N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA THE HECKMAN BINDERY, INC. QK1 -M593 FB p- 82 V £4-20 a = MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 69-70 1981-82 Missournr BOTANICAL GARDEN LIBRARY NZ Volume LXIX Number 1 January/February 1981 Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin The Climatron At Twenty = RERARE R- RAL MEI__ In 1958, Frits Went, who would later be named Director of Missouri Botani- cal Garden, visited the Garden and noted in his diary, “The greenhouses are all old and in poor condition. It might be possible to patch them up so that they will last another 5 or 10 years, but it seems to me there is little sense in doing that.... Therefore new houses, new in design, in engineering, and in function, are indicated at pre- sent...” In August of that same year, while he was visiting Chicago, he wrote, “At the Garfield Conservatories | was struck again by the fact how the superstructure of a greenhouse can be distracting. The less obvious it is, the better.” Eugene Mackey, Jr., son of the late Eugene Mackey, Sr., the principal architect for the Climatron, remembers how Went proposed the idea for the structure of a new greenhouse. “I re- member Frits’ challenge to my father, which was ‘... | want to create a col- umnless space for this greenhouse’ ...and, of course the dome was really the only way to achieve that, because the structure is transferred along the curve.” Harry Richman, who worked with Mackey, Sr., (in the firm of Murphy & Mackey) in designing the Climatron in 1959, commented on the shape selected, saying “. . . while the circular form lends itself nicely to the climatological characteristics and properties within [it], I'm sure any architect would be very much attracted to the very simple geometrical form of a sphere. It’s one of those things that is historically very compelling, and | have an idea — that | think many will agree with — that one of the first im- pulses of an architect would be to en- close a space with this particular kind of form... it all fell into place as a very compatible system — handling all of the climatological requirements, the structural requirements, the shape, the functional needs and so forth ... [Mackey] developed a very attractive and forceful concept.” Eugene Mackey, Sr. devised the name Climatron, responding to Went’s expression that he wanted it to be a climatological laboratory. Went had previously considered plantosphere, sylvarium and floradome. For their design, which was based on principles devised by R. Buckminster Fuller, Murphy and Mackey, Architects, (since renamed Murphy, Downey, Woffard & Richman) received the 1961 R. S. Reynolds Memorial Award, given each year by the American Institute of Architects. The award is an interna- tional one, presented to the designer(s) of a ‘significant work of architecture, in the creation of which aluminum has been an important contributing factor.” The award was instituted in 1957; Murphy and Mackey were the first American architects to receive it. (Continued on Page 4) Inside Letter from China Dr. Peter H. Raven....... 2 Comment: Excerpts From Two Speeches .......... 5 From The Members Office ......... 9) CAR Gi to ek. 4-6 ww eo 7 Gardening In St. Louis — Orchids By Steven A. Frowine ....... 8 News Notes ............... 10 HENRY SHAW ASSOCIATES Anonymous Mr./Mrs. Adam Aronson Mrs. Agnes F: Baer Mr./Mrs. Howard F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Alexander M. Bakewell Mr./Mrs. Clarence C. Barksdale Mr./Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom Mr./Mrs. Albert Blanke, Jr. Mr./Mrs. G. A. Buder, Jr. Mr./Mrs. John G. Buettner Mr. Edward G. Cherbonnier Mrs. F. T. Childress Mr. Fielding L. Childress Mr./Mrs. Franklin J. Cornwell, Sr. Dr./Mrs. William H. Danforth Mr./Mrs. Sam’'l C. Davis Mr./Mrs. Henry P. Day Mrs. John L. Donnell Mr./Mrs. J. Robert Edwards Mrs. Clark P. Fiske Mr./Mrs. Guy W. Fiske Mrs. Florence T. Morris Forbes Mrs. Eugene A. Freund Mrs. Henry L. Freund’ Mr./Mrs. S. E. Freund Mr. Samuel Goldstein Mr./Mrs. Stanley J. Goodman Mr. Clarence R. Goodrich Mrs. H. C. Grigg Mr./Mrs. Whitney R. Harris Mr./Mrs. Robert R. Hermann Mr./Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mr./Mrs. James H. Howe, Ill Mr./Mrs. Lee Hunter Mrs. John Kenneth Hyatt Mr./Mrs. Stanley F Jackes Mrs. John V. Janes, Sr. Mrs. Margaret M. Jenks Mr./Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Mrs. Irene C. Jones Mr./Mrs. W. Boardman Jones, Jr. Dr./Mrs. John H. Kendig Mr./Mrs. Frederick R. Keydel Mr./Mrs. Elmer G. Kiefer Mr./Mrs. William S. Knowles Mr./Mrs. Robert E. Kresko Mrs. John A. Latzer Mr. Thomas F. Latzer Mr./Mrs. John C. Lebens Mrs. John S. Lehmann Miss Martha I. Love Mrs. Jane S. Luehrmann Mrs. Eleanor Mallinckrodt Mr. H. Dean Mann Mr./Mrs. Morton D. May Mrs. James S. McDonnell Mr. Roswell Messing, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Hubert C. Moog Mr./Mrs. John W. Moore Mr. Thomas Moore Dr./Mrs. Walter Moore Mr./Mrs. John M. Olin Mr. Spencer T. Olin Mr./Mrs. W. R. Orthwein, Jr. Miss Jane E. Piper Miss Julia Piper Mr./Mrs. Vernon W. Piper Mr. William R. Piper Mr./Mrs. Herman T. Pott Mr./Mrs. A. Timon Primm, Ill Mrs. Howard E. Ridgway Mrs. G. Kenneth Robins Mr./Mrs. F. M. Robinson Mr./Mrs. Lucianna Gladney Ross Mr./Mrs. Joseph F. Ruwitch Mrs. William H. Schield Mr./Mrs. Daniel L. Schlafly Mr./Mrs. Charles Schott Mr./Mrs. Richard Shaikewitz Mr./Mrs. Warren M. Shapleigh Mrs. A. Wessel Shapleigh Mrs. John M. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Robert H. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Sydney Shoenberg, Jr. Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Sr. Mr./Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. Mrs. Sylvia N. Souers Mr./Mrs. C. C. Johnson Spink Mrs. Hermann F. Spoehrer Mr./Mrs. Cornelias F Stueck Miss Lillian L. Stupp Mr./Mrs. Edgar L. Taylor, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Jack Turner Mrs. Horton Watkins Mrs. Ben H. Wells Mr./Mrs. Richard K. Weil Mrs. S. A. Weintraub Mr./Mrs. O. Sage Wightman, III Mr./Mrs. Eugene F. Williams, Jr. Mrs. John M. Wolff Miss F. A. Wuellner Mr./Mrs. Andrew Zinsmeyer Mr./Mrs. Sander B. Zwick DIRECTOR’S ASSOCIATES Mr. Patrick Ackerman Mr. Kenneth Balk Mr./Mrs. Carl Beckers Mrs. Brooks Bernhardt Ms. Allison R. Brightman Mr./Mrs. H. Pharr Brightman Mr./Mrs. Jules D. Campbell Mr. Joseph C. Champ Mr./Mrs. Gary A. Close Mrs. Frances Collins Cook Mrs. Elsie Ford Curby Mr. Bernard F: Desloge Mr. Alan E. Doede Mr./Mrs. David C. Farrell Mr./Mrs. W. Ashley Gray, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Edward E. Haverstick Dr./Mrs. August Homeyer Mr./Mrs. B. F: Jackson Mr./Mrs. Eugene Johanson Mr./Mrs. Eldridge Lovelace Mrs. Leighton Morrill Mr./Mrs. Charles W. Oertli Mrs. Harry E. Papin, Jr. Mrs. Drue Wilson Philpott Mrs. Miquette M. Potter Mr./Mrs. Robert A. Ridgway Mrs. Mason Scudder Miss Harriett J. Tatman Mr./Mrs. Harold E. Thayer Mr./Mrs. John K. Wallace, Jr. Os) Tom K. Smith, Jr, President, Board of Trustees Mrs. Robert Kittner, President of the Executive Board of the Members Dr. Peter H. Raven, Director Book Review Tallgrass Prairie: The Inland Sea by Patricia Duncan (Forward by Stewart L. Udall) Lowell Press, Kansas City (1978) 104 Pages (113 color photographs) $12.95/paper Before | ever saw a prairie, Patricia Duncan introduced me to its expan- siveness and beauty through its sea- sons, animals and people. Her book sparked my curiosity about our Ameri- can grasslands; revealed the prairie’s dynamism; and chronicaled our na- tion’s use of the prairie soil. She re- cords the interaction between farmers and ranchers and the American prairie. In her book, Patricia Duncan gives us the prairie vista in a manner through which we can understand that we do not dominate the landscape, but it dominates us. She immerses us in the color of prairie flowers and grasses, in the saturated atmosphere of a prairie sun- set, in the bright clothing of prairie re- sidents on the Fourth of July, in the plumage of the prairie chicken. She combines landscape photography with close-up photography to capture the immensity of the prairie and the del.- cacy of individual plants and insects. The book is a celebration of beauty, the magnificence of the prairie com- munity and the interaction between it and its people, past and present. But it is beauty with a point: to awaken us to an understanding of the fragility of the prairie; to an understanding that this is a part of our heritage that we must preserve. In her final paragraph, she says: “Yes, the prairie was in my blood before | was born. Rachel, my grand- mother, saw to that. And it will be there when | die. Right now, | still hop around the landscape trying to drink it all in before it’s gone.” — George U. Wise, Superintendent, Shaw Aboretum Cw There is a Prairie Preservation Project at Shaw Arboretum. Per- sons contributing $25.00 or more to that project will receive an auto- graphed copy of Tallgrass Prairie: The Inland Sea. Call 577-5138 for in- formation. - ed. Letter From China — Part Il Along the trail up Mt. Omei. From Beijing we flew on August 21, 1980, to Chengtu, the capital of Sic- huan (Szechuan) Province. Sichuan Province, which is the size of Texas but with a population of over 100 mil- lion people, is the largest province in China. Around Chengtu is some of the richest agricultural land imaginable. There are houses with white plaster walls, surrounded by dense thickets of tall bamboo; rich rice paddies; and mulberries, grown in lines along the paths in the rice paddies and irrigation ditches, to provide food for the silkworms. The next day we spent in Chengtu visiting the Chengtu Institute of Biol- ogy at the Chinese Academy of Sci- ences, and the University of Sichuan, giving a lecture at the former. There are quite a few foreigners in Chengtu, including visitors, but westerners are still scarce enough so that we were more an object of curiosity there than we were in any other place we visited in China. Early in the morning on the 23rd, we left for Mount Omei, where we had been given permission to conduct studies of Epilobium, a genus of plants which Tamra and | had studied before and about which we had written a book during a year we spent in New Zealand, 1969-70. As we started the drive to Mount Omei, some 100 miles south of Chengtu, we observed an incredible scene; it was Saturday, market day, and literally thousands of people were walking and riding bicycles; tricycles and even a few unicycles along the road toward the markets in the smaller country towns. Some were driving or riding water buffalo; some carrying pigs in cages. Others had butchered pigs across the back of their bicycles, a few, huge loads of pots, rice, herbs, grains, brooms — anything that could be sold or traded in the markets. What seemed to be an unending procession passed by the windows of our van for the whole morning. After a lunch near the foot of Mount Omei, we began hiking in a gentle rain, at about 2500-feet elevation up the trail that lead eventually to the summit, at some 10,500-feet eleva- tion. Mount Omei has been a sacred place for Buddhists since at least 200 A.D., and there are over 70 temples that dot its slopes, particularly at the middle and upper elevations. It has, for two millenia, been the object of pil- grimages for faithful Buddhists from all over China and other countries. Many of the temples offer overnight accom- modations and it was in these that we were to stay for the next three nights while we were on the mountain. The vegetation of Mount Omei, and similar places in southwestern China, provides an indication of what the forests of the eastern United States and Europe might have been, if they had not been so badly disrupted and destroyed by glaciers during the past million years. Conditions for the survi- val of plants have been far better in eastern Asia and have lead to a situa- tion where, for example, on this single mountain there are found five genera of the walnut family, five of the beech family, 19 genera and at least 65 species of the buttercup family, 18 species of the magnolia family, and no fewer than 42 species belonging to seven genera of the laurel family as well as, among other plants, nine species of Hydrangea, no fewer than a dozen species of wild cherries and their relatives, 17 native species of wild roses, about 40 species of wild blackberries, more than 15 wild hollies, 20 kinds of maples, six camellias, about 30 species of Rhododendron and other great botanical riches. In most cases, these figures greatly ex- ceed the total for all of North America — remember these are figures for just One single mountain! On Mount Omei, explored by the famous horticulturist E. H. Wilson early in this century, there are three very distinct elevational zones of vege- tation; a lower zone of very rich, mixed broad-leaf forests in which Cunnin- ghamia, a relative of the bald cypress, is frequent; a middle elevational zone in which rhododendrons and conifers, such as the fir Abies farberi, are well represented; and near the summit, scrubby thickets of bamboo and Rhododendron and very scattered in- dividuals of Ab/es farberi. At the very summit of the mountain there is an area known as Ging Ding — the Gol- den Summit — and here, until about 1800, stood a temple made entirely of bronze. The cliffs drop off precipitously at the summit, falling for over a mile iw The Pavilion at the junction of Black Dragon and White Dragon Gorge, Mt. Omei. vertically. From these cliffs may occa- sionally be observed a spectacle of the sun illuminating the clouds in a rainbow-like appearance, similar to the Specter of Brocken in Britain, which the faithful regard as the visible manifestation of Buddha in all of his glory. We spent our second and third nights on the mountain at the Xi Shang Temple at about 6500-feet elevation, and climbed the mountain from this temple. The whole trail all the way up and down the mountain was crowded with tourists enjoying the beautiful mountain scenery, cliffs, and trees. Over the centuries, the trail has been paved with large blocks of stone in most places, actually making stairs. In (Continued on Page 4) 3 Letter From China (Continued from Page 3) "er ae 2 mag ae oe * BA Le 7 4 on es ; . = —* fr he am. ¥ Hikers up Mt. Omei. our whole hike, which took the better part of four days, we covered some sixty miles and rose and descended about 8000 feet, making nearly fifty collections of plants in the evening primose family for later study. Mount Omei is located about eighty miles from the end of the Himalayas, which occasionally may be viewed from its summit; but the weather was not clear enough while we were there although there was no rain after the first day and we were able to get many glimp- ses of the beautiful, fertile plains of Sichuan far below. Next Month Nanjing Dr. Croat Receives Grant Dr. Thomas B. Croat, P. A. Schulze Curator of Botany, has received a Na- tional Science Foundation grant of $171,000 for a continuation of his re- visionary work with the genus An- thurium. This work will be performed principally in South America. Dr. Croat is currently on a three-month trip in western South America, where he will be collecting in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. This study will in- volve the “bird’s nest” Anthuria, so called because of the rosette ar- rangement of their unusually long, more-or-less erect leaves that hold debris which is a source of nutrients for the plants, whose roots often grow up into the rosette. Dr. Croat will be sending back live material of the aroid family to add to his research collec- tion, which currently numbers approx- imately 3,000 plants, and is already one of the finest collections of aroids in the world. 4 The Climatron... (Continued from Page 7) In 1976, in a Bicentennial survey of the A.|.A., the Climatron was named as one of the most significant archi- tectural achievements of the first 200 years of American history. The mechanical and electrical sys- tems of the Climatron were designed by Paul Londe and Associates. For their work on these systems, the firm received the Actual Specifying En- gineers First Place Award in 1964. Londe and Associates also worked on the geodesic dome which was the vis- itor center at the Montreal World’s Fair, Expo ’67. In designing the systems for that center, Londe used the Climatron as a laboratory to solve the various problems involved in the design of the Expo ‘67 dome, specifically those problems pertaining to human com- fort, use of solar heat gain, and heat- ing and cooling. Aside from being a structure of architectural innovation, Went saw the Climatron serving another, more im- portant function. He envisioned it as a laboratory for scientists. As he wrote in his diary, “... it should be possible with our air-conditioned greenhouses to study the distribution of temperature and photoperiod response in the plant kingdom.” The reader should note the plural greenhouses. At that time (1959) it was the plan to build several smaller domes which would be as “satellites” adjacent to the largest and first dome-greenhouse, the Climatron. As Harry Richman recalls, “... the design was basically for the plants and a plant laboratory and not for people. Whenever there was a decision .. . to be made in the design, if it worked [well] with the growth of the plants and didn’t disturb the laboratory that Went wanted ... that was the route we went.” The Climatron was an adapta- tion of principles Went had previously used in his development of the Phytot- ron — a comprehensive set of air- conditioned growing rooms (growth chambers) for plants. These principles were first applied to the Earhart Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. In fact, Went thought that the Climatron would attract as many visitors as the Earhart lab did. To date, approximately 6,000,000 persons have visited the Climatron. In the twenty years since the Clima- tron was opened, its role has been re- defined. Rather than a laboratory, the Garden has found that it serves best as a display house of tropical plants. Because of the temperature gradient — although the gradient is not as pre- cise as Went desired — visitors can see plants from several different tropi- cal regions in the Climatron, and be- cause of the dome structure, can ob- serve them in a Setting that is close to a natural one. There are no pillars or beams to obstruct sight, as there would be in a traditional greenhouse. The dome, too, gives the effect of a panorama; a suggestion that one is not within a building, but outside. Bill Wagner, Supervisor of Display Greenhouses suggests another rea- son for the success of the Climatron as a tropical display. “99% of the plants [in it] are grown in soil rather than pots, and are planted as near as possible to the way they are found in their native habitats.” The Climatron is also a valuable educational resource, as are botanical gardens in general. Botanical gardens make it possible for people-not- scientists to observe the variety and richness of the ecosystems which occur on earth. The Climatron, with its approximately 1,700 species, allows its visitors to gain a notion of the diver- sity of tropical plants, including the im- portant economic plants, coffee, banana, papaya, and the ornamental pieces, such as orchids. The MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BUL- LETIN is published six times each year, in January, March, May, July, September and No- vember by the Missouri Botanical Garden, PO. Box 299, St. Louis, Mo. 63166. Second class postage paid at St. Louis, Mo. $5.00 per year $6.00 foreign. Gomment- (On October 27, 1980, Dr. Raven Presented the keynote address to the triennial meeting of the International Council of Museums, in Mexico City. James Hester, President of the New York Botanical Garden, addressed the Henry Shaw Associates at their an- nual dinner on November 13, 1980. We publish excerpts from them, below. Because they are on similar topics, we present them as dialogue, although they were delivered several weeks apart, and in cities two- thousand miles from one another. We have indicated those excerpts from Dr. Raven's address by italics. Those from Dr. Hester are in standard type- face. — Editor) It is particularly fitting that this ad- dress should be made here at the Mis- souri Botanical Garden. Not only is this the senior garden in America but it and the New York Botanical Garden are very closely related .. . These two institutions share major responsibility for one of the most important botanical tasks of our time: the identification and conservation of as much as possible of the remaining flora of the rapidly disappearing rain forests of tropical America. * * Current estimates agree that within a few decades all of the remaining tropical forests will have been seri- ously altered or converted to other forms. Since most kinds of plants, animals, and microorganisms are un- able to reproduce outside of the communities in which they occur naturally, it follows that very large numbers of organisms will become extinct in the very near future. Of the estimated three million kinds of tropi- cal organisms, perhaps as many as a third — a million species, of which roughly three-quarters have not yet been given a name — are likely to be- come extinct during the next thirty years. This amounts to the extinction of a quarter of the diversity of life on earth during the lifetime of a majority of those people who are alive today. Very simply, this means that the scien- tists concerned with museum collec- tions, are, in effect, confronted with an opportunity equivalent to having a few decades to study living dinosaurs, or life on an inhabited but hitherto un- known planet. * * * The principal difficulty that confronts our basic scientific mission is that de- spite the dependence of sound ecolog- ical and conservation research and economic botany on basic taxonomy, the role of systematic taxonomic re- search is not now highly appreciated either in the academic community or in Washington. Botany is given a low priority in the academic community because of fascination with molecular biology. The same holds true in gov- ernment funding agencies. National Science Foundation funding for sys- tematic biology has not even kept up to current double-digit levels of infla- tion in the past few years. For exam- ple, in 1978 the allocation was 7.4 mil- lion dollars. In 1979 this rose only 2.7% to 7.6 million dollars. The current year’s budget represents an increase of 4% over last year, to 7.9 million dol- lars. Thus, funding for systematic biol- ogy has actually decreased through the effects of inflation, just at the time when we are Starting to understand the importance of this kind of re- search, especially as it includes the tropics. * * x Most tropical ecosystems are fragile, and when they are treated as resources to be exploited at will, the soils on which they grow often de- teriorate seriously. * * * It seems to me that botanical gar- dens like yours and ours provide one of the most effective opportunities possible for fighting back against con- ditions of modern life that disrupt the relationship between human beings and the natural environment. | am sure many of you agree that the relation- ship between plants and man is vitally important to our mental, psychologi- cal, and spirtual health. The impor- tance of plants to man is obviously ignored by some who have other priorities. Those of us who appreciate and understand the importance of plants to human existence are fortu- nate that institutions like our botanical gardens exist and that because they are private institutions they give indi- vidual citizens substantial oppor- tunities to affect what is done about the relationship between plants and man in our society. * * * We live in an age when the world's natural heritage is rapidly being re- duced in scope and diversity. This awesome fact in itself confers an enormous responsibility upon the world’s scientific community and especially upon those responsible for the museums in which systematic col- lections of plants, animals, and micro- organisms are preserved. * * * Modern technology is wonderful. We depend on it, and most of us want even more of the conveniences it pro- vides. But the conditions of our cities and suburbs, more often than not, are offensive to basic human instincts that seek identity with nature that cannot be achieved amidst the jarring noises and physical intrusions of modern urban life. There have been studies of this instinct that confirm what we al- ready know; that we all deeply desire to live surrounded by trees, shrubs and flowers; that most people feel a strong personal bond with plants. * * * In a world where so much of the natural landscape is being altered so rapidly and simultaneously, it is abso- lutely necessary to be able to select efficiently those areas that could best be set aside so as to preserve the maximum number of kinds of living organisms. The more developed countries of the world would need to show a willingness that has thus far been lacking to compensate less de- veloped countries for setting aside segments of our common natural heritage. * * * No one here needs to be reminded of the significance today of issues concerning the environment, conser- vation, or the possibilities of greater use of plants for energy, food, fibre, or medicine. What many people do not realize is that these issues cannot be resolved without the basic knowledge of plants that is obtained from our field expeditions and the systematic analysis and description of plants made possible by our herbaria, li- braries and laboratories. * * * Regardless of whether those who are alive today realize the importance of current conditions or not, we live at a time when the sum total of organic diversity is being dramatically de- creased. The life-support systems that sustain us are made up of the totality of this diversity, and the kind of assault on it in which we are now collectively engaged, and which can be modified, but not halted, should be of concern to every citizen of every country. <: From The Members Office Tired of Winter? Join Garden Members in... Baja California — January 24- February 4, 1981. Ken Peck, Manager of Instructional Services and tour es- cort says, “This trip is geared for those who are interested in seeing unusual desert vegetation and experiencing the history of a culture through con- tacts with its people, missions and set- tlements. The timing of this trip should find temperatures quite pleasant.” This tour will provide an opportunity to see an unequalled variety of desert flora and spectacular panoramas unique to this peninsula. Hawaii — March 21-April 4, 1981. Visit private gardens and estates escorted by Steve Frowine, Chairman of Indoor Horticulture. Among other places this tour will take you to a Dendrobium Or- chid Farm and the Carlsmith and Roth Estates on Hilo, The Kula Botanical Garden and an incredible protea col- lection on the island of Maui, the in- comparable garden of Mr. John Aller- ton on Kauai, and the Waimea and Lyon Arboreta and Foster Garden in Honolulu — plus much more! On Wednesday, January 7, 1981 at 7:30 p.m. in the Auditorium of the John S. Lehmann Building, Steve Frowine will present a slide presentation featur- ing many of the sights included in the Hawaiian tour. Members are invited to attend and guests are welcome. If you can't join us on the tour, at least join us on January 7, 1981. If you'd like additional information, including a detailed itinerary of either tour, please call the Members’ Office, 577-5118. Letter From the Members’ Office 1980 has seen the number of mem- berships in Missouri Botanical Garden increase by almost 10% — making our Membership one of the largest of any cultural institution in the area and the largest of any botanical garden in the world. Credit for the success of our pro- gram must go to our Members. It is you who have introduced the Garden to your friends and families and who have “spread the word” about Garden activities and programs. A special 6 thank you goes to the many of you who recently gave holiday gift mem- berships — a wonderful way to share the Garden with others. The decade of the ’80’s will be a challenging one, but we are convinced that with your support, our Member- ship will continue to grow and the Gar- den will continue in its tradition of commitment to the community and to the future of the environment. Revision Of Membership Benefits As stated in the November/ December Bulletin, Supporting Mem- bers, those who make an annual Membership contribution greater than the minimum of $25 as a way of sus- taining the Garden and supporting its programs, will be provided special benefits. In appreciation of their gift, they will receive guest privileges. A Supporting Member may bring any number of guests to the Garden, throughout the year, free of charge. Beginning January 1, 1981, Support- ing Members may stop at the Visitor's Entrance, 2101 Tower Grove Avenue, and upon showing their card, will be issued a special decal to place on their card which will designate that they are entitled to guest privileges. During the course of 1981 when they renew their Membership, they will receive a new Supporting Member card. Mr. and Mrs. Robert R. Hermann and Mr. C. C. Johnson Spink (R) at Henry Shaw Associates’ Organizational Membership Category Established The Executive Board of the Mem- bers has established an Organiza- tional Membership category to provide benefits suited to the needs of clubs, groups and other organizations. A minimum of $25.00 entitles an organi- zation to: — a guided tour, once a year, with a choice of — General Grounds Tour — Japanese Garden Tour — Tour of Tower Grove House — Library/Herbarium Tour — A subscription to the Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin which includes horticultural informa- tion written specifically for the St. Louis area and listings of activities and events of interest. — Notification of Lecture Series — Arepresentative of the Speakers’ Bureau will present a program about the Garden to the organi- zations. No Membership card will be issued. Instead, organizations will receive a letter acknowledging their Member- ship contribution, outlining the benefits including the details of how to schedule a tour and/or a program. Individuals are encouraged to be- come Members and enjoy added benefits not available to organizations. For further information, contact the Members’ Office at 577-5118. — Lise Barr, Executive Secretary, Office of the Members Dinner. The dinner was held on November 13, 1980, at the St. Louis Club, to honor the Henry Shaw Associate Members who provide leadership in support of the Garden. Anne Lehmann And Wayne Kennedy Honored At Shaw Associates Dinner Board President, Tom K. Smith (L); Shaw Medal recipient, Anne L. Lehmann; and Greensfelder Award recipient, Wayne C. Kennedy, at Shaw Associates Dinner. Anne L. Lehmann, a long-time sup- porter of the Garden, and Wayne C. Kennedy, director of St. Louis County Parks, were honored at the annual Henry Shaw Associates Dinner, held on Thursday, November 13, at the St. Louis Club. Mrs. Lehmann received the Henry Shaw Medal, an award which the Gar- den initiated in 1933 to pay tribute to individuals who have made significant contributions to the Garden, or to botany or horticulture. Previous recip- ients include Dr. Julian Steyermark, author of the Flora of Missouri, in 1979, and Roberto Incer Barquero, president of the Banco Central de Nicaragua, in 1978. Mrs. Lehmann is only the fourth person to be given the Shaw Medal in its forty-seven year his- tory; she is the first woman to be so honored. She is the widow of John S. Lehmann, who served as president of the Garden Board of Trustees from 1953-57. The Lehmann Building, in which the Garden's library, herbarium and educational facilities are housed, is named for him. Anne Lehmann was a co-founder of the Women’s Execu- tive Committee, and was instrumental in the restoration of Tower Grove House, the 131 year old country home of Garden founder, Henry Shaw. In 1972 she was named a St.Louis Globe-Democrat Woman of Achieve- ment in the category of Creative Philanthropy. The Anne L. Lehmann Rose Garden is named for her. Wayne C. Kennedy was presented with the first Albert P. and Blanche Y. Greensfelder Award for work in St. Louis beautification. The Greensfelder Award was established through the Albert P and Blanche Y. Greensfelder Fund, and will be pre- sented periodically to individuals who have made significant contributions to landscape, garden and park planning, and designing for urban improve- ments. When Mr. Kennedy was named di- rector of the county park system in 1962, there were only four parks cover- ing a total of 400 acres. Today, there are 70 encompassing over 12,000 acres. He was able to acquire much of the land for the county through the use of donations and without expending county funds. The parks opened under his direction include Queeney, Greensfelder and Laumier. In 1961, he was the recipient of the A.M.F. Award for the best promotion of recreation in the United States. That award was presented by then Presi- dent John F. Kennedy. £2, shaw Arboretum Shaw Arboretum is open through the winter, and when the snow falls, head for Gray Summit to enjoy the 10 miles of snow-covered trails and ser- vice roads. Come early and break through virgin snow, or come later and follow the paths opened by other skiers. The Pinetum is extremely beautiful when the conifers are cov- ered with a white mantel and the trees stand rigidly against the deep blue winter sky. Bring your own equipment; the Ar- boretum does not give lessons. Mem- bers are admitted free, and the charge for non-members is still only one dol- lar. During the week the Visitor Center and bathrooms will be closed, but on weekends when it snows, the Visitor Center will be open for your conveni- ence. Also, you can make special ar- rangements for your group, including renting the Trail House with its Franklin Stove. Call 577-5138 for information about facilities and fees. Galendar Through Jan. 15 Post Holiday Sale Garden Gate Shop Jan. 7 Hawaii Lecture Lehmann Auditorium 7:30 p.m. Steve Frowine Jan. 10-Feb. 1 Food Plant Exhibit Mediterranean House Jan. 14 “A Botanical Journey to China” Lecture Lehmann Auditorium 10:30 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Peter H. and Tamra E. Raven Feb. 6 Orchid Show Members’ Preview Party Feb. 7-Mar. 8 Orchid Show Climatron Feb. 14 & 15. Orchid Cultivation Demonstration Plant Shop Feb. 28 & Mar. 1 African Violet Society Show Lehmann Building Mark your calendar now Mar. 14 Spring Flower Show opens ardenin Garg lone Orchids Orchids comprise the largest plant family in the world. Over 30,000 species and even more hybrids rep- resent this impressive family which is spread from tropical lands to Ant- arctica. The vast numbers of orchid varieties give at least a hint of the in- credible diversity of flower shape, size, and color which this family offers the indoor gardener. As can be expected with such a huge group of plants, the cultural re- quirements do vary, but we can estab- lish some general guidelines. Orchids are divided into three categories depending on their temp- erature requirements: Cool: Night temperature: 50-55°F. Day temperature: 60-70°F. Exam- ples: Cymbidiums, Odontoglos- sums, some Paphiopedilums Intermediate: Night temperature: 55-60°F. Day temperature: 68-75°F. Examples, Cattleyas, Eendrobiums, some Paphiopedilums Warm: Night temperature: 60-65°F. Day temperature: 70-85°F. Exam- ples: Vandas, Ascocendas, Phalaenopsis, some _ Paphio- pedilums. The intermediate and warm categories are easiest to maintain in most homes. With all green plants light is a critical element in growth. Orchids are com- monly divided into three categories depending on their light requirements: High Light Intensity (1,500 to 3,000 foot-candles) Vandas, Renantheras, Angraecums Medium Light Intensity (1,500 to 3,000 foot-candles Cattleyas, Miltonias, Ascocendas, Cymbidiums, Oncidiums, Odonto- glossums. Low Light Intensity (less than 1,500 foot-candles) Phalaenopsis, Paphiopedilums, Jewel Orchids (many different kinds). Orchids in the high light intensity category are not usually grown in the home. Those in the medium light category will do fine in a south or southeast window; those in the low light will do well in an east window. In some cases, if the afternoon tempera- 8 fies on ae. window sill begin to soar, it might be necessary to lightly shade your plants with a sheer curtain. If you live in an apartment on the north side of the building, do not de- spair. Growing orchids under artificial light is simple; in my opinion it is easier and in many ways superior to growing plants on a window sill. When growing orchids under lights you can grow them in any space available — in the basement, closet or under the sink — and you can provide exactly the amount of light which they require. A four-foot, four-tube flourescent fixture will provide enough light to grow those plants in the middle and low-light in- tensity category. Medium-light plants like the Cattleyas and Miltonias should be placed under the center area of the tubes and those in the low-light category, like Phalaenopsis and Papiopedilums, should be put on the sides and ends of the tubes. | would recommend using a 50:50 combina- tion of warm-white and cool-white or cool-white and wide-spectrum growth florescent tubes. The medium-light plants should be placed so that the tips of the leaves are just a few inches from the tubes; those plants in the low-light category can be placed 6” to 12” away. If you are determined to grow those plants in the high-light category, it can be done by using spe- cial very high output fluorescent tubes. Proper humidity is important for all houseplants: 50-70% is ideal. To main- tain this humidity level in the home it will be necessary to sink the potted or- chids in damp sphagnum moss, grow the potted plants on damp pebbles, or use a room or area humidifier. For a small growing room, an inexpensive cool-mist vaporizer is an ideal solu- tion. Misting the plants is frequently recommended as a means of increas- ing relative humidity, but this is seldom effective. In most homes the normal convec- tion of air currents will provide adequate air circulation. If the air does seem stagnant, a small fan can quickly solve this problem. Watering is an art that many begin- ners have difficulty learning. Orchids with pseudobulbs (thickened stems), which serve as water storage organs, naturally do not need as frequent wat- ering as those without these struc- tures. Plants with pseudobulbs should be allowed to dry off thoroughly be- tween waterings. This will usually mean watering once every 5 to 7 days in the spring and summer, and once every 10 to 14 days in the fall and winter. Epiphytic orchids (ones that naturally grow on trees), such as Phalaenopsis, which do not have pseudobulbs, usually need to be wa- tered about once every 3 to 5 days in the spring and summer, and every 6 to 9 days in the fall and winter. Terrestrials (orchids which grow on the ground in soil), such as Pa- phiopedilums, should never be al- lowed to completely dry out. The Plant Shop sells different potting materials which are appropriate for the various types of orchids. There are many different opinions regarding the fertilization of orchids. If you are growing your orchids in bark, a fertilizer high in nitrogen such as Pe- ter’s 30-10-10 is recommended. Some growers like to fertilize their orchids once every several weeks with a water soluble fertilizer. | have successfully used a slow release material called Osmocote, which | apply only once a year, every time | repot the plants. Al- though it has been reported by some that this material can burn the roots of orchids, | have not found this to be the case with my plants. Fortunately, orchids are relatively pest-free. Prevention is the key word in disease control. To prevent disease, carefully wash your pots in a special disinfectant like Physan or a 1:9 solu- tion of chlorox and water, and be care- ful to buy clean, disease-free plants. Most diseases like leaf spots and crown rots can be controlled with Phy- san or benomyl. Insects like aphids and mealybugs can also be controlled with Physan or benomyl. Insects like aphids and mealybugs can be con- trolled with malathion or Orthene; mites can be killed with kelthane. If you notice snails, you can use Zectran or Mesurol for control. — Steven A. Frowine Chairman, Indoor Horticulture William E. Maritz Named A Trustee Board Chairman Tom K. Smith an- nounced that William E. Maritz, presi- dent of Maritz, Inc., and chairman of the board of Laclede’s Landing Rede- velopment Corp., has been elected a member of the Garden’s Board of Trustees. Mr. Maritz, a St.Louis native, is president of Maritz, Inc., one of the largest and most successful sales and production motivation firms in the na- tion. He is a graduate of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and Interna- tional Affairs at Princeton University and serves currently on the boards of directors of a variety of local or na- tional institutions, including Princeton University, the American Youth Foun- dation, the Camping and Education Foundation, the Cystic Fibrosis As- sociation, the Boy Scouts of America and the Regional Commerce and Growth Association. He replaces Mr. A. Timon Primm, re- tired executive vice-president and business manager for the Pulitzer Publishing Co., who is leaving the Garden Board after 16 years. During his board tenure, Mr. Primm worked principally on environmental and con- servation issues, and was instrumen- tal in the 1970 expansion of the Shaw Arboretum, Gray Summit, MO., to its current size of 2,400 acres. He was named an Honorary Trustee in ap- preciation of his contributions to the Garden. 7 i The King George Island facility where the gene bank would be located. aia v Often, the richness of a food ex- tends beyond its taste and substance. There are foods which symbolized, for the people of cultures of several mil- lenia ago, life, death, peace and fertil- ity. Others figured prominately into the myths which explained the seasons; which gave meaning to an almost in- comprehensible world and universe. This is especially true of certain food plants which are found in the five Mediterranean regions of the world. The pomegranate, not the apple, is considered by some to be the fruit of the “tree of knowledge” which, when consumed, caused Adam and Eve to be banished from Eden. That same fruit was the indirect cause of winter, according to the ancient Greeks. Per- sephone, who was the daughter of Demeter, goddess of the earth, was kidnapped by Pluto and carried off to his kingdom of the dead. Through the intercession of Zeus, Persephone was returned to her mother. But since she had eaten food — a single pomegra- nate — while she was with Pluto, she was compelled to return to him once a year, for three months. During those months, Demeter grieves and the earth is barren, since she does not tend it; we have winter. The consequences of our eating the pomegranate are not severe, as they were for Adam, Eve and Persephone. On the contrary, the fruit is a rich one, the meat, seeds and juice of which can be enjoyed. The first sherbet was made by com- ¥-=3 Mediterranean Food Plants Exhibit bining the juice of the pomegranate with snow. Another food plant of the Mediterra- nean, the olive, is the symbol for peace. It was an olive branch that the dove brought back to Noah, giving him the sign that the deluge waters were receding and that land was beginning to appear once more in the world. In parts of Italy, some people still hang an olive branch over their doors to keep evil away. The fruit of the olive can be eaten in all stages of ripening, from green to black, which is the color of the ripe olive. Some growers cultivate olive trees Only for olive oil, which is pressed from the fruit. Approximately one million tons are produced each year, with one hundred pounds of the fruit yielding about thirteen to fourteen pounds of oil. The finest quality oil is cold- pressed from ripe fruit; it is practically odorless. To determine the quality of the oil, pour a few drops into your palm and rub both palms together. Smell the aroma in your cupped hands. The stronger the odor, the less pure the oil. The olive and the pomegranate, as well as the grape and the fig will be among approximately forty plants fea- tured in the Food Plant Exhibit in the Garden's Mediterranean House from January 10 to February 1, 1981. There is no charge for admission to the show, over the usual fee to enter the Garden. Members of course are ad- mitted free. Botanist Proposes Antarctic Gene Bank In mid-October, Dr. Boguslaw Molski, Director of the Botanic Garden of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, visited the Garden. He was visiting botanical institutions in the United States in conjunction with a project he has proposed to establish a plant gene bank in the Antarctic. His reasons for constructing a gene bank there were two. First, the Antarctic is a continent which falls under the gover- nance of no single country, and there- fore any scientific installation there would be accessible to scientists of all nations with no bureaucratic interfer- ence. Second, gene banks which now exist are dependent on sources of electricity to maintain temperatures cool enough to preserve the seeds held within the banks. Because energy has become such a costly commodity, Dr. Molski sought a location in which the amount of energy required was minimal. The temperatures in the Ant- arctic are low enough to preserve seeds with no additional energy ex- pense necessary. The gene bank would be located on King George Is- land, South Shetlands, The Antarctic. 9 cNews -Notes The Garden In Winter If, by the time you're reading this, you're tired of the grey, cold and snowy days of winter, there are a few suggestions of places you might visit in the Garden to forget, for an hour or two, the unkind weather. Outside, the Japanese Garden is beautiful, especially in the snow. It was designed with consideration of the Japanese tradition of snow-as-flower. The English Woodland Garden is serene under a white mantle. Inside, the four display greenhouses are not only warm, but also pleasing. In the Linnaean House, the oldest operating greenhouse west of the Al- legheny Mountains, camellias bloom in late January and in February. The house will be especially nice this winter because of recently completed renovation. From February 7 to March 8, the Orchid Show comes to the Climatron; we will celebrate the Climatron’s twen- tieth anniversary concurrently with the show. The Mediterranean House, where you will find the Food Plant Exhibit from January 10 to February 1, is at its peak during the early winter; that is whem most of its plants are in bloom. And the Desert House — well, in the midst of cacti, it becomes dif- ficult to remember that outside it is ten degrees and snowing. Special, heated trams run during the winter, so it is possible to tour the grounds and keep warm simultane- ously. Also, snow is removed quickly and efficiently from the parking lots and all Garden paths, so that our visitors can enjoy the Garden and not be troubled by the white stuff that we all get so tired of, so quickly. Post-Holiday Sale The Garden Gate Shop’s post- holiday sale, which began on De- cember 26, will continue during Janu- ary, until the 15th. Decorations and gift items are being offered to members at special, reduced prices. Tower Grove House will be closed for two months, from Monday, January 5, 1981, through Saturday, February 28, 1981, for housecleaning and refur- bishing. It will reopen for visitors on Sunday, March 1, 1981. 10 Plant Shop: Winter Flowers During January and February, The Plant Shop will have camellias in bloom at the same time these flowers are blooming in the Linnaean House. Also, in conjunction with the Orchid Show, The Plant Shop will feature an excellent assortment of orchids, in all price ranges. According to Debbie Colombo, manager of the shop, “Some people think that orchids are difficult to grow, but really, anyone who has had success with ordinary house plants should be able to grow orchids. We'll have several species that are fairly easy to care for, including Phalaenopsis (moth orchid) and Paphiopedilum (lady slippers). And we always have plant-care sheets for every plant we sell.” The plant-care sheets are available at no cost, on re- quest, with every purchase in the shop. Most of the orchids will be either in bud or in bloom. Young plants will also be available. China Lecture Scheduled Peter and Tamra Raven will present a lecture “A Botanical Journey to China,” describing their recent trip to the Peoples Republic of China, on Wednesday, January 14, 1981, in the Lehmann Building Auditorium at 10:30 a.m., and 8:00 p.m. The program is open to all members and their guests. Orchid Show The annual Orchid Show will come to the Climatron on February 7, 1981, and will continue until March 8. On February 14 and 15, there will be orchid cultivation demonstrations. Garden Members are invited to visit the Orchid Show, and the Climatron during our celebration of its twen- tieth anniversary. Shaw, Engelmann Papers Inventories of the Henry Shaw and George Engelmann Papers, a task which has been in progress for the past year, under the auspices of the National Historic and Public Records Commission, is now complete. The in- ventories, and access to the Shaw and Engelmann Papers through them, are now available to qualified researchers and scholars. Application should be made through the Garden library. Rosalie Hinch Named To New Garden Post Dr. Raven announced that Rosalie Hinch, a former Famous-Barr advertis- ing executive, has been named an As- sistant Director for the Garden. She will direct the newly established Divi- sion of Marketing. “The establishment of this division represents a new direction for us,” he said. “It is an indication of our ongoing commitment to community service and our intentions to provide new pro- grams and new Services to the people of the St. Louis area.” The new division will include the Publications and Special Events De- partments, and the Plant Shop, Gar- den Gate Shop and Greenery Restau- rant. “It's a reorganization as well as a new direction,” said Dr. Raven. “We hope it will help us to be more efficient in meeting the changing needs of our constituency. And we feel fortunate to have found an individual of Ms. Hinch’s experience and ability to direct the new division.” Ms. Hinch, who holds a bachelor of journalism degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia, has also served as reporter and feature writer for the Baton Rouge (LA) Morning Advocate and as assistant director of publicity, Baton Rouge Department of Public Works. Education Department Planning Spring Programs Several new programs will be of- fered by the Education Department in its spring schedule of classes. Accord- ing to Judy Studer, Chairman of the Education Department, “We want to make courses available that will help people in their own gardening, whether they grow vegetables in large, backyard plots, or in just a few pots on a sun porch. The emphasis will be on the practical. Where do you plant an azalea? What about using ground covers instead of grass? That sort of thing. We’re considering courses in home landscaping, fruit trees, decorat- ing with plants, and the operation of small greenhouses. We're very ex- cited about the possibility of offering some of these to the community.” The final schedule of programs will be announced in early February. For further information, call 577-5140. its scientific work. America’s Best! Botanical Garden C. Paul Luongo, in his book America’s Best! 100 (Sterling Publishing Co., 1980) designates the Missouri Botanical Gar- den as the best botanical garden in the country. The entry, appearing on page 38, describes the facets of the Garden which caused him to select it, including the Japanese Gar- den, the Climatron, the rose gardens, Tower Grove House, and the Linnaean House. He also commends the Garden for Walter Thompson Walter Thompson, volunteer in the library archives, died October 14, 1980. He had worked in the Corps of Engineers library after leaving the service, gaining knowledge which was invaluable in his work with the Garden’s biographical files. His quality of ‘“mother wit’, as another volunteer called it, as well as his quiet meticulous work, will be missed by all at the library. STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685). . Title of Publication: MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN. Publication No. 00266507 . Date of Filing: November 4, 1980 Frequency of issues: Bi-monthly — 6 issues per year. $5.00 per year Location of known office of Publication: 2345 Tower Grove Av- enue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Location of the Headquarters or General Business Offices of the Publishers: 2345 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Names and complete addresses of publisher and editor are: Publisher: Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166. Editor: Joseph M. Schuster; PO. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166 Owner: Missouri Botanical Garden, PO. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities: None . The purpose, function and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposes has not changed during preceding 12 months. Authorized to mail at special rates (Section 132.122, PSM) 10. Extent and nature of circulation: Average no. copies each issue during preceding 12 months ial wr aad os > a wo Actual no. copies of single issue published nearest to filing date A. Total no. copies printed (Net Press Run) B. Paid Circulation 1. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales 2. Mail subscriptions Total paid circulation . Free distribution by mail, carrier or other means samples, complimentary and other free copies 902 902 E. Total distribution 12,900 12,934 F Copies not distributed 1. Office use, left-over, unaccounted, spoiled after printing 200 316 . Returns from news agents G. Total (Sum of E, F1 and 2 — should equal net press run shown in A) 13,100 13,250 | certify that the statement made by me above is correct and complete. 13,100 13,250 none 12,032 12,032 none 12,000 12,000 om Mm none none (Signed) Joseph M. Schuster, Editor Manager of Publications OCTOBER/NOVEMBER NEW MEMBERSHIP NEW SPONSORING MEMBER Echo Valley Foundation NEW SUSTAINING MEMBERS Dr./Mrs. Arthur Auer Mr./Mrs. James M. Beggs Mr. Tom Blank Mr. Charles H. DeCiechi Dr./Mrs. E. S. Hallinger Mr. Paul T. James Mr./Mrs. D. B. Jenks Dr. Robert L. Quaas Mr./Mrs. John R. Roberts Mr./Mrs. Henry T. Schlapp Schnuck Markets, Inc. Drs. Kevin and Chris Smith NEW CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS Mrs. Mary E. Baer Mr./Mrs. Charles Baker Mr./Mrs. S. F. Bennett Mr./Mrs. Jim Branhan Mrs. Oscar E. Buder Mr./Mrs. Richard E. Butler Mr./Mrs. Clarann Budke Dr./Mrs. Ralph Capp Mrs. Theo. P. Desloge, Jr. Mr. B. L. Duchinsky Mr./Mrs. Joseph F. Duddy Mrs. Theodore C. Eggers Mrs. Michelle C. Fennessey Mr. Edward M. Finkelstein Mr./Mrs. Eugene W. Frederich Mrs. Helen Gantcheff Dr./Mrs. Charles O. Gerfen Mr./Mrs. Israel Goldberg Mr./Mrs. Harold S. Goodman Mr./Mrs. Frank J. Grindler, Jr. Mr. Michael G. Gunn Mr. Robert E. Hill Mrs. Mildred C. Hines Mr./Mrs. M. Kataoka Mrs. Richard J. Kantzman Mr./Mrs. E. O. Klein Mr./Mrs. Joseph Kutten Mr./Mrs. Walter G. Majtas, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Robert Mass Mr./Mrs. Francis J. McKeon, ur. Mrs. Margaret Meinhardt Mr. Owen H. Mitchell Mr./Mrs. Stanley Moon Mr. James A. Morrell Mr./Mrs. Gilbert G. Munroe Mrs. John C. Naylor Mr. George A. Newton Fr. Lammert Otten, S.J. Dr. Virginia H. Peden Mrs. Robert Powers Ms. Sandra Posen Mr./Mrs. Louis Putzel Ms. Mary W. Ross Mrs. James S. Schindler Mr./Mrs. John A. Semmelmeyer Mr./Mrs. Wallace H. Smith Mrs. Karl Spencer Mr./Mrs. G. C. Stribling, Jr. Mr. James G. Thompson Mr./Mrs. Thomas B. Thompson, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Jacob Van Dyke Mr./Mrs. D. Wallace Weil Mr. Eldon Weinhaus Mr./Mrs. W. M. Whitmire Mr. Jack L. Williams Mr./Mrs. Robert S. Yates TRIBUTES — JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1981 In Honor of Mr. and Mrs. Sterling Alexander’s 50th Wedding Anniversary Mr./Mrs. Herbert Kipp In Honor of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom’s 40th Wedding Anniversary Mr./Mrs. Charles D. P. Hamilton Mr./Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mr./Mrs. Boardman Jones, Jr. Mr./Mrs. W. R. Orthwein, Jr. Mrs. John Schoenberg Mr./Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. In Honor of Mr. and Mrs. Carl L. A. Beckers’ 50th Wedding Anniversary Mr./Mrs. Alan S. Atkins Margaret and Stanley F. Jackes Mr. John P. Stupp In Honor of Lee Blumoff Idah Rubin In Honor of Mr. and Mrs. Kyrle Boldt’s 50th Wedding Anniversary Mr./Mrs. Melvin Barad In Honor of Mr. and Mrs. Frank Lewis Dinsmore’s 50th Wedding Anniversary Mrs. Paul Bakewell, Jr. In Honor of Mr. and Mrs. J. 0. Kramer’s First Granddaughter Dorothy and Sam Rosenbloom In Honor of Mr. and Mrs. Loren LaMore’s 50th Wedding Anniversary Mrs. Robert C. Bleikamp In Honor of Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. LeRoy’s 50th Wedding Anniversary Milton L. Daugherty In Honor of Mrs. Francis Mesker Paul and Eleanor Ring In Honor of the Birth of Mr. and Mrs. M. D. Manesberg’s New Granddaughter and Grandson Dorothy and Sam Rosenbloom In Honor of Mr. and Mrs. 0. W. Rash, lil’s Anniversary Mr./Mrs. Carl Kottmeier In Appreciation of Tamra Engelhorn Raven St. Louis Woman's Club In Honor of Mr. and Mrs. S. |. Rothschild’s 40th Wedding Anniversary Peggy Hellman Mr./Mrs. Nicholas Scharff In Honor of Mr. and Mrs. Don Samuels’ Special Anniversary Frank and Janis Gollub In Honor of Mrs. Joseph (Meriam) Schaefer’s 75th Birthday Mrs. Gerald Eder In Honor of Mrs. Helene Semple Claybreakers Garden Club In Honor of Rodger and Mary Shultz’s 40th Wedding Anniversary Elizabeth and John Kouri In Honor of Mr. and Mrs. Whitelaw T. Terry’s Golden Wedding Anniversary Mrs. Raoul Pantaleoni In Honor of Mr. Jay Tohtz Four Seasons Garden Club In Memory of Roy W. Accola Miss Jeanette Rammelsburg In Memory of Bertha Benner Mrs. Norman Schaumburg In Memory of Mrs. Bick Mrs. Paul von Gontard In Memory of Karel Bruce Mr./Mrs. D. O. Boettler Mr./Mrs. William R. Frielingsdort Mr./Mrs. William M. Haack Mr./Mrs. George Nikolajevich In Memory of Dorothy Bryson Mrs. D. B. Ayars In Memory of Dr. Rolf Buchdahl Dr./Mrs. William E. Koerner In Memory of Ernest Camos Ladybug Garden Club In Memory of Mrs. Betty Cope Mr./Mrs. M. S. Van Devanter In Memory of Mary Buchanan Drew Mr./Mrs. Calvin H. East Mr./Mrs. John J. Reed In Memory of Mrs. Ruth Edom Fogarty Mrs. Beelis O. Burkitt Mrs. Clifford L. Lamar Mrs. L. A. Morrison Jerry and Mary Phelan Mr./Mrs. V. James Rosengreen Agnes M. Sauer Mrs. Frederick Schuermann Employees of Southwest Medical Center Dr./Mrs. W. P. Stewart Dr./Mrs. L. J. Tol mach Mrs. Estelle E. Zukoski In Memory of Katherine Hannah Graham Philip E. Graham In Memory of Nicolai De Gubareff Mr./Mrs. L. N. Mattson In Memory of Sidney Holtzman Mrs. Gloria Hogbin In Memory of Mr. Edward A. Korn Dr./Mrs. Michael Glines In Memory of Martha Langhoff Mr./Mrs. Lester Adelson Mrs. Ruth A. Robinson In Memory of Charles D. Long Mr./Mrs. Edwin R. Waldemer In Memory of Clarence J. Maender Irwin R. Harris In Memory of Mr. and Mrs. Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. John and Anita Schoenherr In Memory of Mrs. Helen Margaretta Miss Jeanette Ramelsburg In Memory of Louise Marie (Canova) Preston Mr./Mrs. Ray E. Oberkramper In Memory of Mr. Leslie Ruble Mrs. Dent McSkimming Member of . The Arts and Education Fund of Greater St. Louis 11 In Memory of Mrs. Carroll Smith (Eleanor) Mrs. Lloyd C. Stark In Memory of Mr. J. G. Taylor Spink Mr. C. C. Johnson Spink In Memory of Mr. Henry J. Sprenger Good Earth Garden Club Mr./Mrs. John B. Kirchner In Memory of Mr. George M. Start Mary and Kenneth Tisdel In Memory of Mrs. Dekle Taylor Dr./Mrs. Ben H. Senturia Bw whe In Memory of Kasumi Teshigahara St. Louis Chapter, Ikebana International In Memory of Walter Thompson Friends in the Library In Memory of Dr. Henry P. Thym Dorothy Fleshman Phil Frankel Karen Krager-Palmer Harva Kennedy Kathy Lane Carla Lange Vera Maeser Barbara Mykrantz Marge Purk Jim Reed Rosemary Rudde Clara Szabados In Memory of Mr. James Travilla Mrs. Jean-Jacques Carnal In Memory of Clarence and Lottie Williams Gerry and Marian Barnholtz In Memory of Mrs. Minnie Witterschein Mr./Mrs. M. S. Van Devanter In Memory of Miss Alice Wittkopf Adah W. Fantilli Hildegarde Wunderlich In Memory of Mrs. Hazel Zbaren Mr./Mrs. Carl Kottmeier Seasons Greetings to Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Cornblath Dr./Mrs. Ben H. Senturia Seasons Greetings to Mr. and Mrs. Howard Swanson Dr./Mrs. Ben H. Senturia Seasons Greetings to Mr. and Mrs. Edward Prince Dr./Mrs. Ben H. Senturia “Thank you very much for taking the time to show us the Japanese Garden. It is the most impressive Japanese garden | have ever seen outside of Japan. | wish to commend you most sincerely for this achievement.” — from a letter to Dr. Raven from Yoshio Okawara, Ambassador of Japan. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN (ISSN-0026-6507) SECOND CLASS PO. Box 299 POSTAGE Saint Louis, Missouri 63166 PAID AT ST. LOUIS, MO. WZ Volume LXIX, Number 2 March/April 1981 Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin 9,981 Years In a Garden “There is no ancient gentleman but gardeners.... they hold up Adam’s profession.” —Shakespeare Hamlet, Act V, Scene 1 If we are to accept certain implications of Genesis, then it appears that the first garden (Eden) required no tending and that the only labor re- based on this co-operation. This early cultivation was limited principally to food crops which were easy to grow, edible roots and some fruits; plants which could be cultivated using the simplest of tools—digging and picking implements made of animal bone. quired of our first ances- tors was to pick the fruit, nuts and vegetables and eat them, according to their whim. Since that time, how- ever, man has had to exert some amount of energy to bring forth even a small crop. As Charles Dudley Warner says, in My Sum- mer in a Garden, “What a man needs in gardening is a cast-iron back, with a hinge in it.” The origins of garden- ing are found in agricul- ture, with the earliest culti- vators of food found near Jericho in Palestine about 8,000 B.C. These earliest gardens were strictly utilitarian, and it wasn’t until about the fifteenth century B.C. in Egypt that people began making gardens decorative in design. It is acommon theory that the roots of agriculture lie in a time of severe famine; that a community of early men could not depend on the capricious yield of the earth for their food and so began a systematic cultivation of food plants to en- sure their survival. Others dispute this theory, claiming that faced with the peril of starvation men would not have had sufficient time or determination to develop techniques of cultivation which would yield the food necessary for their survival. They propose that cultivation and agriculture rose out of deliberate, methodical experiments. But, whether it was a desperate measure or a carefully Jeveloped science, agriculture arose and was one of the yrincipal contributors to the establishment of civilization, since once man had the ability to cultivate the earth, stable societies were able to form. Whereas hunter-gatherer tribes vere nomadic, moving with the sources of food, agricultural ;ommunities could remain in one place since they con- rolled, to some degree, their food supplies. Too, individuals -0-operated in the cultivation and so formed societies Later, medicinal herbs were Cultivated, with a herbal record appearing in Sumer (lrag, today) about the third millennium B.C. These herbs’ required watering, and it was the Sumerians who developed irrigation. Once communities had moved beyond subsis- tence level, they could be- gin growing plants for qualities other than food value. Besides Egypt, the an- cient Greeks, Romans and Chinese contributed much to the art of decora- tive gardening. The Hang- ing Gardens of Babylon (Sumer), one of the “seven wonders of the ancient world” were constructed between the late-sixth and early-ninth century, B.C. Plants were so much a part of the lives of Romans that they were the first to make gardens an essential extension of their homes. Many apartment dwellers, owning no land, (continued on page 4) Tax District Support The League of Women Voters of Metropolitan St. Louis will support the effort of the Missouri Botanical Garden to become a subdistrict of the Zoo-Museum Tax- ing District so that the Garden will be able to receive pub- lic funds from the property tax. The League reached this support position after a comprehensive study of the Zoo- Museum Taxing District and member discussion of the issues pertinent to the future of the District. The League considers the Missouri Botanical Garden an important cultural asset to the community and deserving of public financial support. Comment " | am pleased to say that work is pro- gressing well on the new Visitor Center at the Garden’s north end. McCarthy Broth- ers, the contractor for the project, reports that the Center should be completed by the end of the year. Later in this Bulletin are details on the project, including a de- scription of the features currently under contract for construction. | am also happy to report that the Garden received a major challenge grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, becoming the first botanical institution to receive such a grant. It is the purpose of challenge grants to motivate institu- tions such as ours to raise additional funds to meet the grants. The N.E.A. grant is a one to four match, for capital funds raised in 1981. That is, for each four dollars we receive this year from other sources, they will match with one dollar. Our goal then, to meet their challenge, is $1.4 million. We are grateful that the N.E.A. has acknowledged, in such a concrete manner, the important work conducted here in horticulture, education and botany. It is only through such generous help that we can maintain and continue our vital functions. The history and progress of the Garden are inseparably bound with the generosity of its many benefactors, large and small, and | would like to thank all those who have contrib- uted to the Garden. | want also to thank, in advance, all who, through their gifts and pledges to the Capital Fund during the year, will enable us to reach our goal motivated by this N.E.A. challenge grant. Inside 3 Letter from China—Conclusion by Peter H. Raven, with photographs by Tamra E. Raven 5 Gardening in St. Louis Steve Frowine writes on Getting Ready for Spring From the Members’ Office Spring, Lectures and a Grant 8 Board of Trustees Elect New President Interviews with Tom K. Smith, Jr. and C. C. Johnson Spink 9 N.E.A. Challenge Grant to Assist in Visitor Center Completion 1 1 Calendar March and April in the Garden The MISSOURI BOTANICAL GAR- DEN BULLETIN is published six times each year, in January, March, May, July, September and Novem- ber by the Missouri Botanical Gar- den, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Mo. 63166. Second class postage paid at St. Louis, Mo. $5.00 per year. $6.00 foreign. HENRY SHAW ASSOCIATES Anonymous Mrs. Agnes F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Howard F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Alexander M. Bakewell Mr./Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Clarence C. Barksdale Mr./Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom Mr./Mrs. Albert Blanke, Jr. Mr./Mrs. G. A. Buder, Jr. Mr./Mrs. J. Butler Bushyhead Mr./Mrs. John G. Buettner Mr. Edward G. Cherbonnier Mrs. F. T. Childress Mr. Fielding L. Childress Mr./Mrs. Gary A. Close Mr./ Mrs. Franklin J. Cornwell, Sr. Dr./Mrs. William H. Danforth Mr./Mrs. Sam’! C. Davis Mrs. Joseph Desloge, Sr. Mr. Alan E. Doede Mr./Mrs. J. Robert Edwards Mrs. Clark P. Fiske Mr./Mrs. Guy W. Fiske Mrs. Florence T. Morris Forbes Mrs. Eugene A. Freund Mrs. Henry L. Freund Mr./Mrs. S. E. Freund Mr. Samuel Goldstein Mr./Mrs. Stanley J. Goodman Mr. Clarence R. Goodrich Mr./Mrs. W. L. H. Griffin Mrs. H. C. Grigg Mr./Mrs. Whitney R. Harris Mrs. John H. Hayward Mr./Mrs. Robert R. Hermann Mr./Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mr./Mrs. James H. Howe, III Mr./Mrs. Lee Hunter Mrs. John Kenneth Hyatt Mr./Mrs. Stanley F. Jackes Mrs. John V. Janes, Sr. Mrs. Margaret M. Jenks Mr./Mrs. Eugene Johanson Mr./Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Mrs. Irene C. Jones Mr./Mrs. W. Boardman Jones, Jr. Dr./Mrs. John H. Kendig Mr./Mrs. Samuel Kennard, III Mr./Mrs. Frederick R. Keydel Mr./Mrs. Elmer G. Kiefer Mr./Mrs. William S. Knowles Mr./Mrs. Robert E. Kresko Mrs. John A. Latzer Mr. Thomas F. Latzer Mr./Mrs. John C. Lebens Mrs. John S. Lehmann Miss Martha |. Love Mrs. Jane S. Luehrmann Mr. H. Dean Mann Mrs. James S. McDonnell Mr. Roswell Messing, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Hubert C. Moog Mr./Mrs. John W. Moore Mr. Thomas Moore Dr./Mrs. Walter Moore Mr./Mrs. John M. Olin Mr. Spencer T. Olin Mr./Mrs. W. R. Orthwein, Jr. Miss Jane E. Piper Miss Julia Piper Mr./Mrs. Vernon W. Piper Capt. William R. Piper Mr./Mrs. Herman T. Pott Mr./Mrs. A. Timon Primm, Ill Mrs. Howard E. Ridgway Mrs. G. Kenneth Robins Mr./Mrs. F. M. Robinson Mrs. Lucianna Gladney Ross Mr./Mrs. Joseph F. Ruwitch Mrs. William H. Schield Mr./Mrs. Daniel L. Schlafly Mr./Mrs. Charles Schott Mr./Mrs. Richard Shaikewitz Mrs. A. Wessel Shapleigh Mr./Mrs. Warren M. Shapleigh Mrs. John M. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Robert H. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Sydney Shoenberg, Jr. Mr./Mrs. John E. Simon Mr./Mrs. Robert Brookings Smith Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Sr. Mr./Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. Mrs. Sylvia N. Souers Mr./Mrs. C. C. Johnson Spink Mrs. Hermann F. Spoehrer Mr./Mrs. Cornelias F. Stueck Miss Lillian L. Stupp Mr./Mrs. Edgar L. Taylor, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Jack Turner Mr./Mrs. James Walker Mrs. Horton Watkins Mr./Mrs. Richard K. Weil Mrs. S. A. Weintraub Mrs. Ben H. Wells Mr./Mrs. O. Sage Wightman, III Mr./Mrs. Eugene F. Williams, Jr. Mrs. John M. Wolff Miss F. A. Wuellner Mr./Mrs. Andrew Zinsmeyer Mr./Mrs. Sander B. Zwick DIRECTOR’S ASSOCIATES Mr. Patrick Ackerman Mr. Kenneth Balk Mr./Mrs. Carl Beckers Mrs. Brooks Bernhardt Ms. Allison R. Brightman Mr./Mrs. H. Pharr Brightman Mr./Mrs. Jules D. Campbell Mr. Joseph C. Champ Mrs. Frances Collins Cook Mrs. Elsie Ford Curby Mr./Mrs. Henry P. Day Mr. Bernard F. Desloge Mr./Mrs. W. Ashley Gray, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Edward E. Haverstick Dr./Mrs. August Homeyer Mr./Mrs. B. F. Jackson Mr./Mrs. Eldridge Lovelace Mrs. Leighton Morrill Mr./Mrs. Charles W. Oertli Mrs. Henry E. Papin, Jr. Mrs. Drue Wilson Philpott Mrs. Miquette M. Potter Mr./Mrs. Robert A. Ridgway Mr./Mrs. C. M. Ruprecht Mrs. Mason Scudder Mr. Frank H. Simmons Miss Harriett J. Tatman Mr./Mrs. Harold E. Thayer Mr./Mrs. Charles L. Tooker Mr./Mrs. John K. Wallace, Jr. G C. C. Johnson Spink President, Board of Trustees Mrs. Robert Kittner President of the Executive Board of the Members Dr. Peter H. Raven Director Letter From China—Conclusion From Shanghai we departed on Sep- tember 2 by train for Nanjing, Sister City of St. Louis. Building on a relationship that began even before Nanjing and St. Louis became sister cities, the Sun Yat-sen Me- morial Botanical Garden in Nanjing and the Missouri Botanical Garden have estab- lished a close, working relationship. The assistant director of the Nanjing Botanical Garden, Professor Sheng Cheng-kui, vis- ited St. Louis as a member of the Chinese Botanical Delegation in 1979, and was very impressed with our facilities at the Garden and Arboretum. When our train ar- rived in Nanjing we were greeted by Pro- fessor Sheng and by the director of the in- stitute, Professor Shan Jen-hua, who com- pleted his Ph.D. at the University of Cali- fornia in Berkeley in 1949, just a few years before | arrived in the same department. Professor Shan, Sheng, and their entire staff were exceedingly hospitable during our stay in Nanjing. In our orientation sessions at the Botan- ical Garden, they presented us with a beautifully prepared volume that contained newspaper articles from both Chi- nese and American papers celebrating the establishment of the Sister City relationship between Nanjing and St. Louis, photographs of plants taken in both gardens, as well as bo- tanical literature for our library. The commemorative volume will be a treasured memento in the archives of the Missouri Botanical Garden. We have been exchanging seeds of plants with the Nan- jing Botanical Garden since 1974, and some of them have already proved successful in our Garden. When Professor Sheng was here in 1979 he was particularly pleased to seé large specimens of Zelkova schneideriana, an attractive small tree in the elm family, growing near the Homeyer Water Basin along the west side of the lake in our Japanese Garden, and also just outside the Administration Building in the area south of the Shoenberg Fountain. In turn, when we visited Nanjing we were very pleased to see plants of several species of gumweed, Grindelia, grow- ing in the experimental fields from seeds that we had ob- tained for them by correspondence from the western United States. The staff of the Nanjing Botanical Garden were test- ing these as a possible commercial source of gum. One of the striking uses we saw was that of a plant of the sunflower family, Stevia rebau/diana, which originally came from Paraguay and had been cultivated as an artificial sweetener in Japan. A small taste of a leaf of this plant im- mediately reveals it as containing high concentrations of an artificial sweetener much more potent than sugar. Obtain- ing seeds of this plant from Japan, the staff of the Nanjing Botanical Garden has converted it into a commercial crop in Jiangsu Province which, for the first time in 1980 was able to export 12 tons of dried leaves back to Japan. Pro- duction should increase considerably in the future. The climate at Nanjing is much milder than the climate in St. Louis, with temperatures below the 20’s extremely rare. At Nanjing, the staff of the botanical garden was much con- cerned with developing hardy strains of olives, which they had done successfully and which are now being grown as a at Nanjing. Professor Chen Shu-liang (left), Professor Shan, Dr. Raven, and Professor Sheng (in front of Dr. Raven), examining specimens in the herbarium commercial crop in Jiang- su Province. Notwithstanding the fact that our climate is much more severe, many of the plants that can be grown in Nanjing will suc- ceed here, and we plan to enlarge and extend our ex- change of living material in the future. Seedlings of Missouri oaks and other native trees were in the nurseries at Nanjing, having been grown from material col- lected by the garden staff and other materials kindly sup- plied to us by the Missouri Department of Conservation. During the time we were in Nanjing, and elsewhere in China, we were able to collect seeds of a number of inter- esting plants and to take notes on others which we will ob- tain in the future from our Chinese colleagues to test in the St. Louis area. In addition to this important exchange of plant material, we are also actively exchanging botanical literature with Nanjing, Kunming, and Beijing, enhancing the Garden’s li- brary in this way and insuring that we have a full coverage of Chinese botanical literature for students to use here in St. Louis. We will also exchange herbarium specimens, es- pecially of grasses. We have on our staff a scientist who specializes in this family of plants, the most economically important group of plants in the world: Dr. Gerrit Davidse of our staff and Miss Chen Shu-liang of the staff in Nanjing. Another exciting area of research being pursued by the staff of the Nanjing Botanical Garden concerns air pollu- tion. One of their departments is concerned with testing plants for resistence to air pollution. They do this principally by two methods: one, by drawing air containing common at- mospheric pollutants through cabinets and noting the reac- tions of plants exposed to the air. Second, in cooperation with the various utilities found in the Nanjing area, by con- (continued on page 4) 3 A gate at the tomb of Sun Yat-senin Nanjing. 9,981 Years In a Garden (continued from page 1) grew plants on window ledges and roofs, as do urban residents in our time. The Romans, however, did not origi- nate the cultivation of plants in con- tainers, as there is evidence of plants grown in pots in Egypt as early as the twenty-first century B.C. In fact, the Romans appear not to have been inno- vators in gardening, but were impor- tant because of their adaptation and development of techniques learned from other societies. As men became more experienced, over the millenia, in the cultivation of plants, they were able to devise tech- niques which would ensure greater success in raising plants. Theophrastus, who is called “Fath- er of Botany” and who was a contem- porary of Aristotle—in fact, Aristotle bequeathed his garden to Theophras- tus—set forth several practical culti- vation techniques. He saw the need for the presowing treatment of seeds, suggesting soaking cucumber seéds in milk or water for quicker germina- tion, and was also the first to write of starting plants from cuttings. He also understood that manure had a warm- ing effect on soil; he claimed that by spreading it over land, a gardener would gain a twenty-day start com- pared with ground not covered by manure. The use of manure as fertiliz- er was first recorded about 3,000 B.C. in Egypt. Columella, a Roman of the first cen- tury B.C., described a simple method of soil testing. Dampened soil was kneaded in the hand, and if it “sticks to the fingers of the person holding it, in the manner of a pinch, it is fertile.” Other methods of soil testing which were suggested through the ages in- clude the reliance on soil color as an indication of quality—the darker the soil, the better; using taste to deter- mine quality—making a mixture of soil and water and tasting it, after straining, with a sweet-tasting mixture being made of good soil, and sour- tasting mixture of poor soil; and a test which required the gardener dig a hole and then try to refill it with the dirt he removed—if after pressing it with his foot, there was an excess, it was fer- tile, since poor soil would not fill the hole. By the end of the middle-ages gar- deners were aware of the need for soil quality and that different plants had different soil requirements. 4 Throughout the history of garden- ing, men have fought garden pests by various means. Two methods, which were suggested about 1800 years apart from one another, are not recom- mended. Columella advised leaving placa- tory sacrifices for gods to ensure a pest free garden. And in 1742, Peter Kalm wrote of someone who sug- gested keeping pet sea-gulls “for de- vouring little beasts injurious to kitch- en gardens.” This spring, the Garden presents several programs designed to instruct the individual gardener in the best techniques for his own garden. These programs include both courses and lectures, details of which are printed elsewhere in this Bulletin. There is also a Demonstration Veg- etable Garden which will open within the next two months, and planned to show the possible vegetables, com- mon and unusual, which can be culti- vated in this area, as well as to demon- strate, by example, efficient methods of the cultivation of these vegetables. Another source of information for the St. Louis gardener is the library lo- cated on the second floor of the John S. Lehmann Building. Members of the Garden are invited and encouraged to use the library, and a special collec- tion of books on horticulture are avail- able for members to borrow on a lim- ited basis. Finally, the Garden’s Answerman Service recommences operation in March. Members with questions or problems pertaining to their lawns, gardens, trees or houseplants may call the Answerman between 9:00 a.m. and 12:00 noon, Monday through Sat- urday, March through October. Letter From China (continued from page 3) structing experimental plots of plants in beds at varying distances from the different kinds of utilities, then study- ing their reactions in relation to the kinds of pollutants that are produced by these utilities. They have already identified over 50 kinds of plants, in Nanjing alone, that are highly resis- tant to pollution, and similar studies are being conducted at botanical insti- tutions throughout China. Their re- sults should be of interest to utilities and industrial plants in the United States. We hope to begin some ex- change in personnel in this research area in 1981. Three scientists from Nanjing will be coming to the United States in 1981. Madam Chin Hui-chen will be studying plant anatomy and systemat- ics at the Garden for about six months, and the others will visit here for shorter periods. In return, Alan Godlewski will visit Nanjing and other botanical gardens in China, for a peri- od of about two months. These long- term visits will be valuable in enhanc- ing cooperative relationships that we have now begun. — Peter H. Raven Photographs by Tamra Engelhorn Raven Tropical Deforestation In a recent issue of the journal Sci- ence, Garden botanist Dr. A. H. Gen- try, and his co-author, J. Lopez-Parodi, report that the extensive deforestation of upper parts of the Amazon water- shed appears to have resulted in a sig- nificant change in the Amazonian water balance. They point out that the height of the annual flood crest at Iquitos, Peru, has increased notice- ably in the past decade although there has been no significant change in re- gional precipitation patterns. This in- creased flooding indicates that the long-predicted climatic changes for the region may have begun. The possi- bility that these changes would occur has concerned scientists for some time. The consequences of the rapid trop- ical deforestation are manifested in both immediate and gradual ecologi- cal changes. The immediate change is the higher annual flood-level which is caused by increasingly rapid run-off of rain water. Because there are fewer trees—Gentry and Lopez-Parodi cite that ‘one-fifth to one-fourth of the Amazonian forest has already been cut, and the rate of forest destruction is accelerating’’—there has been a great loss of water retention capacity. This more rapid run-off also causes greater erosion. The more gradual change, and one which is more severe, is that the defor- estation interrupts the natural process of transpiration—trees soaking up the moisture that falls and recycling it into the air. Scientists have determined that about one-half of the precipitation of the entire Amazonian basin results from this process. The reduction of this process, Gentry and Lopez-Parodi say, could “convert much of....Ama- zonia to near desert.” They conclude that this evidence “Suggests the need for planned devel- opment that takes into account this delicate ecological balance.” Gardening In St. Louis Getting Ready For Spring Now is the time to sow annual flower and vegetable seeds to produce trans- plants for your home garden. There are im- portant rules to insure success: Obtain fresh seed of good quality. To skimp is false economy. Seed is inexpen- sive, but the same amount of work is in- volved raising poor quality seed as good quality, so why waste time and effort to produce poor results with inferior seed. Buy fresh seed which has been packaged for 1981. Date information will be stated on the package. Old seed will not produce inferior plants, but the germination (sprouting) rate will be lower. If you have leftover seeds, it is important they be stored properly. They should be kept cool and dry. This canbe accomplished by putting the opened seed packets in a glass jar and placing a tablespoon or two of a desiccant (a drying agent such as sil- ica gel, a material commonly used in drying flowers) or dried milk in a porous packet or a small bag fashioned from an old nylon stocking. Place jar with seeds and drying agent in refrigerator. Sow seeds at the proper time. Most annuals and vegeta- bles can be sown indoors six to seven weeks before plant- ing. Cool season plants such as cabbage, lettuce, onions, broccoli, endive, leeks and parsley can be started in mid- March. Warmer crops such as eggplants, tomato, pepper, and cucumber should be sown around mid-April. Sow the correct amount of seed. Be careful not to sow too many seeds. When seeds are sown thinly, the tiny plants’ leaves and roots have more space to spread. If you make the error of sowing too many seeds, thin them out by eliminating the weakest plants and allowing the healthiest to thrive. In general, 66 to 75 percent of seeds you sow will germinate, so it is usually safe to sow twice as many seeds as you will need. Store excess seeds as described earlier. Use a proper germination medium. Any well-drained pot- ting soil will do if baked for 30-40 minutes at 180 degrees Fahrenheit to kill insects, weed seeds and disease orga- nisms. A good mix consists of one part each of peat-moss, sharp sand, soil and leafmold. The most trouble-free medium to use is a soilless mix consisting of two parts of spagnum peatmoss, one part perlite and one part vermiculite. To each gallon of this mix add one tablespoon of dolomitic limestone to offset the acidity of the peatmoss. A soilless mix is easy to obtain and mix, and is sterile so it doesn’t have to be baked to kill vari- ous pests. Maintain proper moisture, temperature and light. Con- stant soil moisture and high humidity is necessary for good seed germination. When a seedling begins to germinate, it has few roots and is vulnerable to drying out. Another criti- cal factor is temperature. Almost all seeds germinate best at 70 degrees. Seeds of certain trees, shrubs, and wild- flowers require freezing before sowing. Check seed packet for this information. Low temperatures, which cause poor germination, are caused by moisture evaporating from seed flats (this can cool the soil 10 degrees or more), using cold tap water (40-50 degrees), or lo- cating the seed flat next to a cold glass window. There are several ways to assure warm germination temperatures: e Use a heating cable or propagation mat with a thermostat beneath seed flats. e Place seed container near a radiator or furnace. e Put seed flat in closet or on top of flourescent light fixture (the ballast gives off a gentle heat.) Some seeds sprout better in light; others in darkness. It is recommended you leave the seed container in a bright area, so when seedlings germinate they will grow compactly and not become spindly. Other Spring Gardening Tips Don’t work the soil too early in the Spring. Make sure it has dried out enough so that when you make a ball of the soil that this ball when dry, crumbles easily. If you work the soil too early, you can destroy its draining capabilities and create large clods of soil which will make working the gar- den a difficult job for the whole summer. Prune roses during the first half of April. Be sure to cut out all diseased and dead cane. The entire bush can be cut back to 12-18”. lf you are cramped for space in your garden, try some of the compact varieties of lettuce, bush forms of cucumbers, patio tomatoes, dwarf cabbage, and dwarf eggplants. To conserve space, you might also try growing most of your leaf vegetables and other compact growing vegetables, like beans, in wide rows. When you grow plants in wide rows, you develop a row about 1 foot wide in which the plants which are chosen are interspersed at 6-8” spacings. You can grow much more lettuce in a small space this way. Fertilize your lawn with a 10-6-4 fertilizer, or one with a similar ratio, anytime in March of early April. Be sure that part of the nitrogen in the fertilizer is a long-lasting, slow- release type. Follow the directions on the bag for the quan- tity which should be applied. Take time out to take a soil sample and send it to your Cooperative Extension Agent. His address is: St. Louis County Extension Center 701 South Brentwood Blvd. Clayton, MO 63105 Send $4.50 with the soil sample for complete results. The soil test is the only way you know for sure which fertilizer should be applied to your garden. —Steven A. Frowine Chairman, Indoor Horticulture 5 From the Members’ Office Spring Activities to Focus on St. Louis Lawn and Garden Care Spring activities at the Garden and at the Shaw Arboretum will focus on lawn and garden care in the St. Louis climate. Members’ lectures as well as education programs will focus on top- ics such as residential landscape de- sign, lawn care, rose Culture, and prun- ing. A demonstration vegetable gar- den will open in March or April. Courses offered by the Education Department will be highlighted by a weekend program on edible landscap- ing, or the “art” of integrating fruit and nut crops into residential and public landscape design. The program will be conducted by Robert Kourik, a staff Spring Lecture Program Before you begin your garden, join us for “How to Grow” in St. Louis. Garden Members are invited to at- tend the 1981 Spring Lecture Series. The Series will focus on “how-to” in- formation designed specifically for the St. Louis area gardener. Learn what grows best in the St. Louis cli- mate, when is the best time to plant, how best to care for your garden and the best way to solve your gardening problems. The lectures will be held in the Audi- torium of the John S. Lehmann Build- ing and will be offered at 10:30 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. on the indicated dates. A question and answer period will follow each presentation. March 18 Fruits, Nuts and Berries Paul Stark, Jr. Vice-President Stark Brothers Nurseries and Orchards Co. March 25 Roses David Vismara Rosarian Missouri Botanical Garden April 1 Lawn Care Rudy Zuroweste Horticulture Specialist University of Missouri Extension April 8 Perennials Alan Godlewski Chairman, Outdoor Horticulture Missouri Botanical Garden Herbs Holly Shimizu Curator, National Herb Garden National Arboretum April 15 April 22 Vegetable Gardens Steven Frowine Chairman, Indoor Horticulture Missouri Botanical Garden horticulturist with the Farallones Insti- tute of California. Other new programs include a Six- session course in residential land- scape design. Austin P. Tao, ASLA, Tao Design and Associates of St. Louis, will conduct the course. “Interi- or Plantscaping” will focus on coordi- nating live plants into home and office spaces. Lisa Cady Leiweke, of St. Louis Plantscape, Inc. will conduct the course. Programs offered at the Shaw Arbo- Fea eh gs The Annual Spring Flower Show this year will bring an Ozark woodland to urban St. Louis. The show, which opens March 14 and contin- ues through April 12, will be an informal, pro- gressive exhibit, designed after the fashion of a natural Ozark woodland and will feature spring flowering bulbs, azaleas, annuals and flowering trees and shrubs. Spring in the Garden’s Shops Besides in the Spring Flower Show, the “season of rebirth” also shows it- self at the Garden in the Plant Shop and Garden Gate Shop. During March, the Plant Shop will have Oxalis tricolor, a variety of sham- rock, available for St. Patrick’s Day. In April, the Spring Plant Sale opens with a Members’-only Preview on April 24, from 10:00 a.m. until 6:30 p.m. Garden Members receive a 20% discount on all merchandise. The sale continues on April 25 and 26, when the general public will receive a 10% discount, Member’s 20%, on all merchandise. The Shop will feature Geraniums, Im- patiens, Petunias, Azaleas, Dogwood, retum will be highlighted by a course on planting residential areas to attract wildlife. Floyd J. Ficker and Charlotte E. Schneider of the Missouri Depart- ment of Conservation will conduct the course. Bill Davit, a naturalist on the Arboretum Staff, will conduct a one- day program on organic gardening. For additional information and to register for the courses, please con- tact the Education Department at 577-5140. To register for courses at the Shaw Arboretum, call 577-5138. Littman Scholarship A scholarship in memory of the late Mr. and Mrs. Ellis C. Littman was es- tablished through The Harry Freund Memorial Foundation in December to aid students in botany and horticul- ture at the Garden. Peter H. Raven, Di- rector of the Garden, said “We are de- lighted at the fact that it will make it possible for students here to extend their activities and to accomplish more than would otherwise have been possible.” Since the initial contribu- tion establishing the Scholarship, sev- eral others have been received. The other donors include: Mary E. Baer Jerome M. Barker Mr. and Mrs. Joel E. Cater Mrs. Morris Glik The Hager Family Sue and Joe Horan Mrs. Walter M. Jones Dorothy and Hubert Moog St. Louis Herb Society Ben and Nancy Senturia Redbud trees and several herbs. Also, there will be vegetable and flower seeds, clay pots and plant supplies. Wildflowers are manifested in the Garden Gate Shop in several fashions: on trays, in botanical prints and dried arrangements. There will be vases in which to display your own, fresh, hand-picked wildflowers gathered from your yard or along the roadsides; and, to assist you in identifying the wildflowers you pick or merely see, is Erna Eisendrath’s Missouri Wildflow- ers of the St. Louis Area. The shop also has a selection of gardening tools and how-to books to assist you in your own garden. Church Cathedral. It was originally estab- lished by Henry Shaw through his will, in which he provided that an annual contribu- tion be made “to the Bishop of the Episcopal Church of this diocese, in consideration that an annual sermon be preached....on the wis- dom and goodness of God as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits...’’ The Cathedral, at 1210 Locust, will be decorated with several hundred potted flowers, including azaleas, chrysanthemums and geraniums. Herb Society Tour The St. Louis Herb Society is spon- soring a tour of gardens and historic homes in Washington, D.C., and Wil- llamsburg, Virginia, between May 9 and 13, 1981. The trip will include a vis- it to the United States National Arbo- retum, the White House, Gunston Hall, Woodlawn Plantation, Stratford Hall, Williamsburg houses and gar- dens, and several James River planta- tions. Space is limited. Please call Martha Jones of Sante Travel Agency, 726-3040, for information and reserva- tions. A portion of the trip fee is a tax deductible contribution to the Garden. Garden Receives Joyce Foundation Grant In January, the Garden was advised that it was the recipient of a $100,000 Challenge Grant from the Joyce Foun- dation of Chicago. The Joyce Founda- tion is a philanthropic organization that makes grants in several fields, pri- marily to midwestern, non-profit orga- nizations. The Garden had previously received a $5,000 grant from the Joyce Foundation in 1979 to enable Latin American botanists to participate in a symposium on The Flora of Panama. The Joyce Foundation grant of $100,000 will be divided over 1981-82, and was given to encourage the Gar- den to seek to increase its basic level of support. J. Nicholas Goodban of the Joyce Foundation said, “The Joyce Founda- tion has a strong interest in assisting organizations to increase the breadth and quantity of constituent support. To this end, the first $50,000 of this grant is in the form of a two-part chal- lenge to run during the calendar year of 1981, the comparison period for which is the calendar year of 1980. One-half is to challenge the Garden to obtain at least 1,000 new members making cash subscriptions of twenty- five dollars or more. The other half is to challenge those members who made donations during 1980 to in- crease their total contributions by at least $50,000.” A Tour of Chinese Gardens Tamra Engelhorn Raven will pre- sent a lecture, “A Tour of Chinese Gar- dens,” on Wednesday, March 11. The lecture will be in the John S. Lehmann Auditorium at 10:30 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Earl Shreckengast, New Assistant Director In early February, Earl Shrecken- gast joined the Garden staff as Assis- tant Director for Development, to direct the fund raising and member- ship programs at the Garden. He was previously Senior Research Analyst at the Governmental Research Institute. “There are several things | look for- ward to, immediately,” he said. “One is working with the Garden’s present members to extend membership throughout the community. The Joyce Foundation’s challenge grant pro- vides us with an excellent opportunity in this regard. During 1981, | hope to meet the goal of 1,000 new members and $50,000 in increased giving by members set forth in the conditions of the Foundation’s grant. ‘The National Endowment for the Arts, through its challenge grant, also presents us with an opportunity to meet our $3 million goal for the Capi- tal Fund. If we meet this goal, it will be possible to complete the Visitor Cen- ter as planned. ‘Both of these grants present a great opportunity for the Garden to im- prove its position, both in the commu- nity, and as a world-class institution.” December/ January Mr. & Mrs. E. R. Grant New Contributing Members Mr. & Mrs. W. Ashley Gray, III New Membership New Sponsoring Members Mr. Thomas O. Hall, dr. Mr. & Mrs. Bruce G. Roberts Mr. & Mrs. Joseph E. Westerbeck New Sustaining Members Mr. & Mrs. R. E. Bates Mr. & Mrs. Jimmy A. Corbet Mr. & Mrs. Edward M. Durham, IV Mr. & Mrs. James H. Ewold Mr. & Mrs. E. B. Feutz Mr. & Mrs. Joseph P. Hopkins Mr. Harry W. Kroeger Dr. & Mrs. Maurice J. Lonsway, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Andrew S. Love Dr. & Mrs. W. E. Magee Mr. & Mrs. Tom E. McCary Mrs. J. S. McDonnell, Ill Mr. & Mrs. Jack W. Minton Ms. Alice M. O’Dell Mr. & Mrs. Peter A. Puleo Mr. Dominic Ribando Mr. & Mrs. John Ruhoff Mrs. Howard A. Stamper Mr. & Mrs. Donald Wildman Mr. Daniel Armbruster Mr. Donald Bennett Mr. & Mrs. L. P. Berri Mrs. Irvin Bettman, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Erwin R. Breihan Mrs. W. F. Campbell Mr. & Mrs. Morgan B. Carroll Dr. & Mrs. John Colla Ms. Katherine Day Denby Dr. Clara Escuder Mr. & Mrs. William D. George, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. W. K. Gilstrap Mr. & Mrs. Arthur C. Giuliani Mr. & Mrs. James H. Harriss Mr. C. P. Herzog Mr. & Mrs. William J. Hoeffel Mr. & Mrs. Jack E. Krueger Mr. & Mrs. Eugene A. Leonard Dr. Elizabeth Mann Mr. & Mrs. Franklin P. Rogers Mr. & Mrs. Anton Sestric Ms. Valerie Pantaleoni Terry Mr. Kevin Twellman Mr. & Mrs. S. L. Van Petten Mr. & Mrs. Elmer F. Wander Mr. & Mrs. W. M. Whitmire Mr. George Willson III Mr. & Mrs. John E. Wilsher, Jr. Board of Trustees Elect New President C. C. Johnson Spink, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of The Sporting News, was elected President of the Garden’s Board of Trustees on January 21, 1981. He suc- ceeds Tom K. Smith, Jr. who served as president of the Board since January, 1975. Mr. Smith will continue as a trus- tee. The Board also re-elected William R. Orthwein, Jr., as First Vice-Presi- dent, Daniel L. Schlafly as Second Vice-President, and Charles R. Orner as Secretary. Mr. Spink, a member of the board since 1974, is also a member of the Board of the St. Louis Sports Hall of Daniel L. Schlafly, Second Vice-President; C. C. Johnson Spink, President; and William R. Orthwein, Jr., First Vice-President Fame, the Board of the St. Louis Sym- phony, and the Trustees Committee of the American Association of Mu- seums. He has been active with The Sporting News for over forty years and was the recipient, in 1969, of the Ellis Bruce A. Campbell Memorial Award for Meritorious Service to Sports, and an award from the Advertising Club of Greater St. Louis. During the six years Tom K. Smith, Jr. was President of the Board, the Garden was in perhaps its most active time since Henry Shaw established it in 1859. The 14-acre Japanese Garden and the English Woodland Garden were opened, and planning was com- pleted and construction begun on the new Visitor Center at the north end of the Garden. Two Presidents Since Henry Shaw, there have been fourteen Presidents of the Board of Trustees. All have been deeply con- cerned for the Garden and its place in the world as a valuable scientific and cultural resource. Like their prede- cessors, Tom K. Smith, Jr. and C. C. Johnson Spink have vigorously dem- onstrated their concern through the devotion of their time, energies and unique abilities to Garden leadership. Tom K. Smith, Jr., the immediate past President, was an of- ' ficer of the Monsan- ~ to Company for al- ~ most twenty years, prior to his retire- ment in the summer of 1979. He joined the Garden’s Board in 1963, and was elected its President in January of 1975. During the six years following his election, the Garden was involved primarily in the development and im- plementation of its Master Plan. As a part of the Plan during those years, the Japanese Garden and English Woodland Garden were opened, and planning was completed and con- struction begun on the new Visitor Center at the Garden’s north end. But, he says, to cite any one of those ac- complishments as the single, most important event during that time would be to render an incomplete de- scription of the Garden’s progress. Ac- cording to Mr. Smith, “The Japanese Garden, the English Woodland Gar- den, the new Center are all but parts of the plan. What is important is the fact that we have created and are carrying out this long-range program aimed at utilizing the significant scientific re- 8 sources of the Garden. This sets the background to make even greater con- tributions.’ The use of these re- sources should be the primary pur- pose of the Garden, he feels. “We must make certain that our research is maintained and directed toward areas of lasting importance. We must utilize these past and present technical ac- tivities so that our educational pro- grams are more sophisticated and our displays more pertinent to the botani- cal problems of modern life.”’ Mr. Smith points out that the Garden “is essential in modern life and even more essential to future life.” He feels that the new Visitor Center is neces- sary to the Garden if it will continue to fulfill this role and that it is one of the most important additions to the Gar- den during its entire history. C. C. Johnson Spink, newly elected Board President, agrees that the new center a ~ ™ will increase the val- ert we, ue of the Garden as a resource, and also concurs it is but a | part of the important progress the Garden has made during the past decade. Coming into the presidency of the Board, he acknowl- edges this progress and the work that has occurred before his election. “Through the leadership of Tom Smith and Peter Raven, my job is compara- tively easy. All the hard decisions have been made; construction is almost complete.” He sees his task as that of main- taining the growth, of keeping “both functions (scientific and cultural) mov- ing ahead at a pace we can cope with.” He stressed the importance of controlled growth, saying he was “concerned over the possibility of over-reaching; of undertaking too many activities.” This possibility rises out of the enormous potential the Gar- den has because of its development over its entire history, and especially during the implementation of the Mas- ter Plan. One of the first projects the Board will undertake, Mr. Spink said, is the formation of a Future Planning Com- mittee to derive a five-year plan which “will establish goals from the Gar- den’s standpoint and from a botanical standpoint.”” He continued, “We want to make the Garden available to the people of St. Louis and to visitors so that they can enjoy the beauty. We also want to make it a headquarters for scientists. People can be lost in concentration on two levels here. For example, the visitor in the Shapleigh Fountain; and a Swedish scientist in the herbarium and library.” “If you visit the United States and love Gardens,” he said, “the one to see is this one, just as if you visited Great Britain, you would see Kew. This is what we’ve been trying to accom- plish for quite some time.” Presidents of the Board of Trustees Rufus J. Lackland 1889-1909 David F. Kaime 1910 Edwards Whitaker 1910-1926 Edward C. Eliot 1926-1928 George C. Hitchcock 1928-1947 Richard J. Lockwood 1947-1953 John S. Lehmann 1953-1958 Robert Brookings Smith 1958-1962 Henry Hitchcock 1962-1967 Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr. 1967-1970 C. Powell Whitehead 1970-1973 Joseph H. Bascom 1973-1975 Tom K. Smith, Jr. 1975-1981 C.C. Johnson Spink 1981- — Biblical Plants Exhibit From the initial mention in Genesis 1:11 of the creation of the earth’s vege- tation, plants are important parts of the stories and poetic symbolism in both Testaments of the Bible. The first reference to individual plants in the Bible occurs in Genesis 2:9 “...the tree of life in the center of the garden...and the tree of the knowl- edge of good and evil.” While no other name is given to either tree, no de- scription of the fruits of these trees, one tradition has it that the pomegran- ate was the fruit of the tree of life. An- other tradition names the pomegran- ate as the fruit of the tree of knowl- edge of good and evil, although the most common fruit associated with this tree is the apple. In Genesis 3:7, the first specific plant is named, the fig, ‘‘so they (Adam and Eve) sewed fig leaves to- gether...” The story of the great deluge in- cludes mention of three plants. In Genesis 6:14, Noah is told ‘‘Make yourself an ark of gopher wood (cypress).” After the rains had ceased and the water began to recede, Noah sent out a dove to search for dry land. The dove returned with ‘...in her mouth a freshly plucked olive leaf,” a sign that there was land, once more. The third reference to plants in the story of Noah appears in Genesis 9:20-21, in which “He planted a vinyard and he drank of the wine...” Wine, grapes and grapevines are important symbols in both the Old and New Testaments, with one source list- ing seventy-eight references to the common grape, Vitis vinifera, and three references to Vitis orientalis, the wild grape. In the Psalms, the Jewish people were symbolized by “a vine (brought) out of Egypt” (Ps. 80:8) and “a fruitful vine’ (Ps. 128:3). Jesus names himself “the true vine,” and his apostles branches of the vine in John 15:1,5. In Matthew 26:28, wine be- comes a symbol for “the blood of the new covenant,” and remains as a sym- bol today in Christian services. The infant Moses was saved when his mother put him into “...an ark of bulrushes” (Exodus 2:3) and set among some reeds, where it was found by Pharoah’s daughter who adopted Moses. This story is echoed in Isaiah 18:2, where Egypt is said to “send ambassadors by the Nile, in vessels of bulrushes upon the waters.” Other plants mentioned in the Bible include myrrh, which was one of the gifts presented to the infant Jesus by the Magi, (Matthew, 2:11); Galbanum, an ingredient for incense, prescribed by God to Moses, in Exodus 30:34-35; the Date Palm, which was waved by the crowds at Jesus to honor his com- ing into Jerusalem after raising Laza- rus (John 12:12-13); and Henna, which is used metaphorically in the Song of Solomon (1:14). These plants are among approxi- mately thirty-five which will be fea- tured in a Biblical Plants Exhibit. The Exhibit, in the Mediterranean House, begins March 28 and continues through April 19. There is no admis- sion fee required for the exhibit, above the usual Gate fee. Members, of course, are admitted free. Prairie Trail The Arboretum recently established a trail through the experimental prairie tract. This step precedes the develop- ment of an interpretive guide for the 1.8-mile trail. The path meanders through the tallgrass to the top of a hill which provides a spectacular vista of the surrounding countryside. The trail enters a grove of trees where a bench provides a resting place, and then it leaves the grove and circles a small pond. The varying moisture lev- els and drainage conditions provide numerous microenvironments for hun- dreds of prairie plants. The staff began introducing prairie grasses and flow- ers to the site in 1980. The site will eventually include a prairie plant dem- onstration area and interpretive signs. The Missouri Prairie Foundation has provided most of the funds for this project. N.E.A. Challenge Grant to Assist in Visitor Center Completion In December, 1980, the National En- dowment for the Arts awarded a $350,000 Challenge Grant to the Gar- den. Announcing the grant, N.E.A. Chairman, Livingston L. Biddle, Jr., said “This $350,000 grant will provide important leverage in the Garden’s ef- forts to launch the second phase of the capital effort to complete the Visi- tor Center and related support facili- ties.” The Garden is the first botanical in- Stitution to receive a challenge grant from the N.E.A. Responding to the grant, Garden Di- rector Peter H. Raven said, “We are pleased, indeed, to have received this challenge grant. We are proud that we are the first botanical institution to re- ceive such a grant, and happy be- cause the grant will assist us in the completion of our Visitor Center. Us- ing this grant as a base, we are striv- ing to raise $3 million for the comple- tion of the building.” He expressed the conviction that “this new Center will insure the con- tinuation of the Garden’s status as a world-class institution.” Visitor Center Progress According to McCarthy Brothers, contractor for the new Visitor Center, the Center will be completed by the end of the year, with the formal open- ing and dedication tentatively sched- uled for April, 1982. Presently contracts exist for the construction of all features of the building except the Floral Display Hall. These features include the 400- seat Shoenberg Auditorium; a 150- Capacity Visitor Orientation Theatre, which will feature a six-minute, contin- uously running, multi-media presenta- tion informing visitors of the Garden exhibits; the educational facilities and offices; the Spink Gallery containing a unique collection of porcelain birds; the plant shop, gift shop and restau- rant; and the ticket booth. Access to the Garden grounds will be from the second level of the building. Exterior features for which con- struction contracts exist include the Latzer Fountain, to be located in an entrance plaza opposite the Linnean House; and a tram turn-around path which will run past the Climatron and Mediterranean House. Architect for the project is Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum of St. Louis. The recent N.E.A. Challenge Grant will assist in the completion of the 80,000 square-feet building and its adjacent facilities. 9 Book Review—‘‘How-To’”’ While there are many good books that treat the gardener’s skills with justice, there is not just one book to do it all. If one book did do it all, it wouldn’t be any fun, so we have elected to review several. Gardening for People (who think they don’t know how) by Douglas Moon Illustrated by Judy Daniel John Muir Publications, Sante Fe (1975) 266 Pages To begin, a good, general gardening reference which | can recommend is Gardening for People (who think they don’t know how) by Douglas Moon. The book is divided into three sec- tions: The Generalities of Gardening, Landscaping and The Specifics of Gardening. The generalities section attunes the reader to what might be expected both from the book and from garden- ing. The landscaping section is a bit brief and very elementary, but has some excellent counsel about plan- ning and integrating lawn and garden areas along with the placement of paths, fences and utility areas. In treating the specifics, the usual topics occur and include lawns, watering and fertilizing, composting, vegetables and herbs and many others. Probably the greatest value of this book is that the author does not try to overwhelm you with his knowledge and leaves you with a great sense of freedom about what kind of gardener you would like to be. The Seed Starter’s Handbook by Nancy Bubel Illustrations by Robert Shetterly Photographs by Mike Bubel Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA (1978) 363 pages Many gardening efforts are initially frustrated by an uncertainty of just how to begin. Although most garden- ing references devote sections to be- ginning procedures, not too many books address the processes of get- ting started. Nancy Bubel’s The Seed Starters Handbook does just this. It is, just as she has called it, a handbook, a handy reference. Her methods are sound and workable. There are five sections. The first one treats in a clear, detailed manner, the mechanics of growing plants from seed. Section Two appropriately deals 10 with the treatment of plants past the seedling stage, preparation and plan- ning of garden beds, and garden pests. The Third section describes the cul- tural requirements of nearly 60 vegeta- bles, including herbs and grains. Sec- tion Four is very unusual in gardening books. It discusses in some detail the value of saving seeds from one’s own plants and instructs the gardener on the mechanics of pollinating and hy- bridizing his own plants. Section Five is a brief discussion on garden record- keeping, catalogues and seed ex- changes. The Complete Vegetable Gardener’s Sourcebook by Duane Newcomb Avon (1980) 340 pages In the past decade, vegetable gar- dening has enjoyed a resurgence of in- terest which probably surpasses that of the World War II victory gardens. There are numerous excellent books on vegetable gardening, but one that was particularly interesting was The Complete Vegetable Gardener's Sourcebook by Duane Newcomb. The outstanding feature of the book is its impressively comprehensive list of vegetable varieties, complete with notes on the average number of days required to bear, the size, shape or col- or; remarks on performance—and most important!—sources for all the varieties named. The chapters on cul- ture are good. There is even a section on greenhouses, and two sections on the use of hand and power tools. In contrast with the other two books, the information in this book is overwhelm- ing and it is important to remember that it is a resource book. A Book about Soils for the Home Gardener by H. Stuart Ortloff and Henry B. Raymore William Morrow and Company (1972) 189 pages A very useful soils book is A Book About Soils for the Home Gardener, Ortloff and Raymore. One of the prob- lems with books that treat technical subjects for lay people is that the in- formation is either too difficult or so watered down that it says almost nothing. Ortloff and Raymore have struck a good balance between these two extremes and present the facts of soils in a clear, objective and readily understood manner. The book is di- vided into two sections. The first dis- cusses the nature of soils, describing physical properties, chemical nature, and organic and inorganic fertilizers. The second section treats soil tests and the application of test results, watering and fertilizing, and methods of tilling. —Kenneth O. Peck Manager, Instructional Services These books are available through the Garden Gate Shop. If they are not in stock, they can be ordered through the Shop.— Editor John Elsley Accepts Position John Elsley, former Superintendent of the Japanese Garden, accepted the position of Director of Plant Purchas- ing for the George W. Park Seed Co., of Greenwood, South Carolina, effec- tive February 1, 1981. Mr. Elsley, who came to the Garden in 1973 as Curator of Hardy Plants, was the designer of the English Wood- land Garden. He was a frequent lectur- er on the history and design of English and Japanese Gardens, and led sever- al Members’ Tours to England, and one to Japan in 1975. “l’ve been grateful for the opportuni- ty afforded by the Director,” he said. “It’s been exciting to have been a small part of the development of the Garden during its most exciting time; in its period of its greatest develop- ment during the past seven years.” In his position with Park Seed Co., his role will be to help broaden the spectrum of plants available to the American gardener by the locating of seeds not before commonly offered through catalogues. Tower Grove House reopens on March 1, 1981, after having been closed during January and February for cleaning and maintenance. The Garden library recently received Volumes 2 and 3 of the New York Bo- tanical Garden Illustrated Encyclo- pedia of Horticulture. In the Novem- ber-December, 1980, Bulletin Steve Frowine called volume one of the En- cyclopedia ‘‘a fine comprehensive work which will certainly be recog- nized as a classic horticultural refer- ence.” Calendar March | saw green banks of daffodils, Slim poplars in the breeze, Great tan-brown hares in gusty March...—E. W. Tennant March 1-7 African Violet Society Show; Final Day—March 1 John S. Lehmann Building, 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 1981 Orchid Show: continues through March 8 Climatron, 10:00 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Lecture: A Tour of Chinese Gardens: March 11 John S. Lehmann Auditorium, 10:30 a.m. & 8:00 p.m. Spring Flower Show: Opens on March 14 Tent, Main Gate, 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. (through April 12) Spring Flower Show continues Lecture: Fruits, Nuts, Berries: March 18 John S. Lehmann Auditorium, 10:30 a.m. & 8:00 p.m. Spring Flower Show continues Lecture: Roses: March 25 John S. Lehmann Auditorium, 10:30 a.m. & 8:00 p.m. Biblical Plants Exhibit: Opens March 28 Mediterranean House, 9:00 a.m.-4:30 p.m. March 8-14 March 15-21 March 22-31 e April You know how it is with an April day When the sun is out and the wind is still... —R. Frost April 1-4 Spring Flower Show continues Biblical Plants Exhibit continues Lecture: Lawn Care: April 1 John S. Lehmann Auditorium, 10:30 a.m. & 8:00 p.m. Gregg Furber Photography Exhibit opens April 1 John S. Lehmann Lobby (through May 1) April 5-11 Spring Flower Show continues Biblical Plants Exhibit continues Gregg Furber Photography Exhibit continues Lecture: Perennials: April 8 John S. Lehmann Auditorium, 10:30 a.m. & 8:00 p.m. April 12-18 Spring Flower Show continues Biblical Plants Exhibit continues Gregg Furber Photography Exhibit continues Rock Garden Exhibit: opens April 12 Outside the Mediterranean House, 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. (through May 9) April 19-25 Spring Flower Show: Final Day—April 19 Biblical Plants Exhibit: Final Day—April 19 Gregg Furber Photography Exhibit continues Rock Garden Exhibit continues Lecture: Vegetable Gardens: April 22 John S. Lehmann Auditorium, 10:30 a.m. & 8:00 p.m. Member’s Spring Plant Sale Preview: April 24 Plant Shop 10:00 a.m.-6:30 p.m. (20% discount on all merchandise) Spring Plant Sale: April 25-26 Plant Shop 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. (Members 20% off, public 10% off—all merchandise) Carniverous Plant Display: opens April 25 Climatron patio & Lehmann Building (through May 16) \pril 26-30 Gregg Furber Photography Exhibit continues Rock Garden Exhibit continues Flower Sunday: April 26 Christ Church Cathedral, 1210 Locust Street Member of | The Arts and Education und of Greater St. Louis TRIBUTES—DECEMBER/ JANUARY 1981 In Honor of Mr. Lester P. Ackerman, Jr.’s 60th. Birthday Mr. & Mrs. Jay V. Zimmerman In Honor of Mr. & Mrs. Carl L. A. Beckers’ 50th. Wedding Anniversary Margaret and Stanley F. Jackes Women’s Association of the Japan American Society of St. Louis In Honor of Miss Carol Bitting Mr. & Mrs. Whitelaw Todd Terry, Jr. In Honor of Dr. & Mrs. Marvin Cornblath Dr. & Mrs. Ben H. Senturia In Honor of Miss Corinne Denning Mr. & Mrs. Whitelaw Todd Terry, Jr. In Honor of Mildred Duchon The George V. Hogan Family In Honor of the Dr. Joseph C. Edwards Family The George V. Hogan Family In Honor of the Elsberry Garden Club Mrs. Arch (Ruth) Taylor In Honor of Mr. & Mrs. William Firestone’s Wedding Anniversary Mr. & Mrs. Jerome Michelson In Honor of Florence Morris Forbes Jeanne G. Bruns In Honor of Mrs. Leonard Hornbein’s Birthday Mrs. Jerome E. Cook Mrs. B. M. Vogel In Honor of Dr. B. Jasper The George V. Hogan Family In Honor of Dr. M. Jasper The George V. Hogan Family In Honor of Casey Jones Nan Thornton Jones In Honor of Mr. A. B. Kurrus Mr. Clifford M. Kurrus In Honor of Mrs. Albert B. Kurrus’ 80th. Birthday Emma May Giger In Honor of Joseph Laba’s Birthday Mr. & Mrs. Leon Boderheimer In Honor of Miss Jane Loitman’s Birthday Patricia Smith Hogan In Honor of Mr. & Mrs. Jose Molina Mr. & Mrs. Niederlander In Honor of Mr. & Mrs. Edward Prince Dr. & Mrs. Ben H. Senturia In Honor of Michele Rosen’s Graduation Bert and Margie Talcoff In Honor of Sandy Rosen’s Graduation Bert and Margie Talcoff In Honor of Mrs. Sidney Rothschild, Jr.’s Birthday Mr. & Mrs. Louis R. Putzel In Honor of the Allen Sabol Family Patricia Smith Hogan In Honor of Mr. & Mrs. Julian G. and Birdie Samuels’ 67th. Wedding Anniversary Mrs. J. A. Jacobs Richard S. Samuels In Honor of Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Scharff Ann R. Husch In Honor of Mrs. William Schield Michael Schield In Honor of Dr. A. Shah The George V. Hogan Family In Honor of Dr. N. Shah The George V. Hogan Family In Honor of the Joyce Sheinutt Family The George V. Hogan Family In Honor of Mrs. Hazel Smith Magna Carta Dames of Missouri In Honor of Samuel Soule Dr. & Mrs. Franz U. Steinberg In Honor of Your Special Birthday Mrs. Lloyd Stark Mrs. William Henry Schield In Honor of Mr. & Mrs. Howard Swanson Dr. & Mrs. Ben H. Senturia In Honor of Beatrice Wolff's 70th. Birthday Jeanne & Lester Adelson In Memory of Roland C. Baer Mr. James M. Canavan Mr. & Mrs. Sam’ C. Davis Mrs. E. R. Hurd, dr. Mrs. Priscilla B. McDonnell Mr. & Mrs. William F. Reck, Jr. Florence Stern In Memory of Mr. J. Kennedy Beeson Mr. & Mrs. John Brodhead, Jr. In Memory of Mr. Block From David In Memory of Mr. Block The George V. Hogan Family In Memory of Mrs. Alma C. Blum Mrs. Edward Boeschenstein Rose Society of Greater St. Louis In Memory of Mrs. Charles (Gus) Brandon Helen R. Generelly In Memory of Mr. George R. Bryant Whitehall Club, Inc. In Memory of Ernest Camos Mrs. George Camos In Memory of Jacqueline Claeys Towne South Garden Club #1 Members In Memory of E. C. Combe Patricia Smith Hogan In Memory of Catherine Conger Bonnie and Frank Muldey Mr. & Mrs. Edward P. Sullivan In Memory of Mr. James A. Cullom Mr. Thomas B. Donahue Mr. & Mrs. Tom S. Eakin, Jr. Whitehall Club, Inc. In Memory of Ann Danzer Mr. & Mrs. Albert Baeyen Eileen Garcia Mr. & Mrs. Fred Thies Enola Ziebol In Memory of Mr. Juergen DeRiel Mildred Trotter In Memory of Mrs. Phil M. Donnelly Clarence and Drew Benage In Memory of Bertha Baumann Ecker Dolores |. Fiege In Memory of Mrs. Adelaide Eggers Dr. & Mrs. Armand D. Fries In Memory of Michael F. Fallert Mr. & Mrs. Ralph Eck In Memory of Dale Grant Farmer Eunice Farmer and Family In Memory of Father Mr. Gabriele DeWitt In Memory of the Father of Mr. David Felix Sylvia Kalachek In Memory of Mrs. Barbara Fincke Mr. Bernard S. Wildi 11 In Memory of Ruth E. Fogarty Mrs. Mervyn H. Sterne Mrs. McClellan Van der Veer Mr. & Mrs. Charles F. Zukoski, Jr. In Memory of Brian Frawley Patricia Smith Hogan In Memory of Grant Gibson Patricia Smith Hogan In Memory of Lenora Wildred Gunn Mr. & Mrs. J. William Flaig In Memory of Adelaide Hackett Mildred B. Phillips In Memory of W. Alfred Hayes Sue and Kip Rapp In Memory of George C. Hetlage Mr. & Mrs. George C. Jensen In Memory of Mrs. Penny Holmes Mr. & Mrs. George Watson Skinner In Memory of Sidney Holtzman Mrs. Gloria Hogbin In Memory of Oscar Kahan Albert and Phyllis Fitzgerald In Memory of Mrs. Clara Wirth’s Mother, Mrs. Kirks Mrs. J. Jacobs in Memory of John Kloepper Sue Straub In Memory of Mr. Elmer J. Kulla Mr. & Mrs. William L. Redmond In Memory of Mr. Milton S. Landau Mr. & Mrs. Edwin Waldemer In Memory of Mr. George Lane Mrs. William Carson Mary E. Clymonts Rose T. Engel Mrs. Wilbur B. Jones Martin M. Kerwin Lane Machinery Co. Mrs. Willis E. McClain In Memory of Raymond E. Lange Mrs. Raymond Lange In Memory of Mrs. Dorothy Laswell Mr. & Mrs. Walter Hosea In Memory of Joseph Leah, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. J. Hardin Smith In Memory of Roslyn and Ellis C. Littmann Mary E. Baer Jerome M. Barker Mr. & Mrs. Joel E. Cater Mrs. Morris Glik The Hager Family Sue and Joe Horan Dorothy and Hubert Moog Mrs. Walter M. Jones St. Louis Herb Society Ben and Nancy Senturia In Memory of Rene J. Mechin, Jr. Mrs. E. R. Hurd, Jr. and children In Memory of Mrs. Pauline Norrenberns Mr. & Mrs. A. Sherwood Lee In Memory of Oliva Nova Mr. & Mrs. Lonnie Lucy In Memory of John O'Neil Patricia Smith Hogan in Memory of Mrs. Francis Palmer Alexander and Elizabeth Bakewell In Memory of Charles Priwer Patricia Smith Hogan In Memory of William Pyburn Edwina Medlock In Memory of Henry Ruger Mr. & Mrs. John K. Bryan in Memory of Lee W. Sanders Georgia M. McGowen In Memory of Mr. J. Glennon Schrieber Mrs. Dwight W. Coultas Eileen Craver Mr. & Mrs. D. Goodrich Gamble Mr. & Mrs. William Hallett Mrs. John Roger Pahmeyer St. Louis Herb Society Mrs. Albert C. Stutsman In Memory of Mrs. Edith Shelton Mr. & Mrs. William S. Knowles In Memory of Robert H. Silber Mr. & Mrs. Victor A. Silber In Memory of Sam Singer's Special Birthday Bert and Margie Talcoff in Memory of Mr. & Mrs. Ellis Sittman Mrs. Raymond Lange In Memory of Mrs. Eleanor Smith Mr. & Mrs. Eugene Johanson Little Gardens Club Mr. & Mrs. George W. Skinner Mrs. Lloyd C. Stark In Memory of Dr. and Mrs. Spinzig Mr. & Mrs. C. J. Maurer In Memory of William H. M. Talbot Mr. & Mrs. Lee C. McKinley Dr. & Mrs. Henry Schwartz In Memory of “The Thirties for Val & Libby” Anonymous In Memory of William E. Vesser Mr. & Mrs. Albert H. Smith, Jr. In Memory of Helen White Patricia Smith Hogan In Memory of Edith Wickliffe Robert J. Scharnberger In Memory of Emma L. Zwerg Bob and Grace LaMear Persons interested in contributing to the Tribute Fund may contact the Develop- ment Office, 577-5120. During early-1981, the Linnean House was restored to its circa 1900 appearance. The ridgecrest, at apex behind worker, was part of the restoration. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT ST. LOUIS, MO. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN (ISSN-0026-6507) P.O. Box 299 Saint Louis, Missouri 63166 NZ Volume LXIX, Number 3 May/June 1981 Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin A Regard For History: Restoring the Linnean House Walking through the Linnean House with Gerhardt Kramer, we begin to understand what he meant when he said, “Buildings have a story to tell.” He points to things we had probably looked at before, but with our untrained eyes, never really seen nor understood the significance of: a slight, diagonal paint line on the inside wall near the roof; a section of bricks in the east wall which does not match, in color, those around it; a small, rectangular relief on a door frame. These are the elements from which the building’s story is structured. The paint line indicates to Gerhardt Kramer that there was originally a lower ceiling in the House. The off-colored bricks tell him there was once a window that extended to within a few inches of the ground where now the window stops several feet short of it. The small area of relief shows that there was a hinge there, once, and that the door originally opened into the House instead of out of it, as it now does. Kramer, of Kramer & Harms, Architects, was com- missioned in 1977 to restore the Linnean House, the oldest operating greenhouse west of the Mississippi River, located at the north end of Missouri Botanical Garden. The Linnean House is one of four historical buildings in the Garden built by its founder, Henry Shaw, a nineteenth- century Englishman who came to St. Louis as a * “ al mene j vmod ~h ov) ovat v ¢ SENOS, ‘ uf Oe) U a vf ~ ; * x é merchant in 1819. He retired at the age of forty, in 1840, and opened his Garden twenty years later. In the early 1880’s he built three greenhouses, the Linnean House and two others which still stand in Tower Grove Park and are used there as garages. Because he could see the Linnean House from his home, Shaw made it the most ornate of the three. Between 1882, when the Linnean House was opened, and 1977, when restoration was begun, the structure of the greenhouse was changed several times. Working from old photographs, written records from the Garden’s archives, and “The stories the building, itself, tells,’ Kramer pro- duced a history of those changes. Shaw built the Linnean House as an orangery, which is a place to store, during the winter, potted plants which can- not survive freezing temperatures. Early in the twentieth century, the building was converted to a greenhouse and some modifications were necessary. The most radical of these was in changing the roof from two-thirds slate and one-third glass to all glass in order to admit the light necessary to grow plants there throughout the year. Also about this time— 1918— four windows on the northern elevation were filled in with con- re crete; the coverings on the end wall parapets were changed from copper to terra cotta; and (continued on page 4) ~~ eck Se yo Sree i 2 ee oe ee oe "GRAY: a a a ee li The Linnean House was designed by eicide f Barnett, one of the premiere Victorian architects, who also designed Tower Grove House and the Museum Building. Today, the Linnean House contains the Garden's camellia collection. Comment Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. of Des Moines, lowa, recently established the William L. Brown Fellowship at Missouri Botanical Garden. This post- doctoral fellowship commemorates the retirement of William L. Brown as Chair- man and Chief Executive at Pioneer Hi- Bred, and will be used to assist the Garden in its work of cataloging, under- standing, and preserving plant genetic diversity. Pioneer Hi- Bred International is one of the largest seed companies in the world and is a leader in the genetic supply industry that develops, produces, and markets improved seed stocks used in agriculture. The Fellowship was announed at a retirement dinner for Dr. Brown, which | attended, that was held in Des Moines on January 26. Dr. Brown received his Ph.D. in genetics from Washington University in 1941, working with Dr. Edgar Anderson of the staff of the Garden and the Henry Shaw School of Botany at Washington University. He has made substantial personal contributions to the understanding of plant genetics and to the progress of Pioneer Hi-Bred Inter- national in this area and was recently elected a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in recognition of his important scientific work and his role in the field. Connections between Missouri Botanical Garden and Pioneer Hi-Bred International are even more extensive than would be suggested by Dr. Brown’s background. Dr. Donald N. Duvick, Director of the Plant Breeding Division of Pioneer Hi-Bred International is also a student of Edgar Anderson and a graduate of Washington University. The first president of the company was Fred W. Lehmann, Jr. who was presi- dent from 1933 to 1954 and then Chairman of the Board of (continued on page 4) Peter H. Raven Inside Letter From Peru, Dr. Thomas B. Croat Gardening In St. Louis Steve Frowine discusses temperature, water and “Fungus among us” From the Member’s Office Shaw Fund Success, China Tour, Rose Evening Oceans, Deserts and Whales A tiny fruit with enormous potential: Jojoba Climatron Anniversary Report And two festivals to look forward to 10 Winter Photography Contest Winners 1 3 Calendar—May and June in the Garden oN OD OO The MISSOURI BOTANICAL GAR- DEN BULLETIN is published six times each year, in January, March, May, July, September and Novem- ber by the Missouri Botanical Gar- den, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Mo. 63166. Second class postage paid at St. Louis, Mo. $5.00 per year. $6.00 foreign. HENRY SHAW ASSOCIATES Anonymous Mrs. Agnes F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Howard F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Alexander M. Bakewell Mr./Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Clarence C. Barksdale Mr./Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom Mr./Mrs. Albert Blanke, Jr. Mr./Mrs. G. A. Buder, Jr. Mr./Mrs. John G. Buettner Mr./Mrs. J. Butler Bushyhead Mrs. Jean Jacques Carnal Mr. Edward G. Cherbonnier Mrs. F. T. Childress Mr. Fielding L. Childress Mr./Mrs. Gary A. Close Mr./Mrs. Franklin J. Cornwell, Sr. Dr./Mrs. William H. Danforth Mr./Mrs. Sam’! C. Davis Mrs. Joseph Desloge, Sr. Mr. Alan E. Doede Mr./Mrs. J. Robert Edwards Mrs. Clark P. Fiske Mr./Mrs. Guy W. Fiske Mrs. Florence T. Morris Forbes Mrs. Eugene A. Freund Mrs. Henry L. Freund Mr. S. E. Freund Mr. Samuel Goldstein Mr./Mrs. Stanley J. Goodman Mr. Clarence R. Goodrich Mr./Mrs. W. L. Hadley Griffin Mrs. H. C. Grigg Mrs. Ellis H. Hamel Mr./Mrs. Whitney R. Harris Mrs. John H. Hayward Mr./Mrs. Robert R. Hermann Mr./Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mr./Mrs. James H. Howe, III Mr./Mrs. Lee Hunter Mrs. John Kenneth Hyatt Mr./Mrs. Stanley F. Jackes Mrs. John V. Janes, Sr. Mrs. Margaret M. Jenks Mr./Mrs. Eugene Johanson Mr./Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Mrs. Irene C. Jones Mr./Mrs. W. Boardman Jones, Jr. Dr./Mrs. John H. Kendig Mr./Mrs. Samuel Kennard, III Mr./Mrs. Frederick R. Keydel Mr./Mrs. Elmer G. Kiefer Mr./Mrs. William S. Knowles Mr./Mrs. Robert E. Kresko Mrs. John A. Latzer Mr. Thomas F. Latzer Mr./Mrs. John C. Lebens Mrs. John S. Lehmann Miss Martha |. Love Mrs. James S. Luehrmann Mr. H. Dean Mann Mrs. James S. McDonnell Mr. Roswell Messing, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Hubert C. Moog Mr./Mrs. John W. Moore Mr. Thomas Moore Dr./Mrs. Walter Moore Mr./Mrs. John M. Olin Mr. Spencer T. Olin Mr./Mrs. W. R. Orthwein, Jr. Miss Jane E. Piper Miss Julia Piper Mr./Mrs. Vernon W. Piper Capt. William R. Piper Mr./Mrs. Herman T. Pott Mr./Mrs. A. Timon Primm, Ill Mrs. Howard E. Ridgway Mrs. C. Kenneth Robins Mr./Mrs. F. M. Robinson Mrs. Lucianna Gladney Ross Mr./Mrs. Joseph F. Ruwitch Mr./Mrs. David Sanders Mrs. William H. Schield Mr./Mrs. Daniel L. Schlafly Mr./Mrs. Charles Schott Mr./Mrs. Richard Shaikewitz Mr./Mrs. Warren M. Shapleigh Mrs. A. Wessel Shapleigh Mrs. John M. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Robert H. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Sydney Shoenberg, Jr. Mr/Mrs. John E. Simon Mr./Mrs. Robert Brookings Smith Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Sr. Mr./Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. Mrs. Sylvia N. Souers Mr./Mrs. C. C. Johnson Spink Mrs. Hermann F. Spoehrer Mrs. Robert R. Stephens Mr./Mrs. Cornelias F. Stueck Miss Lillian L. Stupp Mr./Mrs. Edgar L. Taylor, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Jack Turner Mr./Mrs. James Walker Mrs. Horton Watkins Mr./Mrs. Richard K. Weil Mrs. S. A. Weintraub Mrs. Ben H. Wells Mr./Mrs. O. Sage Wightman, III Mr./Mrs. Eugene F. Williams, Jr. Mrs. John M. Wolff Miss F. A. Wuellner Mr./Mrs. Andrew Zinsmeyer Mr./Mrs. Sander B. Zwick DIRECTOR’S ASSOCIATES Anonymous Mr. Patrick Ackerman Mr. Kenneth Balk Mr./Mrs. Carl Beckers Mrs. Brooks Bernhardt Ms. Allison R. Brightman Mr./Mrs. H. Pharr Brightman Mr./Mrs. Jules D. Campbell Mr. Joseph C. Champ Mrs. Frances Collins Cook Mrs. Elsie Ford Curby Mr./Mrs. Henry P. Day Mr. Bernard F. Desloge Mr./Mrs. David C. Farrell Mr./Mrs. W. Ashley Gray, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Edward E. Haverstick Dr./Mrs. August Homeyer Mr./Mrs. B. F. Jackson Mr./Mrs. Eldridge Lovelace Mrs. Leighton Morrill Mr./Mrs. Charles W. Oertli Mr. Harry E. Papin, Jr. Mrs. Drue Wilson Philpott Mrs. Miquette M. Potter Mr./Mrs. Robert A. Ridgway Mr./Mrs. C. M. Ruprecht Mrs. Mason Scudder Mr. Frank H. Simmons Miss Harriett J. Tatman Mr./Mrs. Harold E. Thayer Mr./Mrs. Charles L. Tooker Mr./Mrs. John K. Wallace, Jr. G C. C. Johnson Spink President, Board of Trustees Mrs. Robert Kittner President of the Executive Board of the Members Dr. Peter H. Raven Director Letter From Peru ae mi ei SO ane re * Dr. Croat collecting in Peru lam now almost midway through a trip of 3 months dura- tion in South America. My specialty, and the emphasis of the collecting trip, is the aroid (jack-in-the-pulpit) family (Araceae). This family seems to have its richest diversity in the mountain valleys between Costa Rica and Peru with perhaps the greatest concentration of species in Columbia and Ecuador. The family consists largely of epiphytes — “air plants’ —and thus thrives in wet forests, especially cloud forests, where the plants, which must derive all of their moisture from runoff from the trees, manage to sur- vive best. Because the plants have evolved to endure periods of drought, it is possible to ship live specimins to St. Louis for cultivation at Missouri Botanical Garden. | collect the plants from trees and remove all the leaves and most of the roots from the stem. Then | scrub them with a brush in water to remove all dirt and debris from the stems, wrap them in aluminum foil to prevent excessive dehydration, and package and ship them by air freight to St. Louis, where they are buried in beds of moist sphagnum moss for several months until they develop new roots and begin to leaf out. On this trip | have shipped back more than a thousand cuttings, representing collections from all over Ecuador and Peru. Currently | am working with a National Science Founda- tion grant that provides funds to do a revision of the birds- nest Anthuriums, so named because the leaves form a nestlike basket which collects debris and moisture. The densely rooted stems are usually short and some of the roots grow up into the debris to obtain nutrients. This special adaptation allows these plants to grow in relatively dry areas. In fact, one area along the Pacific coast was so dry | was very dubious of finding any aroids. | was drawn there, however, by acollection made recently in the area by another botanist. Sure enough, the species was there in abundance, but no other aroids were found. This trip began in Ecuador where | rented a car and covered nearly all of the tropical areas where aroids occur. After a month there, | came to Peru. Here | made use of a special fare which allows a tourist to fly anywhere in Peru in a 15-day period for $120. This permitted me to cover many parts of Peru quickly and obtain most of the species | wanted. Next! will fly to Bolivia for two weeks of collecting. There are fewer species in Bolivia since it is so far south that it is somewhat out of the range of the family. | will return to Quito to pick up equipment stored there and then begin a trip overland into Columbia. | will fly back to the states from Medellin after a trip into the Department of Choco, which is a rich area adjacent to the Darien jungles of Panama, in which few collections have been made. The area (or parts of it) is reputed to have the world’s highest average annual rainfall. By the time | return to St. Louis | expect to have made almost 2000 aroid collections. These will be added to the approximately 2500 plants already growing at the Garden, making this collection the largest of living Araceae in the world. _—Tom Croat, Paul A. Schulze Curator of Botany State Senate Passes Tax District Bill In March, the Missouri State Senate passed a bill calling for the establishment of the botanical garden sub-district of the Zoo-Museum Tax District. The bill is now being considered by the State House of Represen- tatives. The voters of St. Louis and St. Louis County must approve the measure before the Garden will receive funds through the Tax District. Prairie Day Missouri Department of Conservation will hold a Prairie Day on Saturday, May 16, at Paint Brush Prairie. Beginning at 8 a.m., the day will include informal lectures, guided walks, historical exhibits and storytelling for children. For more information, contact Gordon Maupin at Dept. of Con- servation; P. O. Box 180; Jefferson City, MO 65102. Phone, 1-751-4115. NEW MEMBERSHIP February and March 1981 New Sponsoring Member Mr./Mrs. Leon Strauss New Sustaining Members Mr./Mrs. Allan Booth Mr./Mrs. Albert Kuhn Mr. Frank J. Matula Mr./Mrs. Louis Sprandel Mrs. Joseph W. Towle New Contributing Members Mrs. Ralph Appel Ms. Ellen Barker Mr./Mrs. William M. Bates, Jr. Mr. Robert N. Beck Mr./Mrs. Walter C. Bergmann Mrs. O. C. Boileau, Jr. Miss Merry J. Chandler Mr. William B. Davis Mr./Mrs. Lavern O. Dressel Mr./Mrs. Roger P. English Mr./Mrs. F. C. Ernest Mr. John H. Ford Ms. Janet Gentilini Mr./Mrs. James B. George Mr. Jay S. Goodgold Ms. E. Green Mr. Albert P. Gronemeyer Mrs. Florence Dimmitt Hammack Mr./Mrs. James J. Hennessy Mr. James Higgins Mrs. James Holsen Mr./Mrs. Richard W. Horner Mr. August E. Hurrelmeyer, Jr. Dr. Yasuo Ishida Mr./Mrs. Norman C. Jamieson Mr./Mrs. H. W. Johns Mr./Mrs. Ben Jurczyk Mr./Mrs. James R. Kaye Mr./Mrs. Daniel Kempff Mr./Mrs. Harry B. Kennedy Mr. R. O. Kirchmeyer Mrs. Virgil Loeb, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Vincent C. Long Mrs. Helen M. Longmire Mrs. Hazel Maxwell Mrs. Howard L. May Mr./Mrs. R. L. McCandless Mrs. Frances F. Meyer Mr. T. C. Miller Mr./Mrs. John C. Palecek. Mr./Mrs. Robert O. Palmer Mr./Mrs. J.A. Peterson Mr./Mrs. J. A. O. Preus Miss Helen L. Schmitt Mr./Mrs. Thurman Schmitt Mr. Robert E. Schultz Mr. William J. Snyder Mr. Edward F. Sylvia Dr./Mrs. Francis O. Trotter, Jr. Miss Bessie Van Antwerp Mr./Mrs. John A. Vassallo Mrs. Edna Ward Ms. Sara B. Waterbury Mr. David Wells Comment (continued from page 2) Directors of the company from 1954 until his death in 1961. Mr. Lehmann originally founded the company with Henry Wallace who soon left to become U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. He maintained his law practice in St. Louis while serving as President and was the brother of John S. Lehmann, who was an important benefactor of Missouri Botanical Garden and served as President of its Board of Trustees from 1953 to 1957. Atatime when plant genetic diver- sity, especially in the tropics, is being drastically reduced with every passing year, this new fellowship will make possible a significant increase in the Garden's ability to perform studies of plants throughout the world. The first recipient of the fellowship will be Dr. James C. Solomon, a recent grad- uate of Washington University, who will shortly leave for Bolivia with his wife, Andrea, to take up residence there and contribute to our apprecia- tion of the little-known plants of that large South American country. We are most appreciative to Pioneer Hi-Bred International for recognizing the importance of our work in commemo- rating, in such a significant way, the services of one of our graduates. A Regard For History (continued from page 17) wooden trellises were attached to the brick on the south elevation. In 1927, the glass roof was severely damaged by a hail storm and the roof was changed again, this time to one-third asphalt tile and two-thirds glass. The building has also been affected by almost a century of wind, heat, cold and precipitation. After writing the history, Kramer, with the Garden staff, considered how to approach the restoration. It was not a simple matter of returning the edifice to its 1882 appearance. ‘Most restoration is a compromise between the practical and the original, but generally highly impractical condi- tion,’ Kramer said. ‘For example, it would be impractical to restore the roof to its original state, in which only one-third of it was glass, because the building’s purpose has changed since then. It would also be impractical to return to the all-glass roof of 1918, because of the experience of the 1927 hailstorm.” The compromise which Kramer and the Garden staff reached was to retain the practical, two-thirds 4 glass roof, and replace the asphalt roofing tile with slate tile similar to that used in the construction of the building. Sometimes, it is necessary to take some license in restoration, and the architect must select materials that were not used in the original construc- tion or even throughout the history of a building. Again, any license taken rises out of practical considerations. With the Linnean House, Kramer decided that limestone window sills were more practical than the wooden sills installed on the interior a century ago. He says, “Since most of the original wood sills had rotted out because of the moisture content of the building, we decided it would not make any sense to replace them with new wooden sills, because they would rot out too, and have to be replaced later. That is impractical. They made a mistake in the original construction; there is no sense in repeating it, so we substituted lime- stone. There is a precedent for using that. It’s consistant with construction of the era.”’ Looking at an eighty-year-old photograph, Gerhart Kramer demon- strates how a historical architect is sometimes a detective. “When this ironwork was removed is a mystery,” he says, pointing with a pencil to the ornamental ridgecresting at the apex of the building. “We think the crest was taken off in about 1918, but can't know for sure. There are no records,”’ he says. “To duplicate it, we deter- mined the width of each unit of the crest by dividing the actual number of units shown in the photograph between a measured horizontal dis- tance below. When the width was determined, the height and details were easily determined by proportion from an enlarged photograph.” Mag- nifying the photograph and producing a close detail of the crest, Kramer was able to draw a pencil sketch of the ironwork. Then a wood model was made, and from that, a casting. In the same photograph, Kramer indicates the upper, semi-circular por- tions of three windows in the east wall which are darker than the lower sec- tions of the same windows. We think it is a shadow, perhaps a trick of lighting, but he tells us they were sec- tions of colored glass. Taking us to Tower Grove Park to one of the other two greenhouses that Shaw built he shows us the colored glass that re- mains in the east and west walls of that house. “We used the windows here to determine the color of glass to install in the Linnean House.” In that house in Tower Grove Park, among parked trucks and machinery, we can see something of how the Linnean House appeared a century ago, with the lower ceiling and the roof that is only one-third glass. ‘““We used this building as a model for our restoration,’ Kramer says. At the Linnean House, he tells us that the paint on the trim and doors matches the original color. The method through which he determined the original color sounds like more detective work. He says, “We used a solution of three parts alcohol and six parts ammonia. This dissolves the paint layers slowly and is not as hard on the wood as commercial solutions. As the solution softened the paint, we scraped away one layer at a time. It took about two or three hours of work to find the original color.” He shows us the other changes that are part of the restoration. The terra cotta covering on the end wall parapets have been replaced by cop- per with a rolled seam. The word “‘Lin- nean” has been repainted on the fan- light transom over the door, and the front doors have been changed to resemble the original. The building has been cleaned and tuckpointed, and the steps at the east and west doors have been repaired. Talking with Kramer a few days later, he tells us, ‘Restoring this building is important for several reasons. One, because of its impor- tance in the new plan of the Garden— it will be the first building people will see when they come out of the new Center. Also, because in restoration, you are able to conserve natural materials. But, most importantly, | think it gives us and future genera- tions the chance to see how the peo- ple of the past performed. It presents a true story with no distortion or in- accuracy.” The restoration of the Linnean House was made possible by funds from Missouri Pacific Railroad Com- pany, the Heritage Conservation Recreation Service through the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, The Swedish Council of St. Louis, St. Louis Community Development Agency, and the Garden Club of St. Louis. Gardening In St. Louis Summer Gardening Time to water. Hot, dry weather brings to the gardener the constant and important job of watering plants. Rose bushes require about 5 gallons of water per bush per week to be most productive. Vegetable gardens require about 1” of water per week. Annuals and perennials have about the same requirements. Plants which do not receive adequate water can suffer permanent tissue damage and will never recover. Temperatures also have critical effects on plants. If the evening tem- peratures drop to 59°F or below, the flowers will drop from tomato plants and no fruit will form. Also high tem- peratures, especially when accom- panied by wind, will dehydrate plants quickly and make more frequent watering necessary. On hot, dry, windy, summer days you will notice that some plants will wilt even when the ground is moist. This happens when water is evaporating from the small holes in plant leaves (called stomates) quicker than it can be replenished from the roots. This will not usually lead to permanent damage and the leaves will regain their stiffness dur- ing the evening. You can help the plants during these hot, dry periods by thoroughly watering them. Water applied in the noonday sun to plant foliage will cause no harmful spotting of leaves (an old-wives’-tale), but will greatly benefit the plant by lowering the temperature of the leaf surface and by quickly restoring water to the leaf tissue. Fungus among us. Insects and diseases are multiplying rapidly at this time of the year. To give you some idea of how fast insects reproduce, an entomologist named Dr. Hodge computed that if a pair of flies started reproducing in April, by August they would be the progenitors, if all off- spring were to live, of 191 quintillion individuals. Allowing cubic inch per fly, there would be enough flies produced to cover the earth 47 feet deep! The most intelligent approach to controlling garden pests is to try integrated control. This involves employing biological, cultural and chemical controls concurrently. When biological control is used by trained entomolo- gists for specific pests it can be very effective. For the home gardener to purchase quart containers of lady beetles to kill aphids or scales or to buy praying mantis egg cases is essentially a waste of time and money. The pur- chased lady beetles usually either migrate soon after they are released or starve to death from lack of food. Praying mantises are effective in killing large insects, but unfor- tunately most destructive insects are small, Such as aphids, white flies or spider mites. Mantises are also in- discriminate killers; they eat beneficial insects as well as each other. A good gardener should encourage the estab- lishment of beneficial insects by judicious spraying. To protect pollinating insects, especially honeybees, spray in the early evening after the bees have returned to their hive. There are many tangible ways that a gardener can con- trol insects and diseases by cultural methods. Only use seeds, bulbs and cuttings from healthy plants; disinfect seeds and bulbs before you plant them with a fungacide such as captan or benomyl; and pasteurize all soil used for sprouting seeds or rooting cuttings by baking the soil at 180°F for 30 minutes or by drenching the soil with a 1:9 solution of cholorine bleach and water. Let the drenched soil sit overnight before using it for rooting cuttings or transplanting. Take precautions against transfer of disease by using clean garden tools. Whenever you spot Suspicious growth or damage on your plants, remove the limb or dispose of the entire plant. Weeds should also be controlled. They serve as hiding places for insects and carriers of various diseases. One of the best cultural controls is to grow disease-resistant varieties of plants. Hybridizers have made great strides in producing more vigorous plants which resist insect and disease attacks. Also, be sure you pro- vide the right growing conditions for your plants. If they are being im- properly watered or fertilized, the plants will be more susceptible to disease and insect infestations. Chemical control of insect pests has come under attack as being very hazardous to people and the environment. It can be, but it does not have to be. If chemicals are carefully chosen and used at the correct dilutions, they are a safe and effective control for insects and diseases. Chemicals should not be used exclusively, but should be combined with biological and cultural controls. Use chemicals which are not residual and which have a low animal toxicity. Insecticides in this category include malathion, diazinon, rotemone and sevin. Some low-toxicity fungicides are phaltan, captan or benomyl. Before using any chemical material always read the label! Summer Gardening Checklist e Lawn mowers should be set to cut 2-22” fora bluegrass lawn and %”-1” for a Zoysia or Bermuda lawn. e Pinch all annual flowering plants to make them bushy. e Mulch your tomatoes 3-5” with any organic material like straw or bark. Do not let the soil around them get too dry or the fruits will develop blossom end rot (a black spot in the center of the fruit). e¢ If you have had your vegetables and flowers in for 4-6 weeks, side dress them with about 1-2 Ibs. of 5-10-5 fertilizer per 100 sq. feet. e If the weather is hot, be on the lookout for spider mites on junipers and other plants. For minor infestations, hose the plants off with a strong jet of water. If you have a bad infestation, apply Kelthane. — Steven A. Frowine Chairman, Indoor Horticulture 5 F'rom the Members Office Henry Shaw Fund Success Harry Wuertenbaecher, Jr., Chair- man of the 1980 Henry Shaw Fund, announced that the Fund surpassed its goal of $325,000. He made the announcement at the February meeting of the Garden’s Board of Trustees and at the same time acknowledged the effort of those who participated in the Fund. Addressing the Fund Committee members, he said “This was a difficult task and was accomplished only because of the work that you and others like you contributed to this endeavor. The work you have started, and | hope will Matching Gifts Many Garden Members increase the value of their contributions to the Garden through corporate matching gift programs. In 1980, employees of several companies, including Monsanto, Granite City Steel, Brunswick, Lever Brothers, Times-Mirror, Citibank and Phillip Morris, doubled their contribu- tions through their employers’ programs. Over fifty St. Louis area companies have such programs. Members can determine if their companies provide matching gifts by inquiring with their per- sonnel departments. For further information or assistance, they may contact the Garden’s Devel- opment Office, 577-5120. continue, will certainly help us in the years to come.” Committee members included Carl Beckers, Jules D. Campbell, Gary Close, Alan E. Doede, Charles G. Houghton Ill, W. Boardman Jones, Robert Kresko, Hugh Lewis, H. Dean Mann, William R. Orthwein, Jr. Lucianna Gladney Ross and Warren M. Shapleigh. The Henry Shaw Fund assists in the support of the education pro- grams and provides that the Garden and its facilities are available to the greatest number of people. Members of the 1980 Henry Shaw Fund Com- mittee were honored for their successful efforts at the February Trustees meeting. Shown are (I. to r.) Carl Beckers, Gary Close, Alan Doede, H. Dean Mann, Harry Wuerten- baecher, Jr., (Chairman), and Hugh Lewis. Tamra Raven To Lead Chinese Garden Tour Tamra Engelhorn Raven will lead a tour of Garden Members to China in Spring, 1982. The tour, scheduled for April 24 through May 13, 1982, will in- clude visits to Chinese gardens, museums, temples and palaces in Beijing (Peking), Nanjing, Wusi, Suzhou, Shanghai and Hangzhou. After leaving China, Members will visit Kyoto, the garden city of Japan, for three days. “We will view the gardens, tombs and palaces as indexes to the ways the Chinese have looked at their The annual meeting of the Missouri Prairie Foundation will be held Satur- day, May 2, in the John S. Lehmann Building, from 9 a.m. until 12 noon. Members of the Garden are invited to attend. natural environment,’ Mrs. Raven said. “This is an exciting opportunity for Members to learn something about a culture that has, until recent- ly, been inaccessible to us.’” Members interested in further details about the trip or in joining the tour may call the Members Office, 577-5120. A portion of the tour fee is a tax- deductible contribution to the Garden. Rose Evening Members of the Garden are invited to attend Rose Evening on Friday, June 5, 6-8 pm, in the two rose gardens. There will be music and refreshments. Members will receive further details in the mail. | ! Dr. Bassett Maguire (right) visited the Garden recently in connection with his special interest in the Guyana highlands of South America. Dr. Maguire, Senior Scientist and Director ‘Emeritus of Botany and Research at the New York Botanical Garden, spoke with Dr. Gerritt Davidse (left) of the botany staff here. Dr. Davidse is in charge of the Garden’s research in Venezuela, where the Guyana highlands are located. 6 Anthropologist Visits Garden Anthropologist Brent Berlin, of the faculty of University of California- Berkeley, visited the Garden in March. He has been working, for almost a decade, with the botany department in his research in folk systems of plant classification in cultures of Mexico and Central America. Collect- ing plants identified by folk names, he sends them to the herbarium here for identification by our staff members. He has found remarkable similarities between the folk classifications and those developed by European and other scientists over the past several hundred years, arriving at the theory that folk taxonomies function in the same manner as the western ones, both systems being confined by the same biological realities. “This exchange demonstrates the tremendous value of cooperation between the sciences,’’ said Dr. Marshall Crosby, the Garden’s Direc- tor of Research. “Both the fields of anthropology and botany benefit from our work with Dr. Berlin. Our collec- tion of plant specimins is increased in size and importance by those he sends us and he is able to continue his work of studying folk taxonomies because of our identifications. Oceans, Deserts and Whales Call it a whale in a dry ocean, the jojoba (pronounced ho-HO-ba). Ac- tually a shrub native to the Sonoran Desert of southwestern United States and northern Mexico, the jojoba yields a dark brown fruit, slightly larger than a peanut, which produces a yellowish, odorless, liquid wax. The wax, Known as “jojoba oil,” has some amazing properties which have stirred the interest of investors, scientists, farmers and environmentalists. The last are interested because jojoba oil is a ‘‘virtual duplicate” of sperm whale oil, that assessment coming from a report of the National Academy of Sciences in a 1975 study. The sperm whale had become an endangered species because of the tremendous industrial demand for its oil; approx- imately 20,000 of the mammals were being killed each year. Environmental- ists hope that domestic cultivation of the jojoba will decrease the demand for sperm whale oil. A list of the uses of jojoba oil filled two pages in the NAS study, and in- cluded: lubricant of high-speed machinery; additive to other lubri- cants; transformer oil; ingredient in hair oil, shampoo, soap, face creams and sunscreens; stabilizer of penicillin products; cooking oil; furni- ture, automobile, and floor wax. The Indians of the region have long used jojoba oil as grease and as medicine, but it was not until the mid-1970’s that the commercial potential of the oil was recognized. Its similarity to sperm whale oil is only one of the reasons for its attractive- ness to investors and growers— Wa// Street Digest named it as the third best investment of the eighties, after real estate and rare coins. Reading the available literature on jojoba is like reading a litany of praise: drought resistant; apparently disease and pest resistant; grows in soils of marginal fertility; requires little water—in Israel, where the plant was introduced in the 1960’s, jojoba is ir- rigated with salt water; low labor- intensive crop. One investor claims that within ten years jojoba crops will return 200% profit annually, calling it “the silver of the 1990’s.” ey However, sifting through the praise, it becomes apparent that there are some difficulties extant in large- scale, commercial jojoba cultivation. Ralph Boyd, whose company, Ameri- can Jojoba Industries, Inc., is planting 6000 acres of the crop in Arizona and California, warned, ‘‘There’s no such thing as a safe agricultural invest- ment. It isn’t as easy as throwing a couple of seeds on the counter and becoming a millionaire.” In order for the jojoba to become . ~ commercially viable, it needs to be domesticated. The yield from wild shrubs is not large enough to ensure the supply of oil that industry needs if it is going to use jojoba in place of the sperm whale. Domestication is not a quick and simple process and, for now, according to the Wal// Street Journal, “Cultivated plants are too new to add substantially to produc- tion.” Also, as is the case in all mono- cropping, there is the danger that disease or pests could swiftly obliterate an entire crop. Genetic variety needs to be introduced into the jojoba so tht there would be enough resistant individuals to main- tain the existence of the species if disease should occur. There is also the problem of sex, since jojoba is a dioecious plant (male and female flowers occur on separate plants). Because the commercial value of the plant is in its fruit, it is the female plant in which growers are in- terested. The male is useless, com- mercially, except to provide pollin for the female plant in which growers are interested. Further, there is no prac- tical way to determine the sex of an individual plant until it bears flowers, which occurs in the second or third year. A grower pays for many seed- lings that he cannot use. Despite the potential drawbacks, which are not insurmountable, and inspired by the possibility of great profits, investors are placing more and more of their financial resources into the crop. During 1981, somewhere around 200 tons of jojoba oil will be produced, which is about 52,000 gallons. By the end of the cur- rent decade, production is expected to reach approximately 127,000 tons. In conjunction with the Mammil- laria Exhibit in the Desert House, May 2-24, the Garden will display a collec- tion of several jojoba shrubs along with samples of jojoba products, beans, oil and interpretive text. The display of jojoba is part of the Garden’s continuing effort to inform and instruct its Members and the community in general about the im- portance of plant life to humanity. Herbarium Curator Appointed Nancy R. Morin has been appointed Administrative Curator of the Herbari- um in the Department of Botany. She received her Ph.D. in 1980 from the University of California at Berkeley and has just completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Botany Department, Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Morin will supervise the curatorial staff of the herbarium. The herbarium contains approximately 3-million individual plant specimens, and employs a sup- port staff of twenty persons to mount newly-acquired plants, ship and receive loan and exchange specimens, type labels, and file and retrieve plants from the compactor storage units in which they are permanently stored. In addition to her supervisory responsibilities, Dr. Morin will edit the Garden’s quarterly scientific publica- tion, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, and continue her research in the bluebell family, Campanulaceae. Nancy R. Morin Climatron Anniversary Celebration In February, the Garden celebrated the twentieth anniversary of the open- ing of the Climatron. Cited by the American Institute of Architects in 1976 as one of the outstanding archi- tectural achievements in American history, the tropical greenhouse was designed by Murphy & Mackey, Archi- 5) oh ges See Hires VY] A jz 2 SENT AWRS. Supporting Members attended a special preview of Climatron celebration. tects. Joseph Murphy of that firm was one of the principal speakers at the ceremony which opened the celebra- tion. Other speakers were Eugene Mackey Ill, son of the principal archi- tect of the Climatron; Wayne C. Kennedy, Director of St. Louis County Parks; William R. Orthwein, Jr. First Vice-President of the Garden’s Board of Trustees; and Garden Director, Peter H. Raven. In his comments, Dr. Raven ex- pressed gratitude to Dr. Frits Went and Robert Brookings Smith, respec- tively the Garden Director and Board President at the time of the Climatron construction. Dr. Raven said, ‘The Climatron is unequalled in its ability to display tropical plants in a naturalistic set- ting. We take this very seriously because it is very important for the public to have at least one image of what the tropics look like if they are to understand the importance of this vast resource. “So, we celebrate the twentieth anniversary of this building for those who had the vision and for those who designed and built it, but most of all for you, the public, who have enjoyed it, learned from it, and supported it.” Robert Brookings Smith Elected Honorary Trustee At its January meeting, the Board of Trustees elected Robert Brookings Smith as an Honorary Trustee in grati- tude for his service to the Garden. Mr. Smith was President of the Board from 1958 until 1962, and under his leadership the Garden realized several significant achievements, most notably the construction and opening of the Climatron. Also during his presidency, the Garden celebrated the centennial year of its opening, the first Rose Test Garden for the All America Rose Society was established and the rehabilitation and renovation of Tower Grove House was completed. Atten- dance increased from 240,000 in 1958 to over 400,000 by 1961. Japanese Festival: June 13-21 The sixth annual Japanese Festival, nine days of exhibition, demonstra- tion and performance, and one of the cultural highlights of a St. Louis sum- mer, opens on June 13. The festival will include traditional, Japanese music and dance, food, costumes, and martial arts. There will be demonstrations of Japanese cooking, bonsai, ikebana and oregami, as well as lectures, films and travelogues on Japan. The popular Taiko Drummers from San Francisco will return to the Festival for the fourth consecutive year. A special children’s day is scheduled for Saturday, June 20. The Festival continues through Sunday, the 21st. Through the generosity of the Japan America Society, one round- trip airfare to Japan, via Japan Air Lines will be awarded as an atten- dance prize. The flight will depart from St. Louis on October 10, 1981, and return October 24. (Dates subject to 8 change). During the Festival, on weekends the admission charge will be increased for non-Members and Members will be charged a nominal fee. Further details will be announced later. israeli Festival An Israeli Festival, sponsored by the Jewish National Fund, will be held at the Garden on Sunday, May 24 from 11:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. The Festival, a celebration of culture and tradition, will include music, dance, food, drink, art, crafts, childrens’ activities and a photography exhibit chronicling the work of the Jewish National Fund in Israel. The JNF, founded in 1901, is Israel’s Land Development Authority, administering, developing and holding in trust 92% of Israel’s public land for the Jewish people. Summer Youth Programs This summer, the Garden offers several exciting educational pro- grams for students 7 to 16 years old. The Pitzman Nature Program, begun twenty-four years ago, provides courses in solar energy, microscopes and desert ecology in one-day in- vestigative workshops, and experi- ence in cooperating with the natural world in three several-day-long pro- grams at the Shaw Arboretum. The purpose of all courses in the Pitzman Nature Program is to educate children in the ways of the earth through ac- tual experience; through experiments with solar energy, cultivation of desert plants, harvesting wild food; through exploration. In addition to the Pitzman Program, the Garden offers a unique opportuni- ty for students to learn about a culture different from their own, in the Japanese Summer Program, created through a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Students will learn the arts of haiku, ikebana, oragami and bonsai. Through film, lecture and tour of the Japanese Garden, they will learn the symbolism, history and legends of the Japanese people. Persons interested in Summer Youth Programs should contact the Education Department at 577-5140. Shaw Bench Reproductions Available = 1a phot oo esgy f Beer SS, a a | a . © Me a ay — - — fre | js ‘ . t 4 ea mel se Fern. Se AS In 1883, Henry Shaw purchased ‘“[wrought] iron park seats’ from Shickle, Harrison and Company of St. Louis. About the benches, Antiques said, “Birds, floral devices, and gracefully flowing plant tendrils from a medallion of neoclassical inspira- tion. An example of fine quality pro- Tower Grove House Summer Luncheon The Tower Grove House Tea Room will offer a summer menu—chicken salad or fruit plate— beginning May 1. The Tea Room is open Tuesday and Thursday by reservation only, which must be made twenty-four hours in advance. Price of the luncheon is $5.50; there is no tax. Individuals and groups of less than fifteen who come to the Garden to have luncheon in the Tea Room will pay a reduced admis- sion rate of $2.25 at the Main Gate. Members of the Garden are free. For groups of fifteen or more, the Garden’s standard reduced admis- sion rate is $1.85. For Tea Room reser- vations, please call Jane Coultas, 577-5150. duced in a city where cast-iron- fronted architecture was, until recent- ly, an important part of the river front.” The Garden recently commission- ed Southern Heritage, Ltd. of Birmingham, Alabama, to produce a limited number of reproductions of these century-old benches. The benches, samples of which are dis- played in the Plant Shop and the Lin- nean House, may be purchased from the Plant Shop for $1,875 each. Cost of delivery is extra. Sleeping Cat, Marie Taylor Marie Taylor Sculpture Exhibit The work of St. Louis sculptress Marie Taylor will be exhibited in the Linnean House on May 2 and 3, 10 am- 4 pm. Reproductions of her most famous piece, Sleeping Cat, will be available, by special order, through the Garden Gate Shop for $60 (Members, $54). “Two Piece Reclining Figure No. 2” aoe | realized | was simplifying the essential elements of my reclining figure theme. It's a metaphor of the human relationship with the earth, with mountains and landscape.’’— Henry Moore Moore Sculpture Moved “Two Piece Reclining Figure No. 2,’ a Henry Moore bronze sculpture that had been located near the Main Gate, was moved to the north side of the John S. Lehmann Building, near the English Woodland Garden. Since 1969, the bronze, with a companion sculpture, ‘“‘Two Piece Reclining Figure No. 1” had framed the view of Tower Grove House from the lily pools. “Piece No. 1” was transferred to the new Sculpture Terrace at the St. Louis Art Museum. The two bronzes were brought to St. Louis in 1961 by Mr. and Mrs. Howard F. Baer, and installed at Lambert Field. Because of the volume of traffic there, Mr. Baer felt the pieces could not be adequately appreciated and he requested they be transferred to the Art Museum in 1969. At the time, the Museum did not have an appropriate area for them, and they were moved again, to the Garden. Arts Group Seeks Members Missouri Citizens for the Arts, the year old arts advocacy organization, is currently soliciting new members. MCA seeks to promote the arts in the state by working with legislators, businesses, foundations and individ- uals on behalf of the Missouri Arts Council, the source of state funding for the arts. The Garden is one of the organizations and institutions which benefit from the Missouri Arts Council. Persons interested in supporting M.C.A. may write to them at P.O. Box 14119, St. Louis, MO 63110. 9 Winter Photography Contest Four first-prizes and ten honorable mentions were awarded by the judges in the Garden’s winter photography contest. First-prize winners were Linda Newman in the category of color, senior division (21 and over); John Schwent, for color, junior division (under 21); Melanie Bascom, black- and-white, senior division; and Mev Puleo, black-and-white, junior division. Honorable mentions in color were awarded to George Hasegawa, Linda C. Yust, Charles Sherwin and Ralph Newman, in the senior division, and March E. Bauer in the junior division. In black-and-white, honorable men- tions went to Al Hollon, Robert Peter- son, Bill Hartman and Randi Knofsky in the senior division, and Barbara Blain in the junior division. Judges were Mrs. Robert H. Kittner, President of the Executive Board of the Members; Kristin Peterson, a St. Louis professional photographer; and Gene Knackstedt, Vice-President of Shaw Camera, Inc. Haiku Exhibit Haiku is a traditional Japanese poetic form of seventeen syllables in three lines, the first line containing five syllables, the second, seven, and the third, five. In connection with the Japanese Festival, the Garden will present a Haiku Exhibit in the Climatron, with approximately 100 plants displayed with appropriate haiku, from June 14 through July 14. The photographs at left, captioned by haiku, are the four first-prize reci- pients in the Garden’s winter photog- raphy contest held earlier this year. the windows frosted sound of wind in barren trees and the ice shining Conflicts Mr. John Schwent hillside and hedgerow the tree stark against the sky pond’s mouth growing small Patterns Ms. Linda Newman re the trees still barren thin rings of ice melting ground fresh with dank leaves Untitled Mrs. Melanie Bascom where the stream bends left no bird sings in the willow alone on the bank Untitled Ms. Mev Puleo Haiku by William York Ken Peck Departs After nearly a quarter of a century of service in the Garden’s Education Department, Kenneth O. Peck resigned in late February to accept the position of Technical Adviser at the Hummert Seed Co. He joined the Garden’s staff in August, 1957, and saw the number of students participating in educa- tional programs increase from a few hundred in 1957 to approximately 40,000 in 1980. He was instrumental in the creation and development of several popular programs, including 10 the Pitzman Nature Program, Satur- day Morning Activities and the Plant Science Program for elementary and high school students. “lve seen quite a bit of change in the Garden and in education since starting here,” he said. “Working here was a tremendous experience for me; it was always interesting and exciting. I’m very fond of the Garden and its people and look forward to a long, continued association with it.” Ken Peck will return periodically as a guest lecturer and instructor for the Education Department. Japan Tour Scheduled For October The Japan American Society of St. Louis will sponsor a fifteen-day cul- tural tour of Japan in October. Depart- ing from St. Louis on October 10, the tour will visit Tokyo, Mt. Fuji, Suwa (Sister City of St. Louis), Kyoto and several other cities and villages. Persons interested in further infor- mation or in joining the tour should contact Kikue Atkins of the Japan America Society at 469-3065. Calendar May May’s warm slow yellow moonlit summer nights— Robert Browning & Marie Taylor Sculpture Exhibit: Linnean House, May 2-3, 10 am-4 pm. Unique sculptures in a whimsical display. Mammillaria Display (with jojoba): Opens on May 2, Desert House, 9 am-5 pm (through May 24). Jack Jennings Photography Exhibit: Opens on May 4, John S. Lehmann Lobby, 9 am-5 pm (through May 29). A photographic celebration of four seasons in the Garden. American Red Cross Day: May 9, John S. Lehmann Building, 9 am-6 pm. Exhibits in honor of 100 years of the American Red Cross. Mammilaria Display continues Jack Jennings Photography Exhibit continues Mother’s Day at the Garden: May 10, Main Gate, 9 am-6 pm. A nice day for anyone’s mother. Rose Society Miniature Rose sale. May 10-16 St. Louis Horticultural Society Show: May 16-17, John S. Lehmann Building, 2-5 pm on May 16; 9 am-5 pm on May 17. The Society’s 53rd Annual Show. Dahlia Society Plant Sale: May 16-17, Visitors’ Parking Lot and Main Gate, 9 am-6 pm. Mammilaria Exhibit continues Jack Jennings Photography Exhibit continues St. Louis Horticultural Society Show: Last day, May 17 Dahlia Society Plant Sale: Last day, May 17 Mammilaria Exhibit: Last day, May 4 Jack Jennings Photography Exhibit: Last day, May 29 Israeli Festival: May 4, Grounds & John S. Lehmann Building, 11 am-4 pm. Rose Society Show: May 30-31, John S. Lehmann Building 9 am-6 pm. “The mystic, the improbable, the Rose” —H.P. Putman Opuntia Exhibit: Opens May 30, Desert House, 9 am-5 pm (through June 20). May 17-23 May 4-31 June And what is so rare as a day in June? Then, if ever, come perfect days—James Russell Lowell \ ‘ a \ | J] Opuntia Exhibit continues Members Rose Evening: June 5, Rose Gardens, 6-8 pm. Opuntia Exhibit continues Japanese Festival: Opens June 13, Garden grounds, 9 am-6 pm (through June 21). Opuntia Exhibit: Last day, June 20 Japanese Festival continues Haiku Exhibit: Opens June 14, Climatron, 9 am-5 pm (through July 14). Japanese Festival: Last day, June 21 Haiku Exhibit continues June 1-6 June 7-13 June 14-20 June 21-30 Member of | The Arts and Education Fund of Greater St. Louis TRIBUTES May/June 1981 IN HONOR OF: Mr./Mrs. L. W. Baldwin Mrs. John M. Shoenberg Dr. Joseph C. Edwards The George V. Hogan Family Mr. Dan Goetz Valley of Flowers Garden Club Mr./Mrs. Whitney Harris Dr./Mrs. Leigh Gerdine Mr./Mrs. L. Brewster Jackson Mrs. W. Rumsey Skinner, Jr. Albert B. Kurrus Alice Kurrus Eshelman Mr./Mrs. Clifford Kurrus Caroline Kurrus Clifford Kurrus, Jr. Philip Kurrus Dr./Mrs. Clemont B. Sledge Claire Sledge John Sledge Margaret Sledge Mathew Sledge Mr./Mrs. Edwin Lopata Bud and Ida Steinberg Mrs. Clarence Mange’s Special Birthday Rose and Meyer Levy Mr./Mrs. Clarence Mange’s Special Anniversary Rose and Meyer Levy Mrs. S. |. Rothschild, Jr.’s Birthday Ben and Nancy Senturia Dr. George Sata & Dr. Richard Sato The George V. Hogan Family Shaw Arboretum Eye Associates, Ltd. Pat Silversmith Morton and Norma Singer Dr. Sam Soule Mr./Mrs. Ronald Prince Mr. Jay L. Tohtz A Friend of the Garden Fleur De Lis Garden Club IN MEMORY OF: Mrs. Frieda Angelbeck Mrs. George E. Bengard Mrs. Ruth Warren Becker Elizabeth G. Brokaw Miss Francis Lutz Wendy Berman Mrs. Gabriele DeWitt Paul E. Bielicke Joe and Peggy Tucker Fred J. Bopp Jeanine M. Prickett Margaret G. Brereton James L. Sloss, Jr. Mrs. Laura Carter Mr./Mrs. A. Sherwood Lee Ann Danzer Mrs. Ray Baeyen Richard A. Baeyen Robert A. Baeyen William and Pauline Battiste DCS Engineering Services Jinny Danzer Kenneth & Judith H. Groff Elizabeth Ann Hunter L. Karl Kittlaus Louis & Pauline Kittlaus Mr./Mrs. Walther Lorenzen Prairie Chapel Church Laurelle & Ann Shanklin Robert T. Shanklin Susan and Gregory Shanklin Eugene O. Umbright Governor Forrest Donnell Mrs. W. Rumsey Skinner, Jr. Adelaide L. Eggers Jack and Adeleide Krueger Mrs. Norman E. Schaumburg Jeanne E. Elsfelder Eleanor D. Griffin Dr. Julius Elson Mrs. Pat Hanick Renate S. Engel Mr./Mrs. Erwin R. Breihan Michael Fallert Your Friends in MISD Mrs. Alice Ferguson Dr. and Mrs. Harry Agress William J. Flynn Gwen Springett John §. Ford Mr./Mrs. Robert L. Blanke, Jr. S. E. Freund Mrs. Jean-Jacques Carnal Mr./Mrs. Joseph Lewis Lottie Gabelmann Bob and Marge Purk Dr. Charles Garner Mr./Mrs. Carl Harris Martha Forrest Gentry Ruth Aylesworth Mrs. John F. Bredehoeft Ernest and Rita Brinner Midred Brooks Mr./Mrs. Jules D. Campbell Mrs. Truman G. Drake Grace Feeney Louise Griffin Ruth K. Henderson Colleen Kalinoski Lou Kosterman Col. and Mrs. James J. Milligan Ruth O'Leary Helen H. Pickel Col. and Mrs. F. A. Rickly Mrs. M. L. Seyffert William J. Sims Mrs. Ben Smith Study Club Mr./Mrs. E. A. Talley Dr. and Mrs. William F. Wenner Alice and Ted Zahorsky Mrs. Isabelle L. Zimmerman Otto W. Geyer Beatrice C. Obermeyer A. Fuller Glaser Howard F. Baer Mr. Joseph Glynias Rose Society of Greater St. Louis Mr. Dan Goetz Valley of Flowers Garden Club William Goudy Dick Dohack Missouri Botanical Garden Guides Jan and Ron Rutter Daniel and Adelaide Schlafly Staff of the Arboretum Staff at the Greenery Mr./Mrs. Leroy Weinhold Mrs. Hugo Graf Mr./Mrs. C. Calvin Christy Mr./Mrs. Calvin H. East Mr./Mrs. Edwin F. Guth, Jr. J. R. Pahmeyer Mr./Mrs. Frederic M. Robinson Mary Cowan Harford Louise and Scott Ittner Mr./Mrs. Stifel William Jens Mrs. J. F. Hassinger Mrs. Alroy S. Phillips Doris Haverstick James G. Alfring Mrs. Dwight W. Coultas, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Joseph Lewis W. Alfred Hayes Dr./Mrs. Dean Sauer Pauline Hickey Claybreaker’s Garden Club Stix, Baer & Fuller, Crestwood Area 212 Mr./Mrs. Blaine Ulmer Fern Hill Hazel B. Duncan Mrs. Jo G. Heys Esther Rowell 11 Dr. C. 0. Hughes Sunnyside Garden Club Mrs. Fred Hume, Sr. Mr./Mrs. C. C. Johnson Spink John W. Kilroy Ms. Dorothy Becker Kurt Krueger William A. and Ella Lahrmann Martin Lammert, Ill Mr./Mrs. Newell Augur Mrs. William S. Bedal Mrs. Kenneth H. Bitting Mr./Mrs. John Brodhead, Jr. John and Dodie Brodhead Mrs. Jean-Jacques Carnal Mrs. Leicester B. Faust Mrs. George R. Fink Eleanor & Henry Hitchcock Mr./Mrs. Harold Jolley, Jr. Sen. & Mrs. A. Clifford Jones Mr./Mrs. H. Leighton Morrill Mrs. A. Wassel Shapleigh Mrs. A. B. Lansing Mrs. Jean-Jacques Carnal Mrs. James E. Crawford Mrs. John H. Hayward Meyer Levy’s Brother-In-Law Mr./Mrs. Clarence Mange Lorraine Lowry Ada S. Kling Irene Steinman Pauline Luer Rose Society of Greater St. Louis Eleanor Scott Mallinckrodt Harriet Rodes Bakewell Mr./Mrs. Burdick V. Burtch Mrs. Dwight W. Coultas, Jr. Nancy and George D’Arcy Mr../Mrs. Lewis C. Green Mr./Mrs. A. H. Homeyer Nan and Cliff Jones MaryJo Arpe Klosterman Mr./Mrs. William Knowles Mrs. Albert Krueger Ladue Garden Club Mr./Mrs. A. Timon Primm Mr./Mrs. Oscar W. Rexford Mrs. John R. Ruhoff Althea & Carl Schumacher Mr./Mrs. Robert B. Smith The Grass Roots Garden Club Mr./Mrs. Wylie Todd Town and Country Speakers Club Mr./Mrs. William M. Van Cleve Donald H. and Gladys |. Webb Mr./Mrs. David Q. Wells, Jr. Jane H. Wilson Erwin Mandel Mrs. Gloria Hogbin Norman Mann Mrs. Gloria Hogbin Howard L. May Mrs. George S. Metcalfe Mrs. Eugenia Mitchell Mr./Mrs. Dave Hall Mr./Mrs. John E. Hoffman Mr./Mrs. S. T. Kauffman Mr./Mrs. Doug LeResche Mr./Mrs. A. J. Widmer Mr. Vaughn Morrill Mr./Mrs. C. Calvin Christy Mr./Mrs. Frederic M. Robinson Helen Muchnick Morton and Norma Singer Mrs. Viktor Miiehlenbach Mr./Mrs. Morton K. Lange Robert and Mary Purk Mr. Oscar D. Norling Dr./Mrs. John E. Hobbs Carl Ott Mr. Elmer W. Wiltsch Andrew B. Reeves Patricia A. Purk Mrs. Repetti Mrs. Jean-Jacques Carnal Joseph A. Riedisser Mr./Mrs. A. H. Faenger Precious Rives Mr./Mrs. Charles J. Bogard, Jr. Mrs. Bernie A. Ross Janet F. Dahl Ann and Peter Husch Mary J. Sattler Edwin S. Baldwin Betsy, Daughter of Mrs. Elizabeth Schneider Missouri Botanical Garden Guides J. Glennon Schreiber Malcolm L. and Mary Langs Holekamp J. Marshall and Ernestine Magner Mrs. John A. Schreiber, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Edwin R. Waldemer Eugene S. Schweig Rose and Meyer Levy Edith Case Shelton Mrs. Edson P. Burch Mr./Mrs. Charles S. Drew, Jr. Mrs. R. J. Gunter Mr./Mrs. Carl Harris Mr./Mrs. James C. Millstone News Department-St. Louis Post Dispatch Mr./Mrs. Vance E. Ross St. Louis Post Dispatch Mr. Guy Snyder Mr./Mrs. Joseph Lewis Mr. Edward Anson Sprague Paul and Helen Miller Arthur 0. Straub Dorothy Jean Becker John Tarr Pattie Calamici Ronald and June Danzer Capt. and Mrs. Timothy E. Davis Carroll L. Eslinger Mrs. Marlene Ford Mr./Mrs. Larry Fritsch, Zachary Mr./Mrs. Jim Furtkamp Mr./Mrs. Larry Shirley, Jason & Justin Rosalyn Stein Marge Thomas Laverne Wodraska Eugene Titmann Mr./Mrs. John Brodhead, Jr. Vera Vanderpearl Clayton Garden Club #2 Mr. Charles L. Walker Mr./Mrs. L. A. Bainter Franklin E. Walton, M.D. Ida Mae & Willis McClain Mrs. Etha Walz Dorothea Seibel Richard Webb Mrs. W. C. Brown, Jr. Lenore Weissman Richard and Florence Carter Frank Wright Mr./Mrs. Harry A. Bagley, Jr. Margaret Joyce Mary Miller Dr. Johann Friedrich Zwicky Mrs. J. A. Jacobs Persons interested in contributing to the Tribute Fund may contact the Develop- ment Office, 577-5120. Missouri Botanical Garden Gate. Photographed in 1907 by William Trelease, the first Garden Director after Henry Shaw. A limited edition reproduction of this photograph was presented to each of the Henry Shaw Associates at their annual dinner in 1980, in gratitude for their significant support of the Garden. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN (ISSN-0026-6507) P.O. Box 299 Saint Louis, Missouri 63166 SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT ST. LOUIS, MO. WZ Volume LXIX, Number 4 July/August 1981 Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Marks On Paper The written word remains. —Horace mip a > SI ba im Reed opens the book carefully and lays it onto the table, showing a color plate of Allium lusi- tanicum, from root to fine, pink flower. Op- posite the plate is a brown sheet of paper printed with a ghost of the A. /usitani- cum. “This is the printer's proof of the plate,’ Reed says. “This book is one of only two known cop- ies that include the black-and-white printer’s proof of all engravings.” The book is one volume of Les Liliacees by P. J. Redouté, printed in 1809, and commis- sioned by Empress Josephine who was Redouté’s patron- ess. Turning the pages of Les Liliacees, Reed, the Garden’s librarian, emphasizes the careful accuracy of each of the engravings. ‘““Redouté used stipple engraving to get the de- tail necessary for accurate botanical illustration.” Stippling iS a process of using tiny dots close together to produce subtle gradations of light and shade. The work of Redouté 's among the most highly regarded in the history of printing, oecause of the care he took in the creation of each piece. There are many volumes like the Redouté in the rare 900k collection of Missouri Botanical Garden; books with vandpainted plates, precise drawings. Some are displayed n cases, open showing illustrations of herbs, a rose, a Noodcut of a medicinal plant, a single page from a fif- eenth-century manuscript, Book of Hours. This last is the dest item in the collection. “We have it not for its religious falue,” says Reed, “but because it was illuminated with flor- il devices.” These are the items that Reed and his staff show to visitors who tour the rare book rooms; the Redouté, he display cases, a novel item—Hortus Gramineus Wobur- ensis, published in 1816, and illustrated with actual dried lant specimens pasted into the book—pieces visually ex- ‘iting, with histories of intrigue, success, failure, deceit. aking a book from the shelf, Reed says, “The earliest illus- rated herbal we own is the Latin Herbarius, printed in 1484. ’'s in its original dogskin binding; text in Latin. It was rinted by Peter Schoeffer, whose father-in-law drove Gutenberg into bankruptcy.” Johann Gutenberg had bor- rowed money from Johann Fust to establish his press. Fust demanded payment before Gutenberg had realized any fruits from his invention, and when Gutenberg was unable to pay, Fust confiscated the press, establishing his own firm. Ten years later, Fust was dead from the plague and Schoefter inherited the business. Anecdotes and fine, attractive plates are interesting but it is not for these that the collection exists. “One of our most important collections is of nineteenth- century German high school programs. We have several hundred of these. They have not much financial value; they're printed on cheap paper and not at all visually attrac- tive.” Where is their value; why are they important? Jim Reed sips coffee and continues. “In the nineteenth century, German high schools employed botanists as teachers. The scientists would present papers on their work at graduation ceremonies and the papers would be re- printed in the program. They’re of interest to only a small group—taxonomists. “Our library is important because we have one of the most comprehensive collections of botanical literature in the world; we provide services to scientists in this country and in others. To visiting scientists and science historians, we are important because we have many of the original source materials showing the development of botany. We have hundreds of items that are unique—which are the only copy known to exist on the planet.” First editions of Darwin’s Origin of the Species, Lin- naeus’ Species Plantarum and Schoeffer’s Gart der Gesundheit stand on the shelves with 3,500 other works. Schoeffer’s book, which appeared in 1485 as a German revi- sion of the Latin Herbarius, is one of 1,000 volumes that are the pre-Linnean collection (those written prior to 1750), the basis of the entire rare book collection. Most of those 1,000 books were given to the Garden in 1892 by E. Lewis Sturte- vant, a nineteenth-century physician and agricultural scien- tist. Sturtevant was prophetic when he, commenting on his gift, said, “I have a strong desire that the library will serve a purpose. The time will come...when attention will be given to the problem of the changes that mankind have [sic] ef- fected in plants.” Over one-half of the rare book collection, approximately 1,800 volumes, is the Linnean collection: books by and about Carl Linneaus, including those on botany, zoology, medicine and poetry. ‘“Linneaus was a great scientist,” says Reed, “but his poetry is not very good.” That collection (continued on page 4) Comment | For almost half a century, the Garden has been concentrating its research effort on the tropical and semitropical areas of South America, principally Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. We are now ini- tiating an active program in Bolivia and, to some extent, Paraguay; Dr. James C. Solo- mon, the first recipient of the William L. Brown Fellowship, generously donated by pioneer Hi-Bred International to the Garden recently, will begin a residency in La Paz, Bolivia, this month to study the plants of that country. The tropical flora of Bolivia and of Par- aguay differ from those of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Ven- ezuela, resembling rather much of the flora of northern Argentina, which | visited for two weeks in May. Because of the rapid destruction of the tropical regions there, it is vital for us to greatly increase our efforts for research coordina- tion with the many botanical institutions and botanists of Argentina. On my visit, | traveled first to Tucuman, where the meet- ings of the Botanical Society were held. A full three days of outstanding papers emphasizing many subjects of direct in- terest to the Garden were presented. | opened the confer- ence with a lecture on the role of continental movements on the distribution of plants, and closed it with a paper on the destruction of tropical forests and the reasons that Argen- tina, like the United States, ought to have a real and substan- tial interest in the fate of these forests, because of national self-interest. At the conference, most of the botanists in Argentina were gathered and | was able to renew acquain- tances with many whom | had met over the past 25 years. | wes deeply honored with the presentation of a Honorary Membership in the Argentine Society of Botany which | ac- (continued on page 4) Inside 3 Bath, Parish of St. Thomas, Jamaica—Marshall Crosby reports from Jamaica 5 Gardening in St. Louis—Steve Frowine writes about water —Also a special report on Pine Wilt Disease 6-7 From the Members’ Office New Officers; Shaw Trust Amendments and two new Trustees 8 Demonstration Garden Opens Gift of Lackland Resolution a Dr. Raven Receives A.|.B.S. Award Prairie—A Missouri Heritage 1 1 Calendar The MISSOURI BOTANICAL GAR- DEN BULLETIN is published six times each year, in January, March, May, July, September and Novem- ber by the Missouri Botanical Gar- den, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Mo. 63166. Second class postage paid at St. Louis, Mo. $5.00 per year. $6.00 foreign. HENRY SHAW ASSOCIATES Anonymous Mrs. Agnes F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Howard F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Alexander M. Bakewell Mr./Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Clarence C. Barksdale Mr./Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom Mr./Mrs. Albert Blanke, Jr. Mr./Mrs. G. A. Buder, Jr. Mr./Mrs. John G. Buettner Mr./Mrs. J. Butler Bushyhead Mrs. Jean Jacques Carnal Mr. Edward G. Cherbonnier Mrs. F. T. Childress Mr. Fielding L. Childress Mr./Mrs. Gary A. Close Mr. Sidney S. Cohen Mr./Mrs. Franklin J. Cornwell, Sr. Dr./Mrs. William H. Danforth Mr./Mrs. Sam’! C. Davis Mrs. Joseph Desloge, Sr. Mr. Alan E. Doede Mr./Mrs. J. Robert Edwards Mrs. Clark P. Fiske Mr./Mrs. Guy W. Fiske Mrs. Florence T. Morris Forbes Mrs. Eugene A. Freund Mrs. Henry L. Freund Mr. S. E. Freund Mr. Samuel Goldstein Mr./Mrs. Stanley J. Goodman Mr. Clarence R. Goodrich Mr./ Mrs. W. L. Hadley Griffin Mrs. H. C. Grigg Mrs. Ellis H. Hamel Mr./Mrs. Whitney R. Harris Mrs. John H. Hayward Mr./Mrs. Robert R. Hermann Mr./Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mr./Mrs. James H. Howe, III Mr./Mrs. Lee Hunter Mrs. John Kenneth Hyatt Mr./Mrs. Stanley F. Jackes Mrs. John V. Janes, Sr. Mrs. Margaret M. Jenks Mr./Mrs. Eugene Johanson Mr./Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Mrs. Irene C. Jones Mr./Mrs. W. Boardman Jones, Jr. Dr./Mrs. John H. Kendig Mr./Mrs. Samuel Kennard, Ill Mr./ Mrs. Frederick R. Keydel Mr./Mrs. Elmer G. Kiefer Mr./Mrs. William S. Knowles Mr./Mrs. Robert E. Kresko Mrs. John A. Latzer Mr. Thomas F. Latzer Mr./Mrs. John C. Lebens Mrs. John S. Lehmann Miss Martha |. Love Mrs. James S. Luehrmann Mr. H. Dean Mann Mrs. James S. McDonnell Mr. Roswell Messing, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Hubert C. Moog Mr./Mrs. John W. Moore Mr. Thomas Moore Dr./Mrs. Walter Moore Mr./Mrs. John M. Olin Mr. Spencer T. Olin Mr./Mrs. W. R. Orthwein, Jr. Miss Jane E. Piper Miss Julia Piper Mr./Mrs. Vernon W. Piper Capt. William R. Piper Mr./Mrs. Herman T. Pott Mr./Mrs. A. Timon Primm, III Mrs. Howard E. Ridgway Mrs. C. Kenneth Robins Mr./Mrs. F. M. Robinson Mr./Mrs. G. S. Rosborough, Jr. Mrs. Lucianna Gladney Ross Mr./Mrs. Joseph F. Ruwitch Mr./Mrs. David Sanders Mrs. William H. Schield Mr./Mrs. Daniel L. Schlafly Mr./Mrs. Charles Schott Mrs. Mason Scudder Mr./ Mrs. Richard Shaikewitz Mr./Mrs. Warren M. Shapleigh Mrs. A. Wessel Shapleigh Mrs. John M. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Robert H. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Sydney Shoenberg, Jr. Mr./Mrs. John E. Simon Mr./Mrs. Robert Brookings Smith Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Sr. Mr./Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. Mrs. Sylvia N. Souers Mr./Mrs. C. C. Johnson Spink Mrs. Hermann F. Spoehrer Mrs. Robert R. Stephens Mr./Mrs. Cornelias F. Stueck Miss Lillian L. Stupp Mr./Mrs. Edgar L. Taylor, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Jack Turner Mr./Mrs. James Walker Mrs. Horton Watkins Mr./ Mrs. Richard K. Weil Mrs. S. A. Weintraub Mrs. Ben H. Wells Mr./Mrs. O. Sage Wightman, III Mr./ Mrs. Eugene F. Williams, Jr. Mrs. John M. Wolff Miss F. A. Wuellner Mr./Mrs. Andrew Zinsmeyer Mr./Mrs. Sander B. Zwick DIRECTOR’S ASSOCIATES Anonymous Mr. Patrick Ackerman Mr. Kenneth Balk Mr./Mrs. Carl Beckers Mrs. Brooks Bernhardt Ms. Allison R. Brightman Mr./Mrs. H. Pharr Brightman Mrs. Richard L. Braumbaiegh Mr. Kurt H. Bussmann Mr./Mrs. Jules D. Campbell Mr. Joseph C. Champ Mrs. Frances Collins Cook Mrs. Elsie Ford Curby Mr./Mrs. Henry P. Day Mr. Bernard F. Desloge Mr./Mrs. David C. Farrell Mr./Mrs. W. Ashley Gray, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Edward E. Haverstick Dr./Mrs. August Homeyer Mr./Mrs. B. F. Jackson Mr./Mrs. Eldridge Lovelace Mrs. Leighton Morrill Mr./Mrs. Charles W. Oertli Mr. Harry E. Papin, Jr. Mrs. Drue Wilson Philpott Mrs. Miquette M. Potter Mr./Mrs. Robert A. Ridgway Mr./Mrs. C. M. Ruprecht Mr. Frank H. Simmons Miss Harriett J. Tatman Mr./Mrs. Harold E. Thayer Mr./Mrs. Charles L. Tooker Mr./Mrs. John K. Wallace, Jr. VG C. C. Johnson Spink President, Board of Trustees Mrs. Shadrach F. Morris, Jr. President of the Executive Board of the Members Dr. Peter H. Raven Director Bath, Parish of St. Thomas, Jamaica “Jamaica is more than a beach: It’s a country” say the tourist posters in the airport, hotels, and shops. In fact, though this is my fourth trip to Jamaica, | can recall only one visit to a beach: In 1963 our plant collecting group camped on some north-shore beach because it was the flat- test piece of ground we could find. When | think of Jamaica, | think of rainy, cloud enshrouded mountains, where the trees and ground below them are covered with mosses. The reason | have come to Jamaica this time is to collaborate with Dr. William R. Buck of the New York Botanical Garden who is beginning a project to write a moss flora of the entire West Indies. He is beginning his project by visiting the islands of the Greater Antilles—Jamaica, Puerto Rico, His- paniola, and, he hopes, Cuba. Since he had not been to Jamaica before, he invited me along to guide him to some of the more interesting spots for mosses. Over 300 species of mosses have been reported from Jamaica, starting in the late 1700s when Olaf Swartz reported a few in an early flora of the West Indies. While these 300 or so species are pre- served as thousands of herbarium specimens, it is impor- tant for Dr. Buck to see the mosses in their native habitats to prepare proper descriptions of them and to be able to dis- cuss them in his forthcoming flora. Our three-week trip to Jamaica has begun with a visit to the Bath area here on the southeastern end of the island, near the southern end of the John Crow mountain range. Jamaica has several botanical gardens, and the oldest s at Bath. It was founded in 1779, some 80 years before the Missouri Botanical Garden. At that time, the population of Jamaica was well over 200,000—the overwhelming majority »f these were slaves—while the population of St. Louis was only a little over 1,000. The Bath Botanic Garden was estab- lished as a plant introduction center, and it was here that the breadfruit was introduced to the West Indies in the late 18th century by Captain William Bligh of Mutiny on the Bounty fame. The size of the garden has been decreased to only a few acres now and it really is no more than a public park, though it does contain many interesting, exotic tropi- cal trees. The other interesting feature of Bath is the hot mineral spring which was first discovered in the early 1700s by a runaway slave. Soon thereafter a public bath was estab- lished, and generations of Jamaicans have come here for the “cure.” A large hotel, run by the Jamaican government, now straddles the Sulphur River, into which the hot mineral springs flow. Since the site is only about a mile from the botanical garden and since both places have been active for well over 200 years, it is not surprising to find many exot- ic plants now naturalized along the steep valley walls of the Sulphur River. In fact, as | sit on the balcony of the hotel and write this letter, | can look directly across from me at the heavily vegetated valley wall and am reminded of the beau- tifully painted ceiling of the Museum Building at the Gar- den. That ceiling contains paintings of an improbable mix- ture of the world’s flora: no one would expect to find many of the plants shown growing together on our Museum ceil- ing actually growing together in nature or even under culti- vation. But the walls of the Sulphur River valley certainly ap- proach it in their colorfulness and diverse origin of the plants growing there. —Marshall R. Crosby, Director of Research Operation Clean Stream The fourteenth annual Operation Clean Stream, spon- sored by The Open Space Council of St. Louis and Monsan- o, is scheduled for Saturday, August 29. For the second fear, Shaw Arboretum will participate in the project, which S an effort to clear debris from the Meramec River. Persons nterested in joining Operation Clean Stream should meet it the Arboretum at 9:30 a.m. on the 29th; they should bring ‘anoes, paddles, life jackets and lunches. The Arboretum rovides beverages. For further information, contact The Jpen Space Council at 727-2311, or the Arboretum at 77-5138. A es R praet. oo . RO rogress in the construction of the Visitor Center continues. The Cen- >r will be completed by the end of 1981 and will open in spring of 1982, S originally scheduled. we Directory Missouri Botanical Garden has completed the first na- tional directory listing names of people who are experts on the germination and culture of wildflowers. The Directory to Resources on Wildflower Propagation, by Gene Sullivan and Richard Daley, was supported by the National Council of State Garden Clubs as part of their program, “Operation Wildflower,” the purpose of which is to stimulate interest in the use of native plants for roadside plantings. More information on the Directory can be obtained from the National Council of State Garden Clubs, Inc., 4401 Mag- nolia Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. Tax District Bill Passes In May, the Missouri House of Representatives ap- proved Senate Bill 48 providing for the establishment of a botanical garden subdistrict of the Zoo-Museum Tax Dis- trict. The vote in the House was 139 to 15; the bill was previously approved by the State Senate. After the meas- ure is signed into law by Governor Christopher Bond, it must be approved by voters in St. Louis and St. Louis County before the Garden will receive’ funds through the District. Comment (continued from page 2) cepted on behalf of the Garden and all who are working here in connection with our outstanding efforts in tropical botany. After the conference, | was able to visit centers in Cordoba, Buenos Aires, and La Plata, presenting lec- tures and visiting with scientists at these centers. My chief host in Argen- tina was Ing. Agr. Armando Hunziker, President of the Argentine Society of Botany this year, and Professor at the University of Cordoba. Armando is the brother of Dr. Juan Hunziker, who is a professor in the School of Agronomy at the University of Buenos Aires and who is studying here at the Garden and Washington University for 10 months as the holder of his third Gug- genheim Fellowship, an almost very rare award. My trip to Argentina was a fine success, not so much for the opportu- nity to meet and talk with so many bot- anists about important issues, but for the possibilities arising from this visit, of the future exchange of personnel, ideas, specimens and materials. As we attempt to understand the tropics, in the limited time remaining before their virtual disappearance, it is impor- tant that we continue to cooperate with scientists of all countries, shar- ing our resources, to ensure the ac- complishment of this significant work. Ren W-Kawenr/ Marks On Paper (continued from page 7) is one of the three largest such collec- tions in the United States; the other two are at the Hunt Botanical Library in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the University of Kansas in Lawrence. The other approximately 700 vol- umes in the collection include post- Linnean botanical works, horticultural works, and historical works. There are also a number of travel and explora- tion narratives, written between the sixteenth century and the present. “These are important historically, but are important to us because they con- tain descriptions of plants that were collected,” Reed says. Luck and perseverance; that’s how they’re collected—the books. Sometimes there are rumors: a book thought not to exist turns up. “C.H. Grey published a work, Hardy Bulbs, in 1937. We had volumes one 4 and two. Almost every copy of volume three was supposed to have been de- stroyed when the publisher’s ware- house was bombed during the war. Someone told me they had heard that a few copies of volume three survived. | spent four years looking for that vol- ume and finally found it. Along the way, | found the author's galley proofs for all three volumes, with corrections. We have those, also.” Perseverance. And luck. ‘‘One day, someone showed up with a copy of Mattioli’s commentary on Dioscorides, an edi- tion published in 1565. He had found it in his attic and just gave it to us.” Dioscorides was a first century Greek physician who was a Slave to the Roman army; he described plants he found on his travels with them. Mattioli interpreted Dioscorides, determining to which plants Dioscorides referred. “Most of the books we purchase through catalogues and lists provided by book dealers,” Reed says. On his desk are piles of catalogues from New York, London, Amsterdam, Philadel- phia. I’ve seen Reed scanning them while he waited in line at the Green- ery, the Garden’s restaurant, taking a pencil from his pocket to mark an item that would be appropriate for the li- brary. “If an important piece appears, we try to acquire it if it is reasonably priced.” Reed also visits bookstores, advertises in trade journals, and looks for private collections offered for sale to acquire books. “About two years ago, we bought the private library of William Campbell Stere, who was the former director of New York Botanical Garden. He had a large collection of books and pamphlets on mosses pub- lished from 1750 to the present. “A lot of botanists, even though they’re not associated with the Gar- den, who find books offer them to us. They consider us such an important institution to the international botani- cal community, they think of us when they are out collecting or when they see a book somewhere.” During the autumn months, the Garden's library will host “Lines and Curves; Paper and Ink: A Festival of the Book Arts,” a series of exhibitions, lectures and workshops on various as- pects of creative book-making. The Festival begins in September with an exhibition of bookbindings to cele- brate the 75th Anniversary of the Guild of Book Workers. Other exhibitions scheduled for later in the fall include a display on the art of the wood engrav- er; an exhibition on the botany of papermaking and accompanying dis- plays of unusual and handmade pa- pers; a bookplate display; an exhibi- tion of calligraphy and type designs by Herman Zapf; and the Garden’s own exhibition on the history of botanical illustration. Accompanying these exhibitions, the library has scheduled a variety of public lectures and educational work- shops by nationally known authorities on topics such as papermaking by hand, bookbinding, publishing, fine printing, calligraphy, book illustration, book collecting and other aspects of the book arts. Further details will be announced in the next issue of the Bulletin. Mem- bers interested in participating in any of the workshops may call the Gar- den’s library at 577-5155 to receive mailings about the planned events. Gardening In St. Louis Hot, dry days of July and August can be devastating to plants in your garden. Try following these guidelines to help your plants beat the heat. 1. Mulch to conserve water. A mulch is anything which covers the ground around plants and between rows. Mulch- ing conserves moisture in the soil by reducing the rate of evaporation. Mulch also greatly reduces the presence of weeds, which compete with your plants for precious water and nutrients. Many organic materials may be used as mulches. You may try a 3- or 4-inch layer of grass clippings (let the grass dry a bit before applying to the garden), straw, partially de- composed leaves or compost. A layer of several sheets of newspaper works effectively if weighted down with a top layer of soil or other material. Plastic mulch also works well, is easy to use, and is re- usable for several seasons. Plastic mulch, when applied in the spring, keeps the soil warmer and gives summer crops, like tomatoes and peppers, a faster start. 2. Use shade to advantage. Moisture evaporates more slowly in shaded soil than in sun. Leafy vegetables such as cabbage, lettuce, spinach, and Swiss chard do well in par- tial (not complete) shade—that is, areas which receive full sun for only part of the day. Basil, mint, parsley, and tarra- gon are a few herbs that thrive in partial shade. Fruiting veg- etables such as tomatoes, peppers and vine crops need full sun for satisfactory production. 3. Space plants closely. Space plants and rows so that the maturing plants just overlap. This will shade the ground to reduce moisture loss and weed competition. If you use a mechanical cultivator, you may need to switch to hand cul- tivation in the narrower rows. 4. Harvest young. Pick your vegetables when they are at their prime—don’t let them over-ripen. Picking reduces the moisture requirements of the plants and encourages continued production. 5. Weed regularly. Weeds compete with vegetable crops for every drop of water—and often the stronger, deep- rooted weeds win the competition! Remove the weeds as soon as they show themselves in your garden. 6. Water deeply, not often. Water in the evening or early morning. Use special soil-soaking hoses which allow water to drop slowly into the ground, and place the hoses quite close to your plants. Or set your garden hose, nozzle re- moved, directly on the ground to irrigate one part of your garden at a time. Let the water run slowly for as long as nec- essary to soak deeply into the soil. Adeep soaking is needed only every 10 to 14 days, unless your plants show signs of wilting from insufficient moisture. Remember that oscillat- ing-type lawn sprinklers, if used, throw water where you may not need it and allow more evaporation than other watering methods. 7. Provide windbreaks. Strong or constant winds speed evaporation. If your garden is fairly small, it may be possible to set up a temporary windbreak using fencing materials or cast-off construction materials. Just be sure windbreaks do not shade plants that need full sun. —Steven A. Frowine, Chairman, Indoor Horticulture Pine Wilt Disease Afflicts Trees Pine wilt disease is a newly recog- nized problem of pine trees, especially ornamental species such as Scotch or Austrian pine. It is a major problem in pine forests of Japan now, having reached epidemic status in certain areas of that country where extensive forest plantations of Japanese red (Pinus densiflora) and black (P. thun- bergii) pine have been severely dam- aged. It was rediscovered in Colum- bia, Missouri, in 1979 and is presently known in thirty-two states of the U.S., affecting nineteen species of pine. The cause of the disease is a microscopic animal that lives in the resin canals of pine trees. These orga- nisms are carried from infected to healthy trees by wood-boring beetles. The insects lay their eggs under the bark of pines in the summer or early fall, usually selecting trees that are under stress from various causes, in- cluding this disease. The egg devel- ops into a grub that tunnels in the wood and overwinters to emerge as an adult the following year. If the tree has nematodes, these invade the beetles as they emerge and travel along when the insects fly to healthy trees for their feeding. The beetle strips the bark from growing tips; the nematodes mi- grate into the tree, multiply to large populations and kill the pine. Trees that look perfectly healthy may wilt rapidly, lose color and die within a few weeks. What can be done? Research on this problem in the U.S. is just begin- ning. If you suspect that your tree has died suddenly from pine wilt, and if it retains its needles, contact Mr. Frank Rycek, State Department of Agricul- ture, Plant Industries Division, P.O. Box 630, Jefferson City, Missouri 65102, for analysis of a sample to con- firm that your tree has pine wilt dis- ease. Then cut and burn the wood, in- cluding branches. Dig up the stump and dispose of it as well. Do not put wood from a diseased tree into a wood pile. The beetles will complete their life cycle and fly to healthy trees. We do not yet know how to protect healthy trees from this disease but hope to find a way by learning as much as possible about the associa- tion of nematodes, beetles and trees. — Dr. V.H. Dropkin Department of Plant-Pathology University of Missouri-Columbia From the Members’ Office Members’ Board Names New Officers Mrs. Shadrach F. Morris, Jr. was named as President of the Executive Board of the Members at the Board’s May meeting. She succeeds Mrs. Rob- ert H. Kittner, who was President from May, 1979. The Board also named Mrs. Bernard C. Brinker as First Vice-Presi- dent, Mrs. Rudyard K. Rapp as Second Vice-President, Mrs. W. Ashley Gray III as Treasurer, and Mrs. Henry C. Lowenhaupt as Secretary. The Executive Board of the Mem- bers was founded in 1964 to promote Garden membership and to plan and provide activities for Members, includ- ing flower show preview parties, lec- ture series, Members’ tours and spe- cial events. Mrs. Morris said, “Our goals dur- ing the next year are to further extend Membership throughout the area and to draw the attention of the communi- ty to the Garden and its important work. We will also seek to involve more of our Members in the activities the Garden provides for them.” Amendments to Henry Shaw’s Trust The St. Louis Circuit Court has, on application of the Board of Trustees of Missouri Botanical Garden, ordered amendments to the Garden’s century- old Trust agreement including one al- lowing the expansion of the size of the Board of Trustees. “The Missouri Botanical Garden was established for the public good by the will of its founder, Henry Shaw,” said C.C. Johnson Spink, President of the Garden’s Board. “The Trustees pe- titioned the Court to amend the Trust created by that Will to adapt the Gar- den to changing circumstances and new developments in urban life.” Johnson explained that the peti- tion was filed because of the Board’s feeling that membership in the Board of Trustees should be broadened and that technical changes were impor- tant to provide the Board with modern, Thomas R. Fitzgerald, S.J. 6 effective management tools and poli- cies designed to improve the efficien- cy of Garden management. “Things have changed dramatical- ly since the Garden was a half-day’s ride on horseback from downtown,” Spink said. “The world of Henry Shaw is not the world of the Missouri Botani- cal Garden in 1981. We felt we needed to operate under a modern trust docu- ment, empowered to employ modern business procedures to ensure the continued greatness of the Garden.” Amendments to the Garden’s orig- inal indenture of Trust, granted by the Court in its decision, include: 1. A provision adding up to ten Trustees, to be elected by the existing Trustees, for fixed terms. 2. Aprovision appointing the Pres- ident of St. Louis University as an ad- ditional ex officio member of the Fr. Fitzgerald Appointed to Board On April 30, as a result of the Cir- cuit Court’s approval of amendments to the Deed of Trust governing the Garden, the Reverend Thomas R. Fitz- gerald, S.J., President of St. Louis Uni- versity, waS named an ex officio mem- ber of the Board of Trustees. In mak- ing the announcement, Board Presi- dent C.C. Johnson Spink said, “We have a long history of close coopera- tion with St. Louis University. Father Fitzgerald’s joining the Board will serve to strengthen the bond between our two institutions; we look forward to the contribution he will make to the Garden through his active participa- tion.” Responding to his appointment, Fr. Fitzgerald said, “I’m happy to be- come a member of the Board because there is already close collaboration Mrs. Rudyard K. Rapp (left), Second Vice- President; Mrs. Bernard C. Brinker, First Vice- President; Mrs. Shadrach F. Morris, Presi- dent; Mrs. W. Ashley Gray III, Treasurer; and Mrs. Henry C. Lowenhaupt, Secretary: the newly-elected officers of the Executive Board of the Members. Board. Current ex officio members in- clude the Chancellor of Washington University, the Bishop of the Episco- pal Diocese of Missouri, the President of the Public Schools of the City of St. Louis, the President of the Academy of Science of St. Louis and the Mayor of the City of St. Louis. 3. Anumber of provisions empow- ering the Board to manage the affairs of the Garden according to sound, ac- cepted and contemporary business principles. Spink said, “The definition of our responsibilities toward the Garden in- cluded in Shaw’s will—having ‘for the use of the public a botanical garden forever kept up and maintained’—re- mains our responsibility today. And we must recognize that as the world changes, our needs and the needs of the Garden change with it.” between the Garden and the Universi- ty, specifically through the number of graduate students performing re- search in the Garden’s Botany Depart- ment. Second, both our institutions serve St. Louis.” Over the past quarter century, members of the Garden’s botany staff have served as professors and ad- junct-professors for the graduate bota- ny program at St. Louis University. Presently there are five students work- ing toward a graduate degree from SLU through the Garden. Fr. Fitzgerald has been President of St. Louis University since 1979. Prior to that, he was President of Fair- field University in Fairfield, Connecti- cut, from 1973 until 1979, and Academ- ic Vice-President of Georgetown Uni- versity in Washington, D.C., from 1966 to 1973. New Coordinator of Membership Services Patricia A. Arnold was recently ap- pointed Coordinator of Membership Services. She was previously Director of Volunteers for the Thomas F. Eagle- ton Campaign Committee and Direc- tor of Field Services for the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. She is a gradu- ate of the University of Missouri- Columbia. As Coordinator of Membership Services, Mrs. Arnold will assist in the development and implementation of membership activities and programs; she will function as liaison between the Executive Board of the Members and the Garden’s staff, and will assist members in their use of Garden ser- vices. 4 Patricia A. Arnold C. C. Johnson Spink (right), President of the Garden's Board of Trustees, presents Mrs. Robert H. Kittner with a gift in appreciation of her service as President of the Executive Board of the Members. Peter H. Raven (left), Garden Director, and C. C. Johnson Spink, President of the Board of Trustees, present a painting of the Japanese Garden, by artist James G. Scott, to Tom K. Smith, Jr., the immediate past-President of the Board. The presentation was made on be- half of the entire Board to honor Mr. Smith for his six years as President. It was during Mr. Smith’s tenure that the Japanese Garden was opened. Schoemenhl Is Ex Officio Trustee Following his election in April as Mayor of the City of St. Louis, Vincent C. Schoemenhl, Ur. joined the Garden’s Board of Trustees as an ex officio member. According to the terms of Henry Shaw’s will, the Mayor of St. Louis, by virtue of his office, is a trus- tee of the Garden. Members are invited to bring their children to celebrate the 181st birth- day of Garden founder, Henry Shaw, on Friday, July 24. ... The details of special activities in honor of the day will be announced later. NEW MEMBERSHIP April and May 1981 New Sponsoring Members Dr./Mrs. Clarence Weldon Mr./Mrs. Louis I. Zorensky New Sustaining Members Ms. Anna Ballmann Mr. A. J. Bardol Mr. Gary Baker Mr. James Barbero Mr./Mrs. George Bates Mr./Mrs. Edmond S. Bauer Ms. Elizabeth Beall Mr. Jack D. Becker Dr./Mrs. Joe D. Belleville Mr./Mrs. Walter Blaine Dr. H. T. Blumenthal Dr. Robert M. Donati Mr. Austin Doyle Mr./Mrs. David Drinkard Mr./Mrs. Fredrick H. Eickhoff Mr./Mrs. Robert A. Emnett Miss Margaret L. Erby Mr./Mrs. John Fanger, ur. Mr./Mrs. John M. Feltmann Mr./Mrs. James E. Fischer Miss Catherine Kane Mr./Mrs. Theodore Karros Mrs. Hortense Katz Mr./Mrs. Richard H. Kettler Mr./Mrs. Frank C. Kirtz Mr. James D. Knox Mr. Gene Koshner Mr./Mrs. William Kountz Mrs. Stephen M. Kovac Mrs. H. L. Barthels Mr./Mrs. Robert Bard Mr./Mrs. Robert L. Best Mr./Mrs. Bernard C. Brinker Mrs. Phillip J. Dahl Mrs. Ralph E. Geer Mrs. Henry Griesdedieck Mr./Mrs. Donald B. Johnson Mr./Mrs. Carlisle D. Kinyon Mr. Gregory G. Klapp Mrs. Sears Lehmann, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Thomas S. McPheeters Mr./Mrs. Arthur L. McWilliams Mr. David W. Mesker Dr. Charles A. Nester, dr. Mr. Jack E. Olsen Mr./ Mrs. Tom Pixley Mr./Mrs. John Rapko Mr./Mrs. Frank Roth Mr./Mrs. James W. Singer, Jr. Mr./Mrs. L. D. Slane Dr./Mrs. Richard S. Sohn Mr./Mrs. William Stern Mr./ Dr. Joseph M. Touhill Ms. Jane Walther New Contributing Members Mr./ Mrs. George A. Akers Mr./Mrs. Andrew A. Allan Mrs. Mae Allen Mr./Mrs. Raymond Armstrong Mrs. William Milton Bahr Mr./Mrs. Stanley C. Blumenthal Mr. Thomas Blumenthal Mr./Mrs. Charles J. Blumer Mr./Mrs. Alfred P. Bofinger Mr./Mrs. Carl Bohl Mr. Michael Boyd Mrs. Elsie Branneky Mr./Mrs. David Brennan Miss Bernice Brookman Mr. Theodore Bruere Mrs. Linda J. Brunk Mr./Mrs. Louis Buchhold, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Arthur Bux Mr./Mrs. Anthony Capitano Mrs. C. C. Christy Mr./Mrs. Arthur Chuchian Mr. Richard Claybour Mrs. John B. Clayton, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Tom Cline Mr. John W. Close Mr./Mrs. David V. Collignon Dr./Mrs. Robert Cornwell Mr./Mrs. Henry Croskell Mr./Mrs. Walter W. Dalton Sister Jane M. Dempsey Mr./Mrs. Jack C. Derington Miss Bertha Deutsch Mr./Mrs. Carl J. Deutsch Mrs. Norman DeWeese Mr./Mrs. Gerald R. Diehl Mrs. Lillian H. Doebber Dr./Mrs. Fred J. Fleury Mr./Mrs. Robert C. Flory Mr. Jerome D. Fortenberry Mr./Mrs. John H. Forest Ms. Mildred Fry Ms. Catherine K. Gamble Mr./Mrs. John J. Garrett Mrs. Lindell Gordon, Jr. Mr./ Mrs. Walter Gray Mr./Mrs. James A. Greenblatt Mr. Edmund Griesedieck Mr. Darin Buhr Groll Dr. Wilbur Haines Mr./Mrs. H. E. Handkins Mr./Mrs. E. F. Hartke Mr. Joseph Harmon Mrs. James C. Haselhorst Mr./Mrs. John B. Heald Mrs. Susan L. Heimburger Mr./Mrs. Thomas K. Hendrix Mr./Mrs. Philip N. Hirsch Mr./Mrs. Richard H. Hirsch Mr./Mrs. Joseph Hoffman Mr./Mrs. Russell R. Hopmann Mr. E. Hopper Mrs. Betty Horton Mr./Mrs. G. E. Hurford Mr./Mrs. Steve Hutchison Mr./Mrs. Robert E. James Mrs. Lyle W. Johnson Miss Martha E. Jones Mr./Mrs. Werner R. Krause Ms. Lenora Kriege Mr./Mrs. A. F. Kriegshauser Mr./Mrs. Donald J. Krogstad Mr./Mrs. Edward R. Krueger Mr./Mrs. Milton Kushkin Mr./Mrs. William H. Lang, Sr. Mr./Mrs. Lawrence Langsam Mr./Mrs. Keith D. Laughbaum Mrs. Ray W. Linnemeyer Mr. Kent Lion Mr./Mrs. John Lively Mrs. Nellie Loane Mr./Mrs. Michael J. Luepke Mr./Mrs. Frances R. Lynch Mr./Mrs. Gordon MacConnell Mr./Mrs. Mark J. Malley Mr./Mrs. Ronald W. Maret Mrs. David Marrs Mr. Jeffrey L. Marsh Miss Mildred L. Mattes Mr./Mrs. John E. Max Mr./Mrs. Toy A. Mayo Mr./Mrs. John McCue Mr./Mrs. Dennis M. McDaniel Mr./Mrs. David McDougal, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Robert McGlaughlin Mr./Mrs. John R. McGregor Mr. J. Speed Medart Mr./Mrs. Edgar Meinhardt (continued on back page) Gift of Lackland Resolution to Archives The Garden’s archives recently re- ceived, as a gift from Marie Taylor, a resolution passed by the Board of Trustees on February 9, 1910, to Mr. Rufus J. Lackland, first Board Presi- dent, expressing their appreciation for Mr. Lackland’s years of service. The resolution reads in part: When this Board organized in 1889, you were the unanimous choice of its members for the office of Presi- dent... You may rest assured that the community appreciates your work, and rest assured further that... posteri- ty will accord to you no small degree of credit for such happy result. Rufus J. Lackland, who served as Board President for nearly 21 years, was born in Poolesville, Maryland, in 1819, the year Henry Shaw first settled in St. Louis. Lackland himself moved to St. Louis in 1835, and began work- ing at Mulliken and Pratt, a commer- cial house at Market Street and the Levee. Shortly after that he became a clerk on the steamer C/yde and spent the next ten years on the river between St. Louis and New Orleans. In 1847 he formed a partnership to open a whole- sale grocery, specializing primarily in sugar and produce. In 1871, he was elected president of Boatmen’s Bank, serving until his death. He was also a director of the Belcher Sugar Refining Company and President of the St. Louis Gas Company. During Mr. Lackland’s tenure as President of the Garden’s Board many significant events occurred, including the relocation of Henry Shaw’s town- house from 7th and Locust to its pres- ent site at the south end of the Gar- den. The south wing of the administra- tion building was also added during his tenure. Many of the policies and practices that have served to make the Garden an internationally prominent facility for research, education and display can be attributed to Lack- land’s foresight. Marie Taylor, Mr. Lackland’s great- grand-daughter, recalls that her earli- est memory of sculpture occurred at the Garden when Mr. Lackland showed her Shaw’s mausoleum one day. Al- though she is unwilling to trace her creative work back to that incident, she has become an internationally Demonstration one Opens It's the building that you notice first, a small cedar structure with scal- lopped shingles. It reminds you of a chalet in the Alps. But there are no skiers here, only shovels, hoes, rakes and cultivators. It’s a utility structure; a very fancy tool shed. That shed sits on the edge of a new feature at Missouri Botanical Gar- den, a Demonstration Vegetable Gar- den, located along the pathway be- tween the Japanese Garden and the Climatron. The demonstration garden covers 200 square yards. “We built this to be on a home- owner’s scale,” says David Goudy, Assistant Director of the Garden. “It’s actually a little more ground than a family of four would plant in vegeta- bles, but the intent is to show visitors the types of things they can do with 8 their own backyard gardens.” The demonstration garden was constructed because of response to a survey the Garden conducted in the summer of 1980, which indicated that people were interested in such a dis- play. “The garden,” says Goudy, “will give people an idea of the varieties of vegetables that can be grown in our climate. It will also give examples of different cultivation techniques.” He points out several small, square plots on the south edge of the garden. “This is a turf demonstration area, which consists of the different grasses that can be used in lawns in this area.” Beyond the western side of the garden are about fifteen small trees; the tallest is no more than twelve feet. “Those are dwarf fruit trees. They have considerable advantages for the homeowner with an average yard. They’re smaller than standard-sized trees, so they use less room and are easier to harvest, and still maintain high yields. And for people with even less room, it’s still possible to grow fruit trees.”” Growing along the west- ern fence are several saplings, each no more than thirty inches tall. “These are espalier fruit trees,’ Goudy says. eC oaniee artist whee coma can be found in the St. Louis Art Mu- seum, the Hirshhorn Sculpture Mu- seum in Washington, D.C., at the Man- sion House on the St. Louis riverfront and in many other collections, public and private. Her most recent exhibit, here at the Garden in early May, in- cluded a variety of pieces sculpted from her favorite medium of field- stone. Her work has been exhibited in many museums and galleries in St. Louis, Memphis, New York, Houston, Helsinki, and other cities. —Jim Reed Espalier is the training of a plant to grow flat against a surface, such as a wall. “We'll let them grow only to the top of the fence (about six inches more).” “Can three foot trees bear fruit?” “Yes, but we won’t let them bear for several years. Their growth will be concentrated in the branch and root development so that they will be able to support their future fruit crops.” The majority of the garden is planted in traditional crops, peas, spinach, lettuce, onions and cabbage. There are squash, peppers and toma- toes, and perennials, such as rhubarb and asparagus. “We'll also have displays demon- strating composting, mulching and the necessary tools for gardening. It’s designed so that beginners, as well as those who have been gardening for years, can learn something they can apply to their own garden or yard.” The Demonstration Vegetable Gar- den is part of the Garden’s continuing efforts in education, and can be vis- ited during all regular Garden hours. Funds for the construction of the utility structure were donated by the Ladue Garden Club. “_..l used to bring my since When we asked visitors to the Spring Flower Show why they came to the Garden, we received over 4,500 re- sponses. One man said, “Just needed an uplift.” Another said he came “To put the world back into proper per- spective.” One said, “Spring is here!” Another, ‘To see God’s work;” and an- other, simply, ‘““We’re in love.” One woman wrote on her card, “To relive old memories—|! used to bring my daughter, now | bring my grand- daughter,” a sentence more full of meaning than we can understand, speaking, as it does, of years passing, a child discovering perhaps roses, a mother’s delight in that discovery, and another child, a new generation to dis- cover roses and much more. Prairie—A Missouri Heritage Four families of plants dominate the prairie: grasses, composites, le- gumes, and sedges. May’s heavy rain- fall should guarantee a lush growth of Big Bluestem Grass rising nine feet high and a dense stand of Indian Grass reaching six feet. The grasses produce a Surprising range of colors. Some forms of Indian Grass are an ex- citing glaucous blue; selected and mass produced for gardeners they would make attractive background plants. In August, Indian Grass will produce numerous deep yellow flow- ers. The nodes of Big Bluestem are bluish but this grass saves its best dis- play for a frosty day, when it assumes a deep color of fine wine. Other grasses turn autumn hues of tan, bronze and brown and dangle heavy heads of seed, a rich harvest for birds, mice, ants and others. Often standing shoulder to shoul- der with the grasses are the showy and diverse composites. Many of them, like the Sunflowers, have yellow blooms; their leaves may be long and narrow like Maximillian Sunflower, or heart-shaped like Ashy Sunflower. Other yellow giants of the prairie are Compass Plant, with its basal- branched leaves oriented north and south, and Cup Rosinweed, with its opposite leaves grasping each other across the stem. The yellows are re- peated by Goldenrods, Coneflowers, Heliopsis and Black-eyed Susan, in different flower forms and sizes. Asters produce daisy-like flowers in white, pink, lavender and purple, and may remain attractive as summer wanes and frost collects in the low spots. Several species of Gayfeather produce tall spikes of pink among the yellow and Ironweed dominates with a tall purple, flat-headed cluster. Most members of the pea family— the legumes—completed their flower- ing earlier, but they produce various types of seed pods. Wild Senna has long skinny pods; Wild Indigo has short bloated ones. Illinois Bundle- flower produces contorted clusters of pods, while Beggar’s Ticks fragment forming clinging hitchhikers and Sen- sitive Briar develops pods armed with recurred spines. The sedges grow green, forming colonies that reproduce and die back each year, sacrificing this year’s growth with all the other plants to pro- duce a winter mulch and future com- post. The prairies of the Midwest are a bountiful environment; rich in soil, rich in plant diversity, rich in color, rich in insect life, rich in its usefullness for agriculture, and rich in history. Visit the Experimental Prairie at Shaw Ar- boretum any day this summer or fall and walk the windswept, buzzing grassland. Hike the newest trail at the Arboretum and absorb some of the richness of our natural and cultural heritage, or join a guided walk Thurs- day and Friday August 27 and 28 at 7:30 p.m. until sunset. Fee is $2.00 and reservations are required (577-5138). —George Wise Superintendent of Shaw Arboretum Dr. Raven Receives AIBS Award American Institute of Biological Sciences announced in June that Gar- den Director Dr. Peter H. Raven was the recipient of its 1981 Distinguished Service Award. The Award, instituted in 1972, is given annually to persons who have made an outstanding contri- bution to the advancement and inte- gration of biological disciplines, the application of biological knowledge to the solution of mankind’s problems, and the improvement of public policy and planning by the introduction of pertinent biological consideration. A.|.B.S. is a scientific association with 7,500 individual members and 40 member professional scientific socie- ties representing approximately 80,000 biologists. Founded in 1974, its pur- pose is the advancement of biological, medical and agricultural sciences and their applications to human welfare, and to foster, encourage and conduct research in the biological sciences. Previous recipients of the Distin- guished Service Award include Arthur D. Hassler, A. Starker Leopold, Ruth Patrick, Lee M. Talbot and Theodore C. Byerly. The award will be presented at the Annual A.|.B.S. meeting in August. Excerpt from A.1.B.S. Citation “In your role as Director [of the Garden] you have not only provided the leadership which has estab- lished the Missouri Botanical Gar- den as one of the most active and progressive institutions of its kind, but you have also become a leading proponent on the urgent need for sampling, documenting and preserv- ing for present and future genera- tions, the diversity of living orga- nisms—in an age when the world’s natural heritage is rapidly being re- duced in scope and diversity. Of special significance are your recent activities as Chairman of the Na- tional Research Council’s Commit- tee on Research Priorities in Tropi- cal Biology. In this capacity, you not only guided the effort to com- pile the basic data and develop the published report, but you have also been an eloquent spokesperson de- crying the despoliation of our tropi- cal forests many of which will not exist in their present form by the end of this century.” Skylight Installed In Museum Building A skylight was installed as part of the restoration of the Museum Build- ing at Missouri Botanical Garden. The Museum was constructed in 1859 by Henry Shaw, the Garden’s founder, to house his library and natural history specimens. It was designed by George |. Barnett, one of the foremost Victorian architects, after the plans for a similar building at Kew Gardens in England. The original skylight was re- moved approximately fifty years ago. The ceiling mural around the sky- light was commissioned by Shaw and painted by Leon Pomarede, and repre- Cactus This Summer During August, there will be two exhibits of cactus. From August 15 through September 6, a Monster Cacti Display will be featured in the Desert House. The exhibit includes crested, monstrose, grafted and other interest- ing cactus mutations. The hours are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The annual Henry Shaw Cactus Society Show comes to the John S. Lehmann Building on August 29 and continues through September 7. The hours of the Cactus Society Show are also9 a.m. to5 p.m. wwe, NS AK a] + ONIN B= 4 a , BHO ag New Coordinator of Funding Pat Rich was named Coordinator of Funding in April. She was previous- ly Project Director for the Capital Fund Drive Study of the Metropolitan Asso- ciation of Philanthropy and is a past- President of the League of Women Voters of Metropolitan St. Louis. In 1977, she participated in the Danforth Foundation Leadership Program. As Coordinator of Funding, she will investigate sources of foundation support for the Garden’s tropical re- search and other technical areas. 10 sents the flora and fauna of the world during the nineteenth century. The Museum Building currently houses a restaurant, The Greenery. The Garden Gate Shop recently added anoth- eritem toits collectionof uniquevases. Called Little Danish Vases, it is a cluster of four vases made from hand-formed glass. The four globes are artistically grouped by hand to provide an easy way to create exotic and attractive floral arrangements. A mirror base is included. (Price, $6.50. Members, $5.85) Mrs. Forest Claggett of Union, Mis- souri, donated over 150 Sedums and Sempervivums to the Garden recently. They have been planted in the outdoor hardy garden outside the Desert House. Lehmann Rose Garden was featured as the cover of the 1981 St. Louis Visitors Guide, published by the Convention and Visitors Bureau of Greater St. Louis. Students Provide Haiku for Exhibit The haiku displayed in the Clima- tron for the Haiku Exhibit, which con- tinues through July 14, was written by St. Louis area high school students who participated in a new program at the Garden this year. The Partnership Program of the St. Louis Public Schools was initiated in 1979 to provide students with pro- grams and special workshops at area businesses and cultural institutions. The Garden joined the Partnership Program with the beginning of the 1980-81 school year. Ilene Follman and Mimi Jackson are the coordina- tors of the program at the Garden, which offers students programs in many areas, including ‘Plants of Africa,’ “Carnivorous Plants: Spring- board to Science Fiction Writing,” and “The Plant World: Inspiration for Crea- tive Writing,” the course in which the haiku was written. Many of these courses will be repeated in subse- quent years. Lovely bird in lake trees like wings blowing in wind many years to come. —dJim Blake grade 12 Soldan High School Garden by the pond as waterfall flows quickly— with a silent noise. — Mike Andrews grade 11 Soldan High School Through dripping branches the woods and | are as one in the eyes of rain. —Veronica Bohlen Central High School Education Department Receives Grant The St. Louis Community Founda- tion has awarded a $6,100 grant to the Education Department to design and conduct a symposium for high school science teachers. The symposium is tentatively scheduled for spring, 1982, and will provide Metropolitan-area high school science teachers with in- formation on current research in the biological sciences as well as with skills to transmit such information to students. Calendar July The golden sun of midsummer is shining in the skies.—Mary Howitt Haiku Exhibit: Climatron. Continues through July 14. Family Picnic Day: Garden Grounds, July 4, 9 a.m.-6 p.m. A pleasant Independence Day. Haiku Exhibit: Continues (Last Day, July 14) July 1-4 9 a.m.-5 p.m. July 5-11 Haiku Exhibit: Continues July 12-18 July 19-25 Henry Shaw’s Birthday: Garden Grounds, July 24, 1 p.m.-4 p.m. Celebrate the 181st birthday of the Garden's founder. August The summer evening ripened and fell open And people walking... Were suddenly what they were meant to be.—Winifred Welles August 1-15 Monster Cacti Exhibit: Desert House, opens on August 15, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. (through September 6) August 16-22 August 23-31 Monster Cacti Exhibit: Continues Henry Shaw Cactus Society Show: John S. Lehmann Building, Opens August 29, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. (through September 7) Operation Clean Stream: Arboretum, August 29, 9:30 a.m.-approximately 4:30 p.m. Monster Cacti Exhibit: Continues COMING September 1- December 31 Lines and Curves; Paper and Ink: A Festival of the Book Arts: Library and John S. Lehmann Building TRIBUTES June/July 1981 IN HONOR OF: Another Lovely Summer Mr./Mrs. Harry Milton Mr. Howard F. Baer Caroly and John Isaacs, Jr. Ivan T. Bauman Carroll and Wyona Mrs. Robert B. Forbes Four Seasons Garden Club Geraldine Friedman and Packy McFarland Mel and Gloria Cotlar Irv Gordon Walter and Beverlee Mr./ Mrs. Homer Korn Friends in Rock Hill Garden Club #1 Benjamin Kram Marilyn and Art Boettcher, Jr. Steve Loeb Ann and Paul Lux Mr./ Mrs. Minard T. MacCarthy Mr./Mrs. George J. Herbst Mr./Mrs. Otway W. Rash, III Marjorie and Ken Robins Katherine B. Schroth Bill and Georgia Van Cleve Mr./ Mrs. Bernard Mellitz Jeanne and Lester Adelson Kenneth Peck, the Education Department and the Library Lucy Levy Carroll Stribling Richard and Charline Baizer Mrs. Irving Talcoff Margie, Bert, Susie and Gail Mr. J. Tohtz Castlereagh Garden Club Ferguson Garden Club Mr./Mrs. Bob Weiss Harold and June Kravin Mr./Mrs. Herman Willer Mr./Mrs. Myron Glassberg Mr. Jay Zimmerman Sunny and Myron Glassberg IN MEMORY OF: A Beautiful Spring Day Mrs. D. S. Lewis, Jr. Mr. Arthur B. Ambler Mr./Mrs. W. King Ambler Phoebe Anderson Mr./Mrs. H. L. Carson William and Elizabeth B. Schroer Mrs. Phoebe Bailey Lisette E. Schaumburg David J. Biller Anonymous Mrs. Arnold Binggell Mr./Mrs. William F. Reck, Jr. Mrs. Gertrude Bluestone Dr./Mrs. Leigh Gerdine Sunny and Myron Glassberg Art and Helen Scharff Max Brink Mr./Mrs. C. Harry Pujol Earl Bumiller Mrs. Earl Bumiller Chester Cadle Bert and Margie Talcoff Bertha Clemens Mr./Mrs. J. Harold Matthew Mrs. Virginia Cohen Viz Mr. Joseph Corn Dr./Mrs. Ben H. Senturia Ann Danzer American Association of Retired Persons, Inc. Mrs. Mary |. Codd Mr./Mrs. Robert N. Pigg John J. Degnan Mr./Mrs. G. Harvey Jobe Virginia Fisher Missouri Botanical Garden Guides Mr. John Simpson Ford Mr./Mrs. Elmer G. Kiefer Rose Francis Mr./Mrs. Arthur Haack Mrs. Julie Freund Lotsie and Rick Holton Bob and Susie Schulte Isadore Gers June and Bill Stewart Mr. Sam Glaser Mr./Mrs. K. F. Sherman Mrs. Linda Grass Mrs. Dorothy W. Eppinger Mr./Mrs. Arthur Green Roger and Joycelyn Secker-Walker Maurice Gruber Mr./Mrs. Michael Suchart Willamene Hawkins Mr./Mrs. Richard K. Crowell Mrs. Pauline Hickey Mr./Mrs. Jordan C. Singleton Dr. Marathon High Terry T. Schaeffer Earl W. Hobbs, Sr. Pat Brock Irene J. Honig J. L. Sloss, Jr. Mr. F. E. Hornsby Mr./Mrs. Jerome C. Allen Mr./ Mrs. William G. Jenkin Edith and Johnson Spink Mrs. Edward D. Jones Mr./Mrs. Jerome C. Allen Hilda J. Young Mrs. Ursula G. Jones Jack and Anne Heisler Mr./Mrs. Paul Von Gontard Mr./Mrs. Edwin R. Waldemer Dr. A. D. Karandjeff J. A. M. Brock Sam Kaufer Bert and Margie Talcoff Mrs. Monta Batterton Keene Edith and Johnson Spink Mr./Mrs. Richard Keene Edith and Johnson Spink Martin Koller Mr./Mrs. G. Harvey Jobe Samuel E. Kozak Mrs. L. D. Feuchtenberger, Jr. Martin Lammert Ill Mr./Mrs. Thomas R. Collins, Jr. Mr. Harold S. Cook Mrs. Henry Cook Mr./Mrs. Ernest Eddy Mrs. M. M. Jenks Mrs. W. Gillespie Moore Mr./Mrs. G. F. Newhard Mr./Mrs. Robert B. Smith The Garden Club of St. Louis Mrs. Nelson Lawnin Mrs. William M. Akin Mrs. William S. Bedal Carl Lindenschmit Misses Anne and Hedwig Lange Mr./ Mrs. Ellis Littman Col./Mrs. R. E. Smyser, Jr. Christine Gempp Love Mr./Mrs. William H. Giese Col./Mrs. R. E. Smyser, dr. Maurita E. Stueck John Purdue McCammon Mr./Mrs. John M. Bogdanor Mr./Mrs. Jean S. Goodson Rev. George McCowan Mr./Mrs. T. T. Okamoto Marjorie Maechling Betty, Chuck, Emily and Lucy Freeman Lisette Schaumburg Mrs. Lawrence E. Mallinckrodt Mr./Mrs. Andrew H. Baur Dr./Mrs. Carlyle A. Luer Norman Mann Pat Brock Mrs. Eugenia U. Maritz Mr./Mrs. William A. Frank Robert R. Hermann Mr./Mrs. Monte C. Throdahl Rynolds Medart Julia Lamy Anstey Mrs. Madge Moline Gwen Springett Julie Moody Dr./Mrs. D. R. Herbold Mrs. Viktor Muehlenbachs Florence S. Guth Mr. Harold Norman Mr./Mrs. Arthur L. Rettig Mabel Patterson Mr./Mrs. J. Harold Matthew Michael C. Paul Mr./Mrs. Dan Schopp William Parker Dr./Mrs. G. S. Kieffer Agnes Quest Amy and Ruth Entwistle Carol Entwistle Mr./Mrs. James Entwistle, Jr. Jeanne Entwistle Paul Entwistle Rosalie Hays Mr./Mrs. Christopher Scholbe 11 Precious Rives Byron B. Gross, D.D.S. Louis L. Roth Elizabeth and Alexander Bakewell Mrs. John W. Calhoun Mr. J. Glennon Schreiber Jessie and Mary Lansing Isabelle R. Schwerdtmann Joan Y. Henry Mr./Mrs. Patrick R. Walsh Sister Rose Mrs. Louis W. Rubin Mr. Guy Snyder Mr./Mrs. Robert B. Smith Mr./ Mrs. Charles C. Spink Edith and Johnson Spink Mr./Mrs. J. G. Taylor Spink Edith and Johnson Spink John Tarr Art and Velma Faltus He ry Teldon Beri and Margie Talcoff Dennis Thaman Mr./ Mrs. Howard Dissly Lorene Mueller Tribout Mr./Mrs. W. R. Kleypas Mr. Milton H. Tucker Eleanor and Henry Hitchcock Tamra and Peter Raven Mr./Mrs. Robert H. Shoenberg Mrs. Stanley Wald Majel Obata George Weiss Helen K. Hartwig Dr. W. G. Woebling Jim and Jeanette Kille Mrs. Sara Taylor Woodyard Mr./Mrs. H. C. Gaebe, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Milton Greenfield, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Robert M. Hamlett Ann and Jerry Mandelstamm Missouri Botanical Garden Guides Mr./Mrs. Thomas H. Pollihan Mr./Mrs. George S. Rosborough, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Alphonso H. Voorhees Hillary and Ira Zimmerman Rose Works Georgia M. Richardson Mr./ Mrs. Irwin Yare Marian and Gerry Barnholtz Persons interested in contributing to the Tribute Fund may contact the Develop- ment Office, 577-5120. NEW MEMBERSHIP (continued from page 7) Mr. Andrew S. Meyer Mr./Mrs. Bruce Meyer Mr./Mrs. David G. Miller Miss Marie G. Miller Mrs. Richard |. Moore Ms. Cheryl Morrow Mr. Hugh S. Mosher Ms. H. Muckler Mr./Mrs. John R. Muldoon Mr./Mrs. Michael Mulligan Mr. Richard Napier Mr./Mrs. William M. Nicholls Mr./Mrs. Robert Nolan, Sr. Mrs. John P. Nulsen Mr./Mrs. G. L. Osborn Mr./Mrs. N. M. Osborne Ms. Carmen L. Pagel Mrs. Evelyn Palisch Drs. Paul and Nancy Patchem Mr./Mrs. Richard B. Patty Mr./ Mrs. William E. Peacock Mr./Mrs. Thomas E. Phelps Dr./Mrs. Lawrence A. Pilla Mr./Mrs. William Randol Mr. James J. Raymond Mr./Mrs. Kerry U. Richmond Mr./Mrs. Claire M. Roffmann Mr./Mrs. Joel Sampson Ms. J. A. Schaefer Ms. Lynn L. Schaefer Dr. Robert F. Scheible Mrs. William C. Schock Dr./Mrs. John Schoentag Dr./Mrs. Neal J. Schopp Dr./Mrs. Richard C. Schulz Mr./Mrs. Martin W. Schwarze Mr./Mrs. Robert E. Schwartz Mrs. Margaret N. Scohy Ms. Monica M. Scott Dr. Melissa M. Sedlis Mr./Mrs. Robert E. Shanahan Mr./Mrs. Clarence Sheata Mr./ Mrs. J. J. Shinkle Mr./Mrs. Charles D. Short Mr. Steve Simmons Mr./Mrs. Fred Smalley, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Arthur J. Smith Mr./Mrs. Geoffrey Smith Mr./Mrs. Stephen M. Smith Mr. Richard V. Snyder Miss Alice Sontag Mr./Mrs. Charles T. Spalding Mr./Mrs. Victor E. Sparling Mr./Mrs. Edwin Spiegel, III Mrs. Robert Starbird Mr./Mrs. Kenneth Stevens Mr./Mrs. Richard E. Stevens Mrs. A. S. Stockstrom Mrs. Lawrence E. Stout, dr. Miss Mary M. Stueber Mr./Mrs. Michael Suchart Mr./Mrs. Edwin S. Taylor Mr. Gerald Tessler Mr./Mrs. Ralph R. Thomsen Mr. Stan Tillotson Ms. Darlyne Tipolt Ms. Joyce A. Torrey Mr./Mrs. Charles L. Turner Mr./Mrs. R. E. Van Buren Ms. Mary B. Voiles Mr. Sixton L. Wagan Mr. Alan D. Walker Mr./Mrs. James C. Walker, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Robert L. Walter Ms. Nancy Edith Ward Mr./Mrs. Malcolm W. Warren Mr. Wesley D. Wedemeyer Mr./Mrs. Richard Weinstock Mr./Mrs. Burton M. Wheeler Ms. Sue Wheeler Mr./Mrs. Maurice P. Wichmann Miss Eleanor J. Witte Mr./Mrs. A. L. Woodward Dr./Mrs. Glen H. Woofter Mr./Mrs. David Worley Mr. Thomas H. Wotka, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Glenn A. Wrinkle, Jr. Dr. Richard D. Yoder Dr./ Mrs. E. Younger as ees we ee ~ - “No one who visits Saint Louis should fail to see Shaw's Garden .Ten acres are devoted to flow- ers and shrubbery of every known variety, a number of greenhouses sheltering tropical plants and other exotics...and there are a museum and a botanical library in connection with the Garden. Dur- ing the week the grounds are open to the public, but on Sunday only strangers are admitted, who must procure tickets for the privilege.” —from Down the Great River, Cap- tain Willard Glazier, 1887, page 326. (Photograph printed from a magic lantern slide from Missouri Botanical Garden archives.) MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN (ISSN-0026-6507) PO. Box 299 Saint Louis, Missouri 63166 SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT ST. LOUIS, MO. NA folume LXIX, Number 5 eptember/ October 1981 Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Norking Through the Eleventh Hour The passages in italics are eprinted from “Tropical Rain Forests: 4 Global Responsibility,” by Peter H. faven, and are published with permis- sion from Natural History, February, 1981, Copyright, The American Viuseum of Natural History, 1981. Everyone who reads the popular ress nowadays is aware of the extraor- linary biological richness of the world’s ropical rain forests and of the present ast pace at which they are being cut lown. Less generally recognized is how ttle we know about the many species f tropical plants and animals and how he current destruction of the rain orests makes the need to increase our nowledge a pressing one. Of the esti- nated 3 million species of plants and nimals in the tropics, only about 00,000 have been recognized and ‘ataloged. In comparison, the omperate regions of the world contain ome 1.5 million species, of which 10re than a million have been cata- ged. A large majority of virtually every nown group of organisms occurs in the tropics, making opical forests the richest and most diverse association of lants and animals anywhere on the earth. About as many inds of plants exist in the tiny country of Panama, for exam- le, as in the entire continent of Europe, and nearly as many inds of fishes—some 5,000—live in the drainage basin of 1e Amazon River as in the whole Atlantic Ocean. The diverse inds of plants and animals in the tropics represent a poten- ally inexhaustible source of raw materials, only a minute action of which has been utilized or even tested up to this oint. Every Delaware. Three men are studying a one-foot by one-and-one-half- ot sheet of stiff paper. Affixed to the paper is a dried plant, s brown leaves pocked by insect holes. Holding a handful of ose, dry leaves beside the mounted plant specimen, they ompare the two. One of the men says that the loose »ecimen matches the mounted one; after another minute of udy, the other two concur. One of the men, speaking in a ronounced German accent, says that he had collected the ose specimen ten years before on the eastern slopes of the olivian Andes and had carried it with him since then trying to week the remain- ing tropical lowland forest diminishes by an area about the size of identify it. The German is Stephan Beck, an ecologist who has been working for the last two and one-half years in Bolivia, helping the Bolivians to improve their Department of Biology at the Instituto de Ecologfa, teaching the people of that nation, and studying the most impor- tant ecosystems of the country. Through the Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, he has been working, through correspondence, with the herbarium at Missouri Botanical Garden. “We have been trying to get plants identified,” Beck says. “We can’t study the ecology of an area without doing very basic research, without knowing the flora. Bolivia is one of the least collected areas of South America. Before the In- stituto de Ecologia was established recently, there were few trained biologists in Bolivia; few specimens; little literature. Now—the next fifteen to twenty years—is the only time we will have to study some regions of Bolivia in an undisturbed conditions. And not only Bolivia; virtually all the vegetation types of Latin America are under pressure.” Against this background, the tiny effort that is being undertaken to learn more about tropical plants and animals and the natural communities in which they live is embarrass- ing. Worldwide, there are no more than an estimated 4,000 scientists primarily concerned with studies of this kind; the total in the United States amounts to some 1,500 individuals. Probably no more that 1,500 scientists in the world are able to catalog and describe tropical organisms or are even compe- tent to make professional identification of them. The number of unknown tropical organisms—five out of six have never been seen by any scientist— amounts to a staggering total of some 2.5 million species, or about twice as many as all species described during the 225 years since our current system of naming organisms was begun by Linnaeus. An even smaller number of scientists throughout the world—no more than two dozen—are competent to super- vise and undertake large-scale studies and experimental modification of tropical ecological systems. Of the handful of these individuals in the United States, no more than three are (continued on page 3) Update Govemor Signs Tax District Bill On August 4, Governor Christopher Bond signed the bill calling for the establishment of the botanical garden sub- district of the Zoo-Museum Tax District. The measure will ap- pear on the ballot in St. Louis City and St. Louis County for voter approval in 1982. If a majority of voters in both the city and county approve the measure, the Garden would be able to nin # Pictured (I-r): Frank P. Wolff, Jr. (attorney for the Garden), State Senator John E. Scott (one of the tax bill’s sponsors), Governor Christopher S. Bond, Dr. Peter H. Raven. C. C. Johnson Spink, and Richard A. Daley. Not pictured is Representative Russel E. Egan, who is the Speaker of the Missouri House and a sponsor of the legislation. Dr. Raven’s 10th Anniversary Peter H. Raven became Director of the Garden on August 1, 1971. Since then, the Japanese Garden was constructed, as were the Anne L. Lehmann Rose Garden, the English Woodland Garden and the Shapleigh and Shoenberg foun- tains; the John S. Lehmann Building was completed and the Linnean House restored; construction of the Visitor Center was begun; and the size of the research program tripled to make it the most active tropical botany program in the world. Inside 4 Gardening in St. Louis Steve Frowine gives some Fall gardening tips 8 Wasps, Pines and the Daily News Some words on paper about paper Q Maps: Where Did Nueva Granada Go? Rosemary Rudde, a Volunteer who cares for the maps 10- 1 1 Sales, Lectures, Special Events: Items of interest to our Members 1 = Calendar And a report on the Visitor Center The MISSOURI BOTANICAL GAR- DEN BULLETIN is published six times each year, in January, March, May, July, September and Novem- ber by the Missouri Botanical Gar- den, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Mo. 63166. Second class postage paid at St. Louis, Mo. $5.00 per year. $6.00 foreign. Member of . The Arts and Education Fund of Greater St. Louis HENRY SHAW ASSOCIATES Anonymous Mrs. Agnes F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Howard F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Alexander M. Bakewell Mr./Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Clarence C. Barksdale Mr./Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom Mr./Mrs. Albert Blanke, Jr. Mr./Mrs. John G. Buettner Mr./Mrs. J. Butler Bushyhead Mrs. Jean Jacques Carnal Mr. Edward G. Cherbonnier Mrs. F. T. Childress Mr. Fielding L. Childress Mr./Mrs. Gary A. Close Mr. Sidney S. Cohen Mr./Mrs. Franklin J. Cornwell, Sr. Or./Mrs. William H. Danforth Mr./Mrs. Sam’l C. Davis Mrs. Joseph Desloge, Sr. Mr. Alan E. Doede Mr./Mrs. J. Robert Edwards Mrs. Clark P. Fiske Mr./Mrs. Guy W. Fiske Mrs. Florence T. Morris Forbes Mrs. Eugene A. Freund Mrs. Henry L. Freund Mr. S. E. Freund Mr. Samuel Goldstein Mr./Mrs. Stanley J. Goodman Mr. Clarence R. Goodrich Mr./Mrs. W. L. Hadley Griffin Mrs. H. C. Grigg Mrs. Ellis H. Hamel Mr./Mrs. Whitney R. Harris Mrs. John H. Hayward Mr./Mrs. Robert R. Hermann Mr./Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mr./Mrs. James H. Howe, III Mr./Mrs. Lee Hunter Mrs. John Kenneth Hyatt Mr./Mrs. Stanley F. Jackes Mrs. John V. Janes, Sr. Mrs. Margaret M. Jenks Mr./Mrs. Eugene Johanson Mr./Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Mrs. Irene C. Jones Mr./Mrs. W. Boardman Jones, Jr. Dr./Mrs. John H. Kendig Mr./Mrs. Samuel Kennard, III Mr./Mrs. Frederick R. Keydel Mr./Mrs. Elmer G. Kiefer Mr./Mrs. William S. Knowles Mr./Mrs. Robert E. Kresko Mr./Mrs. Charles S. Lamy Mrs. John A. Latzer Mr. Thomas F. Latzer Mr./Mrs. John C. Lebens Mrs. John S. Lehmann Miss Martha |. Love Mrs. James S. Luehrmann Mr. H. Dean Mann Mrs. James S. McDonnell Mrs. Roswell Messing, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Hubert C. Moog Mr./Mrs. John W. Moore Mr. Thomas Moore Dr./Mrs. Walter Moore Mr./Mrs. John M. Olin Mr. Spencer T. Olin Mr./Mrs. W. R. Orthwein, Jr. Mrs. Jane K. Pelton Miss Jane E. Piper Miss Julia Piper Mr./Mrs. Vernon W. Piper Capt. William R. Piper Mr./Mrs. Herman T. Pott Mr./Mrs. A. Timon Primm, III Mrs. Howard E. Ridgway Mrs. C. Kenneth Robins Mr./Mrs. F. M. Robinson Mr./Mrs. G. S. Rosborough, Jr. Mrs. Lucianna Gladney Ross Mr./Mrs. Joseph F. Ruwitch Mr./Mrs. David Sanders Mrs. William H. Schield Mr./Mrs. Daniel L. Schlafly Mr./Mrs. Charles Schott Mrs. Mason Scudder Mr./Mrs. Richard Shaikewitz Mrs. A. Wessel Shapleigh Mr./Mrs. Warren M. Shapleigh Mrs. John M. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Robert H. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Sydney Shoenberg, Jr. Mr./Mrs. John E. Simon Mr./Mrs. Robert Brookings Smith Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Sr. Mr./Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. Mrs. Sylvia N. Souers Mr./Mrs. C. C. Johnson Spink Mrs. Herman F. Spoehrer Mrs. Robert R. Stephens Mr./Mrs. Cornelias F. Stueck Miss Lillian L. Stupp Mr./Mrs. Edgar L. Taylor, Jr. Ms. Marie Carr Taylor Mr./Mrs. Jack Turner Mr./Mrs. James Walker Mrs. Horton Watkins Mr./Mrs. Richard K. Weil Mrs. S. A. Weintraub Mrs. Ben H. Wells Mr./Mrs. O. Sage Wightman, III Mr./Mrs. Eugene F. Williams, Jr. Mrs. John M. Wolff Miss F. A. Wuellner Mr./Mrs. Andrew Zinsmeyer Mr./Mrs. Sander B. Zwick DIRECTOR’S ASSOCIATES Anonymous Mr. Patrick Ackerman Mr. Kenneth Balk Mr./Mrs. Carl Beckers Mrs. Brooks Bernhardt Ms. Allison R. Brightman Mr./Mrs. H. Pharr Brightman Mrs. Richard L. Brumbaugh Mr./Mrs. G. A. Buder, Jr. Mr. Kurt H. Bussmann Mr./Mrs. Jules D. Campbell Mr. Joseph C. Champ Mrs. Frances Collins Cook Mrs. Elsie Ford Curby Mr./Mrs. Henry P. Day Mr. Bernard F. Desloge Mr./Mrs. David C. Farrell Mr./Mrs. W. Ashley Gray, Jr. Mr. Edward E. Haverstick Dr./Mrs. August Homeyer Mr./Mrs. B. F. Jackson Mr./Mrs. Eldridge Lovelace Mrs. Leighton Morrill Mr./Mrs. Charles W. Oertli Mr. Harry E. Papin, Jr. Mrs. Drue Wilson Philpott Mrs. Miquette M. Potter Mr./Mrs. Robert A. Ridgway Mr./Mrs. C. M. Ruprecht Mr. Frank H. Simmons Mr./Mrs. Leon B. Strauss Miss Harriet J. Tatman Mr./Mrs. Harold E. Thayer Mr./Mrs. Charles L. Tooker Mr./Mrs. John K. Wallace, Jr. G C. C. Johnson Spink President, Board of Trustees Mrs. Shadrach F. Morris, Jr. President of the Executive Board of the Members Dr. Peter H. Raven Director Working Through the Eleventh Hour-Continued engaged in tropical studies at present. The extremely serious nature of these deficiencies can be understood properly only when viewed against the background of tropical deforestation. The lowland tropical forests, which a century ago made up an area twice the size of Europe, have been reduced to about half their former extent. Every week, the remaining tropical lowland forest diminishes by an area about the size of Delaware, and every year, an area about the size of the island of Great Britain is removed. The Guest Book that lies open on a shelf fifteen feet from the entrance to the herbarium contains page after page of visiting scientists’ names and their countries of origin; Nicaragua, Argentina, Germany, Nigeria, Peoples’ Republic of China, Israel, Japan. Names of the Chinese scientists are entered in the book in Chinese characters. Their arrivals and The cutover area often animals that occupy tropical soils are relatively stable when undisturbed. They have remained stable for millions of years and are as appropriate to the climate and soils of their areas as the forests, swamps, and prairies in the United States are to theirs. When farmers plow up a prairie in the Midwest to plant crops, they are modifying a natural ecological system in order to create another productive, sustainable system. When agriculturists cut down a forest in the humid lowland tropics, they are often trying to accomplish the same thing. The many differences between the ecological processes involved in the two instances, however, have potentially tragic conse- quences for a large and rapidly growing portion of the human race. Once the sorts of forests that occupy most tropical areas are cut down, a reasonable agricultural yield is usually possible for only a few years. The cutover area, depleted of its fertility, often becomes a wasteland, with restoration to its departures, the nature of their work, the beeomes a wasteland, original state or to use for any produc- lectures and seminars they present for ° ° tive purpose virtually impossible. the scientific staff and other interested with restoration to any Our ignorance about ecological persons here, are noted on the bulletin productive use virtually processes in the tropics is compound: boards and in an informal, photocopied impossible. ed by our general lack of knowledge newsletter that is distributed weekly. The newsletter, called MO, was first published in January of this year because of the intensity of work and the large number and frequency of visitors to the herbarium at the Garden. As a member of the botanical community, the Garden each year sponsors an international systematics symposium — this year will see the twenty-eighth annual symposium— at which scientists meet, present papers, and discuss current botanical problems. The symposium this year, scheduled for October 16-17, will focus on “Biological Studies in Central America” and speakers will include botanists from Costa Rica, Great Britain, Mexico, California, Arizona as well as one from the Garden’s staff—Dr. Alwyn H. Gentry. There are other signs of the high level of activity in the nerbarium: piles of folders of plant specimens being lent to verbaria throughout the world; specimens having been bor- owed; specimens, received from botanists collecting in the ield, in various stages of cataloging — identifying, mounting, eing sorted; correspondence; articles for scientific journals; scientific journals received. In numbers: In 1980, 70,018 specimens mounted and added to the herbarium bringing the otal of numbered specimens to 2,809,019 and the complete otal of specimens to over three million; 29,496 specimens oaned to other herbaria, with over 150 publications in twenty- ne significant journals resulting from work with the her- arium specimens. Scientists and government leaders on very continent, most who have never seen the Climatron or japanese Garden, know the work of the herbarium here; MO, is it is known, that being its internationally recognized icronym. The organisms that make up the ecological communities f the tropics are linked together in extremely complex ways. ‘undamental processes such energy flow and mineral cycl- 1g, which are complex and poorly understood even in >mperate regions, are virtually unknown for the tropics. We 0 know that the rich and diverse communities of plants and about tropical organisms. To give just a few examples, some ten to fifteen thou- sand kinds of plants in Latin America, including many trees, have not yet been scientifically described and listed. These plants, which con- Stitute perhaps an eighth of the total plants in Latin America, are generally viewed as a valuable resource, but as long as they remain unknown, they cannot be utilized rationally for human benefit. Similarly, many people are counting on ma- nipulating the populations of fishes in the Amazon Basin and its tributaries as a way of increasing food production in the future. Competent students estimate, however, that approx- imately 40 percent of these fishes have not yet been recogniz- ed and cataloged. In other words, hopes are pinned on manipulating a system in which only somewhat over half of the elements have been registered, much less understood. Imagine trying to build a computer or an airplane from such a Starting point! The principal area of scientific concentration at Missouri Botanical Garden is the study of the flora of the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the globe, especially Latin America; its program is, in fact, the largest and most active in tropical botany in the world. The herbarium, the fourth largest in the country and one of the world’s ten largest, is the North American repository for African specimens, which means that scientists collecting in Africa know that they can deposit their specimens at the Herbarium for the greatest amount of subsequent exposure and use. The Garden also has a very ac- tive program in New Caledonia. However, the scientific work was not always concentrated on the tropics. When Henry Shaw founded the Garden in the middle of the last century, his principal interest was in the creation of an attractive garden for visitors. It was George Engelmann who suggested to Shaw that a complete botanical garden should have a scientific program and Shaw commissioned Engelmann to acquire books and specimens for the establishment of a research program. In 1857, Engelmann (continued) 3 a The Eleventh Hour purchased the herbarium of the late Dr. Johann Jakob Bernhardi for $600. Bernhardi (1774-1850) was a German physician and director of the botanical garden in Erfurt in that country. Then it was common for individuals to ac- cumulate private herbaria and Bernhardi was no exception. This collection contained over 62,000 specimens of an approximate world-wide representation of species. At the time there was little else in the United States to match it. For the next three decades no specimens were added to Shaw’s herbarium until the death of Engelmann, who will- ed his private herbarium of about 100,000 specimens to the Garden in 1884. When William Trelease succeeded Shaw as Garden Director, he began to increase the scientific pro- gram using the Bernhardi and Engelmann herbaria; it was during Trelease’s directorship that the first Garden botanists made collecting trips to other continents. But these early collections and the two herbaria aR Re Raa Tae. Current conservation efforts tend to concen- trate on a few well- Lewis’s reason for concentrating on the tropics “It only made sense to build on what was there. The Flora of Panama program was there and Lewis reactivated it.” When they learn that tropical forests are rapidly disap: pearing, many people accept the destruction as warrantea since they believe it will lead to the implementation of pro- ductive forms of agriculture that will help feed the hungry people of the world— much as the clearing of the forests in Europe and North America made possible the widespreao of productive agricultural systems in these regions over the centuries. Unfortunately, the comparison is totally without basis in fact. The current estimate of many Brazilian of- ficials, for example, is that with currently available technology only approximately 0.3 percent of the vas lowland forests in the Amazon Basin can be put into sustainable agriculture, about 95 percent of all the land in Brazil that is capable of sustained agricultural productivity is already under cultiva- tion. The country now has some 9C that were the basis of the Garden's known plants and million people of which about a thira herbarium were broad, not concen- gnimals, while are malnourished. Since the populatior trated in any specific area. is expected to double during the nex The Garden’s botanical interest in thousands of other twenty-three years, how malnutritior the tropics can be actually traced to species go extinct could be held even at the same propor its horticultural interest in orchids. : anfare tionate level as it is today is unclear. In During the first quarter of this century, BA deed, if the plans of the Braziliar several individuals made gifts of or- chid collections to the Garden. In the January, 1916, Bulletin it is reported that, “Mr. D. S. Brown of Kirkwood, Missouri, whose collection of orchids is known throughout the world, has recently presented to the Garden some of his choicest plants, and these, added to the orchids already at the Garden constitute one of the largest and most representative collections...in the country.” His gift included about 350 plants, 200 of them are rare hybrids. In 1918, he made an even larger gift to the Garden and by 1919, the Garden’s orchid collection was said to “excell all in the United States,” this from the January, 1920, Bulletin. In 1923, George Pring, Horticulturist, visited Central and South America to collect orchids for the Garden’s display; because of the war, it had become difficult to acquire or- chids in the United States and it was necessary to go to the native home of the plants. Pring’s trip received much na- tional attention. Three years later C. W. Powell of the Canal Zone donated his orchid collection to the Garden also. Much of that collection remained in Balboa, Canal Zone, for the purposes of experimentation. The Canal Zone government set aside a tract of land for an orchid garden and the Garden established there a Tropical Research Sta- tion. During the 1930s, because of the presence of the Tropical Station, Garden staff botanists made several botanical expeditions there. By the end of that decade, several “Contributions toward a Flora of Panama” were published in the Garden’s scientific journal, the Annals. In 1943, Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Herbarium Curator, formally initiated the Flora of Panama project, with publications in the Annals. From the early 1950s until the mid-1960s, the Garden’s scientific work became progressively less and less until at Woodson’s death in 1963 it was all but inactive. With the arrival of Woodson’s successor, Walter H. Lewis, the botanical work was revived. Dr. Marshall Crosby, cur- rently the Garden’s Director of Research, explained 4 government to alleviate the nation’s acute energy shortage by planting sugar cane for the produc: tion of alcohol are implemented, approximately one-sixth o1 the currently productive agricultural land of Brazil could be taken out of production, a sacrifice that surely cannot be sus tained in a country where a very large number of people are malnourished. Poor people, denied access to arable land, cause about two-thirds of all destruction and alteration of tropical forests. These forest farmers cut out a section of forest and grow a crop or two before the soil deteriorates to the point where cultivation is no longer feasible. A variety of other factors are responsible for the remaining destruction of tropical forests In Southeast Asia, the wholesale exploitation of forests fo: timber by foreign-owned corporations, which make little more than a gesture toward the replacement of the forests, is the major factor. In Latin America, the relentless effort to produce cheap beef for the United States and other developed coun tries is causing the disappearance of vast areas of forest. Regardless of whether they are developed wisely or un wisely, tropical forests are being cut down, and if thei destruction and conversion is indeed irreversible, approx imately one million kinds of plants and animals, or one quarter of all that exist, will become extinct during the nex thirty years, and possibly another million during the course o the twenty-first century. The loss of biological diversity in the tropics as a result 0 these extinctions will have serious consequences for the human race. Every species is genetically unique. We canno study an extinct species, we cannot use it, and we canno develop it into something more useful. Tourists do not go where they go, over unpaved trails; uf mountains that the casual hiker would never attempt; throug! the thick brush. When they return to St. Louis, there are the stories about the campertruck that wouldn’t run and that re- quired days to repair, leaving them confined to only a small area in which to collect; days out of touch with no news of crimes, legislative hassles, sports’ scores. “Of course, often you can sleep late,” Nancy Morin says. Dr. Morin is the present Curator of the Herbarium. “You wake up and collect where you are. But it’s more than just walking along a trail and picking flowers. The family | am interested in, Campanulaceae (the Blue Bell family), grows low to the ground. | spend a lot of time walking while bent over; sometimes | walk a long way without seeing a single one. You collect until almost dark then go back to camp, load up your jeep, and drive for several hours to the next good campsite, then stop for the night—maybe one or two in the morn- ing—unroll your sleeping bag and collapse, and wake up the next day to start over.” “All herbarium paper is about one foot by one and one-half feet, plus or minus a few centimeters.” Marshall As-yet-unknown plants to the paper. Herbarium sheets are 100% cotton paper which, unlike wood pulp paper, can last indefinitely. Herbarium specimens are meant to be preserved for centuries, and in fact there are many speciments in the herbarium that are well over two centuries old that show no signs of deterioration. After mounting, the specimens are filed, being stored in large compactors, arranged throughout the herbarium accor- ding to botanical family and within the families genera are divided alphabetically; species are divided by geographical location—for cataloging purposes, the globe is divided into nine areas — and then arranged alphabetically under location. Current conservation efforts, unfortunately, still tend to concentrate on a few obvious or well-known plants and animals, such as the Furbish lousewort, the snail darter, the elephant, or the tiger, while tens of thousands of other species go extinct without fanfare. Probably twenty times as much is spent annually to try to preserve the roughly thirty surviving arith, Golaining what nue er might well contain Le ral gl ae are ' ¢@hemicals that would neta g There and thousands of miles away, where the botanists work in the field. “A botanist cuts a branch from a tree or digs up a plant, keeping in mind that the specimen must fit onto a herbarium sheet. He inserts the plant into a folded sheet of newspaper— newspaper is used because it is readily available everywhere, and a stan- dard folded sheet is about the size of herbarium paper. He marks a number onto the newspaper and puts it into a field press.” Crosby shows such a press, two separate pieces of plywood, slightly larger than the folded newpapers and held together by two leather straps. ‘The botanist records in a notebook the number he gave the specimen—each botanist numbers his collections throughout his career, beginning with number one. He also records where the specimen was collected, the conditions of the area—hot, dry; cool, noist— when it was collected. Often he’ll record the flower color, if the specimen is in bloom, because flowers tend to fade when they are dried. When he returns to his camp, he dries his collection in a drying press—it’s similar to a field ress, except it’s made of inch-wide wooden slats, the slats srossing one another horizontally and vertically. Sheets of >Orrugated cardboard are placed between the sheets of vewspaper to speed drying. He sets the press over a heat source, a small stove maybe, to dry and ships the collection ack to us when it’s thoroughly dried.” The herbarium workroom, located upstairs from the her- arium, has boxes on tables and on the floor; files of specimens stacked two feet high. Here all specimens from he field are received, and the postal stamps on the cartons hat fill the room would keep a collector busy for a long while, uch is the diversity and number of their places of issue. From he workroom the specimens are sent to be fumigated; they re treated with Dawson-37 to rid them of insects; even a cancer. mall number of rapidly reproducing insects admitted into the erbarium could be catastrophic to the collection. After they are fumigated, they are sent to the mounting epartment. There, nine mounters glue the specimens onto erbarium sheets and weight them by laying small flat rec- angles of lead wrapped in teflon-coated, self-adhesive shelf aper until the glue dries and the plant is permanently affixed assist in the cure for be important sources of food, fuel, or medicine. We must ask ourselves which kind of action has the greatest potential for alleviating human misery and helping to create a stable world. What happens in the tropics affects the entire world. For example, the short- ages of many kinds of commodities, which developed coun- tries formerly obtained from the tropics at very low prices, are already contributing to worldwide inflation and hence in- stability, and they will do so to a greater extent in the future. As a matter of self-interest and national security, all temperate, developed countries ought to begin to contribute substantially to the development of sustainable productive agricultural and forestry systems in the tropics. Conversation with Dr. Marshall Crosby, Director of Research Marshall Crosby “If you look back over ten years ago, and compare the number of dollars going into tropical botany, you see that it is more now than in 1970. Too, if you look at the staff here ten years ago, you see that there were four perma- nent staff members with Ph.D.s here, while currently there are thirteen.” Bulletin “Why is there this increased activity in tropical botany?” MC “The tropics are interesting—they’re extremely rich botanically. About one-third of all the world’s plant species— about 80,000 species—occur in the American tropics— between Mexico and Chile. Or to give a more specific example, there are about 1,900 species in Missouri, while on Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal there are about 1,300. That island is six square miles; Forest Park, by comparison, is a little over one-third that size. But more im- portant than their being interesting, the tropics are barely known and they’re threatened.” B If | may play the devil’s advocate for a minute, why study plants at all? MC For several reasons. By studying plants, you can under- stand the evolutionary process; you can understand natural interrelationships. B But is all the cataloging necessary? MC Well, let me use a metaphor here. If you like a book by (continued) 5 The Eleventh Hour Faulkner and you want to read more Faulkner, and your books are unorganized, it would be difficult to find another Faulkner. But if they’re arranged in some system, say alphabetically, you can go to the section for Faulkner and find what you want. Now, if you are farming and you have a crop that you like and want to plant one similar, it is easy to find one if plants are organized in some fashion. Likewise, if you have a crop and it is going nicely over several years until one day it is diseased and you need to find a disease-resistant strain, it is easier to locate one if you can go to a herbarium and find other strains and where they occur in the world. The same is true if you are growing a crop and want to raise a more pro- ductive strain. Having a systematically organized area that you can go to to find similar plants, to find where these plants grow is easier than traveling around the world looking at all the plants. B But not all plants that you study and catalog have practical uses, like the crops you mentioned. MC True. However, we can’t know which plants are useful un- til we study them. And another thing, it’s important to study all plants, not only the so-called useful ones. For example, mosses are good for nothing; they have no practical uses— except one genus, Sphagnum (peat moss), which is used for horticultural purposes. People want mosses to have a use—| suppose they want everything to have a use. I’ve been studying mosses for a long time, and | can’t tell them, ‘Yes, they will have a use.’ But it is as important to study them as to study other plants. If you decide that we’re just going to study certain organisms because they’re useful, and exclude the so-called unuseful plants, you can’t understand the useful ones. You can’t understand corn without studying its unuseful relatives. On another plane you can’t understand the higher level plants without knowing the lower plants — mosses being one of these. B Briefly, why is the scientific work at the Garden important? MC First, because it’s important for mankind to know about all organisms; to know — curiosity — is part of the human con- dition. Second, specifically regarding the tropics, we can’t manage tropical forests without knowing how they work and we can’t understand how they work without understanding their parts. Finally, man uses very few plants— probably less than 1,000 species; most of our food comes from about twen- ty different plants— but there must be more out there to be used because there are so many that have not been characterized. The beginning of finding out about these plants is finding out what they are. Greater knowledge about the tropics is certain to result in many discoveries that will promote human welfare. Approx- imately 45 percent of the medical prescriptions currently writ- ten in the United States, for instance, contain at least one pro- duct of natural origin, and as-yet-unknown plants might well ‘contain chemicals that would assist in the cure for cancer. The countries of the world, developed and undeveloped, can prosper and exist in peace only in a relatively stable world. If we are to enjoy the benefits of global stability during the next century, indeed if we are to survive, we must seize the opportunities that are still available to us but which are diminishing every day. The Garden’s research program, its history and function, will be the topic of the Fall Lecture Series, beginning on 6 Wednesday, October 14, with Dr. Nancy Morin, Herbarium Curator, presenting a talk on the beginning of the scientific work and the involvement of Henry Shaw and Dr. George Engelmann. On October 21, Dr. Marshall Crosby, Director of Research, will discuss William Trelease and the Garden’s work in the early twentieth century. On October 28, Dr. William D’Arcy, Research Botanist and Editor of the Flora of Panama Project, will discuss the Flora of Panama and the Garden’s in- troduction to the tropics. All lectures are held in the Auditorium of the John S. Lehmann Building and are presented at 10:30 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Members and their guests are admitted free of charge. Visitors... Mr. Zac. O. Gbile, Nigeria “We had thought that a species, Solanum nigrum, oc- curred in Nigeria. | came to the Garden to collaborate with Dr. [William] D’Arcy, who is a renowned specialist on Solanaceae, the family that S. nigrum is part of. We were able to determine that it was not, sensu stricto [in the strict sense], S. nigrum but a species that was a member of the S. nigrum complex.” It is more than splitting hairs to say that a particular plant is not one species but a member of that species- complex. “Precise identification is important for several reasons,” D’Arcy said. “Species of the genus So/anum are important food crops in Mr. Gbile’s country. When they begin to hybridize species, they must know exactly the species of plant they are working with. Also some plants closely related to Solanum nigrum are toxic.” Dr. Uzi Plitmann, Israel “This institution should be an example to others because it combines research, public education, preserva- tion and public recreation. This is what you expect from museums. “| came here for two reasons. To talk with Peter [Raven] about a project we have been working on for ten years. Also to work in the herbarium, to look for a few species of phlox and vetches. | wanted to see seeds of some American in- diginous species and compare them with Old World species, to get an idea of what the common species here are. “My primary interest is in the evolution of cultivated plants and how they relate to their wild relatives, specifically biosystematic problems concerning legumes.” For the inhabitants of many countries, legumes — peas and beans—are the primary source of protein. “Legumes are the meat of the poor.” Dr. Plitmann said. Dr. Juan Hunziker, Argentina “| have been in contact with the Garden since | was twenty years old; mostly through correspondence, sending specimens and receiving publications in exchange. This is the first time | have actually visited here. | came to work or Zygophyllaceae, the creosote bush family; at present | arr studying the genus Bu/nesia. It has a very peculiar pattern o distribution and | came partly to have the advice of Dr. Raver on the problem of this distribution.” Two species of Bu/nesia are used in Argentina for the construction of fences and other structures that are inbedd ed into the soil. Because of its high resin content, it does no’ rot when it is in the ground, like many woods might. Gardening In St. Louis Autumn is Lawn Care Season If you fertilize your lawn one time a year, do it in the fall, applying a high nitrogen for- mulation (the first number of the fertilizer bag). Lawn fertilizers that contain ureaform (nitroform) are slow-releasing and are especially recommended if you only fertilize once a year. Lawns may be reseeded now. Damp, cooler weather en- courages good seed germination. Use high-quality seed; do not buy cheap grass seed! |t contains many undesirable, wide-blade grass varieties. Use a cyclone-type spreader for even coverage. Alan Godlewski, the Garden’s Chairman of Landscape Horticulture, recommends the following grass varieties for St. Louis: Bluegrass — Merion, Touchdown, Baron and Nugget; Perennial Rye—Regal; Ta// Fescue—Rebel or K-31. For a high-quality lawn you might try a blend of 80% of any of the above Bluegrass varieties with 20% of Perennial Rye Regal. For a play or picnic area you might try a blend of 80% of one of the Tall Fescue varieties plus 20% of Bluegrass. Build a Cold Frame This invaluable structure can be used in the fall for overwintering seedlings of biennials and peren- nials and for tender bonsai specimens. A cold frame can also be used for forcing spring flowering bulbs. If you put an elec- tric heating cable in your frame you can use it as a miniature greenhouse to grow winter lettuce and spinach or cool greenhouse pot plants like primroses, pansies, calceolarias, cinerarias and cyclamen. Make a Compost Pile No time of the year is richer for available organic matter than is fall. If you can shred the material with the lawn mower or a commercial shredder before you stack it in heaps, it will decompose more quickly. Add a handful of any high-nitrogen fertilizer (extra lawn fer- tilizer is fine) to each 1-foot layer of the compost pile. Use a blend of organic material such as leaves, garden refuse (that does not contain insects or diseases) and grass clippings. Never stack grass clippings deeper than an inch or two or they will become a soggy and smelly mess. Compost materials can conveniently be stacked in cages made of wire fabric or, if you have little space, can be stored in sealed plastic gargage bags. Be sure the compost is slightly damp but not wet. If you do not want to go to the trouble to stack your compost pile, you can practice sheet composting. This consists of using the organic matter as a 2” to 5” mulch. It can be applied on the bare ground of your vegetable and flower garden and rototilled or spaded into the garden next spring. Houseplants Do not wait too long to bring your houseplants inside from their summer vacation on the porch or patio. Usually the middle to late part of September is not too early. The plants should have a chance to become ac- climated to their indoor home before they are faced with the dry air from the furnace. When the plants are brought in, check them closely for insects and diseases. If they have any of these pests, this is the time to treat them while they can still be sprayed outdoors. You might want to try anew product called Safer Agro-Chem’s Insecticidal Soap. It is very safe to use and is supposed to be highly effective for mealybugs, mites, aphids and whiteflies. Prepare Now for Early Winter Blooms Plant bulbs of paperwhites and Soleil d’or daffodils from mid to late October for early flowering indoors. Also try some Roman hyacinths or pre-cooled miniature hyacinths. Take cuttings of begonias and plant bulbs of caladiums, gloxinias (properly called sinn- ingias) and amaryllis. Check List Now is a good time to: ¢ Clean up the garden. Insects and diseases overwinter in garden refuse. ¢ Watch for signs of powdery mildew. Spray with Karathane, Benlate or Actidione PM. ¢ Dig compact plants of herbs, such as parsley and chives for growing and pot plants for winter use. e Plant spring bulbs in mid to late October so they have time to root well before the ground freezes. e Keep the leaves raked off your lawn. Leaves can easily smother the grass. ¢ Order roses for fall planting. ¢ Divide and re-set perennials and biennials. Steven A. Frowine, Chairman, Indoor Horticulture Henry Shaw Birthday Card Contest Winners In honor of Henry Shaw’s 181st birthday the Garden and Bussmann Divi- sion, McGraw-Edison Company, co- sponsored a party and a birthday card contest. Three winners were selected; they each received $100 educational scholarships, courtesy of Bussmann. Pictured at right are James N. Mills, President of Bussmann; Susan Romano (9); one of the scholarship winners; C. C. Johnson Spink, President of the Gar- den’s Board of Trustees; and Jennifer Goedeker (6), another scholarship win- ner. The third winner, Michele Douglas (11), was not available for the photo- graph. Despite a day of heavy rain, over 1,000 attended the celebration, which included music, clowns, magic, mimes and juggling. Jd a. eaery CPN se Ph, HAW: S .* = Haney 2 a " ot e. > Wasps, Pines, This Bulletin, newspapers, books, calendars, towels, tissues, money, photographs, boxes, stationary, cups, plates, sugar packets; paper that we write on, read, spend, cover walls with. We are so surrounded by it that we pro- bably accept it as one of the base elements, like chemicals; like fire, earth, water and air, a fifth essence. In truth, of course, it is manufac- turer—over 63,900,000 tons produced in the United States last year, according to the American Paper In- stitute— whether in large commercial mills in Canton, North Carolina, or in a kitchen blender in Webster Groves, Missouri; trees are cut, chopped, pulped and processed. The manufacture of the first sheet of paper is credited to a Chinese nobleman, Ts’ai Lun, who in 105 A.D. produced a thin, felted material from macerated vegetable fiber. Until the mid-eighth century, the craft was con- fined to the Orient, with the primary raw material being mulberry bark. In 751, the Samarkand army captured a number of skilled Chinese papermakers in a battle and the art was brought to the Arab world. Because there was a scarcity of mulberrys in Samarkand, the paper- makers began using other materials, primarily linen and cotton. The first papermaking in Europe occurred in about the twelfth century and, because it came to that continent from the Mid- dle East, the Europeans used cotton and linen as the Arabs had; until the end of the eighteenth century, most European paper was made from these materials. In the middle of that century, because printing technology had ad- vanced to a stage at which books and other materials were available and demanded on a large scale, the con- sumption of paper reached the level at which it became difficult to acquire suf- ficient cotton and linen rags. By the last third of the century, legislatures were urging citizens to save every scrap of cloth; newspapers were advertising for its subscribers to sell their rags to mills. The North Carolina Gazette suggested to its women readers that if they sent “to the paper mill an old handkerchief ... there is a possibility of it returning to them as a billet doux from their lovers.” As early as 1719, however, Réne Antoine de Réaumur, a French natur- alist, foresaw that the use of paper was increasing so rapidly that the common materials were not available in the 8 and the Daily News necessary quantity to support that in- crease. In a treatise written that year he noted, “The American wasps form a very fine paper...they extract the fibres of common wood...and teach us that paper can be made from the fibres of plants without the use of linen or rags.” Since that time, it has been common to acknowledge the wasp as the first papermaker. Réaumur observed that the wasp chewed dry wood, mixing it with saliva to size it, and used the material to make its nests; this process is analogous to groundwood pulping, a mechanical process used in the manu- facture of inexpensive papers, such as the newsprint on which newspapers are published. It was a man who was one year old when Réaumur published his paper on wasps and papermaking who made the greatest contributions to the use of materials other than rags in European paper. Jacob Christian Schaffer (1718-90), a Bavarian clergyman with an interest in botany, principally the flora of his country, performed experiments in which he produced paper from numerous materials; the six volume work he published in 1765 on his experi- ments contained, as an appendix, 95 paper specimens, each from a different material. Those samples included paper from poplar down, tree moss, grapevine bark, hemp, aloe, stinging nettle, cabbage stalks, potato skins and bulrushes. It is interesting that one of his earliest samples was produced from wasps’ nests. About thirty-five years later an Englishman, Matthias Koops, became the first to manufacture paper from various vegetable fibers on a large com- mercial scale. His venture was bank- rupt within three years; however, he was granted three patents in 1800-01 for his process. The majority of today’s commercial paper manufacturing is based on Koops’s work. Almost all of the paper manufac- tured now is from plant pulp, with nine- ty percent coming from trees. The cot- ton and linen. fibers that were the primary source of paper in the first six centuries of European papermaking are used mainly in fine writing papers, bank notes and drawing paper. The essential material in the paper pulp is cellulose that is extracted from wood (or cotton or other plant material) through several processes, one being the groundwood process mentioned above, and the others being any of several chemical processes in which the wood is cooked. The best sources of paper pulp are those trees and plants that economical- ly yield a large quantity of cellulose. When the cellulose is extracted, im- purities and other components of the pulp source that would weaken the paper are removed, fortunately cellulose is resistant to the action of alkaline materials used in the paper- making process, so while the impurities are broken down, the cellulose remains intact. While the use of wood pulp permits the manufacture of sufficent paper to meet the high demand, wood pulp paper is less permanent than that from cotton. Rare book librarians and collec- tors have expressed concern that books published in the past century will not survive as pre-nineteenth century volumes have. The specific wood used in a specific paper depends on a number of factors, but primarily on the location of the mill that produces it. A mill in Erie, Pennsylvania, uses mostly oak and maple; a mill in the Carolinas uses a large quantity of southern pine; while the mill that manufactured the paper on which this article is printed, being located in Michigan, uses hemlock and spruce. This paper is a combination of those two woods. For ordinary con- siderations, the quality of paper is not contingent on the precise tree used, but is greatly controlled by the milling pro- cess. Although, generally speaking, soft wood trees (conifers) yield a cellulose fiber that is longer than hard wood (deciduous) trees, and long fibers make for a stronger paper. Often, fibers from softwood trees are mixed with those from hardwoods. Fiber length depends also on moisture and soil quality—a tree grown in rich soil with sufficient moisture will yield longer fibers than one grown in poor, dry soil. It also varies within a single tree; fibers are shorter in branches than in trunks; also, fiber length increases from the center outward in both the trunk and branches until the tree has reached its maximum height. Other plants can also be used in the manufacture of paper. Hemp, jute, sugar cane, cereal straw and cornstalks all yield sufficient cellulose to be economically useful. It is possible to make paper from the leaves and stalks of several common garden flowers in- Cluding iris, begonia, gladiola and nasturtium. Paper produced from these materials is unsuitable for writing unless mixed with another pulp. Most commercial pulp sold for this purpose is from banana leaves. As part of its Festival of the Book Arts, the Missouri Botanical Garden Library will feature a display of “The Botany of Papermaking” from September 21 to October 16. The display will include specimens of plants used throughout the eighteen- hundred year history of the craft of papermaking, along with examples of common and unusual papers. The Festival of the Book Arts, a four-month program beginning September 1, will offer displays, workshops, demonstra- tions, lectures and films about many aspects of the art and craft of the book, including fine printing, calligraphy, book binding, paper marbling and papermaking. Further information on the Festival may be obtained by calling the Garden Library at 577-5155. meas: Where Did Nueva Granada Go? She is dissatisfied with the way he paper is buckling as she brushes he paste over it. Repeatedly, she yulls at a corner of the paper to sliminate the wrinkles while spreading the methyl cellulose, but he paper is too fine and too large — 1 two-foot by three-foot sheet of ens paper—and the wrinkles do not lisappear. Rosemary Rudde is mounting a 9th Century sub-division map of st. Louis to preserve it; it is brittle and ddled with holes. “Probably eaten by srmites or roaches,” she says. As she roves the map onto the sheet of lens aper coated with paste, a tiny irregular iece of the map flutter onto the ounter. She takes the piece and iatches it against several holes before she finds the place from which it came; where the boundary lines match, and the letters on the piece complete a word on the map. Using the brush dip- ped in water, she smooths the map on- to the lens paper that will now be its backing, then lays wool over the map to dry it, sets square pieces of half-inch thick wood on top of the wool to ensure that the map will dry flat, and weighs the boards with bricks wrapped in brown paper. The bricks are wrapped to keep dirt and attritus from the map. After the map dries, it is encased in plastic. The map is one of more than 5,000 in the collection of the Garden’s library, which includes maps from 17th century Africa to those of contemporary South America. The contemporary maps are used by researchers, planning field trips, to study the topography of the area to which they are going. Resear- chers also use old maps to locate place names inscribed on old herbarium specimens; a botanist working with a specimen collected in Nueva Granada in the 18th Century, by consulting a map of the period, would learn that to- day Nueva Granada is Colombia and know the geographic origin of the specimen. The collection also contains maps of St. Louis throughout its history which enable historians to study how the Garden fits into the geography of the area during the past century. For the last six years, Rosemary Rudde has worked as a Volunteer in the Archives, caring for the map collection. She is a retired cartographer, having worked for the Aeronautical Chart and Information Center from 1943 until New Year's Eve 1969. When she volunteered for the Garden she requested placement in the Herbarium because of her interest in Botany, but there were no positions available. At the time the Archives, organized not quite two years before, needed someone to maintain its map collection. Mrs. Rudde, with her ex- perience as a cartographer was offered that position. House Plants Grow Up You know that three-foot philoden- dron that sits in a pot in your living room? Its relative is a vine that reaches over fifty feet toward the Climatron dome. “Philodendrons are more spec- tacular the higher they reach, growing up along trees,’ says Steve Frowine, Chairman of Indoor Horticulture at the Garden. “People that grow these as house plants should see one in a natural setting to really appreciate it.” Philodendron, schefflera, and rub- ber tree growers will have the oppor- tunity to see their favorite house plants in their mature form in an exhibit in the Climatron from September 26 through October 11, 10 a.m. until 5 p.m. The exhibit will ‘contain approximately 100 plants throughout the Climatron, each displayed with a label that includes Cultural information. Where Do Bananas Come From? When most of us buy our bananas, we pick a bunch from a table in a super- market or a produce store, inspect it for bruises, pay for it and take it home. Vanilla comes in little bottles we store in a spice cabinet; coffee comes from jars or cans. Coconut is shredded and is contained in plastic bags on the grocer’s shelf. Buying food this way, it is easy to forget the natural origins of the things we eat. From October 31 until November 29, the Garden will feature an exhibit of tropical and sub-tropical food plants in the Climatron. About sixty-five plants will be displayed, including the banana, papaya, coconut, vanilla, yams, coffee, oranges and lemons. Each plant will be exhibited with descriptive text. Hours of the exhibit are 10 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. 9 Education Department Fall Workshops A practical course in rose care and culture will initiate the fall series of con- tinuing education workshops offered through the Education Department. David Vismara, Garden Rosarian, will conduct the four-sessign class which begins September 8. Sessions will focus on the selection and ordering of plants, bed preparation and planting, fertilizing and mulching. One session will be held in the Rose Garden on the grounds of the MBG. Evening sessions are scheduled for September 8, 15, and 22 and will run from 7:00 to 9:00 p.m.; the Saturday field session is scheduled for September 12 from 10:00 to 12:00 a.m. The fee for Members is $18.00. To Fall Lectures Mrs. Rosemary Verey will open the Garden’s series of Fall Lectures on Tuesday, October 6, at 10:30 a.m., witha special presentation entitled “Garden- ing in the Cotswolds.” The Cotswolds are hills in Gloucestershire in southwest-central England. Mrs. Verey, co-editor of The Englishwoman’s Garden and the author of a book on English women gardeners, will be in the United States to deliver the First Annual Plantman’s Lecture at Wave Hill in Riverdale, New York in September. The Fall Lecture Series continues on October 14, with Dr. Nancy Morin presenting a talk on the pre-1900 scien- tific work of the Garden. Dr. Marshall Crosby presents “Dr. William Trelease and the early twentieth century research of the Garden” on October 21,' and Dr. William D’Arcy presents a lec- ture on the Flora of Panama Project on October 28. The lectures will be held at 10:30 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. on the schedul- ed dates in the John S. Lehmann Auditorium and will continue through November. Two September Sales Both of the Garden’s shops will feature sales during September. On Sunday, September 13, the Garden Gate Shop will have its annual Sidewalk Sale from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. The sale will offer china, gifts, trays, vases and accessories at prices reduc- ed by twenty to fifty percent from regular retail prices. On September 25, Garden Members 10 register, contact the Education Depart- ment, 577-5140. Nancy Morin, Administrative Curator-of the Herbarium, has designed a mini-course in botany fo the non- botanist—interested amateurs, teachers, and others interested in in- creasing their knowledge of plant classification and identification. The four-session workshop is scheduled for September 15, 22, 29 at 7:00 to 9:00 p.m. A field day is scheduled for September 19. The fee for Members is $13.50. The Arboretum has scheduled pro- grams which include walking tours of that 2400-acre nature reserve. “Evening Hikes at the Arboretum” will be held on one evening a month through autumn beginning September 18 at 8 p.m. SCAPINO in the Garden Theatre Project Company will open its seventh season with a performance of SCAPINO at Missouri Botanical Garden from September 17 to 20. Directed by Courtney Flanagan, the play is an adaptation of Les Fourberies de Scapin by the seventeenth-century French dramatist Moliére. “We selected this particular play because it is well-suited for outdoor production,” said Fontaine Syer, Artistic Director of Theatre Project Company. “It’s full of mistaken identities, clowns and juggling. It is broad comedy that can be appreciated by all ages.” Performances are scheduled for 8 p.m. on all days, with a 2 p.m. matinee on Sunday, September 20. Garden members will receive a discount from the price of admission to SCAPINO. The presentations of SCAPINO are ‘sponsored by the Seven-Up Company. are invited to a preview of the Plant Shop’s Fall Plant Sale. Members will receive a twenty percent discount on all items in the shop, including foliage plants, spring bulbs, trees and shrubs, bonsai, tropical plants, and plant care materials. On September 26 and 27, the sale will be open to the public who will receive a 10% discount on all pur- chases. “Autumn Walks” will be offered on Tuesdays from September 29 through October 27, and ‘‘Macro Nature Photography ‘Walkshop’ ” is planned for Sunday, September 27. Other workshops scheduled for early fall include: Advanced Photography; Evening Walks in the Japanese Garden; Principles of Residential Landscape Design; Photography for Children; A Child’s Garden: A Course for Adults; Plants in Poetry: A Course in Creative Writing; Prairie Restoration. Pre-registration is required for all classes. For information on fees and schedules, please contact the Educa- tion Department (577-5140), or the Arboretum (577-5138). Answer Service Seeks Volunteers The Missouri Botanical Garden Answer Service is seeking men and women who are knowledgeable and ex- perienced in home gardening. The Horticultural Answer Service was established nearly 20 years ago and today responds to more than 12,000 telephone inquiries each year regarding lawn and garden problems. Volunteers participate in an extensive training program that includes seminars on subjects ranging from in- sect control to lawn care, pruning, and diagnosis of disease. Training sessions are scheduled from November through February. Applications are available in the Education Department (577-5140), and must be submitted by September 15. Tower Grove House Fall/Winter Menu The fall/winter menu for luncheons in the Tower Grove House Tea Room will be available beginning Thursday, October 1. That menu includes Chicken Divan, Lasagna, Turkey au Gratin, and Spinach Quiche. Luncheon is served at Tower Grove House on Tuesday and Thursday of each week, except holidays, 11:30 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. Reservations are necessary, and must be made by noon Monday for Tuesday luncheons and by noon Wednesday for Thursday lun- cheons. Meals must be ordered at the time of reservation. Groups of fifteen or more may schedule luncheons for Mon- days, Wednesdays or Fridays by mak- ing special arrangements with Tower Grove House. For information or reser- vations, please call 577-5150. C.P. Whitehead Dies Charles Powell Whitehead, Presi- dent of the Garden’s Board of Trustees from 1970 until 1972, died on June 22 at the age of 81. He was elected to the Board in 1964, and was an important participant in the 1969 Capital Fund Drive that made possible the construc- tion of the John S. Lehmann Building which houses the Garden’s herbarium, library and educational department. It was during Mr. Whitehead’s term as President that the building was con- structed. Mr. Whitehead was president of General Steel Industries from 1945 until 1964, and was board chairman from 1964 until 1966. He was active in many civic activities in both Missouri and II- linois including the United Fund Drive, the Arts and Education Fund, the Sym- phony Development Fund, the YMCA and the Municipal Opera. In 1968, he was selected as the St. Louis Globe- Democrat Man of the Year. In 1980, he was elected an honorary trustee of Missouri Botanical Garden. 500 Years of Botanical Illustration Exhibit The exhibit, 500 Years of Botanical Illustration, which was first shown at the Garden in January, 1980, will be repeated as part of The Festival of the Book Arts from October 15 through November 30. The exhibit includes significant examples of botanical art from the Garden’s extensive collection, documenting the development of scientific botanical illustration and the use of plants as decorative art. 500 Years of Botanical Illustration has been shown in museums Euphorbia Exhibit Euphorbia is a diverse plant genus that includes the commonly known plants poinsettia and crown of thorns, but also includes some interesting and economically important species as well. Euphorbia tirucalli is considered a possible source for a gasoline-like fuel. Another species, Euphorbia phos- phorea, glows in the dark. Scented Garden Moved The Scented Garden, originally located on the Knolls, south of the Main Gate, has been moved to the south- east side of the Linnean House. Accor- ding to Alan Godlewski, Chairman of Landscape Horticulture, plantings will be installed in September and October. “Visitors will start seeing the first real Bring-A-Guest Weekend On Saturday and Sunday, September 12 and 13, all Members are invited to bring two guests to the Garden. Guests will be admitted free of charge when they present the coupon (right) at the Main Gate. Any current Member whose guest joins the Garden on that weekend will receive a botanical illustration (suitable for framing) or a free plant as a token of appreciation from the Garden. throughout the midwest since November, 1979, by the Mid-American Arts Alliance and has proven to be the most popular touring exhibit in M-AAA’s history. It is scheduled to tour through the end of 1982, and the M-AAA has commissioned the Garden to create a second exhibit in botanical il- lustration, using different examples from the library’s collection. The hours of the exhibit located in the John S. Lehmann Building, will be 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday. These four plants, and others from the Euphorbia collection at Missouri Botanical Garden, will be featured in an exhibit in the Desert House from October 17 through November 15. Hours of the exhibit until the end of October are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. After November 1, the exhibit will be open from 9 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. displays in early Spring, with the height of the Garden coming around May first,” he said. Trees and shrubs scheduled for fall planting include several species of honeysuckle, lilac, calycanthus, and yew. The Scented Garden was first opened in May, 1972. T Coupon for Bring-a-Guest Weekend September 12-13 (Member’s guest must complete coupon and present at Main Gate for admission.) ii: i i tei ~ ANS Goudy Appointed Museum Director David Goudy, formerly the Garden’s Assistant Director for Operations, was appointed Director of Montshire Museum in Hanover, New Hampshire, in July. Montshire is a ten year old natural history museum associated with Dartmouth University. Goudy joined the Garden’s staff in 1969, working part-time to develop a work-study program for potential high school drop-outs. In 1970, he was ap- pointed Superintendent of the 2400-acre Shaw Arboretum in Gray Summit. He was named Director of Public Services in 1977 and Assistant Director for Operations in 1979. In this last position he directed the education, horticulture and maintenance depart- ments. During the last two years, he also managed the construction of the Visitor Center at the Garden’s north end. “The Garden is a marvelous institu- tion. It has been doing some very creative things, and I’m pleased to have had the opportunity to have par- ticipated in them,’ Goudy said. “The building program is especially exciting and forward-looking. When it is com- pleted, it will be a tremendous boost to all the programs here.” Coupon for Bring-a-Guest Weekend | September 12-13 (Member’s guest must complete coupon and i present at Main Gate for admission.) | | Name I | Address Calder Sculpture for Garden In early June, Alexander Calder’s sculpture, ‘‘The Tree, was removed from the Promenade area at the Man- sion House and delivered to Davlan Engineering, where it will be restored for exhibition near the the new location planned for the Boxwood Garden. The site chosen for its installation at Man- sion House proved damaging to the piece because of wind conditions. The loan to the Missouri Botanical Garden was arranged through the efforts of Robert H. Orchard, Chairman of Mayor's Committee on St. Louis Arts and Fountains, and Gerald A. Rimmel, a St. Louis attorney. Thanks to their con- cern for the preservation of the piece, Calder’s mobile will be available for Landscape Design Course Offered The second in a series of Land- scape courses offered by the National Council of State Garden Clubs, Inc., will be offered on October 12, 13 and 14, 1981, at the Lehmann Building of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 2345 Tower Grove Avenue. There are no prere- quisites for this course and it is open to the public. Outstanding instructors in the fields of horticulture, botany, and land- scape design have been scheduled to teach the following topics: “Develop- ment of Landscape Design from 1840 to 1930,” “Urban Design,” “Architecture and Related Professions,” “Landscape Graphics,” “Execution of Landscape Architectural Design,” “Site Design,” “Art and Nature Appreciation,” “Plants in Composition,” and “Elements in Landscape Architectural Design.” The faculty teaching these courses is: Douglas Counts, Robert Goetz, Fred Kellams, and Stuart Mertz— landscape architects; and Dr. Gary Long, Dr. Ray Rothenberger, and Prof. Willard Sum- mers, University of Missouri hor- ticulturalists. The course fee is $25.00 for two days, $15.00 for one day, and $2.00 ex- amination fee for those taking the op- tional exam. The course is sponsored by the Federated Garden Clubs of Missouri, Inc., the University of Mis- souri Extension-East-West Gateway Area, Missouri Botanical Garden, and the National Council of State Garden Clubs, Inc. For further information con- tact: Glenda Finnie, 4623 Littlebury, St. Louis 63128 (894-2655). 12 viewing in an appropriate setting towards the end of this summer. Orchid Sale Because of the success of last November’s Orchid Sale, a second sale is planned for this year. Scheduled for Saturday, November 14, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., with the Preview Sale on Friday, November 13, from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m., the sale will offer individuals the opportuni- ty to purchase orchid plants from the Garden's internationally renowned col- lection. Over 1,000 plants will be available and persons with questions on orchid culture may talk with experts from the Garden's staff and members of local orchid societies. Proceeds from the sale will be used to purchase new plants for the Garden’s collection and an orchid display case. For further infor- mation, members may call 577-5190. There is a $5.00 admission fee for the Orchid Preview Sale on November 13. Fall Flower Show The 1981 Fall Flower Show opens to the public on Saturday, October 3, and continues through October 24. The show this year will be a gardenwide ex- hibit of chrysanthemums and other traditional fall flowers. A Members’-only preview party is scheduled for Friday, October 2. Details will be announced later by mail. The St. Louis Herb Society will begin selling hand-crafted items in Tower Grove House beginning November 12. Items will include lavender sticks, tea cozies, potpourri, herb apple wreaths and woven wheat. Tower Grove House, the country home of Garden founder Henry Shaw, is open from 10 a.m. until 5 p.m. through Oc- tober. From November through April, it closes at 4 p.m. Dr. Raven Elected President of A.S.N. Dr. Peter H. Raven, Garden Director, was elected President-Elect of the American Society of Naturalists earlier this year. The Society, founded in 1883, is an international organization of per- sons interested in a variety of biological disciplines. Its purpose is the advance- ment and diffusion of biological knowledge. Cohen Court Announced The Sidney and Sadie Cohen Foun- dation recently contributed funds to the Garden for the construction of a garden in memory of Sadie M. Cohen. The garden, to be located on the east side of the Linnean House, will be approx- imately 1,600 square feet and will con- tain a brickwork courtyard, trees, hedges and a granite drinking fountain. It is scheduled for completion by the end of this year. 5-6-Pick Up Sticks... The Education Department has recently developed a new activity for young children called “The Collector's Bag’; its purpose is to encourage children to collect leaves, seeds, and other natural, fallen objects from the ground when they visit the Garden, in order to help them study and under- stand plant life. According to Ilene Follman, coor- dinator of the project, “Small children are much closer to the ground than adults and often observe things that bigger people do not notice. Many in- teresting and lovely seeds, leaves, flower petals and other plant parts fall to the ground at various times during the year. Children can learn a great deal from these unattached objects.” “The Collector’s Bag” is available at the Main Gate for a nominal fee. Reservations Available for China Tour A few reservations are still available for the Spring, 1982, China Tour, led by Tamra Engelhorn Raven. The tour, which leaves St. Louis on April 24, 1982, will visit Beijing, Hanjing, Wusi, Shanghai, and Kyoto, Japan, returning to St. Louis on May 13, 1982. For infor- mation or reservations, Members may call 577-5118. Calendar September No spring nor summer beauty hath such grace As | have seen in one autumnal face.— J. Donne Monster Cacti Exhibit, Desert House, Continues through September 6, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Henry Shaw Cactus Society Show, John S. Lehmann Building, continues through September 7, 9 a.m.- 5 p.m. Guild of Bookworkers 75th Anniversary Exhibition, part of the Festival of the Book Arts, John S. Lehmann Building, opens September 1, 9 a.m.-5 p.m., week-days only (through October 1). September 1-5 September 6-12 _ Labor Day Picnic at the Garden, Garden grounds, September 7, 9 a.m.-6 p.m. A nice day for the family; bring a picnic or buy one in the Greenery. Bring a Guest Weekend, Grounds, September 12-13, 9 a.m.-6 p.m. Guild of Book Workers’ 75th Anniversary Exhibition: Continues Garden Gate Shop Sidewalk Sale, Main Gate, September 13, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Men’s Garden Clubs’ Fall Show, John S. Lehmann Building, September 19-20. 1-5:30 p.m. on the 19th; 9 a.m.-5:30 p.m. on the 20th. SCAPINO, Grounds, September 17-20, 8 p.m. (with 2 p.m. matinee on the 20th) Guild of Book Workers’ 75th Anniversary Exhibition: Continues September 13-19 September 20-30 Botany of Papermaking Exhibit, John S. Lehmann Building, opens September 21, 9 a.m.-5 p.m., weekdays only (through October 16). Fall Plant Sale, Plant Shop, (members’ preview, September 25; regular sale, September 26-27) 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Dahlia Society Show, John S. Lehmann Building, September 26-27, 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Houseplant Exhibit, Climatron, opens September 26, 10 a.m.-5 p.m. (through October 11). Guild of Book Workers’ 75th Anniversary Exhibition: Continues October Listen! the wind is rising, and the air is wild with leaves, October 1-10 October 11-17 October 18-24 October 25-31 We have had our summer evenings, now for October eves! —H. Wolfe Fall Flower Show Preview Party, Grounds, October 2, 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. Fall Flower Show, Grounds, opens October 3, 9 a.m.- 6 p.m. (through October 24). Rosemary Verey Lecture, John S. Lehmann Building, October 6, 10:30 a.m. Houseplant Exhibit: Continues (last day October 11) Botany of Papermaking Exhibit: Continues Lecture: “Shaw and Engelmann and the Garden's research before 1900”, John S. Lehmann Auditorium, October 14, 10:30 a.m. and 8 p.m. 500 Years of Botanical Illustration, John S. Lehmann Building, opens October 15, 9 a.m.-5 p.m., weekdays only (through November 30). Euphorbia Exhibit, Desert House, opens October 17), 9 a.m.-5 p.m. (through November 14). Fall Flower Show: Continues Botany of Papermaking: Continues (last day, October 16) North American Hand Papermaking Exhibit, John S. Lehmann Building, opens October 19, 9 a.m. -5 p.m., weekdays only (through November 30). Lecture: ‘Dr. William Trelease and the early 20th Century research of the Garden” John S. Lehmann Auditorium, October 21, 10:30 a.m. and 8 p.m. Fall Flower Show: Continues (last day October 24) 500 Years of Botanical Illustration: Continues Lecture: “The Flora of Panama Project”, John S. Lehmann Auditorium, October 28, 10:30 a.m. and 8 p.m. The Art of the Printer Exhibit, John S. Lehmann Building, opens October 25, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., weekdays only, (through November 10). Wood Engraving Exhibit, John S. Lehmann Auditorium, October 27, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Food Plants Exhibit, Climatron, opens October 31, 10 a.m.-5 p.m. (through November 29). 500 Years of Botanical Illustration: Continues North American Hand Papermaking Exhibit: Continues Visitor Center to Add New Curve to St. Louis Skyline Workers installed the framework for the dome-shaped con- ourse roof of the new Visitor Center at Missouri Botanical aarden in July. The concourse, a 160-foot long public atrium, vill be covered by a sixty-foot high translucent archway and vill Serve as the main visitor walkway for the center as well asa howcase for exhibits and displays that represent the history ind purpose of the 122-year-old Garden. The archway’s translucent covering, to be completed this summer, will be constructed from a double-walled, insulated, ranslucent panel that is highly thermal efficient and one of the ew plastic, translucent materials that meet the rigid fire codes ipplied to public buildings. The Visitor Center at the Garden is he first structure in the Midwest and one of the first in the Ountry to use the material on a large scale. LP” , “ 1 a ~~ A hy = Y » ~ ‘ Y 2 i a ” X * ee ws y % fy f - a A X ve 7 : A = = >. sy A, f ay Ly | BPs 1 - NS f » Lf tH % \ ‘ £ +X t x X \ AN _ » i2 4 > rt Hi 4 x “¢ j : ‘ i n , oT yy = Ny A *. I i fey : AYN 12 13 New Membership— June and July 1981 Sponsoring Members Mr./Mrs. Marvin Goldstein Mr./Mrs. Frank J. Riegerix Mr./Mrs. Louis |. Zorensky Sustaining Members Dr./Mrs. Arthur |. Auer Mr. Millard Backerman Mr./Mrs. R. J. Baudendistel Mr. Clarkson Carpenter, III Mr./Mrs. Thomas F. Caspari Dr./Mrs. William S. Costen Ms. Patricia Cotton Dr. William S. Coxe Mr. Darold E. Crotzer, Jr. Mrs. Alice H. Enders Mr./Mrs. Alfred J. Fleischer Mr. Charles R. Fletcher Miss Alice P. Francis Mr./Mrs. Milton R. Gaebler Mr./Mrs. John R. Galloway Mr. Henry A. Griesedieck Mr. Hord Hardin Mr./Mrs. F. R. Harrison Mr./Mrs. Robert J. Helwig Mr./Mrs. Adolph Hill, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Fielding L. Holmes Mr. T. K. Hurster Dr./Mrs. Raymond C. Jablonski Mr./Mrs. Downing B. Jenks Mr. Kenneth N. Kermes Mrs. Adele B. Killgore Mr./Mrs. Warren Kleykamp Mr. Ted Komern Mr. C. W. Lane, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Donald E. Lasater Mr. Norman B. Leppo Mr./Mrs. John W. Less Dr./Mrs. Frank Lieb Mr./Mrs. Henry Lowenhaupt Mr./Mrs. R. F. Lyons Mr./Mrs. James A. Maritz, Jr. Dr. J. R. McCurdy Mr. Bernard Mellitz Mrs. Garret F. Meyer Mr. |. E. Millstone Mr. Leo V. Mitchell Mr. A. F. Noecker Ms. Lois B. O’Hare Mr./Mrs. R. W. Peters, I! Mr./Mrs. Dwight Prade Mr./Mrs. B. C. Pratt Ms. Olga M. Sobkow Mr./Mrs. H. Robert Shampaine Mr./Mrs. William Tao Mr./Mrs. Donald D. Wren CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS Anonymous Ms. Aldene Acuncius Mr. George Adderton Mr. Garland E. Allen Mrs. Zeline Altis Mr./Mrs. Oliver Anderhalter Mr. Frank A. Anderson Ms. Sylvia M. Apell Mr. P. T. Arenos Mr./Mrs. J. H. Arensman Mr./Mrs. R. Aubuchon Mrs. Ruth S. Aylesworth Mrs. Paul Bakewell, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Robert C. Ballard Mr./Mrs. A. J. Bardo! Mrs. Earl Bartareau Mr. Tim Batliner Mr. Robert S. Bayers Ms. Carlotta Beall Mr./Mrs. Jack W. Beck Mr./Mrs. Norman A. Becker Mr./Mrs. Denis Beckers Mr. Walter A. Beckers Miss E. Behle Mr. Richard Beljan Mr. Bradley C. Benham Mrs. E. O. Beyers 14 Mr./Mrs. L. S. Billmeyer Mr./Mrs. Markley S. Binzel Mrs. Bernard E. Blomberg Mr. James P. Bosse Mr. Frank C. Bova Mr./Mrs. Jerome Brasch Mr. John A. Brennan Miss Sue Bretz Mr./Mrs. Thomas J. Briegel Dr. Pacelli E. Brion Mr./Mrs. John V. Brock Ms. Jean Brockman Mr./Mrs. Dennis Brommelhorst Ms. Margaret E. Brooks Mr. Everett Brown Ms. Helen Bryant Mr./Mrs. Charles Buchman Mr./Mrs. R. H. Buck Mr. Robert L. Buell Mr./Mrs. Roger Burnet Ms. Jackie Call Mr./Mrs. Charles R. Carey Mr./Mrs. W. R. Carneal Mrs. Helen L. Carter Mr./Mrs. David Chomeau Miss Diana Clark Mr. C. Steven Cole Mr./Mrs. William P. Combs Mrs. T. K. Cooper, Jr. Mr. John J. Coughlin Mr./Mrs. Ralph L. Countryman, Jr. Ms. Margaret Croker Mrs. M. Cronin Mr./Mrs. Henry Croskell Mrs. John Crotty Mrs. E. D. Crotzer Mrs. A. B. Cull Mr. David M. Culver Mr. Lou Cummins Mr./Mrs. Richard Dawson Mr./Mrs. James E. DeLassus Mr./Mrs. Edgar W. Denison Mr./Mrs. A. S. Dennis Mrs. Angeline Denos Mr./Mrs. Dennis C. Desmet Mr./Mrs. Lloyd Doerflinger, Jr. Mrs. E. L. Dreinhofer Ms. Barbara Dreistein Mrs. C. F. Dunkel Mr./Mrs. Kenneth Eakes Mr./Mrs. Ron Eaton Mr./Mrs. William C. Eckles Mr./Mrs. Paul D. Eckrich Dr./Mrs. James E. Edwards Mrs. Elsom Eldridge Mr. Wayne S. Elrod Ms. Sue Epstein Mr. John Ervin Mr./Mrs. Roger L. Eschbacher Mr./Mrs. Russell Fairburn Mr. Irwing F. Fausek, Sr. Mr./Mrs. Edward K. Fehlig Mr./Mrs. Harry Ferris Mr./Mrs. Murray D. Field Mr./Mrs. James E. Fischer Mr. John A. Fish Mr. Michael Fix Mr. Bernard W. Flatley Mrs. L. M. Forster Mr./Mrs. John H. Foster Mr. Donald Freber Miss Marie Freiberg Mr. Michael Freiman Mr./Mrs. Victor Freyer Mrs. Corinne L. Froemke Ms. Helen J. Frohlichstein Mr. J. R. Fry Mr./Mrs. Peter Fuerst Mrs. Diana M. Gaertner Mrs. Betty Galibert Mrs. Dennis G. Garner Mr. Wayne Garver Mr./Mrs. Vernon G. Gaskell Mr./Mrs. Charles Gaskill Ms. Ellen Gates Ms. Betty Gault Mr./Mrs. Paul M. Geiner Mrs. Marion O. Georgen Mr./Mrs. Jerome L. Gidlow Mr. L. A. Gilles Dr./Mrs. Richard J. Gimpelson Ms. M. F. Go Mr./Mrs. Alvin Goldfarb Mrs. E. E. Gormon Mr./Mrs. John A. Gragnani Ms. Diane Gray Ms. Marjorie M. Gray Mr. Noah Gray Ms. E. C. Grayson Mr./Mrs. Daniel E. Green Mr./Mrs. Gregory F. Green Dr./Mrs. John G. Gregory Mrs. Clifford Greve Mr./Mrs. Henry C. Griesedieck, Jr. Ms. Virginia A. Grise Mrs. L. H. Grone Ms. Janet Gruber Mr./Mrs. Gene Gruendel Mr./Mrs. William Grumich Miss Elvera C. Guebert Mr. Dennis L. Guillermin Mrs. Bernice P. Hagensieker Mr./Mrs. Irwin R. Harris Mr./Mrs. Stephen Harris Ms. Lucille Haupt Mr. Edward B. Heath Ms. Rosemary Hediger Mr./Mrs. Edward Henschel Mrs. Gene Herbst Mr./Mrs. Richard A. Hernandez Mr./Mrs. H. B. Herod Rev. John J. Hickel Mr./Mrs. Joseph F. Hickey, I! Mr. D. B. Hilleymeyer Mr./Mrs. James J. Hintz Mr./Mrs. Sam D. Hodgdon Mr. Frederick Hof Mr./Mrs. Briggs Hoffmann Miss Linda Holekamp Mr. M. Lee Holekamp, Jr. Ms. Brenda L. Hollander Mr./Mrs. Jon Holman Mrs. J. Holtgrewe Holy Order of Mans Mr./Mrs. William G. Hoover Mr./Mrs. Jesse Horstman Mr./Mrs. Harrison N. Howe Mr. Mark S. Hoxie Mr. Fred P. Hubert Dr./Mrs. William Huffaker Mr./Mrs. Daniel C. Hurley Ms. Ann Jackson Mrs. Keith Jackson Mrs. Barbara E. Jacobs Ms. C. Colette Jaech Mr./Mrs. T. Frank James, Jr. Mr./Mrs. John J. Jarvis, Jr. Mr./Mrs. M. C. Johansen Mr./Mrs. M. P. Johns Mr. Richard H. Johnson Mr. Roger Johnson Mr./Mrs. Stephen C. Johnson Mr./Mrs. Nathan D. Jones Mr./Mrs. Thomas A. Jones Mr./Mrs. Wayne N. Jones Mr./Mrs. Gerald J. Juelich Mr. Clifford Kambraks Mr. Sylvan Kaplan Mrs. Robert Keyes Miss Julia H. Kiburz Mr./Mrs. James A. Kilzer Dr. E. E. King Mr./Mrs. Robert Klote Mr. Edward R. Knauel Ms. Ann Ko Mr. John H. Koester Mr./Mrs. John W. Kouri Mr. Paul Kraus Mr./Mrs. C. H. Kremmel Mr. Blaine Kunkel Mr./Mrs. Rembert W. LaBeaume Mr. Edmund Lammert Mrs. Warren Lamment, Jr. Mr./Mrs. S. K. Landgraf Ms. Barbara Lange Mr. Paul J. Langlois Mr./Mrs. Frank E. Laurent Mr./Mrs. Edmund Lawrence Ms. Mary Lou Lawrence Mr./Mrs. Millard E. Leach Mr. Russell J. Lee Mr./Mrs. Steven R. Lee Ms. Anne Legerski Mr. Carl W. Lehne Ms. Norma J. Lemon Mr./Mrs. Meyer Levy Mr./Mrs. Floyd F. Lewis Mr./Mrs. M. William Lightner Mr./Mrs. Arthur C. Litchfield Mr./Mrs. Don Lott Mr. W. D. Luebbers Mr. Gerald Lukefahr Mr./Mrs. Bernard Mabry Mr./Mrs. J. N. MacDonough Ms. D. Maeser Dr./Mrs. George A. Mahe Ms. Catherine Makowski Dr. Robert L. Malench Mr./Mrs. Thomas Mangogna Mr./Mrs. James Mannion Mr./Mrs. James A. Mantia Ms. Dottie Marbeck Mr. John W. Marsh Mr. Howard R. Martin Mr./Mrs. Noble L. Martin Mr./Mrs. Joel Massie Miss Thelma Maurer Mr./Mrs. Francis Mc Carthy Mr./Mrs. L. L. McCourtney Mr./Mrs. James McCutchen Miss Marjorie Mc Farland Ms. Carolyn Mc Gee Mr./Mrs. Herbert McKinney Mr./Mrs. Kimball McMullin Mr. J. M. McNaught Mr./Mrs. Lawrence L. Meier Mrs. Harold F. Meier Mr./Mrs. Robert Merryman Mr. Kenneth Merz Mr. Douglas L. Miller Dr. Glen Miller Mrs. H. L. Morrill Dr./Mrs. John L. Morris Mr./Mrs. William E. Morrison Mrs. Jeanne G. Mudge Dr. Robert Mueller Mr. Edwin Myers Mr./Mrs. James Myles Mr./Mrs. Anthony J. Naccarato Mr./Mrs. Gordon Neary Mr. Charles F. Neerman Mr./Mrs. Duane A. Nehring Mr. Dan Nelson Dr./Mrs. J. Roger Nelson Ms. Chery! Neumann Mr./Mrs. G. F. Newhard Dr./Mrs. James F. Nickel Mr. Jerry Novack Ms. Oma L. Nunn Mr. Ronald M. Oakley Mr./Mrs. Paul Ockrassa Mrs. L. F. Odum Mr./Mrs. Milton E. Oldendorph Ms. Chris E. O’Neal Mrs. Vernon Outman Mr. Paul L. Ouys Mr. John R. Overall Ms. Mary Paasch Mr. C. E. Parrott Mr./Mrs. John A. Parsons Mr. Roy Pautler Mr. Douglas Payton Mr./Mrs. John H. Pearson Mrs. H. R. Perry Mr./Mrs. Norman J. Peterson Col./Mrs. T. Peterson Mr. Richard Pisoni Mr./Mrs. John H. Polzin Mr./Mrs. Kenneth Praechter Mr./Mrs. John B. Prentis, II! Mr. Russell L. Prewitt Mr./Mrs. Lawrence W. Price Mr. Michael E. Pulitzer Mr. Martin D. Pultman Mr./Mrs. Austin Joseph Quackenbush Dr./Mrs. C. Brian Quick Ms. Judith A. Rager Mr. Edward Rehak Mr./Mrs. Franklin Reisenhofer Mr./Mrs. Byron L. Reitz Mr. Thomas W. Rich Mr./Mrs. Andrew C. Ries Mr. Dan Riordan Mr./Mrs. S. Harold Roberts Mr. A. J. Robertson Mr./Mrs. Bernard Roeber Mr./Mrs. John A. Rolls Mr./Mrs. V. J. Rosengreen Mr./Mrs. Milton A. Ross Mrs. David Rothman Mr./Mrs. Robert R. Rust Mr./Mrs. Alvin H. Sage, II! Mr. Joseph Sanchez Mr./Mrs. Donald Schlapprizzi Mrs. O. H. Schmidt Mr./Mrs. Clyde M. Schmitt Mrs. Dorothy Schrei Mr./Mrs. P. Schreiber Mr. William S. Schuermann Mr. Jerry Schutz Mrs. Marjorie J. Seibel Mr./Mrs. Warren Seitz Dr./Mrs. W. F. Simms, Jr. Mrs. Herbert B. Simon Mr. William C. Simonton Miss Patricia L. Skarin Mr. Larry A. Slater Mr. Edward C. Smith Mr./Mrs. Richard S. Snyder Mr. Brian Speicher Mr. Steven R. Spellmeyer Ms. Louis Stark Mr./Mrs. Mark Stecher Mrs. M. Stillman Ms. Joy Stinger Dr./Mrs. Michael E. Suden Dr./Mrs. Alfred Sudholt, Jr. Dr./Mrs. Daniel T. Sullivan Mrs. Janet Swailes Mrs. Richard Tallin Mr. Franklin E. Taylor Ms. Nancy Tierce Mr./Mrs. Don L. Tillotson Ms. Donna Timmerman Mrs. M. E. Tinker Dr./Mrs. H. Token Mr./Mrs. C. Alvin Tolin Mr./Mrs. Leon P. Ullensvang Mr./Mrs. Rick A. Valdez Ms. Jo G. Vallo Mr. William A. Van Hook Mr./Mrs. Kirk M. Verseman Mr./Mrs. Richard V. Vieth Ms. Mildred E. Villa Mr./Mrs. Paul V. Von Gontard Mrs. Wm. G. Von Weise Mr. Robert S. Vosburgh Mr./Mrs. David M. Votrain Mr. Oliver W. Wagner Mr./Mrs. Thomas H. Wagner Mr./Mrs. William G. Ward Miss Della Weber Ms. June Wehlage Mr. Peter W. Wehrsten Mr. Noah Weinstein Mr. Alan N. Weiss Mrs. Wendy M. Wells Mrs. E. K. Westrup Mr./Mrs. Michael Wethern Mr. Randy Whisnant Mr. Clinton L. Whittemore, III Mrs. F. J. Wieck Mr. Paul Wiegers Mr. W. Wiese Mrs. Esther Williams Miss Judy Williams Mr. Donald Willmering Ms. Ann C. Wippold Mr./Mrs. Ernest Wolf Mr. Robert J. Wolff Mr. T. T. Wood Mr./Mrs. Richard B. Zeiss Ms. J. A. Zimmerman Mrs. Lucy Ziolkowski Mr. Irv Zuckerman Mr./Mrs. Jospeh Zucchero Tributes-June & July 1981 IN HONOR OF: Lois M. Austin Mr./Mrs. R. Leibengood Mr./Mrs. Howard Baer Mrs. Irvin Bettman, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Harry Franc Mr./Mrs. Irving D. Goldman Mr./Mrs. John Isaacs, Jr. Mrs. Edwin Levis Mrs. Lawton Levy Mr./Mrs. Willard L. Levy Mrs. Benjamin Loeb Mrs. Ralph Lowenbaum Liz and Joe Ruwitch Mrs. John M. Shoenberg Flo and Dick Weil Mrs. Norman Wolff Mr./Mrs. Hugh Baird Mr./Mrs. Jospeh W. Boyle Mrs. Bernard C. Blanton Mr./Mrs. John R. Averill Mr. Robert Cohen Natalie E. Freund Paul and Hinda Farbstein Milton L. Daugherty Good Health Harold and June Kravin Mr./Mrs. Peter J. Giacoma Mrs. Walter M. Jones Mrs. Harold Gilbert Mrs. Gloria Hogbin Mrs. Sara Glotzer Bert and,Margie Talcoff Mr. Morris Golman Marion Lieberman Sam Golman The Marc Seldin’s Mrs. Albert Guze Mehlville Garden Club #1 Henry Hitchcock Mr./Mrs. Robert Brookings Smith Mrs. May Hunter Kathryn Farr Clara R. Fieselmann Robert L. Jones Evelyn A. Riddle Mrs. W. B. McMillan, Jr. Carol And Frank Flathen Mr./Mrs. Walter Mazurek Mitchell and Marie Grzesiowski Miss Harriette Moore Mr./Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Miss Gigi Newhard Mr./Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Mr./Mrs. Frank Pipe Mrs. Walter M. Jones Mrs. Peter Raven Shirley W. Cohen Mr./Mrs. Justin Schuchat Mrs. Walter M. Jones Sydney Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Charles Berger Mrs. Irvin Bettmann, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Richard B. Cronheim Mrs. J. A. Jacobs Mrs. Lawton Levy Mr./Mrs. Willard L. Levy Babsy and Stan Richman Mr. Joseph Ruwitch Kay and Liew Sale, Jr. Herb and Queenie Schiele Dorothy Schweich Mr./Mrs. James W. Singer, Jr. Florence Stern Jim Singer Peggy Hellman Mr./Mrs. Tobias Lewin Mr./Mrs. Louis R. Putzel Liz and Joe Ruwitch Robert and Genevieve Turner The Bridge Club Mrs. Fred Urban Four Seasons Garden Club Miss Conchita Werner Mr./Mrs. Henry O. Johnston IN MEMORY OF: Norton Adler Morton and Norma Singer Mary Lynn Baer Mary Jane and Jerry Presberg Jerry Bair Mrs. Edwina Medlock Evelyn Singer Baldwin Mr./Mrs. Walter F. Raven Dr./Mrs. Peter H. Raven Pauline Beals Alma Dean Simms Myra Simms Adolph Bernard Henry Henderson Nan and Jim Henderson Miss Etta C. Bockler R. L. Butterworth Mercedes Nitzschmann Frances Reasor Edward Boecksteigel Gwen Springett Loretto M. Braun Mr./Mrs. Jack E. Krueger Lisette E. Schaumburg Mrs. Gertrude A. Brinkman Maurine Inghram Mary Buswell Mr./Mrs. George F. Hellmuth Marian Lewis Clarke Mitchell and Marie Grzesiowski Mrs. Roland O’Bryen Mrs. Mason Scudder Edward A. Cox Vera H. Cox Mrs. Edward Cumliff Mr./Mrs. William E. Barnes Ann Danzer Dorothy and Elmer W. Pounds Mrs. Virginia S. Devoti Miss Beatrice Thake Mrs. Robert W. Duffe Mr. Walter G. Clinch Clara Dusky Mr./Mrs. William E. Koerner Dr. Saul Dworkin Melba E. Aufderheide Dr. Dee W. Eades Ms. Florence S. Guth Mrs. Fern Eilers Miss June E. McCarthy Rev. J. Maver Feehan The Hayashi Family Eugene A. Fehimann Mr./Mrs. N. Armentrout Janet and Bud Berri Florence and William E. Feuerborn, Jr. Marie and William E. Feuerborn Viola and Joseph Fischer Mr./Mrs. W. Fischer Mr./Mrs. K. Watters Julie Freund John and Sally Levy Ron Littmann Mr. Claude M. Garner Mr./Mrs. Albert Krueger Mrs. Margaret Gerdine Leonard and Rosalie Hornbein Mrs. William H. Schield Sam and Selma Soule Miss Tillie Goldberg Mr./Mrs. Warren Wolfe Mrs. Oscar Hampton Mr./Mrs. B. R. Yoder Sheldon Hause Susan Hartmann Richard Sheehan Mr. Joseph Heimann Mr./Mrs. A. Sherwood Lee Mrs. Flora Helling Mrs. William T. Langton Virginia C. Langton Mrs. Helen Hermann Mr./Mrs. A. Sherwood Lee & Meta Betty Jane Johnson Mrs. R. V. Anderson Gloria B. Blythe Mr./Mrs. Robert K. Fogleman Carol Goodwin Mrs. George C. Hetlage Robert O. Hetlage Alberta L. Nazarok Mr./Mrs. David F. Orwig Sheryl and Steve Schafers Marjorie Stakes Frank and Patricia Tozer Mr./Mrs. Jonathan Tuepker Betty and Clyde Wilson Helen and John Joynt Mr./Mrs. Arthur F. Boettcher, Jr. Elodia Kirtz Frank and Patricia Tozer Phil Koch Lorine Ruhl Samuel Kozak Joe Duvall Sally D. Oliver Mr. John Krey, II Mr./Mrs. B. B. Culver, Jr. Mrs. Lucille LaDrieve Mrs. James Walker Mrs. Maurice T. Lonsway, Sr. Mrs. E. L. Sheldon Christine Gempp Love Mr./Mrs. Ingram Boyd, Jr. Elise and Taylor Crosby Delphine Polk Gatch Anne, Louis and Peter Werner Mrs. Helen Wolfley Loretta Lux Mr./Mrs. H. Brune Lawrence J. Lynch, Sr. Mrs. Horace R. Perry Robert McCaslin Mr./Mrs. Robert Ely Mrs. Estella Brown McElroy Mrs. J. S. Baker Mr./Mrs. Rembert W. LaBeaume, Sr. The Bon Marche Investment Club Hazal McGrievy Mrs. Lois B. Punshon Nell Mallinckrodt Carolyn and James A. Singer Helene Mayne Ladue Garden Ciub Francis A. Mesker Mr./Mrs. Edward W. Fordyce Mrs. William H. Petring Bob and Jane Sharp Mr./Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. Fred Michelson Morton and Norma Singer Mary Elizabeth Moore Mr./Mrs. William C. Hanson Mr./Mrs. David H. Morey Mr./Mrs. Tom S. Eakin, Jr. Louis H. Muckerman Don and Barbara Barr & Family Dr. John C. Murphy Elizabeth Burns 15 Mr. Hiram Neuwoehner, Jr. Mrs. Jean-Jacques Carnal The Rev. & Mrs. J. M. Feehan Harry Wuertenbaecher, Jr. Mr. Oscar Norling Dr./Mrs. Ben H. Senturia Katherine Donnelly Oberwinder Mr./Mrs. Peter H. Husch Augusta Pinckert Joe Kraus Dru L. Pippin Mrs. Dwight W. Coultas Irma Potashnick Janet and Bill Livingston Mrs. Lula Presley Dr. and Mrs. Louis Schwarz Mr. Walter F. Raven Mr./Mrs. Howard F. Baer Elizabeth & Alexander Bakewell Mr./Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom Mr./Mrs. Jules D. Campbell Mrs. Dwight W. Coultas Marshall R. and Carol A. Crosby Mr./Mrs. Sam’! C. Davis The Dohack Family Mr./Mrs. Ernest A. Eddy, Jr. Erna Rice Eisendrath Executive Board of the Members Mr./Mrs. Robert B. Forbes Natalie E. Freund Dr./Mrs. Leigh Gerdine Jo Ann Hayes Mr./Mrs. Robert R. Hermann Eleanor and Henry Hitchcock Japan-America Society of St. Louis Ellen and Landon Jones Mr./Mrs. Elmer G. Kiefer Mr./Mrs. Hugh M. F. Lewis Mr./Mrs. Joseph W. Lewis Missouri Botanical Garden Guides Missouri Botanical Garden Staff Mr. Charles Orner Mr./Mrs. W. R. Orthwein, Jr. Mr./Mrs. A. T. Primm, Ill Mr./Mrs. Alvin J. Rockwell Mrs. William H. Schield Mr./Mrs. Daniel L. Schlafly Mr./Mrs. Henry T. Schlapp Mr./Mrs. Alexander Schonwaild, Jr. Mr./Mrs. James W. Singer, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Courtney Shands, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Robert Brookings Smith Mr./Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. Mr./Mrs. C.C. Johnson Spink Judy and Gary Studer Mr./Mrs. Harry Wuertenbaecher, Jr. Dr. David Rendileman Alexander and Elizabeth Bakewell Winifred S. Rice Mary Jane and Jerry Presberg Nester W. Riemeier Mr./Mrs. Elmer G. Kiefer Catherine Roberts Martha Hardin William Roof Mrs. George E. Bengard Mr. Norman Rosenfelder Mr./Mrs. John Warakomski Mr. E. R. Rudolph Margaret Sachs Edward Rudolph Carl and Fern Harris Virginia Scholl Carl and Fern Harris Mildred Selinger Dr./Mrs. A. H. Stein, Jr. Ida Smith David and Sue Herbold Mrs. Helen Sothman Mr./Mrs. Lawrence DeMoor Marjorie Grote Mr./Mrs. Edward Guenther Gary King and Family Mr./Mrs. R. Kolman Mrs. Virginia Robertson Mrs. Wilford O. Schwartz Mrs. Dorothy Stude Mrs. Ella Jens Boeschenstein Marie Taylor Mr./Mrs. J. Harold Matthew Evelyn Toenjes Mr./Mrs. Dan Schopp Dorothy Varney Ivy Garnholz William Wehking Carl and Fern Harris George R. Wells Mr./Mrs. William Beggs Mr. W. H. Wells Mrs. J. |. Hayashi Robert F. White Nan and Jim Henderson Mr. C. Powell Whitehead Mr./Mrs. Newell Augur Mrs. Roland C. Baer Jean and Ted Bakewell Mr./Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom Belz Family Mrs. Kenneth H. Bitting Mr./Mrs. William A. Borders Mr./Mrs. John Young Brown Mrs. P. Taylor Bryan, Jr. Mr. F. Travers Burgess Mr./Mrs. Elzey G. Burkham Mr./Mrs. August A. Busch, Jr. Mrs. David R. Calhoun, Jr. Miss Mary Frances Clifford Mr./Mrs. Robert Cochran Mr./Mrs. George K. Conant Mrs. Dwight W. Coultas, Jr. Mrs. James E. Crawford Mr./Mrs. B. B. Culver, Jr. Mr./Mrs. H. Harrison Culver Mr./Mrs. Sam’l C. Davis Mr./Mrs. John O. Dozier Mrs. John Drescher, Jr. Mrs. Kenneth Drummond Mr./Mrs. Arthur A. Dunn Mrs. Leicester B. Faust Mr. S. E. Freund Dorothy C. Gale Mr./Mrs. David L. Gardner Mr./Mrs. W. Ashley Gray, Jr. Hager Family Mrs. John H. Hayward Mr./Mrs. Frederick Hermann, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Arthur C. Hiemenz, Jr. Eleanor and Henry Hitchcock Mr./Mrs. James Lee Johnson Mr./Mrs. Harold T. Jolley, Jr. Nan and Cliff Jones Mr./Mrs. W. Boardman Jones, Jr. Mrs. Wilbur B. Jones Mr. Henry D. Karandjeff Mr./Mrs. George E. Kassabaum Mr./Mrs. Richard B. Kobusch Elizabeth C. Larson Mr./Mrs. Charles Limberg Dr./Mrs. Carl E. Lischer Mrs. James S. McDonnell Mr./Mrs. Edwin B. Meissner, Jr. Mrs. W. Gillespie Moore Mr./Mrs. W. Delafield Niedringhaus Mr./Mrs. W. R. Orthwein, Jr. Mrs. Henry Rand Mr./Mrs. Norfleet H. Rand Dr./Mrs. Peter H. Raven St. Louis Union Trust Co. Mr./Mrs. Daniel L. Schlafly Althea & Carl Schumacher Mrs. A. Wessel Shapleigh Mrs. E. L. Sheldon Mr./Mrs. John Shepley Mr./Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Robert Brookings Smith Mr./Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. Mr./Mrs. C.C. Johnson Spink Mr./Mrs. R. W. Streett Mr./Mrs. Lewis B. Stuart Edgar and Margaret Taylor, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Charles A. Thomas Mr./Mrs. Edmonstone Thompson Janet and Ted Weakley Mr./Mrs. Allen Whittemore Mr./Mrs. Neal S. Wood Lydia and John Young Mr./Mrs. Charles H. Zeibig Wilfred Winkler Hester and Sherwood Lee Willard Wolcott Mrs. Gloria Hogbin Mrs. Herman Seldin Mary and Kay Sherman Jacob Yeckel Rosemary W. Boules Nancy Gass Thelma Ziskind Leonard and Rosalie Hornbein Persons interested in contributing to the Tribute Fund may contact the Develop- ment Office, 577-5120. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN (ISSN-0026-6507) P.O. Box 299 SECOND CLASS POSTAGE Saint Louis, Missouri 63166 PAID AT ST. LOUIS, MO. NA Volume LXIX, Number 6 November/December 1981 Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin ane “ey { aahmaa bible’ Ane dm md ded | goa fas Fame 1g: h Thi bh Dr. Peter H. Raven became Director of the Garden in August, 1971. He has been an Associate Professor at Stan- ford University, a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellow, and a taxonomist and curator at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Foreign Member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. This past August he received the prestigious Distinguished Service Award from the American Institute of Biological Sciences; in September he was Vice President of the Thirteenth Inter- national Botanical Congress (the Congress meets once every six years). He is the author of numerous scientific works, a member of two dozen committees and a score of societies, and an editor for several publications. During the decade in which he has been Director, the Japanese Garden was constructed as were the Anne L. Lehmann Rose Garden and English Woodland Garden; the John S. Lehmann Building was completed, the Linnean House restored, and construction of the Visitor Center begun. The number of Garden Members increased from 2,800 to over 14,000, and the size of the research program quadrupled to become the world’s most active tropical botany program. In addition to being Garden Director, Dr. Raven is Engelmann Professor of Botany at Washington University, and an adjunct professor of biology at both St. Louis University and University of Missouri-St. Louis. Bulletin: Reviewing the past decade, what would you Say was the most significant accomplishment? Dr. Raven: Actually there are two. The building of the scien- tific staff so that it contributes in a large way to the knowledge of the tropical sciences; it has increased to about four times its size of ten years ago. The Garden is now among the finest botanical institutions on the globe. Second, we have begun and implemented a Master Plan for the first time in the Garden’s history. This includes the Japanese Garden, the English Woodland Garden, and the Visitor Center that we've almost completed. B And the Center is the culmination of the Master Plan. R Yes, and when the Center opens, it will be easier going from then on. There are still quite a few things to do— the home landscaping center, the boxwood garden. We have to continue to improve our activities and displays. B What about the future, the next decade and beyond? R Our major goals are twofold. First, securing tax support is important to insure a diverse financial base so that the Garden can meet the demands of the coming decade and continue forward. Second, the Garden’s educational role will be its main area of concentration for the future. We ought to be able to make major contributions to the com- munity for education in horticulture, botany, ecology. The Garden as an educational institution in the broadest sense will be its greatest contribution for the future. B Traditionally, the function of the Garden has been divided into three parts, display, research and education. During the past ten years, display and research have been greatly (continued on page 4) Comment Dr. William Tai of Michigan State University and | visited Beijing (Peking) from July 6 to 9, 1981, on behalf of the Botanical Society of America. For several years | have been coordinating exchange as Chairman of the Society's Committee on Scientific Interchange with the Botanists of the People’s Republic of China. In Beijing we had several fruitful discussions with officials of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, including Professor Tang Pei-sung, Director of the Botanical Institute; Professor Yii Te-tsun, Assistant Director of the Botanical Institute and head of the Editorial Com- mittee of the Flora of China project; and Mr. Su Feng-lin, of the Foreign Affairs Bureau of the Academy of Sciences, all of whom visited St. Louis as members of the delegation of Chinese botanists in May, 1979. Our current trip was sup- ported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to the Botanical Society of America for the coordination and pro- motion of interchange with the PRC in the field of botany. Discussions continued on the means by which we might bring about the production of an English translation of the Flora of China, a collective work that has been in progress since 1957; over 200 Chinese botanists are involved in the project. The final work will consist of 80 volumes with 5,000 full-page illustrations and will describe the approximately 30,000 species of plants found in China, about one-eighth of all those in the entire world. Other items that we discussed included the interchange of people between botanical institutions in our two coun- tries. In residence in St. Louis now are Dr. Wu Peng-Cheng of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, who is studying mosses with Dr. Marshall Crosby, (continued on page 4) Inside $3 Letter from China Alan Godlewski describes the Shanghai Botanical Garden 5 Gardening in St. Louis Steve Frowine gives tips on holiday plant care The Holidays Gifts, decorations, and something new for our younger members 8 That Cup of Coffee About that morning cup 11 Four New Trustees Elected Calendar The MISSOURI BOTANICAL GAR- DEN BULLETIN is published six times each year, in January, March, May, July, September and Novem- ber by the Missouri Botanical Gar- den, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Mo. 63166. Second class postage paid at St. Louis, Mo. $5.00 per year. $6.00 foreign. Member of The Arts and Education Fund of Greater St. Louis HENRY SHAW ASSOCIATES Anonymous Mrs. Agnes F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Howard F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Alexander M. Bakewell Mr./Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Clarence C. Barksdale Mr./Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom Mr./Mrs. Albert Blanke, Jr. Mr./Mrs. John G. Buettner Mr./Mrs. J. Butler Bushyhead Mrs. Lucy T. Calhoun Mrs. Jean Jacques Carnal Mr. Edward G. Cherbonnier Mrs. F. T. Childress Mr. Fielding L. Childress Mr./Mrs. Gary A. Close Mr. Sidney S. Cohen Mr./Mrs. Franklin J. Cornwell, Sr. Dr./Mrs. William H. Danforth Mr./Mrs. Sam’! C. Davis Mrs. Joseph Desloge, Sr. Mr. Alan E. Doede Mr./Mrs. J. Robert Edwards Mrs. Clark P. Fiske Mr./Mrs. Guy W. Fiske Mr. Gregory D. Flotron Mrs. Florence T. Morris Forbes Mrs. Eugene A. Freund Mrs. Henry L. Freund Mr. S. E. Freund Mr. Samuel Goldstein Mr./Mrs. Stanley J. Goodman Mr. Clarence R. Goodrich Mr./Mrs. W. L. Hadley Griffin Mrs. H. C. Grigg Mrs. Ellis H. Hamel Mr./Mrs. Whitney R. Harris Mrs. John H. Hayward Mr./Mrs. Harvard K. Hecker Mr./Mrs. Robert R. Hermann Mr./Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mr./Mrs. James H. Howe, III Mr./Mrs. Lee Hunter Mrs. John Kenneth Hyatt Mr./Mrs. Stanley F. Jackes Mrs. John V. Janes, Sr. Mrs. Margaret M. Jenks Mr./Mrs. Eugene Johanson Mr./Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Mrs. Irene C. Jones Mr./Mrs. W. Boardman Jones, Jr. Dr./Mrs. John H. Kendig Mr./Mrs. Samuel Kennard, III Mr./Mrs. Frederick R. Keydel Mr./Mrs. Elmer G. Kiefer Mr./Mrs. William S. Knowles Mr./Mrs. Robert E. Kresko Mr./Mrs. Charles S. Lamy Mrs. John A. Latzer Mr. Thomas F. Latzer Mr./Mrs. John C. Lebens Mrs. John S. Lehmann Miss Martha |. Love Mr. H. Dean Mann Mrs. James S. McDonnell Mrs. Roswell Messing, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Hubert C. Moog Mr./Mrs. John W. Moore Mr. Thomas Moore Dr./Mrs. Walter Moore Mr./Mrs. John M. Olin Mr. Spencer T. Olin Mr./Mrs. W. R. Orthwein, Jr. Mrs. Jane K. Pelton Miss Jane E. Piper Miss Julia Piper Mr./Mrs. Vernon W. Piper Capt. William R. Piper Mr./Mrs. Herman T. Pott Mr./Mrs. A. Timon Primm, III Mrs. Howard E. Ridgway Mrs. C. Kenneth Robins Mr./Mrs. F. M. Robinson Mr./Mrs. G. S. Rosborough, Jr. Mrs. Lucianna Gladney Ross Mr./Mrs. Joseph F. Ruwitch Mr./Mrs. David Sanders Mrs. William H. Schield Mr./Mrs. Daniel L. Schlafly Mr./Mrs. Charles Schott Mrs. Mason Scudder Mr./Mrs. Richard Shaikewitz Mrs. A. Wessel Shapleigh Mr./Mrs. Warren M. Shapleigh Mrs. John M. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Robert H. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Sydney Shoenberg, Jr. Mr./Mrs. John E. Simon Mr./Mrs. Robert Brookings Smith Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Sr. Mr./Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. Mrs. Sylvia N. Souers Mr./Mrs. C. C. Johnson Spink Mrs. Herman F. Spoehrer Mrs. Robert R. Stephens Mr./Mrs. Cornelias F. Stueck Miss Lillian L. Stupp Mr./Mrs. Edgar L. Taylor, Jr. Ms. Marie Carr Taylor Mr./Mrs. Jack Turner Mr./Mrs. James Walker Mrs. Horton Watkins Mr./Mrs. Richard K. Weil Mrs. S. A. Weintraub Mrs. Ben H. Wells Mr./Mrs. O. Sage Wightman, III Mr./Mrs. Eugene F. Williams, Jr. Mrs. John M. Wolff Miss F. A. Wuellner Mrs. Eugene F. Zimmerman Mr./Mrs. Andrew Zinsmeyer Mr./Mrs. Sander B. Zwick DIRECTOR’S ASSOCIATES Anonymous Mr. Patrick Ackerman Mr. Kenneth Balk Mr./Mrs. Carl Beckers Mrs. Brooks Bernhardt Ms. Allison R. Brightman Mr./Mrs. H. Pharr Brightman Mrs. Richard L. Brumbaugh Mr./Mrs. G. A. Buder, Jr. Mr. Kurt H. Bussmann Mr./Mrs. Jules D. Campbell Mr. Joseph C. Champ Mrs. Frances Collins Cook Mrs. Elsie Ford Curby Mr./Mrs. Henry P. Day Mr. Bernard F. Desloge Mr./Mrs. David C. Farrell Mr./Mrs. W. Ashley Gray, Jr. Mr. George K. Hasegawa Mr. Edward E. Haverstick Dr./Mrs. August Homeyer Mr./Mrs. B. F. Jackson Mr./Mrs. Eldridge Lovelace Mr./Mrs. Charles W. Oertli Mr. Harry E. Papin, Jr. Mrs. Drue Wilson Philpott Mrs. Miquette M. Potter Mr./Mrs. Robert A. Ridgway Mr./Mrs. C. M. Ruprecht Mr. Frank H. Simmons Mr./Mrs. Leon B. Strauss Miss Harriet J. Tatman Mr./Mrs. Harold E. Thayer Mr./Mrs. Charles L. Tooker Mr./Mrs. John K. Wallace, Jr. C. C. Johnson Spink President, Board of Trustees Mrs. Shadrach F. Morris, Jr. President of the Executive Board of the Members Dr. Peter H. Raven Director Letter From China My first few days in China were spent in Shanghai where | visited the Shanghai Botanical Garden; it is a new garden still being constructed. The major feature is a tradi- tionally styled peony garden. There are over 200 cultivars of peony in this garden with the primary species being Tree Peony or Paeonia suffruticosa. In order to provide adequate drainage for the peonies, they had to construct an artificial hill. Other featured spring plants included Magnolia, cherry and holly. A second area was one for hybrid roses; here roses were featured in a western-style garden with an Oriental flare — the trellis work was of bamboo, as was the entrance gate, with the traditional upturned corners so common in China. The next area of interest was the Chrysanthemum garden, designed around a pool with a traditionally-styled pavilion. In the newer Chinese gardens these traditional structures are made from concrete rather than wood as in ancient times and there is an expressed concern that fine wood-craftsmen no longer exist or are, at the best, very rare. The chrysanthemum garden will, as one might sup- pose, be a fall feature. Here many cultivars will be displayed showing a great deal of variation. One prize- winning plant from last year was described to me — it has over 3,000 flowers uniformly in display and was over 3 meters round. These are shown in late November and | am sure are a sight to behold. The last, and probably the finest feature, was the col- lection of pen ching, which translates as ‘‘scenery in a pot.” It is equivalent to the Japanese concept of bonsai. The pen ching art form was started in the Tang Dynasty almost 1200 years ago. There are two types—one uses plant material only, and the second, stone. The stone variety generally represents a mountain scene in miniature and may or may not have plant material associated with it. The favorite materials for pen ching include pine, especially a short needled white pine (Pinus densiflora), pomegranate (Punica granatum), wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis), sasanqua camellia (Camellia sasanqua), Chinese elm (U/mus parvifolia), trident maple (Acer buergeranum), and may other plants. Next in Shanghai we visited the Yu Yuan (Yuan means garden). It is of the characteristic architectural style of the Ming (A.D. 1368-1644) and Ch’ing (A.D. 1644-1911) dynasties. Its visual beauty captures the essence of land- Scape design as it existed during these periods. It was built initially during the years A.D. 1559 to 1577 for alandlord and official of the Ming Dynasty. The area is only 3.75 acres but gives the feeling of a much greater expanse. This is due to the contrived perspective of its design including short bridges of small scale, divisions into three-walled sections, many winding passages (none are in a Straight line), and waterways which lead under walls with a promise of more beyond. There are more than 30 halls in Yu Yuan in the traditional style and a stone mountain surmounted by a lovely pavilion. A favorite feature of mine was the three un- dulating walls that were actually the spine of a great dragon — dramatic and effective. | shall be next in Nanjing, our sister city to St. Louis, and home of the Hortus Botanicus Nanjingeusis Memorial Sun Yat-Sen, our sister botanical garden. Alan P. Godlewski, Chairman of Landscape Horticulture Note: The Garden Members’ Tour of China, scheduled for April 24 through May 13, 1982, will visit the Shanghai Botanical Garden. For further information, please call 977-5178. Notes from the Botanical Congress The Garden was well represented at the XIII Inter- national Botanical Congress held in Sydney, Australia, from August 21 through 28. Seven Garden botanists were among the three thousand who attended this important Congress which convenes once every six years. Dr. Raven, who was a vice president of the Congress, delivered one of the Congress General Lectures entitled ‘‘Research Priorities in Tropical Biology.” In addition, he organized and convened two symposia, “Plant geographical results of changing Cenozoic barriers,” and “‘Myrtales: composi- tion and relationships.” Contributors to these symposia were drawn from the international pool of specialists in the areas concerned. After the Congress, Dr. Raven delivered a series of lectures on Australian biogeography and conti- nental drift and discussed this topic and others, partic- ularly the plight of the tropical rainforest. This lecture tour included Brisbane, Canberra, Adelaide, Perth, Melbourne, and Sydney, and was made possible by a Rudolf Lemberg Travel Fellowship from the Australian Academy of Science. The Academy grants one such fellowship per year to an expert in biochemistry, Australian plants, or conservation. Other Garden botanists attending the Congress were Alwyn Gentry, Thomas Croat, William D’Arcy, Peter Goldblatt, and Marshall Crosby. Most took advantage of the travel opportunity to undertake field work or other Studies. Before the Congress, Dr. Gentry visited Gabon, Nigeria, and Malaysia to conduct sampling studies of the species diversity in various tropical forests. After the Con- gress he continued these studies in New Caledonia, where the Garden maintains a field station for collecting and studying the flora of New Caledonia. Dr. Crosby also visited New Caledonia to collect and study mosses. After the Con- gress, Dr. Croat conducted field work in New Guinea, the Phillipines, Malaysia, and Thailand on the aroid family (Araceae) in which he is particularly interested. Dr. D’Arcy visited India to discuss the upcoming international con- gress on Solanaceae which will be held at the Garden in August, 1982, then proceeded to France to visit several herbaria to study specimens of Solanaceae (potato family) important to his general research in this family. Dr. Gold- blatt went from Australia to South Africa to continue his studies of the iris family (lridaceae). Marshall R. Crosby, Director of Research A caption in the September/October Bulletin mis- takenly identified Mr. Russell E. Egan, the sponsor of the Garden’s bill in the Missouri House of Representatives, as the Speaker of the House. Mr. Egan represents the 85th district which includes the Garden. Mr. Robert Grif- fin is the Speaker of the House. A Conversation (continued from page 1) enhanced, so now the Garden will concentrate on the other third, educa- tion. Correct? R Yes. Education not only through classes and lectures, but through its publications and displays — the infor- mation it provides. For example, there is very little material readily available telling visitors about what they see in the Garden—information about the trees and plants. Not that we want people overwhelmed with informa- tion, but if someone wants to know something about a particular plant they will be able to easily find out about it. The Garden should have an aggressive posture for education. Not only in the community, but beyond it. The Garden can — and does — make a national and international contribu- tion through its work and the informa- tion it makes available on tropical regions and plants in general — infor- Comment (continued from page 2) the Garden's Director of Research. Dr. Chin Hui-chen of the Jiangsu Botanical Institute, Nanjing, our sister botanical garden in China, is working on experimental plant classification in my laboratory and will bein St. Louis until the end of the year. In early November Dr. Chen Chi-jui of the Institute of Botany in Beijing will arrive. Dr. Chen will be working with Dr. Peter C. Hoch and myself on Epilobium, a genus of plants that we have been studying for some 20 years. Dr. Chen will be in St. Louis for about 15 months, during which time we will complete a revision of the genus Epilobium in China, where there are about 40 species. We also laid plans for a sym- posium on relationships between the plants of eastern temperate Asia and eastern temperate North America to be held in St. Louis September 30- October 2, 1982. Both Chinese and American scientists will participate in this symposium which should be useful in promoting further under- standing of the plants of our two countries. Alan Godlewski, our curator of Landscape Horticulture, has just returned from a two-month trip to China and Japan under the sponsor- ship of the Jiangsu Botanical Institute. el Ae mation that can be the basis to solve the problems we face in food and energy shortages. B What role does the Visitor Center have in all this for the future? R The Center is very important since it will contribute greatly to our ability in education. For the first time, the Garden’s message can be expressed in the greatest sense on all levels. It can help people understand the Garden when they visit. On the level of students who come for classes, the improved and increased facilities will aid our staff in educating them. — she < ay oy Pee B Why should people support the Garden through the Tax District? R So that the Garden can live up to its promise to make the fullest contribu- tion it can. So that it can, specifically, continue to be a major tourist attrac- tion and to be an important anchor for the neighborhood and St. Louis. And to provide a stable institution through which we can continue to make our scientific contributions. St. Louis has one of the finest institutions of its kind in the world in this Garden. When it is at that level, you want to keep it that way. Lecture Series Continues The Fall Lecture series continues into November with two lectures. On November 4, Dr. Peter Goldblatt, the B.A. Krukoff Curator of African Botany, will talk on “Exploration in Southern Africa.”” On November 11, Garden Director Dr. Peter H. Raven concludes the series with a talk entitled ‘The Future of Plant Explora- tion.” Both lectures are held in the John S. Lehmann Auditorium and are scheduled for 10:30 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. on the days indicated. Book Arts Festival Continues The Festival of the Book Arts continues through November and December with exhibits of botanical illustration, hand made papers, and marbled and decorated papers. 500 Years of Botanical Illustration, the highly successful touring exhibit of material from the Garden's archives, will be displayed in the John S. Lehmann Building through Novem- ber 30 featuring significant examples of botanical illustration and the use of plants as decorative art. Since it was first exhibited at the Garden in January, 1980, the exhibit has toured the midwest through the sponsorship of the Mid-America Arts Alliance and has become their most successful touring exhibit to date. Also featured in the library through November 30 is the North American Hand Papermaking Exhibit. First created in 1976 by the Center for Book Arts in New York City, the exhibit includes samples of hand made paper from 32 prominent artists. The Village Voice said ‘No two things are alike in this fine show where the best instincts and talents of artists and craftsmen meet.’ The exhibit is accompanied by a statement from each artist on his work. From December 1 through 30, the Festival concludes with the Marbled Papers Exhibit. The exhibit will include a variety of marbled papers, some several centuries old and some made by comtemporary artists. It will also include a selection of printed papers and other decorated papers used in book binding and as end papers. All three exhibits will be held in the John S. Lehmann Building and are open Monday through Friday, 9 a.m. through 5 p.m. Shaw, Engelmann Course Offered The Education Department offers a course on the lives and works of Henry Shaw and George Engelmann during November. Entitled ‘‘Henry Shaw and George Engelmann: Their Roles in Founding the Garden, St. Louis, and Opening the West’; the course meets for two sessions, on November 11 and 18, 7 to 9 p.m. The fee is $12 for Members. Gardening in St. Louis Holiday Plant Care Poinsettias are probably the most common plants to decorate homes during the holidays. This year there are several shades of red, pink, and white from which tochoose. For a striking accent, try a hanging basket poinsettia or Stack several plants on inverted pots of various sizes to fill a corner with festive color. Modern poinsettias are tough plants. It used to be a common complaint that these plants dropped their leaves before the holiday season was over but today’s plants will retain their color well into late winter and early spring. To assure long-lasting plants, place them where they will receive diffused light and not an excessive amount of heat. Put pots into plastic or ceramic platters to protect carpet or furniture. Other popular holiday plants include the Jerusalem cherry (Solanum pseudocapsicum), the Christmas pepper (Capsicum sp.) and cyclamen (many species and varieties). Bright red berries of the Jerusalem cherry look much like cherry tomatoes. This plant is from South Brazil and Uruguay where it enjoys a bright, cool growing environ- ment. When in full fruit, it needs to be watered frequently — sometimes once a day. New Jerusalem cherry plants can be started from seeds extracted from the fruits. Sow the seed in March for mature plants next December. Within the past several years, the Christmas pepper, which bears small white flowers and shiny, red, miniature peppers, has become a popular holiday plant. Its cultural requirements are similar to those of the Jerusalem cherry. If you start this plant from seed, allow six to eight months for a mature plant. The colorful flowers of the cyclamen look like shooting Stars dangled over beautifully patterned, heart-shaped leaves. Unfortunately, the usual cyclamen plant purchased from a florist is not very well suited to the growing condi- tions found in most homes. It prefers a cool (50-55 °F) bright window. If placed in a warm, dimly lit living room, the foliage soon stretches and the blooms fade. For more suc- cess, try the dwarf varieties mentioned below. Cyclamen can be grown from seed in a cool green- house, a cool, bright window, or ina hot bed. Seeds sown in August and September will produce blooming plants for the next holiday season. Note: A display of the holiday plants mentioned will be held in the Climatron from December 5 through 24, 10.a.m. ° 4:30 p.m. Christmas Tree Care Christmas trees will last for a long period if the follow- ing method is used: First, saw the tree stem to fit the holder. Then take a sharp axe to chop the end of the stem or ahammer or blunt instrument to crush the end. Place the tree in a holder that contains at least a gallon of water. In a container mix: ¢ 4 Tbls. Green Guard Micronized Iron ¢ 2 cups corn syrup e 4 tsp. chlorine bleach Place this solution into the tree holder and allow the tree to stand about 12 hours before decorating. Add tap water at room temperature to the container each day. New Houseplants To Try Thanks to the efforts of various horticultural hybrid- izers, Many new plants are appearing in catalogs and in floral shops. Some of the outstanding ones include: Helena and Bambini Cylcamen. These charming cyclamen are dwarf growers with beautiful foliage. They are heat- resistant, bloom for a long period (usually 8 or 9 months) and come in various colors. We have been growing the white Helena in our greenhouses for over a year and have been amazed how they have continued to bloom through the hot summer months. These plants will probably not be available from your local garden supplier, but you can obtain seeds from various mail order suppliers, including Park Seed Company, Greenwood, South Carolina 29647. Streptocarpus- Many different Streptocarpus hybrids are appearing on the houseplant market. The new hybrids are compact growers, bloom almost constantly, and come in many different colors. They will provide continuous bloom as long as they receive enough light and do not become too warm. The ideal conditions for these plants include a bright, sunny window such as an eastern e€xpo- sure in a cool spot where the temperature range is between 55° and 75°F. Some of these new hybrids are available in Our Own plant shop as well as from some of the local garden centers. Dwarf Crepe Myrtles-An exciting new plant which should prove to be a real show stopper is the mini crepe myrtle plants. These plants can be grown in pots or hang- ing baskets and will provide beautiful flowering through the Summer months. They can withstand 120° (F) in full sun and are hardy to 10°. This would mean, of course, that these plants do have to be wintered over in the home but can be put outside in the spring as soon as temperatures warm up and can be expected to bloom for up to five months of the year if they receive enough light. The plants come in various colors. As of this time | only know of one company that has these unique plants, and it is a mail order firm called Greenlife Gardens Greenhouses, 101 County Line Road, Griffin, Georgia 30223. | have not tried these plants personally, but they hold promise. Other gardens that have tried them are very excited about the possibilities. Steven A. Frowine, Chairman of Indoor Horticu/ture 5 The Holidays.# The Holidays./ The Holidays On Decking the Halls At Christmas we put up trees, hang mistletoe, drape evergreen because this is the way of celebrating the holiday that has been passed on to us. In our highly rational era, we have forgotten most of the myth and superstition on which many of these traditions are based. But some are interesting and worth retelling at this time of the year. There are several possible origins of the custom of decorating an ever- green as a Christmas tree. One, com- ing from eighth-century Germany, has it that on December 24 the Christian saint Boniface came upon worship- pers who were sacrificing a boy to the god Thor under an oak. Boniface struck the oak once and it fell; he indi- cated a small evergreen nearby and told them to take that as a symbol of God, as a sign of endless life. Another story, also from Germany, credits Martin Luther with the introduction of the Christmas tree. On Christmas eve, he noticed stars through the branches of an evergreen. He brought the tree home and lit it with candles to sym- bolize Christ as the Light of the World. A third explanation for the custom is from eleventh century France, which attributes the origin of the Christmas tree to the Paradise Play, a miracle play performed in churches concern- ing Adam and Eve and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. It was tradi- tionally presented on Christmas Eve since the next day was the holiday for the birth of the Christ who would atone for the sin that caused their expulsion. The Garden of Eden was represented by a fir tree hung with apples and people began decorating trees in theirown homes on December 24 in honor of Adam and Eve. The holly that decks the halls in the song was initially hung to give elves and fairies somewhere to ‘‘hang in each leaf and cling to every bough” that they could participate in the festivities. Holly was specifically called for since the Druids believed it was acomfort to wood elves, being a sign that the world continued to live through the cold and snow of winter. The boughs were taken down by Candlemas (February 2) so that the spirits did not become too com- fortable in the homes of men and decide to remain permanently. Holly 6 was also thought to have special powers that assisted young women in finding husbands. On Christmas eve, a maiden placed three pails of water near her bed and pinned three leaves of green holly to her nightgown oppo- site her heart. The legend said that she was awakened by three yells from three bears, followed by three horse laughs. After this the form of her future husband appeared and moved the pails of water. But the plant of the holidays most closely associated with love is mistle- toe; the legends about it rise from it being a parasite that grows on trees. Since it remained green even when its host tree was barren in winter and since it appeared to have no roots, ancient Norsemen believed that it held the spirit of a god. In one of their myths the son of the goddess Frejya (a counterpart of Venus) was mur- dered by a dart made from a mistletoe branch. Because of this, she placed the plant under her custody and declared mistletoe a symbol of love. The Druids also accepted it as a magical plant since it grew on oaks, their sacred trees; enemies who met beneath a tree with mistletoe on it would lay down their arms and observe a truce for one day. ...Memberships There are four reasons to give a Garden membership — winter, spring, summer, and fall—for the Garden is truly a special place for all seasons; a gift that lasts for all season. This year, you can give the people in your life — gardeners, photographers, friends, neighbors, business associates — something that you, yourself, enjoy. A gift membership is tax deductible for you and gives your friends free admis- sion to the Garden, Shaw Arboretum, and Tower Grove House, invitations to special events, discounts at the plant and gift shops, and a year of the Bulletin. Regular Memberships are only $25, while a Contributing Membership, with guest privileges, is only $50. During the holiday season, you can save by giving more than one membership, as you receive a 10% discount when you buy two gift memberships, and 15% when you purchase three or more. For informa- tion, please contact the Membership Office at 577-5118. A membership in Missouri Botan- ical Garden is recognized this month as a “Best Buy Gift’ by Consumer Reports. Published by Consumers’ Union of the United States, Consumer Reports is a magazine nationally recognized for its recommendations on the value of products and services, its circulation is 3 million. Each November the publication lists the items it considers to be of the highest value as presents for the holidays. For the first time ever in its annual listing it suggests memberships in botanical gardens as possible gifts, specifically recommending membership in Missouri Botanical Garden and the New York Botanical Garden. ... the Shops The annual Holiday Preview Sale in the Garden Gate Shop is scheduled for Wednesday and Thursday, Novem: ber 11 and 12, from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. During the sale, Members receive 2 15% discount on all merchandise in the shop, and a 20% discount on al items in the Holiday Gift Catalogue which Members will receive in the mail shortly. After the sale anc through December 24, Members wil receive a 15% discount on catalogue items. As in the past, refreshments will be served during the Preview Sale A Holiday Plant Sale is schedulec for the Plant Shop for December 4-6 10 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. Garder Members receive a 20% discount or all merchandise during the sale Through December 31, Members wil receive a 20% discount on specifi plants in the shop. Throughou December the shop will featur Christmas cactus, azaleas, camellias poinsettias and other traditional hol day plants. Special items prepared b the staff will also be available including holiday wreaths and decc rated living Christmas trees. Two t three types of trees will be decoratec including Norfolk pines. Refresh ments will be served during the sale _.. tower Grove House Tower Grove House will be dec¢ rated for the holidays and ready fc visitors on Tuesday, December & There will be natural green throughout the house and a tal evergreen tree in the north parlc decorated with authentic Victoria The Holidays” The Holidays# The Holidays ornaments. The antique finial for the tree top, a recent gift of Mrs. Hazel Knapp, is made of tin, with an angel, bells, and candles and will be used by Tower Grove House for the first time. The tea room will have three Christmas luncheons, December 10, 15, and 17 with a delicious menu and special treats. The price will be $6.50. Space is limited to 40 each day and reservations are required-577-5150. On Monday and Tuesday, Decem- ber 28-29, Tower Grove House will offer a story-time for Pre-school and Kindergarten to Third grade children. The Pre-school children are invited for 11 a.m. and the Kindergarten to Third- grade children for 1 p.m. Admission will be 25¢ for children and 65¢ for adults. Groups are limited to 40 children; reservations are necessary. Please call 577-5150. Parents accom- panying children may tour the house during the story time. Another innovation this year will be the sale of hand crafted items made by the St. Louis Herb Society. The house will be closed on Wednesday, December 30 to remove the decorations. ..12 Months Long This year the Garden offers a unique opportunity for Members, and others, to purchase a 1982 wall cal- endar featuring stunning full-color photographs of the Garden by St. Louis photographer Jack Jennings. Jennings’s work was displayed in an exhibit at the Garden this past May. His photos capture not only the fea- tures of the Garden, but its mood as well—the Drum Bridge through an early morning mist, Tower Grove House after a light snowfall, a field of daffodils reflected in the mirrored glass of the John S. Lehmann Build- ing. The calendars may be purchased from the Garden Gate Shop or by mail order. Retail price is $6.95 (Members, $5.95.) Postage and handling is $1.00. For Younger Members LLG RELABR RE Some Holiday Gifts Are “For the Birds” (ages 3-7) Many of us collect pine cones well in advance of the holidays, antici- pating using these delightfully durable products of nature in our holi- day decorating schemes. This year, let the youngest members of your family help you collect a few extras. The children can then make special treat gifts for the birds, using the pine cone as a base. Here’s how to do it: Materials: 1 pine cone (for each treat) 1 jar of peanut butter wild bird seed mixture (available at grocery or feed stores) blunt knife yarn bird identification handbook, if possible Procedure: Tie a length of yarn around the first row of scales at one end of the pine cone. Using a blunt knife, spread a layer of peanut butter around the entire pine cone. Dip the pine cone in the bird seed, and shake off any excess seeds. Take the bird treat outdoors and suspend it from a tree, shrub or fence. Try to have a bird iden- tification book available so the children can find pictures and names of some of the birds who eat the treat. (NOTE: If peanut butter and seed are replenished often, the birds will learn to depend on the treat as a source of food during cold weather. With the return of warmer spring weather, the birds will no longer need their pine cone treats.) [lene Follman, Education Consultant Corn Husk People (ages 7-12) Let’s pretend for just a moment that we can’t buy any toys. So, like the settler children, we will make them. The toys we will make are called “‘corn husk dolls.’ All you will need for the project is a pot of water, several corn husks, yarn, an empty soda bottle, and some natural materials to deco- rate your doll. Begin by soaking several leaves from the husk in the pot of water. This makes them easier to work with. For the doll’s body and neck, select a full husk with a stem on it. Set this husk over the soda bottle with the leaves pointing down. The soda bottle serves as a support for your doll. To give your doll shape, tie yarn around the husk where you think the doll’s waist should be. Make the arms by taking two of the wet leaves and rolling them together. Bend them around the husk right below the stem. While holding them firmly in place, take a piece of yarn and wind it around the back and the front of the doll in an ‘‘x”’ shape. For the doll’s head, you need to roll several leaves into a ball. Then wrap a larger leaf over the ball. Set the head on top of the husk’s stem and secure it in place by wrapping yarn around it. Yarn or corn silk will give your doll beautiful hair. You can give your doll a touch of fashion by making an apron, shawl, pants, hat or shoes. You could make villages, pets, and plants out of corn husks or other natural material, like acorns, bark, twigs, leaves and stones. Now that you’ve made your corn husk people, how did it feel to be a settler for an afternoon? Ann Haley-Oliphant Coordinator of Youth Programs That Cup of Coffee There is a story that an Arabian goatherd found his goats dancing one day. Fearing they were possessed, he followed them for a time until they came to a strange bush with red berries. He watched as they consumed the berries and resumed dancing. Tasting the berries himself, he felt moved to dance as well. An inman came upon the goatherd and dancing goats and was curious about the odd behavior. The goatherd showed the bush to the priest who tasted its berries also and joined the cavorting. Later, taking some of the berries to his monastery, he told his brothers what had happened and after they could not determine what the berries were nor why they caused such a reaction, they decided to pray. The inman fell asleep during the service and Mohammed appeared to him, telling him that the berries should be boiled in water and that the liquid should be drunk prior to praying to insure that the worshippers would remain awake. The spiritually inspired drink was, of course, coffee. Today, far from being a handful of berries boiled before prayer, it is one of the world’s most important natural com- modities, second only to petroleum, with approximately fif- teen million tons produced last year — accounting for $12 billion — and the livlinood of 25 million people dependent upon it. Coffee (Coffea arabica) is native to Kenya and Abyssinia but the first record of it, aside from the legend of the goatherd and the inman, appears in Arabian medical books of the early tenth century. By the beginning of the sixteenth century, it was an integral part of Islamic culture — consumption of twenty cups per day by members of the upper class was common, and as part of his marriage vows, a Turk promissed that his wife would never be without it; failure to keep his promise was sufficient reason for divorce. The Arabs guarded their coffee jealously and permitted no fertile seeds or plants to leave the country; they did export roasted beans, however, and the drink was introduced into Europe in 1528. Because of its origin in an Islamic country, sixteenth-century Christians called it a drink of the infidels; an invention of the devil. Legend says that the pope, Clement VIII, hearing of the drink requested that a cup be brought to him for his inspection. The aroma was so pleasing that he tasted it and, enjoying it so much, said that it would be a shame to leave the infidels with exclusive use of it so he baptized it, making it permissible for Christians to drink it. About 1690, Dutch traders succeeded in smuggling live coffee plants out of Arabia and establishing them in Java. The Dutch, like the Arabs, were careful to let no fertile plants out of their control, but did allow a few botanists to have single plants for study. One such botanist was Antoine de Jussieu, Royal Botanist of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. The tree under his care, a gift by the Dutch to Louis XIV, was the progenitor of most of the coffee in Mexico, and the south and central Americas. That his specimen was so important in the history of commercial coffee production, however, was against de Jussieu’s will. A French naval officer, Gabriel Mathieu de Clieu, sta- tioned in Martinique, suspected that coffee would thrive in the West Indies. In 1723, unable to obtain seeds of plants in any other way, he broke into de Jussieu’s greenhouse and took a single coffee seedling. On the voyage to the New World, de Clieu’s plant survived an attack by pirates, severe 8 storms, and a water shortage during which de Clieu shared his small ration with the plant. From Martinique, coffee eventually reached the South American mainland where it was cultivated by French and Dutch Guiana. Once more, the cultivators refused to allow other nations fertile plants and once more another nation—this time Brazil— succeeded in getting fertile plants through devious methods. In 1727, the two Guiana’s were involved in a border dispute that threatened to become war. Wishing to avoid this result, they requested that Brazil send an arbitrator to resolve the dispute. Brazil sent Francisco de Melo Palheta, a lieutenant colonel in its army, with the instructions to him to resolve the conflict quickly and return with coffee seeds. Palheta, diplomat enough to settle the border dispute but not enought to persuade either territory to give him the seeds, courted the wife of the governor of French Guiana. The day before his departure there was a banquet to honor his success at arbitration. There the governor's wife presented Palheta with a bouquet as a token. Concealed in the bonquet were fertile coffee seeds and seedlings. Palheta returned home, resigned his commission and began a coffee farm. By 1900, Brazil was producing 80% of the coffee in the world. Today, Brazil is still the largest pro- ducer but only grows about one third of the world’s supply. Almost all of the commercially grown coffee today is Coffea arabica and its several hundred varieties. C. arabica is an evergreen shrub that grows to about fifteen feet in height; its varieties can be trees from 30 to 60 feet high. It requires 40 to 70 inches of rain through the year and temperatures of between 55 and 80 degrees Farenheit. It grows almost exclusively on mountains. The trees bear fruit in three to four years after planting and are full-bearing in six to eight years. They are harvested by hand because the berries must be picked at a precise time; too early, and the flavor is not fully developed; too late, they become bitter. Each berry contains two beans; five to six pounds of berries result in one pound of clean coffee. There are approximately 1,000 dried seeds per pound. After the beans are picked, they are cleaned and dried, then milled to remove the covering and skin on each bean. Then they are graded, weighed, and sorted. Inferior and discolored beans are discarded. The dried, green coffee beans are exported. They are roasted and packaged in the country that purchases them for consumption. And consume them we do. Rough calculations indicate that last year the population of the world drank around 581.4 billion cups of coffee: Java, Colombian, Mocha, Brazilian Bourbon (many coffees are named for their place of origin), black, with cream and sugar, iced, espresso ina demitasse. There are coffee breaks (first held in English cotton mills during the Industrial Revolution), coffee klatches (originally a term coined by beer-drinking Ger- mans (kaffee klatsch) to deride coffee as a “woman's drink), coffee houses (appearing first in Mecca around 1500), and coffee shops. There is ‘‘the autocrat of the break- fast table,” those cups of coffee that get us going early and keep us running until lunch and keep some of us running all day (Voltaire reportedly drank 50 cups a day). The primary reason most of us drink this non-nutritive beverage is its caffeine. Caffeine is a chemical that is one to one-and-one-half percent of the content of a coffee bean. It affects our behavior actually by countering the affect of another chemical, adenosine, that naturally occurs in the brain. Adenosine inhibits the chemicals that Carry nerve impulses through the brain by bonding to neurons. Caffeine prevents adenosine from bonding by bonding itself to the neurons. This allows the brain’s impulses to fire more rapidly than normal. Because caffeine sometimes causes nervousness and sleeplessness and because it has recently been suggested that caffeine may be linked to pancreatic cancer (though many doctors dispute this, claiming insufficient evidence), many people are drinking decaffeinated coffee. The caf- feine is removed from unroasted coffee beans by soaking them in water, which swells their cells, then submerging them in a solution that flushes out approximately 97% of the caffeine in the beans. They then are washed and roasted. Perhaps even a greater controversy among coffee drinkers than the possibility of caffeine as a Carcinogen is the proper method of brewing a cup of coffee. (Never say “instant” to a connoisseur; one proprietor of a shop that specializes in coffee pointed to a book on coffee for sale in her shop and advised against using it as a reference source. “It's not very good,” she said. “It gives recipes using instant coffee.”) Most subscribe to the practice of _—— using a drip method, (never boil it!) with freshly ground beans. Ground coffee, once the vacuum seal has been broken, loses its flavor within days if stored in a pantry, within a week if stored in a refrigerator; although it will last for up to two months if frozen. Unground coffee, however, can retain its flavor for six months if frozen in an airtight container. One coffee manufacturer suggests buying only enough coffee for a week, and grinding only enough for each use. The primary ingredient for the elusive perfect cup is, of course, water, since coffee is 97% water. Most experts say that if the available tap water is pleasant to drink it will make a pleasant cup of coffee. Some purists, however, will use only bottled water. Coffee will be featured as one of 65 plants in the Edible Plants Exhibit in the Climatron through November 29. The exhibit is part of the Garden’s continuing effort to use its displays for education about the natural world. The Edible Plant Exhibit will be open from 10 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. and is partially sponsored by Dierberg’s School of Cooking. As a part of the exhibit, the school will hold demonstrations on the use of tropical foods in recipes on Sunday, November 1, from 1 to 4 p.m. A booklet of tropical recipes, published by the Garden’s Education Department, will be available for $1. Ir. Julian K. Steyermark visited here in mid- \ugust to confer with Dr. Gerrit Davidse egarding the Garden's work in Venezuela. Dr. steyermark, a graduate of the Garden's botany rogram through Washington University, is resently working on a Flora of Venezuela. ‘ollowing the receipt of his doctorate, Steyer- 1ark was a member of the Garden staff and hen joined the department of botany at the leld Museum in Chicago. He is the author of pring Flora of Missouri, published by the iarden, and the Flora of Missouri. Dr. Steyer- vark received the Garden’s Henry Shaw Medal 1 1979. Alexander Calder’s stee/ sculpture, ‘‘The Tree,” was installed in the Garden in late summer. Located in a grove of walnuts near the Demon- Stration Vegetable Garden, ‘‘The Tree” is a black stabile-mobile and is 17-feet high. Its mobile element is 35-feet long. Alexander Calder (1898-1976) is perhaps the world’s best known contemporary sculptor, and is one of the few artists in history who can lay claim to the creation of a new art form—in this case the mobile. ‘The Tree" is being loaned to the Garden by Mansion House Center Proper- ties, Inc. The third edition of Biology of Plants, by Dr. Peter H. Raven, Dr. Ray F. Evert and Helena Curtis has been released recently by Worth Publishers of New York. Originally published in 1971, Biology of Plants is the best sell- ing basic college botanical text. The latest edition is available in the Garden Gate Shop. New Merchandise Manager Missouri Botanical Garden has appointed Larry W. Reimelt as Mer- chandise Manager in charge of retail operations. Reimelt was prevously employed by Famous-Barr Company, most recently as stationery buyer. He is a graduate of the University of Kan- sas at Lawrence. As Merchandise Manager, Reimelt will supervise the Garden Gate and Plant shops, as well as the Garden restaurant, the Greenery. All three retail operations will be expanded within the Visitor Center scheduled to open in April 1982. 9 New Trustees Elected Robert E. Kresko At its August 12 meeting the Board of Trustees of Missouri Botanical Garden elected four new members. Under the terms of the Amended Deed of Trust recently approved by the St. Louis Circuit Court, the Board is permitted to add additional trustees to serve terms of up to four years. Elected were Mr. Robert E. Kresko, Mrs. Marion K. Piper, Dr. Howard A. Schneiderman, and Mr. Robert C. West. C. C. Johnson Spink, President of the Board, said, ‘‘We are fortunate to have them on the Board. They each bring unique talents and insights to the Garden, and the Garden can only gain from their contributions.” Robert Kresko is Senior Partner of the Trammel Crow Company, a real estate development corporation. A graduate of Brown University, he is a resident of Ladue. ‘I’m very honored and enthusiastic to be a member. All of us who have abilities to lend assistance to organizations like the Garden owe it to do so. | look forward to my association with it and toward making a meaningful contribution.” Marion Piper is a former instructor at the University of Missouri; she was also a member of the staff of the University of Illinois Extension Ser- vice for Agriculture. Originially from Highland, Illinois, she holds a master’s degree from Teachers’ Col- lege, Columbia University. ‘| have always been conscious of gardens being vital to any family’s existence, ” Marion K. Piper Dr. Howard A. Robert C. West Schneiderman she said. ‘| spent much time here with my own children and have always been interested in the Garden. Ithas a role as a pioneer in new developments in research. It also offers a valuable service for many people who have hor- ticultural problems. I’m delighted to have the opportunity to work as a member of the Board.” Dr. Howard Schneiderman, Direc- tor of Research at Monsanto Com- pany, is a much-honored scientist. Taking his Ph.D. in Psysiology from Harvard University, he has been on the faculties of the University of California-Irvine, and Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, and has published over 180 scientific books, articles, and papers. Talking about his reasons for accepting his appointment to the Board, Dr. Schneiderman said, ‘Quite apart from civic reasons, | have a very deep interest in the preservation of resources and genetic diversity. The Garden is a place where strategies for the future will be made; it’s one of the world’s most important institutions. Being a member of the Board will pro- vide an opportunity for me to work with members of the community on matters that are important to the com- munity and beyond it.” Robert C. West is Chairman and President of Sverdrup Corporation, a St. Louis based engineering firm, and was extremely active in developing that corporation. A graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology, he has been involved on the boards of professional, civic and charitable organizations including the World Wildlife Fund, U.S., of which he was Vice Chairman in 1978-79, Goodwill Industries of America, and Webster College. He is also a Director of General Steel Industries, Inc. At its September 16 meeting, the Garden's Board of Trustees toured the site of the Visitor Cente currently under construction and due to open in April of 1982. The Center will contain the Garden's educational facilities, an auditorium, and its restaurant and retail shops. NEW MEMBERSHIPS August & September 1981 Sponsoring Members Mr. James T. Connor Sustaining Members Mrs. Doris Boschert Dr./Mrs. Kent E. Bruder Mr./Mrs. Stanley F. Franek Mrs. Gloria T. Hull Mr./Mrs. Emil A Johnson Mrs. Sharon Kamprad Mr./Mrs. Ernest Kurtz Mrs. Shirley Long Mrs. Rene J. Lusser Mrs. Mildred A. Miksicek Mr./Mrs. R. M. Morriss, Jr Mr./Mrs. Eric Newman Contributing Members Mr./Mrs. Stephen Balaban Dr./Mrs. Wm. C. Banton II Mr./Mrs. David L. Barnum Dr./Mrs. Jack Barrow Mr./Mrs. James R. Berchek Mr. Ralph Blackwell Mr./Mrs. Clyde Boeddeker Mr./Mrs. James Gilchrist Alfring Mr. Theodore H. Bolte David E. Bone, Inc. Miss Dorothy Borgers Miss Annabeth Brandle Mrs. Joyce M. Broughton Mrs. John B. Buettner Ms. Anne Bullington Rev./Mrs. Richard Bullock Mr./Mrs. James C. Coe (continued on page 12) 10 Calendar November November 1-7 November 8-14 November 15-21 Jovember 22-30 500 Years of Botanical Illustration, Lehmann Building, continues through November 30, 9 a.m.-5 p.m., Monday-Friday North American Hand Papermaking Exhibit, Lehmann Building, continues through November 30, 9 a.m.- 5 p.m., Monday-Friday Edible Plants Exhibit, Climatron, continues through November 29, 10 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Euphorbia Exhibit, Desert House, continues through November 14, 9 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Lecture: “Explorations in Southern Africa,’ Lehmann Building, November 4, 10:30 a.m. & 8 p.m. Garden Gate Shop Holiday Preview Sale, Garden Gate Shop, November 11-12, 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Lecture: ‘The Future of Plant Exploration,’ Lehmann Building, November 11, 10:30 a.m. & 8 p.m. Orchid Sale, Plant Shop, November 13 (Special preview — admission $5) and November 14 (no admis- sion charge), 7-9 p.m. on 11/13, and 10 a.m.-4 p.m. on 11/14 500 Years of Botanical Illustration: Continues North American Hand Papermaking Exhibit: Continues Edible Plants Exhibit: Continues Euphorbia Exhibit: Final day, November 14 500 Years of Botanical Illustration: Continues North American Hand Papermaking Exhibit: Continues Edible Plants Exhibit: Continues 500 Years of Botanical Illustration: Final day, November 30 North American Hand Papermaking Exhibit: Final day, November 30 Edible Plants Exhibit: Final day, November 29 Jecember lecember 1-5 ecember 6-12 ecember 13-19 ecember 20-26 2cember 27-31 Marbled and Decorated Papers Exhibit: Lehmann Building, Opens December 1, 9 a.m.-5 p.m., Monday- Friday (through December 30) Holiday Plant Sale: Plant Shop, December 4-6, 10 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Holiday Plant Exhibit: Climatron, Opens December 5, 10 a.m.-4:30 p.m. (through December 24) Victorian Holiday: Tower Grove House, opens December 8, 10 a.m.-4 p.m. (through December 29) Marbled and Decorated Papers Exhibit: Continues Holiday Plant Exhibit: Continues Marbled and Decorated Papers Exhibit: Continues Holiday Plant Exhibit: Continues Victorian Holiday: Continues Marbled and Decorated Papers Exhibit: Continues Holiday Plant Exhibit: Final day, December 24 Victorian Holiday: Continues Christmas, December 25: Garden Closed Marbled and Decorated Papers Exhibit: Final day, December 30 Victorian Holiday: Final day, December 29 TRIBUTES August & September 1981 IN HONOR OF: Mr./Mrs. Walter Aff Jerry/Jean Dudding Myron Glassberg Mrs. Henry L. Freund Carol Bodinheimer Mrs. Henry L. Freund Mr./Mrs. Jerry Brasch Mr./Mrs. Raymond Baehr Dr./Mrs. Charles S. Sherwin Myril Brod Ann/Paul Lux Mrs. J. B. Bushyhead Friends of the Garden Mrs. Fred Toelle Mr./Mrs. Jerome B. Cohen Mr./Mrs. Milton Kushkin Mr./Mrs. Mitchell J. Grzesiowski Joseph and Ellen Wallington Carol, Matt, MaryBeth and Michael Gresiowski Mr. Henry Hitchcock Mr./Mrs. Ernest A. Eddy, dr. Mrs. J. A. Jacobs Leighton and Irene Morrill Mr./Mrs. Charles Kies Jerry and Jean Dudding Mr./Mrs. Berthold L. Lange Irma H. Stevenson Suzanne Parker Fran and Hal Fleit Mr. Jerry Presberg Lee and Harvey Shapiro Mrs. Gladney Ross Mrs. Jamerson C. McCormack Mr. Joseph Ruwitch Mrs. George F. Berlinger Mrs. Irvin Bettman, Jr. Sally Shapiro Nan and Jim Henderson Dr./Mrs. Samuel D. Soule Mr./Mrs. Aaron Fischer Mr. John L. Tomasovic Florist Inc. Mr./Mrs. Gerald R. Diehl Mrs. Ben Wells Mrs. Jamerson C. McCormack IN MEMORY OF: Helena M. Alvarez Dr./Mrs. Luis Schwarz Phoebe Anderson Mrs. William H. Schroer William Frank Arbeiter Barbara M. Miles Thomas C. Atwood Mrs. John H. Hayward Elizabeth Bemis Avery Mr./Mrs. Ralph E. Piper & Family Emma Sampson Becker A Friend Edwin R. Waldemer Mr. A. Shapleigh Boyd, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mrs. A. Wessel Shapleigh Miss Frances Braden Mrs. John Fries Gary Chappius Bob and Grace LaMear Mrs. Ruth Conrad Mr./Mrs. George Herbst Mr./Mrs. John Lloyd Mr./Mrs. J. Harold Matthew Mr./Mrs. Seth Robins John H. Costello Mary E. Baer Meta Dickhaut Mr./Mrs. A. Sherwood Lee Mrs. June Morgens Dube Mr./Mrs. Edward W. Fordyce Major B. Einstein Ann and Peter Husch Eric Michael and Eileen Suchart Mrs. Rose Ezzell Dr. Clinton W. Lane Mrs. Justine Flotron Mr. Gregory D. Flotron Margaret Gerdine Jeane and Earl Susman Sara Gross John, Sandy, Johnny and Christy Leo and Lillian Samet Daisy R. Hatch Mr./Mrs. Walter K. Hooker John Hoffman Michael and Joanne Fehling Tilford Holyfield Ann R. Husch Edward H. Hubeli James V. Moore Fred J. Rock Scott Ittner Mrs. Ella Jens Boeschenstein Bess J. Corn Florence |. Daniels Mr./Mrs. Robert A. Emnett Mr./Mrs. John B. Kirchner Mr./Mrs. Edward Spiegelhalter Lt. Col. Helmuth F. Stude Mrs. Edith M. James Dr./Mrs. James C. Sisk Mrs. Charles Koven Mr./Mrs. Nicholas Scharff, || Mr. Harold L. Larsen Mr./Mrs. Arthur L. Rettig Dorothy Laughlin Dorothy Becker Mrs. Ann Lewis Helen F. Silverman Mr./Mrs. Ellis Littmann Mr./Mrs. Irving A. Shepard Samuel Longo Mr./Mrs. Denver Wright III Jane S. Luehrmann Mrs. J. A. Jacobs Carl and Helen Nitchman Dr./Mrs. Peter H. Raven Florence Marie Roschke Florence Mueller Roschke Mr./Mrs. J. G. Samuels, Sr. Whitehall Club, Inc. Mrs. Louretta Lux Mr./Mrs. William Snodgrass Mrs. Estella McElroy Mr./Mrs. George Barnes, Jr. Mrs. Hiram Norcross Mrs. Matilda McQueen Milton L. Dougherty Mr. James P. Mannion Mrs. R. H. Brock Frank G. Myers Mrs. Dwight W. Coultas Gary and Peggy Owens, and son Steven Don and Fran Magruder Mrs. Margaret Peirce Mr./Mrs. A. Sherwood Lee Mrs. Raymond Peters Mr./Mrs. William F. Reck, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Henry T. Schlapp Walter F. Raven Mrs. J. A. Jacobs Oscar John Reiter Judy Eastover Mrs. Flora Robertson Miss Mercedes E. Nitzschmann J. Virgil Rohan Beatrice Obermeyer Mrs. Joseph C. Sapala Mr./Mrs. Burton F. Connolly Friends in the Laboratory, St. Elizabeth Medical Center Henderson Mine and Mill Dr. Harry Parks Mr./Mrs. Charles L. Scarborough 11 Mary Schnoebelen The Frontenac Garden Club C. Harold Schreiber Paul S. Miller Eric H. Seiler Gene and Erma Herr Louise Skrainka Mr./Mrs. Peter H. Husch Carol Cook Smith John E. Pryom, Jr. and Family Col. R. E. Smyser Mr./Mrs. Joseph W. Boyle Mr./Mrs. William W. Halliday Mr./Mrs. Thomas F. Latzer Virginia and H. L. McKee Col./Mrs. James B. Meanor, Jr Mr./Mrs. George B. Sloan Col./Mrs. Craig Smyser Mr./Mrs. Walter G. Staley Don and Gladys Webb West Point Society of St. Louis Mrs. Charles C. Spink Mr../Mrs. C. C. Johnson Spink Mrs. J. G. Taylor Spink Mr./Mrs. C. C. Johnson Spink Morris Suchart Mr./Mrs. Jack Bradley Reva, Lil, Robyn Bradley Mr./Mrs. Joe Brownstein Lester Cherry Cook Branch School Staff Mr./Mrs. Joseph Finke Paul and Dorothy Goldstein Mr./Mrs. Morris Levitt Lester and Jody Rosenblatt Edward Ruson Mr./Mrs. Jack Simons University City Public Library Staff James Taylor Mrs. E. R. Hurd, Jr. and her children JoAnn Tysinger Donna M. Reinneck Thomas L. Waters East-West Gateway Coordinating Council Staff Dr. Irene Hood Elsie R. Johnson Dr./Mrs. Edward H. Reinhard Mr./Mrs. John T. Riedel! Mrs. C. J. Royston Mr./Mrs. Richard G. Tennant, Jr Persons interested in contributing to the Tribute Fund may contact the Develop- ment Office, 577-5120. NEW MEMBERSHIP (continued from page 10) Ms. Judy A. Cortner Dr./Mrs. J. L. Croughan Mrs. Charlotte F. Danekind Mrs. Carl Dauten Mr./Mrs. Glenn J. Davis Mr./Mrs. W. N. Eddins, Jr Mr./Mrs. Robert C. Ely Mr./Mrs. William K. Emmerich Mr./Mrs. Dale J. Ewalt Ms. Vera Foley Mr./Mrs. Bennett Frelich Dr. Terence A. Friskel, DDS Mr./Mrs. F. C. Gamelin Mr. Dennis Gatlin Mr./Mrs. Jerome L. Gidlow Mr./Mrs. Norman C. Gilbert Mrs. Vernita Gozenbach Mr. E. W. Grafeman Mr. Michael G. Gratz Mr./Mrs. Andrew Greensfelder Mr./Mrs. Omer J. Gross Ms. Beulah M. Hahn Mr./Mrs. Wm. W. Halliday Mr./Mrs. Bill Hamilton Mr./Mrs. James Hamilton Mr./Mrs. Maurice A. Hannon Ms. Marilyn L. Harrington Dr./Mrs. Albert E. Hesker Mr./Mrs. Phillip Huddleston Mr./Mrs. Harold Hudson Mr./Mrs. R. H. Jaeger Dr./Mrs. Ernest G. Jaworsk! Mr./Mrs. Arthur C. Jones Ms. Kathleen Kelley Ms. Diann King Miss Penelope M. Kirk Mr./Mrs. Richard Konetchy Mr./Mrs. Albert D. Krueger Mr./Mrs. Ralph Kurgjohn Dr./Mrs. Paul E. Lacy Mr./Mrs. Kenneth W. Lamar Dr./Mrs. Adolph C. Lange Mrs. O. M. Langenberg Mr./Mrs. James Larson Mr./Mrs. Leo Milligan Mr./Mrs. James Morelan Mrs. John C. Morfit Mr./Mrs. R. P. Murdoch Mrs. Mary Oscko Dr./Mrs. Harry B. Overesch Dr./Mrs. Wayne Paris Mr./Mrs. Arthur G. Paule Mrs. Adam G. Pausch Mr./Mrs. James Pettus Mrs. T. W. Pidgeon Mr./Mrs. Richard E. Platt Mr./Mrs. Jack |. Pope Mr. Joseph M. Powers Mr./Mrs. George D. Pring Mr./Mrs. Thomas E. Ransdell Mr./Mrs. Charles P. Reay Mr./Mrs. Gilbert A. Reed Ms. Margaret J. Rodgers Mr./Mrs. Chester E. Roemer Dr./Mrs. Gruia Roman Dr./Mrs. Ernest T. Rouse III Miss Marilyn Sax Mr./Mrs. Nicholas Scharff II Mr. Robert K. Schnure Mr. Richard L. Schirrmeister Mr. John R. Schoon Mr./Mrs. Leo F. Schwald Mr. Willard B. Shelp, Jr. Mrs. M. Simmons Mr./Mrs. Buford D. Smith Dr. Robert W. Smith Mr./Mrs. Thomas H. Spence Mr. G. W. Swan Ms. Nancy L. Swan David E. Taylor Mr./Mrs. Stephen H. Taylor Dr. Samer Thanavaro Ms. Betty Townsend Mrs. Martha Urban Dr./Mrs. E. Vastola Dr./Mrs. Wayne A. Viers Mr. Sherwood R. Volkman Mr./Mrs. John J. Walsh, Jr Mr. B. Bradley Watkins Mr. Jack L. Williams Mr./Mrs. Frank P. Wolff. Jr Mrs. A. Wolfson Ms. Shirley J. Wood Mr. Wylie Wyatt The Desert Spoon (Dasylirion quadrangulatum) blooming in the Desert House in September. The plant is approximately 150 years old and was blooming for the first time. It was given to Missouri ‘ Mr./Mrs. Joseph G. Longstreth Mr. Harry Wilken Mr./Mrs. T. F. Lynch Mr./Mrs. Blanton Whitmire Mrs. Minard T. Mac Carthy Lydia Wilkie Ms. Lucy McClure Mr./Mrs. James M. Henderson Mr./Mrs. James P. McDougal Edna Wolf J. Barry McGannon, S. J. Rosemary Association of Miss Mary Markus Garden Clubs Mr. John S. Martin Botanical Garden by the Mexican Florence Wulf Mr./Mrs. Herbert E. Matthews government after the 1904 World's Lee and Harvey Shapiro Dr. William D. Merwin Fair MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN (ISSN-0026-6507) SECOND CLAS: PO. Box 299 POSTAGE Saint Louis, Missouri 63166 PAID AT ST. LOUIS, M NZ Volume LXX, Number 1 January/February 1982 Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Translating Science Science is hard work and kids don’t want to work that hard. They have the notion that...science is something you can live without. — High school senior This program was a great learning experience. It turned everything around for me. | thought that |—myself— couldn't do anything about the quality of the environment. Now | feel | can. The program opened my eyes. — High school senior, 1981 ECO-ACT participant During the past several decades, statistics “proving” how poor American science education is have proliferated. Students here have been unfavorably compared to science students in Japan and the Soviet Union. ‘“‘The numbers are Startling when compared with other advanced countries,” reported Roger Rapoport in Science 87. ‘Five million Soviet high school students take calculus each year, but only 105,000 Americans do. Every Japanese high school grad- uate receives twice as many hours of instruction in science and math as do American students.” Mr. Rapoport’s article is unique in that, despite the numbers he cites, he finds reason for optimism. Most who report such figures follow them with predictions of doom and words like “failure.” “We cannot hope to maintain our technological society with a generation who knows nothing about science,” they say. To complicate the problem, apparently pushing it in the direction of the expectations of the pessimists, the govern- ment has proposed—at this writing—cutting drastically the National Science Foundation’s budget for science and engineering education. In order to meet the challenge of producing, if not scientists, then science-educated persons ina time during which money for such programs is becoming increasingly scarce, institutions are beginning to develop innovative programs and to redirect their priorities. ‘We are giving more and more attention to teacher education programs,” said Judy Studer, Chairman of the Garden’s Education Department. ‘Of course, we will continue to educate students directly, but by educating their teachers we can have an impact that goes much further. If we educate one teacher, he or she will return to the classroom and in turn teach thirty or 100 different students.” One program recently developed by the Garden fills several needs at once by combining student-education with teacher education. Called ECO-ACT, the program 2ducates high school students who in turn teach elemen- ‘ary school students. ECO-ACT was created in the summer »f 1980 with funds from an anonymous donor. During August, 1981, 30 students from five high schools par- icipated in an environmental education and leadership raining program at the Garden. In the 1981-82 school year, F ' . cs a si 7 4 ’ . % « . ; eS sy r me. “a AF if rt, ‘ 2 a these students are spending several hours a week in elementary classrooms. “ECO-ACT” is an acronym; ECO from ecology, but also Suggesting one of the goals of the program (echo) in that what the high school students learn is carried by them to elementary classrooms. ACT stands for Acting, Creating, Teaching, and the acronym itself again is an appropriate characterization of the focus of the program. “There were very few lectures,” said David Wilson, coordinator of the program. “We did not spend much time in the classroom.” Students visited newspaper offices, sewage treatment plants, city planners, attorneys, labor officials, specialists in environmental quality and control. They camped for a week in the country, canoed on the Meramec, spent a day on a farm at which there was no running water. Over Wilson’s desk is a typed quotation from Aldous Huxley that perhaps best explains the program’s bias in favor of experience over classroom lecture: “Our education is predominantly verbal and, therefore, fails to accomplish what it is supposed to do... The arts of being directly aware of given facts of our existence are almost ignored.” “Related to this notion is the importance of under- Standing the broad picture,” Wilson said. “For example, the water cycle. You might have a student who can recite from memory achemical reaction, but never has considered the fundamental way rain and the evaporation of water are related to our life. Waking up in the morning with dew on your sleeping bag helps you understand the cycle. “When the students went on the canoe trip —and it (continued on page 4) Comment With the beginning of this new year, ‘it is a good time to thank those who helped us make 1981 the excellent and successful year that it was. Without the support and encouragement of you, our Members, our work during the past year would have been exceedingly difficult. Those of you who volunteered to assist our staff—and the number of volunteers (413) was at its highest in our 122-year history — helped our education program serve 40,000 students. You taught classes and guided tour groups through the grounds and greenhouses. You helped our horticultural staff maintain and improve the 79 acres in St. Louis and the 2400 acres of Shaw Arboretum in Gray Summit. You helped in our her- barium, library, archives, and administrative departments. By speaking well of us in the community and to your friends, you helped our attendance increase once again over the previous year; by the end of October we had already had more visitors than for all of 1980. By introducing your friends, families, and associates to the Garden and its Membership program, you were instrumental in raising our Membership from 12,000 at the end of 1980 to over 14,000 currently. Through your generous contributions you enabled us to move forward with the construction of our Ridgway Center, which will open later this year. Through your persuasion, you permitted us to achieve passage in the state legislature of the bill that will permit us to ask the voters to establish a botanical garden subdistrict of the Zoo-Museum Tax District. For your help in these areas, and in others | do not have the room to mention, | wish to thank you on behalf of myself, the staff, and the Board of Directors of Missouri Botanical — Cetin WH Kawen HENRY SHAW ASSOCIATES Anonymous Mr./Mrs. Newell A. Augur Mrs. Agnes F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Howard F. Baer Mr./Mrs. Alexander M. Bakewell Mr./Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Clarence C. Barksdale Mr./Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom Mr. Carl L. A. Beckers Mr./Mrs. Albert Blanke, Jr. Mr./Mrs. John G. Buettner Mr./Mrs. J. Butler Bushyhead Mrs. Lucy T. Calhoun Mr./Mrs. Jules D. Campbell Mrs. Jean Jacques Carnal Mr. Edward G. Cherbonnier Mrs. F. T. Childress Mr. Fielding L. Childress Mr./Mrs. Gary A. Close Mr. Sidney S. Cohen Mr./Mrs. Franklin J. Cornwell, Sr. Dr./Mrs. William H. Danforth Mr./Mrs. Sam’'l C. Davis Mrs. Joseph Desloge, Sr. Mr. Alan E. Doede Mr./Mrs. Richard A. Dohack Mr./Mrs. J. Robert Edwards Mr./Mrs. David C. Farrell Mrs. Clark P. Fiske Mr./Mrs. Guy W. Fiske Mr. Gregory D. Flotron Mrs. Florence T. Morris Forbes Mrs. Eugene A. Freund Mrs. Henry L. Freund Mr. S. E. Freund Mrs. Clark R. Gamble Mr. Samuel Goldstein Mr./Mrs. Stanley J. Goodman Mr. Clarence R. Goodrich Mrs. Mildred Goodwin Mr./Mrs. W. L. Hadley Griffin Mrs. H. C. Grigg Mrs. Ellis H. Hamel Mr./Mrs. Whitney R. Harris Mrs. John H. Hayward Mr./Mrs. Harvard K. Hecker Mr./Mrs. Robert R. Hermann, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mr./Mrs. James H. Howe, II! Mr./Mrs. Lee Hunter Mrs. John Kenneth Hyatt Mr./Mrs. Stanley F. Jackes Mrs. John V. Janes, Sr. Mrs. Margaret M. Jenks Mr./Mrs. Eugene Johanson Mr./Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Mrs. Irene C. Jones Mr./Mrs. W. Boardman Jones, Jr. Dr./Mrs. John H. Kendig Mr./Mrs. Samuel Kennard, III Mr./Mrs. Frederick R. Keydel Mr./Mrs. Elmer G. Kiefer Mr./Mrs. William S. Knowles Mr./Mrs. Robert E. Kresko Mr./Mrs. Charles S. Lamy Mr./Mrs. Oliver M. Langenberg Mrs. John A. Latzer Mr. Thomas F. Latzer Mr./Mrs. John C. Lebens Mrs. John S. Lehmann Mr./Mrs. Willard L. Levy Mrs. Zoe D. Lippmann Miss Martha |. Love Mr. H. Dean Mann Mr./Mrs. William E. Maritz Mrs. James S. McDonnell Mrs. Roswell Messing, Jr. Mr./Mrs. |. E. Millstone Mr./Mrs. Hubert C. Moog Mr./Mrs. John W. Moore Mr. Thomas Moore Dr./Mrs. Walter Moore Mr./Mrs. John M. Olin Mr. Spencer T. Olin Mr./Mrs. W. R. Orthwein, Jr. Mrs. Jane K. Pelton Miss Jane E. Piper Miss Julia Piper Mr./Mrs. Vernon W. Piper Capt. William R. Piper Mr./Mrs. Herman T. Pott Mr./Mrs. A. Timon Primm, III Mr./Mrs. Joseph A. Richardson Mrs. Howard E. Ridgway Mrs. G. Kenneth Robins Mr./Mrs. F. M. Robinson Mr./Mrs. G. S. Rosborough, Jr. Mrs. Lucianna Gladney Ross Mr./Mrs. Joseph F. Ruwitch Mr. Louis Sachs Mr./Mrs. David Sanders Mrs. William H. Schield Mr./Mrs. Daniel L. Schlafly Mr./Mrs. Charles Schott Mrs. Mason Scudder Mr./Mrs. Richard Shaikewitz Mrs. A. Wessel Shapleigh Mr./Mrs. Warren M. Shapleigh Mrs. John M. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Robert H. Shoenberg Mr./Mrs. Sydney Shoenberg, Jr. Mr./Mrs. John E. Simon Mr./Mrs. Robert Brookings Smith Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Sr. Mr./Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. Mr./Mrs. C. M. Ruprecht Dr. John S. Schoentag Mr. Frank H. Simmons Mr./Mrs. Leon B. Strauss Miss Harriet J. Tatman Mr./Mrs. Harold E. Thayer Mr./Mrs. John K. Wallace, Jr. Mr./Mrs. Donald L. Wolfsberger VG C. C. Johnson Spink President, Board of Trustees Mrs. Shadrach F. Morris, Jr. President of the Executive Board of the Members Dr. Peter H. Raven Director Mrs. Sylvia N. Souers Mr./Mrs. C. C. Johnson Spink Mrs. Herman F. Spoehrer Mrs. Robert R. Stephens Mr./Mrs. Cornelias F. Stueck Miss Lillian L. Stupp Mr./Mrs. Edgar L. Taylor, Jr. Ms. Marie Carr Taylor Mr./Mrs. Charles L. Tooker Mr./Mrs. Jack Turner Mr./Mrs. James Walker Mrs. Horton Watkins Mr./Mrs. Richard K. Weil Mrs. S. A. Weintraub Mrs. Ben H. Wells Mr./Mrs. O. Sage Wightman, III Mr./Mrs. Eugene F. Williams, Jr. Mrs. John M. Wolff Miss F. A. Wuellner Mrs. Eugene F. Zimmerman Mr./Mrs. Andrew Zinsmeyer Mr./Mrs. Sander B. Zwick DIRECTOR’S ASSOCIATES Anonymous Mr. Patrick Ackerman Mr. Kenneth Balk Mr./Mrs. C. Perry Bascom Mrs. Anne D. Bates Mrs. Brooks Bernhardt Ms. Allison R. Brightman Mr./Mrs. H. Pharr Brightman Mrs. Richard L. Brumbaugh Mr./Mrs. G. A. Buder, Jr. Mr. Kurt H. Bussmann Mr. Joseph C. Champ Mrs. Frances Collins Cook Mrs. Elsie Ford Curby Mr./Mrs. Henry P. Day Mr. Bernard F. Desloge Mr. Hollis L. Garren Mr./Mrs. W. Ashley Gray, Jr. Mr. George K. Hasegawa Mr. Edward E. Haverstick Dr./Mrs. August Homeyer Mr./Mrs. Morris M. Horwitz Mr./Mrs. B. F. Jackson Mr./Mrs. Eldridge Lovelace Mr./Mrs. Charles W. Oertli Mrs. Harry E. Papin, Jr. Mrs. Drue Wilson Philpott Mrs. Miquette M. Potter Mr./Mrs. Robert A. Ridgway Member of The Arts and Education Fund of Greater St. Louis The MISSOURI BOTANICAL GAR- DEN BULLETIN is published six times each year, in January, March, May, July, September and Novem- ber by the Missouri Botanical Gar- den, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Mo. 63166. Second class postage paid at St. Louis, Mo. $5.00 per year. $6.00 foreign. Bolivia Current estimates have it that there are approximately 15,000 different plant species in Bolivia, a country about the size of Texas and California combined. By comparison, in all of the United States there is a total of 15,000 species. Bordering Peru and Brazil, the country has a population of over five million, almost half of which is under 15. Seventy percent of the population is employed in agriculture, grow- ing crops of potatoes, sugar, and barley, and herding cattle, sheep, and llamas. “There are also a large number of root crops native there that are practically unknown here,” said Dr. James Solomon. “One of my favorites is oca— Oxalis tuberosa—it’s very sweet, if you allow it to sit in the sun five to six days after harvesting. It can be substituted for potatoes.” Solomon was in St. Louis for several weeks in late fall. A member of the Garden’s botany department, he is stationed in Bolivia as the holder of the William L. Brown Fellowship provided by Pioneer Hi-Bred International of Des Moines, lowa. ‘There is a tremendous diversity there of natural vegetation and cultivated crops,” he said. “For example, Bolivia has a great variety of corn. In the U.S., we have very few under cultivation—basically there is sweet corn, and field corn—used in animal feeds—and corn for popping. In Bolivia, they grow different strains of corn for different reasons. One has, for example, dark purple kernels. It’s used for making chicha morada, a corn beer. There are others used specifically for soups, or breads. What’s important about these different varieties is that they are like living seed banks. Extensive use of a few species or hybrids can deplete the world of important genetic diversity. If farmers stop planting this large variety, eventually some of the strains will cease to exist, and we will have lost any benefits they might have provided for us.” A similar threat to this diversity is posed by rapid destruction of the rich natural vegetation. ‘Like so many other tropical countries, social pressures are Causing natural resources to be exploited without an adequate understanding of the complex interrelationships within these areas. We hope, with the cooperation of the Bolivian Academy of Sciences, to document what natural resources exist and begin to understand how they might be of benefit to man,” Solomon said. Despite the number and diversity of plant species in the country, until recently there has been little botanical explo- ration in Bolivia. Aside from Dr. Solomon, there is one other scientist working in Bolivia collecting plants and assisting in the development of a herbarium for the country. ‘““We have an agreement with the Bolivian Academy of Sciences to do this. It is an excellent opportunity to increase our understanding of this poorly known country and to provide specimens for our own herbarium and for other scientists.” New Visitor's Center To Be Named for Ridgways The new Education center at Missouri Botanical Garden, sched- uled for dedication and opening to the public next summer will be named in honor of Louise G. and Edmund G. Ridgway, it was announced by C. C. lenge Grant for the National Endow- ment for the Arts. Contribution for Parking Lot Johnson Spink, president of the Garden’s Board of Trustees. “The Ridgway Center will carry the name of Louise and Edmund Ridgway in order to recognize the generous support of Elmer G. Kiefer and his wife, Mrs. Ernstine Ridgway Kiefer, daughter of Louise and Edmund Ridgway,” Mr. Spink announced. The late Mr. Ridgway was a co-founder of The Seven-Up Company in St. Louis. “The Ridgway Center represents the culmination of the Garden’s Master Plan,” Spink said, ‘“‘which has been in progress since it was for- mulated in 1972. The building will pro- vide Garden visitors with an out- standing educational and aesthetic resource. And it will provide the means by which the Garden can im- prove its already well-deserved reputation for public service.” “The Ridgway Center,’’ Spink said, “has been a project supported by St. Louisans for St. Louisans. Its construction was made possible by contributions from private citizens and local organizations, foundations, the Kregge Foundation, and a Chal- Thomas Dunne, President of Fred Weber, Inc., has provided materials for the new Visitor Center parking lot at a cost considerably below normal. This amounts to a substantial contri- bution to the Garden. We are grateful to Mr. Dunne for his generous support. A visit to the Ridgway Center construction site will show the building taking its final form. Here workers install the translucent concourse roof in late fall. New Year of Trees This holiday, Tu Bishevat (mean- ing the 15th day of the month Shevat, and falling this year on February 8) is one of four days which mark a new year in the Jewish calendar—essen- tial for establishing important civil, political, and religious regulations connected with agricultural produce. The new year for trees roughly coin- cides with the end of the rainy season in Israel. In Israel today, this holiday is cele- brated as Jewish Arbor Day and has great significance as a symbol of the redemption of the land through the conquest of the desert. On this day, thousands of young trees are planted in ceremonies throughout Israel by young school children. From January 30 through Feb- ruary 21, the Garden will feature an exhibit for Tu Bishevat. Including barley, fig, acacia, and cypress, the exhibit will contain 15 trees and will be held in the Mediterranean House. Hours are 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. 3 Translating Science (continued from page 1) was the first time for most of them— they got a first-hand feel for the river. So when they are in the classroom and the subject of flood plains comes up—or rivers—or they read about succession and the trees that grow along a river, it’s no longer abstract. They have experienced them.” Malcom Burns, a program partici- pant from Vashon High School, was impressed by these experiences.” | have always lived in the city. It was a great learning experience, especially my exposure to the rural environment. | learned how nettles felt; what poison ivy looked like.” Michelle Kollmar, from University City High School agreed. “I can see things with more depth. When you run water, it’s not just tap water—you know where it came from.” But the students learned more from their month than how to canoe and the basics of the water cycle. “They learned much on several dif- ferent levels,’ Wilson said. ‘“‘We discussed and experimented with some of the latest research on air pollution and toxic chemicals. Often what is being taught in schools is several years behind the current research. The world of science changes so rapidly now; we wanted to provide assistance and resources to teachers on the most current research by bringing technical expertise from the university, from engineers and architects.” After hearing a lecture on the sub- ject, the students potted spiderworts (Tradescantia). They will place them in selected locations—along busy highways, in places the students con- sidered to be very clean, and in others they consider dirty. “Scientists are working with the spiderwort as a mon- itor of radiation and pollution levels,” said Wilson. “Our doing this with the students is one example of what we mean when we say we are bringing current research into the classroom. “This is important because we are facing a time of environmental crisis in the city and world-wide. It is young people who will affect policies in the future. We wanted to give them infor- mation as well as leadership skills.” Carolyn Wilson, from Southwest High, commented on that. “ECO-ACT is the future world of youth who are concerned about the environment. We are trying in our own way to improve 4 dy Mwy ; ‘ 4 i > Veh kew “AS SOMET Robert R. Hermann, a member of the Garden’s Board of Trustees, was honored with the 1981 St. Louis Award for his leadership in the creation of the first V.P. Fair. The award was established in 1931 by the late David P. Wohl and is presented annually to an individual who has made the most outstanding contribution to the St. Louis area during the previous year. Presenting the award to Mr. Hermann is William H. Danforth, chancellor of Washington University. the environment.” Dave Wilson pointed to another benefit of the program; one apart from the exploration, the lectures, and experiments. “One of the benefits of having the students spend the entire month together was that they were able to discover different patterns of behavior among themselves. Not only racial, but religious and social. During the week of camping, one evening the students were sitting around the campfire and they began to discuss religion. Most of them learned for the first time what the differences were between religions. Some didn’t know before then that there were dif- ferences.” “One of the high points of the summer was the chance to share with kids from other schools. It will be neat for grade schoolers to have that chance,” said Michele Kollmar. Because of the program’s unique design and because it brings together students from city and county schools (Southwest, Vashon, Clayton, Univer- sity City, and St. Louis University high schools) ECO-ACT is recognized as a model for programs which advance the voluntary integration effort in St. Louis. Taking what they had learned since the beginning of August, the students developed activities that they are now directing for elementary school children. One exercise, entitled “School Yard Ecology” was devised to increase the children’s awareness of their environment through their exploration of the school yard. Another, called ‘“‘Web of Life,” was intended to demonstrate the inter- dependence of all components of the life cycle. “Our objective in teaching is to get the grade school kids to look at their surrounding in a new and more sensitive way than they have previously,’’ said Rob Wood, a St. Louis University High School senior. Through the first week of Novem- ber, the thirty high school students had worked with 213 elementary school children. ‘“‘A ratio of seven school children reached for each of the high school students we worked with,” said Judy Studer. “In only the first two months of their teaching. This is what | mean when | talk about the effectiveness of educating people who will teach others.” Gardening in St. Louis Coldframes & Hotbeds The only difference between a coldframe and a hot- bed is that the latter is heated (usually with electric cables). Both of these structures have many uses for gardeners. Coldframes can be used to: 1. Start cool crops such as lettuce, onions, broccoli, spinach, and cabbage six to eight weeks before they can normally be placed outdoors. . Grow these same plants later in the fall. . Overwinter tender plants such as seedlings of peren- nials and biennials. . Overwinter bonsai plants. . Store vegetables. To do this remove 18 inches of soil. Then place root crops such as turnips, rutabagas, beets, carrots, onions, celery on 2-inch layer of straw. Cover with another layer of straw. 6. ‘Harden off’? seedlings grown indoors. The cold- frame acclimates them to outdoor temperatures and humidity. 7. Summer-over houseplants. Shade the frame with snow fencing or cheese cloth to cut down on light intensity and to protect the houseplants from wind, hail, and rain damage. 8. Store spring bulbs to be forced indoors or in a green- house. 9. Root hardwood cuttings. Hotbeds can be used for the same purpose as a cold- frame with the added possibilities for growing winter vegetables (dwarf varieties are recommended), forcing spring bulbs, growing cool-loving pot plants such as cineraria, calceolaria, primroses, azaleas, stock and pansies to maturity and for sowing seeds in early spring (annuals, vegetables, and perennials). Coldframes can be constructed of wood (1/2” thick) or cinderblocks. If you use wood, be sure to treat it witha wood preservative called Cuprinol. All other preser- vatives are poisonous to plants. Coldframe covers or sashes may be constructed of: Glass (old storm windows or doors)— advantages: cheap (if not purchased new), clear (will not discolor from sunlight)—disadvantages: inflexible, can break, expensive to replace, heavy. ok Wh GROUND LINE ~ GLASS SASH (3 by 6 FT.) SASH SUPPORT (WEATHERSTRIP) RK. RECEPTACLE : SS Ny THERMOSTAT _~ SS — PS :MOTE. BU SOY SOIL (4 IN.) rae (REMOTE BULB) 3 a) S25 SIS Syst BEE “~ SAND OR SOIL (2 IN.) SERVICE (CABLE) Plastic—advantage: light weight, cheap, flexible sizes, easy to replace — disadvantages: will rip, will sag, discolors in presence of sunlight, less light transmission than glass. Fiberglass (should be coated with Tedlar)—advan- tages: will not sag, easy to cut to size—disadvantages: less light transmission than glass, will eventually dis- color due to exposure to sunlight. Heating: hotbeds used to be heated by a 24-36 inch layer of fresh manure. This method was not very depend- able since heat from this fermenting manure was not Steady and it was usually totally diminished by early spring. Most gardeners today use heavy-duty heating cables which are placed beneath the soil in the frame. It is most important to purchase heavy duty cable which is capable of providing 16 watts per foot. This cable can by vinyl jacketed or lead armored. Management: it is important that the coldframe be properly ventilated. When sunlight strikes the frame it heats quickly. You can use a block of wood (1 inch by 4 inches by 6 inches) to provide three different heights to elevate the frame sash. If you want an automatic ventila- tion system, try the new solarvents which do not require electricity. On cold nights, it is important to cover the coldframe with a blanket to prevent excessive heat loss. Double pane glass or a double layer of plastic with a1 inch air space, will also greatly help retain heat. Water plants in the morning so they will have time to dry before evening. Keep soil moist since damp soil retains heat much better than dry soil. Steven A. Frowine, Chairman of Indoor Horticulture For Younger Members Pocket Gardening (ages 4-7) Have winter doldrums beset your household? Are your younger children yearning for warmer days of spring and summer? January and February, the cruelest winter months, can be brightened with a simple project that will delight the youngest family members. For a bit of spring in January, here’s how to create a “pocket garden:” Materials: one or two lima or mung bean seeds (mung beans are available at grocery or health food stores), square of thick paper towel, small plastic bag (Sandwich size), and water. Procedure: Show your child the seeds. Perhaps he or she has planted seeds before, cared for seeds, or watched seeds grow. If not, an even more special treat is in store. Cut a square of paper towel in half. Fold the half-towel in half again. Place the seeds in the center of the folded towel. Fold the towel ends over the seeds so that the seeds are com- pletely enclosed in a small package. Dampen the seed package with water, until the paper towel is quite wet. Wring out the excess water. Place the seed package into the small plastic bag. Your child is now ready to place the entire package into a convenient dress or pants pocket. The ‘“‘pocket garden” can travel with him wherever he goes. Encourage him to remove the pocket garden each day to see if the seeds have changed. The paper towel can be dampened again if necessary. Within a few days to a week the seeds will germinate. llene Follman, Educational Consultant 5 Chinese Trees When Alan Godlewski, the Chairman of Landscape Horticulture, returned from his two-month tour of the Peoples Republic of China, he brought with him several species of hardy plants that are common to that country but rare or non-existent in our own. These will be intro- duced into the Garden over the next few months. Sitting with us outdoors in the Garden on one of the warmer days of late fall, he described some of the interesting species that will be cultivated here. Poplar My favorite of the hardy plants | saw—and brought back—is Populus tomentosa. It’s virtually unknown in the U.S. but used extensively in Beijing as a street tree. The foliage is very striking. On the upper side it is dark green and shiny, as though it has been polished. The underside is dull and appears silver; it is covered with fine tomenta (hairs). The petiole is flat, which causes the leaves to quake in the wind similar to a quaking aspen; the sound is like a rushing river in a mountain. The tree is fast growing— about two to three feet per year. There is one difficulty in cultivating—it’s reproductive pattern is problematic. The seeds have short viability, only three or four weeks. By com- parison, oak seeds are viable for several months and maple seeds, if stored under proper conditions, are viable for several years. Hackberry There are native hackberries already in the Garden— Celtis occidentalis—located west of the Lehmann Rose Garden. These differ from the Chinese hackberry (C. bun- geana) in leaf and fruit characteristics. Our native hack- berry has dull green leaves and fruit that is green when young and black when it is ripe. It is susceptible to a viral disease called witches broom which causes severe distor- tion of the branch ends. The leaves of C. bungeana are a bright shiny green; the fruit is yellow when it is young and blackens as it ripens. C. bungeana reaches 40 to 45 feet in height when mature and has a large canopy of comparable size. It is also reputed to be immune to witches brooming. | believe it will prove a very nice tree for a large-scale setting; a park, for example. | also brought with me C. koraiensis, the largest-leaved Celtis. It’s leaves are a nice light green and turn a light yellow in fall. It is more upright than C. bungeana. Persimmons The persimmon is a member of the ebony family and as one might guess has very hard wood. There are several interesting Chinese species of Persimmon or Diospyros (from the Greek meaning grain of Jove which refers to the edible fruit.) Diospyros rhombifolia is a diminutive tree—about six to eight feet tall. Its fruit is orange and persists until ripe which is after the leaves fall making it very ornamental. The other is Diosphyros kaki (with fruit the size of an apple) which is the large fruited persimmon one finds in the market. Selective breeding and growing has led to a number of cultivars which are hardy in Beijing. Two types are commonly grown—one is astringent, the fruit of which must ripen until soft before it is edible. The other is a non- astringent type which may be eaten as soon as it turns orange; hence, it is crunchy. We will attempt to introduce these two varieties for testing here in St. Louis by grafting them on rootstock of our native persimmon Diosphyros virginiana. Alan Godlewski’s visit to the Peoples Republic of China was sponsored by the Garden’s sister botanical institution, The Nanjing Botanical Garden. His trip was part of the con- tinuing exchange by the Garden for the advancement of knowledge and intercultural understanding. As space permits in future Bulletins, we will publish further descrip- tions of plant species brought from China by Mr. Godlewski. Orchids: More than a corsage Some sources claim that Orchidaceae is the largest plant family, with estimates of its size ranging from 500 to 600 genera and 20,000 to 35,000 species. Other sources rank the family as second, behind Compositae (sunflower family). The orchid family includes between seven and ten per- cent of all flowering plant species. They are found in tropics, subtropics, alpine meadows, deserts and bogs. In Central and South America there are approximately 8,266 species, with perhaps 1,200 in Panama alone. (Panama is about one-half the size of Missouri. There are approximately 32 species of orchid in Missouri.) Most orchids in tropical areas are epiphitic, while those of temperate regions are terrestrial. Orchid flowers range from 1/16 inch to more than one- foot. The longest orchid plant is Vani/la, which is a vine. The most massive are Grammatophylum speciosum (Queen of Orchids) and G. papuanum, which have thick trunks up to 16 feet tall. Another species, Platyotel/e junger- mannioides grows to only about 5/16 inch high. Of all the hundreds of orchid genera, only one has economic importance— aside from those of horticultural value —and that is Vanilla. This is not to say that orchids in horticulture are any 6 small business. Each year, the two largest growers of Cattleya orchids in the United States sell a combined total of 800,000 to 1,000,000 flowers to floral wholesalers. In the 1980 catalogs of one of the largest orchid growers, prices ranged from $6 for a Dendrobium to $5,000 for a Sophrolaeliacattleya. Many terrestrial orchids have tuberous roots that con- tain a nutritious starch-like substance, called Bassorin and also Known as Salep, that was used to make a beverage that was popular in London before coffee was introduced there. It was so nutritious that it was a standard part of a ship’s stores during the era of exploration by sea vessel. If provisions ran short, one ounce of Salep dissolved in two quarts of boiling water was considered sufficient nutrition for each man for one day. Salep was also used medicinally for gastric disorders. The Garden’s orchid collection represents approx- imately 135 genera and 950 species and includes almost 10,000 mature plants and seedlings. It is one of the finest collections of orchids in the United States. From February 6 through March 7, the orchid collection will be featured in the Annual Orchid Exhibit in the Climatron. The hours are 10 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. Garden Honors Busch, Krukoff at 1981 Henry Shaw Banquet August A. Busch, Jr. and botanist B. A. Krukoff were honored at the 1981 Henry Shaw Associates Banquet held on November 19 at the St. Louis Club. Missouri Governor Christopher S. Bond was the featured speaker. Mr. Busch received the Albert P. and Blanche Y. Greens- felder Medal, an award established in 1980 to honor per- sons who have made contributions to landscape, garden and park planning, and designing for urban improvements. In the 1950s, Mr. Busch opened a portion of his family’s estate to the public. Known as “Grant’s Farm,” it includes much of the land farmed by Ullyses S. Grant prior to the Civil War. Besides being a popular area tourist attraction, Grant’s Farm also includes the Busch Wildlife Area, which was established by Mr. Busch as a preserve for animals that are endangered species or are uncommon in the St. Louis area. The preserve makes it possible for visitors to see animals they would not ordinarily see in this area. It serves a pur- pose similar to that of the Garden, in that visitors can expe- rience the flora of the world within the Garden grounds. Dr. Krukoff received the Henry Shaw Medal, estab- lished in 1933, in recognition of his pioneering botanical exploration of the Amazon River Basin in Brazil and his encouragement of the Garden’s own botanical exploration. Born in Russia in 1898, he immigrated to the United States during the Russian revolution. In 1928 he made the first of eight botanical expeditions to Brazil; those expeditions resulted in the discovery of more than 200 new species of trees and shrubs, many subsequently named for Dr. Krukoff. During recent years, he has encouraged the Garden’s botanical work, especially the exploration of Nicaragua and South Africa. The Garden’s B. A. Krukoff Curatorship for African Botany is named for him and currently is held by Dr. Peter Goldblatt. Dr. Karl Folkers, a long-time associate of Dr. Krukoff’s and the chemist who first synthesized Vitamin B,,, intro- duced Dr. Krukoff to the Henry Shaw Associates. In his remarks, Governor Bond cited the importance of the Garden as an institution and as a cultural asset for the state of Missouri. Also speaking were St. Louis Major Vincent Schoemehl, Congressman Robert Young, and C. C. Johnson Spink, President of the Garden’s Board of Trustees. Left: at the Henry Shaw Banquet are (L to R) the Honorable Christopher S. Bond, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick M. Robinson, and Mr. and Mrs. Whitney R. Harris. Center: August A. Busch, Jr. Right: C. C. Johnson Spink with B. A. Krukoff. Donald W. Williams Fx-Officio Trustee Donald W. Williams, elected Presi- Jent of the St. Louis Board of Edua- ‘ion on October 13, has joined the 30ard of Trustees of Missouri Botan- cal Garden. Under the terms of the Nill of Henry Shaw, founder of the |22-year-old Garden, the President of he St. Louis school board auto- natically becomes a trustee of the azarden by virtue of his office. “Historically, there has been an Don Niederlander Dies The library has been saddened by the recent death of Donald R. Nieder- lander, who served as a volunteer in the library’s bindery. During Don’s ten years of service to the Garden, he donated more than 9400 hours of his time, helping to preserve and restore hundreds of important books in the Garden’s library. Don particularly enjoyed working on large sets of publications, and one can enter ‘xcellent relationship between the jarden and the St. Louis public chools, one that has been extremely eneficial to the schools,” Williams aid. ‘“‘The Garden is one of the cultural institutions that makes St. Louis a fine place to live. It con- tributes enormously to the quality of life and | look forward to having this opportunity to work with the Garden.” almost any aisle of the library’s shelves and find examples of his work, a permanent memorial to his dedication to his craft and to the Garden. 7 Annual Systematics Symposium The twenty-eighth Annual System- atics, held on October 16 and 17, 1981, was attended by nearly 300 biologists and graduate students. Begun as a midwestern meeting, in recent years the Symposium has become of na- tional and international interest, attracting both speakers and par- ticipants from all over the United States as well as several foreign countries. The Symposium has been partially supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation for all except the first year of its history. The subject of this year's Sym- posium was “Biological Studies in Central America,’ selected because of the general interest in this topic and because of the Garden’s recently initiated cooperative program, Flora Mesoamericana, which is being con- ducted jointly with the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México and the British Museum (Natural History). Participants were given a broad over- view of the geology, flora, and fauna of Central America. Many of those attending the two- day event came early and/or stayed late in order to use the research facilities of the Garden’s herbarium and library. Marshall R. Crosby, Director of Research Speakers at the 28th Annual Systematics Sym- posium were (L to R): Mario Sousa S., Univer- sidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Jay M. Savage, University of Southern California; Gerrit Davidse and Alwyn Gentry both of Missouri Botanical Garden; Peter J. Coney, University of Arizona; Christopher J. Hum- phries, British Museum (Natural History); Luis Diego Gomez, Museo Nacional, Costa Rica; and W. A. Clemens, University of California- Berkley. in Garden Receives USAID Support Missouri Botanical Garden has received a grant of $150,000 from The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to conduct a 3-year study of economically useful plants of the Eastern Andes. Focusing on selected areas in Peru, the project will survey the diverse and largely unknown tropical flora for new sources of food, timber, pharma- ceuticals, and oils. This is the Garden's first grant from USAID. Through its research programs, the Garden cooperates with institutions worldwide in conservation efforts, and planning for sound land use. USAID assistance programs in developing countries aim to increase productive capacities, promote eco- nomic and political stability, and develop human resources. The Garden will conduct the current study in cooperation with the Universidad Nacional de Amazonia Peruana in Iquitos, Peru. The two institutions have collaborated on Peruvian plant research for the past five years. The USAID funded research will increase scientific understanding of tropical plants, train Peruvian botanists, improve research facilities in Peru, and help foster cooperative relation- ships between the two countries. 8 Author James A. Michener and his wife, Mari, visited the Garden recently. Director Peter H. Raven conducted a tour of the Japanese Garden for them. Two new prints by Keith Wes! are available at the Garden Gate Shop. ‘Wildflowers of the Cape Cod Shore’"’ (pictured) anc “Wildflowers of the Pacific Coast’ are numbers five and si in his Wildflowers of Nort America series, commissionec by the Garden and the Britist Museum (Natural History). Notes from the Garden January and February are not usually months in which people think of visiting the Garden, but there are as many reasons to visit during the winter as during the rest of the year. In the Climatron, Desert House and Mediterranean House it is hard to recall the winter outside. Imagine in February to be looking over thriving cactus, an acacia blooming, a papaya tree. It’s all here. On weekends, heated trams run over the carefully Designer of the Japanese Garden Koichi Kawana made one of his regular visits here in late fall. Accord- ing to him, “We have begun planting trees along Alfred Avenue to screen out the buildings there from the Garden. We are also planning a Cherry Grove walk between the mounds and the Alfred fence. The Grove will be in contrast to the rest of the Japanese Garden, which is very open, similar to a daimyo lord’s Garden. The planting in Cherry Grove will be more heavily concentrated to create an area of tranquil seclusion.” More than flowers grow at Shaw’s Garden. Minds do too. Educational programs for adults recommence in February with five courses offered during the month. On five consecutive Wednesday after- noons beginning February 3, Garden- ing from the Ground Up provides an introduction to essential gardening techniques for the new gardener. Fee for Members is $25.00. If you’re intrigued by the idea of experiencing the Japanese Garden under a full moon in winter, consider joining the Evening Walk in the Japanese Garden on Saturday, Feb- ruary 6, 4:30 to 6:30 p.m. The walk will be conducted by our Curator of the Japanese Garden, Charles Hooker. Cost to Members is $5.00. Plum wine will be served. The third program in February is The Perennial Garden, scheduled for three consecutive Tuesdays begin- ning February 9. The course meets ‘rom 7 to 9 p.m. and concerns the nost important species of perennials and their cultural requirements. Taught by staff horticulturist Brian Ward, the course costs $14.50 for Members. A two-session course on Winter Tree Identification is scheduled for Wednesday, February 10, from 7 to 9 p.m. and Saturday, February 13, from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. The instructor is Robert Herman, Coordinator of Adult Programs, and the fee for Members is $11.50. Because of its popularity this fall, Botanical Illustration will be offered again during February. Expanded to five sessions, the course is designed to accommodate people of varying artistic ability and experience from the curious doodler to the profes- sional artist interested in the finer points of plant illustration. The course meets on five consecutive Thursdays beginning February 4, from 7 to 9:30 p.m. The cost is $33.50 for Garden Members. All five courses meet in the John S. Lehmann Building. plowed paths in the Garden so that you can see the Japanese Garden and English Woodland Garden in the snow. The Japanese consider snow as a flower in the planning of their gardens, and our example here is possibly at its most beautiful in snow. The Tea House was revisited recently by Toshitane Hirabayashi, who super- vised its construction just over five years ago. Our Tea House was built in Matsumoto City, Japan, by master- craftsmen according to ancient tradi- tion. It was then dismantled, shipped to the Garden, and reconstructed. It was dedicated in a formal ceremony in October, 1976. The Isabelle Schwerdtmann Carillon was installed in Tower Grove House in December. The electronic instrument recreates the sound of 49 cast bronze bells. It will chime the hours through the day and play short musical selec- tions twice daily. A conference not held at the Garden, but one in which you may be inter- ested is the Global 2000 Conference, held on Friday, February 26, 3-9 at the Chase Park Plaza Hotel. The Con- ference concerns the results of the Global 2000 Report to the President published in 1980 by the U.S. Council on Environmental Quality and the U.S. Department of State. It predicted con- ditions that will develop if presont trends continue. Among those predic- tions was that 15 to 20 percent of plant and animal species now living will be extinct by the turn of the cen- tury, Causing drastic Consequences. The speakers include Anne and Paul Ehrlich and Dr. Peter H. Raven. The conference is partially sponsored by the Garden and registration is $2.00; dinner is $14.00. For reservations or information, please write: Coalition for the Environment, 6267 Delmar Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63130. Two lectures by Dr. Ron Taven, Professor of Horticulture at University of Missouri, will be presented on Wed- nesday, January 13. The first, set for 10:30 a.m., is entitled ‘‘Trees are our Roots,” and concerns the importance of trees to mankind. His second lec- ture—at 8 p.m.—‘‘Our Earth is a Garden,” deals with the reasons peo- ple garden. The lectures will be in the John S. Lehmann Auditorium and are co-sponsored by the Garden Club of St. Louis. Members are admitted free and may bring-guests. The Education Department seeks volunteers to operate audio-visual equipment for lectures and special events sponsored by the Garden. Training sessions will be held on a regular basis to familiarize volunteers with the equipment, which includes slide projectors, a dissolve system, microphones, and stage lighting. Persons interested in further infor- mation should contact Judy Studer in the Education Department, (577-5140), by February 1. Specimen number 1,831,651 in the Garden’s herbarium is a fern, Asp/en- jum magellanicum, collected in December 1834, by a then-25 year old Charles Darwin. The scientist aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin collected the plant on the coast of Chile when the ship docked there to take refuge from a storm. 9 Elsewhere in this Bulletin Alan Godlewski describes some inter- esting, new hardy plants that he trans- ported from China to our Garden. His visit and those plants are part of the continuing cultural and scientific exchange between us and the PRC. Another part of this exchange is the spring, 1982, Members’ trip to China. Leaving St. Louis on April 24, the tour will include visits to Beijing, Nanjing, Wusi, Shanghai, and Kyoto, Japan, and will return to St. Louis on May 13. Reservations are available, and may be made by calling the Members’ Office at 577-5118. A brief series of lectures about China will be pre- sented by the Garden in the near future. Specific information will be included in the Spring Course Pro- grams brochure. You should receive this in the mail shortly. Another tour designed for Garden Members is also schedule for April 2-7, 1982. Sponsored by Tower Grove House Historical Committee, the trip will visit Washington, D.C., and historic Williamsburg, Virginia. Missouri Senator John Danforth has arranged for a V.I.P. tour of the White House. The trip has been arranged to coincide with the blossoming of the cherry trees in our capitol. Part of the tour cost is a tax-deductible contribu- tion to the Garden for the refurbishing and restoration of Tower Grove House. Reservations and information are available by calling Martha Jones of Sante Travel Agency at 726-3040. The Christmas sale in the Garden Gate and Plant shops will continue through January 17. Larry Reimelt, Merchandise Manager, said. “This is a great opportunity for Members to save on some very fine items as well as to help the shops reduce their inventory to prepare for their move to the Ridgway Center.” Mark Friday, February 5 on your calendar: 1982 Orchid Show Preview Party. This year’s party is scheduled for 3:30 until 8 p.m. We have arranged these extended hours for your conve- nience so that you may have the flex- ibility to plan your dinner for before or after you attend. Angle parking on Tower Grove Avenue will be provided; we hope you will take advantage of these especially assigned spaces to avoid traffic congestion. NEW MEMBERSHIPS October & November 1981 SUSTAINING MEMBERS Mr. & Mrs. A. F. Boettcher, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. James Brickey Mr. & Mrs. Robert F. Brown Ms. Ruth E. Buerke Mrs. John G. Burton Dr. & Mrs. Ralph Copp Mrs. Ernest A. Eddy, Sr. Mrs. Elaine W. Ernst Mr. & Mrs. Herbert |. Finch, Jr. Miss Florence E. Freyermuth Mr. & Mrs. T. Walter Hardy, Jr. Mrs. Milton H. Just Ms. A. Donna King Mr. H. Terrance Kurrus Mr. Alan L. Lieberman Mr. Frederic G. Maurer, III Mr. & Mrs. C. S. Newhard Ms. Sandra Posen Dr. Robert L. Quaas Mr. & Mrs. John T. Ruester Dr. & Mrs. Joseph F. Ruwitch, Jr. Ms. Anna E. Saban Mr. & Mrs. William Schueller Mr. & Mrs. Russell A. Schulte Mr. & Mrs. Charles H. Spoehrer Miss Diana Wallach Mr. & Mrs. Robert Williams, Jr. CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS Dr. & Mrs. Oliver Abel, III Leona P. Aberle Mr. Robert G. Adams Mr. & Mrs. Donald C. Ahrens Mr. & Mrs. Edmund C. Albrecht Mr. & Mrs. Ronald Alderfer Mr. & Mrs. Sterling J. Alexander Sister John Antonio, CPPS Mr. & Mrs. Charles M. Babington, III Mr. Tom Bade Mr. & Mrs. Keith J. Barbero Mr. & Mrs. Zane E. Barnes Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Mount Bean Mr. & Mrs. A. Lyndon Bell Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth H. Bitting, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth Blackburn Rev. Joseph H. Blattner Miss Sarah J. Bostelmann Mr. John H. Bray Mr. Robert Brinkmann Misses D. & M. Britton Mrs. John B. Brnjac Mr. & Mrs. Lewis J. Brown Mr. & Mrs. Richard E. Butler Ms. Helen Capron Dr. & Mrs. Frank Catanzaro Mr. Elliot Chubb Mr. & Mrs. Victor Clever Mr. & Mrs. Frank Cloud Mr. & Mrs. Ralph Crancer, III Dr. Kurt R. Dahlberg Mr. & Mrs. A. W. Dahligran Dennis Daly, S. J. Dr. & Mrs. B. F. Davis, Sr. Mrs. Margaret G. Decker Rev. Arpad De Kallos Mr. Aubrey Diller Mrs. Vojislav Dimitrijevich Dominican Community Mr. & Mrs. Irving Edison Mr. & Mrs. Leo E. Eickhoff, Jr. Ms. Edna S. Elmers Mr. A. R. Elsperman Ms. Mary Faszholz Mr. & Mrs. E. C. Felt Mr. & Mrs. John R. Finkenkeller Mr. & Mrs. Donald F. Flint Ms. Helen E. Fitzroy Mr. & Mrs. Max Frederich Mr. & Mrs. John R. Gaebe Mr. Glen P. Gelhot Mr. & Mrs. Thomas E. Gephardt Mr. & Mrs. Israel Goldberg Dr. & Mrs. J. M. Grant Mr. & Mrs. L. J. Grigsby Mr. & Mrs. Barry Gunther Mr. & Mrs. Warren Handel Mr. & Mrs. Jack R. Harbison Mr. & Mrs. Robert L. Harmon Mr. Elleard Heffern Mr. & Mrs. Richard A. Heidbreder Ms. Ethel Helling Mr. & Mrs. James M. Henderson Miss Marilyn Heneghan Mr. & Mrs. Phil S. Hennessey Mrs. Gail F. Holmes Mrs. Thomas J. Hopper Jardin DuLac Garden Club Mr. & Mrs. Robert M. Jones, III Mr. & Mrs. J. R. Jordan, Jr. Ms. Janet Jungclaus Mr. & Mrs. Ben Jurczyk Mr. & Mrs. Robert Kaempfer Mr. & Mrs. M. Kataoka Mrs. Richard J. Kautzman Sr. Kathleen E. Kelley Miss Margaret C. Kiel Mr. Harry V. King Mr. & Mrs. John D. King Mr. & Mrs. E. O. Klein Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence M. Kliewer Mr. & Mrs. Richard B. Kobusch Mr. Edwin L. Langenberg Mr. & Mrs. Terry W. LaPlant Ms. Emily Lazarus Shirley Legibel Mr. & Mrs. James Lesniewski Mrs. Hugh M. F. Lewis Mrs. Allan W. Lindberg Mr. & Mrs. Robert C. Little Mr. & Mrs. Leslie F. Loewe Mr. & Mrs. Paul Londe Mr. & Mrs. William R. MacGreevy Mr. & Mrs. Hunter F. MacWilliams Dr. Marshall S. Manne Master Typographer Mr. & Mrs. Francis J. McKeon, Jr. Mrs. Marilyn H. McNamee Mr. T. McQueeny Rev. & Mrs. D. M. Megahan Mr. Wm. J. Meisburger, Jr. Mr. Ralph Messmore Mr. & Mrs. James J. Michael Mrs. Harry Milton Mr. Owen H. Mitchell Mr. W. C. Moody Mr. & Mrs. Harry L. Morris Mr. & Mrs. Noel Moss Mr. G. Mueth Dr. & Mrs. John E. Mullins Mr. & Mrs. Gilbert G. Munroe Mr. & Mrs. Donald K. Myers Mr. & Mrs. Jerry M. Myers Mr. Stephen J. Nangle Mr. & Mrs. George Nelson Mr. & Mrs. Paul D. Nelson Mr. & Mrs. Robet A. Newsham, Sr. Mrs. Alice Niebur Mr. & Mrs. Harry A. Niewoehner, Jr. Mrs. J. P. Ohrman Mr. & Mrs. Ronald L. O’Kelley Dr. Robert Packman Mr. & Mrs. G. Paddock Dr. Meredith J. Payne Dr. Virginia H. Peden Mrs. C. K. Pennington, Sr. Mr. Gary L. Petersen Dr. & Mrs. Robert Poetz Mr. Frank J. Pollnow, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Robert Z. Reed, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Richard Riezman Mr. & Mrs. Paul F. Ring Mr. & Mrs. William Robertson Mr. James W. Robinson Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth L. Roffmann Mr. & Mrs. Edmund C. Rogers Mr. & Mrs. Dennis A. Ruest Mr. & Mrs. Chuck Schagrin Mrs. James S. Schindler Mr. & Mrs. Lee Schnure Mr. & Mrs. Arthur P. Schrepfer Mrs. Julius S. Schweich Mr. & Mrs. Edward Senturia Mr. & Mrs. Edwin H. Shafer Mr. & Mrs. Charles Simmons Mr. & Mrs. Robert J. Slattery Mr. & Mrs. Daniel L. Smith Mr. & Mrs. William Smith Dr. & Mrs. Stuart C. Stanhope Mr. & Mrs. Lemoine W. Stark Mrs. A. H. Steinmetz Mr. & Mrs. Robert W. Streett Mrs. W. G. Sullivan Miss E. Sutcliffe Mr. & Mrs. Harry V. Svatek Dr. & Mrs. Robert Taxman Mr. & Mrs. David Thayer Mr. J. L. Tomasovic, Sr. Miss Janet M. Trost Mr. John Vandaveer Mr. & Mrs. William R. Vickroy Dr. & Mrs. Michael F. Vincenc Mrs. Robert B. Vining Mr. & Mrs. H. H. Vivrett Mr. & Mrs. Donald R. Wagner Mr. Charles Scudder Sommer Mr. & Mrs. George A. Wagner Mr. & Mrs. Mahlon B. Wallace, III Mr. & Mrs. Richard Waters Mr. & Mrs. B. K. Werner Mr. & Mrs. Albert H. Wetter Mrs. Elizabeth L. Whaley Mr. Herman Willer Mr. & Mrs. Wm. L. Zielinski TRIBUTES October & November 1981 IN MEMORY OF: Herman J. Appel Ralph & Irene Ross & Esther Dr. Walter R. Bachhuber Claire Bachhuber Mrs. Paul D. Hamilton Laura Rand Baker Mrs. W. Gillespie Moore Mr. & Mrs. Edwin R. Waldemer Mrs. Mary Bardol Mr. & Mrs. Harvey A. Hofmeister Mr. Clarence M. Barksdale Dottie & L. J. Grigsby Mr. & Mrs. Albert D. Krueger Dr. & Mrs. Peter H. Raven Mr. & Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, Jr. Valerie Pantaleoni Terry Walter A. Beck Clayton Garden Club, Group 2 Mary Ellen Beckers Mr. Erwin & Mrs. Lynn Blankenmeister Mr. & Mrs. Harold Blankenmeister Gene & Jutta Buder Mr. & Mrs. Jules D. Campbell Mr. & Mrs. Weldon L. Canfield Consulate General of Japan, Kansas City Mrs. Fenton L. Crews Mr. Walter W. Dalton Mr. & Mrs. Calvin H. East Mr. & Mrs. Robert B. Forbes Mr. & Mrs. Sam Fox Dr. & Mrs. Heinz Haffner Mr. & Mrs. Whitney Harris George K. Hasegawa Mr. & Mrs. Ben Jackson Elizabeth & John Kouri Guy C. Lamson, Jr. Mr. Henry F. Langenberg Mr. & Mrs. Oliver M. Langenberg Mrs. Joseph W. Lewis Marsh & McLennan, Inc. Mr. John W. Matthews Mrs. Garret F. Meyer Mr. |. E. Millstone Mr. & Mrs. G. F. Newhard Nissho-lwai American Corporation Dr. & Mrs. Peter H. Raven Mr. & Mrs. Theadore W. Riede! Mr. Henry C. Sharp Mrs. Ilsa Simpson Yasuo Sone Mr. Harold E. Thayer Mr. & Mrs. Edwin R. Waldemer Mr. & Mrs. Howard U. Wilson Hillary B. Zimmerman Mr. Robert L. Black Mr. & Mrs. John J. Bess Mr. A. Shapleigh Boyd, Jr. Mrs. James S. McDonnell Mr. Dan Broida Mr. Jerome A. Gross Ceci & Henry Lowenhaupt Mr. Norman Buchre, Sr. Mr. & Mrs. Robert LaMear, Jr. Miss Bernadette Campbell Alice Nerlich Hartwell G. Crain Myra Simms Edwin Culver IV Elizabeth & Alexander Bakewell C. Calvin Christy Mrs. Kenneth Davis Mr. & Mrs. George Mendelsohn Mr. Harvey C. Doerr Mr. James L. Sloss, Jr. Dr. Saul Dworkin Clarissa & Ray Lippert Chiye Jeanne Endo George K. Hasegawa Mr. & Mrs. James |. Hayashi Bob & Marguerite Kuthe Dale Grant Farmer Eunice Farmer Fritsche Mrs. Alice Fisher Hazel L. Knapp Ruth E. Fogarty Mrs. Bernadine E. Zukoski Melba Fuder Mr. & Mrs. Dale W. Ehlers Mr. Clark R. Gamble Mrs. William S. Bedal Mrs. A. Wessel Shapleigh Reine Gebhart Mr. W. J. Stewart Mr. James Haff George & Stephany Mendelsohn Debby Hansen Eunice Farmer Fritsche Mrs. Rose N. Hanson James Pollock Karen & Kirk Corbett Sidney M. Harris Ceci & Henry Lowenhaupt Mr. Benjamin Hayes Mr. & Mrs. Norman S. Cypers Gabriele DeWitt Rachel Holmes Josephine G. Heys Brother John Hotchkiss Mr. & Mrs. Harry Wuertenbaecher, Jr. Howard Van Eman Hunter Mr. & Mrs. Robert L. Blanke, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Tom S. Eakin, Jr. STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685). pay - Title of Publication: MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN. Publication No. 00266507 2. Date of a October 1, 1981 3. Frequency of issues: Bi-monthly —6 issues per year. $5.00 per year 4. Location of known office of Publication: 2345 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 5. Location of the Headquarters or General Business Offices of the Publishers: 2345 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 6. Names and complete addresses of publisher and editor are: Publisher: Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166. Editor: Joseph M. Schuster, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166 7. Owner: Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 8. Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities: None 9 . The purpose, function and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt Status for Federal income tax purposes has not changed during preceding 12 months. Authorized to mail at special rates (Section 132.122, PSM) 10. Extent and nature of circulation: A. Total no. copies printed (Net Press Run) Paid Circulation 1. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales 2. Mail subscriptions . Total paid circulation . Free distribution by mail, carrier or other means samples, complimentary and other free copies E. Total distribution F. Copies not distributed 1. Office use, left-over, unaccounted, spoiled after printing 2. Returns from news agents G. Total (sum of E, F1 and 2—should equal net press run shown in A) eke) Actual no. copies Average no. copies of single issue each Issue during preceding 12 published nearest ___months ___—s_tofilingdate 15,000 16,000 none none 13,500 13,701 13,500 13,701 1,000 1,060 14,500 14,761 500 1,239 none none 15,000 16,000 | certify that the statement made by me above is correct and complete. (Signed) Joseph M. Schuster, Editor Manager of Publications Mr. & Mrs. Dustin H. Griffin Eleanor & Henry Hitchcock Mrs. Catherine Saxton The Boatmen’s National Bank Scott B. Ittner Mrs. Dorothy L. Blumenthal Mrs. Oscar H. Fager Mr. Ted Florenz Charles & Mary Gundelach Mr. & Mrs. Stifel W. Jens Noel B. Kerth Mr. & Mrs. Arthur R. Ocker Miss Grace Parle Ethel M. Poupeney Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence H. Stern Mr. & Mrs. Armin Stude Mr. & Mrs. D. J. Warren James Gray Jones Mr. & Mrs. James G. Alfring Elna Keitel Mary T. Rassieur Dr. Louis Keller Mr. & Mrs. Lester Adelson Dr. & Mrs. Ben H. Senturia Alfred Kessler Donna Reinneck Mr. Edward Korn Dr. & Mrs. Michael H. Glines Mrs. Lillian Kratky General Grant Hills Garden Club Mr. Bernard Kuenneken Viola Villardi Mrs. Cora O. Latzer Mr. & Mrs. Calvin H. East Mr. & Mrs. Karl Hoffmann Mrs. Joseph E. von Kaenel Tamra & Peter Raven Mrs. Charles Schott Lee Mr. & Mrs. Lester Adelson Mr. Joseph W. Lewis Mr. & Mrs. Howard F. Baer Mr. & Mrs. John Brodhead, Jr. Katherine Ward Burg Mrs. Jean-Jacques Carnal Mr. & Mrs. Arthur A. Dunn Erna Rice Eisendrath Mrs. John H. Hayward Mr. & Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mrs. Raoul Pantaleoni Mr. & Mrs. D. L. Schlafly Dr. & Mrs. William G. Sedgwick Mr. & Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, ur. Mrs. Lloyd Crow Stark Mr. James A. Maritz Bob & Jane Sharp Steven Mayhew Mr. & Mrs. James Hayashi Mr. Tom E. McCary, Jr. Jules & Bernice Brunner Edwin R. Waldemer Mr. Robert D. McCaslin Mr. James L. Sloss, Jr. Mrs. Loraine McCormack Marjorie Mullins Mildred Trotter Micah Mr. & Mrs. Lester Adelson Mrs. Evelyn Mooney Hazel L. Knapp Mrs. Florence D. Moore Mr. & Mrs. Ralph K. Soebbing Mr. Abe Netter Mr. & Mrs. Peter H. Husch Mr. Donald R. Niederlander Marian & Gerry Barnholtz Julie Berra Mr. & Mrs. C. B. Blackmar Mr. & Mrs. Clarence Boles Ms. Mary B. Chomeau Elizabeth Clayton Mr. & Mrs. W. Allen Cleneay Mr. & Mrs. W. C. Conley Margaret G. Decker Morton Deutch Maryan Earl Eger Nancy S. Everett Mary K. Greensfelder Ellis Gregory, Jr. Mr. Jerome A. Gross Florence S. Guth Mrs. Caroline Hamilton Mildred R. Hessel Harriet C. Kearns Harva June Kennedy Carla Lange Love, Lacks, McMahon & Schwarz, Attorneys Mr. & Mrs. John R. Mykrantz Margaret M. Noland Bob & Marge Purk Tamra & Peter Raven Rose Mary Rudde S. Sue Shear Janet & David Solomon Art & Mary Wahl Dr. & Mrs. Morton M. Weber Mr. & Mrs. George Williams Mrs Virginia Page Mrs. Kenneth C. Baker Four Seasons Garden Club Mrs. Francis R. Kohlibry Mr. & Mrs. C. Robert Pommer Liz Pappas Ann & Paul A. Lux William D. Pizzini Mr. & Mrs. J. Harold Matthew Jane Prigmore Mr. & Mrs. R. J. Gaddy Mr. Walter F. Raven Mr. & Mrs. Frederic M. Robinson, Jr. Aura Roberts Mrs. John C. Morfit Mary Terry Rassieur Sheila Roodman Lester & Judy Goldmann Mr. Julius E. Schmaltz Fred & June Fangmann Mr. Frank H. Schwaiger, Sr. Elizabeth T. Robb Vera Shellenberger Mitch & Marie Grzesiowski Mrs. Walter Skrainka Mr. & Mrs. Joseph O. Losos Vera Spiegel Claire Hoener Mr. J. G. Taylor Spink Edith & Johnson Spink Mrs. Emilie Stein Mr. & Mrs. A. Sherwood Lee Mr. Morris H. Suchart Mrs. Eileen R. Suchart Mr. James Taylor Mr. & Mrs. A. H. Baur Mr. Atanasio Teodoro Dr. & Mrs. Luis Schwarz Nancy Owen Thompson Mr. & Mrs. Gerald Pensel Mr. Robert Tillman The Bakewell Family Mr. William C. Traugott Mrs. J. Glennon Schreiber St. Louis Herb Society Mrs. Phebe Tybura Adams School Family Audrey Beatty Mildreta & Laura Beeh Fred Bonnard Patricia Burnett Rosemary Carr Marcella Carroll Mrs. Genevieve Childress Virginia Conyers Thelma Frost Mary Furderer Dorothy J. Gorsuch Marjorie lvanko Adeline Kohn Mary Lewis Alice N. Lockwood Frank & Marge McCree Audrey Nagel 11 Calendar Mr. & Mrs. Wade Norman Mr. & Mrs. Edgar V. Dickson Mrs. Milton M. Scharff Mr. & Mrs. Richard Ford Mrs. R. D. Stephens Mr. & Mrs. Charles W. Freeman J anuary Oe he Mr. & Mrs. John R. Gardner January 1-9 After-Holiday Sale, Gate Shop and Plant Shop, William Tasche ag grieg see Scharff II continues through January 17, 10 a.m.-4:30 p.m. January 10-16 Lectures by Dr. Ron Taven, Lehmann Auditorium, January 13, 10:30 a.m. & 8 p.m. After-Holiday Sale: Continues January 17-23 After-Holiday Sale: Final Day, January 17. January 24-31 New Year of Trees: Mediterranean House, opens January 30, 9 a.m.-4:30 p.m. (through February 21) February August & John Tybura Edward & Melba Tybura Mrs. G. W. Welsh Paul Tyree Mr. & Mrs. Charles Schogrin Thomas Waters Marian & Jim Cummins Mr. & Mrs. G. Gilmore Mr. & Mrs. Joseph F. Gribat Legal Dept., McDonnell Douglas Corp. Doria & David Lichtenstein Mrs. Herbert Morisse Mr. & Mrs. F. M. Murdock Mr. & Mrs. Mr. & Mrs. Mr. & Mrs. Mr. & Mrs. Robert F. Schlafly C. C. Johnson Spink Herbert M. Wilson, Jr. Donald D. Wren The Ladue Garden Club The Garden Club of St Louis Dr. and Mrs. Peter Barker Mr. Jerome A. Gross Jacob Joseph Becker Mr. & Mrs. Frank Gollub Mr. & Mrs. Richard Bussen February 1-6 Orchid Show Preview Party, Climatron, February 5, Frank & Barbara Nutt Mr. & Mrs. Emil F. Schumacher 3:30-8 p.m. Eleanor & Ernie Pyrmek sel tyra Sooty thea 1982 Orchid Show Climatron (opens John T. Sant ioe iehen : February 6) 10 a.m.-4:30 p.m. (through March 7) New Year of Trees: Continues February 7-13: New Year of Trees: Continues 1982 Orchid Show: Continues February 14-20 New Year of Trees: Continues 1982 Orchid Show: Continues Evelyn Tahan Dr. & Mrs. C. N. Waters Mr. & Mrs. Dallas L. Williams Bill Weber Mr. & Mrs. T. T. Okamota Mrs. Hazel Weinheimer Mary & Kay Sherman Mr. William H. Wenking Mr. James L. Sloss, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Charles P. Duncker Maggie Becker Clark Becker Mrs. J. Maver Feehan Marjorie E. Stauss Joseph Floret Jeanne & Lester Adelson Mrs. Florence Morris Forbes Seeders & Weeders Garden Club February 21-28 New Year of Trees: (last day February 21) Ruth Wemhoener pal aol Glassberg ; F Ruth A. Hardin eci & Henry Lowenhaupt 1982 Orchid Show: Continues Charles Powell Whitehead Jane and Milton Greenfield Mr. & Mrs. M. R. Chambers Jeanne & Lester Adelson Mary Yamamoto Mr. & Mrs. Leon Bodenheimer, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. T. T. Okamoto Sica Aciaion tg sonic Mr. Ernest Zavadil r. rs. Jerome M. Rubenstein * 5 Famous-Barr Employees he ni — Y. Lund ie : rs. Paul F. Ring V9) Mr. Walter P. Zemitzsch, Sr. Battin & Anite Moelle Ms. Bess J. Corn th Mrs. Henry L. Freund Mrs. R. V. McArty Mildred R. Hessel Mrs. Helen C. Ohline © Mrs. S. F. Rothschild, Jr. Dr. & Mrs. Ben H. Senturia IN HONOR OF: Joseph Ruwitch Mrs. John E. Angst Mr. & Mrs. Lester P. Ackerman, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. William A. Bernoudy vi Putte hotel =e Mr. & Mrs. George C. Bitting Ceci & Henry Lowenhaupt Mr. & Mrs. Albert G. Blanke, Jr. Carolyn & Jim Singer Mrs. Jean-Jacques Carnal Mrs. Almaretta Schmidt Mr. & Mrs. Calvin Case Mr. & Mrs. Kille Dr. & Mrs. James T. Chamness Mr. Tohtz, The BeeKeeper Mr. & Mrs. William M. Claggett Jardin DuLac Garden Club Be AS Se