MllssOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN VOLUME XxIII WITH 28 PLATES i935 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST, BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER TEN CENTS MIgssOUR) BOTANICAL GARDEN LIBRARY - Missouri BOTANICAL — Garpen BULLETIN Vol. XXIII JANUARY, 1935 No. 1 CONTENTS Page Forty-sixth Annual Report of the Director... ... 1 Statistical Information’ (i383 3-1 ee eB ST. LOUIS, MO. 1935 Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: _ ~ ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS ris agen eu) Pie ele < hc hahaa 3 BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE _ EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK Vice-President SAMUEL C, DAVIS Second Vice-President DANIEL K. CATLIN L. Ray CARTER ALBERT T. PERKINS THOMAS S. MAFFITT EUGENE PETTUS GroRGE T. MooRE EruHan A. H. SHEPLEY FRED G. ZEIBIG EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS GEORGE R. THROOP, WILLIAM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity BERNARD F’. DICKMANN, Rosert J. TERRY, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis SoLon CAMERON President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD E. ULRICI sx foal ”; ha seer, 74 VIEW OF ITALIAN GARDEN ‘IOA “ITN ‘aquvy “Log ‘OW fan oG ) ose aLVId ji Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXIII JANUARY, 1935 No. 1 FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit herewith the forty-sixth annual report of the Director. For the past few years, no reference having been made in these reports to finances, the impression has arisen that the Garden has not been affected by the depression. Nothing could be further from the facts. Like all similar institutions, the income of which is derived from real estate and securities, the gross returns have steadily fallen since 1928. This, how- ever, is not all of the story. Unlike most botanical gardens, the entire income of the Missouri Botanical Garden is not available for maintaining its various activities, including the library, herbarium, scientific work, ete., stipulated in the will of Henry Shaw. Taxes, insurance, and the maintenance of the estate, together with certain annual bequests made by Henry Shaw, must be deducted and the Garden simply has what is left. The accompanying diagram (fig. 1) will show how the maintenance of the Garden has been squeezed between the lowering of the gross income and the raising of the cost of the above items. There must also be taken into consideration the almost uni- versal rise in prices of fuel, scientific publications, and sup- plies, which has become an increasing load on the diminishing amount available for Garden purposes. (1) MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 1928} 1929 | 1930 | 1931 | 1932 | 1933 | 1934 %, 28d 282,506 | \eraoz [EARNED IN/COME 260 247,231 a 240 ! 220 \ 20.468 215,288 beroarryma" RIA 8OS. | AVAILAIBLE mee Ka2i0.s58 200 \205,17 | FOR| GARDEN 180 \185,739 \ 167, 355 160 157,904 40 \ 149,464 1 120 100 80 ern AXES. | ESTATE, AND [BEQUESTS me 127 715 60 \50,898 \.61, 492 61,695 \ss3_f ores 40 Fig. 1 PLATE 2 5 3, 193 2 Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. ORCHID DISPLAY, 1934 SPRING BU EXHIBIT, 1934 a ‘O1W ‘auver) “LO mag "7 “IOA | ar oG _ | MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 While, in spite of difficulties, the normal activities of the Gar- den have not been curtailed in a way to cause permanent dam- age, certain improvements and developments have had to be deferred because of these conditions. Because the Garden is not a tax-supported institution it has as yet been unable to secure Federal funds which have so bene- fited other botanical gardens and parks. It is a well-recog- nized fact that public institutions receiving assistance from va- rious emergency funds provided by municipal, state, or fed- eral means have been able to complete work which even in bet- ter times could not have been contemplated; so that in spite of the reduction of normal income they really are better off be- cause of the depression than they would otherwise have been. MAIN CONSERVATORIES No marked changes have been made in the palm house, al- though there have been valuable additions of certain exotic plants, such as crotons, jacobinias, and various aroids. The two giant bulbs of Amorphophallus Titanum, secured from Sumatra in 1933, produced bewildering growths during the year, increasing from a mere five inches per week in early stages to a maximum of thirty inches per week. The shoots are now approximately seven feet high. The plants in the palm house, though tropical in natural habitat, suffered worse from the devastating heat of the summer than perhaps any other group. During August three truckloads of dead branches were hauled from this house alone. The specimen of Cocos flexuosa was removed during the summer owing to its great size, and replaced by a smaller tree of the same species. In the cyead-fern house the decorative features have been maintained as in former years. The vigorous tropical grape vine has festooned itself luxuriantly along the beams of the greenhouse, sending down acrial roots in abundance, some of them forty feet long. The larger plants in the economic house have been pruned back in order to permit light and air to reach the lower-grow- ing plants beneath. This house has been supplied with a com- plete set of new labels, attached to metal pipes instead of the wooden standards formerly used. 4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Owing to the increasing public interest in desert plants and the very considerable additions to the Garden’s collections in recent years, the house formerly used for coffee and banana trees was divided, the eastern half of it being used for a ‘‘South African’’ house. The South African plants were segregated because of the fact that the vast majority of them bloom at a time when most American desert plants are at rest. At pres- ent about 120 species are contained in the collection, which is being constantly added to. The coffee and banana plantations, always of interest to visitors, will be found in the west half of the same house which they have occupied for many years. Valuable donations of desert plants received during the year from botanical institutions and private collectors number over 400 packets of seeds and cuttings. This collection now contains some 700 species, of which at least 100 bloomed during the past year in the cactus house. INDOOR FLORAL DISPLAYS On January 27 the annual orchid show was opened to the public. Always one of the most difficult flowers to display to advantage, the orchids this year were shown in a succession of white plaster aleoves opening with arches on a central court. The alcoves were lined with cedar boughs and small groups of plants were arranged in each alcove. These were often replaced so that the exhibit was always at its best. The ‘‘Queen of the Show’’ may be said to have been the won- derful blue orchid from Burma, the Vanda caerulea, blooming here for the first time, while the ‘‘ Dancing Girl’’ was again a favorite. Many of the mauve ‘‘Tulipans’’ and the fragrant ‘‘Plor de Mayo’’ occupied conspicuous positions. Much at- tention was attracted by one of the Garden’s hybrids, shown for the first time, a cross made five years ago of Brassocattleya Fournierii and Cattleya Trianae. At the rear of the house was a jungle representation, the plants being attached to trees after the manner of their natural growth, and the floor covered with terrestrial orchids, ferns, and other tropical plants. The azalea show, opened on March 8, was arranged in infor- mal beds to display the gorgeous masses of color of the flowers against a background of rush fence. PLATE 4 Mo. Bor, GARD. BULL., VoL. 23, 1935 a VE ' as { o? We he CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW, 1934 Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VoL. 23 a) JAPANESE GARDEN HOUSE CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW, 1934 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 The Easter display of flowering bulbs was ready on March 31, the first show of this kind since 1931. The plants were ar- ranged in a formal garden surrounding a Greek temple, with paths of white marble stepping-stones and plots of grass. On April 14 this garden was replaced by the various spring-flow- ering annuals, schizanthus, annual chrysanthemums, salpi- glossis, marguerites, ornithogalums, and the regal lilies. An- other change was necessary early in May, when the Martha Washington geraniums comprised the main display. On May 19 and 20 the annual spring show of the St. Louis Horticultural Society was held at the Garden, with its usual successful exhibition of locally grown plants. On May 26 the hydrangea show was installed, followed in a few weeks by a dis- play of faney-leaved caladiums which occupied the floral dis- play house during the remainder of the summer. On October 4, a duplicate of the orchid bouquet carried by the Queen of the Veiled Prophet was placed on exhibition and maintained for nine days in an electric display refrigerator, so that all those not fortunate enough to attend the ball might enjoy the unrivaled beauty of this gorgeous collection of or- chids presented each year by the Garden to the Queen. On October 20 and 21 the St. Louis Horticultural Society held its fall flower and dahlia show which was easily the most successful one ever held. The ideal fall weather made possible a display of fine plants. In point of attendance the chrysanthemum show, which held sway through the month of November, was the most successful one the Garden has offered. Ideal weather conditions and fa- vorable publicity by the press contributed to the large attend- ance. The pool at the south end of the house was covered and transformed into a garden. Over a wall across the center of this garden the cascade chrysanthemums were shown and sur- rounding these were beds of the bush varieties. December brought the Christmas show of poinsettias, inter- spersed with stevia and other incidental flowers to provide a suitable and colorful background. During the year blooming orchids were to be found always in the alcoves of the aroid house. In August five plants of the rare ‘‘Dove’’ or ‘‘Holy Ghost’’ orchid bloomed profusely at 6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the Arboretum greenhouses, for the first time in four years. In spite of all precautions, two were burned by the excessive summer heat. One plant, bearing twenty blooms, was sent to the Century of Progress Exposition at Chicago where it elic- ited great admiration from visitors and much publicity in the press. The Garden also presented to the Century of Progress a collection of tropical water-lilies comprising Nymphaeas and Victoria Cruziana. These were displayed through the sum- mer in the Italian garden near Horticultural Hall. At the close of the various flower shows throughout the year, such flowers as were worth while were cut and distributed by the Book and Flower Guild to the following institutions. This is a custom which has prevailed for many years and undoubt- edly brings great pleasure to many who are unable to visit the flower shows at the Garden. Alexian Bros. Hospital Barnard Free Skin and Cancer Hospital Bethesda Hospital Blind Girls Home (scented flow- ers only) Central Institute for the Deaf Children’s Home Society of Mo. Christian Hospital Christian Old Folks Home Christian Orphans Home City Hospital No. 1 City Hospital No. 2 City Infirmary City Sanitarium Colored Orphans Home Deaconess Hospital DePaul Hospital Firmin Desloge Hospital Frisco Hospital Good Samaritan Altenheim Home for the Friendless Home of Aged and Infirm Israel- ites Isolation Hospital Jewish Convalescent Home Jewish Hospital Kingdom House Settlement Kirkwood Old Folks Home Koch Tuberculosis Hospital Little Helpers of Holy Souls Little Sisters of the Poor Lutheran Altenheim Lutheran Convalescent Home Lutheran Hospital Marine Hospital Masonic Home Memorial Home Methodist Orphans Home Miriam Convalescent Home Missouri Baptist Hospital Missouri Pacific Hospital Mother of Good Council Home Mt. St. Rose Sanitarium Night and Day Camp Orthodox Jewish Old Folks Home Peoples Hospital Russell Home St. Ann’s Hospital St. Francis Orphans Home St. John’s Hospital St. Joseph’s Deaf and Dumb ome St. Louis Children’s Hospital St. Louis County Hospital St. Luke’s Hospital St. Mary’s Hospital St. Mary’s Infirmary Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children United States Veterans Hospital No. 92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 Experimental Greenhouse.—This house now contains over a hundred varieties and species of geraniums, grown in an effort to determine their respective values as bedding stock. In spite of the unfavorable summer several varieties were outstanding, and it is expected that through the continuation of the work more satisfactory bedding stock can be developed. Over a hundred selected varieties of gladiolus were raised and their respective merits determined for this climate. These experi- ments were discussed at length in the October number of the BULLETIN. Seeds of more than a thousand species of plants, obtained chiefly from foreign botanical gardens, have been tested, some of which may eventually be valuable for introduc- tion into the St. Louis region. This greenhouse also contains the rapidly increasing collection of rhododendron seedlings, experiments on fertilizers for orchids, experimental material for the graduate students, as well as the plants propagated for demonstration in the amateur gardening courses. OUTDOOR PLANTING Iinnean Garden.—The gradual conversion of the Linnean garden, formerly almost entirely devoted to iris, into a peren- nial garden has been completed this year, all thirty-two beds having been replanted. The only new plants purchased were a few lilies and Korean hybrid chrysanthemums. The other material was raised from seed or cuttings, or secured by division of plants, as, for instance, the narcissi described in the October BULLETIN. Rose Garden.—The soil in this garden was renewed during the fall of 1933, and as a result the roses grew splendidly under even the most trying weather conditions of the first half of the summer. After the middle of August, when ample rain and much cloudy and cool weather combined to produce perfect conditions, this garden became one of the most beautiful spots in St. Louis. It has been many years since such a display of roses has been offered to the public, and many of the roses were still in bloom in November. Insect and fungus pests thrived with unusual vigor, and it was necessary to dust the plants a dozen times during the season to keep the foliage free from mildew and black spot. 8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Other Gardens.—The Italian garden contained an unusually striking display of highly colored foliage plants arranged in formal beds. The heat in this garden was extreme, far exceed- ing any other part of the Garden, due to its western exposure and the fact that it is enclosed on three sides by the range of conservatories. Constant and copious watering was necessary to keep the plants in a presentable condition. The economic garden was maintained as in former years with its interesting farm and textile crops, examples of ornamental grasses, hedge plants, ete. The iris garden, replanted during 1933, was a thing of unusual beauty in the spring. The peonies and glad- iolus which followed the iris maintained interest in this section long after the comparatively short blooming period of the iris themselves. Much labor and material were necessary for the improvement of the borders and beds throughout the main garden. The ‘‘Before and After’’ gardens, originally planted as a feature of the 1927 spring flower show, are of such never- failing interest that they have become a permanent example of the possibility of improving the average back-yard. Trees and Shrubs—The growth-retarding effect of dry weather on trees became evident in an indirect way this fall, when the leaf-raking took place. Usually when all lawns have been raked, a pile of leaves 120 feet long, 20 feet wide, and al- most 10 feet high has been gathered for composting. This year the leaf pile was but half as large. This indicates that at no time during the summer were the trees carrying a normal amount of foliage nor were individual leaves retained for the normal length of time. Field notes of June 5 record the fact that trees were then shedding leaves to lessen the rate of water loss. Actual withering took place about July 18. On July 23 a definite program of tree watering began, the watering needles developed at the Garden and previously described be- ing employed. Even though six of them, attached to water mains, were in continuous use and two more were used with the power sprayer, only the largest and most valuable trees eould be watered. The power sprayer pumped the water to those trees in inaccessible places, and daily pumped between 1,200 and 3,600 gallons, depending upon local conditions. The small trees west of the service road received 10,530 gallons of water MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 in four days. Immediately after watering they were mulched, twenty-two loads of manure being required for this operation. It is impossible to estimate the total quantity of water so used, but it is gratifying to note that not a single valuable tree was lost. Throughout the season the power sprayer became the most valuable single piece of equipment used in tree care. During the latter part of May and until June 7, it was used to furnish water under pressure for the tree-feeding guns. i SAC cet a ee Moisture and Temperature Relations in Trees . . . 51 Books on Natural History in Early St: Louis . . .. 55 PAR OE Dig ge a aot Reta My Up Ea a Pee Oe Statistical Entormation °- 30525 6h ae ye ook eo BS ST. LOUIS, MO. 1935 Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS 4 BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK Vice-President + SAMUEL C. DAVIS Second Vice-President DANIEL K. CATLIN L, RAY Carrer nae Na ay _ Apert T. PERKINS Tuomas S. MAFFITT the EUGENE PETTUS © GEORGE _T. Moore | ErHAn A. -H. SHEPLEY FRED G. ZEIBIG EX-OFFICIO. MEMBERS GEORGE R. THROOP, WILLIAM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity BERNARD F’, DICKMANN, RospertT J. TERRY, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis SOLON CAMERON President of the Board of Education of St, Louis Secretary GERALD E. ULRICI Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXIII MARCH, 1935 No. 3 GARDENING AS A HOBBY Some time ago there came to Shaw’s Garden a letter from a street-car conductor in England, who wrote: ‘‘I am a young man whose hobby is gardening and I was very interested in your wonderful discovery of the lost African lily, an account of which I saw in our local paper.’’ After asking if it would be possible to secure one of these plants, he continued: ‘‘ All the young men here seem to be mad about sports and horse racing and the more wonderful things of nature never appeal to them’’; showing how sincere this young Englishman was in his love for plants. While there is ‘‘a pleasure in being mad which only madmen know’’ and there are many kinds of hobbies which seem a mild form of insanity to all those who are interested in some other sort of madness, it will readily be admitted, at least by those who love gardening, that their particular interest in plants is more sane and far superior. In the first place, it is cheap. Though even the tiniest of backyards be not available, a few tin cans filled with soil may bring to the flower lover the thrill that only comes from doing a thing because you want to, and not because you have to. In the second place, you get something for your money. No one who pursues gardening because he loves it—who, when he prepares the soil says to himself: ‘‘When the roots begin to taste this earth they’ll be mighty glad they came to my gar- (49) 50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN den’’—but gets more out of his hobby than he puts into it. All the exercise and fresh air that comes with outdoor sport, the adventure of the Arctic explorer, the thrill of the big game hunter, the joy of discovery of the collector, may be combined in raising from seed some little-known plant that has not previously been cultivated. With what pride a dirt gardener displays his conquests; how and where he got the seed; his failures; what he finally did that brought suecess—a tale he never tires of telling to those who must or care to listen—just like any other hobby rider. No hobby need be useful, but it makes it none the less at- tractive should it happen to combine pleasure and profit. 149 By Transfer— Cutak, Ladislaus—Plants of horticulture............. 4 By Field Work— Allen, Paul H.—Plants of Panama and the Canal Zone collected by Paul H. Allen and A. A. Hunter........ 6,000+ Lodewyks, Maude C.—Plants of Missouri and Arkansas 253 MOURL. 0. ey BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING . * President i BT A a} GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK Vice-President DANIEL K, CATLIN Second Vice-President ALBERT T. PERKINS L. RAY GARTER GEORGE T. Moore e SAMUEL C. Davis EUGENE PETTUS THOMAS S. MAFFITT ETHAN A. H. SHEPLEY e.% FRED G. ZEIBIG EX-OFFICIO. MEMBERS GEoRGE R. THROOP, WILLIAM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity BERNARD F. DICKMANN, Rospert J. TERRY, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis ere SoLON CAMERON 4 - President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD E. ULRICI GROWING SUCCULENTS FROM 9 Oo. 1. Materials needed; 2. Seedlings appearing; choé seedlings ready for potting. Seedlings SEED ready for transplanting ; 4. Kalan- ‘OW ‘LOG ‘auvey) "IOA “TITIAN aLVId 61 Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXIII SEPTEMBER, 1935 No. 7 CULTURE OF SUCCULENTS IN THE MIDWEST Although there is an increasing interest in succulents throughout the Middle West, no satisfactory work on their culture in this region has been published, and this article has been compiled from the writer’s notes and observations in the hope that it will aid those attempting to grow these interesting plants. In its early days the Garden possessed the finest and most important collection of succulents in this country. Now two plant houses are devoted to their display, and thousands of visitors find great interest in the diversity and grotesqueness of their forms. Before going any further, it might be well to explain the term “‘succulents.’’ It is generally applied to those plants possessing fleshy or thickened leaves and stalks, and that are structurally adapted to live for prolonged periods without water. Under this group several thousand plants are listed belonging to various plant families, chiefly the Cactaceae, Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae, Aizo- aceae, and Portulacaceae. The cacti (Cactaceae) were origin- ally confined to the New World, but have become naturalized in other countries, in many instances crowding out the in- digenous plants. The spurges (Euphorbiaceae) are world- wide, but the succulent varieties are mostly native to South Africa, Madagascar, and the East Indies. The orpines (Cras- sulaceae), to which the sedums belong, are likewise distributed throughout the world, in both temperate and tropical climates. The century plants (Amaryllidaceae) are natives of America, (107) 108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN but the aloes (Liliaceae), which they somewhat resemble, are of African origin. Cacti were among the first succulents to be cultivated. Soon after the discovery of America specimens of these picturesque plants were brought back to Europe by the early expeditions, and their popularity spread throughout continental Europe. Cactus fanciers vied with each other in securing the rarest plants, sparing no expense, and it is said that a certain horti- cultural enthusiast paid as much as 1000 franes for one of the smaller cacti. In America interest in desert plants seems to wax and wane, the present rage having begun in 1929. That their popularity is great and will persist for some time is evi- denced by the numerous succulent societies which have re- cently been formed and the number of publications on the subject. GROWING SUCCULENTS FROM SEED One of the most fascinating phases of the culture of plants is growing them from seed, and this is especially true of suc- eulents. Of course, great patience is required for this work, but the plants raised from seed are much healthier and better- appearing than the mature plants taken from the desert which are foreed to adapt themselves to unnatural surroundings. Then, too, the wanton despoilation of our deserts by the self- styled ‘‘collectors,’’ has made it necessary to adopt measures restricting collecting of the desert flora. Quarantine and other Federal restrictions also make it difficult to secure cer- tain plants from their native homes. Apparently there is no alternative but to grow the succulents from seed. Even the average flat dweller can grow a good number of seedlings in hishome. All the equipment needed is a flower con- tainer, a piece of glass for cover, a saucer underneath to hold water, some good drainable soil, and a package of fresh seed (pl. 19, fig. 1). Seeds of various succulents are now readily obtainable from dealers in this country and abroad, at very moderate prices. Fresh, thoroughly matured seed is of the utmost importance for good and quick germination, and only reliable seed firms should be patronized. If a large quantity MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109 of seed. is available, it may be planted at different times. The writer has found that the spring months are best for seed plant- ing, although any month of the year will bring fairly good results provided a temperature of 70° F. and above is main- tained. In the Midwest seedlings will be more apt to ‘*damp- off”’ in the winter than in spring and summer. As a container a seed pan is generally used, but for small plantings the ordi- nary porous four-inch pot is preferable. Care should be taken that it be clean, as a dirty pot might contaminate the young seedlings. Necessary drainage can be provided by a generous use of broken pottery or coarse gravel in the bottom of the con- tainer. On top of this sift porous soil made up of equal parts of garden loam, well-decomposed leaf mold, and sand, to within an inch of the rim, and press the soil down lightly. Since the seed of most succulents is very small, care should be taken that the soil cover be no deeper than the size of the seed itself. The tiny seeds may be scattered lightly over the soil, but the larger ones should be sown evenly in rows. (Seeds of the prickly pears, Opuntias, which are quite large and have a hard outer coat, should be rubbed between two pieces of sandpaper to facilitate quicker germination.) Next, fill saucer with water and place the seed pan in it. As soon as the sur- face of the soil shows moisture, empty the water from the saucer, press the soil down again (though very lightly), and scatter a thin layer of fine gravel on top. This last is im- portant, as it helps in retaining moisture and likewise in sup- porting the tiny seedlings. Finally, place glass cover over the top, and set the pot in a well-lighted window. At this stage and even after germination never permit the seed pan to dry out, and ventilate occasionally by removing glass cover. Some varieties will develop rapidly while others may take a long time. However, if after three months no seedlings have made their appearance, it is advisable to dump the pot and try again. Generally tiny little seedlings begin to push their way up through the gravel in seven to fourteen days (pl. 19, fig. 2). At the Garden, the writer has tested many seeds of various succulents, over a period of years, and the average time of germination is listed below. 110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN AMARYLLIDACEAE Agave brachystachys ........cccceccccecseesscscseees Agave chigpendis ......ccrccccccccvcvescssssncvsnsess Agave chloracantha ...... cece cece cece ener e eee eeees Agave densiflora 2... cccccccseccccsecsesssccssevcesess Agave elongata .....cccccecccececccrsccccesceseceeees Agave Ghiesbrechtti ....... ccc cece reer n erence eeeeee Agave Henriquesit .......ccccec cece cee cece cece eeneees Agave horrida ...... cece cece cence eee e ree eeeeeeeee Agave schidigera ........e ccc ce cece eee e nee eeeeeneees Agave Victoriae-Reginae ........0.eeeee oeunise Kewanee ASCLEPIADACEAE Duvalia Corderoyti .....ccccccccccccccccccceeceeeseees Dwvalia GlOGan® on csccccccscavescscasscesecsenseesans Piaranthus cOMPtUS 2... cc cre cccnnceneececccescenecs Stapelia conformis .......c.ceeccnrscrecececereseecaes Stapelia Deametiana .......... cc cece recs cnencrecccees Stapelia flavirostris ..... ccc ccc ccc cece center eeseercee Stapelia hirsuta ........ccccevccecccececccccceseeeees Stapelia pulchella .......cccccccccccvccrscscccevesace Stapelia verrucosa .....ccccccccccnccenscccccscesseses Trichocaulon meloforme .......cccce ree eeeeerneeeeenes CaOtus CALOTIES bocce cceease en cose ee ere ee eee ews wenn Cephalocereus Paleri ........cccccenccrcccececsseces Cephalocereus senilis ......cccccccccccvcsceccevsecoecs Dendrocereus nudiflorTus 1... .. ccc ccc c eer e ee eeeeereneee Echinocereus Reichenbachiti .......00c eee eee cece tenes Echinopsis valida ......ccscccsccccsececccsvccescusens Hamatocactus setispinus ........ccccccccccecvevccecses Harrisia Martinit 0.0... cc ccc cece ere ewer cece ee eeesees Myrtillocactus geometrizans ........e eee ee cence eennees Neobesseyd MiSSOUTIENSIS 1... 0. cece creer rns erneeeevece Neomammillaria elongata .......0 ccc ce ccc e cece erences Opuntia imbricata .....ccccccvcccscccsceccsesecsscess Oreocereus Celsianus 1.2... ccc cccc ccc e cece eeeeeeeeees Selenicereus urbanianus .......cccerccccceccceeeeceees TrichocereusS MACTOGONUS 1.1... cece ccc ee nee eeeeeeeeees Trichocereus Spachianus ......0.eee ce cere ec eeeceeeces CRASSULACEAE Crassula argyrophylla ....ccccccccrscnscncccveccesves Crassula columnaris 1.0... ccc cee eee eee eee eeee Crassula rosularis ...... ccc cece eee eee eee eeneee Cotyledon orbiculata ....... cece eee e eee eee eee eeneee Echeveria edulis ....c ccc ccc cee cee ee eee eee eee eees Greenovid QUTED ..cevccccccceccccccccseeeeveseeeerens days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Malanchoé Blossfeldiana -) 6.65 228 dedi ee xaavkinceenks PRU ERNE COTO ~ 5 ora 55.5.0 paren Wiad Vesta i iva ae Rleekae een POOH CROE DUCTS onic ces ie he dhs os le ane aw aes OIGNCHOE ROME: 3 ost 4 50. ua moans «cw e's o1.cy's) snl evans) usd ere vice co «arena 4 Sate eter 112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vuicea: Bates 66s cvsk Specie vais seas sari dene e vere awes VALOOGY CUAUO 5 6Gk koe bd 00 dSs 56 VRS Ade OTS ae aOR Pas oie AIZOACEAE (MESEMBRYANTHEMA) SOPOMON DOL OOUE: od 6x55 5 004K a 0 eke SERS RSS OA Wed Aethephyllum pinnatifidum ....... 0c ccc cece eee e eens Argyroderma Schlechteri ....cccescccccccsccncccescses Argyroderma testiculare ....cccccccscscccccsccscccees Pg ee | ee ee ere eer Fg ee er rer rrr r er errr rT err Pe ere eee eee eee Cer e eT Te eee Te ee Bergeranthus multiceps .....cccccccsccccncscceveccess BO GOVGRTREE GRODIBOE 6.655566 6 ARS id ea N ee 55 hen ees Pg re Pere eC eee Tee TT ee Te Tere eT eee COPRCOTOCUS GOUUHOLOTUS iin ics ee ieee ECe es eee esis Chasmatophyllum musculinum 10... cece cence ween eee Cheiridopsis cigarettifera ......ccccsccscncncccnccsccs Oe A ree eee are oe Corpuseuiariag Talore ecco cis sec ccedk ev sn Pede wees eeeae Cylindrophyllum calamiforme ....... ccc eee e eee e eee eee Dactylopeis digttata 2.2... ccccccccccccccsvcsseseccers Deloenerma Brunnthalert .....6ccccscccccceceescccsaes PASAY OV OSSUMNG: 66 55 aia 5:50 40 oéao'sin see RG 54 oe ele ee Dorotheanthus Gramineus ......cccccccccccsccccssecess Drosanthemum brevifolium ......cccce cece eee een ecnces Oe ee errs err rr Teer OOD TNOIIMORE: o 5.6.0.56. 65 4655654060404 eds ORE ERNE EUS Ve ge ee ee re Cg ee ee ere ee eT er heer ee es eee Fenestraria rhopalophylla .......ccccccccccscscccesces GAD ODOUND PUD ESOONIB 66-5 8:5. 66.0. v n-4 08 ees WEG we tO 4 ae Glottiphyllum linguiforme ...... ccc cee cece cere eeseeees Glottiohylltmn SGU ccccicvcnessccvseseetenescnessces FE WONOOUCTUS CPODOEE 6 6.506 66c a veh ee xed thank ene Se bees Juttadinteria Simpsontt ...... cece ccc ccccccccscceecaes et errr ee ere ry re er eS ee eee eer eee eee err er ee Teer Tee Tye eee DI GRLO CALM: COUUNTIIE 6 6.6650. o's bo lise eee dee eda e ele bi eee Mesembryanthemum Qmoenum ........0 00 eee eee ee eeee Mesembryanthemum Quranttacum ....cccccceccecceeccee Mesembryanthemum Brownit 2.1... 0c cc cece ee ee eee aee Mesembryanthemum coccineum ....... cece eee eee neces Mesembryanthemum Haworthii ......... cece eee eens Mottlaria WOmtlisOrms 6.66 6 iis 50 oe save sees cacawecas NGG PM CYOTE. 8 iciiihik. 56 68 oe SO SASS Kee Reele SORES TA Ss OCOCularid CGUIGBOENE. coo i ces esiseecasetcaeaeraeeess | er ee errr ey Tre eer eee Me ee eee eee er ere Psammophora longifolia .....ccccscccsccssccccccsccces Reemearin TOGA 666s 6 isc eadicdes es cb adeseneeeedeae nes MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 113 Sceletium anatomicum ...........ccccccccccsccccccecs 10 days Sceletium concavum ......cccccccccccccsccsucnccovcecs 18 days Semmanthe lacerad ...... ccc ccc cece cece cece cnccecueees 27 days PRINODSIS COLCOTEIS fcc We see Dp hh aad pana eek ea ee 9 days Trichocyclus ctliatua ..... ccs ccc ccessecescecusesvctens 15 days Trichodiadema stelligerum ........0 ccc cee cc eecceeeeees 9 days After seeds have germinated the glass cover should be re- moved and replaced by a piece of white tissue paper to shield the plantlets from the direct rays of the sun. Under ordinary house conditions, watering will be required every fourth to seventh day. As the tiny seedlings develop, give more light gradually. It will not be necessary to transplant for a long time, unless the seedlings become crowded and danger of damping-off is imminent (pl. 19, fig. 3). In transplanting the same mixture of soil can be used as for the seeds. Transplant into flats, larger seed pans, or individual 114-inch pots, gradu- ally shifting into larger containers as the plants require and always allowing plenty of room (pl. 19, fig. 4). It is not necessary to repot cactus very often; usually if kept in small pots the danger of overwatering will be avoided. OTHER METHODS OF PROPAGATION In addition to propagation by seed, most of the succulents can be multiplied vegetatively, i. e., by cuttings, by division of large clumps, by offsets, by leaves, or by grafting. By this method plants will attain maturity in a shorter time than when grown from seed. Almost any portion of the stem can generally be cut off, treated, and forced to produce new growth. All cut- tings with a large cut surface, such as cacti and spurges, must be placed in a dry atmosphere for a few days in order to form a callus over the wounded section. This is important, for unless the cuticle is healed the cut surface would be subject to bacterial rot, which would quickly destroy the cutting. Sue- culents with small exposed surfaces, such as the hen-and- chicken plants (Echeveria), form a protective tissue in a few hours. Although most cuttings can be placed directly in a mixture of sand and soil, pure sand seems to be a better rooting medium. Some plants will produce a vigorous root system in a week. New shoots along the stem are a good indication that 114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the cutting is forming roots. Water should be applied very sparingly or not at all until some sign of growth appears. Cuttings of tender succulents, such as the mesembryanthe- mums, must be shielded from the direct rays of the sun and their exposed parts lightly sprinkled to keep them from wilting. Many plants, as, for instance, the Opuntias (prickly pears), the Kalanchoés, and Bryophyllums, are naturally adapted to vegetative propagation. The stems and fruits of most prickly pears break off very easily and fall to the ground, where in a short time they throw out roots and develop independently as new plants. So strong is the principle of life in many suc- eulent plants that they very often produce numerous tiny plantlets all along their stems or on the margins of the leaves. A good example of the former is Echinopsis, South American plants of the cactus family, with long trumpet-like flowers which open toward evening. Some of them, as LE. ELyriesia, produce numerous offsets, either at the bottom or top of the old plant, which readily become detached from the mother plant and strike root in the surrounding soil. The writer has one such specimen completely covered with these tiny plants. The Bryophyllums are a good example of leaf propagation. Their name, meaning ‘‘life plants,’’ was given on account of the numerous plantlets which are produced along the margins of the leaves (pl. 20, fig. 1). These also detach themselves easily, cluttering the soil around the mother plant and growing inde- pendently. Most of the ecrassulaceous plants, such as the Sedums, Echeverias, Crassulas, Kalanchoés, and Bryophyl- lums, can be readily propagated by leaf cuttings. Simply take off a leaf, place it in sand or on top of the soil, keep somewhat moist, and the baby plants will appear (pl. 20, fig. 2). Later these can be potted as seedlings. GRAFTING Grafting of succulents, especially cacti, is a very simple and interesting process resorted to for a variety of purposes, chiefly the following. To preserve certain species that through decay might be lost; to raise certain species that are very difficult Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 23, 1935 PLATE 20 PROPAGATION OF SUCCULENTS 1. Bryophyllum plantlets produced on the margins of leaves; 2. Leaves of Eche- veria producing young plants; 38. Aporocactus flagelliformis cleft-grafted on Hylocereus undatus ; 4, Flat graft of Lophophora Williamsii on Cereus peruvianus. ninenuiienaitdtlinnsnimmindiaanscauie ene i eS = SS ee 1 ¥ > G SUCCULENTS IN THE HOME ) 1. A kitchen-window garden; 2. Rectangular desert garden; 3. Miniature desert gardens. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 115 to grow on their own root; to produce quicker growth; to in- sure a greater number of flowers; to develop bushy and more decorative plants or unusual novelties. Grafting is really = SPINE 3E+ HOLDING GRAFT IN PLACE FROM BOTH SIDES. i SKIN. REMOVED Fig. 1. Illustrating the cleft graft. SCION F CUT HERE Cc Fig. 2. Illustrating the flat graft. nothing more than the union of two separate plants growing as one. The two plants used in grafting are known as the stock and the scion. The stock is the plant with the roots 116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN which supplies the nourishment to the scion, and the scion is the plant that is inserted on the stock. Almost any of the large-growing species of Cereus can be utilized as stock for the smaller-growing Opuntias, the delicate-spined pinecushion cacti (Mammillaria), and the pendulous, epiphytic Rhipsalis. It is generally advisable to have stock at least six to twelve inches high, otherwise a stake will be needed for support. Grafting should be done in the hot season and care should be taken that the two plants to be used in the operation are in a healthy condition. There are two chief kinds of grafts, the cleft and the flat. Cleft graft is desirable for all thin-stemmed plants, such as the Christmas cactus, rhipsalis, and rat-tail eactus (pl. 20, fig. 3). For the thick and globose types, as Echinocactus, Echinopsis, and Mammillaria, the flat graft is used (pl. 20, fig. 4). Directions for cleft grafting are simple. A sharp clean knife should be used (some prefer razor blades). After selecting the two plants, as, for instance, the night- blooming cereus (Selenicereus) for stock and the Christmas cactus (Zygocactus truncatus) for scion, eut stock to a desired height, and make a slit at the top about an inch long. Then cut the stem of the scion on each side to form a wedge and in- sert into the slit of the stock. Place in a warm, somewhat moist location, and be careful not to get any water on the cut surface. A two- to three-jointed Christmas cactus grafted on a night- blooming cereus grows amazingly fast and in two years should produce a wonderful head. When using the flat graft, the scion and stock should be of about the same diameter. Both plants should be cut with smooth transverse cuts and the two flat surfaces pressed firmly together and held in place by raffia or woolen threads, as shown in the accompanying diagrams. SEASONAL CARE To say that succulents, especially the cacti, need no atten- tion, isa fallacy. Even among cactus plants different cultural methods must be applied. The greater majority are found growing under the hottest sun and in the poorest soil where the rainfall is very scanty ; and yet even under such conditions MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 117 the plants prosper and flower freely, for they have developed the ability to take up and store within their bodies the moisture which at intervals comes their way. The barrel cacti, the fish- hooks, the pincushions, the hedgehogs, and wicked chollas are but a few belonging to this class. They are generally very spiny, the spiny armament acting as a shield from the scorch- ing rays of the sun. Plants of this type are very desirable for home culture (pl. 21, fig. 1), as they are able to withstand the hot, dry atmosphere of our living rooms. The Christmas cactus, the broadleafs, rhipsalis, the rat-tails, and the trailing night-blooming cerei, are mostly epiphytic, growing with the orchids and bromeliads upon the trunks and branches of trees in tropical America. They require a richer soil (but very porous) and humid surroundings, and can be grown success- fully in any ordinary sun-room. Cacti from the hot deserts, as the barrel cacti, must be watered very moderately during the winter months, only at 3- to 4-week intervals and then only on clear, sunny days, The best way to water plants in the winter is to place them in a large vessel and allow the water to come up from below, moistening the roots only. The Christmas cactus and similar varieties must never be allowed to get very dry, although a short rest period in September to October and again after flowering is recommended. Other succulents, such as the Mes- embryanthemums, need more water than a cactus. However, it must be remembered that good drainage is necessary at all times, as very few succulents will survive if their ‘‘feet’’ are constantly wet. All sueeulents should be given a period of rest for three or four months during the winter, when they should be placed in a cooler room and watered more sparingly. If kept growing all the year around, no buds or very few will appear. Winter months as a rule are the danger months for succulent plants, but if proper attention is given to temperature, water, etc., no difficulty should be experienced. All plants that have been planted outdoors during the summer months must be brought indoors about the first of October. Many cactus plants that 118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN are whipped by bitter winds and covered under a blanket of snow in the mountainous regions of the Southwest cannot en- dure the winters of the Middle West. It isn’t the cold that plays havoe, but the excessive dampness combined with cold. A few years ago many department stores in the Midwest were advertising the ‘‘ Flame Ball’’ (Ferocactus) as a hardy species for our rock gardens, but every plant that was left outdoors died. Sunlight is an important factor in the life of a plant, and in order to obtain all that is possible in the winter the plants should be placed in window recesses or near windows. Without light plants will grow stringy, weak, and sickly, and often this condition will lead to their death. On clear warm days, during the month of March, all sue- culents should be taken outdoors but must be brought in be- fore evening. During April they ean be left on the porch, but eareful watch must be kept for frosts. By keeping the plants outside for part of the time, they are prepared to withstand the intense sunlight and warmth later. Usually, during May, plants can be set out permanently, either in rockeries, beds, or in borders. Because of the heavy spring rains in our Middle West, cacti and other succulents should be planted on a slope so that excess water will readily drain off. The writer does not recommend planting cacti directly in the ground, but rather plunging them with their pots to within an inch of the rim and covering the surface with gravel, limestone chats, or other small rocks. Although plants will do better if planted directly in the soil, the average worker will not have the time to dig them up carefully and repot them in the fall. It should be remembered that succulents, in order to ripen their stems, need all the sun possible during the fall months and they should be left outdoors until there is danger of frost. A light frost will not bother the hardier types, and they usually may continue outside until about the end of October in the St. Louis area. October 1 should be used as the deadline for the tender kinds, but if a warm spell occurs at that time (as it often does) the plants may be left out for another week or two but a eare- ful watch of the weather must be kept. Succulents exposed to MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 119 the sunshine, the air, and rain during the summer months will do far better than those kept indoors and given home treatment. GLASS-ENCLOSED DESERTS A few years ago, glass gardens or Wardian cases were the rage, and many artistic woodland and jungle gardens were cre- ated in various types of glass containers. The woods and country side were scoured for tiny plantlets, while florists and nurserymen were besieged for the highly colored tropical plants to be used in the miniature jungle gardens. Somehow the use of succulent plants was generally overlooked, but the writer has found that cacti and other fleshy-leaved plants lend themselves admirably to this mode of culture. It is surprising what a fine collection of tiny desert plants can be grown in just such a manner. There is a great variety of glass containers from which to choose, but the most satisfactory are the 1-2-gallon drum- shaped aquaria and the 5-gallon (or more) rectangular aquaria (pl. 21, figs. 2 and 3). Select only those with clear glass free from flaws, since poor glass will produce distorted images of the plants within. For drainage, which is very important for succulent plants, gravel or sand must be supplied to the thick- ness of one inch at the bottom of the container. A few pieces of charcoal are then added, and finally two to three inches of porous soil. Care should be exercised to use only small plants, from two to three inches high, and never to crowd them as in woodland or jungle miniatures. After planting, the sur- face of the soil should be covered with sand or fine gravel and moistened lightly. Once a desert garden is planted and placed in a well-lighted position, no care will be necessary for a long time. Leave an inch of space between the glass cover and the opening, so that air will have free access at all times. An ocea- sional ‘‘sweat’’ produced by closing the opening will prove beneficial, but if the soil seems to be saturated leave lid off until it dries out. The soil will seldom dry out completely, but if it does, water by hand. Experiments conducted by the writer at the Garden, over a period of years, show that the cacti are more 120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN suitable for growing in glass enclosures than the tender fleshy- leaved succulents. Glass gardens planted three years ago with cacti alone are still thriving, whereas the plants had to be re- placed in those planted with Mesembryanthemums, Crassulas, Aloes, ete. L. C. NOTES Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, has been elected president of the Herb Society of America. Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager Missouri Botanical Garden Arbo- retum, has been reelected president of the Garden Club of Gray Summit, Mo. Mr. L. P. Jensen attended the meeting of the Citizens Road Association of Missouri at the State Fair, Sedalia, Mo., August 5. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, addressed the Garden Club of Dublin, N. H., August 20, showing some mov- ing picture films of plant life. Mr. A. P. Beilmann, Arboriculturist to the Garden, gave an address before the National Shade Tree Conference, Phila- delphia, August 28, on ‘‘The Use of Instruments in Tree Diagnosis.”’ Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke be- fore the Rotary Club of Alton, IIl., July 31, on ‘‘Orehid Hunt- ing in Central and South America’’; and before the Webster Groves Home Garden Club, September 13, on ‘‘ Evergreens.’’ Dr. George W. Martin, of the State University of Iowa, and Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr. and Mr. Russell J. Seibert, of the Missouri Botanical Garden and Washington University, have recently returned from the Republic of Panama where they made general collections of Fungi, Ferns, and Spermatophytes in the Canal Zone and the Provinees of Panama, Coclé, and Chiriqui. The party made their headquarters during the months of June, July, and August at the Tropical Station of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Balboa, C. Z. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 121 Recent visitors to the Garden include Prof. E. C. Volz, pro- fessor of horticulture, Iowa State College, Ames; Dr. E. J. Murphy, of New York University; Miss Frances Miners, in Charge of Children’s Gardens, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Dr. Ethel T. Eltinge, assistant professor of botany, Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; Dr. Ward M. Sharp, assistant biologist, Division of Migratory Water Fowl, Bureau of Biological Survey, Valentine, Nebr.; Mr. H. McKeen Cattell, editor of Science, Garrison-on-Hudson, N. Y.; Miss Bonnie C. Templeton, of the Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, Calif.; Mr. C. H. Muller, botanical collector, and student at the University of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. Robert Stratton, assistant professor of botany and plant pathology, Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater ; Dr. C. L. Hitchcock, assistant professor of botany, University of Montana, Missoula; Dr. W. T. Penfound, assistant professor of botany, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.; Prof. Carl Skottsberg, Prefect, Botanical Garden, Goteborg, Sweden; Mr. Edward C. Vick, horticultural editor, New York American, Boston Advertiser, and Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE-AUGUST, 1935 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors in June..................... 27,357 Total number of visitors in July............cc0cceces 24,444 Total number of visitors in August.................6. 31,085 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and packets of seeds donated in PUNE: see ew ny cceshiloish Sotho eeabe eaten e all amen ete eels ic ics 77 Total number of plants and packets of seeds donated in JOLY ks bev an 04 See i4 oe eek eee ee Wee bees 26 Total number of packets of seeds donated in August.... 21 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought in June.... 25 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in June... 115 Total number of books and pamphlets bought in July.... 30 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in July... 75 Total number of books and pamphlets bought in August. . 5 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in August. 3 122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: JUNE By Purchase— Aellen, P.—Plants of Europe...................00005 470 Erichsen, C. F. E.—‘‘Lichenen insbesondere aus Schles- wig-Holstein,” Cent. I, Nos. 1-100, inclusive.......... 100 Lundell, C. L.—Plants of British Honduras........... 55 By Gift— Cutak, J.—Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. ..... 1 Featherly, H. I.—Condalia lycioides (Gray) Weberbauer, TIO IRIMAOUOR: 5 oo. 65609 55 05 04 19:0 09 05.004 0 ho ees 1 Gates, Frank C.—Tradescantia from Kansas.......... 6 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew—Tetramerium and Henrya TOO BOO. 5 ose ioe Osis orb key ree essen es 9 Steyermark, J. A.—Lepidium Draba L., collected by Oscar Petersen, from Missouri.................00085 1 By Exchange— Gray Herbarium, Harvard University—“Plantae Exsic- catae Grayanae,” Cent. V, Nos. 401-500, inclusive.... 100 Gray Herbarium, Harvard University—Plants of Scan- NG. oo 5 555 5h ee ee a RAKE 56 Gray Herbarium, Harvard University—Miscellaneous CONE «od ore ck bean cee Keddie HE SERS Cee RRS 66 New York Botanical Garden—Plants of Santo Domingo, collected by G. Proctor Cooper III.................. AT University of Montana by C. L. Hitchcock—Plants of WOUIRNE 660655.05444 chs arene sae ease dae eR NE TS 100 University of Oklahoma by G. J. Goodman—Plants of CORIGNOUNE MG TOROS: 6 5555644409 054000 400000554255 25 By Transfer— Cutak, L.—Plants of horticulture.................0004 4 Fairburn, David C.—Plants of Horticulture........... 4 Moore, G. T.—Spiraea bella Sims from horticulture.... 3 CEL hole 5s uu6 6544 oR EO ERS POIRIER 1,048 JULY By Purchase— Gleason, H. A.—Plants of Brazil, collected by Boris A. KOR sik ok wea eae oie oe 48 eal 608 wk ees wee iis 1,221 By Gift— Barkley, F. A.—Sabatia campestris Nutt. from Oklahoma 1 Barkley, F. A. and Otto von der Au—Plants of Missouri 20 Bramsch, Helen—Pinus sp. from California........... 1 Charleston Museum, Charleston, South Carolina—Plants OF Both Cars 66 645ce5 be vad an ieudierdcaseexes 3 Clark, O. M.—Plants of Mexico..................004. 500 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123 Hume, H. H.—Zephyranthes from Florida............. 61 Kury, H.—Plants of Florida.........ccccccsccccccces 31 MeCart, "W. Di-—PIamte OF TOSGR vc occas dSewievasa vas 65 Stephens, J. L.—Plants of Georgia................... 7 University of Illinois by Harry J. Fuller—Aegilops cylindrica Host. from Illinois..................00055 1 Webster Groves Nature Study Society—Plants of Kan- BOS GAG. NOW" MORO 6 5c osi oa 6s ne eda eeaake hens 54 Weat, N.—Pilants of Florida... 2.005 is oss deevuses ess 15 By Exchange— University of Michigan by C. L. Lundell—Plants of Mexico and Central America................000000- 144 By Transfer— Cutak, L.—Plants of Horticulture.................00. 4 AUGUST By Purchase— Porsild, Morten P.—Plants of Greenland.............. 176 By Gift— Beal, J. M.—Alliwm of Horticulture..................- Cornelius, Miss Ruth—Acidanthera bicolor Hochst. of Horticulture, collected by Albert Ulrich.............. Hills, Mrs. W. A.—Plants of Horticulture............. Kellogg, John H.—Isanthus brachiatus (L.) BSP. from MONON ecg ts i cemeg exces eee eee eee ins Lodewyks, Maude C.—Plants of Missouri.............. 12 Lynch, Mrs. J. T.—Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br. from APROUGOS 06 5 oc 45 5064045 4645 oo be ee Prince, Mrs. E. Fred.—Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. from: Missouri: «.,.i0 «244 eee cuteness Webster Groves Nature Study Society—Tradescantia Sp. trom New. MexICO.,.. veces. Nema een cst © ses Woodson, Dr. R. E., Jr.—Plants of Yucatan and Guate- mala distributed by C. L. Lundell.................. Woodson, Dr. R. E., Jr.—Plants of New York, collected Dy. HecHe RUSDy ociciccc crate rete enters 0's on De F&F Fe EF HF OF NR By Exchange New York Botanical Garden—Plants mostly from Hainan, China: : <2. ws Sacks os ee ere as 353 By Transfer— Cutak, L.—Plants of Horticulture, «arive cise sie ees o'e.s'« 1 SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the per- sonal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will or in any of his writ- ings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were designated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested in a Di- rector, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden re- ceives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and grow- ing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the exist- ing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as well as holding a cer- tain area as a forest reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, ex- cept New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a.m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI GEORGE T. Moore, Director KATHERINE H, LEIGH, * Assistant to the Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, EpGAR ANDERSON, Pathologist Geneticist JESSE M. GREENMAN, ROBERT E. WOODSON, JR., Curator of Herbarium Research Assistant ERNEST S. REYNOLDS, DAvip C. FAIRBURN, Physiologist Research Assistant CARROLL W. Donce, NeELL C. HoRNER, Mycologist Librarian and Editor of : .. Publications GEORGE H. PRING, Superintendent JOHN NOYES, Pau. A. Kou1, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist WILLIAM F, LANGAN, JOHN H. KELLOGG, Chief Engineer Plant Collector JOSEPH LANGEN, August P. BEILMANN, Assistant Engineer Aboriculturist ARTHUR D. FORRESTER, JOSEPH CUTAK, Plant Recorder In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, LADISLAUS CUTAK, Painter In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P. JENSEN, Manager Roy E. Kisseck, ; Davip MILLER, Engineer Orchid Grower TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE GuRNEY WILSON, F.-L. §. Hove, Sussex, England san ~ Missouri BoTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. XXIII OCTOBER, 1935 No. 8 CONTENTS Page Brightening Up the Rose Garderi in Late Summer . 125 Teucrium Chamaedrys (Germander) . . . . °.. 127 A Much Maligned Tree?—The Tree of Heaven ie thus altissima) . . . . 130 The Early History of the Tomato or Love Rts seh LOS TR OC OR se a aN Oe Le a ee Statistical Information .) <3.) .5 {0 aNeak ten ee ST. LOUIS, MO, 1935 Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: : ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS ea ee BOARD OF TRUSTEES hs OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK oe | Vice-President srs ah, DANIEL K. CATLIN Second Vice-President ALBERT T. PERKINS L. Ray CARTER GEORGE T. Moore ira ! SAMUEL C, Davis EUGENE PETTUS oes THOMAS S. MaFFITT ErHan A, H. SHEPLEY F Rep G.. ZEeIrBic EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS GEORGE R. THROOP, WILLIAM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity BERNARD F, DICKMANN, RoBERT J. TERRY, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis JAMES J. FITZGERALD President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD E. ULRICI Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 23, 1935 PLATE 22 CERATOSTIGMA PLUMBAGINOIDES (From “Botanical Magazine,” pl. 4487.) Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXIII OCTOBER, 1935 No. 8 BRIGHTENING UP THE ROSE GARDEN IN LATE SUMMER In many parts of the United States, but more particularly in the Middle West, even the most carefully tended rose gardens become somewhat of a problem by the first of August. Their earlier glory has then departed ; the bloom and fragrance which made them the center of attraction in May and June have been succeeded by only an oceasional flower. While such a garden may be full of interest to the true rosarian, to the average gar- dener it seems bare and uninteresting. The obvious solution of the problem would seem to be an interplanting of other plant material. Though often attempted this is not as easy as it sounds, for the rose is an aristocrat and does not combine readily with common garden flowers. Climbing roses may form a beautiful background for the perennial border, certain of the wild roses may brighten up the shrub collection, but roses by and large, a whole rose garden full of them, do not. neighbor well with most annuals or perennials. As a result many Mid- dle Western gardeners have despaired of having a presentable display during the entire season, and some have even planted their roses in a secluded corner where they might be enjoyed at their best and yet remain inconspicuous during the late summer. For the past two seasons the Missouri Botanical Garden has successfully met the problem of the rose garden by planting a clipped hedge of germander, Teucrium Chamaedrys, around (125) 126 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the central bed. Its thrifty blue-green foliage has defied the hot weather and has given an illusion of freshness and abun- dance to the whole garden. Between the roses in the central bed, and at other points in the rose garden, the old reliable summer perennial, Ceratostigma plumbaginoides, has been interplanted (pl. 22). Its gentian-blue flowers have provided a lovely foil for such roses as were in flower and have combined attractively with the low Teucrium hedge. It has been useful as well as beautiful, since it shades the soil between the roses and serves as a summer mulch. As grown at the Garden the Ceratostigma' does not flower until well into July so that the garden during the rose season seems quite unchanged. As the roses begin to go, the green foliage of the Ceratostigmas be- comes more and more conspicuous, and from the first of August until frost the soft deep blue of their flowers is the dominant note in the rose garden. The combination of Teucrium hedges and an interplanting of Ceratostigma has one disadvantage. Several of the opera- tions required to maintain these plants in excellent condition for season after season are more easily carried on at a large botanical garden than by the average home owner. The plant- ing and maintenance of Teucrium hedges will be taken up in the following article. The management of Ceratostigma in the rose garden is a little more intricate than one might think who knew the plant only as a hardy member of the perennial border. Unfortunately, when left to itself it forms a thick mat which eventually dies out in spots and which prevents hilling up around the roses in the late fall. At the Garden the Cera- tostigma is taken up and carried over the winter in cold-frames, the plants being divided and reset the following April. Man- aged in this way, the roses can be eared for during the winter precisely as they were before. The Ceratostigma, far from objecting to this treatment, positively thrives on it, producing thriftier looking plants than when left to fend for itself. Any one with a lingering prejudice against the use of other 1In many nursery catalogues, Ceratostigma will be found listed under the name of Plumbago Larpentae. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 127 plant material in a large rose garden should have visited the Missouri Botanical Garden this September. The central bed, which forms a focal point for most of the main paths of the Lower Garden, was a sight long to be remembered. A low circlet of germander, dark green and quietly luxuriant, in- closed an unbroken sheet of dark blue, upon the surface of which were borne a few ‘‘ Radiance’’ and ‘‘ Catherine Zeimet’’ roses. In spite of the heat, the planting looked cool and the roses, germander, and Ceratostigma had the air of belonging together. E. A. TEUCRIUM CHAMAEDRYS (GERMANDER) Dwarf box has never been satisfactory as an edging plant for flower beds in the Middle West, and in the last few years germander (Teucrium Chamaedrys) has been suggested as a substitute for it. In 1931 the Missouri Botanical Garden se- cured a dozen plants of Teucrium Chamaedrys from an eastern grower, and from these plants a large stock has been propagated for use in various formal gardens. Plants from 214-inch pots set out in the spring and spaced eight inches apart will produce a neat, compact hedge (pl. 23) in one season if the plants are sheared once or twice during the summer. Teucrium is not affected by any insects or diseases; it retains its small, glossy, green foliage until January when a few days of zero tempera- ture will cause the leaves to shrivel and gradually drop off. In the spring the plants should be cut back, but the amount to cut away will depend upon the ultimate desired size of the hedge. In the second summer the hedge will readily attain a width and height of eighteen inches, but it may be kept much smaller by shearing. If only a small hedge is wanted it would be better to shear the plants close to the ground in the spring and later trim them to any desired height. Teucrium is considered reliably hardy in this climate, but what would happen in a winter when California privet is frozen to the ground cannot be predicted. However, such winters occur rather infrequently, so that fact should not deter any one from 128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN planting it. Until it has been proved that Teucrium can stand all temperature changes, a safe procedure would consist in in- serting a stock of cuttings in flats or boxes and storing them in a cold-frame during the winter. Should a severe winter kill the hedge, fresh stock would then be available for replanting in the spring. Make the cutting about 21% inches long, and re- move from it all the lower leaves, but retain the ones on the upper third. If flats are used they should be filled with a mix- ture of half sand and half soil overlaid with a layer of pure sand. Tamp this soil and sand firmly and insert the cuttings one inch deep, spacing them 34 of an inch apart in the row and the rows 114 inches apart. Water the flats and set them in a sheltered frame. Shade the cuttings for a few days and grad- ually admit more sunlight, and always shield them from drying winds. Cuttings may be made in the spring from the fresh growth when it is firm (early June) and again in late August and September, but they cannot be so successfully rooted during the hot months of July and August. If they are made in the fall and left in a frame during the winter they should be protected from severe frost, but light freezing will not in- jure them.