UO MussourI IRoOTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN UO VOLUME XxXxII WITH 27- PLATES AND 34 TEXT-FIGURES 19 4 4 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST, BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER 15 CENTS MissouR) BOTANICal GARDEN LIBRARY Missouri BoTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXXII JANUARY, 1944 No. 1 CONTENTS Fifty-fifth Annual Report of the Director . . .... 1 mtatintical Information «.( 3° 33 ag Se a eae Bl Office of Publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Il. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, . St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter Janua 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A Year BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Gerorce C. HiTcHcock Vice-President DaNnrcL K. CaTLIN : Second Vice-President EuGENE PETTus L. Ray CaRTER RicHarp J. Lockwoop DupLey FrEeNCH Grorce T. Moore JouHn S. LEHMANN A. WessEL SHAPLEIGH ErHan A. H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS GeorcE R. THroop, WiILtiaM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri University WasHBURNE D. SHIPTON, A. P. KAUFMANN, President of The Academy of Mayor of the City of St. Louis Science of St. Louis J. Harry POHLMAN President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD E. ULRIcI SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as ‘“‘Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. a Faget I, ARBORETUM HOUSE AT THE THE TRAIT SOUTH FROM LOOKING Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXXII JANUARY, 1944 No. 1 FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR To THE BoarpD OF TRUSTEES: The Director of the Garden has the honor to submit his report for the year ending December 31, 1943. A botanical garden is no exception when it comes to the difficulty en- countered during war time. Usually conducted under a reduced income and with cost for labor and supplies increased beyond any possibility of meeting, such institutions are compelled to operate on a maintenance basis with little chance for expansion or development. Few authorities are willing to admit that a botanical garden, with its vast collection of useful as well as beautiful plants—both out of doors and under glass—its important library and herba- rium, and its scientific staff engaged in solving fundamental plant problems, is to be rated in any sense as essential or worthy of any special consideration. In spite of the fact that war always imposes additional responsibilities and opportunities for service to the public and the industrial world, gardens such as the Missouri Botanical Garden are fortunate if they can be allowed to survive in any thing like the customary or traditional manner. Without attempting to set up a balance sheet or to enumerate in detail the services of botany in war times, it is only fair to call attention to the fact that, quite apart from the recreational features, plants and their products are supplying more definite and practical contributions to medicine, to food supplies, and to manufacturing industries than ever before. That such important plant products as rubber and quinine formerly came from parts of the world now in the hands of the enemy is pretty well known, but that many other articles essential in both peace and war were obtained from plants no longer available is only beginning to be recognized. Particularly, that a knowledge of the local flora in a tropical country may contribute to the survival of our fighting men is at last recognized by the Army, and both literature and in- structions as to edible and poisonous plants to be found in the South Pacific and other regions are now supplied to our troops. (1) 2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN In addition to furnishing plants or information of all sorts to the Quar- termaster Corps, Bureau of Plant Industry, The Rubber Development Cor- poration, American Quinine Company, as well as to drug houses and various industries, the Garden has supplied for rubber or quinine investigations nine former students or members of the staff, who are located in Central or South America. It is a gratification to include among the notable events of 1943 the publication of the first two fascicles of the “Flora of Panama,” a project which the Garden has had in preparation for the past fifteen years. The portion’ published represents perhaps five per cent of the finished work, and includes treatments of the lower seed plants from Cycadaceae through Cyclanthaceae. In addition to the treatments of miscellaneous families by the editors of the ‘Flora,’ Dr. Woodson and Dr. Schery, it is significant to note the admirable contributions by eminent specialists of other botanical institutions, particularly those on the Gramineae by Jason R. Swallen, U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry, Cyperaceae by Henry K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and Palmaceae by L. H. Bailey, Cornell University. Manu- script is now being edited for the remainder of the monocotyledonous families to be published during the coming year. Among the rather few modern floras of tropical America, the ‘Flora of Panama” is conspicuous because of its broad and authoritative scope and excellent illustrations. The publication of a new flora can hardly be expected to appeal to the general public, but this type of research is possibly the most enduring in botanical science. Floras are ponderous works composed, in the best in- stances, after years of labor shared in common by the outstanding authorities of each plant group. They last for generations. They are the last word on the plant resources of a region, and the inclusive information stored in them always has been of vital concern to nations and their rulers. We have evi- dence of such concern since the days of Alexander the Great. Martius’ “Flora Brasiliensis,’ in fifteen folio volumes, compiled under the joint auspices of the King of Bavaria and the Emperors of Brazil and Austria, was a half century in the making and remains to this day the most inclusive authority for the vegetation of half of South America. In our own country, we must not forget Thomas Jefferson sending to England for John Bradbury to botanize the Louisiana Purchase from St. Louis as a base, nor the botanical collections of Captain Kearney and of General Fremont on the first expeditions westward to the Pacific. But one can see most clearly the uses of floras and of men trained in that phase of botany in the vast and imperative programs of the United States government to find in America sources of wild rubber, quinine, fibers, and other vital commodities to take the place of those recently lost to us. The research and PLATE 2 Mo. Bot. Garp. BuLL., VoL. 32, 1944 LOOKING NORTHEAST FROM PARKING LOT AT THE ARBORETUM 4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN training programs that the Missouri Botanical Garden and similar institutions had supported during the years of peace are now of utmost importance and use in our national emergency. ARBORETUM As did the report of last year, this one deals largely with maintenance, although a few somewhat spectacular construction projects were completed. In the Pinetum six head-walls and catch basins were built along the east road. This required 789 man hours, 1% ton of steel and 125 sacks of cement. Later, about 66 yards of soil were hauled to complete the grade and 10 loads of sod were laid in the vicinity of the head-walls. A small tool shed (10 x 12 feet) was built at the seed-frames, all the material used being either sawed on our sawmill or salvaged from other buildings removed during the last three years. About 326 man hours were required to complete this building, exclusive of the second coat of paint. During the months of January, February and March 24,769 board feet of walnut, maple, cherry, elm, hackberry, locust, oak and cottonwood were sawed at the sawmill. A new 5,000-bushel granary and a 28 x 40-foot general-purpose barn on the farm were constructed entirely of lumber sawed from trees harvested on the property in 1942 and 1943. For the first time in many years the demonstration apple orchard main- tained for floral effect was sprayed. A total of 1,600 gallons of lime-sulphur lead-arsenate spray was used in the “cluster bud” and “first cover” sprays. This was done as a war measure, the fruit being distributed among the em- ployees at picking time, and an additional 50 bushels placed in storage for distribution later in the year. Other projects include a three-acre truck garden worked co-operatively by the employees, work with castor beans as a field crop, and the growing of a new soybean. An additional eight acres was planted to Harbinsoy beans and twelve more acres planted to hybrid corn. These last two fields were in the bottom-land near the Meramec River. Due to the difficulty of obtaining parts the T-20 (crawler) tractor was used only 78 hours during the year—all of the time either logging or in farm work. During December this tractor was returned to the repair shed for a complete overhauling. Since the year 1940 it has been used a total of 1616'% hours, and burned 2194!% gallons of fuel; to this must be added another 500 hours for 1939—the year it was purchased as a ‘“‘used’’ machine. Tractor mowing of the open fields required 686'/2 hours—less than usual since many fields were mowed but once. A single mowing is not sufficient even in a dry fall because the late grasses grow so high that they hide the Narcissus the following spring and increase the fire hazard throughout the fall and spring. The time saved in mowing open fields just once was devoted Mo. Bort. Garp. BuLL., VoL. 32, 1944 PLATE 3 The Panamanian Dove Orchid (Peristeria elata) 6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN to mowing new areas from which the brush was removed during the summer and fall. Brush was removed from 200 to 300 acres of the tract toward the north and east of the Nursery. This required 1,047 man hours of labor and several hundred hours of tractor mowing. On the whole, the rainfall for the year has been sufficient; at least no group of plants has suffered greatly. However, about half a million gallons were pumped for irrigation from the Pinetum lake to the greenhouse reser- voir, requiring a total of 241 hours, more than in any other year. A quantity of water was also used from the new reservoir at Crabapple Hill; refilling this required 88,400 gallons, or 13 hours of pumping from the well near the river. About 12,000 gallons of water were hauled by tank truck for irrigation, fire fighting, and concrete work. This truck-tractor also made thirteen trips in logging work, and was used to haul 10 large boxwoods from Ste. Gene- vieve, Missouri, as well as 10,000 gallons of sludge to continue the experi- mental work on this material as a fertilizer. The two Ford trucks were driven a total of 7,223 miles during 991 hours of operation and used 899 gallons of fuel. This is approximately one gallon of gasoline and about seven miles per hour of use. Both trucks are seven years old and have long since passed the peak of engine efficiency, although the motor overhaul received in January appears to have increased the mileage from 41% per gallon in 1942 to about 7 for this year. Due to the lack of visitors very little road maintenance was required; in fact, portions of the stabilized roads became rather weedy. Some new gravel was hauled to the roads, however, a truck load being hauled back to the Pinetum each time a load of rubbish was taken to the dump in Pacific, Missouri. While much planting has been done during the fall and spring, most of this merely increased an existing plantation. For instance, many hundred more azaleas were added to the two groups in the Pinetum, Planting for the year required 1,119 man hours and 42 hours use of the tree-mover; this last to move many very large conifers to and within the Pinetum. The most spectacular planting was in the Boxwood Garden, southwest of the Pinetum. We were able to obtain fourteen 45-year-old boxwoods from Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, which were dug, balled, and transported to the Arboretum by our own men with our own equipment, and on our own trucks. This work, together with all the other activities at the Arboretum, was under the direc- tion of Mr. A. P. Beilmann, Manager of the Arboretum. Friends of the Garden.”’—This fund, reserved for permanent improve- ments at the Arboretum, continues to accumulate awaiting a more favorable MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 Group of twenty-five Peristeria plants F i: opportunity for expending it. Two new roads which will add greatly to the accessibility of the more beautiful parts of the tract will be constructed when men and material are available. In spite of the lull in activities the interest in the fund continues as in the past, $3,641.77 having been con- tributed by “Friends” and Garden Clubs during 1943, Orchids.—While the public do not expect to see chrysanthemums in April or poinsettias in June, they always take for granted that orchids will 8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN be on display at the Garden, no matter what time of year. Since the Garden collection embraces genera and species from all parts of the world this is possible, the blooming season of orchids varying with the country from which they come and the altitude at which they grow. For example, Cattleya Trianaci from Colombia flowers during December and January, C. labiata from Brazil, during September and October, Paphiopedilums from India, in December, while those from the East Indies flower from June through August. Over 50 plants in flower of the Panamanian dove orchid (Peristeria elata) were shown in July and August, making an unusual mass display of this rare flower. Easter is the time for the showy Cattleya Mossiae, while the magnificent Cattleya gigas from Colombia blooms during the summer months. Hybrids derived from many of the Cattleya group give a display at various times during the year, depending upon their parentage. The less showy botanical orchids, in which the Garden collection excels, bloom at various times throughout the year and although not particularly attractive to the public they are extremely interesting to the specialists. Outstanding displays, aside from the annual orchid show in February which comprised Cattleyas, Paphiopedilums, Calanthes, Laelias, Cymbidiums, and Dendrobiums, included Oncidinm ampliatum from Panama in May, and the Brazilian Oncidiums in September, as well as mass effects of blooming plants. Some unusual specimens flowering this season were Laelia harpophylla, L. crispa, L. flava, L. pumila, Cattleya Walkeriana, C. Rex, C. guttata, C. amethystoglossa, Sophronitis cernua, Dendrobium Sanderac, Bulbophyllum virescens and B. Medusae. To keep this orchid display continuous, plants are transported weekly from the Arboretum greenhouses. No small part of presenting such a show is the maintenance of some 20,000 plants, necessitating the repotting during the year of some 17,000 plants. The immediate care of the orchid collection, comprising twelve greenhouses, continues under the direction of Mr. Fred Wegloener, Orchid Grower. Sunshine Record.— COMPARATIVE HOURS OF CITY AND COUNTRY SUNSHINE City Garden Arboretum Month Hours Hours January : aes : : 137 137 February : _ 192 209 March __ - ee - a 183.15 192 April - : 170.30 207 May : 7 _ - 131.15 145.30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 June Fae seein: Me 2 ae 235 236 ft) bi iemeass. 2 seer ene ce 2s See ER Ee 325 320 AURUSt ee oe nt Sela. ae hone 265.15 267.30 September... ee _ eee eer 187.30 216 CE ORC eet an hn ee 197.30 208 November. : was Pee tee ee 144 174 Decem bere ee 0 ae 81.15 111.30 2,249.30 2,423.30 2,249.30 Excess of sunshine hours at Arboretum 74.00 CITY GARDEN MAINTENANCE Primary attention has again been paid to the central heating system. During the summer it became necessary to replace the old main from the upper valve chamber to the Museum, originally for hot water, but used for steam since 1913. The work was done in the most approved manner, and this main should require no further attention for many years to come. The steam line leading to the Linnean House was also renewed, as well as some 300 feet of underground water pipe. A major item of maintenance was the complete overhauling and renewal of parts of the two automatic stokers, which should result in more efficient operation than when they were installed three years ago. Minor but important repairs included renewal of all pipe leading from the three boilers to the water columns, packing all valves and expansion joints, cleaning and replacing new parts of 365 thermostats when necessary, installing new piston rods, guards, valves and springs in feed pumps and new tile arch in No. 3 boiler. The concrete slabs were placed on the steam tunnel leading from the upper valve chamber to the Adminis- tration Building. The sewer from the Administration Building and Old Residence was practically rebuilt, and a new 10-inch drain was laid in the Medicinal Garden, replacing the open ditch connecting the hardy lily pools. Routine repair and painting occupied the entire time of the few men available for this purpose. The pergola at the west of the Italian Garden was painted with aluminum paint, and all the fence bounding the Garden— both wire and iron—was repainted. FLORAL DISPLAYS The annual orchid show was held during the month of February. Cin- erarias were on display March 7, and a week later azaleas were added to the show. During April the display consisted of annual chrysanthemums, marguerites, masturtiums, roses and schizanthus. Pelargoniums (Martha Washington geraniums) were on exhibit April 25 and hydrangeas followed on May 16. For the occasion of the annual flower sermon at Christ Church Cathedral, May 16, numerous pot plants and cut iris were sent to the church. 10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The St. Louis Horticultural Society held its spring show in the Floral Display House on May 22 and 23. Fancy-leaved caladiums and other foliage plants were displayed during June, July and August. The annual dahlia show of the St. Louis Horticultural Society was held October 2 and 3. The chrysanthemum show opened the first Sunday in November. On Sunday, November 28, the Sf. Louis Post-Dispatch published a full color-page of chrysanthemums photographed in the show, and this attracted an unusually large Sunday afternoon crowd. Despite gasoline rationing some members of the Book and Flower Guild distributed the chrysanthemums at the close of the show to various charitable institutions in the city. The Christmas show of poinsettias opened on December 12. In order to support the Victory Garden movement to its fullest extent demonstration plots of vegetables were planted in the Main Garden, the Economic Garden, and in the model Victory Garden. Altogether, some 43 kinds of vegetables were grown, which represent practically all that can be grown successfully in this region. Since the tomato is the most popular vegetable the variety tests begun in 1942 were continued during the past summer, 30 varieties of tomatoes being grown in two separate plots. In the last few years the Garden has acquired 250 of the newer varieties of iris, many of which were donations. As these iris become available they replace the obsolete varieties, and numerous changes of this kind were made during the year. An entire bed was planted with 48 varieties of Siberian iris, a class not previously grown in this garden. The Italian Garden, the Linnean Garden, the perennial borders on the Knolls, and the Rose Garden were maintained in their usual manner. All of these gardens, together with the planning and designing of the indoor floral displays, are under the supervision of Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Flori- culturist to the Garden. MAIN CONSERVATORIES AND EXOTIC RANGES Another year has elapsed with no major changes in the Main Conserva- tories, except that new plant material has been added to the already large collection of exotics. Regularly each week some potted palms, aroids, bromeliads, orchids, cacti and other succulents, etc., were set out in beds of the various houses. Perhaps more attention was given to the Palm House than to the rest of the range. It now presents a veritable jungle with araceous vines clambering up the trunks of palms, with clusters of orchids, bromels and epiphytic cacti hugging the tree trunks, and with brilliant undergrowth decorating the jungle floor. Both slender and massive palms, such as Livistona, Sabal, Chamaerops, Phoenix, Thrinax and Washingtonia, lend themselves perfectly MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 as hosts for the epiphytes. The picturesque Billbergia thyrsoidea, with its torches of bright red flowers issuing from the vivid green, cup-like rosettes, presented a wonderful floral display in early September. This species is grown lavishly as an aerial and terrestrial plant and seems to thrive exceedingly well under both conditions. Several other Billbergias are scattered through- out the jungle and all are profuse bloomers. This genus possesses the most Vanilla orchid flowers in Main Conservatory gorgeously colored flowers in the Bromeliaceae, but they last only a short time. The Aechmeas, on the other hand, bear inconspicuous flowers but their bracts and colorful fruits remain longer. Two of the outstanding Aechmeas adorning the trunks of palms are A. fulgens discolor and A. miniata discolor, Other prominently featured bromels are Billbergia macro- 12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN calyx and Quesnelia Liboniana growing in dense clumps at the bases of palms. The former has a very densely farinose inflorescence and light sky-blue flowers, while the latter is much brighter with coral-red and deep bluish- violet blooms. Native Florida Tillandsias also grace the trunks of date and Vanilla pods raised in Main Conservatory Jamaica thatch palms. For the first time, orchids—Dendrobiums, Cattleyas, Oncidiums, Aerides, and Epidendrums—were attached to the palm specimens. The tulipan orchid, Cattleya Trianaci, has produced a number of flowers too high to be reached by the visitor and yet low enough to be admired by every- one. Dendrobium hybrids were generous with their blooms, a number of flower stalks arising from a half dozen plants on the Chinese fan palm, with three to five pale rose to deep purple moth-like blossoms on each stalk. The vanilla orchid has grown faster than the ubiquitous Philodendron, and if stretched in a straight line would measure nearly a hundred feet. There are several of these vanilla vines stretched from trunk to trunk or hanging in graceful festoons from the topmost leaf-stalks. Individual flowers were MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 hand-pollinated to produce the “beans” from which the commercial vanilla is extracted. The amaryllidaceous Eucharis grandiflora, which looks like a glossy succulent edition of the common Aspidistra, thrives exceedingly well on the semi-shaded jungle floor and produces fragrant daffodil-like flowers several times a year. During the past year no roof shading was applied to the Cycad and Coffee Houses. However, none of the plants seemed to mind the summer heat at all except the staghorn ferns which were sunburned. The vitaceous curtain vine, despite a heavy spring pruning, looks more luxuriant than ever before, while the Nephrolepis ferns have formed a dense green cover over the naked ground. Even the cycads look much healthier. The coffee and banana plants were heavily manured in February and the result was a more abundant crop of fruit. The scarlet wax-mallow bushes, after being pruned earlier in the year and fertilized along with the coffee trees, are now densely covered with lush foliage and a super-abundance of flowers. A rabbit, which got into the Economic House in October and defied traps set for his capture for ten days, did considerable damage to the herba- ceous material before he was finally killed in the Palm House. The two wintersweet bushes, Acokanthera spectabilis, were heavily pruned for the first time since they were set out many years ago. The Zanzibar coffee (Coffea Zanguebariae), golden apple (Spondias lutea), and the African rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) produced flowers for the first time. Ficus benghalensis, Hura crepitans and Parhia Roxburghii, three of the largest trees now growing in the Economic House, were heavily pruned. A nice specimen of a variegated rubber plant, Ficus elastica, was obtained to en- hance the collection of economic plants. Space in both Succulent Houses is now at a premium. New plants have been added steadily during the year, the most notable being a number of choice desert bromels in the Cactus House. Most of these are very thorny and are native to some of the driest sections of tropical America. The out- standing representatives of the Pineapple family now growing in this House include Ananas bracteatus alba, Bromelia serra and B. antiacantha, Cryp- tanthus bahiensis, Hechtia texensis, Hohenbergia catingae, Pseudananas macrodontes, Puya chilensis, and four species of Dyckia. One of the finest displays of cactus flowers was borne on the tall trellisses which support the night-blooming Cerei. Selenicereus and Hylocereus bloomed abundantly, as did the Epiphyllums and Eriocerei. The Selenicereus species were late with their flowers, the first ones unfurling in July and the last on August 7. The undue amount of gloomy days in the spring ap- parently had something to do with the formation of buds. The Henry Shaw Cactus Society, an enthusiastic crowd of cactophiles which meets at 14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the Garden on the second Sunday of each month, viewed the gorgeous blos- soms on two separate nights. Some of the members had not previously seen these aristocrats of the Cactus family and were truly astounded by their beauty. Euphorbia Tirucallii, the fish poison of the East Indies, was heavily pruned. As in past years, the massive specimens of E. Hermentiana, E. similis, E. neutra and others again produced an abundance of conspicuous yellow-green inyolucres along the upper stems. These cactus-like spurges are not as colorful as the herbaceous poinsettia and the scarlet plume (E. fulgens), but the involucres crowded along the winged stems have a beauty of their own. A spurge destined to become better known economically is E. lancifolia of Mexico and Guatemala, a specimen of which is now thriving in the Cactus House. In the Exotic Range Clerodendron fallax and Ixora coccinea put on one of their finest displays and remained in bloom for many months. No doubt this was due to the application of manure in large quantity. The dwarf Strelitzia Reginae (Bird-of-Paradise) and Plumeria acutifolia likewise re- sponded to this treatment. Work on the bromel collection has been steadily maintained, and Mulford B. Foster, outstanding collector of Orlando, Florida, has contributed about 50 species, some of them not to be found anywhere else outside his own private collection. At the present the Garden has over 120 species and varieties in the Bromeliaceae, distributed in 27 genera. The work of recording in word and picture each species as it comes into bloom has progressed satisfactorily. About half of the species in our collection have been accounted for through the efforts of Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, who is in charge of the entire range. EXPERIMENTAL GREENHOUSES The research work on the growth of orchid plants, under the direction of Dr. D. C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, has progressed steadily during the past year, and is now one of the most important projects under way. Thousands of hybrid seedlings of carefully selected parentage are being raised by various methods, and now occupy half the bench area in the Experimental Greenhouses. Some of the investigations in progress are: Growing orchid plants by gravel culture methods.—Instead of being potted in the usual orchid peat or Osmunda fiber, some 3000 seedlings, in two 50-foot benches, are now being raised by this nutrient culture method. Experiments during the past four years have yielded very favorable results, a summary of which will appear later in the Garden BULLETIN. Supplementary feeding with nutrient solutions.—This is to improve the growth of seedlings potted in orchid peat. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 Transplanting seedlings directly into gravel cultures-—This method has eliminated a lot of tedious work formerly involved in the use of small com- munity pots of orchid peat, and has reduced the time element to less than one-half. Also, subsequent transplanting operations are readily accomplished with little or no setback to the young plants. Correlation work.—Size of seedlings are correlated with quality, quantity, and earliness of bloom. Effect of electric light at night on the growth of seedlings.—Results from tests made last winter were encouraging. Effect of sunlight——The optimum amount of sunlight for the growth of orchid plants in Missouri is being determined. Increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the air.—Although this increase did stimulate the growth of orchid seedlings, the possibility of using the gas on a large scale in orchid greenhouses seems rather remote, considering its present cost. Effect of various nutrient culture media—Germination of orchid seed and the growth of seedlings in the flasks have, in all cases, been far superior when symbiotic cultures were used than by sterile culture methods. New installations in the orchid laboratory include: wood and iron rod stagings on the two center benches; another 50-foot bench equipped for nutrient culture studies; insulation of side ventilators and west end of orchid house with Vitapane to prevent cold drafts on the plants; building wooden supports with wire and string attachments to hold plants firmly in upright position in the gravel cultures. Considerable time and greenhouse space have been devoted to the propa- gation of various house and garden plants, many of which will be used for class work. Over 10,000 cuttings and innumerable seedlings were raised in the Experimental Greenhouses by members of the amateur garden class who later transplanted them to their own gardens. A large portion of the seedlings grown were vegetables for planting in backyard ‘‘Victory Gardens.” SUPERVISED INSTRUCTION FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN While transportation difficulties have somewhat reduced the number of school children coming to the Garden in 1943, Miss Clara M. Heising, the special teacher provided in cooperation with the Board of Education, has conducted more than 6,000 pupils from elementary and high schools. When- ever possible the lessons were correlated with other subjects in the curriculum, giving pupils a clear idea of the flora of regions studied and a better under- standing of the home life and problems of the people of those areas. Many teachers further correlated the Garden trip with activities in classrooms. Wherever possible plant material was given to classes for project work, 16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN affording opportunity to develop the pupil’s initiative. Pupils came for general field trips, plant studies including adaptation of plants and their parts, pollination, inter-relations of plants with insects and birds, conserva- tion, etc. Particular interest was manifested in the healing of tree wounds, grafts, climbing methods of certain plants, and many other botanical subjects. During the spring and autumn classes coming from congested districts, after completing the Garden trip, went to Tower Grove Park to picnic before returning to their respective schools. Special classes of students coming after school for general field trips in- cluded one from the central Y.M.C.A., the Progressive Mothers’ Club, etc. Scout leaders with groups of Girl Scouts came for creative work in Nature study. Early morning bird walks were conducted from 7:30 to 8:30 every Thursday, weather permitting, during April and May, and September and October. RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the Herbarium and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, has continued to devote the major part of his time to exacting curatorial duties in the herba- rium. He has also conducted the work of graduate students majoring in taxonomy of the higher plants. During the present college year there are two graduate students, Mr. Charles Heiser and Mr. Norlan Henderson, working under the direction of Dr. Greenman for the degree of Master of Science. It is noteworthy also that Dr. Greenman has continued to pursue research on various groups of flowering plants and to further monographic and floristic studies long under way. Dr. C. W. Dodge, Mycologist to the Garden and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, has given the usual courses of instruction. Dr. Carl Lindegren has continued to give the course in general bacteriology in University College. Enrollments have been higher than usual in all courses. Beside routine determinations of various lichens and human and plant pathogens, work has continued on the Antarctic collec- tions of the Australian expeditions. The collections of the United States Antarctic Expedition (Third Byrd Expedition) have been received but have not yet been studied. Miss Dorothy Gacbler, Assistant in Bacteriology in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, besides supervising laboratory work in Bacteriology, has been engaged in the study of a serious parasite of coffee. Miss Julia Guzman-Naranjo, a graduate of the Universidad Nacional de Bogota, has enrolled in the School of Graduate Studies. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17 Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden and Engelmann Professor of Botany in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, holder of a Guggenheim fellowship, has been on leave of absence since Feb- ruary. Engaged with others on an investigation of native American food sources, he has spent the major portion of the year in California and is now in Mexico. Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Assistant Curator of the Herbarium and Associate Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, continued during the year his studies of American Asclepiadaceae. He has also collaborated with Dr. Robert W. Schery on the “Flora of Panama,” two fascicles of which were published, embracing the Spermato- phytes from Gymnospermae through Cyclanthaceae. In addition to his duties at the Garden, Dr. Woodson continued his botany classes at Washing- ton University, as well as classes in geography given for the army pre- meteorology cadets stationed at the University. Dr. Henry N. Andrews, Paleobotanist to the Missouri Botanical Garden and Assistant Professor of Botany in the Henry Shaw School of Botany, has completed a study of the anatomy of some petrified Cycad (Cycadeoidea) stems from a new locality in the Ferris Mountains of Wyoming. This in- vestigation has thrown some light on a previously imperfectly known feature of the structure of the cone axis in this extinct genus of plants. It is hoped that future exploration in the Ferris Mountain region will add still more to our knowledge of the Cycads. Fossil ferns from the coal mines of southern Illinois have been studied and described in the November issue of the ANNALS. ‘These ferns include the genus Senftenbergia (Schizaeaceae) previously unreported from the western hemisphere as well as a new species of Scolecopteris (Marattiaceae). Field work on the coal-mine plants came to a rather abrupt halt last spring when the Federal Government issued an order prohibiting non-employees from the shaft mines. In the summer of 1942 about one half ton of fine petrified trunks of a Cretaceous fern, Tempskya (Schizaeaceae?) were col- lected in southern Idaho. Some work has been started with this material. Due to the war-time reorganization of the University curricula and the heavy burden placed on certain departments by the numerous Army training programs a considerable portion of Dr. Andrews’ time has been devoted to teaching mathematics to both civilians and Army engineers. Dr. Robert W. Schery, Research Assistant to the Garden and Instructor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, was called by the Rubber Development Corporation late in January to assist in the government’s emergency program for strategic war materials. He is now in charge of rubber expansion in the State of Bahia, Brazil, the center of 18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN production of wild Mangabeira and Manicoba latex. In spite of his arduous duties for the Rubber Development Corporation, Dr. Schery has continued collaboration with Dr. Woodson in preparation for the “Flora of Panama,” and has been able to send to the Garden several hundred herbarium speci- mens of Brazilian plants collected during his travels in the interior. Dr. Carl C. Lindegren, Research Associate, Gertrude Lindegren, Research Fellow, and Mrs. Amy Pabor, Research Assistant, in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, have been engaged in an intensive study of the genetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analyses of numerous pedigrees in this species have led to a revaluation of the taxonomy of the Saccharomycetaceae, the conclusion being that Torulopsis and Zygosaccharo- myces are variants of Saccharomyces. A new method of hybridizing Saccharomyces has been developed in which haploid cultures arising from single ascospores are simply mixed in test-tubes. This eliminates the difficulty of pairing individual ascospores with a micromanipulator. This work has had the support of Anheuser-Busch, Inc., St. Louis. Dr. Lindegren, by action of the Board of Directors of Washington University, was appointed Research Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany, effective December 1, 1943. Degrees.—No advanced degrees were awarded in the Henry Shaw School of Botany in 1943. Graduates and Fellows: The following appointments were made in the Henry Shaw School of Botany for the year 1943-1944: Graduate Assistants (half-time graduate students): Dorothy Marie Gaebler, A.B., Washington University (Mycology). University Fellow: Charles Bixler Heiser, Jr., A.B., Washington Uni- versity (Taxonomy). Institute of International Education Fellow and University Scholar: Julia Guzman-Naranjo, A.B., Universidad Nacional de Bogota, Colombia, S. A. (Mycology). Independent Student: Norlan Henderson, A.B., Asbury College (Tax- onomy ). Published Articles.— Allen, Paul A.: The Giant Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:158-160. Anderson, Edgar: The Seeds of Tradescantia micrantha. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:69; Some Indian Uses of Corn. Bull. Garden Club Amer. 16 (8th series) :18-19; Two Fragrant Herbs. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:73-75; Two Varieties of Rosa alba, Amer. Rose Annual 1943:12-14; A Variety of Maize from the Rio Loa. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:469-476; Vegetable Gardening in St. Louis. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:33-44; with R. H. Barlow: The Maize Tribute of Moctezuma’s Empire. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:413-419; The MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 Tlacopintli. Tlalocan 1:159-160; with Frederick D. Blanchard: Prehistoric Maize from Canon del Muerto. Amer. Jour. Bot. 29:832-834; with Isabel Kelly: Sweet Corn in Jalisco. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:405-412. Andrews, Henry N.: Contributions to Our Knowledge of American Carboniferous Floras. VI. Certain Filicinean Fructifications. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:429-442; Notes on the Genus Tempskya. Amer. Midl. Nat. 29:133-136; On the Vascular Anatomy of the Cycadeoid Cone Axis. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:421-427; with L. Wayne Lenz: A Mycorrhizome from the Carboniferous of Illinois. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 70:120-125. Beilmann, August P.: The Arboretum and the Sawmill. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:108-117; The Arboretum Wolf Pack. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:191-196; New or Noteworthy Plants for St. Louis. XV. Prinsepia sinensis. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:160-161; Removing Some of the Bunk from Soil Analysis. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:180-183; Some Hourly Ob- servations of Tree Growth. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:443-451; A White Oak over 300 Years Old. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:147-149. Cutak, Ladislaus: The Christmas Cactus and Its Culture. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:187-191; Coryphantha ramillosa, a New Species from the Big Bend Region of Texas. Jour. Cactus & Succulent Soc. Amer. 14:163-164; Desert Plants in Winter Houses. Home Garden 2°:39-40; The Life-saving Barrel Cactus—Myth or Fact? Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:153-158; Two Excellent Echeverias for the Home. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:71-73; Two New Desert Shrubs for Midwest Gardens. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:119-123, (Reprinted in Southern Florist 55:3-4, 31); Two Plants Associated with Holy Week. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:106-108. Erickson, Ralph O.: Population Size and Geographical Distribution of Clematis Fremontii var. Richlii. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:63-68; Taxonomy of Clematis section Viorna. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:1-62. Fairburn, David C.: Counter-attacks on Indoor Plant Pests. Home Garden 2°:68-70; Garden Soils and Fertilizers. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:79- 102; House Plants Evaluated by Amateur Gardeners. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:68-71; Outdoor Annuals for Indoor Bloom. Home Garden 2*:20-21; Raising Nepenthes from Seed. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:174-180. Kohl, Paul A.: Vegetables and Their Varieties. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:45-57; Vegetables Replace Flowers in Ornamental Planting. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:57-59. Lenz, L. Wayne, with Henry N. Andrews: A Mycorrhizome from the Carboniferous of Illinois. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 70:120-125. Lindegren, Carl C. and Gertrude: Environmental and Genetical Varia- tions in Yield and Colony Size of Commercial Yeasts. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 30:71-82; Segregation, Mutation, and Copulation in Saccharomyces cere- visiae. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:453-468, Moore, George T.: Orchids at the Missouri Botanical Garden. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 12:191-197 (Reprinted from Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 30:31- 52); Where is the Largest Ginkgo Tree in the United States? Mo. Bot. Gard, Bull. 31:105-106. Pring, George H.: Chenille Plant or Red-Hot Cat-tail. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:75-76; Columnea gloriosa. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:129-130; The Five-fingered Swan-neck Orchid. (Cycnoches pentadactylon) Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 11:411-412 (Reprinted from Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 30:183-186) ; Golden-leaved Tapioca (Manihot utilissima var. variegata). Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:145-147; Hybrid Forms of Phragmopedilum grande. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:63-68; Nepenthes (Pitcher-plants). Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:169-174; The Octopus Flower from New Guinea (Bulbophyllum vires- cens). Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:126-129; The Parachute Seed-Pod of Aristolochia. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:123-125; Renanthera Storiei. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:125-126; Showy Purple-striped Dendrobe (Dendrobium Sanderae). Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:128; Tropical Water-lilies. American Eagle. August 3 (Reprinted from Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. March, 1941); The Velvet-leaved Gloxinia. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:161-162; Wild Ginger as a Ground Cover. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 31:163-164; with Helen Van Pelt Wilson: Day- and Night-blooming Water-lilies. Home Garden 1°:31-33; How to Propagate Tropical Water-lilies. Home Garden 2°:71-73; The Sum- mer Care of the Garden Pool. Home Garden 1°:4. Schery, Robert W., with Robert E. Woodson, Jr.: Contributions toward a Flora of Panama. VII. Miscellaneous Collections, chiefly by H. von Wedel in Bocas del Toro. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:83-96; Flora of Panama. Part II, Fascicle 1. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:97-280, Fascicle 2, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:281-403. Woodson, Robert E., Jr.: A New Amsonia from the Ozarks of Missouri. Rhodora 45:328-329; Behind the Scenes of a “Flora of Panama.” Amer. Jour, Bot. 29:20s. 1942. (Abstract); with Robert W. Schery: Contribu- tions toward a Flora of Panama. VII. Miscellaneous Collections chiefly by H. von Wedel in Bocas del Toro. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:83-96; Flora of Panama. Part II, Fascicle 1. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:97-280, Fascicle 2. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 30:281-403. Scientific and Popular Lectures.— Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden: January 19, before the Garden Club of St. Louis, ‘Vegetable Gardening in St. Louis”; March 2, be- fore the genetics staff seminar of the University of California, Berkeley, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 “Problems in the Genetic Differentiation of Maize”; March 6, before the Biosystematists at the University of California Faculty Club, “Genetic Patterns of Speciation”; June 21, before the genetics seminar of Leland Stanford University, Palo Alto, “What is Zea Mays?”; August 24, before the biology seminar of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, “The Races of Zea Mays”; September 13, before the Anaximandrian Society of the California Institute of Technology, “The History of Robinia Psend- acacia.” Mr. August P. Beilmann, Manager of the Arboretum: October 11, be- fore the Chevy Chase Garden Club, “Trees.” Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden: February 7, before the Henry Shaw Cactus Society, ‘“The Art of Grafting Cacti’; February 16, before the Poplar Bluff Garden Club, Poplar Bluff, Mo., “A Cactus Hunt in Old Mexico”; February 25, before the Spectrum Camera Club, “Adventures in Cactus-Land’’; March 9, before the Nazareth Brother- hood of the Nazareth Evangelical Church, and May 5, before the Mother of Perpetual Help Auxiliary of St. John Nepomuk Church, “A Cactus Hunt in Old Mexico”; May 9, before the Henry Shaw Cactus Society, “Growing Succulents from Seeds”; October 12, before the Young Adult group of the Shaw Avenue Methodist Church, “Plant Hunting in Old Mexico”; Novem- ber 4, before the Maplewood Garden Club, ‘Cacti and Succulents”; Novem- ber 5, before the Missouri chapter of the St. Pius branch of the Holy Name Society, “Wonders of the Cactus World’; December 12, before the Henry Shaw Cactus Society, “Gardens of Florida.” Dr. Carroll W. Dodge, Mycologist to the Garden: February 1, before the Monday Club of Webster Groves, ‘Understanding Central American Problems”; February 5, before the St. Louis Horticultural Society, “Central American Gardens”; February 25, before the Tau Pi Epsilon Fraternity, “Interesting Skin Diseases in Guatemala”; April 2, before the geology sec- tion of the St. Louis Academy of Science, “The Geology of Guatemala in Relation to Current Problems”; April 19, before the Practical Arts Club of College Women, “Obstacles to the Realization of Our Good Neighbor Policy in Central America”; November 24, before the Institute of Middle America, “The Contemporary Culture Pattern.” Dr. David C, Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden: before the Girl Scouts trying for the Merit Badge, September 15, “Insects and Weeds,” September 22, ‘Medicine Plants and Fall Flowers.” Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden: February 4, before the Garden Appreciation Club of University City, “Four Seasons in the Missouri Botanical Garden”; February 22, before the Little Gardens Club of Uni- versity City, “The Victory Garden”; March 5, before the St. Louis Horti- Z2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN cultural Society, ‘Victory Gardens and Their Planning”; March 16, before the St. Louis Garden Club, moving-pictures of the ‘Missouri Botanical Garden”; “Victory Gardens: March 27 and April 3, before the Senior Girl Scouts, March 28, over Station KWK, March 31, O.C.D. Block Workers at Beaumont High School, April 1, O. C. D. Block Workers at Carr Square Auditorium, and April 7, before the Neighborhood Gar- dens; May 11, before the Bel-Nor-Bellerive Civilian Defense Organiza- tion, ‘Four Seasons at the Missouri Botanical Garden”; September 27, before the Ladue War Garden School, ‘Varieties of Vegetables Grown at the Mis- souri Botanical Garden’; October 5, before the St. Louis Hills Garden Club, “Dividends from the Vegetable Garden.” Dr. Carl C. Lindegren, Research Associate, Henry Shaw School of Botany: April 8, Academy of Science of St. Louis, “The Improvements of Industrial Yeasts by Breeding.” Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden: March 5, before the Clotho Club, “Victory Gardens, Pro and Con”; March 16, before the St. Louis Garden Club, “Science in the Garden’; March 25, before the Margue- rite Krueger Conservation Club, “Henry Shaw and His Garden”; November 19, before Town and Gown, “Botany in the War.” Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden: February 8, be- fore the Pi Beta Phi Mothers’ Club of Washington University, ‘“The Romance of the Orchid”; “Victory Gardens”: March 2, before the Maple- wood Rotary Club, March 22, before the Air Raid Wardens of Zone 2, March 29, O. C.D. Block Workers at Southwest High School, and March 31, O. C.D. Block Workers at St. Roch’s Church; April 30, before the Springfield Nature League, Springfield, Ill., “Four Seasons at the Missouri Botanical Garden”; May 25, before the MacArthur High Twelve Club, and August 3, before the Kiwanis Club of Alton, Ill., “Tapping the Para Tree’’; October 14, before the Brentwood Garden Club, “Landscaping the Small Lot.” Dr. Robert W. Schery, Research Assistant to the Garden: August 31, before members of the Garden staff, ‘““The Brazilian Rubber Country.” THE HERBARIUM The herbarium has completed another highly satisfactory year. The new accessions acquired during the year 1943 have been mostly from the western hemisphere, but a few collections have come in from Oceania, notably the Hawaiian Islands and the Fiji Islands. The larger and more significant collections obtained are as follows: New Accessions.—Paul Allen, 22 plants of Panama; E. Anderson, 25 plants mostly from horticulture selected for special interest; Arnold Arbo- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23 retum of Harvard University, 690 plants from the Fiji Islands; L. H. Bailey, 13 plants from Panama; C. R. Ball, 13 United States willows; A. A. Beetle, 55 grasses and sedges mostly from California; A. J. Breitung, 59 plants from Saskatchewan; W. B. Cooke, “Mycobiota of North America,” Fasc. V, Nos. 116-150; G. D. Darker, 93 fungi; R. Darrow, 29 fungi of Arizona; O. Degener, 1100 plants from western United States and Hawaii; D. Demaree, 1745 plants mainly from Arkansas; De Pauw University by T. G. Yuncker, 190 plants of Indiana; Charles M. Ek, 612 plants of Indiana; Field Museum of Natural History, 137 plants of Guatemala and 146 algae, fungi, lichens, and mosses; Forest Service, U. S$. Department of Agriculture, 22 plants of Panama; Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, ‘‘Plantae Exsiccatae Grayanae” Cent. XIII, and 718 plants of North America, Central and South America; R. M. Harper, 87 plants of Alabama; F. J. Hermann, 40 plants of Maryland; Leslie Hubricht, 100 plants of New York, Virginia, and Arkansas; Leslie James, 29 plants of Alabama; Henry Krueger and Paul Gillespie, 50 plants of Mexico; B. A. Krukoff, 701 plants of Brazil, collected by A. Ducke; Langlois Herbarium, 52 plants of Arctic North America; C. L. Lundell, 126 plants of British Honduras; Rogers McVaugh, 33 plants of Delaware and Virginia; Harold N. Moldenke, 75 plants of Ohio and western United States; Margaret Murley, 150 plants of Idaho; New York Botanical Garden, 1697 plants of China, India, Hawaii and the United States; New York State Museum, 300 plants of New York; Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 156 plants of Pennsylvania; Bernardo Rosengurtt, 106 plants of Uruguay; Mrs. H. T. Rogers, 268 plants of Montana; Paul O. Schallert, 291 plants of Arizona; Robert W. Schery, 66 plants of Brazil; State College of Washington, 500 plants of the “Pacific Northwest”; State Teachers College, River Falls, Wisconsin, 86 plants of Wisconsin; H. B. Parks, Texas Agri- cultural College, 670 plants of Texas; B. C. Tharp, 960 plants of Mexico, collected by H. LeSueur; W. L. Tolstead, 311 plants of Texas; U. S. National Museum, 359 plants of the United States Antarctic Expedition of 1940-41, and 279 plants mostly from Virginia; University of Illinois, 678 plants of Illinois; University of Michigan, 63 plants of Texas; University of Minne- sota, 172 plants of Minnesota; University of Tennessee, 400 plants mostly from Tennessee and Wyoming; University of Texas, 3007 plants of Texas; University of Washington, 77 plants of California and Mexico; H. von Wedel, 356 plants of Panama; U. I. Waterfall, 657 plants of western Texas; H. H. Whetzel, 105 fungi of Wyoming and Bermuda; Eula Whitehouse, 29 plants of Texas; I. L. Wiggins and R. C. Rollins, 418 plants of Sonora, Mexico; R. E. Woodson, Jr., 25 plants of Panama; R. E. Woodson, Jr. and R. W. Schery, 99 plants of Panama. Many smaller accessions have been received during the year; these have 24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN been recorded in the current monthly issues of the BULLETIN. The above condensed record, however, gives a clear indication of those parts of America from which the largest amount of new material has been received. Thus, it will be seen that western and southwestern United States, Mexico, Panama, Brazil, and Uruguay are those particular regions of America whose flora has been most substantially augmented during 1943. Mounting and Insertion of Specimens.—The mounting of herbarium specimens has continued throughout the year. This important work was carried forward through the first half year by Mrs. Nettie A. Bauer and Miss Violet Bauer. In early summer, however, when Dr. E. C. Berry re- signed his Garden appointment to accept a teaching position at one of the United States Government institutions located in St. Louis, it became neces- sary to transfer Mrs. Bauer from mounter to general assistant in the herba- rium. The relatively large amount of accumulated new material had to be taken care of; hence, its insertion was made during the summer by the Curator assisted by Mrs. Bauer. As stated in the report for 1942, “already the herbarium is becoming unduly congested in places, so that it has become necessary to put certain groups of plants, namely, ferns, conifers, and grasses in temporary storage.” It will be necessary to continue and to extend this policy until present un- fortunate conditions incident to the war are removed. Exchanges.—It is gratifying to record that a relatively large number of specimens has been acquired this year on the basis of exchange. The total number amounts to 12,142 specimens. Field work. been impossible for the Curator to carry on very much field work. How- On account of many routine duties in the herbarium it has ever, a certain amount of field work has been done by special collectors, working under the auspices of the Garden, and by the staff personnel. Use of the Herbarium.—mThe herbarium, like a large reference library, has been in constant use by members of the staff, graduate students, and visiting botanists in somewhat larger numbers than in 1942. The requests for loans of material for critical study have also increased many times over any previous year. These requests in most cases have been granted and have resulted in the satisfaction of both parties concerned. Groups of Plants under Special Investigation and Floristic Studies — Various groups of plants in the herbarium have received special study during at least a part of the year. Among these groups are the lichens by Dr. C. W. Dodge and Dr. E. C. Berry; Psilostrophe by Charles B. Heiser, Jr.; Tetracarpum by Norlan Henderson; Compositae and other special groups by J. M. Greenman; Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae by Dr. R. E. Woodson, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 25 Jr. Intensive studies of the Panamanian Flora have been continued by Dr. R. E. Woodson, Jr. and Dr. R. W. Schery. Statistical Summary (for the year ending December 31, 1943): Number of specimens received during 1943: | ie 210 6 2 ee en eR ye fee a 2,517 TSG ORC at ee eh ee eae ent Pome ae. DO NEON ase es aed te ne, Seah Rata eeu eee 7 By field Wolk ccc Fe aY Se RES ee DEINE A 480 NEMO so Meccieestee ek Carne eh eee 18,437 Number of specimens mounted and incorporated in 1943.00 18,536 Number of specimens carried forward from 1942... sé‘ 3. 77,810 Ota ee ee ere ences SIS. Sey Saeed See e136 346 Number of specimens discarded during 1943.00 : 84+ Total number of specimens in herbarium — 1,396,262 LIBRARY AND PUBLICATIONS The usual routine work of the library has continued during the year, but naturally with fewer books received than before the war. However, contrary to what one might expect, there has been no lull in the use of the library. Not only is the library consulted by the students and faculty in the Henry Shaw School of Botany, but a glance at the list of visitors shows that it is recognized by those prosecuting the war, about one out of three outside users being either members of the Armed Forces or from some industrial firm investigating a technical problem either directly or indirectly con- nected with the war. In the spring, too, the Garden is looked upon as a mine of information for vegetable gardeners. So insistent was the appeal for help that all recent vegetable-gardening literature was assembled on a long table in the library folio room, and visitors were permitted to browse there as long as they wished. Most of the gardeners, however, were satisfied with the February and April Garden BULLETINS, in which gardening under local conditions was discussed. Keeping the rare old leather-bound books in condition is a never-ceasing task at the Garden. Many of them do not deteriorate from use but from age, dry atmosphere, or because of their bulk. It would be very desirable to have special cases made whereby the large books could lie on their sides and be rolled out for inspection. However, such cases would not only be very expensive but would not be procurable during wartime. The only alternative is to be on the constant alert to catch the weak places in binding and to oil the leather bindings at least every other year to keep them from becoming brittle. The Garden has been fortunate in locating a skilled 26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN European book-binder who calls for the books and repairs them at his home. With the sale of 49 duplicate books, funds were provided which enabled us to have an unusual amount of books reconditioned. A weakness in the Garden library has always been the fact that many of our valuable serials were not indexed. With the pressure of routine work, cataloguing of articles in old serials cannot be accomplished on a large scale, but a point is now being made to catalogue the important papers as they come to our attention. Thus, while the number of works catalogued in 1943 is probably less than a few years ago, there has been more cross- referencing done. The library is cooperating with the Library of Congress in a survey of the foreign periodicals being received since 1939. During the year publica- tions were received from northern Africa, South Africa, Switzerland, France, Portugal, and Russia, in addition to those from the British dominions, South America, etc. Certain institutions, however, are holding their publications until after the war, and all our foreign subscriptions since 1941 are still being held for us by our European agent. Publications —Volume XXX of the quarterly ANNats and Volume XXXI of the monthly BULLETIN were issued during the year. The volume of the ANNALS consists of 481 pages, 18 plates and 96 text-figures, and is noteworthy in that the first two installments of the “Flora of Panama” by Woodson and Schery are contained in the April and September numbers. Other important contributions were Erickson’s researches on Clematis, two papers on yeasts by Carl and Gertrude Lindegren, three papers by Anderson and his co-workers on Mexican Maize, and further contributions on paleo- botany by Andrews. The volume of the BULLETIN contains 207 pages, 22 plates and 45 text- figures. The February number was devoted to vegetable gardening, and the April number to soils and fertilizers. Both were written with the average amateur gardener in mind, and judging from the demand for these bulletins they seemed to have fulfilled a long-felt want. They were sold by the hundred to Victory gardeners, vegetable-gardening classes, department stores, etc. In order that Steyermark’s “Spring Flora of Missouri” might be more widely distributed to wild-flower lovers, the price was reduced this year from $3 to $1.50 a copy, with a special price of $1 to clubs and dealers who purchase ten copies. The result was that nearly three times as many copies were sold as in 1942. On the other hand, the ANNaLs price will be raised from $6 to $10 a volume, beginning with 1944. This new price was decided on as being more in keeping with a journal of the ANNALS size and standard. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27 The annual receipts for ANNALS, BULLETINS, “Spring Floras,’’ post-cards, etc., was $2.7 14.59. Contrary to the usual custom of mailing out ANNALs reprints in August, this year they were sent only to botanists and institutions especially request- ing them or who had recently sent us reprints in exchange. Visitors.—Besides the faculty and students of the Henry Shaw School of Botany, the following out-of-town visitors made use of the library during the year: Lt. Stanley Bettoney, of Camp Howze, Texas; Dr. William J. Bonisteel, Director expedition to Mexico sponsored by the Board of Economic Warfare to investigate drug plants; Corp. Louis G. Brenner, of the Topo- graphical Engineers Battalion, Portland, Oregon; Rev. Robert R. Brinker, O.F.M., Instructor in Biology, Quincy College, Quincy, Ill.; Dr. John T. Buchholz, Professor of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. Alexander F. Bucholtz, Bacteriologist, Pabst Brewing Co., Peoria, Ill.; Miss Madelaine Chalette, of the Interstate Department Store, New York; Dr. K. Starr Chester, Head Dept. Botany and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater; Mr. F. D. Clark, Supervisor of Parks, Toronto, Canada; Lt. Robert B. Clark, of the Army Air Forces, Scott Field, Ul.; Dr. Marion L. Dawson, Professor of Botany, Lindenwood College, St. Charles, Mo.; Dr. Delzie Demaree, Chairman Natural Science and Mathemat- ics, Arkansas Agricultural and Mechanical College, Monticello; Lt. Ralph W. Emons, of the Station Hospital, Greenville, Texas; Mr. Ralph O. Erickson, Chemist, Western Cartridge Co., Alton, Ill.; Mr. Mulford B. Foster, orchid grower, Orlando, Florida; Mr. Charles Gilly, Botanist expedition to Mexico sponsored by the Board of Economic Warfare to investigate drug plants; Dr. Laurentz Green, Professor of Botany, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.; Sgt. Willard L. Hagen, of the Army Air Forces, Herrington, Kansas; Dr. George B. Happ, Assistant Professor of Biology, Principia College, Elsah, Ill.; Mr. Norlan C. Henderson, Teacher of Biology, Enfield High School, Enfield, Ill.; Mr. Halldor Jonsson, graduate of the School of Horticulture, Reykjavik, Iceland; Dr. T. H. Kearney, Principal Physiologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C.; Lt. Hubert C. Keith, of the Army Air Forces; Dr. Boris A. Krukoff, Honorary Curator of Eco- nomic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park; Dr. Mary Maxine Larisey, Assistant Professor of Biology, Judson College, Marion, Ala.; Ensign L. Wayne Lenz, of the U. S. Navy; Mrs. J. M. McClure, horticultural writer, of Washington, Mo.; Mr. Clint McDade, of Piedmont Nurseries, Signal Mountain, Tenn.; Pvt. Neil McGregor, of the Army Air Forces; Lt. Henry McQuade, of the Army Air Forces; Dr. T. D. Mallery, Senior Agrono- mist, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Bur. Pl. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agr., now in Mexico; Dr. Mildred Mathias (Mrs. Gerald L. Hassler), of Altadena, 28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Calif.; Miss Antoinette Miele, Assistant in Botany, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Sgt. (Dr.) Emery H. Moore, of the Medical Service, U. S. Army; Corp. Gerald B. Ownbey, of the U. S. Army; Dr. Marion Ownbey, Botanist on an expedition to Ecuador sponsored by the American Quinine Co.; Prof. Winslow Porter, Librarian, Southern College of Pharmacy, At- lanta, Ga.; Sr. Jeder T. Rezende, of the Divisio Fomento Vegetal, Ministerio da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Dr. H. W. Rickett, Bibliographer New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park; Mr. C. R. Runyon, Superintendent of Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio; Miss Helen Schiefer, graduate student, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. Henry Schmitz, Dean of the School of Forestry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; Mr. Walter C. Scholl, orchid enthusiast, of Chicago, Ill.; Mr. Maunselle Van Rensselaer, Director Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara, Calif.; Capt. Richard Walker, of the U.S. Army; Helen Bramsch Walker, former graduate student in botany, University of California, Berkeley; Dr. Frederick L. Wellman, Senior Agriculturist and Assistant Director, Cooperative Agricultural Ex- periment Station, San Salvador, El Salvador; Misses Eugenia and Peggy White, plant collectors, of Panama, C. Z.; Dr. M. G. Yatsevitch, Director of Research, Ordnance Dept., U. S. Army. The following groups visited the library during the year: botany stu- dents from Southern State Normal College, under the guidance of Dr. William M. Bailey, Professor of Botany, and Dr. Walter B. Welch, Assistant Professor of Botany; botany students of the Moberly Junior High School, accompanied by Miss Esther Adams, Instructor of Biology; the Edgar Ander- son Chapter of the Junior Academy of Science of the Southwest High School, accompanied by Mr. C. H. Sackett, Superintendent, and Miss Lilian Nagel, Teacher of Biology; the members of the Greater St. Louis chapter of the Special Libraries Association; the members of the Rover Club, an organiza- tion of Washington University faculty wives; science students of the Cote Brilliante School, under the leadership of their teacher, Mr. L. F. Pinkus; gardening class of School of Occupational Therapy, in a study of drug plants. New Accessions.—Although few foreign book catalogues other than English ones are now being received, these have been listing valuable works on botany and gardening. The most interesting purchase of the year was probably the ““Cruydeboeck” by Rembert Dodoens, a very beautiful wood- cut herbal printed at Antwerp in 1563. Dodens was a court physician, and it was his interest in medical botany that led him to write the ‘“Cruyde- boeck.”” The library already owned a copy of the 1644 edition, but only the first editions can be considered as Dodoens’ original work. Three gifts worthy of mention are: the first edition of Pierre Pomet’s “Compleat MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 29 History of Druggs,” 1725, presented by Mr. John A. Veazey, of Merck & Co.; 21 volumes of the American Pharmaceutical Association Proceedings, the gift of the University of West Virginia; and Dr. C. W. Dodge’s gift of Volumes 35-45 of the Journal of Bacteriology, which completes our set of this journal. The books purchased during the year, while neither rare nor expensive, are timely and of importance to the research worker and gardener, ranging from works on plastics to ““Plowman’s Folly.” A new edition of Webster’s “New International Dictionary” was purchased, as well as a second edition of the “Union List of Serials.” Other important accessions were the fol- lowing: British Antarctic New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, under command of Sir Douglas Mawson, Reports. Vol. 2 (Geology), Parts 1-7; Boyson, The Falkland Island, with notes on natural history by Rupert Vallentin, 1924; Coker and Beers, The Boletaceae of North Carolina, 1943; Cram’s Atlas. 63rd edition, 1943; Dictionnaire botanique et pharmaceutique .... 1768; Dodge, Gourd growers of the South Seas... . 1943; Erdtman, An introduction to pollen analysis... . 1943; Fairchild, Garden islands of the Great East . . . . 1943; Forbes and Hemsley, Eunumeration of all the plants known from China Proper, Formosa, Hainan, Corea, the Luchu Archi- pelago and the Island of Hongkong. 3 volumes. 1886-1905; Gisvold and Rogers, The chemistry of plant constituents. 1943; Hayes and Immer, Methods of plant breeding . . . . 1942; Henrici, Molds, Yeasts and Actino- mycetes . . . . 1930; Hogg, A supplement to the practical treatise on the culture of florists’ flowers . . . . 1833; Karling, The simple holocarpic biflagellate Phycomycetes . . . . 1942; Klages, Ecological crop geography . . 1942; Gordon, The Pinetum . . . . 1880, new edition; Markham, A memoir of the Lady Anna de Osorio, Countes of Chinchon and Vice-Queen of Peru (A.D. 1629-39) .... 1874; Record and Hall, Timbers of the New World... . 1943; Robbins, Craft and Raynor, Weed Control... . 1942; Roxburgh, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian plants, reprinted literatim from Carey’s edition of 1832; Royal horticultural society. Horticultural colour chart. vol. 2; Schaeffer, Botanica Expeditor. 3 vols., 1760; Schopfer, Pflanzen und Vitamine; Thornton, The genera of exotic and indigenous plants that are to be met with in great Britain... . [1798-1808]; Schuchert, Stratigraphy of eastern and central United States... . 1943; Smith, An introduction to industrial mycology. 2nd edition, 1942; Van Dersal, The American land, its history and its uses... . 1943; Wulff, An introduction to historical plant geography. 1943; Youngken, Textbook of pharmacognosy. 5th edition. 1943. Statistical Information—There have been donated to the library or 30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN received in exchange during the year 300 books valued at $729.13 and 1948 pamphlets valued at $396.29. One hundred and fifty-four books were bought at a cost of $870.29, and 64 pamphlets at a cost of $76.81. One hundred and seventy-five seed catalogues were accessioned. The library now contains 55,470 books and 91,126 pamphlets. With the donation of one manuscript in 1943 there are now 352 manuscripts valued at $1,719.70. The number of index cards now totals 1,091,949, of which 6,792 were added during the year, 926 having been written by Garden employees and 5,866 purchased at a cost of $125.25. One hundred and twenty-two books were bound, and 70 were rebound or repaired. ANNUAL BEQUESTS The annual flower sermon “On the Goodness of God as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits and other products of the vegetable Kingdom,” provided for in the will of Henry Shaw, was preached on May 16, by Dr. Walter H. Judd, Congressman from Minnesota, at Christ Church Cathedral. The Gardeners’ Banquet Fund was used to provide turkeys for employees at Christmas. ATTENDANCE FOR 1943 (Not including visitors to Arboretum) Week-days Sundays January oe = Seeeeseees eee 2,989 4,129 February ee eeneeeeeees = a ; 5,615 7,810 jt |, Le ee ee eR REE RARER eee eee ee 4,139 6,306 April Sees eis sehen se escheat _ 8,261 10,402 May____---- eae ee sss. 95722 16,646 June ese weeds aseeeescs _..... 8,428 6,268 July iiss ect le Sees dat ee det 10,560 6,630 August ee = Sees nee — 10,551 8,570 September... ; : eee bedsedcuceccagsias. <2 961 7,919 OCtOb er see ceed rc : 8,428 12,395 November. eee a — 11,715 18,274 December = ese cca Meee ac 3,456 4,863 Total Seepcueeengepe ees 91,825 110,212 91,825 Total : a Bee : 202,037 GeEoRGE T. Moore, Director. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 31 STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR DECEMBER, 1943 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: ‘Totalnumber~of’ visitors: -::-.:2:2--../- Jane ped Bh. PUGET 39 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Totalcnumber of “plants: teceived as gifts 4-20 11 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought — 12 Total number of books and pamphlets donated — 45 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: . By Gift— Greenman, J. M.—Plant from Horticulture — 1 Harper, Roland M.—Plants of Alabama gore cereee A Siler ereun oe eerie nat 87 Johnson, W. E.—Plant of Horticulture 1 Kohl, P. A.—Plant of Horticulture eee a 1 Yamoda, Masachi—Plant of Horticulture 1 By Exchange Rosengurth, Bernardo—Plants of Uruguay 25 Whertzel, H. Hi—Plants of Bermuda ee naeers 100 Total — a _ = x 2 Fie Oe 216 STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI GrorcE T. Moore, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, RoserT E. Woopson, Jr. Pathologist Assistant Curator of . Herbarium Jesse M. GREENMAN, Henry N. ANDREWS, Curator of Herbarium Paleobotanist “Carrot, W. Donecez, Rosert W. ScHERY (on leave), Mycologist : Research Assistant EpGar ANDERSON (on leave), NELt C. Horner Geneticist Librarian and Editor of Publications Georce H. Prine, Superintendent JoHN Noyes, Paut A. Kou, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist WrxuaM F, Lancan, Davin C. FairBuRN, Chief Engineer ; Horticulturist JosEePH LANGEN, JosEPH CuTak, Assistant Engineer In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, LaDIsLaus CUTAK, Painter In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Aucust P. BeEmMaNnn, Manager Roy E. Kissicx, FRED WEGLOENER, Engineer Orchid Grower REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Paut H. ALLEN, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wrison, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England SPRING FLORA OF MISSOURI by Julian A. Steyermark Price now $1.50 (former price $3.00) A special price to schools and garden clubs—$1.00 for 10 or more copies to one address. Add 10 cents per copy to your remittance to cover postage, Our new low price will enable you to own this helpful 590- page book with which to identify the wild flowers. Profusely illustrated and with a key which is recognized as one of the simplest to use, this fine book provides a description of every Missouri spring flower. “A book that is complete. . .. Undoubtedly the book Missouri flower- lovers have been looking for.” Missouri Historical Review . In short, the Spring Flora of Missouri is the best ‘Spring Flora’ available at present in the United States.” American Midland Naturalist “Should be of great use to local garden clubs, and for the scientific worker who is concerned with the local flora it should be invaluable.” National Horticultural Magazine “Carefully and critically done, so that it should find wide and en- thusiastic reception at the hands of all who enjoy being acquainted with the rich native flora of Missouri.” Rhodora “The most comprehensive spring flora ever issued for any state... . Notable for presenting its data in simple non-technical English, yet with thorough scientific accuracy. Book’s value not limited to Missouri.” Field Museum Notes ‘Missouri BOTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. XXXII FEBRUARY, 1944 No. 2 CAN CONTENTS Quine er Malaria * So a 33 Some Secondary Rubbers in Ceara, Brazil . 41 The Rubber Country of Colombia . . . . 50 POO oe sete te =o ee SS See 55 Statistical Information . . ..... 56 Office of Publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Ill. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A Year BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Georce C. HircHcock Vice-President Danret K. CaTLin Second Vice-President EuGENE Petrus L. Ray CARTER Ricuarp J. Lockwoop DupLey FRENCH Grorce T. Moore Joun S. LEHMANN A. WeEsseL SHAPLEIGH EtHan A. H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Georce R. THroop, WILLIAM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri University JoseEPH DEsLOGE, A. P. KAUFMANN, ‘ President of The Academy of Mayor of the City of St. Louis Science of St. Louis J. Harry PoHLMAN President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD E. ULRIcI SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., VoL. 32, 1944 Plate 4 HOUSE ECONOMIC ‘ALIS BLCOMING IN THE CINCHONA OFFICIN Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXXII FEBRUARY, 1944 No. 2 QUININE OR MALARIA In the Pacific malaria is more deadly than the Jap, and quinine is almost as important to our fighting forces as ammunition itself. Quinine was as generally available as aspirin until the beginning of this war, but now you can’t go to the drug-store and buy it for that head cold. To-day all of our quinine is going to those who suffer from malaria, and its use is prohibited for anything else except certain heart ailments for which it is almost as indis- pensable as it is for malaria. Malaria has a bad reputation. It is reported to kill more than any other disease, three to four million people a year, and statisticians also tell us that a third of the world’s population suffer from it every year. We faced it before in the building of the Panama Canal and in our earlier wars, but it was nothing then compared to what we are up against to-day. Soldiers are returning home from malaria-infected areas with the disease. As many as 50 per cent of our men in the Southwest Pacific contracted it, and 85 per cent of our men on Bataan were malaria victims. We learned what happened when their quinine supply gave out. Even with treatment 5 per cent of our forces have malaria. Rear Admiral Ross T. MacIntire, the Navy’s Surgeon-General, knew what he was talking about when he said, “It is a much more deadly enemy than any foe we may be called upon to face, and ” it Continues to be our main problem . Surgeon-General Parran, of the U. S. Public Health Service, voiced the same sentiments, when he said that no major military objectives would be possible in the tropics without quinine or the substitute, atabrine. Quinine is part of our war strategy, and to-day all our men in tropical areas carry it. Malaria is caused by an animal parasite which kills the red blood cor- puscles and is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. Inoculations and vaccines, such as protect against typhoid, yellow fever, and smallpox, have not as yet been developed for malaria. The chief methods of fighting it are the destruction of the breeding places of the mosquito and dosing the patient with quinine once the disease has gained a hold. Just how quinine inhibits (33) 34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the growth of the parasites is still a mystery which is quite in keeping with the amazing history of the drug. Quinine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree which is a native of the Andean countries of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. From the time the Spaniards conquered Peru, cinchona bark has played an important part in the history of the world. Men have fought, died, and gone insane over it. It has made the conquest of the tropics possible and saved millions of lives. Its early history is hidden behind a maze of legends, superstitions, and inaccuracies. Whether the healing properties of the bark were known by the Incas before the coming of the Spaniards is unknown. One of the earliest accounts of the use of the bark is an Indian fable reported by one of the first explorers in South America. To ease his burning thirst, an Indian, sick with fever, was crawling toward a small lake in which had fallen several cinchona trees. Although the taste of the water was bitter the Indian drank and was cured, and thus was made known the febrifuge property of the fever tree. However, some of the other early explorers, in- cluding the famous Humboldt, say that the Indians would rather die from malaria than use the poisonous bark. Physicians in many parts of South America were forced to call the drug by some other name before administer- ing it to the Indians. From the time of the invasion of Peru in 1513 until a century later we do not hear of the bark. One reason for this is that if the Indians used the bark they probably kept the secret from the Spanish whom they bitterly hated. It is generally accepted that the Indians taught the secret of the fever tree to the Jesuits, who then got the credit for the discovery. Then, in 1630, the date generally given and celebrated as that of the first use of quinine by a European, the Corregidor of Loja, who was more or less of a governor, was cured by an infusion of cinchona, which was probably made by letting the bark stand in water for some time. Two years before the Corregidor was cured the King of Spain had sent Don Luis Geronimo Fernandez de Cabrera, Bobadilla y Mendoza, fourth Count of Chinchon, to Peru as viceroy. In 1638 his wife was stricken with malaria, and after the failure of the royal physicians to cure her, the Cor- regidor of Loja sent her some cinchona bark which brought about her recovery. The Countess was so delighted with the bark that she ordered a supply sent to her which she took back to Europe, thereby introducing it to the continent. This is mostly legend. Recently some doubts have been thrown upon the whole story of the Countess’ illness by the finding of the official diary of the Count. In the first place, the first wife of the Count, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35 who is supposed to have been the one treated, died in Spain, and it was his second wife who came to America. Furthermore, she seems to have been a very healthy woman. The Count did have malaria, but there is no record of his having used cinchona bark. Moreover, it was impossible for the Countess to have taken bark back to Europe because she died in Carthagena, Colombia, without ever returning. Whatever the truth may be, the legend about the Countess will probably live on. To add to the confusion Linnaeus, the Swedish botanist, to whom the plant specimens were sent for naming, either on purpose or accidentally, left an “‘h” out when he named the plant Cinchona, in honor of the Countess. After discovery of the healing powers a study of the trees themselves was made, which was accompanied by many misfortunes and hardships. This was first undertaken by La Condamine, who surprisingly enough was not a botanist but an astronomer. He went so far as to try to ship some of the living plants to Europe, but a huge wave washed tke plants off the deck as the ship was off the coast of Brazil. Bad luck was also to pursue the next persons who were to try to send plants to Europe. There almost seemed to be an Indian curse on those who tried to take the fever trees from their native countries. Joseph de Jussieu, a French botanist, made large collec- tions of dried plants of cinchona for fifteen years. Upon his decision to return to France he packed the precious plants, but the night before his departure a servant stole the entire collection, thinking that the packages contained money. The blow was too much for Jussieu, who returned to France completely deprived of his reason. Sometime later a species was named Cinchona Jose phiana in his honor. It wasn’t until the middle of the next century that Weddell, whose name stands out for naming the trees and separating the false species from the true, sent seeds to France from which the first tree was grown outside of South America. Much had been learned about the fever trees by this time. The plants themselves are evergreen, ranging from low shrubby plants to large trees which bear a profusion of small flowers, much like our lilac, of many shades from deep rose to white. The seeds are papery and minute, and several thousand of them are required to weigh an ounce. The tree is not easily grown. Soil and temperature conditions must be exact, and it definitely does not grow in the steaming jungle but prefers the eastern slope of the Andes at rather high elevations where there is plenty of rain and cool nights without frost. The cinchonas are members of the madder family (Rubiaceae), to which the coffee tree and the gardenia belong. In fact, at one time the bark of the gardenia shrub was used in an effort to cure 36 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the fevers. In our country, before the discovery of quinine, the bark of the dogwood had a similar usage. In the middle of the seventeenth century there were many cases of malaria in Europe. The disease reached epidemic proportions in England where it was called ague. The word malaria came in later from the Italians who called the disease mala aria or mal’ aria (mal, meaning bad, and aria, air), because they believed that the bad airs of the night were its cause. The Jesuit’s or Countess’ powder was introduced around 1640, but it was to be some time before it became the effective treatment that it is to-day. Malaria was a much-dreaded disease in the seventeenth century, because few physicians knew what to do for it. That was when Robert Talbor or Tabor entered the scene. He seems to have been a quack in many ways but was very clever in putting the new Jesuit’s powder to use. While he seemed to discredit its use, to throw other physicians off the trail and to disguise the bitter taste he added the powder to his preparation along with some other ingredients, such as wine. As he began to have success in case after case of malaria his fame spread, and his preparation became more in demand. In fact, he was so successful that he was attacked by the other physicians because he was not a member of the College of Physicians, and he was forced to appeal to the Royal Court for protection. Tabor came out of this with first-place honors, and the King gave him a title to boot. He became still more widely known when Louis XIV, who had been relieved of the inter- mittent fever by the use of the bark some years before, asked Tabor to come to France and try his skill on the Dauphin, who was ill with malaria. Tabor brought about the Dauphin’s recovery, and Louis XIV paid him to publish his secret. This publication, which appeared after Tabor’s death, revealed that he had been using the ground powder of the Peruvian bark. The use of cinchona didn’t spread at once for a number of reasons. It was such a good treatment that some physicians hesitated to prescribe it because their patients wouldn’t need their services long. Others wouldn’t use it simply for the reason that Jesuits had had a hand in it. Still others considered it a heathen drug because it was first used by the Indians of South America. Many medical practitioners thought that it didn’t fit in with the ancient theories, and some found force of habit too strong to change. Most of them didn’t know how to use it anyway. In the year 1820 two French pharmacists, Pelletier and Caventou, isolated quinine from the cinchona bark, and three years later the first quinine factory in the United States was established in Philadelphia. It was to this factory that Dr. John Sappington of Arrow Rock, Missouri, sent his son to purchase a number of ounces of quinine, but—so the story goes—the son MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 37 became confused and ordered pounds instead of cunces. With so much quinine on hand Dr. Sappington made up large numbers of his now-famous Anti-Fever Pills. This was in the years following the War of 1812 when colonists in great numbers began to come into the new territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase. For a time it appeared that malaria would wipe out the settlements of the colonists, and so it was that Dr. Sappington’s Anti- Fever Pills made it possible to live in what has become such an important part of our country. Dr. Sappington didn’t think so much of quinine at first, but let this be said to his credit, he didn’t advocate bleeding to cure malaria, the popular treatment for nearly everything in earlier times. In common with Sir Robert Tabor, Sappington soon learned the proper use of quinine at a time when more educated physicians opposed or showed little interest in its use. In the meantime, back in South America, the Spanish were assiduously continuing their search for the bark which was becoming a lucrative business. Indian bark collectors or cascarilleros, whose lives were full of dangers, would go into the forests in search of trees from which to strip the bark. As more and more quinine was needed the cascarilleros recklessly cut down the trees without replacing them. Sometime earlier the church had demanded that they plant five trees for every one destroyed, but the Spanish and Indians paid little heed. Government laws were enacted, but they were ineffective or not enforced. There was also a great deal of waste in stripping the bark, and as the trees grew scarce the collectors began to substitute worthless bark instead of looking for new sources. The bark had to be sorted before ship- ping, and one buyer after sorting out and storing the false bark had it insured as true cinchona. Then, very conveniently, the storage shed burned to the ground, and the buyer collected his insurance money. The Dutch and the English became interested in trying to grow the fever trees in their colonies, although the difficulties to be overcome were tremendous. Other countries have since tried it without much success. There was even an attempt to grow it in California, and it has been culti- vated with some success in Guatemala. The Dutch got the jump on the British and sent the botanist Hasskarl into the cinchona regions where he was successful in obtaining plants and seeds by disguising himself as a South American. Clements Markham, who was later knighted, was sent by the British government a few years later to obtain plants for India, and it is largely to him that India owes the beginnings of her cinchona plantations. He went into Bolivia at a time when it was prohibited by law to take seeds or plants out of that country. In spite of this, the journey to obtain the seeds was 38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN easy compared to getting them out. By chewing coca leaves as his Indians did, he forced his weary body through the rainy jungles and over the high, cold Andes. Pursued by jealous government officials and burdened with his precious plants, he found his way along unknown trails. Once the Dutch and British had taken the seeds and plants to their colonies success was still far from won. In fact, the first attempts to raise the tree in India and Java were miserable failures. For one reason, there are nearly seventy species of Cinchona, and only a very few of these have bark with a high yield of quinine. Unfortunately, the British and Dutch had collected many species that were practically worthless. An English merchant in South America, Charles Ledger, heard of these efforts to obtain the plants and decided that a little collecting of his own might prove profitable. He sent his Indian servant, Manuel, to collect seeds and had them shipped to his brother in London to sell to the British govern- ment. In this he was not successful, and finally, afraid the seeds would lose their germinating capacity, the brother sold part of them to the Dutch. Sometime later he sold the remainder to a British planter in India. It is safe to say that if Ledger’s brother had not sold some of the seeds to the Dutch they would never have achieved the success they did. When old Manuel was sent once more to collect seeds he was thrown in jail, where he suffered miserably, and died a short time later from the treatment he had received. It was seen at once that Ledger’s seeds produced plants with an extra- ordinarily high yield of quinine, and as it was a new species it was given the name, Cinchona Ledgeriana. The Dutch were determined to succeed, for quinine was very important in their malaria-ridden colonies. By careful selection of the trees with the highest yield of quinine and bark and by grafting the Ledger plant onto a hardier species, they raised the yield of quinine from the original 2 per cent to as much as 18 per cent. They began to produce tremendous quantities of quinine, and as they put it on the market the price fell, forcing many of the English planters to turn to tea instead of quinine. Dr. A. R. Van Linge, who until his retirement was head of the Neder- landsche Kininefabriek, at one time didn’t know whether he should go to Java, so he talked it over with a young lady, and she said, “Yes, I think you could do very nicely in a bamboo house in the mountains of Java, with sixty dollars a month.’”” He asked her if she would share the bamboo house, and she did. From such small beginnings the Dutch quinine industry prospered until it was producing nearly 95 per cent of the world’s supply. After the invasion of Holland the Dutch refused to sell quinine to the Axis powers. When Java fell and the plantations were burnt to prevent MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39 the valuable trees falling into enemy hands, the prospect was alarming. Our government, however, had remembered the drug shortage of the last war, and in 1939 the Treasury Department started building a large stock-pile of quinine. Private interests were asked to contribute their supplies on hand, all to be used mainly for the armed services. But at the most we had only a two years’ supply and early in 1942 the Reconstruction Finance Corpora- tion announced that 500,000 ounces had been lost at sea. How could the annual consumption of 2,500,000 oz. at home be supplied, with many areas of the U. S. subject to outbreaks of malaria? Part of the answer was to go back to South America. Only Bolivia had kept alive any semblance of a cinchona industry, and South America had been producing very little of the world’s supply, far too little for our needs. Fortunately, one private Ameri- can company had started their own plantations in Guatemala some years back, and these trees were producing some quinine. The Board of Economic Warfare, the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, and private interests began investigating the possibilities in Latin America. Contracts were signed with Ecuador and Peru to sell us all the bark not needed for domestic consumption, and discussions were undertaken with Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Bolivia from where bark is now coming in. A seed station of the Department of Agriculture sent high-quality seedlings of Cinchona to the Latin American Republics. This program was very necessary. Botanists from the United States were sent to survey the existing stands and to investigate the possibilities for new plantings. Chemists followed the botanists into the mountains with portable equipment to test the percentage of quinine in the bark. However, this South American bark couldn’t measure up to that of the superior Javanese bark which had come about through years of selection. In fact, the amount of quinine to be expected from American trees was very low. But another important discovery had been made. Besides quinine, the bark of the cinchona contains a number of other alkaloids, the most impor- tant ones being cinchonine, which probably has many uses not yet known, quinidine, and cinchonidine, which also are useful against the malaria parasite. The use of all four drugs is very much like the earlier preparations made from infusions of the bark, such as was given to the Countess of Chinchon, that is, if she ever took any such preparation. The new preparation, called totaquine or totaquina, has been used for a number of years in India because it is much cheaper than quinine sulphate, and when used in twice the dosage of pure quinine it is almost as effective. Although the quinine yield of the South American barks was low, totaquina could be made from them. So once more the cascarilleros of Latin America are working. The 40 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN methods of taking the bark have not changed radically since its early history, except that less wasteful and destructive means are employed. The trees are usually ready to be cut after the fourth to seventh year, although some of the trees are cut earlier in a thinning-out process, and recently a method has been developed of growing the trees so that they may be harvested after the second year. The trees are felled and uprooted, because a number of years ago it was found that the roots have a higher yield of quinine than the trunk and branches. The bark is pounded with wooden mallets, after which it is easily stripped from the tree. It is then placed in the sun to dry, or over fires if there is too much moisture in the air. After drying it is ground and packed in bales ready for shipment to the factories in this country. Totaquine was put on the market for civilians, while quinine was going to the army and navy. Another answer to our malaria needs was the newly developed near-synthetics, atabrine and plasmochin. These are both coal-tar derivatives developed by German scientists since 1930. Recently, when the government eliminated patent and other trade restraints on atabrine, drug companies not only stepped up production but also turned out a better product. According to the latest report, 2,500,000,000 pills are being manufactured annually. Plasmochin is not as effective a treatment, but it helps prevent the spread of the disease by killing the parasites in the body. Atabrine cannot be substituted for quinine in the most severe cases of malaria, and both it and plasmochin frequently have unpredictable effects. However, atabrine does not produce the buzzing in the ears and the dopey sensation that quinine often does, and some doctors prefer it to quinine. Efforts are now being made to develop a true synthetic quinine, and in the future something may be discovered in the laboratory that will prove even superior to quinine. Malaria is far from being wiped out, and its eradication after the war when millions of soldiers come home from infected areas will be an inter- national problem. With world-wide airlanes, planes will have to be fumi- gated after each flight. At present both planes and automobiles are fumi- gated at posts in infested regions of the tropics. reforestation.” In the region around Gray Summit it is true that the abandoned fields are not immediately taken over by the Oaks and Hickories which grew there before man cleared the ground. However, the woody species which invade these fields are residents only until the biological bal- ance has been re-established. The Elms, Maples, and Locust were never part of a hill-side climax forest but grew along streams, and several generations of careless timber cutting have removed all the Oaks, Hickories, and Sugar Maples from even the smallest contiguous patches of woods. Abandoned fields are therefore taken over by those species which, being worthless, were left by man and are now the only species of fruiting age. If mature Oaks were still growing along the field edges, perhaps more seedlings would be encountered near by; at least this has been noted at one location. To-day the Elm is considered a pioneer but it does not follow that it was a pioneer in 1844. In the absence of Oaks the succession is about as follows: Three years Ten Years Fifty years Field Sumac—Dewberry Elm—Locust Oak—Hickory Thus in about three generations “nature will reforest” an area which re- quired less than two generations to destroy. The Elm has been outstanding in its ability to begin the reclamation of such tracts. After fifteen years such fields become a liability; they support no game, only a few wild flowers, and they constitute a serious fire hazard. In order to convert these fields from a liability to a usable condition several things can be done. First, they may be set on fire. This would kill off some sprouts but the destruction of the humus would set back the field a full fifteen years. Fire is a tool commonly employed in Missouri but the consequent destruction of the ground cover favors erosion. Another method is to chop out the unwanted brush with an ax or other tools. The chief objection to this is the extraordinarily high cost. Once the brush has been removed the field must be mowed to keep the brush from returning at the expense of whatever grass may be present. Both fire and axes have been used but the disadvantage of fire outweighs the economy. A third method, or rather a combination of methods, appears to be the solution—the use of beef cattle and mowing. In 1938, Mr. Spencer Groff, of Gray Summit, was invited to place a 120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN herd of beef cattle on a section of several acres at the Arboretum to determine the effect of grazing. When the cattle were released no foot trails or paths existed in this overgrown field. During the succeeding five years the paths opened by the cows made it possible to walk from one end of the area to the other without a suit of armour. After the third year of grazing blue grass began to appear in many places, and the seedling Elms Cleared field in foreground; cleared and mowed in background. were less evident. After five years a greater amount of blue grass was seen and the seedling Elms had been set back so much that the clearing of the remaining brush became a far less difficult task. During the winter of 1943-44 almost 2700 man hours were devoted to brush clearing. This opened up portions of about 300 acres in sections where the most clearing MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 121 could be obtained for the least effort. There still remains much brush on some of the area but at least it is now possible to walk around it and to see the grass without too much effort. Experimental clearing done in previous years has shown that blue grass rapidly took over a field if it were given a good chance to grow. When the field was cleared during midsummer it was the practice to begin mowing First summer after clearing—uncleared portion at the left. Notice cattle grazing in background. immediately after the blue grass had ripened seed. Usually by the second summer the blue grass has developed a turf in the more fertile sections where originally it constituted but a fraction of the ground cover. But this is not the end of the problem by any means. The same seed trees are found around the edges of these clearings, and annually they shed enough seed to restock the whole area. Without attention such a field would soon revert to its original bushy growth. It is possible to maintain the field as an open 122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN meadow only by carefully timed operations. We have demonstrated in other sections that blue grass can be grown and that weeds can be checked if no mowing is done until the blue grass has ripened seed. If this procedure 1s followed these newly cleared areas will in less than five years support a 100- per cent stand of blue grass. If, on the contrary, mowing is begun early in the spring, the blue grass has but little chance to grow and shortly the weeds take full possession. The solution appears quite simple: in order to maintain a blue grass meadow don’t mow until July. The one very valid objection to this proposal is the amount of equipment needed for such carefully timed mowing. During 1944 it appears that we shall have about half of the Arboretum area or about 800 acres to mow. Since 1942 we have used two tractors both equipped with a 7-foot sickle bar mower, and the mowing, exclusive of the most recent clearings, has required about 900 hours of actual operation. It will be seen, then, that the time is not far distant when either more equipment or some supplementary mowing method must be devised. The solution appears to lie in a combination of mowing and grazing. During the past six years the effect of pasturing forty to fifty head of beef cattle on the cleared and semi-cleared fields has been studied, and we have found no objection to the use of cattle in maintaining an open meadow. Cows appear to fit in the picture in still another way. Over a period of years we have learned that abandoned fields can be brought to grow grass by the use of machinery. But there comes a time in the year-after-year maintenance of such fields when the grass seems to slowly disappear. ‘There may be a number of reasons for this. Perhaps too much litter left on the ground produces the surface humus of a fence row rather than the clean short turf of a pasture. Perhaps the tramping of cattle, particularly in the fall, is necessary to break up the stoloniferous roots of blue grass. Certainly some light traffic of sharp-wheeled machinery appears to improve the sod. Regardless of the exact cause, we have seen, in June 1944, some blue grass fields which appear to be slowly reverting to their early condition in so far as the growth of annuals and perennials is concerned. From this observation it appears, at the moment, that fields of blue grass must include actual pasturing by cattle at some stage in their development. It is proposed to use a disc during the early fall to determine the value of cutting up the roots, but it would be quite impossible to treat more than a small part of our grass land in this manner. The time to do this work is short, and the necessary equipment will not be available in that season. A herd of beef cattle at the Arboretum will allow us to continue our study of blue grass as well as to assist in the maintenance of pastures. A study of blue grass of value to a gardener was published in the September MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123 1940 number of the BULLETIN, and a more technical study appeared in the ANNALS in November 1941. There are few agricultural problems as im- portant in Missouri as the maintenance of a blue grass pasture. The flora of a pasture is a very complex community of plants which are not as easily handled as most other crops. In addition to the pasture studies carried on at farms and experiment stations, grass needs to be studied at the Arboretum where the entire flora is under observation and the inter-relationships can be studied in detail. A herd of beef cattle at the Arboretum would permit us to continue the study of grass supplementing those papers which have already appeared dealing with lawns and grass breeding. SUMMARY Abandoned fields at the Arboretum are usually invaded with a succession of weeds. In fifteen years they support a 100 per cent growth of Elms, which are obviously out of place. Such overgrown fields are sterile. They support no game and grow only a limited number of wild flowers. The trees which grow there have no economic possibilities. The danger from fire is very great. Experience has shown grazing to be an economical method of maintain- ing cleared fields. The indications are that either grazing or mowing, or both, can be depended upon to keep a cleared field free of brush. Previously, reliance has been placed upon tractor mowing over the greater portion of the Arboretum. A point has now been reached where either additional mowing equip- ment must be obtained or grazing must be resorted to in order to keep about 800 acres from becoming a liability and a fire hazard. AucusT P, BEILMANN. THE SUCCESSION OF PLANTS IN BOMBED AREAS The recolonization by plants of areas which were almost or completely devoid of vegetation has long been a subject of interest to botanists. The way in which a new flora establishes itself, the successions of different genera as they appear, the vitality of certain seeds, and similar questions may be answered by a study of such a situation as in no other way. The classical case of this kind is the sterilization of the Island of Krakatoa, which lies between Java and Sumatra. In August, 1883, occurred the most violent volcanic eruption of which there is any record. As a result Krakatoa, which had been covered with a dense forest and its attendant vegetations, was entirely covered with hot ashes and pumice destroying 124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN every vestige of plant life. The island so effectively sterilized afforded a unique opportunity for studying the establishment of vegetation of a large area absolutely barren, with nearest land nearly one hundred miles away. Fortunately, the proximity of the Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, Java, made it possible for botanists to visit the island within three years of the eruption, and again in 1897 and 1905. Thus, the re-establishment of a new flora on a barren island was traced from the early arrival of bacteria and algae to a fruiting coconut grove twenty-five years later. The means whereby the new flora was introduced could also be determined with fair accuracy. The earliest immigrants—bacteria, blue-green algae, and mosses —which formed the soil in which seed plants could germinate, were wind- borne. Perhaps the most important agency was ocean currents which, with driftwood, carried seeds and fruits to the shore. Birds also played their part in the introduction of seeds, especially of plants with fleshy fruits, such as the grape and fig. Now, sixty years later, another opportunity comes to make somewhat similar observations under totally different conditions. In the report of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles, Volume XU, Part 5, there is an article by J. Edward Lousley on “The Pioneer Flora of Bombed Sites in Central London,” which records a study of the recoloniza- tion of localities which were botanically speaking almost or completely sterile. Because this paper is not generally accessible, it seems desirable to include here a major part of Mr. Lousley’s observations. “The ‘bare area’ so often postulated by writers on ecology as the place colonised by the first stage of a plant succession, and so very rarely to be seen in this country, would appear to be attained on a large scale as a result of the bombing. Viable seeds of phanerogams are unlikely to exist in large numbers in the mortar and brickwork of the old buildings destroyed, though algae and bryophytes doubtless grew on their walls and roofs. ‘Thus by making a survey of the sites of buildings destroyed in the air-raids we may feel confident that the phanerogams listed have arrived since the date of the destruction. The sites discussed in this paper, twenty-one in all, are in densely built- up areas of the City, Holborn, and by the main road which runs south from London Bridge through Borough High Street and the Elephant and Castle to North Kennington. They were damaged between September 7, 1940, and May 11, 1941—in most cases on the nights of December 29, 1940, and May 10, 1941. Great care was taken to make records only from places which were known to have been completely built over, such as restaurants, banks, churches and shops with which I was familiar before the war. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123 “The extent to which even the extremely valuable land of the ‘square mile’ of the City of London contained places where weeds might flourish is probably not fully appreciated even by Londoners. In the alleys and courts, behind the mighty facade of enormous blocks of offices and shops, many disused and often neglected churchyards, ‘squares,’ backyards, and even pleasant gardens, harboured plants which were seldom to be seen by the casual enquirer. Some of these species are somewhat unexpected. For ex- ample, on the mediaeval masonry of the short length of so-called ‘Roman Wall’ opposite St. Alphage, the Pellitory-on-the-wall (Parietaria diffusa M. & K.) has flourished for several years. It may well have been originally planted there, but the other species such as Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Airy Shaw with which it is accompanied, and which also survive the surrounding desolation, have certainly not been deliberately introduced. The care which has been taken in the selection of the sites for observation makes it certain that any such pre-war floras have been excluded even though their habitats may now be indistinguishable from surrounding cleared areas. “For about a year after the heavy air-raids very little phanerogamic vegetation appeared on the tumbled masses of masonry and_ brickwork, doubtless because of the absence of suitable soil in the crevices. Under such conditions Epilobium angustifolium was the only species which occurred at all frequently. Its most surprising achievement to come under my observa- tion occurred near the Elephant and Castle, where the plant flowered in the summer of 1941 on the stump of the wall of a building destroyed the previ- ous autumn. Seed must have arrived and germinated very shortly after the damage took place. The three Senecios—S. squalidus, S. viscosus and S. vulgaris, all with wind-borne fruits, were almost the only other species to arrive in 1941. “Clearance and levelling of the sites exposed much soft rubble and dust which provided favourable conditions for many additional species. These included a number of species with wind-borne fruits such as Epilobiwm angustifolium, Erigeron canadensis, Tussilago Farfara, Senecio squalidus, S. viscosus, §. vulgaris, and Sonchus oleraceus. Others whose fruits probably arrived on the wheels of lorries and carts engaged on removing the debris, or on the boots of the workmen, may include: Capsella Bursa- pastoris, Ceras- tium vulgatum, Stellaria media, Plantago major, Chenopodium album, Poly- gonum Periscaria, P. heterophyllum, Rumex crispus and R. obtusifolius. Finally four plants, Trifolium pratense, T. hybridum, Lolium perenne and L. multiflorum, almost certainly came in the nosebags of the horses engaged in the work. “The small ruined 15th century church of St. Olaves’s, Hart Street, 126 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Crutched Friars, is of exceptional interest. William Turner, the ‘Father of English Botany’ and author of a famous Herbal, was buried in the south aisle of this church on July 9, 1568, where there is an inscription to his memory. Enemy action has brought down the roof and upper walls, and access to the interior is impossible, but from the road Epilobinm angusti- folium, Tussilago Farfara, Senecio vulgaris and Sonchus oleraceus may be seen growing in the north aisle. St. Mary’s Church, Kennington Park Road, is a larger modern church which has been less seriously damaged by the bombing. Access is again not possible, but inspection through a crack in the charred door showed a most luxuriant vegetation growing in the pavement of the aisles, in which Epilobium angustifolium was the domi- nant species. “The extent to which the invading flora could endure shade was often surprising. For example, a small shop in Newington Causeway was damaged and left unused. Three of the walls were intact and the ceiling though sagging appeared to be water-tight; only the shop front was missing. Towards the back of the shop, behind the ruined counter, several plants of Tussilago Farfara and Senecio vulgaris were growing under dimmer, drier conditions than one would have supposed possible. “The lists on which this paper is based were all made in the last fortnight of October 1942, at a time when most of the sites had only been cleared for a few months and others were still uncleared. As might be expected the pioneer vegetation was very scanty, averaging only about four species to each locality. The two richest places will illustrate the comparative frequency of species: — (1) Site in Fenchurch Street, near Mark Lane. Senecio vulgaris—abundant. Poa annua—abundant. Erigeron canadensis—frequent. Capsella Bursa-pastoris—a few plants. Matricaria inodora—a few very young plants. Senecio squalidus—one small plant. Galinsoga parviflora—one small plant. (2) Site formerly occupied by ‘Isaac Walton’s’ shop, Newington Causeway. Senecio vulgaris—abundant. Epilobium angustifolinm—abundant. Poa annrra—abundant. Senecio. viscosus—common. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 127 Tussilago Farfara—frequent. Sonchus oleraceus—several plants. Polygonum Persicaria—one plant. Plantago major—one plant. “Observations in the West End of London suggest that pioneer colonists there usually comprised the same species. In the suburbs the range of in- vading species was much wider owing to the proximity of numerous gardens and other open ground. The purpose of this paper is to record the pioneer flora of bombed sites in Central London in 1942. There can be little doubt that in 1943 a richer and more luxuriant flora will appear. “There were 88 records, of 27 species, from 21 bombed sites selected as known to have been completely built over before the war.” GREATER ST. LOUIS VICTORY GARDEN HARVEST SHOW SPONSORED BY THE VICTORY GARDEN COUNCIL OF THE St. Louris OFrFIcE OF CIVILIAN DEFENSE Missourt BoTANICAL GARDEN, SEPTEMBER 9 AND 10 PRIZE AWARDS $1,000 IN WAR STAMPS AND BONDS SHOW REGULATIONS Eligibility: Any amateur may compete, an amateur being one who grows for home use only. Fees: No entry fee is required. Dates: The show will be opened to the public on Saturday, September 9, from 2 P. M. until sunset and on Sunday. September 10, from 9 A. M. until sunset. Exhibits: Entries for competition must be brought to the entry tables at the Shaw’s Garden Display House before 10 A. M. on Saturday as judging will start promptly at 10:30. Exhibitors are limited to one entry in each class. Preparation: Facilities for preparing entries are provided in a building adjoining the Display House, entrance on Alfred and Castleman avenues. Each entry must have a card bearing required information attached—cards will be provided free. Display: Section chairmen of the show committee will place and arrange the entries on their respective tables. All entries must remain on display until 9 A. M. Monday, September 11. Awards: Judges will place seals on winning entries: first prize, Blue Seal; second prize, Red; third prize, White. Prizes of War Stamps and Bonds will be awarded in addition to the seals. Sweepstakes prizes of War Bonds will be awarded on the basis of points in some sections and a Grand Prize War Bond will be awarded for the largest total number of points won by any one exhibitor in the entire show. Liability: The O.C.D. Victory Garden Council and Show Committee and Missouri Botanical Garden will exercise due care in protecting exhibits and exhibitors’ con- tainers from damage or loss, but will in no way assume any responsibility. 128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Schedule of Exhibits This Show is for non-commercial amateurs. All exhibits must be grown by the exhibitor, a person who does not sell plants, fruits or vegetables for profit and who is not employed as a gardener. Paper plates for exhibits will be furnished at the Dis- play House by the Council. Note: All exhibitors are asked to use the entrance on Alfred and Castleman Avenues. — FRESH VEGETABLES AND FRUITS — SECTION A—VEGETABLES Class 1. SNWONAVSP YN Mass display of vegetables (5 or more kinds) Beans, Lima bush, 12 pods Beans, Lima pole, 12 pods Beans, Snap bush, 12 pods Beans, Snap pole, 12 pods Beans, Snap yellow, 12 pods Beets, 5 Broccoli, green, 3 heads Cabbage, 1 head Cabbage, largest head in section, 2 Ibs. or more Carrots, 5 Cauliflower, 1 head Celery, 1 stalk . Corn, white, 3 ears Corn, yellow, 3 ears Cucumbers, 3 Eggplant, 1 Onions, dry, 5 Onions, rope or trace Peppers, 5 Parsnips, 5 Potatoes, 5 Pumpkins, 1 Radishes, 5 Rutabagas, 1 Salsify, 5 Soybeans, 12 pods Squash, summer, 1 Squash, winter, 1 Sweet Potatoes, 3 Swiss Chard, trimmed, 1 plant Tomatoes, red, 5 Tomatoes, any other color, 5 34. Tomatoes, small fruiting, 12 35. Tomatoes, largest by weight in show 36. Turnips, 3 37. Any other vegetables (not for competition ) SECTION B—FRESH FRUITS 38. Mass display of fruits (5 or more kinds) 39. Apples, green, 3 40. Apples, red, 3 41. Apples, yellow, 3 42. Grapes, blue, 3 bunches 43. Grapes, red, 3 bunches 44. Grapes, white, 3 bunches 45. Melons, 1 46. Peaches, 3 47. Pears, 3 48. Watermelons, 1 49. Any other fruits (not for competi- tion) SECTION C—DECORATIVE DISPLAYS 50. Arrangement of vegetables in flat dish or bowl. 51. Arrangement of fruits in flat dish or bowl. 52. Mixed arrangement, fruits and vege- tables. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 129 Schedule of “Canned” Foods All canned foods must be in glass containers. The canned ex- hibits must be home-preserved but need not be home-grown vegetables and/or fruits. In case of close scoring, judges may open containers, but only with such types of entries as will not spoil because of opening. SECTION D—CANNED 80. Chili Sauce VEGETABLES 81. Mixed Pickle Relish Cleis 82. Piccalilli 83. Sauerkraut 84. Senfgurken Pickles 85. Small Pickled Onions 86. Sweet Pickled Peaches 53. Asparagus 54. Beans, Snap green 55. Beans, Snap yellow i ren 87. Sweet Pickled Watermelon Rind 58. Corn, cut from ecb (pints only) 59. Peas SECTION G—SUGAR- 60. Pumpkin PRESERVED FRUITS 61. Spinach 62. Soup Mixture, vegetable 63. Tomatoes 64. Tomato Juice 88. Cherry Preserves 89. Peach Preserves 90. Strawberry Preserves 91. Best 6 Uniform Containers of Jelly SECTION E—CANNED FRUITS SECTION H—BEST CANNED 65. Apples BALANCED MEAL 66. Applesauce 92 67. Apricots , 68. Blackberries 69. Cherries 70. Gooseberries Entry should include not less than 5 jars (either pints or quarts, all uni- form) which make up a well bal- anced meal. A meat may be included. Award will be judged on basis of: 71. Peaches a. Individual scoring of jars. i 2 b. Scoring of total jars for well 73. Pineapple balanced nutritious meal based phar: bee: ike on nutrition standards. . Raspberries, blac i aaaaaniai SECTION J—BEST VARIETY DISPLAY SECTION F—BRINED AND 93. Entry should include 12 jars (either PICKLED FOODS pints or quarts, all uniform) of dif- 77. Beet Pickles ferent fruits, vegetables, etc., with 78. Bread-and-butter Pickles scoring according to program score 79. Catsup card, SECTION K—GARDEN CLUB MASS DISPLAYS 94. Exhibit should cover table space of 3 x 7 feet and may include either vegetables, fruits and canned goods or any combination. Arrangements and accessories must be furnished by the Club. 130 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN WAR STAMP AND BOND AWARDS War Stamps and Bonds as well as Seals will be awarded in each Section. Watch newspaper for full listing of prizes—$1,000 in all—which will be announced previous to the Show. IMPORTANT: 1. No entry fees. 2. All prizes in war bonds and stamps. 3. All fresh fruits and/or vegetables must be grown by exhibitors. 4. Canned exhibits must be home preserved but need not be home- grown. 4th Floor, Civil Courts Bldg., St. Louis, 1, Mo. or (° C.D. Vicrory GARDEN INFORMATION CENTER For further information and entry blank write to Missouri Botanical Garden 2315 Tower Grove, { St. Louis, 10, Mo. A eee NOTES Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, spoke over Radio Station KFUO, July 3, on “Flowers in the City Art Museum.” As has been customary for a number of years, a wreath of orchids was placed on the tomb of Henry Shaw in commemoration of his death. A group attending the International Circulation Managers Association meeting in St. Louis was conducted through the Garden by Dr. Fairburn, June 20. Mr. Charles Heiser, graduate student at the Garden, spent a week during August at the Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, studying variation in sunflowers. Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, gave a talk, illus- trated with colored films, to the Clayton Rotary Club, June 15, on “Col- lecting the Para Rubber.” Dr. D. C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, showed the films “Orchids from Seed to Flower” to a group of garden club members at Girard, Pennsylvania, and at Syracuse, New York. “Some Orchid Pests,” an article in the June Garden BULLETIN by MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 131 George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has been reprinted in the August number of the Gardeners’ Chronicle of America (48:243-244). One of the Wartime Conducted Tours provided by the National Park Service to places of historic interest in St. Louis was a trip to the Garden, August 19, the party starting from the Old Courthouse in the Riverfront Memorial area. The June number of the Journal of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America (16:81-83) contains an article by Louis Wheeler, Ladislaus Cutak (in charge of Succulents at the Garden), and Alain White on “Confusion Among the Slipper Flowers.” The Franklin-Gasconade Firemen’s Association, with their families and friends, were entertained at the Garden Arboretum, July 20. After a tour of the grounds and a business meeting in the Shelter House, Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, showed the colored films “Orchids from Seed to Flower.” Visitors to the Garden library and herbarium during the summer months include: Dr. Gladys E. Baker, Assistant Professor of Botany, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.; Sr. Alejandro Bordas, of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires; Sgt. Louis G. Brenner of the U. S. Army; Sr. Alcides Carvalho, of the Engenheiro-agronomo, Instituto Agronomico, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Dr. Delzie Demaree, Chairman Natural Science and Mathematics, Arkansas Agricultural and Mechanical College, Monti- cello, Ark.; Sgt. Cedric Flewellyn of the U. S. Army; Mr. Frank J. Heinl, Director Illinois State Historical Society, Jacksonville; Mr. Leslie Hubricht, of Norfolk, Virginia, formerly research assistant to Dr. Edgar Anderson at the Garden; Miss Elizabeth McSwain, graduate student in botany, Uni- versity of Arkansas, Fayetteville; Sgt. Samuel French Morse, of the U. S. Air Corps; Miss Violet Munger, teacher at San Domingo Day School, Bernalillo, New Mexico, and a member of the Cactus Society of America; Mr. J. N. Spaeth, State Forester of Illinois; Mr. Hugh A. Steavenson, Man- ager of the Soil Conservation Nursery, Elsberry, Mo.; Sr. Gino A. Tomo of the Facultad de Agronomia e Veterinaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Mrs. E. C. Van Barnevelt, of Chatsworth, Calif.; Mr. Frank D. Venning, research student in botany, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla.; Mr. George O. White, State Forester of Missouri; Pvt. Daniel E. Wonderly, of Fort Leonard Wood, Mo.; Mrs. Isabel Zucker, Garden Editor Detroit Times, Detroit, Michigan. 132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE-JULY, 1944 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors in June Seaperss sistent based Total number of visitors in July PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed packets donated in June Total number of plants donated in July. Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought in June —..-—- Total number of books and pamphlets donated in June Total number of books bought in July 2 eee Total number of books and pamphlets dapaeeds in July JUNE HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Anderson, Edgar—Plants of Horticulture Botanical Garden, Rio de Janeiro, Hemi Phot aul ‘shine of Marsdenia amylacea (B. Rodr.) Malme — sseepscgetscateckne Davis, Be af.) Ktze. from encai oe University of Illinois, by J. T. Buchholz—Photostats and one specimen of Podocarpus — eee ee. eee ier = Von Schrenk, Hermann—Plants of. ‘Missouri : By E Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University—Plants of Cuba — a Cornell University, by R. T. Clausen—Plants of New Jersey and Alabama _________----...-----.--------------------e enn U. S. National Massunee ante i Cubs = - = U. S. National Museum—Plants of United States, Mexico and Central America — : "TOTAU. cose et By Gift— Buettner, Charles E—Pinus Coulteri Lambert —--....----------------------- By Exchange— Rosengurtt, Bernardo—Plants of Uruguay — — sees State University of Iowa, by G. W. Mactin—Fa ungi ee ee ME oe | |. ese "TOUAL: wcctee eee rere epets 20 34 STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorce T. Moore, Director Henry N. ANDREWS, Assistant to the Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, *: Rosert E, Woopson, Jr. Pathologist Assistant Curator of Herbarium Jesse M. GREENMAN, Henry N. ANDREWs, Curator of Herbarium Paleobotanist Carrot, W. Donce, ' Ropert W. Scuery (on leave), Mycologist Research Assistant Epcar ANDERSON Nett C. Horner Geneticist Librarian and Editor of Publications Grorce H. Prine, Superintendent JoHN Noyes, Paut A, Kou1, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist Wrmuuaom F. LANncan, Davin C. Farrsurn, Chief Engineer Horticulturist JosePH LANGEN, JosePH CuTak, Assistant Engineer . In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, LapisLaus CUTAK, Painter In charge of Succulents ~ THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Aueust P, BEmMANN, Manager Roy E. Kissick, Engineer REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Paut H. ALLEN, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wrison, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England _ SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city, or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. MlussouRI BOTANICAL GARDEN ]BULLETIN Vol. XXXII OCTOBER, 1944 No. 8 CONTENTS Gravel Calture for Orchids = <3 owas ev ee S133 Daten ee ae at Fee Re eee ee eee ee FSS ptatistical Iniormation~ 2-33 oe ee ee ere AS Office of Publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Il. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A Year BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Georce C. Hircucock Vice-President Dante K. CaTLin Second Vice-President EuGENE Pettus L. Ray CARTER RicHarp J. Lock woop Duprey FRENCH Grorce T. Moore Joun S. LEHMANN A. WeEssEL SHAPLEIGH ErnHan A. H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Harry B. WALLACE, Witu1aM SCARLETT, Acting Chancellor of Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri Washington University JoserH DesLoce, A, P. KAUFMANN, . President of The Ny = aang of Mayor of the City of St. Louis Science of St. = J. Harry POHLMAN President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GerRaLp E. ULric1 SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. Cattleya seedlings (414 years old) raised in Haydite gravel. years old. These plants started to flower when they were only 314 ILV Ig c 0 Missour1 Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXXII OCTOBER, 1944 No. 8 “GRAVEL” CULTURE FOR ORCHIDS The culture of plants in gravel or sand saturated with nutrient solutions is not a new idea. Scientists have used this method for years to study the effects of various chemical compounds on plant growth. Not until recent times, however, has it become apparent that “‘soilless culture” or ‘“hydro- ponics” has possibilities far beyond the limits of research laboratories. Commercial growers of flowers and vegetables are now experimenting with it on an impressive scale. Amateur gardeners are trying it out too in one form or another even though stories of the abundant harvest rarely occur except on the paper of popular magazines. In 1938 a series of experiments with orchids in “hydroponics” was started at the Garden. Prior to that date scarcely anybody had given the matter serious consideration, and apparently only in one instance had worth- while results been obtained. In this particular case Phalaenopsis orchids were used. Preliminary experiments at the Garden were designed to find out the best type of “gravel” to use, what the composition and concentration of the nutrient solution should be, how to apply the solution, etc. Porcelain jars, each containing a different nutrient solution, were used. Small wire baskets, coated with parafhin and lined on the inside with a thin layer of sphagnum moss, were filled with (1) washed and screened cinders, (2) gravel from the Meramec River in Missouri, (3) Haydite gravel. Ac- cording to available information, Haydite is a crushed clay or shale heated at high temperatures to form an inert, light weight, porous material that is ground down to the various sizes of gravel used in concrete. A dozen seedling Cattleyas (6 months old) taken directly from the culture flask were planted in each basket. These baskets were then suspended in the porcelain jars just deep enough to touch the nutrient solution, thus keeping the gravel, cinders and Haydite moist. Water was added occasionally to compensate for evaporation, and the solution was held at pH 5.0 by using phosphoric acid. Leaf and root growth were recorded for one year. (133) 134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Results of this test may be briefly summarized as follows: 1. Hybrid Cattleya seedlings grew well in most of the nutrient cultures. 2. Haydite was superior to cinders and Meramec gravel as a rooting medium. 3. Seedlings “damped off” or rotted if the gravel, cinders or Haydite were kept too wet. 4, The following solution produced the best root and top growth: Calcium nitrate - —— soi 100 era Ammonium sulphate — —— 0.50 gram Magnesium sulphate eases 0.25 gram Mono-basic potassium phosphate 0.25 gram Ferric phosphate 0.25 gram Distilled water erenetse ace: 1.00 liter It will be noted that this formula is the one commonly used in flask cultures, except the iron content has been increased. With these results in mind the writer proceeded with a more elaborate set-up consisting of a metal tank 3 ft. x 2 ft. x 4 in., with a combined intake and drain pipe at the center. Two 5-gallon pails, each with an outlet spout at the bottom attached by rubber tubing to the drain pipe in the tank, acted as a reservoir for the nutrient solution which was forced into the tank by gravity when the pails were lifted high enough. Iron rods attached to the greenhouse roof were used as hooks for the pails. Both the tank and the pails were given two coats of Asphaltum (Grade A) paint to avoid chemical reactions of the solution with the metal. After the solution had been in the tank for two or three hours, perfect drainage was accomplished merely by setting the pails on the floor. The tank was filled with Haydite ('4—',-inch grade) and the orchids planted. This time Dendrobium seedlings, Cattleya seedlings, mature Cattleyas, and Paphio- pedilums (Cypripediums) were used to include both age and_ variety. Hydrant water was added whenever necessary to keep the pails full, and the pH was held at 5.0 by using phosphoric acid. The tank was flooded with nutrient solution every other day when the weather was clear. During spells of cloudy weather the Haydite remained moist, making flooding unnecessary or even harmful. The solution was completely renewed every six weeks. After this experiment had been in progress almost two years, it was possible to tabulate the following results: MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 135 1. Cattleya seedlings did fine—good leaf development and splendid roots. In fact, one plant produced a flower at the early age of 3% years. Several others bloomed when they were 4 years old. In order to emphasize this point and avoid possible confusion regarding subsequent statements involving the age of seedlings, time will be calculated in all cases from the date of seeding in the flask, not from the date of transplanting from the flask. 2. Dendrobium seedlings did not do so well. Roots were all right, but leaf growth was inferior. 3. Mature Cattleyas made good root growth, but the tops were mediocre. 4. Mature Cypripediums grew fairly well, with roots and tops about average. In the meantime another and larger tank (7 ft. x 3 ft. x 6 in.) of galvanized sheet iron reinforced with a wooden frame on the outside was prepared for action. A 50-gallon oil drum (carefully cleaned) served as the reservoir, and the nutrient solution was forced through a '-inch pipe into the bottom of the tank by a centrifugal pump. The tank and drum received two coats of Asphaltum paint on the inside surfaces. Then the tank was filled with Haydite and 450 hybrid Cattleya seedlings, 20 months old, were planted in it. The solution used was identical with the one already mentioned except for the addition of the following minor elements: Boric acid _.... 2.86 grams 1 ce. of this Manganese chloride — __ 1.81 grams stock solution ie BU atte ea eee 0.22 grams used for each Copper sulphate —__ _. 0.08 grams liter of nutrient Water _ mae a — 1.00 liter solution The solution was pumped into the tank every other day, weather permitting. Water was added to compensate for evaporation, and the pH kept at 5.0 with phosphoric acid. The solution was completely renewed every two months. In one year the seedlings in this tank had grown so well that they were definitely over-crowded, and it was necessary to transplant them to new quarters. By this time the results were so encouraging that it was deemed advisable to proceed on a larger scale. Consequently, a concrete bench (50 ft. x 2% ft. x 7 in.) in the greenhouse was remodeled for this purpose. The bench was made water-tight by filling all drainage holes with con- crete. Then a hole was drilled in the bottom of the bench (center) through which the intake and drainage pipe was attached to a 150-gallon reservoir containing the nutrient solution in the basement. A piece of Mo, Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 32, 1944 PLATI Cattleya seedlings (2% years old) in Haydite bench at start of experiment The same plants one year later. Rough spots on leaves are drops of water Two years later many of the plants (now 4!% years old) had produced flowers MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 137 Yg-inch wire screen was placed over the drainage pipe to keep out stray pieces of gravel. The top of the pipe was flush with the bottom of the bench to insure complete drainage. Both the pipe and wire screening were anchored firmly in place with cement. A wooden box with a removable glass frame lid was built in over the intake pipe. This intake box was necessary to avoid severe washing of the Haydite when the nutrient solution was pumped into the bench rapidly. Wire screening tacked on the bottom edges kept the gravel from entering the box. To facilitate uniform distribution of the solution throughout the bench, two 1'%4-inch pipes, perforated with 4-inch holes 1 foot apart, were fitted into openings near the top of the box and gradually sloped to the ends of the bench. Small pieces of window screening were wired over the holes in the pipes to keep out particles of gravel. All this equipment, including the galvanized metal storage tank in the basement, received two coats of Asphaltum paint. Two grades of Haydite gravel were used: coarse (3—54¢-in.) for the bottom 2 inches, thus allowing rapid drainage through the perforated pipe, and fine ('4-l4,-in.) for the top 5 inches. The gravel was thoroughly washed before putting it in the bench. The following orchids were planted (8 inches apart) in the gravel: 1. One hundred seedling Cattleyas, 2 to 3 years old, transferred from the large tank mentioned in the previous experiment. Thirty Dendrobium Phalaenopsis seedlings 4 years old. Thirty Dendrobium nobile seedlings 2% years old. Ten mature hybrid Phalaenopsis. Three mature Cymbidiums. nuvi Bw ND Several mature (but weak) Cypripediums and Calanthes. These were used mainly to see if the gravel treatment could revive them. Three methods of planting the seedlings were used: 1, bare root, with all peat removed; 2, pot removed and ball of peat, with roots undisturbed, plunged in the gravel slightly deeper than previous planting depth; 3, pot and all plunged to the rim in the gravel. An equal number of check plants identical in parentage, size, age, and quality to those put in the gravel, were potted in orchid peat (Osmundine) and grown according to standard procedure. They received no nutrient solution at any time. Thus it was possible to compare accurately the pro- gressive development of the plants in gravel with those in peat. It required almost 100 gallons of solution to flood this bench. The cen- trifugal pump mounted over the storage tank in the basement was contacted All these Phalaenopsis plants were the same size and really looked sick at the beginning of the experiment. Plants at the left were then given the hydroponics treatment in Hadyite, those at the right were grown in orchid peat and transferred to the gravel bench to show accurate comparison of relative growth when the photograph was taken 1/2 years later. The tall plants at the extreme left are Dendrobiums. ‘OW “LO” ‘ayvy “IOA “TING we bho ‘ Frol ILV 1g tN nN MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 139 by a pull-cord attached to an ordinary light socket near the bench so that the operator would have rapid control over the amount of solution pumped in. A control valve on the intake-drain pipe under the bench (near the pull-cord for the pump) made it an easy matter to switch off the pump, close the valve and hold the solution in the bench as long as desired. When this valve was opened, the solution gradually drained back by gravity into the storage tank in the basement. During clear weather the solution was pumped into the bench every other day; when it was damp and cloudy, the gravel remained moist enough without further pumping. On warm days the plants were given a light spray of water whenever necessary. The nutrient solution used in this experiment was considerably stronger than the one previously mentioned. Its composition was as follows: CC a te ee a ee 378 grams Mono-basic potassium phosphate _ 378 grams Magnesium sulphate — Ree eerernt ©. cree 378 grams Ammonium. Sulphate: 2 ne ett 378 grams Pelee: SOS ONOte arc eeuno a eer eenaeateres _ 95 grams Minor elements— ROUNC: ACUO ate oe Ee tie ee ERIS. Manganese chloride —_—_______- 1.81 grams UC, SULDM ALE. «aac ceeeeee eget 0.22 grams +378 cc. COPPCE SUIDHAtE ccnccecce nce ee tenes 0.08 grams Wate oe ees eel FRO = 1.00 liter Fiyaeant: “Water 2.65 ot ccna ee eee 100 gallons This nutrient solution was acidified to pH 5.0 with phosphoric acid at the beginning and throughout the duration of the experiment. At 3-month intervals fresh solution was substituted for the old to keep the concentration of the chemicals from getting too far out of balance. For 2'% years now this experimental gravel bench has been in constant operation. To put it mildly the results have been extraordinary. Photo- graphs were taken periodically to record the progressive development of the plants. Intentions are to continue this particular experiment for an- other year or more, depending on how crowded the plants become in that length of time. Any one who raises orchids soon comes to realize that patience is a great virtue. To draw hasty conclusions about plants having such slow growth responses is risky business. Consequently, publication of the follow- ing results has been delayed until they could be definitely verified. 1. Hybrid seedlings of Cattleya, Brassocattleya, Laeliocattleya, Rin MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium all made faster and better growth in the Haydite than the check plants did in orchid peat. Seedlings of the Cattleya group in peat usually made only one new lead growth per plant at a time while those in gravel seldom made less than two or three. In fact, it was not un- Spike of Phalaenopsis flowers from a plant raised in Haydite usual to find four new growths on a plant in gravel, and some even produced five when dormant buds on “back bulbs” be- came active voluntarily. Orchid growers will readily grasp the significance of such results. The plants in gravel remained in active growth with no rest period such as occurs when grown in peat. It might be ex- pected that continual growth like this would seriously weaken the plant and eventually lead to its collapse. So far, all the 3. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN evidence points exactly in the opposite direction. One of the outstanding features about the plants in gravel was the extensive root growth. Unrestricted by pots, they fanned out in all directions, and it was unusual to find any that had turned brown or had disintegrated. In St. Louis, where the air still contains quite a bit of sulphur in spite of smoke regula- tions, orchids potted in peat seldom retain their new roots very long, especially if the roots are outside the pots. In gravel, however, such damage is practically reduced to zero. With more active feeding roots it is logical that the plants would grow faster, A Cattleya seedling raised in Haydite blooming when 4 years old The seedling Cattleyas in Haydite started to flower one or two years earlier than the check plants in peat. In addition, the flowers were larger and more abundant. One group of Cattleya seedlings (43 plants) in gravel started to flower in October, 1943. They were at that time only 3% years old from seed. To date (September, 1944) these plants have produced a total of 96 flowers, which is a remarkable record for Cattleya seed- lings of this age. Meanwhile the checks (43 plants) potted in peat have produced only rr flowers, or 85 less than those in gravel. 141 142 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The climax in the life of a seedling orchid comes of course when its first flower opens. The sooner this can be accomplished the better, as relatively few hybrids (maybe 25 per cent) will show the desirable characteristics for which the cross was made. The rest may vary from average to poor. Consequently, quite a number of seedlings eventually come to rest on the scrap heap or fall into the eager hands of beginning amateurs. By using the gravel method, this weeding-out process can be speeded up a year or two, which means a considerable saving in labor and materials as well as time. 6. The color, size, shape and texture of the flowers from plants grown in gravel have been superior thus far to the flowers from the checks in peat. In gravel the flowers seem to be a bit more susceptible to smoke injury, but further evidence is needed before any definite statements can be made along this line. Naturally, the parentage of a seedling will have a con- trolling influence on the keeping qualities of the flower. Some of the flowers in gravel have remained in good condition on the plants for one week, others two or three weeks, but most of these differences have been directly associated with heredity, not cultural practices. 7. It may have been pure coincidence, but the plants in gravel have suffered practically no damage from scale, slugs, or other pests that thrive so well under ordinary conditions. Of course, when the bench is flooded, all the insects that might be hiding in the gravel have to come out “or else.” Repeated disturbances like this apparently discourage them from setting up house- keeping on a permanent basis. It may be, too, that certain chemicals absorbed from the nutrient solution render the plant tissues unpalatable to insects. Now that would be something! Slugs do not relish a long haul over rough gravel, so they seldom get a chance to eat holes in the flowers. With peat the story is considerably different. Bugs of all sorts can hide among the fibers or roost underneath the pots where they are fairly safe from sprays and dusts. Other results and observations on the operation of this gravel bench may be summarized as follows: 1. About 10 o’clock in the morning seems to be the best time to pump the solution into the bench. Never pump on cloudy, wet days. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 143 2. Flood the bench with solution to within one inch of the surface of the gravel. Complete coverage leads to extensive growth of algae on top, which can become quite a nuisance. Stirring up the gravel helped discourage this pest. 3. The bench can remain flooded for several hours to permit the roots to take full advantage of the nutrient solution. Acci- dentally, on several occasions the solution was left in the bench overnight, but the plants did not seem to mind. Cattleya seedlings grown in Haydite (left) and orchid peat (right). Both plants were from the same culture flask, consequently identical in parentage and age (31/4 years when the photograph was taken). 4. At no time has it been necessary to flush the gravel or the pumping system with plain water to remove any toxic chemical accumulations. 5. Mature plants of Cattleya, Cypripedium and Oncidium did not respond satisfactorily when transferred from peat to gravel. However, only a limited number of plants was involved, so further tests are necessary before drawing definite conclusions. 6. Transplanting young seedlings from peat to gravel and vice versa was done easily, quickly, and with no set-back to the plants. Roots come out of the gravel very readily, making it Mo. Bot. Garp. BuLr., Vor. 32, 1944 PLATE 23 Hydroponics bench painted and ready for gravel. Note intake box with per- forated pipes extending to ends of bench for rapid distribution of the nutrient solution. Bench No. 2 completed. The community pots plunged in gravel stayed too wet and had to be removed. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 145 possible to move crowded plants to a new location in the bench without any injury whatsoever. 7. A wire and string support to hold the leaves upright was added to the bench when the plants grew large enough to re- quire bracing. Within two years the plants were sufficiently crowded to hold each other erect, and no supports for the leaves were necessary. In November, 1943, another 50-foot “hydroponics” bench, identical in arrangement to the one set up in April, 1942, was put in operation. This time the bench was divided into three sections, each of which contained a different type of “gravel” as follows: (1) Haydite, (2) red granite, (3) cinders (thoroughly weathered, washed, and sifted to size through a '/4-inch mesh screen). The plants used in this experiment were: 1. Hybrid Cattleya, Laeliocattleya and Brassocattleya seedlings 12 to 2 years old. Over 1,400 of these were put in the dif- ferent types of “gravel”, using three systems of planting: (1) bare root with all peat removed; (2) ball of peat left on roots, but pot removed; (3) pot (with ball of peat) not removed and plunged to rim in the gravel. 2. Phalaenopsis.—About 50 mature, but decidedly weak, plants were put in to see if they would revive. 3. Seedling Cattleyas 1 year old.—Fifty 6-inch community pans, each holding about 100 plants, were plunged to the rims in the Haydite to see if they would respond favorably to subirrigation with nutrient solution, Obviously, this was quite an assortment of materials and methods to be using all in the same bench, but one can usually manage to get by with some very peculiar ideas by simply branding them “experimental.” The nutrient solution was identical to that used in the other bench. In fact, both benches were irrigated from the one reservoir by installing a few valves to control the direction of flow. This system worked out fine, since each bench was flooded every second day when the weather was clear. Bench No. 2 has now been in operation almost one year. The seedlings are becoming crowded, and will require thinning out to develop properly. So every other seedling will have to be transplanted into another gravel bench or potted in peat. The results to date on Bench No. 2 have been as follows: 1. Plunging community pots of seedlings in the gravel did not work out satisfactorily. They remained too wet and many of Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., VoL. 32, 1944 PLATE 2 Cattleya seedlings (11% years old) in granite at start of experiment. Phalaenopsis plants near the intake box were very small and weak. The same plants nine months later MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 147 the seedlings “damped off.” These community pots were re- moved from the gravel at the end of six weeks and the space filled with more seedling Cattleyas 11% years old. 2. The cinders were a failure. In spite of weathering for a year out of doors and thorough washing, they apparently retained enough sulphur to be definitely toxic. Roots were dwarfed and in many cases dead; leaves were small and turned black at the tips; new leaf growths seldom appeared; the plants looked very sick. So the cinder experiment was discontinued after Samples of Phalaenopsis after 6 months: grown in cinders (left); Haydite (center); and granite (right). six months’ trial. The cinders were replaced with a mixture of '% Haydite and 1% granite. In this mixture 250 Phalaenop- sis ‘Helvetia’ seedlings were planted, and they have made ex- cellent growth, 3. The bare-root method of planting in gravel has proved best. Leaving a ball of peat on the roots or plunging pots and all in the gravel resulted in almost constant “wet feet”, a condition the orchids did not enjoy. Of course, if one uniform method of planting were used throughout the bench, it would be pos- sible to control the moisture to better advantage. For potted plants plunged in gravel, pumping the solution into the bench once a week or less might be sufficient. 4. The mature Phalaenopsis plants, which were very small and feeble at the beginning, have literally taken a new lease on life, and apparently will be back in top-notch condition within another six months. The growth of Phalaenopsis in these nutrient gravel cultures is most extraordinary. Nothing like it has been seen in this 148 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN part of the country. Flower production occurred in direct proportion to the growth. Results in granite have been slightly better than in Haydite, especially with Phalaenopsis. The fine grade of granite (aver- aging about g inch) retains moisture longer than Haydite and therefore requires less irrigation with the nutrient solution. 6. One thing is certain: For best results an entire bench should be devoted to one type of orchid, not several types. For ex- ample, it is a mistake to mix Dendrobiums (which require only limited moisture at the roots during their normal rest period) in with Cattleyas or Phalaenopsis that remain in active growth most of the time in gravel. With large-scale produc- tion we would carry this idea further and have one or more greenhouses devoted to gravel culture of nothing but Cym- bidiums, or Vandas, or Cattleya hybrids, etc., so temperature, ventilation, moisture and light requirements of these orchids could be closely coordinated with nutritional factors. Under such conditions, maximum results would be achieved. It is questionable whether or not the addition of minor ele- ments, such as copper, zinc, manganese and boron, to the nutrient solution is necessary. In fact very slight over-doses are positively fatal. While the bench tests were in progress, another idea took root. not transplant seedlings out of the culture flasks directly into community pots of gravel instead of peat? even days, transplanting tiny orchid seedlings into orchid peat knows it is a very slow, tedious job, stage would be most acceptable. this line have been tried, with great success. gravel in the community pots entirely instead of peat. Details of this new method of transplanting are as follows: l. Use porous clay flower pots that are not too large. The stand- ard 5-inch bulb pan is ideal for this work. Wash the pots thoroughly. Cover the hole in the bottom of the pan with a piece of broken pot, and add coarse, washed Haydite until the pan is a little over half full. Then fill almost to the rim with Haydite or granite put through a Y-inch mesh screen and thoroughly washed. Mixing the top layer of gravel with about 14 chopped peat, sifted through a Y%-inch screen, has given good results too. Any one who has spent months, weeks, or Anything to relieve the strain at this critical For the past two years experiments along In fact, the writer now uses MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 149 Development of young orchid seedlings in community pots of gravel: (1) flask ready for transplanting, (2) seedlings 1 year old planted in pot containing gravel sifted through Yg-inch screen, (3) seedlings at 15 months, (4) seedlings at 18 months, (5) seedlings at 2 years, ready for transplanting to a gravel bench or (6) to single pots containing orchid peat. 3. Tamp down the gravel firmly, and sterilize the prepared pans in an autoclave (pressure cooker) at 15 pounds for half an hour. This steaming process eradicates all “damping off” organisms that might be present in the gravel or peat. 4. Take seedlings out of the culture flasks when roots start to develop. They should be planted about '% inch apart in the gravel, so each pan contains anywhere from 50 to 75 seedlings, depending on their size. An experienced worker can trans- plant 1500 seedlings a day by this gravel method. 5. Place community pans in a Wardian Case that can be carefully ventilated and sprayed with water whenever the gravel be- comes dry. If no peat is used with the gravel, acidify the water to pH 5.0 by adding phosphoric acid. 6. Once a week give the pans a thorough watering with nutrient solution of the same type as used in the gravel benches. 7. Allow seedlings to remain in the community pans six months to a year, depending on rapidity of growth. Then transplant them into a gravel bench or pot them in peat as may be desired. Transplanting seedlings from the culture flask directly into a 150 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN gravel bench is not feasible unless the plants are unusually large with well-developed roots. Separating seedlings grown in community pots of peat is often quite a struggle. The roots become interwoven and cling so tightly to the peat fibers that it is almost impossible to get them apart without considerable breakage. In gravel this difficulty is entirely eliminated. A great deal of time and patience is needed in the potting of young plants. Transplanting 200 seedlings into 1'/2-inch pots would be a good Cattleya seedlings (1'4 years old) raised in community pots of gravel The same plants after growing | year in the gravel bench MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 151 day’s work. In a gravel bench an agile person could set out 200 seedlings an hour, provided the root systems were not large and unwieldy. These ‘“‘gravel-culture’’ experiments have aroused substantial interest among orchid growers, professional and amateur, in various sections of the country. Much remains to be done, however, before sufficient information is available to convince the more skeptical observers. Further tests are needed to determine the ideal composition and concentration of the nutrient solution, what type of “gravel” is most desirable and how many different kinds of orchids can be grown successfully this way. To answer these questions and others, a new concrete bench, specially designed for gravel- culture studies and capable of holding over 10,000 young orchid plants, has been constructed at the Garden and will soon be in operation. Davip C. FairBurN. NOTES Mr. A. P. Beilmann, Manager of the Arboretum, Gray Summit, spoke before the Clayton Garden Club, September 15, on “Tree Care.” Dr. David C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, gave an illustrated talk to the Webster Groves Garden Club, September 15, on “House Plants.” Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, is the author of an article in Garden Life (17:10) entitled “Deserts Offer Shrubs for our Gardens.” 2 “A Trip to the Florida Tropics,” an article by Ladislaus Cutak, in the May 1944 Garden BULLETIN was reprinted in the June 15 number of the American Eagle (39:1, 4-5). Dr. Ralph O. Erickson, formerly graduate student at the Garden (1939- 1944), has been appointed instructor in botany at the University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke to the Rotary Club of Edwardsville, Ill., September 21, on “Collecting Para Rubber.” The talk was illustrated with colored slides. The July number of the National Horticultural Magazine (23:180, 182) contains an article on “Tropical Water-lilies’” which features the hybrids originated at the Missouri Botanical Garden by Mr. G. H. Pring, Super- intendent of the Garden. 152 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The September number of the ANNALS OF THE MissouRI BOTANICAL GarDEN has recently been issued, with contents as follows: ‘‘Miscellaneous New Asclepiadaceae from Tropical America,” Robert E. Woodson, Jr.; “Notes on Variation in Tithonia tubaeformis,” Edgar Anderson; ‘““A Method for Recording and Analyzing Variations of Internode Pattern,” Edgar Anderson and Dorothy Schregardus; ‘“A Monographic Study of the Genus Palafoxia and Its Immediate Allies,’ Elizabeth Ammerman Baltzer; ““Mono- graph of Psilostrophe,’’ Charles B. Heiser, Jr. Recent visitors to the Garden include: Lt. Reid Moran, of the U. S. Air Forces; Mrs. James H. Hyde, of Oklahoma City, a member of the Okla- homa Cactus and Succulent Society; Dr. Gustav Mehlquist, Instructor in Floriculture, University of California at Los Angeles; Mr. Walter Scholl, orchid enthusiast, of Chicago, Il.; Lt. Frederick Russe, of the U. S. Navy; Lt. Bradford Pring, of the U. S. Air Forces; Prof. Carl Sauer, Professor of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. During the fifteen years that the Arboretum has been protected, many new animals as well as plants have made it their home. Most of these have been beneficial, or at least have done no harm, but on occasion their food habits make it necessary to protect plants or to stop growing them. The most peculiar food preference which we have so far observed has been that for Regal Lily shoots. Many Regal Lilies were planted in 1942 in the Pinetum, and while ordinarily lily bulbs will send up a shoot regardless of how poor the planting site, curiously enough almost none of them grew. To explain their non-appearance more bulbs were planted, and in the spring of 1943 the whole question was answered over night. At the time that some special lilies were just appearing above the ground the very succulent shoots proved so attractive to deer that the entire frame of some 500 plants was eaten. Emerging lily shoots are used as food by many Asiatic peoples, and it is interesting to discover that the Virginia White Tail Deer likewise considers them a delicacy. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR AUGUST-SEPTEMBER, 1944 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors in August «78 27 Total number of visitors in September sesctgesaceaeetvece 2147 82 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed packets donated in August 99 Total number of plants and bulbs donated in September 696 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 153 Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought in August 7 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in August 61 Total number of books bought in September 21 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in September... 224 AUGUST HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Brenner, Louis G., Jr.—Plants of Oregon : 21 Fraser, Rev. Father S. V.—Plants of Kansas 2 Gorton, G. R.—Plant of Horticulture ee ae Hinckley, L. C.—Plants of Texas 0 peverete Cenk 15 Massey, A. B.—Asclepias phytolaccoides Pursh from Viewinie: eaReEne enone Murnill, W..A:—Plants of Florida 2.200 143 Poixao,- José—Plants of Brazil ot : 9 Reed, H. Earl—Ambrosia bidentata Michx. on Ascii ee 1 Thomas, George E.—Arisaema Dracontium (L.) Schott. from Missouri University of Texas—Plants of Texas - 45 Von Schrenk, Hermann—Pinus sp. from ‘dale. Se aN SA ame By Exchange— Rosengurtt, Bernardo—Plants of Uruguay — 24 Schallert, Paul—Plants of Arizona and California 146 University of Texas—Plants of Texas 465 Nc @. Se a ee ae Se ee PEE ey SEONG Uy eT ane 876 SEPTEMBER By Gift— Barus, M. F.—Thecaphora sp. from Venezuela Sani RUC 1 Chicago Museum of Natural History—Lichens of Auber: and Venezuela ite 3 Le 2 Fesler, Son—Juniperus virginiana io pa ‘Mion Renee Paes eee 2 Heiser, Charles B., Jr.—Plants of Arizona, New Mexico and Kansas. 48 Hubricht, Plants of Virginia —_ ee eee eee 188 Shaver, Jesse | M—Pellace glabella Mett. fii asec. ee 1 Von Schrenk, Hermann—Photographs of Pinus sp. from idaho. : 8 Whetzell, H. H.—Plants of New York, Wisconsin, and eet 4 By Exchange— U. S. National Museum—Ferns chiefly from Tropical America. 85 University of Illinois, by George Neville Jones—Plants of Illinois. 1,008 By Transfer— Cutak, Lad.—Plant of Horticulture 0 1 STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST, LOUIS, MISSOURI Georce T. Moors, Director Henry N. ANDREWS, Assistant to the Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Rosert E. Woopson, Jr. Pathologist : Assistant Curator of Herbarium Jesse M. GREENMAN, Henry N. ANDREWs, Curator of Herbarium Paleobotanist Carroty W. Donce, Rosert W. ScHeEry (on leave), Mycologist Research Assistant EpGaR ANDERSON Nett C. Horner Geneticist Librarian and Editor of Publications GeorceE H. Prine, Superintendent JouHn Noyes, Pau A. Konun, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist WiwuM F. Lancan, Davi C. FairBurRnN, Chief Engineer - Horticulturist JoserpH LANGEN, JoserH CuTak, Assistant Engineer - In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, LapDIsLaus CUTAK, Painter In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Aucust P. BE MANN, Manager Roy E. Kussicx, Engineer REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Paut H. ALLEeN,. Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wrson, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England SPRING FLORA OF MISSOURI by Julian A. Steyermark Price now $1.50 (former price $3.00) A special price to schools and garden clubs—$1.00 a copy if 10 or more copies are sent to one address. Add 10 cents per copy to your re- mittance to cover postage. Our new low price will enable you to own this helpful 590- page book with which to identify the wild flowers. Profusely illustrated and with a key which is recognized as one of the simplest to use, this fine book provides a description of every Missouri spring flower. “A book that is complete. . . . Undoubtedly the book Missouri flower- lovers have been looking for.” Missouri Historical Review . In short, the Spring Flora of Missouri is the best ‘Spring Flora’ seit at present in the United States.” American Midland Naturalist “Should be of great use to local garden clubs, and for the scientific worker who is concerned with the local flora it should be invaluable.” National Horticultural Magazine “Carefully and critically done, so that it should find wide and en- thusiastic reception at the hands of all who enjoy being acquainted with the rich native flora of Missouri.” : . Rhodora “The most comprehensive spring flora ever issued for any state. Notable for presenting its data in simple non-technical English, yet with thorough scientific accuracy. Book’s value not limited to Missouri.” Field Museum Notes MllssoURI BOTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. XXXII NOVEMBER, 1944 WO eS a = Kel “i xa> f i, LS Pee CONTENTS Insects that Attack Cacti and Succulents . . pome_soney Plantes) 3 Two Unusual Beneficial Plants .. Notes Statistical Information . . ...... No. 9 ae o; She 164 - 166 . 167 Office of Publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Til, Editorial Office: St. is, Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Entered as second-class matter Janua Galesburg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. 26, 1942, at the post-office at SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A Year BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, 1S SELF-PERPETUATING President Georce C. HitcHcock Vice-President DaNnieEL K. CATLIN Second Vice-President EUGENE PETTus L. Ray CarTER RicHarp J. Lockwoop Dup.Lzey FreNncH GrorGE T. Moore Joun S. LEHMANN A. WesseL SHAPLEIGH ErHan A, H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFFCIO MEMBERS WittiaM SCARLETT, Harry B. WaLiace, Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri Acting Chancellor of | Washington University JoserH DEsLocE, A. P. KAUFMANN, President of The Academy of Mayor of the City of St. Louis Science of St. Louis Mrs. IRMA FRIEDE President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary Gerawp E. ULrici SOME FACTS ABOUT ‘THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. Opuntia Whipplei attacked by mealy bugs Leaf of Century Plant (Agave atrovirens) showing discoloration caused by mealy bugs IL¥ 1g SZ Missour1 Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXXII NOVEMBER, 1944 No. 9 INSECTS THAT ATTACK CACTI AND SUCCULENTS In the deserts one will find innumerable insects associated with cacti and succulents; some of these are beneficial in that they visit the flowers and act as agents of pollination, while others damage the plants either directly or indirectly. The United States Department of Agriculture made a study of cactus insects in 1912 and discovered that there were 324 species associated with these prickly plants. Not all were of the harmful type, but the greater number did cause damage of some consequence. Of course, in the native haunts of these plants, through various agencies such as birds, snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, and certain parasitic and predaceous insects, a natural balance of order prevails which helps to control the pests. In the home or greenhouse very few native pests will infest cacti or suc- culents, but there are several common ones that do considerable harm if a careful watch is not kept. During the summer, grasshoppers, crickets, caterpillars, etc. are present in the flower garden and will get into a cactus bed or in a greenhouse where they may overrun the plants before a remedy can be applied. Such greenhouse pests as the mealy bugs, scales, and thrips will also be difficult to control if a dense infestation is allowed to accumulate. Vigilance is the price demanded of a clean collection. Where injurious insects. appear it will be expedient to use insecticides especially designed for the particular pest. The grower must learn whether the “bug” is a chewer or a sucker. The insects that bite and chew, such as the caterpillars and beetles, can be controlled by the use of poisons or poisonous gases. The poisoned food must enter the stomach to do the work of eradication. On the other hand, sucking insects (aphids and mealy bugs) can be controlled only by the use of contact insecticides or poisonous gases. Nature provides the suckers with needle-like mouth parts which enable them to pierce plant tissues and extract the juices. You could spread a thick layer of arsenate of lead on a leaf and a sucking insect will not be affected by it. However, in contact sprays the poisonous alkaloids, such as (155) 156 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN nicotine, aid in sealing the insect’s breathing pores and disintegrate the body tissue. Arsenate of lead is probably the most widely used stomach poison. It can be applied as a spray or dust or used in poison bait. For a spray, a solu- tion of about ten teaspoonsful to a gallon of water will be sufficient to kill most chewing insects. When used as a dust, part of the poison should be mixed with about nine parts of flour, talc, or hydrated lime. Paris green is another arsenical product which is highly efficacious when used in bait. Of the contact insecticides, nicotine is probably the most popular. It may be wiser for the individual with a small plant collection to get acquainted with some of the standard insecticides that are manufactured under varicus trade names. Rebutia minuscula: right, a plant infested with mealy bugs; left, a plant totally destroyed by these pests. The most persistent and most serious pests of the cultivated cacti and succulents are the scale insects, in which group the mealy bug belongs. Many others exist but, as a rule, they are of minor importance, although it must be remembered that even these can do considerable damage. In the following paragraphs the common pests which are apt to do the most harm to greenhouse- or house-grown succulents are discussed and also various methods for their control. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 157 Mealy Bugs.—Of all the insects that attack a cactus or succulent plant, none are of such importance as the mealy bugs. There are many species, most of which are easily recognized by the white cottony substance covering them. The “bug,” because of its peculiar structure and the rapidity of its reproduction, is one of the hardest insects to hold in check. The female has the ability to lay about 500 eggs, secreting them in a mass of “cotton,” which hatch out usually in ten days under greenhouse conditions. Since sev- eral generations are born in a year the immensity of an infestation is readily seen if no attention is paid to it. In the adult stage mealy bugs usually restrict themselves to a certain area on a joint or leaf where they sink their needle-like beak into the plant tissue and draw out the juice. The immedi- ate area attacked soon becomes lifeless, drab in color, and eventually dies. The “bugs” usually collect in protected places,—in the grooves of new growth, under the leaves, in the clasping leaf sheaths, at the bases of joints, or hidden in the wool of the spine clusters. The destructive juice-suckers may attack any cactus, but they often single out the Echinocerei, Echinopsis, Mammillarias, Opuntias, Rebutias and Zygocacti. They also love to ravage the stapeliads, mesembs, kalanchoids, and most any other succulent. When the tough cacti are heavily infested with mealy bugs a strong spray of water will dislodge the culprits and likewise wash off the sticky excrement that they leave. Cacti, as a rule, are sturdy enough to with- stand a strong hosing, and this method is very effective where the mealy bugs have hidden behind a spiny armament. Tender succulents must be very gently sprayed, particularly the crassulaceous plants whose leaves and stems drop off at the merest touch. The writer prefers hosing to any treat- ment, although cyanogas fumigation is resorted to in the Cactus House when the infestation is widespread. Root Louse.—This insect is similar to the mealy bug but is even more devastating in its work. The dormant season of a plant affords an ideal period for the development and increase of this pest, which attacks the roots and does its damage before its presence can be detected. Whenever a cactus or succulent plant appears sickly it will be a good idea to remove the plant from the pot and examine the roots. If any white cottony masses are noticed, shake off all the soil and dip the roots in denatured alcohol for about two minutes. After this operation permit the roots to dry thoroughly before repotting, a clean container and fresh soil being used for the purpose. If no alcohol is available, a thorough hosing or rinsing in cold water is ad- visable, The root-louse thrives in a dry soil, and if plants are grown too much on the dry side the infestation increases. 158 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Scale Insects.—Many varieties of scale insects attack cacti and succulents. The pests can be recognized by their more-or-less arched, thick and rigid, shell-like covering. The adults fasten themselves tightly to the stems, joints or leaves of the plant, and suck out the juice. Scale readily attacks the pads of Prickly Pears (Opuntias) but other cacti do not escape. Tough- skinned Astrophytums, Echinocacti, Cerei and Gymnocalyciums collapse under a heavy infestation. Epiphyllums, Rhipsalis and Zygocacti dry up shortly if the insects are not controlled. Shrubby Mesembryanthemums and stemless mimicry plants wither away. In fact, hardly any succulent is immune to this pest. Joints of Prickly Pear Cactus (Opuntia) heavily infested with scale To control scale insects a good contact insecticide with an oil emulsion base must be used. The writer has found that one thorough application will often do the trick. The oil spray forms a thin film over the insect and snuffs out its life. Because of this film, the plants may be burned if sprayed in sunlight. The operation should be performed on a cloudy day or else the plants should be moved to a shaded location. The writer has found “Green- house Volck” a satisfactory product in combating the insect. A stronger solution can be applied on the tougher cacti if caution 1s exercised, and a weaker mixture employed on the tender Faucarias, Glottiphyllums, Haworth- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 159 ias, and the like. When a standard spray is not available, a soapy solution mixed with nicotine may be used. Use about a teaspoonful of Black Leaf 40 to a quart of soapy water. A phids.—As a rule, these soft-bodied insects attack only soft, tender growth. Consequently they do not cause extensive damage to cacti, but many succulents become stunted because of them. More frequently they infest flower buds and arrest their development, being often noticed on the flowers of the night-blooming Cereus and Opuntias. Aphids or plant lice Aphids or plant lice feeding on apical shoots of Sarcostemma viminale may be yellow, orange, brown or black, and in size slightly larger than a pin-head. Like the mealy bugs and scale, they congregate in dense masses and weaken the plant by sucking its juice. Aphids reproduce at a rapid rate and are active feeders, but it is hardly possible that they would cause the death of a mature succulent. They can be controlled with a contact spray consisting of one teaspoonful of nicotine (Black Leaf 40) to a quart 160 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN of water. Within a minute or two after the spray touches the aphid it is killed, and a few hours later the body has been reduced to a “burned” speck. If other insects could be controlled as easily as the aphid the gardener would have no great need to worry. Thrips.—The damage caused to cactus plants by these minute insects is not alarming, as they attack only seedlings or very tender-skinned species. The very juicy Mesembryanthemums—Argyroderma, Glottiphyllum, Cono- phytum, Fenestraria and Faucaria—are more susceptible to their injury, and although the damage will not prove fatal the plants are left scarred or pitted and unattractive. Thrips are tiny brown or black insects, and when disturbed they seemingly jump quickly for cover. Nicotine solution, con- sisting of '% ounce of Black Leaf 40 to a quart of water, is sufficient to kill thrips. Red Spider—This cosmopolitan little eight-legged insect is not a true spider, but is a mite and a constant menace to house plants. The insect is so small as to be hardly perceptible to the naked eye. However, its presence is easily recognized by the characteristic appearance of the infested leaves, being blotched and rusty, and covered with webs of silken threads under which the mites live. Red spider is known to attack the leaves of Pereskia and young growth of Hylocereus, Selenicereus, or Acanthocereus, but it seems to prefer many other succulents. The area attacked ultimately dries up. The mites love hot and dry conditions such as are given to desert plants. If frequent syringing does not control the pest, an oil emulsion spray is advocated. Ants.—These diligent little workers often become a nuisance in a cactus or succulent plant collection. Directly they do not injure the plants, but indirectly they are responsible for the plant’s death since the ants maintain aphids and mealy bugs. Ants are very fond of the “honeydew” which such insects give off, and for the sake of this sweet excrement they play the role of a virtual nursemaid. The most satisfactory control for ants is poison bait. If a drop of poisoned syrup is placed on a piece of cardboard in the ant trail, the following morning very few ants will be noticed crawling around. The procedure should be repeated once, and the remaining strag- glers finished off with a contact spray consisting of one teaspoonful of nicotine to a quart of water. The writer has found “Terro Ant Killer” (procured at the drug store) efficacious in destroying ant colonies. Sow-bugs or Pill-bugs.—This common greenhouse pest is not an insect but a crustacean. It carries a shell on its back, like an armadillo, and when MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 161 disturbed rolls itself into a ball or pill. Primarily it is a scavenger, living on decaying vegetable matter, but it often changes its habit and feeds upon juicy morsels such as the tender cactus seedlings and succulents. The writer has on several occasions seen with his own eyes the sow-bugs attack Lithops and Argyrodermas and even Opuntias. Usually they chew a hole or partially scoop out a cavity at the base of a plant; then the plantlet topples over or becomes infected with a rot disease. A poison bait composed of nine parts of brown sugar to one part of Paris green, scattered about the benches, under pots or on the soil, will aid in exterminating these pests. Several preparations for their control are also offered on the market. The cheapest remedy is half of a potato scooped out and placed on a bench as bait. During the night the sow-bugs will be drawn to the potato, and in the morning it will be easy to dispose of them. Grasshoppers and Crickets—Both these insects are voracious feeders which can do considerable damage before being apprehended. The plants most likely to be attacked are the Opuntias, Epiphyllums, Zygocacti and Rhipsalis, or any of the cactus or succulent seedlings. Grasshoppers usually gain entrance to greenhouses through unscreened ventilators and doors. Crickets live under rocks or hide in crevices. Both are destructive and should be hunted when injury is noticed on plants. Since they chew their food, a stomach poison must be used to exterminate them. However, if only a few are seen it is simpler to catch and crush them. Milli peds.—These little animals, commonly known as “thousand-leggers,” frequent greenhouses where an abundance of decaying organic matter is present. Although they feed mostly on decaying matter, they will often attack roots and stems of seedling cacti and succulents. The worms can be baited with a sliced potato dipped in a Paris green solution or in arsenate of lead. Tobacco dust worked into the soil will also give relief. While there are a few more greenhouse pests that may add trouble to the cactus and succulent plant fancier, the damage they do is negligible. LapIsLAUS CUTAK. SOME HONEY PLANTS Utopia for a beekeeper would be a section of the country where the temperature is mild and flowers are always blooming—a place where his bees could gather pollen very early in spring and shortly after begin filling super after super with honey. Now, a botanical garden usually has some 162 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN species of plant in flower during practically nine months of the year, but many of these are of no special value to bees. On the other hand, some strange plants, and even some native kinds, may grow to be honey plants in a garden, though worthless otherwise. Bees to the non-beekeeper, even though he is a gardener, may be just a nuisance, but the beekeeper examines all flowers with a yard-stick of his own. If they produce ample pollen or secrete nectar, he readily judges them “beautiful;” otherwise his enthusiasm is considerably less. Pollen is gathered by bees to be used in the making of “bee bread,” and this is the only protein a young bee eats. Nectar, the everyday food of the adult bee, is finally evaporated and stored as honey. Since in a colony of bees there are many classes of laborers and a highly developed, “share-the-work” program, the beekeeper gets a surplus of honey only when he has a great number of field workers. The colony must begin to grow strong in early spring, and in this region a few Soft Maples and Elms are a great asset. Both of these trees may begin to bloom any time after January 5, and continue to flower after every frosty interruption, for another four weeks. Either tree will supply sufficient pollen for bees. After the uncertain weather of spring the apple tree is an important source of both nectar and pollen. By the latter part of April the weather has moderated and, except for rainy days, bees are able to fly regularly. Now the need for pollen and nectar has increased, since the young are emerging at the rate of 1000 a day. Plants which produce nectar one year may not produce it in subsequent years. Sometimes the temperature is unfavorable, or perhaps moisture is de- ficient. But by the first of May, many honey plants are in flower, and the bees have a choice of species to visit. The little White Clover (Trifolium repens), common on our lawns, is the best honey plant of them all. And the clear “white” honey obtained is the standard by which all honeys are judged. However, bees may prefer Alsike Clover (T. hybridum) and when the Yellow (Melilotus officinalis) and White (M. alba) Sweet Clovers are in bloom, from late May through June, they prefer these over all other plants. The Melilotus species yield a superior honey, which is light amber in color. By the time the Sweet Clovers have finished there are relatively few honey plants in flower until fall. It is during this midsummer lull that some of the plants in a botanical garden furnish nectar and pollen at a rate faster than the bees can use it and thus contribute to the annual surplus. Buck- brush (Sym phoricarpus sp.), for instance, attracts many bees in July. The ordinary ‘Beggar’ weeds (Desmodium sp.) and the Chinese Spindle-tree (Evonymus patens) both appear as worth-while honey plants. The bees will not visit the Spindle-tree during the day, but two hours before sunset MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 163 the production of nectar begins and the bees are in an uproar until sunset. This activity, which lasts about a week, results in a great quantity of nectar. It appears that the Spindle-tree would be an excellent honey plant if enough of the trees were available to contribute to a nectar surplus. In some years the Sumacs are valuable honey plants. But throughout the late summer, even a botanical garden doesn’t have enough of one kind of plant to produce surplus nectar although the bees are carefully combing a radius of one and one half miles from the hive and gathering everything which is available. In late fall, when the fields are solidly covered with Asters and Golden- rods, bees are able to store a surplus of darker and stronger honey from such plants. It is at this time also that the Siberian Elm, the only fall-flowering species likely to be encountered here, produces nectar and pollen. The following list includes the most dependable honey plants: Soft Maple (Acer) Buckeye paeet ae American Elm (Ulmus) Horse chestnut § eee 2D) American Holly (Ilex) Sumac (Rhus sp.) Apples, Pears, Plums (Malus, Prunus) Butterfly weed, Milkweed (Asclepias sp.) Miami Mist (Phacelia sp.) Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum sp.) Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) Wafer Ash (Ptelea sp.) Persimmon (Diospyrus) Buckbrush (Symphoricarpus) Blackberry (Rubus) Smartweed | Dishes Locust (Robinia sp. & Gleditsia sp.) Heartsease § i i White Clover (Trifolium repens) Partridge Pea (Cassia) Alsike Clover (Trifolium hybridum) Asters (Aster) Yellow Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) | Goldenrod (Solidago) White Sweet Clover (Melilotus alba) Siberian Elm (Ulmus parvifolia) Basswood (Tilia sp.) The earliness or lateness of the season, the temperature and the amount of rainfall, all have a bearing on the value of a plant to the bee. If the weather is not cold the American Holly makes an excellent source of nectar. The plant produces nectar each year but sometimes the weather is so cold that the bees do not fly. In the spring of 1944 the Miami Mist was a notably good honey plant for about a week. Another year this plant may be far less important because competing plants may have almost crowded it out. The Wild Cherries are not visited every year, and the same is true of the Per- simmon, in both bases the weather being the factor. Curiously enough, bees will pass up Clover to visit Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) for the few days it is in flower. The value of White and Alsike Clovers seems to vary from season to season and also from day to day in any one season. On the other hand, the Basswood and the Yellow and White Sweet Clovers are in all seasons a source of nectar. Bees visit these plants in the hot weather, and nectar production is not affected by temperature so long as moisture is not deficient. The Buckeye and Horsechestnut, being essentially garden subjects, are usually not available to bees. Then too their flowers last but a 164 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN few days, and while the bees do visit them it is not known how important they are as honey plants. Sumac has a flowering period which usually lasts a week, the only objection being that this period coincides with that of the Sweet Clovers. Most of the Milkweeds are very good honey plants, but since they are scattered and somewhat limited in number they are of value largely because they bridge the midsummer gap. Through the hotter and dryer parts of the summer the “Beggar” weeds (Desmodium sp)., the Purple Loosestrife, the Wafer Ash and Buckbrush furnish more or less bee pasture. A little later the Heartsease and the Smartweeds may become the outstand- ing plants of the time. It is possible to detect the odor of Smartweed nectar at the hive when the bees have had access to a considerable quantity of the plant. The Partridge Pea and some relatives may or may not be of value depending entirely upon the season and number of plants which can be found. In late fall the Asters and Goldenrods are the dependable honey plants. Unless frost cuts short the season, bees are certain to gather a surplus from this source. By no means is this a complete list of all the native plants which pro- duce nectar available for bees, but it does include the most important and the most dependable. There are a number of exotic plants which may be particularly good as bee pasture. The common Privet (Ligustrum), the Chinese Spindle-tree (Evonymus), the Pagoda Tree (Sophora) and the Honey- suckles (Lonicera sp.) are all very important to the bees which have access to them. In some seasons even Buckwheat, Salvia, and Hollyhock contribute their share to the honey surplus, and there are many more annuals and peren- nials which are visited by bees during the midsummer when nectar is scarce. Relatively few of these do more than supply the day-by-day needs of the colony. In a botanical garden the most interesting plants from a_bee’s standpoint might be Boxwoods in spring, water-lilies in summer, and orchids any time of year. Aucust P. BEILMANN. TWO UNUSUAL BENEFICIAL PLANTS The greatly increased use of plants and their products, occasioned by new and unusual demands due to the war, is well recognized. From the floss of the wild Milkweed to the yield of penicillin and other vitally im- portant germicides obtained from mold and certain soil bacteria, the plant kingdom is demonstrating its place in both industry and medicine as it has not done since the old days of materia medica. How a plant which possesses distinctly beneficial qualities, but because of neglect or being superseded by something better, no longer is favorably MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 165 regarded, is well illustrated by the following account of Tradescantia erecta. The quotation is one of many which Henry Shaw had copied from some British publication, he being constantly on the alert for any reference to the economic value of plants. Among the thousands of emigrants who annually leave our shores to carve out for themselves new homes in the backwoods of our various colonies, there must be a considerable number who at some time or other have cause to regret the incautious use of the axe or other tools, whereby wounds are unintentionally inflicted when far from medical aid. Under such circumstances the knowledge of some simple, cheap, yet efficacious styptic might save many a life, or at least hasten a tardy convalescence. In John Tradescant’s garden at Lambeth, during the days of Charles I, there flourished one plant whose merits and uses, if then known, seem speedily to have been forgotten. But this plant, “Tradescantia erecta,’ a native of Mexico, although possessing nothing attractive in either shape or colour, deserves to be inscribed in every emi- grant’s notebook on account of its extraordinary efficiency in arresting the flow of Tinantia fugax (formerly known as Tradescantia erecta) 166 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN blood from wounds. When Mexico was visited by a French army some years ago, a native suggested that the commanding officer, Gen. Martroy, should store in his camp a supply of what he described as “the blood staunching weed,” which proved to be the same plant to which the English king’s gardener in 1629 gave his name. On his return to France, the General, having brought some specimens with him, planted and cultivated them at Versailles, and enjoyed the satisfaction of finding the plant taking kindly to the soil and retaining all the original styptic properties attributed to it by the enthusiastic Mexican peasant. Indeed, its power of suspending haemorrhage, on being crushed or chewed and applied to a wound, is said to surpass every hitherto known means. The Vienna press has lately been strongly advocating its regular cultivation, and the suggestion might well be adopted in other countries. The plant is easily cultivated, and would no doubt thrive in both our tropical and our temperate colonies. This plant, now known as Tinantia fugax, in honor of the Belgian botanist Tinant, is a native of tropical America. It is seldom seen even in greenhouses, although it has been grown as an herb in southern gardens. From the horticultural standpoint there is nothing particularly attractive about it, and it is not offered in the trade. In fact but few botanical gardens possess it. Under the title “The Orchid as a Benefactress” there appeared in the Florists Exchange for August 9, 1924, the following: To the several qualities upon which the orchid can base its claim to recognition and value—such as rarity, exotic beauty, delicacy of coloring, wide variation in form and cultural interest—there can now be added another, thanks to the research work of scientists in a new and unusual field. A Dr. Rous of Paris*, according to a recent despatch to the New York Times, has discovered that certain essential oils obtainable from the orchid flower and injected into a person suffering from tuberculosis will aid him considerably in his fight against the disease. In other words this erstwhile luxurious beauty of the plant world has now shown its ability to take off its coat, so to speak, roll up its sleeves and take an active part as an effective weapon in the war against the White Plague. All honor to the orchid, new found benefactress of humanity and to modern science, which has revealed it in this new role. *Presumably Dr. Roux, the French bacteriologist, formerly Director of the Pasteur Institute, awarded the Nobel prize for work on serum therapeutics. Can it be that the orchid flower, heretofore reserved chiefly for weddings and balls, could take a place with the truly beneficial plants, if man would seriously investigate its possibilities? NOTES Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke at the regular meeting of the St. Louis chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolu- tion, October 12, on “Activities of the Missouri Botanical Garden.” The Southern Florist has reprinted in three installments (October 27, November 3, November 10) the article from the October Garden BULLETIN MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 167 on “Gravel Culture for Orchids,” by David C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, conducted the Clintonia group of Scout Leaders on a field trip, October 26. He lectured to the Junior Academy of Science of St. Louis, October 26, on ‘Maize in Mexico.” During October, Dr. Edgar Anderson visited the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., and the American Museum of Natural History, New York, where he studied collections of prehistoric corn. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, and Mr. A. P. Beilmann, Manager of the Arboretum, recently visited the arboretum of the Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio, and arranged for exchanges of plant material to be used at Gray Summit. “The History of the Succulent Collection at the Missouri Botanical Garden,” an article from the June 1941 Garden BULLETIN, by Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, has been reprinted in the October 12 number of the American Eagle. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak gave an illustrated lecture, “A Cactus Hunt in Old Mexico,” before the Webster Groves Garden Club, Group No. 2, October 19. On November 10 he spoke before the Founders Circle of the Rosemary Garden Club at Pattonville, Mo., on ‘‘Cacti, the Ideal House Plants.” Recent visitors to the Garden include: Rev. Robert R. Brinker, O.F.M., Instructor in Biology, Quincy College, Quincy, III.; Mrs. Merrill A. New- man, of San Mateo, Calif.; Dr. Chi-tun Yung, professor of botany at Lingnan University (formerly Canton), China; Miss Helen Azevedo, Librarian Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who is spending the winter in this country in a study of scientific libraries. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR OCTOBER, 1944 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Otal HUMBEE Ot VISIEOTS. 5..52.55 etek ee eee 24,442 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed-packets received as gifts 229 LipraRY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought 16 Total number of books and pamphlets donated 188 168 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Avenue Camera Store—Copy of photograph of the type specimen OE ASCIO BIAS EDO: Ti cscs assests a emerson eoicrdptsolannaniancaonts By Gift— Anderson, Louise—Asclepiadaceae from Ohio a Bartholomew, Elizabeth A.—Asclepiadaceae from West Mia. Clausen, Robert T.—Asclepiadaceae from New York Cory, V. L.—Tradescantia from Texas - Garrett, A. O.—Asclepiadaceae from Utah ee eee Heiser, Charles B., Jr—Plants of Indiana Hubricht, Leslie—Plants of Virginia —. Peery Hunt, K. W.—Asclepias tuberosa L. from ough Cain pecans McFarland, Frank T.—Plants of Kentucky a ; Pinkus, R.—Tonduzia longifolia (A.DC.) Woden Sects euskeniels ie Shinners, L. H.—Plants of Indiana and Illinois U. S. National Museum—-Plants of Cuba Total —_ ~ nN meee NK VN FHM OH LF bo > ho _ STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorce T. Moore, Director Henry N. ANDREWs, Assistant to the Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Rosert E. Woopson, Jr. Pathologist Assistant Curator of Herbarium Jesse M. GREENMAN, Henry N. ANDREWs, Curator of Herbarium Paleobotanist Carrot, W. Doncez, Rosert W. Scuery (on leave), Mycologist Research Assistant Epcar ANDERSON Nett C. Horner, Geneticist Librarian and Editor of Publications Grorce H. Prine, Superintendent JouHn Noyes, Paut A. Kou1, Consulting Landscape Architeet Floriculturist WruaM F. Lancan, Davin C. Fairsurn, Chief Engineer Horticulturist JoserpH LANGEN, JoserH CuTAK, Assistant Engineer In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, LapisLaus CuTaK, Painter In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Avucust P. BEMMANN, Manager Roy E. Kisstcx, < Engineer REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Paut H. ALLEN, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wison, F. L. §., Hove, Sussex, England SPRING FLORA OF MISSOURI by Julian A. Steyermark Price now $1.50 (former price $3.00) A special price to schools and garden clubs—$1.00 a copy if 10 or more copies are sent to one address. Add 10 cents per copy to your re- mittance to cover postage. Our new low price will enable you to own this helpful 590- page book with which to identify the wild flowers. Profusely illustrated and with a key which is recognized as one of the simplest to use, this fine book provides a description of every Missouri spring flower. “A book that is complete. . . . Undoubtedly the book Missouri flower- lovers have been looking for.” Missouri Historical Review * . . In short, the Spring Flora of Missouri is the best ‘Spring Flora’ available at present in the United States.” American Midland Naturalist “Should be of great use to local garden clubs, and for the scientific worker who is concerned with the local flora it should be invaluable.” National Horticultural Magazine “Carefully and critically done, so that it should find wide and en- thusiastic reception at the hands of all who enjoy being acquainted with the rich native flora of Missouri.” Rhodora “The most comprehensive spring flora ever issued for any state... . Notable for presenting its data in simple non-technical English, yet with thorough scientific accuracy. Book’s value not limited to Missouri.” : Field Museum Notes MusSSOURI IBOTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. XXXII DECEMBER, 1944 No. 10 CONTENTS The Arboretum Pinetum after Twenty Years . .. . 169 The Life Expectancy of Some Native Shade Trees . . 180 Winter Course in Gardening for Amateurs . . . . . 187 RCO eS eee gee ES as et ak ee Soepemiims ites steortmationn 9 <> a aia ele eee | Index to Illustrations of Volume XXXII... . . 190 General Index to Volume XXXII... . . 2. 191 Office of Publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, I11. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, ; St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly’ except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Ill/nois, under the Act of March 3, 1879, : SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.50 A Year BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING L. Ray CarTER DupLey FRENCH JOHN S. LEHMANN Harry B. WALLACE, Acting Chancellor of Washington University A. P. KAUFMANN, President Georce C. HitcHcock Vice-President Danie. K. CatTLIn Second Vice-President EuGENE PETTUS RicHarD J. Lockwoop Georce T. Moore A. WessEL SHAPLEIGH EtrHan A. H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS WiILiiaM SCARLETT, Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri JoserH DEsLocE, President of The Academy of Mayor ot the City of St. Louis Science of St. Louis Mrs. InMA FRIEDE President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GeraLp E. ULRic1 SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a ‘Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays, 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., Vou. 32, 1944 PLATE 26 1934 HEMLOCKS IN MIDDLE FOREGROUND A FEW YEARS AFTER PLANTING 1944 SHOWING SAME GROUP OF HEMLOCKS, NOW QUITE LARGI Miussour1 Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXXII DECEMBER, 1944 No. 10 THE ARBORETUM PINETUM AFTER TWENTY YEARS After the various farms now comprising the Arboretum had been pur- chased, one of the first projects was the development of a Pinetum. For this purpose a tract of about 90 acres in the northwest corner of the area was selected. Most of the land had been farmed and a large ditch bisected it. Plans were made to enlarge the ditch and thereby create a lake as the central feature of the future Pinetum. The general exposure was to the south, although the development of the lake at the lowest point exag- gerated some minor east and west exposures. Hardly a square foot of the whole area but what was shifted about or graded. Some of the slopes were terraced and much seeding and sodding was done. To encourage the growth of ground cover, carloads of manure were used, but almost twenty years later some parts of the tract will grow nothing but Lespedeza. Orders were placed for the nursery stock available in this country, and arrange- ments were made to obtain seed, through other channels, from all over the world. Among the first nursery shipments to arrive was one from D. Hill Nursery Company, Dundee, Illinois. Some of this material was of the size known as “‘lining-out stock”, and some was “XX-B & B” (small plants shipped with a ball and several times transplanted). Many of the trees in the Pinetum today are from this nursery lot. As quickly as possible other plants were started from seed, and additional purchases, collections and exchanges were made and have been continued. With the help of the accompanying photographs we can reconstruct the development of the Pinetum, and after twenty years it will be interesting to check the value of the many evergreens which have been tried. In this time nearly 450 species and varieties of 22 genera have been tested. Of these some have been obtained only once and others as often as twenty-one either plants or times, A total of 1400 individual shipments of conifers seeds—have been received. (169) 170 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The following list of conifers has been taken from the accession file, and indicates the effort which has been made to test all possible evergreens in this climate. Common names have not been used, because sometimes they might add to the confusion and sometimes there are no common names. The brief remarks following each variety are not based upon the behavior of a plant for a season or two, but rather upon its value as demonstrated during twenty years of observation. It will be noted that the same plant has been obtained under several names. Where seeds have reached us under a synonym, we have not always had the opportunity to check and to correct the names. For instance, if the seeds fail to germinate the accession was carried without correction. The notation “not hardy” may often mean that the plant was unable to stand our summers, and it may also mean that the plant was not cold- resistant, In some cases we are uncertain as to the reason for the failure. NUMBER OF PLANT TRIALS REMARKS Abies alba ......2...c.cceccceeeeeccceeeeeeeeeeeenee eet teeeeees 1.0: sc ceestecetvseenotts vases Has not grown GRADU ES «La cec loc ok aces san nots sdgeddedesoeactestee BD adie is euet resect econ Not hardy AVEZONICG..... cece ce eeeeeeeeeeeceeeee neers Partly satisfactory balsamed.............0.c2-cececeeeeeeeeeeeee eet Partly satisfactory balsamea macrocarpa..........---.------.--- Behavior unknown brachy phyla. ......0..0.0ccccec cece eect Behavior unknown Ce phalonica.............c0.cereenceee eee eeee teens Hardiness doubtful cephalonica Apollinis...........--..--2--- | ee re neler eee eee Hardiness doubtful CHP CIOR So otie cesccactie Adacenattapiiel orneseesteape Bek Sdcdsaavzeteeee Has not grown CONCOIN ON. .....2..2.0ceecenecceeeseeccceeseeeeneesneetee’ Doo gsnctegtesesenies2ee Excellent in right place concolor pyramidalis..........0...------- Deo ev acdeestuadevatesecien Excellent in right place concolor violaced......................---.------- d Mets cectevee Seaticesee-anets Behavior unknown Delavayi...........c..0-2scceeereeeeeeeee ene | en eee Unknown Faxomiand 0000000000000 0000-2eeeceeeee eee Ds peeceesapvessesseannrie Doubtfully hardy firma... pe ao teawcss Weteucteseset aE RIPE ea Very difficult to grow Fraseri_............... sre ag sabe nie esScss sees eee d See tose oes peeeep es Doubtfully hardy BTM ES cco 5 lesoecs sedsvsegtyoseeccasetsePetican Babess dta duc cestneeees ees Doubtfully hardy Holophylla.........c.cceccceceeeeeeceeeeeneeneeneenees Bo cau ee vevedeeacssassesas Difficult to grow homolle pis........-.2......0-0--0sceeceeeeeee ersten 105, sicsencesceceeevtaseesce ese Difficult to grow homolepis umbellata Behavior unknown RON CARA: <.s2 ceric scdederdcccuscedtessssciseewessestvenss Behavior unknown Vasiocar pa.........---22.2.-cceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ‘Probably arizonica lasiocarpa arizONicCa...............-2-----220+ Probably arizonica MA GNAP CA... ec ceeecececece voce eee ceneeneeeeneeenetees Hardiness doubtful magnifica shastensis................--------- ws Wiecesseedecseztecseseeee Hardiness doubtful MAT ieSii....22022202000000eeneeeeeeeeveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees Behavior unknown Mar yat.......ccccceccceeeceeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeesneees Behavior unknown ne phrole pis.-...........2.2....0.00--- eee Big savseseecsteeepeceestste el Behavior unknown WODIUIS ass cceetes rindi se iachiclbcass atone totes Sessler Brscc2ses fautescedadtesecseces) Hardiness doubtful nobilis glauca .................0..2000000-- Ve eecsecctgveceeseeesseeese Not hardy Nord manniana.........--..-....-...20.--200---- 5 Decvciactacteseeecstsce-t50ds Not hardy NUM ICA...0 eee eee cece 5 ee ere eee Not hardy POCERGE Go cceti acc. -2snssscoactaecstscseeschieuiastesees Te cecdeccastentestyitnteiaa Not hardy POS G POs cin sac dence Sect cntec seas aueetes ee Tata Do eh asta eee cee eect Not hardy Pinsapo glauca. .....0.......00.0 eevee | ane eer Not hardy RE G8 GE sasccsincaccasisccsclsidiesecetsesedeeetsenentes Vecteectcntctcdeeccaeastesaese Not hardy Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLt., VoL. 32, 1944 PLAT! P: y, ‘dint | 1934 BLUE CoLorapo AND WHITE SPRUCE ABOUT 10 YEARS OLD 1944 SAME GROUP OF TREES 10 YEARS LATER 172 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NUMBER OF PLANT TRIALS REMARKS FOLEGIOSA. CP) cc ccccdecciesteasteskessccendeernsesecars | eee eee Not hardy sachalinensis...............--.---+- su Aiesetyenesetutick 2 tes cst sieeceg eh iencetaice Not hardy sachalinensis nemorensis...............------- | ee ee Not hardy SSDI ECW sca dactec otecoesctcaceces denapeascoesse eso Gio vossizizcaenseeczaraegeexe Not hardy Veit Chi: eee c eee eee ene eee eeeeteee teeters Gerace dececeuceoet Secaa sates Very unadaptable Webbiana eee eee eee Not satisfactory Webbiana brevifolia 00-0... Dee tees ee ee Not satisfactory Araucaria excelsa Not hardy PUBDVICUE A. fon bcos cas bccde ta so etun se Gein aves Not hardy Cedrus atlanticd........................0000000020000eeeeeeee Goes eee Gocco: Not hardy atlantica argented....0..-...00....0.-..0020--- Dees ae eee Not hardy Deod ara..........00.. 22-22-0222 00eeeeveeeeeeee eee OD cisscesessthansesscactetecas Not hardy PED AIG: cctchcccenhegccedendaensoscecssescedtazereceosseeets | ere ee near eee Difficult to grow libanoticd........00.....222--2 2.2222 2eeeeeeeeeeee eens ae eee ee Difficult to grow Cephalotanus dru paced......0..0...0..000000 cee 1 eee Seesesct eee seees Not hardy Arupaced NANA... ..-..-......ceeeeeee eee eeeeeeee Doc racadeacessedeSteaesees Not hardy Fortuni.........-.... nes stcueie vis fasts veces teabistese geet tesee oes e ence ez Not hardy Chamaecy paris Lawsoniana Boursieri............ Short lived, not hardy Lawsoniana erecta................----------- Short lived, not hardy Lawsoniana Fletcheri........0.........0------ go Wisasteetscteheceianenstasaees Short lived, not hardy Lawsoniana pendula glauca................. Di sss coe naeeaceices Short lived, not hardy noothatensis...0 000 eee eee ee eeee ee 1 | ae eee ne a er Not hardy ODEUSG. cssa corde ccianedevstvtseceieetecensesdoenteg254- ig VeeaeL ee abe eter onERP Not hardy obtusa Sieboldii.......00000.2.2000-eee eee Dies ccesecadensccciceevdescet Not hardy pisifer a... ieee eee eens Ges sogectietetrueessasheceace Subject to winter-killing pisifera aured........0......2220000.22ececeeeeeee ee eae ak mae Subject to winter-killing pisifera plumosa 000-00... eee eae Subject to winter-killing pisifera squarrosa.... Leek ictensess es) eee Subject to winter-killing sphaeroidea De cracbesdn ces oevaee sissies Not hardy Er yOtd C8 sccocc oezdeavs Beceeseteiicadesstiaucetaseesaeess- Voie. sazoiceeace.de/ecfeases Not hardy Cryptomeria japOntcd.....-...... 0.2... |) (ape Rae aan ns TOR SaaS Not hardy japonica aranucarioides......0...2.00..00...... Dido cctecdeseedctetesteseeee Not hardy japonica Lobbii.. Does heccede ev nee esteees Not hardy Cunninghamia lanceolata... G22 cece s cesdeaceseeceesceetsd Not hardy Juniperus Ashei................2.:0.cc20000eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee | eee Behavior unpredictable bermudiana ieee Vn eceeiee seco ...Not hardy Calif Or nica... oon Wes pechete rete stattoss ..Not hardy CANGMENSIS.....0...cccnecssnvecneceeesneseensecceeeceees Dig everaceiee Seeaeesees Very satisfactory Canadensis aured........2.0-0-.2 0222202 Tbs cacsvectexzectetttetes Very satisfactory CBINENSTS 00 bee rea rree Very satisfactory chinensis colummaris (blue) ................ 2--0.---.ee2eeeeeeee eevee Very satisfactory chinensis columnaris (green) -........... | ee ee Very satisfactory chinensis globosa.........00000.000000.0--0------- De esstedeeceacceecehenees Very satisfactory chinensis Lemeeana.............-.--.........---.- De oete eveccai2zasee-acostess Unknown chinensis lucayana........00 see heise docey ieki esate? Unknown chinensis Mas................... eee Vict ces se te eeste see cesacnciess Unknown chinensis mascula......0000000000- | eens ae eee eee Partially satisfactory chinensis oblonga Unknown Chinensis Mana.....0000000 oe chinensis Pfitzeriana.... 0. chinensis procumbens........ Very good Very good chinensis procumbens Sargenti............ Very good chinensis pyramidalis.......00000..000000....... Good plant chinensis Sargenti.0 A dagazssteceacdtansicayeeouse Good plant chinensis variegata...............0.00000-000----- Doe dececetcedeceuseciceets Uncertain COMMUNES ee eaceatageecedezessnzuss Yee evductaetebedusseees Good COMMUNES AUT CA... eee eevee ; eee ae eee Good communis canadensis................--..--.----- QD ooo occ cceeeeeeceeeees _.....Good MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 173 NUMBER OF PLANT TRIALS REMARKS communis Uncertain communis Uncertain communis Very good communis depressa aurea ......... aeeee Very good communis depressa plumosa............... Very good communis hibernica...................... Injured in snow storms communis montana... | ere rr cece eee ed Good communis montana mana..................... | ORR eee ee eee Fair COMMUMNIS NANA........-.22000 000 eee eee Vo cgs enck db eee Fair communis pendula viridis... | Eres SNL eae Unsatisfactory communis prostrata....000 000000 | Ee eae toes eed Good COMMUNIS SUCCICA........-occeee cee | Pa pee renae pares A good small plant conferta (litoralis) 0.0.00... pee F cnsugg asec een Interesting, but slow grower cupressifolia Unsatisfactory Aru pacta mere re ke ---.---..-Unsatisfactory ERCEVS ee ee eer Ese Unsatisfactory excelsa stricta Very good foetidissima.......000c.0 2 oa cecsedasehnassseeecsanente Unsatisfactory foetidissima squarrosa es etaanp eset casetacc ae Unsatisfactory formosana ; Dies caapieeta tes ategeeeows Very satisfactory UST ATS epee te a a Bete deat eg atts Unsatisfactory horizontalis...000000.00.coo D ocsrigiet ees Good horizontalis Douglasii.. Yale a eee Very good ASOD DY 65 25k teres ee gsuatecesaedi cea peseeg ee Behavior unknown JEDONICA Le ee od Among the best JaPONica NANA... cece Among the best—slow grower japonica nana aurea Unsatisfactory LOTUS .cessauctsececcccsetcessclsecaesst elas, Same as conferta macrocar pa a Unsatisfactory LEX ICAR Gece ee ee | Not hardy monos perma Not hardy Oblon gar ee eee a Cee TR Unknown Oxycedrag 2 oe Loreena sete Pout oeh peed Unsatisfactory Oxycedrus rufescens 0000. 7 La hee eet te eee ee Unsatisfactory bachy phloea Not ornamental—poor grower phoenicea....... Unsatisfactory polycarpa....... Unsatisfactory procera Unsatisfactory rigida...... Unsatisfactory SOONG Bois. 3 sot oe 3 Subject to blight Sabina fastigiata. Vsceseateet nas steht ceasing Unsatisfactory Sabina horizontalis.. Fes ceefasctccsateseneeet Very good Sabina prostrata Hilli... DN cgodte ie Seeh ae enesesgtceess Very good Sabina pyramidalis....0 Ree TW snexeecsuseedectreas etteee Very good Sabina tamariscifolia.... : Subject to blight Sabina “Von Ehron’ Very good scopulorum 0 : Good scopulorum “Hill Silver”... Among the best scopulorum herizontalis Hilli Among the best scopulorum pyramidalis............. Among the best scopulorum viridifolia.......... Among the best SIDITIGE =n Ro eres Unknown squamata Uncertain squamata MeyeTFi...........2.cccccccececececaces Dcicctataag gta ee Very good Ls a ee ee Dosscasteate todos eas Unsatisfactory LUPROSEANICA.. 0... cevc cece cece eve cee cece. 2 liedeceen stadsantcn see Unsatisfactory UE GDN SGM Deis AM UN oY tt rs Pere ee a Pe Unsatisfactory UNERIMIG DS oo Bosc ee atk oe Mies YOR en Oe EERE Common in Missouri virginiana Burkii........0000 WD icsoestapescecsecnase eee Very good 174 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NuMBER OF PLANT TRIALS REMARKS virginiana Canaertil..........-200.00--20-- Diese seid. cers peeve ss ace Very good VEN INIANA CINCTASCENS.....2.0......00- eee 5 cescaceentaescenseeesoeese Very good virginiana clegantissima...............------- Does petes cee eeeasateens Very good virginiana fastigtala................-.0.00---- Vegesetsse acess veesieeessee Very good virginiana filifera..........-.---.1.1ee De oes ass tees aeseeveee 2 Very good virginiana glaucd...........-----..-000- : nee ee ere ees Very good virginiana globosa........... Dri hescsrneeteseeyrs + dnt Uncertain virginiana Keteleeri Dye cecctedees dep eesseestesseee Very good virginiana Kostert Very good VIF QiNiana NANA.........------2.--eeee ee a Unknown virginiana pendula... Bis deeeseeccecheceecsssse fatto Good virginiana pyramidalis.........-.---..-.--- A qeanseastahestarsenaeehes Good virginiana pyramidiformis Hilli_...... SeenON _..Good virginiana Schottii-........000..-----..-e De ictesteciencesetxe-te Very good virginiana tripartita............-.---.---.---+- Paceeeveetetsccegsousetecees Uncertain Larix crincopis Ruprechtit......0...0....-.0--.0---- Wao 2ecscueses: Very poor daburica BPA. F£78403 0.0.00 Vie gesscacveeeeetessetesss Very poor daburica BPA. £90663. Dees aevseeeiagetaaeseeestss Very poor dahurica Y eee eet etree crete Very poor decid a.......---.--..seeeeeeee YR EEE Very poor CUTOV€ PiS.......2..-000--s-neceeessenneeee Se eeptecees L s522232screteccstesassessis Very poor OCUTOPAEG..0..--<..senccacveneoesenasscosseezeeenstontees Os cas eee ctetsesateneeaes Very poor europaea glauca pendula... De Socnne sesteaetaseesasnne ees Very poor europaea pendulina.........0..0...--- a Desde ssecectecrsteeeeesieets Very poor Gmelin... .0.ccceccceceneceeeccececeseeeeeeeeeeenenes Does iescesenosaceeseeceics Very poor Kaem pfert......2......c2.cceccceecceccceeeeeeeeteetees 8 oeccenescteiceteeasbees Very poor Rear ilensis. 000 eens (eeeare Very poor Var iCina......200-c.000cce00 eee eee cece eeeeeeeeeeenees / Se ee ee eee Very poor Ve Ptole Disscc, &.fosee ts. Goeta~sssteateccasecves tees Fe ceztic tone Metieasesectesades Very poor leptolepis Murrayana..........0...-0.-..----- | ae eae Very poor Ooccidentalis..........cccccccccceecceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 2 sss edesairtevendecetsoeit Very poor GEDETICA.cscxscccse cc lasces PR ten vere Very good pungens Kosteriana....-000000.... 2S ec ee Good pungens Moerheimi....0 Een yer area Good DGD UTC Oe rece i oc Mscstcedacehes a nee Identity not established OLED Pee eyo E EO Pe ie a oO beer ener rey TRAE Good SILCDONSIS ortree Pere Ra, | een ae eee Very uncertain SEE Dia Tia ee eet sh Weocsass cgsaeteave eae Not satisfactory Smithiana B.P.l. #123244... PE ReReRRET SE LO Not satisfactory Smdt Diana... cccccccecseescesecesesesencseceesseceeses / ee Not satisfactory BLD IC BUN ES ree ee eo cs cas geen Fandan ca Bs poncansssigicucceisaceseess Unsatisfactory ATES EGY A eee eT ese rr 8 aa ass Di aapetnasedeysedaeeietee Unsatisfactory DN a 111 fea Re eo Pe Se Ta _Unsatisfactory GELCNUGEG: <2. 5. 2ec2eccanesennenesesaectesessssesnveeces A sc2uandeeeveiuenctledeetesse Unsatisfactory Ayacahuite..... 0.200 ece cece Lass spedteettanteniuce Hardiness uncertain Banh siama o.oo cece cece cece cence een IRM PRE Ee ee m Good Bungeana B.P.I. #8960400... Ds gles eevee eteieetees Good—very slow grower Bungeana B.P.. £92056... Weed egress este teateteties: Good—very slow grower UD UTE ODI erase tee a estseevcaicsals Tass te ces faces oce Mageess Good—very slow grower CONGVICNSIS spears Coody 0 okay? Sia asses OMe pachshes tata cennaige Dace) Good—very slow grower CONIOGE Dees ns oe ) ECE IRE TERETE Not hardy (GERD That choo o gs 2 hea taa ee Not hardy cembroides edullis.....00.000.0000000.0000000-00 Dial ceestctadlchecces ae Poor grower contorta latifolia... A csi vesdvdtvesteqcedeexsosod Some forms unsatisfactory OTS OAS ee cs 2s eee | ERE Re SRO Not hardy Coulter oe ee eee 2 ae MIRE Not hardy ENSEOTG sooo re Nnre GA eetsotead Good CCDINGL A: 2a 2 dt nny eee Bec cetczcvecedced oe Difficult to grow COT IS See el ere Ao | eae meet Poor grower CVABTICE: So ocse.) 2-1, Bae ae ee ee Ws ccna Geet Seco ee Identity not established EX CCISGI 8 a 2.2 a” is eee It) eee Ree eee Some forms hardy | | 5 Oe ea Oe Pn Dee at 1) Eeeeaarnn eae eee Slow grower TUBE DVIS: eon acy se hee aed SE PO oa Not hardy GEV TAIN A e222 Se eee Rae esseaetcacocssaathys tue: Not hardy Griffithii B.P.L. £123245.....0..00000..... ee ee Aen Good palepensissvc- 20 oe ee + OPT Ree ae Sa Unsatisfactory halepensis brutia....0000000 Deter rece an Unsatisfactory halepensis Stankewiczi (?)............ Se Se Se eee ener Unsatisfactory BUSY OPES oc. Sete IO ee ees | nena Reem te eee Ah Unsatisfactory BISIBLAT IS: rece) ite er se toe Beer restee athe ei geee eee Unsatisfactory eRe esis Or. Pic, ee 7 Ly eee Not hardy koraiensis B.P.. #£71046........00....... Lies eeg Sespeseccestceeeen Not hardy Roraiensis B.P.. #£71125............ | eh eee eer ee Not hardy ROTGICHS IS ce. es ae eee yy [ape ie ee rene ae eee Not hardy Lambertiana..2.80)... hss ti Ghee grees eee Not hardy eto phy hasan oe. 20 92s! oe. ieee ee / MoS PEDE RSE COREE Not hardy FeucOd Gr It8S cc... 2052 ececcsecsckccescceeees acess Bien coma eke mone asta Not hardy VeucOs Perma... ceccccccescesceescesecesecsceeeee 5 ASS aT Sa aOR Not hardy. Domgif oligo ce ecco cece eee hardy luckuensis hardy MGTILITG 2 oo noe ee ene ee eee Not hardy 176 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN PLANT NuMBER OF TRIALS REMARKS MassOnta nd... eee eevee eeeeeee eee Bye eae ee Not hardy MON ZOLICA....2.....00c0ccenesnnseaa-cneeececeeesn eens Vossen Beton k Not hardy monophylla Slow grower MONLANA....- 0.02002 e eevee eee veeeeeeveeeeeee ea Slow grower Montezuma... ioc cece ccc eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee De castrated cas Dessoesetcs Not hardy MONELICO] a... ooo eee nee eee ees IM BO sos occ t eee ow eases ee cna sponta sesse-seseuees Mugo carpatica Mugo compacta... ccec cence eee Geek e tees see eet Good Mugo montana...............-...--..---220--2---- Soe nici eee Good Mugo uncinata........000 cee Doce cecsseesstacbecleteucets Identity not established Mugo sylvestris... .ccccececcccceecneceneeenees Lene ae OS Not hardy muricata _.Not hardy MUrrayana............22c000cccceeceeeeneeeeeeeeeees | eRe re eee Not hardy WIQVA GUSENIACA 655 esate an dascdestes Seca: 16 as ae oe aoe se dene es sues Very good nigra calabrica 0000000000 Vesperasectsessent testa sense. Questionably hardy Nigra CaTaMANICA... oe Did ee PA ices Questionably hardy nigra cebennensis....00000000000e coe | een area Questionably hardy nigra Poiretiana...............cc.c00000000-000 7 EE ERE STE PRE Questionably hardy nigra tenuifolia.....00000...0..00c220ccecc ce een De eee Questionably hardy Palustris o.oo ooo cece cence eee ee ; Eee ete eee Questionably hardy Parryana.................. eo ee ee De ee Not hardy Unsatisfactory Unknown Unknown Slow grower Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory pityusa Stanhkewicri..........00...00 cece. Vee ee Unsatisfactory ponder Osa... 00 ooo eevee vee veces Dia atacenasssacesstaleceesets’ Good ponderosa VOR TOVE Lis ee Wee eens: Uncertain ponderosa scopulorum.....0000 00 Vocccccccccceeeeeee eevee Uncertain DURING 25 ooo ecttdt a ntnadee Uncertain radiata insiQnis...0...00...0000o0 cece een Oe an otek Uncertain VOSINOS A... oo00cc ccc cc ececeeceveceeceeceeeeeeeeececeeee ) ee ene Good ef ee ee eee Hardiness doubtful rigida serotina Hardiness doubtful Sabiniana.....0............ So fosgaea une Uaneestsece a Unknown SEDETICE..ocsassncccseecsssncnoaveecsseciecescsecdencveces Unknown sinensis B.P.I. #69819 Not hardy strobif or mis... 0000000 ooo oon Not hardy Strobus ooo ooo eevee a3 Very good SYLVOSETIS ooo coco evee eevee eevee eee eee Short-lived sylvestris mongolica ) ETE GE ETE: Short-lived sylvestris rigensis......0000000000--- sae best form tabulaeformis.......... hardy tabulacformis B.P.A. #£74805.... | ne ene aes Not hardy tabulaeformis BPA. #$82484...00000. Bot sua reeadsececscesi sehen Not hardy tanyosho globosa.............0000-.- Dee ie eo sates es Not hardy taiwanensis.......... eee Bc testcase Not hardy if A777: | SOR ee LO , aA Te een Hardiness uncertain T bun ber Git... eeccceecccececeetcesecseacscesesees Bese cdadeesegee st Very good Thunbergii tortuosa......... Ds ceeds eee es Very good LOVESONG soo esas Sect ccgedchacbetied Sticks: Go oeee cages steenccaesusee Not hardy VIP QIMIANG ee 5 Eee See ee Very good yunnanensis B.P.A. £85697... Die tes Not hardy Podocarpus macrophyllus.....00000 ) Sea reenter ee Not hardy U1 6) ee Oe ec ce ee 1 PLANT TRIALS REMARKS Pseudolartx amabilis...0.0000..0000.000cc0cc0 cocoon Y Ea PoRnE ae EES Not hardy IRGere pr tire wearers tne ach ee a Sieh See) eee Not hardy Pseudotsuga caribaed......0.00.00.00.00.0c0ccc cece | eae Pemee seat Not hardy taxifolia “Snowy Mt.? 2.0... Modes cust tons 2 ee Good taxifolia (Washington) .......0....0000....... Fy ene aa BN Not hardy taxifolia (Colorado) Very good taxifolia Ca@eSid....0. 22.00 eee Not hardy taxifolia glauca... ccc Not hardy taxifolia viridis... eee Not hardy Sciadopitys verticillata.00 000 Not hardy Taxodium ascendens 000020000000 cece eee Very satisfactory distichum. 0.000... Very satisfactory distichum pendulum Very satisfactory DUR OTICAT IUD cartes Heese PE fi sais. Y Peon se US Very satisfactory MUCTONALUM «222.2200 eee | neler er aT poy Not hardy Taxus Andersomii-. 0000000000000 c0c cee ccc cece eees | Ree NE Le Hardy BOCCAL de Re SE oi calceci ise veces sacighens erated Not wholly hardy baccata ad pressa oo... .ecccccceccec cece BD oe ohana, saechactecees sete Not wholly hardy baccata alba variegata |e enn oe ae Not wholly hardy baccata aurea... | ane ean Er Not wholly hardy baccata canadensis.....000000000 ooo ae ee ee ee Not wholly hardy baccata COMICA@ 0... cce ce ceec cece eee Dest pede cieceSecteee tosses Not wholly hardy baccata Dovastoni . hardy baccata fastigiata......00.00.0000000 hardy baccata fructeo luteo......0..0.0000.... Dee ces Not hardy baccata gracilis... 00.00 hardy baccata pyramidalis hardy baccata repandens....0..0..0..0.0000000 0000 3 hardy baccata Sieboldii...00.00.000000.000000000 hardy baccata varie gata..........0..0.00000 coco hardy baccata Washingtoni ; ...Not hardy Daccata sbrevij olia.:-) tae eet en Of doubtful hardiness CONGLCNSES. 6.20.00: eo eee earn eee eRe ates Good GUS PI Ea cn 205-2) eee UY eee Good cuspidata ““Kallay Type? ...0000000000..... | i eee pee ete Good cuspidata brevifolia....00.000..0 ccc eee: nen ae Good cuspidata brevifolia compacta............. | ear Eee an Good cuspidata Brownti... 2.000000 ece een eee ee Good cuspidata capitata oo... .ccccccccecee cece 7 SE Good cuspidata COM pPaCta..........0..220020-00000-2--- | See eee de PE: Good CUSpidata Aensd........ccccc1cc.c0ceeeeceeeeeeen | RAP RNAs 0S ye RE a Good cuspidata Hicksonii cuspidata intermedia cuspidata nana... cuspidata nana pyramidalis Hilli........ | Cer pene ner rik Mier Good cuspidata (spreading) ....0..0...0..00.200000-.- Lek eee ee Good CL CCL Osea vee) ict Se ee Good Hunnewelliana....0.00.00.0..cccccc coc cecee ene Good SNLCTINCOIGN <3. Fear ct ne, Good ECU End Oy ere Le ne Good media Hat fieldii Very good Media Hicksiie <2 Ao ee Very good japonica MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NUMBER OF Uncertain Not hardy Not hardy ROTAIENSES kee se ee 2 Not hardy Not hardy OcCIdentalis............cecece-sceececececscaseeceeses y [is aE At) Good 178 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NUMBER OF PLANT TRIALS REMARKS occidentalis com pacta........ Bae cucesarseeeeats 7 ee Shah ceeees _.... Good occidentalis Douglasii aurea...............- Te sceseaeetenceceessstegeediee Good occidentalis Douglas:i pyramidalis...... De ee Good occidentalis Douglasii pungens............ Weed veces vasessvtestecsexstl Good occidentalis Ellwangeriana.................. Dies aizataeateseosttveieteeu Good occidentalis fastigiata.....................---- Leese eee Good occidentalis globosa nova................... De iteatcricstssthesiacsesate Good occidentalis Hoveyi....................---------- Bidsjcicsegeseeie A ecvsteesesn Good occidentalis “Little Gem’’................... Vee eons es schectedescesteceevs Good occidentalis Tutea........2.........0....000--20- Vi schtgesetncateesese-seectand Good occidentalis pryramidalis...........0...0000000. Bocce cence Good occidentalis Rosenthalii.....-...............-- | Sacer ceerernerere Good occidentalis spiralis .......0....0...200.02000--+ Dees chie Me face ee asec Good occidentalis umbraculifera.................. i ere ee ae Good occidentalis Wareana..................--..------ | ee Sea ee ae Very good occidentalis Wareana_ sibirica.............. 7 a aE Very good occidentalis Wood wardi.....................-. Diveneasaiaas