MussouURI IROTANICAL GARDEN IBULLETIN VOLUME XXX WITH 52. PLATES AND 26 TEXT-FIGURES 1942 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST, BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER 15 CENTS MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN LIBRARY ~ Missouri BoTaNicAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXX JANUARY, 1942 No. 1 CONTENTS Fifty-third Annual Report of the Director By Statistical informiation (6. = oa ea eae Se Oe BY Office of Publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Ill. Editorial. Office i Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, t us, oO. Af Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Application for transfer to Galesburg post-office pending. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A YEAR BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President GeorGcE C. Hircucock Vice-President Danie. K, CatTiin Second Vice-President EUGENE PETTus L. Ray CARTER _ Ricwarp J. Lockwoop DupLEY FRENCH GeEorGE T. Moore Joun S. LEHMANN | A. WeEssEL SHAPLEIGH ErHan A. H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS GeorcE R. Turoop, WitiiaM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Bishop of the Diocese of Sgtisenirt niversity WittiaM Dee BECKER A. H. TimMeRMAN, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Science of St. Louis JoHN A. FLEISCHLI President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD ULRIcI SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as ‘“Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. NEW TRAII HOUSI AT THE ARBORI TUM LLV Ig I Missour1 Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXX JANUARY, 1942 No. 1 FIFTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR To THE Boarp oF TRUSTEES: The Director of the Garden has the honor to submit his report for the year ending December 31, 1941. Thanks to the support of the “Friends of the Garden”, it has been possible to continue the development of the Arboretum along necessary lines, details of which are given later. A total of $6,195.83 was received during the year from 375 individuals and 22 Garden Clubs. The Garden Club of St. Louis continues to be by far the largest contributing club, the proceeds of its “Garden Visiting Days” in 1941 amounting to $2,288.53. Perhaps the largest and most important single improvement at the Arboretum this year is the Trail House. This building is located near the parking lot at a point from which the wild-flower trails begin and end. A major portion is to be used as a shelter, with the west 25 feet divided into a manager’s ofhce and rest-rooms. A room on the second floor is designed as an herbarium to contain specimens of the Arboretum flora, including horticultural varieties. A cellar under the office is well adapted for the storage of nursery stock and seed. The building itself is unique. The roof of nearly 6,000 square feet is covered with hand-split “shakes”, and the supporting timbers, clearly visible in the pavilion portion, are Douglas Fir piles 15 inches in diameter up to 65 feet in length. The roof is supported on masonry piers, the same kind of stone being used to form three sides of the west wing. Knotty pine and pecky cypress are used for the interior finish. The north and northwest sides of the building appear to be ideal locations for growing yews and some 54 specimens are planted here. Considerable progress was made during the summer on the new quarry road and a portion of the surface gravel was spread in December. This road is designed to join the west valley trail and thus become an outer circle drive adding 11% miles to the road system. The area traversed will be different from that of any existing road. In less than a mile the quarry road section will give a comprehensive cross-section of the Missouri Ozarks. (1) 2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN While in the past the development of wild-flower displays has been the major problem, this year, for the first time, the effort has been to make the wild flowers available to the visitor. Two trails have been laid out, roughly, in the form of two concentric circles, both of which begin and end at the parking field. The shorter one runs along the side of the hill and can be traversed readily in fifteen minutes. The longer one goes down almost to the flood-plain, climbing back by easy stages, and requires nearly an hour. In so far as possible, the trails have been constructed with materials native to the actual site. River gravel has been used only as a last resort since previous experience on the fire trails has shown that unsightly weeds tend to come in with the gravel and that it does not carry enough clay and sand to pack into a pleasant footpath. By digging down to the rock wherever it was near the surface, a practical all-weather trail was produced along the hillside which at its best looks like a natural rock garden and on which attractive native plants are already spreading among cracks in the rock. Where the site did not permit this treatment, steps were formed of cedar logs and filled in with gravel from the near-by creeks. This gravel packed down readily, carried no weed seeds and formed no new niches in which weeds could find a foothold. As time permitted, labelling trees and wild flowers along these trails has been continued. Old cedar stumps were utilized as far as possible, the letters being cut in with a mechanical router. The chief consideration in the development of the wild-flower gardens has been to understand and encourage the flowers which are already native to the area rather than to bring in species from a distance. After a number of preliminary trials, a considerable number of species which are native to Franklin County but which for one reason or another are rare or lacking in the Arboretum were set out this summer near the trails and along the rail fence which borders the auto road. Since previous small-scale studies gave a fair understanding of the likes and dislikes of these species, it was possible to select places where they are naturally suited and they already appear very much at home. Among the species moved in are the common blue flag (Iris virginica), the celandine poppy (Stylophorum diphyllum), the marsh- mallow (Hibiscus militaris), lavender balm (Monarda fistulosa), virgin’s bower (Clematis virginiana), and the native dwarf iris (Iris cristata) of southern Missouri. Ever since the Arboretum was first acquired various narcissi have been planted from time to time, and about ten years ago large-scale plantings of a few varieties were begun in the pinetum area. These introductions have been almost uniformly successful, partly because the basic soil type of the Arboretum is a sandy loam well suited to bulb culture. For the last four MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 years the plantings have been slowly enlarged (mainly by exchange) and very carefully studied. Not all varieties of narcissi do well when natural- ized in the grass of meadows and open woodlands, nor is there any correlation between the price of the bulb and its desirability for this purpose. Some very old and cheap varieties (such as Narcissus biflorus) of most old southern gardens are excellent, and some of the newest and most conspicuous (and also most expensive) ones likewise have the rugged constitution nec- essary to withstand competition with blue-grass turf. This summer those varieties, of which there was sufficient material to make a mass display, were moved into the natural amphitheatre adjacent to the collection of oriental crabapples. Some 30 other varieties, purchased in quantities from dozens to bushels, were set out in the same area. Since nearly all of these have proved reliable in previous trials on a much smaller scale they should make an unusually effective display, particularly in two or three years after they have had time to become thoroughly established and to begin their natural increase. Eventually they will provide continuous mass effect from the time of the yellow trumpet daffodils in early March until the last of the “Poets Narcissi” some two months later, For the visitor who drives through the Arboretum during that time there will be narcissi literally by the millions, whole meadows of a few varieties in the pinetum and smaller masses of 50 to 100 of very carefully chosen varieties near the crabapple collection and at intervals along the rail fence. The remnants of the oriental cherry orchard, established in 1925, were removed in September. Even without the disastrous effect of the Novem- ber 1940 freeze, fifteen years seems to be about the life expectancy of the varieties tested in this region. A single tree very favorably placed may reach a greater age, but in an extensive plantation signs of deterioration will appear after twelve to fifteen years regardless of supplementary feeding and irrigation. On the contrary, the oriental crabapples appear to have im- proved each year. About 2,000 trees, comprising many new hybrids and varieties, are being grown with the intention of adding better kinds from time to time. These crabapples are in flower for two weeks beginning about April 20, and eventually they should provide one of the most attractive spring displays at the Arboretum. Since the fire hazard is high, much attention has been given to protect- ing certain areas. It is generally recognized that early detection is the most important step in fire control. A small crew can put out a fire if it is reached in time, whereas later control may not be possible regardless of how many men are available. To expedite the prompt reporting of a fire, a new telephone circuit with six telephones has been installed at strategic points. All but a short stretch of this system is carried by underground cable. A 4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN siren with a dependable range of at least two and one-half miles has been placed near the Trail House. This can be started and stopped automatically from any telephone, thus serving to report a fire as well as assemble the necessary man-power. Mention was made in the last report of a proposed boxwood garden. Seven varieties are now established in what will be the permanent location, and with additions made from time to time every kind of box hardy in this locality should eventually be found here. Previous to planting, the area was plowed twice and tilled four times, with a crop of soy beans turned under as green manure. The azalea garden, partly prepared last fall, was again tilled in the spring and about 500 plants set out. Ultimately this plantation will contain thousands rather than hundreds of azaleas. During the year 173 loads of sawdust were hauled from nearby mills and used as a mulch for boxwoods, azaleas, and groups of trees. Sawdust appears to have possibilities not only as a mulch but as a soil improver. In addition, if used deep enough it eliminates supplementary irrigation, and, being virtually fire-proof, it reduces that hazard in such groups as those found in the pinetum. Mowing the open fields of blue grass required 430 hours of tractor opera- tion. In certain fields, such as the pinetum and the crabapple orchard, every effort is made to stimulate the growth of this valuable grass. Con- sequently, mowing cannot begin until the blue grass seed has ripened, usually not before the first week of July. This explains the somewhat un- kempt appearance of the Arboretum in June. As soon as the seed is ripe, it is harvested, dried, cleaned and stored for use in the fall. During the past year some 1,053 pounds of clean blue grass seed was obtained. Portions of the rail fence were relocated and short stretches of new rails added. The possibility of naturalizing plants and vines along this type of fence was an important consideration when it was selected. It will require many years to develop the fence row to a point where it will appear a natural part of the landscape, but suitable plants of the native flora, to- gether with those now being grown in the nursery, will eventually produce the interesting effect desired. An infestation of bag-worms in the pinetum required 1,500 gallons of arsenical spray. The present indications are that the pest is under complete control. The foregoing paragraphs indicate only the more important activities at the Arboretum and ignore such items as nearly 800 man-hours used to sod and finish grade the area about the Trail House, or 450 man-hours required: to wreck and store the usable portions of two old buildings at unsightly locations. Over 1,500 man-hours were employed in cutting brush, which MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 is a routine activity almost every month of the year. Brush may be cut for many reasons: for road right-of-way, to make room for new plantings, to renew old fence rows, or to clear a space for some construction project. A tractor equipped with a bull-grader was operated 650 hours and used 775 gallons of gasoline and 134 quarts of oil. A second tractor, used for many purposes in addition to mowing, was operated 650 hours, consuming approxi- mately the same amount of gasoline and 53 quarts of oil. In a normal year the 150,000-gallon reservoir at the greenhouses is filled from rain-water collected on the greenhouse roofs, but due to the very dry winter and spring it was empty in March and had to be filled three times with water pumped from the pinetum lake. Less than 100,000 gallons of water were withdrawn from the new reservoir near the parking lot, so that it was not necessary to refill it this fall. Mr. August P. Beilmann, formerly Arboriculturist to the city Garden, has succeeded the late Mr. Lars P. Jensen as Manager of the Arboretum. SUNSHINE RECORD Month City Garden Arboretum Hours Hours il Wa XCE YY on) aera eae 85.25 102.50 ebruaty, 22-28 ee ae 116.50 125 March 152375 176 SRSA cat ogee teres ee ee ee ea ee 170.75 193 May _.... a ee eee ee OS 288 June edge aoe eee eA 255.25 init eee Fae etra lees eprint Seeded 2291 290 August eae DE aa etal to 22. 267.25 237.50 Sneha Beeteesieidiiencea tonite 217.25 192 October os fe Ae eee (27) 17 November ae ae a a _ 132 146 ID Yeye{s5 08) bY <} cae eee eee en eee eee RREE AR aaenaee 94.75 109 2,197.25 2,231.25 2,197.29 Excess of sunshine hours at Arboretum 34.00 CITY GARDEN CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE The heating plant is naturally of fundamental importance and must at all times be kept in as perfect condition as possible. It has been estimated that with a greenhouse temperature of 75° and an outdoor temperature of zero, if the heat should be cut off, the houses would fall to freezing in about three hours. Thus, a complete failure of the heating plant in zero weather means that the contents of the greenhouses are only about three hours from total loss. Since the operation of the newly installed stokers is dependent 6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN upon electricity, a gasoline-operated electric generator to be used in emer- gency has been installed. To remove fly ash from the boiler tubes the purchase of a single-stage air compressor was found necessary. One of the boilers at the Arboretum plant was retubed. The main water-supply line from Shaw Avenue to the Linnean House was replaced with 250 feet of 2-inch pipe, and the usual amount of repairs made, including repairing thermostats, steam traps, expansion joints, etc. The heating system has been in operation for thirty years and consequently demands constant supervision to anticipate any weaknesses which may develop. Two greenhouses were practically rebuilt. The entire roof structure was replaced with new sash bars and ventilators, galvanized iron being sup- plied wherever necessary. The interior and exterior of both houses were given two coats of aluminum paint. Additional painting comprised that of the interior of the pit houses, exterior of the exotic growing houses, and the iron fence bounding the Garden on Shaw, Alfred, Magnolia and Tower Grove Avenues. The Linnean House, built during the lifetime of Henry Shaw, had the ornamental copper gutters replaced with new copper. Nec- essary repairs were made to the roof, and the entire north wall of this old house was tuckpointed. MAIN CONSERVATORIES AND EXOTIC RANGES To have a reasonable conception of the maintenance required in the public greenhouses, it is necessary to review briefly the work that is carried on during the year. Of course, the regular gardening operations, such as pruning, spraying, watering, cultivating, etc., are performed year after year on about the same scale. However, changes do occur at intervals, and it is these that demand attention, particularly when the houses are either partly or entirely revamped. Since the original planting of trees in the Economic House, many of them have attained such proportions that their removal was necessary. Others were duplicates, and these were replaced by more attractive and interesting plants. Instead of allowing a small percentage of economic plants to remain on display, the rearranging of the whole house his made room for a larger collection. One of the noteworthy trees to be cut down was a massive banyan (Ficus benghalensis) which adorned the center bed. It became impossible to grow anything under its canopy of dense foliage, and since it was also a rank feeder it deprived other plants of food and sunlight. Several other figs, among which was a 30-foot Ficus elastica, a 20-foot F. utilis, and a 15-foot F. Benjamina, were removed. Two 20-foot beautiful lace-leaved wild MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 tamarinds (Pithecolobium filicifolium), two 20-foot bread-nuts (Brosimum Alicastrum), two pigeon plums (Coccoloba laurifolia), several single speci- mens of coffee (Coffea arabica), Indian cherry (Bunchosia biocellata), and honey-berry (Melicocca bijuga) made way for other more suitable material. All of the above plants are still represented in the collection and in addition more than 60 new varieties have been planted, the total number of economic plants having been increased to approximately 200 species. In the Palm House additional ornamental plants were introduced, un- desirable ones replaced, and old favorites pruned, trimmed and reset in suitable locations. A jungle effect has been obtained by attaching various showy bromeliads such as Billbergia pyramidalis and Aechmea Weilbachii to the palm trunks and planting a number of odd-shaped, deeply-lobed Philodendrons at the bases of tall, straight palms. The Panama-hat palm (Carludovica palmata) blossomed for the first time and bore picturesque red berries. Many new plants were added in the Cactus House as a result of the First National Cactus Convention which was held at the Missouri Botanical Garden during the first week of July. The California Cactus Growers As- sociation sponsored an exhibit of succulents in the Floral Display House which was well attended and proved highly educational. It featured color- ful cactus bowls and dish gardens, unusual grafted cacti, outstanding crests or fasciations, rare seedlings and specimen plants. Mr. R. W. Kelly’s bizarre collection of cactus crests, which proved such a great attraction, was donated to the Garden. Such novelties as Es postoa lanata, Notocactus scopa, Cephalocereus polygonus, Trichocereus candicans, Cleistocactus Straussii, Mammillaria fragilis, M. Wildii, Echinocereus stoloniferus and E. Reichen- bachii were included among the rare grafted crests. A goodly portion of the California Cactus Growers’ desert-plant display was likewise presented to the Garden. The recently discovered Mexican cactus oddity, Neogomesia agavioides, was exhibited for the first time at the convention and later presented to the Garden. There are only four plants known to exist in the United States, the other three being in the possession of Mr. William Taylor Marshall, President of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America. The June issue of the BULLETIN was devoted wholly to the history of the Garden’s succulent collection, and a copy was presented to each member attending the convention. The roof in both the Bromeliad and Plant Curiosity Houses had to be replaced, and this necessitated the removal of all plants in these houses during the construction period. The job of replanting and resetting was completed just as the first cold wave struck St. Louis. Many new varieties 8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN of ornamental flowering plants were added, some of the showiest being Allamanda cathartica var. Hendersoni, Beloperone guttata, Plumbago rosea coccinea and Dichorisandra thyrsiflora. The problem of providing plants with suitable labels has apparently been solved. About five years ago, a few tags were made of green celluloid, lettered with India ink, and varnished for permanency. These proved so satisfactory that a change to these more serviceable labels is gradually being made. Over a thousand old tags have already been replaced. The aquatic display of Nymphaeas is a major item on the summer schedule at the Garden, and the propagation of these plants is carried on throughout the year. During 1941 between 400 and 500 plants were propagated in the greenhouse tanks. Of this number, about 200 were planted outdoors in the three main pools to form the chief summer display. An additional 200 potted specimens were placed in the remaining pools to test their color value, ease of propagation, etc. All of these were from the crosses of the preceding year. In the past twenty-five years, the Missouri Botanical Garden has develop- ed a number of outstanding tropical day-blooming water-lilies. Since the introduction of the yellow ‘‘St. Louis” in 1930, approximately 544 cross- pollinations have been made, resulting in a number of worthwhile hybrids, which were discussed and illustrated in color in the March 1941 BULLETIN. An outstanding achievement of the year was the introduction of the color- ful “Talisman”, the closest approach to an orange flower in the Nymphaeas. Another novelty was the double-flowered ‘Midnight’, an absolutely new break in tropical lilies, The breeding of tropical water-lilies remains in the care of Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent to the Garden, where it has been for the past twenty-five years. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak is responsible for the exotic collections in the main display greenhouse. OUTDOOR GARDENS When analyzing the gardens at the end of this year we find that, with the exception of slight variations, they were affected by the weather in much the same way as in the past ten years. A drought occurs each year, and may be expected any time between May and November. The summer of 1941 was no exception, and although it was followed by one of the wettest fall seasons on record there still was an accumulated rainfall defi- ciency of 5.32 inches at the end of the year. The two perennial beds bordering the flagstone walk just west of the Linnean garden were entirely replanted in October. The trees and shrubs MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 in this area cast so much shade that it was deemed advisable to use only spring-blooming material. This garden was planted with 30 varieties of narcissi, supplemented with bulbs of Chionodoxa, Leucojum, Muscari and Scilla. In addition, such perennials as Aquilegia, Alyssum, Anchusa, Dicentra, Iberis, Mertensia, Primula and Phlox were also used. During November several beds in the rose garden were replanted with new varieties of roses which had been on trial in the nursery. In the knoll beds 150 Hemerocallis, representing 10 varieties, were planted. These are depend- able perennials which bloom in June following the display of iris and peonies. EXPERIMENTAL GREENHOUSES Many of the newer annuals and perennials were started in the experi- mental greenhouses and transplanted to the nursery to determine their value as ornamentals in this climate. Only a small percentage proved to be real improvements over existing varieties. Plant propagation has been chiefly concerned with growing: 1. Over 10,000 seedlings of Azalea ‘““Mollis Hybrids” for group plantings at the Arboretum. 2. Some 5,000 cuttings of Baltic ivy, most of which were planted as a ground cover in the Mausoleum. 3. Numerous cuttings of American holly selected from berry-producing (pistillate) trees. 4. Three hundred cuttings of a variety of the English holly from the State of Washington, now in the process of rooting in the greenhouse. If this holly proves to be hardy in St. Louis, it will be vastly superior to the American type (Ilex opaca) in ornamental value. 5. Many kinds of house- and garden-plants propagated by cuttings taken last fall, for use in the amateur gardening course which begins the first week in February. The seedling and research work on orchids has progressed considerably. Several thousand hybrid seedlings in various stages of development are now on hand and the hybridization of outstanding varieties continues. Experi- ments started last year on the effect of light, nutrient solutions, increase of carbon dioxide, etc. have yielded some very interesting results which will be reported later. A record attendance of 117 students in the amateur gardening course made it necessary to use nearly all the experimental greenhouse range for class work during February, March, April and May. Over 10,000 cuttings and 10,000 seedlings of annual and perennial plants were raised by members of the class in the greenhouses. In addition, several hundred pots of bulbs were forced into flower. This course continues to be given by Dr. D. C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, who is in charge of much of the experimental work in horticulture. GARDEN EXHIBIT (AZALEAS) AT THE ST. LOUIS FLOWER AND GARDEN SHOW ‘OW “LOG “IOA “TING ‘ayvy Sa. oe O¢ r6l c ILV Tg z MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 INDOOR FLORAL DISPLAYS The orchid show opened January 26 and continued until March 9. At the Greater St. Louis Flower and Garden Show at the Arena, March 23 to 30, the Garden exhibited an azalea terrace garden. In late March azaleas and cinerarias were displayed in the Conservatory. These plants were grad- ually replaced with other spring flowers. Many pot plants were sent to the Christ Church Cathedral for the annual flower sermon on April 27. All plants were removed from the Floral Display House to provide space for the St. Louis Horticultural Society’s spring show which was held May 24 and 25. The show of fancy-leaved caladiums and fuchsias was installed on May 29 and remained on display throughout the summer. The dahlia show was held September 27 and 28. The Veiled Prophet Queen’s bouquet was displayed on October 9. The chrysanthemum show opened on Novem- ber 9 with a Chinese setting, and differed from the two previous shows in that evergreens, garden houses and moon gates furnished the background. The chrysanthemums were followed by the display of poinsettias. In addition to the regular orchid show, held early in the year, the orchid alcoves have been filled with an almost continuous display of these flowers. Some idea of the quantity of blooming plants produced at the Arboretum greenhouses and in town may be obtained from the following figures: species of Cattleya and Laelia, hybrids of Cattleya, Laeliocattleya, Brassocattleya, Brassolaeliocattleya, and Sophrocattleya, 13,688 flowers; Cypripediums, 2,156 flowers; Dendrobium, Oncidium, Vanda, Aerides, Phalaenopsis, and various botanical species produced 4,094 spikes or sprays of flowers. In addition, some 200 flowers from miscellaneous species were exhibited. Mr. Paul Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, who arranges all of the shows held in the Floral Display House, is responsible for growing much of the material used in these displays as well as in most of the outdoor gardens. SUPERVISED INSTRUCTION FOR SCHOOL-CHILDREN More than 10,000 school-children and adults have participated in the nature study activities conducted by Miss Clara M. Heising, the special nature study teacher provided through the cooperation of the Board of Education. In addition to classes from the St. Louis schools, groups from St. Louis County and from Illinois have been conducted through the Garden as time permitted. Girl Scout and Brownie leaders with groups of Girl Scouts came for lessons in nature study and field trips, and many students and teachers were regular attendants at the early-morning bird walks held last spring and this fall. As an experiment, two teachers brought their “problem classes”, about 90 pupils in all. As was emphasized last year by 12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the special report from the Speyer School of New York City, this type of instruction aroused keen interest in these children and its importance for certain groups is becoming recognized as never before. During the Missouri State Teachers’ Convention, groups of visiting teachers were conducted through the Garden, and as a result plans are being made to bring out-of-town classes to the Garden next year. RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the Herbarium and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, has devoted the greater part of his time and energies to the regular routine curatorial duties of the herbarium. He has continued to direct the work of graduate students majoring in taxonomy; and he has also given advanced courses in the morphology and taxonomy of higher plants in the Shaw School of Botany of Washington University. The number of students enrolled in these courses has continued about the same as in previous years. Dr. Greenman, in the limited time available, has continued to pursue research work on various groups of flowering plants and to advance mono- graphic and floristic studies on which he has long been engaged. Dr. C. W. Dodge, Mycologist to the Garden and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, has been on leave of absence during the year, serving as exchange professor at the National School of Agriculture, Guatemala. Besides carrying on the instructional work in the National School, Dr. Dodge has been able to devote part of his time to mycological investigations at the hospital as well as field trips to collect lichens and fungi. Dr. Grant D. Darker has given the instructoral work in mycology at Washington University during the absence of Dr. Dodge. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden and Engelmann Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, was on leave of absence during March at Columbia University in New York City where, in conjunction with Dr. Ernst Mayr of the American Museum of Natural History, he gave the Jesup Lectures for 1941. He was also in the East during July and August as a guest of the Carnegie Institution for Experimental Evolution at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. Special grants from the American Philosophical Society have made it possible for Dr. Anderson to continue his studies of maize and_ its near relatives. One phase of this program was brought to completion with the publication by Dr. Hugh Cutler and Dr. Anderson of their “Preliminary Survey of the Genus Tripsacum,” a curious group of grasses very closely related to corn, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 Dr. Cutler’s collections of maize from Central America have made it possible to extend this general survey to maize itself. In more than one way this is a peculiarly appropriate project for the Missouri Botanical Garden. The last previous survey was made somewhat over fifty years ago by Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant, who bequeathed his herbarium and his extensive collec- tion of original drawings of maize varieties to the Garden. In the inter- vening years, though maize has been studied in various ways, very little attention has been paid to the extension and revision of its classification. Dr. Anderson is therefore taking up the problem at essentially the point where Dr. Sturtevant laid it down. His first endeavor has been to build up as complete an herbarium record as possible of the various types of maize. Plantings were made last spring in triplicate, at the Missouri Botanical Garden, at Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, with the collabora- tion of Dr. R. G. Reeves, and in Cuba at the Atkins Institution of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, in collaboration with Dr. Paul C. Mangelsdorf. In addition to Dr. Cutler’s Central American corn, ex- tensive collections from the Southwest and from parts of Mexico have been received through the interest of Prof. Carl Sauer and Prof. Ralph Beals of the University of California. As a result there has already been assembled and is now being analyzed a representative sample of varieties of corn from North and Central America in which herbarium specimens of tassels and leaves are associated with the ears from which they were grown and _ notes taken as to their height, time of maturity, etc. While Dr. Sturtevant’s older classification (into dent corns, flour corns, pop corns, etc.) is. still adequate as a cataloguing device, this new collection is making it possible to work out a rough grouping indicating general relationships in somewhat the same way that anthropologists divide mankind into races and sub-races. Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Assistant Curator of the Herbarium and Assistant Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, as in previous years, has devoted most of his time to three dis- tinct activities: preparation of a Flora of Panama in collaboration with Mr. Robert W. Schery, Assistant in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, taxonomic research in the Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae of tropical America, and the teaching of classes in botany at the University. Work on the Flora of Panama has progressed to the assembly of manu- script on the monocotyledonous families. In addition to the accounts of miscellaneous groups being prepared by Dr. Woodson and Mr. Schery, generous collaboration is being received from numerous specialists in this country and Europe, including L. H. Bailey (Palmae), W. H. Camp (Lemnaceae), F. P. Jonker (Burmanniaceae), E. P. Killip (Amaryllidaceae) , 14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN C. V. Morton (Smilacaceae, Dioscoreaceae), H. N. Moldenke (Eriocaulaceae) , L. B. Smith (Bromeliaceae), P. C. Standley (Araceae), H. K. Svenson (Cyperaceae), J. R. Swallen (Gramineae), and L. O. Williams (Orchid- aceae). It is expected that this portion of the Flora will be ready for publication toward the close of 1942. With the aid of their numerous collaborators, Dr. Woodson and Mr. Schery have completed the determina- tion of several extensive collections of Panamanian plants which have been made available for distribution to other institutions through the Curator of the Herbarium. The record of this aspect of the Flora during 1941 has appeared in a recent number of the ANNALS OF THE Missourt BOTANICAL GARDEN. The taxonomic research of Dr. Woodson on the tropical American Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae has led to the recent publication of a drastic reorganization of the North American genera of the latter family, which has been urgent for many years. He also has assisted with identifi- cation of specimens and preparation of manuscript in his specialties for floristic projects of other botanical institutions. At Washington University, Dr. Woodson has conducted his usual classes in General Plant Biology and Elementary Morphology and Taxonomy, with the assistance of Dr. Henry N. Andrews, Instructor, and Miss Eloise Pannell and Mr. Robert W. Schery, Assistants in the Henry Shaw School of Botany. Graduates and Fellows.—The following appointments were made in the Henry Shaw School of Botany for the year 1941-1942: Assistants in Botany: Eloise Pannell, B.Ed., Southern Illinois State Normal University, Carbondale (Morphology); Robert W. Schery, A.B. and M.S., Washington University (Taxonomy and Morphology). Washington University Fellowships: Ralph O. Erickson, B.A., Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minn., M.S., Washington University (Cyto- genetics and Taxonomy) ; Gerald Bruce Ownbey, B.A. and M.A., University of Wyoming (Taxonomy); Howard C. Reynolds, A.B., University of Nebraska (Taxonomy). Independent Students: Rev. Robert R. Brinker, O. F.M., A. B., St. Joseph’s College, Westmont, Ill., Graduate of Theology, St. Joseph’s Semi- nary (Taxonomy); Ralph W. Emons, A.B. and M.S., Washington Uni- versity (Taxonomy); L. Wayne Lenz, A.B., University of Montana, M.S., Louisiana State University (Taxonomy). Graduate Apprentice: Frederick G. Meyer, A.B. and M.S., State College of Washington (Taxonomy). Degrees.—The following students in the Henry Shaw School of Botany received advanced degrees at the Washington University commencement in MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 June: Doctor of Philosophy—Edward C. Berry, B.S. in Ed., State Teachers College, Warrensburg, Mo., M.A., University of Missouri (Mycology) ; Master of Science—Stanley Bettoney, B.S., Massachusetts State College (Genetics) ; Louis G., Brenner, B.A., Washington University (Morphology) ; Ralph W. Emons, A.B., Washington University (Taxonomy); Ralph O. Erickson, B.A., Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minn. (Taxonomy and Cytology). Published Articles.— Allen, Paul H.: How We Found the Rare Chinela Orchid. Garden Digest. March, 1941 (Reprinted from Garden BULLETIN). Anderson, Edgar: Binary Variation in Tradescantia bracteata, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. April, 1941; Edward Murray East (1879-1938). Proc. Amer. Acad. Nov., 1940; The Fragrant Sumac. Garden Life. July, 1941; Review of Richard Goldschmidt’s “The Material Basis of Evolution.” Chron. Bot. Feb. 10, 1941; Review of Julian Huxley’s “The New Sys- tematics”. Am. Midl. Nat. Jan., 1941; The Technique and Use of Mass Collections in Plant Taxonomy. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Sept., 1941; with A. P. Beilmann and Robert B. Clark. Evergreens for St. Louis. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Nov., 1941; with William L. Brown. Poa cuspidata of the Appalachian Plateau and Atlantic Costal Plain. Castanea. Dec., 1940; with Hugh C. Cutler. A Preliminary Survey of the Genus Tripsacum. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Sept., 1941; and Ralph O. Erickson. Antithetical Dominance in North American Maize. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Sept., 1941; with Leslie Hubricht. Vicinism in Tradescantia. Amer, Jour. Bot. Dec., LAL. Andrews, H. N.: Dichophyllum Moorei and Certain Associated Seeds. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Nov., 1941; On the Stelar Anatomy of the Pteri- dosperms with Particular Reference to the Secondary Wood. Chron. Bot. Dec. 30, 1940. (Abstracted from Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.); and Cortland S. Pearsall: On the Flora of the Frontier Formation of Southwestern Wyom- ing. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. April, 1941. Beilmann, August P.: An Attempt to Record Internal Tree Trunk Pressures. Shade Tree. Sept., 1941. (Reprinted from Garden ANNALS) ; Diagnoses of Tree Disorders. No. 2. Possible Use of Instruments. Trees. May-June, 1941; Don’t Burn the Leaves. South. Flor. Jan., 1941. (Re- printed from Garden BuLLeTIN); Lightning and Trees. Flower Grower. Aug., 1941; and D. C. Fairburn. Azaleas for St. Louis and Vicinity. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. May, 1941; with Edgar Anderson and Robert B. Clark. Evergreens for St. Louis. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Nov., 1941. 16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Berry, Edward C.: A Monograph of the Genus Parmelia in North America. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Feb., 1941. Brown, William L.: The Cytogenetics of Poa pratensis. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Nov., 1941; and Edgar Anderson. Poa cuspidata of the Ap- palachian Plateau and Atlantic Costal Plain. Castanea. Dec., 1940; with G. T. Johnson. The Examination of Lichens by Smears Prepared in the Field. Bryologist. June, 1941; Stages in the Development of T'helotrema inter positum. Mycologia. Nov.-Dec., 1941. Clark, Robert B.: with Edgar Anderson and A. P. Beilmann. Ever- greens for St. Louis. Mo, Bot. Gard. Bull. Nov., 1941. Cutak, Ladislaus: Cacti in the Outdoor Garden. Real Gardening. Feb., 1941; Cactus Gardening Indoors. Lawn and Garden Handbook No. 1. 1941; Culture of Succulents in the Midwest. Jour. Cactus & Succulent Soc. Amer. Jan., 1941; First National Convention of the Cactus & Succu- lent Society of America. Garden Life. June, 1941; A Flower Hunter in Florida. Desert Plant Life. Feb., 1941; “Foreword” to the Cactus Catalog Guide of the Irwin M. Krohn Conservatory. Cincinnati, Ohio. May, 1941; Haworthias are not Cacti. Garden Digest. Sept., 1941 (Reprinted from Garden BULLETIN) ; History of the Succulent Plant Collection at the Mis- souri Botanical Garden. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. June, 1941; Living Pebbles and Stones. Jour. Cactus & Succulent Soc. Amer. June, 1941. (Reprinted from Garden BULLETIN); The Missouri Botanical Garden. Jour. Cactus & Succulent Soc. Amer. May, 1941; The Much-abused Aspidistra Does Flow- er. Mo, Bot. Gard. Bull. Feb., 1941; Soapweed, Spanish Bayonet or Adam’s Needle. Garden Gossip. April, 1941; Succulents Supreme. Real Garden- ing. Jan., 1941. (Reprinted from Garden BULLETIN); St. Louis Will Welcome You. Jour. Cactus & Succulent Soc. Amer. May, 1941; A Trip to the Land of Swaying Palms. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Oct., 1941; A Word of Appreciation, (Relating to the First National Convention of Cactus Clubs). Jour. Cactus & Succulent Soc. Amer. Aug., 1941; Florida Ad- venture. Jour. Cactus & Succulent Soc. Amer. Dec., 1941. Cutler, Hugh C. and Edgar Anderson: A Preliminary Survey of the Genus Tripsacum. Ann. Mo, Bot. Gard. Sept., 1941. Dodge, Carroll W., Bertha $. Dodge and George Thomas Johnson: Some Effects of Carcinogens on Yeasts. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Feb., 1941. Erickson, Ralph O.: Mass Collections: Camassia scilloides. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Sept., 1941; with Edgar Anderson. Antithetical Dominance in North American Maize. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Sept., 1941; with Leslie Hubricht. Another Method for Recording Localities from Topographical Maps. Science. March, 21, 1941. Fairburn, David C.: Azaleas for St. Louis and Vicinity. I. Propaga- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17 tion. Mo, Bot. Gard. Bull. May, 1941; Growing Plants. Il. Vegetative Propagation. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. April, 1941; Mutiny. Garden Life. April, 1941; Raising Magnolias from Seed. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Feb., 1941; and Paul A. Kohl: plates illustrating “Propagation of Plants”. Gard. Chron. Amer. June, July, Aug., Sept., 1941. (From Garden BULLETIN). Greenman, J. M.: Dr. George Engelmann and the Missouri Botanical Garden in Relation to Our Knowledge of Cacti. Jour. Cactus & Succulent Soc. Amer. Aug., 1941. Hubricht, Leslie: Cave Mollusca of the Ozark Region. Nautilus. April, 1941; and Edgar Anderson. Vicinism in Tradescantia. Amer. Jour. Bot. Dec., 1941; and Ralph O. Erickson. Another Method for Recording Localities from Topographical Maps. Science. March 21, 1941; and Charles H. Harrison. The fresh water Amphipoda of Island County, Washington. Amer. Midl. Nat. Sept., 1941. Jensen, L. P.: Fruit and Berry-bearing Trees and Shrubs. Garden Fo- rum. Feb., 1941. (Reprinted from Missouriana). Kohl, Paul A.: Gas Plant or Burning Bush. Nature Mag. Feb., 1941; Growing Plants. I. From Seed. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. April, 1941 (Re- printed in Home Gardening. Sept., 1941); Hedge Plants to Consider. Real Gardening. April, 1941. (Reprinted from Garden BULLETIN) ; and D. C. Fairburn. plates illustrating ‘Propagation of Plants”. Gard. Chron. Amer. June, July, Aug., Sept., 1941. (From Garden BULLETIN). Moore, George T.: Arboretum to be Opened for Garden Clubs. Garden Forum, April, 1941; Botanical Gardens Yesterday and Today. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Oct., 1941. Pring, George H.: Care and Feeding of Water-lilies. Real Gardening. March, 1941; How to Winter Tropical Water-lilies. Flower Grower. Oct., 1941. (Illustrations from Garden BULLETIN). Tropical Water-lilies. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. March, 1941. (Reprinted in Southern Florist & Nursery- man. April 10 and 17, 1941); The Veiled Prophet Queen’s Bouquet, 1941. Amer. Orchid. Soc. Bull. Nov., 1941. Schery, Robert W.: with Robert E. Woodson, Jr. Contributions toward a Flora of Panama. V. Collections chiefly by Paul H. Allen and by Robert E. Woodson, Jr. and Robert W. Schery. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Nov., 1941. von Schrenk, Hermann: with Henry Schmitz and Stanley I. Buckman. Studies of the Biological Environment in Treated Wood in Relation to Ser- vice Life. Proc. Amer. Wood Preservers’ Assoc. 1941. Woodson, Robert E., Jr.: Miscellaneous New Asclepiadaceae and Apocy- naceae from Tropical America. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Sept., 1941; The North American Asclepiadaceae. I. Perspective of the Genera. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Nov., 1941; and Robert W. Schery. Contributions toward a 18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Flora of Panama. YV. Collections chiefly by Paul H. Allen, and by Robert E. Woodson, Jr. and Robert W. Schery. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Nov., 1941. with Bassett Maguire. Two New Asclepiads from the Southwestern United States. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. April, 1941. Scientific and Popular Lectures.— Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden: March 4, 6, 11, 13, 18, 20, 25, and 27, series of Jesup lectures at Columbia University, New York, “Systematics and the Origin of Species”; March 24, genetics seminar at Harvard University, “The Genetics of Species Crosses”; July 14, before the Long Island Biological Seminar, “Corn and Its Close Relatives”; July 24, Carnegie Institution Journal Club, Cold Spring Harbor, L. L., “The Genetic Analysis of a Species Cross”’. Mr. A. P. Beilmann, Arboriculturist to the Garden: Feb. 22, before the Marguerite Krueger Conservation Club, “Conservation”’. Mr. Stanley Bettoney, Graduate Student in the Shaw School of Botany: Feb., 26, St. Louis Academy of Science, “The Use of Colchicine in Plant Culture.” Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden: March 26, elementary botany class, Washington University, and March 31, Women’s Club of Belleville, Ill, “Plants of Old Mexico”; May 6, afternoon, Women’s Club of Nashville, Ill., “Gardens of Florida”, evening, St. Louis Hills Garden Club, “Plants of Old Mexico”; July 5, meeting of Cactus & Succulent Society of America, St. Louis, ““Adventures in Cactus-Land”; Aug. 28, Cactus and Succulent Club of Chicago, ‘Plants of Old Mexico”; Oct. 17, Delphinium Circle of the Rosemary Garden Club, ‘Plants of Old Mexico”; Nov. 12, Holy Name Society, St. Pius Branch, “Gardens of Florida’; Nov. 14, Better Gardens Club of Kirkwood, “Cacti Make Good House Plants’’; Nov. 18, Garden Club of St, Louis, “A Cactus Hunt in Old Mexico”; Nov. 25, St. Louis Nature Study Society, “Adventures in Cactus Land.” Dr. David C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden: April 1, St. Louis Hills Garden Club, “Spring Gardening”; April 4, St. Louis Horticultural Society, “New Annuals and Perennials for St. Louis”; Oct. 9, Des Moines Garden Club, ‘The Selection and Care of House Plants’; Oct. 10, horti- cultural staff of Iowa State College, Ames, ‘The Missouri Botanical Garden”’; Dec. 5, St. Louis Horticultural Society, ‘House Plants”’. Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden: Feb. 4, Garden Club of St. Louis, “Seed Catalogs”; Feb. 5, Emmau Lutheran School, “The Four Seasons in the Garden’’; Feb. 21, Clayton Garden Club, ‘A Tour of the Mis- sour1 Botanical Garden”; April 1, Garden Club of Ladue, “Propagation and Division of Perennials”; May 5, Northwoods Garden Club, “Roses’’; Nov. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 13, joint meeting of University City Garden Club and University City Women’s Chamber of Commerce, “The Missouri Botanical Garden’”’. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden: Radio Station KFUO, Jan. 8, “Services of the Garden to the Community”; Jan. 15, “Services of the Garden to the Botanical and Horticultural World”; Feb. 6, Station WIL, “Orchids”; March 22, Station KMOX, “There’s Sunshine in the Air’; April 3, Ladies’ Aid Society of Zion Evangelical Church, “Mr. Shaw and His Garden”; April 6, Station KSD, ‘The Case Against Smoke”; May 5, Kansas City Garden Club, “Henry Shaw and His Garden”; Dec. 11, Biology Division of the University of Illinois, “The Missouri Botanical Garden as a Scientific Institution.” Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden: Jan. 16, Men’s Club of Tyler Place Presbyterian Church, ‘““A Trip Over the Andes of South America”; Jan. 19, Fellowship Group of the Central Presbyterian Church, Clayton, “Experiences in Plant Collecting”; Feb. 4, Catholic Women’s League, ‘““What to Plant in the Garden”; Feb. 14, Alton Women’s Council, Alton, Ill., ‘The Relation between Flowers and Insects’; “Four Seasons in a Garden,” Feb. 17 and 18, at the Joseph Brown and O’Keefe High Schools, Atlanta, Georgia, Feb. 21, St. Louis Nature Study Society; March 2, Shaw Avenue Lutheran Church, “Plant Curiosities’; March 4, Inspirational Club, Railroad Branch Y. M. C. A., “Economic Plants”; March 4, St. Clair County Garden Club, East St. Louis, Ill., “Weed Clearance”; March 12, afternoon, Confederate Memorial Society, ‘Spring Planting”, evening, St. Louis Garden Club, ‘Breeding of Water-lilies’; March 13, Radio Station KWK, “Spring Planting”; March 14, Station KSD, “A Preview of the St. Louis Flower Show”; March 15, Station KMOX, an interview with Prof. Quiz, “The St. Louis Flower Show”; March 16, Station KSD, “The Flower Show”; April 1, Greater St. Louis Association of Gardeners, “Breeding Water-lilies’”; April 22, Girls’ Friendly Society of St. Peter’s Church, “The Garden in Bloom throughout the Year’; May 21, Carondelet Forum of the Y. M. C. A., “Romance of the Plant World”; Sept. 2, St. Clair County Garden Club, Belleville, Ill., ““The Life of Henry Shaw”; Oct. 2, Ladies’ Aid Society of St. Peter’s Evangelical Church, “Romance of Flowers’; Nov. 23, Sunday Breakfast Club of the Downtown Y. M. C. A., “The Missouri Botanical Garden.” HERBARIUM The herbarium has completed another satisfactory year. It has con- tinued to grow and expand, and to maintain relatively uniform proportions of growth among all the larger groups of plants. Important collections have been received from practically all parts of the United States, and from 20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Mexico, Central and South America. Moreover, the use and influence of the herbarium have extended throughout the country. There have been no large bequests during the year; but the final con- signment of the Drushel Herbarium, a gift which was announced but not included in the totals in the report for 1940, was received in April of the present year. While the Drushel Herbarium has not yet been incorporated with the permanent collections of the Garden, it it evident that the number of specimens will run considerably in excess of the original estimate of ten thousand. The larger and more significant collections which add most to the Garden’s representation of the American flora are as follows: New Accessions.—Paul Allen, 104 plants of Panama; Edgar Anderson, 102 plants of eastern United States and of Horticulture; Arnold Arboretum, 76 plants of southern United States and Panama; Fred Barkley, 340 plants of Montana; A. J. Breitung, 228 plants of Saskatchewan; J. F. Brenckle, 66 plants of North and South Dakota; Louis Brenner, 113 plants of Missouri and Mississippi; California Academy of Sciences, 58 plants of California and the Galapagos Islands; Carnegie Institution of Washington, 88 plants of California; Henry §. Conard, 30 liverworts of Iowa; William B. Cooke, 202 plants of California; Cornell University, 100 plants of southern and western United States; V. L. Cory, 16 plants of Texas; Arthur Cronquist, 600 plants of Idaho; Hugh C. Cutler, 303 plants of southwestern United States, Mexico and Cuba; William A. Dailey, 60 plants of Kentucky, etc.; G. D. Darker, 89 plants mostly from Ontario, Canada; Otto Degener, 291 plants of the Hawaiian Islands; Delzie Demaree, 2,023 plants of Arkansas; J. A. Drushel Estate, 10,300 (estimate) plants of the United States; Duke University, 250 plants of North Carolina; R. O. Erickson, 25 plants of Missouri; Robert A. Evers, 131 plants of Illinois; Walter J. Eyerdam, 278 plants of Alaska; Field Museum of Natural History, 90 plants chiefly from Guatemala; Frank A. Gilbert, 43 plants of West Virginia; Frank W. Gould, 147 plants of California; Fred W. Gray, 203 Lichens of West Virginia, North and South Carolina; Gray Herbarium, 326 plants of the United States and the West Indies; J. M. Greenman, 34 plants of Missouri including photographs of type specimens; H. A. Hawk, 35 plants of Oklahoma; A. A. Heller, 477 plants of western United States; F. J. Hermann, 41 plants of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia; A. L. Hershey, 29 plants of New Mexico; George B. Hinton, 1,000 plants of Mexico; Harry Hoogstraal, 46 plants of Mexico; Leslie Hubricht, 575 plants of Missouri, Arkansas, and southeastern United States; Leslie James, 26 plants of Alabama; B. A. Krukoff, 1,354 plants of South America; Ethel H. Looff, 115 plants of Kodiak Island, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 Alaska; C. L. Lundell, 375 plants of Mexico and British Honduras; Mas- sachusetts State College, 239 plants of New England and of Horticulture; Montana State University, 60 plants of Montana; Museo Nacional de His- toria Natural, Santiago, Chile, 150 plants of Chile; New York State Museum, Albany, New York, 250 plants of New York; Gerald B, Ownbey, 16 Senecios of Wyoming; George Harry Pring, 74 plants of cultivated orchids; Rocky Mountain Herbarium, 211 plants of Alaska; Robert W. Schery, 359 plants of Mexico; J. William Thompson, 734 plants of Washington; United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, 249 flowering plants of Nevada and 183 Fungi from various regions; United States Na- tional Museum, 259 plants of Arizona, Virginia, Mexico, Central America, and Venezuela; University of California, 51 flowering plants of South America and 169 Algae from various regions; University of Iowa, 24 Fungi from Maine, Virginia, Iowa, Central and South America; University of Kentucky, 100 plants of Kentucky; University of Michigan, 199 plants from Mexico, British Honduras, and India; University of Tennessee, 100 plants of Tennessee, Virginia, and Wyoming; University of Washington, 714 plants of eastern United States and Mexico; University of West Virginia, 100 plants of West Virginia; Utah State Agricultural College, 73 plants of Utah; Louis O. Williams, 346 Orchids of Mexico and Central America; R. E. Woodson, Jr., 2,175 plants of Panama. Many smaller accessions have been received during the fiscal year; these have been recorded in the current monthly issues of the Missourr BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN. Mounting and Insertion of Specimens.—The mounting of herbarium specimens has continued throughout the year, but this work was unfor- tunately interrupted by the illness and death of Mrs. L. Cherney, who for many years served conscientiously and efficiently in this capacity. In June of the present year the services of Mrs. Nettie May Bauer and Miss Violet Bauer were obtained and the mounting since that time has averaged upwards of 2,000 sheets per month. Altogether 17,997 specimens have been mounted and incorporated in the general herbarium during the year. The insertion of all this new material has been done chiefly by Dr. E. C. Berry, who also has rendered valuable assistance in general herbarium work. Furthermore, Dr. Berry has determined and interpolated in the general herbarium many collections of Lichens. Exchanges.—Special effort has been made to expedite the exchange of duplicate herbarium material. Thus, during the year, 6,565 herbarium specimens have been sent to institutions and to individuals on the basis of 22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN exchange. Meanwhile, the herbarium has received from correspondents 6,899 specimens. World conditions, however, have made it impracticable to continue during the year exchanges with foreign institutions. A relatively large number of duplicates intended for European herbaria with which the Garden has long maintained exchanges are held until stable conditions again prevail. Field Work. the staff and by graduate students. Valuable material has been acquired in Considerable field work has been carried on by members of this manner, particularly plant material which is essential to the study of special groups of plants now under critical investigation. Use of the Herbarium.—The herbarium is in daily use for reference, and has served a relatively large number of local botanists and many who have come from distant parts of the country to consult special collections here preserved. There has been also an increasing number of requests for the loan of herbarium specimens for monographic study by specialists and by graduate research students of Taxonomy in different universities throughout the country. To these requests prompt response has followed and many groups of plants have been loaned for critical study. Likewise, similar loans have been made to the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium for study by members of the staff and research students in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University. These loans have rendered a mutual service to both parties concerned, and scientifically important publications have been the result. Groups of Plants Under Special Study.—Several groups of plants have received special study during the year. Among these the following are noteworthy: Malvaviscus by Robert W. Schery; Tripsacum, Euchlaena, Zea, and related genera by E. Anderson and H. C. Cutler; Corydalis by Ger- ald B. Ownbey; Sabadilla and related genera by Rev. Father Robert Brinker; Clematis by Ralph O. Erickson; Sesbania by Ralph Emons; Actinella and allied genera by L. W. Lenz; Lichens by E. C. Berry; Fungi by G. D. Darker; Fungi and Lichens by C. W. Dodge; Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, and many generic groups of the Panamanian flora have been critically studied by R. E. Woodson; Compositae and other special groups by J. M. Greenman. Statistical Summary (for the year ending December 31, 1941): Number of specimens received during 1941: By bequest : 10,300 + By purchase 7 6,290 By gift 2,520 By exchange 6,899 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23 By transfer ees 3 By field work 1759 Total Bae cere ; IT TFA Number of specimens mounted and incorporated in 1941 E7297 Number of specimens carried forward from 1940 1,327,895 Total number of specimens in herbarium 1,345,892 LIBRARY AND PUBLICATIONS Although fewer books and pamphlets were catalogued in 1941 than in any recent year, the year stands out as one of great material advancement. In the history of the library, the annual appropriation has been mainly used for the purchase of books, and everything needed that could be obtained was purchased. However, since only a minimum amount was spent on binding and general upkeep of the library, some of the old volumes had fallen into disrepair and many valuable serials had been merely tied up in volumes on the shelves. In 1941, through a special grant from the Board of Trustees, a great restoration took place. The walls and woodwork in the north wing of the administration building were painted. While the books were off the shelves they were all cleaned and shifted so as to provide more space in the most crowded sections. A former European bookbinder, who does excellent work, has rebound or restored 372 books, a large part of which were in the folio room where the most valuable collections were housed. The difference in the appearance of this room is almost startling, to say nothing of the benefit to the books. In addition, most of the serials on the first floor that had been left unbound for years were placed in ““Magafiles”, a patented card- board product that keeps the books dust-proof and is very neat and durable. About 3,700 of these have been used, and all labelled with titles, volume numbers, and dates. Over 2,000 pamphlet covers were also purchased, about half of which have been inserted so far. All this is in addition to the annual binding of books and periodicals, 680 books having been bound by our regular binder. The decrease in books catalogued in 1941 does not mean a proportional decrease in books received. [It means that the time of the librarians has been spent in making a survey, collating the books for binders, checking them before and after binding, placing them on the shelves, inserting them in magazine files or pamphlet holders, labelling, shifting, inserting 600 new section labels, etc. All during the process the routine work of the library was not interrupted, and visitors or telephone calls seeking garden informa- tion were still taken care of. One of the assistants who has charge of look- ing after the amateur gardening-course registration and of the Garden pub- 24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN lications was on leave of absence for eight weeks, and her work had to be divided among the other members of the staff. Naturally, the cataloguing had to be deferred for a while. As is to be expected, fewer foreign publications were received in 1941. The Smithsonian Institution now accepts shipments only to South and Cen- tral America, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, India and South Africa, which means of course that we are receiving scarcely any European journals on an exchange basis. Our foreign subscription agent, Martinus Nijhoff, of the Hague, Netherlands, is purchasing the European serials for us and is holding them for the duration of the war. In that way our sets may eventually be complete. Publications —Volume XXVIII of the quarterly ANNaLs and Volume XXIX of the monthly BULLETIN were issued during the year. The ANNALS contains 532 pages, 29 plates and 70 text-figures, the BULLETIN 305 pages, 65 plates and 29 text-figures. Several of the bulletins were of unusual popular interest and an additional quantity were ordered to be sold as single copies. Among these were the March number on ‘“‘Water-lilies”; the April number on “Plant Propagation”; the June number on “The History of the Cactus and Succulent Plant Collection at the Missouri Botanical Garden” — this being issued in commemoration of the first meeting of the Cactus and Succulent Society, which was held in St. Louis, July 4-6; the September number on “Historic Trees of Missouri”; the November number on “Ever- greens for St. Louis”; and the December one on “House Plants.” The water-lily bulletin represented an innovation in that it carried colored illus- trations of sixteen hybrids originated at the Garden. The illustrations were afterwards reproduced on post-cards which are on sale at the Main Gate. In April, a re-issue of “A Tour of The Missouri Botanical Garden” was printed. The present issue has the same reading matter as the old one, but bears a portrait of Henry Shaw on the cover and contains almost twice as many illustrations. The price of this publication is 25 cents. Since the first volume in 1913, the subscription to the BULLETIN has not been raised from the original price of one dollar a year, with individual numbers 15 cents and some special numbers 25 cents. However, this has represented a loss which would have been considerable were it not for the sale of special numbers. It is now felt that the BULLETIN is well enough known and appreciated to charge $1.50 a year for it, and starting with the January number that price will go into effect. The annual mailing of the ANNats reprints took place in December, when 950 reprints were sent to 252 botanists and institutions. Many im- portant papers are received in exchange. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 25 The Garden publications are also sent on subscription. The total re- ceipts for the year for ANNALS, BULLETINS, reprints, and post-cards were $2,887.81. One hundred and fifty-seven copies of Steyermark’s ‘Spring Flora of Missouri’? were sold in 1941. Accessions.—Although some foreign book catalogues are still being re- ceived, few of the Garden desiderata have been listed, and the number of books purchased has been unusually small. Current books have, of course, been bought from North American dealers, and many important gifts have been received. Following is a list of some of the more outstanding acces- sions in 1941: Anderson, Edgar. Replies to questionnaire on “Genus Problem”. 1937; Bailey, L. H. and Ethel Zoe Bailey. Hortus Second. 1941; Bonpland, Aimé. Description des plantes rares cultivées 4 Malmaison et a Navarre. 1813; Campbell, D. H. The evolution of the land plants. 1940; Carpenter, J. Richard. An ecological glossary. 1938; Clausen, Keck & Hiesey. Experimental studies on the nature of species. I. Effect of varied environment on western North American plants. (Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 520). 1941; Dobzhansky, Theodosius. Genetics and the origin of species. 2nd rev. ed. 1941; Ehrenberg, C. G. Verbreitung und Ein- fluss des mikroskopischen Lebens Sud- und Nord-Amerika. 1843; Fuller, Harry J. The plant world. 1941; Grove, W. B. British stem- and leaf- fungi (Coelomycetes). Volume 2. 1937; Index Londinensis. Supplements - for the years 1921-35. 2 vols. 1941; Inn, Henry. Chinese houses and gardens. 1940; Peter Kalm’s travels in North America. 1937; Large, E. C. The advance of the fungi. 1940; Peck, Morton E. A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. 1941; Pirone, P. P. Maintenance of shade and ornamental trees. 1941; Quinn, Vernon. Shrubs in the garden and their legends. 1940; Reed, Howard S.A short history of the plant sciences. 1942; Rodgers, Andrew D. II. ‘Noble Fellow”, William Starling Sulli- vant. 1940; Rothamsted Experimental Station. Memoirs on agricultural science. Vol. 23. 1941; Royal Society of New Zealand. Transactions and proceedings. Vol. 1, 1868; and Vols. 11-12, 15-22, 1878-1889; Stoddard, Herbert L. The Bobwhite quail. 1941; Tidestrom, Ivar, and Sister Tere- sita Kittell. A flora of Arizona and New Mexico. 1941; Vaillant, George C. Aztecs of Mexico. 1941; Verrill, A. H. and O. W. Barrett. Foods America gave the world. 2nd imp. 1931; Williams, R. O. and R. O. Williams, Jr. The useful and ornamental plants in Trinidad and Tobago. 3rd rev. ed. 1941; Withering, William. An account of Foxglove and some of its medical uses. 1785. Important new serials received during the year in exchange for the ANNALS were: Auckland Institute and Museum, Bulletin; Bragantia 26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN (Instituto Agronomico Estado Sao Paulo, Boletin Tecnico) ; Caldasia (Pub- lication of Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad de Colombia) ; Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural; Revista del Museo de la Plata, Seccién Botanica. Visitors.—In addition to the staff and students in the Shaw School of Botany, the following out-of-town botanists and horticulturists have visited the Garden library during the year: Mr. Walter Adams, Associate Editor, Better Homes and Gardens, Des Moines, lowa; Mrs. L. Sherman Adams, of the L. Sherman Adams Co., Orchid Growers, Wellesley, Mass.; Dr. E. G. Anderson, Geneticist, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena; Dr. Fred A. Barkley, Instructor in Botany and Curator of the Herbarium, Uni- versity of Montana, Missoula; Dr. Earl E. Berkley, Associate Cotton Tech- nologist, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C.; Dr. Albert P. Blair, National Research Fellow, Columbia University, New York City; Mr. C. B. Breed- love, Biology Teacher, Amarillo Public Schools, Amarillo, Texas; Dr. K. S. Chester, Head Department of Botany, Oklahoma Agricultural & Mechanical College, Stillwater; Prof. Lewis Clevenger, Professor of Biology, State Teachers’ College, Kirksville, Mo.; Dr. Elzada U. Clover, Instructor in Botany and Assistant Curator Botanical Gardens, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Dr. Lincoln Constance, Assistant Professor of Botany, Univer- sity of California, Berkeley; Dr. George W. Corner, Director Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, Md.; Mr. C. J. Coukos, Assistant Agronomist, Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. Agr., Elsberry, Mo.; Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Research Fellow, Shaw School of Botany; Dr. Theodosius Dobzhansky, Professor of Genetics, Columbia Uni- versity, New York City; Fr. Arthemé Dutilly, Naturalist of the Arctic Missions and Research Associate in Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.; Mrs. Wanda K. Farr, Research Chemist, American Cyanamide Co., Stamford, Conn.; Sister Muriel Flamman, Instructor in Botany, Seton Hill College, Greensburg, Pa.; Dr. Harry J. Fuller, Associate Professor of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. Reginald R. Gates, formerly of the University of London, England; Mr. and Mrs. Howard Scott Gentry, collectors of tropical plants; Mr. Alfred H. Gilbert, District Con- servationist in Erosion Control Work, U. S. Dept. Agr., Mayfield, Ky.; Dr. George B. Happ, Professor of Biology, Principia College, Elsah, Hl.; Mr. Roland M. Harper, Geographer, Geological Survey of Alabama, University, Ala.; Mr. Eugene S. Heath, Director, Georgia Botanic Garden, Atlanta; Dr. George Thomas Johnson, John Simon Guggenheim Research Fellow, Wash- ington, D. C.; Dr. Donald F. Jones, Plant Geneticist, Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta., New Haven; Dr. E. P. Killip, Associate Curator, U. S. National Herbarium, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D, C.; Dr. Mary Maxine Larisey, Assistant Professor of Biology, Judson College, Marion, Ala.; Mr. William C. Leavenworth, Assistant in Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Mr. Philip Leyendecker, Graduate Student, Iowa State College, Ames; Dr. Carl C. Lindegren, Assistant Professor of Bacteriology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.; Mr. Benjamin Lowenhaupt, Graduate Stu- dent, University of Chicago; Dr. G. W. Martin, Professor of Botany, Uni- versity of Iowa, Iowa City; Dr. Mildred Mathias (Mrs. Gerald Hassler), Research Associate, University of California, Berkeley; Mr. R. C. Mauldin, of the Associated Seed Growers, Inc., San Antonio, Texas; Mrs. R. C. Maul- din, in charge of Seed Laboratory, Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. Agr., San Antonio, Texas; Mr. J. L. McMullen, in charge of Biological Sciences, North Idaho Junior College, Coeur d’Alene; Dr. C. V. Morton, Assistant Curator, U. S. National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.; Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Horticulturist in charge of Plant Introduction, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C.; Dr. E. E. Naylor, As- sistant Professor of Botany, University of Missouri, Columbia; Miss Helen Neuman, Graduate Student, University of Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr. Marion Ownbey, Instructor in Botany and Curator of Herbarium, State College of Washington, Pullman; Dr. George K. Parris, Plant Pathologist, Hawau Agr. Exp. Sta., Honolulu; Dr. Elizabeth M. Pinkerton, Medical Mycologist and Allergist, New York City; Professor C. L. Porter, Head Department of Botany, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.; Dr. John N. Porter, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Dr. W. O. Richtmann, Professor of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Mr. Andrew Denny Rodgers, HI, of Columbus, Ohio; Mrs. Charles E. St. John, of Boston, Mass.; Miss Ruth D. Sanderson, Librarian, Gray Herbarium of Harvard University; Dr. A. F. Satterthwait, U. S. Dept. Agr. Ent. Lab., Urbana, Ill.; Dr. Henry Schmitz, Dean of School of Forestry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; Mr. Robert M. Senior, of the Cincinnati Natural History Society, Ohio; Dr. Ward M. Sharp, Manager, Valentine National Wild Life Refuge, Valentine, Nebr.; Dr. Julian F. Smith, Associate Director, Hooker Scientific Library, Central College, Fayette, Mo.; Dr. E. R. Spencer, Professor of Botany, McKendree College, Lebanon, Ill.; Mr. Hugh A. Steav- enson, Associate Horticulturist, Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. Agr., Elsberry, Mo.; Mr. T. R. Stemen, Teacher of Biology, Classen High School, Oklahoma City, Okla.; Dr. J. A. Steyermark, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; Dr. Carl Swanson, Fellow, Department of Plant Breeding, University of Missouri, Columbia; Dr. Delbert Swartz, Professor of Botany, University of Arkansas, Fayette- ville; Dr. A. G. Vestal, Professor of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; 28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Prof. C. E, Wilden, in charge of Floriculture, Michigan State College, East Lansing; Mr. H. L. Westover, Principal Agronomist, Division of Forage Crops, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C.; Dr. F. Lyle Wynd, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana. In addition, the following school groups were among those visiting the Garden library during the year: students in botany at Moberly Junior College, Moberly, Mo., in charge of Miss Esther Adams, instructor in biology; two groups of biology students from Principia College, Elsah, IIL, accompanied by Mr. John Wanamaker, instructor in biology; class in botany from Southern Illinois Normal University, Carbondale, Ill., with Prof. Walter B. Welch, professor of botany, in charge; University of Illinois Library School, with Miss Rose B. Phelps, of the Faculty, in charge; biology class of East Alton-Wood River Community High School, Wood River, Ill., accompanied by Mr. W. E. Hopper, instructor in biology; the members of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America attending the first meeting of the convention held in St. Louis. The library also loans books on the inter-library loan plan, 136 such loans having been made to 22 institutions during the year. Statistical Summary.—There have been donated to the library or re- ceived in exchange during the year 282 books valued at $689.81 and 759 pamphlets valued at $133.70. One hundred books were bought at a cost of $516.26, and 5 pamphlets at a cost of $2.75. The library now contains 54,400 books and 86,350 pamphlets. There are 349 manuscripts valued at $1,709.70 and 1,078,495 index cards valued at $13,608.90. A total of 8,813 cards were added during the year, of which 664 were written by Garden employees, and 8,149 were purchased at a cost of $172.83. Six hundred and eighty books were bound and 372 were rebound or repaired. There were 3,696 magazine files purchased and 2,110 pamphlet covers. ANNUAL BEQUESTS The annual flower sermon “On the wisdom and goodness of God as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits, and other products of the vegetable kingdom,” provided for in the will of Henry Shaw, was preached by Dr. Rufus M. Jones, of Haverford, Pa., emeritus professor of philosophy, Haver- ford College. The Gardeners’ Banquet Fund was used to provide turkeys for employees at Christmas. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ATTENDANCE FOR 1941 (Not including visitors to Arboretum) Week-days January 6,367 February E299 March 6,282 April 12,955 May 24,362 June ; W732 July : 2224506 August 26,308 September 17,657 October 18,020 November 18,627 December 5,696 Total 183,611 Total Greorce T. Moore, STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR DECEMBER, GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed packets received as gifts Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books bought Total number of books and pamphlets donated HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Degener, Otto—Plants of Hawaii Lundell, C. L.—Plants of Mexico and British Honduras By Gift— Allen, Paul H.—Plants of Panama Anderson, Edgar—Plants of Horticulture Darker, G. D.—Plants of Ontario, Canada Erickson, Ralph O.—Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh.) Ach. from Missouri James, Leslie—Plants of Alabama Murrill, W. A.—Saliv sp. from Florida Pring, George H.—Orchids of Horticulture Trovillo, Mrs. H. E.—Crataegus sp. from Missouri Weatherwax, Paul—Plants of Horticulture Woodson, R. E.—Plants of Panama By Exchange— Duke University—Plants of North Carolina U. S. National Museum—Plants of Virginia Total 29 Sundays 7,345 OA. ere | L153 16,354 13,742 1) erase vd 153095 14,767 11,649 18,734 4,286 147,839 183,611 331,450 Director. 1941 9,982 376 8 38 291 27D 13 >: 76 3 3 l 72 1 6 ped 250 159 bal 30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ANNOUNCEMENT A. D. E. Elmer’s ‘‘Leaflets of Philippine Botany” for sale by the Missouri Botanical Garden “Are the ‘Leaflets of Philippine Botany’ in your library? Every botanical institution should have them, and at the present time I can offer for sale complete series of the ten published volumes including a general index for the entire works. Remember, this publication will no longer be published. Its average price is $11.00 ” for each volume. A. D. E. ELMER, All of the available sets of Elmer’s “Leaflets of Philippine Botany” have been deposited at the Missouri Botanical Garden. A few complete sets are available, and practically any of the single leaflets may be obtained at 5c a page. Orders may be sent direct to the Missouri Botanical Garden 2315 Tower Grove Avenue St. Louis, Missouri STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorce T. Moore, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, EpGar ANDERSON, Pathologist Geneticist Jesse M. GREENMAN, RosertT E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of Herbarium Assistant Curator of Herbarium CarROLL W. Donece, ~ Neitt C. Horner, Mycologist Librarian and Editor of Publications GeorGE H. Princ, Superintendent Joun Noyes, - Pau A. Koni, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist WittiuaM F. LANcAN, Davip C. FAIRBURN, Chief Engineer Horticulturist JoseEPH LANGEN, JosePH CUTAK, Assistant Engineer In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, LADISLAUS CUTAK, Painter In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Aucust P. BEILMANN, Manager Roy E. Kissicx, FRED WEGLOENER Engineer Orchid Grower REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Paut H. ALLEN, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wiison, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England SPRING FLORA. OF MISSOURI by Julian A. Steyermark “A book that is complete. .. . Undoubtedly the book Missouri flower-lovers have been looking for.” Missouri Historical Review “| . + In‘short, the Spring Flora of Missouri is the best ‘Spring Flora’ available at present in the United States.” American Midland Naturalist “Should be of great use to local garden clubs, and for the scien- tific worker who is concerned with the local flora it should be invaluable.” . National Horticultural Magazine “Carefully and critically done, so that it should find wide and enthusiastic reception at the hands of all who enjoy being acquaint- ed with the rich native flora of Missouri.” Rhodora “The most comprehensive spring flora ever issued for any state. . + Notable for presenting its data in simple non-technical English, yet with thorough scientific accuracy. Book’s value not limited to Missouri.” : Field Museum Notes For sale by the Missouri Botanical Garden. Price $3.00 Mussourt BoTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. XXX FEBRUARY, 1942 No.2 CONTENTS Orchids at the Missouri Botanical Garden . . .. . 31 Some Panamanian Oncidiums. ..... . . . . 1... 52 Liberty Hyde; Bailey fe a es eh ces oO IRQEOG a RR ig ap op Sa rr Oe Statistical: Information... ok. eS te eee ee ee Office of Publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Ill. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. : Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A YEAR BOARD OF TRUSTEES ‘OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Gerorce C. Hircucock Vice-President | Danrei K. CatTLin Second Vice-President - EucENE PEetTTus L. Ray CARTER RICHARD J. Lock woop DupLey FReNcH GeEorGE T, Moore Joun’ S$. LEHMANN A. Wesset. SHAPLEIGH ErHan A: H. SHEPLEY _ EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Georce R. THrRoor, WittiaM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri University WittiaM Dee BECKER WASHBURNE D. SHIPTON, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Science of St. JouHN A. FLEIscHLI ~ President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GerRaLp ULRICcI SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-ofhcio members, is self perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. DENDROBIUM BIGIBBUM (Imported from Australia) DENDROBIUM PHALAENOPSIS var. SCHROEDERIANUM (From seed, St. Louis) ‘Og “IOAS TING ‘Gauvy “Log “op +6 I c ILV Ig ¢ Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXX FEBRUARY, 1942 No. i) ORCHIDS AT THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Ever since Mrs. Henry T. Blow presented Henry Shaw with orchid plants collected by her in Brazil, these flowers have afforded one of the favorite displays at the Garden. This gift, probably made in the early seventies, furnished the nucleus for the collection which to the time of Henry Shaw’s death in 1889 was one of the most complete of its kind in the country, at least so far as species were concerned. In the 7th ANNUAL Report of the Garden, covering the year 1896, Professor Trelease wrote: “Among other things a small but carefully selected collection of orchids has been placed in the house built in 1894, so that by good management there will scarcely be a time when one or more of these interesting plants cannot be found in bloom... .. This collection will be extended consider- ably from year to year, my intention being to devote the greater part of this house to a varied collection of orchids.” That this intention was carried out is evidenced by the fact that while in 1895 there were only about 150 species of orchids in the collection, by 1899 this had grown to 548 species. Towards the end of the year 1903 a fire destroyed a large part of the collection and seriously injured the remain- der, so that it was necessary to re-establish orchids at the Garden, A welcome addition was a gift of 84 plants, representing 78 species, from the New York Botanical Garden through Dr. N. L. Britton, the Director. The first illustration of orchid flowers in one of the ANNUAL REPORTS appeared in 1903 when a full-page plate was used showing three flowers of Trichopilia suavis. By 1905 the Garden collection was pronounced by “an expert dealer” as being the largest in the United States. Many of these plants were collected by Director Trelease who visited Mexico and Central America for the purpose. That the vanilla orchid succeeded remarkably well at the Garden is evidenced by two illustrations in the ANNUAL REporT for 1909, showing flowers and some dozens of mature pods. In that year the orchid collection consisted of 640 species and varieties and 99 genera, and it remained at about this status for some time. (31) 32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN With the publication of a monthly BuLLETIN the Garden had a better opportunity of publicizing its orchids, and the frontispiece of the December 1913 issue shows two or three dozen plants in bloom that month. The old Cycad House south of the fern dome was rearranged to accommodate the collection, which contained about 800 species and varieties at that time. The records for 1913 show that the number of blossoms varied from 64 in January to 12 in October, the total for the year being 278. This, it must be confessed, was close to the actual number of conspicuous flowers produced as there were few duplicates. Each succeeding year the BULLETIN carried in increasing numbers illustrations of orchid flowers that were worthy of special mention. Any increase in the collection was limited to purchases amounting to not more than $500.00 a year and to such propagations as could be made from old plants. This situation continued until the spring of 1918 when Mr. D. S. Brown, of Kirkwood (a suburb of St. Louis), donated to the Garden all of his orchid plants, with the exception of the Cypripediums. This most notable gift included nearly 200 species and varieties, and the Garden was now supposed to have the most complete collection of orchid species in the United States, about 700 species being represented. Some of the more worth- while plants were Cattleya Dusseldorfi var. “Undine”, with its parents C. intermedia alba and C. Mossiae Wageneri, Brassocattleya Veitchi var. “Queen Alexandra”, C. Skinneri var. alba, Dendrobium virginale, as well as Brasso- laclia, Sophrocattleya, and Laeliocattleya hybrids. For more than thirty years Mr. Brown had been interested in acquiring rare and valuable orchid plants, and the collection had come to be recognized as one of the finest of its kind in the country. Consequently, through Mr. Brown’s generosity the Garden orchids took on new significance. To cap the climax, in the fall of the same year Mr. Brown presented the remainder of his collection consisting of Paphiopedilums (Cypripediums) and Phragmopedilums (Selenipediums) , including many rare specimens which at that time could only be duplicated with the greatest difficulty. Supplemented in this magnificent fashion, at the end of the year 1918 the Missouri Botanical Garden orchid collection included some 5,732 plants representing 1,235 species, varieties, and hybrids, With the addition of the Brown collection, it became possible, as never before, to stage special floral displays of orchids. In December, 1918, the Christmas floral display contained several hundred orchid plants in bloom, the largest exhibit of epiphytic plants ever held in St. Louis, comparing favorably with displays in the East. Mr. Brown’s favorite Slipper Orchid dominated the exhibition and included the hybrid “Sidney Brown’’, a cross between Paphiopedilum (Cypripedium) insigne Eyermanni and P. nitens Leeanum, as well as others of his creation. Paphiopedilum Holdeni and P. 4 PLATI 1942 30, BuLut., VOL. Bor. Garon. Mo. BETHLEHEM STAR OF sesqui pedal mr (Angraccu Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., Vor. 30, 1942 PLATE 5 BUCKET ORCHID (Coryanthes macrantha) MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35 Maudiae, green hybrids which at the time were rare, were imported from England. Additional genera represented in the first orchid show at the Garden were Angraecum, Lycaste, Coelogyne, Vanda, Oncidium, Calanthe, Polystachya, Maxillaria, and Dendrobium. In 1920 the first orchid seedling produced at the Garden flowered and was named Paphiopedilum “D. S. Brown”, in honor of Mr. Brown. The parents were P. barbatum Crossi and P. Harrisianum superbum. By 1923 public interest in orchids had increased to an extent that the Garden seemed warranted in securing additional plants suitable for display purposes. Accordingly, Mr. G. H. Pring, then Horticulturist to the Missouri Botanical Garden, was sent to Colombia primarily to obtain Cattleya Trianae and C. Schroederae. This trip resulted in adding about 5,000 Cattleya plants to the collection, besides some 200 orchids obtained by exchange from Mr. C. W. Powell, of Balboa, Canal Zone. Of this number, some 39 species and varieties were introduced into the United States for the first time. Chiefly because of the Powell orchids, the Garden was able to enter an exhibit at the first show of the American Orchid Society, held in Boston in May, 1924. Under the classification ‘“Orchids of Botanical Interest Not Necessarily in Flower, Covering 25 Square Feet and Embracing at Least 12 Genera”, 37 genera represented by 46 distinct species were displayed, all that could be included in the allotted space. For this exhibit, which was in competition, the Garden was awarded a silver cup. While orchid flowers had for many years constituted a part of the floral displays, the first exclusive orchid show was in November, 1924. Some of the serious difficulties in having blooming orchids at this time of year may be imagined from a quotation from the December 1924 Garden BULLETIN: “During the latter part of October the outlook for the orchid exhibition was not very promising. The city at that time was enveloped in a dense smoke cloud which continued for the entire week, the Garden greenhouses being filled with the fumes. All orchid buds which had penetrated their sheaths were lost and open flowers soon succumbed, being unable to withstand the noxious atmosphere. Plants in the Economic and Citrus Houses also showed damage, in some cases losing more than half their leaves. Apparently the only immediate remedy for overcoming this deplorable condition is the removal of the entire collection outside the smoke area.” Fortunately, plans were already under way, and the out-of-town ex- tension was acquired in 1925. This was some 35 miles southwest of the city and it first comprised 1,300 acres. Since one of the most pressing reasons for securing this location was the necessity of getting the orchid plants away from the detrimental effect of a city atmosphere, the construc- tion of a range of eight greenhouses was immediately begun. By the end of 1926 all the orchid plants were housed at this new location and almost Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 30, 1942 PLATE VANILLA FLOWERS AT TOP; RIPE PODS BELOW 6 Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VOL. 30, 1942 PLATE 7 WAX ORCHID (Stanhbopea Bucephalus) 38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN immediately began to show the beneficial effect of the change. Absence of poisonous gases, an appreciable increase in the amount of sunlight in the fall and winter months, and the use of rain-water all contributed to this improvement. Early in 1926 a trip to the Canal Zone resulted in the establishment of a Tropical Station at Balboa, and Mr. C. W. Powell presented to the Garden his worldwide-known collection of orchids. This gift, added to the plants already possessed, placed the Garden in the front rank of public institutions so far as an orchid collection was concerned. The Orchid Review, published in England, commenting on the establishment of the Canal Zone Station, said: ‘“The Missouri Botanical Garden has been for a long time a strong rival of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for the premier position in orchid botanical gardens. By this latest move of theirs they have put themselves in a position to claim it and to maintain it.” It soon became evident that if the Garden was to maintain this supremacy the raising of orchid seedlings would have to be undertaken on a major scale. Consequently, an orchid- seedling department was organized in 1927. Many crosses were made in our own greenhouses and seed-pods were set for us in several private collec- tions, so that by the end of 1928 some 750 flasks had been sown and approxi- mately 50,000 seedlings were in early stages of growth. The hybrids included those of Cattleya, Brassocattleya, Laeliocattleya, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Miltonia, Sobralia, Stanhopea, Epidendrum, and Phalaenopsis. At the same time investigations were undertaken to improve the methods of culture, including modifications of the media, use of different strains of fungi, and other factors involved in the successful growing of seedlings. By the time of the 4th National Exhibition of the American Orchid Society, held in Washington, D. C., October 16-18, 1930, the Garden was able to stage an exhibit showing the development of orchids from seed to blooming plant. One hundred flasks containing seedlings of twelve different genera in various stages of growth, grown both symbiotically and asym- biotically, were shown. Successive steps in cultivation from the maturing seedling to that of the flowering adult were also included. Seed-pods on different species, with seed shown under magnification, added to the com- pleteness of the exhibit. The Mrs. F. E. Dixon silver cup was awarded to the Garden for what at the time was the most complete demonstration of the development of an orchid plant from seed, ever presented at any flower show. By 1930 the orchid collection housed at the new extension near Gray Summit had so increased that three additional greenhouses were needed. Changing the majority of plants from wood baskets to pots saved consider- able space, but the accumulation of seedlings called for more and more 8 PLATI Garp. BuLL., VoL. 30, 1942 Bor. Mo. EXHIBIT SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF ORCHID FROM SEED TO MATURE AMERICAN ORCHID SOCIETY NATIONAL SHOW, WASHINGTON, D. C. PLANT. BULL-HEADED DENDROBIUM : ; Dendrobium taurinum) ‘O¢ “IOA “TING ‘dYvVy “LOG ‘Oop rél rd LLV Ig 6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 41 room. Vigorous seedlings of spray orchids, such as Vanda, Oncidium, Dendrobium, etc., were now on hand, and approximately 20,000 seedlings of various Cattleya hybrids. In fact, the number of seedlings of both species and hybrids had grown to an extent not previously contemplated, and it was decided in 1931 to discontinue for a while, except to a minor degree, the growing of orchids from seed. In this same year Dwight F. Davis, then Governor-General of the Philip- pine Islands, presented the Garden with about 250 Philippine orchids, many of them new to the collection. Since 1925 it has been the practice of the Garden to present to the Veiled Prophet Queen a bouquet of mixed orchid flowers. Besides hybrid Cattleyas and others of similar size, counting each flower on sprays of Oncidium, Dendrobium, Vanda, etc., this bouquet often included as many as 500 orchids. It has become a significant feature of the Ball, and perhaps no one thing has contributed so much to making St. Louis “‘orchid- conscious.” In 1932, for the first time, flowers from seedling plants were included. Dendrobium Phalaenopsis var. Schroederianum was pollinated on October 15, 1928, eight months being required for the maturity of the seed. These were sown in June, 1929, and three years and three months later the larger seedlings bore one or two small flowers. The succeeding year the plants produced normal spikes, bearing ten or more flowers, and these were the ones used in the Queen’s bouquet. Perhaps the outstanding achievement of the year 1934 was the discovery by Paul Allen of both the habit and habitat of Sobralia Powelli. A single specimen, named by Schlechter for Mr. Powell, had been obtained from a native in Panama City and every effort to learn where or how it grew had failed. Mr. Allen’s fortunate find resulted in adding about a dozen plants of this species to the collection, as well as determining that S. Powelli was truly epiphytic and not terrestrial as had been supposed. About 1935 thirty hybrid orchid seedlings had flowered, some of them among the finest ever grown at the Garden. The number of blossoms, counting all species and varieties and each flower on a spray, had reached an annual total of 20,000. The orchid show now became a rival of the chrysanthemum show, which had long been regarded as the most popular display of the year. The profusion of orchid flowers also made it possible to stage an out- standing exhibit at the Greater St. Louis Flower and Garden Show, held at the Arena, March 30-April 7, 1935. This occupied a frontage of nearly 60 feet and constituted one of the main attractions. Backed by a panorama of the Andes, painted from photographs taken during the Garden’s expedi- tion to Colombia in 1923, there were arranged both epiphytic and terrestrial plants, the former on trees in as nearly a natural position as possible. In an 42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN alcove at one side were arranged 30 hybrid Odontoglossums in full bloom, sent by Sir Jeremiah Colman, well-known English orchid fancier. For this magnificent display of plants which cannot be successfully grown in St. Louis Sir Jeremiah was awarded the Henry Shaw Gold Medal. Another alcove contained choice hybrids, many from our own seedlings, as well as certain interesting “botanical species”. Altogether, approximately 5,000 iim PISTILLATE (FEMALE) FLOWER OF SWAN ORCHID (Cycnoches Warscewiczi) flowers were displayed, including such genera as Cattleya, Laeliocattleya, Brassocattleya, Vanda, Aerides, Oncidium, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Lock- hartia, Lycaste, Brassia, Epidendrum, Phalaenopsis, Maxillaria, Catasetum, Cypripedium, and Selenipedium (Paphiopedilum and Phragmopedilum). In 1937, of more than 6,000 orchid flowers on display in the mid-winter show, 75 per cent were from seedlings grown in St. Louis. These were the Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., VoL. 30, 1942 PLATE 10 VANDA SANDERIANA 44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN result of hundreds of crosses, many of which, of course, failed to produce viable seed. By this time 40 hybrids had reached maturity, most of them in quantity since only a few seedlings were lost from among those finally selected for growing on. Cattleya and Brassocattleya hybrids predominated but a fine group of Cymbidiums and Dendrobiums helped to make up the number. BRASSOCATTLEYA ALBINO HYBRID GROWN FROM SEED IN ST. LOUIS It became evident that an active return to growing orchids from seed was in order, and a special laboratory was fitted up in the Experimental Greenhouse where some thousands of seedlings have since been raised. Here also have been carried on experiments with various media, the effect of light, increased carbon dioxide, fertilizers, gravel culture, etc. At the time of the meeting of the Garden Club of America at St. Louis in May, 1937, a special exhibit of the progressive steps in orchid culture was shown and attracted much attention. Hundreds of orchid flowers of many kinds were used in decorating the head table at the banquet given for the delegates during the convention. With the appointment of Mr. Paul Allen as Manager of the Tropical Station at Balboa, Canal Zone, in 1936, many additions were made to the Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., VoL. 30, 1942 Prater 11 MORMODES ATROPURPUREUM Mo. Bor. Garp. BuULL., Vor. 30, 1942 PLaTe 12 GRAMMATOPHYLLUM MULTIFLORUM MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 47 orchid collection located there. Besides a new water main, physical im- provements included new racks and supports, chiefly of pipe, to replace the old wooden ones. This permitted the rearrangement of the plants according to genera which greatly aided in their care, besides making them more attractive to the public. The system of exchange with orchid growers in other tropical countries was revived, resulting during the next two years in the receipt of over 100 species not previously represented. A Sobralia hedge 250 feet in length was established along the front of the Station. During the season this carried hundreds of flowers and perfumed the air for a great distance. Numerous trips were made by the Manager into the interior of NATIVE HOME OF SOBRALIA POWELLI Panama for orchid plants for the Station as well as for herbarium specimens. Cattleya Skinneri and C. Deckeri were accumulated in quantity, providing a colorful show for visitors. Large shipments of Caftleya speciosissima from Venezuela and Oncidium varicosum Rogersi from Brazil were cleaned and held for a quarantine period before forwarding to St. Louis. For financial reasons it became necessary to transfer the Tropical Station maintained at Balboa to the Canal Zone Government in March, 1939. It can be imagined with what regret this project, which had been such a useful adjunct to the St. Louis Garden for twelve years, had to be abandoned. Fortunately, before this happened Mr. Allen had rediscovered the rare “Chinela” orchid Phrag- mo pedilum caudatum var. Warscewiczi and had sent six plants by air mail to supplement the Garden collection. 48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The year 1939 is notable for the first flowering of two splendid additions to the collection, namely Vandopsis lissochiloides and Renanthera Storiei. The first was imported from England twenty-three years previously, and both were in the shipment sent to the Garden by Governor-General Davis from the Philippines. Another rare plant received from this source was the Bull-headed Dendrobium (Dendrobium taurinum). SOBRALIA POWELLI At the end of 1941 a complete inventory was made of the entire orchid collection. As a result, many inferior plants were discarded, including un- named seedlings and unnecessary duplicates. The actual count shows that there are 76 genera, represented by 1,155 species, varieties and hybrids, now in the collection. Of mature flowering plants there are 14,399. Flowers from all these plants, which were shown in the alcoves or at the orchid show, had reached a total of 19,937, of which 13,688 belonged to the Cattleya group, 4,093 sprays including such genera as Dendrobium, Oncid- ium, Vanda, Aerides, and Phalaenopsis, 2,156 Cypripediums, and_ several Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLtL., Vor. 30, 1942 PLATE 13 CATTLEYA CITRINA Mo. Bor. Garp. RuLL., Vor. 30, 1942 PLATE 14 los CENTRAL PANEL OF ORCHID DISPLAY, FLOWER SHOW, ARENA, 1935. Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., VoL. 30, 1942 PLATE 15 ORCHIDS FROM SIR JEREMIAH COLMAN COLLECTION SHIPPED IN FULL FLOWER FROM ENGLAND 52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN hundred miscellaneous. Seedlings in pots, chiefly of various Dendrobiums and Cattleya hybrids, numbered 6,624, and over 10,000 in flasks were about ready to be transplanted. The number and variety of orchid plants afford an opportunity to make displays of flowers which could never be duplicated in nature, since the native homes of these plants are so widely scattered, including every tropical or semi-tropical country. There is not another botanical garden in the temperate zone where so many species, hybrids and varieties of orchids may be seen in bloom throughout the year. G. T. M. SOME PANAMANIAN ONCIDIUMS More than twenty Oncidiums have been described from Panama, and they vary greatly both as to size and form. The pygmy O. iridifolium possesses solitary flowers backed by a fan of leaves, and is without pseudo- bulbs. The two largest species, O. panamense and O. confusum, grow in clumps, with pseudobulbs bearing long grass-like leaves and 4- to 6-foot spikes of olive-brown flowers splotched with yellow. Oncidium confusum differs from all other species in its terrestrial habit, growing in the grass- covered clay banks along water courses. Oncidium stipitatum has a small, nut-shaped pseudobulb, from the base of which spring graceful spikes of yellow “‘dancing-girl” flowers and 18-inch dagger-like leaves. A contrast- ing form is O. Oerstedi, with large, leathery leaves, elliptical in shape, 1 foot long and 4 inches wide. From the base of the pseudobulb hang 4- to 5-foot spikes of small brownish-mauve flowers. Oncidium am pliatum, called the “Panama-Butterfly” by the natives, is the most showy of all the yellow- flowering species, its 4-foot spikes bearing over a hundred flowers, suggesting butterflies in flight. Its pseudobulbs are hard, subrotund, compressed, bear- ing 2 rigid strap-shaped leaves. It is commonly seen suspended from the porches or patios in the Canal Zone and in the city of Panama. However, it is gradually being exterminated by the natives, who collect the plants to sell to tourists for a few pesos. Oncidium Powelli—This orchid, with large chocolate-colored flowers, was purchased by the late C. W. Powell from a native collector who sup- posedly found it along the Pacific slopes. The following year, when it bloomed for the first time in his garden, Mr. Powell was so delighted with it that he decided to give the entire plant to science. After being dried and pressed, it was sent to Dr. Schlecter in Berlin, who reported that it was the handsomest specimen of Oncidium he had seen. He described it as a new Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 30, 1942 PLATE 16 HOLY GHOST ORCHID (Peristeria elata) Mo, Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 30, 1942 CRIMSON AND YELLOW ORCHID (\ andopsis lissoc hiloide 5) PLAT! Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 30, 1942 PLATE 18 THE CHINELA (Phragmopedilum caudatum var. Warscewiczi) 56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN species, naming it Oncidium Powelli in honor of Mr. Powell. The plant may indeed have been preserved for science, but it was almost lost to culti- vation, for all efforts to find its native habitat failed. Plants supposed to be O. Powelli turned out to be varieties of the yellow-flowered O. panamense. It was not until 1930 that the late Mr. A. Hunter, then Manager of the Missouri Botanical Garden Tropical Station at Balboa, Canal Zone, redis- covered O. Powelli and determined that it was not a native of the Pacific slopes but rather of the Atlantic side of the Canal Zone. This was sub- stantiated by Mr. Paul Allen, who added that it is by far the rarest species in Panama. Four flowering specimens, presumably the only plants in the United States, are now growing at the Missouri Botanical Garden. The pseudobulbs are oblong-ovate, compressed, 3 inches high and 2! inches wide, and bear either 1 or 2 strap-shaped leaves 10 inches long and 1 inch wide at the apex. Clasping the base of the bulb at its side is another pair of leaves. Flowers numbering 20 or more are borne upon a 3-foot vertical spike, usually in pairs at the base, solitary towards the apex. The individual blossoms, which measure 3 inches across, are of a light chocolate color, with faded yellow circular lines behind the lip. The sepals and petals are 1! inches long, '4 inch wide, the margins of both being prominently undulated and showing a greenish-yellow ridge. The labellum is smaller than in most species and extends away from the perianth, being supported at the base of the vertical column. The flowers somewhat suggest the genus Odontoglossum of the “triumphans” group. G. H. P. LIBERTY HYDE BAILEY (Abstracted from ”An Appreciation” by David Fairchild) “Professor Bailey is approaching his eighty-fourth year. His labors for Ameiican garden lovers are drawing to a close. The Directors of the Fair- child Tropical Garden, with which organization he has been associated since its inception and to which he has given his enthusiastic support, wish to recognize his countless gifts to the plant lovers of America by honoring him with a suitable memorial. At the same time they wish to impress upon the children and youth who see it the fact that there lived a man who saw clearly that unless we take care of the world of plants, our civilization can- not be the beautiful one of our dreams. “It seemed to them that it should be a living, growing monument, and they have decided that nothing could be more appropriate than to make in Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., VoL. 30, 1942 PLATE 19 ONCIDIUM FULGENS Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., Vor. 30, 1942 PLATE 20 ONCIDIUM POWELLI MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 59 Professor Bailey’s honor a great Palm Glade here on the shore of Biscayne Bay. “Those of us who have watched the growth of the large collections of palms already assembled here and who have witnessed the transformation wrought on the low lands bordering the Bay when the modern dredging machine and the landscape artist and the palm specialist combine their skills, know how beautiful the result can be. ‘In a few years we could have here a glade of tropical palms which would do full honor to Professor Bailey’s memory and be a Mecca for thousands of garden lovers making pilgrimages to South Florida to see what tropical palms really are. These many visitors are familiar with the name of L. H. Bailey and, finding him honored here by a tribute to his passion for palms, would be impressed anew with the greatness of his contribution to the peace and beauty of the world. “Dr. Bailey is a figure of national and international importance and it 1s planned that this memorial shall be the gift of the greatest possible number of his friends and admirers. To this end it has been decided that no contri- bution shall be of more than one dollar. It is hoped that on Dr. Bailey’s 84th birthday, March 15, 1942, the Palm Glade can be dedicated and an album be placed in his hands inscribed with the names of all those who feel indebted to his life’s activities and have subscribed to the Glade. “Subscriptions can be made out to the Liberty Hyde Bailey Palm Glade and sent to the Fairchild Tropical Garden, Coconut Grove, Florida.” NOTES Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, has been appoiated one of the regional vice-presidents of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak gave an illustrated lecture before the St. Louis Horticultural Society, January 2, on “Gardens of Florida.” Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, gave a lecture at Michigan Agricultural College, East Lansing, February 4, on “The Breeding of Water-lilies.” Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, is the author of an article ‘Vegetable Gardening in St. Louis,” number of Garden Life (15:13). The annual flower sermon, provided for in the will of Henry Shaw, was published in the February preached by Dr. Maude Royden, famous woman preacher of England, at Christ Church Cathedral, February 1. Dr. A. B. Stout, of the New York Botanical Garden, showed colored Mo. Borr. Garp. BuLt., Vor. 30, 1942 PLATE 21 ONCIDIUM PANAMENSI MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 61 movies of the New York Garden to the staff and students of the Missouri Botanical Garden, at the Museum Building, January 15. The January and February numbers of Flower Grower contain illustra- tions borrowed from the Garden BULLETIN, the one in the January number showing the method of forcing bulbs, and in February, specimens of house plants. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, has pub- lished the following papers recently: “Florida Adventure,” in the December 1941 number of Journal Cactus & Succulent Society of America (18:203- 206); and “Down in Seminole Land,” in the January number of Gardeners’ Chronicle of America (46:14-46). The February number of the ANNALS OF THE Missourt BOTANICAL GARDEN has been issued, with the following contents: ‘Contributions to Our Knowledge of Carboniferous Plants. I. Scleropteris, gen. nov., Mesoxy- lon and Amyelon,” by Henry N. Andrews; “II. Lepidocarpon,” by Henry N. Andrews and Eloise Pannell; and ‘‘New Gesneriaceae from Panama,” by C. V. Morton. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, has given the following talks recently: “Indian Corn,” before the High School Science Clubs, at Washington University, January 13; “Vegetable Gardening in St. Louis,” before the Ladue Garden Club, February 3; “Corn of the Southwestern Indians,” before the Anderson Chapter of the St. Louis Junior Academy of Science, Southwest High School, February 5. Recent visitors to the Garden include the following: Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Bibliographer, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y.; Dr. G. W. Beadle, Professor of Genetics, Stanford University, Calif.; Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, of the Carnegie Institution, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y.; Dr. Ray J. Davis, Professor of Botany, University of Idaho, Southern Branch, Pocatello; Dr. Norman C. Fassett, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Dr. Harry J. Fuller, Associate Professor of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. George B. Happ, Assistant Professor of Biology, Principia College, Elsah, Ill.; Dr. Mary Maxine Larisey, Assistant Professor of Biology, Judson College, Marion, Ala.; Dr. R. E. Marker, Associate Professor of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State College; Dr. Norma E. Pfeiffer, Research Morphologist, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonkers, N. Y.; Dr. E. R. Spencer, Professor of Botany, McKendree College, Lebanon, Il.; Dr. Charles Thom, Mycologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C.; Mr. John C. Wister, Director of the Arthur Hoyt Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa. 62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JANUARY, GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants, seed packets, and bulbs received as gifts Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought Total number of books and pamphlets donated HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Avenue Camera Store—Photographs of type specimens Brenckle, J. F.—Fungi of Dakota Cronquist, Arthur—Plants of Idaho Degener, Otto—Plants of Hawaii Gentry, Howard Scott-—Plants of Mexico By Gift— Darker, G. D.—Fungi of Ontario, Massachusetts and Missouri Demoise, C. W.—Lichens of Pennsylvania and Maryland Field Museum of Natural History—Plants of Guatemala Fox, Lauretta E.—Plants of Louisiana Greenman, J. M.—Photograph of type specimen of Fined quinquesquamatum Spb ghee tae ee se See Sees James, — of Alabama Lutrell, E. S.—Lichens of Virginia Meyer, canaee nein of Horticulture Ownbey, Gerald B.—Fomes igniarius (L.) Fries ee Wyoming Pfeiffer, Norma E.—Plants of Illinois Thomas, John W. Jr.—Lichens of the United Stucns *ad Mexico Welch, Walter B.—Plants of Illinois West, Erdman—Plants of Florida By Exchange— Beetle, A. A.—Plants of California Field Museum of Natural Hlistory—Piftos porum Livisinges Hillebr. from Hawaii, and plants of Panama Martin, G. W.—RMiscellaneous Fungi Stratton, sat ine of Oklahoma Tolstead, W. L.—Plants of Nebraska - a University We Washington, Seattle, by C. L. Hiccicock=- Plants of British Columbia By Transfer— Berry, E. C.—Plants of Horticulture Cutak, L.—Plants of Horticulture and plant illustrations Total 1942 _ 13,526 hw 4,634 STAFF 3 id OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 7 THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI GrorcE T. Moore, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Epcar ANDERSON, Pathologist Geneticist Jesse M. GREENMAN, RoBert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of Herbarium Assistant Curator of Herbarium CarRoLL W. Doncée, Neti C. Horner, Mycologist ; Librarian and. Editor of Publications GrorcE H. Prine, Superintendent Joun Noyes, Paut A. Kout, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist Wiritiam F. LANGAN, Davin -C. FAIRBURN, Chief Engineer Horticulturist JosEPH LANGEN, JosEPH CUTAK, Assistant Engineer In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, LapDIsLaus CUTAK, Painter . °. .. 93 INE B ES NG EO re Dees ot Ro Statistical: Information: 208 4 NOR ee te Office of Publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Ill. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden; 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, : St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. ; Entered .as second-class matter Janua 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A YEAR BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorce C.. Hircucock Vice-President Danret K. CatTLin Second Vice-President EUGENE Pettus L. Ray CarTER RicHarD J. Lock woop DupLey FRENCH Grorce T. Moore Joun S. LEHMANN A. Wesset SHAPLEIGH ErHan A.-H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Georce R. THRoop, WiiiaM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri University ; i ‘ WiitiaM Dee BECKER WasHBURNE D. SHIPTON, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Science of St. Lots Joun A. FLEISCHLI President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD ULRICI Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXX APRIL, 1942 No. 4 CONTINUOUS BLOOM IN ST. LOUIS GARDENS A well-designed garden does not depend upon flowers to maintain its interest but we must admit that we enjoy the plants more when they are in bloom. Each year, when we plan our gardens, we try to include various combinations of plants with similar blooming periods, and if we succeed we are gratified. Those of us who have gardened for many years are familiar with the habits and the blooming periods of many plants which can be grown in St. Louis. If gardening is new to us or if we have recently moved to this vicinity, it is only through trial and error that we gradually acquire some of the knowledge with which the seasoned gardener seems to be so richly endowed. Most of the gardening literature originates in the East and is written for that region. We live a thousand miles inland and away from any large body of water. Our climatic conditions are naturally different and our spring season precedes that of the East by two weeks to a month. When we read of dogwood blooming in mid-May and bearded iris in June we know that such a statement cannot be meant for St. Louis. The robin, red-winged blackbird, meadowlark and martin herald the spring season of the feathered kingdom. Likewise, among the plants we have certain favorites that point the way to an early or late spring. If the cornelian cherry (Cornus mas) and forsythia bloom in early March, then we may expect the magnolias, redbud and dogwood to bloom early. Un- fortunately, such a premature spring is sometimes cut short by a freeze. Native plants are accustomed to the vagaries of the local spring weather and survive but the foreign plants, such as the lilacs and magnolias, are stimulated by warm weather in March and rush into bloom only to be frozen later. Certain plants dominate the garden picture at intervals throughout the growing season, We have a fine selection of small trees which bloom pro- fusely in April, notably the redbud, magnolia, dogwood, flowering almond, cherry, crabapple, peach, pear and plum. At the same time under the trees and in flower borders the narcissi are in their prime, being replaced by 81 82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the cottage and Darwin tulips in late April. Iris, peonies and poppies are the dominant plants during May. In June we have delphiniums, hollyhocks, phlox and roses, and in July and August the daylilies and annuals. Septem- ber and October are the months of the aster and chrysanthemum. Notebook and picture records, kept through the years, provide the data for the average blooming period of plants grown in the St. Louis region as set forth in this article. MARCH 1-15 The first half of March is usually cold and only a few plants are in flower. We may have snowdrops (Galanthus nivalis) and the winter aconite (Eranthis hyemalis), both being bulbous plants which will bloom even in February in sheltered places. Of the shrubs, pussywillow and the vernal witch-hazel come in February and early March. MARCH 15-31 Crocus, glory-of-the-snow (Chionodoxa Luciliae), Siberian squill (Scilla sibirica) and narcissi will bloom during this period. Fresruary GoLp and La VESTALE are among the earliest narcissi to open. The Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas) usually bursts into bloom at this time and is followed closely by forsythia. Next come the shadbush (Amelanchier canadensis), winter honeysuckle (Lonicera fragrantissima) and the star magnolia (Magnolia stellata). APRIL 1-15 Plants which bloom in late March continue into April if the weather remains cool. Many narcissi flower in early April, a few of them being AEROLITE, Dawson Crry, Lorp KircHENER, MI-CAREME, SILVER STAR and Twink. The dwarf bearded iris commence blooming at this time and grad- ually merge with the intermediate varieties in late April. Iris and narcissi may be had for several weeks if selections are made from the early and late varieties. Dwarf moss-pink (Phlox subulata) has a long season, from early April until mid-May. Shrubs and trees which bloom at this time are forsythia, Magnolia stellata and Magnolia Soulangeana, fragrant sumac (Rhus canadensis), Spiraea Thunbergi and the native plum (Prunus americana). APRIL 15-30 Anchusa myosotidiflora combines well with narcissi. The flowers are similar to forget-me-nots in color and shape, but their stalks are a foot tall. The large leaves remain in good condition during the entire summer. Among the low-growing perennials we may choose golden-tuft (Alyssum saxatile), MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 83 rock-cress (Arabis albida), Aubricta deltoidea, Cerastium tomentosum, Dicentra eximia, dwarf iris, evergreen candytuft (Iberis sempervirens), prim- roses, Verbena canadensis and violets. An excellent ground cover is Vinca minor, particularly the variety BowLrs, which has larger and darker blue flowers. Among the taller perennials are our native columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), bleeding heart (Dicentra spectabilis), leopards-bane (Doroni- cum caucasicum), our native bluebell (Merfensia virginica) and Greek valerian (Polemonium reptans). Bulbs that bloom in late April are the spring snowflakes (Leucojum aestivum), grape-hyacinths (Muscari botryoides), common hyacinths (Hyacinthus orientalis), narcissi and tulips. A few late narcissi are CRIM- SON Brarp, Diana Kasner, FireETAIL, PEARLY QUEEN and SEAGULL. Some good shrubs are the flowering quince or burning bush (Chaenome- les lagenaria), Kerria japonica, Ribes aureum, many hybrid lilacs, snowball (Viburnum Opulus var. roseum) and the fragrant Viburnum Carlesii, wis- teria in vine or tree form and Xanthoceras sorbifolia. Deciduous azaleas, such as the “mollis” hybrids and Rhododendron nudi- florum, bloom in late April and early May. The “mollis” azaleas are striking in their color range of yellow, orange and salmon, and on this account it might be well to caution against planting them too freely. There probably are no native trees more conspicuous in our spring land- scape than redbud and dogwood. Redbud comes first, and in late April the dogwood. For profusion of bloom the various Asiatic crabs have no equal in the April garden. These are mostly small, spreading trees usually not much over twelve feet in height. The cherries, the double-flowering peaches in white, pink and red and the silver-bell (Halesia carolina) also bloom at the same time. MAY 1-15 After the season opens in late March there is a gradual increase in the number and variety of blooming plants until the climax is reached about the third week in May. Excellent bulbous plants which bloom in early May are the Spanish bluebells (Scilla hispanica) in blue, pink and white. The intermediate iris are gradually replaced by the early tall-bearded varieties. Tree peonies bloom in April or early May and are followed by the herbaceous types. Some of the first daylilies are TANGERINE and ORANGEMAN. For early varieties of Siberian iris we may select Lapy NortTHcuirre, Mrs. Gray Hitt, Mrs. SAUNDERS, PLUTON and Skyrocket. A few other perennials are sweet rocket (Hesperis matronalis), catmint (Nepeta Cataria), the ori- ental poppy Otympta, and soapwort (Saponaria ocymoides), which forms large mats of tiny pink flowers. 84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN From the shrubs which bloom at this time we may choose the fringe- tree (Chionanthus virginica), beauty-bush (Kolkwitzia amabilis), Rosa Hugonis and Harison’s yellow rose, little-leaf lilac (Syringa microphylla), Spiraea Vanhouttei, Tamarix and Weigela. In early May the red and white horse-chestnuts (Aesculus carnea and A. Hippocastanum) attract a great deal of attention, while numerous species of hawthorns are literally blanketed with white and pink flowers. MAY 15-31 This portion of the calendar is so crowded with good plant material that it becomes a problem of selecting the most satisfactory for our indi- vidual gardens. For background material there is false indigo (Baptisia australis), gas-plant (Dictamnus albus) and peonies, both the single and double-flowered varieties. All these plants grow three or more feet tall, and their foliage will last through the season. For perennials with foliage of intermediate height but with tall flower stalks we might use columbine (Agquilegia hybrida), garden heliotrope (Heliotropium arborescens), Hemerocallis flava and the variety, QUEEN OF May, the innumerable varieties of tall bearded iris, Siberian iris such as Biue Kinc, PariLton, Perry’s BLUE and SNow QUEEN, the yellow flag (Iris Pseudacorus), lupines and oriental poppies. Some of the more dwarf perennials are Ajuga genevensis and A. reptans, thrift or sea-pink (Armeria sp.), the various campanulas such as Campanula car patica, C. garganica and C, rotundifolia, carnations and pinks (Dianthus caesius, D. deltoides and D. latifolius), single or double dropwort (Filipen- dula hexapetala), the hybrid geums, flax (Linum perenne), beard-tongue (Penstemon sp.), pyrethrum and dwarf Veronicas. The first lilies to bloom are Lilium elegans, L. tenuifolium and L. umbellatum. Among the shrubs we have deutzias, honeysuckles, philadelphus, rose acacia (Robinia Kelseyi), rugosa roses and the late lilac species (Syringa villosa). The large-flowered hybrid rhododendrons bloom at this time. Perennial vines blooming the first part of May are the large-flowered clematis such as Lawsoniana and Ramona, Lonicera japonica var. Halliana, the hybrid honeysuckle GotprLame, Lonicera sempervirens and the large- flowered climbing roses Atipa Lovert, CHRISTINE WRIGHT, CLIMBING AMERICAN Beauty, DousBLoons, Dr. Huey and Paut’s SCARLET CLIMBER. A beautiful tree which flowers at this time is the yellow-wood (Cladrastis lutea). JUNE 1-15 We still have a good many flowers in June but the colorful gardens of MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 85 May are past and cannot be equaled until another year rolls around. The fernleaf yarrow (Achillea filipendulina) and varieties of Achillea Ptarmica are good plants for the June flower border, as are coreopsis, gaillardias and delphiniums. An attractive plant is Heuchera sanguinea, commonly called coral-bells. Daylilies which bloom in the first half of June are: Dover, Lapy HeskETH, ORANGE GLow, and the species, Hemerocallis fulva. We may still have iris at this time if we grow Iris ochroleuca and the large single and double Japanese iris. Lychnis chaleedonica (maltese cross) and Lychnis Coronaria (mullein-pink) are two effective garden plants. The first tall white phlox of the season is Miss Lincarp. The Stokes aster (Stokesia laevis) blooms for a long time. Three tall yellow perennials are Thalictrum glaucum, Thermopsis caroliniana and the hybrid mulleins or Verbascum. The white and pink garden heliotropes are Valeriana officinalis and Centranthus ruber. Veronica spicata and the fine variety BLUE Spires are good blue perennials of medium height. June is the month for the beautiful madonna and regal lilies and also for Lilium canadense, L. croceum and L. pardalinum. Trees which bloom in June are the catalpa and locust. The early mag- nolias are sometimes ruined by late frosts but the sweet bay (Magnolia virginiana) flowers each year at this time. All the hybrid perpetual, poly- antha and hybrid tea roses commence to bloom in late May and continue into June, which is considered the month of roses. The climbing roses of the cluster-flower type, of which Dororny Perkins is a well-known ex- ample, are the roses which bloom so profusely in June. JUNE 15-30 Perennials which reached their maximum development in early June still carry on but they no longer bloom as freely. One of the later plants is Gypsophila Brisror Fairy, which forms great mounds of misty white flow- ers four to five feet in diameter. In the shade are the plantain lilies (Hosta caerulea and H. Sieboldiana). The hybrid daylilies are indispensable in late June and July. Varieties such as Bay Stare, D. D. Wyman, FLoruam, Luteola major, RaDIANT, SHIRLEY and SiR MicHaEL Foster are excellent. The many tall phlox are now in season, but they will need an abundance of water to keep them in good condition. Hydrangea arborescens, Rosa setigera and Sambucus canadensis bloom in late June, A conspicuous tree is the varnish-tree (Koelreuteria paniculata), with its panicles of golden-yellow flowers. JULY 1-15 Shasta daisies are now in season. With them one could plant the native 86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN cone-flower (Echinacea purpurea). Two tall perennials are the globe thistle (Echinops Ritro) and the sea holly (Eryngium amethystinum). Some of the finest daylilies bloom in July. We have a choice of the varieties CINNABAR, GEORGE YELD, Gypsy, Hyperion, Opnir, and the species, Hemerocallis Thunbergii. The old-fashioned tiger lily (Lilium tigrinum) also blooms in July. The purple loosestrife (Lythrum Salicaria var. roseum) grows three to four feet tall and is in flower for many weeks. JULY 15-31 If our gardens are large, bold masses of plume poppy (Bocconia cordata) are effective. The creamy white panicles of flowers terminate stalks which attain a height of about eight feet. The giant mallows (Hibiscus Moscheutos) in white, pink and rose are good garden subjects for July. The various buddleias bloom from July until frost. CHARMING, For- TUNE and ILE pe FRANCE are three excellent varieties. Vitex Agnus-castus, or chaste-tree, is a shrub that produces its lavender-blue flowers from July until fall. Buddleia and Vitex require the same treatment. They usually freeze to the ground each winter, and even though some of the canes are alive in the spring they should all be cut off near the ground. The false spireas, which are species of Sorbaria, bear large panicles of white flowers during the summer months. AUGUST 1-15 An interesting little iris that blooms in August is the vesper iris (Iris dichotoma). The individual flowers open in the afternoon for only a few hours but there is a succession of flowers for several weeks. Hemerocallis multiflora, a small-flowered daylily, blooms at this time. The blazing star or gayfeather (Liatris pycnostachya) grows about four feet tall and has long spikes of purple flowers. An interesting bulbous plant is the hardy amaryllis (Lycoris squamigera). A fine ornamental tree for August is the pagoda tree (Sophora japonica). The long panicles of white pea-shaped flowers appear in early August. AUGUST 15-31 Some of the fall asters begin blooming in late August. Artemisia SILVER KING is a very showy plant with its silvery-white foliage. A dwarf peren- nial with indigo-blue flowers is leadwort (Plumbago Larpentae as listed in catalogs). Hosta plantaginea produces fragrant white flowers at this time. One of the last daylilies of the season is Hemerocallis BoUTONNIERE. Lilium philippinense blooms in late August and early September. The shrub althea or Rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus) blooms in August. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 87 SEPTEMBER 1-15 If color is to be maintained in the garden during August and September many of the annuals must supplement the perennials. While there always are some perennials in bloom, the number is limited. In September the various asters or Michaelmas daisies begin blooming, and one may use dwarf or tall varieties. Two vines which bloom at this time are Clematis paniculata and the silver lace-vine (Polygonum Auberti). SEPTEMBER 15-30 Two pink perennials which bloom in September are the false dragon- head (Physostegia virginiana and the hybrid Vivip) and the showy sedum (Sedum spectabile), The dark pink form of sedum is far superior to the common variety. A perennial of shrub-like proportions which blooms at this time is Desmodium penduliflorum as listed in catalogs. It freezes to the ground each year but its growth is rapid. By fall the plant stands four to five feet tall, with long arching stems studded with rose-purple flowers. OCTOBER 1-15 At this time of the year the hardy chrysanthemums supply most of the color in the garden. Among the first to bloom are AMELIA, APHRODITE, BARBARA CUMMING, Ceres, MERCURY, PyGMy GoLp, SEPTEMBER QUEEN and SUWANEE. Aster tataricus is a tall perennial which flowers in early October. Equal- ly as tall and blooming at the same time is Helianthus Maximiliani. OCTOBER 15-31 The first frost usually occurs during this period. If it is a light frost many of the chrysanthemums will continue to bloom. Some of the later varieties of chrysanthemums are AGNES SELKIRK CLARK, BARNEGAT, GrEeNapiER, Mrs. H. Harrison, NorMANbIF, RUTH CUMMING and VENUS, Because of the possible confusion in plant terminology it has seemed advisable to use names as they are commonly known among horticulturists or as they are listed in Bailey’s “Hortus,’’ Rehder’s “Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs,” and nurserymen’s catalogs. The following tabular list gives the blooming period in the St. Louis region of a good many herbaceous perennials, vines, shrubs and trees. 88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN SCIENTIFIC NAME ——- | ~S COMMON _ NAME | COLOR MARCH-1-15 Galanthus nivalis | Snowdrop — White Eranthis hyemalis Winter aconite Yellow SHRUBS Hamamelis vernalis Salix discolor Witch-hazel | Pussy willow | Yellow or red Silvery gray MARCH 15-31 Crocus Chionodoxa Luciliae Narcissus FEBRUARY GOLD and La VesTaLe Scilla sibirica SHRUBS Cornus mas Forsythia intermedia and ovata Lonicera fragrantissima Amelanchier canadensis Glory-of-the-snow Squill Cornelian cherry | Golden-bell | Winter honeysuckle | Shadbush ; Lavender, yellow, white Blue | Yellow, white | Blue Yellow Yellow White | White APRIL 1-15 Iris (dwarf bearded) Narcissus Phlox subulata SHRUBS Rhus canadensis Spiraea Thunbergii Magnolia stellata TREES Magnolia Soulangeana Moss-pink Fragrant sumac Thunberg spirea Star magnolia Saucer magnolia | Purple, white, yellow | Yellow, white bee pink, rose, white Yellow White White Rose and white Prunus americana Native plum | White APRIL 15-30 Alyssum saxatile Golden-tuft Yellow Anchusa myosotidiflora Alkanet Blue Anemone Pulsatilla Pasque flower Lavender Aquilegia canadensis Arabis albida Aubrieta deltoidea Cerastium tomentosum Dicentra eximia Dicentra_ spectabilis Doronicum caucasicum Hyacinthus orientalis Iberis sempervirens Iris cristata Iris (intermediate bearded varieties ) Leucojum aestivum Mertensia virginica Muscari botryoides Narcissus Phlox divaricata Polemonium reptans Primula veris and P. Kleynii Tulipa Verbena canadensis Common American columbine Rock-cress Snow-in-summer Bleeding-heart Leopards-bane Common _ hyacinth Evergreen candytuft Crested iris Spring snowflake Native bluebell Grape hyacinth Wild Sweet William Greek Valerian Cowslip Tulips Clump verbena Plumed bleeding heart Red and yellow White Lilac or purple White Pink Pink Yellow Various colors White Blue Various colors White Blue and pink Blue, rose, white White, yellow Blue Blue Yellow Various colors Reddish-purple MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 89 SCIENTIFIC NAME | | COMMON NAME | ~ COLOR Vinca minor Running myrtle Blue, white Viola sp. Violets Blue SHRUBS Aronia floribunda Chokeberry White zalea (““Mollis” hybrids) Chacnomeles lagenaria Kerria japonica Prunus glandulosa Ribes aureum Syringa Viburnum Opulus var. roseum Viburnum Carlesii Xanthoceras sorbifolia Wistaria sinensis TREES Cercis canadensis Cornus florida Halesia carolina Malus, various species Prunus, various species Prunus persica Chinese azalea Flowering quince Flowering almond Golden currant Hybrid lilacs Snowball Wisteria Redbud Flowering dogwood Silver-bell | Flowering crabs Flowering cherries Double-flowering peach Orange, salmon, yellow Red, scarlet Yellow Pink and white Yellow Lilac, rose, white White Pale pink White Blue-violet Rosy-pink and white Pink, white White Red to white Pink, rose, white Pink, red, white MAY 1-15 Geranium maculatum Hemerocallis hybrids— TANGERINE, ORANGEMAN Hesperis matronalis Iris sibirica— Lapy NORTHCLIFFE, Mrs. Gray Hitt, Mrs. SAUNDERS, | PLUTON, SKYROCKET Nepeta Cataria Papaver orientale OLYMPIA Paeonia suffruticosa Paeonia species Saponaria ocymoides Scilla his panica SHRUBS Chionanthus virginica Diervilla species Kolkwitzia amabilis Lonicera Korolkowii Lonicera | Morrowi Rosa Hugonis Rosa Harisonii Spiraea Vanhouttei Syringa microphylla Tamarix parviflora (T. africana) TREES Aesculus carnea Aesculus Hippocastanum Crataegus species Cranesbill | Sweet rocket Siberian iris Catmint Oriental poppy Tree peony Herbaceous peonies Soapwort Spanish bluebell Fringe-tree Weigela Beauty-bush Blue-leaf honeysuckle Morrow honeysuckle Hugo rose Harison’s yellow rose Little-leaf lilac Red horse-chestnut Common horse-chestnut Hawthorn Pink Yellow Lilac, white Blue, white Pale blue Orange scarlet Various colors Various colors Pink | Blue, pink, white White Red, rose, white Pale pink Rose White Yellow Yellow White | Lilac Light pink Red White ~Red and white MAY 15-31 Ajuga genevensis, A, reptans Aquilegia hybrida Armeria species Baptisia australis Campanula carpatica Campanula garganica Campanula rotundifolia Bugle-weed Columbine Thrift False indigo Bellflower Harebell Various colors Rose, white _Indigo-blue Blue, white Blue Blue, white Blue 90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN SCIENTIFIC NAME | | COMMON NAME | COLOR Chrysanthemum roseum Clematis Lawsoniana Clematis RAMONA Dianthus caesius Dianthus deltoides Dianthus latifolius Dictamnus albus Filipendula hexapetala Geum chiloense Heliotropium arborescens Hemerocallis flava Hemerocallis hybrids— ApriIcoT, AUREOLE, or May, SOVEREIGN Iris (tall bearded varieties) Iris Pseudacorus Iris sibirica— Biue KiInc, PaPpiILLon, Perry’s BLur, SNow QUEEN Lilium elegans Lilium tenuifolinm Lilium umbellatum Linum perenne Lupinus polyphyllus Nymphaea Papaver orientale Penstemon species Veronica species SHRUBS AND VINES Deutzia gracilis Deutzia Lemoinei Deutzia scabra Lonicera japonica var. Halliana Lonicera GOLDFLAME Lonicera sempervirens Philadelphus coronarius Philadelphus grandiflorus Philadelphus Lemoinei var. AVALANCHE Philadelphus virginalis Robinia Kelseyi Rhododendron (l\arge-flowered hybrid types) Rosa_ species Syringa villosa TREES Cladrastis lutea Achillea filipendulina Achillea Ptarmica Althaea rosea Anchusa azurea Campanula medium Centranthus ruber Clematis Jackmani Coreopsis grand flora QUEEN | Pyrethrum Cheddar pink Maiden pink Gas-plant Dropwort Avens Garden heliotrope Tall yellow daylily Yellow flag | Coral lily Flax Lupine Hardy water-lilies Oriental poppy Beard-tongue Speedwell Hall’s honeysuckle Trumpet honeysuckle Mock-orange Big scentless mock-orange Virginal mock-orange Roses (hybrid perpetual, ru- gosa and large-flowered climbing roses) Rose, white Rose-purple Pale-blue Rose Pink, red, white Pink to red Rosy-purple, white White Orange-red, yellow White Yellow Various colors Yellow Various colors Bright scarlet Yellow to orange-red Blue Blue, rose, white Rose, white, yellow Various colors Various colors Blue White White Pink, white White Flame-pink and yellow Orange-scarlet White White White White Rose-colored Lavender, red, white Various colors Lilac Y ellow-wood White JUNE 1-15 Fernleaf yarrow | Yellow Sneezewort White Hollyhock Various colors Alkanet Blue Canterbury bells Red Valerian | Tickseed Blue, pink, white Crimson Violet-purple Yellow MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 91 SCIENTIFIC NAME | COMMON NAME COLOR Del phinium species Dianthus barbatus Digitalis purpurea Gaillardia hybrids Hemerocallis fulva Hemerocallis hybrids— Dover, Lapy HeskETH, ORANGE GLOW Heuchera sanguinea Iris Kaempferi Iris ochroleuca Lilium canadense Lilium candidum Lilium croceum Lilium pardalinum Lilum regale Lychnis chalcedonica Lychnis Coronaria Phlox suffruticosa Miss LINGARD Rosa_ species Stokesia laevis Thalictrum glaucum Thermopsis caroliniana Valeriana officinalis Verbascum hybrids Veronica spicata Sweet William Foxglove Blanket-flower Tawny daylily Coral-bells Japanese iris Madonna lily Orange lily Leopard lily Royal lily Maltese cross Mullein-pink Roses (hybrid tea and climbing varieties) Stokes aster Carolina lupine Garden heliotrope | Mullein Speedwell Blue, pink, white Various colors Various colors Orange, red, yellow Orange-red Crimson, rose, white Various colors White Yellow, orange White Orange Orange White Scarlet Crimson White Various colors 5 Purplish-blue Yellow Yellow White Amber, old rose, yellow Blue Yucca filamentosa Adam’s needle White SHRUBS Amorpha_ fruticosa False indigo Purple TREES Catalpa bignonioides Common catalpa White Magnolia virginiana Sweet-bay White Robinia pseudoacacia | Black locust White JUNE 15-30 Callirhoe involucrata Cimicifuga racemosa Gypsophila paniculata Hemerocallis hybrids— Bay State, D. D. Wyman, FLoRHAM, Lutfeola major, RADIANT, SHIRLEY, Str MICHAEL FosTER Hosta caerulea Hosta Sieboldiana Phlox decussata SHRUBS Poppy mallow Snakeroot Baby’s breath Blue plantain-lily Short-cluster plantain-lily Tall phlox Red-purple White White Blue Pale lilac Various colors Aesculus parviflora Dwarf horse-chestnut White Hydrangea arborescens grandiflora Snowhill hydrangea White Rosa setigera Prairie rose Rose Sambucus canadensis American elder White TREES Koelreuteria paniculata | Varnish-tree Yellow JULY 1-15 Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly-weed | Orange Chrysanthemum maximum Shasta daisy | White Echinacea purpurea Purple coneflower | Purple Echinops Ritro | | Globe thistle Metallic blue : 92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME COLOR Eryngium amethystinum Hemerocallis hybrids— CINNABAR, GEORGE YELD, Gypsy, Hyperion, OPHIR Hemerocallis Thunbergii Lilium tigrinum Lythrum Salicaria var. roseum Platycodon grandiflorum Sea holly Late yellow daylily Tiger lily Purple loosestrife Balloon-flower Blue Yellow Salmon-red Rose-purple Deep blue or white JULY 15-31 Bocconia cordata Hibiscus Moscheutos Statice latifolinm SHRUBS Buddleia hybrids— CHARMING DuUBONNET FORTUNE Ine pe FRANCE Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora Sorbaria arborea glabrata Vitex Agnus-castus | Plume poppy Giant mallow Sea-lavender Peegee hydrangea False spirea Chaste-tree | Creamy white Pink, rose, white Blue-purple Lavender-pink Rose-purple Lilac, orange eye Rose-purple White White Lavender-blue AUGUST 1-15 Hemerocallis multiflora Iris dichotoma Liatris pycnostachya Lycoris squamigera Salvia Pitcheri TREES Sophora japonica Daylily Vesper iris Gayfeather Hardy amaryllis Sage Pagoda tree | Yellow Lavender-blue Purple Rose-lilac Gentian-blue White Artemisia albula Aster Frikarti Begonia Evanstana Cassia marilandica Ceratostigma plumbaginoides (Plumbago Larpentac) Clematis heracleaefolia var. Davidiana Hosta plantaginea Hemerocallis hybrid— BOUTON NIERE Lilium philip pinense SHRUBS Hibiscus syriacus AUGUST 15-31 SILVER KING Artemisia Hardy begonia Indian senna Leadwort Shrubby clematis Fragrant plantain-lily Daylily Rose-of-Sharon White-tomentose foliage Lavender-blue Pink Yellow Gentian-blue Blue White Yellow White Purple, rose, white SEPTEMBER 1-15 Aster species Clematis paniculata Michaelmas daisy Blue, purple, red, white White Polygonum Auberti Silver lace-vine White SEPTEMBER 15-30 Physostegia virginiana Vivi False dragonhead Deep pink Sedum spectabile Showy sedum Rose Desmodium penduliflorum Rose-purple MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN SCIENTIFIC NAME | COMMON NAME | COLOR OCTOBER 1-15 Aster tataricus Tatarian aster | Blue-purple Chrysanthemum— | AMELIA Single pink APHRODITI | | Single pink BARBARA CUMMING Bronze-yellow CERES | Chamois-colored MeERcuRY | Copper-red Pygmy Go.p | Double yellow SEPTEMBER QUEEN | Double white SUWANEE | Single white Helianthus Maximiliani | Golden-yellow Chrysanthemum— OCTOBER 15-31, AGNES SELKIRK CLARK Single apricot-pink BARNEGAT | _ Double yellow GRENADIER | Single crimson-red Mrs. H. Harrison | Double white NorMANDIE Double white RUTH CUMMING | Double reddish-bronze VENUS Single orchid-pink PAs KK; BLIND CHILDREN ENJOY THE FLOWER SHOW As in former years, pupils from the Missouri School for the Blind were guided through the Greater St. Louis Flower and Garden Show held at the Arena, March 15-22. children are able to derive from such a show, when the flowers are properly presented to them. The following letter, written in Braille, to Mr. Pring, Superintendent of the Missouri Botanical Garden, who conducted the pupils, will give some idea of how much they were able to see through their fingers and what the experience meant to them. 3815 Magnolia Ave. St. Louis, Mo. March 21, 1942 Dear Mr. Pring: You'll never know how much we enjoyed the flower show last Thursday. Your explanations were perfect, and we really know a lot about the flowers, especially the pitcher-plant. Every pupil in the school is interested in that. We surely like the plants, Mr. Pring. Don’t forget to send one over after the show! Everyone admired the pretty bouquet of carnations, too. We'll never forget what we learned about them. My lovely orchid was very popular with every person here. Hardly any one has ever received an orchid such as this. Those flowers are rare like dear you, and | know every girl is nearly thrilled to death who receives one. I was just comparing you with the lovely orchid, Mr. Pring. Although I like it very much, I think there is nothing like making a new friend such as you. Friends don’t wither, flowers do. We nearly forgot to remind you to be standing by at your radio at 2:30 this afternoon. All four of us will have an appointment then. We are very anxious to know what we sound like and we wonder if your voice will sound very natural. Since this is the first day of spring, let us be the first to wish you lots of luck with your flowers. Your Pals, Bill, Evelyn, and Velma. Few realize what pleasure and _ satisfaction these 94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NOTES Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, showed motion-pictures, “Four Seasons in the Garden,” before the Webster Groves Garden Club, April 8. Dr. David C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, spoke before the Green Thumb Garden Club, at Clayton, Mo., March 9, on ‘Garden Ar- rangement and Planting.” Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, has an article “Courage in War and Courage in Plants” in the April number of Garden Life (15: 31-32). Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, participated in a Garden Clinic and Panel Discussion conducted by the Webster Groves Garden Club, on March 6, for the members of the groups in the eighth district of Fed- erated Garden Clubs. Recent visitors to the Garden include: Professor T. G. Yuncker, Head, Department of Botany, De Pauw University, Greencastle, Ind.; Dr. George B. Happ, Assistant Professor of Biology, Principia College, Elsah, Ill.; Dr. A. Fromm, O. F. M., St. Joseph College, Chicago, Ill. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, gave a talk to the Amer- ican Association of University Women, at St. Charles, Mo., March 5, on “Botanical Gardens—Why and What They Are”; and before the Men’s Round Table, Church of the Holy Communion, March 9, on “Henry Shaw and His Garden.” Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke before the Junior Woman’s Club of Carondelet, March 9, on “Flowers and Insects’’; before the Salem Woman’s Club, Salem, Ill., March 10, on “Planting Victory Gardens”; and over Radio Station KMOX, March 14, on “New Introduc- tions at the Flower Show”, March 16, ‘The Flower Show”, and March 18, “With the School for the Blind at the Flower Show.” On March 5, Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, assisted in organizing an Air-Raid Post Warden’s School at the Wade School, this school being in Zone 2 where the Garden is located. The illustrated lecture on “Basic Training in Air-raid Precautions”, given by him at the meeting and for which the Garden made the slides, was repeated at the Bryan Mullanphy School on March 18, at the Men’s Club, Tyler Place Presbyterian Church, March 19, and at the Post Warden’s School at the Y.M.C. A. (Zone 6), on March 27, The following articles or excerpts of articles from the Garden BULLETIN have been reprinted in other horticultural magazines recently: ‘Thrilling Tales of Orchid Collection”, in the March Garden Forum (4:7); ‘The MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 95 Hawthorn, Missouri’s State Flower,” in the March Madison Coo per’s Garden- ing Magazine (6:54); frontispiece illustration of a Wardian case of Orchids, in the February number of Wisconsin Horticulture; and “A Trip to the Land of Swaying Palms”, in the March 12 number of American Eagle (36:1, 4-5). STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1942 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors — PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants, seed packets, and bulbs received as gifts Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books bought See Total number of books and pamphlets Soauked —_ HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— University of California, by T. H. Goodspeed—Plants of South America By Gift— Anderson, E.—Plants of Illinois and of horticulture . Berry, E. C.—Plant of horticulture Botanical Museum of Harvard University, be Ee O. W illiams— Epidendrum miserum Lindl. from Mexico —...... Demaree, Delzie—Plants of Arkansas Dixon, Royal—Medicago arabica (L.) Pk ron: heeas Dudley Herbarium—Plants of California, Nevada and Arizona Garrett, A. O.—Plants of Utah and Arizona James, Leslie—Plants of Alabama June, M. A.—Plant of Louisiana Lenz, L. W.—Plants of Montana Lundell, C. L.—Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae {ion Texas Martinez, Maximino—Plant of Mexico ~ a Muller, C. H.—Plants of United States : Ownbey, Marion—Plants of Washington By Field Museum of Natural History—Miscellaneous duplicates Gray Herbarium of Harvard University—‘Plantae Exsiccatae Grayanae,”’ Cent. XII ---.-..... Miscellaneous duplicates - Kansas State ee a by F. C. Gi Dishes of Michiean and Kansas __ graphs of type specimens of Soeebic: SEO eee Cee University of California, Berkeley=tlune ae California By Transfer— Cutak, Lad.—Manegifera indica L. from horticulture Total - eS, 5 aN Pee eee ene eee nee 17,607 SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. STAFF _OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI GerorcE T. Moore, Director _ HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Epcar ANDERSON, Pathologist Geneticist Jesse M. GREENMAN, - : RoBerT E.. Woopson, Jr., Curator of Herbarium © Assistant Curator of Herbarium © Carrott W. Donee, Nett C. Horner, Mycologist : Librarian and Editor of Publications GrorceE H. Prine, Superintendent Joun Noyes, Paut A. Kout, Consulting Landscape. Architect Floriculturist WittiuM F. LANGAN, Davi C. FamBuRN, Chief Engineer Horticulturist JosEPpH. LANGEN, JosePpH CuTAK, Assistant Engineer In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, LapDIsLaus CUTAK, Painter ~ In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI AucustT P. BEMMANN, Manager Roy E. Kissicx, Frep WEGLOENER Engineer Orchid. Grower REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Paut H. ALLEN, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE GurneEY Wison, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England SPRING FLORA OF MISSOURI by Julian A. Steyermark “A book that is complete. . . . Undoubtedly the book Missouri flower-lovers have been looking for.” Missouri Historical Review -“... In short, the Spring Flora of Missouri is the best ‘Spring Flora’ available at present in the United States.” American Midland Naturalist “Should be of great use to local garden clubs, and for the scien- tific worker who is concerned with the local flora it should be invaluable.” National Horticultural Magazine “Carefully and critically done, so that it should. find wide and enthusiastic reception at the hands of all who enjoy being acquaint- ed with the rich native flora of Missouri.” Rhodora “The most comprehensive spring flora ever issued for any state. . «+ Notable for presenting its data in simple non-technical English, yet with thorough scientific accuracy. Book’s value not limited to Missouri.” Field Museum Notes For sale by the Missouri Botanical Garden. Price $3.00 Mussour! BOTANICAL GARDEN IBULLETIN Vol. XXX | MAY, 1942 No. 5 CONTENTS Turks Caps Are Found in America. . . . .-. «02 97 Formative Days of Mr: Shaw’s Garden ... . 2s E100 Veronica hederaefolia in Missouri . ... . .. . . 110 WOO is 85 i Se ee Ne oe ee tg AL Statistical Information |... .... .... 22 Office of Publication: 306 E, Simmons Street, Galesburg, Ill. Editorial- Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. ; Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of ‘the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942; at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879, SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A YEAR BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President 1 ; GeorcE C. HitcHcock Vice-President ~ Danrer K. CaTLin Second Vice-President EuGENE PETTUS L. Ray CARTER RicHarpD J. Locxkwoop DupLey FRENCH Grorce T. Moore Joun S. LEHMANN A. WessEL SHAPLEIGH Eruan A: H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS GeorcE R. THRoop, Wi.1iaM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri University Witt1aM Dee Brecker WAsHBURNE D. SHIPTON, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Science of St. Louis Joun A. FLEISCHLI President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD ULRICI SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-oficio members, is self perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. TURKS CAP (Melocactus matanzanus SEEDLINGS OF TURKS CAPS SHOWING LENGTH OIF Melocactus cae ROOT SYSTEM. Sis QO¢ “IOAN Ing ‘duvy “Log ‘OW “Tré6l C ILV 1g 77 Missour1 Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXX MAY, 1942 No. 5 TURKS CAPS ARE FOUND IN AMERICA When Christopher Columbus discovered Puerto Rico in 1493, he stayed only long enough to replenish his water casks and take possession of the island in the name of Spain. He realized that the luxuriant island was not the spice kingdom for which he was searching, and he merely recorded his discovery on his chart and sailed on to other lands. Had he skirted the western coast for several moze miles, he might have come upon some very curious cactus growths and would have been the first white man to see Melocactus intortus, now popularly known as “Turks Cap”. Fifteen years after the island’s discovery, Ponce de Leon set out with a small band of followers from Santo Domingo to investigate the isle, ‘““where a great spring of sparkling water flowed from the hills into the bay.” The famous seeker of the source of eternal youth landed somewhere on the west coast of Puerto Rico, presumably a few miles below the original landing site of Columbus, or, as some claim, near Guanica on the southwestern coast, about twenty miles east of Cape Rojo. He found the natives quite friendly and explored the region for several miles inland. However, coming so poorly prepared as regards men and equipment, he did not establish a colony on the island until the following year (1509). Puerto Rico is only about 30 to 40 miles wide in the western extremity, and since Ponce de Leon explored that portion of the coast-line, it is surmised that his band of colonists was the first to behold the curious Melocactus which grows in such abundance in the arid southwestern portion of the island. The Cactus family, to which the genus Melocactus belongs, is noted for its bizarre growths. No other group in the vegetable kingdom dares to boast such diversity. A glance at some of the descriptive common names that are pinned to cactus plants enables one to realize the wealth of fantastic material contained in this strictly American plant family. Dumpling, cane, serpent, living rock, hedgehog, barrel, torch, pincushion, old man, sea urchin, button, bishops cap, melon, twisted rib, golden ball, boxing glove, feather-ball, candelabrum, broadleaf, caterpillar, peanut, rattail, crab, and totem pole (97) 98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN give only a meager hint as to the great number of oddly shaped members of the family. Of all the grotesque cactus mimics, the Melocacti are perhaps the most outstanding, resembling in form the brimless hats worn by Turkish men. Curiously enough, they were among the first to come to the attention of Europeans, because their island haunts had been discovered long before the mainland of America. Plants belonging to the genus Melocactus are char- acteristically globular to short-cylindric, with viciously armed ribs and topped with a peculiar head or cephalium. This cephalium is the fertile por- tion of the cactus from which flowers and fruits are produced. It varies in shape and size with the different species, sometimes being a small woolly cushion, sometimes a very large elongated structure twelve inches or more in length. The exterior portion is densely covered with white wool and reddish-brown bristles. The very tiny flowers seem much too small for the plant, averaging about an inch in length, including the ovary. The color ranges from delicate pink to deep rose to purple. The fruits, like the flow- ers, push their way through the dense cushion of wool and bristles and are more or less club-shaped, red to crimson or rarely white, much like those of Mammillaria. The prominent berries have a tasty acid flavor and are frequently eaten by the natives. There are about two dozen known species of Melocactus. They are widely distributed in tropical America, being abundant on the Caribbean islands, the northern coast of South America and in portions of Mexico and Central America. Two species have been found in Peru and several in the desert regions of Brazil as far south as Rio de Janeiro. No species, however, has been located growing wild in the United States. Melocacti, as a rule, are found in well-exposed rocky places, and therefore require a lot of sun. Sometimes they grow in a grass country but very seldom in high bush. In 1938 Mr. George M. Hotchkiss, who was in the employ of a Venezue- lan iron mine, sent to the Garden several small plants of Melocactus caesius. These grew on a small hill, or rather an outcrop of highly mineralized rock, where a little water was possibly held in the rainy reason. It was noon when he discovered the plants, and then the rock was so hot he could hardly touch it. It is a mystery why such a succulent plant would choose so un- favorable a habitat, and yet a glance at the long root system may furnish an explanation (pl. 24, fig. 2). The seedlings sent were less than two inches in height, but their roots extended more than a foot into the small fissures of bare rock. Mr. Hotchkiss reported that the pinkish blossoms appeared suddenly in the evening and before next daybreak had closed again and were completely hidden in the fuzzy crowns. Melocactus caesius apparently prefers the vicinity of the sea, for col- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 99 lectors have noted its abundance along the bare rocky coast-line of northern South America and islands adjacent to it. The plants are more or less globose, about a foot or less in height, and possess between ten and fifteen strongly armed ribs. The cephalium or “Turks Cap” is composed of white wool and brownish bristles. The true “Turks Cap” is Melocactus intortus, which, as mentioned be- fore, grows plentifully in the desert region of southwestern Puerto Rico, in the vicinity of Cabo Rojo. Here rainfall is scarce and the sun beats down on the sparse vegetation with great intensity, but the Melocactus loves it. The species is also found on the Puerto Rican islands of Mona, Desecheo, Culebra and Vieques. It is more or less cylindric in form and may attain a height of twelve to sixteen inches. Its ridges are rather well pronounced and number fourteen in an average specimen. The spines are quite stout and vary as to number, color and size. There are usually seven or eight radials to an areole, the lower ones being by far the longest. On specimens that I have examined, there was one extra stout central spine and occasionally a supplementary pair in the upper portion of the areole. The cephalium is cylindric and on very old plants may be as long as the plant body itself. With its covering of wool and dense stands of reddish bristles, it is not hard to see why this plant has received the name of “Turks Cap”. Its flowers are pinkish, the fruits crimson, and the seeds small and black, averaging fifty to a berry. In 1939 Mr. Claud L. Horn, Associate Horticulturist of the Puerto Rico Experiment Station, located on the outskirts of Mayaguez, sent to the Garden a specimen of the “Turks Cap” from Mona Island, which to him ap- peared unlike the Melocactus intortus growing on the main island. When Dr. Britton visited Mona and Desecheo Islands in the Mona Passage, lying about midway between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, he had observed a race of Melocacti with elongated slender spines, but since no other essential dif- ferences were noticed, he passed them on as forms of M. infortus. How- ever, about 1932 Professor George F. Anton, of the College of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, while collecting plants on Desecheo Island, observed slight floral and fruit differences in this species along with the elongated spines. He communicated these observations, with specimens, to Dr. Britton, who came to the conclusion that the plant was a distinct species and gave it the name of Melocactus Antonii. Perhaps, after all, this cactus may not deserve specific rank, but should be treated as a variety. It seems to be a much more robust and globose plant with slenderer spines that measure from one-half to two and one-half inches in length. In most collections Melocacti are still quite rare, with the exception of those already mentioned, but seedlings of other species can now generally be procured from some of the dealers on the West Coast. The seedlings, how- 100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ever, do not exhibit the curious cephaliums until they are several years old. Several species are found in Cuba, the best of the small lot being M. matan- zanus (pl. 24, fig. 1), a small globose cactus about three inches high, with a colorful small cushion at the top. Established plants require an abundance of light, good drainage, plenty of water during the summer months, and, as a rule, are not very hard to manage. eo FORMATIVE DAYS OF MR. SHAW’S GARDEN It has long been known that Dr. George Engelmann had an important part in shaping the scope and direction of what ultimately became the Missouri Botanical Garden. Although Mr. Shaw consulted both Sir William Hooker, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, at Kew, England, and Dr. Asa Gray, Professor of Botany at Harvard University, it was Dr. Engelmann who, because of his scientific training and keen interest in botany, had the most to do with seeing that the proposed Missouri garden became a truly scientific institution. George Engelmann was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, February 2, 1809. At the University of Heidelberg he had as fellow students the bot- anists Karl Schimper and Alexander Braun. Later in Paris, while pursuing his medical and scientific studies, he had both Braun and Louis Agassiz as companions. In 1832 he was sent to this country by his uncles to investigate land investments in the Valley of the Mississippi. Joining relatives who had settled in Illinois net far from St. Louis, he made many journeys on horse- back to southern Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas. He thus became one of the earlier botanical explorers of this region. In 1835 he established him- self in the practice of medicine at St. Louis, then a town of less than 10,000 inhabitants. By 1856 Engelmann’s practice had become so thoroughly es- tablished that he was able to leave it for two years, devoting part of the time to botanical investigations at Harvard and later revisiting his native country. Dr. Engelmann’s published botanical papers exceed one hundred and much of his work is still regarded as fundamental. Present-day botanists owe much to his thorough investigations of such groups as the Cuscutae, North American Cactaceae, Yucca, Agave, Juncus, Euphorbia and many others. His various papers on the American Oaks and the Coniferae, pub- lished in the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science, were the re- sults of long-continued study. He also investigated the genus Vitus, the first paper being “The Grape Vines of Missouri”. As a good example of the thorough way in which he worked, his notes on the grape are of a character MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101 to interest the anatomist, the horticulturist, and the systematist. Included with the personal observations are notes from catalogues, extracts from articles, quotations from correspondence, comments upon blooming time and visitation of insects, drawings of leaves, internodes and seeds, lists of vari- eties, discussion of species characteristics, types of flowers and pollen, and much else. In addition to his published works, Dr. Engelmann accumulated, through a busy life as a physician, over sixty large volumes of notes on plants of all kinds. These are now in the library of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Recently, some three- or four-hundred letters written by Engelmann to Asa Gray and now preserved at the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University were examined by Dr. Clarence E. Kobuski, of the Arnold Arboretum. Portions of these have thrown an interesting light on the early formative days of the Garden, indicating how the idea developed in the mind of Henry Shaw. For this reason they form an important contribution to the history of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The task of deciphering letters written over eighty years ago on thin paper with fading ink was no small one, and we are indebted to Dr. Kobuski for his assistance in making known to us the pertinent parts of the correspondence. In addition, the Garden has in its collection many letters of Asa Gray to George Engelmann. These have likewise been examined for references to Mr. Shaw or his garden. Unless otherwise indicated, all lettters are from Dr. George Engelmann to Prof. Asa Gray. St. Louis, April 9, 1856. “We have a very rich Englishman here, Shaw, an old resident and bachelor who concluded to devote his time and fortune to the founding of a Botanic Garden and Collection, Kew in miniature, I suppose. (He corres- ponds with Hooker.) I hope something valuable and permanent will come erik” Cambridge, April 15, 1856. “Bravo Shaw. I hope he will get a great many Western things growing in his garden.” {Asa Gray to George Engelmann | St. Louis, May 13, 1856, “T have not yet seen much of Shaw, and am unfortunately not the proper person in address and diplomacy, etc., to work upon him—still I hope for the best; he seems very zealous. Get Hooker to encourage him! He has already had a letter from Hooker referring him to me! Which had a good effect.” Vienna, December 29, 1857. “I spend a day at Leipzig to conclude the bargain with the heirs of the late Prof. Bernhardi about his large herbarium, said to include 40,000 (names 102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN of) species, which I have obtained for our Mr. Shaw. I hope it will be a welcome acquisition for our country. I want books too, but S. is not easily persuaded, though Hooker does encourage him.” Florence, May 2, 1858. “I believe I told you that I have bought Bernhardi’s Collection for Shaw; I have since bought for him a number of botanical works selected by him, some valuable ones amongst the number. He writes me that he has sent you a plan for his Gardens—rather stiff, it seems to me, and antiquated. I hope you answered him encouraging him in general, and giving good advice.” St. Louis, September 28, 1858. “Mr. Shaw is very busy preparing his Botanical Garden; he has built a fine stone wall around 10 acres of fine, slightly sloping ground; prepared ‘cystern’ wells, drainage, etc., etc.; is building a greenhouse of considerable dimensions (he has already several small ones)—the Garden itself is really empty yet. He builds a fine entrance, porter’s or guardian’s lodge, etc.— I suppose in imitation of English parks; he is puzzled about the superscrip- tion, which I found was Hort. Bot. Missouriensis. 1 advised him to have it in English, Missouri Botanical Garden, as less ‘pedantic’ and not to abbreviate the principal words.—You see how trifles occupy him (and us! ).— “He has also prepared his plans for a Museum, Library and Herbarium; of course, according to the Kew plan—but unfortunately he has had the plan of the o/d Museum only, and worked and planned on that!—the rooms, 1 for Library, the 2 for Herbarium, are too small, and there is no working room in the whole building if it be not the basement. “He is much obliged to you for the Australian seeds.— “The building is to be one large hall with galleries, and two smaller rooms one above the other, attached to it—these are the Herb. and Libr.;— a basement under the whole.—” Cambridge, October 14, 1858. “I rejoice to hear that Mr. Shaw keeps up his zeal, and will make a creditable establishment. I wish him all prosperity. If he will make and ” keep up-a general herbarium it will save you much time and money. . . {[A. G. to G. E.} St. Louis, October 30, 1858. “... Shaw’s herbarium has also arrived (in Washington). Fendler, with his sense of neatness and order, would be a capital Curator and could be spared occasionally for excursions to Utah, etc., but I do not know whether Shaw would enter into such a plan. I must be very cautious in approaching him. The herbarium to him is a very secondary thing to the Garden.” Cambridge, November 8, 1858. “A good idea for Fendler—to make him a Curator—if Mr. Shaw will do MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 103 it. If not now will he pay him a decent sum to have him collect rare living plants & seeds—in the far west for Hortus Missouriensis? ... . “What say you to Shaw’s buying Fendler’s own set of Venezuela plants complete* in place of the one you have, & which I could probably dispose off PAG. to. GE, | Cambridge, December 3, 1858. “Wright has gone to Cuba. When Shaw takes these collections, please pay Fendler the amount of Wright’s Cubans—$61.80 instead of remitting foes: se to. | Cambridge, January 7, 1859. “Messrs. Rice & Kendall, Water St., Boston, are the persons with whom I have contracted for paper, both herbarium species paper & genus covers. Both, I have made to special order—and a good large lot at a time, in order to make them do it on reasonable terms. Mr. Shaw may refer them to me, for the patterns of the article wanted (if he takes my size and quality), or, under his instructions I will get their terms, and order for him.” [A. G. to G. Ee} { St. Louis}, February 25, 1859. “Shaw is laying the foundation of his Library and Museum (a la Kew) and Herbarium now—it will be under roof probably late in the fall. Before that time the herbarium can not be opened nor any attempt at arrangement be made. He is also very industrious in getting the preparations for his Garden of 10 acres, arboretum besides. “The paper to be sent to Henry Shaw, St. Louis, Mo.; the manufacturer to draw on him as soon as shipped (by the cheapest way, probably New Orleans). When can it be sent? .... The quality to be the same as yours, of which I took a pattern with me. I suppose with this large quantity— some for yourself added to it—it will be done at reasonable rates.” St. Louis, April 15, 1859. “Shaw is busy; I do not know how he progresses, but he is energetic and business-like—would he had more scientific education or taste! My practice leaves me only a few hours a day to other things so that I can find no leisure to go out and see his place and improvement which is as far from here as your Garden is from Boston.” Cambridge, April 23, 1859. “I am now going soon to order your Herb. paper. I shall get it in a few weeks after ordering. The longer it lies before using the firmer it becomes & better. “But—as it is always a bother and difficult to match what we have once got, let me suggest to Mr. Shaw to order more. 12 reams genus covers will *Minus orchids which go to Lindley, 104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN do very well, but 24 reams of plant,—practically about 11000 sheets—you will very soon use up.” {A. G. to G. E.} Sf. Louis, May 13, 1859. “Shaw wants to const:uct a kind of charter, last will, donation or some- thing of the kind for his establishment; his lawyer, , will shortly go East and also call on you to get your views about the arrangements of the whole concern. “T was disappointed in the annual income of the establishment; for the first 20 years it will not have more than $10,000 annually with which to pay the Curator, the Gardeners; keep up and increase the Garden, Herba:ium and Library.— After 20 years—i.e., after us, the income (from rents) will be much larger.— It is to be hoped that Shaw will live long yet, so as to expend larger sums at least for the arrangement of Garden, foundation, and increase of Museum, Herbarium, and Library.—”’ Cambridge, May 16, 1859, “T send you Bentham’s letter, wanting to find a purchaser for a set of Spruce’s Amazon plants. ..... It is just possible that Shaw might take a fancy to the collection, but I do not expect it, nor care to have you send him Bentham’s letter, unless you think he would like to have at least the offer.” {A. G. to G. E.} Cambridge, May 18, 1859. “Well, even $10,000 a year is much better than nothing for the botanical establishment. I wish we had half of that. “1 will do anything I can in the way of affording information to Shaw’s lawyer when he comes. You had best indoctrinate me beforehand with any views which you yourself think important. “Now, I will order the herbarium paper, and increase your portion as requested. “If Shaw will be liberal in his establishment, why not turn over to him your general herbarium? If I had one I could have free access to always, I would not take the expense and trouble of keeping up and increasing one myself...” {A.G. to G. E.] St. Louis, June 2, 1859. “Shaw is liberal enough, to be sure, but then, with an income of $75,000 (it is said) and no family, he might do more than give 10,000 annually for his Botanical Garden; it would be a great deal for the Garden but that amount must pay all the personages—Curator, Gardener, assistants, etc.,— increase Library and Herbarium. I should like him to buy Fendler’s plants and engage F. for Herbarium and Library, especially as F. now finds out he has been too hasty in his gas-distilling enterprise;—but for the present time MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105 there is no probability of his doing anything of the kind till his ‘Museum’ is built up, which is now up to the first story, will be done next year.” Cambridge, June 6, 1859. “Shaw is very liberal to give $10,000 out of an income of 75,000—per- haps he will do more when he gets under way. Surely he ought to take Fendler’s collections—& secure him as curator. It is his very place. “As to your own herbarium, [ think you are right for the present. Keep your own; arrange it on paper of the size of Shaw’s. But look to an eventual combination, either in Shaw’s lifetime or soon after, and be open to propo- sitions from Shaw; as, for example, to take your whole herbarium, provide for maintenance and increase, and when ready, to make you director of the whole concern. This duty must devolve upon you, and when it does, with a decent salary, you could reside up there, throw physic to the dogs, or only take a share in consultations, and have time to do yourself justice in botany. “Meanwhile, if Shaw would take your herbarium upon proper terms, you might at any time have any particular families of plants with you, in your house, to work at...” [A.G. to G.E.] Sf. Louis, June 15, 1859. “Let him first build his Museum then he will unpack his Herbarium, put up his Library, etc., and will find it necessary to employ a Curator; Fendler must keep quiet and ready till then. “T shall do with my Herb. as you advise—indeed half of the paper order- ed, or more, is for me; I intend to have it in the same style as Shaw’s so that at a future time they can be united. “Tam thinking much about it whether I should undertake the director- ship of such an establishment with all the cares and duties; but there will be years yet before such a thing can be accomplished.” Cambridge, July 20, 1859. “Your herbarium paper is done, and by this time shipped to St. Louis, and advised to Mr. Shaw, as instructed.” {[A.G. to G. E.]} St. Louis, August 3, 1859, “Shaw is only commencing it can not be called a garden yet, not worth while to send him seeds yet. He got a lot of hothouse plants of value from Germany. “T should long to be doing something in house botany in his Garden— Aster, Helianth., Desmod., etc., etc., but do not see that I ever shall have the leisure, or that I can agree with him, though I am on a very good footing with him. I am not practical and don’t know {how} to use him. “He is building his Museum, but whether he will employ Fendler, when it is done, is doubtful. I am a little discouraged about the whole thing.” 106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Cambridge, August 8, 1859. “Mr. Shaw has lately written. I enclose his letter to you. I have just replied to it, expressing a lively interest in his projected establishment, and offering my best services, if he requires them, in the way of advice or sug- gestion. I hope it will be all right in the end...” [A.G. to G. E.} St. Louis, October 17, 1859. “Shaw is busy getting greenhouses in order before winter. He continues zealous, but unfortunately does not know enough and is in many things a little narrow minded.” St. Louis, date lacking. “I saw a long and very good letter of yours to Shaw. S. continuing zealous as ever, is making his will now, preparatory to turning over the whole to trustees; but he is much better yet at the head himself as he not only carries things on more energetically but also with more means than the trustees would have on hand.” St. Louis, December 30, 1859. “As for me, | do not see much improvement in the near future for my botanical prospects. My professional labors increase; the income they bring me is necessary for me to live on, but not large enough yet to make me independent; as to a possibility to connect myself with the Missouri Bot. Garden in a permanent way, I do not see my way yet before me, and must bide the time.” Cambridge, March 20, 1860. “Would it do for me to write to him and recommend him to employ Fendler—send him out to California to botanise for a year or two & then be curator to his herbarium?” [A.G. to G. E.} St. Louis, April 10, 1860. “He is as tough as any Scotchman, and I fear for the present he won’t buy any more books; but as to Fendler, I shall have to speak to him as the season is advancing. I am afraid that it will be no go. As I suggested to him the other day to devote annually $1000 for increase of Library and half as much for Herbarium, he laughed at such a preposterous idea—his Museum, he said, cost him (building and arrangements) 25,000 and he had nothing yet to fill it, etc. “Tam afraid we can not pull well together—I can not influence him. I do not understand the soft soaping as the western phrase is;—a man who has no real scientific zeal nor knowledge who must be got to do things by diplomacy, I can not do much with. The proper way would be to get him interested in what interests us and seems important to us, but that I un- fortunately do not understand. “Fendler is undecided what to do.” MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 107 St. Louis, June 12, 1860. “Shaw is working ahead but I do not see much of him; we are very good friends but I am afraid would not hitch well together. Scientific botany is secondary or tertiary with him, while I can not get up an enthusiasm for what interests him most.” St. Louis, October 4, 1860. “[ think that Shaw will now give Fendler a berth; he has almost finished his Museum and will open his Herbarium (Bernhardi’s) bought by me 3 years ago in Leipzig; Fendler is to put everything in order. If once he got a foothold there I hope Shaw will find his services useful in many ways.” {Cambridge}, October 11, 1860. “From what I know of Dr. Lindley’s way of illustrating lectures, and of putting up microscopical illustrations, I should say that the collection on sale is very important for the purpose, and that Mr. Shaw might do well to secure it. “T am glad that Mr. Shaw will secure the services of Fendler for his herbarium.” [A.G. to G. E.} Sf. Louis, November 1, 1860. “Shaw is going on slowly, but still going on. He has the ornamental as much at heart as the scientific, which I think is very well to popularize his establishment. Times, unfortunately, do not permit him to spend any money on herbarium or library, which is unfortunate, but we must take what he is willing to do and to give. He has erected in a grove a very pretty though plain cenotaph for Nuttall. I wanted him to put his bust up—but he declined. Is there one, or a portrait in existence? By and by he will get Hooker’s & R. Brown’s busts.’ Cambridge, August 6, 1861. “Dr. Hooker sent me last spring a fine cast of a bust of Robert Brown. To-day I have also from him a splendid one of his father, Sir William. Tell Fendler that Mr. Shaw should procure both if possible for the Library of Hort. Bot. Missouri.” [A.G. to G. E.} St. Louis, August 17, 1861. “It is not at all impossible that St. Louis in the West will be, what Washington is in the East, the great prize to be fought for, and only think > the honor, many imagine, that the Missouri Bot. Garden, with its substantial buildings and the long and solid walls surrounding it, situated on an eleva- tion in a large cultivated plain, can not fail to be the principal Battlefield!! “No jesting about it.” St. Louis, September 12, 1862. “T have seen in Hort. Bot. Missouri Pectis angustifolia—strong lemon- peel fragrance . 108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ” “T have re-examined Pentstemon barbatus in Hort. Shaw... . St. Louis, October 8, 1862. “] have compared Hooker’s original figure in Shaw’s coll... . Cambridge, November 21, 1862. “See if Shaw will buy up a lot of Parry’s Coniferae seed.” [A.G.to G.E.} St. Louis, July 6, 1864. “Tam sorry to learn from Fendler, that he is not going to help you; and ” I am afraid that Mr. Shaw will not employ him again—TI am sure that Fendler for the present prefers the wild woods—he writes quite poetically about his woodland house—a very primitive one at that.” St. Louis, June 5, 1865. “Whether Fendler will come I can’t tell. Shaw says he attended very little to the Garden; but he seems fond of gardening. Entre nous:—he 1s not as young as he was 15 years ago, and seems to me to feel the 50 years as much as I do or more! He was here the other day and said he expected a letter from you. He seems undecided—wedded to his little farm and feel- ing as if he could not well leave his brother who is a helpless fellow.” Cambridge, January 29, 1866. “Ah, you did miss it by not replying to Short’s letter. I told him to offer his Herbarium to Shaw, if you approved it. But I never knew before that he did.” [A.G. to G. E.] St. Louis, March 3, 1866. That affair about Short’s Herbarium was a little complicated. He of- fered through me his Herb. & Library to Shaw but in such a manner that I thought he wanted to sell—Shaw thought he had already many of the books and plants and would not go into the expense; so I hesitated, and felt bad about it—and at last did not answer. I ought to have consulted you!” Cambridge, March 20, 1866. “Of course Short meant to give his herbarium.” {A.G. to G. E.]} Cambridge, April 8, 1867. “There are some seeds from Kew—of shrubs & trees—which I do not need—Shall I send them on for Mr. Shaw—with whatever may be for you?” [A.G. to G.E.] Cambridge, April 22, 1867. “T will send you all your things... . by express, & put with them packages of seed from Kew & Australia for Hort. Bot. Miss. for which Mr. Shaw should pay the expense of the package.” [A.G. to G. E.] Cambridge, April 27, 1867. “T had sent the seeds in the package for you. ‘No matter.—Only I wish Shaw would~have somebody get seeds in quantity—to send to Muller for the Melbourne Gardens.” {A.G, to G. E.]} MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109 Cambridge, December 24, 1873. “You asked for 20 reams of genus paper .... But I have now a bill sent me for ‘30 reams’... . Will Shaw share with you, and cover the whole?” 1 Aw G.. “to: GE.) Cambridge, February 28, 1875. “When Shaw dies—go up & take charge of the establishment—make them give a good [salary] and provide a good assistant, as well as gardener.” [A.G. to G.E,} St. Louis, March 7, 1875. “You want me to take Shaw’s place after his death—I am twenty years too old for that—The complicated affairs of the management would bear me down, No— And, besides, I feel so rusted in my profession, that I do not feel contented outside of the bustling, ever-varying life of a physician and its excitement. And then—I should not like to separate from George fhis son who is also a physician} and also from the city, and live 4 miles out in the country.” Cambridge, May 20, 1878. ‘. .. That enlarged photograph* is for you, to be left for your St. Louis Academy of Sciences, if it gets ever a home, or for the Hortus Botani- cus Missou iensis, as you elect. Glad you value it.” {A.G. to G. E.} Asa Gray to J]. D. Hooker—Cambridge, June 9, 1884. “You remember Henry Shaw, his park and Missouri Botanic Garden. The old fellow is now eighty-four. Something induced him to ask my ad- vice, and to let me know the very ample fortune with which he is to endow the Garden, when he dies. I was in doubt whether all this was likely to be quite wasted, or was in condition to be turned to good account for botany and horticulture when Mr. Shaw leaves it and his trust comes to be executed. I wished also to see that dear old Engelmann’s herbarium should be properly and permanently preserved. So I went on to St. Louis. Mr. Shaw took me into his counsel and, without going here into details, without seeing a chance for doing much while Mr. Shaw lives, which cannot be very long, I see there is a grand opportunity coming, and [ think that none of the pro- visions he has made will hinder the right development of the Mississippian Kew, which will hardly be “Kew in a corner.’ And if he follows my advice and mends some matters, there will be a grand foundation laid.” Asa Gray to J. D. Hooker—City of Mexico, Sunday, February 22, 1885. “Your letter of January 20, forwarded from Cambridge, overtook us at San Antonio, Bexar. We left home February 3, in bitter cold, for St. Louis, *Photograph of camp on Rocky Mountains, La Veta Pass, with the best photographic likenesses, perhaps, ever taken of Sir J. D. Hooker and Dr. Gray; and including General and Mrs. Strachey, Dr. Hayden, and Captain Stevenson. 110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN where I had an interview with old Shaw, and heard him read his rearranged will, which is satisfactory, as it will allow his trustees, and the corporation of Washington University there, to turn his bequests to good account for botany; will be an endowment quite large enough for the purpose.” England, June 17, 1888. “My Dear Mr. Shaw:— “T have just received your most handsome present of Engelman’s Botan- ical Works, edited by our dear late friend, Dr. Gray, and I do thank you most heartily, no less for your kind gift than for the effective service to botany that this most valuable contribution to the science renders. It is indeed a noble tribute to a man whose labors as a most conscientious and painstaking botanist have never been surpassed, and I prize it for the sake of the man whom | knew so well and esteemed so highly. I shall never for- get my visit to him and to you and the afternoon I spent in your garden and museum at St. Louis, in company with Dr. and Mrs. Gray. “IT have been most interested in all that Dr. Gray told me last year about the noble botanical institution that you have founded and in his hopes that it would be a center of diffusion of knowledge, the influence of which would be felt far and wide. “T think that he was more proud of your consulting him in the matter of its organization than of any of the many services which he had rendered to American botany, and he certainly regarded his labor with you as the most pleasant episode of his later years and by far the most important. “Believe me, my dear sir, most faithfully and gratefully yours, “Joseph D. Hooker.” VERONICA HEDERAEFOLIA IN MISSOURI On April 16 I found a considerable number of these inconspicuous little speedwells growing on a moist shady bank in the grounds of the Sebago Club in St. Louis County. So far as is known, this is the first report of the species from Missouri. Pennell, in his monograph ‘The Scrophulariaceae of Eastern Temperate North America,” gives its distribution as “low wood- lands, New York to Ohio and North Carolina; locally abundant. Natural- ized from Eurasia.” There is in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden a specimen collected by Bassett Maguire in Cache Co., Utah, in 1932, so the species is apparently continuing to spread. It is an innocuous little winter annual and shows no sign of becoming a dangerous weed. | Sie MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 111 NOTES Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke before the Rotary Club of University City, May 4, on “Romance of the Plant World.” Dr. David C, Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, gave a talk to the Nurses of the Private Duty Section or Special Nurse Group, May 7, on “The Care of House Plants.” The article on “Tropical Waterlilies” by Mr. G. H. Pring, in the March 1941 Garden BuLietin, has been reprinted in the April number of Home Gardening (2:148-149, 156-157). The April number of the Missouri Historical Review contains a notice of two of the Garden publications: “Henry Shaw, A Biography;” and “A Tour of the Missouri Botanical Garden.” Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, participated in the an- nual Nature Tour held under the auspices of the Illinois Department of Parks at Starved Rock State Park, IIl., April 25-26. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before the Kiwanis Club of University City, April 21, on “Gardens and Gardening”, and be- fore the Southwest Kiwanis Club, April 22, on “Henry Shaw and His Garden.” Recent visitors to the Garden include: Dr. John T. Buchholz, professor of botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. Christianna Smith, professor of biology, Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; Mr. William L. Brown, Cytogeneticist, U. S. Golf Association, Green Section, Washington, D. C.; Mr. Mulford B. Foster, Bromeliad specialist and plant collector, of Orlando, Florida. The second number of Volume XXIX of the ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BoTaNicaL GARDEN was issued in April, with contents as follows: ‘‘Con- tributions to Our Knowledge of American Carboniferous Floras. HI. Stipitopteris,” L. Wayne Lenz; “Races of Zea Mays: Their Recognition and Classification,” Edgar Anderson and Hugh C. Cutler; ‘“Dolomitic Glades of East-Central Missouri,” Ralph O. Erickson, Louis G. Brenner and Joseph Wraight; “The Environmental Variables of the Missouri Botanical Garden Wildflower Reservation at Gray Summit,” Louis G. Brenner; “Helminthos- porium Spot of Citronella and Lemon Grass in Guatemala,” Carroll William Dodge. 112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL, 1942 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of. visitors PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed packets received as gifts LiBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought Total number of books and pamphlets donated HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Stanford, L. R.—Plants of Mexico By Gift— Anderson, Edgar—Prunus nigra Ait. of horticulture Boyd, Mrs. A. Shapleigh Cory, V. L.—Plants of Texas Cronquist, Arthur—Plants of Idaho ; Darker, G. D.—Fungi of Missouri, Massachusetts, Ontario, New Hampshire, and Colorado Harper, Roland M.—Photographs and Plants of Adahanad James, Leslie—Plants of Alabama Lenz, L. W.—Plants of Montana Meyer, Frederick G.—Plants of Wathiacten, Oregon, Idaho, California, and British Columbia Penland, C. William T.—Plants of Colorado and Dery von Schrenk, Hermann—Prunus Armeniaca L. of horticulture - By Exchange— State University of Iowa—Plants of Iowa Total Monotropsis odorata Ell. of North Carolina 23,885 3,805 26 286 1,112 STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI GeorGE T. Moore, HERMANN VON SCHRENK, ‘Pathologist Jesszt M. GREENMAN, Curator of Herbarium CaRROLL W. DonceE, Mycologist Director Epocar ANDERSON, Geneticist Rosert E. Woopson, Jr., Assistant Curator of Herbarium Nett C. Horner, Librarian and Editor of Publications Grorce H. Prine, Superintendent Pau. A. Kont, Floriculturist JoHNn Noyes, Consulting Landscape Architect Davip C. FamrBuRN, Horticulturist WrumaM F. LANGAN, Chief Engineer JosEPH LANGEN, Assistant Engineer JoserPH CUTAK, In charge of Exotics LapisLtaus CUTAK, In charge of Succulents ALBERT PEARSON, Painter THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Aucust P, BEmMANN, Manager FreD WEGLOENER | Orchid. Grower Roy E. Kussicx, Engineer REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Paut H. ALLEN, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wnison, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England SPRING FLORA OF. MISSOURI by = Julian A. Steyermark “A book that is complete. . . . Undoubtedly the book Missouri flower-lovers have been looking for.” ee : Missouri Historical Review “. .. In short, the Spring Flora of Missouri is the best ‘Spring Flora’ available at present in the United States.” , American Midland Naturalist “Should be of great use to local garden clubs, and for’ the scien- tific worker who is concerned with the local flora it- should be © _ invaluable.” ; National Horticultural Magazine “Carefully and critically done, so that it should find wide and enthusiastic reception at the hands of all who enjoy being acquaint- ed with the rich native flora of Missouri.” — Rhodora “The most comprehensive spring flora ever issued for any state. . «« Notable for presenting its data in simple non-technical English, yet with thorough scientific accuracy. Book’s value not limited to Missouri.” Field Museum. Notes For sale by the Missouri Botanical Garden. | Price $3.00 Missouri BoTANicaL. GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXX JUNE, 1942 " No, 6 CONTENTS Plants to Meet the War Emergency ... . ... . . 113 RUDDER 5 ee ae Karur a ca ie OE a A POT cs en Pa ge Ee ae as ee LD PUGRON SS ese ee SE eS OE ere oe LOG Sea RE Statistical: Information. ee Office of Publication: 306-E, Simmons Street, Galesburg, III. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. ; Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical. Garden. 1942, at the post-office at Entered as second-class matter January 26, Galesburg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879, SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A YEAR BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN ‘ é THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING © President Grorce C. Hircucock Vice-President Dante, K. CaTiLin Second Vice-President EUGENE Pettus L. Ray CarTER RicHarp J, Lockwoop DupLEY FRENCH Grorce T. Moore * Joun S. LEHMANN A. WessEL SHAPLEIGH EtHan A. H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS GrorGe R. THROop, Witu1aM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri University Wituiam Der BEckER WasHBuRNE D; SHIPTON, - Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Science of St.. Louis JouHn A. FLEIscHL President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD ULRICcI SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. Mo. Bor. Garp, BULL., VOL. pk ga ft +» gy = Cer * or ee 30, 1942 \ SO aes ae ers Be Pian ag NEAR CARONDELET, MISSOURI. GROWING ANNABINUM, APOCYNUM ( COLONY OF TYPICAL A Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXX JUNE, 1942 No. 6 PLANTS TO MEET THE WAR EMERGENCY The war in which we are now engaged seriously interferes with the regular channels which supply raw material for industry. Sources long depended upon are no longer available and substitutes of all kinds are being investigated in the hope that much-needed articles may still be had. From the beginning of time plants have contributed much to the needs of man. Quite apart from their use as food, drugs, and shelter, plant products have increasingly had a share in adding to the comfort and welfare of civilized communities. In spite of the developments in chemistry and physics, the vegetable kingdom must still be depended upon to furnish basic substances that the plant manufactures better than any laboratory or factory. The economic botanist has long had knowledge of the many valuable properties of plants, some used, many ignored or neglected in the technical world. Because certain countries have had natural advantages of climate and labor they have furnished us with important plant products, but as these countries are no longer a source of supply a reéxamination of the resources of the plant kingdom is in order. The manufacturer is apt to obtain his raw material from the cheapest market even though as good or better material can be had nearer home. In times like these he will pay practically any price but as soon as the old source is again available, he is almost certain to return to it regardless of what effort may have been made to supply his needs during the emergency. There are many vegetable fibres and plants with milky juices which, so far as the original product is concerned, are fully capable of meeting any demands made by industry. Money and time for solving technical difhculties are needed, of course, but even more im- portant is opportunity for the plant breeder to bring to the highest state of perfection both the quality and quantity of the desired product. Notable examples of achievement are to be found in the Dutch East Indies in the development of rubber and quinine. That more has not been done is partially due to the fact that, even were an immediate market available, experience has shown that there is no likelihood of its permanence. Not (13) 114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN only in the United States, but in Central and South America, there are now in existence natural sources of plant material which could rapidly be developed were there any assurance that the whole enterprise would not collapse as soon as the war is over. The vegetable kingdom has been lavish in its production of products useful to man. It would seem that a more intelligent use of Nature’s gifts might be expected, at least that man would be willing to recognize his dependence upon the plant world and to acknowledge it accordingly. RUBBER Almost 98 per cent of America’s former supply of rubber has come from the Far East. Yet the tree which produces it is a native of Brazil, its scientific name being Hevea brasiliensis, and its popular name “Para rubber tree.” Like the pineapple, the quinine tree, and other economic plants native to the New World, the Para rubber tree was transplanted to the Orient where it flourished and soon furnished the chief source of supply. In 1876, an Englishman named Henry A. Wickham brought about 70,000 seeds of the Para rubber tree from Brazil to England. Seedlings were grown from them in the nurseries of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and the 2,700 that developed were shipped to Ceylon whence they were distributed throughout the eastern empires of Great Britain and the Nether- lands. Cheap and intelligent Oriental labor and the rapid development of the American automobile took charge of events from there on. We may read the downfall of the Amazon Valley and the unconditional triumph of Malaya in the following figures gathered by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, U. S$. Department of Commerce. During the period 1900-1904, the Far East contributed less than 1,000 long tons of the world’s rubber, while the Amazon Valley contributed over 29,000 long tons. In the next decade, from 1910-1914, however, the Far East jumped to 38,000 and Amazonia fell slightly behind with about 37,000 long tons. During World War I, and immediately after, the American automobile became the common property of the man in the street, and tires, plus the discovery of new uses for rubber in every phase of daily life, gave a tremendous impetus to rubber consumption. But Malaya was the chief beneficiary, and Amazonia continued to lose ground. In the period of 1915- 1919, the Orient produced about 206,000 of long tons and the Amazon Valley only about 31,000. By 1941, for the first ten months only, the account stood at over 1,204,000 long tons for the Far East to not quite 17,000 for Brazil. Previous to 1941 the United States alone consumed more than 50 per cent of the entire world’s rubber supply; therefore we, of all people, shall feel its loss most keenly. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ES During the first World War, 1914-18, fresh plantings of Para rubber were made in various parts of the American tropics, and many additional sources of latex were discovered in several groups of native plants. Prom- ising experiments on their cultivation and use were begun, but, with the return of peace, back we went to the former sources of supply. Now we are again in need of convenient sources of many important commodities previously supplied from abroad, and of all these by far the most vital is rubber. The Government has taken a number of important steps to relieve this shortage, but they are only sfeps as yet. The cultivation of Hevea brasiliensis in our own tropics has been resumed with almost feverish intensity, but tapping for rubber cannot be done successfully until the trees are five to seven years of age. Synthetic rubber is possible in a highly developed industrial country such as ours. But synthetic rubber is rubber in name only. Although some of its properties and uses are similar to the natural product, it does not have the inherent pliability and lasting qualities. The construction of ap- paratus for the production of over 500,000 long tons of synthetic rubber, which was the approximate annual consumption of rubber before December 7, 1941, would require a tremendous outlay of money (the Government’s estimate exceeds a billion dollars), not to consider the loss of machinery and man power that otherwise might be devoted more directly to the war effort. Also, the cost of synthetic rubber per pound, besides the initial expense for apparatus, probably would be about twice the average cost of Para rubber. Even at this high cost, facilities for such a tremendous supply of synthetic rubber could not be completed in less than two to four years, and their use would become prohibitive at the close of the emergency. What, then, of the sources of natural rubber, other than Hevea, which were discovered in our own country before and during the last World War, and what are the possibilities for their use now? Nearly seventy plants native to the United States have been found to contain rubber, some in considerable quantities. Of these, the four most promising appear to be the following: GuayuLe (Parthenium argentatum).—In the last few months, guayule has made many headlines in newspapers. This plant is a member of the Compositae, the Daisy family. It is a low, bushy undershrub seldom taller than three feet, with closely branched stems about as thick as a pencil, closely set grayish leaves up to an inch and a half long, and long- stalked heads of tiny pale yellowish flowers somewhat like the heads of the familiar bachelor’s buttons. Guayule is a plant of the deserts of northern Mexico and the border counties of our own southwestern states, where it is 116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN found in company with such plants as sage-brush, greasewood, yucca, and agave. The rubber in guayule comes from cells of the inner bark and pith of the stems and roots. Associated with these cells are resin canals which also con- tain some rubber. Since the rubber occurs largely in separate cells, the guayule cannot be “tapped” or drained from a cut in the bark as are Hevea rubber trees. The whole plant, or at least the whole stem, must be ground in a mill and the rubber separated from the pulpy residue. When extracted in this way, the yield of rubber for the whole plant is about 9.5 per cent, a very favorable showing. The method of grinding guayule in a mill in order to extract the rubber harks back to the discovery of the elastic property of the plant. About the middle of the eighteenth century, we are told, a Jesuit named Negrete noticed some Mexican boys playing with an elastic ball that they had ob- tained by chewing the plant which we now know as guayule. Reference to similar balls by much earlier writers in Mexico indicates that extraction of rubber by chewing the plants probably antedates the Spanish conquest. In the same year that seed of Para rubber were sent to England from Brazil, an exhibit of the rubber of guayule was sent from Mexico to the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. Nearly thirty years later a small quantity of this rubber was put on the market by a Mexican company under German control, and later the Continental Mexican Rubber Company was formed at Torreon. In 1909 a small guayule factory was established at Marathon, Texas, but this went out of business when the native supply of guayule plants was exhausted. By 1911 it was estimated that the investment of American capital in guayule in Mexico alone amounted to $30,000,000, with an annual export value of $10,000,000. Although Mexico has continued to produce and use guayule rubber, it has been more or less of a curiosity on the United States market. A small experimental plant built by the American Rubber Producers, Inc., at Salinas, California, has not been a financial success, partially due to the impossibility of competing with the price of Asiatic rubber, together with certain manu- facturing difficulties. With the advent of the present shortage of rubber, conditions have changed somewhat. The promoters of guayule assert that it is an ideal defense plant, needing no vital chemicals for processing and re- quiring no excessive man power. It is estimated that one man can take care of an acreage sufficient to produce 25,000 pounds of rubber annually. Federal legislation contemplates the purchase of the factory at Salinas, in- volving 75,000 acres of guayule—enough, it is thought, to produce nearly 60,000 long tons of rubber annually. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 117 RassBit-BRUSH (Chrysothamnus nauscosus)—One of the commonest plants associated with the sage-brush on the deserts of the Great Basin of western United States is rabbit-brush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus). This is a grayish shrub from two to eight feet tall, with small leaves and heads of yellow flowers somewhat resembling goldenrod. Like guayule, it is a mem- ber of the Daisy family. Shortly after the turn of the present century, in- vestigations of the possibility of rabbit-brush as a source of rubber were undertaken, and in 1908 a small rubber extraction factory was projected at Salida, Colorado, but the plans fell through. With the entry of the United States into the first World War, our dependence upon foreign rubber was realized, and Dr. H. M. Hall and Dr. T. H. Goodspeed, of the University of California, investigated the possi- bilities of rabbit-brush. They found that it would yield from 2 to 3 per cent of a good grade of rubber, which they named ‘“Chrysil”. Natural resources were estimated to produce something more than 80,000 tons of rubber, but with the end of the war the work was abandoned. The relative merits of rabbit-brush and guayule were found by Drs. Hall and Goodspeed to be about as follows: Thanks to the pioneer work done with guayule in Mexico, the essential methods of field management, milling and marketing were fairly well established, and the yield of rubber from this plant is three or four times greater than from rabbit-brush. However, the much larger size of the rabbit-brush plant produced a greater yield per acre than guayule in spite of the smaller percentage of rubber. Rabbit-brush seems to be easier to propagate and is more tolerant of environmental conditions than is guayule. MILKWEED (Asclepias spp.) and DoGBANE (Apocynum spp.).—Some years after his experiments with rabbit-brush, Dr. Hall again took up the study of native rubber plants with the assistance of his colleague, Dr. F. L. Long. This time the chief objects of interest were species of milkweed (Asclepias) and dogbane (Apocynum). Both of these common plants, which are perennial herbs, produce an appreciable amount of the milky juice from which rubber is made. Milkweed and dogbane are considered together because they have so much in common. While belonging to dif- ferent plant families, their biological nature is much the same, as is the quality of rubber obtained from them, and both furnish important by- products calculated to make their use more profitable. There are many species of milkweed and dogbane native to the United States, and their distribution is country-wide. Unlike guayule and rabbit- brush, which are confined to very restricted areas of the United States, milk- weed and dogbane are more capable of being regarded as the source of a nation-wide industry than perhaps any other agricultural crop. The amount 26 PLATE ARNATA ASCLEPIAS IN¢ STEMS OF Left—fiber bundles removed from stem. bundles. Center—section of mature stem showing cortex fiber Right—removed fiber bundles after boiling in weak alkali. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 119 of rubber varies according to the species. Thus, Asclepias subulata, a plant of the southwestern deserts, yields from 2 to 6'% per cent, while Ascle pias syriaca, the common milkweed of the northeastern states, contains from 1 to 4% per cent. The common dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum), which occurs in practically every state in the Union, has a yield of from 1 to 5 per cent of rubber. The variation in percentage is due to the fact that the wild plants have not been subjected to selective breeding and cultivation, and the rubber content might easily be expected to be standardized, if not increased, by improved growing practices. The quality of rubber obtained from milkweed and dogbane is not quite as good as that from guayule and rabbit-brush, but it has been suggested that it would be ideal for mixing with other rubbers as well as in manufacturing products where great elas- ticity is not required. In addition to the wide climatic tolerance of these two plants, an im- portant consideration is the ease with which they can be grown. Both plants produce runners or root shoots beneath the ground which ultimately produce new plants. So profuse is this method of vegetative propagation that many milkweeds and dogbanes are objectionable weeds in cultivated land. This habit makes them admirable subjects for large-scale cultivation. Still an- other point in favor of both milkweed and dogbane is the fact that a most valuable fiber may be obtained from their stems. Russia has developed large plantations of dogbane primarily for the fiber which is used in the manu- facture of paper. Still another by-product of these rubber-fiber plants has been suggested. The soft hairs on their seeds may be used as a substitute for kapok and similar products. Finally, both milkweeds and dogbanes are regarded as of great importance in the making of honey because of the abundant nectar secreted by the flowers. Of the four likely sources of natural rubber in the United States, guayule is the only one which has been grown and processed commercially. The yield and quality of rubber obtained are high, but the small size of the plant and the restricted areas in which it can be grown may make it difficult to produce anything like the quantity needed. Chrysil rubber obtained from rabbit-brush is still in the experimental stage. Its quality and yield are not as good as that of guayule but the plant is larger, it can be grown in greater areas of the western United States, and it might well supplement guayule since the method of processing is virtually the same. In spite of the fact that milkweed and dogbane as sources of rubber are in the early stages of experimentation, they are probably the most promising native sources for the United States. The ease with which they are propa- 120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN gated vegetatively, the fact that they grow naturally the country over, and that the quality and quantity of the rubber may be greatly increased and improved by selection and cultivation make them worth considering. Nor should the possible valuable by-products of these two plants be forgotten. R. E. W. Jr. FIBERS The fiber has taken its place beside the rubber molecule in making World War II headlines. Both rubber and fibrous materials are essential to United States industry, and heretofore both have been largely imported. Among commercially important fibers we find animal fibers (such as wool and silk), mineral fibers (such as asbestos and spun glass), and vege- table fibers (such as cotton and linen). Animal and mineral fibers are well known and of relatively few types, and need not be mentioned further. Vegetable fibers are more diverse, more abundant, more used, and hence more important. In time of war attention is especially focused upon the production and importation of these valuable raw materials. If the source of supply for certain fibers is cut off (as it has been with abaca from the Philippines, jute from India, etc.), we must look for substitute plants nearer home, preferably within the country, or at least within this hemis- phere. Surprisingly enough, finding substitute fiber plants is not the most dificult part of the problem, for in almost any park, farm woodlot, or Missouri hillside can be found innumerable fiber-bearing plants. A paucity of certain commercial fibers exists in the United States today not because fiber plants are uncommon, but rather, as will be discussed later, because there are few tested fiber plants readily adaptable to our existing industrial set-up. Man early turned to plant fibers as a source of lighter, cooler, and more flexible clothing than that furnished by animal hides. Also, he needed a form of cordage for his bows, snares, and nets. Then too, fibrous plant materials were well adapted for the covering, binding, and strengthening of primitive dwellings. As civilization developed, more and more uses were found for plant fibers, until to-day probably well over a thousand fibrous plants are used to a greater or lesser extent. Of these, a great many are cul- tivated, and some have been cultivated for so long a time that even the story of their origin from the wild state is lost in antiquity. Flax remnants are found in Swiss lake-dwelling remains of Stone Age; ancient Egypt knew fine linen; cotton was used by aboriginal nations of the New World and Asia; ramie has been grown in the Orient since the earliest times. The importance of plant fibers in modern life cannot be underestimated. Almost every branch of modern industry uses plant fibers directly or in- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 121 directly. Among the more important modern uses we may mention the following: (1) Textmrs.—The fibers are twisted together by appropriate machines into thread or cord which in turn may be woven into fabrics. Long, durable, pure fibers that are pliable, lustrous, and exhibit proper cohesiveness are most prized. Linen and cotton cloths, burlap, netting, binder twines, and rope are important commercial textile products. (2) Parer.—Fibers from spruce, pine, and various hardwoods are most used, and they need not be perfect nor especially pure. The wood is ground or treated chemically to separate the fibers which are then floated on to a screen, pressed, dried, often bleached and sized. The common penny post- card consists of 100 per cent chemical pulp and some resin; high-grade note-book paper of a mixture of chemical pulps, rag pulp, resin and starch; wrapping paper of unbleached chemical pulp. (3) STUFFING MaTERIAL.—For use in mattresses, life-preservers, caulk- ing, packing, etc. Any clean resilient fibrous material will do as long as it will not mat and will not easily absorb liquids. Kapok is most satisfactory in life preservers. Spanish moss is often used as a substitute for horsehair stufhng. (4) Brooms aNp BrusHes.—Tough, stiff fibers or even roots or twigs are satisfactory. The tassel of broom-corn, commonly grown in Missouri, is a standard material in the making of sweeping brooms. (5) Hanpicrarts AND Arts.—For basketry, natural cloths and laces, tourists’ curiosities, etc. The material will be distinctive and locally abundant in the region where used, as, for example, the Panama-hat “palm” in Tropi- cal America for hats; the paper mulberry in the Far East for the manufacture of tapa cloth; the lace-bark tree in Jamaica to make lace-like ornaments. (6) Source or CeLLULosr.—Pure clean fibers of high cellulose content are treated chemically to produce cellulose acetate, from which can be made rayon, plastics, cellophane, photographic film, etc. Having indicated the widespread importance of fibers, it may be well to explain just what a fiber is. To the botanist a fiber is a long, tapered, thick- walled cell found in certain tissues of the plant. There are the so-called soft fibers (those near the bark) and wood fibers (found in the wood). The cell is dead, with a small cavity down its center, and perhaps can be vizual- ized as an especially thick-walled soda straw with the ends pinched together. The cell may be only about 1 mm. long (less than 1/16 of an inch) or up to 200 mm. (about 8 inches) in length, and is usually about 0.03 mm. wide. In milkweed, for example, the fibers are about an inch long, 1/800 of an inch wide, with walls about 1/2000 of an inch thick. The thick walls 122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN consist of a basic framework of cellulose, throughout which certain other substances may be interspersed. Elongate clusters of these cells constitute bast or bast fibers. Long, tough clusters of cells, sometimes called fibers, especially by manufacturers, are usually plant-conducting or “piping” systems and con- sist of many thick-walled cells rigidly stuck together. These are the so- called hard fibers of Monocotyledonous plants (plants in the palm, banana, pineapple, amaryllis families, etc.). Sometimes, also, whole rootlets, twigs, or special branchlets are classified in industry as fibers. Examples are broom-corn tassels, bamboo stems, broom-root roots. As previously indicated, soft fibers are generally found in stems just beneath the bark; wood fibers occur throughout the wood of a tree or shrub; hard fibers are scattered in parallel rows throughout the stems or leaves of Monocotyledonous plants. Some important fiber plants used throughout the world to-day are men- tioned below. Few of these grow in Missouri or even in the United States. Supply of some has been completely cut off by the war, and a few may even be supplanted in the post-war world by profitable commercialization of little-used types developed for war needs. 1. Textile fibers, the most important class: CoTTON (Gossypium spp.).—Native to the New World tropics and the Orient. An important crop in southeastern Missouri. Fine hairs on the seeds constitute the cotton of commerce. Used chiefly for thread and fabrics. Fiax (Linum usitatissimum).—Original habitat in doubt. Important crop of northern Europe and some of our cooler and more rainy states; scarcely grown in Missouri. A soft fiber of excellent quality is separated from the stem by rotting away the less resistant tissues, usually under water, a process called ‘‘retting.”” Used chiefly for fine fabrics. Hemp (Cannabis sativa).—Native to central and west Asia. It is easily cultivated in both temperate and tropical regions, and some is grown in Missouri. The stem produces long, strong, durable bast fibers which are separated by retting. Used especially for cordage, tarpaulins, pump pack- ing, and in upholstery stufhing. Jute (Corchorus sp.).—Native of Asia, now cultivated almost ex- clusively in India. The stem produces poor-grade bast fibers which are separated by retting. Used extensively to make burlap or gunny, but supply at present cut off by war. RAMIE OR CHINA Grass (Boehmeria nivea).—Native to Asia; cultivated in the Far East and experimentally in the western United States. The plant MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123 produces excellent, durable bast fibers which, however, are dificult to sep- arate. Used especially for thread and fabrics and in upholstery. SUNN, SAN- OR SUNN-HEMP (Crotalaria juncea).—Native to Asia and cultivated in the Orient. It yields a strong bast fiber that is used in cordage and making coarse canvas. Abaca oR Manica Hemp (Musa fextilis).—Native to the East Indies and eastern Asia, cultivated extensively in the Philippines and to some extent in Central America. Produces very strong, water-resistant hard fibers which are scraped free from surrounding tissue. Used for cordage and marine cables. Most of our supply has been cut off by the war now when it is especially needed for marine equipment. HENEQUEN (Agave fourcroydes), SisaL (Agave sisalana).—Native to Mexico and cultivated there. Produce weak, wiry, hard fibers which are separated by scraping. Used for binder twine and other cordage. Other Agaves known as Isrte and MaGuey are also of some importance. MAURITIUS Hemp (Furcraca gigantea) and Cusan Hemp (Furcraea hexapetala), plants closely related to the Agaves, are of local importance in the West Indies. New ZEALAND Hemp (Phorminm tenax)—Native of New Zealand, cultivated for cordage in California. Tough hard fibers are produced which are separated mechanically. BowstrRInc Hemp (Sansevicria spp.).—Native to Asia and Africa, cul- tivated in many tropical countries and in Florida. Fiber similar to New Zealand hemp in type and use. This is the mother-in-law tongue of United States sunrooms. Com (Cocos nucifera) —The coconut is found throughout the tropics. Short, coarse, rough fibers of the husk of the nut constitute coir. They are separated by beating after having been soaked for months in sea-water. Used for cordage, rough fabrics, and as stuffing material. PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus).—Native to Central America, cultivated extensively in the Philippines. Leaves produce durable hard fibers of ex- cellent quality, but must be extensively processed by hand. 2. Brush fibers, a less important group of fibers, few of which need be mentioned: PiassaAvaA Fisers (from various palms).—Cultivated in the tropics. Produce stiff, coarse fibers which are separated in some cases by retting, in others, mechanically by hand. Used in brushes and sometimes for cordage or weaving. BRoom-corn (Sorghum vulgare var.).—Some kinds probably native to America but many sorts introduced from other parts of the world; culti- vated extensively in the Mississippi Valley. The tassels or seed-heads are cut and used for whisk and carpet brooms. 124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3. Weaving Fibers: These are chiefly of local importance and include fibrous material from the Panama-hat palm (Carludovica palmata), grown chiefly in Colombia and Ecuador; various sedges, grasses, and similar plants used in making mats; certain palms and bamboos used in basketry and wicker-work. 4. Filling fibers: Most important of these is Kapok (Ceiba pentandra), the silk cotton tree, native to the American tropics, but now extensively grown in the Philippines and Ceylon, from which most of our supply is at present cut off. The fibers occur inside the seed-pod, and since they are impervious to water they are extensively used in life-preservers. Filling materials of minor importance are: Spanish moss (Téllandsia usneoides) of the southern United States; seed hairs of several milkweeds (Asclepias) native to the United States; and kapok-like material from a number of tropical plants. 5. Natural fabrics: The entire fibrous system of certain plants is beaten into cloth-like curiosities, commercially unimportant. This group includes paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), the source of tapa cloth in the Orient, lace-bark tree (Lagetta lintearia), from which lace-like material is made in Jamaica, and several others. 6. Wood fibers: From native trees such as spruce (Picea), fir (Abies), pine (Pinus), beech (Fagus), oak (Quercus), cypress (Taxodium), poplar (Populus), etc., raw material is furnished for most of the paper and much of the plastic industry. A question in the minds of many people at present is: What plants can be substituted for those fiber plants cut off by the war? As possible answer we might mention some unused or little-used plants capable of being grown in Missouri, or at least the United States. DocBaNr (Apocynum) produces excellent bast fiber amounting to about 6 per cent of the stem weight (see May, 1930, Garden BULLETIN). In Russia thousands of acres of a similar plant have been put in cultivation and the fiber produced has been manufactured into the Russian ‘“‘kendyr” paper. Mitkweep (Asclepias) is similar to dogbane but probably superior to it, especially in yield. The stems of one species (Asclepias incarnata) growing wild in the swamps near East St. Louis, Illinois, yield approximately 11 per cent fiber by weight. This fiber is superior to that of commercially culti- vated fiber plants grown in the United States, and, in addition, the seed MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 125 hairs, seed, and possibly the rubber content of its “sap” might be valuable as by-products. The fiber is almost pure cellulose and conceivably it could displace flax fiber in industrial use. Only Manila hemp exceeds milkweed fiber in either breaking or tensile strength. Milkweeds have been suggested for economic use many times, and only recently a Chicago investigator found the seed-hairs to be an ideal substitute for kapok. Research at the Missouri Botanical Garden has shown the plant to have excellent commercial possibilities. CorN or Maize (Zea Mays).—Recent investigations have found a num- ber of new uses for corn stalks, and corn stems may in the future supply, at least partially, the cellulose demands of modern industry. A few years ago paper was manufactured at Danville, Illinois, from the corn stems col- lected in that region. However, since corn fiber is of poor quality and the handling and cleaning of the stems difficult, the plant will probably not become a serious peace-time competitor with the majority of fiber plants. Hisiscus and most other native members of the Mallow family produce bast fibers of fair quality in their stems. Some tropical mallows are of minor commercial importance (species of Abutilon, Hibiscus, Sida, Urena) and could be cultivated in Florida. Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) is frequently grown in Missouri. Cat-tai (Typha latifolia) gives a high yield of a poor-grade fiber. However, in Germany, at the close of the last war, fibers from this plant were specially processed to produce a good quality wool substitute. In addition, the roots and rhizomes furnished carbohydrate by-products. The species grows well in Missouri in marshy places. Cotorapo River Hemp (Sesbania exaltata), which grows wild in west- central United States, yields a textile fiber much used by the Indians. Other species of Sesbania are commercially grown for their fiber in the Orient. PINE needles (Pinus spp.) can be used to some extent in making paper and cloth. In Missouri native pine is found only in the southern part of the state. LinpEN (Tilia americana), a tree growing well in Missouri, is reported to have a usable bast fiber just under the bark. The wood is of commercial importance. Peat (Sphagnum sp.) contains a useful fiber but extraction is expensive and could probably only be practiced efficiently in regions where peat is naturally abundant, as, for example, in Sweden. Since fiber plants are so abundant, it might be asked: Why aren’t we growing commercial substitutes for those necessary fibers no longer obtain- able? The answer is:—First, heretofore we've not needed these dif- 126 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ferent fibers—we’ve been content to use the ones with which we already were familiar and for which we had an industrial set-up. During peace time it has not been practical to junk functioning processes for new ones requiring new specialized machinery to process a type of fiber which might or might not prove a financial success. At present new machinery is scarcely obtainable, and machinery now in use in standardized processes would have to be repeatedly tested and altered to handle new raw materials. For ex- ample, a roller crusher for flax stems will not handle the larger, more woody milkweed stems; a cotton gin is not made to properly separate milkweed seed from seed-hair. Second, to work out the kinks in any commercial process takes several years of experimentation. It is more than an overnight job to dovetail and coordinate manufacturing processes, especially around an uncertain market supply of an untried fiber. In fact, many potentially valuable fiber plants have had no market value at all and are unobtainable in quantity. This leads us to a third point. Growers do not produce plants with an uncertain market value. What farmer would raise even an acre of milkweed unless guaranteed beforehand that his crop would be needed? The supply will always lag a year or more behind the demand. The grower must be educated to the production of the new crop. In all probability, he would be reluctant to try the cultivation of a strange crop even if the demand were assured. Only when the above-mentioned difficulties are overcome do we need worry about the actual growing of fiber plants. They must then be thoroughly tested as to adaptability to cultivation, best methods of harvest- ing, storing, processing, etc. Seed or plants must be made available to growers after experiments to develop the finest and most productive sorts have been conducted. All this takes time and money. This is why, of the many unused fiber plants known to botanical science, few can supply the immediate demands of the war even at a high price. Ropert W. SCHERY. NOTES The Henry Shaw Gardenway Association held a meeting at the Arbor- etum Trail House, Gray Summit, on May 24. About 35 members attended. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, spoke to the genetics seminar at the University of Missouri, May 15, on “Races of Zea Mays.” Dr. David C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, gave a talk to the Zeta Beta Chi Sorority, at the Coronado Hotel, June 2, on “Garden Flowers.” MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 1277 Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture on “Basic Training in Air Raid Control”, to the 39th Street Business Association, June 3. The biology classes of the Wood River High School, Wood River, IIl., accompanied by Mr. W. E. Hopper, Biology Instructor, visited the Garden, including the library and herbarium, on May 16. The article ‘Courage in War and Courage in Plants,” by Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, from the April number of Garden Life was reprinted in the March number of Desert Plant Life (14: 59) under the title, “Gardening as a Courage Builder.” Mr. Cutak also has an article in the June number of Garden Life (15:46) entitled “Cacti are Ideal House Plants.” Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, and Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, served on the judging committee at the annual flower show of the Associated Garden Clubs of Kirkwood, held at the newly remodeled Kirkwood Railway Station, May 23. Mr. Pring also acted as one of the judges, June 10, in the lawn contest which is held annually under the auspices of the Northwoods Country Club, of Nor- mandy, Missouri. Recent visitors to the Garden Library include: Dr. E. R. Spencer, Pro- fessor of Botany, McKendree College, Lebanon, Ill.; Dr. Lewis J. Stadler, Principal Geneticist, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Ind., University of Mis- souri, Columba; Mr. Howard E. Gilkey, landscape architect, Oakland, Calif.; Dr. Alfred C. Kinsey, Professor of Zoology, University of Indiana, Bloom- ington; Dr. George A. L. Sarton, Professor of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. Maxine Larisey, Assistant Professor of Biology, Judson College, Marion, Ala. 128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 1942 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors eee PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed packets received as gifts LipRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought eee Total number of books and pamphlets donated _ HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Dutilly, Artheme—Plants of Arctic North America By Gift— Anderson, Edgar—Plants of Illinois Zs Bettis, Mrs. James R.—Rumex Acetosella L. fain Nine = Brenner, Louis G., Jr.—Plants of Mississippi Brinker, Rev. Robert—Photographs of type specimens of Sc ae a Brinker, Rev. Robert—Plants of Florida and Alabama Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.—Matelea lanata (Zucc.) Woodson from Texas Hubricht, Leslie—Plants of Missouri, ee Oi Ghome: sul Reaeeas James, Leslie—Plants of Alabama Lenz, L. W.—Photographs of Helenium before iba ltane DC. Meyer, Frederick G.—Non-vascular plants, chiefly from western United States . = Parks, H. B., by R. B. Clark—Plants of Texas sted anaes Reynolds, Howard C.—Plants of Nebraska —_ Tolstead, W. L.—Plants of Iowa, Nebraska, and Nilanenis By Exchange— Reynolds, Howard C.—Plants of Richardson County, Nebraska. Rhoades, William—Plants chiefly from Tennessee By Field Work— Woodson, R. E., Jr. and R. W. Schery—Plants of Panama_ Total 31,691 11 162 1,317 ; STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorce T. Moore, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, EDGAR ANDERSON, Pathologist Geneticist. _ Jesse. M. GREENMAN, Rosert E, Woopson, Jr., Curator of Herbarium ‘Assistant. Curator of 3 Herbarium, Carrot W. Doneer,. NELL C. Horner, Mycologist Librarian and Editor. of * Publications Gerorce H. Prine; Superintendent Joun Noyes, Paut A, Kont, Consulting Landscape Architect . Floriculturist Wim F. Lancan, / _ Davin C, Fairsurn, Chief Engineer Horticulturist JoserH LANGEN, - JosepH CUTAK, Assistant ‘Engineer In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, _ Lapistaus CuTak, ‘Painter In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Aucust P. BEILMANN, Manager Roy E. Kussicx, FRED WEGLOENER Engineer Orchid Grower REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Paut H. ALLEN, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Witson, F. L._S.; : Hove, Sussex, England SPRING FLORA OF MISSOURI by Julian A. Steyermark “A book that is complete, . ... Undoubtedly the book Missouri flower-lovers have been looking for.” Missouri Historical Review *... In short, the Spring Flora of Missouri is the best -‘Spring Flora’ available at present in the United States.” American Midland Naturalist “Should be of great use to local garden clubs, and for the scien- tific worker who is concerned with the local flora it should be invaluable.” . National Horticultural Magazine “Carefully and critically done, so that it should find wide and enthusiastic reception at the hands of all who enjoy being acquaint- ed with the rich native flora of Missouri.” Rhodora “The most comprehensive spring flora ever issued for any state. . ++ Notable for presenting its data in simple non-technical English, yet with thorough scientific accuracy, Book’s value not limited to’ Missouri.” : Field Museum Notes For sale by the Missouri Botanical Garden. Price $3.00 Mussour! BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXX SEPTEMBER, 1942 No. 7 CONTENTS A Report on the Serbian Spruce . . 1... 2... The Mechanized Equipment of a Botanical Garden . . The Greater St. Louis Victory Garden-Harvest Show . RN pile CRs eons ge a a a eee Statistical information. |. 2. oS ee Ea 129 130 140 141 143 Office of Publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Ill. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: . $1.50 A YEAR BOARD OF TRUSTEES 3 OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE. ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND-THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President GrorcE C. Hircucock ~ Vice-President DanteL K. CatTLIn Second - Vice-President EUGENE PETTUS L. Ray CarTER _ Ricwarp, J. Locxwoop Dupiey Frencu . Grorct T. Moore Joun S. LEHMANN A, Wesset SHAPLEIGH ErHan A. H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorce R, THRoopP, WILLIAM SCARLETT, : Chancellor of Washington Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri University - : Wi11aM Dee Becker, WaSHBURNE D. SuHIPTon, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Science of St. Louis ‘ JouHn. A, FLEISCHLI President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GeraLp ULRICI SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a ‘Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 30, 1942 PLATE 27 cS Rates hee fa fy, APR ae =r ot 0 * PANTS Pal PICEA OMORIKA (Thirteen years old, twenty inches high) Missour1 Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXX SEPTEMBER, 1942 Nea: 7 A REPORT ON THE SERBIAN SPRUCE The Serbian Spruce (Picea Omorika) is one of the most picturesque of evergreens. A full-grown specimen is tall with pendent branches and up- sweeping tips, producing a very narrow silhouette. Seemingly, this is the tree which furnished the inspiration for the classical evergreen of our Christmas cards. Recently it has attracted considerable attention, perhaps because of its reputed hardiness and drought resistance, but more likely because no large specimen could be found here. Thus the gardeners’ pro- pensity for “‘something different”? was given full play. One of the many functions of an Arboretum is to grow or to attempt to grow all trees which may succeed in a particular region, and then to repert on their behavior. The following note on the Serbian Spruce may prove enlightening and interesting, although it holds but little promise of success. Seeds of Picea Omorika were cbtained from F. M. Ellis, of Griffin, Ga., in 1927, and again in 1928, but neither lot germinated. A third attempt was made the following year, when a quarter pound of seed was imported direct from A. Grumwald, Wiener-Neustadt, Austria. This shipment pro- duced many hundreds of seedlings, which were grown in one long cold- frame, receiving the usual cultivation, irrigation, and protection from the sun by lath shades. When the famous plant explover, the late Mr. E. H. Wilson, visited the Arboretum in June, 1930, he questioned the identity of the seedlings, but was satisfied when informed of the seed source. However, he insisted that this region was “too hot” for this particular spruce, and subsequent experi- ence has proved him correct. The nursery inventory of 1932 listed 300 seedlings of Picea Omorika, but during the very dry summer of 1934 over one-half of these died. In 1939 those remaining were moved to the new nursery where they have lived without a single growing season to their liking. The inventory of May, 1942, lists just 32 specimens, none of which exceed 2 feet in height although they are now thirteen years old. (129) 130 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN During October, 1940, the writer was able to obtain five fine specimens from Mr. C. R. Page, of the Ohio State Experiment Station Arboretum, at Wooster, Ohio. They were about 3 feet tall, well grown, and beyond the uncertainties of seedling trees. After being carefully dug and wrapped in burlap, they were hauled by automobile to Gray Summit and planted there less than 48 hours later. In spite of every attention, one tree died in August, 1941; another in May, 1942; and it is safe to predict that those remaining will not last many years. Reporting the failure of a tree to grow well is an unpleasant task, and while the gardener never quite loses all hope it appears that the Serbian Spruce must be classified as unsuited for this region, ore sae A, PBs THE MECHANIZED EQUIPMENT OF A BOTANICAL GARDEN That almost everyone enjoys a flower show can be attested to by the great crowds visiting local horticultural displays. However, the show is the accomplished fact, and few people are aware of the labor and equipment which have been used in its preparation. Even though the display be nothing more than a new Petunia, to be outstanding Petunias have as one important requirement: the p oper soil at the proper time. Some might say that this means nothing more than the judicicus use of a spade by an experienced gardener; but really this is not the case. The ancient art of the gardener has undergone many changes, and the greatest has been due to the intro- duction of machinery. It is safe to say that to-day no very ambitious gardening project is undertaken which does not require some machinery. The Missouri Botanical Garden has probably gone farther in the use of standard kinds of machinery, and certainly much farther in the development of specialized kinds, than any comparable institution. The right soil at the right time at least requires means of transportation, and three 1'3-ton dump trucks are in service. One of these at the Arbo- retum is changed into a flat-bed stake-body at certain seasons. But it may not be sufhcient to simply haul and dump a load of soil; perhaps more humus is needed. In this day the addition of humus to a soil is something of a problem. Usually, as the advantages of machinery became apparent, teams were disposed of and stables were converted into garages. Thus in recent years stable manure has been denied the gardener. The answer to this lack are the green manures, organic mulches, composts, and to some extent, sludge from sewage-disposal plants. The growing of a green manure is a simple farming operation. An Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., VoL. 30, 1942 SOI SHREDDER FEEDING SOT] SHREDDER 132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN International Farmall ‘'20” tractor is used at the Arboretum, and an Inter- national Industrial “4” is used in town. Both are equipped with pneumatic tires, and both have the usual complement of gang plows, discs, and har- rows. To grow a green manure, the usual procedure is to plow, disc, and harrow the land and then sow the seed with a grain drill. In spring, soybeans are sown, and in fall, winter rye is used. In either event such crops are not harvested but after making full growth are plowed under. Since it is seldom possible to mature both rye and beans on the same land during a twelve- month period, it has been the practice to plow under the rye in April and thereby give the soybeans the longer growing season. These are usually permitted to grow until frost, by which time they are mature and very “woody.” When plowed under some stalk fragments can be found for twelve months after. Green manuring improves the physical condition of the soil and increases its fertility but seldom adds sufficient humus to satisfy all requirements. The short cut to adding humus is by spreading compost on the surface of the soil or plowing it under, depending upon what use will be made of the ground. Composts must be considered as the machine-age stable manures. If every bit of plant refuse is saved, usually so much slowly decomposing “woody” material will be included that fragments can be found for several seasons after it is returned to the land. So long as such material can be seen in the soil we can be certain that at least a portion of the needed humus is available. Some machinery is required to produce compost in amounts suf- ficient for large-scale gardening. Trucks are used to gather and pile all plant refuse, and after decomposition to haul the compost to the area where it is to be used. So far the production of compost seems to have been little changed by the introduction of machinery. However, a uniform compost cannot be obtained unless either a soil shredder or a hammer mill is used. A soil shredder not only eliminates laborious turning of compost but it also does away with endless sifting and screening. The roughest kind of plant refuse is usable within twelve months after collection if it is passed through a soil shredder after six or nine months or just as soon as it has become thoroughly wet, and then allowed to decompose a short while longer. If leaves are gathered while damp they may be shredded after six months and used immediately. The shredder in use at the Garden was constructed some ten years ago from parts of discarded lawn mowers, paint sprayers, etc. It consists principally of a 4-wheeled steel chassis on which a gasoline engine of 114 H. P. is mounted. At the other end is the engine-driven rotor made of many round bars which shred the compost as it falls upon them. This type of machine readily removes such unwanted material as bricks, rocks, and MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133 cinders simply by throwing them much farther than it does the more resilient compost. The commercial models now available are very satisfactory. After the nursery has been properly “rested,” plowed, disced, and planted, the next operation is cultivating. Since the plants are usually lined out in rows, the cultivator must be a type which will work between them. The conventional “row-crop” tractor with corn-cultivating attachments is satis- factory when the nursery stock is moved each year and neither grows too high nor spreads too much during one summer. If some plants tend to spread and others to grow in height and all remain longer than a single season then a cultivator which will work between the rows must be used. For this purpose the Gravely Model “D” tractor has proven satisfactory. This machine is self-propelled and is steered and handled like a plow. The cultivator teeth are placed ahead of the machine and are adjustable from 1 to 3 feet in width. There is one drive wheel, astride which the air-cooled motor is mounted, the depth wheels in front helping to maintain the balance. Although seed drills, potato planters, and other specialized planting equipment are in general use, the horticulturist is seldom concerned with machinery to place plants in the ground. However, there is one exception, Large balled trees cannot be planted without a device for lifting and trans- porting their great weight. A crane of some sort is usually employed, and the adaptation of one in the model made and used at the Garden seems worthy of description, It is a trailer unit designed to be towed and powered by a tractor. The tree is lifted and lowered by a winch operated through the power take-off shaft of the tractor. The winch is a worm-gear type requiring no brakes to hold the load, and several lifting speeds are available through the installation of a motor-car transmission in front. This tree mover will work on hillsides; it will operate on ground much too soft for trucks; and it does not have to be carefully blocked and shored before lifting the tree. Of course, it is much too slow for moving trees any distance over highways, but it is quickly placed in position and is an excellent unit for work on large acreages. Mention has been made of plows, discs, and harrows in preparing soil for the nursery or greenhouse. A somewhat recent development replaces all these and in one operation produces a better seed-bed than do the conven- tional tools in many trips over the ground. This tool is called a “tiller”, being marketed as the Roto-tiller, Arends Tiller, and Seaman Tiller. The last, designed to be operated from the power take-off shaft of a tractor, is used at the Arboretum. With this equipment it is possible to shred the soil to a depth of 10 or 12 inches and while doing so thoroughly incorporate any kind of humus, no matter how dry, rough or strawy, it may be. In pre- paring beds for Rhododendrons it has been the practice to add whatever 134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN humus was available. After two tillings it is quite difficult to distinguish such diverse forms as sawdust, orchid peat, stable manure, or leaf mold. The soil is uniform in texture, very fluffy, and does not dry as quickly as when plowed. The generally excellent blue grass in the Arboretum is due largely to carefully timed mowing. With the acreage involved only power-driven mowers can be used. All large open areas are cut with a 7-foot sickle-bar mower mounted on the tractor. All plant groups with less than the 12- foot clearance required for the tractor are mowed with a National Sickle-bar Mower. This is a self-propelled machine, cutting a swath 40 inches wide and steered by the operator who walks behind. Every operation of mowing, haying or harvesting of blue grass is done by machinery. The harvesting of blue grass seed is becoming one of the really important operations of the year. It is the result of a scientific study during which it became apparent that there were many kinds of blue grass in the Arboretum and that the seeds of some of them should be collected and grown on for observation. To harvest the seed a special machine was designed and built by the Garden and has proved entirely satisfactory for small areas. Two years later a large model made to be towed by a truck was purchased from the Peppard Seed Co., Kansas City, Mo. In both of these machines a nail- studded wooden drum revolves at high speed and literally strips the ripe seed from the grass and throws it into a container at the back. The usual farm-harvesting machinery—combine, binder, thresher, etc.—are of little value in harvesting blue grass. After the seed is gathered it must be “cured” or dried and then cleaned in an elaborate stationary plant. The work has been done without charge by the Ed. F. Mangelsdorf Seed Co., of St. Louis, as their contribution toward the development of hardier strains of blue grass. In 1941, when over a ton of seed was gathered, they found it necessary to send it to their plant at Atchinson, Kansas. Mowing, of course, does not begin until all seed has been harvested. If, after mowing, the amount of hay produced is considerable it is picked up with a hay-loader towed by a truck and then stacked in piles. This material is used as a mulch around plants or as a cover on newly graded road shoulders to hasten the re-establishment of sod. It will be seen that the only non- machinery operation in the handling of blue grass is the actual sowing of the seed and the stacking of the hay. Another unit used with the F-20 tractor is a power sprayer for insect control. This is a trailer towed by the tractor and powered through the power take-off shaft. A Hardie Sprayer with a 300-gallon tank and a 30- gallon per minute pump has ample capacity for solid-stream spraying of the tallest trees and with the proper gun can be used in the Pinetum, orchards, Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., VoL. 30, 1942 PLATE TREE-MOVER WITH 2'4-TON CRABAPPLE INTERNATIONAL BULL-GRADER IN ARBORETUM LAKE. SPILLWAY Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., Vor. 30, 1942 PLaTeE 30 DRILLING HOLES FOR DYNAMITING SAWMILL AND LUMBER SHED TANK TRUCK AS EQUIPPED FOR IRRIGATION, FIRE FIGHTING AND SLUDGE DISTRIBUTION MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 137 and forests. The large pneumatic tires give the unit ground clearance and permit travel over soft ground in early spring. At 600 pounds pressure the solid-stream nozzle will reach a height of 75 feet or more and might be considered as auxiliary fire-fighting equipment provided it could be got into action quickly enough. It is se:dom possible to plant even a few shrubs without doing some grading. Sometimes only a wheelbarrow and shovel are needed, but at the Arboretum the extensive changes made in the topography have required larger equip- ment. All heavy grading or large earth-moving jobs since 1939 have been done with an International T-20 (crawler type) tractor equipped with a Bucyrus-Erie “bull-grader.” This seems to be the one ‘must’? machine in the development of an Arboretum. In the hands of a competent operator it can make fire trails almost as fast as it moves over the ground. In road building it is possible to grade within .2 feet of the exact elevations and with a proper complement of grading and rooting plows, chains, steel cables, etc., it becomes a versatile unit always in use where hard or heavy work is being done. For the “finish” grade on a road-bed the same tractor is coupled to a 7-foot blade grader. Road building sooner or later requires the use of dynamite, which in turn calls for air-driven tools—rock drills, breakers, etc.—and an air compressor. The compressor, used at the Arboretum is unique, no part of it being less than sixteen years old. Portability is a requirement in this type of work, and this compressor is mounted on a solid rubber-tire observation balloon trailer of World War I vintage. The Sullivan horizontal compressor is al- most as venerable, while the motor used for power was salvaged from a Cletrac tractor purchased about 1926. When ready for use this rig weighs about four tons, and while this weight would be excessive in a compressor which is often moved, ours is seldom moved more than a mile or two and the weight makes for stability. It has given trouble-free operation, represents an investment of less than $75.00, and was used for all rock work on the bridges, reservoir, and where needed for road building. Like most Arboretum equipment the air compressor is very versatile. When the drive belts are reversed and an ordinary saw mandrel and 36-inch saw are mounted at the back it becomes a cord-wood saw. With the build- ing of a sliding table all small trees and tree tops can be readily reduced to cordwood. There are two more uses for the Cletrac engine mentioned above: driving the belt conveyor when the year’s coal supply is piled 14 feet high in the coal shed, and operating the sawmill. Recently a Fisher & Davis #0 Sawmill has been set up and the Cletrac engine drives the 56-inch saw. This mill converts logs into timber rather than allowing them to decay in the woods or reducing them to cordwood. 138 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN There is always considerable need for lumber of many sizes which can be used in construction or maintenance work. Although the Cletrac engine is not large enough for this operation, it will sufhce until a power plant of ample size can be procured. Extensive plantations of trees and shrubs cannot be maintained without supplementary irrigation. Some mobile water carrier must be provided since the cost of piping water to all sections of the Arboretum is prohibitive. For this purpose an International D-S 40 truck tractor is used; this is coupled to a Fruehauf 1,025-gallon tank trailer, and the entire unit rolls on 8.25 x 20 tires. With the ten speeds of the truck it has been possible to haul water INTERNATIONAL D-S “40” HAULING 65-FOOT POLES TO ARBORETUM TRAIL HOUSE anywhere, even over steep hills. Trees and shrubs are watered when newly planted and whenever necessary for the following two years; during 1941, 600,000 gallons of water were hauled and used for this purpose. Water for irrigation is taken from fire plugs which are connected by 6-inch mains to reservoirs. The largest reservoir, near the Trail House, holds 300,000 gallons, being filled by pumping from a shallow well near the Meramec River. Two pumps are used, a 3 x 4 Westco turbine and a 4-inch Sterling centrifugal. Each water-supply installation is a problem in itself, and these pumps are mentioned because they have been very satisfactory. Another reservoir underground, for use in the greenhouses, cold-frames, and seed-beds, catches the rain from the greenhouse roofs and holds 150,000 gallons. The tank truck can be filled at any of the seven fire hydrants sup- plied by these two reservoirs. The one at the greenhouses is filled from the Pinetum lake whenever the use exceeds the rainfall, which seems to be a chronic condition. The same tank truck may be driven to a fire line and MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 139 while there serve as a mobile reservoir from which pack-sack pumps can be filled. In addition, sludge from sewage-disposal plants must be hauled and dis- tributed. The sludge is pumped directly through a diaphragm pump into the tank and then distributed through hoses by gravity to the area to be fertil- ized. This is an excellent fertilizer which is not at all appreciated in modern gardening or agriculture. Provided that only residential sewage is passed through the plant or no appreciable amount of manufacture waste or garage grease-rack offal enters the sanitary sewer system, the resultant product, after a proper period of digesting, is perhaps equal to good stable manure. Needless to say, all such material is used in Europe and the Orient, and in a much more unpleasant form. It will require American ingenuity to develop ROAD MACHINERY sewage-disposal systems in all communities and especially to find cheap ways of making the sludge available to gardeners. The equipment at the Arbo- retum is probably the most elaborate in use anywhere in a large-scale experi- ment of this sort. All the roads in the Arboretum are gravel-surfaced, the gravel coming from a bar on the Meramec River. Lately this has been loaded by drag-line and hauled and spread by dump truck. Maintenance is not difficult after 53 the road has become “‘stabilized” through grading and rolling. Weeds are controlled and the driving surface kept smooth by periodic use of a blade grader, steel drag, and roller, all being towed by tractor. The macadam roads in the city garden are a different problem since they have a limestone base and a waterproof wearing surface, usually asphalt. Maintenance in this case consists of renewing the surface by applying a new coat of asphalt into which more fine gravel is rolled and imbedded. Machinery has been devel- oped to use the “emulsified asphalts” which have lately come into prominence 140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN and are especially suitable for repairing and for constructing minor roads. The emulsified kinds are quickly applied and require no heating but must be under pressure in order to get even distribution. The simplest and most satisfactory way so far developed is by the use of compressed air since they behave much like water. For this purpose a 200-gallon tank of asphalt was mounted on a trailer, and above this an air tank, with a gasoline engine and compressor at the front of the rig. When compressed air is “bled” into the lower tank containing the asphalt, the material is forced through a hose and out the standard gun and nozzle. This does not exhaust the list of machinery in use in a botanical garden or arboretum since no mention has been made of lawn mowers, lawn sweep- ers, or the thousand other items in daily use. The list does, however, include most of those units which have become somewhat indispensable or which were especially developed to do some difficult or time-consuming operation. It does include some, such as the tree mover, asphalt distributor, and grass stripper, which are an entirely new approach to a difficult job. It also in- cludes a note on such strictly experimental work as that concerned with the use and distribution of sewage-disposal sludge. It is safe to predict that this problem will attract far more attention, both at the Arboretum and perhaps on a national scale, in the near future. Ae Pot THE GREATER ST. LOUIS VICTORY GARDEN HARVEST SHOW At the request of the National authorities, the Missouri Botanical Garden will devote all its facilities toward making a success of the Greater St. Louis Victory Garden Harvest Show, one of the 7,000 such shows being held throughout the country this fall. For the first time in its history, the Garden will charge an admission fee during the three days of the Show, October 3, 4 and 5, the proceeds to be donated to the relief agencies of our armed forces. Special features contributed by the Garden will be displays of fiber and rubber plants, house plants, and rare old books from the Library. In addition, the former country residence of Henry Shaw will be furnished with original pieces of his furniture, and members of the Junior League, in costumes of the Shaw period, will act as guides in the building. As a part of the setting in the ‘Old Residence”, a number of flower arrange- ments by the most successful followers of the art in this section will be used. The Museum Building will house an exhibit of the Herb Society, and, if plans can be carried through, the famous May color photographs of flower arrangements will be on loan and shown there for the three days of the show. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 141 The admission fee of thirty cents (including tax) will entitle the visitor to all the features of the Show. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES: Executive Chairman, George H. Pring Assistant Chairman, Mrs. Joel Y. Lund Victory Garden Chairman, Mrs. Emmet J. Layton Ticket Sales, Gregory J. Nooney Treasurer, Arthur A. Guenther Secretary, Mrs. Harry C. Hampe Director of Publicity, Hal H. Thurbor Army Public Relations Officer, Capt. George A. Bates Navy Public Relations Officer, Ensign Robert Hilliard SPECIAL COMMITTEES: Canning and Preserving, Mrs. Elzey Robert, Mrs. Tom Francis Cut Flowers, Mrs. James F. Williams Decorative Arrangement, Mrs. O. K. Bovard Fruits and Vegetables, Paul Bernard House Plants, Dr. David C. Fairburn Herbs, Mrs. Arthur B. Baer Judges, Miss Berenice M. Nulsen Planning and Installation, Paul A. Kohl, Emmet J. Layton Schedule, Dr. C. R. Conroy Speakers, Edward C. Palmer AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS: Garden Club of America Junior Garden Clubs Junior League Landscape and Nurserymen’s St. Louis Garden Club Association St. Louis Horticultural Society National Nurserymen’s Association Greater St. Louis Dahlia Society Men’s Garden Club Greater St. Louis Association of Parks and Playgrounds Gardeners Schools St. Louis County Farm Bureau Monday Club Florists’ Industry Garden Club of Greater St. Louis Florists’ Club Urban League Ladies’ Florists’ Club St. Louis County Junior Chamber Fruit Growers of Commerce NOTES The August number of The Flower Grower (28:375) has reprinted the article “Lightning and Trees” from the December 1941 Garden BULLETIN. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture, “Introducing the Cactus Family,” before the Henry Shaw Cactus Society of St. Louis, August 9. As has been the custom for a number of years, on August 25 a wreath of orchids was placed on the tomb of Henry Shaw in the Garden mausoleum to commemorate the day of his death. Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, showed the motion- pictures, “Four Seasons in the Missouri Botanical Garden,” before the Ladies’ Social Room of the Rose Hill Masonic Lodge, June 9. 142 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN “Fiber Plants to Meet the War Emergency,” an article by Dr. Robert W. Schery, in the June number of the Garden BULLETIN, was reprinted in the June 30 and July 15 numbers of Chemurgic Digest (1:94-95, 99-101). The September number of the ANNaLs OF THE Missourt BOTANICAL GarDEN (Vol. 29, No. 3) was issued during the month, with contents as follows: “Commentary on the North American Genera of Commelinaceae,” by Robert E. Woodson, Jr.; “A Revision of the Genus Bumelia,’”’ Robert B. Clark; “Monograph of Malvaviscus,” Robert W. Schery. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, has pub- lished the following articles recently: ‘The Henry Shaw Cactus Club,” in the August number of the Journal of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America (14:118-119); “Introducing the Cactus Family,” in the July Garden Life (15:54-55); and “Desirable Cacti for the Beginner,” in the August Garden Life (15:59-60). Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has given talks on “The Greater St. Louis Victory Garden Harvest Show” before the following groups: meeting of the Air-Raid Wardens of Zone 2, July 8; Ladue Florists’ Club, August 3; Greater St. Louis Association of Gardeners, August 4; and the St. Louis Horticultural Society, August 7. Dr. Carroll W. Dodge, Mycologist to the Garden, returned in August from Guatemala where he has been exchange professor at the University of Guatemala since January, 1941. In July, 1942, he received an honorary degree from the Guatemalan government and gave the principal address at the convocation, his subject being “Agricultural Problems in Relation to the Four Freedoms.” Visitors to the Garden library during the summer months include the following: Lieut. Stanley Bettoney, formerly graduate student at the Garden; Mr. Delzie Demaree, of Arkansas Agricultural and Mechanical College, Monticello; Mr, Otto Degener, author of books and papers on the Hawaiian flora, of Honolulu, H. I.; Dr. Harry Fuller, professor of botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Mr. Richard Inglis, student in botany, Grin- nell College, Grinnell, Iowa; Mr. Leonard Jansen, student in botany, Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas; Dr. Boris Krukoff, tropical plant explorer; Dr. Mary Maxine Larisey, assistant professor of biology, Judson College, Marion, Ala.; Mr. Reid Moran, graduate student in botany, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Mr. Charles Denny Rogers III, author of botanists’ biographies, of Columbus, Ohio; Mr. Russell J. Seibert, Agent Rubber In- vestigations, U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry, recently stationed at Jeremy, Haiti; Dr. Henry Schmitz, Dean of the School of Forestry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; Mrs. Richard Walker (Helen Bramsch), formerly MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 143 graduate student at the Garden and the University of California, Berkeley; and Mrs. Roland Walker, Dr. Walker, head of the biology department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., Mrs. Walker, of the botany department, Smith College, Northampton, Mass. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE-AUGUST, 1942 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors in co sce eae A Roe eee Aen. OD NS Detal number of visitors it Jal ye seo Perees .. 23.008 Total number of visitors in August — 0 28,116 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants, bulbs and packets of seeds donated in June 299 Total number of plants and packets of seeds donated in July 17 Total number of plants and packets of seeds donated in August. 290 LipraRy ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought in June a 19 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in June - o : 238 Total number of pamphlets bought in July — ee ee 15 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in July Uae Renate : 195 Total number of books bought in August _ ae 2 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in August = 95 JUNE HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— University of California, Berkeley, by T. H. Goodspeed—Plants of South America — oe 531 Woodson, R. E., Jr.—Plants of Panama osegaiistsasace- cet eoe ee a 1,167 By Gift— Anderson, E.—Veronica hederacfolia L. from St. Louis County, Missouri I Atkins Institute of the Arnold Arboretum, Cuba—Agave sp. 1 Beldt, Mrs. A. C.—Liparis liliifolia (L.) Richard from Missouri. 1 Berry, E. C.—Plants of Missouri and Puerto Rico eee : 56 Cutler, Hugh C.—Asclepias latifolia (Yorr.) Raf. from Texas — 1 Hester, J. Pinckney—Agave from Nevada ee 7 Hubricht, Leslie—Plants of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma : 67 Martinez, Maximino—Picea sp. from Mexico l Runyon, Robert—Plants of Texas a = 8 Schery, Robert W.—Plants of Missouri : 2 Whetzel, H. H.—Martinia panamensis Whetzel feo panna Rint I By Exchange— Barkley, Fred—Plants of Montana - = - : 199 Demaree, Delzie—Plants of Arkansas, mainly 2s oe 1,500 Museum of Northern Arizona—Plants of Arizona _ 71 Pomona College—Plants of California, Nevada 114 Stratton, Robert—Plants of Oi hau eee eres 76 U. S. National Museum—Plants of the United States and South America _ 338 University of California, by Lee Bonar—California fungi 182 University of California—Plants of California, chiefly 207 oy _ a 2s 4,531 144 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN JULY By Purchase— Lundell, C. L.—Plants of British Honduras and southern Mexico __ 166 By Gift— Berry, E. C.—Selenicereus MacDonaldiae Britton & Rose from Horticulture ; ee Tee? eee 1 Campbell, Joy—Liquidambar Styraciflua a isiecabwctteienececadetnatestefaatsns 1 Chandler, Albert—Plants of central United States —_ ee 43 Demaree, Delzie—Plants of Arkansas —— 6 Guild, Mrs. George—Plant of Horticulture 1 Hubricht, Leslie—Plants of Arkansas = aa 6 Rose, Lewis Samuel—Plants of California 1,253 Stanford University—Plants of Mexico - OC oe Stratton, Robert—Plant of Oklahoma es : see 1 By Exchange— Cornell University—Plants of New Mexico and Arizona 21 Daily, W. A.—Myxophyceae : Soeeeseeeeassee 45 Field Museum of Natural History—Plants of Parana, ets 2 Iowa State College—Plants of Iowa and Arizona OC 203 Rhoades, William—Plants of eastern United States = 228 By Transfer— Fairburn, D. C.—Malpighia coccigera L. of Horticulture — Pring, George H.—Nepenthes of Horticulture 7 By Field Work— Woodson, R. E.—Plants of Panama, collected by H. von Wedel, P. Allen, R. E. Woodson & R. W. Schery a 1,397 Total seduce : 3,389 AUGUST By Gift— Barkley, F. A.—Ochoterenaea colombiana Barkley ee ee I Darker, G. D.—Fungi of Ontario, Missouri and Georgia 30 Demaree, Delzie—Plants of Arkansas 0 —— ~ 3 Hammond, Ida May—Usfilago sp. — Pea T EER : - 1 Hester, J. Pinckney—Plants of Arizona = Z ee 6 Hubricht, Leslie—Plants of Illinois and Mineainel sagt wage Secs ela ciciegta cease 12 Ledman, O. S.—Sedum sp. from Horticulture — : = I Morley, Thomas—Plants of California _ Peers 22 Seibert, R. J.—Garcinia sp. from the Canal Fone. eee 3 Williams, L. O.—Descriptions and illustrations of orchids — : 4 By Exchange— Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University—Miscellaneous duplicate herbarium specimens : epreeeene geteteess ete 1,969 Chrysler, M. A.—Ferns of Central America ~ : 125 Instituto Miguel Lillo de la Universidad Nacional de ‘Tice Plants of Argentina osc 357 Rocky Mountain Herbarium—Plants of western North Americ Accs: 125 By Transfer— Pring, George H.—Nepenthes spp. of Horticulture — Renate 2 By Field Work— Woodson, R. E.—Plants of Panama — sais esas ; 200 Total ; tegeselags loaetitacces “2961 STAFF OF THE acti en BOTANICAL SARE THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI | GeEorGE T. Moore, Director HERMANN VON “SCHRENK, \~> “Roperr E. Woopson, Jr., Pathologist - ¢ ’ Assistant Curator of s Herbarium Aaa Jesse M. GREENMAN, So Aas HENRY N. Akcanuws: “Curator. of Herbarium Sgt tee Paleobotanist ” CARROLL W. ‘Donce, © ; RoBert W. ScHERY, © Mycologist = : ' Research Assistant EpGar. ANDERSON, NEL C. Horner, Geneticist e Librarian and Editor of Sy : ’ : Publications : GrorGcE H. PRING, = Superintendent Jorn Noyes, — Paut A. Kout, Consulting Landscape Architect~ _ Floriculturist WiuaM F. Lancan, “ " Daviw C. FaiRBURN, Chief Engineer Horticulturist ~ _JosepH LaNcEN, ~~ - JosepH CuTak, ’ Assistant’ Engineer In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, _— - LapisLaus Curak, - Painter 7 In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Aucust P. BEILMANN, Manager -Roy E. KissIck, FRED WEGLOENER, Engineer 5 Orchid Grower REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS. Pauu. H. ALLEN, Balboa, Canal Zone _REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE — Gurney Wison, F. L. S.; Hove; Sussex, England SPRING FLORA OF MISSOURI x Julian A. Steyermark “A book that is complete, ... . Undoubtedly the book Missouri flower-lovers have been looking for.” : Missouri Historical Review *. . , In short, the Spring Flora of Missouri is the best ‘Spring Flora’ available at present in the United States.” American Midland Naturalist “Should be of great use to local garden clubs, and for the scien- tific worker who is concerned with the local flora it should be invaluable.” ; National Horticultural Magazine “Carefully and critically done, so that it should find wide and enthusiastic reception at the hands of all who enjoy being acquaint- ed with the rich native flora of Missouri.” Rhodora “The most-comprehensive spring flora ever issued for any state. . +» Notable for presenting its data in simple non-technical English, yet with thorough scientific accuracy. Book’s value not limited to Missouri.” Field Museum Notes For sale by the Missouri Botanical Garden. Price $3.00 Miussourt JRBOTANICAL. GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXX OCTOBER, 1942 No. 8 =D AAG a> J al ney > jj ( ¥; = SS NS Pf Brac, ts a PO: ca CONTENTS A Guide to the Hardy Trees and Large Shrubs of the Missouri Botanical Garden . . .... Notes. wit gs La Statistical Information Office of Publication: Editorial Office: t. Louis, M 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Ill, °. Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942; at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. SPECIAL NUMBER: TWENTY-FIVE CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President GerorcE C. Hitcucock Vice-President Danie. K. CaTLIN Second Vice-President EUGENE PETTUS L. Ray CARTER RicHarp J. Lockwoop DupLey FRENCH GeorcE T. Moore Joun S. LEHMANN A. Wesset SHAPLEIGH ErHan A. H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Georce R. THroop, WILLIAM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri University Witt1aM Dee Becker, WasHBURNE D. SHIPTON, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Science of St. Louis JouHn A. FLEISCHLI President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD ULRICI SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. _— \ re ol = A.rReD Avenuk eee oe A Rose & Linngan Gardens G Lawn t Grove | ; a ae B Floral Display House H_ Economic Garden 2) ——— SC SCMedicinal Garden | Wooded Area r ee gee D Conservatory & [talian Garden J Azalea Lawn ss - — E Plaza Garden K Mausoleum ee F The Knolls L Administrative Area (, rene M Iris Garden \ he N- North American Tract \ \ O Orchard \ Ps P Meadow \ Q Service Area \ | R Nursery \ | ty 5 6 | j 1 e | 1 -< \ | i wallll ; etal) UU mvug AnNnany MAP OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN “LOG ‘OW “dav IOA “TING THO ‘OE ALV Ig I¢ Missour1 Botanical Garden Bulletin Volo noe OCTOBER, 1942 No. 8 A GUIDE TO THE HARDY TREES AND LARGE SHRUBS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN The following list is intended to serve as a guide to the hardy trees and large shrubs now growing in the St. Louis Garden and also it may be useful to gardeners in selecting woody plants for cultivation in this vicinity. Although great effort has been taken to make this guide complete, it was not possible to include every species. The list is divided into three groups: (1) large trees, usually more than 25 feet in height in this locality, valued chiefly for shade and timber; (2) small trees, seldom more than 25 feet tall, cultivated for their con- spicuous flowers and fruits; and (3) large shrubs which in their native habitats may be trees but fail to reach arborescent proportions here. The plants are listed alphabetically according to the common name, but for definiteness the botanical name is also included. The name of the person who first gave the plant its name follows, and, since many plants were originally described by Linnaeus, his name has been abbreviated “L.” The locality where the plant grows wild is given next. Other pertinent notes are sometimes included, such as: the derivation of the name; outstanding horticultural characteristics; properties and uses of the wood. Reference is made to the other numbers of the Missouri Botanical Garden BULLETIN where further information may be found. Much of the data contained herein has been taken from Rehder’s Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs, revised edition, 1940; Hough’s Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and Canada, 1907; and Harlow and Harrar’s Textbook of Dendrology, 1937. The accompanying map gives the location of the plant in the Garden. For example, the list states that the Pyramidal English Oak may be found at “K.” Turning to the map we find that “K” stands for the Mausoleum; and on the east side of the walk we shall find two specimens each bearing a label. (145) 146 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN LARGE TREES Acacia: False, see Black Locust; Three-thorned, see Honey Locust. ALpER, BLack or European (Alnus glutinosa Gaertner). — Eurasia, N. Africa; occasionally escaped in N. E. N. Am. Originally introduced for the manufacture of charcoal. Grows vigorously in very wet localities, but is rather short-lived. C. AsH, BLur (Fraxinus quadrangulata Michaux). E. Cent. U.S. A valuable timber tree. The bark contains a mucilaginous substance that turns blue upon exposure to the air. G. AsH, European (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Europe, Asia Minor. In cultivation for centuries. One of Europe’s best-known timber trees. Frequently planted as a street tree in America. G, M. AsH, GREEN (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. lanceolata Sargent). E. N. Am. Very hardy tree of rapid growth and desirable habit. Although naturally a bottom-land tree, it may be grown in dry, sterile places. Not distinguished commercially from the following species. G, M. AsH, Wuite (Fraxinus americana L.). E. N. Am. One of the most valuable hardwoods of the American forests. Grows on rich slopes and in river bottoms. The wood is heavy, hard and strong, and finds use in the manufacture of tool-handles, furniture, etc. General. Basswood, see American Linden. Beech, Blue or Water, see American Hornbeam. BreecH, European (Fagus sylvatica L.). Europe. Long in cultivation. One of the most important timber trees of Europe where it is grown in pure or mixed stands under forest management. B. The PurpLe or Copper Breecu (var, afropucinea Weston) differs from the species in its purplish foliage. Cultivated since 1860. D, M. The Rose-pINk BEECH (var. roseo-marginata Henry) resembles the preceding variety ex- cept that the leaves have a pink border. Jie BircH, Canoe or Paper (Betula papyrifera Marshall). N. N. Am. Fast-growing, short-lived tree scattered among the conifer-hardwood forests, and thriving in cool, moist places. The bark is impervious to water and formerly was used for canoes. N, BircH, CHERRY, SWEET or Biack (Betula lenta L.). E. U.S. Because the bark resembles that of the Black Cherry, Prunus serotina Ehrhart, the tree is sometimes called Cherry Birch, and the dark color gives it the name Black Birch. Owing to the sweet aromatic flavor of its leaves and bark it is also sometimes called Sweet Birch. Oil of wintergreen was formerly prepared commercially from the twigs and bark. The wood is heavy, hard and strong and when freshly cut is of a rosy hue which deepens upon ex- posure to the light. It takes a brilliant polish and so is valued for furniture; MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 147 when carefully preserved, it acquires with age the appearance of ma- hogany. IN: Bircu, River, Rep, or Water (Betula nigra L.). E. U.S. Graceful tree with slender, drooping branchlets. Scattered along banks of streams. The only birch that sheds its seeds in late spring. Heat-tolerant and smoke- resistant, [BULLETIN, May 1926. ] By. FG dN, BircH, YELLow (Betula lutea Michaux). Cent. E. N. Am. The most important of American birches, furnishing most of all timber marketed as birch. Grows best in moist, cool localities. Its shaggy bark is its distin- guishing feature: on old trunks it becomes papery and curled in ribbon- like strips. Its wood is hard and strong and is used in furniture manufactur- ing; also makes one of the best fuel woods. N. BitTER-NUT (Carya cordiformis K. Koch). Que. and E. U.S. Al- though usually found on wet bottom-lands, this tree is hardy on poorer soils and is probably the most abundant and uniformly distributed species of hickory. The wood is heavy, hard and strong, and is used for tool- handles, firewood, etc. ae Box-ELDER (Acer Negundo L.). Ont. and E. U.S. Scattered on deep, moist soils, also on poorer sites, this species is perhaps the most aggressive of maples. Not a decorative tree, but rapid in growth and short-lived. In the Prairie States it is planted as windbreaks and as street trees. The wood is light in weight, soft, easily worked and is used for paper pulp. [BULLETIN, March 1937]. B,D LN; 0: BUCKEYE, SWEET or YELLOW (Aesculus octandra Marshall). S. E. U. S. Regarded as ‘“‘sweet”’ in comparison with the following species. The flour from the nuts produces a paste of greater adhesive qualities than ordinary pastes. J, K, M. BuckEYE, Onto or Fetip (Aesculus glabra Willdenow). E. Cent. U. S. The foliage and twigs give off a disagreeable odor when bruised. The wood is light in weight, soft, rather tough, easily worked and is used for artificial limbs, splints and paper pulp. The nuts, or “buckeyes,” are often carried by superstitious people to keep away rheumatism. G, M,N, R. Buckeye, see also Horse-chestnut. Buttonball-tree or Buttonwood, see American Sycamore. Catalpa, Blue, see Royal Paulownia. CataLpa, CoMMON (Catalpa bignonioides Walter). Ga. to Fla. and Miss.; naturalized as far north as N. Y. Planted ornamentally for its showy panicles of white and purple-tinted flowers. General. CataLpa, WESTERN or Harpy (Catal pa speciosa Warder). S. Ind. and Ill. to W. Tenn. and N. Ark.; naturalized elsewhere. Exceedingly sensitive to soil conditions: on rich soils young trees will make an annual growth 148 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN of 2'% feet. Widely planted throughout the Midwest and when grown in the proper soil will produce more good fence-posts in a short time than any other native tree. The wood is very durable and is also used for railroad ties. Js CHERRY, Biack, Witp Biack, or Rum (Prunus serotina Ehrhart). Ont. and E. U.S. Highly ornamental in early May when in flower. In June its shiny black fruits are eagerly sought by the birds. The wood is hard, strong, very close-grained, and is one of the most valuable woods for furniture making and interior decorating. D, F, J, L, M, N, R. China-tree: see Golden Varnish-tree; Wild, see Western Soapberry. Cigar-tree, see Catalpa. CoFrFrEE-TREE, KENTUCKY (Gymnocladus dioicus K. Koch). E. Cent. U.S. The large compound leaves turn yellow in autumn and fall before the petiole, while the conspicuous pods persist during the winter. In the early days the seeds were used to some extent as a substitute for coffee. A, D, I, M, N. Cork-TREE, AMUR (Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht). E. Asia. Introduced about 1856. The fruit and foliage, when crushed, give off a strong odor of turpentine. Ay DFG: Cotronwoop (Populus deltoides Marshall). Que. and E. U.S. Much planted because of its rapid growth and luxuriant foliage. Attains immense proportions. Especially common on moist alluvial soils throughout the Plains and Prairie States where a winding belt of its glossy dark green crowns indicates the presence of a water course. Proves to be relatively drought-resistant. In early May pistillate trees shed great quantities of cotton. General. CuUCUMBER-TREE (Magnolia acuminata L.). E. U.S. Hardiest of the magnolias. Planted as an ornamental shade tree because of its pyramidal habit and attractive foliage. The wood, similar to that of the tulip-tree, is light weight and light-colored, soft, easily worked and durable. [BULLETIN, March 1922]. A, G, L. Cypress, BaLp (Taxodium distichum Richard). §. E. U.S. This hand- some tree is found in swampy localities where it develops strongly buttressed trunks and its roots send up steeple-shaped projections, commonly called “knees.” In cultivation the Bald Cypress is characterized by its spire-like crowns, its feathery light green foliage and its slow-growth. Owing to its extreme durability and freedom from excessive shrinking or warping, cypress is one of the choicest woods for lumber, for woodwork exposed to weather, such as shingles or “shakes,” for cooperage, posts, railroad ties, etc. [BuULLETIN, Feb. 1926; Dec. 1932; June 1940; Nov. 1941). Ay 3, C, F, G, M,N, Q. Mo. Bot. Garp. BuULL., VoL. 30, 1942 PLATE 32 ee . BALD CYPRESS (Taxodium distichum) 150 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Eim, Cuinese (Ulmus parvifolia Jacquin). E. Asia. Introduced in 1794. Its small, glossy, dark green leaves remain on the tree until late in the fall. [Butterin, Nov. 1923]. Cn Eim, EncusH (Ulmus procera Salisbury). Europe; early introduced into America. ‘Tall tree with straight, nearly excurrent stem and spreading or ascending branches, forming an oval or oblong head. The leaves remain green several weeks later than those of American species. Its roots unfor- tunately develop suckers. LD, 1, J, Vi, IN, Oy Rs The VartEGATED ENGusH Etm (f. argenteo-marginata Rehder) has leaves that are striped or spotted white. | ve EF ELM, SIBERIAN or Dwarr Asiatic (Ulmus pumila L.). E. Asia. Intro- duced to N. Amer. in 1906. Erroneously called “Chinese” Elm. Of rapid growth, but short-lived and with brittle branches. Recommended as a street tree for arid regions. May be used as a screen plant when sheared twice a year. [BuLLEetTIn, Feb. 1938]. General. Ei_m, Suippery or Rep (Ulmus fulva Michaux). Que. and E. U. S. Prefers rich, well-drained limestone soils. Well-known to pioneer woods- men on account of its mucilaginous inner bark which was chewed to quench the thirst. M. ELM, SMooTH-LEAvED (Ulmus carpinifolia Gleditsch). Eurasia, N. Africa. Long in cultivation. A variable species with many garden forms. F. Exim, Water (Planera aquatica Gmelin). §S. E. U.S. Restricted to swamp-lands of the Costal Plain. Closely related to the elms. Rare in cultivation. IN. Evcm, Wuirre, American, or Water (Ulmus americana L.). E. N. Am. Generally found in open lowland fields where standing water may accumu- late in spring and fall, rarely occurs in dry, sandy soils. The trunk usually divides into several erect, strongly arched limbs that terminate in numerous slender, often drooping branchlets, the whole forming a vase-shaped crown of great beauty and symmetry. Highly favored as an avenue tree, but will not tolerate root crowding. General. In front of the Old Residence there are three seedling trees of the famous Daniel Boone Judgment Tree. [ BULLETIN, Feb. 1922; Sept. 1941]. a he be The “Moline Elm” is a selected strain of narrow columnar habit. G. Ev_m, Wycn or ScotcH (Ulmus glabra Hudson). Eurasia. Long in cultivation as an ornamental shade tree, forming a massive crown. The foliage persists several weeks later than that of the White Elm. The bark remains fairly smooth even on large trunks, hence the Latin name glabra, which means smooth. The Old English word ‘“wych,” meaning drooping, refers to the character of the lower branches. [ BULLETIN, April 1923]. F, J. Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., Vor. 30, 1942 PLATE 33 WYCH OR SCOTCH ELM (Ulmus glabra) 152 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN EvonyMus, WINTERBERRY (Enonymus Bungeana Maximowicz). E. Asia. Introduced in 1883. Tree with arching branches, dense light green foliage and a profusion of pinkish fruits. It suckers freely and in mid-May when in flower has a very disagreeable odor. General. Ginkgo, see Maidenhair Tree. Goldenrain-tree, see Golden Varnish-tree. GuM, CotTon or Tupeto (Nyssa aquatica L.). S. E. U.S. Confined to deep swamps and margins of streams and ponds. It develops a broad- base, and its foliage becomes large and lustrous. The timber is commercially important and the light, spongy root-wood is used locally for bottle corks and fish net floats. IN: Gum, Sour or Biack (Nyssa sylvatica Marshall). Ont. and E. U. S. Found in swamps and at margins of streams and lakes. In summer its glossy, bright green foliage is an attractive feature and its autumn coloration of red and purple is remarkably vivid. N. GuM, Sweet or Rep (Liguidambar Styraciflua L.). E. U. S. and Mex. Occurs for the most part on rich moist alluvial soils. A desirable ornamental because of its symmetrical habit and its brilliant autumn coloration. Sweet Gum is one of the most important commercial hardwoods of the United States, exceeded only by the oaks in the annual amount of timber cut. Used as a veneer, it takes finishes in imitation of more expensive woods. General. HackBeRRy, COMMON (Celtis occidentalis L.). Que. and E. U. S. Scattered among the hardwoods, Hackberry makes its best growth on rich alluvial soils, but is commonly found on limestone outcrops and seems to succeed even under adverse conditions of soil and moisture. When culti- vated, this tree produces curious dwarfed branch clusters familiarly known as ““witches’ broom.’ General. HackBerry, Mississipp1 (Celtis laevigata Willdenow). S. E. U. S. Similar to the preceding species, but the bark is characterized by conspicuous ’ warty excrescences, and the leaf edges are smooth instead of saw- toothed. M. HoRNBEAM, AMERICAN (Carpinus caroliniana Walter). E. N. Am. Usually considered as a “weed” tree because of its small size and poor form, this species is very shade-tolerant and occurs as the “understory” in mixed hardwood forests. N. HoORNBEAM, European (Carpinus Betulus L.). Europe to Persia. Long in cultivation, chiefly as a dense, slow-growing hedge or screen. H, J. Hornseam, Hop (Osfrya virginiana K. Koch). E. N. Am. Sometimes called “Ironwood” because of its toughness. The wood finds use in the manu- facture of tool handles, implements, etc. M, N. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 153 HorsE-CHESTNUT, COMMON (Aesculus Hippocastanum L.). Europe: Balkan Peninsula. Introduced in cultivation in 1576. Of narrow pyra- midal habit and arching branches. One of the most showy of flowering trees, its large erect panicles appear in late April or early May. Often planted for its dense shade and its coarse-textured dark-green foliage. D, F, G, I, J, K, L, M. HONEY LOCUST (Gleditsia triacanthos) Indian-bean, see Catalpa. Ironwood, see American Hornbeam or Hop Hornbeam. Lime-tree, see Linden. LINDEN, AMERICAN (Tilia americana L.). E. N. Am. Prefers rich, moist, but well-drained soils. The sweet-scented, pendent flowers appear amid the foliage in early June. Besides timber, the linden is a source of Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., VoL. 30, 1942 PLATE 34 MAIDENHAIR TREE (Ginkgo biloba) MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 155 honey which has a slightly more acid tang than clover honey. The Iroquois made rope from the inner bark by soaking it in water for several days to allow the non-fibrous portions to rot, after which it was twisted into the desired form. G, I, L, M, N. LINDEN, BeE-TREE (Tilia heterophylla Ventenat). S. E. U.S. Similar to the American Linden but with larger leaves pale on the under-surface. L. LINDEN, Broap-Leavep (Tilia platyphyllos Scopoli). Europe. Culti- vated for centuries. Smaller than the American Linden. F. LINDEN, SiLveR (Tilia tomentosa Moench). Eurasia. Round-headed tree with small dark green leaves silvery on the under-surface. 1 Locust, BLack or YELLow (Robinia Pseudoacacia L.). S. E. and Cent. U. S.; naturalized elsewhere in N. Am. and also in Europe where it was in- troduced about 1601. On moist rich soils or in limestone regions its average growth is 2-4 feet a year. Once established it often increases by means of root-suckers and is therefore planted for erosion control and in shelter-belts. Grown ornamentally for its pendent and fragrant white flowers but chiefly planted for its heavy and durable wood which is used in wooden-ship con- struction (as insulator pins or “‘tree-nails’), for fence posts, railroad ties, firewood, etc. [BULLETIN, June 1926]. G, 1K; -1,-N, FP; Locust, Honey or Sweet (Gleditsia triacanthos L.). S. E. U. S. Generally occurs in open places because of its intolerance to shade. It de- velops a broad rounded, or lofty flat-topped crown with drooping lateral branchlets. Compound thorns along the trunk and branches give the tree a characteristic aspect in winter. When trimmed, it makes an impenetrable tall hedge. According to some writers, the tree owes its name to the fact that the pods contain a sweetish substance between the seeds; while other authorities assert that bees gather large quantities of honey from its in- conspicuous flowers. General. The thornless variety (var. inermis Willdenow) has slender, unarmed branches. The wood is heavy, strong and very durable. Used for railroad ties, for fence posts and the manufacture of agricultural implements. [BULLETIN, Sept. 1932]. G, MI, IN, PO: Locust, Water or Swamp (Gleditsia aquatica Marshall). S. E. U. S. Resembles the thornless honey-locust except that the pods bear solitary seeds. M. MaAIDENHAIR TREE (Ginkgo biloba L.). Introduced to N. Am. about 1784. The native habitat of this plant is generally believed to have been northwestern China. Had it not been for the Buddhist and Taouist monks of China and Japan who cultivated this tree about their temples, it would in all probability have become extinct. Interesting because of its bizarre branching and its foliage which resembles that of the maidenhair fern. [BULLETIN, Oct. 1914; May 1924; June 1936]. A, D, F, G, I, J, M, R. Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., Vor. 30, 1942 PLATI MAIDENHAIR TREI IN FRUIT 35 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 157 Magnolia, Mountain or Cucumber, see Cucumber-tree. Maple, Ash-leaved, see Box-Elder. Marte, Biack (Acer nigrum Michaux). Que. and N. E. U. S. Scarcely distinguished from the sugar maple. IN, 2 IK; Marte, Norway (Acer platanoides L.). Europe, Caucasus. Long in cultivation. Planted ornamentally for its dark green foliage and dense shade. ol ae Numerous horticultural forms of which the Schwedler Maple (var. Schwedleri Nicholson) is one. It is distinguished by the color of the leaves which are bright reddish when young and dark green when mature. M. Mar .e, Rep, ScarLet or Swamp (Acer rubrum L.). E. N. Am. Con- spicuous in late winter with its red flowers. Characteristic of swamps but also found in drier localities of the Northeast, often among the white pines and hardwoods. After the first frost, its foliage takes on the most brilliant hues of scarlet and yellow perhaps of any deciduous tree. I, M, N, Py dt Two varieties are distinguished in part by their foliage (var. trilobum K. Koch and var. Drummondi Sargent). N MapLe, SILVER (Acer saccharinum L.). Que. and E. U.S. Thrives in low bottom-lands subject to occasional inundation. In the Midwest it lines the banks of streams. [BuLLETIN, May 1935]. General. The cut- leaf form (var. laciniata Pax) presents a more graceful appearance. Js Map ce, Sucar or Rock (Acer saccharum Marshall). E. U.S. Stately tree with a broadly oblong crown of many branches and dense foliage. Best growth is made in rich, moist, well-drained soils. Its clear sweet sap is the chief source of maple syrup and maple sugar. The wood is prized in furni- ture manufacturing. C, G, I, N, Q. Mu tserry, Paper (Broussonetia papyrifera Ventenat). E. Asia; oc- casionally naturalized in E. U. S. Called Paper Mulberry because in the Orient paper of very fine quality is made from its inner bark. Cultivated since 1750. With large soft dull green leaves. It is this species that is planted in front of the St. Louis Public Library. i re Ye Mutserry, Rep (Morus rubra L.). E. U.S. The fruit, which looks very much like a blackberry, is eagerly sought by birds and is sometimes fed to poultry and hogs. jes Muceerry, Waite (Morus alba L.). China; naturalized in other parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The foliage of this tree furnishes the best food for the silkworm, and consequently was widely grown in all countries where climatic conditions are favorable. General. Oaks, Rep or Biack (Quercus): Leaves with sharp-pointed lobes; acorns borne on second-year wood, germinating the following spring. [BuLLETIN, Feb. 1924]. 158 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Black or Yellow Oak (Q. velutina Lamarck). E. U. S$. Makes best growth on moist, rich, well-drained soils, but often found on dry hill- sides. D, K, N. Pin Oak (Q. palustris Muenchhausen). N. E. and Cent. U.S. With its broadly pyramidal crown, drooping lower branches, and deeply cut leaves, the tree presents a very pleasing appearance, especially in the fall when the autumnal coloration is at its height. Usually found on bottom- lands. Gaining favor as a street tree because of its resistance to smoke and its ability to flourish even in dry clayey soils when once established. More readily transplanted than many others of this group. [ BULLETIN, March 1932]. General. Red Oak (Q. borealis F, A. Michaux var. maxima Ashe). Cent. E. N. Am. Probably the most important and widespread of northern oaks, producing in the open a short massive trunk with an extensive crown. Widely used as an ornamental because of its comparative ease in trans- planting, the autumnal coloration of its leaves, and its symmetrical form. The wood, which is inferior to the White Oak, is used for interior finish- ing and in furniture. B, F, G, K, N, Q. Scarlet Oak (Q. coccinea Muenchhausen). N. E. and Cent. U. S. Generally found on dry sandy soil. Often used as an ornamental on ac- count of its hardiness and brilliant autumnal coloration. K. Shingle or Northern Laurel Oak (Q. imbricaria Michaux). Cent. E. U.S. Used by the early pioneers for split shingles or ‘“‘shakes,”’ hence the name. Best development is made in moist soils along streams or on hill- sides. May be grown as a hedge or screen when sheared. A, D, F, G, H, K, M, N, Shumard Oak (Q. Shumardii Buckley). Cent. and S. E. U.S. One of the largest of southern red oaks with a long clear symmetrical trunk and open wide-spreading crown. Usually scattered on bottom-lands. The wood is mechanically superior to that of many other red oaks, but un- fortunately is not distinguished commercially. oe Body. deg Ms Southern Red or Spanish Oak (Q. falcata Michaux). Cent. and S. E. U.S. One of the commonest upland southern oaks, particularly char- acteristic of the drier, poorer soils of the Piedmont region. Develops a short trunk and an extensive rounded crown. N. Willow Oak (Q. Phellos L.). S$. E. U.S. Open-grown trees are very distinctive with their dense, oblong to oval crowns and bright-green willow-like leaves. Has numerous spur-like branches similar to the Pin Oak, which it is often called in some sections of the South. A bottom- land tree found on poorly drained flats. As an ornamental, Willow Oak MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 159 has few, if any, superiors throughout the southern part of its range, and in many southern cities this tree is as common along streets as the White Elm is in the North. K, N. Oaks, WHITE (Quercus): Leaves with rounded lobes; acorns borne on wood of the current year, germinating in the fall. [BUuLLeTIN, Feb. 1924]. Basket, Chestnut or Rock Oak (Q. Prinus L.). S. E. U.S. Usually found on moist or wet loamy soils which are inundated for short periods in the fall and winter. In quality the wood is exceeded only by that of the best white oak. The common name undoubtedly originated through its use in the production of basket splints. K. Burr or Mossy-cup Oak (Q. macrocarpa Michaux). Cent. E. N. Am. A timber tree found on bottom-lands. The peculiarly shaped leaves, fringed acorns, and corky twigs make this plant unique ornamentally. Resistance to smoke and gas further recommend it for landscape plant- ing. It is this species that grows at either side of the stage of the Munici- pal Opera in Forest Park. D, K, N. Chinquapin or Yellow Chestnut Oak (Q. Muhlenbergii Engelmann). N. E., Cent., and S. W. U.S. Often found on dry rocky soil. The leaves strongly resemble those of the chestnut, Castanea. N. English Oak (Q. robur L.). Eurasia, N. Africa. Stately tree with wide-spreading crown. The leaves remain green until late in the fall. LC ay ae The Pyramidal English Oak (var. fastigiata A. DC.) has ascending branches and a narrow crown, K. Overcup or Swamp Post Oak (Q. lyrata Walter). S. E. U.S. Grows on poorly drained clay soils. Acorn is deeply cupped; leaves are similar to those of the burr oak. N. Post Oak (Q. stellata Wangenheim). E. U.S. Found on dry soils and rocky ridges. A small tree with characteristically gnarled branches. Easily recognized by the cross-shaped leaves. Ms Swamp White Oak (Q. bicolor Willdenow). E. U.S. Occurs along streams, on moist flats or in swamps. Easily recognized by the light-gray scaly bark. Dy lig By White Oak (Q. alba L.). E. U.S. Commercially the most important of the white oak group, furnishing the greater part of the total timber crop. Of slow growth, in the open it has a short stout trunk and wide- spreading branches. The foliage is dull gray-green. K, N. OsacE OrANGE (Maclura pomifera Schneider). S. W. Ark. to E. Tex. This tree is especially suited for use as a hedge plant because of its sharp thorns, its glossy green foliage, and its ability to withstand shearing. The 160 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN bark and wood are distinctly orange, but it is the orange-shaped fruit that gives the tree its common name. The wood is heavy, very strong and dur- able, and is used for railroad-ties, fence-posts, wheel-hubs, etc. The Osage Indians used it for bows, hence the name ““Bow-wood” or, as the early French settlers called it, “Bois d’Arc.” [Butvetin, April 1938]. General. PaGoba-TREE, JAPANESE (Sophora japonica L.). FE. Asia; occasionally naturalized in E. U.S. Cultivated since 1750. Tree with wide-spreading branches terminating in large clusters of creamy flowers in midsummer. The foliage stays green until late in the autumn. [BuLLETIN, May 1934]. A, G, L, M, P, R. PauLownia, Roya (Paulownia tomentosa Steudel). China, cultivated in Japan; escaped in E. U.S. Introduced in 1834. Also called Empress- tree, Princess-tree or Imperial-tree of China. Very attractive in early May with its large, violet, slightly fragrant flowers appearing just before the leaves. The foliage is coarse-textured and casts a dense shade. Somewhat tender in St. Louis and not likely to produce flowers annually. [ BULLETIN, Dec. 1922]. N. PERSIMMON, COMMON (Diospyros virginiana L.). E. U.S. Especially handsome in autumn with its yellow and orange foliage and ripening fruits. Until thoroughly soft, the fruit is very astringent and is quite variable in quality. Trees bearing more palatable fruit have been developed. General. Pistacuio, Crinese (Pistacia chinensis Bunge). China. Introduced about 1890. Sometimes planted as a shade tree; also used as understock for the pistachio-nut. G. Plane-tree, American, see American Sycamore. PLANE-TREE, LONDON (Platanus acerifolia Willdenow). Of hybrid origin, about 1700. A large tree with wide-spreading crown. As a shade tree it is much to be preferred to the American Sycamore because of its com- pact habit and its darker green foliage which persists later in the fall. Pa #2. Portar, CHInese (Populus Simonii Carriere var. fastigiata Schneider). E. Asia. Introduced in 1862. Handsome poplar of narrow upright habit, with slender branches and rather small, bright green leaves. Longer-lived than the following species. B,D, 2G. PopLar, LomBarpy (Populus nigra L. var. italica Muenchhausen). Europe. Introduced to N. Am. in 1784. Striking because of its formal, columnar habit. A, B, D, F, J, R. Poplar, Yellow, see Tulip-tree. Pride-of-India, see Golden Varnish-tree. Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 30, 1942 PLATE 36 JAPANESE PAGODA-TREE (Sophora japonica) 162 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Sassarras (Sassafras albidum Nees & Ebermaier). Cent. E. U. S. Handsome at all seasons but especially in the autumn with its vivid scarlet and orange foliage. The leaves are extremely variable, three different forms sometimes occurring on the same tree. Sassafras tea is made by boiling the young, tender roots in water. Generally considered as a “weed” tree, it rapidly invades abandoned farm lands. [BuLLeTIN, March 1937]. G, Jy Bhs Lay VL ING Scholar-tree, Chinese, see Japanese Pagoda-tree. SOAPBERRY, WESTERN (Sapindus Drummondii Hooker & Arnott). S. Cent. U. S. and No. Mex. Dark green foliage with sickle-shaped leaflets; large clusters of golden translucent fruit are attractive from late fall until they turn black in January. Sometimes called the wild China-tree because of its resemblance to the China-tree, Melia Azedarach L. The name Soap- berry is applied because of the detersive properties found in the fruit pulp, making it a possible substitute for soap. J... SycaMoRE, AMERICAN (Platanus occidentalis L.). E. U.S. The most massive and perhaps the tallest of deciduous North American trees. Scat- tered in bottom-lands or lining the banks of streams. Very conspicuous on account of its bark which is light-colored mottled by darker blotches when older. Often planted as a street tree, it has a rather open crown. [BULLETIN, May 1922]. General. Sycamore, Maple-leaved, see London Plane-tree. Tree-oF-HEAVEN (Aillanthus altissima Swingle). China; introduced and naturalized in E. U. S. 1784. The only redeeming feature of this ag- gressive exotic is its ability to flourish on poor hard-packed soils and in the smoky atmosphere of industrial cities. The fruits are rather attractive when ripening but their great number bodes no good for the gardener. The flowers of the staminate tree and the crushed foliage have an exceedingly disagree- able odor, and it is to be wondered why such a blessed name was given such an unholy tree. Of very vigorous habit, certain sprouts have been known to grow an inch a day, 121% feet a year. [BULLETIN, Oct. 1935]. General. Tuuip-tTree (Liriodendron Tulipifera L.). E. U.S. Tallest and per- haps the most massive of North American deciduous trees. No tree of eastern North America produces a trunk of such grandeur. The peculiarly notched leaves borne on long slender petioles tend to tremble in the slightest breeze, hence possibly the application of the name “Poplar.” The flowers, which appear in mid- to late May, are rather inconspicuous because of their greenish color. The wood is one of the most valuable of native timbers for interior finishing, cabinet-making, etc. General. VARNISH-TREE, GOLDEN (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann). E. Asia. Introduced in 1763. A medium-sized, round-topped tree of informal or Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., VoL. 30, 1942 GPE Fw Nad id as “ th t FRUITING BRANCH OF THE TREE-OF-HEAVEN TREE-OF-HEAVEN (Ailanthus altissima) PLATE 164 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN picturesque habit. Chiefly valued for its shade and the large panicles of yellow flowers borne in mid-June. [BuLLETIN, Nov. 1926]. B, G, J, K, L, P, Q, R. Virgilia, see Yellow-wood. Watnut, Biack (Juglans nigra L.). E. U.S. In cultivation since 1686. One of the choicest of North American hardwoods. The heart-wood is of a rich dark brown color, very durable in contact with the soil and highly prized for furniture, gun-stocks, interior finishing, etc. [ BULLETIN, REHDER WING-NUT (Pterocarya Rehderiana) April 1927]. G, I, M, P. The nuts are used for food, the following varieties having been developed with thinner shells: Kinper, McCoy, Mitrer, Onto, StaBLer, TEN Eyck, THomMas. [BULLETIN, Oct. 1919; June 1934]. O, Watnot, Texas (Juglans rupestris Engelmann). S. W. U.S. Not so valuable as the preceding species. G. White-wood, see Tulip-tree or American Linden. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 165 Wittow, Weepine (Salix babylonica L.). Originally believed to be the tree of the “hanging gardens” of Babylon, this species comes from China. Its graceful drooping branchlets and its delicate pale green foliage produce an effect unsurpassed by any other tree in the landscape. | ap WiInG-NuT, REHDER (Pferocarya Rehderiana Schneider). Of hybrid origin, 1880. With rather slender branches, this tree somewhat resembles a walnut, an ash, or a tree-of-heaven. The wood is useful in cabinet-making. [BULLETIN, Oct. 1933]. 13 YELLOW-woop (Cladrastis lutea K. Koch). §. Appalachian Mts. One of the rarest trees of the American forests, this graceful species has smooth gray bark like the beech, and drooping panicles of white flowers. Its desir- able habit of growth, its ample clean foliage little affected by blight or insects, and its long stems of pure white flowers make it a very desirable tree for ornamental planting. [BULLETIN, Feb. 1923; March 1927]. F, N. ZELKOVA, SAWLEAF (Zelkova serrata Makino). Japan. Introduced in 1862. The short trunk divides into many upright and erect-spreading stems, forming a broad round-topped tree. Closely related to the elms, but rarely cultivated, G. SMALL TREES ALMOND, FLOWERING (Prunus ftriloba Lindley). China. Cultivated since 1855. Covered as with snow when in bloom in early April. Edible plum-like fruits ripen in July. Round-headed tree, producing dense shade. A, B, D, L, M. Angelica-tree, see Devil’s Walking-stick. AppeLe, CoMMON (hybrids with or selected strains of Malus pumila Miller). Eurasia. Cultivated since ancient times. a. oe Numerous pomological forms: ARKANsAs, (MaMMoTH BLaAck Twic), BALDWIN, BisMaRcK, SUMMER WHITE (CALVILLE BLANC), CHRISTMAS PEARMANA, VAUGHAN Pippin (COLONEL VAUGHAN), DELIcIouS, DUCHESS [or OLDENBURG], GLADSTONE, GOLDEN DELICIOUS, PAROQUET, STAYMAN WINESAP, STURMER Pippin, YORK IMPERIAL. H. BircH, Gray (Betula populifolia Marshall). N.E.N. Am. Smallest of the North American birches, this is a graceful but short-lived tree suitable for planting in dry poor soils or in boggy situations. The wood is used in the manufacture of small wooden-ware: spools, clothes-pins, etc. B, C, H. Buckeye, described under “Large Trees’ and “Large Shrubs.” BuckTHORN, Fatse or Wootry (Bumelia lanuginosa Persoon var. ob- longifolia Clark). S. Mo. to E. Tex. With glossy leaves, stout thorns, and black berries. Flowers in mid-July. Grows on dry uplands and is very drought-resistant. Recommended as a hedge plant. [BULLETIN, Dec. 1940]. G, H. Mo. Bor, Garp. BuLL., Vor. 30, 1942 PLATE 38 GOLDEN VARNISH TREE (Koelreuteria paniculata) MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 167 CataLpa, JAPANESE (Catalpa ovata G. Don). China; cultivated in Japan. Introduced in 1849. With slender branches. The foliage is not so coarse in texture as the native catalpas. Yellow flowers in mid-June. C. CataLpa, MANcHuRIAN (Catalpa Bungei C. A. Meyer). N. China. Cultivated since 1877. Pyramidal tree apparently not so floriferous as other catalpas. Not to be confused with the Umbrella Catalpa of horticulture, which is a dwarf form of the Common Catalpa, C. bignonioides Walter. G. CHERRY, EuRoPEAN Birp (Prunus Padus L.). Eurasia. Long in culti- vation with numerous varieties. Resembles the May-tree. PoG. CHERRY, WEEPING Hican (Prunus subhirtella Miquel var. pendula Tanaka). Japan. Introduced in 1862. The pale pink flowers bloom just as the leaves appear. G, CHERRY, JAPANESE FLOWERING (Prunus serrulata Lindley). The orig- inal plant is a garden form (f. albo-plena Schneider) with white double flowers. There are three spontaneous varieties in eastern Asia. Blooms in April. Pipi ds. CHERRY, SWEET or Mazzarp (Prunus avinm L.). Eurasia. Introduced into N. Am. about 1625. The wood is very close-grained and is valued in the manufacture of furniture, musical instruments, etc. F, J. Also commonly cultivated for its fruits in many pomological forms: BLack TATARIAN, GoLtp, May Duke. H. Cherry, Black, described under ‘‘Large Trees.” CHERRY, YAMA (Prunus Sargentii Rehder). Japan, Saghalin. Intro- duced in 1890. Hardiest and most vigorous of Japanese cherries. The flowers bloom before the leaves appear and are very showy. | a Chittim-wood, see False Buckthorn. Corkwoop (Leitneria floridana Chapman). S. E. U.S. Prefers a moist soil, Increases by root suckers. The wood has a specific gravity of 18.1 Ibs. per cu. ft., second lightest to Balsa-wood, Ochroma Lagopus Swartz, which is 7.3 lbs. per cu. ft. [BULLETIN, Aug. 1915]. Pistillate trees at L. CRAB-APPLES, AMERICAN (Malus). E. U. S. With twiggy branches and large pink flowers that bloom a week or so later than the Oriental crabs. The fruits, which are rather large, yellowish-green and somewhat late in ripening, make excellent jelly. American crab-apples ought not to be planted near Red-cedars since the leaves are often badly discolored with orange blotches of the cedar-apple rust. Prairie Crab (M. ioensis Britton). Minn, and Wisc. to Nebr., Kan. and Mo. Js The Bechtel’s Crab (f. plena Rehder) is a very hand- some double-flowered variety. C. Wild Sweet Crab (M. coronaria Miller). N. Y. to Ala., west to Mo. BG, 1, 168 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN CRAB-APPLES, ORtENTAL (Malus species and hybrids). Cent. and E. Asia. With red, pink or white flowers in April and showy red or yellow dwarf apples in late summer and fall. The fruits, which sometimes persist on the branches long into the winter, are often sought by birds. They are also excellent for jelly. The Garden has about 25 varieties: Arnold Crab (Malus Arnoldiana Sargent). G, FG, Carmine Crab (M. atrosanguinea Schneider). C, F, G. Cherry Crab (M. robusta Rehder). C, F. Chinese Flowering Crab (M. spectabilis Borkhausen). C Chinese Pearleaf Crab (M. prunifolia Borkhausen var. Rinki Reh- der). C. Cultivated Crab (M. adstringens Zabel): Horpa. F,L; ~~ Hystop. H; TRANSCENDENT. la F Dr. VAN FLerrT Crab, C. Eley Crab (M. purpurea Rehder cl.* Evry1 Rehder). C. Japanese Flowering Crab (M. floribunda Siebold). C, F, L, N; PEACHBLOW. C; SNOWBANK. C. Manchurian Crab (M. baccata Borkhausen var. mandshurica Schneider), N. Midget or Kaido Crab (M. micromalus Makino). C. Pearlear Crab, Yellow-fruited (M. prunifolia Borkhausen) FRuctu- LUTEA. Cc Purple Crab (M. purpurea Rehder). | Redbud Crab (M. Zumi Rehder cl. calocarpa Rehder). N. Redvein Crab (M. pumila Miller var. Niedzwetzkyana Dieck). i Sargent Crab (M. Sargenti Rehder). C. Scheidecker Crab (M. Scheideckeri Zabel). P Tea Crab (M. hupehbensis Rehder). C. Toringo Crab (M. Sieboldii Rehder). F, N. Tree Toringo Crab (M. Sicboldii Rehder var. arborescens Rehder). Bz DoGwoop, FLOWERING (Cornus florida L.). Ont., E. U. S. and Mex. One of the most handsome of North American trees with its gray bark and horizontal-spreading branches. Grows in rich, well-drained soil along banks of streams, often thriving in shade. Showy white petal-like bracts appear in late April. In the fall the upper surface of the leaves turns bright scarlet while the lower surface remains pale. The bright scarlet fruits are also attractive. oe Bae eee Pe The PINK-FLOWERING DoGwoop (var. rubra Weston) has pink or reddish bracts instead of white ones. J. *cl. signifies clone, a group of plants propagated only by vegetative or asexual means. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 169 Etm, Giose (Ulmus car pinifolia Gleditsch var. umbraculifera Rehder). Turkestan. Cultivated since 1879. A bushy tree with ascending branches and small leaves. Of formal appearance, useful for accent. A, G, M, P. HawTHOoRN (Crataegus). This is the state flower of Missouri. The Downy Hawthorn, Red Haw or Thorn Apple (C. mollis Scheele) is the most widely distributed species throughout the state and is believed to be the one intended as the official flower. There are three specimens in the Garden (J, L, M), the largest one being northwest of the Iris Garden. A very attractive tree in bloom, the white flowers appearing amid the new leaves in late April and followed in late July by the rather large bright red fruit. Of the other species scattered about the Garden, especially noteworthy is the group which borders the Rose Garden on all but the north side. [BULLETIN, May 1923]. General. HawTuHorn, ENGLIsH (Cratacgus Oxyacantha L.). Europe, N. Africa. Long in cultivation. This is the “May-tree” of English literature. Makes a fine-textured hedge. | Fe = Pal Be Hawthorn, see also Thorn. Hotty, AMERICAN or WuiTe (Ilex opaca Aiton). S. E. U.S. Broad- leaved evergreen that loses its foliage in St. Louis during the latter part of April. Very smoke-resistant. The bright red-berried branches are often used as Christmas decorations. When transplanting, it is necessary to de- foliate at least two-thirds of the plant. [BuLLETIN, Dec. 1915; Dec. 1920; May 1931]. | 5 ol one Ae en Se) eg Hercules’ Club, see Devil’s Walking-stick. HorskE-CHESTNUT, BAUMAN’S (Aesculus Hippocastanum L. £. Baumanii Schneider). A smaller tree than the species with white double flowers. F. HorsE-CHESTNUT, Rep (Aesculus carnea Hayne). Of hybrid origin, about 1818. F. Judas-tree, see Redbud. KaTsuRA-TREE (Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold & Zuccarini). Japan. Introduced in 1865. Prefers a moist soil, also a cooler climate than St. Louis. The botanical name means redbud-leaved tree of Japan, referring to the shape of the leaves. L. LEATHERWOOD, SOUTHERN (Cyrilla racemiflora L.). Va. to Fla., also in the West Indies and E. §. Am. With graceful racemes of white flowers and bright green leaves turning orange and scarlet in the fall. R. Locust, Black, described under ‘“‘Large Trees.’ Mapte, Amur (Acer Ginnala Maximowicz). E. Asia. Introduced about 1860. Slow-growing tree suitable for a hedge or screen. ‘The reddish 170 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN fruit is conspicuous during the summer. The leaves turn bright red in the fall. D.F,.3415,.M. Marte, Hepcr (Acer campestre L.). Eurasia. With broad round head and small dull green leaves. Suitable for specimen planting, but less well adapted for a hedge than the preceding species. F, H, I, J, M, N. Maybay-TREE (Prunus Padus L. var. commutata Dippel). E. Asia. Cultivated since 1890. The leaves of this tree are among the first to appear in mid-March and are followed in early April by long drooping racemes of white flowers. In the North the flowers bloom about a month later, hence the name ‘“‘Mayday-tree;” not to be confused with the “May-tree,” Cratae- gus Oxyacantha L., of English literature. A, D, MountaIn-AsnH, European (Sorbus aucuparia L.). Eurasia. Long in cultivation and naturalized in N. Am. Handsome in the fall with its showy bright red fruits. Grows indifferently in the Midwest. F, Oleaster, see Russian Olive. OLive, Russian (Elacagnus angustifolia L.). Eurasia. Long in culti- vation. Conspicuous for its gray-green foliage. Useful as a hedge plant. A, D, F, H, P. Pagoda-tree, Japanese, described under ‘Large Trees.” Paulownia, Royal, described under “Large Trees.” Pawpaw (Asimina triloba Dunal). E. and Cent. U. $. Commonly grows in thickets or sometimes scattered as an understory in the forests of rich bottom-lands. Curious dark purplish-brown flowers in late April or early May. The fleshy fruit, which resembles a banana, is nutritious and is considered delicious by some people. [BuLLeTin, June 1916]. M. PeacH, FLOWERING (Prunus Persica Batsch). China; in cultivation since ancient times, numerous horticultural varieties having been developed. Short-lived tree with showy single or double flowers and edible fruits. A, B, D, F, I, M, Q. Pear, Cattery (Pyrus Calleryana Decaisne). China. Introduced in 1908. The fruit is small and not important horticulturally. Or UF Pear, COMMON (Pyrus communis L.). Eurasia. Long in cultivation; often naturalized. Numerous pomological varieties: Dr. JuLes Guyot, JARGONNELLE, TRIOMPHE DE VIENNE, WINTER NELIS. B, H. Pear, Ussurtan (Pyrus ussuriensis Maximowicz). N. E. Asia. Intro- duced in 1855. Very conspicuous in bloom, with its numerous white flowers against the clear blue early April sky. B, G, J. Pinr, AustRIAN (Pinus nigra Arnold). Europe: Austria to Balkan Peninsula. Introduced in 1759. With long dark green needles, dark gray bark, and broad ovoid crown, Of vigorous growth. Most smoke-resistant MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 171 of conifers, being the only evergreen to survive from the original Henry Shaw pinetum. [BuLLETIN, Nov. 1941] B DG.s, Pine, Scots (Pinus sylvestris L.). Eurasia; naturalized in E. N. Am. Long in cultivation. One of the most important timber trees of Europe. A very desirable and hardy evergreen well adapted to the trying climatic conditions of St. Louis. [BuLLETIN, Nov. 1941]. M. Pine, Wuite (Pinus Strobus L.). Cent. E. N. Am. Important Amer- ican timber tree and very ornamental with its bluish-green needles [BuL- LETIN, Nov. 1941]. D, M. Pium, GarveNn (Prunus domestica L.). Eurasia. Long in cultivation in many pomological forms: REINE CLAUDE [DE BARRY] (GREEN GAGE). H. PLum, Japanese (Prunus salicina Lindley). China; cultivated in Japan. Introduced in 1870. ABUNDANCE. H. PLum, Witp (Prunus americana Marshall). E. U. S. to Rocky Mts. Many pomological varieties are grown: OMAHA. H. Also planted for its white flowers in early April. C. PLum, Witp Goose (Prunus Munsoniana Wight & Hedrick). S. and Cent. U.S. The fruit are excellent for eating or jelly making. oO, RepBup, ComMMon (Cercis canadensis L.), S. E. U. S. and No. Mex. This beautiful tree is a dominant note in the April landscape when its num- erous bright pink buds appear on the naked black branches. It is ef- fectively displayed against the evergreen foliage of the common Red-cedar. General. The double-flowering variety (var. plena Sudworth) blooms a week or so later than the species. [BULLETIN, May 1935]. r For var. alba Rehder see “Whitebud.” RED-CEDAR (Juniperus virginiana L.). Cent. E. N. Am. Wide-spread- ing tree with very dense foliage when young. The heart-wood is reddish, durable and is used for fence-posts, lead-pencils, cedar-chests, etc. [BULLE- TIN, Feb. 1926; Nov. 1941]. N. Rowan-tree, see European Mountain-Ash. SILVERBELL, Great (Halesia carolina L.). S. E. U.S. Just as the young leaves are unfolding in late April, the white or creamy bell-shaped flowers are at their fullest, hanging in long rows from the branches. 1 NN. SILVERBELL, TWo-WINGED (Halesia diptera Elliott). S.E. U.S. Simi- lar to the preceding, but the fruits are 2- instead of 4-winged. Usually not so free flowering. N. Snowdrop-tree, see Silverbell. SPINDLE-TREE, EUROPEAN (Euonymus europaea L.). Eurasia; some- times escaped in E. U. S. Long in cultivation. Ornamental in fruit. The foliage turns very deep red in fall. F, M. 172 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN THORN, WASHINGTON (Crataegus Phaenopyrum L.). S.E. U.S. Per- haps the most widely planted of any American species of hawthorn. Very striking in autumn with its large clusters of small orange fruits which per- sist and keep their color well into the winter. Said to have received its common name from the fact that early specimens were found near Wash- ington, D.C. [BuLLETIN, May 1923}. A, C, D, J, L, M. Tulip-tree, described under “Large Trees.” Varnish-tree, Golden, described under “Large Trees.” Watckinc-stick, Devit’s (Aralia spinosa L.). Cent. and S. E. U. S. Small suckering tree whose stems are thickly beset with stout sharp spines. Feathery white flowers appear in late July. The compound leaves, which turn bright orange and yellow in the fall, are among the largest of any known plant. A, C, D, F, N. Wauitespup (Cercis canadensis L. f. alba Rehder). Originally grown in the nursery of John Teas, Carthage, Mo., this white-flowered form has re- cently been discovered in the wild. [BuLteTIN, June 1922; April 1938]. F, N. Wittow, Pussy or Giaucous (Salix discolor Muhlenberg). N. E. N. Am. One of the first plants to flower in early spring. Its hairy catkins are familiar to little children. io Yellow-wood, described under “Large Trees.” LARGE SHRUBS Bay, Butt (Magnolia grandiflora L.). 8. E. U.S. A magnificent ever- green with large lustrous leaves and large fragrant white flowers appearing in late May and early June. Tender in St. Louis and requires a sheltered location. [BULLETIN, May 1922]. M. Bay, SwerT or Swamp (Magnolia virginiana L.). S. E. U.S. Attrac- tive for its shiny dark green leaves glaucous on the under-surface. Small fragrant white flowers appear in late May and early June. [BULLE TIN, May 1922), F, L. Buckeye, Rep (Aesculus Pavia L.). S.E. U.S. The flowers are rather small but bright red. N. BuckTHORN, ALper (Rbamnus Frangula L.). Eurasia, N. Africa; naturalized in N. E. and Cent. U.S. Long in cultivation. With numerous red to purple-black fruits in late summer and lustrous dark green leaves that turn clear yellow in November. Makes a distinctive hedge. H, M, N. BucKTHORN, COMMON or PuRGING (Rhamnus cathartica L.). Eurasia; naturalized in E. U. S. Cultivated for centuries. Useful as a hedge plant. Its bark yields a medicine of strong cathartic properties: used also in making yellow dye. Sometimes called Hart’s thorn, Waythorn and Rhine-berry. General. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 73 BURNING-BUSH (Euonymus atropurpurea Jacquin). Cent. and S. E. U.S. The drooping purplish fruits contain blood-red seeds. F. CHERRY, CORNELIAN (Cornus mas L.). Eurasia. Cultivated since an- cient times. Its numerous tiny yellow flowers are among the first blossoms in the spring. The glossy leaves remain green late in the fall. Its edible plum-like fruits, although unpalatable when raw, make excellent jelly. [BuLLETIN, Nov. 1922]. B, F, M. CHINQUAPIN (Castanea pumila Miller). S. E. U. S. This unusual chestnut occurs on dry hillsides and uplands as well as rich bottom-lands. It flowers in early summer and the edible nuts ripen in September. [BULLE- TIN, Nov. 1926]. N. Evonymus, WINGED (Euonymus alata Siebold). N. E. Asia. Intro- duced about 1860. Showy in the fall with its numerous brightly colored fruit and crimson leaves. Conspicuous in winter with its broadly winged branches. As AG EvonyMus, YEDpo (Euonymus yedoensis Koehne). E. Asia. Intro- duced about 1865. Resembles the burning-bush. Bi Filbert, see Hazel. FLaME-TREE (Brachychiton acerifolium Mueller). Australia. _ In St. Louis this species is very tender and rarely produces flowers. Notice the difference in habit of the specimen just inside the south door of the Floral Display House. 18 es FRINGE-TREE, WHITE (Chionanthus virginicus L.). S. E. U.S. Striking in early May when covered with feathery white flowers; the staminate plant has larger blossoms but lacks the ornamental bluish fruit. The foliage is coarse-textured, dull green. Also called Old Man’s Beard, Grandfather Graybeard, Snowflower-tree, and Flowering Ash. A, D, F, N. HazeEL, AMERICAN (Corylus americana Marshall). E. N. Am. Culti- vated for its rather coarse but handsome foliage. The nuts are edible. N. Haze, Eurorean (Corylus Avellana L.). Europe. Long in cultiva- tion for its edible nuts, called filberts. O. The PurpLte Hazev (f. fusco-rubra Dippel) has dull purple or brownish-red leaves. A HornseamM, YEDDO (Carpinus Tschonoskii Maximowicz). N. E. Asia. Introduced in 1894. Cultivated for its foliage. Does not attain the arbor- escent proportions of other hornbeams that are grown in St. Louis. A. HorsE-CHESTNUT, Dwarr (Aesculus parviflora Walter). S. E. U. S. Valued for its showy white flowers in late June. i. Juneberry, see Shad-bush. Magnolia, Great Laurel, see Bull Bay. Macno ia, Saucer (Magnolia Soulangeana Soulange-Bodin). Of hybrid origin, 1820. One of the most gorgeous early-flowering shrubs with its 174 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN large pink and white flowers. Blooms usually from late March to late April. [ BULLETIN, March 1922]. | ep The LENNE Macnouia (cl. Lennei Rehder) has petals that are rosy purple outside and white inside. The flowers generally appear a week or so later than the Saucer Magnolia. KF, Macno ia, Star (Magnolia stellata L.). Japan. Introduced in 1862. Wide-spreading shrub with a profusion of fragrant white flowers from late March to late April. The delicate flowers are frequently injured by high winds, rain and frost. [BuLLETIN, March 1922]. F. Macnouia, UMBRELLA (Magnolia tripetala L.). S. E. U.S. The flowers are surrounded by whorls of leaves, resembling umbrellas. [BuLLE- TIN, March 1922]. L. MapLe, JAPANESE (Acer palmatum Thunberg). E. Asia. Introduced in 1820. Numerous forms varying in shape or coloration of leaves are cul- tivated. M. Mimosa-tree, see Silk-tree. Mutperry, WeepiING (Morus alba L. f. pendula Dippel). Originated as a seedling in the nursery of John Teas, Carthage, Mo., about 1883. With long and slender pendulous branches and leaves usually lobed. The specimen at J is an ungrafted plant and sprawls vine-like over the ground. Oak, WaTeER (Quercus nigra L.). S. E. U.S. A bottom-land species cultivated as a street tree in the South. Here, in drier soil and considerably north of its range, it scarcely attains a height of 6 feet. K. PEA-TREE, SIBERIAN (Caragana arborescens Lamarck). N. E. Asia. Introduced in 1752. Much grown for hedges and shelter plantations in the Northwest. Yellow pea-like flowers appear in late April. By 43, bs RepBuD, CHINESE (Cercis chinensis Bunge). Central China. Intro- duced before 1850. Very handsome in bloom with deeper rose-colored flowers than the common redbud. F. Service-berry, see Shad-bush. SHAD-BUSH or SHADBLOW (Amelanchier canadensis Medicus). E. U. S. It is a tradition that with the appearance of the pure white flowers of this plant in April the shad swim upstream to spawn. In June its juicy berries are eagerly sought by the birds. C, J, N. SILK-TREE (Albizzia Julibrissin Durazzini). Persia to Cent. China. In- troduced in 1745. Commonly called silk-tree on account of the silk-like tassels of pink flowers that bloom throughout July and August. One of the most graceful of large shrubs with its compound foliage. [ BULLETIN, Sept. 1933]. G. SMOKE-TREE (Cofinus Coggygria Scopoli). Eurasia. In cultivation since 1656. Planted for the plumose fruiting panicles in late May and early June and for the yellow and purple tints of the foliage in autumn. F, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 175 Sterculea, Maple-leaved, see Flame-tree. SUMAC, SHINING (Rhus copallina L.). Ont. and E. U.S. Planted for its lustrous leaves, changing to reddish-purple in the fall and for its crimson fruit clusters. N. SUMAC, STAGHORN (Rhus typhina L.). S. E. Can. and N. E. and Cent. U. S.. Grown for its leaves that turn brilliant scarlet and orange in early fall and for its crimson fruit clusters. A, D, L. YELLOW-HORN (Xanthoceras sorbifolia) SWEET-GuM, Formosa (Liguidambar formosana Hance). E. Asia. In- troduced in 1884. Tender; fails to reach arborescent proportions in St. Louis. N. TALLOW-TREE, CHINESE (Sapinm sebiferum Roxburgh). China; nat- uralized in S. E. U. S. Cultivated since 1850. The waxy seed-coat is used for candles in China. Tender; rarely flowers in St. Louis. B. Umbrella-tree, see Umbrella Magnolia. Wahoo, see Burning-bush. WITCH-HAZEL, COMMON (Hamamelis virginiana L.). S. E. Can. and E. U. S. Spreading shrub with rather coarse-textured foliage which turns bright yellow at the same time that the small yellow flowers appear in the fall. A. 176 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN WITCH-HAZEL, VERNAL (Hamamelis vernalis Sargent). Mo. and Okla. to La. The flowers bloom in January and February and are less conspicuous but more fragrant than those of the preceding species. F. YELLOW-HORN, SHINY-LEAF (Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge). N. China. Introduced in 1866. Its showy white flowers, more conspicuous than those of the Pearl-bush, open in mid-April. The lustrous leaves remain green until late in the fall. Well adapted to dry situations. [BULLETIN, May 1933]. A, D, G, L. RoBertT B. Clark. NOTES Lt. Robert B. Clark, formerly graduate student at the Garden and for the past year research assistant, has been granted a leave of absence to enter the Air Forces of the United States Army. Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has published an article “Nymphaea colorata,” in the July number of Garden Glories (14:7), the publication of the Garden Club of Illinois. Mr. Leslie Hubricht, research assistant at the Garden, spoke at a joint meeting of the entomological section of the St. Louis Academy of Science and the Webster Groves Nature Study Society, September 11, on “Caves and Their Fauna.” Although the Veiled Prophet’s Ball will not take place this year, the customary Queen’s bouquet of Garden orchids was made up and presented to the former Queen after being shown at the Greater St. Louis Victory Garden Harvest Show, held at the Garden, October 2-4. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, has pub- lished the following papers recently: “Cacti as House Plants,” in the May- June number of Desert Plant Life (14:92-93); “The Medicinal Aloe vera,” in The American Eagle of September 17 (37: 1, 4); “Amateurs Prefer Mammillarias,” in the October number of Garden Life (15:77). Recent visitors to the Garden include: Mr. P. T. Haynes, Superintendent of Parks, Brownsville, Texas; Pvt. Louis G. Brenner, formerly graduate student at the Garden, now stationed at Portland, Oregon; Dr. C. L. Lundell, Research Professor in Botany and Curator of Herbarium, University of Michigan; Mr. Ralph Rawlings, formerly graduate student at the Garden. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR SEPTEMBER, 1942 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed packets received as gifts Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought — Total number of books and pamphlets donated HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Heller, A. A.—Plants of Nevada, Arizona, and California By Gift— Anderson, E.—Quercus cerris L. from Horticulture Hubricht, Leslie—Plants of Arkansas _ aie James, Mrs. Arthur D.—Gutierrezia Jacaneilomes (DC.) Blake (Amphiachrys dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt.) from Kansas James, Leslie—Plants of Alabama — Luttrell, E. S.—Lichens of Virginia 2 Mauldin, Mildred Pladek—Plants of en ee eS aE) c= Seibert, Russell J.—Plants chiefly from Florida — oe U. S. Plant Introduction Garden, Glendale, MieyiandWiareice & sp. from is AEE uae ee By Field Work— Woodson, R. E.—Plants of Panama By Transfer— Clark, Robert B.—Cacti from Horticulture 177 20,256 169 10 100 400 178 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ANNOUNCEMENT A. D. E. Elmer’s “Leaflets of Philippine Botany” for sale by the Missouri Botanical Garden “Are the ‘Leaflets of Philippine Botany’ in your library? Every botanical institution should have them, and at the present time I can offer for sale complete series of the ten published volumes including a general index for the entire works. Remember, this publication will no longer be published. Its average price is $11.00 for each volume.” A. D. E. ELMer. All of the available sets of Elmer’s ‘Leaflets of Philippine Botany” have been deposited at the Missouri Botanical Garden. A few complete sets are available, and practically any of the single leaflets may be obtained at 5c a page. Orders may be sent direct to the Missouri Botanical Garden 2315 Tower Grove Avenue St. Louis, Missouri STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI GeEorGE T. Moore, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Rosert E. Woopson, Jr., Pathologist Assistant Curator of t ; Herbarium Jesse M. GREENMAN, Henry N. ANDREWS, Curator of Herbarium Paleobotanist Carro_t W. Donee, Ropert W. ScHERY, Mycologist , Research Assistant Epcar ANDERSON, Nett C. Horner, Geneticist Librarian and Editor of Publications GrorceE H. Prine, Superintendent Joun Noyes, Paut A. Kon, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist WiuraM F. Lancan, Davi C. Farmsurn, Chief Engineer . Horticulturist JoserH LANGEN, JosePpH CuTakK, Assistant Engineer. In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, LapisLaus CuTak, Painter In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Aucust P. BEMMANN; Manager Roy E. Kissicx, FRED WEGLOENER, Engineer Orchid Grower REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Paut H. ALLEN, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wison, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England SPRING FLORA OF MISSOURI by Julian A. Steyermark “A book that is complete. . . . Undoubtedly the book Missouri flower-lovers have been looking for.” Missouri Historical Review “, + + In short, the Spring Flora of Missouri is the best ‘Spring Flora’ available at present in the United States.” American Midland Naturalist “Should be of great use to local garden clubs, and for the scien- tific worker who is concerned with the local flora it should be invaluable.” National Horticultural Magazine “Carefully and critically done, so that it should find wide and enthusiastic reception at the hands of all who enjoy being acquaint- ed with the rich native flora of Missouri.” Rhodora “The most comprehensive spring flora ever issued for any state. - +. Notable for presenting its data in simple non-technical English, yet with thorough scientific accuracy. Book’s value not limited to Missouri.” Field Museum Notes For sale by the Missouri Botanical Garden. Price $3.00 MussourRI JBOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXX NOVEMBER, 1942 No. 9 CONTENTS A Notable Gift to the Missouri Botanical Garden . . 179 New or Noteworthy Plants for St. Louis ATV. Vetch-leaf Sophora 2 site oe oe Five-fingered Swan-neck Orchid (Cyenoches pentadactylon) . 183 The -Tore-chestntit (55 ee re eee Se 16 Canadian versus Carolina Hemlock . ...... . . 189 BRR ee a ee ey Re GOS ge Be aa oN ge ih RO Statistital’. information 5°05 <2 hee oe) Al a ee AR Office of Publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Il. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo, Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A YEAR BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorce C, Hircucock Vice-President Dante K. CatTiin Second Vice-President EuGENE Perrus L. Ray CarTER RicHarp J. Lockwoop DupLey FRENCH GrorcE T. Moore Joun S. LEHMANN A. WesseL SHAPLEIGH EtrHan A, H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS GeorceE R. THroop, WILLIAM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri University WrirwM Dee Becker, WasHBURNE D. SHIPTON, Mayor of the City of St, Louis President of The Academy of Science of St. Louis RupoteH HorMeisTer President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD ULRICcI SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-ofhicio members, is self perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., THI HORSI ( HESTNUI lesculus Hip pocastanum ) Muissour1 Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXX NOVEMBER, 1942 No. 9 A NOTABLE GIFT TO THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Through the generosity and public spirit of Mrs. Oscar Johnson, the Missouri Botanical Garden has had deeded to it a tract of about 150 acres of virgin land within easy reach of St. Louis. In addition, Mr. Fairfax Funsten has deeded about 10 acres needed to establish a satisfactory boundary to the south. This gift of Mrs. Johnson and Mr. Funsten constitutes one of the most notable contributions that could possibly be made at this time to the conservation of wild life in this region. The Garden regards it as both a privilege and a duty to assume the ownership and care of this area, a project which Henry Shaw would have welcomed as fulfilling one of the purposes in founding the Garden, and one which will be increasingly appre- ciated as the years go by. It will be maintained, as nearly as possible, as a natural reservation, a last remnant of what was at one time the finest and most beautiful example of the native flora of Missouri. The tract is not only one of the few remaining bits of virgin forest in the neighborhood of St. Louis; it is a typical representative of an interesting and beautiful habitat which even in primitive times was comparatively rare. Paralleling the south bank of the Missouri River is a belt scarcely five miles wide, the so-called ‘‘loess belt”, in which the top soil is rich and so fine that it holds the water during droughts longer than other kinds of soil. When the country was first opened up, this belt was clothed, except on the sum- mits of the highest hills, with an unusually rich and beautiful forest. Even in primitive times the trees grew straighter and larger there than they did on the poorer and drier lands in the rest of the state, and on the north slopes in particular many northern species were able to survive during periods of drought. The very richness of these forests proved their undoing. They bore good timber which it was profitable to cut, and all but the very steepest and most remote valleys were potentially good farming land. Twenty years ago, by diligent hunting, one could find an occasional un- spoiled remnant of this forest here and there at breaks in the Missouri river (179) 180 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN cliffs, but to-day virtually all of these last refuges have been cut-over, or burned over, or so heavily pastured that the native vegetation is ruined. This “Hidden Valley” was saved not only by Mrs. Johnson’s intelligent interest but by the peculiarities of its topography. It is shaped like a steep- sided bow! with a narrow cleft on the side towards the Missouri River, and through this cleft runs the small creek which drains the area. All the public roads which approach the property are outside and well below the rim of the bowl. Along the railroad the northern rim of the bowl rises as almost vertical cliffs, except at the stream-crossing where there is marshy land which the railroad spans with a trestle. Fires, therefore, have not been able to spread into the tract; it has seldom been visited by thought- less trespassers; and it has been too remote and too steep-sided to pasture or lumber profitably. Some years ago a small clearing was made near the mouth of the valley but it was soon abandoned and has grown up into a thick second-growth forest. The bulk of the area is covered with a rich forest of sugar maple, white oak, and red oak, with a scattering of many other kinds of trees. As one climbs the hills the sugar maples drop out, particularly on the southern slope, and the ridge which forms the rim of the bowl is clothed with sturdy, short-trunked oaks and hickories. Because of its beautiful trees the tract is interesting at any time of year but for six weeks in the spring it is absolutely unique. The commoner wild flowers of Missouri woodlands are there in abundance, many of them in unusual perfection because of the rich soil and the protection from maraud- ing hogs (whose catastrophic effect upon the vegetation of the Ozarks is much more wide-spread and long-enduring than is generally realized). There are Spring-beauties and Solomon’s Seal, Bellwort and Adder’s-tongue, Jack-in-the-Pulpit and wild Sweet-William, all in abundance. What gives the tract its peculiar interest, however, is the presence, in enormous num- bers, of plants which are either unknown or very rare elsewhere. Two of these deserve special mention, the large white Wake-Robin or Gleason’s Trillium (Trillium Gleasoni), and the Celandine Poppy (Sfylophorum diphyllum). Gleason’s Trillium is not common as Trilliums go. It is some- thing like the common white Trillium of the northern woodlands, though more imposing when in flower. It grows knee high, and its three big leaves are so broad that they join, making a green circular platter above which the pure white lily-like flower is delicately suspended. When undisturbed they form large clumps, and the leaves of one plant overlap those of the next, so that the little separate platters become parts of a wide, shiny green carpet with the flowers dancing above it. Ordinarily one counts it a privi- lege to see a few plants of this species. On the Johnson tract there are MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 181 thousands of them, and many are patriarch plants which form large clumps twenty feet and more across. The Celandine poppy is quite as conspicuous and even move prevalent on the tract. There are actually whole acres of woodland where one cannot step without treading on it. It has a lush light green foliage, orange-yellow flowers about the size of California poppies, like them too in having many golden stamens in the center. The blooms are borne abundantly over the top of the plant, and when in full flower they make a brilliant and beautiful mass of gold and green. Elsewhere in Missouri they are usually seen, if at all, as little patches of yellow and green here and there, but at Hidden Valley they make a most brilliant display, stretching away through the spring woodlands as far as the eye can see. The peculiar bowl-like shape of the valley is valuable not only for the protection it gives the trees and smaller plants but also because it produces so many diverse habitats which greatly increase the number of native species. There are cool northern slopes with a rich deep soil. There are hot dry southern slopes with very thin soil, and there are exposed ledges with no soil at all which form interesting natural rock-gardens. While the tract is underlain by limestone the rim of the bowl has been leached for so many centuiies that the resulting soil is acid and has species of plants which would not thrive in the “sweeter” soil of the lower woodlands. The little brook which drains the valley offers another series of habitats, and at the point where it is spanned by the railroad it expands into almost a marsh, attracting a number of species which do not grow elsewhere on the tract. It is safe to say that there are few places in Missouri where so many dif- ferent species of plants are found growing naturally on an area of this size, to say nothing of the immense number of plants of a few rare species. NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS FOR ST. LOUIS. XIV VETCH-LEAF SOPHORA In the May 1934 BuLLETIN appeared a note with illustration of the Pagoda Tree, Sophora japonica. Here it was stated that, “it remains in full leaf longer than any other large tree in the Garden. During the month of € August it bears large clusters of cream-colored flowers of particular interest to nectar-loving insects. Thirty years of city residence have proven its hardiness, and during that time it has shown itself to be without a single objectionable habit as a city tree.”’ Now comes another Sophora which, while differing fundamentally from the Pagoda Tree, promises to be equally as valuable from the horticultural Mo. Bor. Garp. BuULL., Vor. 30, 1942 PLATE 40 ft ‘Se wer % VETCH-LEAF SOPHORA IN FULL FLOWER MAY 12, 1942. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 183 standpoint. This is the Vetch-leaf Sophora (Sophora viciifolia Hance), in- troduced from western China in 1897. It has striking blue and white flowers, about an inch long, on the tips of short side branches. A good blue color in a shrub is rare, and if to its color is added a long blooming period a com- bination is presented which should not be overlooked. Belonging to the pod- bearing family, the flowers have the characteristic “‘sweet-pea” shape. The keel and wings are a snow-white and the standard a deep blue, and the colors never mingle but remain in strong contrast until the flower dries up. The flowers begin to appear about May 5 and persist for three weeks or longer. The shrub is informal in habit, sparingly armed with spines, and has a tendency to spread. Eventually it may reach a height of seven or eight feet with a spread almost as great. The compound leaves may be two inches long, with as many as nineteen leaflets, and this accounts for the common name, Vetch-leaf Sophora. The plant illustrated in plate 40 was grown from seed obtained in 1931, and flowered for the first time in 1942 when over four feet tall. There is evidence to indicate that it may have been injured by cold when younger, but it seems to have become hardier as it reached maturity. While reported to withstand dry weather, a real advantage in the neighborhood of St. Louis, and to favor sandy soil, our specimen has done very well in a very heavy soil without supplementary irrigation. Experience indicates that the Vetch-leaf Sophora is reasonably free of insect pests and has no known diseases. In all respects it seems a reliable and worth-while addition to the woody plants of this region. A. ahs FIVE-FINGERED SWAN-NECK ORCHID (CYCNOCHES PENTADACTYLON ) The genus Cycnoches, popularly called the Swan or Swan-neck Orchid, belongs to a group of orchid genera which has always been puzzling to botanists. The variation existing in this group and the resulting confusion is evidenced by the first description of the Five-fingered Swan-neck by Dr. John Lindley, noted orchidologist, in 1843 (Edwards’s Botanical Register, vol. 6, pl. 22):— “The fleshy-stemmed Orchidaceae, consisting of Catasetum, Cycnoches, Mormodes, and Cyrtopodium, probably form a group (Catasetidae), among which we find the most astonishing deviations from ordinary structure, and Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., Vor. 30, 1942 PLATE 41 FIVE-FINGERED SWAN-NECK Cycnoches pentadactylon) Showing one female flower (indicated by arrow) and seventeen male flowers on the same spike. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 185 the most startling variations from what appears to be the rule in other parts of the organic world. If we were informed that the Camelopard in the Zoological Gardens had shortened the vertebrae of its neck till it was no longer than a cow’s, or that a Kangaroo had exchanged its tail for the switch of a Shetland pony, a more surprising thing would not be announced than those changes with which we are now familiar in this group of Orchidaceae. d écerste All these things are here mentioned for the sake of shewing how dif- ficult it is in such plants to judge correctly as to what may be a species and what a sport. Influenced by these considerations I have till lately refrained FIVE-FINGERED SWAN-NECK ORCHID Left, staminate or male flower; right, pistillate or female flower. from saying anything about the plant now figured [ pl. 22—illustration of Cycnoches pentadactylon|. It has in some respects so much the appearance of C. maculatum, that when I first received it from Mr. Veitch of Exeter, in March 1842, I hesitated whether to regard it as a variety or a distinct SOECIES 40s ans It has a short raceme of much larger greenish-yellow flowers, with broad chocolate-brown blotches, and its lip is quite remarkable, having 5 finger-like lobes and no more, instead of lateral comb-like fringes of C. maculatum.”’ The Garden specimen of Cycnoches pentadactylon was collected by Mr. M. B. Foster in Brazil and sent to us as an exchange in June, 1942. Much 186 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN of the early confusion in regard to the swan orchid is now explained by its unusual habit of producing exclusively either male or female spikes, and the Garden plant is of particular interest because both sexes are produced on the same spike. Plate 41 shows a spike of eighteen flowers, the terminal flower (indicated by arrow) overhung by the seventeen male flowers. An illustration of another swan orchid (Cycnoches Warscewiczii) having the male and female flowers on separate plants was given in the February 1931 Garden BULLETIN. Description—Pseudobulbs horn-shaped, tapering towards the base, 1 foot high, 1 inch in diameter; old bulbs devoid of leaves, showing prominent leaf scars. Flowering bulbs carrying 10 alternate strap-shaped leaves gradually tapering to a point, decreasing in size towards the base, terminal leaves 1 foot long, 2! inches wide. Sfaminate flower:—sepals and petals lance- shaped, green blotched with chocolate-brown; sepals 1'/2 inches long, '2 inch wide, petals slightly wider; lip with 3 prominent finger-like lobes and 2 sessile horns in front, green spotted chocolate-brown at the base, gradually tapering to a point; column curved, long, slender, chocolate-brown, green spotted with chocolate-brown towards the apex; anther-cap greenish-white faintly spotted with brown. Pisfillate flower:—larger than the staminate flower, thicker in texture, less blotched and showing larger green areas; column twice as thick as that of the male flower, much shorter, '% inch long, less curved and greener towards the stigmatic surface; lip three times larger than that of the male, possessing 1 horn or finger, green tipped with white, extending beyond an oblong-rounded ivory-colored lobe, thick, waxy, the lance-shaped lobe resembling the staminate flower. G6, 71.9; THE HORSE-CHESTNUT A large horse-chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum L.) in full bloom in late April or early May is the most striking of flowering trees. The innum- erable pyramids of white flowers, held erect at the tips of the upturned branches, light up the large, rich green leaves like so many candles (see pl. 39). A mature horse-chestnut has a spread of some 40 to 50 feet and attains a height of 60 feet or more. Because of its large size it is a good subject for park and estate planting. Some trees have a single trunk, but more often several large, slightly spreading limbs develop near the base. By midsummer the fruits (sort of spiny burs) are fully grown, but they are not ripe until MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 187 October when they fall to the ground or are brought down by the squirrels. The seeds are large, measuring about 1! inches across. The horse-chestnut probably comes from Greece. The first known trees were cultivated in Constantinople, and from there they were sent to the various European countries in the last half of the sixteenth century. Matthiolus, in his “Compendium de Plantis,’”’ published in Venice in 1571, described the origin of the name “‘horse-chestnut” as follows: ‘‘The in- habitants of Constantinople call these chestnuts horse chestnuts, because they, when eaten, bring much relief to panting or coughing horses.” In S Fig. 1. Flower of Fig. 2. Fruit of Aesculus Hippocastanum Baumannii Aesculus Hippocastanum 1597, John Gerarde, in his “Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes,” gives a similar description for the origin of the name: ‘“‘called in England horse chestnuts; for the people of Eastern countries do with the fruit thereof cure their horses of the cough, shortness of breath, and such like diseases.”’ Parkinson in his ‘‘Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris,’ 1629, states that he planted the horse-chestnut in his orchard as a fruit tree between his wal- nuts and mulberries and that the fruits were sweet when roasted and eaten like the ordinary edible chestnut. According to Loudon (“Arboretum et Fruiticetum Britannicum,” published in 1844), the word “AZ’sculus” is de- rived from esca, meaning nourishment, applied by Pliny to a species of oak 188 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN which had an edible acorn. The word Hippocastanum, from hippos, a horse, and castanea, a chestnut, is said by some to have been given to this tree ironically because the nuts resemble the sweet chestnut but are fit only for horses. The horse-chestnut was introduced into America in 1741. This is re- corded in an exchange of letters between John Bartram and Peter -Collinson, as set forth in the “Memorials of John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall” by Darlington in 1849. The European representatives of the genus Aesculus are commonly called the horse-chestnuts while the American species are usually known as the buckeyes. Aesculus Hippocastanum Baumannii is a variety of the common horse- Fig. 3. Aesculus parviflora growing at the Garden. chestnut which bears double, white flowers, but no seeds. A red-flowered horse-chestnut is A. carnea. This tree presumably is a hybrid between the common European horse-chestnut and Aesculus Pavia, a native of the south- eastern part of the United States. Both these trees are considerably smaller than the common horse-chestnut and for that reason are more appropriate for planting in limited areas. They bloom in mid-May. The last of the group to flower is Aesculus parviflora, the bottlebrush buckeye or dwarf horse-chestnut, which blooms in June. It is a broad, creeping shrub, six to ten feet high, a native of the southeastern states. Long, narrow spikes of white flowers with prominent stamens terminate the branches. There are other buckeyes native to the United States, particularly MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 189 worthy of mention being A. glabra, the Ohio buckeye, and A. octandra, the yellow buckeye. All the common horse-chestnuts and buckeyes will grow in this locality. They are not particular about the soil but they do prefer an ample supply of moisture during the summer months. Fine specimens of the kinds described in this article may be found growing in the Missouri Botanical Garden. ee oe CANADIAN VERSUS CAROLINA HEMLOCK The Hemlocks are a rather small group of conifers belonging to the genus Tsuga. Of the ten known species four are found within the United States: two from the West Coast—Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana Sarg.) and Western Hemlock (T'suga heterophylla Sarg.) ; and two from the East Coast—Canadian Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis Carr.) and Carolina Hemlock (Tsaga caroliniana Engelm.). The Pacific Coast species range from Alaska down the coast to northern California and inland to an elevation 7,000 feet above sea-level in Washing- ton. Ten attempts have been made to grow these trees at the Arboretum, both from seeds and from young plants, but all attempts have ended in failure. It is quite possible that perfectly winter-hardy types can be found but thus far no plant has lasted throughout the summer. This is what might be expected from trees which are accustomed to sixty or more inches of rainfall annually when exposed to the dry hot summer of this region. Between the years 1927 and 1932 six importations of the seed of two Asiatic species (Tsuga Sieboldii Carr. and T. diversifolia Mast.) were made. None of these attempts have produced a tree. It will be seen, then, by the above process of elimination, that only the East Coast kinds are available for trial in Missouri. The Canadian or Common Hemlock is found growing from Michigan eastward to the Coast and south- ward from there to Georgia. Here at least is a Hemlock of wide distribu- tion and one that might do well in this region. The Carolina Hemlock is a much less common tree, growing in the mountains from Virginia to Georgia, and we might assume that it was another species capable of with- standing a Missouri summer. Actually, however, since the first seeds and plants of Carolina Hemlocks were obtained in 1927 less than a dozen lived through the first summer. During that same period many Canadian Hem- locks have been grown and are doing well. The largest and most attractive groups of Canadian Hemlock can be found on either side of the North Road in the Pinetum. These were pur- chased as seedlings from D. Hill Nursery Co., Dundee, IIl., in the spring of 190 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 1927. They were grown on for several years in the nursery, and then one- half the lot was planted on the south side of the road protected from the southwest by a low hill and a group of Pines, while the other half was planted north of the road and somewhat more exposed. Needless to say, those in the better position are larger and have suffered less loss than those on the north of the road. Additional seed shipments in subsequent years have nearly all yielded some plants. The scattered specimens along the Pinetum Lake and the group at the Lake spillway are from these seeds. One thousand seedlings of the Carolina Hemlock were purchased from E. Gillett, Southwick, Mass., in the spring of 1927. None of these produced a tree. The latest shipment of one hundred seedlings was obtained from J. F. Norris, Doeville, Tenn., in the spring of 1941. At the present writing only five of these plants are alive. During the past fifteen years just as many Carolina as Canadian Hemlock seeds have been planted, but all the former have failed to grow past the first summer. The loggers in the time of Paul Bunyan knew of two Canadian Hem- locks—the white and the red. The red is unknown to-day, and the evidence seems to indicate that certain very old trees did produce a heartwood darker than the rest. These were probably the “forest primeval” hemlocks “bearded with moss and in garments green.” This too is a very accurate description of the habitat of the tree. A heavy growth of moss indicates a high and uniform humidity, and Hemlocks cannot be grown where the exposure to drying is great. The tree is very shade-tolerant. Seeds germinate and the seedlings make some growth even under the unbroken canopy of a hardwood forest, waiting for the chance to grow into the sunlight. If we wish to grow Hemlocks in Missouri we shall have to be content with the Canadian variety, and even then provide shelter against the dry winds of summer. Also, the soil must not be allowed to dry. A good loca- tion would be to the north or northeast of a building, fence, or evergreen planting, and in a spot that remained moist for the greater part of the year. The beneficial effect of a location sheltered from the summer winds can be seen in the two Hemlock groups in the Pinetum. The group close to a ditch and sheltered by the Pines from the southwest are much larger than those from the same shipment planted in a more exposed location. Heavy mulch- ing and fertilizing have improved the exposed group, but it is more satis- factory to plant Hemlocks in a damp place protected from the summer winds. Little need be written about the value of the Hemlock in ornamental plantings except to point out that no other conifer has foliage as graceful; and that it is an addition to the landscape provided it is planted in a suitable location, APE. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 191 NOTES Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture ‘Introducing the Succulents”, before the Henry Shaw Cactus Society, October 11. Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke before the meeting of the Gravois Kiwanis Club of St. Louis County, November 4, on “The Missouri Botanical Garden’’, with special emphasis on plants of priority. Recent visitors to the Garden include Mr. Russell J. Seibert, Agent Rubber Investigations, U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.; Miss Allen, Assistant in the Herbarium, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Dr. and Mrs. George Neville Jones, the former, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Mrs. Leighton R. Cornman, a dahlia breeder and fern enthusiast, of Cardiff-by-the-Sea, California. The China-Fir Tree in Missouri: While on a collecting trip in southern Missouri, Dr. Anderson and Mr. Beilmann were surprised to see a China-Fir tree (Cunninghamia lanceolata) growing in front yard of a house in St. Mary’s, Missouri. Cunninghamia is a handsome evergreen, one of the conifers, with large, flat, sharp-pointed needles and somewhat pendulous branches. While it does fairly well on the Pacific Coast as far north as Vancouver, in the East it is not supposed to be hardy much north of Memphis, Tenn. However, according to Rehder, it grows in Pennsylvania in sheltered positions and it has done well in the northern Shenandoah Valley. The St. Mary’s tree is about 15 feet high and in excellent condi- tion although it has been badly injured in severe winters. It is located at the base of a hill which shelters it from the north and west, and the soil is excellent for coniferous trees. 192 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR OCTOBER, GaRDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of. visitors PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed packets received as gifts Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books bought Total number of books and pamphlets donated HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Allen, Paul A.—Plants of Panama Anderson, E.—Plants of Horticulture Anderson, E.—Plants of Virginia and West Vien Cornman, Mrs. Leighton R.—Lichens, hepatics, and mosses ae Panatne Finklenberg, Miss—Polyporus sp. from Missouri Hayden, Ada—Plants of Iowa Heising, Miss Clara—Carissa grandiflora DC. iii Hinde. _ Hubricht, Leslie—Plants of Illinois and Missouri James, Leslie—Plants of Alabama Rose, Lewis Samuel—Plants of California 1942 Shirley, A. E——Quercus runcinata Engelm.—a biel oak Loon: er Park, Kansas City, Missouri By Transfer— Cutak, Ladislaus—Cactus from Horticulture Pring, George H.—Cycnoches pentadactylon Lindl. from Hioeduicats 21,782 STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI GrorGE T. Moore, Director ' HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Rosert E. Woopson, Jr., Pathologist Assistant Curator of Herbarium Jesse M. GREENMAN, Henry N. ANDREWS, Curator of Herbarium Paleobotanist Carro_t W. Dopce, RoBERT W. SCHERY, Mycologist i Research Assistant Epcar ANDERSON, ~ Nextt C. Horner, Geneticist Librarian and Editor of Publications GeorceE H. Prine, Superintendent Jorn Noyes, Paut A. Konn, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist Witiiam F, LANGAN, / Davin C. Fairpurn, Chief Engineer Horticulturist JosepH LANGEN, JosePH CuTak, Assistant Engineer In charge of. Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, LapDisLaus CUTAK, Painter In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Aucust P, BEILMANN, Manager Roy E. Kissicx, FRED WEGLOENER, Engineer Orchid Grower REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Paut H. ALLEN, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wiison, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England SPRING FLORA OF MISSOURI by Julian