Volume XLVI

gD Ile Eiya February, 1958

Number |

CONTENTS

Inside a Missouri Bald Cypress Swamp
The Mausoleum Grounds Come To Life
A Saturday Afternoon With Epidendrums

Xanthoceras, The Chinese Buckeye,
A Good Shrub for St. Louis Gardens

Cold Frame or Miniature Greenhouse
For Small Gardens

Horticulture Courses Offered by the Garden
Notes
Book Review

byt), Purple-leaf Winter-Creeper (Eu-
onymous fortunei reticulatus) and Liri-
opes of many kinds. The Liriopes or
Lily-Turfs are represented by eight
species or varieties (the first big trial
of these in Northern gardens), each
demonstrating a remarkable type of
cover for densely-shaded locations.
Liriope muscariodes, not as widely
known as the other species, is by far
the best for St. Louis gardens. In early
May the pale lavender flowering spikes
of the native Ozark Wild Hyacinth,

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2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Camassia_ scilloides, will super-carpet
the area. While the life on the Mauso-
leum floor begins early and changes
rapidly so does that of the trees above.
The small, yellow flowers of the Sassa-
fras (Sassafras albidum) appearing be-
fore the leaves, are among the earliest
of flowers. The flowering Dogwood
(Cornus florida) and many early azaleas
are some of the more showy shrubs
adding a temporary brightness to what
one might suppose a sombre atmos-

phere. —E.L.E.

Wood Hyacinths in the Mausoleum grove.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3

INSIDE A MISSOURI BALD CYPRESS SWAMP

JULIAN A. STEYERMARK

T HE extraordinary beauty and ma-
A jestic stature of Bald Cypress
(Taxodium distichum) can be seen to
great advantage in old trees at the
Missouri Botanical Garden and Tower
Grove Park in St. Louis. The natural
distribution of the species in Missouri
is confined to the southeastern lowland
section of the state, reaching its north-
ernmost limits there in Cape Girardeau,
Bollinger, Wayne, and Ripley counties.

Natural stands of Bald Cypress were
formerly much more abundant. To-
day, after decades of heavy lumbering
over a large area, these beautiful trees
have become much less frequent, and
are now found only in scattered
patches. Clearing of the land for
cotton, soybean, and watermelon has
left millions of acres of bare soil where
once stood tall forests of these trees.
Although some Bald Cypress may be
found at the Big Tree State Park in
Mississippi County, an effort should be
made to preserve for posterity some
remaining stands of this species before
it becomes destroyed and exterminated
from the relatively few remaining sites
in the “boot-heel”’ section.

Many people, undoubtedly, have seen
Bald Cypress in southeastern Missouri
while driving along some of the high-
ways. Good examples of these trees in
their natural habitat are familiar to
those traveling south of Advance on
highway 25, or when crossing the St.
Francis River on either highway 25
northwest of Cardwell in Dunklin
County or highway 53 at the border of
Dunklin and Butler counties. There

are still many sections of the St. Fran-
cis River bottoms as well as other areas
away from the more frequented high-
wavs which display magnificent stands
of Bald Cypress, and some individual
trees have been left standing after
heavy lumbering or clearing of areas
for agricultural purposes.

Inasmuch as most people are not
familiar with the interior of an un-
spoiled cypress swamp, it may be of
some value here to describe such an
area. During the spring and early
summer months the undrained virgin
Bald Cypress swamps (see photo) are
usually so full of water that it is vir-
tually impossible, unless one has a
small boat, to get around inside. Also,
at that time of year the hordes of mos-
quitoes are so thick and annoying that
one does not usually wish to remain
for any length of time in such a place.
However, if one can brave the mosqui-
toes for a while, many very interesting
aquatic plants may be seen there. Of
plants floating on the water, probably
the most peculiar is the Water Violet
(Hottonia inflata) with hollow, pale-
green, leafless flowering stems rising
above the water-surface. Bright masses
of yellow flowers covering the water
are those of Yellow Water Crowfoot
(Ranunculus flabellaris) with sub-
merged finely-cut leaves. Other sub-
merged lace-like foliage in the swampy
waters belongs to Lake Cress (Armo-
racia aquatica) and Mermaid Weed
(Proserpinaca palustris). If the sur-
face of the water has a thin pale-green
covering it is due to the floating col-

34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

families of plants, the Leguminosae,
particularly the sub-family known in
technical terms by the impressive,
mouth-filling phrase of Papilionaceous
Leguminosae — Pa-pil-i-on-a-ce-ous
Le-gu-min-o-sae.

Scientific terms are frequently so
long and so different from everyday
speech as to frighten away the ordi-
nary amateur. Occasionally, however,
a term turns up which is so perfectly
terrible that it is as much fun to learn
as a nursery rhyme. If you want to
learn something useful and at the same
time acquire an air of erudition, spend
a few hours with the Sweet Peas and
their interesting relatives and you will
be able to talk with real understanding
about Pa-pil-i-on-a-ce-ous Le-gu-min-
o-sae such as Wisteria, Clover and
Black Locust.

Begin with the Sweet Pea blossom
with its strange butterfly shape. Use a
fading flower, if possible, whose petals
are getting ready to fall. You can
gently pull out all five of these curi-
ously formed objects. They are of
three sorts. One stands up with a
crease down its middle where it was
folded, tentlike, over the whole blos-
som when it was in the bud stage. This
petal is called the STANDARD (an old
word for a flag). On either side (mir-
ror images of each other like two
cupped hands) are the so-called
Wincs. These petals each have two
curious flanges at the base, one hitches
the petal to the base of the flower, the
other engages like a patent catch with
other parts of the blossom. The two
other petals are more or less stuck to-
gether into a little boat-shaped object

at the base of the bloom and they are
aptly termed the KEEL. (See illustra-
tion page 42,)

The Sweet Pea, in other words, in
spite of its air of fantasy, is not so
different from the ordinary Buttercup
or Wild Rose. It too is made up of
five petals but unlike all buttercups
and all roses one of these is specialized
into a standard, two are wings with
curious flanges at the base, and two
(more or less adhering to each other),
form the keel.

After we have removed the petals
from a Sweet, Pea flower, the remaining
portion is not very easy to see because
it is rather small; but anyone with
good eyesight can make out the fact
that most of the stamens are united
over a good part of their length into
a sort of little white shirt and one of
the stamens is completely separate.
After you have familiarized yourself
with these facts it is better to turn to
the pea pods from the grocery store.
(see illustration page 42.) They came
from a very similar kind of blossom,
a little smaller, to be sure, than the
average Sweet Pea but with a stand-
ard, two wing and two keel petals,
and with nine stamens webbed to-
gether and one separate (you'll find
them all dried up but still hanging to-
gether down next to the calyx). When
the seed-bearing portion of the flower
begins to develop it grows to many
times its original size and becomes big
enough to analyze with the naked eye.
The Pistiz in the center of the flower
is shown to be made up of two parts
which open up when the seed is ripe,
displaying one row of seeds which hang

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35

from the two inner edges of the joined
CarPELs. Such a seed pod is known
technically as a LEcuME. The LEGu-
MINOSAE, therefore, are those plants
whose seeds are borne in LEGUMES.
Most of the Leguminosae which we
see in the temperate zone have flowers
like the Sweet Pea as well as pods like
With their bright colors
and graceful petals they have reminded

pea pods.

many people of butterflies; since the
classical word for butterfly is Paprio,
what could be more natural than to
refer to such legume-bearing butterfly-
flowered plants as Papilionaceous Legu-
minosae ?

If you will look carefully at a Rep-
BuD flower you will find that though
the blooms remind you of a tiny Sweet
Pea in a general sort of way, they do
not fold up into a bud quite like the
Sweet Pea bud. The keel petals are
only vaguely like a keel, the wing
petals do not have complicated flanges;
they do, indeed, belong to the Non-
papilionaceous Leguminosae, and are
closely related to many of the dazzling
flowering trees of the tropics, many of
which have strange leaves something
like the curious leaf of the Redbud.
The Redbud bears, among other dis-
tinctions, the honor of being Missourt’s
commonest non-papilionaceous legume!

The Leguminosae not only have dis-
tinctive flowers, they are distinctive in
other ways. If you learn to recognize
them by the flowers, you will under-
stand many other things as well. Their
leaves and leaflets have special little
valves, or PULviNni, at the base which
permit them to move about more
rapidly than do the leaves of most
other plants. The Sensitive Plant or

Mimosa is a Legume related to the
Acacias and other tropical non-papil-
ionaceous legumes. It is the pulvini
at the bases of mimosa leaves and leaf-
lets which make them close up when
the plant is touched. It is the pulvini
on the common white clover which
close up the clover leaf at night so that
the two side leaflets are pressed close
together and the middle one folds
down over them like a tent. If you
want to see a most peculiar sight, turn
a flash light (or the headlights of your
car) on a Black Locust tree at night
and see the way the leaves are all folded
up.

Another characteristic of this un-
usual plant family is its ability to go
into partnership with soil microoragan-
isms and get nitrogen out of the air
and into useful proteins. All our best
meat substitutes come from the Legu-
minosae: beans, peas, lentils, pulses,
chick peas, Korean lespedeza, soy beans.
The Leguminosae play an important
role in our diet and in that of our
farm animals; we are just beginning to
understand how important they are as
game foods; we are learning to use
them effectively in building up our
soils. All the clovers, all the alfalfas,
all the vetches are Pa-pil-i-o-na-cae-
ous Le-gu-min-o-sae.

SPRING-FLOWERING LEGUMES
OF FIELD AND GARDEN

Cladrastis (Yellow Wood)
Laburnum (Golden Chain Tree)
Lathyrus odoratus (Sweet Pea)
Lupinus (Lupine)

Medicago (Alfalfa)

Melilotus (Sweet Clover)
Robinia hispida (Rose Acacia)
Thermopsis (Banner Plant)
Trifolium (Clover)

Wisteria (Wisteria)

6 systematics symposium participants at the Museum where the fifth annual symposium will be held October 25.

(Photo by Dr. Frederick Meyer)

99

INV LOG IYAOSSIW

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MUSSOURI BOTANICAL
GARDEN IBULLETIN

VOLUME XLVI

1958

ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI

PUBLISHED FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL, JUNE, SEPTEMBER
AND NOVEMBER BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $2.50 A YEAR

Miss ae P
A BRA
Inside a Missouri Bald Cypress Swamp Cold Frame or Miniature Greenhouse
The Mausoleum Grounds Come To Life For Small Gardens
A Saturday Afternoon With Epidendrums Horticulture Courses Offered by the Garden
Xanthoceras, The Chinese Buckeye, Notes

A Good Shrub for St. Louis Gardens Book Review

Cover: Camellia japonica ‘““Mathotiana’—many such perfect blooms as this, in white,
red, delicate pink and variegated can be seen in the Linnaean House, where every
year in Mid-winter the Camellias present one of the finest shows at the Garden.

Photo by Paul A. Kohl.

Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, I]linois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri.

Published February, March, April, June, September, and November by the Board of
Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $2.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois,

under Act of March 3, 1879.

Missour1 Botanical Garden
Bulletin

Vol. XLVI No. 1

FEBRUARY, 1958

THE MAUSOLEUM GROUNDS COME TO LIFE

HE Snowdrop or Galanthus (Greek

for milk flower), considered a
harbinger of Spring, has been flower-
ing in the Mausoleum enclosure at the
Garden since the last of January.
Snowdrops are Spring-flowering bulbs
(there are a few autumnal kinds rarely
seen in American gardens) belonging
to the Amaryllis Family. The genus
has twenty-two or more species and
named varieties, all native to the Old
World. Of the species represented in
mass here, the first-blooming are the
tetraploid varieties of Galanthus el-
wesii. The later ones are the diploid
G. nivalis. The Garden has numerous
other varieties and species that, so far
as we know, make up the most com-
plete collection in America. The nor-
mal flowering period for these early-
blooming bulbs is from late January to
early March when they are frequently
seen nodding above the snow. They
thrive best in dry leafmold and seem
happiest under a cover of Ivy. New
introductions and transplantings of
Galanthus, unlike those of most other
plants, should be made while the bulbs
are in full flower, for then the bulbs
are dormant.

These hardy little flowers herald the
arrival of longer days and of numerous
other perennials, among the first being
Aconitum or Monkshood, a member

of the Buttercup family. Following
closely and blooming with these earli-
est plants are Crocus, Muscari the
Grape Hyacinth, Daffodils, Jonquils
and Scillas, the English Bluebells or
Wood Hyacinths. This last group is
made up of Scilla nutans, Scilla cam-
panulata and their hybrids. This is no
doubt the finest collection in the New
World, with color varieties of dark,
light, and pale blue, deep pink, gray-
pink as well as white and cream—an
outstanding collection with many self-
sown hybrids which occurred right
there! Scillas also love the ivy cover.

The many tall, ivied oaks, the sassa-
fras and other trees and shrubs in
and surrounding the fenced enclosure
where Mr. Shaw is buried, preserve a
quiet, shaded, but living mausoleum
for the Garden’s founder (indeed, like
no other place in the United States, it
resembles the private burial grounds of
English gentlemen).

Since lawn grasses will not grow
satisfactorily in the shaded area, many
different kinds of evergreen ground-
covers have been planted in sizeable
groupings forming a mosaic or patch-
work pattern. The patches consist of
Rumanian and Bulgarian Ivy (the first
large plantings made in the United
States), Myrtle or Periwinkle (Vinca
Minor), Pachystima (Pachystima Can-

(1)

4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

onies of Duckweed (Lemna spp.),
Watermeal (Wolffia spp.), and Water-
flaxseed (Spirodela polyrhiza). Patches
of green in the water may be due to
the slender stems and submerged
needle-like leaves (beneath the floating
broader ones) of the Water Starwort
(Callitriche heterophylla ). Swamp
Dock (Rumex verticillatus) is promi-
nent in the water with its tall green
stems of whorled greenish flowers
raised above a cluster of smooth, flat,

mostly upright leaf-blades.

With the approach of autumn and

Buttressed trunks of Swamp Tupelo. Photo

by author.

the gradual drying-up of the swamp,
it becomes more hospitable with a less
bothersome mosquito population. The
ground is then dried sufficiently to
permit foot navigation, and a more
detailed investigation can be made of
the vegetation. Upon entering such a
swamp in the late summer, one is im-
mediately impressed by two things:
1) the great size and stature of the

trees, and 2) the swollen or buttressed

bases (see photos) of the trunks of the

Bald Cypress and Swamp Tupelo
Bald Cypress trees. Note “knee” projecting : ; .
from water. Photo by author. (Nyssa aquatica). One is also struck

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5

by the great thickness and height of
the vines. Here are high-climbing
woody vines of Trumpet Creeper
(Campsis radicans) and its relative,
the Cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata) ;
Grape (Vitis cinerea, V. rotundifolia,
and V. palmata); Poison Ivy (Rhus
radicans); Ladies’-eardrops (Brunni-
Wisteria (Wisteria
macrostachya); Raccoon Grape (Am-
pelopsis cordata); Pepper-vine (Am-
pelopsis arborea); Virginia Creeper
(Parthenocissus quinquefolia); and
Supple-Jack or Rattan Vine (Ber-
chemia scandens). Usually the trees
are so tall that one sees only their bare

chia cirrhosa) ;

trunks extending for some distance up
to the first leafy limb, which often
makes it difficult to identify them.
With patience, however, one learns to
distinguish a large variety of trees.
There are a number of large-sized oaks,
including Over-cup (Quercus lyrata),
Mossy-cup (Q. macrocarpa), Swamp-
White (Q. bicolor), Basket (Q. Mix-
hauxii), Pin (Q. palustris), Willow
(Q. Phellos), and Water (Q. nigra).
Sycamore is common, as are also Pump-
kin Ash (Fraxinus tomentosa), Red
Maple (Acer rubrum var. Drum-
mondii), Water Locust (Gleditsia
aquatica), Hackberry (Celtis laevi-
gata), Water Hickory (Carya aquat-
ica), and Pecan (Carya illinoensis ).

Among the smaller trees, Water Elm
(Planera aquatica) with its flaky bark,
and Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)
with bark checked like that of an alli-
gator skin may be recognized.

As one walks around in such a
swamp, one sees a number of interest-
ing shrubs, many of them to be found
only in this section of the state. Among

these should be mentioned Water Wil-
low (Itea virginica), Storax (Styrax
americana), Stuff Dogwood (Cornus
foemina), Swamp Rose (Rosa_palus-
tris), Swamp Privet (Forestiera acu-
minata), and Button Bush (Ce phalan-
thus occidentalis var. pubescens), an
especially common shrub.

The great height of the trees com-
bined with the abundance of vines
produces a dense shade and one soon
becomes enveloped in this relatively
dark interior where a sombre silence
prevails. Where in the rainy periods
of spring and early summer lay endless
expanses of dark silent water of un-
certain depth, now in late summer and
autumn the ground has become coy-
ered with herbaceous plants whose
period of growth started when the
waters receded. Myriads of ground
plants are now evident. Bugle Weed
(Lycopus rubellus var. arkansanus)
with pairs of narrow, slightly toothed
dark green leaves and little clusters of
white flowers pegged along the stem;
Marsh St. John’s-wort (Hypericum
tubulosum var. Walteri) with pairs of
thin gray-green leaves; colonies of the
fragrant-leaved Lizard’s-tail (Saururus
cernuus), the closest relative in Mis-
souri to the tropical Black Pepper fam-
ily; Blue Mist flower (Eupatorium
coelestinum) with clusters of blue-
lavender Ageratum-like flowers;
sprawling mats of the climbing white-
flowered composite (Mikania scandens) ;
and various grasses (Paspalum fluitans,
Cinna arundinacea, and species of Pan-
icum), and sedges (Cyperus strigosus,
Rhynchospora corniculata, and species
of Scirpus)—are all commonly en-
countered. In addition, there are usu-

6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ally present other kinds of herbaceous
plants, such as False Loosestrife (Lud-
wigia glandulosa), False Pimpernel
(Lindernia dubia), Water-willow (Di-
anthera ovata), Loosestrife (Lysimachia
radicans), Buttonweed (Dioda virgini-
ana), Eryngo (Eryngium prostratum),
and Beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea).
The latter often seeds itself on floating
logs, living or dead tree trunks, or old
stumps, and may, thus, appear several
feet above the general ground level.
Various kinds of mosses and liverworts
clothe the bases of living tree trunks,
while others are found on floating logs
A beautiful,
lacy, dark green liverwort (Porella

and decayed stumps.

spp.), is commonly found attached to
and encircling the base of trees, usu-

ally above the high water level of flood
stage.

The ‘“‘knees”’ of the Bald Cypress are
conspicuous in the swamps. They
vary in prominence from small, short
stubs to elongated, stalagmite-like pale
brown growths protruding above the
ground-surface. They are thought to
help facilitate the conduction of oxy-
gen to the tree when the roots are sub-
merged for extensive periods of time.

There are many other herbaceous
plants in addition to those mentioned
here that may be found within the
interior of a Bald Cypress swamp, but
the brief statements made in the pre-
ceding paragraphs will give us some
idea of the principal plants to be

encountered.

A SATURDAY AFTERNOON WITH EPIDENDRUMS

O*. of the bright little orchids in
the Garden’s collection which has
always interested me is Epidendrum
Obrienianum (a hybrid between E.
evectum and E, radicans). The brilliant
orange-red flowers are seldom as large as
your thumb nail but they are borne in
little bunches at the ends of long bam-
boo-like wands and they flower almost
continuously. In the Los Angeles area
they are grown along the patio fence
and many beginners with orchids have
a soft spot for them because they give
so much bloom for so little trouble. If
the whole flower cluster is cut without
too long a stem, they last amazingly
long as cut flowers; I have frequently
had three or four bunches of them in a
little brass vase on the mantlepiece
flowering away for several weeks or a
month,

In California these ever-ready Epi-
dendrums are beginning to interest
some amateurs and a few professionals.
At the first World Orchid Congress
(held at the Garden in October of
1954) there was a nice display of
selected varieties in red, orange, pink,
yellow and intermediate shades. They
should ultimately serve as the basis for
a set of easy-to-grow, interesting or-
chids for the small greenhouse or even
for the beginner’s sun porch.

During my first week in Medellin,
Colombia, I was driven over the main
ridge of the Central Cordillera which
forms a thousand-foot-high wall along
the west edge of the mountain valley
in which the city is located. At sev-
eral places along the road I noticed
clumps of bright little Epidendrums,
closely related to E. Obrienianum. A

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7

week later a car was again available on
Saturday afternoon (it never pays to
study corn ALL the time) and so I
was driven up the winding black-top
road which connects Medellin with the
old city of Antiochia.

As one rises above the city there are
wider and wider views across the valley
with the city now filling the flat
central floor, its suburbs spreading up
towards the sides and the ends. The
road is lined with modern week-end
estates of the well-to-do, covered with
flowering vines and surrounded by or-
chards and gardens. The most ambi-
tious of these estates have a five- or
six-room house for the major domo in
addition to the owner’s home, and
scattered here and there one or two
tiny homes for the workmen. It was
in this suburban zone that I came
upon the first of the three kinds of
Epidendrums which grow along the
road. They were growing like weeds in
the roadside banks in gravelly soil

This first kind had

orange-red flowers, some with tiny

in full sunshine.

dots of deep red, on plants which were,
for the most part, only two or three
feet high at the most (though this
figure doesn’t mean very much because
the roadsides are so frequently cut or
grazed or tramped over). No wonder
these orchids will put up with such a
variety of conditions! They have been
bred as weeds; they really are weeds, or
at least common roadside plants in the
places where they grow.

Five miles above, at the pass over
the Cordillera, we came upon another
related species. Here the city and its
suburbs had been left behind. The

bare, steep, pastured peaks rose on

either side, only a few of them forested
any more, except along the water-
courses. Here, in remnants of the
original woods intermixed with bright
red-purple Melastomes and Angels
Trumpets (Datura) of purest white,
were some very similar Epidendrums,
bright rose-pink in color, smaller flow-
ers, in much larger bunches on much
larger plants with wider leaves. Within
a mile or two they began to show
hybridization with a yellow-flowered
species which grows at lower elevations
in drier sites (though all of these were
growing on the highly disturbed vege-
tation that had flooded in when the
big earth cuts were made a decade or
so ago to carry this road across the
Andes). The biggest of these hybrid
swarms was something to see! Fist-
size bunches of bright little flowers
hung out away from the slopes on
narrow reed-like stems no thicker than
a telephone wire. Each plant was of a
different shade. There were deep pinks
and light pinks and very bright pale
pinks. There were deep yellows and
light yellows and a dull pinkish-yellow.
There were deep creams and _ pale
creams and a lovely pure white, all of
them with delicate little fringes on the
lip and varying amazingly in the tech-
nical details of their spottings and
rumplings when looked at through the
hand lens. I made quite a collection
of them and carried them back to my
hotel where they are now effectively
pickled for further study in small
bottles of the native bay rum (it was
Sunday and the laboratory was closed).
If all goes well they will be useful
material for my Washington Univer-

sity classes next February and March

8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

and then we shall perhaps understand
just a little better these sturdy and
brilliant little plants.

—Edgar Anderson

(The foregoing article was received from
Dr. Edgar Anderson in the fall of 1957 while
he was in Colombia making a study of the
varieties of corn in Bolivia, Chile, and other
parts of South America.)

HORTICULTURE COURSES OFFERED BY THE GARDEN

COURSE IIL SPRING HORTICULTURE
TT" object of this course is to

assist beginning gardeners to learn
how to propagate plants from. seed.
Special emphasis is placed on annuals
and perennials. Each session will in-
clude a lecture period and a practice
period. The lecturers will discuss the
factors affecting plant growth and the
practical means for their control, such
as optimum supply of heat, light, mois-
ture, air, fertilizer, lime and mulches;
methods of pest and disease control
will also be discussed.

Each student will receive seeds and
four metal flats and_ sterilized soil.
There will be enough space to grow
about 300 to 350 seedlings which,
with the flats, may be taken home.
Seeds of plants, particularly desired by
any student, should be brought to the
first session.

The course will be given in the Ex-
perimental Greenhouse, Missouri Bo-
tanical Garden (enter Cleveland Ave-
nue Gate, 2221 Tower Grove Avenue).

It will be offered in four duplicate
sections of five periods each:

Section I meets 9:00 A. M. to 12:00
Noon, Fridays, March 21, 28, April
11, 18, 25.

Section II meets 1:00 to 4:00 P. M.,
Mondays, March 24, April 7, 14, 21,
28.

Section III meets 1:00 to 4:00 P.M.,
Wednesday, March 26, April 9, 16,
23,30.

Section IV meets 7:00 to 10:00
P. M., Tuesdays, March 25, April 8,
15, 22, 29.

Register between February 14 and
March 14, 1958. Fee: $15.00.

COURSE IV) GROWING ORCHIDS IN
THE HOME

The course consists of one full day
of instruction and workshop with the
following schedule:

10:00 A.M. Topics discussed will
include kinds of orchids suitable for
home culture (orchids that like St.
Louis), the factors influencing their
growth and development—light, tem-
perature, etc., and how these conditions
can be created in the average home
using Wardian case, evaporative dish,
There will be a

demonstration of potting methods and,

artificial light, etc.

if time permits, a question and answer
period.

12:00 Noon. Coffee and
soda supplied by the Garden.

Lunch.

1:00 P.M. Examples of growing
orchids in unusual containers in the
home—baskets, slabs, poles, etc., with
demonstration of potting and care.

2:00 P. M.

houses.

Inspection of Green-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9

3:00 P.M. Members of the Orchid
Department staff will give individual
instructions in potting. Students may
take potted plant home.

The course is offered twice——Section
I, Saturday, April 19, 1958, at the
Orchid Range of the Missouri Botan-
ical Garden Arboretum, Gray Summit,
Missouri; and Section II, Saturday,
April 26, 1958, at the Missouri Botan-
ical Garden, Flora and Tower Grove
Avenues (The Main Gate entrance),
St. Louis 10, Missouri.

Register at 2315 Tower Grove, St.
Louis 10, Missouri, fee $10.00.

COURSE IN WILDFLOWER IDENTIFICA-
TION FOR FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN

This year the Garden will offer for
the first time a series of five workshop
sessions on Botany for the busy citizen,
open to Friends of the Garden only,

free of charge. The workshop will be
taught by Dr. Edgar Anderson and his
assistants and will be similar to the
high school course for amateurs which
he taught so long and so successfully at
Washington University. It is designed
for the person of no specialized botan-
ical training who after his school years
discovers he wants to know more
about plants. It is essentially a course
in how to find your way to the infor-
mation you need, how to learn about
plants from plants, how to learn about
Ozark wild flowers as painlessly and
effectively as possible, how to learn to
know and understand the plants in
your garden.

The sessions will meet on Thursdays,
April 10, 17, 24 and May 1 and 8,
from 8:00 P. M. to 9:00 P. M. Friends
of the Garden members who wish to
attend must register before April 8,
since the class will be limited in size.

BOOK REVIEW

How to Identify Plants. By H. D.
Harrington. Illustrated by L. W.
Durrell. 203 pp. Sage Books, Denver,
1957.. Price $3.00.

i Daan to identify a plant with
even the best of the manuals is a
difficult task for someone who is not
familiar with the terminology and
methods used in plant identification.
This book is written to teach people
how to name plants. It covers briefly
most of the steps involved, from
collecting and preparing specimens,

through the selection and use of the
There is a

simple, illustrated glossary of the terms

proper flora or manual.

commonly used in manuals and floras
along with some maps helpful in select-
ing the text to be used. The book is
simple, the margins and spacings are
ample, and there is considerable repeti-
tion.

This is a book of value to beginners
who have no one to guide them past
the many pitfalls found in the com-
mon plant manuals.

—Hugh Cutler

10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

COLD FRAME OR MINIATURE GREENHOUSE
FOR SMALL GARDENS

ERE is an easy to make cold frame
H suitable (1) for starting plants
in the Spring before danger of frost is
past; (2) for receiving plants from a
hot bed or greenhouse, holding them as
an intermediate station until they can
be planted in position in the garden;
(3) for a general storage place for
hardy or semi-hardy plants from the
garden and (4) for a propagating bed
in Spring or Summer for seed and/or
cuttings.

For the first three uses select a loca-
tion affording the maximum amount
of winter sun, preferably facing south
and protected from the wind. Dig a
trench 3 ft. & 6 ft. and 4 to 6 inches
deep. The bottom can be filled with
loosened earth, sawdust, leafmold or
other material for imbedding clumps,
The soil re-

moved from the trench can be used to

pots or flats of plants.

bank against the outside of the frame

when it is in place.

MATERIALS NEEDED:

Three boards 1 in. & 12 in. X 6 ft.
to be used for the sides; one piece is
cut diagonally for the two sloping
sides. (Note: actual measurements of
dressed lumber run approximately one-
fourth inch less than size specified. )

Three boards 1 in. & 12 in. & 3 ft.
to be used for the ends.

Seven pieces 1 in. 2 in. & 6 ft.
to be used for the cover frame, the
crosspiece, and the cleats (indicated in
drawing by broken lines).

Four pieces 1 in. & 1 in. & 6 ft.
and four boards 14 in. & 14 in. & 6

ft. cut to 3-foot lengths to be used in
fastening the plastic to cover frame.
(The 1 in. & 1 in. stripping should be
placed carefully on underside of cover
frame to assure snug fit of cover to
box. )

Fight 2 in. & 2 in. & % in. corner
irons for bracing cover frame. Three-
fourths pound of #7 5 screws for
fastening corner irons in frame.

One-fourth pound of #6 aluminum
nails for fastening cleats to sides and
strips to lower side of cover.

Small brads for strips on upper side
of cover. Twenty-five feet of #12
gauge galvanized wire for securing
framework of box.

Four pieces of polyflex plastic sheet
3 ft. & 3 ft. for double layers in
cover.

The use of Western Red Cedar,
California Redwood or Southern Cy-
press is preferable and will give longer
service than other kinds of lumber
where wood is in direct contact with
soil. If the cold frame is to be painted
it should either be treated first with a
fungicide or be painted with a fungi-
cidal greenhouse paint.

Proceed by cutting all materials to
size and assemble as indicated in draw-
ings. Cleats and all joints should fit
snugly to prevent drafts or loss of
heat. Saw narrow, 1-inch-deep slots
in the ends of the sidepieces and, divid-
ing the wire, run it through the slots
binding the two sides together across
each end of the frame on the outside

(see sketch). The top sashes should

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

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be

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ance 6 - 0/6 —
Corner
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Sketch of cold frame

DETAIL— Cross section of Cover

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Plan for making unheated portable cold frame which can be disassembled and stored when not in use,

be made to fit snugly into place. They
are constructed with two pieces of
plastic with a dead-air-space between
to provide insulation, preventing loss
of heat and the penetration of cold.
The design presents a sloping top to
give maximum sun exposure and ade-
quate run-off for water. The covers
are fastened to the sides with screen-
their being

door hooks to prevent

blown off by wind or moved by ani-

mals and at the same time to allow for
easy opening.

Plants placed in the cold frame
should be soaked well at the start, then
watered from time to time when neces-
sary to prevent excessive drying.

This frame when equipped with an
electric heating cable and a thermostat
can readily serve as a minature green-
house or hot bed.

—E.L.E.

BIRD NOTE

The Garden is a haven for many
wild birds; among the Winter visitors
is a small flock of waxwings (probably
Cedar Waxwings). The Spring migra-

tions are already bringing many un-
usual songbirds that add to the pleas-
ures of the keen observer walking in

the Garden.

12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

XANTHOCERAS, THE CHINESE BUCKEYE

A Goop SHRUB FOR ST. LoutIs GARDENS

HOULD you visit the Garden in the
Spring, you may find blooming
there a shrub which, while not new, is
very interesting and worthy of special
attention from garden lovers. It can be
located at the turn of the path east of
the old Shaw residence and south of the
Museum. The plant referred to is Xan-
thoceras sorbifolius, a native of North
China. (Xanthoc-eras: Greek for yellow
and horn, referring to the horn-like
processes of the floral disk; and sorbi-
folius: Latin for leaves like Sorbus,
the Mountain Ash.)
Sapindaceae or Soapberry family, this

A member of

deciduous shrub or small tree, known
also as Yellow Horn or the Chinese
Buckeye, is related to the Golden Rain
Tree (Koelreuteria paniculata) and to
the Soapberry tree (Sapindus Drum-
mondii), both of which may be found
in the Garden. It is a handsome
shrub, though of somewhat loose
growth habit, attaining a height of 15
feet, with alternate odd-pinnate glossy
leaves from 6 to 12 inches long, the
many leaflets dark green above and
paler beneath. The flowers, about an
inch in diameter, are white with a
yellow changing to red spot at the base
of each petal. They appear in upright
racemes 6 to 10 inches long, resem -
bling those of Catalpa or Chestnut.
Xanthoceras plants have been growing
in the St. Louis area for more than

thirty years and are well adapted to
the hot dry summers as well as the
variable winters. They can be used in
a border or as individual specimens.
Propagation from seed is rare since
the plant only sets a good crop of
fruit once in four or five years and
then only a few of the buckeye-like
seeds are viable. The squirrels find
the seeds delectable which adds a fur-
ther complication. The plant does not
root readily, if at all, from softwood
or hardwood cuttings. Root cuttings
seem to be the best and most satisfac-
tory means of propagation as the plant
spreads naturally by suckering. If
three- or four-inch pieces of the heav-
ier roots are placed in a propagating
frame in early spring, within four
weeks new shoots will appear and
shortly thereafter the cuttings should
be potted and placed in a warm house
until later in spring, when they may
be planted in a cold-frame or the
nursery, or the individual root cut-
tings may be placed directly in a six-
or eight-inch pot and left there for an
entire year. Since Xanthoceras does not
stand transplanting very well, a single
cutting should be planted in a_ pot.
Continued interest in this shrub will
doubtless bring about more efficient
means of propagation and_ perhaps
further improvements horticulturally.

—E.L.E.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13

NOTES

He Garden and the Henry Shaw
School of Botany welcome a new
Taxonomist, Dr. Robert L. Dressler, to
their staffs.
native, so to speak, since Dr. Dressler

His is the return of a

went from Branson, in the heart of the
Missouri Ozarks, to the University of
Southern California where he obtained
a B.A. degree in Botany. He then did
graduate work under Dr. Reed C.
Rollins at Harvard University where he
completed studies on the genus Pedil-
anthus for a thesis and received a Ph.D.
degree in Botany in 1957. He traveled
extensively this past summer in Mex-
ico, mainly in the state of Tamaulipas,
making studies and collections of var-
ious plants, although he was primarily
interested in study material of Poinset-
tias, other Euphorbias and the various
Orchids of the region. Dr. Dressler
will conduct classes relating to Plant
Taxonomy for the Henry Shaw School
of Botany and will also be responsible
for taxonomic problems concerning
the vast collection of plants that
makes up the living display of the
plant world which is Shaw’s Garden.
In addition, he will edit the ANNaLs
OF THE Missourt BoTANICAL GARDEN.

A former graduate student at the
Garden, Mr. E. L. Evinger, who re-
ceived his M.S. degree in the Henry
Shaw School of Botany in 1928, has
returned as Horticulturist in charge of
the introduction and propagation of
trees, shrubs and other outdoor plants
at the Garden.

Mr. Kenneth Peck, a graduate of
Duke University where he obtained his
B.A. degree in 1953 and M.A. degree
in Plant Ecology in 1954, joined the

Garden staff last August filling a new
post—that of helping make the Gar-
den more useful and meaningful to its
many thousand visitors.

The Friends of the Garden have as
their Secretary, Miss Isabella Powell,
who is also receptionist at the Main
Gate Office.

Dr. Edgar Anderson, Curator of
Useful Plants, returned to the Garden
late in December and resumed _ his
classes at Washington University at
the beginning of the second semester.
Last June and July Dr. Anderson par-
ticipated in emergency teacher training
courses for the National Science Foun-
dation at Cornell University, the Uni-
versity of North Carolina, and Alle-
gheny College. In August he was sent
to Colombia, South America, by the
National Research Council to expedite
the work of Colombian and American
agronomists who are describing and
preserving for future use the varieties
of corn in Bolivia, Chile, and other
parts of South America. During his
time in South America he was flown
to Ethiopia by Oklahoma State Uni-
versity (formerly Oklahoma A. and
M.) to aid a group of scientists who
have established the first Agricultural
and Technical School in Ethiopia and
have just opened an Imperial Agricul-
tural College there. Dr. Anderson’s
main job there was to assist in the
study of important but little-known
crops and to help work out research
programs with Coffee, Sorghum and
Wheat which would benefit both Ethi-
opia and the United States. In January
he completed this assignment by three
days of conferences with plant breed-

14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ers, directors of research programs
and other administrators at Oklahoma
State University.

The herbarium assistant at the Gar-
den for the past year, Dr. Alfredo
Cocucci, returned in October to the
University of Cordoba, in Cordoba,
Argentina.

Miss Nell Horner who has been li-
brarian and Editor at the Garden for
more than 30 years is now an assistant
librarian at the St. Louis University
Medical School Library.

graduate students who had received

The many

her help in preparing their theses for
publication in the ANNaAts of the
Garden, presented Miss Horner with a
bound volume of letters and a gift of
more than $600.00 in token of their
friendship and esteem at a party given
by Dr. Robert Woodson of the Garden
and Dr. Harry Fuller, of the Univer-
sity of Illinois.

Dr. Frederick Meyer, former den-
drologist at the Garden has gone to the
U.S. Department of Agriculture Plant
Introduction Center at Beltsville, Mary-
land, following an extensive plant-
collecting trip last summer in_ the
Mediterranean area of Southern Europe.

Dr Rolla Tryon and his wife, Dr.
Alice Tryon, Fern Taxonomists for-
merly at the Garden, are now at the
University of California at Berkeley,
California.

During the summer of 1957 a horti-
culturist from Kew Gardens, England,
Mr. Kenneth Beckett, worked for a
few months at the Garden, then re-
turned to England in the fall.

Since last January the national othce
of the Executive Secretary of the
American Iris Society, Mr. Clifford

Benson, has been located at the Garden
in the old Shaw Residence.

The following degrees were awarded
in the Henry Shaw School of Botany,
June 1957: M.A. in Taxonomy to
David Palache Gregory (A.B., Harvard
University); M.A. in Taxonomy to
Loren I. Nevling (B.S., St. Mary’s
College) ; M.A. in Mycology to Joseph
A. Zammuto (A.B., Washington Uni-
versity). Robert H. Mohlenbrock, Jr.,
A.B. and M.S., Southern Illinois Uni-
versity, received the Ph.D. degree in
Taxonomy in February 1957.

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
SUPPORT FOR GARDEN RESEARCH

The Missouri Botanical Garden has
received a grant of $60,000 for sup-
port of its herbarium and_ library
facilities. This grant is to be used
over a period of two years to pay for
personnel, materials and equipment
needed to put these research facilities
in good working condition. In_ the
herbarium new specimens will be ac-
quired, mounted and added to the ref-
erence collection. More space and
equipment will be provided for persons
using the herbarium. In the library
additional personnel will take care of
cleaning and shifting books, and pre-
paring them for binding. Books and
periodicals will be purchased to fill
A rare book

room will be constructed to house the

gaps in our collection.

Garden’s valuable pre-Linnaean and
Linnaean collections and certain rare
and oversize books which are now
Additional
space, furniture and lighting will be

stored in crowded cases.

provided so that the library can be

used more readily.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15

The Garden is well-known to bot-
anists throughout the world. Its tech-
nical publication, THE ANNALS OF
THE MissourI BOTANICAL GARDEN, 1s
sent to practically all of the important
botanical centers of the world. In ex-
change and by purchase, the Garden
receives more than 500 serials and re-
ports. The National Science Founda-
tion grant is a recognition of the value
of the Garden’s
research in botany.

Although | this

granted for a short time only, the

facilities for basic

support has been
National Science Foundation has been
helping the Garden’s research for sev-
eral years by making grants for specific
research projects. At the present time
the largest grant to the Garden is one
of $17,000 to support the study of
evolution in plants directed by Dr.
Edgar Anderson. Other grants from
the National Science Foundation to the
Garden include the following: Dr.
Woodson’s research project, the Flora
of Panama, is aided by a grant of
$15,000 over a three-year period to
pay for assistants, artist’s work and
some publication and travel costs. Dr.
Cutler’s studies on the origins and
development of corn and squash are
aided by a grant of $4,700 to help pay
Small

grants have been made the past few

for travel and an_ assistant.
years to support the annual Systematics
Symposium, a meeting of zoologists
and botanists working on the naming

of animals and plants.
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
MEMBERSHIPS

One of the fastest growing things at
the Garden today is the number of in-

dividuals and firms joining the Friends
of the Garden. Back in 1953 when we
let St. Louisans know about the in-
creased need for financial aid we had
236 members making annual contribu-
tions. Today we have over 2,300.
This public confidence in the admin-
istration of the Garden is a real in-
spiration to those of us charged with
the responsibility of its future.

Membership in Friends of the Gar-
den has been classified as follows: An-
$5.00; $10.00;
Participating, $25.00; Sustaining,
$50.00; Supporting, $100.00; and
Life, $500.00.

Tell your friends about the various
If they knew
what could be accomplished with addi-

nual, Contributing,

activities at the Garden.

tional funds they too, would want to
help make this the country’s most out-
standing Botanical Garden.

“HOLIDAY HISTORIQUE” PROFITS
PRESENTED TO GARDEN

At the evening preview of the An-
nual Orchid Display, Thursday, Feb-
Mrs. Arthur J.

Treasurer of the Women’s Committee

ruary 6, Kreuger,
for Shaw’s Garden presented a check
for $4,057.44 to Robert Brookings
Smith, newly elected President of the
Board of Trustees of the Garden, and
Hugh Cutler, Acting Director of the
Garden.

This money was raised by the Wom-
en’s Committee at their fund-raising
project, “Holiday Historique” held last
fall in the Floral Display House, and
will be used to restore and repair walls,
fences, and ornamental ironwork in the
Garden. The project not only served

to raise money for these much-needed

16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

repairs but also brought to the Garden
a large number of visitors, some for
the first time.

TO BE SEEN AT THE GARDEN

In the Floral Display House.—The
Annual Orchid Display opened Febru-
ary 6 and will continue through
March 16.

The Annual African Violet Show
will be open March 22, 23.

The Easter Show will be held April
5, 6.

The Second Annual Daffodil Show
will be held April 13, 14.
should be brought to the Display House

Entries

before 10:00 A. M. Saturday, April 13.
For information call Mrs. Grover F.
Roennfeldt, PA 1-3645.

In the Linnaecan House.—The Ca-
mellias (see Cover) have been flower-
ing for over two months and will
continue into March.

In the Garden.—Snowdrops and
other early Spring flowers (see The
Mausoleum Grounds Come to Life,
page 1 of this issue), such flowering
shrubs as Hamamelis mollis in Dr.
Anderson’s Garden, the many Jonquils
and Daffodils which will be at their
best in early April, and many more
awakening outdoor plants will reward

the seeking flower-lover.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

ROBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, President Henry HitcHcock

Leicester B. Faust, Vice-President JOHN S. LEHMANN

Henry B. Prracer, Second Vice-President RicHarp J. Lockwoop

DaNnieEL K. CaTLiIn WarRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH

DupLEY FRENCH
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

ErHan A. H. SHEPLEY, James McCCAFFERY
Chancellor of Washington University sich to ve the Board ot Education
ARTHUR C. LICHTENBERGER, oe ee

Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri STRATFORD LEE Morton
t

RAYMOND R. TUCKER, President of the Academy of Science
Mayor of the City of St. Louis of St. Louis

Secretary
Oscar E. GLAESSNER

THE HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL

Clifford W. Benson, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, Hugh C. Cutler, Robert E. Goetz,
Paul Hale, Mrs. W. Warren Kirkbride, Mrs. Hazel Knapp, Emmet J. Layton,
John S. Lehmann, Francis McMath, D. O’Gorman, Robert W. Otto, G. W.
Pennewill, W. F. Scott, Robert Waln, Harold E. Wolfe, E. G. Cherbonnier,

Chairman.

STAFF
[ed REY oi rime ©) 1 (cl Fp OMe NOD repos oe ns RPG OO PRT OE cle OPER Se De NOS Acting Director
[Eve Fy thera We (al) to) w Vege eee ee ee ea ere Ey cr trea eee ae Curator of Useful Plants
Vee Cora Vy lake SOI 3 oe Fh, ¢: Pee OD EP EERO POR SR Ue enya ere, re Paleobotanist
Evelyn Barbour.............0..000..cccccceseesseeeeeeeeeees Research Assistant and Editor of BULLETIN
CONES ln Val- ia) bye 0] oR Se NPDES an tA MEE Ne AE NAD i DREADS se Pe REIN EMA RNS Nr IER eT Instructor
JEXe TUF ek © bh eS al 01 cee eres rrr rere ernest eer Arborist and Grounds Superintendent
Badislausy Guta ke sco cress hee oes ees Horticulturist and Greenhouse Superintendent
CES LoS 0b AN iemed D Yo te Fd Take mene oi cree ep N Ree MU EEN Sens ely PEP eee Mycologist
Riopentn Dressler sce. ee ee gee ee eee thee Taxonomist and Editor of ANNALS
1 PLY ss D Jone) DA oy eae ele ee ae aE eS Sei Rae Re RE RR UA Research Associate
Bie Van BOK ee ccsec-P set <2 <cn2s+ ce ecscccess Horticulturist in charge of Experimental Greenhouse
Roberts) soil lespieccccstscs cis caacee tees tcc ansccsceeserec reco ceca seer aaeg: In charge of Orchids
scare Pa: (Gl aesstie rt. rs ce cpa oc ace eee cast ag See ec saky scutes Cee Controller
Pa eA RCO Na ce ras cers aes ag ese ase eet ae eh rete sate eseciaseduectes ty adv Floriculturist
|r 4 Yel oa feel Bao 0) + PRP ee CO tC eer Landscape Architect
VaktoreMueh len baGisic.cuc.52cc esos cov gee oot cad sors ce a ec zacou cence teat ra ce aueadat as Research Associate
remmechin@) ss Recs. ecssrt see sns eae eee te en te In charge of Visitors’ Activities
Reateltatle: Powell race iccte neg ee Friends of the Garden Secretary
EE ghee gt Capel bg | «Yee ene ene PoE pee eri RE ACI SARTRE REY eee Superintendent
STATS (yeh ae RRA a ol EIRP ne ls er eR NEG rEe NrSea Ppa EOE OE Engineer
Julian A. Steyermark....... eee ee re es once nee Cnc nae Research Associate
Pitariks OCeIN DGD Sissaccets oscacez-tersetaeeseteas ese Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
Rreanmer Boe Vali OCM AAC Keene ccsccecces pace pede ooo ec cee sane h cbedssges aes Acting Curator of Herbarium
PlaritO Ma VOMs SCI LEI Kis. cetsses seers pe erdee tee seeetec ce ioe vecaacaeatesst Associate Curator of the Museum

YG De Bee Se WV OOCSOLNg Cetceece cece cevece nee ees IS Se Shog, hs dee eu ee ranteesaess Senior Taxonomist

SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden (the official name chosen by
Mr. Shaw) carries on the garden established by Henry Shaw
over a century ago at Tower Grove, his country home. It is
a private institution and has no support from city or state. The
old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the
Museum, the Mausoleum, and the Towrr Grove mansion all
date from Mr. Shaw’s time. Since his death, as directed in his
will, the Garden has been in the hands of a Board of Trustees

who appoint the Director.

The Garden is open every day in the year (except New
Year’s and Christmas) from nine A. M. until seven P. M. spring
to fall and until six in the winter time though the green-
houses close at five. Towrr Grove, itself, Mr. Shaw’s old
country home, is open from one until four, admission twenty-
five cents, with special guides. The Garden is nearly a mile long
and has several entrances. The Main Entrance, the one most
used by the general public, is at Tower Grove and Flora Place
on the Sarah bus line (No. 42). The Park Southhampton buses
(No. 80), direct from downtown, pass within three blocks
of this entrance and stop directly across the street from the
Administration Building at 2315 Tower Grove Avenue. The
latter is the best entrance for students, visiting scientists, etc.
It is open to such visitors after 8:30 A.M., but is closed on
Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. The step-in gate (more or less
concealed by the big Cleveland Ave. gate, 2221 Tower Grove)
is nearly always open, and there is a service entrance on Alfred

Avenue, one block south of Shaw Avenue.

Since Mr. Shaw’s time an Arboretum has been developed at
Gray Summit, Mo., adjacent to State Highways 50 and 66. It
is open every day in the year and has auto roads as well as foot
trails through the wild-flower reservation. There is a pinetum
and an extensive display of daffodils and other narcissi which are

at their best in April.

Volume XLV

ulle tin March, 1958

Number 2

i

ee genaatneree

CONTENTS

The Garden Report For 1957

Errata: February 1958 Bulletin, Vol. 46, No. 1. Page 1, column 1, last line: the
reference to Aconitum or Monkshood should instead read: Winter Aconite (Eranthus
hyemalis) a member of the buttercup family. Page 1, column 2, last line: the refer-
ence to Pachystima (Pachystima canbyi) should instead read: Japanese Spurge
(Pachysandra terminalis).

Cover: The Linnaean House, the only remaining greenhouse built by Henry Shaw.
For the last two years the proceeds of the GARDEN Tours (arranged by the Garden
Club of St. Louis providing an opportunity to see some of the outstanding St. Louis
Gardens) have been used to restore the Linnaean house. Restoration work will be
continued this year with the proceeds from the 1958 Spring Garden Tours to be
held Friday, Saturday and Sunday, May 2, 3, and 4, from 10:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.
Eight St. Louis gardens will be open; four of the homes also will be open. For
information call Missouri Botanical Garden, Main Gate, PR 6-1785. Tickets may be
obtained for $2.00 at the Main Gate of the Garden and by mail from Mrs. John
Lehmann, 10 Apple Tree Lane, St. Louis 24, Missouri.

Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri.

Published February, March, April, June, September, and November by the Board of
Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $2.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-ofhce at Galesburg, Illinois,

under Act of March 3, 1879.

Miussour1 Botanical Garden
Bulletin

Vol. XLVI No. 2

MARCH, 1958

THE GARDEN REPORT FOR 1957

HUGH

a lies year 1957 was an eventful one
at the Garden with the successful
accomplishment of many plans. A
good botanical garden combines re-
search and planning with demonstra-
tions of these activities in plantings
and displays and in publications and
lectures. The wide range of the Gar-
den’s work can be illustrated by two
of the most important events at the
Garden in 1957. The first directly
concerned the research staff although
it will eventually help improve all of
the Garden; the second concerned
grade school children, inducing many
to visit the Garden for the first time.

A committee of distinguished bot-
anists from some of the most active
institutions in the United States in-
vestigated the needs and activities of
the Garden research facilities and, after
their recommendation, the National
Science Foundation granted $60,000
for work to be done in 1958 and 1959
to rehabilitate the library and_her-
barium. A considerable number of
research projects at the Garden are
supported by grants from the National
Science Foundation but this is the first
time that support has been granted for
the facilities which make our research
possible. This grant is important be-
cause it indicates a recognition of the
value of the Garden to the nation’s
research program. Our plant collec-
tions and library are used not only by

C. CUTLER

our own research staff but by many
visiting scientists and, when sent on
loan to accredited institutions, by re-
search workers throughout the world.

It is likely that, of all the things
done at the Garden last year, the initi-
ation of a planned program for grade
school children will have the greatest
effect in the future. Interests and
character traits are usually formed in
youth, Children are naturally curious;
they love to name things and to make
collections. Through the Garden’s ed-
ucational programs these traits can be
directed and a lifelong interest in
plants, and nature in general, be stim-
ulated. The response to the first
program, a “Tree Trail,” showed that
both students and teachers enjoy and
profit from a _ well-planned project.
Some adults asked for the guide sheets
to the “Tree Trail”? because their chil-
dren were so enthusiastic about their
visit to the Garden. A grant from the
Pitzman Fund made it possible to
begin this program. Volunteer help
and more funds will be used to expand
this program in 1958.

Many of the changes which were
planned for 1957 could not be made.
Plantings planned for the spring were
delayed by the rains. Some staff posi-
tions were not filled because people
with the necessary qualifications could
not be found. There was much evi-
dence of an emphasis on the kinds of

(17)

18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

things which make a botanical garden
differ from a park or a private garden.
New kinds of plants were displayed
whenever possible, usually labeled with
some information in addition to the
name; and often planted in groups or
shown so they could be compared with
related plants. ‘There were more lec-
tures, flower shows, garden club mcet-
ings, and more help was provided for
special groups. The extent of many
of these activities was severely limited
by the size of our staff. The Garden
probably has fewer employees now
than ever before, yet everyone is work-
ing as hard and intelligently as possible
so that much is accomplished. Mr.
Oscar Glaessner, Secretary of the Board
of Trustees and Controller, made im-
provements in our records and by his
management of business details made
it possible to save significant amounts
of money. A tremendous amount of
work of all kinds has been done by
volunteer helpers and the number of
volunteers continues to increase.

It is imperative that more funds be
obtained in 1958. Our staff working
in research, education and _ plantings
is small and largely underpaid. Many
of our greenhouses, buildings, pools,
waterlines, trellises and benches are in
serious need of repair or replacement.
Our grounds crew is able to spend only
a small amount of its time on replacing
old or poor plants. One of the greatest
needs is for a functional entrance
where people can learn what a Botan-
ical Garden is and how to derive the
most pleasure from their visit.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND
FACILITIES

For several years informal discus-

sions have been held to plan the activ-
ities of the research division of the
Garden. In 1957 a Research Commit-
tee was organized with all of the active
research workers of the Garden and the
heads of the botany departments of
St. Louis University and Washington
University as members. At the
monthly meetings plans are discussed
for the improvement of the research
program. ‘This committee takes over
all the functions of the previous Li-
brary and Herbarium Committees.

The Fourth Annual Systematics
Symposium was supported again (for
the third time) by a grant from the
National Science Foundation. — Dr.
Ernst Mayr, Columbia University, and
Dr. Carl Epling, University of Cali-
fornia, were the invited chairmen.
The Symposium was arranged by Dr.
Woodson with the help of Dr. Van
Schaack and others of the staff. At
one time there were 203 people present,
many of whom participated in dis-
cussions of the problem of classifica-
tion of plants and animals. This
Symposium is an important activity,
bringing workers in the field of sys-
tematics, along with large groups of
their students, to the Garden. It is an
opportunity for the exchange of ideas;
and the stimulation of these discussions
results in better work by all the
participants.

Dr. Anderson spent several months
in the early part of the year as a Fel-
low in Mathematics at Princeton Uni-
versity, working on his semigraphical
methods of analysis. During the fall
he worked in Colombia on the classi-
fication of some South American maize

for the National Research Council and,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19

Dr. Anderson studying a native giant cane grass (Gynerium
sagittatum) in Colombia.

while there, he was sent by Oklahoma
State University to the new agricul-
tural school, which they have helped to
establish, in Jimma, Ethiopia, to confer
with the staff on problems concerning
native crops. Dr. Anderson returned
to his work at the Garden in Decem-
ber. He has received a grant of
$17,000 from the National Science
Foundation for support of his studies
on hybridization in plants for a period
of three years.

Dr. Woodson is active in teaching

at Washington University; while at
the Garden he has been busy with
studies on the Flora of Panama, which
is currently being supported by a grant
of $15,000 for three years by the Na-
tional Science Foundation.

A grant of $4,700 for two years
from the National Science Foundation
is aiding Dr. Cutler in his studies on
the origin and dispersal of maize and
cucurbits in the Southwest.

A considerable amount of research
work is done by staff members who are

20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

concerned with displays and plantings.
Without research the Garden would
become static and would no longer be
a Botanical Garden. New plants are
sought and tried at the Garden in the
hopes of finding those that would be
valuable additions to the gardens of
this region. Other plants are grown
so that the variation in the groups to
which they belong can be studied, or
simply so that they may be seen by
visitors. Most of the new plants for
outdoor plantings are tried or propa-
gated at the Experimental Greenhouse,
which work, since August, has been
done by Mr. Edgar Evinger.

Three research projects of special
interest to the St. Louis region are Mr.
Viktor Muehlenbachs’ studies on the
native and weed flora of St. Louis and
vicinity, Dr. Julian Steyermark’s con-
tinued work, nearly completed, on the
Flora of Missouri, and studies on hops
made under the direction of Dr. Edgar
Anderson and supported by grants
from the Brewing Industries Research
Institute.

LIBRARY

Library work for 1957 was chiefly
devoted to cataloging and binding.
By the end of the year the large back-
log had been completed and current
cataloging was practically up to date.
Some thousand periodicals and numer-
ous books were added to the library.
Notable among these was a set of the
botanical articles from the early issues
of the Memoirs of the Paris Museum
of Natural History which appeared in
the early part of the nineteenth cen-
tury. Although over 600 volumes
were bound the backlog of material
needing binding or repair is still very
large.

A program of revising the publica-
tions exchange list was initiated with
a questionnaire sent to some 500 insti-
tutions throughout the world. Replies,
which were still being received at the
end of the year, will be used to correct
our exchange list so that our publica-
tions will still go all over the world and
we will receive mainly only those pub-
lications of real value to the Garden.

A new system of journal checking
involving the use of visible files was
instituted. This system has been a
genuine time-saver. During the sum-
mer a temporary assistant replaced
hundreds of old pamphlet covers and
did other needed “shelf-housekeeping.”’
Early in the year Mrs. Virginia Mc-
Mahon took over the duties of secre-
tary for the library and publications.

HERBARIUM

In the herbarium the usual duties of
loaning, borrowing, accessioning and
inserting specimens continued. Some
painting and repair work has been done
to make it a more pleasant place to
work.

The principal figures for herbarium
activities during 1957 follows:

Specimens inserted ss 3,360
Specimens accessioned for

future mounting - —.. 4,159
Specimens sent out in exchange

(to 10 institutions) 2,497
Specimens loaned (to 20 insti-

tutions, 4 foreign) —_ 4,817

Specimens borrowed (15. insti-
tutions, 10 foreign) | 2,625

The position of herbarium assistant
was held by Dr. Alfredo E. Cocucci of
Cordoba, Argentina, until October 1.
During the remainder of the year the

position was vacant. A_ significant

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21

part of herbarium insertion during the
year was done by Mrs. Frederick Comte,
who devoted several hours of vol-
untary work to this detail each week.
Our collection of nearly 10,000 neg-
atives of type-specimens was revised
and filed in strong fibre-board boxes
donated by the St. Louis Paper and
Box Company and the Gaylord Con-
tainer Corporation. In addition to the
usual mounting a program of going
through our collections and repairing
old mounting was begun.

This work has been carried out under
the direction of Dr. Van Schaack, the
Acting Curator of the Herbarium,
and Miss Margaret Carroll, Secretary
of the Herbarium.

THE TOWER GROVE GARDEN

GROUNDS MAINTENANCE AND PLANTINGS.

During 1957 the grounds crew
(under the direction of Grounds Super-
intendent Louis Brenner and his fore-
man, Joe Baker) was occupied chiefly
with routine maintenance, although
considerable progress was made in re-
habilitation work. Improved methods
of gardening, such as the use of
mulches, the spacing of shrubs and
new plantings to permit faster machine
mowing and to eliminate hand trim-
ming, and the removal of aged, un-
sound, or crowded trees which drop
branches during heavy windstorms,
greatly reduced the number of hours
spent on maintaining the grounds.
The Rose Garden, Linnaean Garden,
Italian Garden and certain borders
still require large amounts of hand
work. In the Rose Garden some beds
have been combined to eliminate the
amount of edging; and mulches are

used to conserve water, cover weeds,
and keep down blackspot and_ the
damage from soil splashing. Many of
the roses have been obtained as gifts or
at low prices by members (especially
Mr. Francis R. McMath and Mr. John
Nies) of the Rose Society of Greater
St. Louis. In the Italian Garden many
small areas were united and the borders
were replanted with Forsythias, Juni-
pers, Star Magnolias and Bamboos, then
heavily mulched.

The grounds about the Museum
were planted with Hollies following
the design of Landscape Architect
Emmett Layton. The nearby lawn
areas were graded and covered with
a wild hay mulch which contained a
large amount of the Arboretum strain
of blue grass. Contributions from
many of the Federated Garden Clubs
of Missouri made it possible to do this

work.

Work continued on the removal of
undesirable trees, mainly Silver Maples,
Elms, Sycamores and Trees of Heaven
that had sprouted as volunteers
many years ago. Many of these trees
were near buildings, structures, or
along the stone wall on Tower Grove
Avenue, where they were weakening
the structures as well as crowding and
deforming more desirable trees. The
entire crew spent about ten days clean-
ing out weeds, old brush and dead or
undesirable trees along Alfred Avenue
About
half of the walks were resurfaced in

and surrounding the Lake.

August, in preparation for which it
was necessary to cut away the sod
bordering the walks so that the new
surface could go out to the very edge.
In the fall many of the plants in the

ho
i)

Experimental Greenhouse nursery were
planted out to replace the old and dead
ones which had been removed.

In addition to the regular main-
tenance, the grounds crew has col-
lected trash, moved properties for
many special functions and for the
various flower shows, and on _ rainy

days helped with the maintenance of

buildings, repaired tools and other

equipment, and done various other

jobs which have turned up.

GREENHOUSES,

Flower Shows and Displays: ‘The
annual flower shows are an important
part of the Garden’s busy schedule. In
January the Poinsettias were replaced
by “Snow”? Mums. Later, Primroses,
Cyclamens and Buddleias were added.

The regular Orchid Show opened
with a preview for the Friends of the
Garden on the night of February 7.
The focal point of the design was a
small plastic-covered greenhouse which
housed easily-grown orchids and vari-
ous supplies for their successful cul-
ture. The Orchid Show closed March
25th and was followed on March 30
and 31 by the African Violet Show
sponsored by the local Society.

Our Easter Display opened April 3,
featuring Croft Lilies, Nasturtiums,
Azaleas, Cinerarias and other appro-
priate flowers. The Show continued
into May with weekly replacements of
fresh material. In early April the
balcony of the Floral Display House
was the scene of a Daffodil Show, the
first of its kind staged in the Garden.
The St. Louis Horticultural Society
presented its Spring Flower Show on

May 18 and 19 and the following

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

weekend the Rose Society held its Rose
Show.

Flowers were provided to decorate
Christ Church Cathedral for the An-
nual Flower Sermon which is given as
directed in Henry Shaw’s will.

During the warm summer months
only a small display, mostly of exotic
foliage plants, is maintained in the
Floral Display House.

Three important shows were staged
during September: the Fall Cactus
Show (September 14-15), the Har-
vest Show (September 21-22), and
the Dahlia Show (September 28-29).

The day following the Veiled Proph-
et’s Ball, his Queen’s bouquet was
placed on exhibit. A second bouquet
was prepared for the Queen’s visit to
the Henry Shaw Home on October 5th
to receive school children.

The Women’s Committee of Shaw’s
Garden helped with many events dur-
ing the past year. Their third major
fund-raising project was called “Holi-
day Historique” and subtitled ‘The
Mayflower Comes to Shaw’s Garden.”
It brought many people to the Display
House, where a wide variety of ex-
hibits emphasizing ideas for home holi-
day decorations were displayed in an
attractive garden setting. The pro-
ceeds of this project, $4,057.44, will
be used to repair and restore the many
fences, walls and ornamental iron
work structures which need immediate
attention,

The Women’s Committee also ar-
ranged the receptions and refreshments
for the previews of the Orchid and
Chrysanthemum Displays and for the

special showing of the research facili-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23

ties and research work of the Garden
on May 9.

Immediately after the closing of the
very successful “Holiday Historique”
everyone worked to install the annual
Chrysanthemum Show in record time
so it could open on November 7 with
a preview for the Friends of the Gar-
den. The Display was designed by
Kimio Obata and Associates and the
installation was directed by Floricul-
turist Paul Kohl. After six weeks, the
Mum Show was followed by the Poin-
settia Show.

Maintenance: ‘The routine work of
propagating, planting, feeding, spray-
ing and watering was performed as in
other years. In order to let visitors
know more about the plants, a large
number of descriptive labels were pre-
pared by Greenhouse Superintendent
Lad Cutak. When outstanding plants
came into flower, or were acquired,
they were displayed in special places
with informative labels.

Outdoor Pools and Annual Plant-
ings: Heavy rains delayed planting in
the flower beds and the Italian Garden
and many areas had to be replanted
because the first plantings were flooded.
Weeding, spading and planting was
not completed in the Italian Garden
and flower beds until mid-June.

The pools in the Main Garden, where
our best waterlilies grow, were lined
and staked on May 6th and planted
with 75 waterlilies. The center pool
was left unplanted and treated with
sodium arsenite to eradicate the weeds,
mainly Sagittaria, which had become a
problem. A jet of water was used to
decorate this pool. The lilies for the
outdoor pools are started in tanks in

greenhouses in January and_ shifted
into larger pots as needed. These
plants begin to flower in late March
and April and so this portion of the
private houses was opened to the
public until the waterlilies in the pools
bloomed.

MAINTENANCE AND HEATING,

Many Garden structures are in such
bad condition that major repairs, or
even replacements, will be necessary.
Our staff can barely keep up with cur-
rent maintenance, and catching up on
an estimated $400,000 of repairs and
replacements is done mainly with
special gifts. The south half of the
roof of the Linnaean House was com-
pletely redone with funds raised by
the Spring Garden Tour of the Garden
Club of St. Louis. The old slate roof
of the Museum was replaced with the
best composition material available
and parts of the roofing of the Ad-
ministration Building were replaced.
This work was paid for with funds
raised by the Women’s Committee.
Most of the pergola in the Italian Gar-
den was painted. More than half of
the walks in the Garden were sur-
faced during the summer. This new
surface will close cracks so water can
no longer enter and freeze and break
the walks.

For many years we have expected
the old heat transmission line from the
Boiler House on the north end of the
Garden to the Administration Build-
ing, Shaw Home, Experimental Green-
house and Museum to break. A study
of the costs of replacement or of in-
stallation of one or four separate boil-
ers for these four buildings was made
and the best solution was to install

24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

individual heating units. These units
are in use now and we are no longer
dependent on the long, wasteful and

old transmission line.

THE ARBORETUM

Careful planning and hard work on
the part of Superintendent of the
Arboretum, Frank Steinberg, has re-
duced costs there so that they are less
than half of what they were during
the past few years. Many small opera-
tions which do not properly belong in
an Arboretum were eliminated. The
cattle and sawmill have been sold,
farming on the south side of the river
has been practically stopped and the
pastures and arable land were placed
under Soil Bank and Soil Conservation
plans which yield a cash return and
pay for part of the expenses of im-
proving the land. Forty-six acres
were plowed, limed, fertilized, disked
and sowed with fescue and lespedeza.

Particular attention has been paid to
the area about Pinetum Lake, for this
main drive is open to the public the
entire year. All planted groups were
cleared of brush and weeds, the trees
were pruned and dead ones removed.
The trees will grow better now and
the naturalized daffodils will make a
more striking display.

Six hundred hours were spent mow-
ing, fifty-one loads of brush were
hauled away and seven loads of chips
were used for mulch. Repairs were
made to some of the equipment and
the doors of the service sheds were re-
paired and painted. A large number
of Redbud and other plants were dug
for planting in the Tower Grove

Garden.

The heavy spring rains washed some
of the main roads badly and eighty
hours were spent working them with
the grader. Cinders from the orchid
greenhouse boilers and 250 tons of
crushed stone were added to the worst
places.

Each Easter for many years a sun-
rise service has been held at the Ar-
boretum. The long circle drive past
the trailhouse is open to cars only
during April and the first half of May.
This is the time when the Daffodils,
Redbuds, Dogwoods and other wild-
flowers are at their best. During the
rest of the year visitors are encouraged
to walk along the trails and roads

beyond the Pinetum area.

THE ORCHID DEPARTMENT

In 1957 the major endeavor in the
Orchid Department at the Arboretum
was to eliminate large numbers of
duplicate plants and = poor quality
plants, to acquire new kinds of orchids,
to perform research essential for a
sound breeding program and further
research, and to study and employ the
best cultural methods.

RESEARCH.

Investigations on the use of weed
killers continued. Trials of orchids
cultured in fir bark in both open
benches and in pots showed that weed
control was practical. Studies on the
control of flowering time of orchids
by regulating the length of day were
continued. Chromosome studies on
some of the important Cattleya stud
plants were made and the information
added to our chromosome atlas, the
only collection of this sort of data
which is being kept, as far as we know.
Such cytological observations make it

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 25

possible to use our valuable parent
plants more intelligently in the pro-
duction of new hybrids.

CULTURAL TECHNIQUES.

About seventy per cent of the orchid
collection is now potted in fir bark
and eventually all of our plants, except
for the few that are grown in baskets
or on rafts, will be grown in this
medium. Humidity control and evap-
orative cooling is used to decrease sum-
mer temperatures. The collection of
Ladyslippers (Cypripediums) produced
about twice as many flowers as in
previous years and the plants are more
vigorous than before; this is attributed
to the better cooling, the moisture
control and the use of fir bark as a
potting medium.

PLANT BREEDING,

Many inter-specific crosses were
made, using some of our rare and un-
usual orchids as parents. These crosses
involved such genera as Oncidium,
Miltonia, Cattleya, Catasetum and
Cynoches. The cross made between
these last two genera had not been
made before.

New PLANTs.

Last year 349 new plants were added
to the collection. Most of these were
species or unusual types. Three collec-
tions acquired were particularly note-
worthy: 1) a fine collection of species
received in exchange from Sherman
Orchid Gardens at Glendora, Cali-
fornia; 2) a shipment of unusual
species given by Mr. Jose Strobel of
Ecuador; 3) a group of modern cym-
bidium seedlings received in exchange
from the Dos Pueblos Orchid Com-
pany of Goleta, California.

The Orchid Department, under the
direction of Mr. Robert Gillespie, has
been located at the Arboretum at Gray
Summit since 1926 when the orchids
were moved from St. Louis because of
the damaging city smoke. With the
success of the St. Louis smoke control
program, it is now possible to grow
orchids in St. Louis; consequently, the
orchid growing and research will be
moved back to St. Louis, a change that
will be completed by September of
1958. In the city more people can see
the orchids and a really active research
program can be carried on, since the
library, herbarium and laboratories are
convenient and it will be possible for
Mr. Gillespie to consult more fre-
quently with other members of the
Garden staff.

ATTENDANCE

Attendance last year was the largest
it has been for several years: the Gar-
den was visited by 217,419 people.
Attendance figures for the past five
years are:

195 3...207,938 19552213 6,077

1954...215,045 1956....198,472

1b ey eae 217,419
These figures represent only the people
who enter through the main gate turn-
stiles. Increasing numbers of people
enter through the Cleveland Avenue
entrance or the service entrance.

A graph of attendance by months
shows that the peak months usually
are April, May, or September. These
are the months when our outdoor gar-
dens are at their best. In April and
May the lawns are bright green and
many trees, shrubs and small plants
are in flower. In September and Oc-
tober the waterlilies and Italian Gar-

30000

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Graph of attendance by months at the Garden.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27

den are at their best and the Rose
Garden has a second spurt of bloom.
Our Camellias bloom in February and
March at the time of our Orch‘d Dis-
play and our Chrysanthemum Show is
in November. We are trying to add
to the beauty and interest of the
Garden in summer by _ introducing
plants which bloom at that time and
by increasing the number of kinds of
trees. For winter we are adding more
broadleaved evergreen shrubs and trees
and using ivy and other evergreen
vines for ground covers. Clear, ac-
curate and informative labels make
plants more interesting any time of the
year.

Volunteers of the Regional Council
of Men’s Garden Clubs, under the di-
rection of Mr. Arthur J. Krueger, reset
and repaired the labels on many of the
trees and shrubs. A large number of
very interesting educational signs were

prepared by Mr. Paul Hale.

PUBLICITY

Many people and organizations have
helped in projects to improve the Gar-
den, to attract visitors and to show
them what the Garden is doing. Most
of our publicity has been managed by
Mr. Rollo Horwitz.
guides, under the leadership of Mrs.

Ten volunteer

Paul Britt, conducted 54 special groups
of visitors through the Garden. Mem-
bers of our staff and the Horticultural
Council have lectured to many groups
and given information to amateur gar-
deners and students. When groups ask
for a speaker from the Garden we try
to encourage the group to visit the
Garden and have them talk among the
living plants rather than have a mem-
ber of our staff travel to their meeting

place and show slides of the plants.

Mrs. Hazel Knapp is in charge of
the Horticultural Consultants who are
trained at the Garden to answer gar-
dening questions. This group has done
a good job and taken care of many
requests which the Garden staff is not
large enough to handle.

A valuable gift to the Garden is the
help of the many hostesses for the
Shaw House. Members of the Eighth
District of the Federated Women’s
Clubs serve from one to four each day
except during January, February and
December, when the Shaw House is
open only on weekends. Mrs. Arthur
J. Krueger and Mrs. George Pring are
in charge of the arrangements with the
clubs for hostesses.

An excellent color film of the Gar-
den was made by Mr. Frank McCready.
He has shown this before several
groups at the Garden and at a large
number of dinners and special meet-

ings in the St. Louis area.

INSTRUCTION

All of our classes in bulb forcing,
spring horticulture and plant propaga-
tion were taught by Mr. Clarence
Barbre, one of the best gardeners of
this region. He not only knows a lot
about plants but can teach in such a
lively manner that empty seats are rare
in his classes. Mr. Gillespie taught
the course in orchid growing.

Mr. Kenneth Peck laid out two pro-
grams for grade school children and
these were used by a large number of
classes and groups. In a trial of plans
for future programs two grade school
classes planted bulbs under Mr. Peck’s
supervision: each pupil provided his
own container, a tin can, and planted

28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL

two Paper-white Narcissi bulbs after
learning what a bulb is, how it grows
and how to plant it at home outdoors.

The bulbs were delivered to the school

and the pupils took them home to

flower about Christmastime.

Garden demonstrations and_ tours
were given during the fall on Wednes-
day and Saturday afternoons. Experts
on Iris, Daffodils, Waterlilies and
African Violets gave demonstrations;
and staff members conducted tours of
the new developments at the Garden.
Dr. Anderson and Dr. Van Schaack
conducted their popular grass walks
The St. Louis
Academy of Science held two of their

through the Garden.

series of public lectures at the Museum
Building with Dr. Anderson and Dr.
Van Schaack as guest speakers.

The National Council of State Gar-
den Clubs:

monies for the permanent home on the

Ground breaking cere-

Magnolia Avenue side of the Garden
were held May 11th and were attended
by Mrs. Daniel Mooney, president of
the National Council, Mrs. William J.
Walters, chairman of trustees of the
Permanent Home Endowment Fund,
Mrs. C. G. Spillars, chairman of the
site selection committee, members of
the Garden’s Board of Trustees and
staff, and representatives of many Mis-
souri Garden Clubs. Building was de-
layed by the wet early summer and
cold winter but the stone siding is
now being added and the major part
of the structural work is done. In
November of 1957 there were 10,905
clubs with 361,376 members in the
National Council, making this the
largest of all groups of organized

gardeners.

GARDEN BULLETIN

MAIN GATE

Many importaat activities are car-
ried on at the Main Gate Information
Center. Superintendent George Pring
takes care of the many questions which
are asked over the telephone or by
visitors. Miss Powell helps visitors
find the most interesting features of
the Garden, sells postcards and books
and pamphlets on plants, and is Secre-
tary for Friends of the Garden. Mr.
Dudley French and Mr. Towner Deane
are in charge of the Friends of the
Garden.

clubs and of the Women’s Committee

Members of many garden
y 8

addressed more than 17,000 envelopes
for the mail campaign for new mem-
bers. The 2,217 members contributed
$25,618.87 during 1957. The Gar-
den receives no support from taxes and
depends on these gifts to do many
things which could not be done with
only the funds from Henry Shaw’s
endowment.

Bequests to the Missouri Botanical
Garden may be made in_ securities,
money, or books. They may, if de-
sired, take the form of a memorial to
a person, to be named by the giver.

Bequests to the Garden by will are
deductible, without limit, in determin-
ing the federal estate tax and are ex-
empt in any amount from Missouri
and Illinois state inheritance taxes.

For bequests to the Missouri Botan-
ical Garden, the following form is
suggested:

I do hereby give and bequeath to
the Trustees of the Missouri
Botanical Garden of the City of
St. Louis, State of Missouri:

P BOARD OF TRUSTEES

RoBertT BROOKINGS SMITH, President Henry HircHcock

Leicester B. Faust, Vice-President JoHN S. LEHMANN

Henry B. Prracer, Second Vice-President RicHarp J. Lockwoop

DaNIEL K. CaTLin WaRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH

DubDLEY FRENCH
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

ErHan A. H. SHEPLEY, JamMes McCCAFFERY
Chancellor of Washington University President of the Board of Education
f : i
ARTHUR C. LICHTENBERGER, So

Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri SreatroRD LEE Moxon
’

RayMOND R. Tucker, President of the Academy of Science
Mayor of the City of St. Louis of St. Louis

Secretary
Oscar E. GLAESSNER

THE HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL

Clifford W. Benson, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, Hugh C. Cutler, Robert E. Goetz,
Paul Hale, Mrs. W. Warren Kirkbride, Mrs. Hazel Knapp, Emmet J. Layton,
John S. Lehmann, Francis McMath, D. O’Gorman, Robert W. Otto, G. W.
Pennewill, W. F. Scott, Robert Waln, Harold E. Wolfe, E. G. Cherbonnier,

Chairman.

STAFF
Prughe GcsGut ler gsc... 2 onc ti ae ea Acting Director
ice Fog ¥ tals ao (110 9 eee aie mes BP Me eee Pn on eR Ree a ieee Pee eee Curator of Useful Plants
Behe nyey IN At Fe ws 2 es ee ee eer en ee eee Paleobotanist
Evelyn Barbour..........00.....c.ssceccseseseecceeeeceeeeees Research Assistant and Editor of BULLETIN
Glarence: Barbies sesssc.cc-12-tssesivs ete easeetiinneatiee ..Instructor
Louis G. Brenmec.......................sssccsccessssesecesceessseces Arborist and Grounds Superintendent
Weadislaus@utak sete eee Horticulturist and Greenhouse Superintendent
Carroll W. Dodge....00.0...000020000.220-- : Mycologist
Reobertal ressl eres: chess noeceestasse aes setasentaesenesesesiaes Taxonomist and Editor of ANNALS
Fo) eo a BD Yel BD pe EB ee oP ee Research Associate
Bee loa Val eek rstnte cee st ie eters Horticulturist in charge of Experimental Greenhouse
Robert J. Gillespie cial catesecnacteseassene — In charge of Orchids
ORE a mad CO) ECCT ot atte eee Ree a et re et ee ot re pe ER nny eer Controller
Rabi An Oh tear ccccsrne eet cres Floriculturist
JR ca¥a oY \ctial Psi) Ey A i) » are Se ate ee ON Reto ne Sarno cs ee eee Landscape Architect
Wiletor™ Muehlenbac tise. 22.2 55sec ees Senet Bac oee eens tesatas eee stens Research Associate
Renmeth ©) Peck asta 5 series rac cross c ae tena ee ne cere wer ese eee In charge of Visitors’ Activities
Sa belay diz PO wel tise rtr ee eee arses eas ne ade ee Friends of the Garden Secretary
George. FA: Pring cer. se-se0s 22. eerses cee esacte Superintendent
| Ssob Vola (kee Rue) 101 Ce ¢ eae ee a BE a en te PO 8A eo eh Eee Engineer
Pulsar Ce y. CLI ar Koss se eters rece cos susan oes eee a concen rece a eens eee Research Associate
Frank Steinberg.................---:ceec--eeceese0e= Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
SCOL Ber bse Vail SCA aC hens sc ee ee et es ote os ae ete Acting Curator of Herbarium
Trifon von Schrenk........... Beene eaten ieee eno ree Associate Curator of the Museum

Robert E. Woodson, Jru..........-..-.-----+- eabaeg sietead cosusaseeeseestughsceseeessscrtseeees Senior Taxonomist

SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden (the official name chosen by
Mr. Shaw) carries on the garden established by Henry Shaw
over a century ago at Tower Grove, his country home. It is
a private institution and has no support from city or state. The
old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the
Museum, the Mausoleum, and the Tower Grove mansion all
date from Mr. Shaw’s time. Since his death, as directed in his
will, the Garden has been in the hands of a Board of Trustees

who appoint the Director.

The Garden is open every day in the year (except New
Year’s and Christmas) from nine A. M. until seven P. M. spring
to fall and until six in the winter time though the green-
houses close at five. Towrr Grove, itself, Mr. Shaw’s old
country home, is open from one until four, admission twenty-
five cents, with special guides. The Garden is nearly a mile long
and has several entrances. The Main Entrance, the one most
used by the general public, is at Tower Grove and Flora Place
on the Sarah bus line (No. 42). The Park Southhampton buses
(No. 80), direct from downtown, pass within three blocks
of this entrance and stop directly across the street from the
Administration Building at 2315 Tower Grove Avenue. The
latter is the best entrance for students, visiting scientists, etc.
It is open to such visitors after 8:30 A.M., but is closed on
Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. The step-in gate (more or less
concealed by the big Cleveland Ave. gate, 2221 Tower Grove)
is nearly always open, and there is a service entrance on Alfred

Avenue, one block south of Shaw Avenue.

Since Mr. Shaw’s time an Arboretum has been developed at
Gray Summit, Mo., adjacent to State Highways 50 and 66. It
is open every day in the year and has auto roads as well as foot
trails through the wild-flower reservation. There is a pinetum
and an extensive display of daffodils and other narcissi which are
at their best in April.

Spring Flowers of Kissouri
and
Stow to Know Chem

—_— -—_..

hy,
r Uy, Ut
Hannibav4
oO f¢ YY
M i> a > ; . 4
— bas cae : . M4
2S pong YY
Jefferson City goo aS, got. Louis
~ ee

yy,MiSSISS\ppi
Y) River Valley

MissourRI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
VoLuUME XLVI APRIL 1958

NUMBER 3

A greatly enlarged picture of Erigenia bulbosa (Pepper and Salt). See the tailpiece
for a habit sketch showing how these plants bloom down among last years’ dry oak

! .
leaves.

Othce of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.

Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri.

Published February, March, April, June, September, and November by the Board of
Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $2.50 a year.

Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-ofhce at Galesburg, Illinois,
under Act of March 3, 1879.

SPRING FLOWERS OF MISSOURI AND HOW TO KNOW THEM

EpGar ANDERSON, DRAWINGS BY BERNADETTE VELICK

HOW TO USE ANY GOOD BOOK ABOUT WILD FLOWERS

HE average St. Louis amateur who

buys a copy of Steyermark’s
SPRING FLORA OF Missourt takes it
home thinking “Now when I spend a
weekend in the Ozarks I’ll have a book
which will tell me all those plants I
don’t know”. If the amateur is really
interested at all, this is the very worst
way to use the book. There are some-
thing like a million kinds of flowering
plants in the world; no book is going
to be able to help anyone identify very
many of them right off. The best way
to use any good book about wild
flowers is to Stupby THE PLANtTs You
ALREADY KNow.

Surely you know a buttercup when
you see it. Well, look up BuTTERCUP
in the index and you will find that
Missouri has more kinds than you
probably suspected. Now put the book
aside and sit down and spend at least
half an hour studying your special
buttercup—the leaves, the flower, the
stem. A reading glass or a hand lens
will help you. Never mind if you do
not know any names for the various
parts of the flower; anything which
you find on more than one plant is
probably significant. You will find this
half hour rewarding in many ways.
The plants you live with have more
variety and charm than you ever sus-
pected before you took a really good
look at them.

With this experience behind you

turn back to Dr. Steyermark’s invalu-
able book. Look at the pictures and
see if you can decide from them just
which Missouri buttercup you have in
your hand. Then read what he has to
say about it. Read what he has to say
about buttercups as a whole—the ge-
nus Ranunculus. Some of the fancy
words he uses will be new to you. Look
up their meaning; you’re going to run
into them again. After having looked
for half an hour at strange little things
in the flower with no name in your
head to pin them down with, it will
be a relief to find such useful concepts
as CaRPEL, SEPAL, and Pistit. Never
mind if you cannot yet make out what
every word means. Have you ever
tried to read a foreign newspaper? If
you have, you know it is possible to
read along in a foreign language skip-
ping over the words you don’t know
or only half way understand and still
get a good deal out of the account.
You will also have learned that it pays
to sit down from time to time with a
good dictionary and look up those
words which keep recurring and that
do not mean anything at all to you.
Set yourself a simple goal. Every
time you go to the country look up
one plant you know. Spend the week-
end learning all you can about this
fellow-Missourian you previously took
so much for granted. After about five
or six such sessions you will find you
(29)

30

It
will be as if you had previously gone
through the world with Vaseline

are seeing plants with a new eye.

smeared over your glasses. Having
really looked at a Dog-tooth Violet
and learned why it was in the Lily
Family, you will understand the Wild
Hyacinths when they open, and will
surprise yourself by saying ““Why, I do
believe that must be in the Lily Fam-
ily”.
to the Rockies you will find few of

Next summer when you go out

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

the plants which are in Dr. Steyer-
mark’s book but if you have spent ten
week-ends studying ten plants that
you thought you knew anp REALLY
Got To KNow Tuem, you will find
that though the Rocky Mountain
flowers are strangers, they are mostly
close relatives of old friends. You will
have the satisfying feeling of knowing
your way around. Your best teacher

is yourself.

THE LANGUAGE FOR THE FLOWERS

hough they may not look it at
| first sight, different kinds of
flowers are built up out of the same
kinds of units. If you really want to
understand them and to find out about
them from books, you will have to
learn nearly as many technical terms
as you did when you first learned to
drive an automobile. Here, in the ac-
companying chart, is THE ABSOLUTE
There

that you really must know: sepal,

MINIMUM. are twelve terms

calyx, petal, corolla, stamen, carpel,
pistil, filament, anther, ovary, style,
stigma.

Study the chart carefully. Most ed-

ucated people know that the corolla
is made up of petals. In just the same
way the calyx is made up of sepals and
the pistil is made up of carpels. When
you see the words, ‘“‘carpel” or pistil”
in a book and do not understand them,
look at this simple chart. Just as a
corolla is made up of petals, either
separate or fused together, so a pistil
is made up of carpels which may be
more or less separate or so fused that
you will have to hunt very carefully
to find any evidence of individual car-
pels. (Words in brackets are less use-

ful to the amateur.)

PARTS OF THE FLOWER AND THEIR NAMES

(FROM THE OuTsIDE INWARDS)

NaME NAME FOR NaMEs

OF THE WHOLE FOR THE

UNIT CYCLE PaRTs

Sepal Calyx

Petal Corolla [ Tube, Limb]
Stamen | Androecium | Filament, Anther
Carpel Pistil Ovary, Style, Stigma

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3]

X5

Z

Hamamelis vernalis

1]
Crocus susianus |
i] Bai

Hamamelis vernalis (Ozark Witch Hazel). Flowering branch, enlarged flower and stamen and
staminode. Blooms from December to April along water courses in central and southern Missouri.
Petals Old Gold to Chinese Red. Fragrant. Old leaves tending to persist through the winter.

Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple) X'%. Male and female flowers mostly on separate trees though
sometimes mingled on one branch as illustrated here. Male flower upper left. Blooms from February
to early May along river banks and bottom lands throughout Missouri.

Ulmus americana (American Elm) and Ulmus fulva (Slippery Elm). The flowers of these two
species are much more distinctive than the leaves. Those of the Slippery Elm are borne in dense
clusters from large, rusty-brown, wooly buds. Blooms from March to early May in rich soil.

Crocus susianus (Crocus) ca. natural size. At left the three stamens and the much-branched
style and stigma which are characteristic of the Iris family, to which the crocus along with Gladiolus
and Blue-eyed Grass belongs.

32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

BOOKS TO USE

» pring Flora of Missouri by Ju-
«lian A. Steyermark, Missouri Botan-
ical Garden, St. Louis, and Field
Museum of Natural History, Chicago,
St. Louis, 1940. Reprinted by Lucas
Brothers, Publishers, Columbia, Mis-
souri, 1954.

This is a flora of Missouri written as
simply and non-technically as it is
possible to write and still satisfy the
demands of scientists as well as those
of the general public. Line drawings
in black and white illustrate nearly
every native spring flower except the
grasses and sedges. The cloth bound
edition is out of print and it is avail-
able now only in paper back reprint.

Gray’s Manual of Botany, Eighth
Edition, largely rewritten and ex-
panded by M. L. Fernald, American
Book Company, New York, 1950.
Although pretty large to be called
a manual, this work is one volume and
can be carried in the hand. It gives
concise, scientific descriptions of the
native flora from Missouri eastward
and northward to New England and
the Maritime provinces of Canada. It
is much too technical for ordinary
amateurs, yet a challenge to the extra-
ordinary, some of whom have mastered
its technicalities with no outside help.

Wildflowers of Missouri, by T. C.
Rickett, Missouri College of Agricul-
ture Circular 363, Columbia, Missouri,
1937. Second edition, revised and ed-
ited by E. M. Palmquist and C. L.
Kucera, Missouri Handbook Number
3. The University of Missouri, Colum-
bia, Missouri, 1954.

Here is a wildflower guide written
in clear, easily understandable language
by the wife of a former professor at
the University of Missouri. It is illus-
trated with black and white reproduc-
tions of photographs of wild flowers.
The original circular proved to be very
generally useful to the amateurs of the

state.

The New Britton and Brown Illus-
trated Flora of the Northeastern
United States and Adjacent Canada,
by Henry A. Gleason, The New York
Botanical Garden, 1952.

This is a work as technical as Gray’s
Manual and covering approximately
the same area, consisting of three large
volumes with excellent line drawings
of all the native plants and a few cul-

tivated ones which have run wild.

An annotated Catalogue of the Flower-
ing Plants of Missouri, by Ernest J,
Palmer and Julian A. Steyermark, An-
nals of Missouri Botanical Garden 22:
375-758, September 1935.

The entire flora of the state are cat-
alogued in this technical book, with
precise notes as to the distribution of
each species, county by county. It
contains a valuable discussion of the
geographical distribution of plants in
Missouri which should be largely in-
telligible to any amatuer.

Manual of Cultivated Plants, by L. H.
Bailey, The MacMillan Co., New York,
1949,

If he is interested in garden plants,
this fat little book will answer more of
the amateurs questions about the kinds

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 33

of plants than any other. It has an
unusually full index of common names.
Though it is written in technical bo-
tanical style it is so clear that most
amateurs are able to find their way
through it. There is an unusually good
glossary explaining the meaning, not
only of technical terms, but of the
scientific names of plants. ‘“Scandens,”

ts

for instance, means ‘“‘climbing”’ and
when we see a plant listed as Celastrus
scandens we may immediately know
that it is most probably a climbing
plant. The manual is partially illus-

trated.

The Geography of the Ozark High-
land of Missouri, by Carl O. Sauer,
published for the Geographical Society
of Chicago by the University of Chi-
cago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1920.
Professor Sauer, one of the greatest
living geographers, wrote this book as
a young man about his native state
and those parts of it which he had

known as a boy and studied as a gradu-

ate student. A combination of history,
geology, and geography.

Manual of Cultivated Trees and
Shrubs, 2nd edition, by Alfred Reh-
der, The MacMillan Company, New
York, 1940.

This is a technical compendium for
all the woody plants (trees, shrubs and
vines) native or introduced into the
temperate and sub-temperate parts of
the United States. It contains tech-
nical keys and descriptions, enumera-
tions of the outstanding varieties of
woody ornamental plants and dates of
introduction into cultivation; and is
one of the world’s finest reservoirs of
useful information. It is amazing that
one man should have been able to com-
plete it in his lifetime. Every amateur
should look through this book to real-
ize (as few amateurs do) the amaz-
ingly large number of plants which
have been brought into cultivation by
man, and the incredible amount of
information about them which _ has
been gathered into books like this one.

SWEET PEAS, PEA PODS, AND THE

f you want to understand something
| important and interesting about the
flowers of almost any part of the
world, one of the easiest ways to learn
a little in a short time is with a few
Sweet Pea flowers plus half a dozen
pea pods from the grocery store. Plants
not only are of many different species
but these species are classified in groups
aptly termed Families. Knowing some-
thing about plant families is the easy

PA-PIL-I-ON-A-CE-OUS LE-GU-MIN-O-SAE

route to knowing something about
many kinds of plants in many parts
of the world. By and large, however,
this is a rather technical kind of thing
to know and few amateurs find their
own way into the problem. If there
is any route easier than the Sweet Pea-
pea pod route, no one has found it yet.
Not only is it an easy one but it takes
you immediately into an understanding
of one of the world’s most important

36 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

SPRING-FLOWERING LEGUMES

Native To Missouri

Amorpha (Lead Plant)

Astragalus (Ground Plum)

Baptisia (Wild Indigo)

Cercis (Redbud)

Gleditsia (Honey Locust)
Glycerrhiza (Wild Liquorice)
Gymnocladus (Kentucky Coffee Tree)
Lespedeza virginica (Bush Clover)
Oxytropis (Locoweed)

REDBUDS AND THE HISTORY

perceptive naturalist, visiting

southern Missouri for the first
time is impressed by two things—the
strange plants peculiar to the Ozarks
and the strange aspect of well-known
plant species. From New England to
New York State to Michigan the Sugar
Maples are much the same; but come
to the Ozarks and you find them more
variable. Here they tend to hold their
leaves in the winter in a fashion un-
known in the North and East. They
are smaller, wartier, scragglier, more
picturesque trees than other Sugar Ma-
ples. Similarly, as one comes in from
the East, the Red Cedars are seen to
be shorter, more variable and with
larger berries, the Hepaticas and
Dutchman’s Breeches appear much
brighter in color. The Flowering Dog-
wood grows in more exposed situations
and has denser masses of bloom. The
common red-and-yellow Columbine is
a taller and more branched plant than
it was back in Pennsylvania and New
York; and its sepals are more greenish
and frequently have a strong keel down
the middle of them.

These are variations which have been
studied at the Missouri Botanical Gar-
den by the students and staff during
the last thirty years. Some have been

Petalostemum (Prairie Clover)
Psoralea (Psoralea)

Robinia (Black Locust)
Schrankia (Sensitive Briar)
Stylosanthes (Pencil Flower)
Tephrosia (Goat’s Rue)

Vicia (Vetch)

Wisteria (Wisteria)

OF THE OZARK FLORA

studied in great detail, as in Dr. Wood-
son’s statistical analysis of what has
been happening to the Butterfly Weeds.

We now have a fairly simple ex-
planation for many of the disturbances
of the Ozark flora. The story is most
easily demonstrated for our Redbuds.
One does not need to have a very sharp
eye to note, as he travels westward in
the early spring, that the Redbuds vary
somewhat in color from one bush to
another, while as one travels towards
the east they become more and more
uniform. From ‘Tennessee and Ken-
tucky to the Eastern States, Redbuds
are pretty much the same kind of tree,
growing in the same kind of place.
When masses of them are in full bloom
the interlacing flowering branches of
adjacent trees cannot be distinguished
by their color, or the size of the
flowers, or the branching pattern of
the twigs. But, drive westward out of
St. Louis on Route 66 and you will see
a very different kind of evidence. Even
when they are all in full bloom the
Redbuds are not quite the same color
and some bushes are conspicuously very
dark, others very light. If you stop
your car and examine some of them
you will find examples which are grow-
ing side by side whose flowers are so

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 37

different that you can quite easily
distinguish the two, even when the
branches are interlacing.

As you drive west towards Spring-
field, Missouri, this tendency becomes
more and more conspicuous. If you
know the Redbud well in the East you
will be surprised to find Redbuds grow-
ing in brighter, sunnier and rockier
spots than they did there; and an oc-
casional plant will have larger and
more tightly bunched blossoms than
those you knew before. Many of these
bushes, even when grown to blooming
size, will be no taller than a man.

To find the explanation of this vari-
ation one has merely to drive on west-
ward until he comes to the Arbuckle
Mountains in central Oklahoma. Here
is a hybrid swarm of Redbuds, the like
of which cannot be found in any other
part of the world. The Texas Redbud,
a shorter, bushier tree with leathery
leaves and brilliant, big flowers has
hybridized for many years with the
common Eastern Redbud; the Ar-
buckles are populated with their mon-
grel descendants. Flowers vary from
deep pink to almost white, from large
to small, from petals all of one color
to diverting specimens whose upper
petal will be dark pink, the side ones
white and the basal pair pale pink.

If one then drives on farther West
the country becomes drier and drier,
the stands of Redbud fewer and farther
between, the influence of the Eastern
Redbud less and less discernable until
it dies out altogether and one finds
isolated colonies of Western Redbud.
Our Ozark Redbuds owe their vari-
ability to their slightly mongrel ances-
try. Some thousands of years ago at

a time when the climate here was drier,
the Texas Redbud spread farther up
this way and there was a good deal of
hybridizing. As the climate became
more moist again the Texan species
was at a disadvantage and finally died
out; but in drier and rockier places
Redbuds with a little Texan ancestry
were at an advantage, particularly dur-
ing spells of extreme drought such as
those of the last decade.

This Redbud story, which is now
being studied in detail at the Garden,
seems to be typical of many Ozark
plants. A few thousand years ago in
the Xerothermic (hot-dry) period, the
climate was much drier than at pre-
sent. Conditions in the Ozarks then
were much like those of central Okla-
homa today. At such times the
Eastern Red Cedar hybridized with
the Mexican Red Cedar, the common
Sugar Maple with the Caddo Canyon
drought-resistant maple, the Colum-
bine with one of its south-western
relatives. When better times brought
back a climate not so different from
that of Kentucky and Tennessee, the
desert vegetation retreated but some
of its mongrelized descendants lingered
on. Today if one goes to the rocky,
west-facing and south-facing limestone
glades in the Garden’s Gray Summit
Arboretum he can see Redbuds, Sugar
Maples, Red Cedars, and Columbines
all growing together, all different from
their relatives in the East, all with
measureable resemblances to south-
western species. If you have got to
live on a dry Missouri hillside and you
come from an old Eastern family, one
grandfather or great grandfather from
Texas is a real asset.

38

ho

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

SPRING FLOWERS NATIVE TO MISSOURI
MARCH |

NAME
Sanguinaria canadensis
(Bloodroot)
Amelanchier canadensis
(Shad Bush)

Cercis canadensis
(Redbud)

Dentaria laciniala
(Toothwort)

Dicentra Cucullaria
(Dutchman’s Breeches)
Erigenia bulbosa
(Pepper and Salt)
Hepatica acutiloba
(Liver-leaf )

Houstonia minima
(Small Bluets)
Isopyrum biturnatum
(False Rue Anemone)
Leavenworthia uniflora
(Leavenworthia)
Claytonia virginica
(Spring Beauty)
Erythronium albidum

(White Dog-tooth Violet)
Erythronium mesochoreum
(Prairie Dog-tooth Violet)

Nothoscordum bivalve
(False Garlic)

Viola papilionacea
(Common Violet)
Viola pedata
(Bird’s-foot Violet)
Lithospermum canescens
(Orange Puccoon)
Myosurus minimus
(Mousetail )
Polemonium reptans
(Jacob’s Ladder)
Stylophorum diphyllum
(Celandine Poppy)
Uvularia grandiflora
(Bellwort)

Viburnum rufidulum
(Black Haw)
Astragalus distortus
(Bent Milk Vetch)
Camassia_ scilloides
(Wild THyacinth)
Del phininm tricorne
(Dwarf Larkspur)
Mertensia virginica
(Bluebells)

Phacelia Purshii
(Miami Mist)

Phlox divaricata
(Blue Phlox)
Aquilegia canadensis
(Wild Columbine)
Arisaema Dracontium
(Green Dragon)
Arisaema triphyllum
(Jack-in-the-pulpit )
Dedecatheon Meadia
(Shooting Star)

APRIL | MAY

JUNE

63

64

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

39

LISTED IN ORDER OF COMING INTO BLOOM

NAME

lodanthus pinnatifidus
(Purple Rocket)

Viola striata

(Pale Violet)

Arenaria patula
(Sandwort)

Astragalus mexicanus
(Larger Ground Plum)
Clematis Fremontii
(Fremont’s Leather Flower)
Cornus florida
(Flowering Dogwood)
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum
(Woollen Breeches)
Nemastylis acuta
(Northern Nemastylis)
Tradescantia virginiana
(Spiderwort)

Tris virginica

(Southeran Blue Flag)
Scutellaria parvula
(Skullcap)

Amsonia illustris
(Amsonia)

Coreopsis lanceolata
(Tickseed Coreopsis)
Menarda Bradburiana
(Horsemint)

Ocnothera missouriensis
(Missouri Primrose)
Tradescantia canaliculata
(Spiderwort)

Del phinium carolinianum
(Carolina Larkspur)
Penstamen Digitalis
(Beard-tongue)
Echinacea pallida
(Cone-flower )

Echinacea paradoxa
(Cone-flower)

Saturaia glabra

(Ozark Calamint)

Rosa setigera

(Climbing Rose)
Asclepias tubercsa
(Butterfly Weed)
Petalostemum purbureum
(Purple Prairie Clover)
Ratibida pinnata
(Prairie Coneflower)
Vernonia altissima
(Ironweed)
Cephalanthus occidentalis
(Buttonbush)

Monarda fistulosa

(Wild Bergamont)
Veronicastrum virginicum
(Culver’s-physic)
Asclepias verticillata
(Whorled Milkweed)
Cam psis radicans
(Trumpet Vine)
Houstonia angustifolia
(Summer Bluet)

L | MAY | JUNE | JULY
DN Mest dase une doc vac races teapteadeeeseeeos
WD so eadovaks eat ie te eee
BO wscoi sects ccotendaodsreeenccnteace
Fed sodas tevatug tiene et ee
yO Oe ee Ae
9D dan scleg et a ee re ee
DO cain eens ieee Acie ee ee
Did dustianeedug sats Sah puneesniesese
D2 scenseeasedsheadien
Did covccseddescvebor ees
DA resceeene seas
DY sek easencpececussnscacdencssaven vaunsesciedieee
DIG oh EA Gy eT eee
57
bier
pf ame
60..:.:-
6l
Otc ates To Sept.
63. _To Sept.
64 -To Sept.

40 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Viola pedata

Amelanchier

F ‘a
canadensis
es oe
(( RREEKQKQ
™ =,
SS
SS
\
\ \
\K\ a
NY
\
Uvularia Camassia
grandiflora scilloides

Amelanchier canadensis (Shad Bush) natural size, leaf X¥%. Blooms from mid-March to mid-
April in open or rocky woods and bluffs throughout Missouri; the flowers appearing before leaf buds
open. At a distance it resembles wild plum, but blooms earlier in rockier places and has more
graceful branches than plum.

Viola pedata (Wild Pansy, Bird’s-foot Violet)ca. natural size. The form with upper petals
velvety deep purple (upper right), is commoner in the St. Louis area than the plainer form with
all petals of soft gray-blue. Late-March to May in sour soils in woods, glades and prairies through-
out Missouri.

Uvularia grandiflora (Bellwort) ca. half natural size. Flowers drooping and frequently appear-
ing as if wilted or unopened. Sepals and petals colored alike, deep or pale yellow. Leaves very
graceful. Blooms in April in rich woods on slopes of ravines or bluffs, or wooded bottom Jand,
throughout Missouri.

Camassia scilloides (Wild Hyacinth) ca. half natural size. Sepals and petals colored alike, a
soft, gray-blue. The slender stamens give the tall spikes an airy grace. Blooms April to May,
prairies, open woods, glades and rocky open slopes, mostly on limestone in eastern, southern, and
central Missouri.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 4l

Dodecatheon
Meadia

ye = 9 i;
{ HY
i

Monarda
DH /— Bradburiana

\ Y

Amsonia
illustris

Phacelia Purshii (Miami Mist) X21%. Flowers soft, bluish-white, delicately fringed. The closely
related Phacelia gilioides is darker blue and is found in rockier places from Franklin Co. west-
ward and southward. Blooms April to mid-May in moist open woods, alluvial thickets and open
places in eastern Missouri.

Dodecatheon Meadia (Shooting Star) ca. natural size. Flowers intense pink to white, sweet-
scented. Very variable in color and color pattern in the Ozarks. Blooms April and May in
prairies, glades, bluffs, and moist wooded slopes in eastern, central and southern Missouri.

Amsonia Illustris (Amsonia) X™%, detail X11%. Plants form dense clumps (unlike their rela-
tives in the East). Flowers are shades of gray-blue and white, the color of old-fashioned Canton
china. Blooms mid-April to mid-June in rocky open places and gravel bars of streams in central
and southern Missouri.

Monarda Bradburiana (Horsemint, Bee Balm) X'%. The only common Bee Balm which blossoms
in the spring. Flowers bright pink to almost white, attractively spotted, sweet-scented. Blooms
May and early June in open rocky woods, thickets and glades in eastern, central and southern
Missouri.

42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Oenothera
missouriensis

Echinacea

pallida

Ocnothera missouriensis (Missouri Primrose) X14. Flowers opening in the late afternoon, soft
primrose yellow, as large as saucers. Seed pods (lower right, X%) turn grayish as they ripen and
look almost like wooden lilies when they open up. Blooms May and early June on limestone glades
and rocky outcrops in central and southern Missouri. .

Echinacea pallida (Cone-flower) X¥;. Varies in color from deep pink to almost white. Fre-
quently grows in dense clusters of hundreds of plants. Blooms late-May and June in rocky
prairies, glades and open woods throughout Missouri.

Lathyrus odoratus (Sweet Pea) X¥%. A typical papilionaceous legume (see page 33). Petals
at right, standard below, wing in the middle, keel petal above.

Legume. Lower left: pistil of a sweet pea (greatly enlarged) showing the surrounding nine
webbed stamens and one separate stamen, stigma pointed to the left. Center: pea pod X'%; note
webbed dried-up stamens still clinging to pod. Upper right: pistil of sweet pea with free ends of
stamens cut away.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43

OZARK WILDFLOWERS AND OZARK LANDSCAPES

Su Louis is not only a meeting
place of different floras, it is a meet-
ing place of quite different landscapes.
The Ozarks begin just west and south
of the city limits; the Glaciated Plains
of northern Missouri and of Illinois
fade out (technically at least) within
the metropolitan area. Though the last
of the great glacial advances was
halted much farther north, earlier ones
from the east and from the north
reached our boundaries before dying
out.

The Ozarks are a flat-topped low
plateau of ancient limestones and sand-
stones whose northern border (as
shown in the map on the cover) runs
from St. Louis to Joplin. The Ozarks
take in a small area in northeastern
Oklahoma and extend across northern
Arkansas where they meet the southern
coastal plain, whose curving edge
comes past Poplar Bluff to end at Cape
Girardeau. Then the broad, flat, flood
plain of the Mississippi River serves as
the eastern boundary of the Ozarks to
the very edge of metropolitan St. Louis.
Along their southern border in Ar-
kansas, the Ozarks are joined by the
Boston Mountains, a high, flat, steep-
sided mesa only recently accessible by
first class roads.

The ancient limestones and sand-
stones of the Ozarks, lying one on top
of another like a stack of gigantic din-
ner plates, have warped only a little
in the ages since they were deposited.
In only one part of Missouri, the St.
Francois Mountains, have they been
worn through to the ancient granites
and porphyries on which they rest.
These are scarely more than stumps of
mountains, mostly low, whale-backed

ridges a few hundred feet above the
valleys from which they rise, though at
least one of them, Pilot Knob, is really
mountain-shaped, as if one small fea-
ture of Yellowstone National Park had
accidentally been dropped down, a
hundred miles south of St. Louis.

To those who were born and bred
in other parts of the country, these
little mountains are sometimes a blessed
relief. They form soils which are so
acid that at times the whole flora re-
sembles spots in the East and North.
The Southern Yellow Pine (Pinus ech-
inata) is common there; Azaleas (Rho-
dodendron nudiflorum var.roseum) fill
some of the woodlands; in early spring
the clear-watered streams which form
granite gorges (known locally as
“shut-ins”) are lined with graceful
bushes of Alder (Alnus rugosa).

Not that the Ozarks are not fascin-
ating country in their own strange
way. They were uplifted in what was,
geologically speaking, just yesterday;
and the rivers, which used to meander
across a flat coastal plain, now have
cut down narrow steep-sided valleys
leaving frequent spectacular cliffs of
weathered limestone which remind one
of canyons much farther westwards.
Over much of the Ozarks the hills
have been leached away for so long
that no limestone is left along the hill
tops. The soil there is full of tiny
chunks of virtually insoluble chert
(impure flints) which was once in-
cluded in the limestone. Since chert
makes a rather acid soil many of these
hills have lime-loving plants at their
bases and lime-hating plants along ther
ridges, as over much of Jefferson

county where the Blue Phlox (Phlox

44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

divaricata) fills the valleys and the
pink Phlox (Phlox pilosa) is mainly
on the ridges.

Some of the limestones in the Ozarks
are thin-bedded dolomites which
weather into ‘“‘glades’. These rocky
areas ooze water all winter and spring
when most plants would like good
drainage and turn hot and dry in the
middle of the summer when plants
want all the water they can get. Spe-
cies which are really happy in such a
situation are rare indeed and_ these
glades have a curious flora which can
at times be most spectacular. There
grows the Purple Coneflowers (Echin-
acea_ pallida) in various shades, the
Missouri Primroses (Oenothera missou-
riensis) with their pale yellow blooms
as wide as bread-and-butter plates, and
the summer Bluets (Houstonia angus-
tifolia) so delicate that one wonders
how such dainty flowers could blossom
through rainless summer weeks in such
exposed places.

Throughout most of the Ozarks
there is so much limestone, and lime-
stone is so soluble, that many water
channels have been disolved-out deep
underground. There are few brooks
that have water in them all the year
round but there are frequent caves
and many springs, some of them really

astonishing in size and beauty, where
the underground brooks and _ rivers
come to the surface.

Near St. Louis there is only one layer
of rock, the St. Peter’s Sandstone,
which is not strongly alkaline. Along
the Crystal Escarpment where this
soft white sandstone comes to the sur-
face there are many little canyons and
gorges. The lack of lime, the sandy
texture of the soils, and the shade of
the steep-sided canyons attract another
set of plants from those common in
the rest of the landscape. Here one
may find the Partridge Berry (Mitchel-
la repens) with its evergreen leaves,
tiny, pink flowers and spongy, red
berries which last all winter, as well as
many other rare and interesting plants.
Near St. Louis the Crystal escarpment
is most marked from Crystal City
(where the sandstone is used for glass-
making) to Pacific where imposing
cliffs of it can be seen crowding up to
the northern edge of the highway,
North of the Missouri River it out-
crops in beautiful wooded valleys near
Marthasville, turning eastward to cross
the Mississippi River near Winfield but
not until it has produced spectacular
examples of folded rock strata along
highway 79.

= r
Erigenia bulbosa. (See inside front cover).

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

ROBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, President Henry HitrcHcock

LeicEsteER B. Faust, Vice-President JOHN S. LEHMANN

Henry B. Prracer, Second Vice-President RicHarp J. Lockwoop

DaniEL K. CATLIN WarrEN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH

DuDLEY FRENCH
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

ErHan A. H. SHEPLEY, James McCaFFERY
Chancellor of Washington University President of the Board of Education
ArtHuR C. LICHTENBERGER, a

Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri STRATFORD LEE Morton
’

RayMonpD R. Tucker, President of the Academy of Science
Mayor of the City of St. Louis of St. Louis

Secretary
Oscar E, GLAESSNER

THE HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL

Clifford W. Benson, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, Hugh C. Cutler, Robert E. Goetz,
Paul Hale, Mrs. W. Warren Kirkbride, Mrs. Hazel Knapp, Emmet J. Layton,
John S. Lehmann, Francis McMath, D. O’Gorman, Robert W. Otto, G. W.
Pennewill, W. F. Scott, Robert Waln, Harold E. Wolfe, E. G. Cherbonnier,
Chairman.

STAFF
Hugh) Gs Gutlen ee -Acting Director
EdgarAndersoni fico eee eee ete . Curator of Useful Plants
Elem trys Nc ATG OW Sonar Fee rac ca saree ae aa asscsescieerecanereces Paleobotanist
Evelyn Barbour: 22224 egies Research Assistant and Editor of BULLETIN
Clarence Barbre ....................... eae car ea eg eras eget es Instructor
[sottis Git Brews nie coer coer teen cee ee Arborist and Grounds Superintendent
Teadislatig eu take ee ea Horticulturist and Greenhouse Superintendent
Catrolli- Wi, Dodge... 2.222 ea aceses See Reece nhs nc Ae Peat Mycologist
Robert. Dressler veces eae ees aneesee Taxonomist and Editor of ANNALS
lo) 11 pod BSR D112 yee en ne ae nee ....Research Associate
Ba Evin gene 20 e-sereeestae cee coat Horticulturist in charge of Experimental Greenhouse
roberts |e: Gill es pie ssesce cacao a eae cng ae e eee eee cee eeeeeeeee In charge of Orchids
scary gb 2G des rer ese aree ay ae a e ae esecraee a ee eaca gene de sace race teearte Controller
Paul Aw Kohl 22 eas rccree ae Floriculturist
Ihab a4 Lael Eee Ey clo) « Rene ee ep rae ei eee ie REE ee TOPE Landscape Architect
Viktor Muehlenbachs 2 c.c5scc-sc.cctceesecsecs secs secs soe sess cas ese taectes const cauneesses Research Associate
Kenneth ‘©; Peck 2 oc.sccn 5-20, 5k ce cectece pace tacts ao tece ete scnesess In charge of Visitors’ Activities
Teabsel lacs) Powell eseccssee ee ecersgenerns acco ees eet eoes reat Friends of the Garden Secretary
Were EN Pi geo a ces ce seca cscne cn cepuetsaee sce ctrenscocasacasacassecmeacsasteaeuaccecstvesecovenroen~ Superintendent
Kenneth A. Smith.....0002...0...2...-- Sars ee a Aen sae ee Nata sada Tae eee cease ee Engineer
aliatie Aso teyettma rises eecevevectescsereecees esse cones Sccececosnta ter meecseenccee: Research Associate
Frank’ Steinbete....... 222 see Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
Ger ee 1 aT SC Maa CK ees access ones ceeciaets ha uuseutaqssicraas Acting Curator of Herbarium
MPerit OY AVON CSCI Tem Kicete ores e ne cc ons fecewes este ee ceten cast caces Associate Curator of the Museum

Robert: Es Woodsony Jif ..c2i 52-20-25 -0sscassetetecscaauscas Sarre SE eer aa Senior Taxonomist

SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden (the official name chosen by
Mr. Shaw) carries on the garden established by Henry Shaw
over a century ago at Tower Grove, his country home. It is
a private institution and has no support from city or state. The
old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the
Museum, the Mausoleum, and the Towrr Grove mansion all
date from Mr. Shaw’s time. Since his death, as directed in his
will, the Garden has been in the hands of a Board of Trustees

who appoint the Director.

The Garden is open every day in the year (except New
Year’s and Christmas) from nine A. M. until seven P. M. spring
to fall and until six in the winter time though the green-
houses close at five. Towrr Grove, itself, Mr. Shaw’s old
country home, is open from one until four, admission twenty-
five cents, with special guides. The Garden is nearly a mile long
and has several entrances. The Main Entrance, the one most
used by the general public, is at Tower Grove and Flora Place
on the Sarah bus line (No. 42). The Park Southhampton buses
(No. 80), direct from downtown, pass within three blocks
of this entrance and stop directly across the street from the
Administration Building at 2315 Tower Grove Avenue. The
latter is the best entrance for students, visiting scientists, etc.
It is open to such visitors after 8:30 A.M., but is closed on
Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. The step-in gate (more or less
concealed by the big Cleveland Ave. gate, 2221 Tower Grove)
is nearly always open, and there is a service entrance on Alfred

Avenue, one block south of Shaw Avenue.

Since Mr. Shaw’s time an Arboretum has been developed at
Gray Summit, Mo., adjacent to State Highways 50 and 66. It
is open every day in the year and has auto roads as well as foot
trails through the wild-flower reservation. There is a pinetum
and an extensive display of daffodils and other narcissi which are

at their best in April.

Volume XLVI

ulle fin Sane 1958

Number 4

Contents

Chinese Gardens
Hibiscus for St. Louis Gardens
Research in Breeding Tropical Water Lilies

Cover: Nymphaea “Aviator Pring’. About 4; natural size. See page 59.

Ofhce of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.

Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri.

Published February, March, April, June, September, and November by the Board of
Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $2.50 a year.

Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-ofhce at Galesburg, Illinois,
under Act of March 3, 1879.

Missouri Botanical Garden
Bulletin

CHINESE GARDENS
BEVERLY KLING MOHLENBROCK

Vol. XLVI No. 4

* ‘A garden...to the Oriental...

is any secluded spot in the
earth, in the heavens or in the imagina-
tion where are garnered, cultivated and
cherished certain ‘flowers’ or precious
symbols—be they stones, or bronze, or
tiles, or marble, or wood, or what not.
The slightest touch of the imagination
transforms and transmutes these simili-
tudes of Nature into gardens and
garlands.”

A Chinese garden exemplified the
harmony of the artificial with the
natural—the harmony of man-made
structures with natural structures. The
location of every building, plant, rock,
pool, and bridge was determined in
terms of its blending with nature. The
garden became very much like a
“landscape painting in three dimen-
sions, but like Chinese painting, it was
subjective.”

The Chinese learned that every pos-
sible form of rhythm was to be found
in nature and made good use of this
fact in their gardens, which have been
called “‘symphon[ies] of rhythm.”
Disregarding their content, lines and
forms were considered beautiful in
themselves because of their natural
rhythm. “Qualities like force, supple-
ness, reserved strength, exquisite ten-
derness, swiftness, neatness, massive-
ness, ruggedness, and restraint’ or
freedom” were considered beautiful

and natural in regard to lines, Sim-

JUNE, 1958

ilarly, qualities such as “harmony,
proportion, contrast, balance, lengthi-
ness, compactness, and sometimes even

.slouchiness or irregularity’? were
considered beautiful in regard to form.
Never were lines or forms straight or
perfectly symmetrical, for if so, their
beauty was lost.

The simplicity of the Chinese garden
and its prevailing quietness were con-
ducive to meditation and contempla-
tion, the main purposes of a garden as
established by the underlying religious
philosophy. ‘‘Serenity of soul, medita-
tion on the problems of life and con-
duct, contemplation of the mountains,
rivers, waterfalls, trees, flowers, and
stars—these were the spiritual elements
that entered into the creation of a
garden.” A garden became an escape
from reality and tension, a place where
man might reach perfection through
meditation. It also was a place for
relaxation, a place of solitude. The
builder of a garden did not intend his
work of art to be used for recreational
purposes, but occasionally he deviated
from the main purpose of his garden
and utilized it in entertaining his few
choice friends. The entertainment
would consist of nothing more ener-
getic than the enjoyment of “‘calli-
graphy, painting, performing on the
table lute, playing chess, writing
verses, drinking wine... or cultivating
flowers.”

(45)

46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

The philcsophy created by the inter-
woven ideas of the two main Chinese
religions, Taoism and Buddhism, was
reflected in the gardens. They were
built to represent the people’s concep-
tion of Paradise, the design often being
a replica of the semi-mythical Islands
of Dawn, the Three Blessed Isles of the
Eastern Sea, or of the mountains hold-
ing the Western Heaven. Heaviness
and stableness were eliminated as much
as possible in order to make everything
appear as light and cloudlike as prac-
ticable and encourage the immortal
spirits to feel at home. It was believed
that by building the gardens in this
manner the immortal beings, living in
clouds and winds, would be pleased and
would bless the garden with their
presence and give immortality to the
builder.

It was a Chinese belief that, by
dwelling in a house situated high on a
mountain, it would be possible for
man to reach perfection and be swept
away by the immortal beings to their
heavenly abiding places on the moun-
tain tops of Paradise. Those people
who were unable to live on the moun-
tains created them artificially in their
own landscape.

Symbolism of the Chinese religions,
chiefly influenced by the scholars of the
Ming Lynasty (1368-1644), was ap-
plied to nearly everything in the gar-
den. Life was symbolized by the Yin
and Yang elements, the passive and
active principles, the female and male
forces. The Yin element was repre-
sented in “earth, water, darkness,
woman, and trouble’; the Yang ele-
ment was represented in “heaven,

rocks and mountains, light, man, and

the good.”’ Rocks were believed to be
the earthly completion of the clouds,
that is, clouds in solid form, and were
admired for their strange and gro-
tesque shapes. They were gathered
from lake beds, where they had been
worn by the action of the water. The
bent pine and budding plum trees were
considered reflections of man’s prob-
lems, and water was significant as the
arteries of the earth. The following
are some of the most important flowers
and trees and what they symbolized.

Peony, wealth and honor

Peach and plum blossoms, physical charm
and the loveliness of woman, as well as
the spirit of the quiet, poor scholar

Orchid, culture, refinement, and nobility
of character

Magnolia, associated with the idea of fra-
grance of virtue

Pomegranate, fruitfulness

Lotus, truth and purity

Chrysanthemum, gentility, good fellow-
ship, and longevity

Gardenia, graceful charm

Narcissus, good fortune

Willows, grace, friendship, purity and
mercy

Peach and plum trees, brotherliness and
cordial relationships

Bamboo, fidelity, constancy, humility,
wisdom, gentleness, and long life,

The Garden of the scholar and poet,
which dates back to 206 B.C.—220
A.D., the period of the Han Dynasty
in China, was an example of a typical
Chinese Garden. Preferably located in
the mountains, such gardens were oc-
casionally found on the plains near a
river. Completely surrounding the
garden was a high wall, the top of
which had a tile finish and a wavy
appearance. In Southern China these
walls were usually whitewashed, in
Northern China they were built of
rough stone. Similar walls were found

throughout the garden and often ter-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 47

minated as a porticn of a pavilion, a
hill, or a rockery. In these walls were
windows, varying in design from ex-
treme simplicity to intricate detail. A
circular or octagonal gate in the form
of a crescent moon, a gourd, a vase,
flower petal or musical instrument led
into the first courtyard of the garden.
Several of these gates and courtyards
were encountered before a person ac-
tually entered the garden proper.

The view through the garden gate
was one of great depth, often decep-
tive. Through the use of concealment
and suggestion, the garden was made
to appear larger than it was. The
entire garden could never be seen at
one time, as it was divided into nu-
merous irregular sections by winding
walls, shaded corridors called prom-
enades, and architectural structures
composed mainly of wood, which
merged and blended with the natural
elements of the garden.

No such distinction as we know in
the United States was made between
the indoors and outdoors. Low-roofed
buildings housed the members of the
family which owned the garden. Open
galleries in the form of verandas and
tile-roofed pavilions, sometimes two-
storied and built upon an elevated
section of ground or upon stones, were
located in places of vantage within
the garden. Each of these galleries
and pavilions was built for a specific
purpose, such as to serve as a com-
fortable place from which to listen to
the sounds of autumn—‘‘the murmur
of the leaves, the stir of homeless
ghosts, the chirp of crickets, the rus-
tling of brittle bamboo, the whirring

of dragon-flies’ wings,”’ and so on—or

perhaps as a place from which to view
the moon as it rose over the lake, the
evening sunset, the clouds in the sky,
the beauty of the chrysanthemums
when they were in bloom, or merely as
a place where one might stop to rest
and to drink some tea. The name in-
scribed on each of the galleries and
pavilions revealed the purpose for
which it was constructed. Frequently
pavilions were found bordering the
lake, which was a fundamental struc-
ture of the garden, or were built in the
middle of the lake. A beautiful, high,
arched bridge led to and from the
pavilion. The curving lines of the
bridge were effectively completed by
their reflection in the placid water.
Paths found leading to the lake and
throughout the garden added a unique
touch to the beauty already established.
They were constructed of very tiny
grey pebbles arranged in various pat-
terns which were outlined by thin
curving stones, sometimes of a faint
rese color. The color built into the
Chinese garden—the red columns of
the pavilions and the colored tile roofs
—gave the buildings the appearance of
being copied after flowers, and enabled
them to “bloom” all year round.
Rockery played a prominent role in
the Chinese garden. Steps were con-
structed so as to give the impression
that they were the works of Nature.
Balanced rocks and rock formations
containing tunnels and doorways were
scattered throughout the garden, add-
ing an unusual sight. The roughness
and sharpness of this rockery was
broken by the soft green hue of vines
and trees, and by a brightly colored

flower which would occasionally ap-

48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

pear amidst varying shades of green.

Few lawns or open stretches of land
were found in the Chinese garden, for
such were considered wasteful and
ugly. In contrast to Western gardens,
those of China were devoted more to
architecture which blended with na-
ture than to the cultivation of lawns,
trees and flowers. Nevertheless, plant
life was abundant, and it served to
enable the buildings to blend with
nature and lose their conspicuous man-
made appearance.

The main use of flowers was to
decorate the interior of the Chinese
homes and the courtyards. They were
displayed in a series correlated with the
seasons. In such a way, each season of
the year was seen at its best in the
numerous views of the Chinese garden.

“Competent authorities estimate the
Chinese flora to contain fully 15,000
species, half of which are peculiar to
the country.” Of these 15,000 species,
the flora that was most commonly
found in a typical Chinese garden

included the following:

lotus, wisteria, laurel, begcenia, jasmine,
peony, iris, clematis, azalea, hydrangea,
chrysanthemum, orchid, gardenia, narcis-
sus, magnolia, pomegranate, bamboo, plum,
peach, pine, juniper, cedar, willow, maple,
palm, musa (banana), elm, cypress, winter-
sweet (perhaps Acocanthera spectabilis) ,
heavenly bamboo, winter green, maiden-
hair tree ferns, Chinese tulip trees, and
camphor trees.

The Chinese gardens can be classi-
fied into several categories. There are,
of course, intermediate stages of vary-
ing degrees. The first category would
include the simple house-gardens of
the Chinese commoners, concentrated
on utility yet revealing the beauty of

nature. Small yards or miniature gar-

dens with all the trimmings of a good-
sized garden were enjoyed by people of
lesser means.

The temple gardens are in a second
category. Many of these were scat-
tered throughout the Western Hills
and offered beauty, peace, and seclu-
sion to troubled minds. The Chieh
T’ai Ssu, the Monastery of the Ordina-
tion, an example of one of these gar-
dens, has been preserved due to its
well-hidden location and the difficulty
encountered in reaching it, even when
its location is known. This garden is
large, spread out, and built in a series
of terraces, with the Ordination Ter-
race located on the summit. The Ling
Yin monastery, the Spirits’ Retreat,
serves as another example of a pre-
served temple garden. Here goldfish
are seen swimming in the placid pool,
and awesome caves are found hollowed-
out in the mountain.

A third category would be made up
of the pleasure gardens of the wealthy,
more claborate in their make-up than
the two previously mentioned types.
During the latter part of the Sung
Dynasty (960-1277 A.D.), Hang-
chow became the site of many of these
beautiful gardens. From 1368 to 1644
A.D., the period of the Ming Dynasty,
the greater number of these were cen-
tered in the vicinity of Soochow, the
most beautiful and most prized being
the Liu Yuan, The Lingering Garden.
The Liu Yuan still exists today and is
a “series of courtyards and garden
rooms, dependent on each other and

Another of China’s

prized pleasure gardens, built in Soo-

>

inseparable.’

chow in the year 1342 A. D., was the

Shih Tzu Lin, the Lion Garden. The

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49

Shih Tzu Lin has been described as
“one large rectangle around which
an endless number of charming per-
spectives has been created.’’ These
“charming perspectives” are composed
of picturesque rocks. This particular
garden is the only famous Chinese rock
garden which has survived.

Chinese pleasure gardens deviated
from the idea of extreme simplicity in
garden design, but their luxury was
far surpassed by the imperial gardens,
which were built by each of the im-
perial families after the unification of
the Chinese Empire (third century
B.C.). These imperial gardens com-
bined the basic form, purpose, and
philosophical symbolism of the typical
Chinese garden with magnificence, ex-
travagance, and vastness.

The elite of the Chinese gardens
were clustered about the imperial gar-
den and migrated with it as it moved
from one place to another with each
change of dynasties. This change was
brought about directly by the Chinese
people who marveled at the splendor of
the imperial gardens and delighted in
hearing tales of their magnificence but
revolted against such luxury and ex-
travagance when the oppression of the
ruler and the heavy burden of taxation
could no longer be endured. As a
result of this popular uprising, a new
dynasty would come into power, and
it too would create magnificent gar-
dens at the expense of the people, until
once again revolt would bring another
new dynasty into power. Because of
this sequence of events, it can be said
that “the history of China is the
record of her gardens.”

The imperial gardens reached their

peak during the Ch’ing Dynasty
(1644-1911). They were built north-
west of Peiping and near the foot of
the Western Hills.
most splendid of all the Chinese im-

The largest and

perial gardens was the Yiian Ming
Yuan, built in 1709 by Emperor K’ang
Hsi of the Ch’ing Dynasty. This
fabulous garden was said to have con-
tained literally hundreds of individual
gardens, and it was distinguished from
all others by its air of refinement and
mist of privacy.

In addition to the basic requisites of
a Chinese garden, the Yiian Ming
Yiian possessed a system of canals, a
multitude of buildings, and an abun-
dance of plant life. The canals divided
it in such a way as to create numerous
islands and valleys. These canals were
reported to appear as works of nature
rather than works of human beings.
They were irregular in width and
wound gracefully between the hills.
The rocks which lined the canals were
of various sizes, shapes, and designs
and added to the desired natural effect
The buildings in-

cluded the “dwellings of the numerous

of the structure.

members of the Emperor’s large fam-
ily, ... halls for audience and for
meeting ofhcials, an ancestral shrine,
temples, libraries, theatres, farm build-
ings, ... a drill field for archery con-
tests, a workshop for the artists, boat-
houses, numerous pavilions and
covered porches of various shapes and
sizes.” “These buildings, which were
located on the many islands of the
garden, were connected by a network
of courtyards, covered passageways,
and bridges. Waterfowl swam on the

lakes of the garden, and fish of gold,

50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

silver, and copper lived in the pools.
In addition to the plants commonly
found in Chinese gardens, the Yuan
Ming Yiian was graced with the
beauty of lilies, wu tung trees (Sfer-
culia platanifolia), reeds, and apricot
trees, as well as rice and grain fields.

The combination of all the splendors
of the Yiian Ming Yiian attracted,
among others, Jesuit missionaries who,
in the seventeenth century, aroused
European interest in Chinese gardens
by describing them in their letters. As
a result of this interest which increased
rapidly in the cighteenth century,
Europe’s very stiff and formal style of
gardening gave way to a style greatly
influenced by China. The first person
to introduce the Chinese gardens into
Europe was Sir William Chambers,
who, in 1750-1757, built the first
Chinese garden in England. The new
Chinese-English garden style was grad-
ually carried into France, Germany,
and other parts of Europe.

During the early and middle nine-
teenth century, the power and _ in-
fluence of the Ch’ing Dynasty were
declining, but China haughtily con-
tinued to claim universal authority.
Her attitude and policy of resistance
to foreign demands for trade conces-
sions in China resulted in the French
and British campaign of 1860 against
her. This campaign led to the evacua-
tion and doom of Yiian Ming Yuan.
British and French soldiers looted all
the treasures possible from this im-
perial garden, and the objects which
were too large to be taken were broken
and widely strewn. The remainder
was destroyed by small fires started by
the soldiers.

Finally a truce was made among the
belligerents, and it seemed as though
peace was to be restored; that is, until
the Chinese were discovered treating
the French and British prisoners cruel-
ly under the flag of truce. Upon
receipt of this knowledge, Britain sent
Sir John Michel and his forces to burn
the Yuan Ming Yiian as revenge for
the ill treatment afforded the war
prisoners. These troops carried out
their orders well and went so far as to
burn adjacent gardens and those miles
away.

The destruction of the treasures of
art and literature of the Yiian Ming
Yiian was total, but a few of the ar-
chitectural structures remained stand-
ing. In 1873 a few minor repairs
were made on the remnants of the
garden, but it was kept closed. In
1900 once again the palace garden was
raided, and after that the Yiian Ming
Yiian ceased to exist. Its annihilation
has been an irreplaceable loss, not only
to the Emperor and the people of
China, but to all cultured peoples of
the world.

The dramatic end of the Yuan Ming
Yiian signified the end of a glorious
empire, the remains of which today are
seen faintly in the New Summer
Palace, outside Peiping, which was
built just after the destruction of
Yiian Ming Yiian in the campaign of
1860. The payment of a gate fee
enables a person to visit these palace
grounds today.

In northern China the Sea Palaces
also represent what was at one time the
romantic atmosphere of the long van-
Most of this

ished imperial gardens.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN a1

atmosphere has been lost, due to the
fact that the Sea Palaces have been
converted into recreational areas, open
to the public. Such innovations as
these are absolutely incompatible with
the original Chinese concepts of a
garden.

The sites of many of the old Chinese
palace gardens are now occupied by
modern institutions, such as Tsing
Hua University, Yenching University,
military garrisons, flying fields, an or-

THE GARDENS OF CHINA
EXISTING TODAY
Hangchow—The Gem Spring of the
Dancing Fish, Yu Ts’uan; The Island
of the Three Pcols of the Moon’s Re-
flection; The Monastery cf Pure Com-
passion, Chin Tz’u Szu; The Monas-
tery of Secluded Light, T’ao Kuang;
The Pavilion from Which the Storks
Went Forth; Pavilion of the Lake’s
Heart; The Spirits’ Retreat, Ling Yin

.; The Upper Monastery of India,
Shang T’ien Chu; The Villa of the Liu
Family.

Nanking—Only a few fragments re-
main.

The Black Dragon Pool, Hei
Lung Tang; The Forbidden City; The

Peking

Garden of Smiling Harmony .. . Sum-

mer Palace; many Private Gardens that

phanage, a trade school, hotel, hospital,
and numerous summer cottages.
Although many of the beautiful
Chinese gardens have been destroyed
by wars, the influence of the basic
simplicity, fundamental purpose, and
philosophical symbolism of the Chinese
gardens has enabled us to realize that
a garden is an art to be enjoyed by all
—the people of great wealth as well as
the people with only small areas of land

5

“lying just beyond their windows.’

must be visited by means of letters of
introduction; Monastery of the Or-
dination, Chieh T’ai Ssu; The Peony
Gardens of Tung Hsiao Ssu; Tan Che
Ssu; The Temple of the Azure Cloud,
Pi Yun Ssu; Wo Fu Ssu.
Shanghai—Chang Yuan; Pang Sung
Yuan; The Willow Pattern Bridge
(undoubtedly the central portion of a
Chinese garden); Yu Yuan.
Soochow—The Autumn Garden, He
Yuan; The Forest of Lions, Shih Tze
Lin; Garden of the Anhuei Guild, Hui
Yin Yuan; The Lingering Garden, Liu
Yuan; The Returned Garden, Fu
Yuan; The West Garden of the Hsu
Family ..., Si Yuan; Yi Yuan, on the
site of a Ming garden.
Yangchow—Hsiao Chin Shan; Ping
Shan T’ang.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bayville, L. L., “Far East Influence: Chinese
Garden,” House and Gardens, April, 1949,
94:114.

Graham, Dorothy, Chinese Gardens, New York,
Dodd, Mead and Company, 1938.

Howard, Edwin Laclede, Chinese Garden
Architecture, New York, Macmillan Com-
pany, 1931.

Inn, Henry, Shao Chang Lee, ed., Chinese
Houses end Gardens, New York, Hastings
House, 1950,

Malone, Carroll Brown, History of the Peking
Summer Palaces Under the Ch'ing Dynasty,
The University of Illinois, 1934.

Nichols, R. S., ‘Some Old Chinese Gardens,”
House Beautiful, February, 1927, 61:158.
Peterson, F., “Chinese Gardens,’ Scribner’s
Magazine, September, 1917, 62:383—386.
Phillips, H. A., ‘‘Celestial Gardens Without
Flowers,” House and Gardens, April, 1932,

61:64.

52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL

Powell, Florence Lee, In the Chinese Garden,
New York, The John Day Company, 1943.
Siren, Osvald, Gardens of China, New York,

Ronald Press Company, 1949.

GARDEN BULLETIN

Wilson, Ernest Henry, China, Mother of Gar-
dens, Boston, The Stratford Company, 1929.
Yu-T’ang, Lin, My Country and My People,
New York, The John Day Company, 1935.

BOOK REVIEW

African Violets, Gloxinias and their
relatives: a guide to the cultivated
Gesneriads. By Harold E. Moore, Jr.
Illustrated by Marion Ruff Sheehan.
323 pp., 5 colored plates, 50 line draw-
The Macmillan Co., New York,
Price $10.00.

ings.
1957.
H'" is a book long needed to

straighten out the Gesneriaceae
family.

Part I has chapters telling where the
Gesneriads grow in nature; and how
to handle them under culture—their
propagation, pests, diseases and remedies.

Part II deals with the kinds of Ges-

neriads, of which over 100 are listed,

and includes a key to the cultivated
genera. There are five color plates and
more than 40 line drawings illustrating
nearly every species described, which
will help the grower to identify his
plants.

A guide to pronunciation, the mean-
ing of names and a glossary rounds out
a well written book.

Although written more for the stu-
dent of the Gesneriaceae, it is of more
than passing interest to those who
grow African Violets, Gloxinias and a

few other members of this family.

—Armyn Spies

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 53

HIBISCUS FOR ST. LOUIS GARDENS

| ee

Giana the name Hibiscus in
garden circles and you will find
your listeners will have a wide and
quite divergent idea of the species of
flower to which you refer. Much of
this confusion is due to the fact that
many varieties of Hibiscus syriacus
(the most common species grown in
the St. Louis area) are known popular-
ly as “Shrubby Altheas” thus they are
thought to be in the genus Althea to
which the Hollyhock, another member
of the Mallow family, belongs. More
properly Hibiscus syriacus is known as
the ‘Rose of Sharon.” Few other
species are well-known locally.

The Mallow family (the Malvace-
ae), to which Hibiscus belongs, con-
sists of some thirty-nine genera and
from eight to nine hundred species
distributed over the entire world, with
the exception of the Arctic region.
Tropical Araerica has the largest num-
ber of species growing most abundant-
ly. There are relatively few members
of the family with any commercial
value or importance; of these few, the
best-known are Cotton (Gossy pitti
spp.) and Okra (Hibiscus esculentus).
The Mallows all contain a mucilagi-
nous substance, at one time used in
making confection, and the source of
the name “Marshmallow.” Such spe-
cies as Hibiscus cannabinus of the Old
World tropics contain a fibre used in
making a sort of jute called Indian
Hemp or Bastard jute.

The ornamental Mallows of prom-
inence, in addition to the Rose of

Sharon, are the herbaceous, biennial

EVINGER

&

Ba 3

Hibiscus syriacus “Coelestis”

Hollyhock (Althea rosea) and the
Swamp Rose-Mallow (Hibiscus mos-
cheutos); other new and exciting vari-
eties of such species as the Rose of
China (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) must
be kept in the greenhouse or be pro-
tected during winter.

Members of the Mallow family are
herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate,
simple, and mostly palmately veined or
lobed leaves. The open, bell-shaped
flowers are regular and bisexual, with
five sepals, five petals and numerous
stamens. The family is characterized
by the fusion of the many stamens
into a tube which is often also fused
at the base with the petals and which
encloses the ovary and style, the many
anthers branching off from the surface
of the tube at various levels.

An old name of unknown Greek or
Latin origin, Hipiscus /s now applied
to those Mallows whose seeds are borne

in a five-celled capsule that is dry or

54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

more or less dehiscent (splitting regu-
larly), thus distinguishing Hibiscus
from the genus ALTHEA, whose seeds
are borne in a whorl or disc. The
flowers, often large and showy, are
scarlet, pink, white, yellow or com-
binations of these colors. The calyx is
five-toothed or parted and the bracts
or bracteoles at the base of the flower
or pannicle may be few to maay and
broad or narrow. Anthers are borne
over much of the length of the sta-
minal column. The pistil (most of
which can be seen only by slitting the
staminal column) has a style divided
at the tip into five distinct slender and
spreading branches, and the ovary is
made up of many united carpels which
form the capsule fruit. Seeds are
kidney or bean-shaped and few to
many in each of the five cells.
Hibiscus or Rose-Mallow is a varied
genus, with species widely distributed
in the temperate and tropical countries.
It is made up of herbs, shrubs, or even
small trees. There are between one
hundred fifty and two hundred species,
of which about seven (with several
varieties) are adaptable or have prom-
ise for use in St. Louis gardens. They
are most suitable for border plants or
occasionally as accent groups.
Hibiscus militaris Cav. This species
is an herbaceous perennial, growing
four to six feet high. The leaves are
glabrous or nearly so, dark green, rather
small, hastate (with two short lobes
at the base), the middle lobe ovate-
lanceolate or triangular-lanccolate,
long-acuminate and equally crenate
toothed; the upper leaves are halberd
formed (these spear-shaped leaves give

the plant a military appearance, hence

the name militaris). The bracts or
bracteoles are linear or awl-shaped and
nearly or quite half as long as the
calyx. The flowers are three to five
inches across, white, bluish or pale rose
with a purple eye. The fruit is en-
closed in an inflated calyx; the seeds
are hairy or fuzzy.

This is a hardy, fine species for use
in wet places. No selections or varia-
tions yet named are in the trade.

Hibiscus coce:nius Walt. This is a
perennial herbaceous species that grows
from three to ten feet high and is
known for its large rose-red or crim-
son flowers that are five to six inches
across and borne in the upper leaf axils.
The leaves are digitately or somewhat
pedately three- to five-parted, the
divisions slender, acuminate and_ re-
motely toothed. The bracts or brac-
tioles are very narrow and_ mostly
bristle-shaped, about one inch long,
and shorter than the large ovate-
lanceolate pointed calyx lobes. The
petals are obovate and much narrowed
at the base so that they stand well
apart. The staminal column with the
enclosed style is very long. Fruit cap-
sule is ovoid and about an inch long.

This species is of doubtful hardiness
in the St. Louis region, which is the
northernmost limit of its natural range;
it may need to be carried through the
winter in a cellar or cold-frame. Fur-
ther investigation may find strains of
hardy character for general local use.

Hisbiscus lasiocarpus Cav. — This
plant is a perennial herb, growing to
six feet. It has pubescent stems and
leaves, the leaves are ovate to more or
less cordate and are slightly three-
lobed. The bracteoles are angular and

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 55

bristly. The flowers are white or pale
rose with a darker center. This species
is a native of the swamps from Ken-
tucky westward and south. It is
slightly out of range in this region and
of no special interest.

Hibiscus moscheutos Linn. (H.
palustris Linn.) This is the Swamp
Rose-Mallow, a vigorous- growing, per-
ennial herb reaching eight feet or more.
The stems are hairy or even woolly, the
leaves which are mostly ovate and en-
tire, though sometimes three lobed at
the tip, are crenate-toothed and very
soft-woolly becoming nearly or quite
glabrous on upper surface. The bracts
or bracteoles are linear, nearly or quite
as long as the woolly, triangular-ovate
calyx. Flowers of the Swamp Rose-
Mallow are very large, from four to
even eight inches across, and are light
rose color in the native form. The
fruit capsule is globose-ovoid and
glabrous.

Naturally occurring in marshes, the
Swamp Rose-Mallow is native along
the east coast from Massachusetts to
Florida and westward to Lake Michi-
gan. It can be easily adapted to gar-
den culture, since it does well in wet
or poorly drained spots and thrives in
any good garden soil. This is one of
the best and easiest to cultivate of the
Rose-Mallows; it needs only to be cut
back during the dormant season. The
foliage is sturdy and effective and the
plant blooms in August and September.

The Swamp Rose-Mallow is the most
generally cultivated of the hardy
herbaceous perennial types of Mallows.
Soon after the turn of the century
several varieties of this species appeared

some of which may yet be found in

old gardens. They were, however, not
constant; and obtaining a good strain
seemed a matter of chance. The only
propagation was from crown divisions
—a long and slow process and not
very practical or widely used. Named
varieties now appearing commercially
include: “Anne J. Hemming,” bright
red; “Crimson Eye Rose-Mallow,”
white with red eye; “Clown,” white
with pink veins; “Crimson Wonder,”
bright vermilion red; “Fresno,” silvery
pink, giant size; “Satan,” deep dark
crimson; “Poinsettia,” bright scarlet;
“Avalon,” blush-pink to red. There
is also a grafted form named “Rain-
bow Rose of Sharon” now offered on
the market which has branches bearing
white, red, and blue flowers, separately,
on the same bush.

Hibiscus oculiroscus But. Crimson
Eye Rose-Mallow. This species is often
classified as a variety or form of H.
moscheutos, from which it differs only
by having white flowers with crimson
centers; and in fact it may be the
variety referred to by this name above.

Hibiscus incanus Wendl. This spe-
cies also is much like H. Moscheutos
and sometimes passes for it in the
trade. The leaves are smaller and nar-
rower, ovate-lanceolate, rarely lobed,
and serrate-toothed. The flowers are
sulphur-yellow, pink or white with a
crimson eye. This species seems to be
hardy in our region but may need the
protection of a heavy mulch in winter.

Hibiscus syriacus Linn. The Rose
of Sharon or Shrubby Althea. For
local gardens this species and its vari-
cties are the most interesting and most
promising of the Hibiscus. The Rose

of Sharon is a shrub six to twelve feet

56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

high, sometimes almost tree-like, much
branched and nearly or quite glabrous.
The leaves are rather small, short-
petioled, three ribbed and triangular or
rhombic-ovate. The lower leaves are
mostly three-lobzd with many rounded
teeth or notches. The bracteoles are
linear, six or seven in number and
shorter than the sepals. The flowers,
solitary in the axils on the young wood,
are short-peduncled, somewhat _ bell-
shaped and two or three inches in
width and length. The petals are rose
or purple, usually darker at the base in
the original species.

The exact origin of the Rose of
Sharon is not known. It was intro-
duced into Western Europe before
1600, probably from India or the East-
ern Mediterranean region. It is now
one of the most common ornamental
shrubs and is quite hardy in this area.
A feature of old fashioned gardens
from colonial times, it seemed for a
while to have lost favor to other flow-
ering shrubs, but is now coming into
its own again largely due to the habit
of free-flowering in late summer after
other shrubs have passed their peak of
bloom. Also new varieties are show-
ing great promise and may, in time,
rival these of the already famous
tropical species and varieties of Hibis-
cus. Its culture is easy if it is given a
little protection from sudden freezing
and thawing. This can be done by plac-
ing the plant away from an extreme
northern exposure and by mulching.
Little pruning is required.

Listed below are the old and some of
the new improved varieties of Rose of

Sharon now being offered. They differ

from one another largely in the size
and color of the flowers and by the
leaf varigations, (Asterisk indicates
plants which may be seen growing in
a Hibiscus planting in the knolls in
the Missouri Botanical Garden, al-
though some of the varieties are yet
quite small and cannot be cbserved in

flower this season. )

“Anemone flora’, flowers double pink

“Ardens’*, flowers double violet or
purple

“Admiral Dewey”, pure white double

“Banner”, bluish, double

“Boule de Feu’”’*

“Celestial Blue”*, light blue

“Coelestis’’*, purplish blue

“Crimson wonder”, deep, dark red or
crimson

“Flora plena’’, double white

“Foliavarigata’’*, variegated leaves

“Grandiflorus superbus”’, large pink

“Jean de Arc”’*, double white

“Hamabo”, pale bluish with large
carmen blotch at the base of petal

“Lady Stanley”, white-shaded rose,
double

“Lucy”*, double bright red

““Monstrosus’’, double red

“Paenoflorum”*, double pink

“Pulcherima’’*, pink and white

“Purpurea semiplena”*, double purple
or bluish

“Rosea”’, white crimson eye

“Rubis’’, red

“W.R. Smith”*, pure white

“Speciosa plena”, double, pinkish-
striped or blotched with deep rose

“Totus albus” *, pure white

“Woodbridge”*, clear rose-pink to red

“White red-eye’*, white with red

center.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 57

RESEARCH IN BREEDING TROPICAL WATER LILIES

GEORGE

é lee successful introduction of the
yellow day-blooming tropical
water lily, Nymphaca Burttii (Annals
of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol.
20, 1933), opened up an entirely new
field in water lily breeding for the
writer. Nymphaca Burttii was intro-
duced into cultivation by the Garden
in 1929 from seeds sent by Mr. B. D.
Burtt, botanist for the Tsetse Research
Burcau, Kondoa, Tanganyika. Several
hybrids, derived from Burttii, have
been introduced into the commercial
trade and amateur collections. These
include: “Saint Louis,” 1932; ‘‘Yel-
low Star,” 1932; ‘African Gold,”
1941; and “Sunbeam,” 1941. The
latter is a viviparous type, producing
young plants from the center of the
fully developed leaves.

The parent species, N. Burttii, un-
fortunately is a very poor propagator
from tubers; although tubers are
formed they fail to grow into young
plants. This defect did not show up in
the first generation hybrid, ‘‘Saint
Louis”; but it definitely did in the
later hybrids produced from it.

To obtain a hybrid with a deeper
yellow, the good propagator, N. “Saint
Louis,” was selected to back-cross to
N. Burttii. The result was an excel-
lent dark-yellow hybrid, named N.
“African Gold,’ which was, however,
a poor propagator from tubers and was
also sterile. The commercial growers
were disappointed in the poor repro-
ductive qualities inherited from the
parent N. Burftii, and hoped that
future research would produce a good,
dark yellow which they could propa-

. PRING

gate annually. From the amateurs the
request was: ‘You have originated
many large hybrid water lilies in varied
colors suitable for large pools. Why
don’t you develop small water lilies to
fit our small pools?”

I accepted the challenge and visited
the Kew herbarium in England the
following year, 1948, to search through
the water lily collections. Tropical
pygmy water lilies had not been intro-
duced into cultivation; however, two
(Nymphaea sul-
Heudelotii,

perfect specimens
furea, yellow; and N.
white-shaded, pale blue), were found
and studied. Both of these species pre-
sented the opportunity for research in
breeding smaller water lilies. Dr. H.
S. Conard, an authority on water lilies,
writing of the tender day-blooming
kinds, states:

“There are two treasures awaiting
introduction and which promise great
things. Africa hides in its vast in-
terior two yellow tender species allied
to the present blues and whites. One
has excellent double flowers six or
seven inches across—N ym phaea Stuhl-
The other, Nymphaca sul-
phurea, is a pigmy with flowers and

mannii,

leaves two to three inches in diameter.
Aside from their individual attraction,
think what a future they offer for
hybridization! It is earnestly hoped
that they will not long be absent in
our gardens.”

Twenty-five years later on August
30, 1949, through the efforts of Mr.
Robert Trickett of Kew, a tuber of N.
sulfurea collected by Mr. P. J. Green-

way in Northern Rhodesia, was_ re-

58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ceived at the Garden. Despite its
dehydrated condition upon arrival, the
tuber was successfully grown in a half-
barrel and it flowered the summer of
1950. On February 7, 1950, seeds
of N. Heudelotii collected by Mr. R.
D. Meikle of Kew Gardens while on
a visit to Nigeria, arrived from Mr.
Trickett. Upon arrival the seeds
were immediately sown in pans and
placed in the propagating tanks in
the greenhouse. Excellent germination
soon appeared, the first flowering
plant being grown in a_ half-barrel.
To increase the stock, self pollinations
were made the first season for seed
production. Again the Garden is
credited with being the first to intro-
duce new species of Nymphaea into
cultivation (Missouri Botanical Gar-
den Bulletin, 1951).

Experience has proved that the
breeder of water lilies is limited to in-
tercrossing within sub-groups of the
Nymphaceae; for example, the hardy
pygmy water lilies, N. fetragona
(white), and the hybrids “helvola”
(yellow), and “Jo-Ann Pring” (pink),
belong to the Castalia group which are
not compatible with the recently intro-
duced pygmies of the Brachyceras
group. To produce new tropical pyg-
my water lilies in varied colors will
necessitate a long-range breeding pro-
gram, since only large-flowering types
are available for pollination with the
tropical pygmies.

During August 1951 the writer
started pollinations between N. Heu-
delotii and N. colorata which resulted
in a medium-sized, pale blue hybrid
named “‘Bluet.” It is a very poor

propagator that is almost sterile and

consequently of botanical interest only.
N. su!furea crossed with N. “African
Gold” produced a medium-sized dark
yellow hybrid, N. ‘Saint Louis Gold,”
with all the floral characters of N.
sulfurea. With several seasons testing
it has preved to be a desirable hybrid
tor small pools and is as well a free-
flowering lily during the early spring
in the greenhouse, particularly in small
pots. N. “Saint Louis Gold” is now
listed in the commercial catalogs as
suitable for small pools.

A cross between N. sulfurea and N.
“Saint Louis” has produced a yellow
hybrid which satisfies the connoisseur
and is now in the trade catalogs for
distribution. It is named in memory of
Lt. R. Bradford Pring, a pilot in World
War Il. It possesses hybrid vigor, is
an excellent propagator from bulbs (a
characteristic from its ancestor, N.
“Saint Louis”), and it is viviparous
and very fertile. N. sulfurea has in-
fluenced beth its color and fertility.
N. “Aviator Pring” is a very good
indoor winter-flowering hybrid.

Frequently amateurs will ask how
Jong it will take before a new lily is
originated and distributed. For ex-
ample, in the production of “Aviator
Pring” and “Saint Louis Gold’ the
pollinations for the crosses were made
in August 1952. The hybrids flowered
the following year. Both hybrids were
distributed for sale in 1957. The in-
tervening period was necessary for a
series of tests to ascertain the abilities
of reproduction from tubers and for
the production of sufficient stock for
distribution. Hybrids that are vivip-
arous producing piggy-back plants are

assured of speedy reproduction.

MISSOURI BOTANIC

P
N

<x NYMPHAEA “AVIATOR

N. capensis zanzibariensis
f. rosea Q

N. capensis zanzibariensis cv. castaliiflora 4

0

N. ovalifo'ia
|

. “Mrs. George H. Pring”

AL GARDEN BULLETIN

RING” (BRACHYCERAS), PRING

. capensis zanzibariensis
f. rosea
,

oO
+

N. oval folia

N. “Mrs. Edwards Whitaker”

N. Burttii

A

2

N. sulfurea 9

N. “Aviator Pring

Hybrid vigor is shown up in this
new primrose yellow hybrid. This is
the first yellow variety that meets all

the requirements of the grower. It is

SEPAL PETALS

Nymphaea “Aviator Pring”.
i g

Description—F lowers 9-10 inches
across; bud narrowly ovoid, pale green;
peduncle 4,
oblong, hooded at the apex,
wide, 5 inches long, outer surface pale

brown; — sepals ovate-

4
=

inches

green, primrose yellow within; petals
40-42, primrose yellow, 4 rows, outer-

N. “St. Louis” 4

”

a good propagator and is occasionally
viviparous. This variety has exceeded
all expectations regarding size of a

flower.

|

STAMENS

About 4 natural size. (See Cover.)

4,

inches long, 1 inch wide, occasionally

most row lanceolate, obtuse,
suffused with green as in the sepals;
stamens 265-270, 7 rows, outermost
row 2 inches long, °,¢ inches at the
spatulate base, pale yellow at the apex,

golden yellow toward the base; carpel-

60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

lary styles 33-36, primrose yellow,
stigma concave, lemon chrome, slight-
ly darker than the base of the stamens;
seed pod 2—3 inches in diameter; leaves

orbicular, 14-16 inches diameter, pale
NYMPHAEA “SAINT LOUIS
N. Burtii 9°

N. “African Gold”

SEPAL PETALS
Nymphaea “St. Louis Gold”.
Description—Flowers 7-8 inches
across; bud narrowly ovoid, dark

green; peduncle brown; sepals 4, ovate-
oblong, hooded at the apex, 1% inches
wide, 4 inches long, outer surface dark
green, within citron yellow; petals 20-
22, citron yellow, comprising 3 rows,
outermost row lanceolate, obtuse 334,
inches long, 1 inch wide; stamens 115—
120, 6 rows, outermost row 134 inches
long, 5; inch at the spatulate base,
primuline yellow; carpellary styles in-
curved, primuline yellow; stigma con-
cave, primuline yellow; seed pod 1'14-
2 inches in diameter; leaves, orbicular,
10-12 inches in diameter, dark green,
chocolate above,

marmorated with

margins wavy or undulated, below

GOLD” (BRACHYCERAS),

green above, below dark blue to violet,
veins green, margins wavy or undu-
lated, viviparous at the insertion of the
petiole, brown, sinuses open. (Ridg-

way color standard used. )

PRING

N. “Saint Louis”

N. Sulfurea 9
|

N. “Saint Louis Gold”

I

STAMENS

About !4 natural size.

dark green, flushed pale blue, venation

green, petiole brown, sinuses open.
(Ridgeway color standard used.)

A medium sized lily producing
citron yellow flowers 7 to 8 inches
across. Leaves 10 to 12 inches across
are dark green flushed with chocolate
brown fading green with age. Suit-

able for small pools.

Nymphaea “St. Louis Gold”

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

ROBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, President Henry HitrcHcock

LeicesTER B. Faust, Vice-President JOHN S. LEHMANN

Henry B. Prracer, Second Vice-President RicHarD J. Lockwoop

DaNIEL -K. CaTLIN Rospert W. Orro

DupLeY FRENCH WarRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

ETHAN A. H. SHEPLEY, JaMEs McCCaAFFERY
Chancellor of Washington University President_of the Board of Education
ARTHUR C. LICHTENBERGER, ad aa

Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri Sreareonn: Len MORTON
’

RayMOND R. TUCKER, President of the Academy of Science
Mayor of the City of St. Louis of St. Louis

Secretary
Oscar E, GLAESSNER

THE HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL

Clifford W. Benson, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, Hugh C. Cutler, Robert E. Goetz,
Paul Hale, Mrs. W. Warren Kirkbride, Mrs. Hazel Knapp, Emmet J. Layton,
John S. Lehmann, Francis McMath, D. O’Gorman, Robert W. Otto, G. W.
Pennewill, W. F. Scott, Robert Waln, Harold E. Wolfe, E. G. Cherbonnier,

Chairman.

STAFF
Pin oh Gy Cit eit st fai et oc Meh te eg a ee eh Acting Director
BdgarAndersontcc fe. oe ND readies 2, Ta ee eae res Curator of Useful Plants
Elen ny (Nier ANC PEWS ceo. ete Os oe cada Ps. sl es ee ee Paleobotanist
Evelyne Barbou tcc ie.) cones e ee A a: Research Assistant and Editor of BULLETIN
GlarencemBarb rents rs tack dee ci ss te es Mme eee cee Instructor
Louis G. Brenner Arborist and Grounds Superintendent
EadislausCutake eros tee Ors Horticulturist and Greenhouse Superintendent
(GEMS {oy ll kbp’ ame B Yo fq. Soegteasts co ene Na oe aS See a eS N ERE ORE en Pte ee OE Mycologist
Robert Dressers S22 tx Nis eee tat ee be tS Taxonomist and Editor of ANNALS
Hoye tot) © ial 0). comme arenes eda EE ER ane ney ey ans aerate ne ee PRI Research Associate
Bee LR vin pere.ver eee tee Horticulturist in charge of Experimental Greenhouse
Riobert:)iy.Gillespien arse eee een nea .In charge of Orchids
@scarahe Glacss ie rece fee oe nee a Se Bee en acces eee Controller
Patil mA ek Wo tyler tae 2 a ci LOH. 2 Sn hes eee Sak ees Se Floriculturist
| Dh vat eaX feted fered Ge: id 05 » Proms Pear eed one ASP en eer 8 on PAAR NSB nt eeU nnn Vere eae! Landscape Architect
Viktor Muehlenbacl sett cree. sree test Aca oc ccty tans dec es ereaet oes eaveeneet eee Research Associate
Keenmeths@ Pec rere ears na New sn dead scandens eee In charge of Visitors’ Activities
Isabella bowel lee steht Me ean cee hae BS cle re Friends of the Garden Secretary
Ger rey el cue Ruri tere oes ic AN Soe oho aaa Sug te ceases Ucapaveaussuccased Aaeseeeaeneee Superintendent
Kenneth A. Smith......0............ BNA TORMENT einer reer Engineer
lta Ae SCO Verena Se a aa se dese oasvenselecdovaestases Mowe Ne Research Associate
Frank Steinberg.................:0ccsssccceccneeseees Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
George Bi Van Schaack..h.220 oso ocicc. uc cacansncanenctnacercoce¥occee Acting Curator of Herbarium
TirikOmeVOnes Gil CM Kress a25 oys2es se <c25-c2s! capaaceaesancweccss sca -seats Associate Curator of the Museum

Robert E. Woodson, Jr.....--..-------:--:---- ee hort ccpscactia tate cee dae esa Senior Taxonomist

SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden (the official name chosen by
Mr. Shaw) carries on the garden established by Henry Shaw
over a century ago at Tower Grove, his country home. It is
a private institution and has no support from city or state. The
old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the
Museum, the Mausoleum, and the TowErR Grove mansion all
date from Mr. Shaw’s time. Since his death, as directed in his
will, the Garden has been in the hands of a Board of Trustees

who appoint the Director.

The Garden is open every day in the year (except New
Year’s and Christmas) from nine A. M. until seven P. M. spring
to fall and until six in the winter time though the green-
houses close at five. Tower Grove, itself, Mr. Shaw’s old
country home, is open from one until four, admission twenty-
five cents, with special guides. The Garden is nearly a mile long
and has several entrances. The Main Entrance, the one most
used by the general public, is at Tower Grove and Flora Place
on the Sarah bus line (No. 42). The Park Southhampton buses
(No. 80), direct from downtown, pass within three blocks
of this entrance and stop directly across the street from the
Administration Building at 2315 Tower Grove Avenue. The
latter is the best entrance for students, visiting scientists, etc.
It is open to such visitors after 8:30 A.M., but is closed on
Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. The step-in gate (more or less
concealed by the big Cleveland Ave. gate, 2221 Tower Grove)
is nearly always open, and there is a service entrance on Alfred

Avenue, one block south of Shaw Avenue.

Since Mr. Shaw’s time an Arboretum has been developed at
Gray Summit, Mo., adjacent to State Highways 50 and 66. It
is open every day in the year and has auto roads as well as foot
trails through the wild-flower reservation. There is a pinetum
and an extensive display of daffodils and other narcissi which are

at their best in April.

Volume XLV |

u Ile fia September, 1958

Number 5

CONTENTS

Inexpensive Beauty

The Silver Nut Tree, “Yin Kou-Tze”’
Euonymous Alatus, A Good Shrub for St. Louis
New Plant Introductions for 1958
Hedge Apples Kepell Bugs

“Botany Evening”’
Treating Bark Wounds by Wrepping
Fifth Annual Systematics Symposium
Horticultural Courses at the Garden

Notes
‘all Events

Cover: Nyssa sylvatica, commonly known as Tupelo or Sour Gum, a tree which
stands at the southwestern edge of the lake in the North American Tract of the
Garden. It becomes the most conspicuous specimen in the Garden in early October
when the dark, lustrous green leaves, not unlike those of Magnolia grandiflora but
smaller and less leathery, change to a brilliant crimson. Tupelo Pool was the name
given the lake in a general plan of the Missouri Botanical Garden prepared by the
Olmsted Brothers, landscape architects of Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1905. Plants
were set out in the North American Tract in the early 1900’s according to a synoptical
plan following the Bentham and Hooker sequence of families and presumably this tree
was planted at that time. Allowing several years for the juvenile stage before being
transplanted to its permanent location, it must be almost sixty years old.

Anyone wanting a striking, colorful tree, rivaling a hard maple or a yellow Shag-
bark Hickory for autumn color, might try a Tupelo. It is well to remember that this
tree does best in a moist situation and is dithcult to transplant, so should be handled

carefully—Paul A. Kohl (Photo by Paul A. Kohl)

Oflice of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.

Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri.

Published February, March, April, June, September, and November by the Board of
Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $2.50 a year.

Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-ofhce at Galesburg, Illinois,
under Act of March 3, 1879.

Missouri Botanical Garden
Bulletin

Vol. XLVI No. 5

SEPTEMBER, 1958

INEXPENSIVE BEAUTY

W. F. SCOTT, Jr.

|e year a few dollars of the
gardener’s budget should be set
aside for new plants, exciting things
to renew enthusiasm and improve
judgment. The daffodil collection is
sometimes the last to receive this
“modernizing,” and_ since this is the
time to buy and plant daffodils, let’s
give them some thought.

New daffodil varieties do not need
to be expensive. It is a challenge to
seek out the unusual, and yet find it
at a low price. We will try to do just
that, find varieties which are “new” in
the sense that nine out of ten casual
daffodil growers do not own them, yet
which have been on the market long
enough to bring the price below two
we are look-

dollars. And remember
ing for ribbon-winners!

Of the yellow trumpet daffodils
(class la), few can equal KiNGscourt.
It is outstanding, and for ten con-
secutive years it won “best yellow
trumpet in show” at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society (RHS). Nearly its
equal, and preferred by some, are
CROMARTY and MiILaNion. You
could not go wrong on any of these.

TROUSSEAU is an exquisite bi-color
trumpet (class 1b) which has received
high honors all over the world. The

perianth is pure white. The trumpet
opens a soft yellow, which passes to
rosy cream. Other good choices in
this class are CONTENT and Spirz-
BERGEN.

From the long list of fine white
trumpet daffodils (class 1c), two
stand out from all others. They
are BROUGHSHANE and CANTATRICE.
These should be in every daffodil col-
lection, for they are lovely, and they
are ribbon-winners in any show.

Class 1d must be omitted from this
search, for it is a new one and contains
very few varieties, most of which are
exceedingly high priced. These are
the reverse bi-color trumpets. If you
feel you just must have one, and are
willing to pay $3.00 per bulb, SpeLt-
BINDER is your choice. It is a flower
which enchants everyone who sees it.

In class 2a (yellow perianth, large
colored cup), GoLDEN TorRCH is an
ideal choice and quite reasonable in
price. Class 2b (white perianth, large
colored cup) contains two excellent
varieties of high quality and low price:
Coverack PERFECTION and Rep
Hackie. Buy both if you can; but
if a choice must be made, Coverack
PERFECTION might be preferred.

After the shock of the brightly

(61)

62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

colored cups found in classes 2a and 2b
wears off, you will find lasting satis-
faction in the glistening purity of the
all-white class 2c. In this class,
KILLALOE is a sure ribbon winner, and
Lup.ow is close behind.

Class 2d contains one such utterly
charming variety that it deserves
special mention. This is BINKiE, and
it will captivate you immediately.
When the flower first opens, it is en-
tirely a most unusual sulphur yellow.
The crown soon passes to a lighter
shade, which becomes almost white as
the flower ages. The flowers, though
not of extremely large size, are very
well proportioned and perfectly bal-
anced to the stem height. This is a
most unusual daffodil.

In class 3a (yellow perianth, small
colored cup) there are very few
varieties available. CHUNGKING is a
sound choice, at a reasonable price.
There are no real show-stoppers in this
class.

MauHMoub is your choice for class
3b (white perianth, small colored cup)
for it is probably the best of the red-
and-white varieties. The almost flat
crown is a glowing ruby red, against a
snow white perianth. LIMerIck is an
excellent second selection.

The last class of large-flowered hy-
brids is 3c (all white, with small cup)
and the outstanding selection here is
CUSHENDALL, which has won_ the
Award of Merit of the RHS. The
very shallow crown is delicately cream
colored on the frilly edge, and the
center is a lovely moss green.

Other RHS Daffodil classes include
the Doubles, Triandus hybrids, Cycla-
mineus hybrids, Jonquils, and all the

other small and very interesting forms
and species. These are for the lovers
of the small and unusual, or for the
specialist. Some of them do wonder-
fully well here. Others, like the deli-
cately scented Jonguilla simplex, are
at the edge of their natural climate
and fail to prosper.

All of the large-flowered hybrids we
have discussed have been grown in St.
Louis several years, and will flourish in
this climate. This is an important
feature, for some of the large-flowered
beauties do not take kindly to our
winters, and succumb in one or two
years.

Buy a few new things each year, to
bring your collection up to date.
Otherwise, your judgment of what is
good in daffodils suffers considerably.
You must have an ever-new standard
of comparison. Get only one, or two,
but get the best you can afford in the
class. The cheapest is almost never an
investment. The best nearly always is.

Were To Buy? There are many
dealers, and you may have your favor-
ite. Some of our local gardeners may
have small quantities of surplus bulbs
to sell or trade, and you may save
money by asking questions. Of the
large growers, Grant E. Mitsch, Can-
by, Oregon, is the largest domestic
breeder and grower of daffodils. He
issues a lovely catalog. P. DeJaeger &
Sons, South Hamilton, Massachusetts,
import bulbs from their nurseries in
Holland, and issue a regular catalog.
These are the two most important
domestic sources and in their catalogs
you should be able to locate almost

any variety you wish.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 63

NEW PLANT INTRODUCTIONS FOR 1958

| igs Garden has received this year
some 150 new plants for intro-
duction into the outdoor collections.
Of these, the greatest number have
come from the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture Plant Introduc-
tion Station, Glendale, Maryland. The
plants were received in the form of
seed, cuttings and small plants. Most
of them are now growing in cans and
in the cold frames awaiting the fall
and spring planting season for incor-
poration into the Garden. A_ new,
over-all landscape design for the entire
Garden is being planned. This will
first require a mapping-listing of all
plants to give a better idea of what is
already here and to serve as a guide
for replacements and new accessions.
Then will follow a revision of existing
plantings.

Listed below are some of the more
noteworthy plants received.
BARBERRIES—

Berberis aggregata from the Morris
Arboretum.

B. fendleri from the Denver Botanic
Garden.

B. Diaphana, B. dictyoneura, B. Gil-
giana, B. koreana, B. Poireti, and B.
virescens from the Botanic Garden of
Smith College.

B. Thunbergii var. vermilion from
the U.S.D.A.

Docwoop—

Cornus florida “Cherokee Chief” a
red variety from Mr. Clarence Barbre
of Webster Groves.
Ho.tiies—

Ilex hanceana, 1. mutchagara, I.
rotunda, I. sugeroki, from the U.S.

D.A

I. opaca ‘““Fosteri” from Mrs. Martin
Lammert III], St. Louis, Missouri.

I. aquifolium “Dumbarton Oaks”
from Dumbarton Oaks estate in Wash-
ington, D, C.

I. opaca “East Palatka’? and the
hybrid, I. cassine & I. opaca “Teas
Holly” from Mr. Clarence Barbre.
LEGUMES—

Albizzia Julibrissin, Mimosa Tree, a
new strain having very red flowers,
from Mr. Thomas C. Crannage of
Belleville, Illinois.

Laburnum vossi, Golden Chain Tree,
from Mr. Clarence Barbre.

MAHOGAN Y—

Cedrela odorata, West-Indian- or
Spanish-Cedar, from Brisbane Botanic
Gardens, Australia. (A relative of the
Mahogany tree important to com-
merce. )

Lity—

Ophiopogon japonicus, Lily-Turf,
from Semmes Nurseries, Semmes, Ala-
bama. <A ground-cover, the hardiness
of which has not yet been proved in
this area, now planted in the Mauso-
leum grounds,

MAHONIAS—

Mahonia lomarifolia from the U.S.
DA

M. bealii from Mr. Clarence Barbre.

M. pinnata from Mr. Harvey Tem-
pleton of Winchester, Tennessee.
MaLLows—

Hibiscus “Anne J.
Hemming,” a large, bright red form
of the Rose Mallow, from Eastern

Moscheutos

Shore Nurseries, Easton, Maryland.
This plant is already well established in
the Hibiscus collection in the middle
knoll of the Garden.

64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Hibiscus coccineus, a hardy strain,
having grown in St. Louis for the past
twenty years, with bright red flowers,
from Mr. Claude L. Matthews, Ladue,
Missourt.

VIBURNUMS—

Viburnum macroce phalum var. ster-
ile and V. judii from Mr. Harvey
Templeton.

—E.L.E.

TREATING BARK WOUNDS BY WRAPPING

HE loss of large sections of bark

from tree trunks through auto-
mobile collision or other accidents is
quite common. The conventional
method of treating such wounds con-
sists of cutting away the loosened bark
and applying wound dressing materials
to the exposed wood. The wound then
heals through the formation of callus
growth along the edges of the injury;
usually this is a long slow process.

An entirely different method of
treatment is suggested in a successful
experiment made by Andrew T. Leiser
of the Department of Floriculture and
Ornamental Horticulture, University
In this
case, the bark was completely stripped
from the trunk of a Chinese elm from
the ground upward for a distance of

of California, Los Angeles.

about 41% feet. Upon discovery some
28 hours after the injury occurred,
the loosened bark was removed and the
trunk wet down with tap. water.
Then the injury was wrapped with
two layers of polyethylene film. The

wrapping was not sealed along the
edges, but was tied with cord at the
top, middle and bottom. The injury
occurred in June; by the following
October new bark had formed directly
on the sapwood and, with the excep-
tion of a few relatively small areas,
the wound was covered with this new
bark.

The interesting feature of this in-
cident is that new bark developed, not
through callus growth along the edges
of the wound, but through continued
activity of the cambium layer over the
sapwood as a result of the protection
provided by the polyethylene film.
Some cases of similar wound healing
have been reported when the injury
was shaded either naturally or by bur-
lap screens. When wounds are treated
by shading or wrapping, it appears es-
sential that treatment must be made
before the cambium layer is killed by
the drying effects of long exposure
to air.

—Reprinted from the Shade Tree Digest,
July 1958.

HEDGE APPLES REPELL BUGS

HE hedge apple, the large, green,
ball-like fruit of the Osage Or-
ange tree, Maclura pomifera, is gaining

a reputation as an insect repellant. To

quote an American Nurseryman writ-
er, “One green fruit, hedge ball, Osage
orange, Osage apple or whatever you

want to call it, placed in a room

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 65

infested with roaches and waterbugs,
will drive the creatures out in a few
hours,” and he further states that
such use was discovered by chemists
at the University of Alabama.

In recent years there have been a
number cf reports of the effective use
of hedge apples as a roach and water-

bug exterminator. Mr. Pring as well
as others at the Garden attest that a
few hedge apples in the basement and
closets have positive results.

Hedge apples drop throughout the
fall and winter and the many trees
at the Garden usually are quite

productive.

THE SILVER NUT TREE, “YIN KOU-TZU”

we it is not generally known,
the seed of the Ginkgo when
roasted is quite edible. In fact the
name Ginkgo comes from the Japanese
rendering of the old Chinese name
“Yin kou-tzu’ meaning silver nut
tree. It is also referred to as the white
nut tree. The seeds, denuded of their
offensive pulp and washed, are a pure
white. Roasted “Silver Nuts” are
eaten by Orientals at banquets, wed-
dings and other gatherings, being
supposed to promote digestion and
diminish the effect of wine. They can
be found for sale in most market
towns in China and Japan. Also you
will find them in the Chinatown mar-
kets in such cities as San Francisco,
Los Angeles and New York. The
Ginkgo trees in the Garden or more
accurately the female of the species
are extraordinarily heavily laden with
fruit this season, due, no doubt, to
very favorable weather conditions.
The branches are so burdened they are
breaking with the slightest touch or
movement by the wind.

The Ginkgo tree in modern times
reportedly is known to occur as a nat-
ural forest tree in a single area in
China, being usually a tree planted by
man for religious purposes or as an

ornamental. For this reason the wood
is seldom or little used commercially.
The wood is white or yellowish-white
and is not differentiated into heart-
wood and sapwood; it is finely grained,
quite like White Pine (Pinus strobus) ;
it is easily worked but is of no great
value. To a limited degree it is used
in Japan as ground work for lacquer
ware and for making chess boards and
chess men.

The Gingko is first and foremost an
ornamental tree of distinct Oriental or
While long

a revered tree in Oriental Gardens and

patriarchal appearance.

religious places, it has only in recent
years found wide acceptance in Europe
and America; the outstanding objec-
tion being the foul-smelling fruits
borne on the female trees. However,
male trees may now be propagated
vegetatively for assurance of male
trees for planting.

Trees of stately beauty at any time,
Ginkgos are especially handsome in the
fall, coloring to a rich golden yellow;
and when in group plantings as along
Flora Place, in the Garden and in near-
by Tower Grove Park they are most
striking in the autumn landscape.

—E.L.E.

66

MISSOURI BOTANICAI

GARDEN

BULLETIN

25.

the fifth annual symposium will be held October

Museum where

1

56 systematics symposium participants at the

195

The

Frederick Meyer)

(Photo by Dr.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL Se LM Fs aw 67

EUONY MOUS ALATUS, A GOOD SHRUB FOR ST. LOUIS

NE of the most dependable of
O shrubs is the Cork-barked or
Winged Euonymous, Exonymous ala-
tus, which has funny little winged
ridges along the sides of the twigs and
branches. Whether the summer be
wet or dry, the frost early or late,
Euonymous alatus always colors a deep
pinkish red and holds at least some of
its bright color long after other
shrubs are bare and brown. The Tar-
tarian Maple, by comparison, though
more brilliant, holds its leaves only for
a few days, frost or no frost, and does
not give effective color to the garden
for more than a fortnight at the very
mest. Ina protected spot, with Exon-
ymous alatus it is frequently almost a
month before the very last of the

leaves have fallen. Last year, for in-

stance, in spite of several frosts and
one or two hard freezes it was bright
and attractive during the first week of
December.

In general, it is a good all-round
shrub for St. Louis. The corky ridges
on the twigs make it interesting in the
winter landscape. When brought into
the house, winter twigs are readily
forced into leaf and make unusual
table and window sill arrangements
for some weeks. It is a shrub that does
well in full sun or in light shade, pass-
ably well in quite deep shade; and it is
readily available from most nurseries.
The flowers are greenish and incon-
spicuous, the fruits, though bright, are
small; but the rich deep red of its
autumn leaves, year after year, makes
it a fine shrub to live with.

—E. A.

PIFIO: ANNUAL SYSTEMATICS: SYMPOSIUM

r SHE fifth annual symposium on

systematics is to be held at the
Garden on October 24 and 25. This
symposium brings together botanists
and zoologists, principally from the
Central United States, to discuss prob-
lems of classification and evolution.
This year the effects of Man’s activ-
ities on these fields will be considered.
Dr. Edgar Anderson of the Garden
and Dr. Robert Usinger, University of
California, Berkeley, will serve as
chairmen. Following is a list of speak-
ers and the papers they will present for
discussion:
Dr. F. R. Fosberg, Pacific Vegeta-
tion Project, “Man’s Activities as a
Dispersal Agent.”

Dr. Robert R. Miller, University of
Michigan, “Man and the Changing
Fish Fauna of the American West.”

Dr. H. H. Ross, HUlinois Natural
History Survey, “The Potential Effects
of Man’s Activities on the Insects.”

Dr. Jonathan Sauer, University of
Wisconsin, ‘““Man’s Effect on Tax-
cnomic Discontinuities in Plants.”

Dr. G. Ledyard Stebbins, University
of California, Davis, ‘“‘Habitat Dis-
turbance by Man as an Accelerating
Factor in Plant Evolution.”

The Symposium is in part supported
by a grant from the National Science
Foundation. Last year the meeting
was attended by nearly 200 profes-
sional biologists and students.

68 voninen omen nn ICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

HORTICULTURAL COURSES AT THE GARDEN
1958-1959

Course I—BuLB FORCING

Instructor: Mr. Clarence Barbre

HE course consists of one meeting
¥ which instruction will be given
in bulb forcing and outdoor bulb cul-
ture, followed by a practice period in
which each student will plant, in five
7-inch bulb pans, at least 24 top-
quality bulbs—tulips, Narcissi (daffo-
dils and paper-whites), and hyacinths.
These will be kept in the Garden bulb
pit under cold treatment and in the
greenhouses until ready to flower
(total of 60-80 days). Each student
will be notified when to call for the
bulbs. This course is intended pri-
marily for those having no previous

instruction in bulb forcing.

Five sections are offered:

Section 1, Tuesday, October 14,
7:00-9:30 P.M.

Section 2, Thursday, October 16,
9:00-11:30 A.M.

Section 3, Friday, October 17, 1:00
—3:30 P. M.

Section 4, Tuesday, October 21,
9:00-11:30 A. M.

Section 5, Wednesday, October 22,
1:00-3:30 P.M.

Registration: September 8 through
October 8. Fee: $8.00.

Course is given in the Experimental
Greenhouse, Missouri Botanical Gar-
den (Enter Cleveland Avenue gate,
2221 Tower Grove Avenue).

Course II—PLANT PROPAGATION

Instructor: ‘Mr. Clarence Barbre

Again there will be two divisions
(A and B) of the Plant Propagation
Course. In each division the class will
meet twice for a lecture-discussion
session followed by a student-practice
session. The general objectives of both
divisions are the same. Propagation
methods, tools, and techniques to con-
form to the needs of the plant material
used will be discussed, thus giving the
student understanding and_ skill in
production and care of plants suitable
for the home grounds. One plastic-
covered propagating box and approx-
imately 40-50 kinds of plants will be
provided per student. The lecturer
will discuss methods of vegetative

propagation: root cuttings, suckers,

divisions, hard and soft wood stem
cuttings, leaf, bud and scale propaga-
tion.

Division A: The student practice
will emphasize soft wood propagation
of evergreens, principally broad-leaved,
such as holly, ivy, azaleas, Euonymous,
etc. Some attention will be given to
winter care and propagation of house
plants.

Four sections are offered:

Section I, Mondays, September 22
and 29, 1:00-3:30 P. M.

Section II, Tuesdays, September 23
and 30, 7:30—10:00 P. M.

Section III, Thursdays, September
25 and October 2, 9:30—12:00 Noon.

Section IV, Fridays, September 26

MISSOURI BOTANICAL

and October 3, 1:00-3:30 P. M.

Registration: August 18 through
September 18.

Division B: The student practice
will emphasize propagation of house
Dieffen-
Some at-

plants, such as
bachias, Philodendrons, etc.

Begonias,

tention will also be given hard wood
cuttings.
Four sections are offered:

Section I, Mondays, January 12 and
19, 1959, 1:00-3:30 P. M.

Course II[I—Sprinc

GARDEN BULLETIN 69

Section II, Tuesdays, January 13
and 20, 1959, 7:30—-10:00 P. M.

Section III, Thursdays, January 15
and 22, 1959, 9:30-12:00 Noon.

Section IV, Fridays, January 16 and
23, 1959, 1:00-3:30 P. M.

Registration: December 7 through
January 7.

Fee: $12.00 each division.

The course is given in the Experi-
mental Greenhouse, Missouri Botanical
Garden (Enter Cleveland Avenue gate,
2221 Tower Grove Avenue).

HorTICULTURE

Instructor: Mr. Clarence Barbre

This is a course in practical spring
gardening, the growing of annuals and
perennials from seed. Each of the
five meetings will include a lecture
period in which will be discussed the
factors affecting plant growth and the
practical means for their control, such
as optimum supply of heat, light,
moisture, air, fertilizer, the application
of lime and mulch and the control of
pests and diseases. There will also be a
practice period in each day’s meeting
for which each student will receive
seeds and four metal flats with steri-
lized soil. There will be enough space
to grow about 300 to 350 seedlings
which, with the flats, will become the
Seeds of
plants particularly desired by any stu-
dent should be brought to the first

property of the students.

meeting.

Four sections are offered:

Section I, Wednesdays, March 18,
25 and April 8, 15 and 22, 1:00-
4:00 P.M.

Section II, Fridays, March 20, 27
and April 10, 17 and 24, 9:00 A. M.—
12:00 Noon.

Section III, Mondays, March 23, 30
and April 13, 20 and 27, 1:00-4:00
P. M.

Section IV, Tuesdays, March 24, 31
and April 14, 21 and 28, 7:00-10:00
P.M.

Registration: February 13 through
March 13.

Fee: $18.00.

The course is given in the Experi-
mental Greenhouse, Missouri Botanical

Garden (Enter Cleveland Avenue gate,
2221 Tower Grove Avenue).

CoursrE IV—GROWING ORCHIDS IN THE HOME
Instructor: Mr. Robert J. Gillespie

A one-day course of instruction
with the following schedule:
10:00 A.M. Discussion of orchids

suitable for home culture and the
best ways to grow them, with
potting demonstration.

70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

12:00 Noon. Lunch time, coffee and
soda supplied by the Garden.

:00 P. M. Unusual containers such

—"

as baskets, slabs, poles, etc., for
growing orchids in the home,
with examples and demonstration

of potting and care.

2:00 P.M. Inspection of green-
houses.
3:00 P.M. Individual potting in-

structions by members of Orchid
Department staff. Students may
take potted plant home.
Two sections are offered:
Section I, April 18, 1959.
Section I, April 25, 1959.
Fee: $10.00.
Course is given at the Orchid Range,
Missouri Botanical Garden, Tower

Grove and Flora avenues.

CoursE V—ADVANCED ORCHID GROWING

Instructor: Mr. Robert J. Gillespie

This course for the advanced orchid
grower is offered in two divisions (A
and B).

Division A: How to Make Orchids
Flower. A discussion of how environ-
ment influences growth and flowering
in the major cultivated genera of the
Orchidaceae. Lights and other de-
vices for controlling flowering will be
explained. There will be a laboratory
session followed by a question and an-
swer period.

Division A meets November 18,
7:00-10:00 P. M.

Division B: Greenhouse Culture of

Orchids.

mentals of growing orchids in the

Instruction in the funda-
greenhouse. Ventilating, watering,
heating, shading, cooling, greenhouse
design, automatic equipment, and new
construction methods and _ materials
will be discussed and illustrated in the
Garden’s Orchid Greenhouses.

Division B meets May 2, 1959, 1:00
—4:00 P.M.

Both divisions will meet in the Or-
chid Range, Missouri Botanical Garden,
Tower Grove and Flora Avenues.

Fee: $5.00 each division,

“BOTANY EVENING”

fie students in Dr. Anderson’s
evening classes last April and May
have initiated a series of “Botany Eve-
nings” at the Garden, continuing in an
informal way their studies of garden
plants and wild flowers. The first
such evening was held in early June.
Two meetings held in September were
particularly designed for those who
had taken the evening courses in the
classification and identification — of
plants. It is planned to follow them

with once-a-month meetings open to
all “Friends of the Garden.” Visitors
are encouraged to bring plants which
they would like to have identified or
flowering specimens of unusual horti-
cultural and botanical interest to
demonstrate to other members.

“Botany Evening” meetings are held
in the Museum Building just inside the
Cleveland Avenue gate. Announce-
ment of dates of monthly meetings
will be made later.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 71

NOTES

HE Garden is proud to welcome

Dr. Frits W. Went as its new
Director. He is also a Professor of
Botany in the Henry Shaw School of
Botany at Washington University.

Dr. Went was born in Utrecht, The
Netherlands, in 1903. His father,
Prof. F. A. F. C. Went, was a Professor
of Botany at the University of Utrecht
and Director of the Utrecht Botanic
Garden. Young Frits, having grown
up in such surroundings, had a natural
interest in Botany. He was educated
at the University of Utrecht and later
became a plant physiologist at the
Royal Botanic Garden of Buitenzorg
in Java.

In 1933 Dr. Went came to the
United States and to the California
Institute of Technology as an Assistant
Professor. Two years later he was
promoted to full Professor. At Cal.
Tech. he originated the “phytotron,”
a specially designed air-conditioned
greenhouse where moisture, heat, light
and other factors in the growth of
plants are automatically controlled.
He, with several other scientists, dis-
covered the effect of hormones on the
growth of plants, thus leading the way
to new scientific advances in Horti-
culture.

While in Southern California, Dr.
Went did much to aid in the promo-
tion and establishment of the Los
Angeles State and County Arboretum
at Arcadia, California. He has con-
tributed much time and energy in all
fields of Botanical study and research.

Dr. Went is married and has two

children. He is a member of many

scientific societies, including the Na-
tional Academy of Science, and is an
honorary doctor of the University of

eR

A former graduate student at the
Garden, Dr. Norton H. Nickerson, is
welcomed back as the Garden Mor-

Paris.

phologist. He is also a member of the
faculty of Washington University.
Dr. Nickerson received his Ph.D. de-
gree from the Henry Shaw School of
Botany in 1953, studying with Dr.
Henry N. Andrews, Jr., and Dr. Edgar
Anderson.

Since receiving his degree he has
taught at the University of Massachu-
setts and at Cornell University. At
Cornell, Dr. Nickerson helped initiate
and organize the summer program for
teachers given there in 1957, with the
support of the National Science Foun-
dation, and in which Dr. Andrews and
Dr. Anderson of the Garden staft
participated.

As a part of his work this year Dr.
Nickerson will help organize adult
classes in botany to be given at the

eR

Dr. Edgar Anderson spent two

Garden.

months this summer on several dis-
tinct projects in various parts of the
New World. For three weeks he was
a guest of the Center for Advanced
Studies in the Behavioral Sciences at
Palo Alto, California, assisting various
social scientists in analyzing their data
by his methods, originally developed

for measuring differences between

N
Nm

Mexican corn fields. From Palo Alto
he flew to the University of Alaska to
assist with a National Science Founda-
tion teacher-training course for five
days, then to Costa Rica where he
attended the 33rd Congresso de Ameri-
canistas. From Costa Rica he flew to
Colombia where he continued work
with the international project con-
cerned with the preservation, classifi-
cation, and description of the races of

corn in the New World.

ceK

Dean Henry Andrews has been in
Europe all summer on a Guggenheim
Fellowship and will remain there dur-
ing the fall and early winter, studying
fossil plants and = conferring with
European authorities. Ever since he
spent part of his student years in
Europe, Dean Andrews has been par-
ticularly interested in the fossil plants
which are found in coal mines. He
has become one of the world’s out-
standing students of the fossils in coal
and in rocks associated with it. An
increasing number of authorities have

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

een trained under him in the Henry

Shaw School of Botany. For him a
“field trip’? means loading a station
wagon with students and simple min-
ing equipment and starting off for a
few days in the coal fields of Illinois,
Kentucky or Kansas.

In the last few years his work has
given him new insights into a much
more difhcult problem, not the plants
of the Age of Coal, but the more
primitive plants which preceded them
when life evolved out of the seas and
cnto the land. It is these new ideas
which he has taken to Europe with
him, ideas not yet developed to the
point where he wants to put them all
down cn paper; ideas rather at the
growing stage where he needs to try
them out on other experts and particu-
larly on collections of fossil plants in
European museums. In_ letters re-
ceived at the Garden, he writes en-
thusiastically about the way his work
has been going during the summer and
how his ideas have developed under the
impact of his studies in European
museums.

FALL EVENTS

27-28 Dahlia Show, Greater St. Louis Dahlia Society, in Floral Display House.
27-28 Flower Show, Better Garden Clubs of Greater St. Louis, Museum and

September

Shaw House.

October

4-26 House Plants, Old and New, Floral Display House.
11 Veiled Prophet Queen’s Reception for School Children, Shaw House.
18 Junior League Show, Floral Display House.
24-25 Fifth Annual Systematics Symposium, Adm. Bldg. and Museum.
29-30 Indian Art Exhibit, 8th. Dist., Mo. Federated Women’s Clubs, Museum.

November

8-30 Chrysanthemum Show, Floral Display House.

December

1-7. Chrysanthemum Show, continued.
14-31 Poinsettia Display, Floral Display House.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

RoBERT Brookincs SMITH, President Henry HitrcHcock

Leicester B. Faust, Vice-President JOHN S. LEHMANN

Henry B, Prracer, Second Vice-President RicHarD J. Lockwoop

DanieEL K. CaTLIn RosBert W. Orro

DupbLEY FRENCH WARREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

ETHAN A. H. SHEPLEy, JAMES McCaFFERY
Chancellor ot Washington University President of the Board of Education
f St. Louis
ArtHurR C, LICHTENBERGER, :

Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri STRATFORD LEE MORTON
>

RAYMOND Ry TUCKER, President of the Academy of Science
Mayor of the City of St. Louis ot St. Louis

Secretary
Oscar E, GLAESSNER

‘THE HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL

Clifford W. Benson, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, Hugh C. Cutler, Robert E. Goetz,
Paul Hale, Mrs. W. Warren Kirkbride, Mrs. Hazel Knapp, Emmet J. Layton,
John S. Lehmann, Francis McMath, D. O’Gorman, Robert W. Otto, G. W.
Pennewill, W. F. Scott, Robert Waln, Harold E. Wolfe, E. G. Cherbonnier,

Chairman.

STAFF
|e aE, ERE) 0 | Se ORE EN OPM STE PD a AA Ce eS oN DPE OR RIES RRC ee Oe SLR aE Director
| A= nc Cr aNh OO} oll) eeenene es cence Bier aa Pi ok Sena Woe Pee ee ne Ae eee Executive Director
sd sam cA le rsOm ajc des si reese eee eee eae ae eee Curator of Useful Plants
EAE INA Le wy Si eee ee sae ea, see eee Paleobotanist
ByelyneBarbour.:f1:.etee tc eee Research Assistant and Editor of BULLETIN
Glarencer Bar bre cot ss ees ea nee eee keg e eee usa rati ever Ree ee Instructor
Wotrish Gis Bremneiercccscsc.ces 2 eases es ee eee eee Arborist and Grounds Superintendent
BadislaussGutake nen ees Horticulturist and Greenhouse Superintendent
WPOSe olin rr] lcs Ado) acy ee cs saa ece ca a ee ee Assistant in Education
Carroll W. Dodge...........0...220..2.20-- : Mycologist
1S] oy g eb BLS a 1d ky ope tn eo ae Oe ny gS Taxonomist and Editor of ANNALS
Ot AD MD Wivekceecseescceefecksessysscecase Research Associate
12h Na) Cas) Ona cy: cera ers Ore ene oe Horticulturist in charge of Experimental Greenhouse
Robert J. Gillespie... An charge of Orchids
Oscar E.. Glaessner......c...202..c000c000--02 Controller
Ral Ac Obie ieee nee eects Floriculturist
Esmimm ete): leay vo mscecte ate tea eae aa Oeeeen ee coe sage ae Dele eats aoe ye Landscape Architect
Viktor Muehlenbachs........00..0.0.0.ssseececeeesceseeeeeeeeees ae Research Associate
Norton H. Nickerson................--..---.- a ee ee Morphologist
rennetne@: Recker os aces fete eer seen ee See In charge of Visitors’ Activities
Asabella= f2 Powells. cc.0;c:..5222s.00de0hssscnecctvecessaqo 2sceaccesseasoerss Friends of the Garden Secretary
George H. Pring.. ton diretedeset cect nee cees e Superintendent
PCTs Tope es SSRs 01» Pee oes OO eT ae EP Engineer
Vinligm Ase Ste veri aren ce sss eo, ce eee Research Associate
Frank Steinberg sv 2.252. 2 ees Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
George: Bs Van Schaack=2 2-2) eset 2. 2c te Librarian and Curator of Grasses
sirifon: voneSChiren ese: ee ee 2 8 ee Associate Curator of the Museum

robert, Bs W0OdSOns. [ler e tse cu. fe settee gg eas eee Curator of Herbarium

SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden (the official name chosen by
Mr. Shaw) carries on the garden established by Henry Shaw
over a century ago at TowER Grove, his country home. It is
a private institution and has no support from city or state. The
old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the
Museum, the Mausoleum, and the Tower GRovE mansion all
date from Mr. Shaw’s time. Since his death, as directed in his
will, the Garden has been in the hands of a Board of Trustees

who appoint the Director.

The Garden is open every day in the year (except New
Year’s and Christmas) from nine A.M. until seven P. M. spring
to fall and until six in the winter time though the green-
houses close at five. Tower Grove, itself, Mr. Shaw’s old
country home, is open from one until four, admission twenty-
five cents, with special guides. The Garden is nearly a mile long
and has several entrances. The Main Entrance, the one most
used by the general public, is at Tower Grove and Flora Place
on the Sarah bus line (No. 42). The Park Southhampton buses
(No. 80), direct from downtown, pass within three blocks
of this entrance and stop directly across the street from the
Administration Building at 2315 Tower Grove Avenue. The
latter is the best entrance for students, visiting scientists, etc.
It is open to such visitors after 8:30 A.M., but is closed on
Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. The step-in gate (more or less
concealed by the big Cleveland Ave. gate, 2221 Tower Grove)
is nearly always open, and there is a service entrance on Alfred

Avenue, one block south of Shaw Avenue.

Since Mr. Shaw’s time an Arboretum has been developed at
Gray Summit, Mo., adjacent to State Highways 50 and 66. It
is open every day in the year and has auto roads as well as foot
trails through the wild-flower reservation. There is a pinetum
and an extensive display of daffodils and other narcissi which are
at their best in April.

\/

olume XLVI

tation Ney mber, 1958

Number

CONTENTS

Hybridizing Cluster- Type
Cattleyas

Cattleya < Mayor Tucker

Trees and Shrubs as Tub
Plants

A Century of Planting

New Hostas Received by
Garden

Book Reviews

Spring Flower Show
Calendar

General Index—

Volume XLVI

Cover: Cattleya XX Mayor Tucker, a new cluster-type Orchid hybrid with dark
lavender-purple, beautifully-shaped flowers with ruffled lips. The parents are Cattleya
Bowringiana var. Splendens and Cattleya Juanna. (See article, page 75). Photo by
Lad Cutak.

Ofhce of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Llinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri,

Published February, March, April, June, September, and November by the Board of
Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $2.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois,

under Act of March 3, 1879.

Missouri Botanical Garden
Bulletin

Vol. XLVI No. 6

NOVEMBER, 1958

HYBRIDIZING CLUSTER-TYPE CATTLEYAS
ROBERT J. GILLESPIE

HE desire for something new and

different is a universal human
trait that pervades all phases of man’s
activities. Orchid hybridists are by no
means the exception to this rule. In
recent years many breeders have been
turning their attention to some of the
small-flowered Laelia and _ bifoliate
(two-leaved) Cattleya species as a
source of genetical material for the
production of new and unusual or-
chids. Actually the Cattleya tribe
contains a large number of small-
flowered species, only a few of which
have been used to any degree by the
modern hybridists. By crossing some
of these small-flowered species of Cat-
tleya with the large-flowered species
and with the large-flowered Laelias,
orchid breeders are now producing an
exciting array of new hybrids, many
of which will be unusual and _ strik-
ingly different from the commercial
hybrid Cattleya popular today. Many
amateur orchid hobbyists are now be-
coming interested in hybridizing these
small-flowered Cattleyas and many of
them are producing excellent hybrids.
It is the purpose of this article to
further stimulate their interest by
discussing some of the more common
breeding problems encountered with
these hybrids. Sterility, floriferousness
and flower size, and flower color will

be briefly discussed.

STERILITY

Genetically the bifoliate Cattleyas
seem to be quite distinct from the
large-flowered labiate Cattleyas and
Laelias. Complicated interspecific and
intergeneric Cattleya and Laelio-Cat-
tleya hybrids, which have varying de-
grees of polyploidy (having more than
two sets of hereditary structures, the
chromosomes), exhibit a surprisingly
high degree of fertility. On the other
hand, some of the simple bifoliate-
labiate Cattleya hybrids are completely
sterile. Investigation of these sterile
hybrids almost invariably indicates
that sterility is due to polyploidy.
This sterility is present regardless of
whether the bifoliate or the labiate
parent has introduced the polyploid
condition into the hybrid. For ex-
ample, Cattleya < Chapmanii var.
Splendens (triploid), is a sterile bi-
foliate-labiate hybrid in which an
extra set of chromosomes was inherited
from the bifoliate parent, Cattleya
Bowringiana var. Splendens, which is
a tetraploid. The reverse situation is
found in Laelio-Cattleya >< Tanger-
ine, a Missouri Botanical Garden hy-
brid between LC. & Mimi Koehler
(polyploid, exact cultivar unknown)
and Cattleya aurantiaca (diploid) ;
for this hybrid inherited its polyploid
condition from the labiate Laelio-
Cattleya parent. LC. Tangerine is

(73)

74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

a beautiful yellow cluster-type orchid
which would made an excellent parent
for future breeding work; but thus
far it has been completely sterile. A
hybrid half-sister to LC. Tangerine
is C. & Confetti, a primary bifoliate-
labiate hybrid in which both parents
(C. Trianae var. Delicata and C. au-
rantiaca) are diploids. (A hybrid is a
primary hybrid if neither of its parents
The diploid hybrid,

C. Confetti, has proved to be ex-

was a hybrid.)

tremely fertile and all seedlings from
it are vigorous, normal growers. Al-
though it is not our purpose here to
attempt an explanation of why steril-
ity in these hybrids is always coupled
with polyploidy, theoretically, it
should be possible to produce a com-
pletely fertile bifoliate-labiate Cattleya
hybrid by crossing a selected tetraploid
of the bifoliate group with a selected
tetraploid of the labiate group. The
Garden is now in the process of mak-
ing several such carefully controlled
crosses and the results, combined with
cytological investigations, should be

enlightening.

FLORIFEROUSNESS AND FLOWER SIZE

Frequently hybridizers have ex-
pressed disappointment with cluster-
type hybrids because they fail to have
a desirable flower size and/or sufhcient
number of flowers per stem. Most
breeders attempt to predict floriferous-
ness and flower size of their hybrids by
using the arithmetic mean. Actually,
the flower size and floriferousness of
any proposed or existing cross can be
accurately predicted by employing the
geometric rather than the arithmetic

mean. The Garden’s Cattleya auran-

tiaca hybrids will once again adequate-
In Cattleya
< Confetti, the C. frianae parent has

ly illustrate this point.

a flower spread of 12.0 cm., while the
C. aurantiaca parent has a_ flower
spread of 2.5 cm. By using the arith-
metic mean to compute the average
flower-spread to be expected in the
hybrids between these two plants, we
obtain 7.3 cm. (2.5 + 12.0 = 14.5;
14.5 + 2 = 7.25 cm.). However if
we employ the geometric mean, we
would predict that the hybrid flowers
should be about 5.4 cm. in width, on
the average (2.5 & 12.0 = 30; \/30
—= 5.4 cm.). When we actually meas-
ure the spread of the flowers of the
hybrid plants produced we find that it
varies from 5.3 to 5.5 cm., which is
evidence that the geometric mean
method is reliable and accurate. The
accuracy of the geometric mean when
used to predict floriferousness can be
illustrated by the hybrid LC. Tan-
gerine, of which one parent, LC.
Mimi Kochler, has 3 flowers per stem,
while the other parent, C. aurantiaca
has 22 flowers per stem. Computing
the geometric mean (3 X 22 = 66;
\/66 — 8.1 cm.), it is calculated that
the plants of this cross will average 8
flowers per stem. Although this hy-
brid is only reaching maturity, those
few plants which are mature have 7-8
flowers per stem. This shows how the
plant breeder can, with surprising ac-
curacy, determine flower size and flor-
iferousness of any primary bifoliate-
labiate Cattleya hybrid even before the

cross is made.

COLOR

One of the alarming practices which

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN a3

some orchid breeders have been em-
ploying recently is the crossing of a
white labiate-type hybrid Cattleya
with a colored cluster-type Cattleya or
Laelia, presumably on the assumption
that the white Cattleya will act genet-
ically as it appears physically, that is
to say, as a “white” or “neutral”
background against which the brilliant
colors or unusual markings of the
smaller-flowered parent can be ex-
pressed in a dominant way in_ the
hybrid. To prove the fallacy of such
thinking, one has only to review
Hurst’s classical paper on white Cat-
tleyas, published in 1925 (Evperi-
ments in Genetics) and frequently
reviewed by numerous authors in many
subsequent publications. Hurst’s work
shows that the white labiate Cattleya
can be thought of as a machine, built
exactly like its colored counterpart,
with its germplasm containing factors
for color, the usual emphasis on a
darker labellum, etc. The only thing
which sets it apart is the fact that
somehow a small piece of the genetic
machine is missing. ‘Thus the entire
color machine is latent and cannot

function even though ninety percent

of it is in perfect running shape.
When the white labiate Cattleya trans-
mits this machinery to offspring who
have received the missing genetical
part from another parent (presumably
any colored parent would do this), the
result, of course, is that this unknown
color machine can function and ex-
Therefore

it becomes quite evident that the white

press itself in the progeny.

labiate Cattleyas cannot be thought of
as “neutral” or “passive” background
in hybridizing; they will produce a
variety of unpredictable and frequent-
ly undesirable color types in_ their

progeny.

SUMMARY

In hybridizing cluster-type Cat-
tleyas, 1) sterility in primary hybrids
is usually associated with polyploidy,
2) floriferousness and flower size in
the hybrid follow the geometric mean
of these characters between respective
parents, and 3) white labiate Cattleyas
cannot be used as genetically “neutral”
color parents; they contribute signifi-
cantly to the flower color of their

progeny.

CA LUBA

W: at the Missouri Botanical
ae are particularly pleased
with the cleaning up of our city air.
When air pollution in St. Louis
became worse and worse, it finally be-
came impossible to grow our famous
orchids in town any more; and in 1926
the whole orchid collection had to be

moved to Gray Summit. For display

x MAYOR TUCKER

and for the orchid shows, plants had
to be moved back and forth to town.
But now, with clean air restored to our
city, the orchids have been moved back
into town; and they do very well.
Actually, we have not once observed a
situation, so-called dry-sepal, which
causes much damage to Cattleya flow-

ers in the Los Angeles and San Fran-

76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL

cisco areas of California. Dry-sepal
occurs generally after periods of smog;
its lack in the St. Louis area, as well
as the lack of damage to vegetables
shows that our air here is cleaner than
in any other American city of equal
size. Therefore, in tribute to the man
who did more than anyone else to clean

up our air, and to make Cattleya

GARDEN BULLETIN

culture possible again in St. Louis, the
Garden’s newest Cattleya hybrid (see
cover), one of the newer cluster-type
orchids from the cross Cattleya Bow-
Splendens Cattleya

Juanna, is named ‘Mayor Tucker”

ringiama var.

(See cover illustration).

—F. W. Went

Pittosporum Tobira, a well-established tub plant at the Missouri Botanical
Garden. Photo by Kenneth Peck.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 77

TREES AND SHRUBS AS TUB PLANTS

Bask.

A LMosT all homes and many apart-
ments, as well, have one or more
places where a tub plant or perhaps a
pair of them may be placed to add
much to the attractiveness and charm
of living. Homes with small yards or
patios can use them to dress up other-
wise bare and uninteresting corners.
They can be used for privacy and con-
cealment—a vine in a large container
will screen off the barbecue pit or hide
the trash disposal cans. Tub plants
have the advantage of being movable
to accommodate special occasions (or
the mere whim of moving things
about as you might the furniture in
your living room). They are dis-
tinctive as a decorative furnishing for
the home. In addition to being un-
usual in itself, a potted tree, shrub or
vine offers the home gardener the op-
portunity to express his own individ-
uality in the selection, growing and
shaping of it, thus making possible for
him to have a unique plant unlike that
had by any other. We all strive to
have something which is a product of
our own creation and effort; and liv-
ing plants, although having individu-
ality and charm of their own, are

admirably adaptable to our fancies.

PLANTS SUITABLE FOR TUB PLANTS

The field from which to select a
plant for tubbing is wide and exceed-
ingly varied. Deciduous trees which
make excellent specimens are Japanese
Maples, Flowering Cherries, Ginkgos

and Oaks.

Among the conifers are

EVINGER

numerous possibilities such as Deodar
and Lebanon Cedars, Austrian and
Japanese Pine, Umbrella Pine (Sci-
adopitys), Araucaria and Podocarpus.
The evergreen broadleaved shrubs like-
wise offer a variety of good tub plants,
for example Pittosporum, Oleaster
(Elacagnus spp.), Privits and the ex-
otic and tropical Coral Tree (Eryth-
rina). For colorful flowering effect
all summer, many varieties of Lantanas
can be grown as trees. Other shrubs
such as Camellias and Gardenias pro-
vide spectacular flowers in their season.
The Golden Bamboo (Phyllostachys
aurea) and the varieties of true Ginger
(Zingiber) lend an Oriental as well
as a very modern touch. A tropical
feeling can be obtained through the
use of giant-leaved Philodendrons,
Cycads, Strelitzias, or perhaps Bananas,
Trellised vines such as Grape Ivy
(Rhoicissus rhombifolia), Wisteria

Bougainvillea, Fatshedera or English

>

Ivy can be styled to make a screen or
massed effect.

HOW TO SELECT A TUB PLANT

Some one of these plants is certain
to be within the reach and ability of
the average home gardener. Like Af-
rican Violets, tub plants are fussy and
require a lot of attention and care
which is true of many things really
worth while. In selecting a plant for
tubbing, first visualize the maximum
size you want or can accommodate,
then select a suitable container. The

tub, pot, or other planter must not be

78 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

too large (a twelve inch tub will hold
a six foot tree). You will naturally
need to begin with smaller pots for
small plants and transfer from time to
time to larger pots as the plants grow,
until they reach the desired size. It is
preferable to have a container that
drains and is provided with a saucer or
drip pan. Should you select a con-
tainer which does not drain, such as
a brass kettle, an old churn or some
fancy jardiniére, then it is best to put
the plant in a clay pot liner. The
most desirable tubs are made of wood,
preferably California Redwood, South-
ern Cypress or Western Red Cedar,
since these materials are rot-resistant.
Tubs of other woods can be made
long-lasting by treating them with a
wood preservative stain or paint. As
a refinement the tubs may be equipped

with castors and/or handles.

PLANTING INSTRUCTIONS

Most any rich well-drained soil is
generally satisfactory for potting,
however if the plant selected is some-
thing quite special it would be best to
consult a gardening encyclopedia or
ask your nurseryman for advice. Place
a layer of broken clay pots, coarse
gravel or other porous material over
the entire bottom of the container to
give maximum drainage. When using
a container which does not drain and
you feel you must plant directly with-
out a liner use an inch or so of char-
coal as the porous material to aid in
keeping excess water sweet (or from
becoming stagnant). Fill the tub with
soil only to within an inch or two
below the upper edge. This amount
of space when filled with an inch of

water at watering time will be equiv-
alent to that much rain, which gener-

ally will be sufficient.

CARE OF THE PLANTS

We all know that plants are de-
pendent for their sustenance upon the
available sunlight, water, minerals and
carbon dioxide. We must provide,
therefore, as nearly as possible, the
conditions for growth to which the
type of plant we are culturing is ac-
customed in nature. Sun plants must
be given full sun and shade plants the
proper filtered light. Water carefully
as needed, never allowing the soil to
become completely dry and, on the
other hand, being careful not to over-
water or to allow the soil to become
soggy wet. Living as they must in a
confined soil space, tub plants must
be provided with the essential minerals
by the application of proper fertilizers.
A general rule is to use an organic
fertilizer such as fish oil, bone meal or
cottonseed meal for broadleaved ever-
green plants. Commercial or balanced
mineral element fertilizers are satis-
factory for other plants. When in
doubt it is best to consult a gardening
encyclopedia or your nurseryman.
Feeding no more than once a month

is usually sufficient.

SHAPING THE PLANT

The shape or style of the plant is
quite important. This depends largely
on the type of plant and your decora-
tive requirements. Generally speaking,
tub plants should not be pruned, that
is, not in the ordinary fashion of snip-
ping off branches, for you want to
keep as many of the young green

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 79

leaves as possible. The best practice
is to watch the plants carefully and
pinch out the terminal buds as the
plant reaches the desired size. The
direction of growth can be altered or
encouraged in this way. Do not be
afraid to nip these buds—plants are
long-suffering and will respond to our
whims or fancies. The original selec-
tion of the particular plant subject to
use for tubbing is of utmost impor-
Often-

times while looking over a nursery-

tance in regard to shaping.

man’s stock it is interesting to consider
some of his “‘pot- or can-bound”
stock which have been naturally
dwarfed by their containers. These
plants frequently have a made-to-
order character already achieved or

started. The custom of “can culture”

by nurserymen has brought to light
many species of plants which will tol-
erate cramped growing space. Such
plants become dwarfed and thus they
make excellent tub specimens. How-
ever, watch carefully when looking at
nursery stock, for those kinds which
seem to adjust their growing habits to
the container as opposed to those
which are decidedly unhappy and

probably unsuited to tub culture.

OFF-SEASON CARE

The over-wintering or off-season
care of tub plants frequently presents
a problem. After frost or a ripening
period, deciduous types grown outside
may be placed in a basement or garage
with very little light, where they re-

quire a minimum of watering and

Elaeagnus pungens var. Simonti, an attractive tub plant, handsome

for its silvery-brown foliage, with many decorative uses at the Missouri
Botanical Garden. Photo by Kenneth Peck.

80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

only an assurance that the temperature
will not go below 26 degrees Fahren-
heit. The broadleaved evergreens and
the more tropical kinds of plants, if
not to be kept in their regular places
in the home, must be placed in a
solarium, a bay window or other light
place where the temperature will not
drop below fifty degrees Fahrenheit at
night. They will of course need
watering. Nurseries frequently offer
“boarding space’ as a service to tub

plant owners.

TUB PLANTS NOT “BONSAI”
The growing of plants, particularly
the tree types, in tubs or other suitable
containers should not be confused with

the true dwarf or “Bonsai” trees. This

kind of culture is an art in itself and
requires study, care, time and infinite
patience to produce an artistic crea-
tion. However, plants kept properly
in tubs will live and flourish over a
long period of time. They will adjust
themselves to their surroundings and
frequently achieve a dwarf state not
unlike a true “Bonsai”.

The size of tub plants and their care,
particularly in the off-season, presents
a problem. Still we find it inherent in
our natures to be interested enough to
accept the challenge of having them
about. One need only think of how
our grandmothers went to all the
work, worry and inconvenience of
carrying her house plants and even
fruit trees across the country in a

covered wagon to realize this fact.

A CENTURY
ile is perhaps a mark of Shaw’s Gar-

den that, after nearly one hundred
years of growing orchids and other
exotic things, the Garden can now
claim the “world’s best collection of
philodendrons.” The Veiled Prophet
Queen carried a bouquet of 300 or-
chids from the Garden, while philo-
dendrons trail over many a_ kitchen
window or end table. But there is
nothing common about any growing
thing, and Shaw’s Garden treats them
all—-in research or display—with
democratic respect.

The progressive approach of the in-
stitution characterizes its plans for a
centennial observance next fall. Last
year, more than 217,000 persons were
attracted by the Garden. This figure

strongly reversed a trend of declining

a

PLANTING

attendance that had set in perhaps be-
cause of television and the move to the
suburbs. St. Louisans have not lost
interest, certainly, any more than they
have been willing to call the Garden
by the official name, Missouri Botanical
Garden, which merchant Henry Shaw
chose for it before be willed his Tower
Grove estate to the public.

But even St. Louisans do not always
know how famous their Shaw’s Gar-
den is. It is ranked by botanists as
the equal of London’s Kew Gardens;
it has an international reputation as a
training center. Nearly a century old,
it is no century plant that flowers
once and dies; it flowers constantly
for anyone who would look through
Its gates.

(Reprinted) from the Editorial in the
October 8, 1958, Sf. Louis Post Dispatch.)

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 8]

NEW HOSTAS RECEIVED BY GARDEN

Sie Garden has recently received
a fine group of Hostas (Plantain
Lilies) from the Botanic Garden and
Botanic Museum of the University of
Uppsala at Uppsala, Sweden. The
group, which has been added to the
collection growing in the Mausoleum
grounds, consists of the following
species, varieties and forms:

Hosta albomarginata, Hosta cris pu-
la, Hosta decorata, Hosta clata, Hosta

fortunei var. albopicta, Hosta fortuncei
var. albopicta £. aurea, Hosta fortunei
var. albopicta f. vindis, Hosta fortunes
var. byacinthina, Hosta fortunei var.
obscura f. marginata, Hosta fortunei
var. stenantha, Hosta fortunei var.
rugosa, Hosta lancifolia, Hosta sei-
boldiana’ (Typ.), Hosta sieboldiana
var. elegans, Hosta ventricosa, Hosta
undulata, Hosta undulata var. univit-

tata (2 selections). —E.L.E.

BOOK

Enjoying America’s Gardens. By Joan
Parry Dutton. 311 pp., 28 pp. ills.
Reynal & Company, Inc., New York,

ING Nee | Price $5200.

a Reh book has a special quality,
which you see at once when you
take it up. At the beginning of each
chapter there is a delightful pen draw-
ing, fitting in beautifully with the
text (but why was the artist, Grambs
Miller, not mentioned on the title
page?). As one starts to read one is
soon absorbed by the author’s fresh
outlook and beautiful style, and by her
interesting information. Mrs. Dutton
writes about flowers, which she knows
so well, about the great horticulturists
who introduced them, about the gar-
dens where they grow or their coun-
tries of origin, about the growers she
has met, but above all, she writes
about America. And she does this
superbly well. She came here from

England for a visit, but soon became

REVIEWS

so engrossed by America, its land, peo-
ple, plants and gardens, that she stayed
for years, and returned again after a
trip back home. By the way, she met
an American and married him. We
Americans will enjoy listening to Mrs.
Dutton, and will gain a new perspec-
tive of our country, whereas her book
will be equally informative to the
traveler from abroad.

There is only one of the 27 chapters
which is all about a garden, and this is
about “Magnificent Longwood”. But
in the last chapter Mrs. Dutton sums
up her garden experiences: “To com-
pare America and England gardenwise
is not only unfair but absurd. Amer-
ica as a whole is not so garden-minded
as England, which probably has more
gardens, more home gardeners than
any other country of the world. To
England gardening is as painting 1s
to France or skiing to Switzerland.
About ten million out of forty-two

million English are gardeners; Amer-

82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ica’s gardening population is probably
no more than five million among a
total population of one hundred and
sixty million. Make no mistake, how-
ever, half as many gardens as England
is a lot of gardens, and America is less
than half England’s age.” It is good
to ponder this: for we Americans are
still far removed from the desirable
goal: a garden for everyone, whether
it be the vast expanses of a country
estate or a small window box in an
apartment.

You want another reason to read
this book? Listen to this statement:
“If I were asked if there was one single
feature of American gardens as a whole
which had caught my attention, I
would unhesitatingly say the lack of
hedges.” If you agree, you will want
further similar information; if you
disagree, find out why the author came
to this conclusion.

The spelling of Latin names could
be improved in many cases (e.g. on p.
154, thyrsiflorus, Artemisia and Esch-
scholzia are misspelled), but this is
about the only criticism I have.

—F. W. Went

eR

Exotica. Pictorial cyclopedia of indoor
plants. Alfred Byrd Graf. Roehrs
Company, Rutherford, N. J. 1958.
4000 illus., 644 pp. $17.50.

gies last two decades have seen a
& revolution in the way tropical and
subtropical plants have been intro-
duced into cultivation in the tem-
perate zone. Glass-sided homes,

fluorescent lighting, plastic glass, and

air-controlled equipment have made it
possible for millions of Americans to
live with tropical plants throughout
the year if they so desire. The five-
day week has brought to people with
lively minds the need for more absorb-
ing hobbies. The rise of mass-produc-
tion ornamental horticulture has been
one of the results. The gardens and
the jungles of the tropics and sub-
tropics are being combed for likely
plant material.

A little-known species or hybrid of
Peperomia or Syngonium may now be
in mass production within two years
from the time it was first collected in
the back corners of Brazil. There are
already over 150 species and varieties
of Philodendron in cultivation in this
country; hybridization programs are
well under way which will multiply
the number of named varieties in
another decade. The total national
business in African violets alone, | am
reliably informed, now grosses more
than all the nursery business in tem-
perate and tropical fruits, apple trees,
peach trees, current bushes, avocado
trees, and so on. The poorly known
genus Schefflera was of so little com-
mercial importance when the last
edition of Bailey’s Manual of Culti-
vated Plants was being planned that it
did not even qualify for admission.
Today the production of large tubbed
specimens for glass-sided office build-
ings has become big business. One can
scarcely stroll through the business
district of a city in the eastern United
States without seeing a Schefflera (or
near-Schefflera, for the precise limits
of the genus have not yet been worked

out) in a bank or cafeteria.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 83

This trend is the raw material of
social history; it is changing various
kinds of attitudes toward plants and
toward their cultivation and study, in
all classes of society in the United
States. Eventually our technical, bo-
tanical and horticultural works will
catch up with this flood of new intro-
ductions and reduce to some kind of
order their identification, history, and
significance. Until then, the amateur,
the social historian, the horticulturist,
even many taxonomic botanists will
get their most immediate help out of
Graft’s remarkable book. Most syste-
matists who give their concentrated
attentien to the sections of the book
dealing with their own specialties will
wince at the inaccuracies they find;
many of them, however, will learn to
use the book as an effective first ap-
proach to the other fellow’s specialties.
That anyone should have been able to
survey this rapidly growing flood of
exotic plants is a marvel; that a busy
executive like Graf should have pro-
duced this 644-page compendium ap-
He is the

manager and a director of the Roehrs

proaches the miraculous.

Company of Rutherford, New Jersey,
one of the principal dealers in and
growers of this kind of plant material.

The chief feature of the book is
some 450 pages of clear photographs
illustrating close to 4000 of the species
and varieties of tropical and sub-
tropical ornamental plants. There are
indices to common names and scien-
tific names, a glossary of botanical
terms, short semi-technical descrip-

tions, a section on pest control, and a

discussion of the climates from which
these plants came, complete with a
climatic map of the world. There are
short introductory pages on the care
of house plants (don’t overfeed and
don’t overwater!) which are of more
practical help to the average intelligent
person than most books on the subject.

One of the most valuable features
of the book is a 40-page summary of
the kinds of places where these plants
have been collected. There are on each
of these pages three or four of Graf’s
excellent photographs showing — the
deserts and jungles, the temples, gar-
dens, and nurseries from which orna-
mental plants have been gathered.
Graf’s comments supply an effective
summary of the conditions under
which ornamental plants are being
grown in various parts of the tropics,
as well as considerable insight into why
they are being grown and the various
ways in which they are being used.
Since he has traveled and collected
throughout the tropics with an inquir-
ing mind and a good camera, he has
unwittingly produced our first com-
pendium of tropical man’s attitudes
toward plants.

—Edgar Anderson

Missouri Botanical Garden and
Department of Botany,
Washington University

(Reprinted from Science, August 8, 1958.)

X &

84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

SPRING FLOWER SHOW CALENDAR

February
7-28
March
1-15
28-29

April

Orchid Show

Orchid Show continued

Easter Display

4—5 (depending on season) Daffodil Show

May

2—3
18-19
23-24

July

African Violet Show
Spring Flower Show
Rose Show

Cactus Show

GENERAL INDEX — VOLUME XLVI

Figures in italics refer to page numbers of illustrations.

A

Acer rubrum var. Drummondii, 5; A. sac-
carinum, 31.

Albizzia Julibrissin, a deep red strain, 63.

Alder, 43.

Alnus rugosa, 43.

Althaea, 54; shrubby, 53; A. rosea, 53.

Amelanchier canadensis, 40.

Ampelopsis arborea, 5; A. cordata, 5.

Amsonia illustris, 41.

Anderson, Dr. Edgar, A Saturday Afternoon
with Epidendrums, 6; 13; 19; Spring Flow-
ers of Missouri and How to Know Them,
29-44; Euonymous alatus, a Good Shrub
for St. Louis, 67; Botany Evening, 70; 71;
review of Alfred Byrd Graf's “Exotica,”
82.

Andrews, Dean Henry, 72.

Araucaria, 77.

Arboretum, the, 24.

Armoracia aquatica, 3.

Azaleas, 43.

B

Baker, Joe, 21.

Bald Cypress, in Missouri swamps, 3, 4.
Barberries, new varieties at Garden, 63
Barbre, Clarence, 27, 63, 68.

Bark wounds, treatment of, 64
Beckett, Kenneth, 14

Beggar-ticks, 6,

Benson, Clifford, 14.

Bequests to Garden, form for, 23.

Berberis aggregata, 63; B. Diaphana, 63; B.
dictyoneura, 63; B. fendleri, 63; B. Gilgiana,
63; B. koreana, 63; B. Poireti, 63; B. Thun-
bergii var. vermilion, 63; B. virescens, 63.

Berchemia scandens, 5.

Bidens discoidea, 6.

Bignonia capreolata, 5.

Bird note, 11.

Blue Mist, 5.

Bluets, 44.

Book Reviews:

Jean Parry Dutton’s “Enjoying America’s
Gardens,” 81.

Alfred Byrd Graf’s “Exotica,” 82.

H. DD. Harrington’s “How to Identify
Plants,” 9.

Harold E. Moore, Jres “African Violets,
Gloxinias and their relatives: a guide to
the cultivated Gesneriads,” 52.

Books to use in identifying Spring flowers of
Missouri, 32.

Boston Mountains, 43.

Botany Evening, 70.

Bougainvillea, 77.

Brenner, Louis, 21.

Brewing Industries Research Institute, grant
from, 20.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 85

Britt, Mrs. Paul, 27.

Brunnichia cirrhosa, 5.

Bugle Weed, 5.

Button Bush, 5.

Buttonweed, 6.

Cc

Cactus House, 33.

Calendar, of Fall events, 72; of Spring Flower
Shows, 84.

Callitriche heterophylla, 4.

Camassia scilloides, 2, 40.

Camellia japonica “Mathotiana,” Feb. cover, 1.

Cam psis radicans, 5.

Carroll, Margaret, 21.

Carya aquatica, 5, C. illinoensis, 5.

Cattleyas, hybridizing cluster-type, 73.

Cattleya aurantiaca, 73, 74; C. Bowringiana
var. Splendens, 73, 76, and C. Juanna, inside
front cover, Nov., 73, 76; C. & Chapmanii
var. Splendens, 73; C. < Confetti, 74; C.
< Mayor Tucker, Nov. cover, 73; C. Tri-
anae, 74.

Cedar, Deodar, 77; Lebanon, 77.

Cedrela odorata, 63.

Celtis laevigata, 5.

Century of Planting, A, 80

Cephalanthus occidentalis var. pubescens, 5

Chinese Buckeye, 12.

Chinese Gardens, 45.

Cinna arundinaceae, 5.

Cocucci, Dr. Alfredo, 14, 20.

Cold frame, plans for constructing, 10

Colombia, Epidendrums in, 6.

Color, in Cattleya hybrids, 75

Comte, Mrs. Frederick, 21.

Cone-flowers, Purple, 44.

Coral Tree, 77.

Cornus florida, 2; C. florida “Cherokee Chief,”
63; C. foemina, 5.

Cotton, 53:

Cover Illustrations:

Feb., Camellia japonica ‘“‘Mathotiana,” 1;
March, Linnaean House, 17; April, map of
Missouri and adjacent area showing extent
of Ozarks, 29; June, Nymphaea ‘Aviator
Pring,” 45; Sept., Nyssa sylvatica beside lake
in North American Tract, 61; Nov., Caf-
tleya X Mayor Tucker, 73.

Cress, Lake, 3.

Crocus, 1.

Crocus susianus, 31.

Cross-vine, 5.

Crowfoot, Yellow Water, 3.

Crystal Escarpment, 44.

Cutler, Dr. Hugh C., Review of H. D. Har-
rington’s “How to Identify Plants,” 9; 15;
The Garden Report for 1957, 17-28.

Cycads, 77.

Cyperus strigosus, 5.

D
Daffodils, new varieties for St. Louis gardens,
61; where to buy, 62.

Dianthera ovata, 6.

Dioda virginiana, 6.

Diospyros virginiana, 5.

Dock, Swamp, 4.

Dodecatheon Meadia, 41.

Dogwood, new variety at Garden, 63; Stiff, 5.
Dressler, Dr. Robert L.,13.

Duckweed, 4.

Dwyer, Dr. John D., 41.

E

Echinacea pallida, 42, 44.

Editorial, reprinted from Sf. Louis Post Dis-
patch, 80.

Elaeagnus spp., 77; E. pungens var. Simonii, 70.

Epidendrum evectum, 6; E. Obrienianum, 6;
E. radicans, 6.

Epidendrums, A Saturday Afternoon with, 6.

Fpling, Dr. Carl, 18.

Ericenia bulbosa, Apr. inside cover, 29; 44.

Eryngium prostratum, 6.

Eryngo, 6.

Erythrina, 77.

Enonymous alatus, 67; E. fortunei reticulatus,
»

Eupatorium coelstinum, 5.

Evinger, Edgar L., 13; 20; Cold Frame or
Miniature Greenhouse for Small Gardens,
10; Hibiscus for St. Louis Gardens, 53; The
Mausoleum Grounds Come to Life, 1; New
Plant Introductions for 1958, 63; New
Hostas Received by Garden, 81; The Silver
Nut Tree, “Yin Kou-Tzu,” 65; Trees and
Shrubs as Tub Plants, 77; Xanthoceras, the
Chinese Buckeye, 12.

Exotica, review of, 82.

F
Fagus sylvatica var. atropunicea, 47.
Fatshedera, 77.
Fall events at Garden, calendar of, 72.
Floriferousness in Orchid hybrids, 74.
Flower Shows, 16, 22, 72, 84.
Flower size in Orchid hybrids, 74.
Foresticra acuminata, 5.
Fosberg, Dr. F. R., 67.
Fraxinus tomentosa, 5.
Friends of the Garden, memberships, 15.
G
Galanthus, 1; Galanthus elwesii, 1; G. nivalis,
ls
Garden report for 1957, 17.
Gardens of China, 45; existing today, 51.
Gillespie, Robert J., 25; 69; Hybridizing
Cluster-type Cattleyas, 73.
Ginkgo, 65.
Glaciated plains, 43.
Glaessner, Oscar, 18.
Gleditsia aquatica, 5.
Gossypium spp., 53.
Golden Chain Tree, 63.
Grape, 5.
Grape Ivy, 77.

86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Graph, of Garden attendance, 26.
Gregory, David Palache, 14.
Gynerium sagittatum, 19.

H

Hackberry, 5.

Hale, Paul, 27.

Hamamelis mollis, 16; H. vernalis, 31.

Hedge apples, 64.

Hibiscus for St. Louis Gardens, 53.

Hibiscus cannabinus, 53; H. coccinius, 54; H.
esculentus, 53; H. incanus, 55; H. lasio-
carpus, 54; H. moscheutos, 53; H. mos-
cheutos “Anne J. Hemming,” 63; H. oculi-
roseus, 55; Hl. rosa-sinensis, 53; H. syriacus,
55; H. syriacus “Coelestis,” 53.

“Holiday Historique,” 15.

Hollies, new varieties at Garden, 63.

Horner, Nell, 14.

Horticultural Consultants, 27.

Horticulture Courses, 8, 68.

Horwitz, Rollo, 27.

Hostas, new plants received by Garden, 81.

Hottonia inflata, 3.

Houstonia angustifolia, 44.

Hyacinth, Grape, 1; Wood, 1, 2; Ozark Wild,

4

Hypericum tubulosum var. Walteri, 5.

I

Ilex aquifolium “Dumbarton Oaks,’ 63; 1.
cassine X 1. opaca “Teas Holly,” hybrid,
63; 1. hanceana, 63; T. mutchagara, 63; 1.
opaca “‘Fosteri,” 63; I. opaca “East Palatka,”
63; 1. rotunda, 63; I. sugeroki, 63.

Information Center. 23.

Ifea virginica, 5.

Ivy, Bulgarian, 1; Rumanian, 1.

J

Jonquilla simplex, 62.

K
Kalanchoés, 34.
Knapp, Mrs. Hazel, 27.
Kohl, Paul A., Nyssa sylvatica, inside front
cover, 61.

Kreuger, Arthur J., 27. > a

Kreuger, Mrs. Arthur J., 15, 27.
L

Laburnum vossi, 63.

Ladies’-eardrops, 5.

Laelio-Cattleya > Mimi Koehler, 73, 74; LC.
< Tangerine, 73, 74.

Lantana, 77.

Lathyrus odoratus, 42.

Lemna spp., 4.

Lily-Turf, 63.

Lindernia dubia, 6.

Linnaean Garden, 21.

Linnaean House, Mch. cover, 17

Liriope, 2.

Liriope muscariodes, 2.

Lizard’s-tail, 5.

Loosestrife, False, 6

Ludwigia glandulosa, 6.
Lycopus rubellus var. arkansanus, 5.
Lysimachia radicans, 6.

M

Maclura pomifera, 64.

Mahogany, 63.

Mahonia, 63.

Mabhonia_ bealii, 63; M. lomarifolia, 63; M.
pinnata, 63.

Mallows, 53; new varieties at Garden, 63.

Maple, Japanese, 77; Red, 5; Silver, 31.

Marsh St. John’s-wort, 5.

Mausoleum Grounds, Daffodils in, 1; Grape
Hyacinths in, 1; Hostas in, 81; Ivy in, 1;
Pachysandra and Eranthus in, (errata inside
Mch. cover), 17; Periwinkle in, 1; Sassafras
in, 2; Scillas in, 1; Snowdrops in, 1; Wood
Hyacinths in, 1, 2.

Mausoleum Grounds Come to Life, 1.

Mayr, Dr. Ernst, 18.

McCready, Frank, 27.

McMahon, Mrs. Virginia, 20.

McMath, Francis R., 21.

Mermaid Weed, 3.

Meyer, Dr. Frederick, 14.

Mikania scandens, 5.

Miller, Dr. Robert R., 67.

Mimosa Tree, 63.

Missouri Botanical Garden, attendance, 25,
20; Bald Cypress in the, 3; flower shows, 16,
22, 72, 84; Herbarium, 20; Hibiscus grow-
ing at the, 56; horticulture courses at the,
8, 68; Library, 20; Mausoleum grounds, 1,
81; new plant introductions, 63; new orchid
hybrid, Cattleya & Mayor Tucker, 75,
Nov. cover, 73; Orchid department, 24;
report for 1957, 17-28; research activities
and facilities, 18; research in breeding trop-
ical waterlilies, 57; Systematics Symposium,
18, 67; “Tree Trail,” 17; Xanthoceras in
the, 12.

Mitchella repens, 44.

Mohlenbrock, Beverly Kling, Chinese Gardens,
45.

Mohlenbrock, Dr. Robert H., Jr., 14.

Monarda Bradburiana, 41.

Mooncy, Mrs. Daniel, 23.

Muelenbachs, Viktor, 20.

N
National Council of State Garden Clubs, 23.
National Science Foundation, 13, 14, 17, 18.
Nevling, Loren L, 14.
New Plant Introductions for 1958, 63,
Nickerson, Dr. Norton H., 71.
Nies, John, 21.
North American Tract, Sour Gum beside lake
in, O1,
Notes, 13, 71.
Nymphaca “Aviator Pring,” June cover, 45;
59; N. burttii, 47; N. colorata, 58; N.

furea, 57; N. tetragona, 58; N. “St. Louis
Gold,” 60, 00.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 87

Nyssa aquatica, 4, 4; N. sylvatica, Sept. cover,
ol.

O

Oak, Basket, 5; Mossy-cup, 5; Over-cup, 5;
Pin, 5; Swamp!White, 5; Water, 5; Willow,
De

Ocnothera missouriensis, 42, 44.

Okra, 53.

Oleaster, 73, 70.

Ophiopogon, \aponicus, 63.

Orchid Department, the, 24.

Orchids, new additions to collection, 25; new
Garden hybrid, 73, 75; Hybridizing cluster-
type Cattleyas, 73.

Osage Orange Tree, fruit of, 64.

Ozark flora, history of. 36.

Ozark Wild Flowers and Ozark Landscapes,
43.

Ozarks, map showing extent of, April cover,
295

12

Papilionaceous Leguminosae, 33.

Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 5.

Partridge Berry, 44.

Paspalum fluitans, 5.

Pecan, 5.

Peck, Kenneth, 13; 27.

Pepper-vine, 5.

Periwinkle, 1.

Persimmon, 5.

Phacelia Purshii, 41.

Philedendron, 77.

Phlox, Blue, 43.

Phlox divaricata, 44; P. pilosa, 44,

Phyllostachys aurea, 77.

Pimpernel, False, 6.

Pine, Japanese, 77.

Pine, Southern Yellow, 43.

Pinus echinata, 43; P. strobus, 65.

Pittosporum Tobira, 76.

Pitzman Fund, grant to Garden from, 17.

Planera aquatica, 5.

Plantain Lilies, new, received by Garden, 81.

Podocarpus, 77.

Poison Ivy, 5.

Porella spp., 6.

Primrose, Missouri, 42, 44.

Pring, George H., 23, 65, Research in Breed-
ing tropical Water Lilies, 57.

Pring, Mrs. George H., 27.

Privet, Swamp, 5.

Proserpinaca palustris, 3.

Pumpkin Ash, 5.

Q
Quercus bicolor, 5; Q. lyrata, 5; Q. macro-
carpa, 5; Q. Mixhauxii, 5; Q. nigra, 5; Q.
palustris, 5; Q. Phellos, 5.

R
Racoon Grape, 5.
Ranunculus flabellaris, 3.
Red buds and History of Ozark Flora, 36

Red Maple, 5.

Regional Council of Men’s Garden Clubs, 27.

Research activities at Garden, 18.

Research Committee, 18.

Rhododendron nudiflorum var. roseum, 43.

Rhoicissus rhombifolia, 77.

Rhus radicans, 5.

Rhynchospora corniculata, 5.

Rosa palustris, 5.

Rose Garden, 21.

Rose-Mallow, Swamp, 53.

Rose of Sharon, 53.

Rose, Swamp, 5.

Ross, Dr. H. H., 67.

Rumewx verticillatus, 4.

S

St. Francois Mountains, 43.

St. Peter’s Sandstone, 44.

Sassafras albidum, 2.

Sauer, Dr. Jonathan, 67.

Saururus cernuns, 5.

Sciadopitys, 77.

Scilla nutans, 1; 8. campanulata, 1.

Scirpus, 5.

Scott, W. F., Jr., Inexpensive Beauty, 61.

Shade Tree Digest, article reprinted from, 64.

Silver Nut Tree, 65.

Smith, Robert Brookings, 15.

Snowdrop, 1.

Sour Gum Tree, Sep/. cover, 61.

Spanish-Cedar, 63.

Spies, Armyn, Review of Harold F. Moore,
Jres “African Violets, Gloxinias and their
relatives: a guide to the cultivated Gesneri-
ads,” 52.

Spillars, Mrs. C. G., 23.

Spirodela polyrhiza, 4.

Spring-flowering legumes native to Missouri, 36.

Spring-flowering legumes of field and garden,
35.

Spring flowers native to Missouri, flowering
time of, 38, 39.

Starwort, Water, 4.

Stebbins, Dr. G. Ledyard, 67.

Sterility, in bifoliate-labiate Orchid hybrids,
73

Steyermark, Dr. Julian, 20, Inside a Missouri
Bald Cypress Swamp, 3.

Storax, 5.

Strelitzia, 77.

Strobel, José, 25.

Styrax americana, 5.

Supple-Jack, 5.

Swamp Dock, 4.

Sycamore, 5.

Symbols, of flowers and trees, 46.

Symposium on Systematics, Fourth Annual,
18, 00; Fifth Annual, 67.

Systematics Symposium, Fourth Annual, 18,
00; Fitth Annual, 67.

T

Taxodium distichum, 3, 4.
Tower Grove Park, Bald Cypress in, 3.

88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Treating Bark Wounds by Wrapping, 64.

Trees and Shrubs as Tub Plants, 77.

“Tree Trail,” at the Missouri Botanical Garden,
17.

Trumpet Creeper, 5.

Tryon, Dr. Alice, 14; Dr. Rolla, 14.

Tub plants, care of, 78; how to select, 77;
planting instructions for, 78; off-season care,
79; shaping, 78.

Tupelo, Sept. cover, 61; Swamp, 4.

U
Ulmus americana, 31; U. fulva, 31.
Umbrella Pine, 77.
Usinger, Dr. Robert, 67.
Uvularia grandiflora, 40.

Vv

Van Schaack, Dr. George, 18; 21.

Velick, Bernadette, drawings by, April cover,
29; inside cover, 29; 31; 40; 41; 42; 44.

Viburnum, new varieties of, at Garden, 64.

Viburnum judii, 64; V. macrocephalum var.
sterile, 64.

Vinca minor, 1.

Viola pedata, 40.

Violet, Water, 3.

Virginia Creeper, 5.

Vitis cinerea, 5; V. palmata, 5; V. rotundi-
folia, 5.

W
Walters, Mrs. William J., 23

Water Crowfoot, Yellow, 3.

Water Elm, 5.

Water flaxseed, 4.

Water Hickory, 5.

Water Lilies, tropical, research in breeding, 57.

Water Locust, 5.

Watermeal, 4.

Water Starwort, 4.

Water Willow, 5.

Water-willow, 6.

Water Violet, 3.

Went, Dr. Frits W., 71; Review of Joan Parry
Dutton’s “Enjoying America’s Gardens,” 81;
Cattleya X Mayor Tucker, 75.

West-Indian-Cedar, 63.

Winged Euonymous, 67.

Winter-Creeper, Purple-leaf, 2.

Wisteria, 5.

Wisteria macrostachya, 5.

Wolfha spp. 4.

Women’s Committee, 22, 23,

Woodson, Dr. Robert, 18.

Wounds, of tree bark, treatment of, 64.

Xx

Xanthoceras, the Chinese Buckeye, 12.
Y

“Yin Kou-Tzu,” 65.
Z

Zammuto, Joseph A., 14.
Zingiber, 77

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

RoBERT Brookincs SMITH, President Henry HircHcock

Leicester B. Faust, Vice-President JOHN S. LEHMANN

Henry B. Priacer, Second Vice-President RicHarp J. Lockwoop

DaniEL K. CATLIN Ropert W. Orro

DupLEY FRENCH WarrEN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

ErHAN A. H. SHEPLEyY, H. LEE Bruns
Chancellor of Washington University President of the Board of Education

St-
ARTHUR C. LICHTENBERGER, ’ sada

Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri STRATFORD LEE MORTON
?

RayMOND R. Tucker, President of the Academy of Science
Mayor of the City of St. Louis of St. Louis

Secretary
Oscar E. GLAESSNER

THE HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL

Clifford W. Benson, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, Hugh C. Cutler, Robert E. Goetz,
Paul Hale, Mrs. W. Warren Kirkbride, Mrs. Hazel Knapp, Emmet J. Layton,
John S. Lehmann, Francis McMath, D. O’Gorman, Robert W. Otto, G. W.
Pennewill, W. F. Scott, Robert Waln, Harold E. Wolfe, E. G. Cherbonnier,

Chairman.

STAFF
Pei Wie IN sds Aon Se Rae ae ee ee eas Ns eeesseened! Director
Pluie hin Ca Cutlets, << ie tae ea tee eee er are ps aes mee Executive Director
Bd parereA mdersonscets cs2sss ete tees ater ss bw seaeee eee eee Curator of Useful Plants
Behera tye ING eA Td TOW Sess cecet sac eee cn Sle Lea oe ee eee Paleobotanist
Evelyne Ba rbouricc.2) 2a eee Be ck Research Assistant and Editor of BULLETIN
Klarence sat ore seme ee ace ees acs feos oe Se Instructor
TEQUIS Gres Lente eek a Sere nh al Siete Ra Arborist and Grounds Superintendent
adislausa@utake A053 aus eee Horticulturist and Greenhouse Superintendent
hGsephitieslss gi avi eS.cc eee eee po ete se Assistant in Education
CEPOL Dh AWW ao LOC Bee oe are en Pee Pee Mycologist
RODCEG ID reSS) 60s. crccste ot eee ee Taxonomist and Editor of ANNALS
Ko) Ve) BRR) B's Sec ree ener oe eae ge nn ier ELI ORR BP Bee nee Research Associate
| a CAS) oh a V2) gee eee ee ee Horticulturist in charge of Experimental Greenhouse
Roberts 16x Gilles pie secon seco ee eee ee ee ee eee ere ee In charge of Orchids
LOLScr Veage cee CUE T-CLy 0 (1 commune iri MDa Sates Bpe aie PELE ciel e OL RRR IPM! a Pere Controller
[EE TD Mots ged AC) 0 [meee een ee er eee Be eee Smee Sa ee oe Floriculturist
| eaP yet cn POM] Et 80) » Beene Meee ea Ei Sip LG Rad Rae BRCORD SAE oP RAE Ret ae Rr Pie Rare Landscape Architect
Viktor>-Muehlenbachs-2..-2<2..<2,.2.2-22c2cecsecse-a502<atecseecbec--fecdave2~cecstececeete-stases Research Associate
AN OLCO MME selene TCM OL SO Dice sees ease cites tegen Nee eee Morphologist
NSCS e Y=] eal ©.) boo | epee ae ee cesT ne ee Pe In charge of Visitors’ Activities

VIS) 03d UE ee Gs Yoh 7a 0 Lee ee eT ne Friends of the Garden Secretary
LE (ay Tet SIM (SE SW = eee eee irae ee nn rere ere er eterna errs Ey a Superintendent
| Sabb dp gaa ec 1 3 7 BREE ea eee I ee ane Engineer
Wivlianeenteco tey erin ar Korey sees spear es, 28.3225. ste eee ee Research Associate
Brankystein beng. scesccccre tote ee ee Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
Georperbs-\ an SGhaac hess 6crees eee ee ee ead oct ben es Librarian and Curator of Grasses
“1 Uish goa lgn'do) ols {o) allel -t 0 eee pen annee tone eee eee eer nae ee Associate Curator of the Museum

RODE LEN Ees WOOCSO Ms. |iicscsc teen eee erie os te os ab nae een eae eae ceceetne Curator of Herbarium

SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN

The Missouri Botanical Garden (the official name chosen by
Mr. Shaw) carries on the garden established by Henry Shaw
over a century ago at Tower Grove, his country home. It is
a private institution and has no support from city or state. The
old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the
Museum, the Mausoleum, and the Tower Grove mansion all
date from Mr. Shaw’s time. Since his death, as directed in his
will, the Garden has been in the hands of a Board of Trustees
who appoint the Director.

The Garden is open every day in the year (except New
Year’s and Christmas) from nine A.M. until seven P. M. spring
to fall and until six in the winter time though the green-
houses close at five. Towrr Grove, itself, Mr. Shaw’s old
country home, is open from one until four, admission twenty-
five cents, with special guides. The Garden is nearly a mile long
and has several entrances. ‘The Main Entrance, the one most
used by the general public, is at Tower Grove and Flora Place
on the Sarah bus line (No. 42). The Park Southhampton buses
(No. 80), direct from downtown, pass within three blocks
of this entrance and stop directly across the street from the
Administration Building at 2315 Tower Grove Avenue. The
latter is the best entrance for students, visiting scientists, etc.
It is open to such visitors after 8:30 A.M., but is closed on
Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. The step-in gate (more or less
concealed by the big Cleveland Ave. gate, 2221 Tower Grove)
is nearly always open, and there is a service entrance on Alfred

Avenue, one block south of Shaw Avenue.

Since Mr. Shaw’s time an Arboretum has been developed at
Gray Summit, Mo., adjacent to State Highways 50 and 66. It
is open every day in the year and has auto roads as well as foot
trails through the wild-flower reservation. There is a pinetum
and an extensive display of daffodils and other narcissi which are
at their best in April.