MussouRI JROTANICAL. GARDEN JRBULLETIN VOLUME XXXV 1947 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST, BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $2.50 A YEAR MissOUR!I |BoTANICAL GARDEN LIBRARY MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARD HN BULL fy UN {a 4 ot a CONTENTS Fifty-eighth Annual Report of the Director Volume XXXV January, ]947 Number | Cover: The Mausoleum in Winter. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, Missouri. Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $2.50 a year. Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Gales- burg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Please: Do not discard a copy of the Bulletin. If you have no further use for yours pass it along to a friend or return it to the Garden. Return postage will be guaranteed. Missour: Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXXV JANUARY, 1947 No. 1 FIFTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR To THE BoaRD OF TRUSTEES: The Director of the Garden has the honor to submit his report for the year ending December 31, 1946. The past year has been marked by an unusual number of significant events at the Garden. Even when taken individually they reflect a year of more than passing interest, and in aggregate they record at least the partial achievement of a number of long-sought goals and conquest of the obstacles that lie in the path of a public-service institution. Briefly, the most note- worthy of these are the Ellen A. Ricker bequest which was announced in the September BULLETIN; the inauguration of a considerably expanded teaching program of the Henry Shaw School of Botany, which operates as a unit of Washington University; the devastation wrought by the near- tornado of September first; the dedication of the Boxwood Garden at the Arboretum by the Federated Garden Clubs of Missouri; and the transforma- tion of the central heating system from coal to oil. While the wounds of the storm are still all too evident in the City Gar- den, and will be completely healed only by time, the other events of the year voice a considerable measure of hope for the continued progress of various projects, including botanical research. The late Ellen A. Ricker left as a bequest to the Missouri Botanical Garden approximately one quarter of her estate. Since the time of Henry Shaw’s death this is the most significant contribution (which will aggregate above $100,000 according to the probate court inventory) that has ever been made to the Garden. Contrary to the still-prevalent view, no aid is received from city or state, and the annual Friends-of-the-Garden fund, while helpful, constitutes but a small part of the yearly operating expenses. Miss Ricker’s legacy comes at a most opportune time for, in spite of careful management of investments and operating expenses, the latter con- (1) 2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN tinue to increase at an appreciably faster rate than the former. Many tenta- tively planned projects of general Garden improvement must await the lead that this generous St. Louisan has set. Urgently needed at present is an addition to the Administration Building to relieve the overcrowded condi- tion of the library and herbarium. Plans for this building project have been and the hope that drawn up and now await the availability of materials construction costs may show a downward trend in the not-too-distant future. It is proposed to designate this the Ricker Herbarium Building as a lasting memorial to Miss Ellen Ricker. A word may be appropriate at this point relative to the Friends-of-the- Garden fund for the past year. Aided by the Kiwanis Clubs of St. Louis and the County, under the leadership of Mr. John W. Nies, our mailing list was appreciably extended, which is largely responsible for a notable increase in receipts. The fund for 1946 reached $9,000.00, being considerably above the average for the past few years. This is encouraging, although it is still far short of the aid that is warranted by the many services that the Garden extends to the million or more inhabitants of St. Louis and vicinity. For nearly two years plans have been gradually evolving to give the teaching facilities of the Henry Shaw School of Botany* a wider range of interests. As the final outcome of this planning the University has approved the inauguration of two entirely new undergraduate curricula: one in Horti- culture and the second in Microbiology. Although the first catalogue an- nouncing these courses was issued in August it was decided to wait another year before attempting any publicity of the program. Two new University appointees will be added to the present teaching staff of the School, but inasmuch as the new curricula could not be arranged immediately to the best advantage no attempt has been made to rush their inauguration. In past years a number of people have voiced the view that our teaching program given in cooperation with Washington University was lacking in Horticulture—a lack that was particularly conspicuous in view of the many advantages that the Botanical Garden could offer. It is not planned, how- ever, to develop a horticultural curriculum that will compete in any way with the large and diverse programs offered by certain other horticultural institutions. Our facilities are obviously entirely too small for this, nor does there seem to be a need for such duplication. It is hoped, rather, that the curriculum as it is set up will be one that will appeal to a select group of students who will be interested in combining a more comprehensive scientific background in the natural and physical sciences with the more practical *For a detailed discussion of the School see the January, 1945, issue of the BULLETIN. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 aspects of horticulture. With all due respect to the “green thumb” garden- ers whose attributes we recognize and appreciate, the basic advances in plant sciences, like all other branches of science, are becoming more specialized and technical, relying especially on basic advances in chemistry, physics, and genetics. Plant scientists who are adequately trained in this way do not exist in sufficient numbers to satisfy the present demand, and this demand may be expected to increase in the future. Thus it is the intention of the new course to prepare a limited number of especially qualified students who may be expected to become significant contributors to horticultural science. The curriculum in Microbiology, which is likewise offered in the new catalogue, constitutes an entirely new innovation in the School’s teaching program. The role that micro-organisms, including the yeasts, bacteria, and certain molds, now play in medicine and in a considerable variety of indus- trial fermentation industries has created a field of productive biological investigations which necessitates special undergraduate training. Few insti- tutions in the country offer a curriculum of this sort. Storms of near-tornado violence are by no means unknown to St. Louis, and the Garden has been the recipient of its share of these catastrophies. The Botanical Garden lay directly in the center of the rather local but ex- ceedingly violent storm of September 1 which swept through the central- western portion of the city. Although greenhouse damage did not approach that wrought by the storm of 1927 the damage to the outside plantings and gardens was by far the worst in the Garden’s history. The shambles of broken glass, walls, uprooted and mangled trees necessitated closing the Garden to visitors for three days until the paths could be cleared and the greenhouses made safe. The violence of the wind caused many trees to be uprooted or broken off close to the ground, while literally hundreds of others were damaged to a greater or less extent. The accompanying hail lacerated the foliage, com- pletely defoliating some shrubs and trees and leaving most of them in a decidedly bedraggled condition. Virtually all the herbaceous plantings, most noticeably the late summer and autumn displays near the main gate, were completely riddled, and of course it was too late in the season to attempt replacement. A more complete account of the storm damage is given on a later page of this report. The most notable progress in the Arboretum plantings during the year was the completion of the Box Garden, which was officially opened on May 9. The various varieties of Boxwood that are now growing in this garden have re- sulted from seeds and cuttings collected in the Balkans twelve years ago by Dr. Edgar Anderson. They were gathered in a region where the general conditions of water and temperature relations approximate those prevailing 4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN in the St. Louis region. Of the hundreds of plants that were started, a few dozens of the most promising ones have now been set out under the partial protection of the serpentine wall that was completed last year. Most of the available commercial varieties of Boxwood find St. Louis a bit rigorous for satisfactory growth year after year, although occasionally in properly sheltered positions they will display all the advantages of this fine group of plants. The Box Garden does not represent a final planting, but is intended rather as a combination display-experimental garden, and when the best of these Balkan varieties have proven their worth a major contribution will have been made to mid-western horticulture. As a note of formality in the opening of the Box Garden, it was dedi- cated by the Federated Garden Clubs of Missouri on May 9 during its thirteenth annual convention, which was held this year in St. Louis. Mrs. Robert O. Powelson, as President of the Garden Clubs, made the speech of dedication and Dr. Edgar Anderson gave a talk on the origin of the Boxwood collections. The results of the long-time program of orchid breeding have been especially gratifying during the past year. The breeding of these horticul- tural favorites is assuredly one aspect of botanical work in which man may make decided improvements over Nature, at least in its normal course of events. A botanist from Colombia recently remarked that our orchid flow- ers were much finer than those growing in the tropical jungles of her own country. Years of cross-breeding the most productive and colorful wild plants from the American tropics are now yielding hybrids that are larger and more showy than their parents. The results of this work were reflected in a small way in the bouquet that the Garden presented to the 1946 Veiled Prophet Queen—almost all of the blossoms used being from new hybrid plants grown by Dr. David Fairburn in the Arboretum greenhouses. In June, 1945, a survey of the Missouri Botanical Garden heating system was made by Mr. A. H. Vogel, Consulting Engineer. The survey recom- mended that the stokers then installed in two of the three boilers be replaced by oil burners whenever the necessary equipment and materials became available. In the spring of this year the equipment was obtained and the work of converting to oil commenced as soon as the boilers were shut down for the regular seasonal overhaul. By fall it was virtually completed, and we have now had several months to observe the benefits arising out of the change from coal to oil. The automatic equipment makes it possible for one man to operate the boilers on each eight-hour shift, while with coal it was necessary to have two or more men on each shift, depending on the severity of the weather. It is expected that payroll savings alone will offset the higher cost of oil. Moreover, the two stoker-fired units formerly in use MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 lacked the rapid pick-up that was so often demanded, but the oil burners have clearly demonstrated their ability to meet the great variations in the demand for steam due to a sudden temperature change. An extra oil burner has been purchased as standby equipment and can be installed in thirty minutes in the event of a mechanical failure to either of the existing in- stalled burners. There is little doubt that this change of fuel has solved the serious problems existing heretofore in the heating plant. THE STORM OF SEPTEMBER 1 The ever-pressing burden of pruning trees was begun in the last week of August. No sooner had progress been made, however, than a violent thun- der storm, accompanied by a 65-mile-per-hour wind and great quantities of hail, struck the Garden on September 1. Although the storm lasted only 20 minutes it left in its path a wake of destruction such as the Garden had never suffered before. Broken and mangled trees were strewn across the walks and lawns, pools and streams overflowed, basements flooded, stone walls were crumbled, and many lights of glass broken in the greenhouses causing a good deal of damage to the plants within. Nearly 70 different species of trees and larger shrubs were damaged or destroyed. While some of these can be replaced readily and do not represent Damage done to Ginkgo trees and pool plantings by storm of September 1 6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN a serious loss, others were rarer plants or especially fine specimens and con- siderable expense and many years of growing will be required to heal the scars made in the Garden. Some concept of the litter of vegetation that had to be removed may be obtained by noting that more than 740 truck loads of brush and tractor drag-loads of limbs and trunks were hauled to the barn area. The larger trunks were then transported to Gray Summit for sawing into lumber and the remaining usable wood piled for cord-wood, while the brush was burned. Evidence of the storm is still all too apparent in the broken tops and Old Catalpa trees planted by Henry Shaw branches of many trees throughout the Garden. The work of pruning damaged limbs is by no means completed and a number of severely injured trees still remain to be removed. The greenhouses suffered less damage than might have been expected from the devastation that was wrought outside. A total of over 1900 lights of glass were broken, damage being especially heavy in the north ends of the main conservatory and floral display house. The storm came from the north and nearly all of the glass facing that direction was destroyed. In addition MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ve 1 3 Picture just happened to be taken on August View in rose garden. Same bed of roses at 5 P. M., Sunday, September 1 8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN to the broken glass the ventilators in both the Linnean House and Floral Display House were completely blown off. The fall of large branches and entire trees caused considerable damage to the fences and walls. Most conspicuous was a great gap of some 108 square feet in the brick wall east of the Linnean House and a total of some 100 square feet in the stone wall along Tower Grove Avenue. Some damage was also occasioned by flooding of the boiler house, the office at the main gate, and the Assistant Engineer’s residence. While the damage to buildings and greenhouses is adequately covered by insurance, the still more severe loss suffered by the outside plantings and Brick wall in Linnean Garden broken by falling Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus) walls presents an unforeseen inroad on the regular budget and must be met by curtailments of other Garden operations. A disaster of this sort should be viewed in as favorable a light as possible. Many of the outside plantings were in serious need of reorganization and rejuvenation—a need of which the Garden was entirely aware yet unable to remedy due primarily to insufficient funds. Some changes now become ab- solutely vital and must proceed at the expense of other budgetary items if supplementary funds are not available. It presents, therefore, an excellent opportunity for those persons who may be interested in the Garden’s welfare to contribute to this improved landscaping of the grounds. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 SOME MINOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS A number of small construction jobs were accomplished during the year which do not fall under the heading of general maintenance and seem worthy of brief note. The old, worn, and paint-soaked brick floor of the carpentry shop was replaced by a concrete floor, and the floors in the Floral Display House potting shed and in the supply room were resurfaced. In view of the change from coal to oil it was possible to resurface the coal- storage bin roof, thus covering the manholes which offers an added assurance against flooding of the power house. The old wooden cold-frames north of the Linnean Garden, being in an advanced state of decay, were wrecked and replaced by eighteen concrete frames which may be expected to last for many years at little maintenance expense. Thirty-six new top vents were installed in the Aroid-Citrus House, three in the Cactus House, and twenty new snow guards were built for the top of the Palm Range. Certain of the buildings and most of the greenhouses were in rather urgent need of paint. During the year the Main Gate rest-rooms and office rooms, as well as the exterior of the Museum building, were painted. A considerable portion of the Main Conservatory group was painted on the outside and the interior of the coffee house up to the roof glass. Eighty garden benches were refinished after their old paint had been burned off. ARBORETUM During the past several years, many varieties of yews (Taxus) have been obtained by purchase and exchange. They have proved hardy and have grown to a size suitable for transplanting to a permanent location. Some kinds have done very well at the Trail House, and the larger specimens of the new varieties were planted at the sides of the new concrete stairway. This brings together a worth-while collection in an area available to visitors. The planting of the Boxwood Garden started in the spring of 1945 and was partly finished before cold weather set in that year. Only a few were lost during the summer, which means that the plants were given a very severe test without irrigation. Those that died were replaced in October, and at the same time some further plantings of magnolias and rhododendrons were made. In addition, a row of junipers was set out along the connecting road east of this garden, and about 300 azaleas were added to the two old plantations. Of the 49,000 gallons of water hauled for irrigation, a large part was used at the time of planting. About 500 cypress (Taxodium) were planted in a slough near the Meramec River. Numerous smaller plant- ings were made in the course of the year, in addition to the many plants 10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN moved from the seed-frames to the nursery. Many new plants have been received, some of which have been placed with the specimens in the observa- tion plot. A compost mixer was purchased, and this machine, along with the Roto-Tiller, has proved exceptionally valuable in nursery work and in the establishing of new plantations. A new trail has been laid out in the Wild Flower Reservation which, when completed, should be attractive throughout the year. It is planned to establish most of the showy plants on either side of the trail and to label the plantings so that they will be as interesting to the average visitor as the Reservation is to the specialist. At the Main Entrance gateway, the old picket fence was removed and work begun on a new stone and iron gateway. It is planned to complete this by spring so that the extensive plantings required may be established before hot weather. A number of large trees have been moved into place, and wide use will be made of conifers and broad-leaf evergreens. It will be necessary to haul much good soil and improve that on the site before plant- ing can be started. Blasting of rock to make room for soil is about finished, but much grading remains to be done. Road work required considerable time since very little of it has been done the previous three years. In May all roads were reshaped and rolled, and over 500 tons of gravel were hauled and spread on the surface. An effort was made to dust-proof these roads by applying eleven tons of calcium chloride, but this treatment is not very satisfactory in a region where thirteen weeks may elapse between showers. The trucks were driven 11,700 miles during the year, this being the greatest distance they have covered since they were purchased. Most of the driving being in low gear in off- the-road work, the wear on the engine is as great as if the trucks had been driven 40,000—50,000 miles annually, and it becomes increasingly difficult to keep these ten-year-old machines operating. The tank truck hauled almost 50,000 gallons of water for irrigation, and 10,000 gallons of sludge which is used as a fertilizer. Continued use of the cattle in grass-land improvement has reduced the mowing time by 50 per cent. A simple feed barn was completed on the farm, much of the lumber used being from our own sawmill and some sal- vaged when the old barns were taken down. At the new barn, a 100-ton silo was built and filled with corn silage. Feeding from this silo began in November. The trees on Crabapple Hill have now become so large that it is almost impossible to maneuver machinery between the rows. A herd of cattle placed there in the fall indicated that grazing cattle might replace the mowing operation provided it was timed so that no harm would be done to the trees. Nearly 3000 bales of hay were put up for use as a mulch and for MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 cattle feed. During February and March 15,200 board feet of native lumber and 150 catalpa rails and posts for use at the Box Garden were sawed, re- quiring about seven days of operation. Beginning with the inter-racial and the inter-demoninational Easter Sunrise Service, the Arboretum has had more use by organizations than ever before. At the Sunrise Services about 600 people gathered near the Trail House. The magnificent display of crabapples brought many visitors and many organizations. From 150 to 250 cars were counted on week-ends in the spring. Following is a list of the larger groups: March 19, Girl Scout Leaders July 14, Franklin-Gasconade County May 9, Federated Garden Clubs Firefighter’s Ass’n, Inc. June 13, Florists’ Club of St. Louis October 16, Hawbrook Garden Club June 21, Clayton Garden Club October 21, Rowena Clark Garden Club June 23, Henry Shaw Garden-Way November 6, Ozark Garden Club Association November 19, American Association of July 14, St. Louis County Beekeepers Botanical Gardens and Arboretums Association November 24, Phi Sigma Phi, Harris Teachers College The management of the Arboretum is under the direction of Mr. A. P. Beilmann. GARDENS Beginning in 1943, the shrub beds in the vicinity of the Floral Display House have gradually been replanted. Large masses of the more common shrubs have been replaced with magnolias, redbuds, American hollies, Pfitzer’s junipers, and in March twenty hybrid “mollis” azaleas and other shrubs were set out. Narcissi have been naturalized amongst the shrubs, and English ivy, Pachysandra, and Vinca minor were used freely as ground covers. These new plant materials have greatly improved the appearance of this part of the Garden. The shrubbery which borders the Italian Garden was completely over- hauled in the spring, the Lombardy poplars being replaced with twenty-four of the fastigiate variety of Simon Poplar and new shrubs added to the border. Azaleas and various dwarf junipers were planted in a new bed which adjoins the large group of azaleas just northwest of the Grove. Fifteen apple trees were planted on the espaliers in the Economic Garden to replace some of the original fruit trees imported from England in 1917. Seventy-five shrubs, representing nine species, were planted in the various shrub beds on the Knolls. For the first time in a number of years tulips were again planted in the beds in the main plaza and also in the Linnean and spring gardens. The bedding plants, roses and perennials, in the various gardens gave fine displays of color until they were cut down by the slashing hail-storm of September 1. Many tender plants were destroyed, but others, like the roses, 12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN gradually revived and sent out lateral growths which in time produced some flowers. All woody plants are so badly scarred that it will take a year for them to outgrow the damage. It will be interesting to see how the trees and shrubs will bloom next spring after a year of freakish weather. The spring season was as early as it has ever been. Narcissi were in full bloom on March 21, and a few days later crabapples, redbuds, and all the other early-flowering trees and shrubs were in flower. Fortunately no late frost interfered to check or damage the plants which were stimulated so early by the warm weather, As for moisture —first it was wet, followed by a dry spell in July and early August, then torrential rains beginning on August 15, when 7.84 inches of rain fell in twenty-four hours, climaxed by the rain and hail-storm on the afternoon of September 1. There then followed another dry period and again more rain, so that now, December 21, the annual precipitation totals 56.32 inches, the normal being 36.75 inches. The shrubs which lost their leaves as a result of the hail went into a resting period, and this was followed by renewed vigor which resembled that of the spring season. Early-flowering shrubs, such as lilacs and azaleas, began blooming in October, and because of the mild November weather many of the flower-buds are now half open but browned by the few hard freezes of December. The Iris Garden was replanted in late summer and early fall. Seventeen beds comprise an area of 13,068 square feet and contain 893 clumps of iris. Forty new varieties were purchased, and the iris collection is now as up-to- date as it is possible to make it. Not every new variety is represented as soon as it is introduced because of the high price. In recent years new varieties have been chosen on the basis of the iris symposiums. One bed which had been planted according to the 1944 Symposium now contains 89 of the 100 leading varieties of iris. At current prices it would cost one hundred dollars to plant the remaining eleven iris. For example, the varieties “Alba Superba” and ‘““Mellowglow” are listed at twenty dollars each in 1946 iris catalogues. This is probably the only garden in which an iris bed has been planted with the varieties in their numerical rank according to the votes in the symposium. Fourteen new varieties were added to the collec- tion of peonies which forms a part of the iris garden. Because of a cool spring and a busy season the planting of tropical water- lilies in the outdoor pools was delayed by at least two weeks. The east and west pools which are chiefly devoted to the hybrid day-bloomers originated at the Garden were again ablaze with riotous color during the summer and early fall months. The east pool was conspicuous with flowers of dark shades in- cluding deep blues, rich purples, and violets, while the west pool was notable for light hues,—pinks, whites and yellows. About 120 plants are set out MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 yearly in these two pools. As in former years, the large circular center pool featured nine specimens of the spectacular Victoria Cruziana of the Amazon Region, commonly called Giant Water-platter. This is the plant with ex- tremely large round leaves that can support the weight of a child or even a medium-sized man. They can be grown only in large pools, as the leaves average 10 to 15 feet in length, including the stalks, and there are as many as a dozen to each full-grown plant. Victorias must be grown from seed annually but fresh seeds are not necessary. Many pods are produced during the season but only a few reach maturity. During the great storm of September 1 all the water-lilies were reduced to shreds by the accompanying wind, hail and rain. The pools presented a scene of devastation for about a week or until they were cleared of debris. Ensuing days of warm weather following the storm caused new leaves and buds to make their appearance, and three weeks later the pools were as filled with color and fragrance as if nothing had happened. Only the center pool remained bare for the Victorias were never able to recover from the shock. All of the major directional and explanatory signs attached to buildings and along the main walks were replaced with new ones. FLORAL DISPLAYS Buddleias, cyclamen and primroses were displayed during January. For the first time the annual Orchid Show, in February, was held in the Aroid House instead of in the Floral Display House, the plants being placed in the four alcoves and in the west end of the house. Amaryllis, calla lilies and Primula malacoides were added to the Cyclamen-Primrose show during Feb- ruary. Azaleas, calceolarias, cinerarias, annual chrysanthemums, foxgloves, nasturtiums and schizanthus were displayed during March. At Easter time the House contained lilies and hyacinths, these being later replaced by Martha Washington geraniums. Due to the exceptionally early season, the St. Louis Horticultural Society held its spring show on May 4 and 5, the earliest date which it has ever been held. The St. Louis Cactus Society had its first show on May 11 and 12. Many flowering plants were sent to Christ Church Cathedral for the annual flower sermon preached there on May 12. Fuchsias and hydrangeas were exhibited on May 19, and this display was followed by the summer display of caladiums starting on June 16. The 13th Mid-West Dahlia Show, held on September 28 and 29, was by far the largest and best display of dahlias ever staged in the Floral Display House. The Veiled Prophet Queen’s bouquet was exhibited on October 10, the first time since 1941. The bush chrysanthemums, which are grown outdoors each year and 14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN potted in September, were temporarily ruined by the hail-storm. Although, a month later, it was possible to salvage about a third of the crop of 1600 plants, they were very poor. Only a few of the single-stem varieties, the cascades and basket varieties, and the specimen plants were injured by falling glass in the greenhouses. Despite the loss of so many bush plants it was possible to stage a good chrysanthemum show which lasted from November 3 until December 1. The Poinsettia Show followed on December 8 and will continue into next January. The growing of the plants, as well as the arrangement of the floral dis- plays, is in charge of Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden. MAIN CONSERVATORIES AND EXOTIC RANGES The two Desert Houses, which occupy the extreme west wings of the main range, have come in for their share of transformation in the past year. When the South African room was first planted in 1934 a number of African milkbushes (Synadenium cupulare and S. Grantii) were planted to fill the overhead space in the high room in the quickest possible manner. Any one acquainted with the rapid growth of Synadeniums will immediately realize what space they can take up in a few short years. The great gaps in the beds created by their removal were filled when all the outstanding spurges from the Cactus House were planted there. The transplanting of a twenty- foot Euphorbia conspicua and the candelabrum-like E. Cooperi necessitated the help of five men and required a half-day to accomplish, but the results were well worth the effort. Other Euphorbias, which could not be success- fully dug up with their root systems intact, were cut off at the base, left to callous for a month or two, and then placed in their desired positions to root. Often the cuttings were five to fifteen feet tall, with or without lateral branchings. The collection of succulents has been greatly augmented by donated and exchange plants from California nurserymen and private collectors. Earlier in the year, Ladislaus Cutak was sent to Southern California where he col- lected in the field and visited most of the leading cactus nurseries and private gardens. Howard Gates, of Corona, gave a valuable collection of Baja Californian Agaves and cholla-type Opuntias, as well as a few other en- demics. The most remarkable was the Creeping Devil Cactus, Machaero- cereus eruca, which has been likened to monster caterpillars on account of its manner of growth and its long whitish spines. Gilbert Tegelberg, of Inglewood, sent a number of novelties from his garden, including a good- sized Trichocereus thelegonus, an Argentinian counterpart of the Mexican Creeping Devil Cactus. Mrs. Florence Cariss, of La Canada, who has one of the largest general collections of succulents in California, contributed a large MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 number of rare Euphorbias and other miscellaneous kinds. E. C. Hummel, of Inglewood, donated a group of horticultural Haworthias and allied species, while Beahm Gardens, of Pasadena, sent a specimen plant of Chiapasia Nel- sonit, one of the loveliest of all epiphytic cacti with deep pinkish blossoms. A small collection of Peruvian cacti was shipped from the Lima Botanical Garden through the cooperation of Mr. Russell Seibert, one of our graduate students who was engaged in rubber research work in Peru during the war. Mr. Tom Macdougall, of New York City, gave cuttings of all his Epiphyl- lanae collected in Mexico during his winter sojourns in that country. Among them are a number of rare or rarely seen species in cultivation, including the new Nopalxochia Conzattianum, a description of which will be published in 1947, As usual, a number of St. Louisians have offered us plants that had grown too large for their quarters. One of the most interesting additions received through these channels was an unusually large clustered Hamato- cactus setispinus which had graced the home of Mr. and Mrs. Haake in Jennings for 39 years. The Curtain Vine, Cissus cissyoides var. Jacquini, in the Cycad House, was severely pruned, only the main leaders left to carry on. A cat-walk was built in the top girders which will enable occasional pruning of the vine when necessary. In the Banana-Coffee House most of the scarlet. Waxmallow bushes (Malvaviscus arboreus var. grandiflorus) have been removed to make room for more banana and coffee plants. Heavy feeding has thickened banana stalks considerably, and plants are never without fruit. Manure, in heavy doses, has been applied to all the beds throughout the main range, and the curious Umbrella Tree, Coccoloba grandifolia, has responded marvelously to this treatment. The application of fertilizer in the Exotic Ranges has also brought about marked improvement in the plants grown there. The miscellaneous Aroids, Gingers, Ixoras, Clerodendrons and others have pro- duced more lush foliage and more abundant flowers than before. The sweet- scented Frangipani and the colorful Bird-of-Paradise bushes were the outstanding bloomers. Chenille Plants (Acalypha hispida) bore unusually lovely long racemes of flowers, while clambering vines, like Anemopaegma Chamberlaynii and Camoensia maxima, put on delightful displays. Clero- dendron fragrans blossomed for the first time. This is a medium-sized shrub with broad oval green leaves and dense clusters of white to pink, Gardenia- like, fragrant flowers. Like most of the big-leaved sorts, it sends out runners all over the place. Through exchanges with Mr. Henry Teuscher of the Montreal Botanical Garden, thirteen new species in the genera Aechmea, Dyckia, Fascicularia, Hechtia, Nidularium, Pitcairnia, Tillandsia and Vriesia have been secured. 16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN A number of unidentified Mexican Pitcairnias, Tillandsias and Vriesias col- lected by Mr. Tom Macdougall in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec have been received. Our tropical plant collector, Mr. Paul Allen, has sent in both seeds and small plants of various Panamanian species,—the most interesting to become established being the showy-foliaged Guzmania musaica, which is a much more beautiful form than the one already in cultivation. Numerous seedlings of Aechmea Allenii have been raised and are thriving although still very small. This new species is said to be a very showy plant both in flower and fruit and outside of our collection is unknown in cultivation. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak is in charge of the Main Conservatories, including cacti and other succulents. ORCHID DEPARTMENT The transfer of orchid research work from the City Garden to the Arboretum greenhouses at Gray Summit has permitted increased experi- mental work, particularly by the use of hydroponics. The hydroponic house which was completed in 1945 now contains about 4,000 seedlings. A second house was built during the year and has been planted with about 5,000 seed - lings. The inability to obtain peat, which is the medium for potting orchids, has necessitated the use of haydite, granite, etc. Feeding experiments have been carried on not only with the seedlings but also with the entire collection of mature plants. An injector pump was installed in the head-house which permits the fertilizer to be pumped through the present water-pipe system. Plants in the first hydroponic house have made growth equal to our expectations judging by the demon- stration in the City Experimental Greenhouse. Three plants flowered during November, only four years from the time of sowing seed. The wooden stages were removed from the east and west bench of the Dendrobium House and converted for the use of hydroponics. The west bench was entirely planted with Dendrobium Phalaenopsis, while the east bench was devoted to Phalaenopsis. As an experiment to ascertain what would happen to plants when removed from town to Gray Summit during extreme heat, part of these plants were removed from the small hydroponic bench in town during the month of July when the temperature was 90°. The plants did not show any ill effects. It is interesting to note the response to hydroponics in the genus Phalae- nopsis. We had never previously grown these orchids successfully but in haydite or granite they are bearing spikes which will average fifteen flowers to a plant. Dendrobium Phalaenopsis has likewise shown increased growth and flowers under hydroponics. Dendrobium and Phalaenopsis are the first genera to show the results of the feeding experiments, Dendrobiums having MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17 also responded when grown in peat. Two hundred flasks have been sown with hybrid Cattleya seed, and 90 pots have been filled with seedlings transplanted from flasks. Flowers of some 55 genera have been pollinated and show seed-pods in various stages of maturity. During the year there have been 11,300 flowering plants potted in peat, and 15,890 seedlings. Of these, 7,800 were transplanted into haydite, granite, or mixture; 4,400 in the open bench; 3,690 in peat. Orchid plants brought in weekly from the Arboretum greenhouses have kept one or two alcoves in the Aroid House filled throughout the season. The flowers were arranged according to genera; one alcove of Cym- bidiums, another of Laelias, a third of Botanicals, and the fourth Cattleyas that had been raised from seed in St. Louis. Additional displays included various other genera and species. The Brasso-cattleyas raised at the Garden were particularly fine, the white form, named “Henry Shaw,” being the outstanding seedling of this cross. The English slipper orchids were noteworthy for their size and color in comparison with the older hybrids from the D. $. Brown collection. Both groups were displayed in the same alcove in order to demonstrate the im- provement by hybridization. RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION Dr. Carroll W. Dodge, Mycologist to the Garden and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, has spent much of the time available for research in identifying miscellaneous collections of lichens sent by correspondents, including large series of specimens of the Aleutian Islands, Costa Rica, Guadeloupe, northern South America, northern Argentina, the Hawaiian Islands, India, Montana, Arizona, Oklahoma, and Texas, adding many species not previously represented in the herbarium. Miss Dorothy Harper assisted in making microscopic preparations and in routine insertion in the fungus and lichen herbaria until June 1. A study of the collections of the U. S. Antarctic Expedition (Admiral Byrd’s Third Expedi- tion) has been begun. Routine determinations of human pathogenic fungi have been made as the various cultures were received. The usual courses of instruction have been given. Mrs. Charles Heiser gave the course in general bacteriology during the summer session and Dr. Richard R. Marsh is giving the course in general bacteriology in University College. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden and Engelmann Professor of Botany in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, has continued to devote the major portion of his time to a general survey of the corn plant, Zea Mays. With the cooperation of the Pioneer Hi-Bred 18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Corn Breeding Company of Iowa, which provided space and assistants for his experimental cultures and furnished the money for two graduate fellow- ships, it has been possible to accomplish a good deal in a short time. There is a surprising amount of prehistoric maize in the various archaeological museums of the country, and an effort is being made to examine and measure as much of this as possible. During the year the extensive collections as- sembled at the Museum of Ethnobotany of the University of Michigan were examined in detail, as were also those of the Ohio State Museum at Columbus. Much of Dr. Anderson’s time has been spent in directing a general survey of popcorn. Aside from one or two corn breeders, no one has ever taken popcorn seriously and the information with regards to the kinds of popcorn and their history is in a chaotic state. Through the generous co- operation of various members of the seed business it has been possible to make some headway in this morass. During the year Dr. Anderson and Mr. John Jay Finan, the holder of one of the graduate fellowships mentioned above, issued a mimeographed preliminary check-list which was sent out to the trade and to popcorn growers and breeders. The response was way be- yond anything which had been hoped. As a result, authentic specimens of numerous varieties were added to the collections maintained at the Garden and definite information was obtained on a great many obscure points. It is hoped that within a few years it may be possible, through cooperative effort, to bring out a definitive check-list of American popcorn varieties in perma- nent form. Dr. Anderson’s survey of corn varieties from Latin America has proceeded during the year. Dr. W. H. Camp, of the New York Botanical Garden, presented a fine collection from Ecuador which has been photographed and held in cold storage while a few samples were grown and studied. In No- vember and December, Dr. Anderson studied corn in Guatemala as a guest investigator at the lowa Tropical Research Center in Antigua. Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Assistant Curator of the Herbarium and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, has continued his teaching duties at the University. His research has been concerned chiefly with studies of variation in natural populations of Ascle pias tuberosa, the familiar Butterfly-weed, and with completion of his monograph of the genus Asclepias. He has also continued the editing, with Dr. Schery, of the “Flora of Panama,” the third volume of which is now approaching completion. Dr. Henry N. Andrews, Assistant to the Director and Associate Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany, has continued his research work with the Carboniferous plants of Illinois and certain Chalk-Age deposits in Idaho. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 During May and June a collecting trip was made in Wyoming and Idaho with Mr. Lee W. Lenz, a graduate student in the School of Botany. A few days were spent in Yellowstone Park gathering information concerning the succession of the fossil forests that exist there. With the aid of Mr. Henry Thomas, a considerable number of fine specimens of petrified fern stems were made near Wayan, Idaho. These add appreciably to our already ex- tensive collection of these beautifully preserved Cretaceous plants. Collec- tions of other fossil plants were made in southwestern Idaho, most notable being a petrified bracket fungus and cones of evergreen trees which formerly grew in what is now the Owyhee Desert. These collections were made pos- sible largely through the aid of Mr. W. A. Peters of Jerome, Idaho, and other geologists of that region. Mr. Frederick O. Thompson has continued to send specimens from the coal fields near Des Moines, Iowa, and in September an article was published in the ANNALS dealing with certain petrified seeds found in his collections. In November the Garden acquired approximately one quarter of a ton of fine coal-ball specimens as a gift from Professor L. R. Wilson, Head of the Geology Department at Massachusetts State College. These specimens like- wise came from the Iowa coal fields and may be expected to reveal still more of the ancient forests that grew there in past ages. Dr. Carl C. Lindegren, Research Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, has devoted the greater part of his time to the cytogenetics of yeast. New advances have been made, this year, in the understanding of mitosis of the yeast cell, and a paper is now in press showing that metaphosphate is essential for the division of the chromosomes. A new theory of the nature of the gene and its mechanism of action has been evolved as a result of the genetical work. A new method of studying yeast growth has been invented which promises to be of considerable practical value. The work on yeast genetics is being carried on in the laboratory of Reb- stock Hall and has been supported by grants from Anheuser-Busch, Inc., American Cancer Society, and by direct aid from Washington University. The staff includes Mrs. Gertrude Lindegren, Mrs. Amy Pabor, Mr. George Kline, Mrs. Jean Nicholson Meyer, Caroline Raut, and four part-time student assistants. Dr. Folke Skoog worked four months in the laboratory, and Dr. Michael Duodoroff, of the University of California, six weeks. Manu- scripts containing their work with Dr. Lindegren were prepared, and the paper with Dr. Skoog is now in press. Dr. J. M. Wiame, of the University of Brussels, has been carrying on a joint study. Foreign visitors who have spent a few days in the laboratory studying the new techniques of yeast hybridization include: Dr. Holger Jorgensen, 20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Copenhagen, Denmark; Dr. Lundin, Stockholm, Sweden; Dr. Lartarjet and Dr. Roger Gautheret, Paris, France; Dr. M. J. D. White and Dr. Virden, London, England, and many others. Dr. Robert W. Schery, Research Assistant to the Garden and Assistant Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, after three years with the Rubber Development Corporation in Brazil, re- sumed his duties at the Garden in January. Some plants collected in tropical Brazil during his stay there were determined, and labels for this collection were made ready for future determinations. Cooperating with Dr. Hamp- ton, of the Allergy Laboratories of Washington University Medical School, a display of hayfever plants was set up for the general public in the entrance of the Floral Display House, various plants being exhibited from March until July as they came in flower. Dr. Schery also helped prepare a full-page rotogravure on hayfever plants for the S#. Louis Post-Dispatch. Courses in economic botany, systematic botany and dendrology were given by Dr. Schery during the summer at the University of Wisconsin. In the fall he gave the course in Botany 1 at Washington University. With Dr. Woodson, two parts of the Orchidaceae of Panama were edited, which appeared as Fascicles 2 and 3 of Volume HI of the “Flora of Panama” in the February and November numbers of the ANNALS. Manuscript was also prepared for the Leguminosae of Panama to be contained in a future volume of the “Flora.” Mr. Paul H. Allen, Tropical Plant Collector for the Garden, returned from his wartime duties with the Rubber Development Corporation in March. He is now stationed at Gamboa, Canal Zone, and is engaged in making collections primarily for the “Flora of Panama.” Mr. Allen’s speci- mens also will be used as exchange material with other botanical institutions. Dr. Gustav A. L. Mehlquist, Horticulturist to the Garden and Associate Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, has devoted his research during the year to genetical studies in the genera Antirrhinum, Chrysanthemum, Delphinium, and Dianthus. About 7000 plants of Dianthus “Heddensis,”’ a hybrid between D. chinensis and D. Heddewigii, and 5000 plants of hybrids involving D. arboreus, D. chinensis, D. Heddewigii and D. superbus were grown at the Arboretum at Gray Sum- mit during the summer. Due to the fact that June and July were rather dry months the plants did poorly until late in the season. Cuttings were rooted from some fifty of the most promising plants for further tests in the City Garden. The whole block of plants will be left for another season for additional data as to winter hardiness, drought resistance, etc. It is hoped that selections of pinks suitable for the Missouri conditions can be obtained from this planting. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 The space in the Experimental Greenhouse that was not used for the annual course in horticulture was devoted to genetical research. Some 800 advanced hybrids between the red-flowered Del phinium cardinale and D. ela- tum, one of the common garden delphiniums, were grown during the spring and early summer. The results brought us one step nearer to the desired red- or pink-flowered garden delphinium. Diploid and tetraploid carnations have been increased during the year to provide material for comparative studies of inheritance in diploids and tetraploids. Some 600 tetraploid snapdragons, all derived from a simple spontaneous tetraploid that occurred in a cross be- tween two diploids, have been grown during the year. The segregations for flower color and other characteristics proved so interesting that a large population of diploids from the same cross are now being grown in order to provide a more accurate basis for evaluating the segregations obtained in the tetraploids. In cooperation with Mr. Paul Kohl, breeding work with Chrysanthemum was undertaken in an effort to obtain a greater range of color and flower size in the cascade and basket types. To that end crosses were made between good cascade types such as “Anna” and “Jane Harte” and colorful non- cascaders such as “Red Melba” and “Red Radiant.” Altogether, about 1300 seedlings were grown. From these, twenty-five promising seedlings were selected for trial another year. The annual course in Horticulture was given from February 5 to May 7. As in previous years there were more applicants than could be accommodated in the space available in the greenhouse. A course in Plant Breeding was given for the first time this year (September 6 to December 19). The en- rollment of nineteen students for this course was considered very good con- sidering its rather technical nature. Degrees—At the June 1946 commencement the degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred upon Lillian Nagel, B.S. University of Hlinois and M.S. University of Colorado (Cytogenetics). The degree of Master of Science was conferred on Ellen M. Kern, A.B. Washington University (Morphology and Genetics). Graduates and Fellows:—The following graduate students in botany were registered in the Henry Shaw School of Botany in 1946: Graduate Assistants (half-time graduate students): Richard W. Holm, A.B. Washington University (Taxonomy); Daniel McClary, B.S. and M.S. Southeastern State Teachers’ College, Durant, Oklahoma (Mycology). Henrietta Heerman Scholars: Anna Caroline Raut, A.B. Cornell Uni- versity (Microbiology) ; Russell J. Seibert, A.B. and M.S. Washington Uni- versity (Taxonomy). 22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Van Blarcom Scholar: Dorothy Carolyn Harper, A.B. Oklahoma Agri- culture and Mechanical College (Taxonomy). Pioneer Hi-Bred Corn Co. Fellow: John Jay Finan, A.B. Washington University (Romance Languages and Botany). Independent Graduate Students: Robert Baxter, A.B. Washington Uni- versity (Morphology) ; Lee Wayne Lenz, A.B. Montana State College, M.S. Louisiana State University (Genetics) ; Fred G. Meyer, A.B. and M.S. Wash- ington State College (Taxonomy); Gerald B. Ownbey, B.A. and M.A. Uni- versity of Wyoming (Taxonomy); Jonathan B. Sauer, A.B. University of California, Berkeley (Genetics). Published Articles.— Allen, Paul A.: Pescatorea cerina. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:257-258; South American Arrow Poisons. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:234-241. Anderson, Edgar: The Blue of the Blue Ash. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:99-100; Daffodils for the Garden. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:63-66; Maize in Mexico—A preliminary report. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 33:147-247; More about Balkan Ivies. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:142-143; Narcissus ‘“Moonshine” as a Variety for Forcing. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:210-211; What is a Tetra- ploid? Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:43-48; Who was Who? Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:59; with Earl Hornback: A Genetical Analysis of Pink Daffodils —A Preliminary Survey. Calif. Hort. Soc. Jour. 1945:1-11. Andrews, Henry N.: Ancient Plants of the West. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:85-89; The Arboretum of Wide Benefit to the State. Garden Forum 81:4; Bonsai. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:144-146; Coal Balls—A Key to the Past. Scientif. Month. 62:327-334; A Colorful Greenhouse Vine. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:78-81; Craters of the Moon. Earth Science Digest 14:3-6; The Empress Tree. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:157; A Fossil-hunting Trip in the Wayan District. Soda Springs Sun [Idaho], July 16; Missouri Botanical Garden. Parks and Recreation 29:297-302; Onions are Easy to Grow. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:60-61; St. Louis To-day. Scientif. Month. 62:263-266; Soil Fertility and Organic Gardening. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:93-94; Yews in St. Louis. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:58; with Jules A. Kernen: Contribu- tions to Our Knowledge of American Carboniferous Floras. VIL. Another Medullosa from Iowa. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 33:141-146; with Ellen M. Kern: Ibid IX. Some Petrified Seeds from Iowa. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 33:291-306; with Lee W. Lenz: The Gallatin Fossil Forest. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 33:309-313. Beilmann, A. P.: The Catalpa—An Interesting Tree. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:96-99; Feeding Trees. Better Homes and Gardens 25:128; Keeping the Soil Where it Belongs. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:195-201; The Liquid MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23 Feeding of Trees. Trees 6:9-10; Maintaining Soil Fertility at the Arboretum. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:89-93; Transplanting Trees in Midsummer. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:94-96. Clark, Robert B.: The Chinese Scholar Tree. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:213-215; A Selection of Trees for St. Louis and Vicinity. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:219-234. Cutak, Ladislaus: Is there Palatable Water in the Barrel Cactus? Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:182-189; Peniocereus Fosterianus, a New Unique Species from Old Mexico. Jour. Cactus & Succulent Soc. Amer. 18:19-25; Succu- lents for the Home Gardener. Home Gardening 6:300-301; Spine Chats. Monthly contribution in Jour. Cactus & Succulent Soc. America, vol. 18. Fairburn, David C.: Cultura des Orquidees em Cascalho. Orquidea 74:145-161 (translated and reprinted from “Gravel Culture of Orchids” in Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull.) ; Germination Period for Garden Seeds. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:66-69; Growing Plants. Il. Vegetative Propagation. Southern Florist & Nurseryman 58°°:5, 6, 45; 584°:5-6, 13-14; 584!:8, 9, 12 (re- printed from Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull.) ; Plants for Shady Gardens. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:103-111 (reprinted in Modern Cemetery 56:80-81); Scented Geraniums. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:261-262; with George H. Pring: Orchids. Monthly contribution in Gard. Chron. Amer. Vol. 20. Kohl, Paul A.: Good Lawn Management. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:178- 182; Twilight Fragrance. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:139-141. Lenz, Lee W. (with Henry N. Andrews): The Gallatin Fossil Forest. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 33:309-313. Lindegren, Carl C.: Additional and Corrected Data on the Respiratory and Fermentative Activity of Yeasts containing Stored Reserves. Archiv. Biochem. 9:353-359; Breeding Yeasts for Their New Role in Nutrition. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:37-43; A New Gene Theory and an Explanation of the Phenomenon of Dominance. Nat. Acad. Sci. Proc. 32:68-70; Sex in Yeast and Flavor in Beer. Brewers’ Digest. December 1946; Yeast Genetics (Condensation of Bact. Rev. article). Amer. Brewer. December, 1946. Mehlquist, Gustav A. L.: The Ancestors of Our Present-day Cymbid- iums. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:112-135 (reprinted as a supplement to Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull.) ; “Booster” and “Starter” Solutions for Pot Plants. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:201-203; Rabbits and Pinks. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:258-260; Tetraploidy and Pinks. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:48-58. Nagel, Lillian: A Cytological Study of Yeast (Saccharomyces cere- visiae). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 33:249-288. Pring, George H. (with David C. Fairburn): Orchids. Monthly con- tribution in Gard. Chron. Amer. Vol. 20. Schery, Robert W.: The Barrel-bellied Tree of Brazil. Nat. Hist. 55:219; 24 MISSOURI BOT ANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The Brazilian Toad. Nat. Hist. 55:245; Brazil’s Old ‘““Wildwest.”” Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:74-77; Chocolate Country of the Americas. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:147-153; A Conservationist Views the Tropics. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:154-157; Strangler Figs. Nat. Hist. 55:438; with Robert E. Wood- son, Jr.: Flora of Panama. Part III. Fasc. 2. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 33:1-140, Fasc. 3, 315-404. Woodson, Robert E., Jr.: About Gloxinias. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:247- 258; Amsonias. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 34:158-159; Apocynaceae and Asclep- iadaceae, in H. N. Moldenke’s Contributions to the Flora of Extra-tropical South America. Lilloa 11:193-195; Memorabilia Filicum Panamensium. Amer. Fern Jour. 36:82-89; with Robert W. Schery: Flora of Panama. Part Ill. Fasc. 2. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 33:1-140, Fasc. 3, 315-404. Scientific and Popular Lectures.— Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden: January 28, at Des Moines, Iowa, before seminar of the Pioneer Hi-Bred Corn Co., ‘‘Genetics of Kernel Shape and Kernel Texture”; May 9, Federated Garden Clubs of Mis- souri, Gray Summit, “Story of the Boxwood Garden”; May 3, joint meeting of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi, “Role of Science in Post-War Education”; May 10, led group discussion on ‘Flora of Ozarks” at Webster Groves Nature Study Society; August 12, Men’s Garden Club of Des Moines, “Sun- flowers.” Dr. Henry N. Andrews, Paleobotanist to the Garden: before Paleobotan- ical section, Botanical Society of America, meeting in St. Louis, March 28, “Pennsylvanian Floras of the Middle West,” and March 29, ‘““The Tempskyas of Idaho”; April 9, the Brentwood Kiwanis Club, and April 23, the Webster Groves Kiwanis Club, ‘““The Missouri Botanical Garden”; May 24, Wellston School Parent-Teachers’ Association, ‘Four Seasons at the Missouri Botanical Garden”; November 15, Group 1 of the Webster Groves Garden Club, “Plants of the Past.” Mr. August P. Beilmann, Manager of the Garden Arboretum: January 4, before the Western Association of Nurserymen, Kansas City, “Tree Feed- ing’; April 26, the St. Louis Commercial Club, ‘Floral Displays in the Arboretum”; August 20, Washington, Mo., Lions Club, “The Arboretum and Its History”; September 9, Union, Mo., Lions Club, “History of the Arboretum”; November 1, Missouri Academy of Science, “Behavior of a Watershed when Both Engineering and Biological Methods are Used to Con- trol Floods.” Mr. Robert B. Clark, Arboriculturist to the Garden: November 9, before Group 9 of Webster Groves Garden Club, “Shrubs.” Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden: January 18, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 25 before Group 5 of Webster Groves Garden Club, “Plant Hunt in Old Mexico”; January 30, Webster Groves Garden Clubs, February 5, St. Clair County Garden Club, Belleville, Ill, February 15, Better Gardens Club of Greater St. Louis, ‘Cacti and Succulents’; March 8, Founders Circle of Rosemary Garden Club, Pattonville, Mo., “Gardens of Florida”; March 10, Henry Shaw Cactus Society, ““Vagabonding in the Southwest”; March 26, Kiwanis Club of Northwest St. Louis, and April 1, Northwoods Garden Club, ‘Plant Hunt in Old Mexico”; April 14, Southern California Cactus Exchange, Los Angeles, ‘Missouri Botanical Garden in the Four Seasons”’; May 24, Kiwanis Club of the South Side, “Shaw’s Garden, Attraction of the Midwest”; July 14, Franklin-Gasconade County Firefighters Association, at Gray Summit, September 20, Botany Group, Webster Groves Nature Study Society, October 2, Art Section of Scottish Rite Woman’s Club, October 22, Woman’s Auxiliary of St. Marks Church, November 8, Highland Way- farers, and November 20, Wright District Garden Club, Clayton, Mo., “Plant Hunt in Old Mexico”; September 9, Chevy Chase Garden Club, at Clayton, Mo., “Gardens of Florida’; October 22, Business and Professional Woman’s Club of Y.W.C.A., “Exploring Texas with Camera and Tripod”; November 17, Amateur Cactus Society of Illinois at Chester, IIl., “Cacti and Succulents.” Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden: January 10, before the Talisman Circle of the Rosemary Garden Club, “The Four Seasons in the Missouri Botanical Garden”; April 9, St. Louis College Club, ‘Spring Gardening”; June 6, Winstanley Garden Club, East St. Louis, IIl., ‘The Four Seasons in the Missouri Botanical Garden”; September 20, Group 5 of the Webster Groves Garden Club, “Chrysanthemums”; September 29, vis- itors to the Mid-West Dahlia Show, “Four Seasons in the Missouri Botanical Garden”; October 4, Group 8 of the Webster Groves Garden Club, ‘‘Rhodo- dendrons and Azaleas.” Dr. Carl C. Lindegren, Research Professor: January 26, took part in the Mutation Panel of the Committee on Growth, American Cancer Society, New York, and February 14, in the Botany Panel, Committee on Growth of the American Cancer Society, Washington, D. C.; March 29, American Genetic Society of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, St. Louis, “Cytoplasmic Effects and Chromosome Maps in Saccharo- myces cerevisiae’; May 6, American Brewing Chemists, Milwaukee, Wis., “Sex in Yeasts and Flavor in Beer”; July 2, Carnegie Symposium on Varia- tion of Micro-organisms, at Cold Spring Harbor. Dr. Gustav A. L. Mehlquist, Horticulturist to the Garden: February 5, before the Greater St. Louis Association of Gardeners, “Some Experiences in Plant Breeding”; May 3, St. Louis Horticultural Society, ‘““The Origin of 26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN New Garden Plants through Hybridization’; November 6, before the Great- er St. Louis Flower Growers’ Association, “If I Were a Carnation Grower.” Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden: January 8, before the Northwoods Garden Club, “Orchids”; January 15, the Nature Study and Garden Club of Terre Haute, Ind., ‘Four Seasons in the Garden’; Feb- ruary 1, the Oak Ridge Garden Club, Chicago, IIl., “Four Seasons in the Garden”; February 21, Parent-Teachers’ Association of Stix School, “Ac- tivities of the Missouri Botanical Garden”; March 4, University City Rotary Club, ‘Romance in Flowers”; March 7, Grantwood Garden Club, “Fantasy in Orchids”; March 12, Guild Meeting of Normandy Presbyterian Church, “Orchids”; March 26, in the N.B.C. Studio, New York, “Orchid Explora- tions in the Andes’; April 9, Business and Professional Women’s Club, at Y.W.C.A., “Fantasy in Orchids’; April 15, Men’s Garden Club of Webster Groves, conducted Garden Clinic; April 24, Men’s Garden Club of Maple- wood, “Four Seasons in the Garden’; May 17, Civitan Club, “Mr. Shaw’s Garden”; July 23, Rotary Club of DeSoto, Mo., “Mr. Shaw’s Garden’’; September 17, St. Louis Women’s Auxiliary to the Railway Mail Association, “Fantasy in Orchids”; October 1, Members 22nd District Illinois Federation Women’s Clubs, Nashville, Ill, “What the Federated Clubs Can Do for the Community”; December 4, Spotlight Dinner of Civic League of Business and Professional Women, ‘“‘Recognition in Originating New Water Lilies.” Dr. Robert W. Schery, Research Assistant to the Garden: October 10, before the Webster Groves Garden Club, ‘Gardens of Eastern Brazil”; October 31, regional meeting of State Federated Garden Clubs, “Shrubs.” Mr. Russell J. Seibert, Graduate Student at the Garden: October 19, before the 75th annual convention of the Illinois State Grange, at Hotel Statler, “Latin American Efforts to Develop a Rubber Industry’; October 19, Shiloh Valley Grange, and November 23, Turkey Hill Grange, near Belleville, Ill., “Peru, the Land of the Inca.” THE HERBARIUM The regular activities of the herbarium during 1946 have gone forward in usual manner. Prewar conditions are gradually coming back; and it is evidenced by the accessions of several foreign consignments of important collections of exotic plants. It is of interest to note that among the follow- ing enumeration of acquisitions a goodly number of plants have been re- ceived from remote parts of the world—such, for instance, as the southeastern coast of Greenland, faraway New Caledonia, Australia, Alaska and Ant- arctica. New Accessions: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 18 plants of northwestern United States; Bailey Hortorium, 39 specimens of Hedera; MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27 F. A. Barkley, 125 plants of Alaska and 135 plants of northern Mexico; Mrs. Nettie Mae Bauer, 3 plants of horticulture; Miss Violet Bauer, 6 plants of horticulture; Mrs. Pamela Beard, 303 plants of British West Indies; Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 55 lichens of Hawaii; Miss Lydia Bourgere, 1 plant from Louisiana; Brother Allyre, 14 lichens of Quebec; Butler Uni- versity, 86 plants of Indiana; M. Quirds Calvo, 28 fungi and lichens of Costa Rica; Chicago Natural History Museum, 675 plants of Central and South America; R. T. Clausen, 3 plants of New Mexico and Panama; Sam Coffin, 2 plants of Missouri; H. $. Conard, 1 plant from Colorado; Con- servatoire Botanique, Geneva, 100 plants of the Mediterranean region; William B. Cooke, 35 specimens of Micobiota of North America, Fasc. 6; L. Cutak, 2 cacti of Mexico; H. C. Cutler, 72 plants of Oklahoma and Utah; Robert Darrow, 39 lichens of Arizona; Otto Degener, 106 plants of the Bahamas and Hawaii; C. W. Dodge, 136 plants of Costa Rica and Panama; L. M. Dougan, plant of Ohio; Dudley Herbarium, 3 plants of western United States; Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, 8 plants of Florida; Helena Forbes, fruit of Raphia vinifera from South Africa; H. S. Gentry, 2 plants of Mexico; Gray Herbarium, 23 plants of Brazil; Abul Hamil, 30 lichens of India; Dorothy Carolyn Harper, 345 plants of Colo- rado; A. W. Herre, lichen from Brazil; K. E. Hartmann, 1 plant of horti- culture; Charles Heiser, 51 plants of Arizona and California; Miss Clara Heising, 2 plants of horticulture; F. J. Hermann, 58 plants of Maryland, Virginia and Colombia; A. L. Hershey, 10 plants of New Mexico; C. L. Hitchcock, 1216 plants of Montana; L. Hubricht, 2 plants of Virginia; Juan Hector Hunziker, 78 plants of Argentina; Inst. Miguel Lillo, 90 lichens of Argentina; Duane Isley, 9 plants of Alabama and Iowa; Jardin Botanique, University of Montreal, 2 lichens of Quebec; A. L. Kammerer, plant of horticulture; A. Krapovickas, 171 plants of Argentina; James Kucynak, 5 lichens of Quebec; J. Mackenzie Lamb, 26 lichens of Antarctica; Roy Lat- ham, 5 lichens of New York; O. S. Ledman, Panax quinquefolium from trade; E. S. Lutrell, 268 lichens of Virginia; Frank McFarland, 2500 plants of Kentucky; Rogers McVaugh, 5 Asclepias of Texas; H. M. Moldenke, 2 plants of Ecuador; National Herbarium, Botanical Gardens, Sydney, 25 plants of Australia; New York Botanical Garden, 201 plants of Nevada, California, and Mexico, and 500 photographs of Arnica; Mrs. Karl R. Oakes, 67 lichens of Maine; H. B. Parks, Tetrapanax papyriferum from horticulture; M. Adrien Questel, 23 fungi, algae, and lichens of Guadeloupe; W. F. Rapp, 21 plants of New Jersey and Illinois; Veli Rasainen, 75 lichens of Finland; H. S. Reed, 2 plants of Pennsylvania; Mrs. H. G. Reh, 51 plants of Green- land; Rocky Mountain Herbarium, 123 plants of Wyoming; C. L. Reming- ton, 12 plants of New Caledonia; B. Rosengurtt, 45 plants of Uruguay; 28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Robert Runyon, 27 lichens of Texas; P. O. Schallert, 512 plants of western United States; R. W. Schery, 4 photostats of Cassia oxyphylla Kunth; R. J. Seibert, 18 plants of Peru; Mrs. Doris Hustis Speirs, Lobaria pulmonaria from Ontario; State University of Iowa, 29 fungi from Panama and Colombia; J. W. Thomson, 60 lichens of Wisconsin; W. L. Tolstead, 359 plants chiefly from Pennsylvania and Nevada; U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Rubber Plant Investigation, by R. J. Seibert, 190 specimens of Hevea; Robert Stratton, 1 plant of Oklahoma; U. S$. Arboretum, 14 rubber plants of Brazil; U. S. National Museum, 52 plants of Alaska and 7 specimens of South America; University of Arizona, 264 plants of Arizona; University of California, 200 plants of California and 411 plants of South America; University of Georgia, 16 plants of Georgia; University of Helsingfors, 300 lichens of Finland; University of Michigan, 72 grasses from Mexico; Uni- versity of Mexico, 15 specimens of Juniperus from Mexico; University of Oklahoma, 155 plants of Oklahoma; University of Texas, 159 plants of Texas; Hermann von Schrenk, 4 plants of horticulture; U. T. Waterfall, 223 plants of Texas and New Mexico; West Virginia University, 30 plants of West Virginia; L. Williams, a new orchid from Brazil; Robert Woodson, 4 palms of Panama. Mounting and Insertion of Specimens: The mounting of herbarium speci- mens has continued during the year; 10,350 specimens have been mounted. This work has been done effectively by Miss Violet Bauer. Most of this material has been sorted, fumigated, placed in families, and filed in the her- barium; and most of this work has been done by the Curator assisted by Mrs. Nettie Mae Bauer and Mr. Fred Meyer. The congestion of the herbarium in many places is so acute that further filing is impossible without causing serious damage to the fragile plant speci- mens. The overflow of new and valuable material is placed in special cartons, sealed, and put in storage. Naphthalene has been used freely to prevent damage by herbarium insects. Exchange: The exchanges of duplicate herbarium specimens during 1946 have taken a more international aspect than for the past decade. We have received on the basis of exchange 4,146 specimens; and we have sent 2,465 specimens to correspondents. Use of the Herbarium: The number of visiting botanists who have used the herbarium during the past year is greatly in excess for any one year for the last thirty years. This is due in a large part to the many botanists in attendance at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science last March. The requests for loan of herbarium material by MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Zo specialists, who are engaged in monographic, floristic researches and prob- lems of geographical distribution, are increasing from year to year. If the fragile, dried, pressed plants are carefully packed and shipped by express or parcel post it carries with minimum fragmentation. Critical study enhances the scientific value of herbarium specimens. Hence, the loan of such material has been encouraged. Statistical Summary (For the year ending December 31, 1946): Number of specimens received during 1946: Byes LCL aS ape aa ceases seveecuesetessctces eric ph eats a2 2 eet: SUeeraeeeaseas 5,048 IBS a Ea meet me apes a eee en es A eS Bee pee 1,863 Biv exchiain ce eye cree sane ea eserrec eee taeere a cays 52a s, ee eee 4,146 1S ifene a) 28 nh 2-0 cv mc ee Seer AS re enn oar ere ery ee eee 20 gi Wo} 1 [Re-ment e e ee uM Number of specimens mounted and incorporated in 1946 ..........0000.0...2220 cece eecee eee 10,350 Number of specimens carried forward from 1945 ...........22222200.--2e220000ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 1,425,289 Ae, tea eee en ee EI ae ee ee Pee a ere 1,435,639 Number of specimens discarded during 1946 .................20::cce22000ceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 53 Total number of specimens in Herbarium ..............222......---200002200000eeeeees 1,435,586 LIBRARY AND PUBLICATIONS The past year has seen a return almost to pre-war conditions in the Gar- den library. Not only have exchange relations been resumed with foreign countries, but our European subscription agent at the Hague has sent all the European publications which he had purchased for us during the war years. It is a source of gratification that these valuable botanical journals continue from where they left off in 1941, with hardly a number missing. While the number of serial publications received during 1946, by exchange and purchase, does not equal the old-time peak of 1200 annually, it has almost doubled since 1941. Two shipments of ANNALs to 102 foreign institutions were made through the Smithsonian Institution during the year. These consisted of 410 packages containing the volumes issued between 1940 and 1945. Through the “Friends of the Garden” movement the help that the library can give has been brought to the attention of many local gardeners. On the other hand, the value of the Garden library has long been known to research botanists. Two conventions held in St. Louis in 1946—The Botan- ical Society of America, and the combined meetings of the American Insti- tute of Park Executives and the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboretums—brought visitors by the hundreds. In fact, it was im- possible to keep a record of those using the library during the days of the Botanical Society meetings. Many botanists came to St. Louis earlier than the convention, or stayed over, in order to take advantage of the library and 30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN herbarium. The greater number of graduate students in the Shaw School of Botany has also brought about an increased use of the library. Foreign book catalogues, which are the principal sources of obtaining our desiderata, are being received in greater numbers. Although they are care- fully checked few wanted things seem to be offered. However, it is inter- esting to note the increase in value of the rare “classics” acquired some years ago, most of which have at least doubled and many have increased more than three times. With the prospect of a new building as soon as conditions permit, little shifting of books was done, but the basement had become so overcrowded that some time had to be spent rearranging the Department of Agriculture publications there. A survey was also made of the present building (now occupied by offices, herbarium and library) to see how it could be utilized in case it was taken over entirely by the library. Publications.—Volume XXXIII of the quarterly ANNALS and Volume XXXIV of the monthly BULLETIN were issued during the year. The volume of the ANNALS contains 408 pages, nineteen plates, and 276 text-figures. The February and November numbers were devoted to the Orchidaceae of Panama, by Louis O. Williams, constituting fascicles 2 and 3 of Part III of Woodson and Schery’s ‘Flora of Panama.’”’ The BULLETIN contained 260 pages and numerous illustrations. Beginning with September, 1946, all “Friends of the Garden” have been receiving the BULLETIN, since which the issue has more than doubled. An innovation with this volume was the use of colored plates, in this case representing eight varieties of Narcissus, given by the Oregon Bulb Farms to accompany Dr. Anderson’s article in the Feb- ruary BULLETIN. Among the BULLETIN articles reprinted in other maga- zines were: Lindegren’s “Breeding Yeasts,” in Chemurgic Digest; Fairburn’s “Plants for Shady Gardens,” in Modern Cemetery; Fairburn’s ‘Growing Plants Vegetatively,” in Southern Florist and Nurseryman; Mchlquist’s “Ancestors of Our Present-day Cymbidiums” as a supplement to Bulletin of the American Orchid Society. Although additional copies were printed of the April 1945 ANNaLs, containing the papers read at the conference on “Gene Action in Micro- organisms,” the edition is now exhausted. However, as it is still in demand, mostly by foreign institutions, the available reprints were bound with offset reproduction of cover and Discussion pages to make replicas of that number of the ANNALS. About 540 reprints of ANNALS papers were mailed out during the year to 102 botanists on our exchange list. Many publications are also sold, the receipt for Annals, Bulletins, ‘Spring Floras,” etc. in 1946 being $6,140.57. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 31 Library Accessions.—Probably the most outstanding acquisitions during the year were some lacking volumes of two periodicals: The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London—Ser. B, Vols. 184-230. 1893- 1941; and the American Journal of Science—missing volumes of old series, and Vols. 1 to date of the current series. Of the Royal Society publications the library had only the abridged volumes of the early Philosophical Trans- actions. The later ones had never been purchased because they could be obtained at several other libraries in St. Louis, but since they contained many botany papers, especially paleobotany, all the available volumes were ordered when seen advertised in a British book catalogue. Our set of American Journal of Science was almost complete except for the current series, and last year all the missing parts were purchased. Subscriptions for future volumes of both journals have also been entered. An interesting bibliographical rarity was Richard Bradley’s A general treatise of husbandry and gardening. ‘This work is in three volumes, which consists of monthly issues from April 1721 to September 1722. There are other copies in botanical libraries in this country but they all differ from ours in some detail, and whether the copies in the English libraries are dupli- cates is doubtful. To quote a bibliographical authority: “His [Bradley’s] botanical publications show acuteness and diligence, and contain indications of much observation in advance of his time.” Another early scientific journal acquired was vol. 1 of the American Monthly Magazine and Cultural Review (1817), which contains one of Rafinesque’s papers. Other noteworthy accessions, in addition to current works that one would expect to find in a botanical and horticultural library, were the fol- lowing: Backeberg, Curt, and Knuth, F. M. Kaktus-ABC—En Haandbog for fagfolk of Amatorer. 1935; Brongniart, A. Histoire des végetaux fossiles. Paris 1828-1837. Facsimile edition, 1915; Cobbett, William. A treatise on Cobbett’s corn. 1828; Cox, J. M. A cultural table of orchidaceous plants. 1946; Descole, H. R. Genera et species plantarum Argentinarum ... Vol. 2, 1946; Duursma, G. D. Succulenten en beeld en woord. 1930; Fuentes y Guzman, F. Recordacion Florida . . . del Reyno de Guatemala. (From 17th century Codex). Vols. 1-3. 1931-33; Hendrichs Perez, P. R. Por tierras ignotas. Viajes y observaciones en la region del Rio de las Balsas. Vol. 2, 1946; Hill, J. Fossils—arranged according to their obvious characters. 1771; Hogben, L. An introduction to mathematical genetics. 1946; Hume, H. H. Camellias in America. 1946; Hutchinson, John. A botanist in southern Africa. 1946; Lange’s Flora Agaricina Dansk, Vol. 5, 1939; Miiller, O. F. Efterretning og Erfaring om Svampe... Pilse. 1763; The Naturalist—A nat- ural history of North England. Vols. 1-13. 1891-99; Niethammer, A. Die 32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Mikroskopischen Boden-Pilze. 1937; Paucke, F. Hacia alla y para Aca, 1749-1767. Vols. 1-3. Translated by E. Wernicke, 1942-1944; Reprints of Rafinesque’s Flora Telluriana and New Flora and Botany of North America. 1946; Squier, E. G. Peru—Incidents of travels and exploration in the Land of the Incas. 1877; Zittel-Schimper’s Handbuch der Palaeontologie. 1876. Several new serials were purchased: The Land; Wrightia; and Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica. New institutions on the ANNALS ex- change list were: Instituto Botanico de Faculdade de Ciencias de Universidad Lisboa, which sends us Series A and B of its Acta Biologica; Instituto de Agricultura Tropical de Universidad de Puerto Rico, which exchanges its Boletin for our ANNALS. Visitors—The Garden library seems to be used more often by out-of- town research workers. Dr. Whitaker and Dr. Cutler, for instance, both Guggenheim Fellows, spent several months at the Garden. Other visitors who spent several weeks or more in the library were Dr. Ledyard Stebbins and Dr. Carl O. Sauer, of the University of California, Berkeley, and Dr. T. G. Yuncker and Dr. Winona Welch, of DePauw University, Greencastle, Ind. Dr. J. L. Collins, of the Pineapple Research Institute, University of Hawaii, who is studying the origin of the “Cayenne” Pineapple, and Dr. S. L. Fernaroli, of Bergamo, Italy, studying maize, stayed about a week going over the Garden’s collection of early natural-history books. The following list includes the out-of-town visitors to the library during 1946, except those visiting the Garden on the days of the Botanical Society meetings in March: Mr. Charles Gibbs Adams, Landscape Architect, Pasa- dena, Calif.; Mr. Joseph W. Adams, of the Morris Arboretum, Philadelphia; Miss Josephine Antoine, of University of Iowa, Iowa City; Dr. Fred A. Barkley, of University of Texas, Austin; Mr. Walter D. Bellingrath, of Bellingrath Gardens, Mobile, Ala.; Dr. Lyman Benson, of Pomona College, Claremont, Calif.; Dr. William L. Brown, of Pioneer Hi-Bred Corn Co., Des Moines, Iowa; Dr. Hamilton H. Card, of the Fillmore Community High School, Fillmore, Ill.; Mr. Robert Casamajor, of California Horticultural Institute, Pasadena, Calif.; Dr. J. L. Collins, of the Pineapple Research Institute, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, H. I.; Mr. Gordon C. Cooper, of Cleveland, Ohio; Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Guggenheim Fellow, Botanical Museum of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. Carl G. Deuber, of Stauffer Chemical Co., New York; Dr. A. W. Dimock, of Cornell Univer- sity, Ithaca, N. Y.; Dr. Ethel Eltinge, of Mt. Holyoke College, South Had- ley, Mass.; Dr. Carl C. Epling, of University of California, Los Angeles, Calif.; Dr. Ralph O. Erickson, of University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y.; Mr. Robert Evers, of University of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. Norman Fassett, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 33 of University of Wisconsin, Madison; Mr. C. W. Fenninger, of Tyler Arbo- retum, Philadelphia; Prof. S$. Luigi Fernaroli, Director Stazione Sperimentale de Maisocultura, Bergamo, Italy; Dr. Ruth M. Foster, of University of Texas, Austin; Dr. Harry J. Fuller, of University of Illinois, Urbana; Prof. Roger Gautheret, of the Faculté des Sciences, Nogent s. Marne (Seine), France; Dr. Joseph C. Gilman, of Iowa State College, Ames; Mr. Clarence Godshalk, of Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Ill.; Dr. George J. Goodman, of University of Oklahoma, Norman; Dr. George B. Happ, of Principia College, Elsah, IIL; Mrs. Gretchen Harshbarger, Garden Editor, The Household; Dr. Ada Hay- den, of Iowa State College, Ames; Dr. Alexander Hollaender, of National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md.; Mr. Niels Jacobsen, Carnation Grower, Aabenrau, Denmark; Dr. James A. Jenkins, of University of California, Berkeley; Dr. George Thomas Johnson, of Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, Boston; Mr. Raymond E. Johnson, of the Minnesota Department of Conservation, St. Paul; Mr. E. L. Kammerer, of Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Ill.; Mr. George Kelly, of Littleton, Colorado, Editor of Green Thumb; Dr. Maxine Larisey, of Judson College, Marion, Alabama; Dr. Pierre Larroque, of Institut des Recherches Agronomiques de I’ Indochine; Dr. Samuel G. Leh- man, of North Carolina State College, Raleigh; Dr. Catharine M. Lieneman, of Wisconsin State Teachers’ College, River Falls; Mr. Lyman, of Hilo, Hawaiian Islands; Prof. Howard E. McMinn, of Mills College, Oak- land, Calif.; Dr. Frank P. McWhorter, of Oregon Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Corvallis; Prof. A. D. Moore, of University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Mr. B. Y. Morrison, of U. S$. National Arboretum, Washington, D. C.; Mr. Paul Mose, Rose Grower, Glamsbgerg, Tyn, Denmark; Dr. A. C. Murneek, of University of Missouri, Columbia; Mrs. Iva Newman, of San Mateo, Calif., Garden Editor Peninsula Life; Mr. Roy M. Nordine, of Mor- ton Arboretum, Lisle, Ill.; Dr. Marion Ownbey, of Washington State College, Pullman; Dr. E. F. Paddock, of Ohio State University, Columbus; Mr. Hot- bar Pauldan, of the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural Highschool, Copen- hagen, Denmark; Father Dromede Pohlkamp, of St. Anthony Hospital, Louisville, Ky.; Mr. Robert Pyle, of Conard & Pyle, West Grove, Pa.; Dr. Carl O. Sauer, of University of California, Berkeley; Mr. Richard D. Schein, of DePauw University, Greencastle, Ind.; Dr. Jacob R. Schramm, of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Dr. H. A. Senn, of Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada; Mr. Lloyd L. Smith, of Bureau of Fisheries, Minnesota Department of Conservation, St. Paul; Mr. Walter K. Smith, of Bellingrath Gardens, Mobile, Ala.; Mr. Richard Spears, of University of Louisiana, Baton Rouge; Dr. E. R. Spencer, Consulting Soil Botanist and Plant Pathologist, Lebanon, Ill.; Dr. Ledyard Stebbins, of University of California, Berkeley; Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, of Chicago Museum of 34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Natural History; Mr. Henry Teuscher, of Montreal Botanic Garden, Canada; Dr. T. H. Van Eck, of the General Experiment Station, Buitenzorg, Java; Dr. J. Van Overbeck, of Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Mayaguez, Porto Rica; Dr. Winona Welch, of DePauw University, Greencastle, Ind.; Dr. Louis O. Williams, of Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Tegucigalpa, Hon- duras, C. A.; Mr. Harold F. Winters, of the Federal Experiment Station, Mayaguez, Porto Rica; Mr. Harry Wood, of the Arthur Hoyt Scott Founda- tion, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa.; Mr. Richardson Wright, of New York, Editor House and Garden; Mr. C. A. Wychoff, of University of Okla- homa, Norman; Dr. Donald Wyman, of Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; Dr. T. G. Yuncker, of DePauw University, Greencastle, Ind. During the year the library loaned 141 books to 26 institutions on the interlibrary loan plan. Statistical Information.—There have been donated to the library or re- ceived in exchange during the year 530 books valued at $1,273.63, 1,424 pamphlets valued at $314.75, and 1 manuscript valued at $5.00. There were 412 books bought at a cost of $2,857.31, 110 pamphlets at a cost of $81.18, and 4 maps at a cost of $4.50. The library now contains 57,317 books, 98,147 pamphlets, and 356 manuscripts. The number of index cards now totals 1,109,289, of which 7,982 were added during the year, 1,222 having been written by Garden employees and 6,760 purchased at a cost of $154.79. One hundred and twenty-two books were bound. ANNUAL BEQUESTS The annual flower sermon “On the goodness of God as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits, and other products of the vegetable kingdom,” provided for in the will of Henry Shaw, was preached at Christ Church Cathedral on May 12, by Dr. Henry Sloane Coffin, for many years president of the Union Theological Seminary, New York. The gardeners’ banquet fund was used to provide turkeys for employees at Christmas. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35 ATTENDANCE FOR 1946 (Not including visitors to Arboretum) Week-days Sundays 3,461 4,862 4,840 8,186 Phew Wa 12,874 11,778 15,354 INVA see ca eee cee mee ne asec eee sae e eee 12,735 12,456 BA 4 (ea ead ae ee OS ere ae 155523 6,661 i [| bomen ne ee ae Me Ree tie Putt ene ease PM Ie ee Oe Race 15,062 6,715 DNV 34 VK) ae ee ee ee te Se ee RE eee eee ee 14,942 9,267 Septern De riser sore cetiree ete yi ee teeter ee ee ee an ee 16,045 28,346 5 © Yoh 01 bY) geet one ae eR nan 2 A ADO Es Ee ree 10,472 10,753 IN OV Gtr) De tesa renee arm nee SOE in is Gg 2 Veen Gs 16,114 21,078 MO CCETT De Ree ee eee Mee he al ee AL 3,909 4,943 132,406 141,495 132,406 Sl +] | ERR Re mR Se pS Be NER De Pe SS Sear a EE EE 273,901 Respectfully submitted, GeEorGE T. Moore, Director. SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a.m. until 7:00 p.m.; Sundays, 10:00 a.m. until 7:00 p.m. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p.m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove and Flora Place, on the Sarah bus line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF TRUSTEES George C. Hitchcock... era clceeentinnwa PEPSEet Daniel. K.-Cathnnc. eneneenneeeceeceneeccenensenee------ Wice-President | Ere an fd 8 Seinen oR Ne RO SE OS Second Vice-President L. Ray Carter Richard J. Lockwood Dudley French George T. Moore John S. Lehmann A. Wessel Shapleigh Ethan A. H. Shepley EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Arthur H. Compton. satis Chancellor, Washington University A. P. Kaufmann 2... in! Mayor of the City of St. Louis Strattord Lo Mortot2 2 President, St. Louis Academy of Science William Scarlett = Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri Elmore M. Putney.........-....------------- President, Board of Education of St. Louis Sera CR tg hn ine ee ene See elt) ere tary STAFF Georre Tl ., “MOore 2 sats Sa Beas om per he sree Nae Meee ee tae eh Director Hermann von Schrenk___. BS Sete tok AMR Me Ma coe eee Pathologist Jesse M. Greenman Parenrs Curator of Herbarium MRE LON. NY « without becoming truly ligneous.”” Examples of this group are the hardy bamboos, butterfly-bushes and the chaste-tree. While trees require many years before reaching maturity, shrubs attain * The present article is a sequel to “A Selection of Trees for St. Louis and Vicinity,” that appeared in the November 1946 BULLETIN. 46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN useful sizes and begin to bloom and bear fruit within a few years. More- over, given proper care they remain presentable for decades. And yet to grow shrubs well it is not necessary to fuss with them. Most shrubs prefer a circumneutral to slightly acid soil (except ericaceous plants like rhodo- dendrons, which demand a medium to strongly acid soil), a light or partial shade, and judicious pruning every year or so. In planting shrubs healthy plants are imperative, and smaller plants are usually preferable to larger ones. Select a well-drained situation and prepare the soid by generous application of stable manure, or, if that is not available, a complete commercial fertilizer. Keep the soil moist but not puddled. A mulch of dried leaves (any kind but oak) or straw will provide adequate moisture and discourage weeds. Weigela floribunda The following lists are made up of tested shrubs for the St. Louis area. No attempt has been made to include all the shrubby plants that may be grown in this region; in fact, only a few bush roses, one mock-orange, one cotoneaster, and a few spireas, honeysuckles and viburnums are given. Ref- erence has already been made to those plants which usually die back nearly to the ground each year. There are many plants whose branch tips some- times or regularly are affected by winter temperatures. These include the beauty-berries, bush-clovers, false-spireas, groundsel-bush, Snowhill Hydran- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 47 gea, Japanese Kerria, Securinega, tamarisks and the Desert Willow. Other species which are unreliable and die back occasionally, according to the severity of the winter, are the Laland Firethorn and the California Privet. The lists give important data for comparing one plant with another. The first column deals with the texture of the foliage: coarse (C), medium (M), or fine (F). Several factors contribute to the texture. If the leaves are large with smooth margins and a glossy top surface, the texture is coarse. Ural False-spirea (Sorbaria sorbifolia) Conversely, when the leaves are small, pinnately divided or saw-toothed and the surfaces are dull, their texture is fine. A mixing of these characters is likely to produce a medium-textured foliage. The second column refers to the color of the flowers; inconspicuous flowers are represented by a dash. The third column lists the time of blooming. The fourth column gives the color of the fruit, and again, if inconspicuous, a dash is used. The fifth column deals with the soil reaction, if established*. The sixth column records the preference of plants to sun or partial shade (X). Shrubs are useful in the landscape according to their ultimate heights. Excluding ground covers, prostrate and other low-growing shrubs, they may * Spurway, C. H., Soil reaction (pH) preferences of plants, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Spec. Bull. 306. 1941. 48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN be separated arbitrarily into the following classes: 2-3 ft., 3-4 ft., 4-6 ft., 6-8 ft., 8-12 ft., and 12-20 ft. In the first group are plants for foreground of shrubberies, edging material, background for rockeries, and a variety of other situations. They are rather small and will adapt themselves nicely to limited spaces in the garden area. Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis ) There is a wider selection of shrubs in the 3—4-foot category. If they have sufficiently attractive mass and texture of color throughout the seasons, they may be used for accent; otherwise they become “fillers” the primary value of which is “filling” voids between outstanding shrubs, and the sec- ondary purpose is supplying one attractive aspect during any given season. The Five-leaf Aralia and the barberries are thorny, an important or valuable character for low-growing hedges. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49 SHRUBS 2-3 FEET TALL s/ 2 ‘ 3 Botanical Name Common Name = 3 S iF * 3 3 ane g i ic = B za a => a. w Berberis Julianae...................-- Wintergreen Barberry...| C | yellow Ap black | neutral x Berberis Thunbergii minor.....| Box Barberry.................. F yellow) Ap red _—_| neutral Xx Deutzia gracilis... Slender Deutzia............. M | white | Ap—-My _- 6.0—7.5 Sun Genista tinctorid.....0..000200.2... Woodwaxen..............2.... F | yellow) Je-Aug — ___jindif Sun Hydrangea arborescens Randi Lota Snowhill Hydrangea...... C | white | My-Jy _ 6.0—8.0 XxX Lonicera syringantha Wolf’s Lilac 1 rah 6] Seana a renee. Honeysuckle.............. F | red Ap red |indif X Pseudosasa japonica................. Metake (Bamboo)......... G — —_ — —_ 4 Pieris japonica.......-...-.....---..-- Japanese Andromeda...... M_ | white Ap — 5.0-6.0 xX Rhododendron obtusum AMLOCTIUTN osc ss0escs cesses Amoena Azalea.............. P red Ap—-My me 4.5-6.0 >. Rhododendron yedoense Korean Yodogawa poukhanense........2.......-...--- Azalea................. .. M | blue Ap — subacid xX Rosa carolina .....0..000000...0..2220--. Pasture Roseé-....22.2:2.:.:.. M | pink Ap-—My red — Sun Spiraea ar guta............000000000- Garland Spirea............... F white | Ap-My — neutral 6 Spiraea Bumalda...................... Bumalda Spirea......... M | pink My-—Je ~ 6.0—7.0 x Sym phoricarpos orbiculatus....|Snow-berry....... are: F — Aug white |5,.5-7.5 X Smy bhoricar pos racemoasus.....|Coral-berry.......00....0...... F — Aug red neutral ».4 SHRUBS 3-4 FEET TALL | a ee 5 Botanical Name | Common Name o e g 5 3 ¥ —_ S u < = Se eee eee Pee kB oy wn a a. ae Abclia grandiflora....000......... |Glossy Abelia.................. Bes white | Je-N 6.0—8.0 x Acanthopanax Sieboldianus....|Five-leaf Aralia.............. M as Je _— neutral x Aronia arbutifolia.. 000000... Red Chokeberry............ M | white Ap red 5.0-6.0 x Berberis mentorensis..............| Mentor Barberry........... M |} yellow] Ap red neutral x Berberis Thunbergii atropurpured 0.0000. Purple-leaf Barberry...... M | yellow) Ap red neutral Xx Calycanthus floridus....00......... Strawberry-bush............ C | red Ap-Jy — 6.0—7.0 x Forsythia ovata........0.0..0000..000-. Early Forsythia.............. C | yellow] Mr—Ap — indiff x Forsythia suspensa Fortunei....| Fortune Forsythia.......... F yellow) Mr—Ap _— 5.0—6.5 x Ilex crenata convexa................ Box 1ollyetg oe M —_ Je black |5.0-6.5 Sun Kerria japonica plena.............. Japanese Kerria.............. M |} yellow! Ap-—S — 6.0—7.0 x Mahonia Aquifolium............. Oregon Holly grape.......|C | yellow) Ap black | — 4 Rhododendron japonicum...... Japanese Azalea... M | red Ap — subacid x Rhododendron mucronatum..|Snow Azalea................... M | white | Ap—-My — subacid x Rhododendron roseum............ Roseshell Azalea............. M | pink | Ap—-My — subacid x Rhodoty pos scandens... Jetbexdhccee nis mere M | white | Ap,S black |6.0—7.5 x TROSGNDAIGISETIS oer ote eset Swamp Rose................... M | pink Je-Au — 6.0—8.0 Sun TROSG TUR OS eres ee Rugosa Rose.................. M | pink |Ap—My, red — Sun Securinega suffruticosa........... Securinegar.s.ccssececstaseees F white Je —- —_ x Spiraea prunifolia plena.......... Bridalwreath..........000..... F white Ap —_— neutral x * The figures in this column represent the soil reaction best suited to the plant; for ex- ample, pH 7.0 is neutral; 6.5-6.9 is slightly acid; 5.3-6.4, medium acid; 4.5—5.2, strongly acid; 7.1-7.5, slightly alkaline; 7.6—-8.2, medium alkaline. is not established it is expressed as neutral, indiff, or by a dash. When the exact soil preference 50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Shrubs 4-6 feet in height reach the normal level of the eye. This group and succeeding ones contribute appreciably in forming living walls of gar- dens and in enclosing areas. Like those plants of the preceding group, certain species find use as “fillers” or as “accents,” depending upon their mass, texture and color. SHRUBS 4-6 FEET TALL vu sd u 5 A rs = Botanical Name Common Name i 3 3 Pf = 5) = $ re ao ‘on omy Va) 1, a Buddleia alternifolia................ Fountain Butterfly- DUS hen. cecectesst paceezenteies F | blue My — — Buddleia Davidii..................... Orange-eye Butterfly- bush_.......-...ee eee M | blue Je—O — |6.0-7.5 Callicarpa purpurea.............- Beauty-berry.........0........ C | white Jy purple | — Cercis chinensis.....0......-.......-.. Chinese Redbud............. C | red Ap — — Chaenomeles lagenaria............. Flowering Quince.......... C | red Ap = 6.0—7.0 Deutzia scabra.......... peeceteiees! Rough Deutzia............. M | white | My—Je — — Elaeagnus multiflora.............. Cherry Elaeagnus........ M | yellow) Ap-My red — Euonymus hkiautschovica........ Spreading Euonymus..... C | green Je red — Tex glabra. ........12.0200-00020--2 Inkberry..........-...2...--.--- M — My black |4.5—-5.0 Lonicera Morrowi................... Morrow Honeysuckle..... F | white | Ap-My red — Malus Sargentii_.......00...........-- Sargent Crab-apple._..... M | white Ap red — Philadel phus virginalis SOV ATHIDAL ocescs.< Enonymus alata... Winged Euonymus........ M | yellow) Ap purple |6.0-7.5 XxX Forsythia intermedia Showy Border | Spectabilis..... 00... ccc eee Morsytniaeee essere C | yellow) Mr-Ap — 6.0-7.5 x Grewia biloba parviflora... Grewia str ees hie C | white Ap red — x Hibiscus syriacus.........00.20----- Shrub Althea......000........ C |various| Je-S — 6.0—7.5 Sun Hydrangea paniculata Early Panicle | DPIGECOX eee ee Hydrangea................. C | white | Je-Jy — — Sun Kolkwitzia amabilis.......0...-..... Beautybush......... 0... F pink My — 6.0—7.5 Sun Les pedeza bicolor..............--..... Purple Bush-clover........ F white S = = He Ligustrum amurensis............... AUG Priv ets: 27082 %3e: M~ white | My—Je black | indiff xX Ligustrum ibolium.................. Ibolium Privet............... M~ white | My—Je black | indiff x Ligustrum obtusifolium Regelianum...........-...---.------ Regel’s Privet__............... M | white | My—Je black | indiff X Ligustrum ovalifolium............ California Privet............ M — — — indiff Sun Ligustrum Quihou..........-.....-. Quihou Privet................ M | white | Aug-S | black |indiff Sun Lindera Benzoin..............-.-2..-- Spicebush.......200.....2200-- M | yellow] Mr-Ap red = |4.5-6.0 >.< Lonicera fragrantissima.......... Fragrant Honeysuckle...| C | white | Mr—Ap — indiff >:4 Magnolia stellata..................... Star Magnolia................. C | white | Mr—Ap — 5.0-6.0 | Sun Phyllostachys aureosulcatus....\ Hardy Bamboo............... M — = — — x Rhus aromatica................-----.- Fragrant Sumac............. F | yellow) Mr—Ap red — xX Rosa setigera.......0.........0..00000--- Prairie Rose.................--- M | fink |My—Aug red _— Sun Sambucus canadensis............... Elderberry....................- C | white | My—Je black — >.4 Sorbaria sorbifolia................... Ural False-spirea............ M | white | Je—Jy —- indiff X Syringa Henryi “Lueéce’’........ Ilenry, Wilacs teen, C | lilac My — neutral Sun Syringa microphylla... Little-leaf Lilac.............. F pink | Ap—My —_— neutral Sun Syringa nanceana “Floréal”....| Nancy Lilac................... C | lilac My — neutral | Sun Syringa Villosa.......ccc00c0cceee Wate ilacn uae Coaiplilac My = neutral Sun Viburnum Lantana................- Wayfaring-tree.............. C | white | Ap-My | black |5.5-7.0 x Viburnum Opulus...............--. European Cranberry...... M | white My | red 6.5-7.5 x Viburnum tomentosum........... Doublefile Viburnum....... C | white | Ap-My | black |6.5-7.5 x Vitex Agnus-castus..........--..--- Lilac Chaste-tree............ M | lilac Je-S — 6.0-7.0 | Sun Xanthoceras sorbifolia............. Shiny-leaf Yellowhorn..| M !' white | Ap—My — —— Sun Shrubs for tall screens and for large mass effects are found in the follow- ing group. These plants are on such large scale that it usually requires parks and large estates to display them properly. The average gardener would do well to use them in moderation or as single specimens. ia | | MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN SHRUBS 8-12 FEET TALL Common Name | Ame'anchier canadensis....... Baccharis halimifolia Caragana arborescens... Chionanthus virginicus... Cornus mas Euonymus atropurpurea Exochorda Giraldii Wilsonti....0000 eee Hamamelis vernalis....... Hamamelis virginéana.. Prunus cerasifera atropurpurea..... Rhamnus Frangula.... Shepherdia argentea.. Syringa amurensis japonica... Tamarix gallica... Viburnum prunifol an —~|Common Witch-hazel. _|Purple-leaf Plum........ : _| Buffalo-berry................. Hardy Silk-tree......... | | Shadbush. oe. | | Groundsel-bush....... _| Siberian Pea-tree.... _| White Fringe-tree..... _|Cornelian Cherry........... _|Eastern Burningbush... Wilson Redbud Pearlbush...... Peer Vernal Witch-hazel...... Alder Buckthorn........... Japanese Tree Lilac. French Tamarisk. _| Black Haw................ NOZONNS ™) Texture ‘ F | x= A pink Je-Au white Ap white | S—-O yellow Ap | white | My | yellow| Mr purple) My | white | Ap—-My | yellow) Ja-F | yellow) O-N pink Mr-Ap yellow My | yellow) Ap—My white | My—Je pink | Ap-My white My a L no anil | Qa, purple |5.0—-6.0 white |7.0-8.0 —_ 6.0—7.0 blue | 5.0—6.0 — youtral — ndift — 6.0-7.0 red — black — red 6.0—8.0 — neutral — subacid black — Tallest of shrubs are those that reach usually, though loosely, referred to as small trees. In spite of the appealing characters of these plants care should be taken that too many are not used in a small place and that only those best suited to such an area be chosen. Botanical Name Cyrilla racemiflora.. Elaeagnus angustifolia ..... Halesia carolina... seuefs Magnolia Soulangeana Magnolia virginiana... 12-20 feet in height and are SHRUBS 12-20 FEET TALL Cemmen Name _|Leatherwood.......... Russian Olive........ : Mountain Silverbell..... | Saucer Maenolia....... Sweet Bay......--....---------- a0 omz| Texture - = = S 2 | - oo white | Je-Jy | yellow] My white Ap white | Mr—Ap white | My—Jy Cunila origanoides, the American Dittany.— September always finds the American Dittany in flower along dry wooded ridges near St. Louis. ca 2 | 5 re | uF aa a. = 5.0—8.0 yellow — green 5.0—5.0 red 5.0—6.0 red | 4.0—5.0 It is a delicate little plant of the Mint family, about two feet high when in blossom and bearing its small plumes of lav- It is easiest to ender-pink flowers well above its simple, light green leaves. recognize by its odor, from which it gets both its common and its specific name. dittany and might well be tried out as a substitute for those flavorings. The leaves when crushed smell almost exactly like wild marjoram or MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Do Nymphaea gigantea var. alba THE INTRODUCTION OF THE WHITE NYMPHAEA GIGANTEA GEORGE H. PRING In 1939, when the writer and Mr. Robert S. Trickett, of Ealing, London, were working together with species of Nymphaea in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, he mentioned a white form of Nymphaea gigantea from Australia. I was interested, for I had never heard of a white gigantea in cultivation, and he offered to try to contact some water-lily man who would collect seeds for me. The outbreak of the war, the following month, prevented all possibility of any one giving time for such details but it did not keep Mr. Trickett from corresponding. In September, 1945, he wrote to Mr. Albert De Lestang, of Adel’s Grove Botanic Gardens, North Queensland, and received the following letter in reply: 54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Adel’s Grove Botanic Gardens Via Camooweal North Queensland 10/11/45 Dear Mr. Trickett, Your letter of 20/9/45, airmailed at 7:15 p.m. on that date, came to hand last night, 6 weeks and one day on the way. At this fast rate of air traveling I am afraid lily tubers would perish on the way... Now about that virgin-garbed beautiful swcul you desire. Beware of her fascinating beauty. My old friend, Mr. C. T. White, is getting short-minded from crowded work and roving about if he failed to tell you about the white nymph living here when he was at Kew some years back, for just before he went I sent him specimens of the floral belle. Mr. W. D. Francis, who is the acting boss in the absence of the chief, at that time could not be sure my white nymph was a N. gigantea. Our water nymphs are yet a bit mixed in names. I will see what can be done about luring the beauty out of her watery home or robbing her babies (seeds) to be airmailed to you, if the fare is within my purse. The white-flowered form of N. gigantea, as known here, is irregular in its ap- pearance. I have not seen it the last two years. The type is plentiful in the gardens; thousands of blooms are floating about. Will keep an eye for the white form but it grows in deep water, here 30 ft. or more, coming to the surface on a root stalk 40 ft. or more long; the tubers beyond my reach, and the seed will be hard to get, for water beetles devour the stamens and ovules. The flower will have to be pro- tected, and I do not know how it can be done. Will try anyway. As to the white lilies with the blue ones in the pool near Rockland, Camooweal, I doubt their origin and how often seen. Will try to get in touch with the blacks there and get them to collect seeds if available; also will inquire from the roving blacks if white lilies are seen in other parts. Here only N. gigantea occurs... With Kindest Revards, (signed) Albert De Lestang In the next letter, seeds of the white-flowered Nymphaea gigantea were enclosed: 2/1/46 Dear Mr. Trickett, In pursuance to my letter of 10/11/45, herewith enclosed please find seeds of Nymphaea gigantea white-flowered form, or purporting to be this plant. Seeds were collected by the bush blacks, and seeds alone have no means to identify them. Our natives have long lost their natural honesty and adopted the white man’s wiles. I hope that the seed will turn all right to your satisfaction. Meantime I am keeping an eye on the garden pools for the white beauty in the event of the blacks having tricked us. I am also sending seeds to Mr. C. T. White, who was expected back in Brisbane last Christmas, to have them tried in the Botanic Gardens, Soon after I wrote you the previous letter I contacted the bush blacks and after filling their ‘tucker bags” they readily agreed to get the seeds from shallow pools in the hills. They are expert at collecting these for to them they are the equival of wheat to the white man. From these seeds they make good native bread, as they do with other species we despise. You will remember the Old History telling us the so-called Nile Lotus which the trade foists upon the public as the Egyptian Lotus of the tombs and monuments was introduced in the Nile in the Roman period to stave off famine when the grain crops failed or all went to feed hungry Rome : I trust you received my previous letter okay. This one ought to have gone weeks back, but this place has been in blessful isolation since the 10th of last month by flood rains, and it is not known when the mail will next be through, though it has been fine the last few days. Camooweal P. O. is 180 miles from here; Burketown, the nearest, 140, but isolated by flooded coaster rivers at this period, our tropical wet season... With Kind Regards, Yours sincerely, (signed) Albert De Lestang MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 55 In May 1946 Mr. Trickett sent the Garden about 100 of the white Nymphaea seeds which he had received from Mr. De Lestang. Since Nymphaea gigantea is hard to bring into bloom during our short season for tropical growth, it was thought advisable to send half the seeds to Mr. A. J. Proebstle, of Brazoria, Texas, who has often collaborated with the Garden in growing water-lilies. Mr. Proebstle planted the seeds on June 3, and on July 3 one had germi- nated (No. 1 plant). The seedling continued to flourish until sprayed with an insecticide which caused it to “go to sleep.” The second seedling (No. 2) germinated soon after. Its first flower started to open on September 9, and was pure white. The plant was still in flower on September 20, at which time it was photographed (p. 53). The flowers were pollinated by hand, also by insects. In order to prevent cross-pollination from the blue-flowered plants the latter were not allowed to bloom in any of the pools. Up to October 20 the white-flowered plant had carried fifteen flowers and four seed-pods. Several hundred seeds were produced within these pods, some of which were sent to the Garden. In October I made a special trip to Texas to see the white-flowered Nymphaea grown by Mr. Proebstle. Arriving in Brazoria at 6 p. m., October 19, I lost no time in viewing the No. 2 plant. The flower was then fully expanded and Mr. Proebstle told me that it stayed open day and night. I was sure that no water-lily did that, but he insisted that all of the fifteen flowers had closed the first night and remained open for the succeeding four nights. Being as I was from Missouri I had to be shown, so with the ap- proach of darkness we again went out to the pools. Sure enough, the flower was still open. I was still not convinced and told Mr. Proebstle that it would be closed in about an hour according to all previous records of day- blooming water-lilies. At 10 o’clock, though, it was still wide open. It was hard to realize, even though some extraordinary things are done in Texas, and I prophesied that it would be closed in the morning. My host woke me at 6 o'clock in the morning, saying, ‘Put on your bath-robe and come out and look at the water-lily.” The flower was still open, and it never closed from October 19 to October 23. Proebstle had noticed that the outer stamens always seemed to curl around the petals, and he concluded that this might be the reason that it couldn’t close. This might be a contributing factor, but the stamens on the blue type also become reflexed. The next point to be brought up was the No. 1 plant that went to sleep. The seeds had been sown on the surface of the soil in a large galvanized tub and covered with a thin layer of sand to prevent them from floating. That part of the tub where it had been planted was marked by a stake. I sug- gested that we look for a tuber there since our young plants in St. Louis had 56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN tubers the size of a pea. So the tub was lifted out of the water and Proebstle started to feel for the tuber, which we both figured would be about two inches below the surface of the soil. Sure enough, he felt something hard about an inch below the soil, and when the mud was washed out there was revealed a thin shoot with a swelling which was about to produce roots. The tuber, which had produced the shoot and seedling, was found eight inches below the surface of the soil and was the size of an English walnut. It was quite a surprise to find a new tuber as deep as that formed from seed that was planted on the surface five months before. In St. Louis we have noticed that Victoria seeds which have become buried five inches deep will extend their shoots to reach the surface. The question is: How does a tuber develop on the surface and then, with subsequent growth, push itself eight inches below. The flower was cut on the sixth day for the purpose of study. ‘There is no question that it is the pure white form of Nymphaea gigantea, the form alba listed by H. S. Conard in his “Monograph of the Genus Nymphaea”’ (Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 4), in 1905. Following is a description of the Texas plant. Description.— Frowers white, fragrant, 6-8 inches in diameter, opening 4-6 days, closing only the first night. PEDUNCLE light green, supporting the flower 14-2 feet above the water. Sepats obovate-lanceolate, prominently hooded, outermost pale green suffused with white toward the margins, inner- most sepals whitish with 10-12 light green veins, 6 of which are prominent. Perats 17-20 in three rows, outermost row hooded, showing 9 veins, 7 being prominent at the base. STAMENS 600-800, Cadmium Yellow, in- curved at the summit the first day, exposing the stigmatic center, later be- coming reflexed, interior stamens rolling over the stigma. Filaments white, thread-like, the outside row the longest. Carpets 14-20, separated from one another, particularly after ripening of the seed-pod. SrED-pop balloon- shaped, containing many seeds; flowers readily pollinated by insects; does not hybridize with other tropical day-blooming types (Brachyceras). RHIZOME spherical in the seedling stage, becoming ovoid when mature and showing prominent leaf and bud scars. Submerged leaves triangular to hastate; first floating leaves ovate, pale green above and below, sinus broad. Mature leaves orbicular-ovate or elliptic, 1 foot or more in diameter, margin slightly wavy, sharply dentate, teeth short; upper surface at first brownish pink becoming pale green, under surface pale green with prominently reticulate veins. PrtTIoLEs pale green, smooth, terete, 3-4 feet long. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7, A NEW HARDY PYGMY WATER-LILY NYMPHAEA “JOANNE PRING” GEORGE H. PRING In 1942 a pink sport from a yellow Nymphaea helvola (N. tetragona x N. mexicana) appeared in the Garden lily pools. Its pink color was con- stant when the plants were propagated by division of the multiple crown, and the color was reported fixed by both Mr. Robert S. Trickett, of London, England, and Mr. C. Tricker, of Saddle River, N. J., to whom plants were sent for trial. This pink-flowered variety is a welcome addition to the hardy pygmy water-lilies for tub culture, and has been named “Joanne Pring.” Plants growing cutside in tubs will produce numerous flowers which are pink suffused with white toward the base, 3 inches across, rising 2—3 inches above the water the first day, afterwards floating at water level. The leaves are circular, 3 inches across, dark green above, pink underneath, when young occasionally striped with reddish-brown. The leaf stems (petioles) and flower stems (peduncles) are brownish-green. Fully developed plants develop a multiple crown. Young plants in the greenhouse are hard to distinguish from the parent Nymphaca “Joanne Pring” 58 MISSOURI BOT ANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN N. tetragona, both having dark green leaves which are pink on the under side. The distinguishing character at this early stage is the petioles; those of N. tetragona are light green and those of the pink hybrid are brownish- green. The yellow hybrid, N. helvola, differs from both by its light green leaves, spotted or suffused with reddish-brown which shows on the under side. The petioles and peduncles are also light green. With age N. helvola also produces multiple crowns. Description.— SEPALS 4, oblong-lanceolate, 1-1/2 inches long and about '/2 inch wide, Dark Cress Green* on the under side, frequently lighter at the base and Lettuce Green suffused with white to pinkish toward the margins; upper surface whitish or faint pinkish, usually suffused with light green at the tips. Prrars 16, linear-lanceolate, acute-tipped, 1-1'% inches long and 4 inch wide, the four outermost longest, Rosolane Purple, whitish at base on the under side, with Lettuce Green tips and a prominent median stripe, suf- fused with deep pink (Rosolane Purple) toward the margins, usually lighter on the upper surface; inner petals smaller, more pronounced Rosolane Purple on both surfaces. STAMENS about 30, Light Cadmium Yellow (orangish) on inside, suffused with Rosolane Purple on outside, giving a burnt orange hue. CarpELLARY Styles 12, Light Cadmium in color. * Color terms are those of Ridgway’s “Color Standards and Nomenclature.’ ’ Gillenia stipulata, American Ipecac.— It is curious how common certain wild flowers can be, and yet seem completely unknown to the general public. Gillenia is one of these, and though its dainty rose-colored flowers are very common in the rocky wood- lands of Missouri in May and June, it never seems to reach popular attention. This may be because it blossoms at a time when the woods are hot and muggy and when mosquitos, chiggers, and ticks are all at a maximum. It certainly cannot be due to any delinquency on the part of the flower itself. The five delicate rose-colored petals are borne on dainty stems in loose clusters held well above the three-parted leaves which are set close to the stem and are attractively and regularly incised along the margin. Choosing the worst sticktight in Missouri would be quite a task since there are so many of them but certainly Torilis would be among the leading candidates. This European weed looks very much like Queen Anne’s Lace, but its seeds are covered with tiny hooks and it is a nuisance in wool socks or the ears of Cocker Spaniels. Since its seeds are ripe by midsummer it is troublesome over a longer period than are any of our other uninvited “‘fellow- travellers.” MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 59 NOTES The biology class of the Community High School of Carrier Mills, Illinois, visited the Garden, February 1, accompanied by their teacher, Mr. Norlan C. Henderson, formerly a graduate student at the Garden. Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, made a trip to Florida recently where he visited the Alberts orchid collection at Jacksonville, the Gore collection at Fort Lauderdale, and many smaller private establish- ments. He also visited the Fairchild Tropical Garden at Coconut Grove. Hardly had the debris from the severe storm of September 1 been cleared away when a windstorm damaged the Garden on January 29. The wind reached a velocity of 37 miles an hour, breaking branches of trees and blow- ing off many vents in the Linnean House. At the December meetings of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science Dr. Edgar Anderson was elected Vice-president of the Botanical Society of America; Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Secretary- Treasurer of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists; and Dr. Henry N. Andrews, Jr., Chairman of the Paleobotanical Section of the Botanical Society of America. Dr. Edgar Anderson and Dr. Henry N. Andrews, of the Garden staff, were among those invited to the Conference on Evolution which was held at Princeton, January 2—4. The conference was sponsored jointly by Prince- ton University, as part of its anniversary celebration, and by a committee of the National Research Council of which Dr. Anderson is a member. Two former graduate students of the Henry Shaw School of Botany also took part in the conference, Dr. Carl C. Epling, of the University of California at Los Angeles, and Dr. Marion Ownbey, of Washington State College, Pull- man, Wash. Recent visitors to the Garden library and herbarium include Mr. Walter H. Bangham, Geneticist Goodyear Rubber Plantations, San Jose, Costa Rica; Mr. Arno H. Bowers, of the American Amaryllis Society, Pasadena, Calif.; Dr. George J. Goodman, Professor of Botany, University of Oklahoma, Nor- man; Maj. and Mrs. R. S. Davis, orchid enthusiasts, of Dayton, Ohio; Mrs Francis King, well-known horticultural writer; Dr. Carl O. Sauer, Professor of Geography, University of California, Berkeley; Dr. H. G. Quaritch Wales, of the book-firm, Bernard Quaritch Ltd., London, England; Miss Patricia Poindexter, botany major, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; Dr. Carl George Deuber, of the Stauffer Chemical Co., Ardsley, N. Y.; Mr. Richard D. Schein, botany major, DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana; Mr. K. M. Broman, Superintendent, Royal Botanic Gardens, Hamilton, On- tario, Canada. 60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN It is a great pleasure for the Garden to announce that at the 43rd annual meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science, held in Boston, December 27-29, 1946, Dr. Gustav A. L. Mehlquist (Horticulturist at the Missouri Botanical Garden and Associate Professor of Botany at Washington University) was presented with the Leonard H. Vaughan Memorial Research Award in Horticulture, carrying with it a remuneration of $500.00. Two such awards are made each year by the Society, the funds being contributed by the Vaughan Seed Stores of Chicago in memory of Mr. Leonard H. Vaughan. One of these awards is made for distinctive work with vegetable crops and the other for an outstanding contribution in floriculture. Dr. Mehlquist’s award was made in recognition of his hybridization work with carnations. The results of this research were published in the Proceedings of the Society for 1945, under the title “Inheritance in the Carnation. V. Tetraploid Carnations from Interspecific Hybridization.” Lemon Balm in Missouri.— The Lemon Balm, Melissa officinalis, was recently found to be growing wild in great profusion in a woodland near Ferguson, Mo., and from time to time it has been reported on wastelands and along roadsides in various parts of the state. Lemon Balm is a humble-looking plant, in general ap- pearance something like a greener catnip, but it has one of the most dis- tinguished aromas in the entire plant world. The plant is a perennial with heart-shaped scalloped leaves, and for centuries it has been grown in gardens for its lovely odor which is something like that of the Lemon Verbena. Years ago it was used in medicine on the theory apparently that anything with such an appealing smell should be of some use. Modern scientific medicine however has not justified this prejudice, and today it is merely a harmless roadside plant (one cannot call it really a weed) or a subject for those occasional gardeners who interest themselves in old kinds of plants which have had a long association with mankind. Wisteria in Missouri.— Missouri has a native Wisteria in its swampy southeastern corner, and while most of the plants have been exterminated in the ditching and drain- ing of that area they still persist commonly enough to amaze visitors in late spring and early summer. Wisteria macrostachya, the species in question, 1s surprisingly similar to the cultivated Oriental species and it is occasionally transplanted to our gardens, though its blossoms are ineffective compared to those of its Oriental cousins. Nowadays it is most frequently seen along drainage ditches and railroad rights-of-way, climbing up luxuriantly above bushes and small trees and bearing its gray-blue racemes of flowers in con- siderable profusion. THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF TRUSTEES | cel recs Bao pain Do) 005 RO ne RE see President RPC) iO anole ee a Ne es Vice-President CNY CoE Me of) 29 SAE Ae Se Ae a ee Second Vice-President L. Ray Carter George T. Moore Dudley French A. Wessel Shapleigh John S. Lehmann Ethan A. H. Shepley EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Ye gd 15) ae oy Pang @ 601 of 6) » Race aN ce mee eae Chancellor, Washington University Ay, Haute =o: 1 ee ee Mayor of the City of St. Louis Stratford L. Morton _.... President, St. Louis Academy of Science MW ALMA SCATIO G2 2 ooo Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri Elmore M. Putney _.......... President, Board of Education of St. Louis ig Co tag BA ha (et 0 nee ene a sis baaciead vaganemeneee eng tease _.... Secretary STAFF LE (i) 4 ae DA (2s) na ER ARE NaI aE ME en Director PERO Tai VON SCOTCH een etna Pathologist (eS IPAe 0 oT seta bf ho eee ee nee ee Curator of Herbarium Carroll W. Dodge. : _.............----Mycologist Edgar Anderson _ Geneticist Robert E. Woodson, Jr. Lc caeesapacbeaccbasate Assistant Curator of Herbarium Henry N. Andrews Assistant to the Director and Paleobotanist [a] sto) ahs GER: cl») 9 ae a ene e ee Research Assistant Nell C. Horner Librarian and Editor cet M6) | (sre a i lactate Business Manager George H. Pring sine eee Superintendent Pat An On ae = _ _......Floriculturist BES sts Be CRAM slid >) 7: re Sie __Orchidologist Castay A. t. Mehlquist os, sc i sede aoe OPTIC U EU EIRE Ie] of Se: POR, G) © 1d | ea ioscan owe Atboriculturist J ECVaIE) CAST Gi: | ehh ae i oe eee In charge of Succulents August P. Beilmann_____..___.._______. Riesccts of the Arboretum, Gray Summit Gurney Wilson, F.L.S.........._.._ Representative in England, Hove, Sussex Paul H. Allen. eS ne ioaks woneeeneeee---------- Tropical Plant Collector SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date until his death in 1889 it was maintained under his personal direction. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was chosen by Mr. Shaw and he definitely indicated that he wished it called by that name. The Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees, designated in Mr. Shaw’s will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will the immedi- ate direction of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board. The Garden receives no support from city or state but is maintained almost exclusively from the estate left by Henry Shaw. Since 1939 many Garden Clubs and interested individuals have contributed to a “Friends of the Garden Fund” which is used in developing the new Arboretum, located at Gray Summit, Mo. The Arboretum (1) serves as a source of plants, trees and shrubs for the city Garden; (2) affords areas for gradually establishing a pinetum, a wild-flower reservation and various other features on a scale not possible in the city; (3) provides greenhouses for some 20,000 orchid plants. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are grown, both out of doors and under glass. It is open every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas; week days, 8:00 a.m. until 7:00 p.m.; Sundays, 10:00 a.m. until 7:00 p.m. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p.m. The main entrance to the Garden is at Tower Grove and Flora Place, on the Sarah bus line (No. 42). The Tower Grove bus (No. 21), direct from downtown, passes within three blocks of the main entrance. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULL 4 TIN CONTENTS Growing Roses A Tribute Notes & Volume XXXV March, 1947 N umber 3 Cover: The Rose Garden. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, Missouri. Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $2.50 a year, Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Gales- burg, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Do not discard a copy of the Bulletin. If you have no further use for yours Please: pass it along to a friend or return it to the Garden. Return postage will be guaranteed. Missour1 Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXXV MARCH, 1947 No. 3 GROWING ROSES PAUL A. KOHL The rose is the only flower that every one knows and loves. Many books on rose culture have been written, and every garden magazine devotes pages to this flower each year. New varieties are constantly being added to the already-long list of hybrid tea roses; membership in the American Rose Society is on the increase; local rose societies are being formed in many com- munities, one of the most recent being in St. Louis; and so the interest in the rose continues unabated. Small wonder, then, that information is constantly being sought by those who are just taking up rose culture, or by those who are meeting with difficulties or are interested in enlarging their collections. Current rose catalogues place considerable emphasis on hybrid tea roses. They are first, if the popularity of the different groups of roses is measured by the number of varieties offered in the catalogues, some nurseries listing between seventy and eighty varieties. Polyanthas and their large-flowered cousins, called floribundas, are second with fifteen to twenty varieties; and climbing roses are third, the list of available varieties being from twelve to thirty-five. Other groups, but of less importance, are the pillar roses, the shrub roses, the old-fashioned roses and the miniatures. Hybrid Tea Roses.—These roses are practically ever-blooming; they commence flowering in May and continue until frost. Given a reasonably good soil all varieties will thrive in the garden, and if they are protected during the winter they will grow in succeeding years. Roses, like people, are individuals, and some varieties are sturdier than others. Thus, in time certain roses are recognized throughout the country as being superior, and these maintain their popularity for many years. The rose catalogues picture and describe many new roses each year. A beginner will find it difficult to select a few good varieties without some guidance, but he can be assured of (61) 62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN purchasing good ones if he selects those marked with the insignia bearing the letters “AARS.” Varieties so marked represent the “All American Rose Selections,” being reliable roses after they have had a thorough trial in all parts of the United States. Another source of information is the ‘Proof of the Pudding” in the American Rose Society’s annuals, which contains com- ments on the performance of the newest roses by rose growers from different parts of the United States. Polyantha Roses —The word “polyantha” means many-flowered. For- merly most of the roses in this group had small flowers, but in recent years hybridizers have created varieties with flowers nearly as large as the hybrid teas, and these have been called “‘floribundas.”’ As a group they are very popular because they bloom so freely throughout the season and are fine for mass displays in the garden. Hybrid Per petuals—Many years ago hybrid perpetuals were almost the only roses grown. They can stand the changeable winter weather better than the hybrid tea roses. The flowers, for the most part, are double, pink, red, or white, with a few partly yellow; some are very fragrant, others slightly so or not at all. The plants are tall, and some varieties have very thorny canes. Their best period of bloom is in June, only a few varieties, as “Frau Karl Druschki,” producing a second crop of flowers in late summer. Shrub Roses. —Closely resembling the hybrid perpetuals in hardiness and vigorous growth are the various shrub roses, such as rugosa roses, sweetbriers, and the species roses of which our native prairie rose, Rosa setigera, is an example. Climbing Roses.—From the standpoint of flower size and time of bloom the climbing roses may be divided into two groups: the large-flowered ones which commence to bloom about May 15, and the small, cluster-flowered ramblers which bloom during the first and second week of June. The climb- ing hybrid tea roses represent a class that blooms during the summer and fall. They require several years to become established and must be protected during the winter. Miniature Roses.—These dwarf fairy roses are charming reproductions of the large-flowered hybrid tea roses. The buds of some of them measure less than one-quarter of an inch and yet they are as perfectly formed as any of the larger roses. Since the plants are small they should be grown in separate beds or in pots. The Rose Bed.—Hybrid tea roses may be grown along the front of shrub beds or planted among perennials, but when a dozen or more are grown it is MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 63 EN Te HYBRID TEA AND SHRUB ROSES IN GARDEN OF MRS. GEORGE W. TAYLOR simpler to care for them in one bed. Roses should receive at least half a day of sunshine. If they are planted near shallow-rooted trees, such as the elm and maple, they suffer not only from the shade cast by the trees but also from lack of water and food which the tree roots take. Low places are un- desirable for rose beds. Because the soil is wet most of the year, the plants are in danger of being heaved by the frost in winter and finally killed. Soil.—In this area the soil is a fairly heavy clay loam, and if other plants have been grown successfully in it for some years it is in reasonably good condition for roses. So often, however, the soil about the home consists mostly of subsoil which was spread after the house was built. In the process of leveling much of the building material, such as sand, mortar, broken bricks and roof tiles, was covered with a few inches of soil. It is a chore like the removal of this building trash from the soil that takes the joy out of gardening, but it must be done. About the best way to proceed with the preparation of a rose bed is to remove the upper six inches of soil and throw it to one side. Bonemeal and superphosphate is then spread in the trench at 64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the rate of about three pounds of each to every 100 square feet of bed area. This is spaded into the subsoil and then the topsoil is returned to the bed. Both layers of soil will be improved by the addition of leafmold or peat moss at the rate of two to four bushels to every 100 square feet of bed. A good compost pile should be maintained in every garden to supply additional humus whenever it is needed. A newly spaded rose bed should be allowed to settle several weeks before the roses are planted. If this is not possible, then the soil should be firmed as it is returned to the bed. HYBRID TEA ROSE “PEACE” CHINA ROSE “HERMOSA” Rose Plants —Almost all the roses that are purchased from nurseries or stores are budded plants, as this is the method by which roses are produced commercially. Many rosarians, however, grow their own plants quite suc- cessfully from cuttings. Dormant roses should be planted in March if pos- sible, and planting may be continued into April. The later in spring dormant roses are planted the less chance they have of becoming established before warm weather sets in. Pot-grown roses may be planted any time and will grow if carefully handled so that the ball of soil surrounding the roots does not fall apart. Roses may also be planted in October or November providing the plants are obtainable. In December weather conditions usually prevent proper planting, and the soil is too cold for any root action. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 65 Planting.—Roses should be unpacked soon after being received. If it is impossible to plant them immediately they should be “‘heeled-in,” that is, the roots and most of the tops covered with damp soil. It is surprising how rapidly roses dry out when they are exposed to the wind and sun while the holes are being dug. To avoid this, the plants may be taken to the garden in a bucket of water or the roots may be dipped in water and the plants wrapped in paper or burlap. The hole to receive the rose should be large enough to accommodate the roots without crowding. Leave a slight mound or cone of soil in the center and on this spread the roots. The knob (that place where the rose is budded) should be level with the surface of the soil. This will allow for settling and eventually the budded portion will be an inch beneath the surface. Work the soil between the roots with the fingers. (A good pair of leather gloves will be found indispensable for this work.) Add more soil as needed and finally firm with the feet. Leave a depression around each plant, into which pour a half pail of water after all the roses are planted. This helps to settle the soil and prevents any loss of roses from drying out. When the water has drained away the remaining soil is drawn around the plants and mounded to about six inches to protect the buds until they form new shoots. Later this soil is washed down by rains or leveled off when the beds are cultivated. Planting Distances.—The dwarf polyanthas and the majority of hybrid tea roses should be planted fifteen to twenty inches apart; large hybrid tea roses, as “Radiance,” two feet; hybrid perpetuals, two to three feet; and rugosa and shrub roses at least four feet apart. Climbing and rambler roses are planted singly at the bases of arches or pillars. On fences or trellises they should be spaced eight to ten feet apart, while unusually strong-growing varieties, like “Dr. Van Fleet,” may be even farther apart. Watering.—Drought periods may occur in June, July or August. When the upper layer of soil becomes dry the growth of the bush roses is checked. Shrub and climbing roses have a deeper root system and do not show the effects of drought so quickly. Rose beds should be soaked once or twice a week during dry periods, the early morning being a good time if a fountain sprinkler is used. Wetting of the foliage in the evening tends to spread diseases. If the rose beds are watered in the evening it is better to use a canvas hose soaker or to flood the beds with the open end of the hose laid on a board to prevent washing the soil. Insects.—Since the insects which attack roses do most of their damage early in the season it is wise to have the materials on hand with which to fight them, also sprayers and dusters in working order. Gardeners should 66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN re PLANTING A DORMANT ROSE HYBRID TEA ROSE IN MARCH PROPER PRUNING CUT ABOVE Remove weak and dead canes and A BUD sucker at left MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 67 learn to recognize the kind of insects which feed on roses and know the remedy. Aphis appear each spring. They are easily controlled if the roses are sprayed with any contact insecticide containing nicotine or pyrethrum. Sometimes they are tough and a double-strength solution is needed to kill them. Another infestation occurs a few days later when those with wings are blown in by the wind, and this calls for a second and third spraying. A number of chewing insects appear every year, of which the rose slugs are the worst. They skeletonize the leaves so quickly that the damage is done before the spray gun has been brought into play. They begin feeding on the underside of the leaves in May and do most of the damage by early June. If the roses are sprayed in early May with arsenate of lead and again after heavy rains in anticipation of an attack, the slugs will be controlled. Several kinds of beetles eat the tips of rose buds or bore into them. Leaf cutter bees cut perfect circles from the leaves, and, like the beetles, they are difficult to control. Stem borers sometimes injure rose canes. They enter the stem where it has been recently pruned and as they bore down they inter- fere with the flow of sap. Very little can be done to prevent this type of injury. The pruning cuts are sometimes painted or covered with grafting wax, but it is questionable whether the time spent in treating each wound is worth the effort. In some years red spider causes partial defoliation of the roses during June and July. These mites draw the sap from the underside of the leaves, and to dislodge them the plants should be syringed with a strong stream of water. Dusting sulphur is somewhat effective but it also injures rose leaves if the temperature is above 90 degrees. Some roses, particularly the rugosas, are subject to various scale insects, such as oyster shell and scurfy scale. When the entire cane is covered with scale it should be cut away at the base of the plant and burned. Spray these roses with an oil spray during the winter. If tender rose tips wither and turn black and few flower buds develop during the summer, it is quite certain that rose midge has invaded the garden and the injury is not due to heat as was formerly supposed. This insect has been prevalent in greenhouses for many years, but only about ten years ago was it recognized as a serious garden pest. Dr. W. E. Blauvelt, of Cornell University, has been studying this insect and its control and on various occasions has reported his observations in the American Rose Annuals. In describing his work in the 1946 Annual, Dr. Blauvelt considers DDT the most promising insecticide and recommends about 11% tablespoonfuls of 25% wettable DDT powder to one gallon of water. This may be combined with the other new spray material ‘‘Fermate,” and if the Grasselli Spreader 68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN MILDEW BLACK SPOT ~ ee APHIS CATERPILLARS DISEASES AND INSECTS MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 69 Sticker is added we have one of the finest combination sprays, that will control a number of insects and the diseases affecting the rose. Diseases.—Several fungous diseases plague the roses, the most serious one being black spot. It occurs in every rose garden, and the intensity of the attack varies each year with weather conditions. The disease is on the roses long before it is recognized, but by the time the leaves develop the character- istic spots and drop to the ground it has made such inroads that nothing can be done to prevent premature defoliation. The control of black spot calls for a spraying or dusting program that continues uninterruptedly from spring until fall. For many years Massey dust (named for Dr. L. M. Massey, of Cornell University, who has done much research on black spot) has been the standard spray or dust in controlling this disease. Massey dust consists of 9 parts dusting sulphur and 1 part arsenate of lead. If roses are dusted or sprayed at ten-day intervals, and with an occasional extra dusting during rainy periods, one can feel reasonably sure of checking this disease. It is not possible to stamp it out but it can be held in check. The new material, “Fermate,” has given promising results in black spot control. Any other diseases which affect roses will be controlled by the same fungicides used for black spot, with one exception—Fermate will not control mildew. Dusting and Spraying.—Gardeners have a choice of dusting or spraying their roses. Either way is effective and each has certain advantages. Dusting guns are quickly loaded and can be used on short notice, as just before a rain. They are also cheaper than sprayers, and the latest types weigh less and are very easy to use. In order to get good coverage, dusting must be done when there is little wind, in the morning or the evening. The wearing of goggles is recommended, for if sulphur gets in the eyes they smart for some time. Fermate can be stirred into dusting sulphur in a bucket in much the same way that paint is mixed, using 10 per cent Fermate and 90 per cent dusting sulphur. DuPont’s Garden Dust contains DDT, Fermate, Rotenone, and several other materials which makes it an all-purpose dust. Pomo-green with nicotine is another fungicide easily used in the duster, as is also Massey dust which has already been mentioned. Good quart-size compressed-air sprayers and the larger two- and three- gallon ones are again available for those who prefer to use liquids instead of dusts. Tri-ogen, the all-purpose spray, will control sucking and chewing insects and fungous diseases. Wettable sulphur can be used at the rate of 2 tablespoonfuls to one gallon of water, plus 5 to 8 drops of Grasselli Spreader Sticker. Fermate is used at the rate of 2 tablespoonfuls to the gallon of water or, if combined with sulphur, 2 teaspoonfuls of Fermate and 2 table- 70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 1. SCURFY SCALE ON RUGOSA ROSE 3. SMALL DUSTER 2. COMPRESSED-AIR SPRAYER 4. LARGE DUSTER WITH BELLOWS MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 71 spoonfuls of sulphur to the gallon. A ten-cent set of aluminum measuring spoons is an indispensable item for the gardener’s spray shelf. Fermate and DDT do not mix well with water. DDT should be shaken with a cupful of water in a Mason jar before being added to the full amount of water. In making Fermate solution stir about 8 drops of spreader sticker into one gallon of water in a large glass jar and then float 2 tablespoonfuls of Fermate on the water. Let this stand to permit some of the powder to settle to the bottom. After fifteen minutes the mixture is stirred and poured into the spray tank. Sprayers should always be shaken periodically while being used as most of the mixtures settle to the bottom. The success or failure of the various fungicides is directly dependent upon the timing of the applications. Frequent rains necessitate several dust- ings or sprayings. During dry weather the applications can be spaced at two-week intervals and during the hottest and driest weather dispensed with entirely. Sulphur injures the leaves if used when the temperature is above 90 degrees. Fermate can be used alone during those periods as a spray or combined with talc instead of sulphur. Fertilizing.—The following fertilizers for roses are suggested: Commercial fertilizers with a 4-12-4 or similar formula. Apply half a handful to a plant and cultivate it into the soil in April and June. Use more for large climbing and shrub roses. Concentrated liquid fertilizers (4-8-4). Use about a tablespoonful to one gallon of water. Rose food (7-8-5). Dried and shredded cattle manure. Liquid cow manure (1 bushel of fresh cow manure in a 50-gallon barrel of water). This proportion may be varied for a smaller container. Let the cow manure and water stand for several days and then use 1 to 2 pints of the manure water to 2 gallons of water. Apply half a gallon to each rose about every two weeks. The soil should be moist when any liquid fertilizer is used. Where is the cow manure? As a last resort gather a few pancakes from a pasture the next time you take a ride in the country. Discontinue feeding roses by August 15. The problem of rose fertilization is complex, and there is still much to be learned. Almost every issue of the American Rose Annual or The Rose Magazine contains information on this subject which gives a fuller apprecia- tion of the problems involved. Summer Mulching.—An artificial mulch during summer prevents weeds, conserves moisture, and insulates the soil against the hot rays of the sun. 72 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN a ee an ee CLIMBING ROSES ON LINNEAN HOUSI From left to right: Purity, Milky Way, Wartburg, Christine Wright, Purity, Mary Wallace, Dr. W. Van Fleet, Paul’s Scarlet Climber CLIMBING ROSE “DR. W. VAN FLEET” MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 73 Peat, buckwheat hulls, and spent hops may be used. About a two-inch layer of any of these materials should be applied to the rose beds in early June and left until the end of August or early September. Mulching material should not be heaped around the base of the roses as the stems are sometimes burned when the weather is damp and hot. Some rose growers contend that artificial mulches aid the spread of black spot. Pruning Climbing Roses.—The term ‘‘climbing roses” is applied to the large-flowered varieties whose flowers are borne on laterals a foot or more long. These roses do not produce numerous canes from the base of the plants each year but many of the new growths start from the two- and three-year-old canes. The “rambler’’ roses, “Dorothy Perkins,” for instance, annually produce many strong and fast-growing shoots from the base of the plant. Both climbers and ramblers should be pruned during the summer. The large-flowered kinds should be thinned so that half of the remaining wood is two or more years old and the other half of the current season’s growth. Varieties such as “Dr. Van Fleet” grow so rapidly after the summer pruning that it becomes necessary to do some additional thinning in the spring. It might be well to pause for a moment in the discussion of pruning to say a few words about the pruning tools. The pruning shears are used more than any other tool. It should be strong, made of good steel, and may be either single-edged or double-cut. To cut canes a half inch or more in diameter, a pair of lopping shears, with 24-inch handles, is the proper tool. Climbing roses are thorny and have a nasty way of catching in clothing. The lopping shears will be found indispensable in picking up long and unruly canes and dragging them away. When the crowded condition of the stems makes it impossible to cut heavy basal canes with lopping shears a key-hole saw is the tool to use. In pruning rambler roses almost all the canes which bore flowers in June should be removed. There will be many new canes at the base of the plants to replace them. Such treatment seems drastic, but it is surprising how fast the new shoots grow. Before pruning, all of the canes should be removed from the trellis and laid on the ground. The old canes are then severed at the base and the new ones tied in place. When the ramblers are badly tangled, the old canes must be cut away in sections. It may be stated at this point that if rose canes have been tied to one side of the trellis, instead of being woven between the bars, it is much easier to remove them before pruning. Ramblers on large arches or trellises are not pruned so severely. Propagating Roses.—A great deal of the interest and fascination of grow- ing roses is centered in their propagation, and nearly all rose-growers prac- 74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN GOLDEN CLIMBER “MRS. ARTHUR CLIMBING ROSE “AMERICAN CURTISS JAMES” PILLAR” CLIMBING ROSE IN BLOOM IN MAY, “ALIDA LOVETT” AFTER BEING “ALIDA LOVETT” PRUNED IN JULY MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN vor tice it with varying results. Some of the climbing, polyantha, and strong- growing bush roses thrive as well on their own roots as do the budded plants. Many of these roses are rooted by the popular Mason-jar method. The cuttings are usually made in the autumn from blooming wood. About three inches of the stem immediately beneath the spent flower is cut away, the next six inches of wood yielding a good cutting. The basal cut is made immediately beneath a bud. Remove all leaves except the upper two or three. A rose leaf is a compound leaf, each leaf usually being composed of five or seven leaflets. When it is said that all of the leaves, except the upper two or three, should be removed, the statement refers to the compound leaves and not to the leaflets. Several additional cuttings can usually be made from the same stem. These cuttings are inserted at least two inches deep in light soil and covered with a glass jar pressed into the soil. When colder weather occurs some additional soil is heaped around the base of the jars. The cuttings may be placed in a spot where the rose bush is to grow or they may be started in a specially prepared bed and transplanted a year later. They are kept under the jar during the fall and winter but in late April or May they are gradually hardened by removing the jar a few hours each day. Roses may also be grown from cuttings made in June, or August and September. Such cuttings are made three to four inches long, from firm, twiggy wood, with one leaf at the top. Rooting can be hastened and im- proved by first dipping the cuttings in one of the root-forming chemicals. Moisten the end of the cutting, shake off the water, dip in the hormone powder, tap the cutting on the edge of the container to remove the surplus powder, and then insert it in the rooting medium with a dibber. Summer cuttings are inserted in flats or pans of sand and placed in a cool and shaded spot. Meramec sand packs tightly and does not need as much water as the coarser Mississippi River sand. Spray the cuttings several times a day the first two weeks and always shield them from the wind with cloth or paper. After the third week some varieties will have rooted, and these are potted when the roots are at least an inch long. The most recent medium in which to root cuttings is vermiculite. The grade best suited is sold under the trade name “Terra-Lite.”’ It is sterile, very light weight, retains a great deal of moisture, yet drains well. Try it and you can be assured of excellent results. Incidentally, there is no better material in which to sow seeds. Climbing roses can be rooted by layering. This is done in early spring by bending some of the long canes to the ground and covering the bent sec- tions with six inches of soil. A piece of wire, shaped like a hair pin, will hold the stem in place. The loose end of the cane is tied to a stake or the trellis. In March of the following year the cane is severed from the parent 76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Thin canes yield the best summer cuttings Winter cuttings under glass jar PROPAGATING ROSES HILLING ROSES IN NOVEMBER ROSES PROTECTED WITH PENNISETUM GRASSES MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 77 plant and set in its new location. Climbing roses will root more quickly if a cut is made half way through the stem and a small stone inserted in the cut surfaces before it is pegged down and covered. They also root easily from thin, but firm, greenwood cuttings. Winter Protection About mid-November the soil should be hilled up around the base of the hybrid tea roses, with the work completed by Thanks- giving. Soil from the border of the bed and from between the plants is used. This is the best way to protect hybrid tea roses, but additional pro- tection can be given when material is available. Baled straw is useless as most of it is too short. Excelsior is fairly good; ornamental grasses, both annual and perennial, furnish good mulching material; and oak leaves can be used if held in place with chicken netting. In late November the plants are given a winter mulch to shield them against the wind and the sun. Polyantha, hybrid perpetual, and climbing roses pass through normal win- ters without the additional mulch. Roses should not be uncovered too soon in the spring. Warm weather in February will induce the buds to swell, but each year these spells are followed by a freeze. Winter mulches are removed when the roses are pruned in late March or early April. Spring Pruning.—All roses require some pruning each year. Polyantha roses should have the weak wood and some of the older canes removed. The remaining stems are cut back to about a foot. Hybrid tea roses receive the most pruning. In severe winters much of the wood is frozen as far back as the mulch, but varieties differ in their hard- iness. When grown for garden display they should be moderately pruned. Three to six canes are left to each plant and these are pruned to twelve to twenty-four inches, the cut being made above an outside bud. Frozen wood is shriveled and brown but sound wood is green and the buds are plump. Most of the new canes of the hybrid perpetuals grow from the base of the plants after the blooming period. Some of these canes grow six feet tall. At whatever height they are pruned in the spring, the flower-bearing laterals will develop near the top. The number of flowers of the hybrid perpetuals can be increased by tying the long canes horizontally. Most of the old flowering canes are removed during the summer. When pruning rugosa roses examine them closely, as they frequently are infested with scale. Single rugosa roses are pruned to a height of three or four feet and the hybrid rugosas to four to five feet. Shrub roses should always have the wood removed at the base. Rose varieties—In answer to the many requests the Garden receives for names of suitable roses for this locality the following partial list has been compiled: 78 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN HYBRID TEA ROSES Amr Quinarp—single and semi-double, velvety crimson. Betty UpricHarp—salmon-pink and coppery carmine. BriarcLirF—deep rose-pink. CHARLOTTE ARMSTRONG—red. CouNTEss VANDAL—coppery bronze. Crimson GLory—rich red. Dicksons Rrep—red. Ducuess oF WELLINGTON—golden-orange and salmon. Eciipse—yellow. EpirH Nevure PerktNs—pink. EroiLte pE Hottanpr—red. GiroNA—multicolored. Marcaret McGrepy—carmine-rose. MiraNpy—red. MMe. JuLeEs BoucHE—white. Mrs. CHartrs Bevt—shell-pink. Mrs. Erskine PEMBROKE THOM—yellow. Prace—yellow, edged pink. Raptance—pink. Rep Rapiancr—red. Rusaryat—red. POLYANTHA AND FLORIBUNDA ROSES Betry PRror—pink, CHATILLON Rose—bright pink. FLorapora—orange-pink. Gruss aN AACHEN—mixture of pink and salmon-yellow. red. KirsteEN PoutseEN—light red. HOoLstTEIN LarayeTreE—cherry-crimson. Mrs. R. M. FrncH—pink. PrnoccHio—pink and salmon. CHINA ROSES GREEN RoseE—a curiosity. Hermosa—soft pink. HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES AmericaN Beauty—pink and carmine, very fragrant. BaRON DE BoNsTETTEN—vVelvety crimson, very fragrant. Captain Haywarp—deep pink, moderately fragrant. Criio—pale pink, fragrant. Frau Kart DruscuKki—white, scentless. GeorG ARENDS—soft pink, fragrant. Mrs. JoHN Latnc—clear pink, moderately fragrant. Paut Neyron—rose-pink, moderately fragrant. Prince CaMILLE pe RoHAN—dark crimson, fragrant. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 79 HYBRID PERPETUAL “FRAU KARL HYBRID TEA ROSE “FAIENCE” DRUSCHKI” FLORIBUNDA ROSE “SNOWBANK” SHRUB ROSE “HARISON’S YELLOW” 80 MISSOURI BOT ANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN RUGOSA ROSES AND HYBRIDS AGNEs—coppery yellow, fragrant. Conrad FERDINAND Meyer—light pink. F, J. GRooreNporst—small, fringed, bright-red flowers. Hon. Lavy Linpsay—yellow and pink. Nova ZeEMBLA—white, tinged pink. PINK GROOTENDORST—Ppink. Rosa RUGOSA ALBA and R. RUGOSA ALBO-PLENA—single and double, white rugosas. SaraH VaN FLeEET—rose-pink. VANGUARD—orange-salmon. SHRUB AND SPECIES ROSES BLancHte Morrau—moss rose, white, tinged pink. Crested Moss—moss rose, rose-pink. Harison’s Yettow—Scotch rose, yellow. Rosa Huconis—yellow shrub rose. PENELOPE hybrid musk rose, shell-pink. Rosa sETIGERA—a native pink rose. TRAILING ROSES Max GRrar—pink. Rosa WichuRAIANA—white. CLIMBING ROSES Large-Flowered Varieties: Auipa Lovert—double, shell-pink. Bess Lovett—semi-double, crimson-red. BLaze—semi-double, red. Curistine WrigHt—semi-double, bright pink. CiumBING AMrricaN Beauty—double, carmine. DousLoons—double, yellow. Dr. W. Van Fieet—double, flesh-pink. Jacorre—semi-double, apricot. Mary Loverr—semi-double, bright pink. Mary Wattacre—semi-double, bright pink. Mrs. ArtHuR Curtiss JAMES (Golden Climber )—semi-double, yellow. Paut’s ScarLeT CLiMBER—semi-double, red. Purrry—semi-double, white. Roserte—double, deep to light pink, thornless. SttveR Moon—semi-double, white. Small-Flowered Varieties: AMERICAN PILLAR—single, scarlet with white center. DorotHy PeRKINs—double, pink. EVANGELINE—single, soft pink. ExcreLtsa—double, deep rose-pink. GHISLAINE DE FELIGONDE—semi-double, apricot-yellow. Gruss AN FrReUNDORF—semi-double, dark crimson. HiawatHa—single, carmine with white center. WartBuRG—semi-double, deep pink. Wire Dororny—white. WiIcHMoss—moss-covered buds, semi-double, bright pink. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 81 A TRIBUTE An unsurpassed record of continuous service to the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden terminated January 22, 1947, with the resig- nation of Judge George C. Hitchcock as Trustee. It is a privilege for the members of the staff to acknowledge and honor his unselfish devotion to this institution, conceived and endowed by Henry Shaw, by recording below a resolution unanimously passed by the Trustees at a meeting of the Board held on February 19, 1947. RESOLUTION When a man who has served for nearly half a century as a faithful member of a Board of Trustees wishes to retire, it calls for something more than a perfunctory resolution. When the same man serves with distinction as President of this Board for eighteen years and determines to resign it would seem to call for something more than a mere record in the minutes. But when that man is George C. Hitchcock, resolutions and minute recorded motions are the most that he will permit and even these are possible only because he is not present at the meeting. Mr. Hitchcock was elected a Trustee of the Missouri Botanical Garden on Novem- ber 11, 1903, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Joseph Branch, one of the original Trustees named in the will of Henry Shaw. He was elected President of the Board in March, 1928, to succeed Mr. Edward C. Eliot, who died in office.