtedly coal-measure 
strata.’’ He regards the line of contact between the Mis- 
sissippian and the Pennsylvanian formations in the Ameri- 
can Bottom as probably somewhere between the eastern ridge 
of East St. Louis and Monk’s Mound. It is probable that the 
Pennsylvanian formation extended across the flood plain of 
the Mississippi, since ‘‘Coal measures rocks are found not only 
in the bluffs from Centerville around to North Alton and in 
sections of deep wells near Monk’s Mound and Peters, but 
beyond the Mississippi in the city of St. Louis and the dis- 
triects west and northwest.’’ Bowman considers this to have 
been the condition in the preglacial times, since most geologists 
are agreed that the river trimmed the present bluff line 
previous to the glacial epoch. 

Hus says: ‘‘The Bottoms on the Missouri side, nowhere 
very wide, have resulted partly from the deposition by the 
Mississippi of a heavy loam mixed with sand, and partly 
from the deposition of colluvial soil brought down from the 
uplands. This soil is rich in lime and in the course of time 
has been covered by a black humus. 

‘‘The sandy islands of the Mississippi have the same origin 
as the sandy stretches immediately bordering the Mississippi 


oT ee 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 103 


on the St. Clair County side and which frequently occur 
farther inland, the remains of a former river bank, of which 
is found so striking an example at Cahokia, and which, be- 
cause of the xerophytic character of their ground cover, are 
readily recognized. 


‘‘The American Bottom represents an older as well as a more 
recent river deposit. This is in places covered by the rich mud 
of the Missouri combined with a large amount of vegetable 
matter brought down by the Mississippi. Close to the river 
its level is but slightly elevated above that of the latter; 
farther inland its surface rises several feet. Where the land 
is low and mainly consists of clay it constitutes what is known 
as the ‘wet bottom’; other, higher places, where the soil 
is sandy and which largely lack the recent river deposit, are 
designated as ‘dry bottom.’ The latter is met with on the 
west side of Horseshoe Lake and in the vicinity of Cahokia. 
Here and there woods occupy the land and formerly did so 
to a greater extent, but at present they have largely been 
cleared away. As is to be expected, sloughs also occupy por- 
tions of the land surface, and swamps, the result of slowly 
draining lakes, are plentiful. Both in the lower part of the 
American Bottom and close to the bluffs are a number of 
lakes which receive their water from the numerous creeks 
descending from the Hlinois plateau. The lakes of the Ameri- 
ean Bottom may be readily interpreted as being parts of 
the old bed of the river, isolated by a series of cut-offs. The 
origin of such lakes, which are typical of the swamps of all 
gulf rivers but especially of the Mississippi, lies in the winding 
course of rivers through their flood plains. As pointed out by 
Marbut, these windings or meanders are primarily caused by 
some obstruction which deflects the currents against one of 
the banks, resulting in the excavation of this bank and deposi- 
tion on the other. This action causes a slight bend of the 
river bed. Since the process continues there finally comes 
about, through deposition on the inner curve and excavation 
of the outer, a deep bend known as the ‘ox-bow.’ The size 
and length of existence of these ox-bows are determined by 
various factors, among which the greater length of the stream 
and consequent lower gradient and increased velocity play 


7 


Pe, 


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i. 


104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


important parts. In a meander of great length the differ- 
ence in water level on opposite sides of the narrow neck will 
be appreciable and result in the cutting of a small ravine back- 
ward from the lower side. This ravine, in times of flood, 
becomes enlarged and soon forms a new channel for the entire 
river, forming a cut-off. It may be noted that for each river 
there appears to be an average width of meander before the 
cut-off is made. This width, for the Mississippi, is about six 
miles, but is sometimes execeded, as at New Madrid. How- 
ever, it seems but reasonable to suppose that in earlier days 
when the volume of water carried by the river was greater, 
and the material coarser and erosion easier, the size of the 
ox-bows was correspondingly greater. Under this assumption 
we can interpret the lakes of the American Bottom as the 
result of a single cut-off. 


‘‘A comparison of the St. Louis sheets of the U. S. Geo- 
logical Survey of November, 1893, and April, 1904, shows the 
probable existence at one time of an ox-bow fully twelve miles 
across. Thus the most northern part of the cut-off is formed 
by Horseshoe Lake; Spring Lake and Grand Marais Lake 
form the middle part; while Cahokia Lake forms the south 
bend. In the years which elapsed between the surveys for 
the two maps (1888-1903) great changes took place, especially 
as far as the outlines of the lakes are concerned. The 1904 
map shows that their area has been greatly reduced. Horse- 
shoe Lake has retreated from its former western boundary ; 
Indian Lake has become a mere swamp, and Spring Lake 
occupies now about one-twentieth of its original surface, lim- 
ited to the most eastern portion, the remainder being swamp. 
All connection with Pittsburg Lake has been lost. Pittsburg 
Lake remains practically as it was except that here and there 
it has retreated and portions of it have been diked. Of Ca- 
hokia Lake but a small portion of the northeastern part re- 
mains as open water, and for the greater part it is a swamp 
through which flows Prairie du Pont Creek.’’ 


Since in the American Bottom there are so many of these 
depressions which have once been a part of the river bed it 
might be worth while to consider one of these more in detail. 
The region of Horseshoe Lake is very interesting from the 


a St 


faa ee ee ee eel 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105 


point of view of its flora. On the northern shore Nelumbo 
lutea is the prevailing type of plant farthest from the shore. 
An occasional plant of Castalia odorata (Nymphaea odorata) 
also oceurs. Scirpus maritimus is the prominent water-margin 
plant, extending up the marsh shore forty or fifty feet, and 
the most inconspicuous plant which is found on the lake 
borders is Jussiaea repens. Associated with Scirpus maritumus 
and partially concealed by it is a species of Eleocharis, which 
becomes very vigorous and abundant in places where the 
taller bulrush is sparse. In other places the Eleocharis has 
been forced to the water’s edge by Scirpus lacustris, which, 
however, remains secondary to S. maritimus. Sagittaria lati- 
folia follows along the shore. Bidens frondosa begins in this 
zone but culminates on the shore side. Diminutive forms, 
such as Wolffia, Lemna, and Spirodella, are found abundantly 
in this zone. 


The Carices are the most abundant forms, but not so con- 
spicuous as some larger plants which are equally common 
with each other. This association consists of Polygonum 
Muhlenbergii, Boehmeria cylindrica, Apocynum androsaemi- 
folium, Hibiscus militaris, Amorpha fruticosa, and Bidens 
frondosa, Pilea pumila is very plentiful but not conspicuous. 
Bordering this zone there is a slight rise of elevation which 
is sufficient to introduce a few shrubs and trees, and here 
Amsonia Tabernaemontana, Cephalanthus occidentalis, and 
Salix longifolia are prominent. In the shrub zone there are 
a few climbing plants, Polygonum scandens, Apios tuberosa, 
and Strophostyles sp. Eupatorium coelestinium is the most 
common, E. altissimum and Erigeron annuus are secondary, 
whereas Salix amygdaloides and Betula lutea are the most 
characteristic shrubs. This zone gradually merges into the 
real tree zone which occupies the old river shore. Immense 
syeamores (Platanus occidentalis), swamp maples (Acer 
rubrum), and Populus deltoidea are the typical trees. A dense 
undergrowth of shrubs is found here, the most conspicuous of 
which are Betula lutea, Salix amygdaloides, Adelia acuminata, 
Ulmus fulva, Fraxinus americana, Crataegus viridis, Cornus 
asperifolia, and Gleditsia triacanthos. Sicyos angulatus, Vitis 
cinerea, V. vulpina, and Tecoma radicans are the prominent 


106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


lianas. Boehmeria cylindrica, Astragalus canadensis, and 
Oenothera biennis are the common plants in small clearings. 
Ambrosia trifida and A. artemisiifolia have been introduced. 


Farther east a small stream enters the lake and along its 
quiet shores Jussiaea repens forms a conspicuous border. 
Scirpus maritimus is wanting and Polygonum Muhlenberg 
and Siwm cicutaefolium crowd each other for the next place 
and then give way to a shrubby thicket of Salix nigra, 
S. amygdaloides, and S. longifolia, which in turn are almost 
succeeded by Adelia acuminata, a form which seems so well 
adapted to this habitat that other forms searcely exist in this 
almost impenetrable thicket it makes beyond the willows. 
There is no ground vegetation and scarcely a willow. An in- 
teresting adaptation is shown by the Adelia which accounts 
in part for this dense thicket growth. Where the long droop- 
ing branches touch the wet soil roots are quickly put out and 
in a short time young and independent trees have originated. 
Somewhat north of this thicket an axe clearing has been made 
and willows are beginning to enter. Typha latifolia is the 
commonest plant here, but Bidens frondosa nearly equals it. 
Sagittaria latifolia occupies the moister places. Penthorum 
sedoides is also frequent, and seedlings of Acer saccharinuwm 
are abundant. Bounding the Adelia thickets and the clear- 
ings one finds large trees of Fraxinus americana and Acer 
saccharinum farther back. 


To return now to the consideration of the American Bottom 
in general—one of the striking features of this territory are 
the numerous elevations known as ‘‘Indian Mounds’’. A great 
portion of this bottom is below the high-water level of the 
Mississippi River and is therefore inundated annually by the 
overflow of the river, whereas other portions are above the 
high-water mark and owe their origin to some other cause 
than the river. It is probable that a considerable portion of 
the bottom area was originally composed of drift clay and 
loess, deposited after the valley was scooped out of the sub- 
earboniferous limestone. They filled the valley to a height 
of fifty to sixty feet above its present level and then were in 
part removed by subsequent erosion during the period of ele- 
vation and drainage succeeding the drift epoch. <A proof 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 107 


of this are many elevations scattered over the surface of this 
bottom, locally known as ‘‘Mounds’’, the construction of 
which has generally been attributed to the aborigines or by 
later inhabitants for religious or other purposes. 


According to Worthen, ‘‘These elevations vary in height 
from ten to sixty feet or more above the level of the sur- 
rounding bottom and when carefully examined are found to 
consist of drift clay and loess, remaining in situ just as they 
appear along the river bluffs where similar mounds have been 
formed in the same way by the removal of the surrounding 
strata by currents of water.’’ On examination of a section of 
one of these mounds it was found to consist of fifteen feet of 
common drift clay at the base, overlaid by thirty feet or more 
of ash-colored marly sands of the loess, the line of separation 
between the two deposits remaining distinct and well defined. 
Hence it is inferred by Hus and Worthen that these mounds 
are not of artificial formation but simply outliers of loess and 
drift that have remained as originally deposited, while the 
surrounding contemporaneous strata were swept away by de- 
nuding forces. 


The dry bottom on the Missouri side comprises a strip 
some twenty to fifty yards wide immediately adjacent to the 
railroad tracks but situated several feet lower. Trees and 
shrubs are ordinarily isolated and consist of specimens of 
Acer saccharinum, Aesculus glabra, Gleditsia triacanthos, 
Gymnocladus dioica, Prunus serotina, Fraxinus americana, 
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, Amelanchier canadensis, Ulmus fulva, 
Morus rubra, Betula nigra, with here and there brambles and 
plants of Vitis cinerea and V. vulpina, Rhus Toxicodendron, 
and Tecoma radicans. The more common weeds occur fre- 
quently, among them being Myosurus minimus, Ranunculus 
abortivus, Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Geranium carolinianum, 
_ Oxalis stricta, Melilotus alba, Trifolium repens, Potentilla 
canadensis, Apocynum cannabinum, Verbascum Thapsus, 
Plantago lanceolata, Cyperus ovularis, Eleocharis tenuis, 
Agrostis scabra. Also great clumps of Clematis virginiana 
occur throughout the year. 

In contrast to the dry bottom of Missouri, the wet bottom 
supports a flora of great luxuriance, though not particularly 


-— a eS Ta Oe 


i a. —— ne » 4 _ ae Ry eae ee i de 


108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


rich in species. Willows here form the main tree growth, 
chiefly Salix cordata, S. longifolia and S. nigra, together with 
Populus deltoides. Numerous vines are Cissus Ampelopsis, 
Vitis cinerea, V. palmata and V. vulpina, Convolvulus sepium, 
and Polygonum dumetorum and P. scandens, twining among 
the bushes. Allium cernuum, Euphorbia humistrata, Prunella 
vulgaris, Taraxacum officinale, Senecio aureus, Valerianella 
radiata, Oenothera biennis, Stellaria longifolia, Radicula 
obtusa and Ranunculus abortivus form a mat, together with 
the sedges and grasses, mainly Carex conjuncta, C. granu- 
laris, C. vesicaria var. monile, Scirpus atrovirens, Alopecurus 
geniculatus and Elymus virginicus. Here and there single 
plans of Hibiscus lasiocarpus stand out. Clumps of Jris versi- 
color also occur. Different species of Polygonum, among 
which P. amphibium var. Hartwrightii is the most striking, 
take possession of large tracts of land. Other species promi- 
nent during summer and autumn are Baptisia leucantha, 
Lespedeza capitata, Bidens cernua, B. aristosa (Coreopsis 
aristosa), Eupatorium purpureum, Vernonia fasciculata, 
Chenopodium ambrosioides, Asclepias imcarnata, different 
species of Rumez, and Saururus cernuus. In the fall the Com- 
positae are the most prominent. 


The bottoms of the River des Peres, near where it enters 
the Mississippi, differ markedly from the Missouri bottoms 
of the Mississippi. The bottoms of the River des Peres show 
several terraces. On the north side they are covered chiefly 
with grasses, but trees and shrubs form the striking feature 
of the bottoms on the south side. 


That portion of the Illinois bottom usually designated as a 
‘‘dry’’ bottom and possessing a sandy soil supports a rich and 
greatly diversified flora, in sharp contrast to the drier and 
higher portions of the Mississippi bottom in St. Louis County, 
where the soil is a heavy clay. The spring flora is rich in 
Ranunculaceae and in Cruciferae, such as Ranunculus abor- 
tivus, R. repens, Myosurus minimus, Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 
Dentaria laciniata, Draba brachycarpa, Radicula sinuata, 
Cerastium arvense, and C. nutans. Geranium carolinianum 
and Ovalis stricta are also dominant plants. Umbelliferae are 
present in the form of Chaerophyllum procumbens and Cryp- 


a a i 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109 


totaenia canadensis. Cyperaceae are numerous and during 
the summer months many Leguminosae. Here also are found 
many Compositae, predominant during the autumn. Where 
there are woods, Quercus coccinea var. tinctoria, Q. imbri- 
carta, (. macrocarpa, and Y. Muhlenbergui are found together 
with Acer saccharinum and Ulnus fulva. 

The wet bottoms of Illinois have been converted almost 
wholly to agricultural purposes. However, the original flora 
consisted entirely of trees and shrubs, the formation being 
frequently interrupted by sloughs, lakes, and swamps. After 
the spring flora rich in Ranuneculi and Crucifers comes a 
summer flora equally luxuriant, consisting mainly of Hyperi- 
cum mutilum, Abutilon Theophrasti, Cassia Chamaecrista, 
Potentilla monspeliensis var. norvegica, and numerous Com- 
positae. 


The swampy grounds of the American Bottom are ordi- 
narily covered with growths of willows, maples, and oaks. In 
places the flora is shrubby, and Ilex decidua, Gleditsia aqua- 
tica, and Cephalanthus occidentalis are found. Herbaceous 
plants, most of them aquatics, are very abundant. In the fall, 
Ranunculi and Crucifers disappear as well as various sedges, 
and at this time some of the Compositae reach their greatest 
development. 

Mary LrepGErwoop. 


A NEW INEXPENSIVE SHADE FOR 
GREENHOUSES 


What to use as a temporary summer shade for a greenhouse 
is always a matter of interest to gardeners and florists. Par- 
ticularly concerned is the one who has had the laborious task 
in the fall of hand-seraping the glass to allow the entrance of 
much-needed sunshine. The ideal mixture is that which will 
give the desired shade during the season and yet possesses 
sufficient adhesive properties to withstand the summer rains. 
About September the shading should begin to wear off until 
by winter it has entirely disappeared, permitting full sun- 
shine during the winter. The grower who has been unfortu- 
nate enough to use white paint instead of white lead as a base 


110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


for his spray will find himself busily engaged scraping off the 
summer spray from the roof glass. 


Various shading materials, including white lead, whiting, 
benzine, ete., were discussed in detail in the May, 1922, 
Buuietin. More recently another material has been used at 
the garden as a ‘‘sticker’’ with very satisfactory results— 
ordinary Portland Cement. For a temporary spray in early 
spring (which by the way is always a rush order) strong 
enough to withstand several rains, use one part of cement to 
three parts of whiting. Keep well agitated when spraying 
and when dry a pure white shade will result. For a perma- 
nent summer spray that seems to meet all requirements, 
including that of peeling off with the first frost, the following 
formula has proven entirely satisfactory : 


Water 3 gallons 
Cement (three 4-inch pots) ccc 6 pounds 
Whiting (two 4-inch pots) cece 5 pounds 
Powdered glue (one 3-inch pot)................ Y% pound 


Ordinary powdered glue dissolved in hot water is added to 
the solution of cement and whiting just before spraying upon 
the roof. Keep well agitated. Remember that cement hardens 


rapidly and do not make up more than can be used at one 
time. G. H. P. 


NOTES 


The Art Extension Group of the University of Illinois 
visited the Garden, June 18. 

Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, spoke 
before the St. Louis chapter of the American Society of Civil 
Engineers, May 25, on ‘‘Termites.’’ 

Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, gave an 
illustrated talk before the Art Section of the Scottish Rite 
Woman’s Club, June 3, on ‘‘Orchids.’’ 

Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, spoke be- 
fore the Webster Groves Nature Study Society, June 15, his 
subject being ‘‘Ten Thousand Miles After Blue Flags.”’ 


ae oe il 


~~ 
ps 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 111 


The ‘‘Sikeston Standard,’’ Sikeston, Mo., issue of June 2, 
in a plea for highway beautification, has reprinted the address 
given by Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, 
before the American Institute of Park Executives, at Detroit, 
in August, 1921. 

The following organizations have been guests of the Mis- 
souri Botanical Garden Extension at Gray Summit recently: 
May 4, Kirkwood Garden Club No. 1; May 5, Garden Club 
of Webster Groves; May 21, South Garden Club of Kirkwood ; 
June 7, St. Louis Horticultural Society, and the Garden Clubs 
of Sullivan, Washington, New Haven, and Gray Summit, Mo. 


Recent visitors to the Garden include Miss Catharine L. 
Lieneman, instructor in botany, North Carolina College for 
Women, Greensboro, N. C.; Mr. George Baldwin, orchid 
grower, of Mamaroneck, N. Y.; Mr. Lloyd C. Cochran, assist- 
ant in plant pathology and graduate student, Michigan Agri- 
cultural College, East Lansing, Mich.; and Dr. R. A. Fisher, 
Chief Statistician, Rothamsted Experiment Station, Harpen- 
den, England. 

The second number of Volume XVIII of the Annals of the 
Missouri Botanical Garden has recently been issued, and con- 
tains the following papers: ‘‘A Monograph of the Genus 
Sidaleea,’’ by Eva M. Fling Roush; ‘‘Revision of the Genus 
Frasera,’’ by H. H. Card; and ‘‘Notes on the Distribution of 
Some Rocky Mountain Plants,’’ by George J. Goodman. 


Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, spoke 
before the citizens of New Haven, Mo., May 19, on ‘‘The 
Value of a Garden Club to the Community.’’ The Garden 
Club of New Haven was organized at this meeting. On June 
5, Mr. Jensen gave an illustrated talk before the members of 
the Webster Groves Nature Study Society on ‘‘Conservation 
of Native Plants.’’ 


ee ae eT ee ON ge ot Ya ee 
; , 


ea ere er Mm. Te Fee 


112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 1931 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


TOE) TM OEE TOL VIBILOTEs oss 6s 6 dae hee oS ooo ewes cleo essen 49,121 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought .......... 43 

Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 427 


HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase— 


Canton Christian College—Plants of China.............. 500 
Steyermark, Julian A.—Plants of Missouri and New Eng- 
a ea dwelt cee sk ier celle sae ae 203 
Verdoorn, Fr. ‘““Hepaticae Selectae et Criticae” Series II, 
Dee LOD, AC) e oo nc vale's oped ei isle ba Rees Lae, 50 
By Gift— ’ 
Anderson, Mrs, William H.—Muscari comosum Mill. from 
Arkansas (escaped from cultivation).................-. 1 
Beardsley, Miss Martha—Phoradendron sp. from New 
INGRUS o Herdta are go ce ond ea tone coe Gee ee 1 


Bull, Miss Rotha—Lesquerella densiflora (Gray) Wats. 
and L, auriculata (Engelm. & Gray) Wats. from Okla- 


PROMIM occa ate fret are, 2:4 Ame inlerpb toe biaa'y 5-4/de ae hs Ce AOS et le 2 
Child, Miss Marion (Mrs. Henry Moss)—Plants of Missouri 

CL UML Gis 6 Ag ae eae? Sea em oa 9 600 
Peebles, R. H., by C. L. Hitchcock—Lycium macrodon 

MIPOY TPON8 4B PIZGIA » ose o's ss oad 8 4-410 so sp awiselenwe wb e's 1 
Pring, George H.—Salpichroa rhomboidea Miers from 

SID RULCUAUULS 600 sis ois siviel ae ese CEN) ow in Vv wwe wale a ; af 


By Exchange— 
Gray Herbarium, by Dr. I. M. Johnston—Grabowskia 


glauca (Ph.) Johnston from Chile..................... 2 
Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires, by 

A, Castellanos—Plants of South America.............. 161 
University of California, by Prof. E. B. Copeland “Plants 

of California,” Nos. 501-600 incl....................... 100 
University of California at Los Angeles, by Dr. Carl C. 

Epling—Plants of California and India........... a... 300 


“Inn 


Ps 1 


FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1931 


In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com- 
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits 
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol- 
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can 
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants 
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of- 
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting 
the Garden. 

JANUARY FEBRUARY 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 


Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids. 
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias. 


MARCH APRIL 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
March 1-15—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus. 
March 19-22—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors) 
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early- 
flowering Shrubs. 


MAY 
(Floral Display House) 
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines, 
and other spring annuals. 
(Outdoors) 
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies. 
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials. 


JUNE 


(Outdoors) 
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden. 


JULY 
(Outdoors) 
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber 
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden. 


AUGUST 
(Outdoors) 
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. 


SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House) 
Tropical Water-lilies. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties). 
NOVEMBER DECEMBER 


(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias. 


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SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. 
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, 
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction 
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was, 
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although 
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri 
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title 
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred 
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of 
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands 
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were 
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of 
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro- 
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested 
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden 
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely 
from funds left by the founder. 


The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species 
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a 
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to 
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and 
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city 
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in 
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as 
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea 
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani- 
cal garden. 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except 


-New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until 


one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave- 
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached 
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer. 


Pathologist 


* Geneticist ie 


Physiologist 


_ JOHN NOYEs, . 


A. P. BEILMANN, 
‘Trees and Shrubs 
_ J. Curax, 
. Exotics 
A. D. Forests, 
Plant Recorder 


is 2 P, JENSEN, © 
ie » Avboricultarist f. 
G. Gonpexe, 


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: Hina vON SCHRENK, 
JESSE M. GueewMan, 
; Curator of Herbarium 
‘Epaar ANDERSON, 


Exnest S. REYNOLDS, - 


‘Consulting. yawn Architect 


-REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE 


roan T. Moda, : 
‘Director’ . 
KaTHERine “H. Lites, (07 Y 
Assistant to ‘the Director ea" 
Davin H, ‘LINDER, » et 
Mycologist p74 
Rovanp V. LAGARDE, — 
; “Research Assistant 
-. Ronear E, Woopson, JR, 
Research Assistant N 


NELL C. HoRNER, | 


~ 


GrorcE H, Prine, 


Superintendent S MNT be ae, 


Pau A, ane 
Fioriculturist 


W. F. Langan, 
Chief Bngineer 
*. “Se ES Kexxoa6, : 
Herbaceous and Nurséry 
Bs ot Se ae, 


Assistant Engineer 
A. PEARSON, 
Painter ; 
Be Vatenting, Bre ib 


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GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION 
Orokas pie yeh. 15 Ait 
_R. E. Kissscs, 


- Engineer ie ee Wat 


TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE. 


A. A HUNTER, ~ 
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A’ Spring-Clip Label Holder‘) ipo ig’ ee ANS 


‘Notes ha - . . ee | <j ole . . . . . ° 121 
_ Statistical Lnfornialien eh it wt Nae aegis fr ae ete 7 | 
aan ee hae Floral spp eaca of Interest in 195. | 
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( ; Oe "> Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees 
4 ‘SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 

-. ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR ' SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS 


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~~ Missour: BoTaNicaL 
 Garpen BuLietin 


Gas Treatment for the Peach Tree BOF i a 
_ Additional Early History of the Garden MRT aeeaietg st sige SHB 
A New Plant for Missousi . ERR AN Ve ne Ral CR oy Ok OES 


The Korean Chrysantheaam: SRR els, fat SpE athe OREM 


Be “BOARD | OF TRUSTEES: igs Sie 
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN | 


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AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE | 
- EX-OFFICIO MEMEEES: Is SELF-PERPETUATING | j 


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Prosidiins. 
“ @noncE C. HITCHCOCK 


4% Vice-President 
SAMUEL C. DAVIS. 


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Second Vice-President 
DANIEL K. CATLIN. 


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Chancellor Washington University "Mayor of the City of St. ‘Loui ‘ 


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if ‘Pentex F. JONSON, * ALeRED RF. ‘SarreRrawarr, 


- Bishop of the Diocere, of Sasol " President of The Academy of Selence Se 


of St. Louis, | 


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DANIEL Breck, Secretary 


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Missouri Botanical 


Garden Bulletin 


Vol. XIX SEPTEMBER, 1931 No. 7 


TRIUMPH TULIPS 


In recent years two new strains of tulips have been attract- 
ing considerable interest among bulb enthusiasts abroad. 
They are the ‘‘Mendel”’ tulips, said to be the result of cross- 
ing the early ‘‘Due van Thol’’ tulips with the ‘‘Darwins,’’ 
and the ‘‘Triumph,’’ hybrids between early tulips and vari- 
eties of ‘‘Darwins.’’ These new tulips carry large flowers 
on stiff stems, some of them approaching the ‘‘Darwins’’ in 
height. They are said to force easily, and in the garden they 
come into bloom a week earlier than the ‘‘Cottage’’ and ‘‘Dar- 
win’’ tulips. 

In the spring of 1928 thirty varieties of tulips were grown 
in pots at the Garden and flowered at the time of the St. 
Louis Spring Flower Show, which was being held in the 
floral display house from March 22 to 25. Last fall the Hol- 
land Bulb Exporters’ Association of Haarlem sent fifty-eight 
varieties of ‘‘Triumph’’ tulips for trial, eight bulbs to a 
variety. These bulbs were planted in the Linnean Garden 
(pl. 22). With the wonderful array of colors among existing 
varieties of ‘‘Darwin,’’ ‘‘Cottage,’’ ‘‘Breeder,’’ ‘‘Rem- 
brandt’’ and ‘‘Lily-flowered’’ tulips, it is difficult to select 
from these new races of tulips varieties that should surpass 
the old in beauty. There are some very good kinds but there 
are others that cannot be credited with any outstanding qual- 
ities. Mention should be made of the following five white 
varieties, all of which were considered very good: 


(113) 


Py 


114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 
KANSAS—18 inches. SNOWpDRIFT—19 inches. 
MrEKBUDA—21 inches. TorNAX—16 inches. 


SILVER STar—18 inches. 


The next twelve varieties were selected as some of the best 
in the collection. It is not intimated that they surpass in 
beauty any of the ‘‘Cottage,’’ ‘‘Darwin,’’ or other races of 
tulips of similar coloring, but their earliness is a factor to 
be considered. 


ALTESE—21 inches. A good light violet. 

ALARAPH—17 inches. The coloring of this tulip is so unusual as 
to attract immediate attention. It is almost mahogany, the petals 
being edged with yellow. 

Boston—21 inches. The flower is a pale rose-violet with a pink 
center, the edges of the petals salmon-rose. 


Castor—25 inches. This is a good tall variety having a stiff stem. 
The flower is dark violet. 

CoLorapo—19 inches. A good orange-colored variety. 

Hypra—17 inches. A dark scarlet. ' 

HERAUT—23 inches. Lilac, with pointed petals. 

JOHN vAN Loon—19 inches. Soft rose. 

Lorp CARNARVON—22 inches. This tulip will undoubtedly become 
popular. Standing among the other varieties of this group it in- 
stantly attracted attention. The flowers are equally showy, whether 
med open or closed. The petals are pointed and are banded with 
pink. 

Mr. ZIMMERMAN—18 inches. The petals are rose-pink, white at 
the base. In coloring the flower is similar to Lord Carnarvon, but 
the petals are not as pointed. 

My MAryYLAnp—23 inches. This is a tall variety; color is rose 
and white. 

SAGITTARIUS—22 inches. The rounded flower held on erect stems 
is white, shaded cream, with a flush of rose. This is a very good 
light-colored tulip. 

Fr. A. KK. 


THE KOREAN CHRYSANTHEMUM 


To continue the blooming period into the autumn until 
hard frosts lay low all plant life is the aim of every gardener. 
By a careful selection of varieties of the so-called hardy 
chrysanthemums, in some seasons, continuous bloom in the 
flower border with a variety in color may be achieved. To 


Go ALVIg T66. ‘61 “IOA “IINg ‘duvy “Log ‘ol 


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TULIPS IN LINNEAN 


TRIUMPH 


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BULL., 


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CHRYSANTHEMUMS 


KOREAN 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 115 


have flowers in late September and early October one must 
rely mostly upon plants of the Composite family, all having 
daisy-like flowers. Just to mention a few, the Michaelmas 
daisies, New England asters, boltonias, Tartarian asters, 
cosmos, dahlias, various helianthus, and chrysanthemums are 
all used at the Garden. 

The Korean chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum coreanum) 
is a plant that asks no favors, yet is reliable for a blooming 
period of two weeks, usually the first two weeks of October. 
It is entirely hardy, has withstood the drought of the last 
two summers, the foliage is unaffected by diseases or insects, 
and it is easily propagated by division in the spring. The 
plants attain a height of 214 to 3 feet and do not need stak- 
ing. The flowers are faintly flushed pink when first open 
but soon fade to white; in fact, it would be better to describe 
them as single, white flowers. The illustrations (plate 23) 
clearly show the habit of the plant and the profusion of 
bloom in early October. 

Poe 


A SPRING-CLIP LABEL HOLDER 


One of the most vexing problems in staging the annual 
chrysanthemum show at the Garden has been to label single- 
stem varieties in such a way that the labels were always with 
the proper varieties and in such a position as to be easily 
seen. Various methods have been used in the past, such as 
pulling a portion of a leaf through a hole in the label, slitting 
the card and fastening it to the stem of the plant, tying the 
label to the stem, or placing the card in a slit at the top of 
a bamboo stake. While all of these methods accomplished 
their purpose to some extent, none of them were entirely 
satisfactory. 

The label holder pictured (pl. 24) is the best for labeling 
tall plants requiring a bamboo support, and is very easily 
made from ordinary spring clothes-pin clips. A piece of 
No. 14 wire is coiled around a half-inch rod or stick to form 
the holder for the label, and the opposite end of the wire 
inserted through the coil of the spring in the clothes-pin. 


i ee adhe ees Sd ee 


116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Such a label holder remains in position wherever placed, and 
by bending the wire the card is held at any angle desired. It 
can be used to the greatest advantage with chrysanthemums, 
but it also is very useful for labeling many other types of 
plants. The holder can be applied to hard-wooded plants with- 
out any injury to the stem, but soft-wooded subjects, even 
though the stem be quite firm, will be wilted or have their 
growth restricted by the tension of the spring clip. The label 
holders in use at the Garden have been dyed green by dip- 
ping, and the cards are green pyralin measuring 2 x 3 inches. 
Pr. A. &. 


GAS TREATMENT FOR THE PEACH TREE BORER 


Due to the number of requests received at the Garden for 
a remedy for the peach tree borer, the following article from 
‘*Fruit News Notes,’’ No. 10, is reprinted by permission : 

‘<The peach tree borer is by far the most destructive insect 
attacking the peach. In the past, worming the trees by means 
of a knife and a long stiff wire was the only known method 
of eradication. At best this practice was slow, costly, in- 
jurious to the tree, and generally unsatisfactory. 

“‘During the past few years the gas given off by para- 
dichlorobenzene has been employed very successfully in com- 
bating this pest. The material is a white, crystalline solid 
which vaporizes slowly at ordinary temperatures and forms 
a gas which is heavier than air. This gas will injure the 
tender roots and woody tissues under the bark of most plants. 
Consequently it is not recommended for use around trees 
under six years of age, a time when the bark on peach trees 
is quite thick. Some growers have used this material safely 
on trees under six years by reducing the amount and dura- 
tion of the application. 

‘‘The material should be used at the rate of 34 to 1% 
ounces per tree, depending upon the age, and should be ap- 
plied about September 25th, in the Ozarks. By this time 
practically all of the eggs have hatched and the young borers 
are just entering the trees. At this time they are most easily 


Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VoL. 19, 1931 PLATE 24 


i * 
’ 
i . 
a 
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we bs 
a 


saat sas 


CHRYSANTHEMUM, SHOWING USE OF SPRING-CLIP LABEL HOLDER 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 117 


killed for they are small and have not penetrated very far 
into the tree. The soil is likely to be dry then, making vapor- 
ization more rapid. From 14 to 21 days is necessary to kill 
over 90 per cent of the borers when the soil temperature 
averages 55° to 60° F. <A shorter time will suffice when the 
temperature is higher. 

‘“Method of application: 

“1. Remove with a hoe the weeds, sticks, stones, ete., from 
around the trunk for a space 6 to 12 inches, making a fairly 
smooth, flat area. Remove any thick masses of gum on the 
trunk, 

“2. Measure out the correct amount of paradichloroben- 
zene into some container such as a pill box or small bottle 
and distribute it in a narrow band 2 inches from the tree. 
Do not place the crystals against the trunk for serious in- 
jury might result. 

**3. Place 4 to 6 shovels full of dirt over the erystals, 
mounding up toward the trunk, and then tamp down with 
the back of a shovel. 

‘*Precautions : 

‘‘1. Get pure paradichlorobenzene. 

‘2. Tear down the mounds after 3 or 4 weeks. 

‘‘This station will be glad to render advice and assistance 
in every way possible to further the development of the fruit 
industry in the State. 

‘*C. R. Puters, Entomologist, 
‘*Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station.’’ 


ADDITIONAL EARLY HISTORY OF THE GARDEN 


From time to time there have appeared in the BULLETIN 
articles relating to the life of Mr. Shaw and to his beneficenece 
in St. Louis (‘‘Henry Shaw’s Contribution to Art in St. 
Louis,’’ September and December, 1918; ‘‘Some Early His- 
tory of the Garden,’’ December, 1918; ‘‘St. Louis—1819,”’ 
June, 1926; ‘‘The Early Days of ‘Mr. Shaw’s Garden’,’’ Sep- 
tember, 1930), ete. The following account from Mr. Richard 
Smith Elliot’s book, ‘‘Notes Taken in Sixty Years,’’ St. 


118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Louis, 1883, gives an additional bit of Garden history and an 
appreciation of the founder by one of his contemporaries: 

‘Tt was the season of growth and bloom, thirty years ago. 
A shower in the night had given us a summer morning so 
fresh that the sun’s heat was unheeded as we breathed the 
purified atmosphere. The gloom of our real estate office was 
cheered by thoughts of the flowers we should see in the gar- 
dens and by the wayside in our evening drive through the 
suburbs; for even the sickly plants in the city had an aspect 
of unusual vitality, as if they might yet open their rusty 
buds. 

‘‘A gentleman who had been engaged in active commerce 
in Saint Louis from 1819 until his retirement in 1840, came 
in with a bunch of roses in his hand. It was not rare to see 
him with flowers, and we knew that he had them in pro- 
fusion at his pleasant residence in the midst of the beautiful 
tract bordering upon the King’s Highway. He had given up 
commerce in goods, wares and merchandise, but had only 
changed from the toil for gain to the cheerful labor of wise 
and tasteful disbursement. We knew that with industry as 
unwearied as that of the counting room, he was beautifying 
his rural home; but we had never thought of any purpose 
beyond the customary enjoyment of a retreat from the cares 
of an active business life. 

‘‘Looking at a map on the wall, he remarked, as if it were 
a mere commonplace announcement, that he intended to have 
a Botanical Garden, with proper accessories, free for citi- 
zens and strangers to visit; and that he had in view the 
donation of a tract of land to the city for a public park, on 
condition that it should be properly improved. If I recol- 
lect rightly, this was the first communication of his intention 
to any one. Mr. Leffingwell and myself were the oldest 
dealers in real estate in Saint Louis, and although his plans 
were as yet immature, it was natural that he should advise 
us of what he had in contemplation as affecting the value of 
adjacent properties. There was no parade of generosity, or 
of unusual public spirit, but the statement was made as un- 
pretentiously as if it involved nothing more than an ordinary 
act of daily life. If a photograph had been taken as he 
stood there, thirty years ago, pointing with his cane to the 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 119 


map, disclosing his benevolent designs and indicating the 
broad acres to be donated, the picture would be worthy of 
a place in the Historical Society’s gallery. 

‘‘The intelligent reader has already identified our visitor 
as Mr. Henry Shaw. 

‘‘Tower Grove Park, with its three hundred acres, to the 
improvement of which the City of Saint Louis has con- 
tributed only a sum comparatively insignificant—with its 
-eolossal statues in bronze of Shakespeare and Humboldt, and 
its marble busts of Mozart and Rossini—with its roads, walks, 
trees and flowers—is the creation and gift of Henry Shaw 
to the people of Saint Louis; and not only for the land, 
statues, busts and other adornments are they indebted to 
him, but also for years of care in the general superintendence 
of the improvements, and for the knowledge and taste that 
money cannot command, but without which the Park that 
Saint Louis is so proud of could not have existed in its pres- 
ent attractiveness. 

‘*At the home of Mr. Shaw, the Botanical Garden, and its 
attached Library and Herbarium, have been growing for 
thirty years, and have afforded pleasure to hundreds of thou- 
sands of visitors. With its plant-houses and open grounds, 
which are a museum of living vegetation representing nearly 
all climes—with its Herbarium of innumerable dried speci- 
mens, classified and arranged—and its Library comprising 
all the literature worth noting of Botany and Horticulture— 
the Garden and its accessories, in the opportunities afforded 
for the study of these allied sciences are unequalled in the 
western hemisphere. An ample estate is understood to have 
been set apart for the support of the Garden through all 
time; and while Mr. Shaw has not disclosed his determina- 
tion, he has, I doubt not, arranged to dispose of it in a man- 
ner harmonizing with the princely munificence which has 
brought it to its present condition. 

‘*No corporation, or municipality, or government, on this 
side of the Atlantic, has done so good a work as the unosten- 
tatious citizen of St. Louis; and with my natural desire to 
have all debts paid—if means can be found—I have been 
puzzled to find out a recompense for Mr. Shaw, even though 
he has never asked or cared for it. 


yet ae a 2 Be 


FR EA Pe ee PPA et ROE en 


Ss Ve! oe ee 


Re OTe Me et soa, Pe ee ee ee 


120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


‘‘Tf one has plenty it is an easy thing to give away part 
of it for some one else to enjoy and take care of; and I ima- 
gine it to be a sort of compulsory pleasure to bequeath an 
estate, which cannot trouble the giver after the bequest takes 
effect. But to gain by patient toil a fortune in trade, and 
then, instead of resting, deliberately go to work to plan and 
to execute, through long years, entirely for strangers to 
one’s home, many of them naturally thankless, and for the 
folks we eall posterity, that one can never know anything 
about—this is a sacrifice of one’s self away beyond the money 
outlay, and I don’t see how we are to pay for it. 

‘‘For nearly a third of a century, Mr. Henry Shaw has 
been the self-dedicated servant and benefactor of the public— 
thinking and planning, and lavishing his means, without in- 
termission or rest, in order that present and future gener- 
ations should have pleasure and instruction. Let any one 
reflect on what he has gone through; the cares inseparable 
from the management of properties; the inability of city 
legislators for a time to comprehend his munificent gift of 
the park, thus delaying the improvement of it; the stupidity 
of some of those employed to work out his plans; throng 
after throng of visitors, entertained with urbanity and polite- 
ness, evincing wonderful patience and fortitude; the self- 
restraint required to preserve his temper when overrun by 
crowds, some of the persons composing them too ignorant to 
comprehend the replies to their own questions; and the ten 
thousand other annoyances not to be escaped by one in his 
position. Reflect on this, and say if such devotion can be 
adequately compensated ? 

‘The esteem, respect and gratitude of his contemporaries 
—the possible appreciation of posterity—these are all we can 
give or promise. Any further reward must exist in his own 
consciousness of having lived effectively for the benefit of 
mankind. 


** “No thought nor care for gain 
No foolish wish for glory’s gilded letter, 
Have bought these efforts of his heart and brain, 
But only that the world might be the better, 
For one who has not spent his life in vain’.’’ 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 121 


A NEW PLANT FOR MISSOURI 


On Monday, June 29, 1931, Mr. C. L. Elam and the writer 
were collecting composites in the suburban area of St. Louis 
just north of Washington University. Our especial interest 
was to collect specimens of Helianthus petiolaris Nutt., a 
small colony of which we observed growing there several days 
before. An interesting find was a rather vigorous specimen 
of Picris Sprengeriana Poir. We observed only the one plant 
growing along the Rock Island Railway track, just north of 
the University. The specimen has been deposited in the 
Herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden. According to 
Dr. J. M. Greenman, this species is a native of southern 
Europe. So far as known to the writer, this species has not 
been reported previously in North America. It is hoped, 
however, that it will not become established in this country, 
since, if established, it might become a pernicious weed. 

J. Arraur TURNER, 
Stowe Teachers College, St. Louis. 


NOTES 


A party of 4-H Club boys and girls from Vincennes, Indi- 
ana, visited the Garden, July 30. 

Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke be- 
fore the East St. Louis Rotary Club, at the Broadview Hotel, 
September 2, on ‘‘Some Experiences in the Jungle.’’ 

Dr. Mildred E. Mathias, formerly research assistant at the 
Garden, spent several weeks in the herbarium and library dur- 
ing the summer, working over the collections of plants made 
on her various tours in the West. 

The August number of the ‘‘Bulletin of the Pan American 
Union’’ (Vol. 65, No. 8) contains an article by Dr. George T. 
Moore, Director of the Garden, entitled ‘‘Latin America and 
the Queen of Flowers.’’ 

Mr. Julian A. Steyermark and Mr. John A. Moore, Rufus J. 
Lackland Research Fellows at the Garden, recently returned 
from a two-month’s botanical exploration of the mountains 
of western Texas. They have brought back interesting col- 


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- hes * Se my 
pee ke) a Ve ee ee 


eae. a re 


tee, Gree ert as ee ee ee eS 


122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


lections of plants from the Davis, Chisos, and Guadalupe 
Mountains of Texas, sets of which they are now preparing for 
distribution. 

Among recent visitors to the Garden were Dr. J. W. Severy, 
associate professor of botany, University of Montana, for- 
merly a Teaching Fellow at the Garden; Dr. H. H. Card, 
formerly Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellow at the Garden; 
Dr. Henry Schmitz, professor and chief of the division of 
forestry, University of Minnesota, formerly Rufus J. Lack- 
land Research Fellow at the Garden; Mr. Myron Arthur Rice, 
instructor in botany, Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson 
College, South Carolina; and Prof. C. L. Huskins, associate 
professor of genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. 

Visitors to the herbarium and library during the summer 
months include Prof. H. I. Featherly, assistant professor of 
botany and plant pathology, Oklahoma Agricultural College, 
Stillwater, Oklahoma; Mr. W. W. Ashe, assistant district 
forester, U. 8. Forest Service; Dr. Ethel T. Eltinge, instruc- 
tor in botany, Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass., 
formerly a Jessie R. Barr Research Fellow at the Garden; 
Prof. Robert Stratton, associate professor of botany and plant 
physiology, Oklahoma Agricultural College, Stillwater, Okla- 
homa; Prof. Frank B. Wann, associate professor of botany, 
Utah Agricultural College, Logan, Utah, formerly a Teaching 
Fellow at the Garden; Dr. J. Arthur Turner, professor of 
botany, Stowe Teachers College, St. Louis; Mr. Edward L. 
Evinger, junior pathologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. 
Dept. of Agriculture, formerly Rufus J. Lackland Research 
Fellow at the Garden; and Dr. P. A. Munz, professor of 
botany, Pomona College, Claremont, California. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR 
JUNE-AUGUST, 1931 
GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 
Totar numper OF Visitors in JUNC 6.28 secre s 6isis ee siele anes 27,212 
hI Wier OL VBI LOPS 1) ULV e650 55 4 os we wee eee oo 27,522 
‘Total number of visitors in August... ......2...%0.s6s0s0. 35,780 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of packets of seeds donated in June...... 72 
Total number of packets of seeds donated in July....... 4 
Total number of packets of seeds donated in August.... 4 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought in June... 34 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated in June.. 106 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought in July... 7 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated in July.. 31 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought in August 58 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated in August 165 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
JUNE 
By Purchase— 
Ciferri, R.—‘‘Mycoflora Domingensis Exsiccata,” Nos. 101- 
200, inclusive; also additional specimens supplementing 
CEVIIGP GOUMECTIONS so 4 66.5.5 «Gisuie's's wicicte seco ee ov giaiare « slabapertiers 125 
By Gift— 
Anderson, Dr, E.—Mosses of Missouri and New England.. 37 
Emerson, Prof. Fred W.—Nolina Lindheimeriana (Scheele) 
Watson. from N@w Mexico... 660i i0cte s fs 6 oes orate 1 
Featherly, Prof. H. I.—Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. from 
ORTAROMSY 4c <A aidieons.cis cis a'csees © 5 are ae ee i eee a 1 
Grant, Dr. Adele Lewis—Plants of South Africa......... 14 
Ledman, O. S.—Heracleum lanatum Michx. from horti- 
OTL EL CTO sarees ta auth cer cvsi ies cis See Glee oer eal GeeuaweRy aA aioe eek eres 1 
Lewis, Miss Mary D.—Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC. from 
1 ad (05 a9 12 E: a ae re eee ey 1 
Petersen, Prof. N. F.—Crepis acuminata Nutt. from Oregon 2 
Sturtevant, B. S—Tilia platyphyllos Scop. var. laciniata 
Koch: *trom. Horticulture: sc. 2 cc wc roasts Area ee ete ee 1 
Walker, Miss Elda R.—Muscari comosum Mill. from hor- 
TICUICUTC: chines aie ce cela eicteicrd ae d etaroletaneioayOwiet ciara 
By Exchange— 
Hiwan, Joseph—Plants of California. ..........02cccscees 60 
Field Museum of Natural History—Plants of Central and 
BIOMED 4A MOLICA Ko Bios corer c oaks fo’ o'n) ola ausisie¥elerel ssatatatetss arehelancte 175 


Tig Soke ee eee eee 


124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


New York Botanical Garden, by Dr. H. A. Gleason—Frag- 


ments of composite from Venezuela................0.. 1 
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences—Plants of Peru 
RE NL oe a6 5 ie oys as ode sake oa obo AW PAE ne ee 36 


United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant 
Industry, by J. A. Stevenson—Specimens of Coleospo- 
rium solidaginis (Schw.) Thuem., collected and deter- 
mined by G. G. Hedgecock. ....... 006.00 sa ci ewasbecscs 150 


By Field Work— 
Kellogg, John H.—Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell. from Mis- 


POR bok d be asdch vd ove 6rd oS ees ie oh ale PRE ec af 
PAUL Sa 4 Sed) gota a Wark Fak he A Od sd ook OE De ee 607 
JULY 
By Purchase— 
Arnold Arboretum—FPlants of the United States, collected 
we aay By eee Te F980 Saks ok sek eee eaeekn t 675 
Porsild, Dr. Morten P.—Plants of Greenland............ 438 
Stanford, Prof. E. E.—Plants of California.............. 200 
Werdermann, Dr. E.—Plants of Bolivia and Chile....... 538 
By Gift— 
Avery, Mrs. Harry C.—Plant of horticulture............ az 
Emerson, Prof. F. W.—Plants of New Mexico........... 3 
Featherly, Prof. H. I1—Plants of Oklahoma.............. 6 
de Lhorbe, Mrs. Wm.-—Plants of Illinois................ 3 
Hunter, Mrs. A. A.—Oncidium ebrachiatum A. & S.. 1 
Lodewyks, Miss Maude — Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. 
PRUE MOLBICICNTO: iota 50s cba oka ood o oun Me Cesk 1 
Mackenzie, Mr. Donald—Libocedrus decurrens Torr., from 
IVP TUBER EIE COT oi 5.5555) 's spa a's ee Fas ah ee FRR ce 1 
Pring, George H.—Plants of horticulture................ 2 
Sharp, Ward M.—Convolvulus japonicus Thunb. from 
UG TRI OE so 6 os wna wbicaycs Svialew UTE Ras 


Tuttle, Mrs. George M.—Veronica virginica L. from Mis- 


1 
2 
Turner, J, A., and C. L. Elam—Composite from Missouri at 
souri cf 


By Exchange— 
Botanical Institute, University of Leipzig—Photograph of 


MOTOUTLUG)HDOOIIION 5... vss 0 sisiv.ss oes ca ROMS Mele esas 2 
Botanical Garden, Madrid — Photographs of herbarium 
41205 1 See a eee SON Reet te eee 3 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 125 


AUGUST 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 


By Purchase— 
Verdoorn, Fr.—Schiffner’s Exsiccata (Hepaticae of India) 50 


By Gift— 
Beecroft, W. I.—Agave Hartmani Wats. from horticulture a 
Greenman, Dr. J. M.—Selaginella sp. from Utah......... a 


By Exchange— 
Botanical Garden, Berlin— Photographs of herbarium 


HTB ATIIO MD ooo icc cies, <eilo ois 0)’ o sve! e oi:004 9.0: Sibieseie sles ainieie)\she ais 'wie a. 6 
Clarey, Mrs. Ben L.—Plants of California.............. : 22 
United States Department of Agriculture, by Mrs. Agnes 

Chase—Grasses of Brazil... .. ccs ec ccc etter semeetas 175 

PECs ere tcy cats ts belo sass ais Bd ace ae olle ea are tomers Sete 255 


= are 


2 > *. 
* 


FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1931 


In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com- 
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits 
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol- 
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can 
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants 
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of- 
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting 
the Garden. 


JANUARY FEBRUARY 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids. 
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias. 
MARCH APRIL 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
March 1-15—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus. 
March 19-22—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors) 
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early- 


flowering Shrubs. 


MAY 
(Floral Display House) 
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines, 
and other spring annuals. 
(Outdoors) 
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies. 
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials. 


JUNE 


(Outdoors) 
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden. 


JULY 
(Outdoors) 
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economie Garden — farm crops, fiber 
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden. 


AUGUST 


(Outdoors) 
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. 


SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House) 
Tropical Water-lilies. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties). 
NOVEMBER DECEMBER 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 


Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias. 


Re SR Mead i ons 1 valk le me 


sic ea In 


SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr, 
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, 
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction 
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was, 
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although 
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri 
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title 
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred 
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of 
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands 
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were 
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of 
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro- 
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested 
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden 
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely 
from funds left by the founder. 


The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species 
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a 
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to 
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and 
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city 
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in 
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as 
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea 
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani- 
cal garden. 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except 
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until 
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave- 
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached 
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer. 


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Garpen B IBULLETIN 


Vol. XIX OCTOBER, 1931 No. 8 
CONTENTS i 

age 
Freaks inthe Garden .. . spi ® GRE OR as EDIE 
A Method of Bracing Wealeenéd: Trees FB ee a ui ee eBee |e 
Arboricultural: Development in the Missouri Botanical | 
Cneedy 1 ee ge Wee a We ee A ar aa ES 
Ten RR Ba SAS BCR MINE ae FRETS GORI se Gran a abs ge meme 3° Y 4 
Statistical Information . . je Pe eels I ar 5 


Floral Displays of Tote i in 1931. 


ST, LOUIS, MO, 
1931 


Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees 


—————— 
ee 
’ 


SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR 


SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS 


iG ns 
i t 
— 


THE ontGINAL MEMBERS WERE} DE GNATED IN MR. ‘SHAW'S 5 WHEL. 
| AND THE BOARD sO CONSTIT' TED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE 
EX-OFFICIO careeriitane Is SELF-PERPETUATING 


m6 , President . 
| GEORGE Ne ‘HITCHCOCK 


ct of 


-Viob-Preaident 
| SAMUEL 0. DAVIS. 


Y Sins VicesPrestdent ae 
DANIEL K. CATLIN, 


ALBERT 'T. PERKINS, ~ 


t 
4 


Pum €. ScaNLaN. 


‘Brnan A. H. Suepiey, 
Frep G, Zetia. 


i 


_ EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS | 


- Guonor R. Pesoor, Ls Eph : ~-Vicror J. Mieke: ee 


_ Chancehor of biogas daea’ ‘Dnlversicy_ ey “Mayor of the. City of B., touts? 


- 


- Puepmcs F. JOHNSON, | a ae aienhe F. SarrenranwatT, Pee 


- Bishop of the Diocese « of Missouri === President of The Academy of Science 
ee See of St. Louis, 


phir: # Mittin 
‘President of the Board-of ya rapa of bead Louis” 


ai N 
+ rom ¥ 
< = © 


a 


DanteL BRECK, Secretary — 


Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 19, 


, 


“PELORIA” IN DIGITALIS PURPUREA 


(Grown in garden of Mr. Joseph Pulitzer) 


Missoun Botanical 


Garden Bulletin 


Vol. XIX OCTOBER, 1931 No. 8 


FREAKS IN THE GARDEN 


During the summer recently passed, watchful gardeners in 
many parts of the land have suddenly apprehended certain 
of their flower charges in the act of behaving in strange and 
freakish ways, when judged by the laws of conduct so rigidly 
adhered to by the rank and file of their vegetable fellow- 
beings. Many of the pleasantest moments of gardening will 
eome with the small and friendly assemblies of fellow enthu- 
siasts gathered to view and discuss some wonder of nature 
mysteriously sprung from the lovely commonplace of a bed 
of wall-flowers or sweet nicotine. 

The prim foxglove, that charming and dignified inhabitant 
almost inalienable from the old-fashioned garden, is itself 
not above occasions of prodigious behavior. Not infrequently 
it appears to be seized with the desire to produce a flower 
larger and finer than any it has ever produced before. High 
upon the stalk, overtopping the other flowers, will appear a 
gigantic blossom more in the shape of a saucer than the fingers 
of a glove, for the similarity to which the normal flowers have 
earned the popular name for our Digitalis purpurea. Or 
again, the same plant may have the impulse to produce many 
more than the ordinary number of flowers, and, unable to 
make the stalk more commodious simply by elongation for 
fear of destruction by high winds, it solves the problem in a 
clever way by greatly developing the flower space side-wise, 
producing a broad, paddle-shaped inflorescence. 

The production of broad, flat stems is a phenomenon which 
is fairly common among plants. Our grandmothers would 
have felt cheated by their seedsmen if their cockscomb crop 
failed to produce fine, velvety, crisp-topped ‘‘combs’’, and in 
a bed of these plants, if any individuals chaneed to look more 
like delicate, crimson stalks of broom-corn, these were immedi- 
ately rooted up and cast away. Yet in this case, the undesir- 


(127) 


Syl a ee ee ae ee ee a el ee ese Stew ae Mn! 


128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


able plants are actually normal individuals, whereas the 
plants bearing the ‘‘combs’’ are freaks of the deepest dye. 
In fact, the freaks have been tenderly cared-for, and the 
ordinary plants destroyed to such an extent that the latter 
are diminishing in number steadily, and will eventually dis- 
appear in all likelihood. 


Plants are excellent mimics. They assume shapes and 
colors, and exhale odors, pleasant and unpleasant, in such 
bewildering variety that we can only guess why. Usually 
our guesses would be pounced upon with much gusto by 
modern Freudian psychology. Certainly plants go to great 
pains to assure their natural propagation, and the results are 
usually so pleasant aesthetically that we should not question 
their motives. When a plant goes whole-heartedly into the 
business of mimicry for some suspected reason, we have no 
more right to call it a ‘‘freak’’ than the man who enters the 
profession of being a clown for the very practical motives 
underlying our human economie system. In either case, the 
impulse is for the betterment, or even the assurance, of life 
itself, than which there is no stronger. 


But many times we find a plant behaving in a manner which 
is inconsistent as well as odd. These, as in human society, 
are the real ‘‘freaks.’’ We may find, as in Campanula 
medium, the Canterbury bell, that the green calyx has become 
greatly enlarged and is as gayly colored as the corolla, thus 
forming the flower of the eup-and-saucer variety which is so 
popular. Or again, some or all of the stamens may disguise 
themselves as petals; and in this manner we have acquired 
many of our ‘‘double-flowered’’ varieties. The pistil also 
may become petal-like, as in the peony, until the production 
of pollen and ovules seems to have been almost forgotten in 
the effort of the flower to make itself as conspicuous as pos- 
sible. 

When a plant goes through these spontaneous and fre- 
quently rather quixotic pranks, we are led to suspect that we 
are witnessing a dress rehearsal; that the plant is not fully 
decided whether to advertise itself in a somewhat more en- 
ticing fashion, probably for the benefit of visiting insects. 
And it has need of caution in such matters. There are many 
pitiful cases of plants which have overdone themselves in just 
such a way, and have developed highly complicated flowers 
at the expense of the ability to produce fertile seed in suffi- 
cient quantity to assure reproduction. These are the ones 
which have to be carefully propagated from slip or root-cut- 
ting. 


ee ee ee 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 129 


Science has taken much of the wonder and awe from our 
observation of natural phenomena. But if our life has been 
robbed of such emotions, it has been more greatly rewarded 
by the growing sense of understanding which has taken their 
place. In order to study plant freaks more intelligently, 
botanists have had to give names to such abnormalities, just 
as physicians have given names to human ailments and dis- 
eases. Thus we learn that the foxglove (pl. 25) is an example of 
what is known as ‘‘peloria’’, or the occurrence of an abnormal, 
perfectly symmetrical flower in an inflorescence composed of 
normally asymmetrical flowers. The technical name for this 
condition has been derived from a Greek word, like so many 
other similar names in botany, and merely means ‘‘something 
which is freakish.’’ It appears that learned men must make 
up seemingly unintelligible words in order to understand each 
other! If the large, terminal, saucer-shaped flower is exam- 
ined closely, it will show itself to be really equal to two of 
the ordinary, finger-shaped flowers, having about twice the 
ordinary number of corolla-lobes and stamens, and twice the 
number of stigma-lobes usually found. 

The peculiar flattening of the stem, causing the ‘‘cocks- 
comb’’ also has a name, which in this ease is ‘‘fasciation.’’ 
This name refers to the fasces of the Roman soldiers, or lic- 
tors, which were axes with a bundle of rods tied around the 
handle, thus resembling, very vaguely, the flat, abnormally 
thickened stems of ‘‘fasciated’’ plants. A few months ago a 
friend of the Garden grew a stalk of asparagus that would 
have made the mouth of even an epicure water. It was over 
a foot long, from four to five inches broad, and only about a 
quarter inch thick. It looked as though it had been specially 
created to be lovingly cooked and placed in a shimmer of 
butter upon a piece of delicately browned toast. But no! 
The scientists of the Garden, to whom it was taken for exam- 
ination, observed that it was a highly interesting instance of 
fasciation, and carefully sealed it within a glass museum jar. 

There seems to be no end of the variety of pranks which our 
plants may perform. Books have been written about them}, 
full, as it were, of nothing but anecdotes of plant freaks 
which must be seen to be believed. And little do we under- 
stand them, although they should prove to us that if we were 
only sufficiently keen-sighted we should find the endless and 
tireless process of evolution at work before our very eyes. 

R. E. W., Jr. 


lcf. Masters, M. T. Vegetable teratology, an account of the prin- 
cipal deviations from the usual construction of plants, London, 
1868; Worsdell, W. C. The principles of plant teratology. 2 vols. 
London, 1915. 


‘< 


iG : 
og 


130 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


A METHOD OF BRACING WEAKENED TREES 


Often midsummer storms whip away the tops of large trees, 
frequently whole trees are uprooted, and more frequently one 
or more large limbs are torn away. Breakage usually occurs 
at a sharp V-shaped fork (fig. 1), ruining the symmetry of 
that particular tree. In winter, trees with this structural 
weakness are particularly subject to injury, for a heavy load 
of ice or snow, when accompanied by wind, may in a few 
moments undo the care and attention of years. There are 
several ways of preventing this injury, but the best way is 
to prune away these double leaders when they form in the 
small tree. The elm, maple, and often the ash, gingko, and 
basswood form these forks unless carefully watched. The 
sweet-gum, pine, pin oak, and tulip, to name a few, seldom or 
never form them unless injured (pl. 26). A mechanical 
method of bracing has been developed and satisfactorily used, 
which will prevent serious injury or even total destruction 
of a tree. 

In addition to breakage resulting from structural weak- 
nesses, Many large trees with decayed trunks and limbs 
break because the weight of ice or snow or the twisting by 
winds proves too much for their weakened condition. Here 
again mechanical bracing would have in many eases allowed 
these trees to stand for many years. This bracing, referred 
to as cabling, consists of tying the weakened limbs together 
with a flexible wire rope. This will not always stop breakage 
of limbs, but it will prevent large limbs from crashing through 
a roof or burying themselves in a flower border. 

Training of the tree from the time it is planted, by the 
careful use of a pruning shear, is always much more satisfac- 
tory than the mechanical bracing necessary to hold poorly 
formed branches during storms. If a tree naturally grows 
as a single-leader type, every effort should be made to pre- 
serve this upright growing stem at the time it is planted. 
Instead of cutting back the top at planting time, the side 
branches should simply be removed or shortened enough to 
compensate for the loss of roots. Some trees cannot be grown 
as a single leader, though the formation of sharp forks can 
to some degree be checked by pruning. 

The trunk of a tree is a cylinder with the active or growing 
portion restricted to the outside layer immediately under the 
bark. In a sharp ‘‘V”’ fork, the pressure from the additional 
layers formed at the outside each year forces the two cylinders 
apart. This allows insects and disease to enter. So poorly 
are these branches joined that even before the entry of in- 


Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 19, 1931 PLATE 26 


a: 


TYPE OF BRANCHING FOUND IN PIN OAK AND SWEET-GUM; 
THESE SELDOM NEED BRACING. 


Mo. Bor, Garp, BuLL., Vou. 19, 1931 


PLATE 27 


gs 


eke et oe a 


oF go a ls A all lt age on it 


Se i A 


iid 


UIRED FOR CABLING. 


- 
4 
~ 


I 


TOOLS R 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 131 


sects and disease, they are often not capable of withstanding 
the grinding and twisting to which they are subjected during 
storms. They often pull apart, never moving in unison, with 
the result that strains are not transmitted to the single trunk 
below. In order to distribute the pressures these limbs must 
be held together with a cable. This forces the trunk to take 

up the strain, preventing injury 


\ } to the tree. 
\/ Years ago iron bands were fre- 
quently placed around a tree to 


prevent splitting. These bands 
effectively shut off the flow of 
sap, and often caused as much 
harm as might wind. Some of 
these ‘‘banding’’ devices were 
equipped with turnbuckles and 
other ingenious accessories per- 
mitting them to be loosened as 
the tree grew in diameter. These 
methods all had the same fault; 
they required some adjustment at 
least once a year to prevent the 
girdling of the branch they were 
installed to protect. Before the 
introduction of flexible wire, 
heavy chain was used. The writer 
removed some chains from elms 
in New England, which in size 
and weight closely resembled 
8 those used as battleship anchor. 
: Such a chain if properly installed 
oe a? Rabe would not wear out nor break, 
which careful pruning but it could never be stretched 
would have corrected. taut. 

To-day screw hooks are used in 
place of bands encircling the tree, and flexible cable replaces 
the chain. These hooks are turned into holes bored in the 
tree. The large hooks are five-eighths inch in diameter; the 
smaller are seven-sixteenths, or, for very small trees and light 
cable, one-quarter-inch hooks will be satisfactory. The cable 
may be from one-eighth to five-sixteenths inch in diameter. 
Rope thimbles are used to prevent wearing of the cable. 
Plate 27 shows some tools used for this work. 

The first step in cabling is boring holes for the hooks (pl. 
28, fig. 1). The cable to be most efficient should be placed 


ee ees eS +e Oey ee I Pee eee eee 4 as i ih ie CA 


132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


from two-thirds to three-quarters of the distance up from the 
fork to be braced. The hooks must face each other to prevent 
bending when subjected to strain, and must be turned in far 
enough so that the opening is closed by another half turn after 
the cable is fitted. After the hooks are in place the distance 
apart should be accurately measured with a tape-line. If the 
work is done in winter the cable need not be shortened, but in 
the summer the cable should be shortened one inch for every 
ten feet in length. This is necessary to keep the cable taut 
after the leaves have fallen. Next the cable is cut, enough 
being left to pass around the thimbles and wrap back (pl. 
29, fig. 1) on itself. The cable is now ready for installation. 
In most eases it will be found 
necessary to use a block and 
falls to pull the limbs close 
enough to permit slipping the 
cable over the hooks. Paint 
must be used wherever tools 
have seratched the bark of 
the tree or the galvanizing on 
the eable. 


Frequently, as in the case of 
most large elms, every branch 
joins the trunk through one 
of the sharp forks. Then it 
is necessary to cable every 
large limb, as in fig. 2. This 
method successfully transfers 
all movement to the trunk 
lg ere es below the forks. The top 

necessary in multi-leader then penta and a 

tree developing sharp unit, each limb taking up its 

crotches. share of the pressure. ‘To 

be most efficient all cables 

must be equally taut. Sometimes small limbs break off above 

the cables, but these are quickly replaced if the tree is grow- 
ing vigorously. AF. B. 


ARBORICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE 
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 
(Extracts from a paper read by Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist 
to the Missouri Botanical Garden, at the convention of the American 
Institute of Park Executives, Toronto, Canada, September 29, 1931.) 
During the lifetime of Mr. Shaw the location of the Garden 
was in the suburbs of St. Louis, well removed from buildings 


» 
a 


PLATE 


VOL... 19; 1931 


BULL., 


GARD. 


Bor. 


Mo. 


WORKING IN A SLING, MAKING HOLES FOR 
LAG HOOKS, 


INSERTING 


LAG 


HOOK. 


Mo. Bor, GARD, BULL. 


, VoL. 19, 1931 PLATE 29 


METHOD OF WRAPPING CABLE. 


CABLE AFTER INSTALLATION, SHOWING LAG HOOK TURNED UP. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133 


and factories, but as the years passed the City grew not only 
to the Garden but far beyond. The excellent collection of 
coniferous evergreen trees was the first to show the injurious 
effect of smoke, by which they were subsequently killed. All 
other trees were badly stunted. How serious the effect of 
smoke eventually became may be realized from the following 
quotation from the thirty-fifth annual report of the Direc 
tor, January, 1924: 


“The history of other botanical gardens established within 
city limits has been that eventually they have been compelled 
to move to other localities, either because of the difficulty of 
properly growing plants in a city atmosphere or in order to 
obtain additional room for expansion. For years it has been 
recognized that it is not possible to grow to perfection many 
trees and plants at the Garden, this difficulty being experienced 
in the greenhouses as well as outdoors, and it was felt that 
there was no other alternative than to abandon the present lo- 
cation. On the other hand, the necessity for giving up the 
present accessible location seemed to be unfortunate. By far 
the greater number of visitors to the Garden came by street 
car or on foot. Actual counts made on Sunday afternoons when 
10,000 or more people were at the Garden showed that not 
more than 15 per cent came by automobile. 

“To move the Garden outside the city to a distance sufficient 
to insure its favorable location for the next fifty or one hun- 
dred years would at once greatly reduce its influence as a 
recreational and educational institution. The visit of schools 
and similar groups in a body would be practically eliminated. 
To abandon the present location of the Garden would likewise 
involve the moving of the library, herbarium, and laboratory, 
as well as the two schools maintained at the Garden. With 
many commercial and educational institutions of the city de- 
pendent upon these branches of the Garden for assistance and 
advice, it would seem unfortunate to make them so much less 
accessible than they now are. We were thus faced with the 
absolute necessity of finding a more favorable location for the 
growing of the material used at the Garden, coupled with the 
very great desirability of maintaining the efficiency of the 
Garden by keeping it within the reach of the public, two horns 
of a dilemma which appear to be irreconcilable, After careful 
consideration the solution of this problem seems to be to 
leave undisturbed, at least for the present, the buildings and 
grounds of the present location, together with its scientific and 
educational features, but to maintain it as a show place, much 
as it has been in the past, and to acquire land outside of 
St. Louis where much of the indoor floral display material and 
the plants and trees to be used outside can be grown; in other 
words, to regard the present improved portion of the Garden 
as the city showroom, and to have the factory away from the 
poisonous atmospheric conditions of the city where the best 
possible results can be produced. The primary object of secur- 
ing land at a considerable distance from the city would be for 
the purpose above indicated, but steps would be taken at once 
to develop a real arboretum, and there should also be secured 
a considerable area of natural forest with its undergrowth, 


134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL. GARDEN BULLETIN 


which could be preserved for all time as a reservation. It 
should also be borne in mind that many years hence this loca- 
tion would probably become the new botanical garden.” 


Two years were taken to inspect various locations, in an 
attempt to find one that would have all the requirements 
for the successful growing of plants and the making of a great 
botanic garden and arboretum for all future time. The fol- 
lowing requirements seemed to be of greatest importance : 


1. A location away from the injurious effect of smoky at- 
mosphere, not only temporarily but for generations to 
come. 


2. An area large enough to forestall the necessity of addi- 
tions in the future, and to have this in one section or 
unit and not bisected by public roads. 


3. The property to be easily reached by means of main 
highways and railroads. 

4. The tract to have diverse conditions of soils and mois- 
ture, as well as exposures, plains, hills, and valleys, for 
the growth of as great a variety of plants as may be 
grown in the state of Missouri. 


5. To contain at the time of acquirement a large area of 
woodlands and a great variety of native plants. 


The tract eventually secured conforms as nearly as possible 
to all the above requirements, and is known as the Missouri 
Botanical Garden Extension. It is located in the beautiful 
foothills of the Missouri Ozarks, one mile west of the town of 
Gray Summit, thirty-seven miles southwest of the city limits of 
St. Louis, on the Manchester Road (U.S. 66), the main high- 
way between Chicago and Los Angeles, near the station of Gray 
Summit on the Missouri Pacific Railroad. It contains 1,600 
acres, with the Meramec River flowing through the prop- 
erty for two miles and dividing it in two sections. The south 
section, which consists of three hundred acres, was bought 
for the purpose of giving the Garden possession of both sides 
of the river and thereby prevent undesirable developments. 
The section north of the river, on which the Garden is now 
being developed, contains 1,300 acres. The soil varies from 
dry limestone glades to the river meadows of a rich loess 
soil formation, with sandstone and sandy soil on the 
eastern part of the property. Nearly one-half the 
property is covered with arboreous growth, deciduous 
material predominating except surrounding the limestone 
glades and on the limestone cliffs. Here the red cedar 
(Juniperus communis var. canadensis) forms the principal 
arboreous vegetation, but it is intermingled with post oak 


Of ALI 


[éol 


‘oT 


“ION 


“ITA 


‘duvy) “Log 


‘OW 


IN PLACE. 


CABLE 


THE 


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TWO-THIRDS 


FORK AND 


ABOUT 


AT 


BETWEEN 


PLACED 


DISTANCE 


CABLE 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 135 


(Quercus stellata), dwarf hackberry (Celtis occidentalis var. 
pumila), Carolina buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana), south- 
ern buckthorn (Bumelia lanuginosa), ninebark (Physocarpus 
opulifolius ), fragrant sumac (Rhus canadensis), and several 
species of native roses. Along one of the west hillsides the 
sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is common, and along the 
river and creeks is found an abundance of the red or river 
birch (Betula nigra), Drummond’s maple (Acer rubrum var. 
Drummondii), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), box elder 
(Acer Negundo), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), pin oak 
(Quercus palustris), and several species of willows. 


Elsewhere on the upland plains and hillsides where the soil 
is rich is found the black walnut (Juglans nigra), butternut 
(Juglans cinerea), Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dio- 
ica), several species of hickory and oak, hackberry (Celtis 
occidentalis), the thorny and thornless honey locust (Gledttsia 
triacanthos and its variety inermis), and various other trees. 
As an undergrowth and at the edges of woods there is a vari- 
ety of small trees and shrubs, among which might be men- 
tioned as the most abundant: smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), 
dwarf sumae (Rhus copallina), black haw (Viburnum rufidu- 
lum), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), stiff cornel 
(Cornus femina), panicled dogwood (Cornus racemosa), red- 
bud (Cercis canadensis), prairie rose (Rosa setigera), and 
Indian currant (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus). The wood- 
lands are in places richly draped with vines, such as native 
grapes (Vitis), Virginia creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), 
species of Smilax, and others. A count of the species of plants 
naturally growing on the grounds resulted in a list of 700, 
of which 600 were herbs, 64 trees, and 36 shrubs. 


The main divisions for the general plan of development 

are as follows: 

Service and experimental areas. 

The Pinetum. 

Section for exotic plants. 

. Area devoted to North American plants. 
Orchards. 

Main display grounds. 

The service and experimental areas include the growing 
houses and nurseries. There are eleven greenhouses, 30 x 100 
feet, devoted primarily to housing and growing the Garden’s 
collection of orchids, which is conceded to be the largest and 
most complete of any similar institution in the world. From 
the point of an arboriculturist, probably the most interesting 
feature of the Garden is the nurseries. At present they 


D> OV 69 DO 


aie 
= he 8S. ee 


136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


comprise an area of about eight acres, and contain more than 
1,000 varieties of trees and shrubs. New kinds are constantly 
coming in from all parts of the world, in the form of seeds, 
cuttings, or small rooted plants. About one acre of the 
nurseries is covered with seed-frames in which are grown 
many thousands of plants. 


In the Pinetum, an area of about seventy-five acres, is 
grown a collection of coniferous evergreens. Several thousand 
trees have already been set out in this section, and the plant- 
ing will be completed as the trees in the nursery become suffi- 
ciently large to move. There are now 210 species and varieties 
of conifers, and others will be added until the collection in- 
cludes all those which prove to be hardy in this section of the 
country. Since only three coniferous trees are native to Mis- 
souri, the red cedar (Juniperus communis var. canadensis), 
the longleaf pine (Pinus echinata), and the bald eypress 
(Taxodium distichum), and since comparatively few species 
have been thoroughly tested in this locality, the Pinetum will 
undoubtedly become a most valuable experimental ground. 


The exotic section, which will be devoted to foreign plants, 
is now being prepared for planting. 


Large tracts of land, including the woodland, rocky bluff, 
and ravines, will be given over to the collection of North 
American plants. Seven miles of trails have been cleared 
through these regions, making them accessible for study and 
affording an opportunity for naturalizing plants along their 
borders. Advantage has been taken in locating these trails 
to open up extensive vistas into the surrounding country, 
greatly increasing the interest and beauty of the property. 
Along one of these trails was found a natural situation for 
a great rock garden. Along another, where the soil is of a 
sandy consistency, with shade, leaf mold, and moisture, are 
grown ericaceous plants, such as rhododendron and mountain 
laurel, several thousand rhododendron having already been 
planted. Showy flowering small trees, as the redbud (Cercis 
canadensis and var. alba), white and pink-flowered dogwood 
(Cornus florida and Cornus florida var. rubra), service-berry 
(Amelanchier canadensis), and wild plum (Prunus ameri- 
cana) are being propagated in quantity for planting along 
these trails. 

In a special area, on opposite hillsides, one thousand 
Japanese flowering cherries and one thousand flowering erab- 
apples have been set out. To demonstrate the possibility of 
fruit growing an apple orchard of twenty acres has been 
established, with an additional area for new varieties of 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 137 


apples. Plantations of other fruit trees will be made later. 
An orchard for the growing of all sorts of nut trees has also 
been started. Comparison is also being made between trees 
and shrubs grown in the Extension and at the Garden in 
St. Louis, and much valuable information is being secured 
thereby. 

The establishment of a really great arboretum at Gray 
Summit, Missouri, should be of great value to horticulturists 
and park executives, by introducing to them many new trees 
and shrubs not heretofore known to be adapted to the variable 
climatic conditions of the middlewestern states. 

In addition to the gardens in St. Louis and Gray Summit, 
the Garden maintains a tropical experimental station of about 
three acres in Balboa, Canal Zone, Central America. 

From what has been indicated in this paper, the Missouri 
Botanical Garden, with its extensive library on botany and 
horticulture, its great herbarium, large collections of living 
plants both outdoors and under glass, is an institution of 
world-wide influence, whose facilities and resources are avail- 
able to any one irrespective of nationality. Its correspondents 
are everywhere, and its publications go to every corner of 
the globe. L. P. J. 


NOTES 


Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before 
the Missouri Historical Society, October 23, on ‘‘Henry Shaw 
and his Garden.’’ 

A party of delegates of the Social Order of the Beauceant 
of the World, en route to their annual assembly, at Atlantic 
City, visited the Garden, September 21. 

Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke be- 
fore the Roosevelt School Mothers’ Circle at the Roosevelt 
High School, September 23, on ‘‘Insects and Flowers.’’ 

Mr. George H. Pring acted as judge at the flower show of 
the Adams School, September 25, and that of the Oak Hill 
School, October 1. 

Dr. Moore is the author of an article in ‘‘The Modern 
View,’’ September 10, on ‘‘Shaw’s Garden—What It Does for 
St. Louis,’’ and one in the ‘‘ United States Daily,’’ September 
18, on ‘‘Missouri’s Collection of Orchids.’’ 

The ‘‘Science News Letter’’ for September 19 contains an 
article ‘‘Orchids that Look like Girls’’ in which orchids from 
the Missouri Botanical Garden are described and illustrated. 


eS 
- 
R; 


138 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, spoke 
before the Franklin County School Teachers’ Conference, 
Union, Mo., September 4, on ‘‘Planting of School Grounds 
and Its Relation to Conservation.’’ 

Mr. L. P. Jensen attended the convention of the American 
Institute of Park Executives, at Toronto, Canada, September 
28—October 2, and on October 29 read a paper ‘‘ Arboricul- 
tural Development in the Missouri Botanical Garden.’’ 


Mr. L. P. Jensen acted as judge at the flower show at Sulli- 
van, Mo., September 18, and has been appointed a judge of 
the Missouri State Highway Beautification Contest for 1931, 
sponsored by the Missouri State Highway Department. 

Recent visitors to the Garden were Dr. C. B. Davenport, 
director department genetics, Carnegie Institution, Station 
for Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y., and 
Prof. Dwight M. Moore, professor of botany, University of 
Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. 

Volume XVIII, No. 3, of the ANNALS OF THE MissouRI 
BoTaNicaL GARDEN has recently been issued with the follow- 
ing contents: ‘‘ The Polyporaceae of Colorado,’’ Paul Franklin 
Shope; ‘‘Alpova, a New Genus of Rhizopogonaceae, with 
Further Notes on Leucogaster and Arcangeliella,’’ Carroll 
W. Dodge; ‘‘The Chromosome Complements of Alliwm stella- 
tum and Nothoscordum bivalve,’? Edgar Anderson; ‘‘Hy- 
menomycetous Fungi of Siberia and Eastern Asia, mostly of 
Wood-destroying Species,’’? Edward Angus Burt. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


139 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR SEPTEMBER, 1931 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


OCR MDEWOL OL VISILOTR... 5.0005. ct cc vee ee cess se eek oe 30,627 
Liprary ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought.............. 32 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............. 321 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of seed packets donated...............e..00- 26 
Total number of plants donated...............cc cee eeeeees 12 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase— 
Broadway, W. E.—Plants of Trinidad, B. W. I........... 116 
Hassler, Mildred M.—Plants of southern California....... 280 
Herter, Dr. G.—Plants of Uruguay.............ceceecees 116 
Jorgensen, Dr. Pedro—Plants of Paraguay............... 218 
Killip, Ellsworth P.—Plants of Colombia, collected by 
jah BON SF 2a a ee ae aca ee rar eee 503 
By Gift— 
Bettis, Mrs. W. R.—Pyrus baccata L. from Missouri..... L 
Clark, Dr. Ora M.—Plants of Texas.............cccceecs 114 
Elrod, Mrs. Jennie M.—Salix humilis Marsh. from Okla- 

FUG IIRL coe sien csc aie So ee iaie the ere ee ists e.ks OME RE ote ae 2 ete 1 
Greenman, Dr. J. M.—Plants of Utah................... 196 
Keck, Dr. David D.—Plants of California............... 121 
Kellogg, John H.—Plants of Missouri.................. 2 
Lewis, H. G.—Iva zanthiifolia Nutt. from Missouri...... 1 

By Exchange— 
O’Neill, Rev. Hugh—Plants of Florida and Brazil....... 137 
PROUD? Bore oo eae oo tee aehene ate Se Sie ae eee ate eee 1,806 


ee eee re ee Pe Te 


uy 7 
, Tre 


FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1931 


In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com- 
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits 
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol- 
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can 
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants 
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of- 
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting 
the Garden. 


JANUARY FEBRUARY 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids. 
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias. 
MARCH APRIL 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
March 1-15—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus. 
March 19-22—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors) 
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early- 


flowering Shrubs. 


MAY 
(Floral Display House) 
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines, 
and other spring annuals. 
(Outdoors) 
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies. 
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials. 


JUNE 


(Outdoors) 
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden. 


JULY 
(Outdoors) 
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber 
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden. 


AUGUST 


(Outdoors) 
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. 


SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House) 
Tropical Water-lilies. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties). 
NOVEMBER DECEMBER 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 


Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias. 


SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr, 
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, 
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction 
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was, 
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although 
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri 
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title 
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred 
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of 
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands 
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were 
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of 
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro- 
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested 
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden 
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely 
from funds left by the founder. 


The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species 
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a 
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to 
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and 
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city 
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in 
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as 
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea 
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani- 
cal garden. 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except 
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until 
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave- 
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached 
by Bus Route No. 12. to which all other motorbus lines transfer. 


4 


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OF THE missoun! BOTANICAL GARDEN 2 


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Curator of Herbarium 5 "Research Assistant . ee 
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4 


NELL C. Hoaner, 
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‘Missouri BoranicaL 


Garpen BuLLeTIN. — 


Vol. XIX NOVEMBER, 1931 No. 9 


CONTENTS 


Page 


Midaden Os 20 ee aes Cia ea ae Ghar ee 


mw euctanie Marple <i eee Mele er cals pena Me 
- Winter Course in Gardening for Amateurs. . .*. . 144 


Plants in Flower in the Garden on November 23, 1931 145 


Wotes 2°". <. EPA ae Oe Cees eR Pa ST UTE | 


Statistical fufordation ott , emt eh ee eer e 
Harel Displays of Thiskeet/3 in 1931. 


ST. LOUIS, MO. 
1931 


Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees 


SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 


ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR : SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS 


Pa BOARD OF TRUSTEES _ 
OF THE MTBRO US BOTANICAL GARDEN 


bays a is Ree 


ng : ~" 
:> ¥ 


<A x 2 


THE ie picinan) MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. 8H AW'S wou | 
“AND: THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE 
EX-OFFICIO ty ginger Is HELE FARE ATUAR ES 


a4 one " : Sea es ‘Preclaens ya se rc MS nb sr 
= Say Payne 0. Gzorce G. HITCHCOCK Dis oe eee 


Vice-President aA ae as es ets | s 


‘SAMUEL Cy: DAVIS, phy ste a 


_ Second Vice-President 


DANIEL, K. CATLIN, Phi sels WAL Resist 
fi at Aver PEREIE Rear: 


ao ‘Pamir ©, Scaxtan. VP 
ahs ae | Bas A. H, Suxezar, 


Far @. Zerars, ee Nis a Cates Mets 


4 EX-OFFICIO. MEMBERS k M; 


) A ea ee ‘victor J. Mince, ait eg 
ot Washington University - Mayor of the City of St. Louis 


_Farvenrox F. ‘Jornssax. re) -ALERED F. Sarreurawarr, wee 


- Bishop, ot the eh yuna of Missouri — Ms Peep vag of ‘The Academy of Science 
of St. 


$ a eit Pegs Oe eg i Bene \ 3 
eA Sal ab ag pines SSestetatin ‘Moray SMES Te pee Sg 
ea bets Ste ‘President | of the Board of Education of st Louis 
DANIEL BRECK, Secretary : : 
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Missouri Botanical 


Garden Bulletin 


Vol. XIX NOVEMBER, 1931 No. 9 


ALL-THORN 


All-thorn (Koeberlinia spinosa Zuccarini) is one of the most 
curious shrubs of the deserts of southwestern Texas and 
northern Mexico. From a distance it may be recognized by 
its light green color and by its rather indefinite, hazy, ap- 
pearance (pl. 32). Upon approaching closely to the plant 
the cause of this indefinite appearance is very evident. All- 
thorn apparently consists of nothing but thorns; much 
branched interlocking vicious thorns; round, green, thorns, 
tapering abruptly near the end into short, strong, stiff 
needle-sharp points; thorns so intricately branched that the 
progress of cattle and horses through thickets of the plant is 
absolutely impossible. Aside from the inevitable lizards and 
snakes of the desert, fire is the only thing that ean make its 
way unharmed through a mass of all-thorn. 

These wickedly pointed thorns are branches. In their youth 
they put forth tiny scale-like leaves which very soon drop off, 
leaving no forage for chance grasshoppers. The green 
thorns then carry on the food-making processes of the plant. 
The green cells of the thorns are surrounded by an outer 
layer of colorless transparent cells having extremely thick 
outer walls that are impervious to water. Through tiny pores 
deeply sunken in pits between the cells of the outermost layer, 
the plant tissues are ventilated. 

By dropping its leaves, all-thorn reduces its exposed sur- 
face, and thus the area over which the plant might give off 
water. It manages to get along with a scant supply of water 
by not using very much. Desert plants have different means 
by which they get along with a scant water supply. Cacti 
hoard, in their stems, water against future needs; the cen- 
tury plant stores, in its leaves, the food and moisture that will 

(141) 


142 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


be needed many years hence at the time when the plant 
flowers. 

Small clusters of greenish-white flowers look out of place 
upon the spines of all-thorn. The flowers are constructed 
on the plan of four, four sepals, four petals, and eight sta- 
mens. The pistil later becomes a fleshy, black berry containing 
one or two seeds. 

All-thorn was discovered growing in the desert regions of 
the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, by Baron Wilhelm Karwinsky, 
some time in the year 1830. He sent specimens to Dr. J. G. 
Zuecarini, botanist at the Botanic Garden and Herbarium of 
the Prince of Monaco. In the year 1832 Zucearini printed the 
first description of this plant, naming it after a friend—C. L. 
Koeberlin (it is hoped with the best of intentions). Karwin- 
sky introduced many kinds of Mexican plants, especially 
cacti, into the gardens of Europe. A genus of the buck- 
thorn family was named in his honor, Karwinskia. 

After Zuececarini had distinguished all-thorn as a new kind 
of plant, he had to say to which group of the flowering plants 
it belonged. He believed that it belonged in the Pittosporum 
family. Dr. Asa Gray thought that all-thorn belonged to 
the Orange family (Rutaceae). English botanists thought it 
most closely resembled members of the Ailanthus family. Dr. 
Engler, late Director of the Berlin Botanie Garden, many 
years ago cut the gordian knot by relegating all-thorn to a 
new plant family which he described as the Koeberliniaceae. 
More recently some botanists have come to believe that the 
Caper family is the one to whieh all-thorn should be 


assigned. 
JOHN ADAM Moore. 


VEGETABLE MARBLE 


Any one who has admired the ornamental bowls carved 
from walnut or chestnut burls by skillful Spanish and Italian 
handeraftsmen has probably marvelled not so much at the 
graceful shape of the object as at the highly polished wood 
itself, the grain of which appears to have been swept by some 
unseen force into a maelstrom of contrasting and inextricably 
interwoven strata of varying density and color. One can 
searcely resist the thought that such wood might be called 
the marble of the vegetable kingdom, since its beauty vies 
with that of the most exquisite marbles which have been 
quarried. 


Mo. Eot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 19, 1931 PLATE 32 


. 


te . 


Plant growing near Chisos Mountains, Texas, showing tangled 
appearance of thorny branches, 


Group of branches on which are borne clusters of small greenish- 
white flowers. 


KOEBERLINIA SPINOSA 


Mo. Bot. GARD. 


‘nae 


TWO VIEWS OF 


TRL, FOUND 
| 


ON BLACK 


MISSOURI 


WALNUT, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 143 


Burled wood is not only used as a medium for hand-carved 
objects, but is also in great demand for veneer work. For 
such a purpose, very thin slabs are cut from the burl and 
imposed upon the common wood used as a frame-work for 
furniture or a piece of interior finish. The beautifully 
grained sections are then frequently pieced together to form 
a natural design, as for a table top. It is in connection with 
its use in fine furniture designing that the similarity of mar- 
ble and burled wood is most striking, for here they achieve 
much the same effect. 

The analogy of marble and burled wood is a rather danger- 
ous one when we wish to speak of the manner of origin of 
either. Marble is an example of what is known as ‘‘metamor- 
phic’’ rock, and is in fact usually a sort of limestone which 
has become greatly changed from its original condition due 
to the inestimable pressure of the strata of rock overlying it, 
or to the action of intense heat or the irresistible power of 
the earth’s internal movements. Burls are analogous to mar- 
ble not only in superficial similarity in the polished product of 
handicraft, but also because they are a result of some abnormal 
incident, such as injury or disease in the tree. A small branch 
may be broken close to the trunk of the tree, for example, and 
in time the wound is healed over by the constantly multiplying 
fibers which constitute the wood. The successive layers of wood 
really inundate the wound, gradually wrapping it up within 
many folds of tissue for protection against the attacks of 
fungi and other causes of disease. It is the aggregation of 
such protective folds of wood, which are made unusually 
hard and durable as an added protection, which produces the 
curled and tangled grain so advantageously displayed in the 
polished surfaces of a piece of fine cabinet work. 


In nature, burls assume awkward and occasionally gro- 
tesque forms before they are submitted to the skill of the 
craftsman. A particularly bizarre individual which was re- 
cently brought to the Garden by Mr. Lester Dean is repro- 
duced in plate 33. This burl was found about three miles 
north of Seventy-six, Missouri, upon a tree which was pre- 
sumably the black walnut, Juglans nigra L. It measures 
nearly a foot in each dimension. The burl apparently was 
the result of an injury or disease to two small adjacent 
branches, about which the healing tissue formed in increasing 
amounts until a natural graft was effected, producing the 

lj 
skull-like aspect. R.E.W. Jr. 


ee A ee Eee ee ee ee ee eee ee 


Ra Oe ed 


eee a Oe ee ae MAS ee, Ss eS 


144 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN .BULLETIN 


WINTER COURSE IN GARDENING FOR AMATEURS 


During the past three years an elementary course in various 
phases of gardening has been conducted for amateurs at the 
Garden. Because of the interest that has been manifested in 
this type of instruction in the past, the course will be repeated 
in 1932. However, instead of offering it during the spring 
months, it will commence in January instead of March, since 
it is believed that the course will be of more value if it can be 
given earlier in the year. The class will meet in the lecture 
room of the museum building (entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue gate) at 3:45 p. m., Tuesday afternoons of 
each week. The outline of the subjects to be discussed follows: 
January 12—Brief discussion of catalogues, horticultural maga- 

zines, and bulletins. Illustrated lecture and instruc- 


tion on growing plants from seeds and cuttings. 
The use of hot-beds and cold-frames........... Kohl 


January 19—Trees and shrubs: 
Prunning of shrubs at planting time. 
Summer and winter pruning of trees and shrubs 
with relation to the time of bloom; i. e., trees and 
shrubs flowering in spring from buds formed the 
previous season; those blooming in summer on wood 


made during the current season.......... Beilmann 
January 26—Practical demonstration (students participating) in 
growing plants from seeds and cuttings...... Kohl 
February 2—General care of trees; the importance of tree surgery 
and the use of fertilizers... ......3.(4.sa00% Beilmann 
February 9—TIris, Peonies, Roses. Illustrated lecture......... Kohl 


February 16—Lawns: 
Seed lawns: Preparation of the soil, seed selection, 
fertilizers. 
Stolon lawns: Methods of planting by means of 
stolons and plugging. , 
Lawns and their subsequent care. 


Msperimental lawn: plots... ci.:.0:<:. Mle. Sasa woes Pring 
February 23—Transplanting seedlings grown from the seed sown on 

QRMEOIY 2265 iii 630554 ek Gk pe eee ped Kohl 
March 1 —Controlling insect pests. Material to use. .Beilmann 
March §&§ -—wWater gardens. Illustrated lecture. 


Construction of pools. 

Preparation of soil and planting. 

Caring for hardy and tropical water-lilies during 

growing season. 

Propagation by seeds, tubers and leaves. 

Breeding. 

"WHACEr | SUGTAZG so os v.65 ics sa oie ss Some peace Pring 
March 15 -—Demonstration in pruning and spraying, including use 

of power and hand sprayers and dusters. .Beilmann 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 145 


March 22 -—Practical demonstration in the greenhouse of potting 
seedlings, cuttings and larger plants. 
Preparation of soil for sowing seeds outdoors. .Kohl 


March 29 -—Annuals, perennials, bulbs, Illustrated lecture. .Kohl 


REGISTRATION: No previous notice of intention to join 
the course is necessary. Registration will take place in 
the lecture-hall of the Museum Building, Tower Grove 
and Cleveland Avenues, on Tuesday, January 12, at 3:45 
P.M. Registration by letter, with check enclosed, will be 
aecepted after January 1. Subsequent meetings will be 
held at the same hour on the dates indicated. 


FEES: A fee of $5.00 payable at the time of registration 
will be charged. 


PLANTS IN FLOWER IN THE GARDEN ON 
NOVEMBER 23, 1931 


Owing to the unusually mild weather this fall, many things 
which normally bloom only in the spring have come into flower 
again. Plates 31 and 34 indicate the condition of the tropical 
day-blooming water-lilies which, well into November, have 
retained an appearance not unlike that presented during the 
hot summer, their normal blooming time. Below are listed, 
according to location, the plants found in bloom on No- 
vember 23: 

Rose GARDEN. 


Hybrid teas Katherine Zeimet (Polyantha) 
Hybrid perpetuals F. J. Grootendorst (Hybrid rugosa) 
Marie Pavic (Polyantha) Sarah Van Fleet (Hybrid rugosa) 


MAIN ENTRANCE, 
Hardy chrysanthemums 


WATER GARDENS. 
Tropical day-blooming water-lilies (Nymphaea) 
Hardy water-lilies (Nymphaea) 


Iris GARDEN. 
Iris “Quinnipiac” Iris “Autumn King” 
Iris “Gold Imperial” Iris “Lustre” 
Iris “Dora Longdon” 


MEDICINAL GARDEN, 


Mexican agrimony (Agrimonia Common rue (Ruta graveolens) 
mexicana) Black nightshade (Solanum 
Borage (Borago officinalis) nigrum) 
Chamomile (Matricaria Chamo- 
milla) 


146 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


PASTURE. 


Shepherd’s purse (Capsella 
Bursa-pastoris ) 

Day-flower (Commelina  com- 
munis ) 

Galinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora 
and var. hispida) 


Spiny-leaved sow thistle (Son- 
chus asper) 

Wood sorrel (Oxalis stricta) 

Common chickweed (Stellaria 
media) 

Dandelion (Taraxacum  offici- 
nale) 


KNOLLS. 


Yarrow (Achillea lanulosa) 

Bear’s ear (Arctotis grandis) 

Ageratum (Ageratum Houstoni- 
anum ) 

Tartarian aster (Aster tataricus) 

Pot marigold (Calendula offici- 
nalis ) 

Cockscomb (Celosia argentea) 

Bachelor's button (Centaurea 


Cyanus ) 

Korean chrysanthemum 

Cosmus 

Delphinium (Delphinium Bella 
donna) 

Garden pink (Dianthus pluma- 
rius) 

California poppy (Hschscholizia 
californica) 

Gaillardia (Gaillardia grandi- 
flora) 

Cranesbill (Geranium  sangui- 
neum ) 


Sunflower heliopsis (Heliopsis 
helianthoides) 


Stella sunflower (Helianthus 
sp.) 

Heliotrope (Heliotropium an- 
chusaefolium) 

Candytuft (Iberis sempervirens) 

Sweet alyssum (Lobularia mari 
tima) 

Sander’s tobacco (Nicotiana San- 
deriana) 

Geranium (Pelargonium zonale) 

Petunia 

Salvia (Salvia farinacea) 

Scarlet sage (Salvia splendens) 

Sidalcea (Sidalcea malvaeflora) 

Speedwell (Veronica amethys- 
tina) 

Speedwell (Veronica spicata) 

Violet (Viola striata) 

Dwart-flowered zinnia (Zinnia 
sp.) 

Mayflower verbena (Verbena 
hybrida) 


TREES, SHRUBS AND CLIMBERS. 


Hawthorn (Crataegus) 

Japanese quince (Cydonia japon- 
ica) 

Golden-bell 
media) 

Fragrant honeysuckle (Lonicera 
fragrantissima) 


(Forsythia  inter- 


Hall’s honeysuckle (Lonicera 
Ralliana) 

Woodbine (Lonicera Periclyme- 
num) 

Saucer magnolia (Magnolia Sou 
langeana var, Lennei) 

Bridal-wreath (Spiraea pruni- 
folia) 


GRAY SUMMIT Extension. 


White heath aster (Aster eri- 
coides) 

Aster (Aster anomalus) 

American bell-flower (Campa 
nula americana) 

Annual fleabane (Hrigeron an- 
NUWUS ) 

Narrow-leaved houstonia (Hous- 
tonia angustifolia) 


Yellow wood _ sorrel 
stricta) 

Tall goldenrod (Solidago altis- 
sima) 

Elm-leaved goldenrod (Solidago 
ulmifolia) 

Birdsfoot violet (Viola pedata) 

Early blue violet (Viola cucul 
lata) 

Redbud (Cercis canadensis) 


G. H. P. 


(Oxalis 


PLATE 34 


aL: pe Ute ak 


BULL., VOL: 


Bot. GARD. 


Mo. 


| ore 


TROPICAL LILY POND, IN 


FRONT OF MAIN CONSERVATORY, NOVEMBER 23, 


1931 


a 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 147 


NOTES 


The December number of the Ladies’ Home Journal con- 
tains an illustrated article by Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintend- 
ent of the Garden, on ‘‘Glass Gardens.”’ 


The botany class of Christian College, Columbia, Mo., and 
the Biology Club of Central High School, St. Louis, visited 
the Garden recently and were conducted through the grounds, 
library, and herbarium by special guides. 


Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before 
the Men’s Garden Club of the Chicago Region, Chicago, Il1li- 
nois, November 12, on ‘‘ What Goes on Inside the Plant,’’ and 
before the St. Louis Secticn of the American Society of Civil 
Engineers, at the Hotel Mayfair, October 26, on ‘‘The Plant 
Commonwealth.’’ The talks were illustrated with moving 
pictures. 


Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has made 
the following talks recently: before the Parent-Teacher As- 
sociation of the Avery School, Webster Groves, Mo., October 
21, on ‘Pollination of Flowers’’; before the Patrons’ Asso- 
ciation of the Sherman School, November 6, on ‘‘Mimiery in 
Plants’’; before the South Side Republican Women’s Club, 
at the German House, November 20, on ‘‘The Development 
of the Orchid From the Seed to the Mature Plant’’; before 
the Practical Arts Club, November 20, on ‘‘ House Plants and 
Glass Gardens.’’ 


che ad oo 


ee ea Sey WET re = as» ee Ss er se eee ee ee vee ee Se a ee 


148 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR OCTOBER, 1931 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


A TIME ChE, WIBICOLS., s. 4-6:4:0's.4_ cd 6 sa0 k's MER KOT wae 40,599 
Limrary ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 36 

Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 189 


PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of seed packets donated...............0005- 35 


Total number of plants donated... 65.0066 5 os Me dairy eee 6 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 


By Purchase— 
Field Museum of Natural History—-Photographs of type 


UB GT oo iin ek OK Shes 6 Bee yh e:as See SE eo 17 
Moore, J. A., and J. A. Steyermark—Plants of Texas and 

We PT pclae wii ss any 6 delbealSag.a's Oe eie'e AEE P RR TA ta 305 
Thompson, J. William—Plants of Washington........... 2,170 
University of Minnesota-—Reliquiae Holwayanae, Fasc. V 

and VI, Nos. 201-300, inclusive; and extra specimens... 143 

By Gift— 

Berkley, E. E.—-Pinus Taeda L. from Mississippi......... 1 
Grout, Dr. A. J—North American Mosses...........-..4. 2 
Kellogg, John H.—Chrysopsis sp. from Missouri......... 1 
Ledman, O. S.—Monotropa uniflora L. from Missouri..... 1 


By Exchange— 


Epling, Dr. Carl—Plants of southern California.......... 127 
U. S. National Museum, by Ellsworth P. Killip—Plants of 
Be UG A MOE. op aia ko 6.0 Ao BG's on vad ns aes 21 
University of Arkansas, by Prof, D. M. Moore—Gentiana 
POUL ary ETON: AP RANSAB S66 6i5'0'0'c< co. oheane eG alee B's 00% 1 


a aa 239 eT ehh a ee eS ee ee ee 
Of clean i s 
| 


FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1931 


In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com- 
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits 
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol- 
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can 
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants 
{is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of- 
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting 
the Garden. 


JANUARY FEBRUARY 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids. 
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias. 
MARCH APRIL 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
March 1-15—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus. 
March 19-22—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors) 
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early- 


flowering Shrubs. 


MAY 
(Floral Display House) 
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines, 
and other spring annuals. 
(Outdoors) 
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies. 
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials. 


JUNE 


(Outdoors) 
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden. 


JULY 
(Outdoors) 
Tropical plants. Annuals. Economic Garden —farm crops, fiber 
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden. 


AUGUST 


(Outdoors) 
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. 


SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House) 
Tropical Water-lilies. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties). 
NOVEMBER DECEMBER 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 


Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias. 


SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. 
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, 
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction 
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was, 
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although 
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri 
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title 
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred 
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of 
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands 
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were 
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of 
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro- 
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested 
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden 
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely 
from funds left by the founder. 


The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species 
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a 
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to 
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and 
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city 
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in 
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as 
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea 
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani- 
cal garden. 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except 
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until 
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave. 
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached 
by Bus Route No. 12, to which all other motorbus lines transfer. 


Grorcs T. Moors. eS . | 
ON aed Oe 8 OR iss pee ES 
-Karuenixe H. Leicn, Rha es aaa 4 
Assistant to the Director peer aN 
enicio VON ScHRENE, | Canton: W. Dopae, ! 
- Pathologist ahr _. Mycologist | 
| Jnsse M. GREENMAN, =~  RoLaxp V. LaGagpsg, 
‘ Curator of Herbarium ; n ‘Research ‘Assistant : 
> Ervest 8. REYNOLDS, ee : -Rozert B, Woopson, In, gels Oa 
‘Physiologist .. Research Assistant Pah 3, 


| ‘NELL C. Horner, 
Si (Librarian and Editor of Publications — 


1 


Sed  Georce H. Prine, “7 
Fae ; Superintendent ; Rely 
Paut A. Kout, ee 

Floriculturist = 


be Wee OW. F. LaNcan, Ve ey Cire at ant 
Chief Engineer — 7 al 
A. P, BEILMANN, J. H, KELLoae, ~ 
Trees and Shrubs 3 Herbaceous and Nursery * LM gl 
J. Cura, rs pie? J. Langan, ag na ghd’ i 
yas Exotics { oa Assistant Engineer | : Reh tied oy eee 
_ A. D. Forrester, e | A. PEARSON, | an eon 
‘Plant Recorder poh. (, Painter , LC liek 


hele peas ., GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION Lats 

L. P. JENSEN, , D. MILLER, ~~ erat 
Arboricuiturist, REN EE SOMBIE LS 5 
- @. GorpEeKs, ‘R. E. Kissecg,. ee 
~ Farm hoe Engineer ne dhe ie We ene 


hahaa ae STATION, BALBOA, CANAL tOnR. wae 
tee A. A. HUNTER, y Dariettasy 
Manager : 


| REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE 
Gurney Witson, F. L. S. 


ep SF eh A 


"Ae 


a 


 Garpen [BULLETIN 


Vol. XIX DECEMBER, 1931 No. 10 
CONTENTS 
- Page 
Plants of ‘the Bibles... 5°64 WGI . 149 
WRC en) hie at te pg, ok eee OH Sade POS Fo!) 
Statistical Information . 9. 2.0.4. 4 8. - 161 
Index to Illustrations of Vol. XIX  . ... . 163 
General Index to Volume XIX . . . . .. . 165 
1931. = 


Floral Displays of Interest in 


ST. LOUIS, MO. 
1931 


Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees 


SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 
SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS 


ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR 


f 


- Mussour: BoTANICAL 


> oe 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL 
AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE 
EX-OFFICIO. MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING 


President 
GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK 


Vice-President 
SAMUEL C. DAVIS. 


Second Vice-President 
DANIEL K. CATLIN. 


L. Ray CARTER. ALBERT T, PERKINS. 
Tuomas S. Marrirt. PHinip C. SCANLAN, 


George T. Moore. ErHan A. H. SHEPLEY. 


FRrep G. ZEIBIG. 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


Grorer R. THROOP, Vicror J. MILLER, 
Chancellor of Washington University Mayor of the City of St. Louis 


FREDERICK F. JOHNSON, ALFRED F’. SaATTERTHWAIT, 


Bishop of the Diocese of Missonri President of The Academy of Science 
: of St: Louis, 


RicHArRD MuRPHY 
President of the Board of Education of 8t, Louis 


DANIEL Breck, Secretary 


Mo. Bor. Garb. BuLu., Vou. 19, 19381 PLATE 35 


FRONTISPIECE FROM URSINUS', “ARBOR TU M 
BIBLICU M.” 


Missoun Botanical 


Garden Bulletin 


Vol. XIX DECEMBER, 1931 No. 10 


PLANTS OF THE BIBLE 


Interest in the plants mentioned in the Holy Scriptures 
dates from very early times. The oldest book on this subject 
in the Garden library appeared in 1568. The title in full 
follows: ‘‘Similitudinum ae parabolarum quae in Bibliis ex 
herbis atque arboribus desumuntur dilucida explicatio: in 
qua narratione singula loca explanantur, quibus Prophetae, 
obseruata stirpium natura, conciones suas illustrant, diuinaque 
oracula fulciunt. Levino Lemnio Sacrarum Literarum studi- 
oso auctore.’’ There followed in 1595 Franciscus Vallesius’ 
‘‘De iis quae seripta sunt physice in libris sacris, sive de 
sacra philosophia.’’ In 1665 Johannus Henricus Ursinus 
published his ‘‘Continuatio historiae plantarum Biblicae, sive 
1. de sacra phytologia, 2. Herbarius sacer, & 3. Hortus aroma- 
ticus cum sylva theologiae symbolicae recusa.’’ Twenty years 
later appeared ‘‘ Arboretum Biblicum’’ by the same author. 
This work contains somewhat diagrammatic illustrations of 
some of the more important plants and goes deeply into the 
origin of their names, considering the original Hebrew and 
Greek (pl. 35). 

Perhaps the most complete discussion of the plants of the 
Bible previous to the nineteenth century was by Solomon 
Pfister, which appeared in 1725. Although published in one 
volume it is divided into two parts, the first 488 pages being 
devoted to trees and woody vines and shrubs, and the last 
278 pages to herbs. Elaborate indexes referring both to the 
scriptures and to the names of plants are included (pl. 36). 

As the knowledge of the flora of the Holy Land increased, 
much additional light was thrown upon the plants referred to 
in the Bible, and the last century produced numerous works 
along this line. In 1842 appeared the ‘‘Seripture Herbal’’ 
of Maria Calleott, in which is incorporated most of the infor- 


(149) 


1 ay ee ee re oe 


Ps. iP ew 


eee 


Be at Pa Aim 
Aerts 1 


SRP ee Oe ee PP ee pee 


re ee 
a i eye 
ete ES a ih 


150 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


mation contained in the ‘‘Hierobotanicon’’ of Celsius, Rosen- 
miiller’s ‘‘Mineralogy and Botany of the Bible,’’ and others. 


In 1858, J. H. Balfour, Regius Keeper of the Edinburgh 
Botanie Garden, published a small volume illustrated with 
colored plates on ‘‘The Plants of the Bible: Trees and 
Shrubs’’ in which he said: ‘‘In the sacred writings there are 
frequent allusions made to the vegetable kingdom. While 
plants, like the other works of the Almighty Creator, are well 
worthy of study they are especially so when we view them in 
connection with the Scripture. In order to see fully the lesson 
which is to be taught, it is necessary that we should be ac- 
quainted with the plant to which reference is made. Want of 
knowledge in this respect has hid much of the beauty and 
force of many a parable.’’ 


Henry Shaw appears to have been greatly interested in 
the subject and grew as many of the plants mentioned in the 
Bible as could be obtained or determined with reasonable 
accuracy. It should be remembered that at the time of the 
various revisions of the English Bible comparatively little 
attention was given to botany by the revisers. The consequent 
lack of knowledge concerning plants of a given region led 
to doubtful or inaccurate translations of the Hebrew and 
Greek names. Then there is the usual confusion due to the 
use of! so-called ‘‘common names.’’ The sycamore tree of the 
Bible is not the one that we now know by that name. Nor 
is the mulberry of the Scripture the common tree now so 
designated. 


In 1884 Mr. Shaw had printed a little pamphlet entitled 
‘‘Plants of the Bible at the Missouri Botanical Garden.’’ In 
this he listed thirty-four plants, mostly trees, giving the 
names as they appeared in the Bible, followed by the botanical 
names which were most likely ascribed to them. By far the 
greater part of this pamphlet was given up to quotations 
from the Scripture. Under ‘‘The fig tree,’’ for instance, is 
found the botanical name Ficus Carica with a page of quo- 
tations from the Scripture in which figs or the fig tree are 
mentioned. The same is true of the vine and other frequently 
mentioned plants. 


Aside from extensive works on the subject, such as Tris- 
tram’s ‘‘Natural History of the Bible,’’ which appeared in 
1868, there were numerous articles and pamphlets discussing 
single plants or groups of plants mentioned in Holy Scrip- 
ture, as for example, one by the Rev. David Scott on ‘‘The 
mustard plant mentioned in the gospel.’’ Another interest- 
ing work of similar character picturing plants for the most 


Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., Vou. 19, 1931 PLATE 36 


HIEROPHYTICON 


S LV-E 


COMMENTARIUS 


IN LOCA SCRIPTURE SACR& 


PLANTARUM 


FACIUNT MENTIONEM 
diftinétus in duas Partes, 
Quarum Prior de ARBORIBUS, 
Pofterior de HERBIS ditta compleétitur. 
AU CTORE 


MATTH#O HILLEROQ, 
Serenffimi Wirtenbergie Ducis Confiliaria 
ce Abbate Regiofontano. 
Cui accedit Przfatio 
SALOMONIS PFISTERI 
Profefjoris Bebenbufani , 


Continens B. Auctoris Vitam, Merita, & Libros 
tam editos quam MSSros, 


-Trajyectri ap Ruenum 
ex Libraria JACOBI BROEDELET. 


cIo Ia cc xxy. 


TITLE-PAGE OF SOLOMON PFISTER’S “HIEROPHYTICON,” 


Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., Vou. 19, 1931 PLATE 387 


HAYNALD SZENTIRAS! NOVENYEK TABLA 


CISTUS CRETICUS L 


REPRODUCTION OF PLATE FROM HAYNALIYS “DES PLANTES OUI 
FOURNISSENT LES GOMMES ET LES RESINES MENTIONNES 
DANS LES LIVRES SAINTS.” 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 151 


part referred to in the Old and New Testament is ‘‘Des 
plantes qui fournissent les gommes et les résines mentionnés 
dans les livres saints.’’ This was published in 1894 by the 
Botanical Department of the National Museum of Hungary, 
by order of Cardinal Haynald. There are thirteen plates 
not only depicting the leaves and flowers, natural size, but 
showing parts of the fruit and flower on an enlarged scale. 
There is also accompanying each plant a scene in the Holy 
Land indicating the general habitat of the tree or shrub 
(pl. 37, Cistus creticus). Some of the plates in the copy 
belonging to the Garden have been beautifully colored by an 
unknown hand. 


There are a hundred or more different plants mentioned 
in the Bible which can be identified with more or less aceu- 
racy. To discuss all of these would be beyond the scope of 
this article. Mr. Shaw’s list included the commoner or better- 
known trees and shrubs practically all of which are now 
growing at the Garden. Accordingly only those plants men- 
tioned in the pamphlet printed by Henry Shaw will be dis- 
cussed here. As previously mentioned he simply gave the 
common and botanical name of the plant followed by all the 
quotations from the Scriptures which mentioned the plant in 
question. It seems desirable that this plan be expanded some- 
what. While some scriptural references are given, the quo- 
tations have been omitted. 


Almond (Prunus Amygdalus). Ecclesiastes XII.5; Jeremiah 
1.11, 12; Numbers XVII.8; Exodus XXV.33. Both the tree 
and the fruit of the almond are frequently mentioned in the 
Scriptures, it being a native of Palestine. It is one of the 
earliest trees to put forth its blossom before the leaves, which 
apparently gave rise to its Hebrew name ‘‘shaked,’’ i.e., ‘‘has- 
ten.’’ This explains the passage in Jeremiah where the Lord 
asked the Prophet ‘‘ What seest thou? And I said, I see a rod 
of an almond (shaked) tree. Then said the Lord unto me, 
Thou hast well seen: for I will hasten (shaked) my word to 
perform it.’’ From the fact that Jacob told his sons to take 
almonds as a present to Joseph, it has been inferred that the 
tree did not grow in Egypt and that notwithstanding the 
famine in Canaan the tree continued to bear fruit there. The 
almond fruits served as the model for the ornaments of the 
candlesticks in the Tabernacle, and to this day the glass 
drops used for ornamenting branched candlesticks are termed 
‘‘almonds’’ by English workmen. 


Aloes (Aquilaria agallocha). Proverbs VII.17: Song of 
Solomon IV.14; Psalms XLV.8; John XIX.39. The Hebrew 


ae tealt 


rau ue lee ee 


ae Se < es ee 7. _ Ne Re Re ee Se Lt eee ee ee ae eae ey 


152 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


word thus translated refers to a large tree which produced a 
precious gum and perfume. Consequently, it has been gen- 
erally identified with Aquilaria agallocha, a tree which at- 
tains a height of a hundred feet or more, from which the 
perfume is extracted. Aloes of the Bible is quite a different 
plant from the bitter aloes used in medicine (Aloe Perryi). 


Apple. Deuteronomy XXXII.10; Proverbs XXV.11; Song 
of Solomon I1.5; VII.8; Joel 1.12; Zechariah II.8. Most of 
the authorities agree that the Hebrew word ‘‘tappuach’’ 
should not be translated ‘‘apple’’ in the sense that we now 
use it. he common apple barely exists in the Holy Land, 
the climate being too hot. Some have translated the word as 
‘‘quinee,’’ whereas a considerable number of commentators 
render it ‘‘citron.’’ Mr. Shaw evidently accepted this idea 
since he gives Citrus Medica as the Latin name for the apple 
tree. From the passages in which the ‘‘tappuach’’ is men- 
tioned, the fruit must have been not only sweet and agree- 
able, but with a delicate perfume and beautiful in appear- 
ance, and the tree must have been large enough to afford a 
gratelul shade. None of the fruits mentioned meet with these 
conditions, and Tristram inclines towards the apricot as being 
the only fruit which has all the requirements. While it is 
true that the apricot is not a native of Palestine, neither is 
the apple, the quince, or the citron. However, the apricot 
tree is quite common throughout the Holy Land and, with 
the single exception of the fig, is one of the most abundant 
fruits of the country. 


Bay Tree (Laurus nobilis). Psalms XXXVII. 35. The 
plant called ‘‘bay tree’’ is supposed to be the sweet 
bay, Laurus nobilis of botany. It is not very common but 
occurs in northern and western Palestine. Royle says: ‘‘The 
reason why the laurel is not more frequently mentioned in 
Scripture is probably because it was never very common in 
Palestine, as otherwise, from its pleasing appearance, grate- 
ful shade, and the agreeable odor of its leaves, it could hardly 
fail to attract attention.”’ 


Box Tree (Buus longifolia). Isaiah XLI.19; LX.13. The 
species of box found in Palestine is B. longifolia, which 
slightly differs from the. garden box, B. sempervirens. It is 
a small evergreen tree growing to a height of twenty feet or 
more. The prophet Ezekiel (XXVII.6), when describing the 
commerce of Tyre, uses the word ‘‘asshur’’ which is supposed 
to be a contraction of ‘‘Teasshur,’’ or ‘‘box.’’ Consequently 
instead of reading ‘‘The company of the Ashurites have 
made thy benches of ivory,’’ the passage should be trans- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 153 


lated ‘‘The benches of the rowers have they made of box- 
wood, inlaid with ivory.’’ 


Calamus or Sweet Cane. Exodus XXX.23; Song of Solo- 
mon IV.14; Isaiah XLIII.24; Ezekiel XXVII.19; Jeremiah 
VI.20. Mr. Shaw designated this plant as Acorus Calamus, 
the common ‘‘sweet flag.’’ It is extremely doubtful, however, 
whether this is the plant meant. In fact, botanists have been 
unable to decide just what was meant by the word as trans- 
lated. It was apparently the name given to some aromatie 
substance obtained from a foreign species of reed. A com- 
parison of the passages indicates that it was not a sweet cane 
like the sorghum which later was cultivated extensively in 
the valley of the Jordan. It must have been an aromatic cane 
imported from the East, probably a species of Andropogon. 
Royle calls it Calamus aromaticus and Sir Gilbert Blane be- 
lieved it to be spikenard. 


Camphire (Lawsonia inermis). Song of Solomon 1.14; and 
IV.13. This plant in no way resembles the true eamphor 
(Laurus Camphora). Lawsonia is a shrub well known in the 
East, growing eight to ten feet high, with pale green foliage 
and clusters of white and yellow blossoms of a powerful odor. 
Not only is the perfume of the flower highly prized, but a 
paste is made of the dried leaves which is used to dye the 
palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, and the nails. 


Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus Libani). There is frequent 
reference in the Old Testament to cedars and particularly to 
the Cedar of Lebanon. In passages where the Lebanon cedar 
is mentioned there can be no question as to the reference 
being to Cedrus Libani. The Scriptures use this tree to typity 
grandeur, might, and lofty stature. It was the prince of trees, 
to the plant world what the lion was to the animal world. 
The crowning insolence of Sennacherib was when he boasted: 
‘‘Am I come up to the height of the mountains, to the sides 
of Lebanon; and I will cut down the tall cedars thereof.’’ 
(Isaiah XX XVII.24). 


Chestnut (Platanus orientalis). There can be little ques- 
tion that the chestnut of the Bible was the oriental plane tree 
or syeamore. The Hebrew name ‘‘armon’’ signifies ‘‘naked,”’ 
referring to the well-known characteristic of this tree’s an- 
nually shedding its outer bark. 


Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). Exodus XX X.23; 
Proverbs VII.17; Song of Solomon IV.14; Revelations 
XVIII.13. The cinnamon was highly valued as a spice and 


SEO ne oe pt Rig ee Oe UT FA PRA oan © og DE ORL ge 


Oe Ae eee ee YO ae eS 


RO a ae ee ee a eee 7a, rs a ctl oa 


154 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


perfume, it being one of the principal ingredients employed 
in the manufacture of precious ointments for the Tabernacle. 


Elm. Hosea IV.13. There is no authority whatever for 
regarding this tree as being the true elm. Celsus was very 
uncertain about it and pronounced no opinion. Tristram 
says: ‘‘The tree is undoubtedly the terebinth (Pistacia tere- 
binthus).’’ 


Fig (Ficus Carica). Frequently mentioned in both the Old 
and New Testament, and one of the few plants which is found 
wild in all parts of the Holy Land. Not only was it prized 
for its fruit, but no protection against the sun was more com- 
plete than the dense foliage of the fig tree. The fact that the 
tree puts forth its fruit buds before its leaves gives point to 
the incident recorded in the Gospels where Jesus cursed the 
barren fig tree. Although ‘‘the time of figs was not yet,’’ still, 
as the tree was in full leaf, it might have been expected that 
figs would also have been found. 


Grape Vine (Vitis vinifera). This vine, its fruit, and the 
wine made from it are often referred to in the Bible. It was 
one of the most valuable and important fruits cultivated by 
man in a temperate climate. Coupled with the olive and fig, 
it typified the fruitfulness of the Land of Promise. 


Husk or Carob Tree (Ceratonia Siliqua). Luke XV.16. The 
tree is very common in Palestine. The leaves are something 
like those of the ash but dark, glossy, and evergreen. The 
tree bears flat pods from six to ten inches long which, before 
they harden, have a sweetish taste when chewed. They are 
sold for food in stalls in oriental towns but are chiefly used 
for the feeding of cattle and horses, especially for pigs. Both 
Horace and Juvenal speak of the pods of the locust tree as 
the food of the very poorest and most miserable. The tree 
is grown in all countries bordering on the Mediterranean, 
and in Malta it is cultivated for the pods which are exported 
to England under the name of ‘‘locust beans’’ where they 
are sold for food for horses. 

Hyssop (possibly Capparis spinosa). Exodus XIT.22 ; 
Numbers XIX.18; First Kings 1V.33; John XIX.29. Few 
biblical plants have caused more discussion than the hyssop. 
Celsus devotes forty-two pages to the question without arriv- 
ing at any conclusion. Putting together all the passages in 
which hyssop is mentioned, we find that it was a plant which 
grew in Egypt as well as in the desert of Sinai and in Pales- 
tine; that it grew out of chinks in walls and cliffs and that 
it produced a stem three or four feet in length. All these 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 156 


requirements are met by the caper (Capparis spinosa). Royle, 
referring to Pliny, states that the caper has always been sup- 
posed to possess cleansing properties which fulfils another 
requirement for the plant. It is the bud of the flower of this 
plant that is pickled and used for sauces. 


Lily. Song of Solomon I1.2; VI.2; Matthew VI.28. There 
has been much discussion as to what particular flower is 
designated by the Hebrew and Greek names translated as 
‘‘lily.”? The Hebrew word ‘‘shusan’’ is used by the Arabs 
in practically its same form to apply to any brilliantly eol- 
ored flower that at all resembles the lily. The only true lily 
found in the Holy Land is the red ‘‘Turk’s eap’’ of our garden 
and this is not common. Perhaps the tulip, because of its 
color, abundance, and locality, comes nearer to the flower 
referred to by Jesus when he said ‘‘ Consider the lilies of the 
field’’ than any flower having a lily-like habit. However, 
those familiar with the country are more inclined to think 
that the reference was to the anemone (Anemone coronaria), 
now well known in our gardens. This is found everywhere on 
all soils and in all situations. It covers the Mount of Olives, 
is abundant in the plains, and is especially luxuriant on the 
shores of the Lake of Galilee. The anemone also meets every 
requirement of the allusions in the Song of Solomon. 


Mint (Mentha). Luke X1I.42; Matthew XXIII.23. There 
are various species, wild and cultivated, in Palestine, the 
common one being Mentha sylvestris which occurs on all the 
hills and is much larger than the garden mint. 


Mulberry Tree (Populus tremula). Second Samuel V.23,24; 
First Chronicles XIV.14. Commentators are not agreed as 
to the tree intended, though there is nothing to support the 
translation of the Hebrew word ‘‘becaim’’ as ‘‘mulberry.’’ 
There is every reason to believe that the aspen or trembling 
poplar is the tree meant. The true mulberry is mentioned 
in the New Testament (Luke XVII.6) under the name ‘‘syea- 
mine.’’ 

Mustard (Sinapis nigra). Luke XII1.19; Mark IV.31; 
Matthew XIII.31. Much ingenuity has been expended in 
attempting to prove that the mustard is not a Sinapis at all 
but a tree of a totally different order, Salvadora persica. It 
was so listed by Mr. Shaw but Hooker and others have effec- 
tually disposed of this idea. The difficulty seems to have 
arisen from the fact that in the Scriptures it is called a tree 
but this may be regarded as a typical oriental figure which is 
not to be taken literally. The common mustard of Palestine is 


> 


ot ew © eee 


156 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Sinapis nigra, where it oceurs wild and is also cultivated for 
its seed. Travellers have recorded this herb growing as tall 
as a horse and its rider. 


Myrrh (Balsamodendron Myrrha). Exodus XXX.23 ; Esther 
11.12; Psalms XLV.8; Proverbs VII.17; Matthew II.11; 
John XIX.39. The name of this well-known spice is similar 
in all languages and there is no question as to its identity. 
Classical writers repeatedly mention myrrh and also that 
it was procured from Arabia. Balsamodendron is a_ low, 
thorny tree, something like the Acacia, with small, bright 
leaves. When the bark is punctured a viscid white liquid 
oozes out which rapidly hardens on exposure to the air. This 
gum is the myrrh of commerce. The wood and bark of the 
tree emit a pungent odor. 


Ae a eee a ee ee Se ee ee 


apa oa Oe. ee ee, ere ere, 2 


Myrtle (Myrtus communis). Nehemiah VIII.15; Isaiah 
XLI.19; LV.13; Zechariah 1.8. This was always a favorite 
tree wherever found. Although no myrtles now occur wild 
on the Mount of Olives, the tree exists in many of the glens 
about Jerusalem and near Bethlehem and about Hebron. It 
is met all through central Palestine and is still employed by 
the Jews in the Feast of the Tabernacle. In the bazaars of 
Jerusalem and Damascus the flowers, leaves, and berries are 
offered for sale as a perfume. The bark and roots are used 
for tanning the finest Turkish and Russian leather, to which 
they give a peculiar delicate scent. 


Nettles (Urtica). Proverbs XXV.31; Isaiah XXXIV.13; 
Hosea [X.6. All commentators agree that the Hebrew word 
‘‘kimmosh’’ is properly translated as ‘‘nettle,’’ referring to 
Urtica of which there are several species in Palestine. The 
most common is U, pilulifera, often grown to a height of six 
feet, the sting of which is much more irritating than that of 
our common nettle. Of the meaning of the Hebrew word 
‘‘charul’’ there is some doubt (Job XXX.7; Zephaniah II.9). 
This would appear to be different from the ordinary nettle, 
and Tristram believes it to be the prickly Acanthus (A. 
spinosus), a very common and troublesome weed on the plains 
of Palestine. 

Oak (Quercus). Genesis XXXV.8; Joshua XXIV.26; 
Isaiah 1.29 and 30; I1.13; Judges VI.11. No less than six 
Hebrew words from the same root are rendered ‘‘oak’’ in 
the English version of the Bible. Three species are common 
in Palestine, the most abundant being Quercus pseudococci- 
fera. Hooker writes: ‘‘It covers the rocky hills of Palestine 
with a dense brushwood of trees from eight to twelve feet 


Oe a ee ae oe ee oe 2 eo a Te. ee 


ee aL. Fs ee ee — se =~ © °s Se es ee ey eee, A at ee er. aor Te 


=~ 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 157 


high, branching from the base, thickly covered with small 
evergreen, rigid leaves and bearing acorns copiously. On 
Mount Carmel it forms nine-tenths of the shrubbery of vege- 
tation and is almost equally abundant on the west flanks of 
the Anti-Lebanon and many slopes and valleys of Lebanon. 
Even in localities where it is not now seen its roots are found 
in the soil and dug up for fuel.’’ The most famous oak of 
this species was the so-called ‘‘ Abraham’s oak’’ near Hebron 
which, until its destruction, was regarded as the finest tree 
in southern Palestine. The trunk was twenty-three feet in 
diameter and the branches had a spread of about ninety feet. 


Olive (Olea europaea). Genesis VIII.11; Exodus XX VII.20; 
Deuteronomy XXIV.20; Romans XI.17 and 24. No tree is 
more closely associated with the history of man and the de- 
velopment of civilization than the olive. It has been known 
and cultivated from earliest time. The olive is abundant in 
every part of the Holy Land and may be regarded as a char- 
acteristic tree of the country. The outer fleshy part of the 
fruit yields the oil of commerce and the wood of a rich amber 
eolor and fine grain is still used in the finest cabinet work. 
It was used in the temple of Solomon. 


Palm (Phoemsx dactylifera). Judges IV.5; Deuteronomy 
XXXIV.3; Exodus XV.27; Psalms XCII.12. The palm tree 
has always been intimately associated with Palestine. The 
name by which the country was known to the Greeks and 
Romans ‘‘Phoenicia’’ signifies ‘‘The land of Palms.’’ It does 
not now exist, however, as abundantly as in former times. 
It is probable that at one period the whole Jordan valley, 
from the shores of Gennesaret to the end of the Dead Sea, was 
eovered with palms. From the grace and beauty of the tree it 
was frequently taken as a woman’s name and the palm leaf 
was a favorite architectural ornament. It is a common saying 
among the Arabs that the palm has as many uses as there 
are days of the year. Besides its employment for building 
purposes, a pleasant milk is made from its juice, wine is 
distilled from its sap, sugar is manufactured from the syrup, 
the growing tips are boiled as a vegetable, mats, baskets, and 
all sorts of utensils are manufactured from its leaves. In 
times of drought horses are fed on the fruit stalks and camels 
on the crushed seeds. Its fruit, the date, is of course a food 
staple wherever this palm flourishes. 

Bulrush or Paper Reed (Cyperus Papyrus). Exodus 11.3; 
Isaiah XIX.6 and 7; Job VIII.11. This plant is without 
doubt the celebrated papyrus of Egypt, the material used in 
the manufacture of paper. It formerly abounded on the Nile 


aa | ee a a ee ee) See EE or al a ee ae 


158 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


but is now extinct in Egypt and exists only locally in Africa 
and in a few spots in Palestine. 


Pomegranate (Punica Granatum). Numbers XIII. 23 ;XX.5; 
Deuteronomy VIII.8; Song of Solomon VIII.2. The pome- 
granate was usually cultivated in Egypt, and several towns 
and villages in Palestine bear the Hebrew name ‘‘Rimmon”’’ 
or ‘‘Pomegranate.’’ The juice was used for a cooling drink 
and sometimes fermented into a light wine. The bark and 
: rind of the fruit have been used medicinally but chiefly for 
tanning. The fruit and flower both served as inspiration for 
architectural ornamentation or for embroidery design. 


3 Rue (Ruta). Luke XI.42. Rue is a well-known herb fre- 
: quently cultivated in the gardens. There are some four or 
five wild species in Palestine. 


Shittah tree (Acacia). Exodus XXV.10; XXXVII.1 
and 4; Deuteronomy X.3; Isaiah XLI.19. There can be 
no question as to the identity of this tree with the Acacia, 
the only timber tree of any size in the Arabian desert. It 
flowers in dry situations where no other tree could exist. 
The wood, called ‘‘Shittim wood’’, is hard and close-grained, 
of an orange brown color, and admirably adapted for cabinet 
work. Species of Acacia yield the gum arabic of commerce 
which exudes from the tree spontaneously. The bark is used 
for tanning leather. The burning bush of Moses (Exodus 
III.2) was probably the Acacia and the presence of the tree 
gave the name to several places mentioned in the Seriptures, 
such as the ‘‘ Valley of Shittim’’ and the last camping place 
of Israel in the ‘‘ Plains of Shittim.’’ 


Sycamine (Morus nigra). Luke XVII. 6. Undoubtedly the 
black mulberry. <A good illustration of mistranslation is 
found in ealling the aspen ‘‘mulberry tree,’’ the mulberry, 
‘*syeamine,’’ and a species of fig ‘‘sycamore.’’ Both the 
white and black mulberry trees are common in Palestine. 

Syeamore (Ficus Sycomorus). Second Chronicles I. 15; 
IX. 27; Amos VII. 14; Luke XIX. 4. This tree, variously 
called syeamore, fig, or fig mulberry, is a species of fig and 
should not be confounded with the tree called Sycamore. It is 
one of the common trees of Egypt, and its wood was employed 
for the manufacture of mummy eases as well as articles of 
furniture. It is very light and porous but quite durable. It 
is a favorite wayside tree where its shade is most welcome, 
and is very easy to climb because of its short trunk and wide 
lateral branches forking out in every direction. 


Walnut tree (Juglans regia). Song of Solomon VI. 11. 


ae 
“ 
¥ 
' 
x 
s 
2 
fe 
; 
: 
4 
; 
; 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 159 


The Hebrew word ‘‘egog’’ has been rendered ‘‘nuts,’’ but 
apparently the name refers only to the Persian walnut, some- 
times incorrectly called ‘‘ English walnut.’’ This tree, which 
of course should not be confused with the common black 
walnut, is a native of Persia and was introduced into western 
Asia and Europe. It is still cultivated in parts of Palestine 
where it is valued not only for its fruit but for the oil ex- 
tracted from the green nuts. Because of its habit of growth 
it produces a grateful shade and the fragrance of its leaves 
made it a favorite in the gardens of Solomon. 


Willow (Salix). Psalms CXXXVII. 2; Isaiah XLIV. 4; 
Ezekiel XVII. 5; Leviticus XXIII. 40. Two Hebrew words 
are translated ‘‘willow’’ in the Scripture. In all the passages 
the trees were invariably associated with water courses, and 
while several species are probably involved there seems to 
be no question about the translation. The willow is repre- 
sented in Palestine by several species, and there are few 
parts of the country where one or more may not be found. 


NOTES 


Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, gave a 
demonstration of Wardian-case gardens, at the School of 
Floral Design, Soldan High School, December 15. 


Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has been 
re-elected president of the St. Louis Horticultural Society, 
and has been reappointed chairman of the committee on 
school gardens of the Society of American Florists and Orna- 
mental Horticulturists. 


Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke at the 
dinner of the Unitarian Laymen’s League, Church of the 
Unity, December 3, on ‘‘Some Plant Problems’’; and before 
the College Club of St. Louis, December 15, on ‘‘Some Inside 
Facts About Plants.’’ 


In the November BULLETIN there was printed a list of plants 
in flower on November 23, in the city Garden and at Gray 
Summit. As further evidence of the unusual season now be- 
ing experienced it is interesting to note that Forsythia in- 
termedia and Lonicera fragrantissima were both in full bloom 
on December 26. 


Attention is called to the ‘‘Winter Course in Gardening 


160 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


for Amateurs’’ announced in the November BULLETIN. Regis- 
tration for the course will take place in the museum building 
at the Garden, January 12, at 3:45 p. m. Registration by 
letter, accompanied by check for $5.00, will be accepted after 
January 1. 


Recent visitors to the Garden inelude Dr. Martha L. Beards- 
ley, professor of biology, Sioux Falls College, Sioux Falls, 
South Dakota; Dr. Paul F. Shope, assistant professor of 
biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; Mr. John 
A. Cameron, instruetor in zoology, University of Missouri, 
Columbia, Missouri; Mr. J. F. Stanfield, instructor in biology, 
Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois; Mr. Frederick Dunlap, 
Missouri State Forester, Columbia, Missouri. 


The fourth number of Volume XVIII of the ANNALS OF THE 
Missourr BoranicaL GARDEN, has recently been issued with 
the following contents: 


“The Effect of Monochromatic Ultra-Violet Light of 
Measured Intensities on Behavior of Plant Cells.’’ Alexander 
F. Bucholtz. 

“The Cytology of Funaria flavicans Michx. with Special 
Reference to Fertilization.’’ Martha L. Beardsley. 

‘“*New or Otherwise Noteworthy Apocynaceae of Tropical 
America.’’ Robert E. Woodson, Jr. 

‘‘New South American Asclepiadaceae.’’? Robert E. Wood- 
son, Jr. 

““Some Effects of Ultra-Violet Radiation upon the Caleium 
and Phosphorus Content of Higher Plants.’’ F. Lyle Wynd 
and Harry J. Fuller. 

‘Studies of the Effeets of Different Lengths of Day, with 
Variations in Temperature, on Vegetative Growth and Re- 
production in Cotton.’’ Earl E. Berkley. 


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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 161 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR NOVEMBER, 1931 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


PARTI TN DET OL “VIBLCOLS s:5. c.c:0:s)s aia-e- hau ote ens dere ehe ace eeneieneaeae 58,024 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ on 

Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 215 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of seed packets donated..................4. 2 

Lorwniunoer OLeplants: GONAteEd..; << .c2 su +24 eee mens Son 1,170 


HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase— 


Goodman, George J— Plante of Utahns nth saat 780 
Moore, J. A., and J. A. Steyermark—Plants of southwest- 

BET DPORAS oii. bo cise ooo ce ota's baw vue oie lalg ak Gl get ee 315 
Schipp, W. A.—Plants of British Honduras.............. 123 

By Gift— 

Bull, Miss Rotha—Plants of Oklahoma.................. 4 
Bush, B. F., by J. H. Kellogg—Plants of Missouri......... 105 
Shoop, Miss Cora—Plants of Missouri and Idaho......... 2 


By Exchange— 
Field Museum of Natural History—Plants chiefly of South 


PAMELOR re eG iid oy GV e's ie cae 0m, 05s OR niacin we ee RE te 72 
University of Minnesota, by Dr. C. O. Rosendahl—Plants 
RS PVERTISIEBOUE see. 4.5 oe cic c's clels'w a's © Biv wee © oats toe 314 


By Transfer— 


Moore, Dr. G. T.—Hybrid water-lilies collected by G. H. 
PON faba a a s.4:4.05 Gale 84s Vu 24 0 408 OE eee eee 3 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 163 


Index to Illustrations 


Page 
Missouri Botanical Garden, air view of central panel of.......... af 
First prize awarded the Missouri Botanical Garden for exhibit 
illustrating development of orchids from seedS................ 2 
Exhibit illustrating the development of orchids from seeds to 
MPRA EETES EU LELTLUR a v0 ei csteo a. a wie e is.0 dale o Suncegniota 3c sande s Gem tee een 3 
“Museum and library” building, view of south end of lecture 
BRPERENOW DT oe 50.40 ciel ele 4.018 Dieca eve aveie siuye:'e/a re soM select Sox. eth: Captains nea 4 
“Museum and library” building, restored frescoes on ceiling of.. 5 
“Dancing girl’’—perfect flower of Oncidium stipitatum.......... 33 
Oncidium stipitatum, flowers of, arranged as a ballet........... 34 
Cycnoches Warscewiczii—pistillate and staminate flowers....... 35 
Pees, CLEODUPDUTCUN  c.6-6 vccc bo 0s 80.010 He aie ele ane AGS a alera eres 37 
memes pea, whiteflowerine. +o... ses 60 ceases cule Heleeterms gine 38 
Glue, film of, from leaf, showing adult spider, eggs, and soot.... 39 
MEmUE ER LIOM. VIC SLCLOSS » sc... 5 5 e+ 4s ores see ale elejel sree eusiel theless 45 
RM TRNREP CANT VOW TID 6 gc 'aiw ie. 6 a0 wrevane a: alett's) wie tel ainda, Ogel @tELELS, Statens 46 
OTRO MILUION F VACA. 1D 2s s/o sss 5 «ps fol nfeks due otek 910 eapegte kh aeaeegraye 47 
UTETELOCRECLT OTS “VIOW EH ATL... 3 o/s sooo sie oes oie os o'eele a/b cima tnaeenner 48 
SeetROee TNT DALHSILIG: OD .,.. . s,s << cece’ a clean Calpe s serie te arene 61 
LIER DOGES Tit) li! PALASICIG OT] soi 5. Garais oisle niche o oh ce wale esspeal aie eamenen 62 
PEE NIMETICAIN” “oys.ccsfoleveie'S 6 4 < oct odo 0 ccs 4 ae Ole 6 DE eal hie Sekmeie saoetaene 85 
PA POREE CU OO DELGER CDT OUR IL. <0 « sia’s we si o'e'uce as say aes weitere ays 86 
Pe AA SSnGoL, main Duilding: of... 60d. scene egies ce en hae eee 86 
Mill Hill School, sycamore tree planted by Peter Collinson....... 87 
Ade Ht)” SCHOOL, COLTACE: AL. 6c o-a'eie's die lenk | ols otben Bltheey a ate ciel ae 87 
BEMETUTTVENES PUL LEDS. 5 thc: a sal ozs le ee 4 eee se, 64.6: ene, a soce okene sales cuales eget eae 113 
mrmon tulips in Linnean: Garden. . .< s.s. 0m c+ ss clssie aciccce maar 114 
Pntann COTVSANtUNGMUIMG: . oc 6. cc cs + oe Foie ore bie es na ee ee 115 
Spring-clip label holder, chrysanthemum showing use of........ 116 
Baers, 4 DAGUGUS DUNDUT ER. 64 65.60 cs canes © etee MN ais 6 ie eee 127 
Branching, type of, found in pin oak and sweet gum............ 130 
role POUUITER, TOP CADE. i. .5 iccicc b:a.cieseiede «fe atageteneteis oie Greece 131 
Lag hooks, making holes for, and inserting............0.ceecees 132 
Cable after installation, showing lag hole turned up............ 133 
Cable placed at about two-thirds distance between fork and top. .134 
NRE ATE TVLAGO ord ors ec. ieicce oo 4 hells. «aie shake 6 RE Se Bune is bieinha igs Sead 134 
Tropical lily pond, near main gate, November 23, 1931........... 141 
TUNEL STAMOS 3 6156 ob os ales ant boteleinin Gib ei ietete toed hlotis aoa 142 
Burl found on black walnut, near Seventy-six, Missouri......... 143 
Tropical lily pond, in front of main conservatory..............:. 146 
Ursinus’ “Arboretum Biblicum,” frontispiece from.............. 149 
Solomon Pfister’s “‘Hierophyticon,” title-page of.............. 150 


Haynald’s “Des plantes qui fournissent les gommes et les résines 
mentionnés dans les livres saints,” reproduction of plate from.151 


Ee ee 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 165 


General Index 


Figures in italics refer to page numbers of plates and cuts. 


A 

Acacia, 158 

Acanthus spinosus, 156. 

Acorus Calamus, 153. 

Adaptability of American holly, 85 

Additional early history of the 
Garden, 117 

Air view of central panel of Mis- 
souri Botanical Garden, / 

All-thorn, 141, 142 

Almond tree in the Bible, 151 

Aloes in the Bible, 151 

Amateurs: spring course in garden- 
ing for, 40; winter course in gar- 
dening for, 144 

American Bottom and the charac- 
teristic plants of the region, 99 

American Orchid Society, fourth 
national show, Garden exhibit at, 
3,12; cup awarded for, 2 

Anderson, Dr. Edgar, 16 

Anemone Coronaria, 155 

Annual bequests, 14 

Annual flower sermon, 14 

Annual report of the Director, 1 

Ants, extermination of, 86 

Apples: in the Bible, 152; orchard 
at Gray Summit Extension, 136 

Apprenticeships at Garden, 17 

Apricot in the Bible, 152. 

Aquilaria agallocha, 151 

Arboricultural development in the 
Missouri Botanical Garden, 132 

Attendance at the Garden for 1930, 
tal 

B 


Balfour’s ‘“‘Trees and Shrubs of the 
Bible,” 150 

Balsamodendron Myrrha, 156 

Bartram, John, 91 

Bay tree in the Bible, 152 

Bible, plants in the, 149 

Book and Flower Guild, distribu- 
tion of flowers by, 6 

Borer, peach tree, gas treatment for 
the, 116 

Box tree in the Bible, 152 

Bracing weakened trees, a method 
of, 130; in multi-leader type, 132 


Bulbs, 10 

Bulrush in the Bible, 157 

Burls, 142; found on black walnut 
near Seventy-six, Missouri, 143, 
143 

Buzxus longifolia, 152; 
rens, 152 


sempervi- 


&: 

Cabling trees, 130, 132, 133; tools 
required for, 137 

Cacao, 75 

Cacti, 141 

Calamus aromaticus, 153 

Calleott’s “Scripture Herbal,” 149 

Campanula medium, 128 

Camphire in the Bible, 153 

Canterbury bell, 128 

Capparis spinosa, 154 

Capsicum annuum, 50 

Carica Papaya, 69 

Carob tree in the Bible, 154 

Cassia Chamaecrista, 38 

Catasetums, 36 

Cedar planted by Peter Collinson, 
86, 92 

Cedar of Lebanon in the Bible, 153 

Cedrus Libani, 153 

Ceratonia Siliqua, 154 

Century plant, 141 

Chestnut tree in the Bible, 153 

Chrysanthemum coreanum, 114, 115 

Chrysanthemum show in 1930, 6 

Chrysanthemums, 145; cascade, 6; 
Korean, 114, 115 

Cinchona, celebration of three-hun- 
dredth anniversary of first recog- 
nized use of, 2 

Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 153 

Cinnamon in the Bible, 153 

Cistus creticus, 151, 151 

Citrus Medica, 152 

Cockscomb, 127 

Coffea liberica, 78 

Coffee, 78 

Collinson, Peter, Henry Shaw’s 
Alma Mater and, 88 

Collybia velutipes, 62, 64 

Construction at Garden 
1930, 4 


during 


bef: 


= 
7 
: 
ee 
= 
. 


I tie Naor 


» te “ni a) Po ee 


ee a, ee ee a be en oe er 


166 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Cup awarded Garden for exhibit il- 
lustrating development of orchids 
from seeds, 2, 12 

Cycnoches Warscewiczii, 35, 35 

Cyperus Papyrus, 157 

D 

“Dancing Girl” orchid, 33, 33, 34 

Degrees conferred in 1930, 18 

Desert plants, 141 

Digitalis purpurea, peloria in, 127, 
127 

Diplophyllum apiculatum, 57 

Director, forty-second annual re- 
port of the, 1 

Display gardens, 8, 145 

Drought during 1930, 1, 13 

Dumortiera hirsuta, 57 

Dutch elm disease, 61; control of, 64 


E 

Elliot’s, ‘Notes Taken in Sixty 
Years”, 117 

Elm-sap beetle, 66 

Elm trees: cabling, 132; in the 
Bible, 154; some diseases of, 61, 
61, 62 

Eivergreens, 85 

Exhibit illustrating development of 
orchids from seed to mature 
plants, 3, 12; cup awarded Garden 
for, 4 

Extension, Missouri Botanical Gar- 
den, 11, 134, 146 


F 

Fasciation, 129 

Fertilizing shade trees, 7 

Ficus Carica, 154; Sycomorus, 158 

Fig tree in the Bible, 154 

Floral displays during 1930, 5 

Flower sermon, annual, 14 

Foxglove, 127 

Franklin, Benjamin, 92 

Freaks in the Garden, 127 

Frullania inflata, 57 

Fungous diseases, control of, at 
Garden, 8; of the elm, 61, 6/, 62 

G 

Garden: additional early history of 
the, 117; plants in flower in the, 
on November 23, 1931, 145 

Garden’s Tropical Station, Balboa, 
©. 24, notes from the, 45, 69; 
views in, 45, 46, 47, 48 

Gardening for amateurs: spring 
course in, 17, 40; winter course 
in, 144 


Gas: illuminating, effect of, on 
trees, 67; treatment for the peach 
tree borer, 116 ; 

Geology of the American Bottom, 
100 

Ginger, 49 

Glue as a control for red spider, 39; 
film of, from leaf, showing adult 
spider, eggs, and soot, 39 

Gnomonia Ulmea, 61, 66 

Graduates, Fellows, and Scholars, 
sly 

Granite and porphyry, plants found 
on, 54 

Grant, Dr. Adele Lewis, 15 

Grape vine in the Bible, 154 

Graphium Ulmi, 61, 62 

Gray Summit Extension, 11, 134; 
plants blooming in, on November 
23, 1931, 146 

Greenhouses, a new inexpensive 
shade for, 109 

Greenman, Dr. J. M., 15 

Growing houses, construction of 
new, 4 

H 

Haynald’s work on plants in the 
Bible, 151; reproduction of plate 
from, 151 

Helianthus petiolaris, 121 

Herbarium: report of, for 1930, 22; 
exchanges, 24; field work, 25; 
mounting and inserting of speci- 
mens, 24; new accessions, 23; 
statistical summary, 26; use of, 
by outside botanists, 25 

History of the Garden, additional 
early, 117 

Holly, American, adaptability of, 
85: after having shed almost 
all its leaves, 85; branch of, 
showing new leaves, 85 

Horseshoe Lake region, flora of, 104 

Husk tree in the Bible, 154 

Hylesinus opaculus, 67 

Hyssop in the Bible, 154 


I 

Ilex onaca, 85 

Illinois bottom, plants in, 108 

Illuminating gas, effect of, on trees, 
67 

“Indian Mounds” in the American 
Bottom, 106 

Insecticides, 39, 116 

Insects: attacking the elm, 66; 
eradicating, at Garden, 8; gas 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 167 


treatment for, 116; glue as a con- 
trol for, 89; use of kerosene oil, 
in exterminating, 86 
Iris, 9; blooming in November, 145 
Italian garden, 10 


Jubula pennsylvanica, 57 
Juglans regia, 158 


K 

Karwinsky, 142 

Kerosene oil, use of, in exterminat- 
ing termites, 86 

Knolls, plants blooming in, on No- 
vember 23, 1931, 146 

Koeberlinia spinosa, 141; growing 
near Chisos Mountains, Texas, 
142; group of branches on which 
are borne clusters of small green- 
ish-white flowers, 142 

Korean chrysanthemums, 114, 115 


L 

Label a spring-clip, 115, 
116 

Lag hooks, inserting, in trees, 132, 
133 

La Garde, Dr. Roland V., 17 

La Motte sandstone, plants found 
on the, 53 

Laurus Camphora, 153; nobilis, 152 

Lawsonia inermis, 153 

Lecture room at Garden, 4; view of 
south end of, in “Museum and 
Library” Building, 4; restored 
frescoes on ceiling of, 5 

Lectures, scientific and popular, 20 

Lemnius’ work on plants of the 
Bible, 149 ; 

Library: report of, for 1930, 26; 
Garden publications, 28: new 
accessions, 29; statistical infor- 
mation, 30; use of, 27 

Lily in the Bible, 155 

Limestones, plants found in vari- 
ous, 55 

Linder, Dr. David H., 16 

Linnean garden, 9 

Liverworts, 57 


holder, 


M 
Medicinal garden, plants blooming 
in, on November 23, 1931, 145 
Mentha sylvestris, 155 
Mill Hill School, 88; main buildings 
of, 86; path through grounds of, 
&6; terrace at, 87 


Mint in the Bible, 155 

Missouri: a new plant Lor;, (P2aie 
plants found on certain geolog- 
ical formations of, 52; plants 
growing in American Bottom of, 
107; some new and interesting 
plants from, 56 

Missouri Botanical Garden: addi- 
tional early history of the, 117; 
air view of central panel ot, 7% 
Extension, 134; Tropical Station, 
13, notes from the, 45, 69, views 
in, 45, 46, 47, 48 

Mombin, 72 

Mormodes atropurpureum, 37, 37 

Morus nigra, 158 

Mulberry tree in the Bible, 155 

Museum and library building, res- 
toration of the, 2; restored fres- 
coes on ceiling of, 5; view of 
south end of lecture room, 4 

Mustard tree in the Bible, 155 

Myrrh in the Bible, 156 

Myrtle tree in the Bible, 156 

Myrtus communis, 156 


N 


National Association of Park Exec- 
utives, convention of, 14 

Nectria cinnabarina, 61, 65 

Nettles in the Bible, 156 

North American plants, section de- 
voted to, at Garden Extension, 136 

Nursery at Garden Extension, 136 

Nymphaeas, 141, 145, 146 

Nymphaea Stuhlmannii, 2 


O 


Oak: in the Bible, 156; pin, type of 
branching in, 130, 130 

Olea europaea, 157 

Olive tree in the Bible, 157 

Oncidium Cebolleta, 34: cheiropho- 
rum, 34; confusum, 34; crispum, 
34; Forbesii, 34; Gardneri, 34; 
iridifolium, 34; Lanceanum, 34; 
luridum, 34; panamense, 34; 
stipitatum, 33, 33, 34 

Orchards at Gray Summit Exten- 
sion, 136 

Orchid: dancing girl, 33, 33, 34; 
swan, 35: vanilla, 45 

Orchids: collection of, at Gray 
Summit Extension, 12; develop- 
ment of, from seed, exhibit illus- 
trating, 3, 12; first prize awarded 


7 - 


ate) sae | 


Te rer ie . 


a eee ee ee ee ee 
] . % 


168 


Garden for, 2; Powell collection 
of, 45; show of, at Garden in 
1930, 5 

Outdoor planting, 7 


1% 

Palm tree in the Bible, 157 

Papaya, 69 

Para-dichlorobenzene as an insecti- 
cide, 116 

Partridge pea, a white-flowering, 38, 
38 

Pasture, plants blooming in, on 
November 23, 1931, 146 

Peach tree borer, gas treatment for 
the, 116 

“Peloria” in Digitalis purpurea, 127, 
127, 129 

Pepper, 50 

Pereskia Bleo, 50 

Pfister’s work on plants in the 
Bible, 149; title-page of, 150 

Phoenix dactylifera, 157 

Picris Sprengeriana, 121 

Pinetum, 136 

Pistacia terebinthus, 154 

Plants in flower in the Garden on 
November 23, 1931, 145 

Platanus orientalis, 153 

Pomegranate in the Bible, 158 

Populus tremula, 155 

Powell collection of orchids, 45 

Pruning trees, 130, 737 

Prunus Amygdalus, 151 

Published articles of staff and stu- 
dents, 19 

Punica granatum, 158 


Quercus pseudococcifera, 156 


Research and instruction, 15 

Reynolds, Dr. E. S., 15 

River des Peres, flora of bottoms 
of, 108 

Rose garden, 9; plants blooming in, 
on November 23, 1931, 145 

Rue in the Bible, 158 


Ruta, 158 
Fs] 
St. Peter sandstone, plants found 
on the, 52 
Salix, 159 


Salvadora persica, 155 

Scolytus scolytus, 66 

Shade for greenhouses, a new in- 
expensive, 109 

Shaw, Henry, an appreciation of, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


117; “Plants of the Bible in the 
Missouri Botanical Garden,” by, 
150 

Shaw’s, Henry, Alma Mater and 
Peter Collinson, 88 

Shittah tree in the Bible, 158 

Showalter, Dr. Amos, 17 

Shrubs, 7; blooming in Garden on 
November 23, 1931, 146 

Sinapis nigra, 155 

Soot, glue as a remover of, 39, 40 

Spider, red, 39; glue as control for, 
39 

Spondias Mombin, 72; purpurea, 73 

Spraying for scale and insects, 8 

Spring-clip label holder, 115, 116 

Spring course in gardening for 
amateurs, 40 

Statistical information for Decem- 
ber, 1930, 31; January, 1931, 44; 
February, 59: March, 84; April, 
96; May, 112: June-August, 123; 
September, 139; October, 148; No- 
vember, 161 

Sullivantia renifolia, 56 

Swamps of American Bottom, plants 
growing in, 109 

Swan orchid, 35, 35 

Sweet-gum, type of branching in, 
130, 130 

Sycamine tree in the Bible, 158 

Sycamore at planted by Peter 
Collinson, 87; in the Bible, 158 


Ay 


Termites and ants, 86 

Theobroma Cacao, 75 

Tools required for cabling, /3/ 

Tree surgery, 8 

Trees, 7; at Gray Summit Exten- 
sion, 134; blooming at Garden on 
November 23, 1931, 146; fertiliz- 
ing, 7; planted by Peter Collin- 
son, 86, 92; weakened, a method 
of bracing, 130, 132, 133 

Tristram’s “Natural History of the 
Bible,” 150 

Triumph tulips, 113, 773; in Lin- 
nean garden, //4 

Tropical lily pond, November 23, 
1931, 145; near main gate, 141; 
in front of main conservatory, 
146 

Tropical Station, 13; notes from the 
Garden’s, 45, 69; view across, 
from footpath in front of man- 


. 


ast 
’ oa 


tga 
er 


doa ee el cis 


we 
+2 
= fe 


ager’s residence, 45; views in, 

46, 47, 48 

Trustees’ banquet, 14 

Tullis, “kio, “Breeder”, 118; ‘“Cot- 
tage”, 113; “Darwins”, 113; ‘Duc 
van Thol”, 113; “Lily-flowered”, 
113; “Mendel”, 113; Rembrandt”, 
wis; triumph’, 113, 128, in Lin- 
nean garden, 114 

U 

Uichanco’s treatment of termites, 
86 

Ursinus’ works on plants of the 
Bible, 149; frontispiece from, 149 

Urtica pilulifera, 149 


vV 


Vallesius’ work on plants of the 
Bible, 149 


af 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Vanilla planifolia, 48; Pompona, 48 
Vegetable marble, 142 
Verticillium sp., 61, 63 
Vitis vinifera, 154 
WwW 


Walnut tree in the Bible, 158 

Water-lily, the lost yellow, 2 

Waiter-lilies in bloom, November 23, 
1931, 141, 145, 146 

Weather during 1931, 1, 13 

Willow tree in the Bible, 159 

Winter course in gardening for 
amateurs, 144 

Woodson, Dr. Robert E., 16 


Z 


Zeuzera pyrina, 67 
Zingiber officinalis, 49 
Zuccarini, 141 


FLORAL DISPLAYS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN 1931 


In order that readers of the BULLETIN may have a more com- 
prehensive idea of the various flower shows and outdoor exhibits 
which from month to month may be seen at the Garden, the fol- 
lowing tentative schedule is given. While the indoor exhibits can 
be quite definitely indicated, the blooming period of outdoor plants 
is subject to variation, depending upon the weather, and out-of- 
town readers should confirm the date of any display before visiting 
the Garden. 


JANUARY FEBRUARY 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
Orchids, Primroses, and First half month—Orchids. 
Cyclamen. Second half month—Cinerarias. 
MARCH APRIL 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 
March 1-15—Bulb Show. Azaleas, Roses, Schizanthus. 
March 19-22—St. Louis Florists’ (Outdoors) 
Show. Pansies, English Daisies, Early- 


flowering Shrubs. 


MAY 
(Floral Display House) 
Hybrid Pelargoniums, Salpiglossis, Begonias, Marguerites, Lupines, 
and other spring annuals. 
(Outdoors) 
Bulbs (early in month), Hardy Water-lilies, Peonies. 
Iris (late in month), Spring-flowering shrubs and perennials. 


JUNE 


(Outdoors) 
Roses, Hollyhocks. Medicinal Garden. 


JULY 
(Outdoors) 
Tropical plants, Annuals. Economic Garden—farm crops, fiber 
plants, rice, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane. Medicinal Garden. 


AUGUST 


(Outdoors) 
Tropical Water-lilies, Victoria Cruziana, Lotus lilies. Economic 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. 


SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 
(Outdoors) (Floral Display House) 
Tropical Water-lilies. Economic Dahlia (novelties and newer 
Garden. Medicinal Garden. varieties). 
NOVEMBER DECEMBER 
(Floral Display House) (Floral Display House) 


Chrysanthemum Show. Poinsettias, Stevias. 


SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. 
Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, 
in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction 
of its founder, and, while virtually a private garden, it was, 
except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although 
popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri 
Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title 
and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred 
to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of 
Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands 
of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were 
designated in the will, and the board so constituted, exclusive of 
certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further pro- 
vision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested 
in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden 
receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely 
from funds left by the founder. 


The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species 
of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a 
tract of land of over 1,500 acres outside the city limits which is to 
be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees and 
shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city 
Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in 
the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as 
well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea 
that possibly at some future time this may become the new botani- 
cal garden. 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except 
New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until 
one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from 10 a. m. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove ave- 
nue and Flora place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. The Garden may also be reached 
by Bus Route No. 12, to which ail other motorbus lines transfer. 


3 
am 
"7 


; STAFF 
|. OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Grores T. Moors, | 
Director 


KATHERINE H. LEIGH, 
Assistant to the Director 


HERMANN VON SCHRENE, | CARROLL W. Dopae, 
Pathologist Mycologist 

Jesse M, GREENMAN, Rotanp V. LaGarps, 
Curator of Herbarium Research Assistant 

Eenest S, REYNOLDS, Rosegt BH. Woopson, JR., 
Physiologist Research Assistant. 


NgLL C. HoRNER, 
Librarian and Editor of Publications 


Grorce H. PRING, 


; Superintendent 
JOHN NOYES, Pau. A. KodL, . 
Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist 
W. F. Lanecan, 
Chief Hugineer 
A. P. BEILMANN, J. H. KELLoee, 
Trees and Shrubs Herbaceous and Nursery 
J. CuTagK, . ~ - J. LAN@AN, 
- Bxotics ; ' Assistant Engineer 
A. D, ForrestEs, A. PEARSON, 
Plant Recorder f - Painter 


GRAY SUMMIT EXTENSION 


Lk, P. JENSEN, D. MILLER, 
Arboriculturist —~  Orehids 

G. GOEDEKE, R, BE. Kissecr, 
Farm Engineer 


TROPICAL STATION,. BALBOA, CANAL. ZONE . 
A. A. HUNTER. 
Manager 


REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE 
GURNEY WILSON, F. L. S: