MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
ae
Volumes
pe = 55
1964 = 1965
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN LIBRARY
VW. a 5s, 1967 -G9 Copy 2
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Bulletin 0
Cover: Kenneth Peck demonstrates a grass snake to an interested audience during
the Pitzman Summer Nature Program. PHOTO BY ARTHUR FILLMORI
CONTENTS
Candelabra, Cassia alata
Robert Everard Woodson, Jr., 1904-1963 New Hours for the Climatron Educational Programs, 1964 Drought—Philosophically
Autumn Color in 1963
Flower Show Schedule for 1964
New Members of the Friends of the Garden
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, Missouri.
Editor for this issue: EpGAR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois,
under Act of March 3, 1879.
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LIT No. 1
CANDELABRA,
ARLY last autumn one of the active E members of the Horticultural So- ciety brought to the Garden for iden- tification the leaf of an interesting subtropical shrub. She had received it last spring from a friend of hers in Louisiana under the name of ‘‘Cande- labra” as a small plant a few inches high and had set it out in her rose garden. It flourished in the summer heat and by early September was over waist high and growing actively.
It proved to be a tropical shrub, Cassia alata, which we have grown and flowered in the Climatron. It is so widespread in the tropics that botanists are not certain of its original home. Its common name in the Philippines is “Akapulko” which would most prob- ably indicate that it arrived there in early Spanish times by way of Aca- pulco, Mexico, and may be a New World species. It is now common in many parts of the Philippines (as else- where in the tropics) both as an orna- mental and a drug plant. There it grows into a shrub eight feet high with arrestingly unusual foliage and tight (This dual
career of drug plant and ornamental is
spikes of yellow flowers.
found in at least one other Cassia. The
Bulletin
January 1964
(CASSIA ALATA)
beautiful “Golden-Shower Tree”’ is the source of the cassia pods of the drug trade.) Cassia alata as a drug has been used for various purposes but particu- larly with skin diseases; its common English name in parts of the tropics is “Ringworm Bush.” In other areas its beauty has won out and it is known as “Seven Golden Candlesticks,’ of which “Candelabra” is an obvious condensa- tion.
The plain green leaves of a young plant of Cassia alata are a dramatic sight; they can be up to three feet long but are usually much shorter. They are made up of pairs of leaflets set opposite each other, the terminal pair being wider and rounder than the rest. The others are so straight and so parallel-sided and so square-cornered that they look almost artificial. The severity is relieved by a shallow notch at the tip of each leaflet with a minute hook set within it. A larger hook of the same sort is set at the top of the rachis between the terminal leaflets. At the base of each leaflet, which is set up tight against the rachis, is a swollen, amber-colored area. It is the site of an organ, the pulvinus, which controls the movements of the leaflets;
(1)
they fold up at night just as do clovers and most other legumes.
Thrifty young plants of candelabra are worth growing in St. Louis in the summer time just for the interest and beauty of their unusual leaves. They are available in Florida and Louisiana along with many other subtropical ornamentals. Some of these, the lan- tanas, for instance, have now become so common that we take them for granted as part of our summer garden- ing picture. With the new types of houses that many of us live in, with increasing numbers of people who are driving back North each spring, with the increase in amateur greenhouses, we need to be more aware of what the subtropics has to offer for our gardens.
With the warm weather of October and November this plant of ‘Seven Golden Candelsticks” flourished amaz-
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
ingly and flowered on several of its As in the Climatron, the bright yellow blossoms were packed so
branches.
closely together that they looked (to quote the lady who raised them) “‘like a wand of yellow rosebuds.”’ With the continuing warm weather, and_ the protection from the earliest frosts which we get within the Metropolitan area they stayed in flower for some time and were beautiful and interest- ing in the garden.
While we cannot expect to have warm Octobers and Novembers in every year, neither need we expect such cool weather as we had this year in June and July. For the gardener with a little sporting blood here is some- thing to try out in a sunny corner but one protected from early frosts.
EA.
eK xX kB MD
ROBERT EVERARD WOODSON, Jr. 1904-1963
rR. Woopson, the Garden’s Senior
Taxonomist and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany at Washington University, died on No- vember sixth after suffering a severe heart attack and being hospitalized for a very few days. It was forty years ago this autumn that as a brilliant undergraduate student at Washington University he first began to visit the library, the herbarium, and_ labora-
tories, and the greenhouses at the Gar- den. By the time he graduated in 1926 he was one of a group of outstanding young people (including Mildred Mathias, now Professor of Botany at U.C.L.A.) who were carry- ing on advanced work here.
As a native St. Louisan, born of a southern family with distinguished connections in Kentucky and Virginia,
he all his life had deep-seated loyalties
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3
to Missouri and St. Louis. It was not easy to persuade him to take part of his training elsewhere. When, reluc- tantly, he spent one of his graduate years at Harvard, he returned however with new enthusiasms. He had not only taken full time work at the Gray Herbarium; he had also studied with Professor E. C. Jeffrey who had in- duced in him a deep, and continuing, interest in plant anatomy, the study of fossil plants, and problems of evolu- tion.
For his doctorate he worked out the classification of Apocynum, the genus to which belong the Dogbane and the Indian Hemp. It was no ordinary monograph but attempted to deter- mine not only what the species were but how they had evolved and were evolving. He had studied them widely in the field as well as in the herbarium and had interesting and original theories. Five years later he helped me test some of these ideas ex- perimentally in the breeding plot. So far as they went these data supported his interpretation.
Immediately after receiving his doc- torate in 1929 he accepted joint ap- pointments at the Missouri Botanical Garden and Washington University. In his early years he carried on a vari- ety of teaching assignments. He initi- ated advanced work in Plant Anatomy and so developed these interests that they culminated in the intensive studies of fossil plants by Dr. Henry Andrews and his students.
For a number of years he taught the beginning course in Elementary Botany. He took a deep interest in his students and sponsored voluntary
field trips to which he devoted much time and energy. For hundreds of students this kindled an interest in the out-of-doors that will stay with them the rest of their lives. He attracted a number of able students into perma- nent careers in Biology, men who had already begun to specialize in other fields: Russell Seibert, now Director of the Longwood Gardens; David Waugh, the Biophysicist; and Professor Charles Heiser of Indiana University. He joined Dr. Karl Sax and me in a joint investigation of the American Tradescantias in the field, the herbar- ium, and the cytology laboratory, one of the first of such joint studies. Meanwhile his program at the Bo- tanical Garden was developing. He went on from Apocynum to mono- graph other genera in that family and in the closely related Milkweed family. Here he was a scholar’s scholar, dealing with some of the most complicated flowers in the plant kingdom, appar- ently a whole special chapter in evolu- tion which had not been looked into so deeply before. One small segment of this work brought him public recognition. Among the genera which he had monographed for the New World was Rauwolfia. When the world’s first tranquilizing drug was recognized in an Indian species of this genus, his detailed understanding of the species became of theoretical and Under his leadership a monograph of Rauwolfia was brought out in 1957 which dealt
commercial importance.
with its Botany, Pharmacognosy, Phar- macology, and Chemistry.
He became Curator of the Herbar- ium in 1948. For the rest of his life
+ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
he had to live day by day and year after year with the increasingly frus- trating problems of finding support for the proper development of a great herbarium.
Early in his work at the Garden he became interested in the flora of Pana- ma and for several summers studied and collected there with some of his students. This led to his initiating an illustrated flora of the country, a project in which he was joined by scholars throughout the world and which is still going forward.
In the 1940’s Dr. Woodson branched out into a detailed study of the dynam- ics of evolution in one species of milk- weed, the Butterfly Weed, Asclepias tuberosa. He studied it in detail, using refined statistical methods, in the herbarium, the breeding plot, the laboratory, and in the field all the way from the Rockies to the Atlantic Coast. He measured the extent to which the sub-species in the central part of the continent was mixing with those from the Coastal Plain. In
1960, fourteen years after he had taken large field samples all the way from Kansas to Norfolk, Virginia, he went back to the same areas and with his new samples demonstrated the con- sistent differences which had accumu- lated in that interval.
These data are among the most im- pressive which had ever been collected in a direct study of Natural Selection in the field. While in general they are in accord with modern theories of evo- lution, they present features which cannot yet be satisfactorily accounted for on any theory. William Bateson, one of the founders of Genetics, said that scientists should “treasure their exceptions.” It is among those sci- entists who have gone most deeply into the details of his work that there is a growing conviction that here is some- thing important. It has already caused some serious rethinking by experts in this field. Out of it may stem further
advances.
EpGAR ANDERSON
NEW HOURS FOR THE CLIMATRON
HE Climatron is open every day i ee the year (except New Year’s Day and Christmas Day). On week- days it is open from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Week-ends and holidays
the hours are as follows:
NOVEMBER through MARCH
SuNbDays from 9:00 A. M. to 9:00 P. M.
APRIL through OCTOBER SATURDAYS and SUNDays from 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. Houipays from 9:00 A. M. to 9:00
P. M. Memorial Day, May 30th Independence Day, July 4th Labor Day, September 7th Thanksgiving Day, November 26th Effective as of January Ist, 1964.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS 1964 ACTIVITIES FOR CHILDREN
SATURDAY NATURE PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN
iN study programs are provided every Saturday morning from 10 to 11:30 A. M. in the Museum Building and greenhouses for children ages 7 to 16. The programs are free and no advance registration is required.
Children are given instruction in the world of plants and their associations with man, animals, birds and insects. They are encouraged to make collections. They plant seeds and bulbs and make cuttings of plants. These programs offer children
action, recreation, and the fun of taking home their collections, seedlings and bulbs.
For more information, call TO 5-0440.
PITZMAN SUMMER NATURE STUDY COURSES
A free summer nature program for children between the ages of 7 and 16 is made possible by a grant from the Pitzman Foundation. Children have a funda- mental curiosity about everything going on around them, and these summer courses encourage this interest in living things by bringing children into closer contact
with nature and answering the many questions that arise from such an experience.
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
The program is held on 4 days a week, with Tuesday-Thursday and Wednesday- Friday sections, from 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. each day for two 5-week sessions. Children register for either the Tuesday-Thursday or Wednesday-Friday section.
Registration for the first session will begin June Ist and for the second session July 1st. For information about the courses and registration, visit the Main Gate Office or telephone TO 5-0440.
COURSES FOR ADULTS IN HOME GARDENING
The Garden offers courses in gardening for all interested persons. Fees charged for the adult courses include all materials. Most classes and practice sessions will be held in the Garden’s Experimental Greenhouse, which can be reached by entering the Cleveland and Tower Grove Avenue gate.
Registration for all courses must be made in advance, since the number of persons who can be accepted for a given course is limited. Should interest warrant, second sessions will be considered and should less than fifteen persons register for any course, it may be dropped, in which case the fees will be refunded.
All courses will be taught by Garden staff members and by selected specialists. Fees are based on the amount of time and materials supplied by the Garden.
HOW TO PROPAGATE FROM SEED
Fundamental facts and procedures for producing annuals, biennials and some perennials from seed for use in your garden. The Garden supplies seed, germinating media and soil for four metal flats of seedlings which may be taken home. Persons
wishing to supply their own seed must bring it to the first session.
5 Sessions — Fee $12.00 Experimental Greenhouse Tuesday afternoons — 1 to 2:30 P.M. March 17, 24, April 7, 14, 21 Thursday evenings — 8 to 9:30 P.M. March 19, 26, April 9, 16, 23
Instructors: Mr. Clarence Barbre
Mr. Kenneth Peck
HOME ORCHID CULTURE
Orchids suitable for home culture and best ways of growing them. Potting demonstrations and practice. Students may take home the plant they pot.
1 Session — Fee $10.00 Orchid Greenhouse Saturday — 10 A. M. to 3 P.M. April 4 Instructor: Mr. Robert J. Gillespie
PREPARATION AND CARE OF LAWNS
Instruction on kinds of grasses and weeds and how to identify and control them. Preparation of ground for lawn establishment, soil conditioning, fertilizers
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7
and their application, rebuilding old lawns, maintenance and equipment will be discussed. Special attention will be given to individual problems.
3 Sessions — Fee $6.00 Museum Building Tuesday evenings —7 to 9 P.M. August 11, 18, 25 Instructor: Mr. Raymond Freeborg
PLANTS UNDER ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
Latest up to date thoughts and practices on the use of artificial light for plant propagation and culture, illustrated with practical equipment for the amateur or
professional grower.
1 Session — Fee $5.00 Orchid Greenhouse Saturday — 10 A. M. to 3 P.M. October 10 Instructor: Mr. Robert J. Gillespie
HOW TO PROPAGATE FROM CUTTINGS
Fundamental facts and procedures of producing trees, shrubs and perennials from cuttings (asexual reproduction). The Garden will supply a plastic covered metal propagating flat, media and plant materials for 40 to 50 kinds of plants. Student practice will emphasize propagation of house plants such as begonias, dieffenbachias, and philodendrons. Some attention will also be given to hardwood cuttings. The following methods of vegetative propagation will be used: root cuttings, suckers, divisions, hard and softwood stem divisions, hard and softwood
stem cuttings, leaf, bud and scale cuttings. 5 Sessions — Fee $12.00 Experimental Greenhouse
Tuesday evenings —8 to 9:30 P.M. October 13, 20, 27, November 3, 10 Thursday afternoons — 1 to 2:30 P.M. October 15, 22, 29, November 5, 12 Instructors: Mr. Clarence Barbre
Mr. Kenneth Peck
GUIDED TOURS
Organized groups and classes can obtain trained guides for visits to the Garden by telephoning TO 5-0440 at least ten days before their visit. Adults in tours, other than teachers with their classes, are expected to pay the usual admission charge to the Climatron, but there is no charge for children or teachers with class groups.
SELF GUIDING TOURS
Climatron— An instructive pamphlet is available at the Climatron. Tree Trail — An illustrated guide sheet to forty trees is available free at the Main Gate Office.
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
PROGRAM OF SATURDAY ACTIVITIES FOR 1964
JANUARY
“Dead or Alive.” winter, 11 “Winter Puzzles. Children will identify trees in winter by their twigs. “Jungle Plants.’* A short trip through Clima- tron to learn about and view jungle plants. 25 “Table Top Greenhouses. Propagate plants from cuttings. (Bring a1 th coffee container and plastic bag large enough to cover.)
A field study of plants in
FEBRUARY
1 ‘Life Secret of a Plant.” be used to view piant ceils.
8 “How Cells Multiply in Plants and Animals.’ Research microscopes will be used.
15 ‘‘Mystery of the Orchid.’”’ Why is it different trom all other flowers?
22 “Nature Movies.’’ Three color-sound nature movie films.
29 “Pin Cushion Forests.”’ Life story of mosses. Take home labeled specimens.
Microscopes will
MARCH
7 “The Story of Ferns.’’ Comparison of ferns to mosses and flowering plants. Press fern leaves to take home.
14 “Plants in a Capsute.’’ Seed structure and how they are formed. Take home seeds.
21 “Miniature Gardens.” Plant little gardens to take home. (Bring rigid container, maximum size 12” & 12” & 4” deep.)
28 “Sowing Seeds.”’ Learn to sow seeds. (Bring 1 Ib cotfee container, )
APRIL
4+ “Rise of Forests.”’ Plant succession or how torests come into being.
11 “Flower Shapes and Names.’ tify spring wiid flowers.
18 “Nature Fiims.’? New color-sound movie films on a spring theme.
25 ‘Transplanting Seedlings. Transplant and take home piants for a small garden, (Bring al tb coffee container, )
,
How to iden-
MAY
2 “Woodlands of America.’’ Study of major forests of Missouri and eastern United States.
9 “p.ants with Wet Feet.”’ Demonstration of aquatic plants. See them in underwater tunel in Climatron,
16 “Prehistoric Plants.”” The = story of fossil plants.
23 “rrom Dust to Seed.””) Flower pollination and deyveiopment of truits and seeds.
30 “Bees and Flowers.’ Observation of bees
seeking nectar in flowers.
JUNE
6 “Tags for Trees.” Make plaster casts of leaves to learn their structure.
13 “The Queen of Flowers.”” Sample and study the fruits of members of Rose tamily
20 “Nature Hunt.’’ A treasure hunt for leaves and seeds. Prizes awarded.
27 “Nature Films.”’ A’ selection of the newest and best co.or-sound films.
JULY 4 Holiday. (No program will be held.)
11 “The Bread-Winning Family.’ Collect and mount grasses to take home,
18 “Dangerous Plants.”” Learn to identify poison ivy and other poisonous plants.
25 “Formulas for Flowers.’’ Find new way to
look at flowers and mount several to take home.
AUGUST
1 *‘New) Generation.’’ Collect seeds. Prizes
awarded to a cises of greatest number.
8 “Uses of Wild Plants.”’ Learn way to use wild plants as source of water, food and dye.
15 “Table Top Greenhouses. Propagate plants from cuttings. (Bring 1 th cotfee container and plastic bag large enough to cover. )
22 “Late Summer Landscapes.”’ Draw or paint landscapes.
29 “How to Make a Terrarium.’’ Small plants and soil for terrarium supplied by Garden. (Bring a wide mouth jar or small glass bowl.)
SEPTEMBER
5 “The Mighty Oaks.’’ Make collections of important species to take home. “The Hundred-in-One Flower.’’ Study early fall lowers belonging to Sunflower family.
19 “Devil’s Footstools.””. Mushroom demonstra- tion including story of penicillin.
26 “Plants with Split Personalities.’ Story of plants known as Lichens. Take home samples.
OCTOBER
3 "Planting Bulbs.” Paperwhite narcissus bulbs planted to take home. (Bring a 1 tb coffee container. )
10 ‘Fall Treasure Hunt.” Field trip in Garden. Contest and prizes for solving riddles and trail finding.
17 “Fall Colors.””. Draw or paint scenes in Fall color.
24+ "The Forests of the Rocky Mountains.” A travelogue illustrated with slides.
31 “Nature Movies.’ Three coior-sound movie films.
NOVEMBER
7 “Bird Feeders.’” Make a simple bird feeder to take home. (Bring an empty half-gallon miik carton. )
14 “Soil and Water Conservation.’ A study of soils and erosion, watersheds and_ forests, the dangers of water pollution.
21 “Fun with Fruit.””) Learn to identify variety of fruits. Prizes awarded.
28 “Deserts.” The deserts of North America and how pants live in them.
DECEMBER
5 ‘“Insectivorous Plants.’’ Demonstration and description of weird plants that digest in- sects.
12 “Christmas Decorations.’’ Make decorations from seeds, seed pods, cones, etc., to take home.
19 “Christmas Wreaths."”. Make a Christmas wreath to take home. (Bring a wire coat- hanger.)
26 “Nature Films.’’ A’ selection of the newest and best color-sound films.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9
DROUGHT — PHILOSOPHICALLY
LOUIS G.
6 Bice drought of the fall of 1963 will not be easily forgotten by those who find pleasure in the out- doors. It is indeed disheartening to see the Missouri landscape sear and gaunt at a season normally so full of the ex- pectancies of riotous fall color. It is more than a little disturbing to hear the dry harsh rattle of leaves on the forest floor when migrating warblers should search through leafy forest canopies for insects.
Asters that normally winked at us with clear blue or mauve eyes from sunny coppice borders were hardly to be recognized with buds blasted on December-like stalks. Thus deprived of some of the sensual pleasures of late September and October countryside many of us have speculated in climatic alteration by the atomic devices or even wrath evoked by divine power upon man. But cyclic drought has been an important feature of mid- western and Missouri climatic pattern for centuries past and through it we find part of the reason why Missouri looks like “Missouri” with its prairie areas, rocky glades, cedar barrens, oak— hickory ridge forests, white oak—sugar maple forest on lower slopes, and flood plain forests all represented as rather well defined habitats.
drought has effected natural selection
Recurrent
among native plants developing a flora peculiarly able to withstand such try- ing conditions. Availability of water together with temperature and_ the
BRENNER
quality of the soil largely determine the divisions between the major habi- tats in our mid-western area.
Because soil lying undisturbed ex- hibits little change even over long periods of time it remains then for climatic features, rainfall and tem- perature, to exact controlling limita- tions upon the habitat. Within the past year we have been able to witness an excellent example of the dual inter- action of both climatic variables in an extremely cold winter and a_ severe autumn drought. Such conditions are wondrously designed to maintain the identity and purity of the habitat. Ef- fects of the past drought season have been most pronounced in upland habi- tats as prairie, limestone glade, oak— hickory and white oak-sugar maple. If the naturalist looks about him next spring he will note that most of the trees and plants showing signs of dis- tress are of species not normally con- sidered components of that immediate habitat.
Trees have greater demands for water hence exhibit more dramatic effects of drought. Trees such as elm and syca- more have light winged seeds that are blown great distances by wind. Dur- ing moist years seeds of such trees germinate and develop in almost any habitat where small patches of bare ground with sufficient light are avail- able. They then continue to grow as long as there is sufficient moisture to
support growth. It remains then for
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
seasons of drought to remove such species from the upland habitats and restrict them to flood plain and low- land woods habitats of which we con- sider them important elements. Nat- uralists should learn to look upon drought as a sort of natural predator designed to weed out the habitat and maintain its identity as an association of plant species naturally selected to endure all normal climatic extremes on that site.
The most recent drought along with the announcement by the weather bureau that we are now, over the past ten year period, behind in rainfall almost the equivalent of an entire year of normal precipitation should point out the urgency of water conservation if we are to preserve our woodland habitats. Land owners, even those of very small acreages, can do much to aid in this problem and in a most en- joyable fashion. The method is simple. All dead tree limbs and logs are ar- ranged on the hillside in a horizontal or level position so that in effect they act as small dams retarding the flow of runoff water following heavy rains. This permits more water to soak into the soil and about the tree roots. Limbs and logs lying in this position and close to the ground also hold dead leaves in place to decay into forest compost. Soon the limbs and logs also decay because of closer proximity to the moisture from the soil. If pre- ferred, small dead trees up to 8 or 10 inch diameters may be felled with axe
All brush and logs
from such downed trees is also disposed
or power saw.
by arrangement on the contour (in level position of the slope. Do not
cut dead trees more than 10 inches in diameter—save them for den trees in your woods.
A serious mistake among land own- ers engaged in such a program is the attempt to “clean up” their woods by removing underbrush and lower grow- ing limbs. Such material plays a most important role in buffering winds and if removed permits the winds to move freely and in doing so hasten the dry- ing of the woods. The above main- tenance program makes a wonderful chore for pleasant brisk winter days. It’s a vigorous chore indeed; rest breaks are in order. While you relax into cozy pungency of a leafy drift take a minute to explore the wonders of mosses, lichens and fungi with a small pocket hand lens. While you’re at it notice the differences in the buds on dormant twigs, the odors and grains of the different woods.
After several years of practicing such a maintenance program there will be a difference about your woods. Most noticeable will be the greater depth of woods soil or duff. Wild- flowers will increase; indeed species not growing on your property in years past will appear as if by magic.
While the effects of the past drought became most dramatic in late Septem- ber and October the signs of distress in plants became evident as early as mid- August. Nearly all species of late summer and early fall grasses and weedy plants that provide the bulk of winter food for sparrow and finch-like birds have been restricted in seed pro- duction. Food sources for these birds
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11
are at a very low level now with a long winter season still ahead. All persons are urged to fill the hoppers of the feeder early and keep them full. Add plenty of millet and small grass- like seed; chances are with the scarcity of these foods in weedy lots you may
be able to enjoy experiences with spe- cies of sparrows not commonly attend-
ing your feeding area.
(Reprinted from Saint Louis Audu- bon Bulletin, November 1963.)
cK RK CRO OOD
ce ERK
5 MSS
AUTUMN COLOR IN 1963
N spite of more or less continuous
drought throughout the growing season which brought real damage to some of the Garden’s trees, the mid- October to mid-November display of autumnal color was as outstanding as any in recent years. The deep, intense reds were muted or lacking altogether but the bright yellows more than made up for the difference. Sweet Gums which have been deep crimson in other autumns were a mixture of strange pinkish reds. Others were yellow with splashes of light red. One Gum tree was all in shades of yellow with no red at all. Even the Amur Maples at the rear of Tower Grove, always one of the brightest of our fall displays, were in lavender reds rather than flaming crimsons. The Virginia Creeper along the fence behind the Cleveland Gate House which in other years has been an almost fire-cracker red was a pale green with subtle pink shadings.
Autumn leaves with abundant red color have been found to be rich in sugars. With this year’s poor growing
conditions there was probably less sugar in the leaves. Then too, like much of the Metropolitan Area, the Garden missed the first hard frost; our trees passed on into the Indian Summer weeks which followed with their leaves quite undamaged but their gears shift- ed, so to speak, by their various reac- tions to the cooler nights. The leaves ripened slowly. The sugars had time to drain away. The yellow pigments of late autumn developed almost as they do in Italy.
Hard frost held off until the end of the third week in November. By that time the latest of our Ginkgoes to color had slowly turned from green to green-gold and green-gold to yellow. The oldest of these trees are towering and leafy. When the sunlight hits them at the height of their color a golden radiance, strong enough to cast a shadow, is reflected into the shade under other trees and through the win- dows of nearby buildings.
1c
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
FLOWER SHOW SCHEDULE FOR 1964
Jan. 12 Last Sunday of 1963 Poinsettia Show
Jan 19-Feb. 2 Primroses
Feb. 6 Orchid Show Preview
Feb. 9-23 Orchid Show
March 1-15 Tulip Show
March 21-22 African Violet Show
March 29 Easter Show
April 5-26 Spring Flower Show
May 2-10 Lady Washington Geraniums
May 16-17 St. Louis Horticultural Society’s Spring Show
May 23-24 Rose Show
June Hydrangeas
June 27 Hemerocallis Show
July-August Foliage Plants
July 18-19 Illinois Gladiolus Society Show
Sept. 5-13 Henry Shaw Cactus Society Show
Sept. 19-20 Harvest Show of the Regional Council of Men’s Garden Clubs
Sept. 26-27-28 Dahlia Show
Oct. 17-18 Allied Florists
Oct. 29 Chrysanthemum Show Preview
Nov. = 1-29 Chrysanthemum Show
Dec. 6—Jan. 10 Poinsettia Show
NEW MEMBERS OF THE FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
NovEMBER 1 THROUGH DECEMBER 5
Miss Melba E. Aufderheide
Mr. and Mrs. Dudley B. Batchelor
Miss Bess Belzer Mr. and Mrs. Edward X. Boeschenstein Mr. Adolph Burmeister Esther Carlson Mrs. Grace H. Coleman Miss Ruth D. Colestock Mr. and Mrs. Paul Ira Cook Mr. and Mrs. James T. Dodds, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Aaron T. Ferris
Miss V. Feurbacher
Mrs. Ben L. Goldberg Hanley Woods Garden Club Mr. Louis H. Heger
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Hermon Miss T. Louise Kelley
Dr. and Mrs. F. T. Kraus Miss Edna Landzettel
Mr. and Mrs. Howard H. McGee
Miss Erma Maurer
Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Morse Mr. Howard Ohlendorf
Mrs. Herbert L. Parker, Jr.
Mr. Clif Placke Miss Alice Rice Miss Ellen A. Schlafly Mr. and Mrs. Roger D. Smith Virginia C. Sodemann Mr. and Mrs, Meade Summers John B. Sutphin, M.D. Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Sutton Mrs. Wilford H. Taylor Mrs. William C. Valli Miss Aurelia M. Voelker Mr. and Mrs. Maurice R. Wheeler
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry HitrcHcock, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
Henry B. Prracer, Second Vice President
Howarp F. Baer
DANIEL K. CATLIN
EX-OFFICIO
JOHN J. Hicks,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis
GEorGE L. CapDIGAN, Bishop, Diocese of Missouri
STRATFORD LEE MorTON,
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis
Sam’L. C. Davis
JoHn S. LeumMaANnn
WarRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH Tom K. SmitH, JR.
Harry FE. WurrRTENBAFRCHER, JR.
DupLeyY FRENCH, Honorary Trustee
MEMBERS
THomMas H. Etror, Chancellor, Washington University
RayMOND R,. Tucker, Mayor, City of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. C. Johnson Spink, Vice President, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL
Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt,
Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. Vice President, Mrs. Tom K, Smith, Jr.,
COUNCIL
Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, Carl F.
Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph R: abenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chatrman.
WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice President, Mrs. Wm.
H. Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs.
Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul
Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger, Recording Secretary.
HISTORICAL COMMITTEE Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co-
Chairmen for Restoration.
GARDEN STAFF
Hucu C. Cutter, Executive Director
Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants
Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist CLARENCE Barpre, Instructor Ernest Breer, Horticulturist
Louts G. BRENNER, Grounds Superintendent
LApIsSLAUS CUTAK, Greenhouse Superintendent
Cataway H. Dopson. Taxonomist and Curator of Living Plants
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate
Watpo G. FecuNeEr, Secretary of Board and Controller
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer Paut A. Kont, Floriculturist
F. R. McMarnu, Rosarian
Epitn S. Mason, Landscape Architect
VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research Associate
KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor
Grorce H. Princ, Superintendent Emeritus
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist KENNETH A. SmitH, Chief Engineer
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
GerorGE B. Van ScuHaAack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator of the Museum
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- mented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres Christmas and New Year’s from 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Clima- tron stays open until 9:00 P.M. and on Saturdays, April through
is open every day of the year except
October, as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthe- mums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
SS CO oO? So we HN ca. BR EQ OO . 8 oO) a) by = ie. od — ino as = = \ aN
Cover: Limestone bluffs at Pine Hills north of Wolf Lake, Illinois. Though too rugged to explore easily there is a large number of species of plants to be found within a short distance of this point. Photo by Evers. (We are indebted to Dr. Robert Evers and the Illinois Natural History Survey for the illustrations used in this number
of the Bulletin).
CONTENTS
For The Naturalist, Places And Plants In Illinois
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri. Editor for this issue: EpGar ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois,
under Act of March 3, 1879.
Missouri Botanical Garden
Volume LII No. 2
Bulletin
February 1964
FOR THE NATURALIST, PLACES AND PLANTS IN ILLINOIS
ost St. Louis naturalists when M planning a week-end in the country instinctively think of some place in Missouri. After all, the Ozark Plateau begins at the edge of our metropolitan area and continues all the way to northern Arkansas. Not all of it is picturesque when seen from the highway but many of the side roads look inviting and we are conscious of being in the kind of land- scape that may give our minds and spirits something to feed upon. Most of Illinois, when we drive through it, is now little more than farmlands where the prairies used to be, alter- nating endlessly with cutover wood- lands along muddy rivers.
A few of us gradually learn that at various places in the state of Illi- nois (some of them quite close to St. Louis) there are areas quite as inter- esting to naturalists, amateur or pro- fessional as those in our own state. Yet even after our attention has been turned in that direction it takes lots of asking around and much consulting of maps before we find the kinds of places we are looking for.
In July of 1963 an official docu- ment was published which will help in finding our way. It is a detailed sur- vey of the twenty-four places in the state of Illinois most likely to meet such needs. It was prepared by Dr.
Robert A. Evers, Associate Botanist, Illinois Natural History Survey. It was titled “Some Unusual Natural Areas in Illinois and a Few of their Plants” and is Biological Notes no. 50 of the Natural History Survey Div- ision (Urbana, Illinois) of the Depart- ment of Registration and Education for the State of Illinois.
Dr. Ever’s survey is an attractive brochure of 32 big (8.5”’ x 11”) pages. In addition to a front cover view taken along the Cache River there are 42 photo-engravings in black and white and a map of Illinois showing the location of the twenty-four ‘“‘Nat- ural Areas”. The back cover is taken up both inside and outside with a ros- ter (citing both common and scien- tific names) of the native plants mentioned in the text, from the Bird’s eye Primroses in the north to the Sil- verbell Tree in the south.
“In 1959, six Natural History Sur- vey staff members (William E. Clark, Robert A. Evers, R. Weldon Larimore, Milton W. Sanderson, Philip W. Smith, and Lewis J. Stannard) who were interested in natural areas in Ili- nois, where they were located, and what was unique about them, became greatly concerned about our loss of scientifically important places. They suggested approximately 70 localities and from these selected 23 that they
(1)
2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
believed to be the most unusual. Most of the 23 localities are among the 24 natural areas described in this article. The others are of importance, and doubtless there are many more areas within the state that are worthy of preservation. Many of the state parks have been omitted, not because they lack natural areas but because they have been described elsewhere.”
Now that the prairies have dis- appeared the few broken fragments of them which persist here and there
along roadways or railroad rights-of- way are precious. It is imperative that the best of these be located, be re- served as areas of national importance and somehow be protected as much as possible against herbicides. The most important prairie remnants discovered by the Survey were along the Illinois Central Railroad in the central part of the state, east and a little north of St. Louis. Evers describes the main sequences in their summer displays of wildflowers and shrubs:
AN ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD PRAIRIE
“A little over a century ago, much of east-central Illinois was flatland prairie. Although early settlers shun- ned the land as being unsuitable for cultivation because of a belief that only forest soils were fertile, later ones found it was extremely productive and valued it highly. After a suitable plow had been perfected to break and turn the prairie sod and after drain tile had been placed to lower the water level, vast stretches of prairie were converted to farmland. Now only remnants of prairie are left; they are along roadsides or railroad trackways. These remnants must be preserved if we wish any Illinois flatland prairie vegetation to remain for future gen- erations to study and enjoy.
“A prairie area located along the trackway of the Illinois Central Rail- road between Laclede, Fayette County, and Alma, Marion County, is actually a series of remnants of the Twelve- Mile Prairie of south-central Illinois. Numerous stretches of this trackway have been plowed for production of
farm crops or of nursery stock. Some stretches that were cultivated have been abandoned and have reverted to a prairie type of vegetation.
“The plants of the area are typ- ically those of the tall grass prairie. Big bluestem is the usual dominant, although switchgrass and Indian grass are locally abundant and occasionally dominant. In the wettest parts of the prairie, prairie cordgrass is the dom- inant plant and densely covers the ground. In places of little disturb- ance, the prairie is a patchwork of a few species covering the sizeable areas. In some sites, big bluestem covers much ground, while a short distance away may be blazing stars, rosinweed, prairie-dock, compass plant, wild hy- acinth, or one of the numerous gold- enrods, as Solidago rigida. Shrubs in the prairie include New Jersey tea and lead plant.
“The seasonal aspect of the prairie is interesting to observe. In early spring the prairie is dormant and shows little activity until May, ex-
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
i a | APPLE RIVER CANYON weany STEPHENSON WINWEBAGO [BOONE] McHENRY 2 ete eeae STATE PARK camo four | 3. VOLO BOG
WHTESIOE rte HEWRY [BUREAU ROCK ISLAND MERCER pics| NOK WARREN | PEORIA FULTON MeOOMOUGH MASON! TazeweLL 7. ILLINOIS RIVER F—————— SCHUYLER e
SAND PRAIRIE
o @
13, FULTS HILL PRAIRIE
14. FOUNTAIN BLUFF
15. GRAND CANYON
WOODFORD
4. WAUCONDA BOG
I5. TROUT PARK
6. CLARK RUN
IROQUOIS:
WARSHALL
VERMILION
C0GAR
’
douGias
et COLES
—+—'0. ROCKY BRANCH
ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD PRAIRIE
TASPER I.
EC CRAMF ORO rae aa
12. DEVIL'S PROP
Tsar [ree 24. LUSK GREEK GANYON 16. PINE HILLS and WOLF LAKE L293. HAYES GREEK CANYON ; LL SMITH SPRIN 17. HORSESHOE LAKE (#7 “ee. eas a 21. JACKSON HOLLOW 18. CACHE RIVER SWAMPS 20. FORT MASSAC STATE PARK
19. THORNTON'S RAVINE
A county map of the state of Illinois showing the location of the 24 “Natural Areas” con-
sidered by Dr. Evers.
cept for the flowering of a few cruc-
iferous weeds, including Whitlow’s grass. Some of the early flowers are small and rather inconspicuous, as
blue-eyed grass, or small and con- spicuous, as puccoon. The large and showy flowers of the beard-tongues appear in late May. In June the lead plant and the purple coneflower give a purple cast to the landscape. From then to the frosts of autumn a grad- ual but continual change of blossoms occurs, with the purple being replaced by yellow the
Goldenrods and asters bloom profusely
as dominant color.
(Courtesy, Illinois Natural History Survey).
toward the close of the growing season.
“Unfortunately, many people in- correctly believe the coarse prairie plants to be undesirable weeds. With- in undisturbed prairie remnants very few, if any, noxious weeds—the type that cause the farmer trouble—can
be found.
been plowed or tremendously disturbed
Only after the prairie has
do the noxious weeds obtain a foot- hold.
the land is no longer cultivated and
They then remain long after
they even thrive in the secondary
prairie type that develops.
4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
“This prairie area between Laclede and Alma is owned by the Illinois Central Railroad. Efforts have been made by the Nature Conservancy to obtain a long-term lease for stretches, about 12 miles, of these remnants of
the once vast flatland prairie.”
FOUNTAIN BLUFF
One of the strangest landscapes near St. Louis is Fountain Bluff where the Mississippi River changed _ its course. In doing so it left behind in the bottomland a small fragment of the old upland, four miles long and nearly half as wide, rising dramatically out of the floodplain right next to the Mississippi River. Its summit, which once bore an observation tower, is over 400 feet above the river and the bot- tomland. Evers gives a little of its geology and its recent history. I wish he had given more; it is a peculiar and interesting place, but one difficult to find your way around in:
“Fountain Bluff is 4 miles long and 1.8 miles across at the widest point; it has a perimeter of slightly more than 10 miles. Limestone of the Chester series, which scarcely outcrops at the south end of this outlier, is overlain with Caseyville sandstone. This massive sandstone forms the spec- tacular cliffs of Fountain Bluff. In a number of places the sandstone has been eroded to form large ravines or small valleys, some of which have been named. Loess caps the sand- stone. The highest elevation on Foun- tain Bluff is 779 feet above sea level or 419 feet above the floor of the valley to the east and about 430 feet
above the Mississippi River to the west.
“Approximately a dozen farm homes are located at the base of the cliffs and in the largest ravine, known as Happy Hollow. <A _ road _ follows the creek through Happy Hollow for a mile before it ascends to the top of the ridge on the west and then trends about a mile northeastward to the point of highest elevation, the site of Fountain Bluff Lookout Tower, a structure removed before 1950. On the east side of Fountain Bluff, three cemeteries, Goodbread, Henson, and Hudson, occupy small areas. A rail- road, a branch of the Illinois Central from Carbondale to Gale, skirts the base of Fountain Bluff on the north and west. Years ago a station, Foun- tain Bluff Station, stood at the mouth of a beautiful ravine on the northwest side of the bluff. Later a dam was constructed across this ravine, near its mouth, to impound water for a swimming pool. Both station and pool have disappeared. The pool was filled by silt carried in by running water. The silt now supports semiaquatic and mesic plants.
“On the west side of Fountain Bluff is another large ravine, Trestle Hollow. On the southwest, not on the bluff but on the riverbank and adjacent bottomland, several indus- tries—a grain loading dock, a sand gravel company, and a power station —have developed. Three power lines from the power station cross Foun- tain Bluff. Two extend eastward; the third stretches northward for some distance on the crest of the bluff ridge along the Mississippi River.
ai
« ;, 48"
A slender Plume Grass, Erianthus alopecurioides, rare so far north, on the top of Fountain Bluff. Note the pines in the background. Photo by W. D. Zehr.
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
“The vegetational cover of Foun- tain Biuff is mostly deciduous forest; it is interspersed with small prairie openings and one large hill prairie. A small area serves as agricultural land for crop and livestock production and as a site for a commercial enterprise. The dominant tree of the forest ap- pears to be the tulip tree. This tree grows on the slopes and in the ravines. Associated with this species is north- ern red oak, black oak, white oak, chinquapin oak, and white ash. In the valleys or ravines the sycamore, beech, honey locust, hard maple, and American and slippery elms grow pro- fusely. Black locust evidently was once widely planted in the area. The understory trees include sassafras, red- bud, flowering dogwood, hop horn- beam, lowa crabapple, and blue beech. Common shrubs and vines are poison ivy, spicebush, wild hydrangea, and the introduced Japanese honeysuckle. In some places, this honeysuckle has become a pest; it covers the ground surface, forms a dense growth on tree trunks, and completely covers small shrubs. Many ferns and herbaceous flowering plants, including rare or- chids, grow in the moist ravines. Moss- es are ordinarily common on the soil surface, and both mosses and _ liver- worts abound on the moist sandstone outcrops and cliffs in the ravines. Of interest to botanists are the numerous patches of plume grass that are scat- tered on the ridge top to the north and at the base of the bluff to the east. This grass may reach heights of 8 feet or more.
“The prairie openings are small and most of them are on the ridge tops.
The one sizable hill prairie of this area is situated on the southwest-facing ravine slope at the northern end of Fountain Bluff. The dominant grass of the prairie types is little bluestem; big bluestem and Indian grass are not
uncommon.”
GRAND CANYON
Site No. 15 includes accessible and interesting samples of forest which are more like the rich woodlands of the Southeast with beech and _ tulip tree in abundance.
“Grand Canyon natural area, located about 8 miles southwest of Murphys- boro, Jackson County, occupies the southeast quarter of section 35 and the southwest quarter of section 36, T.9S., R.3W., the west half of sec- tion 1, and much of section 2, T.10S., R.3W.; it is more than 700 acres in extent. The names Chalk Bluff, Hick- ory Ridge, and Viney Ridge are ap- plied to the area or to parts of it.
“This natural area is a part of the bluff system of the Mississippi River valley. From the floodplain the bluffs rise precipitously 360 feet, reaching an altitude of 720 feet above sea level. The tall, west-facing cliff in section 2 is about 0.75 mile in length and is named Chalk Bluff. The cliff is plainly visible from Fountain Bluff, 4 miles to the west, and from other points in the river valley. Above the tall cliff lies a stony slope; loess caps the bluff.
“To the north of Chalk Bluff is a large valley, not quite 0.25 mile across, that is tributary to the Miss- issippi. This tributary valley, known
A ravine opening at the north-west edge of Fountain Bluff. There was once a railroad station near this point and the ravine was damned to make a pool. This is now silted up but it is moist enough to attract species of plants which would not otherwise be present. Photo by W. D. Zehr.
as Grand Canyon, has steep walls and cliffs. To the south of Chalk Bluff is Clear Creek. This stream flows in a rather broad valley approximately 0.5 mile wide and enters the Big Mud- dy River, which here flows southward through the Mississippi River flood- plain. From Grand Canyon, sizeable ravines trend upslope to the south and from Clear Creek valley similar ravines trend upslope to the north to dissect the area into a series of deep ra- vines separated by ridges. The main ridge, which trends eastward from Chalk Bluff, almost midway between
Grand Canyon and Clear Creek, is known as Viney Ridge. A half mile east of Chalk Bluff is Hickory Ridge. On this ridge the United States Forest Service has constructed a lookout tow- er. The elevation at this site is 740 feet; from the tower a view of the ridges and bottomland is obtained. “The ridges support a mixed forest, including such species as chinquapin oak, northern red oak, black oak, sweet gum, bitternut hickory, tulip tree, and red cedar. Hop hornbeam, Hercules’ club, and redbud grow as
understory trees. Poison ivy, smooth
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
sumac, and winged sumac are common shrubs.
of greenbrier form dense, almost im-
In some places two species
penetrable patches. Plume grass (Er- ianthus alopecurioides) grows pro- fusely in some of the small openings of the ridge top and also on some slopes.
“The ravine slopes support a for- est that includes some of the species enumerated above and also beech and tulip tree, which are very abundant. The understory includes flowering dogwood, papaw, and, along the riv- ulets, the blue beech. On these slopes the Christmas, the maidenhair, the broad beach, the glade, and other ferns are not uncommon. In spring, num- erous wild flowers clothe the slopes.
“When I visited this area in 1949, a small hill prairie occupied part of the west-facing brow slope at the northern extremity of Chalk Bluff. Little bluestem was the dominant grass. Scattered throughout the prai- rie were small hickories, sassafras, and white oak.
“The bottomland forest beyond Chalk Bluff toward the Big Muddy River contains such species as overcup oak, swamp white oak, pin oak, pecan, and big shellbark hickory.
“Grand Canyon harbors some rare and semi-rare plant species: the club- moss’ Lycopodium lucidulum, which grows on a sandstone cliff of one of the tributary ravines; sphagnum moss, which covers a sizeable, moist sand- stone outcrop in another ravine; and several orchids, including Wister’s cor- alroot and twayblade.
“Much of Grand Canyon natural area is under the supervision of the United States Forest Service, but some
parts remain in private ownership.”
The next site chosen by Dr. Evers finds the Mississippi Valley bluffs closely adjacent to botanically inter-
esting swamps:
PINE HILLS AND WOLF LAKE
“One of the most beautiful local- ities in Illinois is Pine Hills and the adjacent Wolf Lake and Larue swamps in Union County. No matter what the season is—winter, spring, summer, or autumn—this place abounds in nat- ural beauty. It is located in sections 3, 4,9; 10,15, 16, 21, 22,2728, 33 and 34, T.11S., R.3W., and sections 3 and 4, T.12S., R.3W. The hills ex- tend 6 miles north from the village of Wolf Lake.
“The bluffs of the Mississippi Riv- er that form Pine Hills are underlain with cherty limestone that outcrops to form sizeable cliffs up to 100 feet high. Cherty slopes lie above the cliffs, and loess caps the bluffs. At the cliff bases, toe slopes of various sizes have been formed of rock frag- ments that have spalled from the cliff faces. The swamps are in the bot- tomland adjacent to the bluffs. They occupy the old channel of the Big Muddy River, which enters the Miss- issippi River valley west of Murphys- boro, Jackson County, and meanders southward along the bluffs into sec- tion 4, T.11S8., R.3W., then south- westward and westward to enter the Mississippi River below Grand Tower. In the earlier days, the Big Muddy continued its course southward along the bluffs. Present-day Otter Pond and Wolf Lake are parts of the old
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9
river channel. Big Muddy is an ex- ample of a Yazoo River type of trib- utary.
“The vegetation of Pine Hills is mostly deciduous forest. Prairie open- ings and one hill prairie are found here. The toe or talus slopes of the bluffs are forested, as are the ravines that extend eastward into the bluffs. The south-facing ravine slopes are covered with xeric oaks and hickories and some prairie herbs, the north- facing slopes with mesic forest, in- cluding tulip tree and hard maple. The cliffs support few plants except scattered individuals of cliff brake, some species of goldenrod, especially Drummond’s, and red cedar.
“The brow slopes above the cliffs maintain forest in some places, prairie in others. Some of this prairie is of the typical hill type, with little blue- stem the dominant grass, and some exists as small openings within the forest. The forest is a mixed decid- uous type, with southern yellow pine and pink azalea as unusual species. Southern yellow pine is restricted in Illinois to two localities: Pine Hills and southern Randolph County to the north. Farkleberry is a common shrub on the Pine Hills slopes. These slopes are also the type locality of Liatris scabra, a species of blazing star that was first described from collections made here.
“The swamps are of interest bot- anically for the occurrence of several species that are rare in Illinois. Sev- eral species of duckweeds, including Wolfficlla floridana, live in the water of this swamp, as do frogbit and swamp loosestrife, the last a species
more common much farther north. Here can also be found the rare grass Glyceria_ pallida.
“Part of Pine Hills and the adja- cent swamps is in the Shawnee Na- tional Forest, part in the Southern Illinois University Biological Station,
! -— and part in private ownership.
FORT MASSAC
Site No. 20 is largely of scenic and historic interest but includes big wil- low oaks, a magnificent southern oak which has now almost disappeared in Illinois:
“Fort Massac State Park is located along the north bank of the Ohio Riv- er, east of Metropolis, Massac County. Easily reached from highway US 45, the park occupies 840 acres of river- bank and bottomland woods. The locality was set aside as a state park because of its historical interest. It is the site of Fort Massac, also called Fort Cherokee.
“Perhaps the first biologist to visit Fort Massac was the French botanist Andre Michaux, who arrived on Thurs- day, October 8, 1795. He botanized in the area—in both Illinois and Ken- tucky—until November 6, when he returned to Kaskaskia. What Mich- aux saw and what the visitor today can see in the area are vastly different. The large bottomland forests and swamps have been cut and drained; only remnants remain. One of the trees of this bottomland is the willow oak. Its numbers have dwindled since the time of Michaux. Sizeable trees of this species once lined the highway south of Mermet. A few years ago,
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
when this highway was being widened, the forest bordering the right-of-way was cut and these trees were destroyed. Several sizeable willow oak trees re- main in Fort Massac State Park and thus are afforded some measure of The number of willow oaks in the Black Bottom east of the
protection.
park is decreasing. Soon persons look- ing for this plant in Illinois may be able to see it only at Fort Massac.” Our last selection from Dr. Evers’ list is from one of the recreational areas provided by the U. S. Forest Ser-
vice:
BELL SMITH SPRINGS
“Several miles east of Jackson Hol- low is another of the numerous beauty spots of southern Illinois—Bell Smith It lies southeast of the community known as McCormick, in Pope County. Within the area, Spring Branch, Hunting Branch, and Hill Branch enter Bay Creek, which then flows southward. Most of the area is in sections 33 and 34,.T.11S., R.5E.
“The huge cliffs and the small to massive blocks that strew the slopes
Springs Recreational Area.
between the cliffs and streams are sandstone. Cliffs have numerous un- dercuts, and a large natural bridge is developing along Bay Creek, north of Spring Branch. Many years ago, Hill Branch cut into the sandstone and at one place formed a sizeable gorge. Beyond the gorge, downstream, the bed of Hill Branch is strewn with rock fragments. ‘The beds of Hunt- ing and Spring branches are of sim- ilar aspect. In some places the streams
are shallow and have riffles or small falls; in other places they are deep and form quiet pools. Visitors use some of the large, deep, quiet pools as swimming holes.
“The vegetation of Bell Smith Springs is deciduous forest, with prai- rie openings. Rock ledges and cliffs provide interesting plant habitats (Winterringer & Vestal 1956). A mesic forest, with beech and hard maple as the most common species, Above
the cliffs several species of oaks and
occupies the stream valleys.
hickories replace the beech and maple. Along the stream banks the red maple, river birch, smooth alder, and Virginia willow thrive. Spicebush is a common shrub in the valley forest; farkleberry is common in the dry forests above
the cliffs.
lichens clothe many of the moist,
Mosses, liverworts, and
shaded overhangs. Some cliff faces lack plants and some support growths of lichens and a few ferns. A few hardy composites thrive in some of the cliff recesses. Some rock ledges are bare, but most are clothed with lichens and bryophytes. Vascular plants grow in crevices of the ledges or in the small pockets of soil that accumulate on the surface of the rock. In one overhang, the filmy fern grows in scattered patches.
“This area, under the control of the United States Forest Service, is used to some extent as a picnic area. The name is sometimes spelled “Belle Smith Spring” and for many years the name so spelled was carved on the For- est Service sign at the entrance. Ac- cording to Allen (1949), the name should be Bell Smith.”
y
A sandstone gorge at Bell Smith Springs near Cormick, Pope County, Illinois. of the most beautiful areas in southern I}linois. Photo by Evers.
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
One cannot read this brochure carefully without being grateful for the efforts of the private citizens and state and national agencies which have made it possible for us to visit and At the
same time there are disturbing refer-
enjoy these Natural Areas.
ences to the difficulties of maintain- ing them once they have been set up. At Apple River Canyon, “disturbance by visitors is present but not yet At Illinois Beach on Lake
Michigan the section designated as a
acute’.
nature area is threatened by “constant pressure to convert this delightful and restful part of the park to golf courses, picnic areas, playgrounds, and similar enterprises”’.
Particularly ominous are the recent changes at Trout Park on the bluffs of the Fox River at Elgin. Over thirty years ago it was set up in the words of its founders as something ‘more than a park; it is a preserve—a last refuge for the plant and animal life of an extensive region in these morainic hills of northern Illinois”. Though owned by the City of Elgin it was “under
the custody of those who so earnestly
labored for its acquisition—the nature They laid down the rules which were carried out by the City. A portion of the Park is still in existence but Illinois Toll Road,
societies of Elgin’’.
Interstate 90, with a right-of-way of about 450 feet now passes through what was the largest and biologically richest ravine” in the park.
But for all that Dr. Evers closes his brochure with a hopeful note: ‘Al- though nonscientists may never carry out biological studies, the natural areas offer them opportunities to see bits of the forests and prairies for which IIli- nois was once famous and to observe the plants and animals, both common and rare, in some of these interesting habitats. It is in these places that
they can relax and listen to the sounds
of nature. ****** Tn our society, which requires a rapid pace but also provides much leisure time, these indi- viduals deserve consideration just as others have been provided with hunting, fishing, boating and _play- ground areas. * * Enjoy yourselves in these places. Help preserve them for future generations”. EpcGarR ANDERSON
eK x hm MMS
cK GK
Sa St)
eK 66K KU UR OM COMO
eK GRR
5 SD
eK x me MS
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry HircHcock, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
Henry B. PFLAGER, Second Vice President
Howarp F. Baer Dantiet K. Catlin
Sam’L. C. Davis
JOHN S. LEHMANN
WaRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH Tom K. SMITH, Jr.
Harry E. WurrRTENBAECHER, JR.
DupDLEY FRENCH, Honorary Trustee
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
JOHN J. Hicks,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis
GEORGE L. CADIGAN, Bishop, Diocese of Missouri
Tuomas H. Etior, Chancellor, Washington University
RAYMOND R,. TUCKER, Mayor, City of St. Louis
STRATFORD LEE Morton, President, Academy of Science of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. C. Johnson Spink, Vice President, Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr., Vice President, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, Carl F. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION
Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice President, Mrs. Wm. H. Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger, Recording Secretary.
HISTORICAL COMMITTEE
Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- Chairmen for Restoration
GARDEN STAFF
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer Paut A. Kou t, Floriculturist
F. R. McMartu, Rosarian
Epitu S. Mason, Landscape Architect
Viktor MUEHLENBACHS, Research Associate
KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor
HuGu C, Cutrer, Executive Director EpnGar Anperson, Curator of Useful Plants Henry N. AnpreEws, Paleobotanist CLARENCE Barsre, Instructor
Ernest Brsee, Horticulturist
Louts G. BreNNeER, Grounds Superintendent
LaptsLaus CuTAK, Greenhouse Superintendent
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate
Watpo G. FecHNER, Secretary of Board and Controller
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate
Roma S. Grecory, Assistant Librarian
GrorcE H. Princ, Superintendent Emeritus
OweEN J. Sexton, Research Ecologist KENNETH A. SmirtH. Chief Engineer
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
GeEoRGE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator of the Museum
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- mented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s from 9:00 A. M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Clima- tron stays open until 9:00 P. M. and on Saturdays, April through October, as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthe- mums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.”” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
/ / March 1964 yae ‘elin Volume LII Number 3
Cover: Old bushes of Korean Boxwoods at the Main Gate of the Garden’s Arbo- retum at Gray Summit, Missouri. These were grown from cuttings taken from the original plant sent by Ernest H. Wilson from the Arnold Arboretum in Boston over thirty-five years ago.
PHOTOGRAPH BY PAUL A. KOHI
CONTENTS
Introduction of Korean Box
A Tree Attacked by Dogs
Varieties of Holly Hardy in St. Louis Fair Maids of February
Know Your Garden
Popular Books at the Main Gate
New Members of Friends of the Garden
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri, Editor for this issue: EpDGAR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LIT No. 3
Bulletin
March 1964
INTRODUCTION OF THE KOREAN BOX AT GRAY SUMMIT ARBORETUM
G. H. PRING
[* the spring of 1926 I invited my fellow Kewite, E. H. Wilson, Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts, to be my guest speaker before the St. Louis Horticul- tural Society. I was delighted to re- ceive his reply that he would be glad to address the Society, at which time it would give him an opportunity to visit the Garden and_ recently-purchased Arboretum. At that time the St. Louis Horticultural Society met at the Washington University Medical School Auditorium on Euclid Avenue. All horticultural and garden clubs were invited and needless to mention the auditorium was filled to capacity to hear of Mr. Wilson’s many years of explorations in China and Korea. Next morning we went first to the Arbo- retum at Gray Summit accompanied by Gus Brooker. We had just finished grading the Pinetum, formation of the lake and planting of the perimeter with evergreens, the plants averaging from 3 to 4 ft. which may be studied at the present
All the material
time were raised from seed in the orig- inal nursery adjacent to the brick residence.
In discussing the future plantings
with Wilson, the name “‘Pinetum” of course was used quite frequently. Said Mr. Brooker: ‘Wilson, you and Pring keep talking about the Pinetum. Why do you call it a Pinetum?” Wilson replied: “It is an area planted with pines.” Jokingly said Brooker: ‘‘There are some Yews planted right in front of us. Why don’t you call it a “Yewetum’?”
Leaving the Pinetum, we went through the seed nursery, then over to the mansion to show Wilson the two 3 ft. specimens of European Box which were planted immediately outside the north entrance to the house. I gave him the history about the plants being brought into the St. Genevieve area by the French settlers. Four 3 ft. speci- mens were obtained, two of which were planted in the town Garden at the Main Gate, which did not survive the smoke and sulphur at that time. They were transplanted back in the nursery and the living material was used for propagation. Wilson said: “This is quite interesting, Pring, but I’m going to predict there is one Box which I collected in Korea in a loca- tion which has the two extremes in climate as you have here, which should
(1)
rh
grow very well here.” I replied: “I would very much like to test your prediction. Will you send me a plant?” ‘Pring, I only have four plants in the Arnold Arboretum. If you were anyone else but a Kewite | would say no, but since I made the prediction, I will send you a plant which will be the first plant distrib- uted from the Arboretum.” Upon his return to Boston, he did send a plant which was about | ft. high. With the ensuing years | would take a few cut- tings back to the Town Garden for Mr. Kohl to propagate. The original plant with the copper label attached may be seen outside the north window at the Main Entrance at Gray Summit. This parent plant, due to its many prunings for propagation, is not the
same size in vigor as its offspring.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Excellent specimens are planted on the north side of the entrance build- ing. The accompanying photograph will show plants that have grown to- Mrs. Shep-
herd, one of the staff members from
gether as one specimen.
town, illustrates the size of the plant. These specimens have not shown any winter injury but the leaves lose their brilliant green color in winter. They change to a yellowish green. In March their green color will reappear. I noted that on plants in other locations in the Arboretum there was. slight injury due to subzero weather.
Korean Boxwood has been used by Mr. Kohl in the Linnean Garden as an excellent border plant which is kept trimmed. The small Korean Box which Mr. Wilson sent made its debut
in the west, so his prediction material-
A hedge of Korean Boxwood, kept low by shearing, planted around one of the small pools
in front of the Linnean House.
PHOTOGRAPH BY PAUL A. KOHI
MISSOURI BOTANICAL
ized. Now it is distributed by all nurs- eries throughout the country. A recent visitor at the time of the Horticultural Dr. Donald Wyman
Congress was
GARDEN BULLETIN 3
from the Arnold Arboretum, who was He
commented on the excellent plants
extremely interested in this story.
which we have just described.
A TREE ATTACKED BY DOGS
| aes the last few weeks one of the Florida corkwood trees (Lei/t- nevia floridana) between the Museum Building and Tower Grove Avenue has been repeatedly attacked by two black dogs (apparently retrievers) who visit the Garden frequently, always as a pair and always alone. The tree in question is part of a thicket of corkwoods, tall shrubs or small trees which serve to shield the Museum from the noise and dust of the nearby street. When the damage was first noticed it looked as if some children had been trying to break off one of the older corkwoods in the center of the thicket, a slender basal diameter of
little tree with a
about four inches. Evidence of re- newed attack on the tree was noticed from time to time until finally one morning I surprised the two dogs ac- tively working away tearing the tree to pieces. They were so intent on its destruction that they paid no attention to me as I stood at the edge of the thicket and watched what they were doing.
They were engaged in attempting to pull it up by the roots, to sever the main trunk, to pull and bite off the lower branches and to chew the base
of the trunk to shreds. Since I scared
them away they have evidently been back at work again for there are now large chewed shreds of the wood lying about the mangled stump.
No wood in the Garden’s collections would be easier to chew than that of the corkwood, which is spongy and when dried lighter than cork itself. On the other hand the inner bark has a strong, unpleasant odor and a taste as bitter as quinine, to human beings at least. Yet the dogs were not chew- ing away at it contentedly as with a large bone. They were attacking it with gusto as if they got some special satisfaction out of the experience.
The corkwood is one of our rarest Missouri woody plants and so little is known about it that several years ago I used extensive indices now available in our Library and went through the world’s botanical literature concern- ing it. Though there are some proven cases of particular plants with strong attractions for particular animals, no- thing of this sort was mentioned in the various papers on the corkwood. They may have been chewing it just as puppies will chew many things around the house but they put great energy into it.
EpGarR ANDERSON
+ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
NAMED VARIETIES OF AMERICAN HOLLY WHICH ARE OUTSTANDINGLY HARDY IN ST. LOUIS
TT" winter of 1962-63 was a test- ing time for hardiness all over the eastern United States (not to mention England and parts of Europe). In St. Louis many species and varieties of holly were badly damaged, some of which had been untouched in previous winters. For St. Louis gardeners the encouraging feature of the experience was that certain varieties (or at least certain trees and bushes) were un- damaged.
Experience will certainly vary from gardener to gardener; winter hardiness is a problem with many facets; the immediate surroundings of a holly and the care it had last summer and au- tumn help to determine how it gets Yet as this report will show, there are striking
through a bad winter.
inherent differences in hardiness under St. Louis conditions, between named varieties now on the market.
We are hoping, therefore, that this will be the first among a series of re- ports from the St. Louis area. It con- cerns the garden of Mr. Edward G. Wood on the Kirkwood edge of what is now Crestwood, Missouri. Mr. Wood secializes in roses but has a choice collection of trees and shrubs and is a member of the American Holly Society.
Ilex opaca “carpinaL” and Ilex Opaca “MERRY CHRISTMAS” have been in the Wood garden for over 12 years. They had essentially the same treat- ment and both were good-sized fruit-
ing specimens with full exposure to sun and wind. Neither had been in- jured before though Ilex cornuta had been hurt in recent severe winters.
CARDINAL was badly damaged in the Wood garden. The whole top of the tree was killed and lower branches were killed at the tips. After the in- jured portions were cut out it made a good recovery. MERRY CHRISTMAS on the contrary was not damaged. As usual it put out new foliage in the late spring and bore a heavy crop of berries in the fall of 1963. Inciden- tally this variety has held its fruit well every winter and into the following spring. In spite of the fact that the berries are harvested and used at Christmas, the tree being systemat- ically pruned at that time, there 1s always fruit left on the tree. Every year in early spring a flock of migrat- ing cedar waxwings arrives without warning and lives in the tree a day or so until the berries are all gone, then departs for another year.
A less conclusive test was from two varieties which had been in the Wood garden for a year. The variety CUM- BERLAND was badly damaged; MAMIE EISENHOWER was not.
If you have had experience with named varieties of holly in St. Louis, will you share it with us? Either write me at the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis (10), or call me at either TO 5-0440 or PR 2-0472.
EpGar ANDERSON
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
“FAIR MAIDS OF FEBRUARY”
SG common names have a life of their own and travel around the world independently of the plants they originally went with. “Cedar,” as a word, came to us from the Bible, where it applies to the cedar of Leb- anon. Yet the name cedar became part of our culture and wherever English-speaking people have lived for a time, some plant or other has had the name “cedar” grafted onto it. Usually it has stuck.
Another old English name which has strayed around in the United States is ‘Fair Maids of February.” In an old garden in Mississippi it was applied to Iris persica, which makes low mats of bloom in mid-winter. From other southern gardens have come reports of still other sorts of “Fair Maids of February,” but never with precise enough information to pin down the plant exactly, though enough to show that it was not the Persian iris.
In England the name is sometimes given as “February Fair Maids’ and sometimes as “Fair Maids of Febru- ary.” There it is always applied to the common snowdrop and is so credited by the Oxford English Dictionary, which cites usages of it in that sense going back nearly two hundred years. It is still in use there for it was from twentieth century English books that I first ran across it. However, it can’t be too common. February of 1930 I spent in Harpenden, which was then just at the very north edge of metro-
politan London. I took long walks
out into the countryside to the north and west and admired and_photo- graphed snowdrops without ever hear- ing this longer and more musical name.
From the Oxford English Diction- ary | learned that the “Fair Maids” part of the title is associated with quite another plant. ‘Fair Maids of Kent” and ‘Fair Maids of France” are used to denote the fall double buttercup (the double form of Ranunculus aconiti- folius, not the lower and spreading R. repens var. pleniflorus of so many St. Louis gardens).
In central Missouri the common snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) seldom appears much before March and if it were not for the giant snowdrop (Gal- anthus elwesii) and its hybrids we should have no display in February. Yet part of the magic goes out of the name if you try to refer to snowdrops as “Fair Maids of March”!
With one good common name, we don’t really need another. Yet snow- drops do make such a brave showing in spite of snow and ice, that it 1s pleasant to have this other name in reserve. It somehow seems to indicate extra appreciation for their bravery in flowering at such a time. The com- mon snowdrop, and many varieties of the giants, do well in St. Louis once you have learned to give them plenty of leaf mold and partial shade, to transplant them only when they are in full bloom, and to keep them well away from walls.
EpGar ANDERSON
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
KNOW YOUR GARDEN
THE OLD-FASHIONED FLOWER GARDEN
AND THE New HERB GARDEN
HE area between TOWER GROVE, Ree Shaw’s old country residence, and his garden gate just behind it, is being transformed into a_ flowering terrace to accommodate these two choice gardens. The road which for- merly cut up this plot was shifted just to the south, out of sight behind the remaining portion of the fence which bordered Mr. Shaw’s kitchen garden. Money for constructing and planting the old-fashioned garden was raised by the Garden Club of St. Louis. The St. Louis Herb Society provided the funds for constructing the herb garden and will supply the actual plants and set them in place.
Redesigning the whole area and co- ordinating the two projects was in charge of Miss Edith Mason, Its basic lines are now those of a single brick- lined terrace. Yet each of the gardens is a unit in itself, distinctive in size,
shape, and design, yet harmonizing
PREPARATIONS FOR THROUGH THE
May 6 To 9
HE ““growing-greenhouses” at the Garden are filling up rapidly with plants being grown for the THROUGH THE GARDEN GATE sale and exposition to be held at Famous-Barr, Clayton, May 6, 7, 8, and 9. The making of
the cuttings and the starting of the
with the other. The severity of the brick is relieved by a small turf walk near the center of the old-fashioned garden and by curving arcs of gray limestone chat which divide four of the beds in the herb garden.
The whole terrace is roughly one hundred feet long from east to west and about half as wide. It is attractive- ly shaded by an old basal-branching magnolia at its southeast corner and by picturesque Amur maples grouped around the bay window of Mr. Shaw’s study.
Since there was a good deal of rubble in the area, the beds were all dug out and refilled with rich soil which will have time to settle all winter and be ready for spring plant- ing. This “garden front” has always been the most attractive side of TOWER GROVE. It now has a setting to show it off.
| Oy
GARDEN GATE,
seeds has to be timed just right. Some of them develop faster than others. Getting them all at right condition for the sale is something like assembling and preparing all the materials for a banquet and having all the food done
on time but not over-done. It is an
MISSOURI BOTANICAL
even trickier job in the greenhouses than in the kitchen, for the hours of winter sunshine vary from year to year and the planning has to be kept flexible from start to finish.
Mr. Kohl and the men of his de- partment have a great variety of bed- ding plants, annuals, and potted plants coming along with special emphasis on those which are proving widely adapt-
This
year, for instance, they are growing
able under St. Louis conditions.
many more of the bedding begonias whose virtues are just beginning to be appreciated by many local gardeners.
baskets, their worth in patio and porch garden-
Hanging having proved ing, are being prepared in quantity this year. Some of these feature the dwarf-branching ivy brought to the city several years ago by Mrs. W. Warren Kirkbride.
this adaptable little ivy are also to be
Potted plants of
on sale, for given a protected site, it is remarkably hardy out-of-doors. Tropical plants suitable for the sun- porch, small greenhouse, and for patio gardening are the special concern of Mr. Lad Cutak and his group. Dupli- cate orchids from the Garden’s collec- tions will be on sale as well as water plants and other aquatics suitable for garden pools. <A special feature this year will be brilliant new patented
varieties of Bougainvillea (“TEMPLE
GARDEN BULLETIN 7
FIRE,” for instance) which have been developed for growing as dwarf, ever- blooming specimens in pots or tubs. Some of these are already developing buds, though still in small pots in the “srowing-greenhouses.”
With the cooperation of the St. Louis Herb Society, plants for herb and kitchen gardens are coming on, some of them destined for the new Herb Garden, others for sale at THROUGH THE GARDEN GATE.
A STRANGE USE FOR SWEET WOODRUFF
THROUGH one of the gardeners I learned of an interesting use for Sweet Woodruff, which every spring is in more demand in St. Louis for giving the distinctive flavor and a character- istic garnish to the traditional ‘may- bowl.”
many it is dried and added to smoking
He said that in parts of Ger-
tobacco.
THe Missouri Botanical Garden has just been accredited as a Public Rose Garden by the American Rose Society. This will entitle us to receive the All- American selections each year directly from the firms which are introducing
them.
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
POPULAR BOOKS AT THE MAIN GATE INFORMATION CENTER
D* Julian Steyermark’s new and monumental FLORA OF MISSOURI is now on sale at the information cen- ter at the Main Gate. It has black and white drawings of practically every species which is wild (or runs wild) in Missouri as well as diagrams showing county by county the distri- bution of each species within the state. It is selling well at the Main Gate at its listed price, $18.50. His deservedly popular sPRING FLORA OF MISSOURI was brought out as a reprint at the University of Missouri but this re- print is for the present not on the
market. Though we have it on order, when we last inquired there was no immediate prospect of another print- ing.
Norman Taylor’s ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING, which has successfully met the needs of many of the general public, formerly sold for $15.00. It has sold in such quantity that we are now able to offer the regular cloth- bound edition at $9.95,
Members of the Friends of the Gar- den are reminded that they can obtain these books through the Center at the usual reduction of ten percent.
NEW MEMBERS OF FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
DECEMBER 6, 1963, THROUGH FEBRUARY 7, 1964
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Amberg
Mr. Sam F. Barnett
Mr. Arthur M. Branch, Jr.
Mrs. Edna C. Branch
Mr. and Mrs. R. C. Brooke
Mrs. E. G. Burkham
Mr. and Mrs. E. Herbert Carlson
Mr. and Mrs. D. James Dorr
Mr. and Mrs. George F. DuBois
Mr. and Mrs. Alfred M. Frager
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Frank
Greater St. Louis Ass’n of Gardeners
Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Grote
Mrs. John A. Hecht Miss Ella Heimburger Mr. and Mrs. M. M. Holtgrieve Mr. and Mrs. Philip Hubbert Mr. and Mrs.
George A. Knobloch Miss Charlet Knox Mr. and Mrs. Arno Lebeque Mr. Norman B. Leppo Mrs. Irma C. Littleton Mr. John R. McLane, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Morton J. May Mr. Arthur J. Meier Mr. and Mrs. Fred A. Nall
Mr. and Mrs. Gyo Obata
Mr. Paul A. Pinegar
Mr. and Mrs. John Pistrui
Miss B. Jeannette Riefling
Mrs. Olivia J. Ruether
Mrs. Sandra Jean Ruth
Mrs. Roberta Schattgen
Mrs. Ella Mary Shrum
Mrs. T. J. Skaar
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur E. Sprung Mr. and Mrs, C,. Alvin Tolin Mrs. Joseph W. Towle
Mr. and Mrs. Richard K. Weil Mr. and Mrs. James D. Yale, Jr.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry Hircucock, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
HeNry B. Prlacer, Second Vice President
Howarp F. Barer
DANIEL K. CaTLIN
Sam’i. C. Davis
JoHN S. LEHMANN
WarRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH Tom K. Smirn, Jr.
Harry E. WUERTENBAFCHER, JR.
DupLeY FRENCH, Honorary Trustee
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
JOHN J. Hicks,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis
GeorceE L. CADIGAN, Bishop, Diocese of Missouri
STRATFORD LEE Morton,
Tuomas H. Exiot, Chancellor. Washington University
RayMoOND R. TUCKER, Mayor, City of St. Louis
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. C. Johnson Spink, Vice President, Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr., Vice President, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, Carl F.
Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. ha First Vice President, Mrs. Wm.
H. Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger, Recording Secretary.
HISTORICAL COMMITTEE
Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- Chairmen for Restoration
GARDEN STAFF
Hucu C. Cutter, Executive Director
Epcar ANpDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants
Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist CLARENCE Barre, Instructor Ernest Biser, Horticulturist
Louris G. BRENNER, Grounds Superintendent
LapisLaus CuTAK, Greenhouse Superintendent
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate
Watpo G. FECHNER, Secretary of Board and Controller
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate
Roma S. Grecory, Assistant Librarian
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer Paut A. Kouxt, Floriculturist
F. R. McMarnu, Rosarian
Epitu S. Mason, Landscape Architect
Viktor MUEHLENBACHS, Research Associate
KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor
GEORGE A. PrInNG, Superintendent Emeritus
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
KENNETH A. SMITH, Chief Engineer
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
GeorceE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator of the Museum
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- mented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s from 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Clima- tron stays open until 9:00 P.M. and on Saturdays, April through October, as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthe- mums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
LI er 4
7
Volume
April 1964 Numk
<7
lena
uU
~ }
Cover: Sandstone cliffs al
we were forced to wade the icy water for a half mile. Lake Hazen, Ellesmere
CONTENTS
Return to Ellesmere Land Goldenrain- Tree
Book Reviews
Know Your Garden
New Members of Friends of the Garden Picnic for the Friends
A Good Early Crocus
, | ‘ bo ) Othee ot publication: 306 E. Simmons Street. Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Ofhce: Missouri
Missouri.
Botanical Garden. 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis
Editor for this issue: EnoGAR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August bs e Board of Trustee the Mis Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a vear.
Entered as second-class matter January 2 y42. 3 e po if Galesb | under Act of March 3. 187
long the lake made precarious walking and at ons
Islar
]
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LII_ No. 4
Bulletin
April 1964
RETURN TO ELLESMERE LAND
HENRY N. ANDREWS
In collaboration with N. W. RavrortH and T. L. PHILvips
A YEAR ago we reported briefly on
our paleobotanical explorations in the southwestern corner of Elles- mere Island in the summer of 1962. Although the fossil plants we collected have not been completely studied they were of suffcient interest to make us want to return and search in other parts of the island; since it is about 500 miles long and half as broad most of it is still unknown to the fossil plant hunter. Our return during the past summer was encouraged by aid from the Canadian government and we found ourselves in mid-July at the small camp that is maintained at Lake Hazen in the northeast corner of the island. Referring to the map on page 20 of the January, 1963, issue of the BULLETIN, our operations of last sum- mer were about 400 miles northeast of Goose Fiord (at approximately 81> 45’ north).
Our interest in these two rather widely separated spots on Ellesmere originated from reports brought back by two classic Arctic expeditions. They may be mentioned briefly for the general importance they have in Canadian Arctic history and to an-
swer, in part, the common question,
‘How do you know where to look for fossils?”
On the 24th of June, 1898, Otto Sverdrup sailed from Norway with a small group of explorers and scientists in Nansen’s ship the “Fram.” A fair share of his success should probably be given to this strange and rugged little boat that looks for all the world like a huge egg but with a “shell” that is a great deal tougher. After many years of faithful service in opening up the secrets of the Arctic the “Fram” rests today in its own museum in Oslo not far from two other museums, one of which houses some fine Viking ships of the distant past, and in the second is Thor Heyerdahl’s “Kontiki” of more recent south Pacific fame.
For the next four years Sverdrup and his group explored the little known country that today constitutes the northernmost reaches of Canada. This is a region of islands and water and sea ice and the mixture of the three is not readily predictable. The mirages that can be seen looking out over the frozen sea may leave one greatly puzzled as to what is land and what is not land. In spite of airplanes (that do not always
operate when one wants them most )
(1)
bh
and radios (that fade out at critical moments) it is still a remote land, but it was more remote in 1898. In at- tempting to push the ‘Fram’ north along the west Ellesmere coast Sver- drup encountered adverse weather and sea ice and was forced to turn back and seek refuge in Goose Fiord during the winters of 1900-02. The geolo- gist of the party, Per Schei, explored the neighboring country with consid- erable thoroughness and discovered in
a band of rock several hundred feet
Ay
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
above the fiord some fern-like plants known under the name of Archae- opteris. These have attracted consid- erable attention in more recent years as members of a group of plants that seem to be giving us significant clues to the origin of seed plants.
After locating the original spot from which Schei gathered about a ton of fossils we searched through the sur- rounding hills for the next month and found Archacopteris at several other
localities. With the specimens we
A typical bit of Lake Hazen scenery looking northwest from the camp toward the fcothills of the United States Range.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3
The Canadian Defense Research Board camp at Lake Hazen. Some of the tents are insulated and equipped for winter living.
found we are learning more about the spore-bearing organs of this distinctive genus of fern-like plants and certain aspects of its internal structure.
The second facet of Canadian his- tory that incited our interest in an- other part of Ellesmere was the Greely Arctic Expedition of 1881-84. Much has been written about this tragic ven- ture and it will be recounted here only to introduce a fossil plant locality that attracted our attention.
The Greely expedition was one of two groups sent by the U. S. govern- ment to participate, with several other countries, in the first International Polar Year. The group was composed of 25 men who spent two winters at a site known as Fort Conger on the high northeast coast of Ellesmere Island. At the end of two years, when the likeli- hood of the arrival of a relief ship
faded, the men set out in two small boats to make their way south through the ice fields between the Ellesmere and Greenland coasts. But they did not escape and a third winter was spent on the east central coast of the island where 18 of the men slowly died of starvation and cold. Of the seven who were found alive when a rescue ship finally reached them in June of 1884 one died a little later and six eventually returned from one of the grimmest of all Arctic exploits. During the two-year stay at Fort Conger one of the expedition members, David Brainard, found a deposit of petrified logs near the tip of the Daly Promontory at about 81° and 30’ north. The specimens he collected were apparently abandoned when the party was forced to evacuate Fort Conger with only the more important
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
A seven-foot seam represents a considerable amount of plant debris and a milder climate
in past geologic ages.
records and a small stock of supplies. Brainard’s brief account had attracted our attention several years ago and it had been jotted down as a likely spot to investigate if an opportunity ever came along to reach that part of Elles- mere. We thought the chance had ar- rived when the facilities at the Lake Hazen camp were made available to us last summer.
Thus, at about 8:30 on the morning of July 15 we boarded a Canadian Air Force “Hercules” (flying box car) near Edmonton and, with an intermediate stop at Resolute Bay, we reached Alert at the northermost tip of Canadian
land a little after eight that evening.
This is a quick way to attain high lati- tudes but, packed in with many tons of baggage for the Arctic weather and military stations, comfert is conspicu- ous by its absence.
The air route to Alert ecross the north central part of Ellesmere passes over the United States Range where the mountains go up to 9,000 feet. This is a spectacular sea of great ice caps and glaciers flowing down onto the lowlands; it fits very nicely into the classic concept of what the Arctic should be like. The range extends to within a few miles of Alert which is [ believe the northernmost permanent-
ly inhabited place on earth. The three
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
days that we had to wait until a small plane came in to take us the 100 miles south to Lake Hazen were spent in roaming about the surrounding hills. The vegetation in the vicinity of Alert is rather sparse and perhaps 30 to 40 percent of the ground was still covered with snow. The temperature was well above freezing, however, and the snow and the numerous violent streams made foot travel slow and difficult. We collected a few flowering plants and observed more when we returned early in August. At the latter time we observed purple saxifrage that was just coming into flower, and judging from the close proximity of patches of snow that still remained it was evident that the plants had been exposed only a few days; yet within another two or three weeks they would almost cer- tainly be re-covered with snow for another year. It is remarkable, as many observers have noted, that plant life can survive in this fleeting summer of only a few weeks.
We were not unhappy when the small plane arrived late one afternoon to transport us about 90 miles south to the Lake Hazen camp. The lake is a fairly large one, being about 45 miles long and some six or seven miles broad The Canadian Defense Research Board maintains a
at the widest point.
cluster of tents that serve as a base for a dozen or so scientists working in the area. At the time of our visit most of them were entomologists studying the all-too-thriving insect community. The hoards of mosquitoes that met us as we deplaned offered an unpleasant contrast to the Goose Fiord country to the south where, the previous summer,
we had encountered almost no insect pests.
Aside from the lack of trees the Lake Hazen area is attractive as Arctic scenery goes. It is a long narrow val- ley surrounded by hills, those along the northwest side being foothills of the United States Range mentioned above and in ascending them a thousand feet or two one reaches the outlying fringes of the vast snow fields that cover much of the interior. In July and August the melt season is in full swing
and numerous streams pour down into
the lake. The Lake Hazen valley has been de-
scribed as a windless one; it is not quite that but the winds were much less strong than at Goose Fiord and it was decidedly warm during the last half of July with the mercury in the low 50’s many days. These factors may account for the relatively luxuri- ous vegetation. The Arctic willow in the vicinity of the camp produced a lush foliage with especially large cat- kins. The hillsides in many places are covered with acres of a heath (Cassio pe tetragona) frequently intermixed with Dryas. The most colorful plant we observed was the fireweed Epilobinm latifolium which occurs in great mats of many square yards on the gravel bars of the stream deltas. In the boggy lowlands two species of cotton grass flourished in great abundance and on moist muddy ground we found extensive stands of a dwarf horse-tail rush (Equisetum).
The animal life is not without its interest. Arctic hares are abundant and we often met them in pairs or in small groups of five or six. A few
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
r , ; — » es . a % So ne z , , #e Ady ‘ ’ = a wp ¢ “ ¢ | — i P? “Ext % ae'ss ae ‘ YS a % te >
Part of a well-preserved piece of petrified wood (Magnified; the portion shown in the Fossil plant materials of this sort contribute to
photograph is about one-half inch square).
our knowledge of the forest of the past and the climatic conditions under which they lived. This wood, which was from a conifer, illustrates the details of its growth rings almost as
clearly as if it were from a living tree.
musk oxen inhabit the nearby hills; they are shaggy and formidable beasts rather like our western buffalo but so densely covered with long hair as to defy the deepest dives of the mercury. We spent an hour one morning stalk- ing a pair in an attempt to get a few close-up photos but when we succeed- ed in closing the gap to about 100 yards it became abundantly clear that
our presence in their domain was not
at all welcome and we hastily re-
treated to continue with our proper
business. Bird life is fairly prolific; a special feature was an eider duck nest- ing within a few hundred feet of the camp. She had apparently decided that no harm was intended and was an
Wea-
sels and lemmings are not rare but
agreeable photographic subject.
require a little more patience to find.
The particular time of our visit to
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
N
Finding a well-stocked cache of food three days out from camp added some real luxury to
our menu, particularly since we were already on short rations.
Lake Hazen last summer was intended to coincide with a period when a heli- copter would be available in connec- tion with magnetic studies that were scheduled for the area. After waiting about a week we received the sad news over the radio one evening that the helicopter had been damaged beyond repair in making a forced landing on sea ice; fortunately no one was injured. A second blow was delivered to our plans when we found that the small plane that occasionally came in could not land within reasonable distances of
the places we had selected for investi- gation, in particular Brainard’s log deposit.
Even the lake seemed to be against us; earlier in the season a plane could have landed on the ice and saved us many miles of walking but by mid- July it was too soft to be safe for either walking or landing a plane. It had melted around the margin leaving a strip of open water 20 to 50 feet broad but for the most part it was shallow and rocky; occasional masses of ice pushed up on the beach during
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Part of an Archaeopteris leaf from Ellesmere Island. This is a portion of the leaf show-
ing four primary branches; the entire leaf was about three feet long and the plant as a whole was a good-sized tree with a trunk possibly several feet in diameter. Photographed looking straight down at the rock. When it was collected the whole face of the rock was greasy
black. It was first etched with chemicals to bring out the plant remains, Just before photo- graphing, it was flooded with glycerine to increase the contrast between rock and fossil.
the previous winter presented a for- midable obstacle so that travel by boat was impracticable. We were thus left with our feet as the only means of transport. One does expect to do a good deal of walking but by the na- ture of fossil plants they are heavy and with a full pack including food, sleep- ing gear, clothing, cameras and such it is just not possible to carry a few hundred pounds of rock!
We chose to follow the lake shore as it is abrupt, in fact even precipitous in many places, and we could thus expect to find rock exposures and_ possibly fossil plants. Extensive coal seams had
been reported in outcrops along the northwest side of the lake some 20 miles from camp, or about twice that distance by the route we followed. The coal seams that we did encounter presented dramatic evidence of the dif- ference in climate millions of years ago as compared with the present. The one shown in the accompanying photo measured about seven feet thick and represents a considerable accumulation of plant materials. Samples of this were collected and the fossil pollen that it contains may be expected to shed new light on the forests of the time.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9
In the vicinity of one of the coal seams we found fragments of material scattered along the beach that ap- peared to be fossil wood. More careful study with our hand lenses left no doubts and a careful search resulted in the collection of a considerable quan- tity of petrified plants, a deposit that was previously unreported. The speci- mens that have been studied thus far suggest that the forest they represent was predominantly a coniferous (ever- green) one. A small portion of a specimen is shown in the accompany- ing illustration; this is a cross section of part of a log that has been cut with a diamond saw, ground very thin and photographed through a microscope.
Parts of four annual rings of growth can be seen.
At another point along the beach we found a thin band of black shale which contained fragments of fern leaves and other plant materials which promise to add another small chapter to our growing knowledge of Arctic floras of the past.
The Arctic, even in 1963, is a rather remote region especially when trans- port plans bog down; although we en- joyed a full share of frustrations last summer, failing to reach two specific objectives, we did find other fossil plant localities that were previously unknown and we will return another
year to continue the search.
eK fs XX MS
GOLDENRAIN-TREE. KOELREUTERIA PANICULATA
ties handsome flowering tree ma- tures early and begins to flower within a few years of the time when it is set out. Under our conditions it 1s not usually a long-lived tree and the Garden has no ancient specimens. It does reproduce itself in St. Louis though not to the point of becoming a troublesome weed. All but one of the goldenrain trees now in the Garden originated as volunteers in beds of shrubbery and because of their beauty were encouraged to develop instead of being eradicated. There is one just
north of the Administration building along the boundary wall, another dom- inates a shrubbery group just west of the northern entrance to the Mauso- leum grounds and there are a pair east and west of the hedge collection. Like goldenrain-trees everywhere, these specimens are particularly appre- ciated in the garden picture because they flower in early summer when other flowering shrubs and trees have all gone by. There can be as much as two weeks difference in flowering dates between one tree and another but in
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
St. Louis they all bloom within the month of June.
The bright mustard-yellow flowers are small, about one quarter of an inch in diameter, but they are set by threes in conspicuous upright panicles usually well over a foot in length. These open panicles terminate branches and form handsome well-spaced sunbursts all over the top of the tree and to a lesser extent down the sides.
The tiny flowers are followed by large, three-sided papery seedpods of a clear pale green which are almost as beautiful as the flowers and remain at- tractive most of the summer. Even in autumn when they ripen to a light brown they are not unsightly. When one is examined it is found to be mostly air. The spherical, hard seeds are seldom much more than three to a capsule and are no more than a quarter of an inch in diameter. In the Orient they are pierced and used as beads.
The goldenrain-tree is native to China, where, for instance, it is com- mon in the hills around Peiping, and to Japan and Korea. It was introduced into European gardens in the middle of the eighteenth century and has been reported by visiting botanists as doing well in an old garden along the Grand Canal in Venice. Though it reached North America many years ago it has been slow to be recognized by Amer- ican gardeners until very recently. This may partly be the result of a scientific name that was cumbersome to write and difhcult to pronounce during the many years that it had no generally accepted common name in English.
Botanists as well as gardeners stum- ble over “Koelreuteria” when they try to pronounce it. In English-speaking countries the rules say to put the ac- cent as in Latin and give the vowels the sounds they would have in English. But the rules keep discreetly silent about what to do with German names like these. The second syllable is bad enough. It is commonly rendered “root” as if it really were English, but “royt” is frequently heard in conscious or unconscious tribute to the original German. The first syllable with its
ee ”
oe” becomes “coal” or ‘kell’ or “kale.”
American communities, it achieves
Occasionally, in German-
that strange blend of all three of these, the correct German voicing so difficult for English throats.
This confusion would be less irritat- ing if both scientists and gardeners knew more about Joseph Gottlieb Koelreuter, professor of natural history at Karlsruhe. Just 200 years ago he was concluding the world’s first thor- ough study of hybrids between species. He put down important foundation stones for what today we call Genetics. He not only produced hybrids but crossed them back again and again to the species from which they came, re- porting the results with patience and precision. He was a hundred and fifty years ahead of his time. It is appropri- ate that this tree which honors his name should be so distinctive as well as so beautiful.
In only one spot did the goldenrain- tree rapidly become really popular in the United States. William Maclure,
the pioneer Scottish geologist and phi-
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11
losopher, who was one of the founders of the cooperative community at New Harmony, Indiana, planted it by his front gate. It did well there and ac- quired the local name of “Gate Tree.” It was not only planted locally but it has begun to be naturalized in that part of Indiana. Apparently it has done so in other parts of the eastern United States for the last edition of Gray’s Manual of Botany lists it as “beginning to spread from cult.” Rehder’s Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs lists it as hardy as far north as Zone V, which is a broad band of country from northern Oklahoma to St. Louis and eastward to Ohio, central Pennsylvania, the lower Hud- son Valley and as far north as Boston. Within this zone there is no record of its having been winter killed, though after very severe winters, trees have had occasional dead branches.
Even without its unique and spec- tacular summer flowers, the goldenrain- tree would be a handsome subject for parks and gardens. It tends to have a short main trunk with many slender, attractively sinuous branches which reach upward and outward. The leaves are so variously cut and divided that they give almost the impression of graceful fern fronds. There is no other tree in the Garden which varies so much in the technical detail of its foliage from leaflet to leaflet, from leaf to leaf, and from tree to tree. The
ce OeERK
leaf is always compound—that is, made up of separate leaflets, each one like a little leaf. The midrib always sticks straight out, six inches to a foot or even more. It is slender, green, and bare except for the points at which the 7 to 15 leaflets are attached. In the lower part of the leaf they are usually set exactly opposite each other in pairs, or very close to it. Farther up the midrib the pairs may become less evi- dent or the leaflets may be truly alter- nate. The leaflets have three to five major notches on each side, deepest toward the midrib, frequently so deep that the lower of the lobes become separate leaflets. This is particularly noticeable in young saplings and in the fastest growing parts of an older tree.
With all their variation there is still abundant unity in the all over design. The leaflets are nicely spaced so that they do not overlap when laid down on a flat surface. They all come to a sharp point with finer toothing than elsewhere on the leaflet. They are always largest in the middle of the leaf and smaller towards either end. The terminal leaflet always has a markedly lateral lobe at the base, which is almost but not quite separated from it. In scores of little ways these complexly designed leaflets maintain the unity in their variety. All this to a perceptive eye becomes an overall impression of richly decorative foliage.
EpGarR ANDERSON
5 SD
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
BOOK REVIEWS
Kansas Wild Flowers. William Chase Stevens. pp. 461. 774 figures, 761 from photographs. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence. 1961. $8.00.
HIS is a book with a flavor all its pia It was produced, mostly after his retirement, by a Kansas pio- neer, who came there as a child of six, was trained there in Botany at the University of Kansas (with one year in Europe) and later became a teacher of Botany, a head of the Botany Depart- ment and a writer of successful text- books. Late in his teaching career he conceived the idea of a volume on the wild flowers of Kansas, richly illus- trated with clear, accurate photographs of the living plants. With the help, financial and otherwise, of many of his old students, with assistance from vari- ous colleagues and others interested in the Kansas flora, he carried the project to a successful conclusion and the first edition was published shortly before his 88th birthday. The second edition (for all practical purposes a reprint) was brought out during the Kansas Centennial.
Dr. Stevens’ photographs are repro- duced, usually two or three to a page, throughout the text and are accom- panied by a few diagrams and maps. Most of them show the plant as it grew in the Kansas turf, or spread out against a neutral background immedi- ately after being cut or dug up. To help indicate the scale, a rectangular grid at intervals of one inch is often photographed across the whole back- ground. There are occasional pictures
the width of the page, showing the plants in the landscape of which they were a part. Quite a number are close-ups of the roots and lower stems or the inflorescences with flowers or seed pods. All but a very few are still sharp and clear (i.e., the plates are not worn) and there are over seven hun- dred and fifty of them, the great ma- jority close to four inches high and about two and three-quarters inches wide.
For each of the more than five hun- dred species which are treated, there is a little condensed technical informa- tion, a general description, and various comments in clear but professorial English, In turning over the pages of the book one hits upon an entry which is so good that one turns over more and more pages in the hope of finding one even better. In discussing the Gumweed, Grindelia squarrosa, (native also to Missouri, but not so common here as in Kansas, a kind of bright yellow aster with highly resinous foli- age and flower heads) Dr. Stevens wrote as follows:
“The species is quite drought-resist- ant, Owing to its deep root and resinous secretions; and because of its unpalata- bility to cattle and sheep it often takes possession of run-down pastures during protracted periods of drought. Then it is that in western Kansas we may see it in societies miles wide over the plains —an impressive sight.
“The unpleasant taste of the plants is usually due to their content of tan- nins, volatile oils, resins, bitter alka- loids and glucosides, some of which are
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13
valuable to us as stimulants, sedatives, astringents, purgatives, emetics, diu- retics, antiseptics, disinfectants, etc. The Grindelias, having secretions of tannin, volatile oils, a bitter saponin, and 3 kinds of resin, were used by our native Indians for asthma and bron- chitis and for colic in children; and the Pawnees boiled the flowering tops and leaves and used the decoction for bathing saddle sores and other rawness of the skin. * that the bees, both wild and culti- vated, have their own use for Grin-
* * Tt is worthy of note
delia, storing the comb with its nectar and pollen, untroubled by the fact that we find honey from it too strong
in taste and too prone to granulate.”
Most of the discussion of the Plains Larkspur (Delphinium virescens) is of general interest: ‘“‘This wandlike per- ennial is a prominent feature of the prairies and plains in all quarters of Kansas, growing singly or in colonies among the grasses or along the undis- turbed borders of cultivated fields— at the time of its blooming always rendered conspicuous by overtopping the grasses. Closely examining an open flower we discover 5 petal-like sepals, the upper prolonged backward into a spur, then 4 petals, each of the 2 upper with a nectariferous spur pro- longed backward into the spur of the sepal, and the 2 lower overarching the upper and covering the many stamens and the 3 pistils. When a_ flower opens and for some time thereafter, the anthers are held in front of the nectar-bearing spurs, while in the older flowers, toward the base of the inflo- rescence, the anthers, after discharging
their pollen, have moved aside, leaving
the stigmas exposed in front of the spurs. Bumblebees—the most frequent
visitors in quest of nectar—proceed from the base of a raceme toward its apex, so that on leaving a raceme with pollen from younger flowers on head and mouthparts they deposit this pol- len on the stigmas of the basal flowers of the raceme next visited, thus e4ect- ing cross-pollination. The bees are so absorbed in their job that if we ap- proach quietly, to avoid frightening them, we can stand close and see the whole show without danger of being stung. The carpels on ripening stand erect and close together.
“Many species of larkspur, if not all, contain the poisonous alkaloid del- phinine, and in early spring when the larkspur is in leaf, but before the grasses are advanced enough to cover the range, cattle sometimes are severely peisoned by browsing larkspurs too freely. The dephinine has also some- times been used for certain medicinal purposes.”
Kansas is a long state from east to west, showing a_ gradual transition from an eastern to a western flora. Today most of that original record is gone, plowed under for corn, wheat, sorghum, and other crops. The long narrow fragments of the tall grass prairies of the eastern part of the state, and of the short grass plains of the West, which used to be preserved along highways and railroad rights of ways, have become more and more eliminated by extensive grading and spraying for weeds. Kansas Wild Flowers, was produced when the rem- nant of the vegetation the pioneers
knew was already imperfect but much
14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
better than it is today. It is an im- portant record. EpGar ANDERSON
A Lady Botanist of the Amer- ican Wilderness. Botanic Manu- script of Jane Colden 1724-1766. Published by the Garden Club of Or- ange and Duchess Counties, N. Y. 205 pages. $10.00. Address for orders: “Jane Colden Botanic Manuscript,” Box 389, Newburgh, N. Y. Chanti- cleer Press, 1963.
i ee fascinating book presents in careful facsimile a substantial portion of a manuscript flora of New York prepared on the frontier a gene- ration before the Revolution by the gifted daughter of a remarkable fam- ily. Her father, Cadwallader Colden, during nearly all of her lifetime was Surveyor General of the Colony of New York and then became Lieutenant- Governor of New York for the last fourteen years of his life. He was given grants of land totaling 3,000 acres, 100 miles west of Newburgh in
€
a region of what he described as “‘mel- low soil.” When Jane was four he moved his family to the new home in the wilderness, so remote from other families that there were no schools and Jane was educated by her mother and father. He was already a botanist of parts and even after he moved to the frontier kept in touch by letter with leading botanists and plant collectors in Europe and the colonies. He was familiar with Linnaeus’s new system
for identifying plants, translated it for
her out of the original Latin (making up his own English equivalents when none were available in common speech), taught her how to use it, and encouraged her to produce this detailed local flora.
Two members from the staff of the New York Botanical Garden, Dr. H. W. Rickett and Elizabeth C. Hall, have edited the volume and provided interesting introductory essays, touch- ing on the young woman, her family, and the manuscript itself. Each of the facsimile plates in Jane’s handwriting is accompanied by an exact letter-by- letter printed version. It has the charm of those days when “April,” to take an actual example, could be spelled “‘Apprile,” “Apperill,’ and “Apprill” on successive pages. Some of her drawings, mostly of leaves, add variety to the text.
Jane’s drawings, while charming, have little technical merit, but her long, precise, detailed descriptions are a tribute to her father’s teaching and her own innate ability. On the basis of them Dr. Rickett has confidently assigned modern common and scien- tific names to each of the selections and this list is printed as a table of contents.
The book has been so tastefully de- signed and the various parts of it fit together so effectively that reviewing it has been a privilege. One goes back again and again to the full page repro- ductions of the old portraits of Cad- wallader Colden and his wife with which the book begins. Each was evi- dently a person of ability and charm and force. They are so exactly the
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15
kind of people we read about in the notes and whose daughter could have produced such a manuscript in the
wilderness. One facet of their life
together shines brightly at us across two centuries. This is a limited edition; it will certainly become a collector’s item. EpGarR ANDERSON
KNOW YOUR GARDEN
@ es Women’s Association began in February of 1955 as a group of seven women appointed by the Board of Trustees and subject to the Board’s ap- proval. They have helped the Garden in various ways, with fund-raising, in sponsoring social events, and in assist- ing with various enterprises at the Garden. have been: Mrs. Martin Lammert III; Mrs. William J. Hedley; Mrs. W. Warren Kirkbride; Mrs. Bruce Butler; and the present Chairman, Mrs. George Pettus.
Their successive Chairmen
FIVE prominent botanists met at the Garden and at Washington University on February 28th and 29th, having been appointed by the Trustees as an Advisory Committee to the Board. They were: Dr. Arthur Cronquist, Curator, New York Botanical Gar- den; Dr. G. H. M. Lawrence, Director, Hunt Botanical Library, Carnegie In- stitute of Technology; Dr. Harlan Lewis, Dean of Life Sciences, Univer- sity of California at Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers McVaugh, Professor of Botany and Herbarium Curator, University of
Michigan; Dr. J. D. Sauer, jointly Pro- fessor of Botany and of Geography, University of Wisconsin.
O92
ee
Mr. DanieL K. CaTLiIn, a member of the Board of Trustees since November of 1926, was made an Honorary Trus- tee at the Board meeting on February 26th. He pressed his own resignation with characteristic firmness. In urg- ing him to come to the meeting he had been jokingly told that his presence there would insure a quorum in pass- ing on his request. At the meeting when all routine business was about to be deferred, he forcefully reminded the President of the Board of this promise. In assenting to his request the Board paid tribute to his nearly forty years of service and hoped that he might exercise his privilege as Honorary Trustee and meet with them when he conveniently could.
aes
CHILDREN are still admitted free into the Climatron when accompanied by adults, but the maximum age limit has been reduced from 14 to 12 years.
16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
NEW MEMBERS OF THE FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
FEBRUARY
Affton Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Aftergut Mr. Lester M. Abbott
Mrs. Alaine M. Arndt
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Beatty Dr. and Mrs. Virgil Bleisch Mrs. Glenda M. Brown
Mr. and Mrs, Oscar E. Buder Catalina Garden Club
Dr. and Mrs. J. W. Eades
Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert G. Early Mrs. David B. Ferrenbach Forest Haven Garden Club No. 1 Miss Rosalie Fusz
Mr. and Mrs. Harold Gokenbach
10 THROUGH
Hanley Downs Garden Club Mr. and Mrs.
William Kk. Haverstick Mr. and Mrs.
Roger S. Heidenheim Dr. and Mrs. Walter J. Harland Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Hoffmeister Dr. and Mrs. Michael Karl Mr. and Mrs. Clifford M. Kurrus Mr. and Mrs. Henry Lackland Mrs. T. Middleton Levis Mr. Willard L. Levy Mr. and Mrs. Richard S. Light Mr. and Mrs.
Arthur R. Lindburg
MARCH 6
Mr. and Mrs. R. H. McRoberts Mr. and Mrs. John P. MaeCarthy Mr. and Mrs. H. B. Mathews, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George H. Meyers Dr. and Mrs.
Frederick D. Peterson Mr. and Mrs. Guy Pisani Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Floyd S. Reay Miss Adelaide G. Sands Mr. and Mrs. Gideon Schiller Mr. John N. Shalhoob Mrs. Warren A. Taussig Miss Winifred Tittmann Mrs. Eugene F. Williams, Sr.
Mr. and Mrs. Paul D. Graning
Mr. Charles F.
Luke
Mrs. Clarence T. Wilson
ANOTHER PICNIC FOR THE FRIENDS
OMETIME in April there will be a Spring Picnic at the Gray Summit of the
By waiting until the last
Arboretum for the Friends Garden. possible moment it is hoped that a time may be chosen when the thousands of
daffodils of many varieties will be at
Lr?
their loveliest. As soon as the date is set, printed invitations will be mailed out to all the Friends of the Garden, giving details of the event. There will be no organized activities other than enjoying the landscape and its spring-
time bloom.
A Goop EARLY CROCUS FOR St. Louls
A FTER the bright purple-blue Cro- cus tomasinianus had made itself at home in the gardens of the late Charles Rice and of Dr. Frederick Comte, the Garden bought a quantity of bulbs and planted them at several At one of these they did very Mr. Bren- ner then transplanted these out in
spots. well and increased rapidly.
other parts of the garden, selecting spots that seemed to have similar char-
acteristics. These were areas with
bright winter sunshine but with lighe They
enough to trees so that the sod was not
summer shade. were close
thick and the crocuses could be planted
in little gaps between the mats of
grass. In many of these spots they have done increasingly well and the clumps of flowers get larger each spring. are usually all out of bloom by the
They come so early that they
time the ordinary crocuses are in flow- er. This year they were in perfect condition during the first week of March.
E.A.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES 7 Henry Hircucocr, Sam’L. C. Davis President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
JOHN S. LEHMANN WARREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH
Henry B. PrLacer, Tom K. Smitn, Jr.
Second Vice President Harry EE, WurerTENBAECHER, JR. Howarp F. Baer DupLeY FRENCH. Danie. K. CatLin Honorary Trustee
Honorary Trustee
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
JOHN J. Hicks, THomas H. Extort,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis Chancellor, Washington University GeorcE L. CaDIGaNn. RayMOND R. Tucker.
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri Mayor, City of St. Louis
StratrorD LEE Morton. President. Academy of Science of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr.. President, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. C. Johnson Spink, Vice President, Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr., Vice President, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Paul M. Bernard. Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier. Philip A. Conrath, Carl F. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. MeMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice Prestdent, Mrs. Samuel D. Soule, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger, Recording Sccretary.
HISTORICAL COMMITTER
Leicester B. Faust, Chairman. Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- Chairmen for Restoration
GARDEN STAFF
Hucu C. CuTrer. Executive Director James Hampton, Assistant Engineer Paut A. Kout, Florieculturist
F. R. McMarnu, Rosarian
EpitH S. Mason. Landseane Architect CLARENCE BArBre, Instructor VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS. Research Associate
Encar Anperson, Curator of Useful Plants
Ilexry N. Anprews. Paleobotanist
Ernest Brnee. Horticulturist ; KENNETH O. Peck. Instr Louis G. BRENNER, Grounds ~ dnsteuctor
Superintendent GEORGE gel, Princ, Superintendent
Emeritus ILApISLAUS CUTAK. Greenhouse : Superintendent ‘ Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist KENNETH A. SmitH. Chief Engineer
Tonn D. Dwyer. Research Associate s : FRANK STEINBERG. Superintendent of
Watpno G. FECHNER, Secretary of Board the Arboretum, Gray Summit and Controller Georce B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and _ . Curator of Grasses RayMmonp I’ReEEBoRG. Research Associate ; : TRIFON VON SCHRENK. Associate Curator
Roma S. Grecory, Assistant Librarian of the Museum
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- mented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres Christmas and New Year’s from 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Clima- tron stays open until 9:00 P. M. and on Saturdays, April through October, as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthe- mums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions
is open every day of the year except
and festivals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
: May 1964 “u“ Lh ben Volume LII
Number 5
3 ) Special ca sSSAUE
oT. LOUIS BICENTENNIAL
The Garden as Laid Out by Henry Shaw
Cover: The Old Palm House built by Henry Shaw as it looked in 1895, Note the characteristic Victorian mixture of statuary, bedding plants, and big tubbed specimens of Century plants, palms, Norfolk Island Pines and the like. When this Palm House was succeeded by a rose garden on the same site its deep and heavy foundations, almost impossible to remove entirely, made it difhcult for the roses, particularly in dry summers.
PHOTOGRAPH FROM DR. WM. G. SWEKOSKY
CONTENTS
SPECIAL ISSUE, ST. LOUIS BICENTENNIAL
The Garden as Laid Out by Henry Shaw
Office of publication: 306 FE. Simmons Street. Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, Missouri.
Editor for this issue: EpGAR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Hlinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LIT No. 5
Bulletin
May 1964
THE GARDEN AS LAID OUT BY HENRY SHAW
N this Bicentennial year it seems ap-
propriate to offer these views and descriptions of the Garden as Mr. Shaw planned and developed it. A hundred years ago he was vigorously pushing ahead with buildings and grounds and collections. The garden he created re-
mained the same in its essentials until
changing conditions which no one could have foreseen forced radical changes at the time of World War I.
The memories of Mr. George H. Pring of the Garden as he first knew it are almost like a direct contact with Mr. Shaw and his times.
icyeald
HENRY SHAW’S ARBORETUM
GEORGE
Y first impression of the Garden M on March 13, 1906, was that which Henry Shaw left to the people of St. Louis in its original form. It included farm land from Vandeventer to Kingshighway where the original Henry Shaw Public School stood. The building was built and paid for by him and presented to the Board of Educa- tion of St. Louis. This farmland, where stood the school, later had to be purchased by the Garden before it was subdivided for residences about 1920.
The south boundary began at Kings- highway and Shenandoah east to Al- fred, south to Magnolia and then east to Tower Grove Avenue. The east boundary ran along Tower Grove Avenue from Magnolia to the north.
- PRING
The south end of the Library and Herbarium was built in 1908 carrying out the same design as the north build- ing, which was Henry Shaw’s down- town residence. The Cleveland Ave- nue gate house was built and occupied by Henry Shaw’s valet, which was Henry Shaw’s wish before he died. By the way, the ladies’ waiting and restroom was a part of this building which was later changed when the new Main Gate was built.
The present Main Entrance was de- signed to resemble Henry Shaw’s orig- inal entrance with the exception of the present information ofhce which at that time was the gate keeper’s resi- dence including an upstairs. The only
remaining landmark of the original
(1)
Ne
gate is the lettering: ‘Missouri Botan- ical Garden 1858” located above the center gates. The gate to Henry Shaw’s Fruticetum was located at Rus- sell Avenue which is now closed by the stone wall, and in my time was in very good shape. The north boundary was Shaw Avenue extending west from Tower Grove to Vandeventer.
The main garden of Henry Shaw’s time was separated from his Arboretum and pasture land by a rock wall con- tinuing from the west wall of the Linnean Garden south to where the old specimens of American Holly are growing. ‘The east side of this rock wall was used for trained figs. The wall enclosed the original Henry Shaw’s flower garden and separated it from his Arboretum and farm land. As the visitors entered the Flora Boule- vard Main Entrance they could view Henry Shaw’s Sunken Garden with Juno as the axis. The present circular Water-lily Pool still has as its center the foundation of this statue. Here the early Chrysanthemum Shows were staged in a tent, using the flower beds as staging areas.
Henry Shaw’s Conservatories, which faced south towards his home, stood at the spot where now stands the present circular rose garden. The east section was heated by the old flu system, the Arboretum supplying the cord wood. Behind the conservatories could be seen the service and private growing houses framed by more modern type houses on the north, by the dome range running east to west. Between the center Orchid House and Henry Shaw’s Linnaean House built in 1882 was the Victoria Pool which was
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
heated by the same boiler that supplied the heat for the Linnaean House.
The present red brick wall east and west in the Linnaean Garden separated the main garden from the Fruticetum. The building of the large conserva- tories in 1912 under Dr. William Tre- lease the Director and later completed under the directorship of Dr. George T. Moore in 1913 necessitated the re- moval of the old rock wall, thus open- ing up the Arboretum as a part of the main garden.
Now may we take a trip with Henry Shaw through his Arboretum beginning at his country home, Tower Grove House? His coachman_ has just brought his private horse-drawn victoria from the carriage house situ- ated south of the residence. He in- vites us to enter and we head north- west through the Avenue of Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera) running behind the present Climatron. Upon entering the Avenue, which borders the farm, he points across the road to his rock barn and the two-story rock residence of his farm manager. He then draws our attention to an unusu- ally shaped Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo biloba) at the end of the rock wall which is about 30 to 40 years old. Today this unusual spreading tree is damaged. Due to a cyclone it no longer has the same inverted branches. It can be seen on the east side of and near the entrance to the new Rose Garden.
Avenue Mr. Shaw draws attention to
As we continue along the
the fact that both the male and female Osage Orange Trees are represented. The largest specimen is to the east of the Avenue and then he excitedly and
The “Pagoda” as seen from the north. The Museum, the Cleveland Avenue Gate House
and the Victory statue at the left of center. The old ginkgoes which hide most of the view of the Gate House were nearly as tall then as now but they have had branches (and some- times the whole top) blown out in high winds and made good recoveries.
Pagodas, Temples, and artificial “Ruins” were typical features of Victorian gardens. Kew still has its Ruins and an authentic oriental Pagoda. Tower Grove Park has Ruins and a charming little Chinese Temple. Forest Park once had what was called a pagoda but it looked much more like a hindoo temple than anything else. It was replaced by the present bandstand.
There were stairs to the second floor of the Pagoda from which the geometrical design of shrub and perennial beds stood out effectively. Many years ago a young librarian visited the Pagoda one evening with a junior staff member in whom she was not very deeply interested. At a park bench on the ground floor he greatly embarrassed her by proposals of marriage which she firmly refused, in spite of his persistence. When she came back to the library the next day she learned that they had not been alone in the Pagoda. One of the other young librarians had preceded her there the same evening with a young man to whom she was much
attached. At the approach of the second couple they had quietly secreted themselves on the
second story where they soon became an audience for the whole performance. This all took place about a half century ago but at the Garden the story is still remembered.
proudly points to a lovely tree which he calls the English Purple Beech (Fagus sylvatica var. pupurea), age probably around 25 years and the only specimen in the Garden. Both Purple Beech and large Osage Orange can be seen south of the Floral Display House. We are now in the main part of the Arboretum still heading northwest, and we have come to an open creek covered by a wooden bridge. Mr. Shaw explains to us that this creek runs from Tower Grove Park through
his pasture, through the Arboretum
and turns east running to Lafayette Avenue forming a lake at 39th Street. He is very proud to point out the large specimens of the 30 to 35 year old Bald Cypress (Taxodium disti- chum), (present location is Alfred Avenue Service Gate), evidenced by the many plantings in his main garden and also in Tower Grove Park. Driv- ing toward the Arboretum Gate we note a large specimen of Pin Oak (Quercus palustris), (present location is outside the Garden on Alfred Ave-
nue between Castleman and Shaw).
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
In the “Fern Dome.” George Edward McClure (at the left) in charge of exotics was about to return to his father’s landscape business in Buffalo, N. Y., and had remained to help start off his successor, George H. Pring (seated at the right). Pring had come straight from England with a strong English accent and the latest thing in English clothes. Commenting on the high collar he recently said, “The fellows I worked with all guyed me about the
extreme collar. A year later they were all wearing the same thing. They really gave me a rough time of it for a week or two. Then they all met with me and said, ‘Well, we’ve let you have it and you’ve taken it in the right spirit. Now you're one of us.’”” Mr. McClure, now in his eighties, is still associated with the family enterprises. In his later years he has
specialized in cemetery design and development. PHOTOGRAPHED IN MARCH /QOO.,
Looking north from the upper floor of the Pagoda in 1906. Formal beds, mostly shrubs
and a few perennials. In the center the Parterre with its bedding plants and statue of Juno.
Beyond that the old Palm House (1858 and
1868) and associated greenhouses. The older
central portion is essentially like an orangery, a brick building with large windows let into its
}
sides. The wings at left and right show progressive advances in greenhouse design. The
sawtooth roofs next to the main building do not reflect a series of small greenhouses but are
an attempt to achieve a big roof from a series of smaller sashes. The larger ‘domes’ rising
to the right and the left show the influence of London’s Crystal Palace on greenhouse design. The Linnaean House, completed by Mr. Shaw in 1882 shows its roof to the left and right.
Beyond, the growing city of St. Louis.
The Arboretum contains many decidu- ous and evergreen trees including pines, hemlocks, cedars, spruce, hollies, soft and hard maples (all of which gave way to the present day residences with the exception of the Pin Oak mentioned) We are now approaching the Arboretum Gate at Vandeventer and Shaw. The cap stones are in- scribed on the outside of the entrance with the following: “Henry Shaw” and “Tower Grove.” (Exact location of the entrance was the circle at Shaw and Vandeventer. Cap stones and part of the columns are preserved and can be seen today as you enter the service yard west of the Linnaean Garden). Mr. Shaw points out to us that his
head gardener, Mr. James Gurney, lives
in the two-story residence located by the Arboretum Gate. We have gone through the gate and are now in open country which extends up to Grand Avenue We have finished our inter- esting visit with Mr. Shaw and _ he, being a typical Englishman and a gentleman, invites us to his home for afternoon tea.
Thus ends an exciting trip con- ducted by Mr. Henry Shaw himself through his lovely old Arboretum. A trip that in his day might have lasted an hour or more as he probably would stop his carriage many times to ex- plain the history of each tree that he was particularly proud of, not to men-
tion the many questions we more than
likely would ask.
rorbas’
a
pty d yt
|
Ml y
E
VW
i 8 po: J “= D: a.
the surrounding
of Archt. property,
most
which showed
ed) Tunica,
8
The central portion of an old map (slightly enlar
farmlands.
r. 1865.”
8
& En
Mo.,
Louis,
ginal approach to the
St.
It is titled
“Surveyed and Drawn by F.
angle
n
a
at efore reaching
passes
Part of the old road to Manchester, the ori
and west b
In those days it made its way south
through the upper right hand corner.
stablished
at the north
r Grove Avenue had been e
and Shaw Avenue
e
Tow
5
86 gure)
1
fi
By
the present Manchester Avenue in Maplewood.
along the Garden’s east boundary (bottom oS ?
right but unlabeled).
the
(to
of the
are
are shown in solid black; fences
and stone walls,
Buildings, summer houses, statues, brick
single lines.
Then
r
hand corner is the Fruticetum, a large collection of choice fruits.
At the lower right
een-
Linnaean House (recently completed) and the developing tropical g
the
>
ft
continuing to the le
houses, then the square Parterre with patterned flower beds, then the Pagoda with concentric circles
Pe a! tie ee Sel gE NONE eR AP AES ES OO ay CM oe SE 8 Bt 3S TS SAE
Mi ggpee - Sean Ws Me eo we wee poo wee Redes eerste ee Meare: 3 eG Pe Ws Sars Ceo Ree “7, Mr Saree : : 5 ‘ AV sles tine a Py ee verte Ye emeky. dPeeD, Vie ve a a
Bp Ne ei neem “9%
GS Saceseceanse
2 TTR Ata HR = i Y >
cect
oes 24 BOS eg te 4 es Bey Oe
3 RRs Cee RPE Reo soe Mea i “3
za wT Hi M us Be
: {5% mid PS
).
By"
(het Bat CALS Buber SL nary seeteg te attengabetabe Pemneatat'’
ay qn! Ua TEE aH | tie Hy
of shrubs and perennials. The large dark oval is the Grove of prairie shrubs and trees fenced in by Mr. Shaw. His house, Tower Grove, fronts on the same turf circle as it does today. Between the house and the street is the ice house. To the rear of his home is the large vegetable garden and associated buildings.
The black square above ‘W’ is the teahouse called The Casino, at the corner of Tower Grove and Magnolia, the latter Avenue only partly laid out. At the left of the map is the edge of Tower Grove Park showing the service sheds and the superintendent’s residence. Along the edge of the park is the undeveloped area which went all around the park and was then planned to be marketed on long term leases for private residences, as is done in England, to bring in revenue for the Garden. The Arboretum, roughly triangular, is bounded on the side toward the farm by Mr. Shaw’s entrance drive with its long straight section of Osage Orange hedges. The Museum is above ‘O,’ the Main Gate at ‘A.’
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mr. Shaw on a walk through the Garden during the later years of his life. The lady is probably either his housekeeper, Mrs. Edom, or Mrs. William Trelease, the wife of the Garden’s first Director. Mr. Shaw brought Dr. Trelease to the city in 1885 as head of the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University. He was with Saint Louis and with many of the Garden’s problems and opportunities when he was appointed after Mr. Shaw’s death in 1889.
therefore familiar
GARDEN MAINTENANCE IN 1906 GEORGE H. PRING period were Bohemians who
M Y observations of the early main- tenance of the Garden included
had
departmental heads. The Main Garden enclosed on the west by the stone wall was under the supervision of a Bohe- mian by the name of John Bannes. John had the typical military view- Most of laborers at this
point. the
worked under Henry Shaw and were paid 35¢ per hour. The upkeep of the Garden was all by hand and there was no automation at this period. Conse- quently it was a question of hand mule-drawn mowing
mowers, with
machines for the larger areas.
The Museum and Library built by Mr. Shaw when he established the Missouri Botanical Garden in 1859 as it looked during his later years. Aside from the ornamental entrance it is closely copied after one of the Herbarium buildings at the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew.
Originally it contained an herbarium and library as well as a museum of botanical curiosities. Since 1930 when the ceiling was restored it has been used increasingly as an auditorium. It
is the regular meeting place of a number of horticultural and natural history groups as well
as one of the chief centers for free lectures for school children.
Few of the handsome evergreen trees of
Shaw’s time survived very long after Mr.
Shaw’s death. As the city grew out and around the Garden, smoke became increasingly the
Garden’s most serious problem. When smoke control was achieved in the 1930's it became
possible to grow evergreens more successfully.
Modern air pollution, though more subtle in
its effects, is still a serious problem in caring for the Garden.
The main floral displays were staged in the Parterre, the material being mostly tropical. The circular Hedge Garden surrounding the Pagoda was all pruned by hand. One could find an occasional planting of perennials. One section was devoted to hardy Crinum longifolium which produced
large ball-like seed pods. These were
very attractive to school boys who would hide behind the hedge and let loose.
The Herbaceous Ground, which was where the new Rose Garden is now located, was under the supervision of Otto Bogula, who was one of our early Garden students who went to Kew, re-
turning later to take charge of this area
& e
10 MISSOURI BOTANIC.<
called the “weed patch” by Garden
students. This garden furnished much of the seeds in addition to trees and seed gar- seed
shrubs for the Garden’s annual
catalogue distributed to botanical dens all over the world. This catalogue was also under the direction of Otto Bogula. The North
finally planted according to the Olm-
American Tract was stead Plan by Mr. John Kellogg assisted by a graduate Garden student, Mr. Charles Fullgraf.
Henry Shaw’s farm was still in oper- ation, the foreman living in the rock house next to the barn just west of the Residence. The Arboretum was under the care of Mr. Bannes. Superintend-
ent Irish lived in the House at the
Arboretum Gate located in the area of
Shaw and Vandeventer. Henry Shaw’s
In 1905 the tent for the Mum show was immediately Note the widely spaced windows and the narrow band
completed by Henry Shaw in 1882. of sky lights along the top of the roof.
ae - “4 v wee, *
=
L
GARDEN
BULLETIN
Fruticetum was under the care of Mr. Preswich, who lived in a Shaw resi- dence at Tower Grove and Shaw, now a filling station. It was well planted with grapes, peaches, apples, pears, cur- rents and gooseberry bushes. The crab
apple trees at the north end of the area
are from the original Henry Shaw stock. Henry Shaw’s greenhouses to the east of Tower Grove residence
were under the supervision of James Dunford.
devoted to
One of the small houses was Black the other house to forced vegetables. Mr. Mrs. Dunford Students’ Lodge, previously Henry There Mrs. Dun-
ford acted as house mother.
Hamburg Grapes, o
and lived in the
Shaw’s Tea House. Mr. August Koch was in charge of the Main Conservatories as well as the
maintenance of small floral displays at
in front of the old Linnaean House
Greenhouses as we know them were yet to come.
The Teahouse built by Henry Shaw at the corner of Tower Grove and Magnolia as it
looked in 1890. It was called the ‘Casino”
in his day. Tea and other light refreshments
were served on the broad upper verandah which went around three sides of the building.
Later it became what is known in Britain as a “Bothy,” a lodge for young apprentices. It
was finally torn down in 1913 when an official George T. Moore, the Garden's second Director.
the west end of the Conservatories. The flowering plants were grown in two of the houses of the Private Range behind the Main Conservatories. Both Mr. Koch and Mr. Bannes lived in homes built by Henry Shaw at Tower Grove and Flad.
The Exotic Range including the one small Orchid House was under the su- pervision of George Edward McClure, whom I succeeded. It was interesting to note that Mr. McClure grew some Chrysanthemums for the World’s Fair which the following year resulted in the first of the Chrysanthemum Shows in a tent staged at the Garden. This
became a social affair being a Preview o
residence was built on this corner for Dr.
by invitation only from Dr. Trelease,
the Director, and his Board of Trustees.
The Cactus and Succulent Depart- ment, a favorite of the Director, (par- ticularly his research in the genus Agave) was under the direction of
C. H. Thompson.
The average wage for departmental
heads was $65 or $75 per month.
The Linnaean House was used more as a winter storage house for palms and the large collection of economic plants, all of which had to be moved outside for the summer. As I remem- ber, it was a back-breaking job carry-
ing these palms out.
Looking across the Parterre towards the original Main Gate.
Mr. Henry Shaw in his late eighties on a drive through Tower Grove Park with a coach- man in uniform driving his handsome victoria. The party has paused for a picture just inside the east gate of the park. He is wearing his high silk hat and an opera cloak; his hands
folded over the top of his cane. There are other pictures of him at about this same period,
in the same outfit, listening to the Sunday Band Concert near the bandstand in the park.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES HENRY HITCHCOCK, SamM’L. C. Davis President : ve JOHN S. LEHMANN ni Soa Was eae WaRREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH
Vice President Henry B. Prracer, Tom K. SmirH, Jr.
Second Vice President Harry E. WUrRTENBAECHER, JR. Howarp F. Barr DupLey FRENCH. DanrEL K. CATLIN Honorary Trustee
Honorary Trustee
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
JOHN J. Hicks, THomas H. Etior,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis Chancellor. Washington University GEoRGE L. CapDIGaAn, RayMOND R. TUCKER.
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri Mayor, City of St. Louis
STRATFORD LEE Morton. President, Academy of Science of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr.. President, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. C. Johnson Spink, Vice President, Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr., Vice President, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier. Philip A. Conrath, Carl F. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice President, Mrs. Samuel D. Soule, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger, Recording Secretary.
HISTORICAL COMMITTEE
Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs, Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- Chairmen for Restoration
GARDEN STAFF
HvuGcu C. Cutter, Curator of Useful Plants JamMes Hampton, Assistant Engineer Paut A. Koue. Floriculturist
F. R. McMatu, Rosarian
Epitu S. Mason. Landsecane Architect CLARENCE Barsre, Instructor Viktor MUEHLENBACHS. Research Associate
EpGar ANpeRSON, Curator of Useful Plants
Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist
Ernest Brsee, Horticulturist Cdia . Viorwes. ‘Grounds KENNETH O, Peck. Instructor g s G. =NNER, s : ; Superintendent Grorce H. Princ, Superintendent Emeritus LapDISLAUS CUTAK, Greenhouse : Superintendent Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist KENNETH A, SmitH, Chief Engineer
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate : FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of
Watpo G. FECHNER, Secretary of Board the Arboretum, Gray Summit
and Controller Georce B. Van ScuHaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
RAYMOND FREEBORG. Research Associate ; TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator
Roma S. Grecory, Assistant Librarian of the Museum
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- mented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s from 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Clima- tron stays open until 9:00 P. M. and on Saturdays, April through October, as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthe- mums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.”” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
: June 1964 el ato Volume LI Number 6
CONTENTS
Friends of the Garden
Adult Course on Lawns Summer Programs for Children Life Members
List of Members
To Reach the Garden by Auto
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri. Editor for this issue: EpGaR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Volume LIT No. 6
Cover: The Main Gate which Henry
Bulletin June 1964
Shaw built for his Botanical Garden.
Though centered a little farther south it was on the site of the present gate. Its
outer and inner face were very different, to match their surroundings. On the side
toward Tower Grove Avenue were four square stone pillars, two of which can be
glimpsed at the left of the picture. The rest of the building was faced on that side
with rouvth stene which harmonized with the plain wall along the street. The inside,
]
it will be seen, is of brick, with elaborate Corinthian pillars and pilasters. These were
in keeping with the statuary, elaborately patterned flower beds, and big stone urns of
the late Victorian design within the Garden.
The right hand part of the gate was a small apartment for the caretaker; note the
chimney pots on the roof. The small second story window was matched by another
on the street side so at least there was cross ventilation.
Much of the cactus and succulent collection was moved outside for the summer,
though apparently it was displayed in different ways from year to year.
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
A STATEMENT FROM
es s most of you will recall, your A Friends organization has had a rather active year starting with the music program presented at the Gar- den this past summer; our Fall Picnic at the Arboretum; the preview parties opening the orchid show and chrysan- themum show; and finally, our recent daffodil picnic at the Arboretum. “Until recently, our campaign for additional Friends memberships had
slowed down; however, this is once
OuR PRESIDENT
again well under way and extremely encouraging results are already evi- dent. As is always the case, we urge you who are already Friends to retain your present membership when your dues are renewable, increase the amount whenever you feel you can do so and, in addition, talk up the Friends among your acquaintances. We are certainly looking forward to an active year with increased member- ships.”
Sincerely,
Harry WUERTENBAECHER
President, Friends of the Garde:
(1)
2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
COURSE FOR ADULTS ON PREPARATION AND CARE OF LAWNS
| [aueraenee on kinds of grasses and weeds and how to identify and control them. Preparation of ground for lawn establishment, soil condition- ing, fertilizers and their application, rebuilding old lawns, maintenance and equipment will be discussed. Special
attention will be given to individual
problems. To register, telephone (TOwnsend 5-0440) or mail check direct to Garden.
Three sessions — $6.00; Museum Building; Tuesday evenings, 7 to 9 P. M., August 11, Mr. Raymond Freeborg.
8, 25; Instructor:
SUMMER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN
Soe is a special time for chil- KJ dren and they should spend it as profitably as they can. One way this can be done is to have them register for the PrrzmMan Nature PROGRAM which begins on June 16 and 17 this year. The program is open to children 7 to 16 and is held 4 days a week, with Tuesday-Thursday and Wednes- day-Friday sections, from 10 A. M. to 3 P.M. each day for two identical 5- week sessions. Registrations are made for either the Tuesday-Thursday or Wednesday-Friday section, not both. For the first time, a limit of 200 registrations is being imposed for each section. ‘This is necessary because cer- tain facilities are limiting. Registra- tions for the first session begins June 1, and July 1 for the second session. Second session begins on July 21 and 22. Registrations may be made by
telephone (TOwnsend 5-0440) or in person at the Main Gate. There is no Children staying all day should bring a lunch.
charge for this program.
Soft drinks will be available at a nom- inal cost.
The nature study activities offered in the Tuesday-Thursday section in- clude bird study (given by members of the St. Louis Audubon Society), trees (with collections and identifica- tion), Insect collections, propagation from cuttings, and a general survey of the plant kingdom.
The Wednesday-Friday section in- cludes everything offered above except bird study. In its stead, a new activ- ity relating to plant families and the natural history of plants is being offered.
In addition to the PirzMan Na- TURE ProcGram, there is the Saturday
MISSOURI BOTANICAL
Morning Program which is offered every Saturday morning of the year 10) Ae Mi to
program is
(except July 4) from 11:30 A.M. This
free and no registration is required.
also The schedule for the summer months is as follows:
JUNE
6 “Tags for Trees.” Make plaster
casts of leaves to learn their structure. 13 “The Queen of Flowers.”’ Sample
and study the fruits of members of the Rose family.
20: “Nature Hunt.” for leaves
A treasure hunt
and seeds. Prizes
awarded.
27 “Nature Films.’ A selection of the newest
films.
and best colored sound
JULY
4 Holiday. held.)
(No program will be
11 ‘The Bread-Winning Family.” Col-
cK ERR BK Be cK 6K
GARDEN BULLETIN 3 lect and mount grasses to take home.
18 “Dangerous Plants.” Learn to identify poison ivy and_ other poisonous plants.
25 “Formulas for Flowers.” Find
new ways to look at flowers and
mount several to take home
AUGUST
1 “New Generation.” Collect seeds.
Prizes awarded to collectors of
greatest number.
8 ‘Uses of Wild Plants.”
to use wild plants as sources of
Learn way
water, food and dye.
15 “Table Top Greenhouses.” Propa- gate plants from cuttings. (Bring 1 lb. coffee container and plastic
bag large enough to cover.)
bo bo
“Late Summer Landscapes.” Draw
or paint landscapes.
29 “How to Make a Terrarium.” Small plants and soil for terrar- ium, supplied by Garden. (Bring a wide mouth jar or small glass
bowl. )
SD MS MD 83 SS
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
LIFE MEMBERS
Mr. and Mrs. Howard F. Baer Mr. and Mrs. Adolph M. Hoenny Mr. and Mrs. Herman Bowmar Mrs. Arthur C. Hoskins
Mrs. Kenneth Carpenter Mr. and Mrs. John V. Janes
Mr. and Mrs. Daniel K. Catlin Mr. and Mrs. Roy D. Kercheval Mrs. Theron E. Catlin Mr. and Mrs. Elmer G. Kiefer Mr. and Mrs. Adolph G,. Clodius Mrs. Harold Theodore Lange, Jr. Mr. Joseph Desloge Mr. and Mrs. John S. Lehmann Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Drew Mr. and Mrs.
Mr. and Mrs. John H. Hayward Stratford Lee Morton
Miss Flora E. Henke
Mr. and Mrs. Fristoe Mullins
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mrs. Horton Watkins
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MEMBERS
A
Mr. Lester M. Abbott Walter E. Abell, M.D. Mr. and Mrs. Lee Abraham, II Dr. and Mrs. Morris Abrams Mrs. Elmer D. Abramson Mr. and Mrs. Frank Ackerman Mrs. Lester Ackerman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs.
Philip G. Ackermann Mr. Fred B. Adam Mr. Claude C. Adams Mr. Wilbur C. Adams Mr. and Mrs. Walter Adderton Mrs. Anna Aderholt Mr. and Mrs. John C. Adolf, Jr. Aeolian Co. of "ail Dr. Helen M. Affton Garden c Tub Mr. Samuel Aftergut Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. Ahlvin Mrs. William M. Akin Mr. and Mrs. Gabriel Alberici Mr. and Mrs. Mack A. Aldrich Alexander & Sons, Inc. Mrs. Campbell P. Alexander Dr. H. L. Alexander Mrs. R. G. Alexander Mr. and Mrs.
Sterling J. Alexander Mr. and Mrs. James G. Alfring Mr. and Mrs. Ben Allen Mr. and Mrs.
Charles Claflin Allen Mrs. Clifford B. Allen Mr. Edmund T. Allen Miss Gertrude E. Allen Dr. and Mrs. Henry C. Allen Leonora Allen Mr. and Mrs. Norris H. Allen Miss Elizabeth Alles Mr. and Mrs. George Alles All States Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Allwardt Dr. and Mrs. J. P. Altheide Mr. A. W. Altvater Mrs. Donald H. Altvater Mrs. Vern Ambach Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Amberg Miss Jaquelin Ambler Mr. Edward W. Ambo Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Anders Mr. and Mrs.
Clarence B. Anderson Mr. and Mrs.
Lynden FE. Anderson Mrs. M. Conway Anderson
THROUGH APRIL 1964
Mrs. W. F. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. F. A. Barada Miss Laura Andreas Mr. Cecil E. Barber Mrs. D. C. Andrews Mr. Clarence Barbre Mrs. Demitrius Andrews Mrs. B. A. Bard Mrs. Lewis T. Apple Mrs. Carl C. Bardenheier Mr. and Mrs. William Arbeiter Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Edward F. Arkes John E. Bardenheier Mr. John H. Armbruster Mr. A. J. Bardol Mrs. Alaine a Arndt Mrs. Neil L. Barham Dr. and Mrs. A. N. Arneson Mrs. Clarence M. Barksdale Mr. Sanford M. Arnold Mr. and Mrs. T. Ellis Barnes, I] Mr. H. N. Arnstein Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. S. M. Aronson Charles C. Barnett, Jr. Mrs. Walter W. Arpe Mr. Sam F. Barnett Mr. and Mrs. Robert N. Arthur Mr. Francis Barnidge Mr. and Mrs. Edwin G. Asche Mr. and Mrs. David Baron Mr. and Mrs. Barrett Garden Club Frank P. Aschemeyer Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H. Barriger Mr. and Mrs. William C. Ashby Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Bartlett, Sr. Mr. Ralph Astorian Dr. and Mrs. Robert W. Bartlett Mr. and Mrs. H: arry W. Astroth Mr. and Mrs. Mr. Arthur K. Atkinson Harmon J. Barton, Jr. Miss Melba E. Aufderheide Mr. and Mrs. : Mr. Newell A. Augur ; Thomas C. Barton, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Augustine Mrs. Calvin P. Bascom Mr. and Mrs. Howard G, Ault Mrs. Charles E. Bascom Mr. and Mrs. John R. Averill Mr. Joseph H. Bascom Mrs. T. R. Ayars Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom Dr. and Mrs. Philip L. Azar Miss Mary Elizabeth Bascom
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. R. Bascom Mr. and Mrs. Dudley B. Batchelor Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Bates Mrs. W. M. Bates
Mrs. Roland Bauer
Mr. and Mrs.
B Herman O. Bauermeister
Mrs. Albert H. Baum
Mrs. Donald S$. Babcock Mr. Carl S. Bauman
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Bach Mr. and Mrs. G. Dunean Bauman
Mr. and Mrs. W. N. Bachman Dr. Walter Baumgarten, Jr.
Mrs. Oscar W. Bachmann Mr. and Mrs. Harry Baumstark
Mr. and Mrs. Blythe Baebler Mrs. Andrew H. Baur
Mr. Arthur B. Baer Miss Dorothy Beach
Mr. F. Bert Baer Mrs. Helen F. Bear
Mrs. H. M. Baer Mr. Ronald Beasley
Mrs. Mary E. Baer Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Beatty
Mrs. Roland C. Baer Mrs. W. T. Beauchamp
Mr. John C. Baine Mr. and Mrs. David J. Beaver
Mr. Donald J. Baker Mrs. Helen Bebie
Mr. J. Eugene Baker Mrs. Frieda Beck
Mrs. Kenneth C. Baker Dr. and Mrs. Bernard Becker
Mrs. Paul Bakewell, Jr. Mrs. John H. Becker
Mr. and Mrs. John Ballak Mrs. Ralph C. Becker
Mr. and Mrs. John F. Ballak Mr. R. Clark Becker
Mr. Thomas E. Ballowe Mr. Wm. C. E. Becker
Mrs. H. H. Balsiger Mr. Walter A. Beckers
Mr. Loren W. Bannister Dr. and Mrs. D. E. Beckman
Mr. Gustave E. Bantel Leona J. Beckman
Mr.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
and Mrs. William S. Bedal Bedford Oaks Garden Club
and Mrs. Ray H. Bedwell
L. W. Beer
Mr.
Mr.
A Stephen M. eeanic: Nissan Ne
Beer
Beeson Norman Begeman Wim. S. Beggs
and Mrs. and Mrs.
Beiderwieden Funeral Home, Inc.
Mrs.
Charles Belknap
Miss Alice A. Bell
Bellerive
Acres Garden Club
Mrs. Henry Belz Henry Belz, III Mr. and Mrs. J. Herman Belz
Miss Bess Belzer
Mr. and Mrs. Oliver J. Belzer Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Bender
Mr. and Mrs. Russell H. Bender Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Benert Dr. and Mrs. Charles Bennett Mrs. Richard W. Bennet
Mrs. R. H. Bennett
Dr. and Mrs. Leonard Berg Mr. and Mrs. Nathan C. Berger Mr. W. C. Berkimeyer
Prof. Matthew Bernatsky
Mrs. Eric Bernays
Miss Nina Kk. Bernd
Mrs. Gertrude Bernoudy
Mr. and Mrs. A. Berry
Mr. Fred F. Berry, Sr.
Mrs. Wendell Berry
Mrs. Arnim C. Beste
Beles Gardens Club of Greater
Mr
rand Mrs.
Louis and Mrs. William if . Henry S. Bieniecki Lonnie Bierman Norman Bierman Biggs Biggs
Beukema
and Mrs. ~ David-C. . William H.
Pu Bigler, Jr.
Miss ee Bilgere
Mrs. Mrs.
Mr. Mr. Mr.
Miss Beulah V. and Mrs. G. H.
Dir:
L. J. Bircher
E. Julian Birk and Mrs. Emil O. and Mrs. Edward G. Harry S. Bischotf Bishop Bishop
Birkner Bischott
Miss Martha Bishop
Mrs.
Mr.
Mrs.
Mr.
W. H. Bixby
and Mrs. Wm. H Gurdon G. Black and Mrs. Dan Blackburn
2 Bixbys' Jn:
Jasper Blackburn Corporation
Mrs.
Blac
Oliver Blackinton k Jack Oaks Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Blackwelder Mr. and Mrs. Rene J. Blaes Mr. Russell K. Blaine Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Blair Mr. Charles M. Blair Mrs. Vilray Blair, Jr. Mr. C. D. Blake Mr. and Mrs. Leonard W. Blake Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Bland Mrs. Adela Blank Mr. and Mrs.
Albert G. Blanke, Jr. Mrs. Harry E. Blanke Mrs. W. F. Blanke Mr. and Mrs. Henry Blatt Mr. and Mrs. William F. Blecha Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Bleikamp
Dr. and Mrs. Virgil Bleisch Mr. and Mrs. Wyllis K. Bliss Mr. Richard H. loches
Dr. and Mrs. Arnold S. Block Mr. and Mrs. Frank Block Mrs. Alden S. Blodget, Jr. Mrs. Erwin E. Bloss
Mrs. Marion C. Blossom
Blue Bell Garden Club
Mr.
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mirs.H Mr. Frank Miss Emma J.
Fred J. John A. . Blumenthal C. Blumeyer Bobb
Blum Blumenfeld
Dr. and Mrs. L. H. Bock
Mr. Walter Bode
Mr. and Mrs. Warren Boecklen Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Boehm
Mr. Frank J. Boehm
Miss Sue Wanda Boehnken Mrs. Elsie D. Boehrer
Mrs. Lucie V. Boesch
Miss Caroline Boeschenstein Mr. and Mrs.
Edward X. Boeschenstein
Mr. and Mrs. C. K. Boeschensitein Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Boettcher, Jr. Mr. Arthur re Boettcher
Mrs. Lucile Boettcher
Mr. John Mt Bo elanor
Mr. and Mrs. Wilferd Bohley Mr. and Mrs. Chas. W. Bolan Mr. and Mrs. Albert W. Bolay Mr. and Mrs. Arthur D. Bond Mr. and Mrs. Russell Bond
Miss Dorothy Mrs. John Bormann Dr. and Mrs. D. S. Bottom Miss Marjorie H. Boulton Miss Helena Bounk
Borgers
Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Bowersox Mrs. John M. Bowlin
Mrs. Wm. Glasgow Bowling Mrs. Elmer IF. Bowman
Miss Helen O. Bowman
Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Bowman Miss Helene FE. Boyd
Mr. and Mrs. Ingram F. Boyd, Jr. Mrs. John C. Boyd
Mr. Robert Webb Boyd, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs.
Robert W. Boyd, Sr Mrs. Harry B. Boyer Miss Rose Josephine Boylan Mrs. Hiram Boyles Mrs. Lloyd C. Brackman Miss Evelyn M. Braden Miss Betty Ann Bradley
Dr. F. R. Bradley Mr. Harry E. Bradley Mr. G. C. Bradshaw Mrs. K. K. Brady Mr. Arthur M. Branch, Jr. Mrs. Edna C. Branch Mrs. O. W. Br: andhorst Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Brandon Dr. and Mrs. bE. R. Brandt Mrs. Pete Brandt Mrs. Oliver Branneky Mr. and Mrs.
Buford L. Brauninger Mr. Len J. Bray Mr. and Mrs. John E. Brazee Mr. ae Mrs. Donn Brazier Mrs. Sam Breadon
Miss Ruth A. Breckenridge
and Mrs. John I. Bredehoeft Brentwood Garden Club 1 Brentwood Garden Club 4
Mr. James C, oO
Dr. and Mrs. E. M. Bricker
Dr. and Mrs. Neal S. Bricker Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Briner Mrs. Harry Brinkop
Mrs. J. W. Bristow
Mr. and Mrs. Paul H. Britt Miss Dorothy Brockhott
Mr. and Mrs. Harry C. Brockhotf Mrs. Loren T. Brockman
Mr. Siegfried FE. Brockmann Mr. and Mrs. John Brodhead, Jr. Mrs. Saul Brodsky
Miss Harriet A. Broeker
Mrs. E. W. Broemmelsiek
Mr. A. V. L. Brokaw
Miss Clara Bromeyer
Dr. and Mrs. Shael S. Bronson Mr. and Mrs. R. C. Brooke
H. S. Brookes, M. D
Miss Bernice Brookman
Miss Dorothy Brookman
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bronstein Mrs. C. M. Brouster
Dr. and Mrs. David H. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Ellis L. Brown Mrs. Glenda M. Brown
Mrs. G. W. Brown
Mrs. Howard Brown Dr. and Mrs. James Barrett Brown
Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Brown, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. W. W. Brown
Mr. and Mrs. T. James Brownlee Mrs. R. 1. Brumbaugh
Mr. and Mrs. Harold T. Brunette Mrs. Erwin Bry
Mrs. Henry Bry
Mrs. Herbert FE. Bryant
Mr. and Mrs. Ray Buchan
Mr. and Mrs. FE. W. Buchanan Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Buchanan Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Buck, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Budde Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H. Buder Mr. and Mrs. G. A. Buder, Jr. Miss Lily Buder
Mr. and Mrs. Osear E. Buder Mr. W. E. Buder
Miss Norma Buehler
Mrs. Wm. Buenger
Mr. and Mrs. Charles E.
Mrs. John Buettner
Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Buhrmaster
Dr. Harold A. Bulger
Mrs. Richard A. Bullock
Dr. and Mrs. Roger W.
Buettner
Bumegarner
Mr. and Mrs. Earl Bumiller Mr. Robert A. Burdett Mr. aa A. Burhenne Mrs. E. Burkham Dr. and tee Edward F. Burkhart Martha L. Burkhart Mr. and Mrs.
Raymond E. Burlew, Sr. Mrs. Louis Burlingham Mr. Adolph Burmeister Mr. and Mrs. Robert FE. Burns Di arcs. CosBurruse dire Dr. and Mrs. Robert Burstein Mrs. Bertha B. Burton Mrs. John G. Burton Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Burton Mrs. Adolphus Busch Mr. and Mee August Busch, Jr. Mrs. Harold J. Busch Mr. Arthur J. Busse Mrs. J. Bruce Butler Mr. Jack G. Butler Mr. John P. Butler Mrs. L. W. Butler Mr. and Mrs. James I. Byerly
©
Rev. George L. Cadigan Mr. and Mrs. Philip B. Cady Mrse= Io:.¢ ie Mrs. John W. Calhoun Dr. and Mrs. Serer Calkins Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Camel Mrs. Ralph rs Campbell Mrs. W. V. Campbell Mr. James M. Canavan Mr. W. L. Canfield
Mr. and Mrs. William Cann Dr. and Mrs. Edward M. Cannon Capitol Hill Garden Club Mrs. Louis A. Cardosi Mrs. Louis Cariffe Mr. and Mrs. E. Herbert Carlson Esther Carlson Mrs. Jean-Jacques Carnal Mr. and Mrs. Clarkson Carpenter, Jr. Mrs. Fred Green Carpenter Mr. Claude E. Carr Miss Louise Carr Miss Margaret Carr Mrs. Peyton T. Carr Nellie Carroll Dr. and Mrs. Hampton L. Carson Mr. and Mrs. - m. G. B. Carson Mr. and Mrs. L. Casey Mr. and Mrs. B Houston Caskie Catalina Garden Club Mrs. John R. Caulk, Jr. Cavalier African Violet Club Mr. and Ms. Eldred A. Cayce Mrs. Charles J. Cella Miss Janet B. Cerf Dr. Peter Chacharonis Mrs. Gerome Chambers Mrs. Albert Chandler Mrs. Warren T. Chandler Mrs. John N.C hapin Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Charak Dr. Ben H. Charles, II1 Mr. William Charles Mr. and Mrs. William H. Charles Charm Song African Violet Club r. Raymond M. Charnas Mrs. Jacob Chasnoff Mr. Edward G. Cherbonnier
Mr. and Mrs. Clarence W. Cherry
Mr. and Mrs. sg Sd W. Chesley, Jr. Mrs. F. T. Childress Mrs. L. Wade Childress Mrs. Leland Chivvis Mrs. J. Christen Mrs. v F. Christen Dr. and Mrs. Roger F. Christensen Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Christian Mrs. W. T. Christmas Mrs. C. Calvin Christy Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Clacker Mrs. Charles E. Claggett Mr. and Mrs. James W. Clark Miss Marion ecm Clark Mr. Robert B. Me ark Dr. and Mrs. Sam L. Clark, Jr. Mrs. Chauncey H. Clarke Rowena Clarke Garden Club Kirkwood 1 Mr. and Mrs. G. W. Clarkson, ITT. Mrs. J. Turner Clarkson Miss Catherine Clayes Mrs. Edward H. Clayton Clayton Garden Club Clayton Garden Club Clayton Garden Club Clayton Garden Club Clayton Garden Club 6 Mr. and Mrs. Doyne T. Clem Mr. and Mrs. Oliver C. Clerc Mrs. Berthoud Clifford Miss Mary Frances Clifford Clifton Heights Garden Club O. J. Cloughly . and Mrs. Elmer E. Cocke . and Mrs. James W. Coe . and “a poker L. Coe . E. W. Coffey .and Mrs. E. A. Cogho . and Mrs. Ben Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Cohen Mrs. Julian B. Cohn Mr. and Mrs. Harold R. Colbert
mp who
Mrs. Dorothy O. Cole
Mr. and Mrs. George W. Coleman Mrs. Grace H. Coleman
Miss Ruth D. Colestock
Mrs. Thomas Colfer
Mr. and Mrs. G. I. Collett
Mrs. Richard J. Collins
Mr. and Mrs. T. R. Collins, Jr.
Columbia Garden Club Dr. and Mrs. F. Comte Mrs. G. K. Conant, Jr. Mrs. S. D. Conant Concord Garden Club Mr. Martin E. Connelly Mr. and Mrs. Burton F. Dr. and Mrs.
Adolph H. Conrad, Jr. Miss Lillian C. Conrad Mr. Paul E. Conrades Mr. and Mrs. Joseph J. Conradi Mr. Philip A. Conrath Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Conreux Convention Board of St. Louis Mr. and Mrs. Harold S$. Cook Mr. and Mrs. James F. Cook, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Jerome E. Cook Mr. and Mrs. Paul Ira Cook Mrs. T. kK. Cooper, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Willis M. Mrs. C. H. Corbett Mrs. Justin Cordonnier Dr. and Mrs. Carl Cori Mrs. Robert Corley Mr. and Mrs. Clifford Corneli Mrs. Vern N. Cornelius Miss Lucile Cornet Mr. and Mrs. Dave L. Mrs. B.S. Cornwell Mr. and Mrs.
Franklin J. Cornwell Mrs. Frederick J. Cornwell Mr. and Mrs. James A. Corrigan Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Costigan Mr. and Mrs. Carl H. Cotterill Mr. Philip Cotton, Jr.
Mrs. George Cottrill Mr. and Mrs.
Dwight W. Coultas, Jr. Countryside Gardens County Belles African Violet
Club Dr. and Mrs. R. M. Courtney Dr. Walter P. Covell Mr. Clarence Cowdery Dr. and Mrs. E. V. Cowdry Mr. and ate Dana Cowell ak E. A. Cox
Newton Cox Mire Harvey B. Cox, Sr. Mr. and Mrs.
Wilbur H. Cramblet Mr. James E. Crawford Mr. and Mrs.
Vincent I, Creamer Miss Cora Creimeyer Mr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Croft Mr. James Arthur Crouch, Jr. Mr. O. Ruffin Crow Mr. A. B. Crowder Stacy and June Culberson Mrs. A. B. Cull
R. Culling
Connolly
Cooper
Cornfeld
Mr. and Mrs. C. Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Culver, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver, Jr. Mrs. H. Harrison Culver Mr. and Mrs.
Merrimon Cuninggim Mrs. Wm. H. Cunlitf Mr. and Mrs. John E. Curby Arthur Curlee Mr. and Mrs. Shelby H. Mr. George W. Curran Mr. Ralph F. Curry Miss Betty Lou Custer Dr. and Mrs. Harold M. Cutler Mr. A. L. Cutter
Il
Curlee
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
D
Mr. James A. Dacey Mr. and Mrs. Irvin Dagen
Ae and Mrs. John R. D’ Agostino _W. J. Dahm
Me and Mrs. E. R. Daigger
Mr. A. F. Dalton
Col. and Mrs. Walter Wm. Dalton Mrs. Leslie Dana Mr. and Mrs. Donald Danforth Mrs. C. Peyton Daniel Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Danzer Mr. and Mrs. Arthur R. Darr Mrs. P. A. Dates Mrs. E. Gary Davidson Mr. and Mrs.
John L. Davidson, Jr. Mrs. M. Davidson Mrs. Kenneth M. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Sam’l C. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Harold P. Davison Mr. and Mrs. W. Z. Davison Dr. Anthony B. Day Mrs. Charles M. Day Mr. Donald J. Day Mrs. H. D. Day Mr. and Mrs. Morgan C. Day Mr. and Mrs. Wm. H. Deal Mr. H. F. Dean Lee W. Dean, Jr., M.D. Mrs. Marie J. Dean Miss Rosalind M. Dean Mrs. J. A. Deeble Mrs. Frederick H. Mrs. E. L. Deicke Dr. Robert B. Deitechman Mrs. W. V. Delahunt Mrs. Glenn A. Delf Mrs. William E. Delicate Delmar G: arden Club Mrs. C. DeLore Dr. and Mrs. William Demko Mr. Robert H. Denckhoft Mr. Edgar W. Denison Charles Denny Company Mr. Eugene dePenaloza Mr. William Peter dePenaloza Mr. and Mrs.
Eugene W. Dependahl Mr and Mrs. C. D. De Pew Mr. and Mrs. Harlan A. Depew Mr. and Mrs. Wallene R. Derby Mr. Marcel Desloge Mr. and Mrs. Taylor S. Desloge Mr. and Mrs.
Theodore P. Desloge Mr. and Mrs. Mart E. De Tienne Mrs. Paul A. Dewald
Deibel
Mrs. Charles W. DeWitt Mr. and Mrs. Irvin S. De Woskin Mrs. Edward C, Dicke
Miss Gladys Dickinson Dr. and Mrs. Donald Dickler
Dr. and Mrs, A. H. Diehr Mrs. Dirk Diephuis Mr. and Mrs. Fred L. Dierker
Mr. and Mrs. William J. Dill Mr. ae tig tc Irving Dilliard Mr. T. Dinkmeier
Mrs. f L. Dinsmore
Mr. and Mrs. Albert Di Prospere Mrs. F. H. Disbrow Mrs. H. Dischinger Mrs. Walter Dittrich Mrs. George Dobler
Mr. and Mrs. Duncan C. Mrs. Douglas W. Dodds
Mr. and Mrs. James T. Dodds, Jr. Mrs. Aneta B. Dobson
Dr. and Mrs. C. Gene D’Oench Dogwood aot a Club
Dr. and Mrs. A. Doisy
Dr. and Mrs. ee L. Donahoe
Dobson
MISSOURI BOTANICAL
Mr. and Mrs.
Ben Phillips Donnell Mr. and Mrs. Matt Donnigan Mr. John F. Donovan, Jr. a“ : Doole yi Mr. Wm. T. ‘Dooley, ibe Mr. and Mrs. D. Ae ons Dorr Mr. and Mrs. E. Dorsch Mr. and Mrs. Ronee E. Doss Mr. and Mrs. Victor Douglas Mr. and Mrs. Matthew L. Dow Dr. and Mrs. Charles Doyle Dr. and Mrs. Truman G. Drake Mr. and Mrs. :
John M. Drescher, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Donald Dressler Miss Margaret L. Dressor Miss Isabelle Drewett Mrs. Leo A. Drey Mr. and Mrs. James M. Mr. and Mrs. Clark M. Mr. and Mrs. G. Fred Driemeyer Mr. Henry F. Driemeyer Mr. and Mrs.
Kenneth Drummond Mr. and Mrs. Neil Drury Mr. W. Donald Dubail Mr. and Mrs. Edward N. Dubois Mr. and Mrs. George IF. Du Bois Mr. and Mrs. Louis F. Dueois Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Duchesne Mrs. H. Richard Duhme, Jr. Mrs. Marsh P. Duke Miss Hazel Duncan Mrs. Henry P. Duncker Mrs. Francis M. Dunford Mrs. Robert B. Dunford Mr. and Mrs. James W. Durham Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Dyreks
Dreyer
jek
Dr. and Mrs. Dee W. Eades Dr. and Mrs. J. W. Eades Mrs. Mark D. Eagleton
Mr. and Mrs.
Oscar W. Earickson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert G. Early Eastern Missouri Beekeepers
Assn.
Mr. and Mrs. Alec us Mrs. Albert O. Eck, Mr. and Mrs. John R Mr. and Mrs. Chaz irles Ape Mrs. Ernest A. Eddy
Mr. and Mrs. Ch: es RB. Edison Mr. and Mrs. Irving Edison Mr. and Mrs. Simon Edison Mr. and Mrs. Henry Edmonds Mrs. Evelyn B. Edwards
Miss E. V. Edwards Miss Mary R. Edwards Dr. and Mrs. Joseph C. Mrs. Louis H. Egan Mrs. Theodore C. Eggers
Mr. and Mrs. Willis G. Ehrhardt Mr. Frederick H. Eickhoff
Dr. and Mrs. Jack Eidelman Eighth District Missouri
Federation of Women’s Clubs Mrs. Fred B. Eiseman Mrs. Wm. N. Eisendrath, Jr. Mrs. Albert Eisenstein Mr. and Mrs. Linnell B. Elam Mrs. Edwin S. Elder Chancellor and Mrs.
Thomas H. Eliot Mr. Davis Elkin Mr. and Mrs. Donovan Eller
aD bsworth
‘e ick Eckrich
Edwards
Driemeyer
Elliott Frank Ellis
Miss Lucy C. Mr. and Mrs.
Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth K. Ellis Elsberry Garden Club
Mr. A. R. Elsperman
Mr. bi illiam H. Emig
Mr. Donald Emigh
Mr. Wm. H. Engelsmann Engler Acres Garden Club
Mr. Edgar H. Enslin
Mrs. Maurice S. Epstein
Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Erber Mr. and Mrs. Leroy A. Erickson Mrs. G. L. Evans
Mr. and Mrs. Harold B. Evans
C. Evans
Mr. and Mrs. J.
Mr. O. D. Evans
Mrs. D. L. Evertz
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Evertz Miss Rose L. Evertz
Dr. C. H. Eyermann
Mr, E. E. Ezell
Mrs. Eugene H. Fahrenkrog Mr. and Mrs. Benedict Farrar Mr. and Mrs. Leicester Faust Rev. and Mrs. J. Maver Feehan Mr. and Mrs.
Echeal T. Feinstein Dr. and Mrs. David Feldman Mr. and Mrs. M. H. Feldman
Mr. and Mrs. William A. Feldt Felicia Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. Carl T. Felker Mr. oe Mrs. John O. Felker
Mrs. E. C. Felt Mr. George Z. Fencil Mr. and Mrs. Gary W. Ferguson Mrs. David B. Ferrenbach Mr. and Mrs. Aaron T. Ferris Mr. and Mrs. Son Fesler Mr. and Mrs. Russell Fette Mr. and Mrs.
Arthur H. Feuerbacher, Jr. Miss V. Feuerbacher Mr. Russell R. Feverston Mr. Boleslaw J. Figorski Mr. Francis A. Fillmore Mrs. Herbert I. Finch, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Max Fink Mrs. Pauline Finn
Mrs. Walter Fischel
Mrs. Aaron Fischer
Miss Elvira Fischer
Mrs. P. G. Fischer
Miss Edna Fisse
Mrs. Helen E. litzroy Miss Bertha M. Flach Mrs. John H. Flachmann Dr. and Mrs. I. J. Flance Mr. and Mrs. Roy V. Flesh
Fleur De Lis Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Flexner Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kk. Fliteraft Flora Place Garden Club Flora Place Protective Association Mrs. Jos. Floret Mrs. Clara M. Flori Floribunda Garden Club of Dittmer Mr. and Mrs. Frank D. Flotken Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Floyd Mr. and Mrs. Peter Fogertey Mr. and Mrs. John R. Fogg Mr. and Mrs. John J. Fojtik Mrs. E. Flynn Ford
GARDEN BULLETIN
N
Curtis Ford Ford
Mr. and Mrs. J. Mr. John H. Mrs. John S. Ford Mr. and Mrs. William S. Ford Mrs. SY Ww. Forder Forest Haven Garden Club 1 Forest Haven Garden Club 2 Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Forshaw Mrs. James G. Forsyth Mr. and Mrs.
W. M. Forsythe, Jr. 2 orsythiz i Garden Club Mr. George C. Foster Mrs. Jane F reund Foster Mr. John Henry Foster Mr. and Mrs. Randall Foster Mrs. T. Foster Founders’ Circle Rosemary
Garden Club Four Seasons Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Ralph A. Fournier Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Fowler Mrs. Alex P. Fox Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Fox Mr. and Mrs. John Fox Mr. and Mrs. Alfred M. Mr. Harry A. Frank Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Frank Mr. and Mrs. William A. Frank Mr. and Mrs. William H. Frank Mrs. Jane Frankenthal Mr. reat Mrs. Donald H. Free Mrs EK. Freeborg Mr. er Mrs. Raymond Freed Mr. and Mrs. M. J. Freeman Mr. Vincent E. Freeman Miss Grace L. Freiberg Dr. and Mrs. H. J. Fretheit Mrs. J. P. Frein Mrs. W. ne Frein Miss Ruby Freivogel Mr. Dudley French Molly French Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Freund Mr. Milton E. Freund Mr. Wm. Stix Friedman Mr. and Mrs. James A. Friend Dr. Armand D. Fries Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Mrs. Ewald Froese Frontenac Garden Club Rev. and Mrs.
Alfred O. Fuerbringer Mr. W. E. BMeiierer Mr. and Mrs. L. Fulton Garden C 1 ) Mrs. Clara F. Funck Mr. and Mrs. Oliver C. Funsch Mr. and Mrs. Richard O. Funsch Mrs. Edward Funsten Mrs. R. Fairfax Funsten Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Furrer Mr. and Mrs. Schell L. Furry Mr. and Mrs. Edwin J. Fusch Miss Rosalie Fusz
Frager
Fritz
. Fullington
G
Mr. Harry D. Gaines Mrs. T. L. Gallaway Mrs. Martin E. Galt Mrs. Clark R. Gamble Mr. D. Goodrich Gamble Miss Leonelle C. Gamble Mr. and Mrs.
Theodore R. Gamble Miss Gretchen Ganschinietz Mrs. Helen Gantehett Dr. and Mrs. George FE. Gantner Garden Club of St. Louis
8
Mrs. David L. Gardner Mrs. Dozier Gardner Mrs. Fred W. Gardner
Mr. and Mrs.
Martin FE. Gardner, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Russell Gardner Mrs. A. R. A, Garesche Mr. and Mrs.
F. Mark Garlinghouse Mr. and Mrs. Claude M, Garner Miss Louise Gartiser Mrs. Richard W. Gaskins Mr. Ferd E. Gast Mrs. Calvin Gatch Mrs. Hayward H. Gatch Mrs. Nelson B. Gatch Mr. and Mrs. Leslie H. Mr. Lloyd Gaus Gay Bouquet Garden Club Mrs. Clifford W. Gaylord Mrs. H. E. Gebhardt Mr. George P. Gebhart Mr. and Mrs. F. H. Gehlhausen Mr. and Mrs. D. S. Geddis Miss Adele J. Gehner Miss Pearl E. Gehner Mr. and Mrs. Leo M. Geissal Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Gelner Mrs. George Gellhorn Geneseo Hills Garden Club Mrs. Paul M. George Mr. William A. George, Jr. Mrs. William A. Gerard Miss Nancy L. Gerber Gladys M. Gerdel Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Gerdelman Mr. and Mrs. Leigh Gerdine Mrs. Eugene Gerhard Mrs. William B. Gerhart Mrs. F. Gerlach Mr. and Mrs. Max German Gern Nursery Inc. Mi dy Gers Me and Mrs. Jacob Gettleman Mr. Julius A. Gewinner Mrs. G. Donald Gibbins Mr. George Gibson Dr. and Mrs. Marvin H. Gibstine Mr. and Mrs. Carl Giebel Dr. and Mrs. George C. Giessing Miss Adie Giessow Mr. and Mrs. Wallace Gilbert Mr. and Mrs. EF. J. Gildehaus Dr. and Mrs. Jerome J. Gilden Mr. Robert A. Giles Mr. and Mrs. V. T. Gilliam Mrs. Henry Giovanni Mr. Adolph Glaser Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Glaser, Jr. Mrs. Milton Glaser Mrs. Morris Glaser Dr. Harry N. Glick Glendale Garden Club Mrs. Morris Glik Mr. and Mrs. Gene A. Globig Mrs, Warren Goddard Mrs. Frank A. Goetz Mr. O. E. Goetz . and Mrs. Robert E. Mrs. J. U. Gohn Mr. _and Mrs. Harold Gokenbach Ben L. Goldberg ie. ‘and Mrs. Stanley Goldblatt Golden Bell Garden Club Mr. Edward M. Golden Mrs. Alvin D. Goldman Mrs. Kennard Goldsmith Mrs. Jay Goldstein Dr. and Mrs. Marcy Goldstein Mrs. Max A. Goldstein Dr. and Mrs. S. W. Gollub Mr. and Mrs. Sam Golman Mr. and Mrs. Fermin Gonzales Mr. and Mrs. Arthur S. Goodall Good Earth Garden Club
Gault
Goetz
Mr. and Mrs. Allan McD. Goodloe Mrs. Stanley Goodman Mr. and Mrs. MeV eigh Goodson Mrs. Mildred Goodwin Miss Nancy Gorder Mr. and Mrs. Lindell Gordon, Jr. Mr. Edward W. Gore
Mrs. J. S. Gould
Mrs. Stephen G. Gould
Mr. Leo M. ae ace
Miss Mary E. Graf
Mrs. Harry E. Grate
Mr. and Mrs. ‘Albert 1. Graff
Mrs. E. A. Graham Mr. and Mrs.
Evarts A. Graham, Jr. Mr. and Mrs.
Thomas W. Graham Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Grand Mr. and Mrs. Paul D. Graning Dr. Adele Lewis Grant Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Grant Mrs. Samuel B. Grant Grantview Garden Club Grantwood Garden Club Mrs. Jos. J. Gravely Elizabeth Graves Mr. Byron A, Gray
Mrs. W. Ashley Gray, Jr. Greater St. Louis African Violet Club
Greater St. Louis Association of
Gardeners Greater St. Louis Dahlia Society Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Green Mr. and Mrs. John R. Green Mr. and Mrs.
John Raeburn Green, II Mr. and Mrs. Walter S. Green Mr. and Mrs.
Lawrence H. Greenberg Greenbriar Hills Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Roy W. Greenlee Mr. Milton T. Greenman Mrs. Edward B. Greensfelder Mrs. Harry Greensfelder, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. W. K. Gregory Mrs. Clifford Greve Mr. and Mrs. Wesley Griffith Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Grigg Mrs. Margaret Groh Mrs. Francis Gross Mr. and Mrs. Jerome A. Gross Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Grossman Mr. Robert D. Grossman Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Grote Mr. and Mrs. John C. Guhman Mr. and Mrs. Theo. E. Guhman Mr. and Mrs.
Louis H. Gummersbach Mr. and Mrs. Adolph J. Guth Mr. and Mrs. E. F. Guth, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Samuel E. Guyer Mr. and Mrs. Albert Guze Mr. and Mrs.
Joseph R. Gwilliam
H
Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Haack Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Haarstick _R. C. Haas ie Haberthier Miss ¢ arolyn Hackman Miss Carol Hackmann Mrs. John M. Hadley Mr. Willis D. Hadley Mr. R. E. Haefer Miss Ella Haeseler
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Dr. and Mrs. Heinz E. Haffner Dr. and Mrs. O. FE. Hagebusch Mrs. H. F. Hagemann Dr. Paul O. Hagemann Mr. Archer L. Hager Mr. Frank S. Hager Mrs. Hilbert Wm. Hagnauer Mr. and Mrs. Robert N. Hagnauer Mr. Christian H. Hahn Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Halamicek Mrs. Val L. Halbman Mrs. L. P. Hale Mrs. H. Bethune Hall Dr. Lee A. Hall
Dr. and Mrs. Preston C. Hall Mr. and Mrs. R. N. Hal
Dr. and Mrs. Thomas S. Hall Mrs. John F. Hallett
Mr. and Mrs. A, B. Hallowell Mr. and Mrs. Norman Halls Mr. Viktor Hamburger . Ellis H. Hamel eM ‘and Mrs.
Aubrey B. Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. James Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. M. C. S. Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Hamilton Mr. Fred R. Hammond Dr. Stanley P. Hampton Mr. and Mrs. F. J. Hamtil Mr. H. H. Hane Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Hanks Miss Lucy E. Hanley Hanley Downs Garden Club Hanley Woods Garden Club Mr. and Mrs.
Kenneth B. Hannigan Dr. T. H. Hanser Mrs. Richard Hardcastle Mr. and Mrs, Clark A. Hardy Mr. and Mrs. Edwin M. Hartord Dr. and Mrs. Walter J. Harland Mrs. Erwin C. Harms Mrs. Oliver R. Harms Mr. H. M. Harned Mrs. Frank L. Harney Mr. Joseph H. Harper Mrs. Roy W. Harper Mr. Harry F. a arrington Mr. and Mrs. M. K. Harrington Mr. and Mrs.
Patrick D. Harrington Dr. and Mrs.
William J. i arrington Mr. and Mrs. G. L. Harris Mr. and Mrs. Harold H. Harris
Mrs. Charles L. Harrison Mrs. John W. Harrison Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd Harrison Mr. and fg John T. Hart Mrs. E. Hartman Mr. and Sire Lowell S. Hartman Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Hartrich Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Hartwein Mr. K. C. Hartwell Miss F lora Hartwig Miss Elaine Harvey Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Harvey Mr. and Mrs. J. Harvie Mrs. Lewis S. Haslam Mr. and Mrs. L. H. Haslip Mr. and Mrs. Earl Hath Mrs. Richard D. Hatton, Jr. Miss Helen Hauhart Mrs. Mabel S. Haverporth Mr. and Mrs.
William K. Haverstick Hawbrook Garden Club Mrs. R. S. Hawes, Sr. Mr. R. S. Hawes, IIT Mr. and Mrs. John L. Hawn Mrs. Virginia Hay
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mrs. W. Alfred Hayes
Mrs. Harry B. Hazelton
Mr. and Mrs. Francis P. Healy Mrs. George F. Heath
Mrs. Amy M. Hecht
Miss Eleanor B. Hecht
Mrs. John A. Hecht
Mr. and Mrs. William J. Hedley Mr. Edward L. Heger
Mr. Louis F. Heger
Mr. W. F. Hehman
Mr. and Mrs. Henry J. Heideman
Mr. and Mrs.
Roger S. Heidenheim
. and Mrs. Carl J. Heifetz . Frederick J. Heil
Walter A. Heimbuecher Miss Ella Heimburger
Miss Lucille Heimburger
Mr. and Mrs. C. L. Hein Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Heinicke Mr. M. Heinrichsmeyer
Dr. Charles Heiser
Mr. C. Gordin Heiss
Mr. and Mrs. Don L. Heitman Mr. and Mrs. Lindsay Helmholz Mr. and Mrs. Ewald Hencke Mr. and Mrs. J. Gordon Henges
Miss Eugenia Henke Miss Rose M. Henke Dr. and Mrs. R. FE. Hennessy
Mrs. Thomas A, Hennigan, Sti Mr. and Mrs. C. G. Henry Mr. H. W. ene
Miss Jane Henry
Dr. and Mrs. Paul R. Hensel Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Herbst
k.. S. Herman ie and Mrs. M. Hermann
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Herman Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hess
Mrs. John Hessing
Mr. and Mrs. George C. Hetlage Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Hickey
Mr. and Mrs. K. Myron Hickey Mrs. Pauline G. Hickey
Miss Ethel Mae Hicks Mr. and Mrs.
Arthur Hiemenz, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur C. Miss Hilda E. Hiemenz Dr. H. Rommel Hildreth
Hiemenz
Mrs. ae a all, Jr Mrs. A. M. Hill
Mr. and Mire C. E. Hill Mr. and Mrs. J. Boyd Hill
Mr. and Mrs. Jim Hill Dr. Mildred Hiller Mr. and Mrs. Frank Hilliker Paul Hines, By Mirsandsvirssse i Mr. and Mrs. Marc A. Prof. and Mrs. I. Hirschman Mr. George W. Hirshman Mrs. George K. Hoblitzelle
Hinsman
Mr. and Mrs. Haworth F. Hoch Mr. and Mrs. Lon Hocker, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Fred Hoefel, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Alan J. Hoener Mr. and Mrs.
Richard M. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel E. Mr. and Mrs. George W.
Hoffman Hotfman, Jr.
Hoffmeister
Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Hoffmeister Mrs. E. G. Hoftfsten Mr. and Mrs.
Harvey A. Hofmeister
Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm Lee Holekamp Mr. and Mrs. Norman Ilolen Mr. and Mrs. Leonard J. Holland Miss Mary E. Holliway Mrs. Joseph P. Holloran
Hirsch, Jr.
Russell R. and Mrs. Richard W. and Mrs. William W. Alton E,. Don W. and Mrs.
Mr. Mr. Mr.
Mr. Mr. Mr.
Mrs.
Mr. Mrs.
and Mrs.
Dr. and Mrs. H. Frank Holman Mr. and Mrs. Foster W. Holmes Mrs. J. Howard Ilolmes Mrs. James Holsen Mr. and ee James N. Holsen, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. M. M. Holtgrieve Mrs. James O. Holton, Sr. Mrs. G. Erwin Homer Dr. Thomas T. Hoopes Mr. and Mrs.
Hopmann Leonard Hornbein Horner
Horstman Horton Horton
Richard F, Hosek Edward Hotze Charles G. Houghton, Jr.
Hosch Cae
Houlihan Nursery Co.
Mr.
Mrs.
Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Ie Dr.
ie Mir. Mr.
Mrs. Mrs.
and Mrs. rand Mrs.
and Mrs. J. kK. and Mrs.
and Mrs. James H.
James G. Houser
Ilowe, ITI
Arthur Howell and Mrs. and Mrs.
Howard H. Hubbell i hilip Hubbert
and Mrs. Edward W. Hudson and Mrs. dwin W. Hudspeth
Bernard Hulbert Jack H. Humes
August H. Hummert
rand Mrs. Kenneth H. Hunt r. and Mrs. Leslie L. Hunt
» H. \.. E.. Hunter
Herman Hlusch
Peter H. Husch
Robert I°, Husted
Hyatt Robert Hyland
l
Edgar S. Jeanne W.
Idol leleheart
The Hlinois Gladiolus Society
Indian Hills Garden * ‘ub 1
Mr.
and Mrs. James S. Inghram
Miss Maurine Inghram Inspiration Garden Club Iris oe Club
Dr.
Mis. Mrs.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr. < : and Mrs.
Mr.
rs. Phoenix B. Ja r, and Mrs. Calvin r. and Mrs. . and Mrs. s. Katherine r, and Mrs. r. and Mrs. . and Mrs. rs. William M. James r, and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs.
Irwin Paine May Jerome W.
Tsaacson Israel
Scott Ittner Miss Caroline FE. L.
Ives
i
blonsky
A. Jack Charles Jacks John G. Jackson Jacobs
Myron Jaffe Rudy James Wim. F. James
Joseph J. Janosky Thomas Jarvis
vl ave G. Jaworski : Jecmen pan Ti. Jenkins
9 Mrs. M. Jenks Mars a H. Jenner Mr. and Mrs. Stifel W. Jens Mr. Richard P. Jensen Mr. Adolph J. Jeude Mr. Edwin W. Joern Mr. and Mrs.
William P. NG Ban) aaa le Mrs. Wa Mrs. Ag Mrs. Mr.
Johannes Johanning
Iter C. Johanning Eugene Johanson Andrew W. Johnson
and Mrs. Cecil E. Johnson
Mrs. James L. Johnson
Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Soulard Johnson Mr. and Mrs. T. Carter Johnson Mrs. Earl M. Johnston
Mrs. Edwin M. Johnston
Mr. and Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Mrs. Paul E. Johnston
Mrs. R. P. Johnston
Dr. and Mrs. John Johnstone, Jr.
Mr. Harold T. Jolley Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Jonas Dr. Dorothy J. Jones
Mr. and Mrs.
James Hudson Jones
Mr. and Mrs. Leshe D. Jones Mrs. M. Alexander Jones
Mr. and Mrs. Meredith C. Jones Mr. Richard S. Jones
Mr. and Mrs.
Robert MeWittrick Jones, [11 Mr. and Mrs. Roger R. Jones Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Jones Mr. and Mrs.
W. Boardman Jones, Jr.
Mrs. Roy W. Jordan Miss Ruth Jordan Mrs. Alfred A. Jost Mr. Louis H. Jostes Mrs. John W. Joynt K Mrs. Milton Kahle Mr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Kaiser Mr. and Mrs. Francis Kaiser Mrs. Martha Voyce Kaltwasser
Mrs. Louis K appel Mr. and Mrs. M. Karches Dr. and Mrs. Mich: vel Karl
Mr. Louis E. Kassing
Mr. and Mrs. Herman M. Katcher Mr. and Mrs. Leonard M. Katz Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Kaysing
Miss Margaret R. Kealty
Mr. and Mrs. J. Louis Keel Kehrs Mill View Garden Club Mrs. M. C. Kelce
Mr. Arthur W. Keller
Mrs. Edward J. Keller
Mr. J. Milton Keller, Jr.
Mrs. Dennis J. Kelley, Jr.
Dr. and Mrs. Robert Ww. Kelley Miss T. Louise Kelley Mr. and Mrs. Don: ld. D. Kelly
Miss gate G. Kelly Dr. and Mrs. Emmet Kelly
Mr. and Mrs. Ww illiam B. Kelly Miss Anita P. Kemper
Mrs. Henry Kemper
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur S. Kendall
Mr. and Mrs.
Sam M. Kennard, III Mrs. Joseph W. Kennedy Mrs. Richard Kent Mr. Charles J. Kern Mr. Russell W. Kerls
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mrs. Helwig C. Mr. R. D. Kerr M. Kerwin Dr. "Harold J. Widd Mrs. Adele Kieckers Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Kiefer Mrs. Wm. T. Kieffer Dr. Paul Kilburn Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Kilcullen Dr. and Mrs. Gilbert R. Killian Miss Lulu Evelyn Kilpatrick Dr. and Mrs. Virgil A. Kimmey Mr. Dudley Kincade Mr and Mrs. Clarence H. King, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Peter Kintzele Mr. and Mrs. H. D. Kipling Mr. and Mrs. John B. Kirchner Mr. and Mrs. Walter C. Kirk Mr. and Mrs. W. Warren Kirkbride Mrs. Alexander Kitun Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Klarmann Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Lester Klauber Mr. and Mrs. Fred W. Kleeburg Mr. and Mrs. Adrian L. Klein Dr. and Mrs. Bert H. Klein Mrs. Elsie B. Klein Mr. and Mrs. Jay Klein Miss Katherine E. Klein Miss L. Louise Klein Mrs. E. M. Kleinsorge Mrs. Gus H. Kliethermes Mr. Lee Kling Mr. and Mrs. Norman Kling Mrs. Bernhardt W. Klippel Mr. Carl H. Klug Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp Mrs. Robert S. Knapp Mr. and Mrs. Newell S. Knight Mrs. W. J. Knight Mr. and Mrs. George Miss Erna Knoernschild Mrs. Cornelia S. Knowles Mr. and Mrs. Wm. S. Knowles Miss Charlet Knox ae Walter H. Kobusch Colonel Erwin T. Koch Mr. H. H. Koch Mrs. Robert E. Koch Mrs. Carl J. Koehler Mr. and Mrs. Arthur FE. Miss Evelyn R. Koenig Mr. and Mrs. L. R. Koenig Mrs. Harry G. Koerber Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Kohl Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Kohler Mr. and Mrs. parae Kohn, Jr. Mr. W. T. Koken, IIL Mrs. Wallace Kolbrener Dr. and Mrs. Jules H. Kopp Mr. Chester W. Kotstrean Mrs. W. B. Kountz Mrs. E. P. Kramer Mr. Harry S. Kramer, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. F. T. Kraus Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Kraus Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Kraus Mrs. W. C. Krautheim Kriegshauser Mortuaries Mr. Harry W. Kroeger Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Kropp
Kern
Koelle
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger Marguerite Krueger Conservation
Club Mr. August Kruescheck Mrs. Sam Krupnick Mrs. R. Kuhn Mr. and Mrs. Will A. Kuhn Mr. Edward L. Kuhs Mr. and Mrs. W. P. Mrs. Charles Kunkel Mr. W. F. Kuntemeier Mr. and Mrs. Albert G.
Kunderman
Kunz
Anson H. Klauber
A. Knobloch
Mr. A. B. Kurrus Mr. and Mrs. Clifford M. Kurrus
rg
Mr. and Mrs. Walter La Bee Mr. and Mrs. Bernard LaBlance Mr. and Mrs. Henry Lackland Dr. and Mrs. Paul Lacy
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. A. Lahrmann Lakeshire Garden Club 2
Mrs. Virginia Lamack
Mrs. Nicholas Lamb
Mr. and Mrs.
Albert Bond Lambert, Jr. Mrs. Marion L. J. Lambert Mr. and Mrs.
Martin Lammert, ITI Mr. Martin Lammert, IV Mr and Mrs.
Warren B. Lammert Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Lamy Mr. and Mrs. Argo E. Landau Landscape & Nursery Men’s
Association Miss Edna Landzettel Mrs. Charles D. Lane Dr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Lane Mrs. George W. Lane Mr. and Mrs. Irving S. Lang Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Lang Mr. and Mrs. Sylvester T. Lang Miss Anna Lange Miss Hedwig Lange Mrs. Harold T. Lange Mr. and Mrs. Raymond EF. Dr. and Mrs.
Alfred M, Langenbach Mrs. Harry H. Langenberg Mr. Oliver M. Langenberg Miss Mary Lansing Mrs. John J. Larkin Mr. and Mrs, A. H. Laroche Mr. Jacob M. Lashly Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Latta Mr. and Mrs. John B. Latzer Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Latzer Mr. and Mrs. Thomas F. Latzer Mr. John L. Laufer Miss Mary Laun Mr. and Mrs. Edwin H. Lauth Mr. and Mrs, Nelson Lawnin Mr. Kenneth C. Lawrence Dr. Thomas P. Lawton Mrs. Edith K. Layton Mr. and Mrs. Emmet J. Layton Mrs. John H. Leach Lead Belt Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Arno LeBegue Mrs. Robert C. Le Clair Mr. Clifford Lecoutour Mr. and Mrs. Loy W. Ledbetter Mr. and Mrs. H. N. Lee Mr. and Mrs. Hugh B. Lee, Jr. Mrs. Otto F. Leffler Mrs. Sears Lehmann
Lange
Mr. and Mrs. Sears Lehmann, Jr.
Mr. Webster M. Lehmann Mr. and Mrs. Austin P. Leland Mr. and Mrs. Roy W. Lenck
Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Lenhardt
Mr. and Mrs.
Robert A. Lennertson Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Leonard Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Leonard Mr. Norman B. Leppo Mrs. E. R. Lerwick Miss Florence Leschen Mr. and Mrs. John A. Leschen Mr. Harry Lesser, Jr.
Miss Marie Leuenberg
Mr. and Mrs. George E. Leutwiler Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Levin Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Levis Mrs. Robert Levis
Mrs. T. Middleton Levis
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Levy Mr. and Mrs. Meyer Levy
Mr. Willard L. Levy
Mrs. Alfred Lewald
Mrs. Tobias Lewin
Mr. and Mrs. C. Carter Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Joseph W. Lewis Mrs. Mildred Lewis
Mrs. Preston W. Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Lewis, Jr.
Mr. Wilson Lewis Mrs. David Lichtenstein Mr. and Mrs.
Louis J. Lichtenstein Mrs. Philip F. Lichtenstein Mrs. Arthur Lieber Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Liggett Mr. and Mrs. Richard S. Light Mrs. Charles Limberg Mr. and Mrs. A. R. Lindburg Lindenwood College Professor P. Linehan Mr. and Mrs. Emil Lipic Mr. Joseph G. Lipic, Jr. Mrs. Sylvester G. Lipic Dr. . L. Lippard Mr. L. “ Lippman, Jr.
Mrs. H. G. Lipscomb
Mrs. B. E Lischer
Dr. and Mrs. Carl E. Lischer Mrs. A. C. Lishen
Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth Lissant Mrs. Irma C. Littleton
Little Gardens Garden Club Mrs. Edgar Littmann
Mr. and Mrs. Ellie C. Littmann Mrs. William M, Livingston Mr. Arthur L. Locatell
Mr. and Mrs. Bradford Locke Miss Angelica P. Lockwood Mr. and Mrs.
Charles B. Lockwood Mrs. W. A. Lockwood Mr. and Mrs. Benj. M. Loeb Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Loeb Mrs. Stephen H. Loeb Dr. and Mrs. Virgil Loeb, Jr. Mrs. George Loeblein Dr. E. Loeffel Miss Mary Louise Logan Dr. and Mrs. B. S. Loitman Dr. Albert E. Lombard, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Paul Londe Mr. Charles D, Long Miss Ernestine M. J. Long Mrs. Wilfred F. Long Mrs. John R. Longmire Dr. and Mrs.
Maurice J. Lonsway, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Maurice J. Lonsway Mrs. Stanley L. Lopata Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Lorenz Mr. and Mrs. Russell FE. Lortz Mr. and Mrs.
Edward K. Love, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Love Miss Martha " _Love
Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Lovelace Mrs. Abraham Lowenhautt Mrs. Henry C. Lowenhaupt Dr. Oliver Lowry
Mr. and Mrs. S. K. Loy
Mr. rie Mrs. A. W. Lucas Mr. Lucas
Mr. Mrs. Fred A. Ludwig Miss Lillian A. Luebben
Mr. Charles F. Luke
Mr. and Mrs. Joel Y. Lund
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11
Mrs. Clayton R. Lupton
Mr. Wm. R. Lustkandl
Fred M. Luth & Sons
Mrs. Ruby H. Lyerly
Mr. and Mrs. Bert A. Lynch Mr. and Mrs. Creston C. Lynn
Mc
Mrs. Charles M. Mr. and Mrs. Henry H. McAdams mais Wesley McAfee . and Mrs. Glenn M. McCain Dr. Raymond McCallister Mr. and Mrs. Lansden McCandless Dr. and Mrs. H. R. McCarroll Mrs. Eugene Ross McCarthy Miss June McCarthy Mrs. M. L. McCaskill Mr and Mrs. Russell J. McClellan Mr. and Mrs. Tex McClintock Mrs. Henry McCluney Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Mr. and Mrs. Jamerson C, Mr. and Mrs. S. Carson McCormack Mr. L. Dean McCoy Mr. Robin McC oy Mr. and Mrs. James R. McCurdy Miss Gertrude McDonald Mrs. G. N. McDonald Mr. and Mrs. Glenroy McDonald Mr. and Mrs. James S. McDonnell, Jr. Mrs. William A. McDonnell Mr. and Mrs. R. S. McDorman Mr. W. Finley McElroy Mrs. John C. McEwen Mr. and Mrs. Howard H. Dr. and Mrs. Ronald K. McGregor
McAbee, Jr.
McCormack
McGee
Mr. and Mrs. Rex D. McIntire Mr. B. E. McKechnie Mr. and Mrs. Lee C. McKinley
Mr. Silas B. McKinley
Mrs. Floyd L. McKinney Mr. John R. McLane, Jr. Mr. Bernard F. McMahon
Mr. and Mrs. F. R. McMath Miss Virginia McMath
Mrs. W. Benton McMillan Mr. G. F. McMillen
Mrs. F. P. McNalley
Miss et McPheeters
Mrs. Samuel B. McVPheeters Mr. and Mrs. Thomas S. McPheeters, Jr.
Mrs. Thomas S. McPheeters Mr. and Mrs. R. H. McRoberts Mr. and Mrs. D. L. McVea
M
Mrs. Albert C. Maack
Mr. and Mrs. D. Bernard Mabry Mrs. J. D. MacCarthy
Mr. and Mrs. John P. MacCarthy Mrs. Minard T. MacCarthy
Mrs. Marcella Wiget MacDermott Mrs. Wm. R. MacGreevy
McCluney, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Allen Mack
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Mackey
Mrs. L. Bryant Mackey
Dr. and Mrs. William L.
Dr. and Mrs.
Macon, Jr. Kenneth H. Maddy Mr. and Mrs. B. Maechling
Dr. and Mrs. Jos. Magidson
Mr. J. Marshall Magner
Mr. Paul E. Magoon, Jr.
Mr. Joseph T. Mahaney
Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Mahley Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Malick
Mr. and Mrs.
Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Mrs. Laurence E. Mallinckrodt Mrs. Mac H. Mandel Miss Clara A. Mangelsdorf Mrs. Carmel W. Mann Maple Leaf Garden Club Mrs. William Marbury Mr. and Mrs.
Chas. T. Marcrander Mrs. E. A. Marquard Mrs. Walter E. Marriott Mr. and Mrs.
Kenneth A. Marshall Mrs. Claude B. Martin Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Martin Mr. Malcolm W. Martin Dr. 7 Mrs. John C. Martz Mr. Elmer E. Marx
Miss Edith S. Mason
Mr. and Mrs. Max Mason
Mr. and Mrs. Joel Massie
Mrs. William H. Masters
Mr. and Mrs. Carroll S. Mastin Mr. and Mrs. Frank Mastin
Mr. and Mrs. H. B. Mathews, Jr. Mrs. A. B. Mattei
Mr. and Mrs. Claude L. Miss Erma E. Maurer Mr. and Mrs. John M. Max
Mr. and Mrs. Morton D. May Mr. Morton J. May
Mrs. Frank M. Mayfield, Sr. Mrs. Walter R. Mayne
Mrs. R. W. Meckfessel
Mr. and Mrs. J. Reynolds Medart
Matthews
Mr. George F. Meenen Mrs. G. W. Metferd Mr. and Mrs. Arch Megel
Mehlville Garden Club 1 Miss Thelma EF. Mehrhoft Mr. Arther J. Meier Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Dr. and Mrs.
Theodore M. Meiners Mrs. Edwin B. Meissner Mr. and Mrs.
Edwin B. Meissner, Jr.
Mrs. George FE. Mellow
Mr. and Mrs. R. Wesley Mellow Mr. and Mrs. Frank Menniges Mr. and Mrs. Richard W. Merkle Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Mernagh Mr. and Mrs. Stuart H. Mertz Mrs. William Mertz
Mr. and Mrs. David W. Mesker Mr. Francis A. Mesker
Mr. Gustav Mesmer
Mr. George S. Metcalfe Metropolitan St. Louis African
Violet Society Mr. and Mrs. Elliott W. Metz Mrs. Carl F. G. Meyer Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Meyer Mrs. Eugene J. Meyer Mrs. Garret Meyer Mr. and Mrs. Louis T. Meyer Mrs. Morton Meyer ee Ridgely Meyer Mrs. Robert E. Meyer Mr. Roderick M. Meyer Miss Viola Meyer
Meier
Mr. and Mrs.
Russell G. Meyerand
Mr Wm. Michalski Mr. and Mrs. Fred W. Michel Mr. and Mrs.
Charles W. Middleton
Mr. Jerry Mihm
Mr. and Mrs. Richael P. Miklas Mr. and Mrs. Milton A. Mild Mrs. W ate am. $. Milius
Mrs. Walter Millan
Mrs. pMrecsie B. Miller
Mr. Duane E. Miller
Mrs. E. F. Miller
Mrs. Earl I. Miller
Mrs. Hortense M. Miller
Mr. and Mrs. Jefferson L. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Robert Ivan Miller Mrs. Andrew 3S. Mills
Mr. and Mrs. I. E. Millstone
Mrs. Robert Millstone Mrs. Harry Milton Mrs. John W. Minton
Missouri Rolling Mill Corp. Missouri State Florists’ Association, Inc. Mr. Samuel A. Mitchell Mr. and Mrs. R: alph Moon Moberly Dis 7 Mrs. Arnold S. Moe Mr. W. Mohrman Dr. He Mrs. Charles A. Molden Mr. Frank A. Molumby Monark Petroleum Co. Monday Club Monday Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T. Monnig Dr. and Mrs. Carl V. Moore Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Moore Miss Elizabeth Moore Mrs. George H. Moore Dr. and Mrs. Gordon IF. Moore Mrs. Harry G. Moore, Sr. Mr. John G. Moore Mrs. Ray S. Moore Mrs. W. Gillespie Moore Mr. and Mrs. William G. Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. John C. Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Morgan Mr. and Mrs. Paul D. Morgan Mr. C. Ford Morrill Mrs. H. L. Morrill ’ Nancy J. Morris Mr. ‘and Mrs. Robert M. Mrs. Walter E. Morris
Moore, AB David H. Mortit
Morey
Morris
Mrs. Hugh B. Morrison
Mr. R. M. Morriss
Mr. Ralph A. Moriss, I
Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Morse Mrs. W. Edwin Moset
Mr. and Mrs. Robert C, Moss
Dr. Albert J. Motzel Mr. John R. Moulton
‘Mow ety )in- eee kermann, II
Mr. Tce c Richard Muckerman
Dr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Albert Muehlenbrock Mrs. Arthur Mueller Dr. and Mrs. M. A. Mueller Dr. Robert Mueller Dr. Robert J. Mueller Dr. and Mrs. R. O. Muether Mr. C. A. Mulholland Mr. and Mrs. Arden J. Miss Edith Munday Miss Alma C. Mundt Mr. Burnaby Munson Mr. Frederick M. Murdock Mr. and Mrs. Arch FE. Murphy Mr. and Mrs. Forrest Murphy Mr. and Mrs. James J. Murphy
Mummert
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Dr. and Mrs. James P. Murphy Mrs. Tom Murphy
Mrs. Max Myer
Mr. and Mrs. George H. Myers Mr. and Mrs. James Myles
Mr. and Mrs. Louis A. Mylius
N
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Nagel Dr. Lillian Nagel
Mr. and Mrs. Fred A. Nall Mr. and ae Richard Nance Mrs. W. D. Nansen
Mrs. Maryeva Naslund
Mr. H. K. Nason
Mr. and Mrs. David J. Nax Mr. and Mrs. Eugene V. Nay Mr. and Mrs. John C. Naylor Mr. and Mrs. Paul Neel
Mr. and Mrs. Carroll E. Nelson Earl F. Nelson
Mr. Lewis C. Nelson
Nettie’s Flower Garden
Mr. and Mrs. C. Sidney Neuhoff Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Neun Mrs. E. J. Neuner
. and Mrs. James D. Nevins . Ruth Nevins
vg 7. Mrs. C. S. Newhard
I . Newhard, Jr.
Newman
Mr. and Mrs. Eric P. Newman Mr. and Mrs. Ernest K. Newman Mrs. Jane Newman
Mrs. C. A. Newton
Dr. and Mrs. James F. Nickel Dr. Frank Nickl Mis. _ |. Niedringhaus Mrs. Marion Niedringhaus Mr. and Mrs. Harry F. Niehaus Miss Lillie Niehaus Mr. and Mrs.
Charles A. Niekamp Mrs, Eugene D. Nims Miss Mercedes E. Nitzschmann Mr. and Mrs. John J. Noble Mrs. Roy J. Nobel Mrs. R. J. Noland Mrs. Hiram Norcross Mr. B. W. Nordman Mrs. Alfred H. Norrish Northwoods Garden Club Miss Virginia E. Nottbusch Mr. William J. Nuelle Frederick Nussbaum Dr. Robert S. Nye
O
Oak Valley Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. Gyo Obata
Mrs. Albert J. O’Brien
Miss Carmelita O’Connor
Mr. Kenneth O’Connor
Mrs. Ruth M. O’ Donnell
Mr. Fred J. Oertli
Mr. and Mrs. Dan O'Gorman Mr. and Mrs. William J. O’Herin Mr. Howard Ohlendorf
Mrs. and Miss Emma Oldendorph Dr. and Mrs. J. L. O’Leary
Mr. John M. Olin
Mr. and Mrs. Lester E. Olmstead
Mrs. Fred Olsen
Mr. Elmer Oltman
Mr. and Mrs. so O'Meara Mr. Isaac C.
Mr, and Mrs. Ww Mr. and Mrs. Preston G. Mrs. N. M. Osborne Mrs. Peg Oster
Mrs. John H. Overall Mrs. C. Sprewell Owen
Orwig
P
Mr. Victor Packman
Mrs. Anna M. Page
Mr. Earl M. Page
Mr. William Pagenstecher Mr. Fred O. Pahmeyer
Mr. and Mrs. George E. Pake Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Palm Mr. and Mrs. Ray C. Palmer
Mrs. Re oul Pante ileoni Mrs. O. J. P apineau
Mr. Quintin Papineau, Jr. Mr. and Mrs.
Edwin Andrew Par: aa ps Mrs. Herbert L. Parker, Jr. Mrs. Emelie Partell Col. and Mrs. W. D. Paschall Mrs. Jerrold Pass Mr. and Mrs.
Manning M. Pattillo Mr. Russell Patton Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Mr. and Mrs. Gerald F. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Payne Mr. A. G. Peck Mr. and Mrs. Frederic M. Peirce Mr. Frank Pellegrino Mr. and Mrs. Paul E. Peltason Mrs. Frank E. Pelton, Jr.
Mrs. Jane Kk. Pelton Mr. and Mrs.
Gilbert W. Pennewill Mr. Elmer C. Peper Mr. and Mrs. A. Perlmutter Mrs. G. H. Perrine Mrs. E. E. Pershall Mr. and Mrs.
Wallace R. Persons Mrs. Edgar F. Peters Mrs. A. F. Peterson Miss Alice M. Peterson Mrs. Cora Peterson Miss Dorothy E. Peterson Dr. and Mrs.
Frederick D. Peterson Mrs. L. W. Peterson Mrs. Charles Pettus, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Pettus, Jr. Mrs. Eugene Pettus, Sr.
Mr. and Mrs. George T. Pettus Mr. J. Harold Pettus Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Mr. William G. Pettus, Jr. Mrs. Carl E. Pfeifer Mr. Henry Plager
Mr. and Mrs. Robert I. Miss Alice Pickel
Mrs. Clifford G. Pickel Mrs. William A. Pickett Mrs. Bessie Pilsbury Mr. Paul A. Pinegar Mrs. S. J. Pingree
Mr. and Mrs. Vernon W. Piper Mr. and Mrs. Guy Pisani
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Pistrui Mr. and Mrs. John Pistrui
Mr. Clif Placke
Paul Pauley Joseph Pavelka, Jr. John H. Payne, Jr.
Pettus
R. Orthwein, Jr.
Phemister
Mrs. Samuel Plant Mildred Planthold Associates Mr. and Mrs. David S. Plumb
Mr. and Mrs. Maurice L. Plumer Mrs. Charles M. Polk
Mrs. Sarah C. Polk
Mr. W. BIE Polk, Jr.
Mrs. William L, Polk
Mr. and Mrs. J. gr Pollak
Mr. and Mrs. R. Pollak
Mr. F. J. Dalinse. ars Mr. F. J. Pollnow, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. C. Robert Pommer Mr. and Mrs. Cletus Pope Poplar Bluff Garden Club Miss Hilda Porbeck Mrs. Claude T. Porter Mrs. Lawrence T. Post Dr. and Mrs. M. Haywood Post Mrs. T. Randolph Potter Mr. and Mrs. Elmer W. Mrs. Earl A. Powell Mrs. Raymond F. Powell Mrs. Pal gic S. Powell Mr. Prehn Mr. Paul W. Preisler Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Prevallet Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Price, Jr. Mrs. J. B. Price Mrs. Henry W. Priep Mr. and Mrs. A. T. Primm, ITI Primrose Garden Club Mrs. George H. Pring Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Proctor Mr. and Mrs. Frank E. Proctor Miss Ruth P. Proctor Dr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Proetz Mr. William S. Propper Mr. and Mrs. Fred J. Pruetzel Miss Emma Purnell Mrs. C. H. Puterbaugh Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. rs. D. J. Putnam Mr. H. V. Putzel Mr. Louis R. Putzel Mr. and Mrs. Paul Putzel Mr. and Mrs.
Edwin J. Putzell, Jr.
Pounds
Q
Mr. Edgar M. Queeny
R
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph H. Rabenau
Mr. and Mrs. William Rabenberg
Dr. and Mrs. Maxwell Rachlin
Mr. Herman Radlott
Mrs. Lillian Raftery
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert J. Ralston
Mr. James E. Rarick
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Rassieur, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Ratcliff
Mrs. Aaron S. Rauh
Mr. Joseph Ravarino
Mr. and Mrs. Percy L. Read
Dr. and Mrs. James H. Ready
Mr. and Mrs. Floyd S. Reay
Mr. James D. Reeder
Miss Stella G. Reess
Mr. J. L. Reeves
Regional Council Men’s Garden Clubs of Greater St. Louis
Mr. Walter L. Rehfeld
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13
Mr. and Mrs. R. M. Reichman Mrs. Edward E. poate
Mr. and Mrs. P. H. Reis
Dr. and Mrs. Erie Reiss
Mr. and Mrs. Homer C. Reiss Dr. and Mrs. Edward A. Reisse Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. Reitz
Mr. and Mrs.
Douglas B. Remmers Mr. and Mrs.
William E. Remmert Miss Annabel Remnitz Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Renard Brother Thaddeus Revers, M.M. Mr. and Mrs. Oscar W. Rexford Mrs. William E. Reyburn Mrs. Mildred M. Rhoades Mr. Maxwell C. Rhodes Miss Alice Rice Dr. Carl E. Rice Mr. and Mrs.
Rolland W. Richards Mrs. Walter C. Richards Mr. and Mrs.
Charles FE. Richardson Miss eee Richardson Mrs. Ellen E. Richman Mrs. Edna E. Richter Col. and Mrs. F. A. Rickly Mr. and Mrs.
Howard EF. Ridgway
Miss B. Jeanette Riefling Mrs. Caroline H. Riehl
Mr. A. H. Riley
Mr. ve Mrs. Russell H. Riley Mr. R. Rinehart
Dr. Ie MC Riordan
Dr. and Mrs. Martin T. Rippe
Miss Beatrice Risch Mrs. Harold A. Risch Mrs. Mathilda Risch Miss Nellie Rives Dr. and Mrs.
Harold D. K. Roberts Mr. and Mrs. Hervey Roberts Mrs. Odile L. Robertson Mrs. G. Kenneth Robins Mr. and Mrs. Seth A. Robins Mrs. Bernard L. Robinson Mrs. I. M. Robinson Mrs. F. M. Robinson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. P. C. Robinson Mr. and Mrs. S. Carl Robinson Mr. and Mrs.
Spencer H. Robinson Mrs. Wm. M. Robinson Robinwood Garden Club Rock Community Garden Club Rock Hill Garden Club 1 sae aye Mrs.
AR aylor Rodgers
Mr ae: Mrs.
Charlton B. Rogers, Sr. Mrs. Edmund C. Rogers Mrs. Joel A. Rogers Dr. and Mrs. Edwin H. Rohlting Dr. and Mrs. Daniel P. Roman Mr. and Mrs. John J. Roos rs. Lawrence Kk. Roos
G. S. Rosborough, Jr. Dr. D. K. Rose Rose Gate Garden Club Rose Hills Garden Club Rose Society of Greater St. Louis Mrs. Herbert E. Rosenbaum Mrs. A. H. Rosenberg Mrs. Adam Rosenthal Mr. and Mrs.
Robert Rosenthal, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Ross Mr. and Mrs. Ben Roth
Mr. and Mrs. Carl F. Roth Mr. Louis L. Roth Bonnie L. Rothe
Mabel Rottach
Mr. and Mrs. Oscar J. Dr. and Mrs. George E. Mr. Vernon Rowe
Mrs. Ray E. Rowland Mrs. S. H. Rubenstein Mr. Sidney E. Rubin Dr. and Mrs. Leroy W. Mr. Charles J. Rudolph, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Carl Rueck Olivia J. Ruether
Mrs. Lohrer Ruemeli
Mr. Ben J. Ruhl
Mrs. John Ruhoff
Mrs. C. H. Rulfs
Mrs. C. M. Ruprecht
Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Russell Sandra Jean Ruth
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Ruwitch Miss Susan S. Ryan
Miss Helen C. Ryrie
Rotty Roulhac
Rubright
S
Mr. and Mrs.
Mr. and Mrs. Charles M.
Mr. and Mrs.
Mr. and Mrs. Louis Sachs
Mr. ane Mrs. Louis S. Sachs
Wines.) Geto acs
Miss oe R. Sachse
St. Clair County Garden Club
St. Louis Horticultural Society
St. Louis Nature Study Society
Mr. and Mrs. Dan S: - thara
Mrs. Llewellyn Sale, Jr.
Mrs. Betty T. Scns
Mr. R. E. Salveter
Mrs. Julian G. Samuels
Mr. and Mrs. G. J. Samuelson
Miss Sandy Sandberg
Dr. Robert D. Sanders
Stephen J. Sabo
Sacamano Byron D. Sachar
Miss Adelaide G. Sands Mrs. Gertrude Sandusky Mr. and Mrs. Wm. W. Sant
Sappington Acres Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Warren M. Sartf Dr. and Mrs, Dean Sauer
Dr. and Mrs. W. Nicholas Sauer Mrs. Frank E. Sawyer
Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Saxdal Mr. and Mrs. Clitford Saxton Mr. Homer E. Sayad
Mrs. T. M. Sayman
Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Scearce Mr. William Schaettler
Mrs. Taylor Schake
Miss Virginia Schaper
Mrs. Roberta Schattgen
Mr. and Mrs.
Norman Schaumburg Mr. Russell E. Schaumburg Dr. and Mrs.
Samuel E. Schecter Mr. ane Mrs. W. H. Mrs. W. cr aro Mr. a Mrs. H. C. Schenler Mrs. Gordon eek Mr. and Mrs.
Stanley O. Schermer Mr. A, H, Schettler Mr. Frank C. Scheuermann Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Scheuermann
Scheer
Mrs. William Henry Schield Mr. W. Be Schierholz Mrs. W. G, cate in
Mr. and A Mr. and Mrs. ke ard J. Schilling Mr. and Mrs. Dan Schlafly
Miss Ellen A. Schlafly
ndeon Schiller
Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Schlafly Mr. and Mrs. George H. Schlapp Miss Carol Jayne Schlottmann Mr. and Mrs.
Frank H. Schleicher Mr. Fred A. Schlossstein Mr. C. C. Schmid Mr. and Mrs. Eugene B. Mr. August R. Schmidt Mr. and Mrs. Erwin Carl Schmidt Mr. George R. Schmidt Miss Julia B. Schmidt Mr. and Mrs. Oskar Schmidt
Schmid
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Schmidt Mr. and Mrs. William J. Schaffner
Mr. F. J. Schi: ARCnet
Mr. Leroy Schneeberger
Miss Dorothy L. Schneider
Mr. Ervin Schnelle
Mr. and Mrs. M. A. Schneller Mr. and Mrs. Donald O. Schnuck Mr. and Mrs. Lee Schnure
Mrs. William C. Schock Mrs. William O. Schock Dr. and Mrs. Sterling H. Schoen Mrs. Conrad L. Schopp Mrs. Henriette Schotten
Mrs. Gertrude S$. Schreiber
Mrs. J. Glennon Schreiber Schroeder & Curry, Ine.
Mrs. John Schroeder
Mr. and Mrs. H. A. Schulenburg Mr. and Mrs. Russell Schulte
Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Schulte Mr. and Mrs. A. Y. Schultz Rev. Harold P. Schultz
Mr. F. Carl Schumacher
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Leroy Schumann Mrs. J. L. Schwab Mr. and Mrs. William Schwab Mr. Frank H. Schwaiger Miss Edna Schwaner Mrs. Edward K. Schwartz Dr. and Mrs. Henry G. Schwartz Mrs. A. F. Schwarz Mr. and Mrs. Armin Schwarz, Jr. Mr. Max D. Schwarz Mr. Otto EK. Schwarz
Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Schweer Mr. and Mrs. Edward F, Schweich
Mr. and Mrs. 7 H. Schweich, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. J. Henry Schweich
Mr. and Mrs. Julius S. Schweich Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Schwenck Mr. and Mrs. Louts T. Schwieder Miss Mathilda Schwink
Mrs. George D. Scott
Miss Mary P. Scott
Mr. and Mrs. Milton J. Scott
Dr. and Mrs. Wendell G. Scott Mr. and Mrs. W. F. Scott Mrs. W. W.. Scott, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Mason Scudder Mirse deol, searcy,. 1c
Mrs. William H. Sears
Mr.and Mrs. W. W.S Mrs. A. Forest Seay, Ji
Dr. and Mrs. John Seddon Seeders & Weeders Garden Club
Mrs. Adele B. Secle Miss Helen M. Seevers Mr. Jerome J. Seidel
. Richard Seifert Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Mrs. Oliver Selle Miss Alice Sellinger Mr. and Mrs. Marvin B. Seltzer Mr. and Mrs. Richard Semple Mr. W. Hl. Semsrott
Mr. and Mrs. James H. Senger Dr. and Mrs. Ben H. Senturia Mr. and Mrs. Edward Senturia Service Blue Print Co.
Seldin
14
Mr. and Mrs. Philip M. Sestric Bertha Setzer Emma Setzer Mr. Francis D. Seward, Jr. Mrs. M. L. Seyffert Mrs. Fred Seymour Mr. and Mrs. Tracy Shade Mr. John N. Shalhoob Mr. and Mrs. Connor B. Shanley Mr. and Mrs. A. Lee Shapleigh Mr. and Mrs.
A. Wessel Shapleigh
Dr. and Mrs. John Shapleigh Mr. and Mrs. Warren McKinney Shapleigh
Mrs. George H. Share
Mr. Russell A. Sharp
Mrs. W. P. Sharpe
Henry Shaw Cactus Society Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Shaw Shaw Improvement Association
Mrs. Frank R. Sheldon Mr. H. k. Sheldon Mr. and Mrs. Richard D. Shelton Mr. and Mrs. Sam J. Shelton Mrs. Earl E. Shepard Mr. and Mrs. John C. Shepherd Mr. and Mrs. Tom L. Shepherd Mr. and rea
Ethan A. H. Shepley Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Sher
Mrs. Edward J. Sheridan
Mr. and Mrs. Kk. F. Sherman Mrs. Ida J. Sherritfs
Mrs. Arthur Sherwood
Mr. Vance I. Shield
Mr. and Mrs. Jackson J. Shinkle Mrs. Sydney Schoenberg, Jr.
Dr and Mrs. Allen B. Shopmaker Mrs. Ella Mary Shrum
Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Shucart
Mr. Grover C. Sibley Dr. J. G. Siceluft Mr. and Mrs. W. Sieber
Mrs. Frances R. Siceel Mrs. F. W. Siegert Mrs. Mathilda Siems Mrs. M. T. Silverblatt Dr. and Mrs.
S. Richard Silverman Dr. and Mrs. Saul D. Silvermintz Mrs. E. C. Simmons Mr. Julian Simon Mrs. Octavia B. Simon Dr. and Mrs.
William A. Sims, Jr. Mr. James A. Singer Mr. and Mrs.
James W. Singer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs.
J. A. Singmaster, Jr.
Dr. and Mrs. James C. Sisk Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Sizemore Mrs, T. J. Skaar Mr. and Mrs.
Lemoine Skinner, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Walter R. Skinner Mrs. Douglas Smiley Mr. and Mrs. Carroll Smith Mrs. Earl G. Smith
Mrs. George M. Smith Miss Gladys M. Smith Mr. Herbert G. Smith Mr. and Mrs. M. Benjamin Smith .and Mrs. Ralph L. Smith Mr. and Mrs.
Robert Brookings Smith Mrs. Robert M. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Roger D. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Shea Smith, IIL Mr. and Mrs. Spencer D. Smith Mr. Tom K. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Tom Kk. Smith, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Wallace H. Smith Mr. S. Watts Smyth Virginia C. Sodemann
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph K. Soebbing Mr. Carl L. Soeker Mrs. " A. Sohm
Mrs. Charles H. Sommer, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Erwin G. Somogyi Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Sophir Sorosis Garden Club
Adm. and Mrs. Sidney W. Souers Mrs. Dudley Southward
Mrs. Samuel D. Soule
Mrs. c larence F. Spaethe
Mr. and Mrs. Geo. A. Speckert Mr. and Mrs. Alfred A. Speer Mrs. G. E. Speer
Mrs. Ernest Speh
Mr. H. N. Spencer
Mr. and Mrs. H. N. Spencer, Jr. Mr. Erwin J. Speth Mrs. Charles C. Spink Mr. and Mrs. George F. Mrs. J. G. Taylor Spink Dr. Edgar W. Spinzig Mr. and Mrs. William W. Spivy Mrs. Charles H. Spoehrer
Mr. H. F. Spoehrer
Mr. and Mrs. F. E. Springer Mr. and Mrs. Arthur E. Sprung Mr. and Mrs. Larry G. Stamm Mrs. Howard A. Stamper
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin T. Stanard Miss Lois Stanley
Spink
Mr. and Mrs. Olin O. Stansbury Mrs. Robert Starbird
Mr. Lon Stark
Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd C. Stark
Mr. Hugh Steavenson
Mr. and Mrs. Chester A. Steiner Mr. and Mrs. Louis D. Steiner Miss Irene Steinman
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. A. Stengel Mr. Albert Edward Stephens Mrs. Howard V. Stephens
Mr. and Mrs. B. L. Sterbenz Mrs. Jess Stern
Mr. and Mrs. Melvin Stern
Mr. Walter G. Stern
Miss Audrae Stevens
Mr. E. F. Stevens
r, and Mrs. I. A. Stevens
r. and Mrs. Thomas W. Stevens Dr. and Mrs. Paul H. Stevenson rs George W. Stewart
J. Bruce Stewart
Mrs. L. M. Stewart
Mrs. Charles T. Stickel
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H. Stifel Miss Janet Harper Stine
Mrs. Albert Stix, Jr.
Mrs. Ernest W. Stix
Mr. and Mrs. William Stix Mr. and Mrs. Rolla H. Stocke Mr. and Mrs. A. S. Stockstrom Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Stoddart Mr. and Mrs. John Stodieck Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Stolar Mr. and Mrs. Robert G. Stolz Mr. and Mrs. John J. Stolze
Mr. Mr. Mrs.
and Mrs. Clem F, Eric A. Storz
K. Storz
Mr. and Mrs. George D. Stout Mr. and Mrs. Dr. Arthur E. Strauss
Mr. and Mrs. L. Sue auss
Mr. and Mrs. L. K. Stringham Miss Elsie St
Mrs. Oscar Stroh
Mrs. C. Malone Stroud
Mr. E. C. Stuart
Mrs. Lewis B. Stuart
Mrs. Edna S. Stueck
Mrs. Edwin F. Stuessie
Mr. and Mrs. Roy Stumpf Stupp Bros. Bridge & Iron Co. Mr. and Mrs. John P. Stupp Mr. Norman J. Stupp
Storekman
Melvin S. Strassner
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Dr. and Mrs. A. C. Stutsman E. A. Sudbrink
Mr. and Mrs. Edward P. Sullivan Garden Club
Sullivan
Mr. and Mrs. Meade Summers Mr. and Mrs. Chester A. Sunder Mrs. Joseph Sonnen
Mr. John H. Sutherland John B. Sutphin, M.D. Mrs. Orval Sutter Dr. and Mrs. Richard A. Sutter Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Sutton General and Mrs.
Leif J. Sverdrup Mr. and Mrs. John K. Switzer Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F. Switzer Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Swoboda Mrs. Stuart Symington, Jr.
T Mrs. John T. Tabor
Mr. George A, Talbot, III Mr. Roscoe S. Tallman Mr. and Mrs. George B. Tapner
Miss Ella Tappmeyer Mrs. Thomas O. Tarrant Miss Harriet Tatman Mr. and Mrs. Fred Taussig Mrs. Warren A. Taussig Mrs. Eugene Tavenner Mr. and Mrs. Delmar J. Taylor Mr. and Mrs. Edgar C. Taylor Mr. and Mrs. Delwin L. Taylor Mrs. Edgar C. Taylor Mr. and Mrs. Edwin S. Taylor Mrs. G. Chadbourne Taylor Mrs. James C. Taylor Miss Violet Taylor Mrs. Wilford H. Taylor Tealwood Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Harry Tenenbaum Mr. and Mrs. Richard G. Tennant Miss Anna E. Tensfeld Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Terry Dr. R. J. Terry Mrs. Whitelaw T. Terry, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Teter Mrs. FE. Osear Thalinger Mr. Harold E. Thayer Mrs. Percy A. Thias Miss Myrtle E. Thoensing Mrs. C. L. Thomas Mrs. Edwin R. Thomas Mrs. Spencer M. Thomas Miss Zara Thomasson Mr. and Mrs.
Charles L. Thompson, II Mrs. C. L. Thompson Mrs. Ford W. Thompson Mrs. Frank A. Thompson Mr. and Mrs.
Robert W. Thompson Mr. William Thomson Miss Alwilda Thornton
Mr. and Mrs. M. C. Throdahl Dr. Don L. Thurston Mr. Otto Tietjens
Mr. and Mrs. Louis Tiger Tishamingo Garden Club Dr. Paul F. Titterington Miss Winifred Tittmann Mr. Maurice J. Tobin Mr and Mrs.
Thomas J. Tobin, II Mrs. Wylie Todd
Mr. and Mrs. Ralf Toensfeldt Mr. and Mrs. C, Alvin Tolin Mr. and Mrs.
John L. Tomasovic, Sr.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15
Mrs. Louis R. Tomey
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Tooker
Mrs. ee W.. Tooker
Mrs. Jane C. Torno
Mrs. Joseph W. Towle
Town & Country Garden Club
Town & Country Garden Club No. 1
Mrs. F. M. Townsend
Mr. and Mrs. Carl Trauernicht
Mrs. James C. Travilla
Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Treaster
Dr. and Mrs. Irl Tremain
Mr. and Mrs. John Tremaine
Mrs. A. N. Trembley
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Tretter
Mrs. Paul Treumi at
Dr. Simon T.
Mr. and Mrs. Mitten es
Mrs. Percy Tucker
Hon. & Mrs. gues R. Tucker
Mr. and reat Lister Tuholske
Mrs.c0 hae lite
Mrs. Che M. Turley
Mrs. Dewitt Turner
Mrs. W. B. Turman
Mrs. W. Pelham Turner
Mr. and Mrs. Wallace Tuttle
Tucker
U
Mr. and Mrs. Alfred F. Ulrich
V
Mrs. William C. Valli Margaret Vallo Mr. and Mrs. H. Kenneth Vance Mrs. M. H. Vander Pearl Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Van Dyke Mrs. Henry Van Hook Mrs. W. A. Van Rhein Mr. and Mrs. James A. Van Sant Miss Marie L. Van Valkenburg Mrs. Anna Vassier Mrs. Joseph H. Vatterott Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas P. Mr. and Mrs. Walter H. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. William E. Vesser Mr. and Mrs. William J. Vestal V ine African Violet Club Village Garden Club Dr. John A. Virant Miss Aurelia M. Voelker Mr. and Mrs. John C. Vogel Mr. and Mrs. L. J. Vogler Mrs. Leo J. Vogt Vollmar Bros. Construction Co. Mrs. Joseph I. Vollmar Mrs. R. Lewis Vollmar Mr. Corwin H. Von Brecht Mr. Oscar C. Von Burg Mrs. David VonlHahn Mr. and Mrs. Trifon von Schrenk Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Voss Mr. and Mrs. Fred Voss Dr. and Mrs. John S. Voyles
Veeder
Vesper, Jr. Frank Vesser
W
Mr. Albert Wagenfuehr Mrs. C. Corwith Wagner
Mrs. Thomas H. Wagner
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. A. Wagner Mrs, A. C. Wahl
Mirtam R. Waite
Mr. Edwin R. Waldemer
Miss Sylvia Walden
Mr. and Mrs. _ ao a aldheim
Mr. Truman E. Willard. R. Walker
Dr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs.
Woodrutf W. Walker Mrs. Harry B. Wallace Mr. and Mrs. M. B. Wallace, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Victor Wallace Mrs. Jacob Wallach Miss Elizabeth D. Waller
Mr. and Mrs. W. Edmond Waller Mr. Robert L. Waln Mr. and Mrs.
Edward J. Walsh, Jr Mr. and Mrs. ane F. Walsh Dr. and Mrs.
Theodore EF. Walsh
Mrs. William J. Walters
Mr. and Mrs. F. D. Walther
Miss Flora Walther
Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Waltke
Mrs. J. H. Walton
Mr. Hermann F. Walz
Mr. Elmer F. Wander
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert K. Wannen
Dr. and Mrs. George K. Warner
Mr. Donald B. Warren
Warson View Garden Club
W ee Woods Federated Garden Club No. 2
Washington Heights Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. Jackson Waterbury Mr. and Mrs. Lynn A. Watt Mr. William B. Weakley
Mr. and Mrs. C. icy Weaks
Mr. and Mrs. D, Webber
Mr. and Mrs. ao. R. Weber Miss Della Weber Mr. and Mrs. Fred J. Weber
Miss Jane A. Weber Mr. L. Barrett Weber Mr. and Mrs. Gerhard F. Mr. R. C. Weber Webster Groves Garden Club No. 1 Webster No. Z Webster No. 3 Webster No. 4 Webster No, 5 Webster INO: 6
Webster
Nea: Webster No. 10 ve Groves Garden Club ee ? We FA eae Groves Garden Club No. i ) Kathryn O. Wedemeyer Mr. Paul K. Wehmiller Mr. Leroy A. bite Mr. Harry L. Weier . Eugene S. Weil oe and Mrs. Richard Kk. Weil Mr. and Mrs. EF cae Weilbacher Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Weiner Miss Patria C. W einert Mrs. Oliver J. Weinkautf Mrs. S. A. Weintraub Mrs. Hazel Hull Weis Mr. and Mrs. Richard Weisert Dr. and Mrs. Sol Weisman Mrs. Bertha W. Weiss Mr. and Mrs. William G. Weld Miss Laura A. Weller
Weber
Groves Garden Club Groves Garden Club Groves Garden Club Groves Garden Club Groves Garden Club Groves Garden Club
Groves Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Wendel Dr. and Mrs. Frits W. Went Mr. A. W. Wenthe
Mr. and Mrs. Herman Wenzel
Mr. William H. Wenzel
Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Werner Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Werner Mrs. Joseph L. Werner
Mrs. Allen T. West
Westover Farms Landscaping Co. Mrs. E. A. Westrup Mr. John C. Wetterer Miss Claralyn Wetzel Mrs. Fern K. Wetzel Mr. and Mrs.
Maurice R. Wheeler Dr. and Mrs. Russell C. Mrs. W. O. Wheeler Miss Virginia E. Wheeling Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Whitaker Dr. T. W. Whitaker Mr. David RB. White Mr. R. C. White Mr. and Mrs. R. Dale White Thomas W. White Dr. an Mrs. William HH. C. Whitmarsh Mr. os Mrs. John D. Whitney Mr. and Mrs.
Clinton L.
Wheeler
White
Whittemore, Jr.
Mrs. H. H. Whittemore Mrs. Henry J. Wichman Mr. and Mrs. John F. Wickey Mr. and Mrs. Carl E. Widell
Mr. and Mrs. James C. Wieboldt Mr. H. E. Wiedemann
-s. Otto Wiekhorst
Mr. Francis H. Wielandy
Mr. Edward L. Wiese
Mr. and Mrs. Harold W. Wiese
Mr. and Mrs. William E. Wiese Mrs. Ira Wight
Mrs. O. S. Wightman
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Wilhite
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Lupton A. Wilkinson Mr. A. W. Willert -s. Barnes Williams Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Williams Mr. and Mrs. Eugene F, Williams, Jr. Mrs. Eugene F. Williams, Sr. Mrs. Felix N. Williams
Gene Wilkey
Mrs. George Dee Williams Mrs. John Gates Williams
Kay Williams
Mrs. W. a Williams
Mrs. W. P. Williams
Mrs. G. V. Williamson MrsesS; uM Willingham
Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Willis Miss Nancy C. Wills
Mrs. Clarence T. Wilson
Dr. and Mrs. Clyde L. Wilson
Mrs. Eugene Wilson
Mrs. Herbert M. Wilson, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. H. M. Wilson Mrs. Howard U. Wilson
Mrs. Louis J. Wilson
Dr. and Mrs. Keith S. Wilson Mr. and Mrs. William T. Wilson Miss Celia E. Wilton
Miss Edna Wilton
Mr. and Mrs. Preslyn A. Wind Miss Estelle L. Windhorst
Mr. Frank Windler
wee Acres Garden Club
s. E. J. Winkelmeyer
Mrs. L. Winkelmeyer
Mr. oe Mrs. Paul E) Winter Mr. and Mrs. Ben T. Winn Mr. Earl J. Wipfler
Mr. and Mrs.
Kenneth E. Wischmeyer
Wisteria Garden Club
16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mrs. Joseph Witek
Miss Mary Witherow
Mr. and Mrs. Benedict P. Witkus Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Witman Mr. and Mrs. Miss Mathilde A. Witt
Mr. and Mrs.
Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Wright Harry E. Wuertenbaecher
Harry W. Wuertenbaecher, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Young Mr. Seth L. Young
Mrs. Walter A. Younge
Mr. and Mrs. G. E. Younger Mrs. J. A. Youngman
Mr. and Mrs. Walter Wittenberg Miss Melba Wulfemeyer
Miss Alice Wittkopf Mrs. Hildegarde Wunderlich
Mr. Joseph E. Wodicka Mrs. Hugo Wurdack
Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Walter Wurdack Arthur E. Woerheide Mrs. Marie L. Wyrick
Mr. Robert P. Woerner Dr. and Mrs. Samuel Wolff Mr. and Mrs. Stephen J. Wolff Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Wolfort Robert L. Wolfson Foundation Mr. John FE. Woltemade , Mr. William J. Woltering yY Miss Dorothy M. Wood Mr. and Mrs. Neal S. Wood Mr. and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Jr. Mr. Lyle S. Woodcock Mr. and Mrs. James H. Woods Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Woods Mr. and Mrs.
Robert E. Woods, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Vernon R. Wren Mrs. Donald T. Wright
Mr. and Mrs.
Mr. and Mrs. James D. Yale, Jr.
Yukinobu Yamamoto Dr. and Mrs. Mitchell Yanow Mr. and Mrs. Leon E. Yatkeman Mrs. Louis F. Yeckel Mrs. Elizabeth N. Young Mrs. Howard I. Young Col. and Mrs. Jack T. Young
z
Dr. and Mrs. T. S. Zahorsky Mr. and Mrs. Willard P. Zehner Mr. and Mrs. William D. Zeltmann Mr. and Mrs. Paul Zempel Mr. and Mrs. Herbert C. Zierenberg Mr. and Mrs. Ferdinand B. Zienty Mr. Charles J. Zimpter Mrs. Frank Zinke Mr. Edward J. Zoellner Dr. and Mrs. Jack Zuckner
HOW TO REACH THE GARDEN BY AUTO
‘Bien in from the West, North, or South most routes will bring you sooner of later to Kingshighway. The most direct route to the Garden is then via Shaw and Tower Grove Ave- nues. From the South this is a simple right turn at a stop-light. If one is coming down Kingshighway from the North this requires a left turn onto Shaw which is forbidden during rush hour trafic in the morning and_ the evening. HOWEVER IT IS POSSIBLE TO GET FROM KINGSHIGHWAY TO SHAW QUITE EASILY even during these times. Coming from the North keep to the right edge of the highway while cross- ing Shaw (which jogs to the South at this intersection). This will conduct you into a one-way lane between Sala’s Restaurant on the right and the Via- duct, rising steeply at your left. Im- mediately in front of Sala’s Restaurant, at what is theoretically the corner of Kingshighway and Daggett, turn left under the Viaduct to a similar lane on
the other side.
There is plenty of room for this maneuver but there are enough tall concrete pillars to steer between so that one has the impression of driving under a gate-leg table. A stop-and-go light on the right regulates one’s re- entry into Kingshighway headed North. Almost immediately one turns right onto Shaw. Though this seems complicated the first time one tries it, it is safe, simple and expeditious. On the average it takes less time than waiting for the green-arrow-left-turn which is available at other times of day.
As one approaches Tower Grove Avenue (the second stop-and-go light) the old stone wall built in Mr. Shaw’s time, becomes apparent at the right. The Garden’s long frontage on this avenue usually permits of parking somewhere along it and one may enter either by the Main Gate at Flora Place, or the small Cleveland Avenue Gate opposite the end of Cleveland
Avenue.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry Hircucock, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
Henry B. PFiacer, Second Vice President
Howarp F. Baker
DanieL K. CaTLiIn Honorary Trustee
SamM’L. C. Davis
JOHN S. LEHMANN
A. Timon Primo, III
WARREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH Harry E. WuERTENBAECHER, JR.
DupLeEY FRENCH, Flonorary Trustee
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
JOHN J. Hicks,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis GeEorGE L. CaDIGAN.
Bishop. Diocese of Missouri
THomas H. E ror, Chancellor, Washington University
RAYMOND R, TUCKER, Mayor, City of St. Louis
STRATFORD Lee Morton, President. Academy of Science of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M.
Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. C. Johnson Spink, Vice President, Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr., Vice President, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, Carl F.
Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. MceMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice President, Mrs. Samuel
D. Soule, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger, Recording Secretary.
HISTORICAL COMMITTEE
Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- Chairmen for Restoration
GARDEN STAFF
EpGar ANpERSON, Curator of Useful Plants Henry N. AnpreEws, Paleobotanist CLARENCE Barre, Instructor
Ernest Biser, Horticulturist
Louts G. BRENNER, Grounds Superintendent
LApIsLaus CuTAK, Greenhouse Superintendent
Hucu C. Curtrer, Curator of Useful Plants Joun D. Dwyer. Research Associate
Watpo G. FEcHNER, Secretary of Board and Controller
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate
Roma S. Grecory, Assistant Librarian
JTaMes Hampton, Assistant Engineer Paut A. Konut, Floriculturist F. R. McMartu, Rosarian
VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research Associate
KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor
Grorce H. Princ, Superintendent Emeritus
OweEN J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
KENNETH A. SmitH. Chief Engineer
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
GeorGce B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator of the Museum
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- mented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s from 9:00 A. M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Clima- tron stays open until 9:00 P. M. and on Saturdays, April through
October, as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthe- mums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove ‘Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.”’ Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
[| ° september 1964 Volume LII W elin Number 7
MIS88OUR: BOTANICAL GARDEN LIBRARY
Cover: On the Chucunaque River in Panama, Alan Covich stows his field equip- ment into the boat preparatory to setting out to study the food and ornamental plants in the fields and dooryards of the Choco Indians. Covich was a St. Louis boy who worked at the Garden as an assistant to Dr. Cutler and in the Information Center at the Main Gate. His detailed studies of the plants grown by these Indians provided the raw material for his Honors thesis at Washington University and he is now pro-eed-
ing to Yale to continue his graduate career in Biology. PHOTO BY HOLLY ANDREWS
CONTENTS
Food Plants Among the Choco Indians Book Reviews
Coming Flower Shows
New Friends of the Garden
Natural Science Programs for Children
Horticultural Courses for Adults
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri. Editor for this issue: EpGAR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois,
under Act of March 3, 1879.
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Volume LII No. 7
Bulletin
September 1964
STUDYING FOOD PLANTS AMONG THE CHOCO INDIANS OF PANAMA
ALAN COVICH
| es over fifty years botanists and students from Washington Uni- versity and the Missouri Botanical Gar- den have been studying tropical places, especially Panama. For most people another such trip could hardly be worthy of great excitement. But for myself such an adventure seemed hard to believe. Yet, one day after final examinations in June 1963, I flew to Panama City. The opportunity re- sulted from Dr. Norton Nickerson’s application for undergraduate research funds from the National Science Foun- dation and travel allowances from Washington University. Both Holly Andrews and I were to accompany Dr. Nickerson on a study of the Choco Indian ‘‘Gardens”’ of Darien, Panama. Darien is the easternmost province of the Republic of Panama and has an Indian population of about 4,000 with about 10,000 non-Indian inhabitants. Of this rather large number we visited with 119 along two rivers, the Chu- cunaque and the Chico. The Indians prefer to live in family units scattered along the riverbanks. Our purpose was to study the plants they grew in their clearings around their homes and in the fields they cleared along the
river.
Rather than list our findings in neat tables and charts I would like to relate some personal observations on the people we met and lived with and the plants they grow. My first night with the Indians will long be remembered. I had already lost my glasses once in the river and was completely drenched by the heavy afternoon rains by the time we had arrived at our first Indian house (some twenty miles from Yavi- za). We traveled by dugout canoes called piraguas, which are the sole means of transport. Most of the work of such a journey was taken care of by a not too powerful outboard motor, the likes of which appear on the boats owned by wealthier Indians. We had passed under the arch of a beautiful rainbow which appeared to stem from one of the golden thatched houses. At dusk we unloaded our supplies and Both Drs.
Sexton and Nickerson had lived here
met our Indian family.
before so the event was quite a re- union. Then things were quiet and we ate our dinner in the dark and went to bed early. Through my mosquito net- ting I could see the Indians were just beginning their own meal. The Choco language sounded very strange indeed and as I fell asleep all I could hear was
(1)
2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
the clanking of dishes and the slaps of bare hands on bare backs as the Indians killed one mosquito after another. Not yet fully realizing my dreams were over, I heard the sounds of the Indian children rolling up their thin reed mats and eager to get a good look at us in the bright early morning sun. I found these children are literally wild little Indians, yet very respectful and polite. They take great delight in swimming and boating. Perhaps for this reason these Indians are noted for their clean- liness as they may take three baths a day in the river. The mothers scrub the little children while they do the family wash. It seemed strange that people who wear so little clothing should spend so much time washing clothes. Perhaps the women enjoy taking out their grudges on the clothes for they beat the material on rocks and boards with a small wooden paddle. The women wear a sarong-like skirt which they must constantly keep pull- ing up. long loin cloth, and both sexes enjoy
Men wear a very thin and
wearing a multitude of beads and other bright ornaments around the neck. In one instance we found a small fortune of U. S. dimes polished and fastened together as ornamentation. The men will usually put on an old long-sleeve shirt of western style before taking a river trip or going on a short hunting foray into the jungle. The few ani- mals taken on these searches are cleaned in the river, usually below the wash- ing area. They have recently replaced many of their bows with .22 rifles. The bow is made of black “chunga” palm (Astrocaryum standleyianum ) and is about five feet long. ‘The ar-
rows are made of a lightweight reed with a double steel point and are over six feet long. Perhaps these arrows were also used when they speared fish. In the dry season they are reported to use several types of “barbascos”’ or fish poison which stun the fish and cause them to rise to the surface. The Choco use plants such as Clibadinm spp. and Piper dariense. It is interesting that a similar technique is widely used by natives of both the Old and New World tropics. The blow-gun, which is reported as a customary weapon of the related Choco Indians of Columbia, was not seen. Perhaps the adoption of the rifle explains the lack of more na- tive weapons and the decrease in the abundance of game. Thus, these In- dians are relying on food grown around their huts and in their fields as well as the fish from the river for their exist- ence. This fact becomes more inter- esting in the light that the geographer Carl Sauer has proposed the first farm- ers may have been sedentary fisherfolk living along fresh water streams.
We were fortunate to be studying with such a friendly group of people. Since the Choco travel considerably by river to market towns and to visit friends and relatives, they are accus- tomed to receiving guests in their homes. Their hospitality is cordial from the outset as food and a place to sleep on the floor are quickly offered. After staying with the same group for a few days, however, one begins to feel like part of the family. Of the twenty-six houses we visited, the larg- est number in one house was twenty- one where the head man’s name was
Liberto Caysamo. Here were four
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3
men, eight women and nine children. The family relations appear rather loose for the children do not usually think in terms of brothers and sisters; everyone is just one big, happy family. Not all Choco have large families, how- ever, for at Elio Beloja’s home there were only his wife and two children. Several other houses contained only five occupants. The make-up of a household may change from week to week as the men travel and may have When a girl marries she usually has her husband
more than one home.
live with her parents although some couples did appear to be starting out on their own homesteads. At these latter sites the numbers of useful plants growing around the clearing was quite small. It must require con- siderable effort to build a new house and clear the jungle for planting crops. It does become necessary to change the location of the cultivated fields after the soil has been depleted or weeds in- Usually the Indians
will retain some sort of ownership of
vade the plot.
the house and go up or down stream to clear new fields. Since the families are quite spread out along the rivers, they will have room to rotate the fields. It has been estimated that the house sites are completely vacated after ten years, but this has not been proven. Many times the useful plants about the site will appear to be quite old, but it is hard to know how fast all of these tropical plants can grow. For a person who lives in an area where frost kills the herbaceous plants it is hard to esti- mate plant age in the tropics. A good example of this problem was when the Climatron filled rapidly with tropical
growth and required pruning of trees such as the balsa. Old house sites may be re-inhabited after a number of years and the hardier useful plants such as fruit trees and palms will become part of the clearing again. Land depletion was probably not too great a problem when the Indians’ diet consisted of more fish and meat than at present. However, as the rifle has been adopted and game depleted, the dependence on the introduced rice and bananas and the native corn has increased to the point that field rotation may be a future problem.
Since the numerous useful plants we were studying made up a considerable part of the Indian diet, a brief discus- sion of some of these plants is necessary before the comments on the diet as such. The only plant that was found at all the sites we visited was the plantain or platano (Musa paradisica L.). This fruit is a large, starchy banana which was introduced to the New World since the Conquest. It has become the mainstay of the Indian diet and is cooked in a variety of ways —frying, baking, boiling or steaming. To us these dishes were much tastier if the platano were more ripened, but the Indians seemed to prefer them cooked as green fruits. This crop is the major trade item for other goods. The dug- outs are measured in the number of platanos that they carry. The next most numerous useful plant was “‘otoy”’ (Xanthosoma violaceum Schoot.) with a 76% frequency. This plant is re- lated to our “elephant ear” ornamental but is planted about the clearing more for its edible root than beauty. Other
roots grown for eating were tropical
+ MISSOURI BOTANIC
yams called “name” (Dioscorea alata and D. trifida) and “yuca” (Manihot esculenta Crantz) which is our source of tapioca and is sometimes called “cassava” in Latin America. This variety was sweet and tasted like very fluffy potatoes when deep fried. Among the grains we found that hill rice (Oryza sativa L.) was the main food served with almost every meal. It may be that rice is more productive and easier stored than corn, for although corn is still grown in considerable amounts it is being limited to the rice and platano field borders we studied. Rice is believed to have been intro- duced fairly soon after the Conquest and has had ample time to be adopted by the Indians. Sugar cane, also an
introduction, has a favorite place
among the Indians, especially those
‘AL GARDEN BULLETIN
with a sweet tooth, for it is apparently the only sweet flavor they enjoy. Its use as a fermented “beer” was reported last year by Dr. Nickerson in the BuLLetin. When the juice is freshly squeezed by their press (which re- sembles the rollers on a wringer wash- er ) it is most refreshing. The children suck on the stem sections as we might do on a lollipop. The main drawback is a few splinters in one’s tongue. The starchy fruits of the “peach” palm (Guilielma utilis Oerst.) tasted much like sweet potatoes when boiled. A delightful tea was made almost daily from “hierba de limon” or lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) when we expressed our liking for it. We found that once you start liking some- thing you will be served it at every
meal. More than half of the sites we
An Indian child stands in front of an American aroid, XNanthosma violaceum, closely related to
the more widely known Elephant Ear which 1
s native to the Orient. Growing in the dooryard of
her home, its edible tubers are important in the family diet.
PHOTO BY COVICH
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
visited had citrus trees of orange or lemon. Instead of making “lemonade” where a small amount of sugar is added to lemon juice, they reversed the proc- ess and added just a bit of lemon to their cane squeezings.
Papayas, mangoes, pineapples, avo- cados and mammey were among the various tropical fruits which were grown by the Indians but were not very abundant. The Indians seem to derive the little variety they have in their menus from plants growing about the house clearing. The plants blend in so well with encroach'ng wild vegetation that one many times had to ask the Indians which plants were used and which were “weeds.” In many areas it is thought that our domesti- cated plants were evolved from wild “weeds” which man slowly found to be useful. It is strange to note, how- ever, that in the tropics there are very few edible plants in the wild and many are quite poisonous. Thus, primitive man has not had many types of plants to cultivate and his diet had been al- most wholly centered on the little game or fish he could find and on very few plants. Perhaps corn, beans and squash were the most widespread and made up 90‘, of his diet. In more recent times the Indians have adopted many introduced plants just as we have in our diet. The Indians, in fact, do such a good job of adapting these introduced plants and inventions that one could easily think they have always used them. The outboard motor is an exception that stands out easily.
Other plants were found growing about the clearing which were used as
ornamentals and as medicines. The
most common one was the “Buenas Tardes” (‘‘good afternoon’’) or “Four O’clock” (Mirabilis jalapa L.) which occupied a prominent place in over half of the sites. This stout herb is believed to be of American origin but is not found in the wild state. The use of “Botochillo” (Spilanthes ocymi- folia) was noted to be helpful in numbing the gums by chewing the stems of this weedy composite. Its effect lasted for ten or fifteen minutes before more had to be chewed to stop a toothache. The Indians are known for painting their bodies from chin to ankles or in some design. The plants
ecs
used are “jagua” (Genipa americana), a deep purple stain, and “achiote” (Bixa orellana), the yellow-orange an- notto dye of commerce. This latter dye has been used to color butter and cheese in modern times. Today the Indians use the seed coats to color their soups and occasionally rice as well as their faces. We have adopted this shrub as an ornamental in Florida, sold under the name of ‘Lipstick Tree.”’ Perhaps one now has the impression of Rousseau’s noble savage. It cannot be stated objectively that the Choco Indians are worse off than Americans or better off either. They appear very happy and carefree and the visitor can hardly help being a bit envious. The children are outwardly shown expres- sions of affection by both parents at every opportunity, yet the children usually are quite well behaved. I doubt if there are many Choco who would
want to trade places with me.
x &
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
BOOK REVIEWS
Geoffrey Grigson. A Herbal of All Sorts. With 4 plates and 19 il- lustrations (mostly reproductions of old wood-cuts). 96 pages (including 4 reserved for notes). Macmillan, Ma + 1959: $2.50:
His is a kind of illustrated note-
book about European plants, some very common, some quite rare, most of them used for medicine or food or ornament or magic at one time or an- other. The items vary in length from short paragraphs to a page or two. There is a note on the practicality of glue made from the bulbs of English Bluebells, a short paragraph on plants that grow in churchyards, and another on the fragrance of the smoke when an old lilac is cut up and used for fire- place fuel.
The pickled capers which we buy for sauces, salads, and appetizers are the flower buds of a spiny shrub, Capparis spinosa, which is native to the Mediterranean region. Grigson tells us that if the buds had not been picked they would have developed into striking and handsome flowers. The shrub frequently grows and blooms on old ruins and was one of the 420 kinds of plants found growing spontaneously on the Colosseum of Rome by Richard Deakin, M.D., and brought together by him in an illustrated book published in 1855. Grigson ends this note by telling of the caper flowers which blos- somed on a wall bordering upon one of the Italian lakes. “There the only way to pick one for a favourite girl was to
’
swim.’
And so on and on; there are in all 84 such entries. Probably no one read- er is going to be delighted with all 84 but some things new and fascinating will be found by anyone interested in plants and their history. E.A.
Seaside Plants. Edwin A. Men- ninger. A Guide to Planning, Plant- ing and Maintaining Salt-Resistant Gardens. 408 photo- graphic plates in black and white,
303 pages.
many of them full page. Hearthside Press Inc., 118 East 28th St., New York 16. 1964. $9.95.
OME years ago one of the Menninger \J brothers of Topeka, Kansas, trained as a journalist rather than as a doctor like his brothers, moved to Florida as a newspaper editor. An enthusiastic gardener, he eventually became a nur- seryman as well, and one of the world’s outstanding authorities on flowering trees for the tropics. This led him to take a deep interest in the peculiar problems of gardening close to the sea- shore. Increasingly he came to see the problems of seaside gardening as world- wide in scope.
The book is largely an illustrated 200 page catalog of plant material for seaside gardens with short descriptions and brief comments. It ranges from the old reliables, through the “‘promis- ing,” to things worth trying if you can possibly get them. It is preceded by forty pages introducing the three “constant enemies’ salt, sand, and wind and describing the garden prob- lems created by their interaction. It is vividly written and should be re- quired reading before buying, renting,
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7
(or even just touring) Florida gardens. It is so well written and condenses so much so effectively that gardeners and naturalists everywhere will find it in- teresting reading, whether or not they ever garden by the sea: “Wind is the arch enemy. Near the sea it can and often does, blow continuously and anything to stand up to it must have resistance or shelter * * * Only when it starts to play rough does it bring up its two deadly allies, sand and salt and these do the damage * * * The plants that stand up to this abuse on the beach are there in spite of the salt, not because they like it. * Salt is en- emy enough but the sand borne by violent winds is worse. * * in using the sand to blast and chisel, the wind tears the plants, dries them out, breaks branches, defoliates those it cannot cripple, and in many cases actually uproots the entire plant.”
Beginning with the first chapter and continuing through the Appendix, “Proximity to the Sea” is graded: Belt I is right on the shore; Belt II is back a bit with slight protection; Belt III is well back with ample protection. Though the author thinks globally, his own experience has been in gardens just a little above sea level; except when he makes an effort he naturally thinks of gardens just in back of the beach. In reading such withering comments as the following quotations, one comes closer to realizing the kinds of experi- ence Menninger himself has been through in twenty-five years just above sea level: If a gardener “lives high on a rocky shore where wind and wave cannot get at him very well, he can pretend to have solved the problem.
He gets back from the shore several hundred feet and builds his ‘garden’ a couple of hundred feet higher than the water, where the sea’s lash cannot reach him, where its cruel whip cannot kill, where his plants are hidden behind rock or cement walls, where he shields his home and living area with a shelter belt of trees.”
The book is illustrated with excel- lent reproductions of 408 photographs, ranging from a few which cover entire pages, to a large number that are around two and a half by three inches. Though their prevailing tones are soft grays they are surprisingly sharp and many even among the smallest are full of significant detail. Most of them were apparently posed by experienced plant photographers; they are interest- ingly pictorial without losing any of their value as vouchers for the plants they depict. About thirty of them are views of landscapes or gardens along the shore. The latter are accompanied by detailed identifications of the species in each planting and will be of real help to earnest readers.
The discussions and illustrations of plant material are grouped in chapters on Ground Covers, Vines, Grass and Lily-like plants, Herbs, Shrubs, Trees, and Palms. Each of these is divided again into three sections according to the belt back from the shore for which the plant is best suited. In the de- scriptive matter plants are typified in a few words and related species or varieties are frequently mentioned. Along with the scientific name and common name, coded symbols present information about its availability in the trade, whether it is native to Flor-
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
ida or California, and its general frost hardiness. Pictures and text are sel- dom on the same page and not always under the same heading.
This format gives at times somewhat the effect of a book prepared by a computer but with help from the In- dex and the Appendix one can track down much useful information in a short time. A surprising number of incidental facts have been included. One learns for instance that the fruits of Geobalanus are so appreciated by land turtles and other short-legged animals “that it is often difficult to find one, even in a large colony of plants” * * * that if the vine of Rha- phidophora aurea (‘Pothos”) “grows upward, the leaves become enormous, frequently 1 3 feet; if it hangs down the leaves stay small, usually 3
>
to 4 inches long’ that the fancy-leaved Caladiums so frequently admired by Florida visitors “resist no wind or salt and the first storm de- stroys them, but they do make effec- tive park beds for fair weather” * * that the American thornless Honey- locust, Gleditsia tricanthos inermis is much more used for seaside planting in Australia than in its native land.
The book closes with a fifty page Appendix. It has references and a four page summary on salt tolerance. Its title (in large capitals) is an amus- ing witness to hasty editing: “SOIL TOLERANCE IN SOILS.” There are twelve pages for quick visual reference where all the genera described in the book are roughly classified in three grades of cold hardiness and three of salt resistance. This certainly means
very little for a large genus whose
species differ in these reactions. There are two pages listing commercial nurs- eries in this country and abroad which can supply some of the plant material. A two-page table lists, plate by plate, the pictures which were supplied by various photographers around the world, From this I estimate that the author himself took about 75 of the 408 in the book. There is a_bibli- ography of the 49 books, principal articles, and check lists referred to in the text. There is a 19 page double- column index to plants by common name and generic name. It is unsatis- factory for large genera like Agave but anything more detailed is probably too much to ask.
Some niceties of botanical editing are ignored. Echites echites, a type of scientific name long since ruled out by international agreement, is chosen for a heading rather than one of its syno- nyms. In extreme instances it is difh- cult to determine how many species of plants the author is presenting in an illustration and the descriptive text.
But these are relatively minor mat- ters. A great deal of pertinent mate- rial has been brought together in an attractive format. The book is large enough to display the full page plates effectively, but small enough to lie comfortably in the hand when turning the pages. The author has thought about the problem as a whole even though his feelings are closely tied to his long experience in southern Florida. Hard won first hand observation allows the author to insert appropriate details here and there throughout the book. He has given future authors something to build on, particularly those who dis-
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9
agree with some of his judgments or
resent some of his omissions. _E.A.
The Origin and Cultivation of Shade and Ornamental Trees, by Hui-Linn Li. 282 pp., 90 text figures. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963. $6.00.
N 1956 there began to appear in the Morris Arboretum Bulletin a series of scholarly articles by Dr. Li on the origin and history of some of our out- standing ornamental trees. The first 190 pages of this volume are essentially reprints of these articles. Shade trees not dealt with there are gone through briefly in the next forty pages. Three short concluding chapters compare Europe, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, and North America as centers of origin of cultivated trees. The treatment of various trees is The oaks of the
world are summarized in a little over
therefore uneven.
half a page, the birches in less than that, while the ginkgo takes up 26 pages. This chapter is the finest in the book. It breaks new ground and reviews all the literature, Oriental and Western. In it Dr. Li calls on his spe- cial endowments, his personal knowl- edge of the flora of eastern Asia, his familiarity with Chinese literature, including the Chinese Classics, his de- tailed acquaintance with public and private gardens in Greater Philadelphia, and his ability as a botanical artist. The result challenges all the experts and makes a convincing brief for Dr. Li’s own conclusions.
Dr. Li’s investigation of the ginkgo’s
history as a cultivated plant, fitting together evidence from various sources, has almost the fascination of a detec- tive story. The Chinese Classics go back three thousand years. For the first two thousand years there are no certain references to the ginkgo, there- fore it is unlikely that it was taken over and actively spread by the Bud- dhists in early times as various author- ities have supposed.
It was not until in the Sung dynasty (Chinese people and Chinese culture be- gan to move southward under pressure from the Tartars to the north) that definite information begins to appear in the record. The seeds as a rare and precious fruit were then being sent from the ginkgo’s native region in eastern China, south of the Yangtze River, as annual tribute to the em- peror. Another book tells of Prince Li Wen-ho having successfully trans- planted ginkgo trees from the South and that it gradually was propagated and multiplied in the North until fruits were no longer precious.
The Sung dynasty was a period of great artistic and literary activity. Some of the most detailed evidence comes from an interchange of poems between two famous poets, both hold- ing ofhcial positions in the capital. Ou-yang (1007-1072 A.D.), with a reputation as a historian and essayist as well as a poet, sent some of the precious nuts from Prince Li’s trees to Mei (1002-1060 A.D.) who himself came from southern Anhwei province. This was the very region from which the original ginkgo nuts had been sent in tribute to the emperor. It is also
precisely the place where Frank Meyer,
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
the great botanical explorer of the U.S.D.A., found apparently wild- growing ginkgoes in the early nineteen hundreds in such quantity that they were being cut for firewood. In thanks for the gift, Mei wrote a poem in re- turn. He used for the ginkgo the southern name ‘“‘duck’s foot” (in allu- sion to the shape of the leaves) and expressed his delight that this tree from his native home was being hon- ored in the capital. With this, the historian in Ou-yang became active and he wrote another poem to record the facts for posterity. The following is somewhat condensed from Dr. Li’s translation:
“Ya chio (duck’s foot) grows in Kiangnan, with a name which is not appropriate. At first it came in silk bags as a tribute, and as yin hsing (silver apricot, the ‘literary’ Chinese name for the ginkgo) it became cher- ished in the middle provinces. The curiosity and effort of the noble Prince brought roots from afar to bear fruit in the capital. When the trees first fruited they bore only three or four nuts. These were presented to the throne in a golden bowl. The nobility and high ministry did not recognize them and the emperor bestowed a hundred ounces of gold. Now, after
a few years the trees bear more fruits. The friendly owner presents me with these nuts like giving me pearls. Some- one should record the beginning so that future generations can know its origin. This is not only continuing your verse, but also contributing to history.”
Li then goes on to show how in the Yuan dynasty (1280-1386) the gink- go came into the herbals and the med- ical books. In this whole consistent record there is no mention of any asso- ciation with Buddhism as claimed by E. H. Wilson. Furthermore — the Anhwei-Chekiang borderland is the home of other rare species and genera. Ginkgo is not the only relict in the area. Significantly it was from the adjacent Chuki district that there have been recorded a number of named varieties of ginkgo, cultivated for their nuts.
No one piece of Li’s evidence is decisive but it all fits together con- sistently. He has patiently built up a thousand year detailed story. Now that the Dawn Redwood, long known only as a fossil, has been found alive in another back corner of China, the botanical world will be more ready to accept the evidence than when Meyer reported his discoveries. E.A.
COMING SHOWS IN THE FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE
September 5—13
Henry Shaw Cactus Society Show September 19-20
Harvest Show of the Regional
Council of Men’s Garden Clubs September 26-27-28
Dahlia Show
October 17-18 Allied Florists November 1-29 Chrysanthemum Show December 6—January 10
Poinsettia Show
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
New LirE MEMBERS
Mrs. Mildred Goodwin Mrs. Ann M. Wendell
New Members — May 1 THROUGH JULY 31, 1964
Mrs. J. Carl Anderson Mrs. Antoinette O. Bailey Mrs. Claude Bakewell Miss Jane S. Barrie Mr. and Mrs.
Rowland T. Berthoff Mrs. Charles M. Bieger Mr. and Mrs. William A. Borders Mrs. Madelaine Brock Dr. and Mrs. E. G. Brungard Mr. and Mrs. F. J. Bush, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edwin M. Clark Dr. and Mrs. Adolph I. Cohen Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin H. Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Lester L. Cohen Mrs. Schotten-Compton Mr. and Mrs.
Alexander M. Cornwell, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. B. B. Culver, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. William A. Davidson Mr. Hugo H. Davis Mrs. Israel Dennis Mr. and Mrs.
Arthur M. Ellenburg Dr. and Mrs. Arthur S. Greditzer Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Gross Mrs. Charles D. P. Hamilton, III Mrs. Carl H. Hoetker Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Hoffman Mr. and Mrs. William R. Hudson Mr. and Mrs. Gene Jantzen Mr. and Mrs. A. Clifford Jones Mr. and Mrs. Mickey Kalaseeck Mr. and Mrs. Elmer M. Kerckhotf Mr. James R. Kerr Mr. and Mrs. Rembert La Beaume Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence B. Lewis Mr. Sidney Maestre
Mr. and Mrs. David S. Milton Missouri Aquarium Society, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. L. H. Niebling Mrs. E. H. Parsons Mrs. James C. Peden, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Elzey M. Roberts, Jr. Mrs. Charles G. Schott, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George Seeger Mrs. and Mrs. Frank A. Singer Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth A. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence E. Stout, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Donald Strominger Mr. and Mrs. M. B. Sturgis Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Thomas Mr. Edmondstone F. Thompson Webster Groves Nature Study Society
SATURDAY MORNING NATURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS
Time:
10:00 to 11:30 A. M.
FOR CHILDREN
OcTOBER
Garden Museum
Shaw’s
Building or Research Greenhouse.
Place:
SEPTEMBER 5 “The Mighty Oaks.” Make collec- tion of important species to take
home.
12 “The Hundred-in-One Study early fall flowers belonging
Flower.” to Sunflower family.
19 “Devil’s demonstration including story of
Footstools.””> Mushroom
penicillin. 26 “Plants with Split Personalities.”
Story of plants known as Lichens. Take home samples.
4
3 “Planting Bulbs.” Paperwhite nar- cissus bulbs planted to take home. (Bring a 1 Ib. coffee container. )
10 “Fall Treasure Hunt.” Field trip
in Garden. Contest and _ prizes
for solving riddles and trail find-
ing.
17 “Fall Colors.” Draw or
scenes in Fall color.
paint
24 “The Forests of the Rocky Moun- tains.” A travelogue illustrated with slides.
31 “Nature Movies.” Three color-
sound movie films.
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
HORTICULTURAL COURSES FOR ADULTS
6 bes fees charged in these courses include all the necessary material. Registra- tion must be made in advance, since the number of persons who can_ be
accommodated for each session is limited.
Phone TOwnsend 5-0440 or write
‘Horticultural Courses, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis 10.”
PLANTS UNDER ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
The Class will meet in the Orchid Greenhouse in the rear of the Plant Display House.
The latest theories and practice on the use of artificial light in plant prop- agation and culture in the home, the small greenhouse, or by the commercial grower.
1 Session—Fee $5.00. Orchid Green- house. Saturday 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. October 10.
Instructor: Mr. Robert J. Gillespie.
eK we XX MD xox eR XX %& HS
How To PROPAGATE FROM CUTTINGS
Fundamental facts and procedures of producing trees, shrubs, and peren- nials from cuttings (asexual reproduc- tion). The Garden will supply a plastic-covered metal propagating flat, propagating media, and plant materials for 40 to 50 kinds of plants. Student practice will emphasize propagation of house plants such as begonias, dieffen- bachias, and philodendrons. Some at- tention will also be given to hardwood cuttings. The following methods of vegetative propagation will be used: root cuttings, suckers, divisions, hard and softwood stem divisions, hard and softwood stem cuttings, leaf, bud and
scale cuttings.
5 Sessions—Fee $12.00. Experi- mental Greenhouse. Tuesday Evenings—8 to 9:30 P. M.
October 13, 20, 27, November 3, 10.
Thursday Afternoons—1 to 2:30 P.M. October 15, 22, 29, November >; 12.
Instructors: Mr. Clarence Barbre, Mr. Kenneth Peck.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry HitcuHcock, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
Henry B. Priacer, Second Vice President
Howarp F. Barer
DanteL K. CatTLIn Honorary Trustee
SamM’L. C. Davis
JOHN S. LEHMANN
A. Timon Primn, III
WaRREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH Harry E. WuERTENBAECHER, JR.
DupLeEY FRENCH, Honorary Trustee
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
James S. MCCLELLAN,
President. Board of Education of St. Louis
GeorceE L. CanIcan, Bishop. Diocese of Missouri
THomas H. Etror, Chancellor, Washington University
RAYMOND R. TUCKER. Mayor, City of St. Louis
STRATFORD LEE Morton, President. Academy of Science of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs. Lee T. Niedringhaus, President, Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr., First Vice President, Mrs. John H. Hayward, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sydney M. Schoenberg Jr., Treasurer, Kathleen M. Miller, L-recutive Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier. Philip A. Conrath, Carl F. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
GARDEN STAFF
Pau. A. Kone. Floriculturist
Watrter H. Lewis, Curator of the Herbarium
F. R. McMartu, Rosarian ViKToR MUEHLENBACHS, Research
Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants CLARENCE BarsreE, Instructor Ernest Brsee, Horticulturist
Louris G. BrENNER, Grounds
Foreman Resonate ys J ‘ s a Laptstaus Cutak, Greenhouse KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor Superintendent 3 GeorceE H. Princ, Superintendent Hucu C. Curtier, Curator of Useful Plants ‘ Parties i
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
Watpo G. FECHNER, Secretary of Board
FRANK STEINBERG. Superintendent of and Controller ;
the Arboretum, Gray Summit
RAYMOND FREEBORG. Research Associate Georce B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
AMES Hampton, Chief Engineer :
J g TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator
of the Museum
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- mented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s from 9:00 A. M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Clima- tron stays open until 9:00 P. M. and on Saturdays, April through October, as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthe- mums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies
and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Kulletin vine Lt
Cover: The Hardy Orange, Poncirus trifoliata, in fruit at Gray Summit, Missouri. The interesting specimen near the Linnaean House about which Mrs. Shepherd has written so feelingly, finally had to be removed. Its vicious thorns were too close to a walk used by many of our visitors. However it did permit the Garden to claim quite honestly that it had flowered and fruited oranges out-of-doors in St. Louis.
PHOTO BY PAUL A. KOHI
CONTENTS The Hardy Orange A Timely Gift The Bracken in the Grove Sacred Trees and Sacred Forests A New Staff Member Arrives Book Reviews Notes
Dr. John Dwyer
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri. Editor for this issue: EDGAR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a vear.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LIL No. 8
Bulletin
October 1964
THE HARDY ORANGE
NCE upon a time there was a for-
bidden tree in another Garden and I thought of that as I gazed at Poncirus trifoliata situated at the northeast corner of the Linnaean Gar- den. I was told the fruit is not pal- atable and I could see the thorns were vicious looking. In spite of that how- ever the beauty of its shiny green foliage fascinated me. I saw this lovely plant creation again out at Gray Summit where the oldest specimen we have was received from the govern- ment around 1926. It was planted on the north end of the northeast Orchid House. hardy, being somewhat protected in winter by the Orchid House itself. It
It proved absolutely
has annually produced an abundance of orange-scented flowers similar to other orange blossoms and at the time of my observation of the plant during the Friends of the Garden picnic, the bees evidently did a wonderful job of polli- nation in view of the quantity of fruit.
The Hardy Orange, as it is com- monly called, could hold its own in any beauty contest even along with exotic and other tropical plants. Pon- CIrUs trifoliata, sometimes known as Citrus trifoliata, is the “hardiest of all
the citrus fruits, and is used as graft- ing stock for the more tender citrus fruits.”
Native of China, it is natural then that it should be used for artistic arrangements in the fall with the small orange-lemon colored miniature fruit so much like the orange and smelling so strongly like the orange. After the fruit has dropped, the spiny growths can be used for attaching ornaments or candies. Early spring attaches the lovely shiny leaves and fragrant flowers which are so lovely as bouquet fillers or as an arrangement itself. In Japan, as well as parts of the United States, it is used as a hedge and a very definite hedge it can be as an impenetrable barrier.
Plants grow very easily from seed when sown in the fall. Young plants were brought into town and grown successfully in the Garden as well as other locations. When planting it is suggested that it be located away from children due to the prominent two inch thorns, which can be very dan- gerous.
“Be careful when you touch me; don’t eat me; other than that you can enjoy me.”
MaBEL SHEPHERD
(1)
2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
A TIMELY GIFT
D"“ mid-August the deafening tattoo of a pneumatic drill shook the Garden for a fortnight. The solid but unsightly walls of the old Palm House were being reduced to rubble and carted away by truck. This was only the first step in eliminating the all too noticeable eyesores on either side of the Climatron. This refurbishing is being made possible by a check for $14,936.96 presented to the Garden on the 23rd of last June by the President of the Women’s Association, Mrs. George Pettus. The bulk of the money (around $12,000) came from THROUGH THE GARDEN GATE, the sale and exposition carried on under the chairmanship of Mrs. Edwin Stuessie by her resourceful and devoted staff.
The twin scars on the landscape were a necessary part of building the Climatron. When the old Palm House was torn down, its two westward wings, (the Desert House to the left and the African Succulent House to the right) were kept with their col- lections intact. The actual connec- tions to the main building were sealed up with plaster-board but no changes were made in the framework and long stretches of the foundation were left in place.
Between them these two greenhouses make appropriate supplements to the collections in the Climatron. I[/ dis- plays the vegetation of the hot damp tropics and the warm damp sub- tropics; they show the dry sub-tropics in the Old World and the New. The Desert House with its mingling of succulents and desert shrubs has very
much the appearance of the shrubby deserts of western Mexico. The African Succulent House has dramatic plantings of dry-country Euphorbias and masses of Aloes. The Euphorbias mimic giant cacti so effectively it is hard to realize they are close relatives of Poinsettias. The Aloes give a sort of moon-landscape effect much of the year and are strikingly handsome when they bloom.
The basal walls of the old green- house which more or less veiled these collections have been torn down and carted away. The foundations have been taken out to a depth of two feet underground and filled in with good soil so that there will be no strip of dead grass in hot summers.
Most of the work will be finished before the snow flies; one or two de- tails will have to wait until next sum- mer. The plaster-board is coming out, the strange curving peaks which joined on to the old Palm House are being removed and all the woodwork is being renewed. Wide new entrance walks which echo the curves of the Clima- tron, will take the public right up to the entrances. Base plantings of ever- greens will help to tie the Climatron and its two attendant greenhouses into a more natural unit. Coming as it did immediately after the gift of new Lily Pools, the generous check from the Women’s Association is helping in the transformation of these central fea- tures of the Garden. The hard work and devotion of many people make it possible.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3
THE BRACKEN IN THE GROVE PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM
G.
i lee story of the Bracken and its mysterious entrance into the Henry Shaw Grove dates from 1910. During the formative days of the Or- chid Department Dr. William Tre- lease, first Director of the Garden, budgeted $100.00 annually for botan- ical Orchids. In April of that year, upon examining a shipment that | ordered from Sanders and Sons, St. Albans, England, I noted in one of the pots a young shoot extending from a
Bracken rhizome which had been inad-
. PRING
vertently left in the fibrous roots by the Orchid grower. This intrigued me as there was no Bracken represented in the Garden. I removed the rhizome with the attached shoot and immedi- ately planted it in the Henry Shaw Grove inside the west fence, preparing a small peat bed for its home. This tiny stowaway-plant I carefully nur- tured throughout the summer and by the end of the season the solitary shoot developed and was staked to prevent
injury. I was particularly interested
The Bracken in the Grove in the summer of 1964 where it is spreading slowly through a
ground cover of hardy ivy.
PHOTO BY PAUL A. KOHI
PRA ME 4.
v
i '
The English Bracken in the Mausoleum Grove as it appeared in 1941. It now not only
covers a larger area but grows much higher.
to see if it would survive our sub-zero weather. I was thrilled to find this miracle of new growth the following spring, this tiny rhizome developing young shoots. For many years it was slow in establishing itself. It grew to quite a distance outside the fence. The U-shaped foot path on the inside of the fence, which is visible today, was added a number of years later and when it began working its way toward the center of the Grove its rhizomes persisted in growing underneath the path, appearing to have hopped across to the other side. The daily use of the path has kept the young shoots from
developing. Today in the Grove this
PHOTO BY PAUL A. KOHI
particular fern, ordinarily a rampant grower, will rise to 4 ft. and may be observed gracefully and graciously spreading its fronds on both sides of the iron fence, competing with the Bulgarian Ivy, both providing a per- fect and delightful setting for the final resting place of Henry Shaw.
As a boy in the Orchid Depart- ment at Kew one of the many jobs I had was preparing the Bracken peat for Orchid potting. It was delivered in blocks about 18 * 12 * 6 inches cut from the Bracken Moors. The fibrous roots would be intermixed with the brownish rhizomes about as thick
as the middle finger. The rhizomes
MISSOURI BOTANICAL
were separated from the fibrous roots, the latter being used for potting of Orchids. The largest natural area (where it reached the height of 5 ft.) at Richmond Park near Kew Gardens
was known as “Lovers Retreat.”
The Bracken or Brake as it is some- times called is a beautiful fern widely distributed throughout the world. It is native to Missouri and even reaches St. Louis County but usually in the eastern part of the United States it is scarcely knee high. In Oregon it may be found growing up to 6 ft. and in
GARDEN BULLETIN 5
the Andes I have observed it growing even higher; in most cases it presents a profusion of lacy green fronds. In spring or early summer it is a delicate green rather resembling the Oak Fern but later in the season it becomes
darker.
poetry as making a comfortable open
It is mentioned in stories and
air mattress and the variety esculenta as a food in the form of cooked fern- root according to Dr. Thompson’s “Story of New Zealand.” The spread- ing frond has been compared to the plumage of an Eagle, which is sug- gested in the scientific name.
ek SX & RO
SACRED TREES AND SACRED FORESTS
EDGAR
A DEEP feeling of awe in the pres- ence of certain trees may not be a universal human reaction but it has been shared by many people in many parts of the world from the earliest When Buddha sat under the famous Bo tree and re-
times to the present.
ceived his Enlightenment, the tree he sat under very probably was already a sacred tree, part of the ancient nature worship of India. One might reverse the usual statement about this particu- lar specimen of Ficus religiosa and say not only is it sacred because he sat under it; he sat under it because it was sacred and an appropriate place to
meditate.
ANDERSON
Ancient sacred trees are still to be seen in India. One that I was shown at the edge of a village near Bangalore, apparently another species of Ficus, was a large round-topped tree with wide-spreading branches and_ broad evergreen leaves. Set close against the trunk were ‘snake stones,” another survival of nature worship. They were small sculptured slabs, oddly reminis- ment of gravestones from a country churchyard in Vermont. Each _por- trayed a primitive deity, half snake, half woman. Though in that part of India there is need of every branch and twig, for fuel to cook with, the tree
was unharmed. So completely has the
ancient worship blended with those that came later, that small offerings of food are still sometimes left beneath the tree.
A few years later in Ethiopia I saw another old sacred tree which was still being venerated. It, too, was a large- leaved species of Ficus. It was in Galla territory between Jimma and Limu, a winding old road which had worn itself down into the landscape. The tree had stones piled around it in tribute and in spite of the fact that the passers-by were nominally either Muslims or Christians it was evident that the pile of stones was still grow- ing actively.
A commoner sacred tree in that area was the beautiful Podocarpus gracilior, its dense, dark foliage similar to the Podocarpus branches which are now marketed nationally in this country at Christmas time for deluxe decorating. These tall trees made dramatic black green accents in the landscape. In the back country I saw one which had been used as a meeting place for the local court until a building was available.
Definite information about whole forests which were preserved inviolate because they were sacred is harder to come by. The most complete account I have come across is by the Assistant Director of Kew, Dr. N. L. Bor. Over two decades ago as the Botanist to the Indian Forest Research Institute he wrote about the ancient vegetation of Assam at the northeast corner of India. (Indian Forest Records, Vol. Il, No. 6, pp. 159-162). The following ex-
cerpts are from his discussion of the
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
sacred groves and what was happening to them in his time.
“THE SACRED GROVES OF THE KHASIs”’
“The Imperial Gazetteer of India XV, 225 (1908) states with reference to the vegetation of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills: ‘At an elevation of 3,000 feet the indigenous pine (Pinus khasya) predominates over all other vegetation, and forms almost pure pine forests. The highest peaks are clothed with clumps of oak, chestnut, mag- nolia, beech and other trees, which superstition has preserved from the axe of the wood cutter.’
“The above extract was written over 30 years ago and fortunately for students of plant life, superstition, or as some would have it, the grand old custom of the country, still preserves these clumps of evergreen forest. On the other hand, missionaries have been at work in these hills now for many years and the so-called superstition has begun to wane. It has always been a matter of great regret to me that the spread of Christianity in the hills tends to involve the complete destruction of all that is most interesting in the lives and customs of primitive peoples. It seems impossible to convert them to a new religion without divorcing them completely from all their customs, in- nocent and bad alike... .
“The maintenance of sacred groves is stated by Sir James Fraser (Golden Bough) to be an extremely ancient custom connected with tree worship. It is not known to me whether the Khasis worship trees at the present day
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7
>
but they do maintain sacred groves.’
“The pagan Khasi regards these groves as the abode of his tribal gods and is forbidden by tribal custom to fell, lop or damage a tree in any way; no flower may be plucked, no fires lit, no cattle grazed. He believes that the deity inhabiting the grove deals out punishment to those who break tribal custom in this respect.”
“The alleged punishment inflicted by the spirit inhabitant of a sacred grove in the Khasi Hills has preserved the vegetation for many centuries but the outlook of the present day Khasi has altered considerably.”
“The converted Khasi thinks it is a splendid thing to go into a sacred grove and cut a tree in order to defy
the Gods of his fathers and to show his
pagan brothers that their beliefs are all wrong. He does not realise, and his instructors do not realise, that the fre- quent result of such conduct is that the pagans grow up without any be- liefs at all.
“The Khasi attitude of mind being what it is, it is unreasonable to expect that the sacred groves will last for ever. With their disappearance goes the last remnants of the climax forests
of the Khasi Hills.”
“Belief in sacred groves is, or used to be, a very potent factor in the preser- vation of patches of evergreen forest in the Khasi Hills, and to this belief do we owe the remains of the ancient covering of vegetation which has now
almost disappeared.”
eR XX & MO
A NEW STAFF
eke new Director of the Herbar- ium, Dr. Walter H. Lewis, arrived at the Garden early in September after two and a half years of intensive work in the Old World, most of it connected directly or indirectly with the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. During that time he traveled 14,000 miles in Africa in a Land-Rover, driving from Ethiopia and French Somaliland to Cape Town at the other end of the continent. Those who have spent even a few days in one of these seemingly indestructible vehicles on African
MEMBER ARRIVES
highways and byways sometimes ache in the bones at the mere memory of the experience. Dr. Lewis says with a smile that stopping to make plant col- lections was always a delightful relief, even when the climate was like a steam bath and the vegetation thorny and intractable.
Dr. Lewis’ professional career began at the University of British Columbia. As an Honors candidate for a B.A. degree in Biology and Botany he began a detailed study of the native roses of the Northwest. This developed into
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
a Master’s thesis at the same institu- tion. He then carried his enlarging project (ideas, specimens, living plants) to the Blandy Farm of the University There he assembled a
living collection of native North
of Virginia.
American rose species which is still in existence.
As a Du Pont Fellow at the Univer- sity of Virginia, Dr. Lewis set out to study the classification and evolution of the roses native to North America, in the laboratory, the experimental garden, the library, and the herbarium. This became the subject of his Doctor’s thesis there in 1957. Proceeding to Stephen F. Austin State College at Nacogdoches, Texas, as Assistant Pro- fessor of Biology, he carried his project along with him and has finished up this monographic study one part at a time. most of it has now been published, but though he began his work in the West, it is with the western groups of roses that he is still actively engaged. The first of these western studies is about ready for the editor. It deals with the Minutifoliae roses of the Southwest. They are to some people the most fas- One of the species in full flower looks at first
cinating of all roses.
glance like a slender-twigged, small- leaved desert shrub (certainly, it would seem, nothing to do with a rose) on which someone had pinned bright pink artificial roses.
At Nacogdoches he was soon ad- vanced to an Associate Professorship. He also began to work with a local amateur rosarian at crossing native American roses with each other and with species from other parts of the
world, a project which has already pro- duced fascinating results.
Meanwhile he was beginnig to work his way into a far larger problem, the analysis of evolution and of systems of classification in groups which are na- tive to both the Old World and the New. This is a problem which has at- tracted some of the world’s greatest biologists but usually when they were too far along in their careers to get down to grips with it. In January 1962 with the help of a grant from the National Science Foundation he proceeded to Kew and used the Royal Botanic Gardens as his operating base. The second half of his visit was made possible by a Fellowship from the Guggenheim Foundation. He settled on three families of flowering plants to investigate. Finding that the newer detailed study of pollen had much to contribute to such a program, he worked at Professor Erdtman’s “pollen laboratory” in Sweden to perfect him- self in these techniques. In his long trip through Africa he collected vials of flower buds, expertly preserved for microscopic (and if necessary sub- microscopic) examination, herbarium specimens, and fresh seeds. Many of the latter have already been grown at Kew and are beginning to yield their important details which fit into the whole interpretation. This work al- ready opens up new insights into old problems and advances us toward new ideas which are now working them- selves out.
Dr. Lewis is being brought to St. Louis by the Missouri Botanical Garden and by Washington University and will share his time equally between the
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9
two institutions. He plans, for the present at any rate, to work in St. Louis nine months of the year and to find other sponsors for three months of field work. At the Garden one of his first concerns will be to build up a comprehensive pollen collection, pollen grains of known origin permanently
preserved on glass slides, systematically
filed in small boxes, stacks and stacks of these in a few large steel cases. At the University he will teach the under- graduate and graduate courses in the Systematics of the Higher Plants (their classification and relationships) and carry on those phases of his research which fit in best over there. |
x MS MD MD
BOOK REVIEWS
Harold W. Rickett. 1963. The New Field Book of American Wild Flowers. pp. 414. 138 full page plates in black and white, 16 in full color. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, N. Y. $4.95.
s compared with some other wild
flower books this is really, as its name implies, a field book; it is just barely over an inch thick, binding and all, and small enough to fit into a man’s coat pocket. All this in spite of the fact that it covers the area from Maine westward to include Minnesota, and southward to Virginia, the Ohio River and Missouri. By ingenious planning the more than 5000 species of flowering plants native to this area have been cut down to the 980 most likely to be encountered as wild flowers. Plants like grasses, sedges, and rushes whose flowers do not seem like flowers to the uninitiated, have been omitted as well as nearly all trees,
shrubs and woody vines (you will, for instance, find nothing about the Red- bud or the Trumpet Vine).
For the almost 1000 species which are included, nearly all are illustrated either by the author’s small color photographs, or by black and white sketches, occasionally by both. The color plates are attractive and interest- ing to leaf through (particularly to one who knows the plants). They are taken at various scales, no indication of which is given in the book, so that the Orange Day-Lily and the tiny Yellow Stargrass, which are side by side, seem to be blooms of about the same size. The harbinger-of-spring, Erigenia bulbosa, known to many country children as ‘‘Pepper-and-salt”’ is illustrated by a handsome close-up, greatly enlarged, of the tiny flowers. The illustration would be recognized by very few of the naturalists and scientists who know the plant well in
the field.
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
The black and white sketches are of uneven merit. They have been made in part from dried specimens in the herbarium; plants which change their appearance greatly as they dry do not come out very well. The common Ozark asters which are easily distin- guished from fresh specimens could scarcely be recognized by one who knows them only in the field and the whole sunflower family, which takes up over fifty pages of the book, is rather unsatisfactorily provided for.
To guide the purchaser who is out in the field, using his book, Dr. Rickett has provided a series of keys to plant families and genera and species, though he has been honest enough to admit in print that on the whole it may be more effective just to turn the pages and study the illustrations. To the reviewer they are of doubtful value. Rickett admits they are so un- technical that “the professional, the specialist, will find much here with On the other hand Rickett has spent a lifetime
which he may not agree.”
as a botanist and his own vocabulary is probably more technical that he now realizes. Nevertheless it is over twenty- five years since a popular Flora of Missouri was effectively illustrated by his photographs. It is a field of publi- cation with whose peculiar problems he has long been familiar. The kind of simple, non-technical guide to wild flowers which even the _ intelligent novice thinks is just what he wants and should be able to find, is quite impossible. The living world around us is more varied than we ever dream until we start to examine it in detail. EpGaR ANDERSON
A Flora of Southern Illinois. By Robert H. Mohlenbrock and John W. Voigt. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, 1959. 390 pp., illus. $7.50.
Wi book, well organized as to content and handsomely printed on glossy paper, includes almost 1600 taxa—at the species level or lower— from 143 families of plants to be found in natural habitats in southern Illinois. As delimited by the authors, this region consists of the twelve counties to be found south of the 38th parallel, and laterally bounded by the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
The introduction presents succinct but lucid descriptions of the twelve most characteristic habitats and ac- companying plant communities in the area, as well as a helpful series of drawings of vegetative and floral features of plants repeatedly illus- trated in the main body. Such a diversity of habitats, plant communi- ties, and plant species within a rela- tively small area is evidently due to its central location in southern Illinois, where several major migration routes converge on a variable topography.
Identification of indigenous and introduced, though established, plants is made relatively easy by the system of keys presented. There is a key to sections based on convenient and use- ful groupings of families according to habit, habitat and broadly inclusive plant features. Each section similarly leads to families, where genera and their included synonymy can be found. Each entry named is cited as to habi-
tat, flowering-time, and distribution,
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11
in addition to being certified by speci- mens in the Southern Illinois Univer- sity Herbarium. After the keys to the sections, families are arranged in a modified sequence of the Englerian system.
It must be mentioned however that here, as is so often the case in the first edition of a flora, a certain num- ber of technical errors exist in the keys that make it difhcult to “get from here to there.” For example, the flora lists Arisaema, Peltandra, and Acorus in the Araceae in the main body, although it is only possible to reach Acorus in the keys. Somewhat similar difficulties are encountered in trying to key out Justicia and Dicliptera in the Acanthaceae and Oenonthera in the Onagraceae.
Sixty-seven photographs are scat- tered through the text to aid in identi- fication of plants and to illustrate striking habitats or plants with un- usual features.
Of the total taxa listed, almost 200 are recorded from southern Illinois for the first time. The authors have made the interesting observation that Jack- son County, the largest of the twelve in the region, is represented by 1363 taxa of the southern Illinois total of 1599, and that this county has 134 of the 143 families and 545 of the 601 genera named.
The book was written not only to serve local specialists in applied fields of biology, but to be used by anyone with a little botanical training who is interested in the flora of the region. The reviewer feels that the book will do this, and in addition, should help
to demonstrate the significance of
southern Illinois as a strategic location with soils and exposures variable enough to allow a considerable inter- mingling of plants from neighboring
floras over short distances.
—ALBERT J. HENDRICKS Southern Illinois University
3
“JEWELS OF OPAR,” TALINUM PANICULATUM
aki years ago the BULLETIN called attention to this attractive and adaptable little annual from trop- ical America. In writing it up we used the common name “Pink Maids” which refers to the attractive small flowers of bright pink which open in the late afternoon.
This species has since been nation- ally advertised as “Jewels of Opar” on account of its seed pods which change color as they ripen, giving the branch- ing flower clusters the appearance of being decorated with small colored beads. Both locally and nationally it is being increasingly used for ‘“‘fillers” in arranging cut flowers, or dried for winter bouquets. Ba
85
fie Chinese Witch Hazel (Hama- melis mollis), just inside the Cleveland Avenue Gate, has had a long season of bloom in the Garden, this past winter. It began to flower in January, was in full bloom by the first week in February and stayed in almost perfect condition until the second week in March. When night temper- ature dropped below the upper twen-
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
ties its long narrow petals hung down in the early morning as if they were badly damaged but they were upright again later in the day. As the weeks went on some of the red pigment of the calyx cup seemed to spread into the petals. They gradually deepened from a bright yellow into an orange yellow.
Now that this species is being of- fered for sale by more nurserymen it should be seen in more of our gardens. Wholly aside from its winter-blooming habit it is the most noteworthy of the witch hazels. Its flowers are much larger than any of the American spe- cies and are more brightly colored.
E.A.
83
FALSE ALOE, AGAVE. VIRGINICA
S lhive summer of 1964 brought sev- eral inquiries to the Garden about this strange-looking plant. There are masses of it on the largest limestone glade (not the long narrow one) just southwest of the Trail House at the Arboretum. It is native in rocky places and in Missouri is found south- wards from a line from St. Louis to the southwest corner of the state. Until it flowers it looks very much like what it is, a tiny relative of the large century plants of Mexico and_ the Southwest. Its small, waxy flowers are borne in slender wands one to two yards tall. The tubular flowers, about an inch long, are greenish white splashed with a dark pink-brown on the outside. They are dominated by large, lightly hung stamens, yellowish
below, pale green or straw color above.
Out of doors the blossoms are dis- appointing to one who has watched the flowers develop for the first time, ex- pecting something more like a tube- rose. Displayed indoors against a neutral background, these flowering wands are dramatic in form and the subtle shadings of their color scheme are more apparent. They have no fragrance during the day, but Dr. Steyermark says that at night they smell like Easter lilies.
There is a form of Agave virginica with conspicuous blotches of purplish red on the leaves. In Missouri it and the one with plain green leaves can oc- cur together or a whole patch of false aloes may be all one or the other.
False aloes are only one of the strange plants and animals on our glades which seemingly have originated as northern outliers from the long evolution of desert organisms in Mexico and_ the Southwest. EA.
85
D R. JOHN Dwyer of St. Louis Uni- versity, Research Associate of the Garden, has been elected President of the Missouri Academy of Sciences. This institution brings together sci- entists from colleges, universities, and laboratories in the state of Missouri. One of its important functions 1s fostering more effective cooperation between scientists in different institu- tions.
Dr. Dwyer has just returned from a successful trip visiting herbaria and collecting specimens in South America
and Central America.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Sam’L. C. Davis
JOHN S. LEHMANN
A. Timon Primo, III
WarRREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH Harry E, WueRTENBAECHER, JR.
Henry HitcHcock, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
Henry B. PFLacer, Second Vice President
Howarp F. Barer DupLeY FRENCH,
DaANreEL K. CatLin Honorary Trustee
Honorary Trustee EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Tuomas H. Etror, Chancellor. Washington University
RAYMOND R. TUCKER, Mayor, City of St. Louis
James S. MCCLELLAN, President, Board of Education of St. Louis
GeorcE L. CaADIGAN, Bishop, Diocese of Missouri
STRATFORD LEE Morton, President. Academy of Science of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs. Lee IT. Niedringhaus, President, Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr., First Vice President, Mrs. John H. Hayward, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer, Kathleen M. Miller, Executive Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier. Philip A. Conrath, Carl F. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R.. McMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
GARDEN STAFF
Pau. A. Kont, Floriculturist
Watter H. Lewis, Director of the Herbarium
F. R. McMatu, Rosarian VikToR MUEHLENBACHS, Research
Epcar ANpeERSOoN, Curator of Useful Plants CLARENCE Barpre, Instructor Ernest Brser, Horticulturist
Louts G. BRENNER, Grounds
maccman Associate Laptstaus CuTak, Greenhouse Puvwexe GO. Peck. Yaucin Superintendent GrorcE H, Princ, Superintendent Hucu C. Cutver, Curator of Useful Plants ; Heweci ine n SUD
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate Guan 1; Sennen, Hasedoh Wetoalat
Watpo G. FECHNER, Secretary of Board and Controller
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate
James Hampton, Chief Engineer
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
Georce B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator of the Museum
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- mented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s from 9:00 A. M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Clima- tron stays open until 9:00 P. M. and on Saturdays, April through October, as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthe- mums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.”” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GAKDEN Bulletin ‘rene
Number 9
ae
a
Cover: Kuchenschell, from Otto Brunfels’ Herbarum vivae eicones, 1530. The l6th-century name means ‘cowbell,’ but the plant, Anemone pulsatilla L., is nowa- days more commonly known as the Pasque flower; it is shown here in its first lifelike representation by Hans Weiditz. Among the earliest of spring flowers, it is found in the meadows of the inland plains and lower valleys of Europe. A very similar plant, Anemone patens L., with the same common name, grows from northern Illinois to the West and on across the Canadian plains to Alaska in much the same kind of habitat.
CONTENTS Two Book Exhibitions Book Review Kiwi Fruit Pitzman Nature Program — 1964
St. Louis Gardening
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri. Editor for this issue: EoGarR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
Missouri Botanical Garden
Vol. LIL No. 9
Bulletin
November 1964
AN EPILOGUE ON TWO EXHIBITIONS OF BOOKS
| Pe June until September last summer the Garden was privileged to have fifty-six items from its library on display in the rare book room of the Olin Library of Washington Uni- versity. With the title, ‘Historic books and manuscripts, 1474-1874,’ the exhibit was presented at the invita- tion of Dr. Andrew J. Eaton, Director of Libraries at Washington University, on the occasion of several national meetings of librarians. The rare book librarian of the University, Mr. Wil- liam Matheson, and the Garden’s librarian prepared a handlist for the exhibit of which the University gener- ously published an edition of over 6000 copies. Several thousand of these were distributed to those attending the annual conference of the American Library Association.
The material was divided into six groups: rarities, illustrated books, Linnaeana, Americana, Engelmanniana and association copies. Quite natural- ly these groups could be expected to overlap; as a matter of fact, every piece could have been shown as a rar- ity, while practically all of the Engel- manniana, works by or otherwise asso- ciated with Dr. Engelmann, were also, thereby, association copies.
Included among the rarities was the Garden’s oldest book, Crescenzi’s Opus ruralium commodorum., This was
printed in Louvain, Belgium, by John of Westphalia in 1474, less than twenty-five years after the first book was printed in the western world. Al- though nearly five hundred years old it has a rather modern flavor; it is a work on agriculture, written in the early fourteenth century, to instruct the inhabitants of northern Italy how better to cultivate their fields by the use of crop rotation, contour plowing, green-manuring and irrigation, for ex- ample. Another rarity was Oviedo y Valdés’ La historia general delas Indias of 1535, a very rare work of which doubtfully ten copies still exist. Ovi- edo was sent by the Spanish crown on several missions to America in the first third of the century following Colum- bus’ discovery. He traveled exten- sively in the West Indies, Mexico and South America, and, as an eyewitness, reports many novel observations. Notable among the books selected for their illustrations was the so-called Latin Herbarius, printed in Mainz by Peter Schoeffer in 1484. It is the second printed botanical book contain- ing illustrations; each plant is repre- sented by a figure so stylized in most instances as to make identification al- most impossible without the accom- panying text and the Latin and Ger- man names by which it was known. Beside this book was placed Brunfels’
(1)
2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Herbarum vivae eicones {Pictures of living plants] of 1530. This is the first printed botanical work to be il- lustrated wholly by drawings made from living plants; the artist, Hans Weiditz, did so well that in almost every instance the specific identity of the plant represented is certain to one who knows it in nature.
The great Swedish scientist, Lin- naeus (1707-1778), was first of all a botanist, although in his efforts to systematize the natural world he had to treat both minerals and animals as well as plants. But the bulk of his writings are on botany, and of these the Garden has a very excellent collec- tion. Among the books in the exhibit was the first edition of his Systema naturae (1735); here, on twelve large broadside pages he displays in syste- matic order all of the larger groups of the three kingdoms of nature: mineral, vegetable and animal. He spent a large part of his life elaborating this system, and present-day taxonomists are still at work on it. Other works shown were first edition copies of his Genera plantarum (1737) and_ his Species plantarum (1753). In the latter, surely the most famous of all books in systematic botany, he first used, consistently for all plants, the now well-known system of binomial Latin names; in these, the first, like Rosa, is generic, the second, like alba, specific; the white rose of the Middle Ages is once and for all to be known as Rosa alba; to the plant scientist or horticulturist of amy nation these two Latin words convey the same meaning.
Few devices for international com-
munication have been more effective
in promoting learning.
Not least among Linnaeus’ descrip- tive studies was himself. In 1741 he sought appointment to the position of botanist at Upsala University, opposed by an older and somewhat unscrupu- lous rival. To further his candidacy he published for private distribution a tiny volume of sixteen pages, Orbis eruditi judicium de Caroli Linnaei scriptis [The judgment of the learned world regarding the writings of Caro- lus Linnaeus]. In addition to his life’s
chronology—he was thirty-four years old—he lists his publications, already substantial in number, and gives copi- ous commendatory quotations from learned people about them. Near the end of his life he wrote a most inter- esting volume, not published until a half century after his death, with the title Egenhindiga anteckningar ...om sig sjelf [Personal notes... about him- self]. Here are to be found a long chronological account, a list of publi- cations (now very substantial), a de- scription of his personal appearance, a list of his twenty-seven (numbered! ) most important contributions to the learned world, and a much expanded
section of commendatory quotations.
Dr. George Engelmann came to St. Louis in 1835, having studied medi- cine in his native Germany. During the next 50 years, in addition to being among the foremost physicians of the city, he was probably the outstanding resident scientist of the Mississippi Val- ley. By some he is thought to have been the most able 19th-century student of
systematic botany in the United States.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3
He it was who was more responsible than anyone else for persuading Henry Shaw to establish the Missouri Botan- ical Garden, not as a display garden, basically, but as a scientific institution. It is doubtful there has been any activ- ity in St. Louis which has been so widely known throughout the learned world at any time during the past century—at mention of the words ‘St. Louis’ or ‘Missouri’ in the biological scientific centers of the world it was more than likely to be the Missouri Botanical Garden which instantly came to mind. It was thus most ap- propriate that some twenty per cent of the exhibition should be devoted to Dr. Engelmann.
Here was the manuscript of his dis- sertation, Uber die Antholyse, a study of abnormalities in flowers—in 1831 physicians were still required to have a first-hand knowledge of plants from which came many of their drugs. Here also was his personal copy of ‘Cactaceae of the Boundary, his own account of the cacti found along the newly established boundary between Mexico and the United States. It is illustrated by Paul Roetter, a St. Louis lithographer, whose work compares most favorably with that of some of the great flower painters of Europe. Included also were three letters select- ed from the several thousand which came to the library at Dr. Engel- mann’s death—a world-wide corres- pondence with botanists, physicians, geologists, explorers, etc., during one of the notable periods of expansion in the knowledge of plant distribution.
Association copies—those signed by the author, or presented by him,
owned or annotated by some famous man—make the bibliophile’s heart skip a beat. The Missouri Botanical Gar- den library holds scores of association copies; two of those exhibited will serve for example. One was the second edition of Ermalao Barbaro’s Castiga- tiones Plinii, Venice, 1493-1494. This single volume ties together the names of three historic figures and fourteen centuries of time. First, Pliny, the great Roman compiler of natural his- tory in the first century, A. D., so ad- dicted to learning that he was almost never without someone reading to him or taking his dictation. Next, Erma- lao, well among the first to question the correctness of what Pliny left us— here he claims to have set right five thousand errors. Finally, an early own- er of the book, Hieronymous Emser, a clerical contemporary of Luther, in fact, one of his friends who at first supported him in his revolt against Rome, but who later joined the oppo- sition to him and became the Pope’s chief advocate against him. How can one even look upon this remnant of the past spanning fourteen centuries and involving two of the greatest con- troversies of the Renaissance, without feeling more deeply the unity of history and the continuity of man’s search for knowledge and truth?
Less impressive, but much more charming, was John Lindley’s An outline of the first principles of botany (1830), a small pocket-sized book in- scribed: ‘Mrs Lindley with the authors love June 1. 1830’—but not an ordi- nary copy, the four plates of illustra-
tions not just engravings, but the
4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
author’s original drawings—an_ inti- mate piece indeed!
On display in Edinburgh last sum- mer was another exhibit of botanical books which invites comparison with our own, although its composition was very different. This was shown by the National Library of Scotland, in honor of the Tenth International Bo- tanical Congress which convened dur- ing August; it traced the history of botanical illustration from the middle of the 17th century to the present. The entries numbered 105, of which 70 were printed books, the others being original drawings or paintings. The books were assembled from the library’s own collection and from the collections of five other British libraries.
It would have been interesting, in- deed, to see this exhibit, especially the original works. As for the printed books, however, I cannot feel overly disappointed about having had to miss this particular aspect of the Botanical Congress, for 80 per cent of these books are in the Missouri Botanical Garden library, only two of them in- complete copies! Among those miss- ing from our collection are exceptional items to be sure, but at least half of them are either of quite recent vintage, 20th-century books, still available, or are more curious than important or beautiful.
A moment’s reflection should prompt one to think about this ratio of 80 per cent. Is it unusual; if so, is it significant; and, if so again, how did it come about?
The answer to the first question is ‘yes.’ In fact, there are quite certain- ly no more than five other places in
the Western Hemisphere where any 56 of the 70 books on exhibit are to be found in a single collection, or even in a single city; all of these are within the area of the thirteen original states of the Union. The answer to the second question is also ‘yes’-—the fact in question is significant. If these books were inconsequential and thus rare because they were not worth say- ing, or if they were odd pieces pro- duced in very limited editions of a dozen or so, the significance would be small. But actually, many of them are among the gems of botanical illustra- tion. To name just a few, here are Curtis’ Flora Londinensis, of 1777— 1798 with folio-sized engravings of flowering plants native to London; the same author’s Botanical Magazine, be- gun in 1791 and still published in con- tinuation—in it there are over 10,000 plates of ornamental plants introduced into cultivation in England; Sweet’s British flower garden, 1823-1829, three volumes of very finely drawn and col- ored plates of plants from English gardens; Redouté’s Les Liliacées, 1800- 1816, eight volumes of folio plates, in printed stipple engraving, of | lilies, irises, amaryllis, etc., among the au- thor’s finest work; van Rheede tot Draakestein’s Hortus Indicus Mala- baricus, 1678-1703, twelve volumes of folio plates of the plants of Mala- bar; Sibthorp’s Flora Graeca, 1806- 1840, ten volumes of folio plates re- produced from Ferdinand Bauer’s ex- quisite drawings of plants of Greece; etc., etc. These and their fellows are the foundation stones of any great collection of botanical illustration as
represented by flower prints.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
But in another way the second ques- tion must be answered by ‘yes.’ Had the National Library of Scotland chos- en for its exhibit books to represent early herbals from 1481 to 1600, or the botanical works of Linnaeus, or early American works on botany, or floras of Germany, etc., the ratio correspond- ing to the 80 per cent we are discuss- ing would almost certainly not have fallen below 60 per cent and might well have reached 90 per cent, and the number of Western Hemisphere insti- tutions likely to do as well or better would in no case have exceeded a half dozen.
We come to the third question: How did it come about that this un- usual and significant library is here in St. Louis? To Henry Shaw, of course, credit is due for establishing and en- dowing the Garden, but he, himself, and even his friend and counselor, Dr. Engelmann, brought together only a very small part of this collection. It is rather to Dr. William Trelease, chosen by Henry Shaw to be the first director to follow himself, that the credit should go. Almost at once (1890) he founded the Garden’s An- nual Report, a publication largely of monographic content. This he used to establish a world-wide library ex- change with learned societies; this continuing exchange has by now yielded at least 30,000 volumes of periodical publications for our library and has spread knowledge of the work done here over every continent.
But in other ways books gravitated to Dr. Trelease. Early in his director- ship his friend, Dr. E. Lewis Sturte- vant, a non-practicing physician of
Framingham, Massachusetts, who was studying the history of cultivated plants and was making an important collection of books about them wrote
him as follows:
For some time past it has seemed to me that my library of early botan- ical literature would be more used at the Mo. Bot. Garden than elsewhere, as I cannot but believe that ultimate- ly your institution will become in- terested in the history of plants, and their development. Now I leave home for Santa Fe, New Mexico, next month, under my Doctor’s or- ders, which orders are sufficiently emphatic to justify me in attempting these little arrangements which can be done more certainly by one’s self than by his executors. Now I pro- pose that you forward to me at Santa Fe, after Nov. 17, a legal paper for signature, which shall give to the Mo. Bot. Garden, deliverable at my de- cease or sooner if I desire, my botan- ical library, including the scrap books of my writings and my notes on edible plants.
Needless to say Dr. Trelease was not backward about accepting this gift which contained several hundred vol- umes, including herbals from the 15th century onward, and_ which has formed a broad basis for the library’s exceptional collection in botanical his- tory.
Ten years later Dr. Trelease pur- chased a collection of similar size and content to supplement this; and throughout his directorship, which terminated in 1912, he spared no effort to fill in by purchase periodicals which he could not obtain by exchange, and the older monographic, illustrated, and historical works so easily and cheaply available at that time. Since 1912, al- though the library has greatly increased in size, in direction it has largely fol-
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
lowed that set by Dr. Trelease. At the present time it numbers some 60,000 volumes and perhaps 100,000 pamph- lets, and the cards on which the rec- ords of incoming serials are kept num- ber about 900.
Every good story has a punch line. As soon as | had checked the listing of the Edinburgh show against our own holdings I began asking my friends what they thought the ratio of
the Garden’s collection to the books
exhibited at Edinburgh might be. Most of them, of course, had, from time to time, been somewhat ‘indoc- trinated,’ and their answers weren’t too unrealistic. But one man’s answer especially stands out. Upon my ques- tioning him he said, “Well, . . . you couldn’t possibly have ten of them,
PIl say five.” When I replied ‘Fifty-six,’ his instant rejoinder was, ‘Well, then, you’ve been hiding your light under a bushel.’
GEORGE B. VAN SCHAACK
BOOK REVIEW
Soil Survey of Daviess County, Missouri, Harold E. Grogger. USDA Soils Conservation Service in coopera- tion with the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. For sale by Super- intendent of Documents, U. S. Gov- ernment Printing Ofhce, Washington, |S oe
HE soil maps of the United States Department of Agriculture are known by relatively few of the people whom they might interest in one way or another, in addition to the farmers and soils experts for whom they were primarily designed. They contain much basic information. One can imagine this survey of Daviess County in northwestern Missouri be- ing helpful in some technical connec- tion, to engineers, gardeners, school teachers, naturalists, sociologists, and historians. For decades these reports were pub- lished as large multicolored maps which were difficult to consult and to
compare with the accompanying text. Progressive changes have made them into attractive brochures which can be read and studied in a comfortable arm chair. This has unfortunately not made them easier to file safely on a library shelf. The survey of Daviess County is about 11 * 9 inches with a flexible paper cover; as something to sit down and read it is roughly about like one issue of the Atlantic Monthly or of Good Housekeeping.
The bulk of the survey is a series of 34 maps each of which is about a foot and one-half long when unfolded. The maps were made directly from airplane photographs which show the county in light and dark grays as it looks directly from above, fields, pas- tures, fencelines, woodlands and _ riv- ers. Sometimes there are graphic in- dications of how a pasture is being destroyed by gullying or filled up with brush and high weeds. Enough land in Daviess County is under grass to
make its drainage patterns stand out
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7
clearly on the map. One sees how trees and bushes tend to line all the watercourses from the biggest rivers to little depressions which carry water
only after a rain.
Against the shadowy background of the photograph, houses, churches, roads, railroads, etc., are printed in jet black as well as a detailed distribution for the whole county of all the soil types and subtypes; wavy outlines which run continuously across fields, pastures, and woodlands, their curves a secondary reflection of the rolling prairie landscape.
There are a few introductory pages explaining how soil surveys are made and something of what they indicate. There is in particular a clear diagram- matic drawing of two landscapes
showing distributions and relationships
of the various soil types above and below ground. There are descriptions and discussions of each soil type with tables showing its suitability for vari- ous crops. There is for engineers a summary outlining, soil type by soil type, such basic features as soil tex- ture, permiability, and the depth to hard rock, etc., conditions which af- fect the construction and maintenance of buildings, roads, airports and the like.
For an occasional reader with an in- quiring mind (and the drive to find out just what he can make out of such a document) this publication may be fascinating just in itself. It does bring together for handy reference a great variety of integrated facts about a small piece of the earth’s mantle and its history.
EpGar ANDERSON
CHINESE GOOSEBERRY, NEW ZEALAND GOOSEBERRY, OR KIWI FRUIT
ast month Dr. Edgar Anderson is purchased an unusual fruit, la- beled “kiwi fruit,” in a Bettendorf- Rapp supermarket. When I was in Edinburgh last August to attend the International Botanical Congress, the same kind of fruit, labeled ““New Zea- land gooseberry,” was sold in a fancy fruit market. Several English and American botanists did not know what it was and, with only the fruit and the clues given by “Kiwi” and “New Zealand,” it could not be identified by using the usual texts on fruits and cultivated plants or our books on the flora of New Zealand.
The fruit (Figure 1) is about two and a half inches long, an inch in diameter, and covered with a thin, leathery, brown and hairy skin. At the stem end are the remnants of the sepals and at the other end is a small depression marking the stigma. The flesh is green and translucent with numerous very small black — seeds which, when viewed with a magnify- ing glass, are seen to be regularly marked like the much larger seeds of many of the passion fruits.
The flavor and texture are pleasant but difficult to describe. The fruit
combines the freshness of a strawberry
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
with the bland flavor and texture of a ripe green fig. The taste is far supe- rior to that of any gooseberry I have eaten. Signs on the fruit in both St. Louis and Edinburgh suggested that it could be eaten raw or cooked. I pre- fer the fruit raw, in a fruit salad. At present the fruit is too expensive (at two for 29 cents) to consider using many, but it would be a good pie fruit if the price drops.
Dr. David Fairchild collected useful plants in many parts of the world and mentions many unusual fruits in his articles and books. It seemed likely that he would have mentioned so curious and tasty a fruit so I went through a list of his works and found a little pamphlet he had written in 1913 on some Asiatic vines of the genus Actinidia. In this he pictured the Chinese gooseberry, or, to give the English version of the Chinese name, the Yang-taw, Actinidia chinensis. There apparently are many kinds growing in China and Korea with widely varying qualities. In one photograph Dr. Fairchild shows a vigorous vine climbing a trellis near Washington, D. C. There the vines were killed back to the ground each winter but grew so rapidly the follow- ing year that they produced a good cover before July.
The first plants to grow and flower in the United States and in Britain were from seeds sent back by Mr. E. H. Wilson, then a collector for Kew Gar- dens and later on the staff of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Uni- versity. The Missouri Botanical Gar- den herbarium contains a specimen collected by Mr. Wilson on one of his
early trips in western Szechuan prov- ince, China.
In a recent survey of economic plant products, published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Dr. F. N. Howes says that about 300 tons of the Chinese gooseberry are grown each year in New Zealand and the amount will double when new plantings come into bearing. There are several named varieties, but most of the fruit shipped to Britain is the Abbot variety. The fruit keeps and ships well and it is likely we will see more of it in our markets. Attempts were made to in- troduce the Chinese gooseberry into southern gardens many years ago and it was listed by some nurserymen. The 6th edition of Plant Buyer’s Guide lists 5 dealers who handle Actinidia chi- nensis. In some of the early catalogs and in Bailey’s Manual of Cultivated Plants it is called Yangtao, another version of its Chinese name.
Several other Actinidias have been tried in this country. One of the most interesting is Actinidia polygama, usu- ally called the silver-vine because when it gets of flowering age some of the leaves are silvery-white or marked with silvery areas. A plant growing in the Arnold Arboretum attracted so many cats that a wire cage had to be con- structed about it and even then cats struggled so hard to get to the twigs and leaves that they bent the netting and left hairs sticking to it. A resi- dent of northern Japan told Dr. An- derson that hunters gather the vines of this or a similar species, crush them and throw them on hot coals. They wait in the forest and shoot the wild cats which are attracted. This species
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
and several others are sold by a few nurserymen. If you are interested in trying these plants and your own nurseryman cannot locate sources, you
may call our Information Center any
weekday morning and we will give
you the listings contained in the last
edition of Plant Buyer’s Guide. HuGH CUTLER
FIGURE
fruits
Two The
Kiwi
one to the
left
on has
1
a large coffee saucer.
been sliced in half
lengthwise and shows the translucent jelly-like
pulp and shiny seeds.
PHOTO BY HUGH C. CUTLER
THE PITZMAN NATURE PROGRAM — 1964
r I SHE seventh Pitzman Nature Pro- As
in the past, it was financed by a grant
gram was given this summer. from the Pitzman Foundation. Even though registrations were limited this year to 200 children per section, at- The total
registrations mounted to 554 and a
tendance did not suffer. record number of 451 children were eligible for certificates. The morale of the program, both on the part of the
and the children,
higher than it has ever been and re-
instructors was mained high throughout the summer.
There were again two identical 5- week sessions with sections meeting on Wednesday -
a nd
Tuesday - Thursday
Friday.
courses offered although there were
No changes were made in the
two new instructors, a situation which always adds something to the program. The St. Louis Audubon Society, with Mr. Earl Hath as its president, pro- vided another good course in bird study. A number of experienced and reliable bird instructors, Mrs. Cecil R. Criger, Miss Sarah Owen, and Michael Flieg were the backbone of the bird classes all summer. They were assisted by William Brush, Lee Thallman, and Misses Carolyn Reynolds and Saundra Dexter. It is gratifying to know that the Audubon workers have freely vol-
unteered their services over the years
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
and we owe them a great deal of thanks.
The Garden’s teaching staff consisted of Jean Bardenheier, a student at St. Louis University; Fred Bardenheier and Veronica Friel, high school seniors; and Nancy Keller and Frances Eisen- hauer, seniors at the University of Missouri and Washington University, respectively. Assisting in numerous capacities in support of the instructors and the classes were Bill Eickmeier, Edwin Joern, Alan Meyers, and Bar- ney O’Meara. These young men kept the supply line of materials flowing and gave the program the extra legs necessary for a smooth operation. In addition, they supervised children dur- ing lunch hour and on field trips and kept the class areas carefully groomed and free of litter. All but two on the Garden’s summer staff were former students in the Pitzman Program.
Class activities were many and var- ied. In Trailfinders, some groups made plaster casts of leaves and many children made impressive, labeled leaf collections. In the Man’s Enemies groups, the making of insect nets was a major activity to say nothing about the many insects that were chased, caught, and mounted. The Plants and Man classes made seed collections and had exercises in plant propagation and flower identification. Field trips on the grounds and to the Climatron were, of course, taken frequently.
Each 5-week session was ended with a competitive 90 minute treasure hunt, an activity which is now a customary procedure. Prizes were given to teams with the largest finds. From a list of some 50 items, children had for in- stance to find an edible plant, a weed, a parasitic animal, or a specimen of the world’s smallest flowering plant.
One of the highlights of the past two summers was the “Candy Lady.” This name was affectionately given to Mrs. Frank Vesser, who, at lunchtime, would bring out two baskets of as- sorted penny candies from the Tower Grove Shop. Children eagerly, if not impatiently, awaited her arrival in the lunch area. It is amazing to see that a child can still get a fist full of candy for just a few pennies. Many thanks to Mrs. Vesser for her thoughtful and popular idea.
Something that we who were in- volved with the program were thank- ful for was that there were no serious injuries to any child all summer long. There were the usual small cuts and scrapes but no one required the serv-
ices of a doctor.
In summary, it may be said that this past summer was a very successful one. While no attendance records were es- tablished, we had the opportunity to share the wonders of nature with a goodly number of eager children.
KENNETH PECK
A BICENTENNIAL OF GARDENING IN ST. LOUIS
IKE any other aspect of culture,
: ) gardening doesn’t transplant eas-
ily from one country to another or even from one region to another. Like
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11
the very plants with which it deals, it has to be adapted to the local climate and the local soils; it has gradually to fit into the way of life of the local residents. Gardening itself has to grow, and this takes time.
Much of it grows just by passing on seeds, plants, and ideas from neighbor to neighbor. Someone finds a variety that fits in well here; someone else has a bright idea about a new way of growing an old plant. It is these little unrecorded discoveries which spread from house to house and from neigh- borhood to neighborhood that mean the most when we look back over the progress made in two centuries.
I was thinking of this whole process one September day when a series of er- rands took me to different places in the Botanical Garden and to different parts of St. Louis. On that day decorations in Mr. Shaw’s house featured crepe myrtles and I saw the same variety (sometimes at several houses in a block) in different parts of the city. In St. Louis they don’t grow higher than the house as they can in the South; we never have charming old bushes or trees of them which are handsome even in the wintertime, just for their bare outlines, as at Williams- burg. But many St. Louisans are learning what one can and can’t do with crepe myrtles here. Frequently now we get magnificent results with little effort.
It wasn’t always so. When I came to St. Louis in the early twenties | had lived here several years before | saw any crepe myrtles in bloom. Then one September morning a man came to
the suburban train at Webster Groves
proudly bearing several fine sprays of them for his office. The shining leaves, something like privet but larger, set off masses of brilliant blooms with petals like delicately crinkled pink tissue paper. I rode into town with this gentleman and he told how he had moved here from the South and tried to grow crepe myrtles and. they froze back. He kept on trying and learned that by planting them close to the house they didn’t freeze back so com- pletely and that if they were on the south side they got enough of the heat they love, to flower in the late sum- mer. In other words in St. Louis he thought they needed to be treated something like Buddleias. I didn’t learn this man’s name but he (and others like him) were the centers from which the idea spread.
In the early thirties Paul Kohl of the Garden staff became interested in a specimen bush of crepe myrtle that did well for several years at the inter- section of Gurney Court and Magnolia Avenue. A few years later he planted a row of them along the south side of the Linnaean House where they have made a good summer and early au- tumn display ever since. He believes they have done so particularly well there because the heating pipes for the building run along the base of the wall under the windows and the ground temperatures are modified more than by an ordinary building. In about ten years, after a series of mild win- ters, these plants developed into good- sized bushes and for a time gave al- most the effect of flowering trees, as crepe myrtles do in the South.
When colder winters returned to
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
St. Louis these plants were frozen back but they sprouted out vigorously and made attractive flowering branches the next summer. Mr. Kohl has learned that we are apt to get more effective displays after a severe freeze-back than after a slight one. If the bush is only slightly injured it sprouts out all over and makes many small branches. When killed back farther down, the growth energy goes into a few big branches and we have larger and denser masses of bloom.
So far as we know, all of the bushes which have done well in St. Louis gardens are of the old variety “Water- melon Pink.” Old varieties of plants sometimes develop sub-strains and it is possible that this may have happened with “Watermelon Pink.” Though our bushes were ordered from the same grower, and came with identical labels, and have the same color flowers, those to the left of the central entrance per- sistently come into bloom at a differ- ent time from those to the right, though they all have the same southern exposure with no shade and there are no obvious soil differences.
Another St. Louis discovery has been how to manage and put to good use a spreading little Oriental stone- crop, Sedum sarmentosum, This is a small-leaved creeping succulent with tiny yellow flowers. Left to its own devices it can be a nuisance in almost any garden and it has completely smothered many a would-be rock gar- den. Yet in St. Louis its unique use- fulness for one special problem has made it into a minor municipal asset
and in the last thirty years it has be-
come a standby for many homes with- in the city.
For most gardeners this creeping stonecrop is too given to spreading into places where it is not wanted. However as an edging for concrete walks leading up to the front door it is both attractive and practical. This is particularly true where the house is enough above the level of the street so that there are a series of steps. If the house has a southern exposure the con- crete heats up so much that it is al- most impossible to get grass of any kind to grow right next to the con- crete. It begins to gully there in heavy rains and before one knows it the steps are being undermined.
As their name implies, these plants were evolved for such situations; they are native to exposed rocky places and can fight off the grass and other weeds better when they are right next to rocks. They are, to a lesser extent, being used around town between the sidewalk and the street, next to a porch or a terrace, or around small flower beds. More expert gardeners have learned to use them to cover front terraces which are too steep to be mowed effectively. It takes careful (and determined) management to en- courage the stonecrop and to discour- age the grass and weeds but it can
be done.
These are just two examples of how a distinctive and appropriate kind of gardening has been evolving right under our noses during the first two hundred years of the City of St. Louis.
EpGar ANDERSON
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry HitcuHcock, President
LercesTER B. Faust, Vice President
Henry B. PFLAGER, Second Vice President
Howarp F. Baer
DanieEL K. CaTLIN Honorary Trustee
Sam’L. C. Davis
JOHN S. LEHMANN
A. Timon Primo, III
WarRREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH Harry E. WUERTENBAECHER, JR.
DupLEY FRENCH, Honorary Trustee
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
James S. McCLeELLAN, President, Board of Education of St. Louis
GEorGE L. CADIGAN, Bishop, Diocese of Missouri
STRATFORD LEE Morton, President. Academy of Science of St. Louis
Tuomas H. Error, Chancellor, Washington University
RAYMOND R. TuckKER, Mayor, City of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs. Lee IT. Niedringhaus, President, Mrs. Edward L.
Bakewell, Jr., First
Vice President, Mrs. John H. Hayward, Second Vice President, Mrs.
Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer, Kathleen M.
Miller, Executive Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L.
Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, Carl F. Knapp, F.
R. McMath, Dan O’Gorman,
Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
GARDEN STAFF
Epcar AnpeErsoN, Curator of Useful Plants CLARENCE Barpre, Instructor Ernest Brsee, Horticulturist
Louris G. BreNNER, Grounds Foreman
LaptsLaus CuTak, Greenhouse Superintendent
Hvucu C. Cutter, Curator of Useful Plants
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate
Watpo G. Frecuner, Secretary of Board and Controller
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate
James Hampton, Chief Engineer
Paut A. Kouxt, Floriculturist
Watrter H. Lewis, Director of the Herbarium
F. R. McMatu, Rosarian
Viktor MUEHLENBACHS, Research Associate
KENNETH O, PEck, Instructor
GrorcE H. Prine, Superintendent Emeritus
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
Grorce B. Van ScuHaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator of the Museum
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- mented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s from 9:00 A. M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Clima- tron stays open until 9:00 P.M. and on Saturdays, April through October, as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthe- mums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. ‘The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Bulletin fase
Cover: With Henry Shaw’s portrait looking down approvingly over her shoulder Mrs. Lee I, Niedringhaus, the President, meets with the other ofhcers of the FrieNps OF THE GARDEN. From left to right, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary; Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer; Mrs. Niedringhaus; Mrs. John H. Hayward, Second Vice President; Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr., First Vice President. Appropriately the group are meeting in what was once the reception room in Mr. Shaw’s city resi- dence, now the office of the FrreNps OF THE GARDEN in the Administration Building at 2315 Tower Grove Avenue. Appropriately too, the furniture belonged to Mrs. Niedringhaus’ mother, the late Mrs. Royall H. Switzler, a leader in’ establishing Garden Clubs in the Middle West. Thirty years ago her garden was one of the first demonstrations of how effectively oriental flowering crab apples could be used in the St. Louis area.
PHOTO COURTESY OF THE POST-DISPATCH
us CONTENTS
Women’s Executive Board Lupines in Ecuador Chrysanthemum Show Preview European Hornbeam Winter Bouquets Trifon von Schrenk Tower Grove Shop Flowers and Agriculture Eleanor McClure New Friends-of-the-Garden St. Louis Premiere, My Fair Lady
vee
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri. Editor for this issue: EoGAR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a vear.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
MISSOURI BOTANICAI
Mr. and Mrs. Chester G. Henry pause to discuss the history of the chrysanthemum shows with Dr. Anderson of the Garden staff. Mrs. Henry is Secretary to the National Coun- cil of State Garden Clubs.
hors d’ceuvres, thus adding to the friendly and informal atmosphere of the occasion.
Of all the Garden’s flower shows,
» GARDEN BULLETIN 3
the Chrysanthemum Show is the one which is markedly more effective at night than in the daytime. Particu- larly when the hanging baskets above come into full bloom, they catch the light and one is no longer conscious of the glass roof overhead. The various types of mums down below, cascade, spider-type, the giant globular headed ones which are traditional at football games, all show to full perfection by artificial light and one seems to be in
a sort of magic garden.
(CANDID SNAPSHOTS BY HENRY HITCHCOC K )
MODERN DEVELOPMENTS OF AN ANCIENT ART AT TOWER GROVE HOUSE
URING the first week in Novem-
ber Mrs. Mary Baer began in- stalling her beautiful arrangements of dried flowers in Mr. Shaw’s old coun- try residence. This is the third suc- cessive year she has assembled carefully prepared materials and combined them imaginatively for the stately old rooms in which they are displayed. The in- creasing public demand for the June 1963 BULLETIN in which she gave de-
tailed directions for preparing such
“Pleasant Ornaments” is one index of her ascending mastery of the various skills involved in producing these decorations. This BULLITIN is on sale at Tower Grove House and at the Information Center at the Main Gate. This year, as last, Mrs. Baer has fea- tured one of the Garden’s little known shrubs, the saltbush (or stILVERLING as it is known in parts of the South), Baccharis halimifolia.
E.A.
The Girt SHop in Tower Grove House has been temporarily closed
until more adequate quarters for it are available.
4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
WELCOME ELEANOR McCLURE ...
gee this issue of the BULLETIN there begins a series of practical articles by Eleanor McClure, landscape and garden columnist, knowledgeable as to plant materials for this area and skilled in the practical management of our dificult soils. We hope you will like this innovation. Your comments as to what you would like to see in the BULLETIN will be appreciated. Henry Hircucock, President, Board of Trustees
HOLIDAY DIVIDENDS
ELEANOR B. McCLURE
| pelaaptesagras for most of us, there are few garden chores that have to be done during the busy pre- holiday season. Yet, with all our dis- tractions, there is one garden project that might profitably be scheduled for December: A quick survey of the planting, to check for over-all winter- time effect. This is really quite im- portant. If our gardens are to appear in their cold-weather dress for a good part of the year—from November to April, usually—then it behooves us to see that the winter costume is as at- tractive as we can make it.
Incidentally, gardeners who are plan- ning for winter effect can reap some extra dividends at this season. Many choice evergreens, judiciously pruned in December, can supply the “mak- ings” for glamourous Christmas deco- rations and winter bouquets.
When planning for winter effect, it is important to select plants not only for their beauty but also for the func- tions they can perform in the planting. Where possible, it is best to choose the ones that normally attain the desired
shape and size with a minimum of
pruning. It is hard to make a land- scape picture with “tortured” ever- greens that have been trained into symmetrical spires, cones and_ globes. Sheared yews and junipers are rarely needed except in formal gardens or in a stylized treatment of a foundation planting.
Such giant conifers as spruces, firs, and pines need so much elbow room that they are best used for screen or background plantings in large gardens. As the trees mature, they will provide cones and boughs that can be harvested for indoor decorations.
Branches of the White Pine (Pinus strobus) aren’t very effective when cut, for the needles tend to dry out very quickly. However, this evergreen makes a better landscape plant than either the Scotch or Austrian Pine (P. sylvestris and P. nigra). The White Pine is a good choice for the smaller gardens, too, for it can be re- strained by pruning off one-third or
€
more of the new “‘candles” (develop- ing branch tips) in late spring. While the dwarf Mugho Pine grows
too robustly for the foundation plant-
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
ing, it is a very effective evergreen for the background of a flower border. This pine isn’t fussy about soil but grows best in an open, sunny spot. The branches have a natural, graceful curve, with a dense growth of needles, so that they make handsome plumes of green. They are so effective for indoor decorations that the Mugho merits planting for this purpose alone.
The American Holly, which long has been a symbol of the holiday sea- son, deserves a space in nearly every garden. If there is ample room, it will make a stately specimen tree of broad, pyramidal form. Yet hollies take so well to clipping and shearing that they can be used for backgrounds and hedges in small gardens or can be espaliered against the wall in founda- tion plantings.
While the American Holly tolerates some shade, ample sunlight should pro- duce fine foliage and a profuse crop of berries. Small plants should have pro- tection for the first year or two. Once established, however, they are remark- ably tolerant of winter cold, summer drought, and heat waves.
In past years most hollies were seed- lings that showed great variations in their foliage, fruiting and hardiness. Some nurseries now offer named vari- eties that have been selected for their handsome leaves, size and profusion of berries, and general reliability. Among the ones I have liked are BETsy, CARDINAL, CHRISTMAS CAROL, CLARK, DELIA BRADLEY, FARAGE, HEDGE HOL- LY, MANIG, MRS. SANTA, and YULE.
I am also partial to the hybrid, Ilex opaca fosteri, a plant that doesn’t grow quite so vigorously and hence is
particularly attractive in a foundation planting. The branch tips have small, crinkled dark green leaves and a pro- fusion of berries, so that they make very effective indoor decorations.
Since the Foster Holly has one southern parent (I. cassine) this hybrid may suffer in a cold winter and needs a little pampering for the first two or three years. Established plants may have superficial injuries (mainly leaf- burn) but should come through with- out serious loss of branches.
One of the most beautiful plants for the garden and for decorations as well is the prickly Chinese Holly (I. cor- nuta)—and various smooth-leaved va- rieties such as I. cornuta burfordii. Although these plants flourish in southern Missouri and_ Illinois, they tend to resent the cold winters in the St. Louis area. However, I have some cutting-grown plants of I. cornuta that weren’t a bit damaged by recent frigid winters. Isolated plants of I. cornuta burfordii have proved to be cold-tolerant, too, and perhaps we may someday have an improved strain. In the meantime I plan to go on testing such “hardy” varieties as I. cornuta compacta and I, cornuta WI1LLOWLEAF.
Heavy pruning of hollies is best de- ferred until spring, but some of the branch tips may be snipped off at the holiday season. Tip pruning is, indeed, quite beneficial, since it encourages heavy, dense growth.
The evergreen Magnolia grandiflora is a southern tree that grows well in this area once it has become estab- lished. Even a large tree may suffer leafburn and defoliation in a bitter winter. However, the magnolia is so
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
handsome during the rest of the year that it deserves a place in many gardens.
The Magnolia grandiflora should be given lots of room, for it develops into a tall, buxom tree. Plants may be espaliered against the wall of a house, where it is more decorative than any vine. Since magnolias often need a little shaping, they can provide exotic branch tips that are ever so decorative for arrangements or Christmas decora- tions.
The versatile yew is commonly sheared to make formal hedges and accent plants, and is a special favorite for foundation plantings. These ever- greens are also very attractive when pruned just enough to preserve their
They should be used
more often in other parts of the gar-
natural form.
den, too, for groupings of yews make a most effective low screen. Or they can be used as a background for rose beds and flower borders.
An established yew planting will have many long branchlets that can be snipped off at holiday season. The feathery green tips make decorative wreaths and table decorations.
Like the yews, boxwoods are usually sheared for formal effect. When al- lowed to grow more naturally, they are among the finest evergreens for background plantings. After the box- woods have matured a bit, they will yield a surprising harvest of Christmas greens. The delicate branch tips make beautiful wreaths, and they are effec- tive in all sorts of decorations.
Although many boxwoods may suf- fer some winterburn when grown in an open spot, a number of the seed-
lings introduced by Dr. Edgar Ander- son are proving hardier and more tolerant. I saw one of these, named VARDAR VALLEY, flourishing in an open field in western Indiana. Chances are that this plant and other hardier box- woods will be more widely available in a few years.
The evergreen pyracanthas have fine winter foliage, and they usually retain their orange berries in late winter. The hardiest ones we have tried are Pyracantha coccinea, P. coccinea wy- atti, and a good upright variety, P. hasan.
The Heavenly Bamboo (Nandia do- mestica) should be rated as a_half- hardy evergreen in this area, for in many winters the branches die back to the ground. When plants get off to a slow start in the spring, they may not flower and fruit that season. How- ever, our plants have fruited well in many years, producing a cluster of bright red berries, which are borne like a plume on top of lacy green leaves. We have often picked entire branch tips, berries, leaves and all, to make beautiful and long-lasting arrange- ments.
Now one final thought: Even though evergreens are indispensable when winter effects are being planned, let’s dispel the notion that our plantings should consist almost entirely of various kinds of conifers. Many sub- urban homesites that fairly bristle with pines, spruces and junipers have a heavy, funereal look. Moreover, they appear monotonously the same from season to season.
The graceful tracery of branches of
deciduous shrubs and trees is an inte-
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7
gral part of the winter landscape. Among trees with distinctive white or gray bark are birches, beeches, and the red maple (Acer rubrum). The bark of the Tulip Magnolia (Magnolia sou- langeana) turns silvery gray as the trees mature, and the big plump flower buds are quite decorative.
Brief mention should also be made of the many trees and shrubs that re- tain their fruits after the leaves have fallen. Hawthornes are often truly spectacular. A single tree, decked in bright red berries, can brighten the whole garden.
The deciduous hollies make a gay display in early winter, and_ they provide berried branches for holiday
The Black Alder (J.
verticillata) is a medium-to-large
arrangements,
shrub, The Possum Haw (I. decidua), which flourishes in our native wood- lands, may be grown as a small tree. After the birds have harvested the fruits, we may enjoy the silver-gray twigs and branches.
Fruits of many crab varieties persist until after the first of the year. Among shrubs that have bright red berries in early winter are the Red Chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia), the Spindle Tree (Euonymus europaea aldenhamensis), the Linden Viburnum (V. dilatatum ) the European Cranberry Bush (V. op- ulus), and the American Cranberry Bush (V. trilobum).
LDL LBBB P_IP_IP_IP_IP_IP_IP_IF_I_EIE_>_I™_FI™_—>_FEI™_I™>PB&™_x_~FI@™«_«>P™_FP&_ PI P—I—I_—_oOEOOOOOOOOOOOO
MY FAIR LADY S/. ean Premiere
For benefit of Shaw's Garden
AMBASSADOR THEATER
THurspay Eveninc, JANUARY 21. 1965
Make your reservations for this gala evening and help support the Garden.
For complete information call FRIENDS Office,
TO 5-0440
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
CHOCHOS AND OTHER LUPINES IN ECUADOR
CHARLES B. HEISER, Jr.
() NE of the first plants a person sees on arriving in Quito is Lupinus pubescens. This handsome - species, which reputedly is the ancestor of many of our commonly cultivated ornamental lupines, occurs as a weed at the airport as well as in vacant lots and along roadsides in the vicinity of Quito.
Although this is perhaps the most common lupine in the country, it 1s by no means the only one nor the most striking. To gain some idea of how different some of the species can look, one has only to visit any of the pdra- mos, cold, grassy stretches of the high Andes above timber line which are a virtual paradise for a botanist. Al- though grasses are the dominant vege- tation in the pdramos, many bizarre plant types are found there and lupines are well represented. From Quito which is situated at 9375 feet one can hike up to the peak of the extinct vol- cano Pichincha at over 15,000 feet, his lungs and legs willing. It was on these very slopes that General Sucre defeated the Spanish to gain Ecuador’s inde- pendence in 1822.
For the first several thousand feet of the journey one passes through groves of Eucalyptus, a tree intro- duced early by the Spanish, and now practically the only tree of any size in the sierra. Soon all trees disappear and are replaced by various shrubs and bunch grasses. Here, on one of my trips, my companion, Saulo Soria, the younger brother of a former student of mine, and I paused to rest and to
watch the humming birds, which are rather abundant in the Andes, polli- nate two of the shrubs, Barnadesia spinosa, a red-flowered composite, and Siphlocampylus giganteus, a relative of the lobelia. The latter plant has a yellow flower admirably adapted to bird pollination. At 12,800 feet near Cruz Loma, Lupinus pubescens was still with us, and two other species, L. rupestris and L. microphyllus, ap- peared, “Small-leaved” is a good name for the latter species since it has leaves about one-tenth the size of some of the others. It grows prostrate and can be classed as a “‘belly-plant.”” One has to look closely in order not to miss it. Still a little higher L. smithianus comes in and L. pubescens at last drops out. Finally at 14,500 feet where patches of snow were still in evidence from a recent snow fall, two more species were found, L. caespitosus, a semi- prostrate form, and L. alopecuroides, the sight of which makes one tempo- rarily forget the scarcity of oxygen at this altitude. For a description of this plant, I turn to my friend, Prof. Jorge Tinajero, although my translation can hardly preserve the eloquent enthusi- asm of his original Spanish.
“No plant in all the world is the equal of Lupinus alopecuroides. ts inflorescence stretches out a yard and a half and is more than six inches in diameter, and is entirely covered with a whitish velvet, studded here and there with little flowers of an intense blue . . . it bears the name ‘Tail-of- the-Fox,’ when in reality it is a fur of
MISSOURI BOT ANIC<z
AL GARDEN BULLETIN 9
The chocho (Lupinus mutabilis) in flower.
the ermine, sprinkled with amethysts.” Although I have never seen one quite this size nor do not entirely agree that it is without an equal, it nevertheless is most striking. One other lupine, L. nubigenus, although not so large as the “Tail-of-the-Fox,’ has an equally dense pubescence and grows at still higher elevations. Unfortunately, I never en- countered it on any of my trips. After lunch, we started back down the mountain taking a different route. The descent is easier on the lungs but is harder on the feet since one’s toes constantly rub against the tips of his boots. The high pdramos are unin- habited but before we reached 13,000 feet we found Indians pasturing cattle,
and at 12,000 feet we came upon their
scattered huts and fields. The prin- cipal crops here were barley, wheat, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), haba (Broad or English bean), and a lupine, which is certainly one of the most at- tractive food plants that I have ever seen, which is the principal object of this account. The wheat, barley and haba, of course, were introduced by the Spanish, but the lupine, potatoes, quinoa, and a number of other plants were originally domesticated in the Andes, but with the exception of the potato have never become generally well known.
The cultivated lupine, L. mutabilis, called by the Spanish name of chocho in Ecuador, is an annual, two to three
feet tall, with smooth leaves and
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
stems, in contrast to the hairy ones of most of the wild species (which inci- dentally are called ashpa chocho, using a Quechuan word which, loosely trans- lated, means “wild” or ‘of the field or woods”). The flowers of the cho- cho are nearly an inch in diameter, and are usually some shade of blue, touched with white and gold.* It is widely grown in the highlands from about 6,000 to nearly 12,000 feet and is said to do well in poor soil. Occa- sionally one sees a whole field devoted exclusively to chochos but more com- monly they are mixed in fields of quinoa and dwarf maize. Sometimes they are planted around the edge of a field of maize, where according to some people they serve as a_ living fence, since they are unpalatable to cattle. In fact, several species of lu- pine in the western United States are known to be poisonous to livestock. However, although they are not eaten by cattle in Ecuador there is no as- surance that the cattle will not go through them to get to the maize. The pods when ripe are somewhat larger than those of most lima beans and contain two to five oval seeds which in Ecuador are nearly always white in color. The seeds contain alkaloids and can not be eaten directly. One wonders, just as he does with other plants so poisonous as to require special preparation before being used as food, how man ever learned how to prepare them for human use. In some way he found out that the seeds were
*This species is referred to as “L. tricolor Sodiro” by botanists in Ecuador, although so far as I can learn this name has never been validly published.
edible after being washed in water which, of course, would leach out the alkaloids. The method in use in Ecua- dor today is to soak the seeds for sev- eral hours,* then after cooking to place them in running water for sev- eral days, usually in a stream or river. They are then sold in all of the prin- cipal markets and on street corners in Quito and other cities in the highlands. The Indians often buy a handful for a penny and munch on them the way we would peanuts. The taste is rather dithcult to describe but it is more like that of a nut than that of a bean. The seeds are also added to various cooked dishes or are used cut up in the pepper sauce which is found on almost every table in the country.
The chochos, however, should be re- garded as more than a condiment or a between-meals snack, for they are ex- tremely rich in protein, richer in fact than most other legumes and thus they supply an important addition to the starchy diet of the Indian. Meat is a luxury to the Indians of Ecuador and thus the chocho remains an important plant in that country. Much of the land that once may have been devoted to its cultivation, however, is now given over to other legumes, broad beans and peas, introductions from Europe, which grow well in the high- lands.+ These plants were more accept- able to the Spanish conquerors and also
their ease of preparation for table use
*In Peru the water in which the seeds are soaked is later used as an insecticide or fish poison. Margaret Towle. The Ethnobotany of pre-Columbian Peru. 1961.
+Carl O, Sauer. Cultivated plants of “South and Central America” in Handbook of South American Indians. vol. 6:487—543. 1950.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11
A hybrid lupine (center) and its parents, the «
undoubtedly explains their increase in
popularity.
Having been a student of Dr. An- derson, I naturally kept my eyes open for hybrids. It was some months be- fore I found one, however. On a visit to the Indian Mission of Picalqué, lo- cated near Cayambe to the north of Quito, where my family and I were guests of a fellow Washington Univer- sity alumnus, the Rev. Paul Streich, | found two plants which were clearly intermediate between L. mutabilis and L. pubescens. Thus in spite of its very distinctive appearance it seems clear that the chocho is not too dis- tantly related to the wild lupines of the Andes, and I am inclined to look for its origin from wild species of this area.
hocho, L. mutabilis (left), and L. pubescens (right).
Two Polish plant breeders,* how- ever, have recently reached other con- clusions. Their rather unusual hy- pothesis supposes that two North American species, L. douglasii and L. ornatus, in southern migrations of the Indians, were carried to the Andes where through hybridization with L. pubescens they somehow gave rise to the cultivated species, L. mutabilis. So far as I am aware the North Amer- ican Indians did not use seeds of any lupines for food and before resorting to such an elaborate theory for the origin of the chocho other possible ex-
planations need to be explored. For
*T, Kazimierski and E. Nowacki. Indig- enous species of lupins regarded as initial forms of the cultivated species: Lupinus albus L. and Lupinus mutabilis Sweet. Flora (Jena) 151: 202-209. 1961.
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
example, several wild species are found in South America which are not too dissimilar to the chocho, such as L. illsworthianus, L. hornemanii, L. mac- brideanus, and L. montanus of Peru and L. bolivianus and L. soratensis of Bolivia. These species are known to me only through herbarium specimens, and some of them may be nothing more than “escapes” of L. mutabilis but some of them are certainly wild species. Clearly more careful investi- gations are called for before one reaches any conclusions regarding the origin of the chocho.
The introduction of the chocho into Ecuador almost certainly occurred in prehistoric times, although the wide use of the Spanish name rather than the Indian name might indicate other- wise. Certain other Andean cultivated plants, the naranjilla (Solanum quito- ense), and the pepino (Solanum mutri- catum) are known only by the Spanish name in central and northern Ecuador today. Perhaps the chocho was intro- duced into Ecuador shortly before the arrival of the Spanish. Ecuador was conquered by the Incas from Peru be- tween 1463 and 1471. that the Incas moved certain of the
It is known
conquered people from one region of the empire to another in order to bring them
c
‘into line’? more readily. Many people in Ecuador believe that the Salisaca and the Colta Indians repre- sent such tribes who were moved by the Incas from Bolivia or Peru to their present territories near Ambato and Today the Salisaca cultivate chochos extensively. Might this group not have been re- sponsible for the introduction of the
Riobamba respectively.
chocho into Ecuador? This is specula- tion, of course, and it may well be that the chocho is very ancient there.
In the highlands of Bolivia and Peru the chocho is still widely grown today. The tourist who visits the ancient Incan capital of Cuzco will find bas- kets of chochos a common sight in the markets. There the plant, however, generally goes by its Quechuan name, farhui or tarui, and sometimes by an- White
seeded forms are the most common
other Spanish name, altramuz.
but black seeded forms are also known. This is of interest since most related wild species have dark colored seeds and in many cultivated plants we find that light seeded forms have resulted through selection by man.
Thus far I have found little in the early literature which tells us much about the chocho. The padre, P. Ber- nabe Cobo, who in the seventeenth century gave us an excellent account of the cultivated plants of the New World, fails to say much about the chocho except that there is an abun- dance of wild altramuzes in the fields, which the Indians call tar-ui, and that they grow to such heights they serve for fuel. Garcilaso de la Vega, the son of an Incan princess and a Spanish noble, recorded that his mother’s peo- ple had “lupins like those in Spain, only rather larger and more white, which they call ¢arvi.”’
The genus Lupinus not only has many species in both North and South America but it is also well represented in the Mediterranean region. There, also in prehistoric times, certain species were domesticated for fodder and human food. The genus therefore is
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13
one of the very few that has contrib- uted plants for man’s use in both the New and Old Worlds. Recently in Europe plant breeders have succeeded in developing varieties of these that are virtually free of alkaloids. One of the Old World species, L. albus, is marketed in this country under the
>
name “lupini beans.”’ These require
considerable soaking before they can
be eaten. “Lupine beans,” in jars ready to eat, are available in the Italian mar- kets of our larger cities. In appearance and taste these are rather similar to the chocho, so if someone would like to know what the chochos are like he should head for the nearest Italian market, unless, of course, he plans a
trip to the Andes.
THE EUROPEAN HORNBEAM, CARPINUS BETULUS
Op of the interesting old specimen trees in the Garden is the Euro- pean hornbeam, northwest of the Mausoleum grounds with branches reaching out toward the azaleas. Early in life it was headed back close to the ground and developed three arching trunks. In the 1920’s a tornado came within a few blocks of the Garden and the winds were high enough here to cause extensive damage. One whole trunk came down at that time but it was properly cut back as close to the main stem as possible and the tree has grown into a graceful whole.
The European hornbeam is closely related to the American hornbeam small trees of which are native to the Garden’s Arboretum at Gray Summit. The European species grows into a larger and more graceful tree. Its pendulous flower clusters are larger and as they go to seed they ripen into strange green plumes whose curious details are more clearly evident than in the American species.
The attractive leaves are mostly two to three inches long nicely rounded at
the base and coming to a point at the
tip by a curve of almost mathematical regularity. They are attached to the twig by short slender leaf stalks, alter- nately to left and right. They tend to be limited to two sides of the twigs, but do not follow this generalization as a rule which cannot be broken. The hornbeams bear their flowers in catkins, like willows, walnuts, poplars and a good many other trees in the temperate zone. The male and female flowers are borne on separate catkins. The male catkins are developed inside of buds and one does not see them until springtime. The female catkins, like those of birches, are exposed all winter. They are at the ends of small side-branches and are quite tiny until they begin to enlarge in early spring. From March until late summer these fruiting catkins are fascinating ob- jects. They can be beautiful when well developed particularly when they have not been stunted by long periods of dry weather. After the flowers have been fertilized the young seeds and the other features of the catkins increase rapidly in size and are quite
conspicuous. The seeds look like little
14 MISSOURI BOTANICAI
flat green urns. Cupped about them are the bracts, specialized, more or less leaf-like organs, each with one long narrow lobe and one or two short ones. The bracts form a kind of slashed green cornucopia an inch and a half long. These strange and handsome cornucopias make up the fruiting cat- kins which hang down from the al- most horizontal twigs on which they are borne. Nearly all visitors to the Garden are interested in these catkins, once they have been pointed out. One reason they are not noticed is because they remain bright green until almost time for the seeds to fall and are in- conspicuous, seen against the leaves. Another is that they are overhead and modern Americans do not ordinarily notice objects which you have to look up to in order to see. In June, for instance, our tulip trees are in flower with blossoms like green magnolias, decorated with liberal splashes of bright orange. Though one of these
tulip trees has flowering branches right
» GARDEN BULLETIN
over one of the main walks, and one has only to glance up to see the bril- liant flowers, thousands of our visitors come and go without seeing them.
Two years ago we had a large and attractive crop of these hornbeam cat- kins. Adequate rains the summer be- fore had helped set plenty of female catkins and after they had fruited, the weather was pleasant and they re- mained in good condition for many weeks. Enough of them were gathered to make interesting flower arrange- ments, when combined with flowers, in an old epergne in Tower Grove, Henry Shaw’s old country home. They lasted well and were a conversation piece and were much admired. They seemed particularly appropriate, for this old specimen probably goes back to Mr. Shaw’s time. It must have been a delight to him in his later years when he knew he would never get back to England and see again the trees of his youth.
EpGark ANDERSON
TRIFON VON SCHRENK, 1887-1964
GS lpeaaes VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator of the Museum, died on October 21st after a brief heart at- tack. He was a world’s authority on creosote and its standardization. For most of his life he was associated with his brother, the late Dr. Hermann von Schrenk of the Henry Shaw School of Botany, a pioneer in the study of tree diseases and a renowned expert on timber. Though for most of his ca- reer Trifon von Schrenk was only indirectly connected with the Garden,
he took a kindly interest in all its
concerns. For many of the students and the junior members of the staff he became a valued counselor helping them through personal and profession- al crises and widening their horizons in various ways. He was the son of German aristocrats who moved to the United States because of their devotion to democratic principles. Like them he combined pride in his distinguished lineage with constant consideration for his fellow man.
ELA.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15
FLOWERS AND AGRICULTURE
VER since visiting Ethiopia I have been interested in learning more about the role of flowers in African cultures. In Latin America and in India I had found them to have been important since prehistoric times; in Ethiopia their role was a minor one. Recently I had a short visit from a Nigerian who grew up in a village in the Tropical Rain Forest just above the delta on the Niger. He is an in- telligent man, a good observer, who knows English and uses it effectively. According to this informant, flow- ers play a very minor role in native Nigerian culture as he knows it. When one meets with them they are usually due to missionary influence. “When traveling through the country if you began to see flowers cultivated here and there you always knew you were getting close to a mission and_ sure enough there would be a church along the road.” A native child walking along with a bunch of wild flowers was asked why he was doing such an unusual thing. He indicated that he, too, thought it was a strange custom but he was carrying the bunch to his teacher at the mission, “because that’s what she wants.”
Many of the Nigerian tribes are ex- pert plantsmen; it is one of the ancient centers of African agriculture. Vari- ous useful plants such as cassava (tapi- oca) are grown in dooryards as well as in native fields. If flowers are grown among them it is probably for another
purpose. Lantanas, for example, are
quite common around houses but they are planted primarily to help discour- age snakes. The spines they develop under tropical growing conditions are apparently disliked by snakes. Bana- nas, on the contrary, are planted as fer away from the house as possible. Their heavy shade and litter attract snakes, including the poisonous ones.
As I have indicated elsewhere in a more technical paper, the relationships between cultivated plants and flowers need careful study by detailed meth- ods. In the back country in many parts of the world, vegetables, root crops, drug plants, spices, fruits, and flowers for ornament are grown all to- gether in a kind of garden-orchard. Scientists are just now finding their way into the problem. Advance is slow because the work needs to be done with both botanical and ethno- logical precision and the results need to be interpreted by someone com- petent in both fields.
What I learned from this visiting Nigerian is just one fragment; an in- dication of where to look for evidence, rather than evidence itself. However it is from a key area and it agrees with various other fragments in setting up the following hypothesis: There were early centers of agriculture in the Orient and in Latin America in which flowers played an important role. There was an early African center of agriculture where flowers were unim- portant.
EpGarR ANDERSON
16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
NEW FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
SEPTEMBER 1 THROUGH OCTOBER 31
Mrs. Rodowe H. Abeken Mrs. Lydia F. Acker Miss Adeline Ahrens
Miss Rose Marie Algarda Mr. and Mrs.
Charles C. Allen, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Barbee C. Mr. and Mrs.
Marion M. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Andres Mrs. George W. Andrews Mrs. Cecil P. Arnold Mr. and Mrs. Maurice Artstein Mr. and Mrs. Louis E. Astroth Mrs. L. K. Ayers Mr. and Mrs. Lautha C. Ayler Mr. and Mrs. Roland C. Baer, Jr. rand Mrs.
Edward L. Bakewell, Jr.
Mrs. Charlotte Ballman
Mrs. Thelma Bangert
Mr. and Mrs. H Mrs. Richard O. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs.
Allred
Barnhart Albert Barroni
Mr. Sanford Leigh Baum Mrs. Evelyn Becker Mrs. Elmer N. Belew Mrs. Richard J. Bender Mr. and Mrs. Wayne Bennetsen Mr. and Mrs. Oliver A. Berwin Mrs. D. J. Biller Mr. and Mrs. Donald H. Bippen Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth H. Bitting. Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Leslie F. Bond
Mrs. Arthur A. Bonsack
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur F. Bownes Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Breckner Mr. and Mrs. Dan Broida
Mr. and Mrs. Willis Brodhead Mr. and Mrs. Curtis Brostrom Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Brown Miss Marie C. Brown
Mrs. Stella Chaney Brown
Mr. and Mrs. P. Taylor Bryan, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John M. Buckley Mrs. Carolyn S. Burford
Mrs. Jack C. Burke
Mrs. H. T. Bussmann
Mr. and Mrs.
William R. Cady, Jr. Mrs. Francis Cahill Mrs. Dorothy Mayne Campbell
Mr. and Mrs. John E. Cantalin Mr. and Mrs. G. Stephen Carew Miss C. P. Carroll
Mrs. Don Carter
Mr. and Mrs. John G. Clarke Mrs. Gertrude Cohen Mrs. J. H. Cole
Mr. Edgar A. Cook Mrs. Henry M. Cook Rev. and Mrs. Bruce H. Cooke
ceK
. Grant Barngrove
John R. Bartlett, Jr.
Mr. , Mrs. Herbert D. Condie Mrs. J. Cowhey Mr. ae Mrs. Philip M. Craig Mr. and Mrs. William U. Cullinane Mrs. Vito Cusumano Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Cutty Dr. and Mrs. J. W. Daake
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Dallavalle Mr. and Mrs. Donald Danforth, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Jack Darrow Mrs. John W. Davis Mrs. Sidney Davis Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Deal Miss Rosalind M. Dean
Mr. and Mrs. Leo Denny Mr. Firmin Desloge Mr. and Mrs. F. Roger Dierberg
. and Mrs. William H, Dittmann IT
Mrs. C. A. Doerflinger
Mr. and Mrs. Walter A, Donius
Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Doris
Mr. and ae Benjamin Dorlac
Mrs. G. Dorris
Miss W ilma Dosenbach
Mrs. Veronica S. Dougherty
Mr. and Mrs. Edward A.
Dr. and Mrs. Theodore J.
Dubinsky
Dubuque, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Lee M. Duggan Mrs. James M. Dunlap Mr. Arthur A. Dunn, Jr.
Mrs. Willard G. Eakin
Mr. and Mrs. Otis H. Eaton
Mrs. Edwin G. Eigel
Mr. and Mrs. John V. Ellison Mr. and Mrs. Donald C. Elsaesser
Mr. and Mrs. William R. England Miss Gladys Epps
Mrs. R. C. Ermeling
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Fagen
Mr. and Mrs. Harry J. Fahringer Mr. and Mrs. John E. Feldhaus
Mrs. Murray E. Mrs. Richard D. Mr. and Mrs. Dan J. Forrestal, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Franchot Mr. and Mrs. Eugene A. Freund Miss Florence E. Freyermuth Mrs. Libbie Gabby Mrs. Rosebud E. Gaines Mr. and Mrs. Elias S. Gatch Mrs. Elizabeth A. Geary Mr. and Mrs. John C. Gormley Mr. and Mrs. Edward V. Hamilton Mrs. John F. Hardesty Mr. Edwin W. Henderson Mrs. Edna Higbee Mr. and Mrs. John Hoag
Finn Fitzgibbon, Jr.
3 83
ceK 5
Mrs. Karl K. Hoagland Mr. and Mrs. J. Thomas Hurley Mr. and Mrs. George L. Jakle Mr. ~— Mrs. Thomas V. Johnson Mrs. J. Jones Mr. a Mrs. Paul W. Jones Mrs. Harold Kauffman Dr. Masashi Kawaski Dr. and Mrs. William E. Koerner Dr. and Mrs. Henry L. Knock Rev. and Mrs. William H. Laird Mr. W. B. Lane Mrs. Henry F. Langenberg Mrs. J. S. Langenberg Mr. Al Linkogel Mr. and Mrs.
William McBride Love
Mr. and ath Henry Lutz
Mrs. J. C. Macheca
Mr. and Mrs. John C. Meyer Mr. and Mrs. Melbourne Meyers
Miss Sally Milton Mr. and Mrs. Owen H. Mitchell Mr. and Mrs. James Muchmore Mrs. Max S. Muench Miss Alice Nerlich Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Newhard Mr. and Mrs. Wallace L. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Louis W. Riethmann Mr. Walter Ring Mr. and Mrs. Jerome M. Rubenstein Mr. and Mrs. Henry J. Scherck
Oliver, Sr. Robert W. Otto Michael Pulitzer
Mr. and Mrs. R. O. Schultz Mr. and Mrs. Hugh S. Semple Mrs. Elizabeth L. Sheldon
Mr. and Mrs.
Bradford Shinkle, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John M. Shoenberg Mr. and Mrs. George Stemmler Mrs. Herman J. Sternberg Mrs. Anne Davis Streett Mr. and Mrs. James D. Streett Mr. Edgar L. Taylor, Jr. . Ralph A. Teich Mr. and Mrs.
William M. Van Cleve Mr. and Mrs. John K. Wallace Mrs. James F. Wear Colonel James H. Wear, Jr. Mr. and Mrs.
J. Garneau Weld, Jr. Mr. and Mrs.
C. Powell Whitehead Dr. and Mrs. Walter L. Wiedmer Dr. and Mrs. Melvin R. Wilucki Mr. and Mrs.
Donald S. Wohltman
Mr. and Mrs. Philip J. Zipp
8S
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry HiItTCHcock, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
Henry B. Priacer, Second Vice President
Howarp F, Barer CLARENCE C. BARKSDALE
Sam’L. C. Davis
JOHN S. LEHMANN
A. Timon Primo, III
WaRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH Harry E. WuERTENBAECHER, JR.
DupLEY FRENCH, Honorary Trustee
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
James S. MCCLELLAN,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis
GeEorGE L. CapIGAN, Bishop, Diocese of Missouri
THomas H. E ror, Chancellor, Washington University
RAYMOND R. TuckKER, Mayor, City of St. Louis
STRATFORD LEE Morton, President, Academy of Science of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs. Lee I. Niedringhaus, President, Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr., First Vice President, Mrs. John H. Hayward, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer, Kathleen M. Miller, Executive Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, Carl F. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
GARDEN STAFF
Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants Paut A. Koni, Floriculturist
Watter H. Lewis, Director of the Herbarium
F. R. McMaru, Rosarian Louts G. BRENNER, Grounds . ? Foreman VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS. Research Associate
CLARENCE Barpre, Instructor
ErNEsT Brsee, Horticulturist
LApIsLAus CuTAk, Greenhouse Superintendent KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor
Hueu C. Cutter, Curator of Useful Plants Grorce H,. Princ, Superintendent
: Emeritus
Joun D. Dwyer. Research Associate
OweEN J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
Watpo G. FEcHNER, Secretary of Board J : . and Controller FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of
: the Arboretum, Gray Summit
RayMOND FREEBORG. Research Associate , : : :
GeorGceE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and
James Hampton, Chief Engineer Curator of Grasses
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- mented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. ‘The Main Gate, display and growing green- houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s from 9:00 A. M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Clima- tron stays open until 7:00 P. M. and on Saturdays, April through October, as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day
and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthe- mums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
r r r
January 1965 Volume LIII Number 1
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN |
oe lletis
BBY BN B/N Bye B/ BN BY BN B/N 87 BV B/ a B/N 27 BY gly w\ BY BB aN 87 B\B/ a B/N B//p\ B 5( a\8/ a\3/ ah 8y ah P/a\ 87 aN A/ ah8/ aN Ea A/ ah B/ ah 8/87 A/a 27 a2 aR AAR AA aa BW 8/ a 87 ah 8/2 aN By aN it aN 87 2087 aN 87 aNBY/ wh By. g\B/ gh Bf aN B/ BN8/ BN B/N 87 a 37 N87 aN 8/4 3/ g\8/ ah 27 aN 87 QB ahah B/ ah BZ a\ By ah Bf ah 87 aN 8/aN B/N B/ aN / eh 27g ah aN 87 ah 87 a 8/ g\ 87 N27 aN 87 aN 8/ aN 8/ aN 8/ g/g / a\ 87 aN 8/ aN 87 aN 87 aN B/ aN B/ aA a 37 NB a\ 8/ a 8/ aN 27 a 8/ ah 27 2/ aN 37 a\8/ aN 2/ ah 27 WN 87/ wh 3/ aN B/N BZN B/N 2/ BN 27 a8 a 2/7 ah 37 ah B/N 8/ a8 aN 87 aN 87 aN 8/ aN B/N / g\ 3/87 aN 8/ BN 87 aN 87 WN 8/ aN 2 wh 2 (a 8/ a 3/ 94 3/ 2/\8/a\8/a\8/a\ 8/9 aE aN 87 ah 8/9 F s\afa\a/a\2/a\ 27 a\ 3 Bf a\ Aa a/ aN 87 27 N87 \ 87 a\8/ ah 8/y a\2/ a\2/ a 27 ah 5 a\/2/a\2/a\2/ aN 2/243 27 \8/a\8/a\3/ : 2/8/87 \8/ a F/ a aNd B87 a 87 aX 3 a\2/a\2/ a\2/a\ 27 a\ 3 Nc a, ann : ela w\ Dah e/ a\ 27 BefWavare\ oo = af a\2/A8/ aN a7 aN? apa earakty = 2 £5 og ae ah eran P/ Rta nn a nn eC eo Oc. sivefwafeyee 5 Sx 3 Zs 2 — BAehedah Saher whey eXBAaN RaW B/ aN bani Es2ZE £ hatwerledwedny 37 e\ 87X27 a\3/ bE FEES ec EB ahB eRe a\E/ a\P/ af B87 aN 87 2h F< PEPE SES 2s whiehe/ahera\iye\s 27 a\8/a\ 37 a\2/ SER EL Z EES EE wlahetaheraha eyes e\8/ a\2/ a7 9\ P2252 FF 27S FE wWatave/ala/avarae B/a\8/a\2/ a\8/ PEE EEE EEE 23 — wAahetaherahay ayer a\3/ a\2/ a\ 8/24 a\2/ a\8/ aN 8/237 ah?
BA aN BA BN BB BY BBY BN BY BN B/ a\ B/N BY BN By aN BY BN BY aN B/ BBY BN 87 BN BY BV BY aX B/ aA BY BNA BAB RNB aA B/N B/ BN BARN B/N BARN B/ BNA aN B/ NPN E/N PA BNB/ AABN PZB BBA PA aN By ah B/ a\ BY BV By B87 BV 7 BN BBV BBV BSN B/ BBY BNA) BN BY BV BY BB Bh B/ Bh By BA BY § Bh ABN B/ BN BBA B/N B/ BN BY BN B/N B/E AA BN AZ BN BZ BN BY BN AZ BN B/N BABB BN AZ BN Bf aN 87 aN BA BN BL BV BY BN BY BNE BN BA aN Sma BY BNR RBZ BN 7 BN BBY BY BN BY VB BY N87 BZ NF / aN 7 N87 aN B/ aN 87 gh 27 Bf aN B/N B/ N87 BN B/ ah B/W B/ aN #7 ah 8/ BA Bf BW By7/ gy) Bl By Bl B/ BW By7/ Bl) BW B/ BW a7 BN By BWV BW a BN By BV Wa BN B/N By Bla
Do You NEED A DOGHOUSE OR PORTABLE GREENHOUSE?
THe Garden has one of each for sale, no longer in use here but still in good condition. For details call our Engineer, Mr. James Hampton, at TO 5-0440.
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri. Editor: EpGar ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a vear.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois,
under Act of March 3, 1879.
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LIII No. 1
Bulletin
January 1965
POINSETTIA PREVIEW FOR FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Glas preview of the Poinsettia Show was held from 5:30 to 7:30 on Friday, December 4th, and was well attended in spite of a cold wave and slightly hazardous driving. Starting in a small way the Poinsettia Shows have gradually been developed into a major display. The pink-flowered ones were massed by themselves on the upper terrace, the star-like ECKr’s WHITE was grouped under the _ bal- cony so that on entering one’s im- pression of the show as a whole was of red and green. In designing the show Mr. Paul Kohl, the Floriculturist, had made clever use of an unusual new variety, FLAMING SPHERE, whose flower heads are a spiraling mass of red but whose basal leaves are more odd than attractive. By veiling these with old iron benches and using large specimen plants set close together, he created brilliant masses of red at either
side of the display. Large white urns with graceful plants of English holly served as foils for the poinsettias.
The preview was arranged and car- ried out by the Executive Board of the Friends and the evening had a kind of holiday friendliness. Guests were greeted by members of the Exec- utive Board and their Hospitality Committee and members of the Gar- den staff were on hand to answer ques- tions. A group of young women selected by the Junior Committee assisted with the refreshments and helped everyone feel at home in the big greenhouse.
The Poinsettia Show will continue through January 10th. There will be preview parties limited to Friends of Shaw’s Garden for the Orchid Show on February 5th and for the Easter Flower Show on April 2nd.
CER SD
CLEVELAND AVENUE GATE CLOSED WEEKENDS
In an effort to reduce vandalism the gate at Cleveland Avenue and Tower
Grove Avenue will be closed at sunset and on Saturdays and Sundays, except during those hours when there are scheduled meetings in the Museum Build-
ing. New lamp-posts at the north edge of the entrance plaza to the Museum
now illuminate all this area for those attending these meetings.
(1)
bo
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
LAD CUTAK’S TWO BOOKS ABOUT CACTI
(bis who have heard Ladislaus Cutak, our Greenhouse Superin- tendent, lecture know that he com- bines a detailed knowledge of wild and cultivated cacti with an inborn friend- liness and a good sense of humor. His books are like his lectures and though they have been on the market for some time they are still in demand at our Information Center at the Main Gate. The liveliest of the two is designed for readers who have never looked
carefully at a plant. It is a paperback
A ST. LOUIS PREMIERE,
LANS have moved rapidly forward for the St. Louis Premiére of My Fair Lady for the benefit of the Gar- den at the Ambassador Theatre on Thursday, January 21st. In one sense this will be a sort of homecoming for those interested in the Garden. The original site of Mr. Shaw’s city resi- dence was just across Locust Street from where the theatre now stands. After his death it was moved out to the Garden to form the nucleus of the Administration Building. From the side windows of the handsome old room shown in the accompanying plate one would have looked down at the corner where celebrities and ticket holders will enter over the traditional red carpet on the evening of January 2 Ist. The three Project Chairmen for the event are (in alphabetical order) Mrs.
of 110 pages: Cactus Personified (Laughs with Facts), $2.00. Waild- crafter Publications, 1001 N. 13th Street, Terre Haute, Ind. Its illus- trated keys have somewhat the aspect of a comic strip but they will work even in the hands of a beginner.
His much more comprehensive book is bound in cloth and includes advice on growing cacti in the home and Cactus Guide. $3.95, D. Van Nostrand, Princeton, 134 pp.
EAs
greenhouse: a
THE 1965 PROJECT
Joseph H. Hayward, and Mrs. Sidney M. Shoen-
Bascom, Mrs. John’ H.
berg, Jr. Working under them are a number of very active committees. Those who contribute fifty dollars or more for a ticket are known as ‘“‘An- gels Unlimited.” A special committee under the chairmanship of Mrs. John H. Hayward is promoting this fea- ture: Mrs. Robert C. Corley, Mrs. Arthur H. Feuerbacher, Mrs. Harry S. Kramer, Jr., Mrs. Russell E. Lortz, Mrs. Austin P. Leland, Mrs. James Lee Johnson, Mrs. William Lee Polk, Mrs. Joel A. Rogers, Mrs. Thomas S. Hall, Mrs. Edward F. Schweich, Mrs. Wil- liam J. Richert, Mrs. Donald Dan- forth, Mrs. Harry E. Papin, Jr., Mrs. Virgil Lipscomb and Mrs. William Blanke.
A similar committee for “Patrons” ($25.00 per ticket) is under the
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3
chairmanship of Mrs. Joseph H. Bas- com: Mrs. M. M. Jenks, Mrs. Robert Meyer, Mrs. Henry Keeler, Jr., Mrs. Joseph Werner, Jr., Mrs. Neal Wood, Mrs. James Alfring, Mrs. Jerome Kircher, Mrs. John Christian, Mrs. Girard Brownlow, Jr., Mrs. William Cunliff, Mrs. Donald Emigh, Mrs. D. S. Plumb, and Mrs. Edwin S. Jones. Other committees and their chair- men (or co-chairmen as the case may
be) are: Advisory, Mrs. Lee I. Nied-
ringhaus; Arrangements, Mrs. Samuel D. Soule: Decorations, Mrs. E. R. Cul- ver, Jr., and Mrs. Ir A. Stevens; Cor- porations, Mrs. T. Randolph Potter; Ticket Sales, Mrs. Campbell Alexander, Mrs. H. C. Grigg, Mrs. Robert Hannon and Mrs. William E. Vesser; Finance, Mrs. Sidney Shoenberg, Jr.;
Hospitality, Mrs. Albert — Blanke,
Jr.; Juniors, Mrs. Thomas Collins, Jr.;
Publicity, Mrs. Edward Bakewell,
Jr., and Mrs. Douglas D. Remmers.
Final Decisions. Left to right: Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr., First Vice President, and Mrs. Lee I. Niedringhaus, President of the Women’s Executive Board of the Friends of the Garden, discuss the program for the premicre of My Fair Lady with Mr. Henry Hitchcock,
President of the Board of Trustees, and Enterprises.
Edward B. Arthur, President of Arthur
PHOTO BY ARTHUR FILLMORI
+ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
JANUARY TASKS ELEANOR B. McCLURE
ANUARY is the season for fireside J gardening: reading good books, thumbing through those fascinating catalogues, and making plans for the coming year. Just a little thought and foresight at this time can pay big dividends later on.
A fine way to start the new year is by starting a garden log or record book. It need not be large or elab- orate, for even sketchy records can serve as a guide from season to season.
What to record in the garden log? First of all, a duplicate list of those seed and plant orders. Ample space should be left beside each item for data to be added as the season pro- gresses: planting dates, time and length of bloom or harvest, and a record of over-all performance. In- formation about feeding and spraying can also prove helpful for future ref- erence.
A second important step at this time is to evaluate the entire planting, viewing it with a really critical eye. Incidentally, it is much easier to do this now, while trees and shrubs are bare of foliage. Check to see whether each tree, shrub and evergreen con- tributes to the over-all effect—or that at least it performs some desirable function. Gardeners are often reluc- tant to discard “‘scrubbery”’ that has outlived its usefulness, yet often it is best for the garden to dig up and dis- pose of such plants.
Often it is wise to eliminate un- sightly ‘“‘weed trees’—usually elms
and maples—that have poor form and
branching. They may also be robbing nearby roses or other flowers of light, air, food, and moisture.
After taking inventory of garden assets and liabilities, it is a good idea to make a plan of the entire property, drawn to scale (four feet to one inch is a convenient ratio). Ruled graph paper will make it easier to map the area, but a large sheet of brown wrap- ping paper will serve the purpose. Be sure to include existing buildings, walks and drives, as well as the plant- ings.
After a careful study of this plan, sketch in possible changes or new plantings, including such desirable im- provements as walks, terraces, walls, Don’t be afraid
Sometimes it’s
or garden features. of radical proposals. best to tear up old walks or poorly built terraces and get a fresh start in one or more specific parts of the garden.
The plan, of course, should aim at ultimate convenience and beauty, even though there may be a definite limit to the extent of improvements that can be made in a single year. Gar- deners who work from a sound long- range plan can and often do have the satisfaction of achieving truly re- markable goals.
Once the long-range plan is decided on, it will be time to designate the plantings and = other improvements feasible for the current year. As a rule, it is best to concentrate on one or two small areas at a time and do a
thorough job with them. In this way,
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
it will be possible to see gratifying results almost immediately. In un- happy contrast, those gardeners who stretch time and effort, doing a little bit here and a little bit there, are usually disappointed. And_ inciden- tally, the scattered plantings that re- sult from this method are usually more difficult to maintain.
In considering his long-range plan, the gardener should give much thought to plant selection, where possible favoring those plants that will grow well in this mid-Mississippi Valley area. Horticulturally, we have a very difficult climate that subjects vegeta- tion to extremes of heat and cold. Escalating temperatures in the winter months may lead to days of balmy weather, followed by a sudden sharp freeze, with another warm spell right on its heels. Droughts may occur in any season, accompanied by desiccat- ing winds. High night temperatures in summer make it difficult to grow annuals, perennials, and roses. And during the hot weather, bluegrass goes on a sit-down strike, so that this re- gion is often called the “heart of the crabgrass belt.”
Such weather hazards have an im- portant bearing on plans and deci- sions, and the wise gardener who is looking for trees and shrubs that are reliably hardy hereabouts will surely consult helpful nurserymen, as well as the Hardiness Zone Map of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
One planning detail that should not be left to chance is deciding on the most favorable location for each plant. For example, various types of junipers
are tolerant evergreens that resist
drought and thrive in baking sun, but they do not grow well in the shade or on a northern exposure. Roses need a sunny spot, as well as freedom from competition with roots of nearby trees, and they appreciate good air circula- tion.
On the other hand, azaleas and rhododendrons that will thrive on a northern or eastern exposure may suf- fer winter injuries if planted to the south or west. Although Magnolia grandiflora is of marginal hardiness in this area, it may grow very well on the north side of a building, where it is protected from winter sun. A good rule of thumb in deciding on plant location: study the spot first, and then look for plants that will grow happily there.
Thus the vagaries of our climate in- evitably affect garden planning and design. Since there may be extensive plant losses in periods of unfavorable weather, it is better to use groupings of plants than to depend on formally clipped hedges, where the loss of even one or two individual plants may spoil the whole effect.
When making a symmetrical door- way planting, be sure to select hardy evergreens that will tolerate clipping and shearing. It is a real chore to keep a pair of plants growing at a uniform rate. On the whole, it is better to plan for balance rather than absolute symmetry in the garden. An informal, naturalized planting is the most trouble-free of all.
While “gardening on paper” might be termed the task of the month, there is also an outdoor chore worthy
5f attention. It is wise at this season
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
to check and see whether everything in the garden has adequate winter pro- tection. If discarded Christmas trees are still available, the boughs might be placed on top of the mulch around roses, perennials, and small evergreens. Large branches (or even whole Christ- mas trees) can be thrust into the ground to make a screen for taller plants. The boughs, which admit plenty of light and air, tend to temper the wind and shade without smother- ing.
Evergreens in the foundation plant-
ing may need help during periods of
loose, dry snow can be removed by gently lifting and shaking the branch- es. Care is needed, for they may be very brittle.
As a protection from avalanches of snow from the roof, tie small yews or junipers with a rope, spiraling it from the base to the tip. Remove it, of course, as soon as the danger is past.
Snow from walks and drives should never be shoveled onto nearby plants. Instead of using salt on paved areas, try a sprinkling of chemical fertilizer, or use sand, sawdust or wood ashes—
materials that are not injurious to
heavy snowfall.
FLOWER SHOW SCHEDULE
Through January 10 January 17-31 February 5 February 7-28 March 7-21 March 27-28 April 2
April 4-25
May 2-9
May 15-16
May 29-30
May 30—June 27 July-August July 10
August 7-8 September 4—12 September 18-19 September 25—26—27 October 16-17 November 5 November 7-28 December 3
December 5—January 9
An accumulation of
plants.
1965
Poinsettia Show
Primrose Show
Orchid Show Preview
Orchid Show
Tulip Show
African Violet Show Easter—Spring Flower Show Preview Easter-Spring Flower Show
Lady Washington Geraniums
St. Louis Horticultural Society’s Spring Rose Show
Hydrangea Show Caladiums—Gloxinias
Day Lily Show (Hemerocallis) Illinois Gladiolus Society Show Henry Shaw Cactus Society Show Harvest Show
Dahlia Show
Allied Florists Show Chrysanthemum Show Preview Chrysanthemum Show
Poinsettia Show Preview
Poinsettia Show
Flower Show
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
WHAT'S
oe GARDEN is indeed the crea- KJ? tion of Henry Shaw. He not only developed and endowed it but for the first thirty years of its existence (1859-1889) he selected and super- vised its staff, he kept its accounts, he was in everything except the actual title, its first Director.
When he modestly chose the official name of “The Missouri Botanical Gar- den” he created a problem which be- comes increasingly troublesome. This title leads people to assume that the Garden gets support from the State of Missouri. I¢ does not. State or local taxes pay no part in our operations. We derive no funds even indirectly from the State of Missouri or the City of St. Louis.
N
IN A NAME
The cost of operating the Garden and its Arboretum are budgeted to the income from Mr. Shaw’s estate, the contributions of the Friends of the Garden, special funds raised by gar- den clubs, from Climatron admissions, an occasional bequest and from mis- cellaneous gifts.
Every increase in the cost of living makes it that much more difhcult to operate the Garden. We cannot look forward to an increase in appropria- tions from the City or the State. We have no such appropriations! This is why the funds coming to us from the Friends of the Garden or those left us as bequests are so important. They
are our only shield against inflation.
TREE LABELING BY THE MEN’S GARDEN CLUBS OF THE MIDWEST REGIONAL COUNCIL
One of the many ways in which the Garden has been helped by the
Men’s Garden Clubs of the St. Louis area during the last 12 years has been oO @
in their providing display labels for our trees and shrubs.
Under the
leadership of Mr. Arthur Krueger appropriate wooden and metal labels have
been designed and installed. Keeping the labels in place in spite of weather,
vandalism, and the growth of the tree itself is a never ending job. The
following report by Mr. Arthur Krueger on the work done last November
will give some idea of the time and attention the project requires, as well
as indicating the atmosphere of good fellowship with which the work
proceeded.
N November 13th a telephone call from Dr. Cutler started things going on replacing missing labels, fix-
ing broken wires, and such other tasks
|e
as were necessary to rectify the broken and missing labels. It was arranged for us to start on November 18th but
we were snowed and rained out so
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
when Mr. Rodes Clark, a member of the Richmond Heights Club, and I, arrived at the Garden we each put in two hours building ladders and getting out the wires and signs to be ready for our second visit.
The next nice day was November 24th. Charlie Walter, Secretary of the Men’s Garden Club of Webster Groves, and I, arrived at the Garden, went over all the 40 trees along the Tree Trail, and others that were close by. In all we put on 25 new wires, straightened up about 16 signs, which consumed 6 hours. The next nice day was November 27th. Charles Burkett, Elbert Dean and I, members of the Men’s Garden Club of Webster Groves, again came to the Garden and at this time we covered four-fifths of the trees in Shaw’s Garden. Charles Bur- kett installed 38 new wires, Elbert Dean 40 new wires, Arthur Krueger 30. On December 9th, Dean, Bur- kett, a new man, Earl W. Hobbs of the Webster Groves club, and I placed 18 more hangers and _ straightened many labels finishing the job for 1964. So all told a total of 151 new wires
were installed where necessary, along with 10 complete new signs.
Two of the men, the first time they ever appeared on this project, were very much delighted in doing it and were pleased to find out how interest- ing and educational it was. An inter- esting thing I learned was that one of our fastest growing trees is the syca- more tree. These trees grow com- pletely over the wire that is attached to the signs. I observed that when one of the wires on the signs was broken, the wind would twirl the sign completely around and eventually the remaining wire broke and the sign fell to the ground.
In making our inspection of the trees, we came upon a number that were in bad condition and marked for removal. In these cases we removed the labels and located other good, liv- ing specimens and attached the labels to them.
We all enjoyed participating in this worthwhile project and lunch at the Garden and several coffee breaks added to our pleasure.
ARTHUR KRUEGER
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MEMBERS
A
Mr. Lester M. Abbott Mrs. Rodowe H. Abeken Walter EK. Abell, M.D. Dr. and Mrs. Morris Abrams Mrs. Elmer D. Abramson Mrs. Lydia F, Acker Mr. and Mrs. Frank Ackerman Mrs. Lester Ackerman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs.
Philip G. Ackermann Mr. Claude C. Adams Mr. Wilbur C. Adams Mr. and Mrs. Walter Adderton Mrs. Anna Aderholt
Mr. and Mrs. John C, Adolf, Jr.
Dr. Helen M. Aff
Affton Garden Club Mr. Samuel Aftergut Dr. and Mrs. Robert C, Ahlvin Miss Adeline Ahrens Mrs. William M. Akin Mr. and Mrs. Gabriel Alberici Mr. and Mrs. Mack A. Aldrich Alexander & Sons, Inc. Mrs. Campbell P. Alexander Mrs. R. G. Alexander Mr. and Mrs.
Sterling J. Alexander Mr. and Mrs. James G. Alfring Miss Rose Marie Algarda Mr. and Mrs. Ben Allen Mr. and Mrs.
Charles C. Allen, Jr.
THROUGH NOVEMBER 1964
Mr. and Mrs.
Charles Chaflin Allen Mrs. Clifford B, Allen Mr. Edmund T, Allen Dr. and Mrs. Henry C, Allen Leonora Allen Mr. and Mrs. Norris H. Allen Miss Elizabeth Alles Mr. and Mrs. George Alles Mr. and Mrs. Barbee C. Allred All States Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Allwardt Dr. and Mrs. J. P. Altheide Mr. A. W. Altvater Mrs. Donald H. Altvater Mrs. Vern Ambach Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Amberg
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Miss Jaquelin Ambler Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Mr. and Mrs.
Clarence B. Anderson Mrs. J. Carl Anderson Mr. and Mrs.
Lynden E. Anderson Mr. and Mrs.
Marion M. Anderson Mrs. W. FF. Anderson Miss Laura Andreas Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Andres Mrs. D. C. Andrews Mrs. Demitrius Andrews Mrs. George W. eal Mrs. Lewis T. App Mr. and Mrs. W ee a Arbeiter Mr. and Mrs. Edward F. Arkes Mr. John H. Armbruster rs. Alaine M. Arndt Dr. and Mrs. A. N. Arneson rs. Cecil P. Arnold Mr. Sanford M. Arnold Mr. H. N. Arnstein rs. Walter W. Arpe Mr. and Mrs. Robert N. Arthur Mr. and Mrs. Maurice Artstein Mr. and Mrs. Edwin G. Asche Mr. and me William C. Ashby Mr. Ralph Astorian Pate y. Ww. Astroth Mr. and Mrs, Louis E. rs. Louis M. Atha Miss Melba E. Aufderheide Mr. Newell A. Augur Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Augustine Mr. and Mrs. Howard G. Ault Mr. and Mrs. John R. Averill
Anders
Astroth
; and Mrs. ae Duin C. Ayler s. Philip L. Azar
B
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Bach Mr. and Mrs. W. N. Bachman rs. Oscar W. Bachmann Mr. and Mrs. Blythe Baebler Mr. Arthur B. Baer Mr. F. Bert Baer Mrs. H. M. Baer Mrs. Mary E. Baer Mrs. Roland C, Baer Mr. and Mrs. Roland C. Baer, Jr. Mrs. Antoinette O. Bailey Mr. John C. Baine Mr. Donald J. Baker Mrs. Kenneth C. Baker Mrs. Claude Bakewell Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr. Mrs. Paul Bakewell, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John Ballak Mr. and Mrs. John F. Ballak Mrs. Charlotte Ballmann Mr. Thomas E. Ballowe Mrs. H. H. Balsiger Mrs. Thelma Bangert Mr. Loren W. Bannister Mr. and Mrs. F. A. Barada Mr. Cecil E. Barber Mr. Clarence Barbre Mrs. B. A. Bard Mrs. Carl C. Bardenheier Mr. and Mrs. John E. Bardenheier Mr. A. J. Bardol Mrs. Neil L. Barham Mrs. Clarence M. Barksdale Mr. and Mrs. T. Ellis Barnes, IT Mr. and Mrs. Charles C. Barnett, Jr. Mr. Sam F. Barnett Mr. and Mrs. H. Grant Barngrove
Mrs. Richard O. Barnhart Mr. Francis Barnidge Mr. and Mrs. David Baron Barrett Garden Club Miss Jane S. Barrie Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H. Barriger Mr. and Mrs. Albert W. Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Bartlett, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. John R. Bartlett, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Harmon J. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas C,. Barton, Jr. Mrs. Calvin P. Bascom Mrs. Charles E. Bascom Mr. Joseph H. Bascom Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom Miss Mary Elizabeth Bascom Mr. and Mrs. Wm. R. Bascom Mr. and Mrs. Dudley B. Batchelor Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Bates Mrs. Roland Bauer Mr. and Mrs. Herman O. Bauermeister Mrs. Albert H. Baum Mr. Sanford Leigh Baum Mr. Carl S. Bauman Mr. and Mrs. G. Duncan Bauman Mr. and Mrs. Walter Baumgarten, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Baumstark Mrs. Andrew H. Baur Miss Dorothy Beach Mrs. Helen F. Bear Mr. and Mrs. Ferris P. Beardsley Mr. Ronald Beasley Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Beatty
Barroni
Barton, Jr.
Mrs. W. T. Beauchamp Mr. and Mrs. David J. Beaver Mrs. Helen Bebie
Dr. and Mrs. Bernard Becker
Mrs. Evelyn Becker
Mrs. John H. Becker
Mrs. Ralph C. Becker
Mr. R. Clark Becker
Mr. Wm. C. E. Becker
Mr. and Mrs. William R. Becker Mr. Walter A. Beckers
Leona J. Beckman
Mr. and Mrs. William S. Bedal Bedtord Oaks Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. Ray H. Bedwell Mr. L. W. Beer
Mr. and Mrs. L. N. Beeson Mr. and Mrs. Shar Begeman Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Beggs
Beiderwieden luner I Home, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Elmer N. Belew Mrs. Charles Belknap
Miss Alice A. Bell
Bellerive Acres Garden Club
Mrs. Henry Belz Henry Belz, III Mr. and Mrs. J. Miss Bess Belzer Mr. and Mrs. Oliver J. Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Bender
-s. Richard J. Bender
Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Benert
. Richard W. Bennet
Mr. and Mrs. Wayne Bennetsen Mrs. R. Hl. Bennett
. and Mrs. Howard L. Benton Dr. and Mrs. Leonard Berg
Mr. and Mrs. Nathan C. Berger Mr. W. C. Berkimeyer
Prof. Matthew Bernatsky
Mrs. Eric Bernays
Miss Nina Kk. Bernd
Mrs. Gertrude Bernoudy
Hlerman Belz
Belzer
Mr. and Mrs. A. Berry Mr. Fred F. Berry, Sr. Mrs. Wendell Berry Mr. and Mrs.
Rowland T. Berthotf Mr. and Mrs. Oliver A. Berwin Mrs. Arnin C. Beste
Better Garden Clubs of
Greater St. Louis Mr. and Mrs.
William J. Beukema Mrs. Charles M. Bieger Mr. Henry S. Bieniecki Mr. and Mrs. Lonnie Bierman Mrs. William H. Biggs Miss Betty Bilgere Mr. and Mrs. D. J. Biller Miss Joan C. Billing Mr. and Mrs. Den H. Bippen Mrs. ys J. Bircher Mrs. Julian Birk Mr. aa Mrs. Emil O. Birkner Mr. and Mrs. Edward G. Bischoff Mr. and Mrs. Harry S. Bischoff Miss Beulah V. Bishop Dr. and Mrs. G. H. Bishop Mr. and Mrs.
egg es H. Bitting, Jr. Mrs. W. H. Bixby Mrs. Guedes G. Black Mr. and Mrs. Dan Blackburn Jasper Blackburn Corporation Mrs. Oliver Blackington Black Jack Garden Club Mr. and Mrs.Rene J. Blaes Mr. Russell K. Blaine Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Blair Mrs. Vilray Blair, Jr. Mr. C. D. Blake Mr. and Mrs. Leonard W. Blake Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Bland Mrs. Adela Blank Mr. and Mrs.
Albert G. Blanke, Jr. Mrs. Harry E. Blanke Mr. and Mrs. Henry Blatt Mr. and Mrs. William F. Blecha Dr. and Mrs. Virgil Bleisch Mr. Richard H. Blocher Dr. and Mrs. Arnold S. Block Mr. and Mrs, Frank Block Mrs. Alden S. Blodget, Jr. Mrs. Erwin E. Bloss Blue Bell Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Fred J. Blum Mr. and Mrs.
John A. Blumenfeld Mrs. Selden Blumenfeld Mrs. H. T. Blumenthal Mr. Frank C. Blumeyer Miss Emma J. Bobb Mr. Walter Bode Mr. and Mrs. Warren Boecklen Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Boehm Mr. Frank J. Boehm Mrs. Elsie D. Boehrer Mrs. Lucie V. Boesch Miss Caroline Boeschenstein Mr. and Mrs.
Edward X. Boeschenstein Mr. and Mrs. C. K. Boeschenstein Mr. and Mrs.
A. F. Boettcher, Jr.
Mr. Arthur F. Boettcher
Mr. John M. Bogdanor
Mr. and Mrs. Wilterd Bohley Mr. and Mrs. Chas. W. Bolan Mr. and Mrs. Albert W. Bolay Mr. and Mrs. Arthur D. Bond Dr. and Mrs. Leslie F. Bond Mr. and Mrs. Russell Bond Mrs. Arthur A. Bonsack
Mr. and Mrs.
William A. Borders Miss Dorothy Borgers
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mrs. John Bormann Mr. and Mrs. John J. Bosko Dr. and Mrs. D. S. Bottom Miss Marjorie H. Boulton Miss Helena Bounk Mrs. Oliver K. Bovard Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Bowersox Mrs. John M. Bowlin Mrs. Wm. Glasgow Bowling Mrs. Elmer F. Bowman Miss Helen O. age an Mr. and Mrs. W. Bowman Mr. and Mrs. pete I’. Bownes Miss Helen E. Boyd Mr. and Mrs.
Ingram F. Boyd, Jr. Mrs. John C. Boyd Mr. and Mrs.
Robers Web b Boyd, ts Mr. and Mrs. ;
Robert W. Boyd, Sr.
Mrs. W. W. Boyd
Mrs. Harry B. Boyer
Miss Rose Josephine Boylan Mr. and Mrs. John A. Boyle Mr. and Mrs. Hiram Boyles Miss Evelyn M. Braden Miss Betty Ann Bradley
Dr. F. R. Bradley
Mr. Harry E. Bradley
Mrs. Richens C. Bradley Mr. G. Br adshz Ww
Mr. mae M. Branch, Jr. Mrs. Edna C, Branch
Mrs. O. W. Br andhorst
Mr. and Mrs. | A. Brandon Dr. and Mrs. R. Brandt Mrs. Pete Brant
Mrs. Oliver Branneky
Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Brauner Mr. and Mrs.
Buford L. Brauninger Mr. Len J. Bray Mr. and Mrs. John E. Brazee Mr. and Mrs. Donn Brazier Miss Ruth A. Breckenridge Mr. and Mrs.
Kenneth D. Breckner Mr. and Mrs.
John F. Bredehoeft Brentwood Garden Club 1 Brentwood Garden Club 4 Mrs. B. M. Brewster Mr. James ¢ Pg Dr. and Mrs. E. M. Bricker Dr. and Mrs. Neal S. Bricker Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Briner Mrs, Harry Brinkop . J. W. Bristow Mr. and Mrs. Paul H. Britt Mrs. Madelaine L. Brock Mr. and Mrs. Harry C. Brockhoff Mrs. Loren T. Brockman Mr. Siegfried E. Brockmann Mr. and Mrs. John Brodhead, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Willis Brodhead Mrs. Saul Brodsky Miss Harriet A. Broeker Mrs. E. W. Broemmelsiek Mr. and Mrs. Dan Broida Mr. A. Brokaw Miss Clara Bromeyer Dr. and Mrs. Shael S. Bronson Mr. and Mrs. R. C. Brooke H. S. Brookes, M.D.
Miss Bernice Brookman
Miss Dorothy Brookman
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bronstein Mr. and Mrs. Curtis Brostron Dr. and Mrs. David H. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Ellis L. Brown Mrs. Glenda Brown
Mrs. G. Brown
Mrs. Howard Brown
Miss Marie C. Brown Mrs. Stella Chaney Brown Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Brown, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. W. W. Brown Mr. and Mrs. T. James Brownlee Mrs. R. 1. Brumbaugh Mr. and Mrs. a jee T. Brunette Dr. and Mrs. E. G. Brungard Mrs. Erwin ee Mrs. Henry Bry Mr. and Mrs.
P. Taylor Bryan, Jr. Mrs. Herbert E. Bryant Mr. and Mrs. Ray Buchan
Mr. and Mrs. a W. Buchanan Mr. and Mrs. i Buchanan Mr. and Mrs. Ww. Buck, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. ae M. Buckley
Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Budde Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H. Buder Mr. and Mrs. G. A. Buder, Jr. Miss Lily Buder
Mr. and Mrs. Osear FE. Buder Mr. W. E. Buder
Miss Norma Buehler
Mrs. Wm. Buenger
Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Buettner
Mrs. John Buettner Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Buhrmaster Dr. Harold A. Bulger Mrs. Richard A. Bullock Mr. and Mrs. Earl Bumiller Mr. Robert A. Burdett Mrs. Carolyn S. Burford Mr. Stephen A. Burhenne Mrs. Jack C. Burke Mrs. E. G. Burkham Dr. and Mrs. Edward W. Burkhart Martha L. Burkhart Mr. and Mrs. Raymond E. Burlew, Sr. Mrs. Louis Burlingh: um Mr. Adolph Burmeister Mr. and Mrs. Robert FE. Burns Dr. Harry C. Burrus, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Robert Burstein Mr. John G. Burton Mrs. Adolphus Busch Mr. and Mrs. August Busch, Jr. Mrs. Harold J. Busch Mr. and Mrs. F. J. Bush, Jr.
Mr. Arthur J. Busse
Mrs. H. T. Bussmann, Sr.
Mr. Jack G. Butler
Mr. John P. Butler
Mrs. L. W. Butler
Mr. and Mrs. James I. Byerly Cc
Rev. George L. Cadigan
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. William R. Cady, Jr.
Mrs. rr sins R. Cahill
Mrs. EF. Caldwell Mr. and cris Melvin L. Mrs. John W. Calhoun Dr. Delevan Calkins Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Camel Mrs. Dorothy Mayne Campbell Mrs. Ralph B. Campbell Mr. James M. Canavan Mr. W. L. Canfield Mr. and Mrs. William Cann Dr. and Mrs. Edward M. Cannon Mr. and Mrs. John KF. Cantalin Capitol Hills Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. G. Stephen Carew Mr. and Mrs. E. Herbert Carlson Esther Carlson Mrs. Jean-Jacques Carnal Mr. and Mrs.
Clarkson Carpenter, Jr.
Philip B. Cady
Caldwell
Dr. and Mrs. James Barrett Brown Mrs. Fred Green Carpenter
Mrs. R. W.
Mr. Claude EF, Carr
Miss Louise Carr
Miss Margaret Carr
Mrs. Peyton T. Carr
Miss C. P. Carroll
Dr. and Mrs, Hampton L. Carson Mr. and Mrs. Wm. G. B. Carson Mrs. Don Carter
Mr. and Mrs. T. L. Casey
Mr. and Mrs. B. Houston Caskie Catalina Garden Club
Mrs. John R, Caulk, Jr.
Cavalier African Violet ( ‘lub Mr. and Mrs. Eldred A. Cayce Mrs. Charles J. Cella
Miss Janet B. Cert
Dr. Peter Chacharonis
Mrs. Gerome Chambers
Mrs. Albert Chandler
Mrs. Warren T. Chandler
Mrs. John N. Chapin
Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Charak
Dr. Ben. H. Charles, HI
Mr. William Charles
Mr. and Mrs. William H. Charles Charm Song African Violet Club Dr. Raymond M. Charnas
Mrs. Jacob Chasnott
Mr. Edward G. Cherbonnier
Mr. and Mrs.
Clarence W. Cherry
Mrs. + T. Childress Mrs. Wade Childress Mrs. ey ee
Mrs. L. ae Christen Mrs. V. F. Christen Dr. and Mrs.
Roger F. Christensen Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Christian Mrs. W. T. Christmas Mrs. C. Calvin Christy Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Clacker Mr. and Mrs. Edwin M. Clark Mr. and Mrs. James W. Clark Miss Marion Lydia Clark Mr. Robert B. Clark Dr. and Mrs. Sam L. Mrs. Chauncey H. Mr. and Mrs. John G Rowena Clarke Garden C Tah
Kirkwood 1 Mrs. J. Turner Clarkson Miss Catherine Clayes Mrs. Edward H. Clayton Clayton Garden Club 1 Clayton Garden Club 2 Clayton Garden Club 4 Clayton Garden Club 5 Mr. and Mrs. Doyne T Mr. and Mrs. Oliver C Mrs. Berthoud Clitford Miss Mary Irances Clitford ties Heights Garden Club Mr. J. Cloughly
. Clem . Clerc
Mrs. eee MeN. Cochran Mr. and Mrs. Elmer E. Cocke Mr. and Mrs. James W, Coe
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Coe Mr. ane Mrs. Lee Cottfee Mr. W. Coffey Mr. Ei Mrs. E. A. Cogho Dr. and Mrs. Adolph I. Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Ben Cohen Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin H. Cohen Mrs. Gertrude Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Lester L. Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Cohen Mrs. Julian B. Cohn Mr. and Mrs. Harold R. Colbert Mrs. Dorothy O. Cole Mrs. J. H. Cole Mr. and Mrs.
George W. Coleman Mrs. Grace H. Coleman Coleman
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11
Miss Ruth D. Colestock Mrs. Thomas Colfer Mr. and Mrs. G. I. Collett Mrs. Richard J. Collins Mr. and Mrs. T. R. Collins, Jr. Columbia Garden Club Mrs. Schotten-Compton Dr. and Mrs. F. Comte Mrs. G. K. Conant, Jr. Mrs. S. D. Conant Concord Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Herbert D. Condie Mr. Martin E. Connelly Mrs. E. M. Conner Mr. and Mrs. Burton F. Connolly Dr. and Mrs. Adolph H. Conrad, Jr Miss Lillian C. Conrad
Mr. Paul E. Conrades
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph J. Conradi Mr. Philip A. Conrath
Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Conreux
Convention Board of St. Louis
Mr. oo Mrs. Harold S. Cook Mr. Edgar A. Cook
Mrs. Henry M. Cook
Mr. and Mrs. James F. Cook, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Jerome E. Cook
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Ira Cook Rev. and Mrs. Bruce H. Cooke
Mrs. T. K. Cooper, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Willis M. Cooper Coral Belles Garden Club Coral-Biscayne Garden Club Mrs. C. H. Corbett
Mrs. Justin Cordonnier
Dr. and Mrs. Carl Cori
Mrs. John C. Corley
Mrs. Robert Corley
Mr. and Mrs. Clifford Corneli Mrs. Vern N. Cornelius
Miss Lucile Cornet
Mr. and Mrs. A. M. Cornwell, Jr. Mrs. B. S. Cornwell Mr. and Mrs.
Franklin J. Cornwell Mrs. Irederick J. Cornwell
Mr. and Mrs. James A. Corrigan Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Costigan Mr. and Mrs. Carl H. Cotterill Mr. Philip Cotton, Jr.
Mrs. George Cottrill Mr. and Mrs. Dwight W. Coultas, Jr. County Belles African Violet Club Dr. and Mrs. R. M. Courtney Mr. and Mrs. Mark B. Covell Dr. Walter P. Covell Clarence Cowdery De and Mrs. E. V. Cowdry
Mr. and Mrs. Dana Cowell Mrs. J. C. Cowhey a E. A. Cox
Newton Cox veel Harvey B. Cox, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Philip M. Craig Mr. and Mrs.
Wilbur H. Cramblet Mr. James E. Crawford Mr. and Mrs. Vincent FE, Creamer Miss Cora Creimeyer Mr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Croft Mr. James Arthur Crouch, Jr. Mr. O. Ruffin Crow Mr. A. B. Crowder Mrs. A. B. Cull Mr. and Mrs. Wm. U. Cullinane Mr. and Mrs. C. R. Culling Mr. and Mrs. B. B. Culver, Jr. Mrs. Edwin R. Culver, Jr.
Mrs. H. Harrison Culver Mr. and Mrs.
Merrimon Cuninggim
Mrs. Wm. H. Cunlitf
Mr. and Mrs. John FE. Curby
Arthur Curlee
Mr. and Mrs. Shelby H. Curlee Mr. George W. Curran
Mr. Ralph F. Curry
Miss Betty Lou Custer
Mrs. Vito Cusumano
Dr. and Mrs. Harold M. Cutler
Mr. A. L. Cutter Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Cutty D Dr. and Mrs. J. W. Daake Mr. James A. Dacey Mr. and Mrs. John R. D’ Agostino Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Daigger Mr. and Mrs, Frank Dallavalle Mr. A. F. Dz tlton Col. and Mrs.
Walter Wm. Dalton Mrs. Leslie Dana Mr. and Mrs. Donald Danforth Mr. and Mrs. Donald Danforth, Jr. Mrs. C. Peyton Daniel Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Danzer Mr. and Mrs. Arthur R. Darr Mr. and Mrs. Jack Darrow Mrs. P. A. Dates r. and Mrs. Russ David Mrs. E. Gary Davidson r. and Mrs. ee LL. Davidson, Jr. Mrs. Davidson Mr. oe Mrs. William uA. Mr. Hugo I. Mr. and Mrs. J. Lionberger Davis, Jr.
Davidson Davis
Mrs. John W. Davis
Mrs. Kenneth M. Davis
Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Sam’l C. Davis Mrs. Sidney G. Davis
Mr. and Mrs. Harold P. Davison Mr. and Mrs. W. Z. Davison Dr. Anthony B. Day
Mrs. Charles M. Day
Mr. Donald J. Day
Mrs. H. D. Day
Mr. and Mrs. Morgan C. Day Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Deal Mr. and Mrs. Wm. H. Deal Mr. H. FF. Dean
Lee W. Dean, Jr., M.D.
Mrs. Marie J. Dean
Miss Rosalind M. Dean
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Deatrick Mrs. J. A. Deeble
Mrs. KE. L. Deicke
Dr. Robert B. Deitchman Mrs. W. V. Delahunt
Mrs. Glenn A. Delf
Mrs. William E. Delicate Delmar Garden Club
Mrs. C. P. DeLore
Dr. and Mrs. William Demko Mr. Robert H. Denckhott Mr. Edgar W. Denison
Mr. and Mrs.
Louis S. Dennig, Jr.
Mrs. Israel Dennis Charles Denny Conipany Mrs. J. Leo Denny Mr. William Peter De Penaloza Mr. and Mrs.
Eugene W. Dependahl Mr. and Mrs. C. D. De Pew Mr. and Mrs. Harlan A. Depew Mr. and Mrs. Wallene R. Derby Mr. Firman Desloge Mr. Marcel Desloge
Mr. and Mrs. Theodore P. Desloge Mr. and Mrs. William L. Desloge
Mr. and Mrs. Mart E. De Tienne Dr. and Mrs. Paul A. DeWald Mrs. Charles W. DeWitt
Mr. and Mrs. Irvin S. DeWoskin Mrs. Edward C. Dicke
Miss Gladys Dickinson
Dr. and Mrs. Donald Dickler Dr. and Mrs. A. H. Diehr
Mrs. Dirk Diephuis
Mr. and Mrs. I. Roger Dierberg Mr. and Mrs, Fred L. Dierker Mr. and Mrs. William J. Dill Mr. and Mrs. Irving Dilliard Mr. and Mrs.
Edward C. Dillmann Mr. T. B. Dinkmeier Mrs. F. L. Dinsmore Mr. and Mrs. Albert Di Prospere Mrs. F. H. Disbrow Mrs. H. Dischinger Mr. and Mrs.
William H. Dittmann, Mrs. Walter Dittrich Mrs. George Dobler Mr. and Mrs. Dunean C. Mrs. Douglas W. Dodds Mr. and Mrs.
Maat T. Dodds, Jr. Mrs. Edwin Dodge . Aneta B. Dodson Dr. and Mrs. C, Gene D’Oench Mrs. C. A. Doerflinger Dogwood Gz: a : ‘lub Dr. and Mrs. . Doisy Dr. and Mrs. F ames L. Donahoe Mr. and Mrs. Walter ‘A. Donius Mr. and Mrs.
Ben Phillips Donnell Mr. John FF. Donovan, Jr. Mrs. W. Milner Donovan Mrs. Wm. 'T. Dooley Mr. Wm. 71 ‘Dooley, ake . and Mrs. Ch: arles BS . and Mrs.
Benjz si A. Dorlae Mrs. G. Dorris, Jr.
Mr. and Mire. LD. James Dorr Mr. and Mrs. E. O. Dorsch Miss Wilma Dosenbach
Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Doss Mr. and Mrs. Victor Douglas Mrs. Veronica S. Dougherty Mr. and Mrs. Matthew L. Dow Dr. and Mrs. Charles Doyle Mr. and Mrs. John O. Dozier Mr. and Mrs.
Lewis D. Dozier, Jr. Mrs. C. Warren Drake Dr. and Mrs. Truman G. Mr. and Mrs.
Drescher, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Donald Dressler Miss Margaret L. Dressor Miss Isabelle Drewett Mrs. Leo A. Drey
Mr. and Mrs. James M. Mr. and Mrs.
Clark M. Driemeyer Mr. and Mrs. G. Fred Driemeyer Mr. Henry F. Driemeyer Mr. and Mrs.
Kenneth Drummond Mr. and Mrs. Neil Drury Mr. W. Donald Dubail -.and Mrs.
Edward A. Dubinsky
Dobson
I Ti 1S
Drake
Dreyer
Mr. and Mrs. Edward N. Dubois Mr. and Mrs. George I. DuBois
Mr. and Mrs.
Dr. and Mrs. Theodore Dubuque, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Duchesne
Mr. and Mrs. Lee M. Duggan
Mrs. H. Richard Duhme, Jr.
Miss Hazel Duncan
Mrs. Henry P. Duncker
Louis F. Dubois
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
Mrs. Francis M. Dunford Mrs. Robert B. Dunford Mrs. James M. Dunlap Mr. Arthur A. Dunn, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. James > W. Durham
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Dyreks E
Dr. and Mrs. Dee W. Eades
Dr. and Mrs. J. W. Eades
Mrs. Mark D. Eagleton
Mrs. Willard G. Eakin
Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert G. Early Eastern Missouri Beekeepers Association Mr. and Mrs. Otis W. Eaton Dr. and Mrs. Vincent L. Eberle Mr. and Mrs. Alec W. Ebsworth Mr. and Mrs. John R. Ec Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Eckrich Mrs. Ernest A. Eddy Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Edison Mr. and Mrs. Irving Edison Mr. and Mrs. Simon Edison Mr. and Mrs. Henry Edmonds Miss E. V. Edwards Dr. and Mrs. Joseph C. Mrs. Louis H. Egan Mrs. Theodore C. Eggers Mr. and Mrs. Willis G. Ehrhardt Mr. Frederick H. Eickhoff Dr. and Mrs. Jack Eidelman Mrs. Edwin G. Eigel Fighth Dist. Missouri Federation of Women’s Clubs Mrs. Fred . Eiseman Mrs. Wm. Kisendrath, Jr. Mrs. ee Eisenstein Mr. and Mrs. Linnell B. Elam Mrs. Edwin S$. Elder Chancellor and Mrs. Thomas H. Eliot Mr. Davis Elkin Mr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas O. Miss Lucy C.
Edwards
Ellenburg Donovan Eller
Ellinwood Elliott
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Ellis Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth K. Ellis Mr. and Mrs. John V. Ellison
Mr. and Mrs. Donald C. Elsaesser Elsberry Garden Club
Mr. A. R. Elsperman
Mr. and Mrs. William H. Elston Mr. hha um H. Emig
Mr. Donald Emigh
Mr. mae Mrs.
William R. England, Jr. Engler Acres Garden Club Mr. Edgar H. Enslin Miss Gladys E pps
Mrs. Maurice S. Epstein
Mr. and Mrs. Leroy A. Erickson Dr. and Mrs. R. F) Erickson Mrs. R. C. FE —s
Mrs. G. L. Ev:
Mr. and Mrs. tT. arold B. Evans Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Evans
Mr. O. D. Ievans
Mrs. D. L. Evertz
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Evertz Miss Rose L. Evertz
Dr. C. H. Eyermann
F
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Fagen
. Eugene H. Fahrenkrog rand Mrs. Harry J. Fahringer rand Mrs. Benedict Farrar
- and Mrs. Leicester Faust
»ve and Mrs. J. Maver Feehan
-- and Mrs. Echeal T. Feinstein
Mr. and Mrs. John E. Feldhaus Dr. and Mrs. David Feldman Mr. and Mrs. M. H. Feldman Felicia Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Carl T. Felker Mr. and Mrs. John O. Felker Mrs. E. C. Felt Mr. George Z. Fencil Fenton Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Gary W. Ferguson Mrs. David B. Ferrenbach Mrs. Aaron T. Ferris Mr. and Mrs. Son Fesler Mr. and Mrs. Russell Fette Mr. and Mrs. Arthur H. Feuerbacher, Jr. Miss V. Feuerbacher ~ Russell R. Feverston Mr. Boleslaw J. Figorski Mr. Francis A. Fillmore Mrs. Herbert I. Finch, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Max Fink Dr. and Mrs. Murray E. Mrs. Pauline Finn Mrs. Walter Fischel Mrs. Aaron Fischer Miss Elvira Fischer Mrs. P. G. Fisher Miss Edna Fisse Mrs. Richard D. Fitzgibbon, Jr. Mrs. Helen EF. Fitzroy Miss Bertha M. Flach Mrs. John EH. Flachmann Dr. and Mrs. I. J. Flance Mr. and Mrs. Roy V. Flesh Fleur De Lis Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Flexner Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kk. Fliteraft Flora Place Garden Club Flora Place Protective Association Mrs. Jos. Floret Mrs. Clara M. Flori Floribunda Garden Club of Dittmer Mr. and Mrs. 3 Yr en D. Flotken Mr. and Mrs. . Floyd Mr. and Mrs. Pore Fogertey
Finn
Mr. and Mrs. John R. Fogg Mr. and Mrs. John J. Fojtik Mrs. E. Flynn Ford
Mr. and Mrs. J. Curtis Ford Mr. John H. Ford
Mrs. John S. Ford
Mr. and Mrs. William S. Ford Mrs. W. S. Ford, Sr.
Mrs. S. W. Forder
Forest Haven Garden Club 1
Forest Haven Garden Club 2 Mr. and Mrs.
Dan J. Forrestal, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Forshaw Mrs. James G. Forsyth Mr. and Mrs.
W.M. Forsythe, Jr. Forsythia Garden Club
Mr. George C. Foster
Mr. John Henry Foster
Mr. and Mrs. Randall Foster Mrs. T. Foster
Founders’ Circle Rosemary Garden Club Four Seasons Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph A. Fournier Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Fowler Mrs. Alex P. Fox
Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Fox Mr. and Mrs. John Fox
Mr. and Mrs. Alfred M. Frager Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Franchot Mr. Harry A. Frank
Mr. and Mrs, Herbert Frank Mr. and Mrs. Milton Frank
Mr. and Mrs. William A. Frank Mr. and Mrs. William H. Frank
Mrs. Jane Frankenthal
BULLETIN
Mr. and Mrs. Donald H. Free Mrs. C. E. Freeborg
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Freed Mr. and Mrs. M. J. Freeman Mr. Vincent E. Freeman Miss Grace L. Freiberg
Dr. and Mrs. H. J. Freiheit Mrs. W. J. Frein
Miss Ruby Freivogel
Mr. Dudley French
Molly French Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Freund Mr. and Mrs. Eugene A. Freund Mr. Milton FE, Freund
Miss Florence E. Freyermuth Mr. and Mrs.
Wm. Stix Friedman Mr. and Mrs. James A. Friend Dr. Armand D. Fries Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Mrs. Ewald Froese Frontenac Garden Club Rey. and Mrs.
Pgh QO. Fuerbringer
W. E. Fuetterer
é ie Garden Club Mrs. Clara F. Funck Mr. and Mrs. Oliver C. Funsch Mr. and Mrs. Richard O, Funsch Mrs. Edward Funsten Mrs. R. Fairfax Funsten Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Furrer Mr. and Mrs. Schell L. Furry Mr. and Mrs. Edwin J. Fusch Miss Rosalie Fusz
G
Mrs. Libbie Gabby Mr. Harry D. Gaines Mrs. Rosebud EF. Gaines Mrs. T. L. Gallaway Mrs. Martin E. Galt Mrs. Clark R. Gamble Mr. and Mrs.
D. Goodrich Gamble Miss Leonelle C. Gamble Mr. and Mrs.
Theodore R. Gamble Miss Gretchen Ganschinietz Mrs. Helen Ganteheff Dr. and Mrs. George E. Gantner Garden Club of St. Louis Mrs. David L. Gardner Mrs. Fred W. Gardner Mr. and Mrs.
Martin E. Gardner, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Russell Gardner Mrs. A. R. A. Garesche Mr. and Mrs.
F. Mark Garlinghouse Mr. and Mrs. Claude M. Garner Miss Louise Gartiser Mrs. Richard W. Gaskins Mr. Ferd E. Gast Mrs. Calvin Gatch Mr. and Mrs. Elias S. Gatch Mrs. Nelson B. Gatch Mr. and Mrs. Leslie H. Gault Mr. Lloyd Gaus Gay Bouguet Garden Club Mrs, Clifford W. Gaylord Mrs. Elizabeth A. Geary Mr. George P. Gebhart Mr. and Mrs. F. H. Gehlhausen Mr. and Mrs. D. S. Geddis Miss Pearl E. Gehner Mr. and Mrs. Leo M. Geissal Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Gelner Mrs. George Gellhorn Mrs. Paul M. George Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. George Mr. William A. George, Jr. Mrs. William A. Gerard Miss Nancy L. Gerber Gladys M. Gerdel
Fritz
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Gerdelman Mr. and Mrs, Leigh Gerdine Mrs. Eugene Gerhard Mrs. William B. Gerhart Mr. and Mrs. Max German Gern Nursery, Inc. Mr. I. Gers Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Gettleman Mr. Julius A. Gewinner Mrs. G. Donald Gibbins Mr. George Gibson Dr. and Mrs. Marvin H. Gibstine Mr. and Mrs. Carl Giebel Dr. and Mrs. George C. Giessing Miss Adie Giessow Mr. and Mrs. Harold H. Giger Mr. and Mrs. Wallace Gilbert Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Gildehaus Dr. and Mrs. Jerome J. Gilden Mr. Robert A. Giles Mr. and Mrs. V. T. Gilliam Mr. and Mrs. Geo. E. Giudici Mr. Adolph Glaser Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Glaser, Jr. Mrs. Milton Glaser Mrs. Morris Glaser Glendale Garden Club Dr. Harry N. Glick Mrs. Morris Glik Mrs. Warren Goddard Mrs. Frank A. Goetz Mr. O. E. Goetz ; Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Goetz Mr. and Mrs. Harold Gokenbach Mrs. J. M. Goldbeck Mrs. Ben L. Goldberg Mr. and Mrs. Israel Goldberg Golden Bell Garden Club Mr. Edward M. Golden Mrs. Alvin D. Goldman Mrs. Kennard Goldsmith Dr. and Mrs. Marcy Goldstein Mrs. Max A. Goldstein Dr. and Mrs. S. W. Gollub Mr. and Mrs. Sam Goldman Mr. and Mrs. Fermin Gonzales Mr. and Mrs. Arthur S. Goodall Good Earth Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Allan McD. Goodloe Mrs. Stanley Goodman Mr. and Mrs. McVeigh Goodson Miss Elizabeth M. Gorder Mr. and Mrs. Lindell Gordon, Jr. Mr. Edward W. Gore .and Mrs. John C. Gormley Mrs. J. S. Gould Miss Mary E. Graf Mrs. Stephen G. Gould Mr. Leo M. Grace Mrs. Harry E. Grafe Mr. and Mrs. Albert I. Graft Mrs. E. A. Graham Mr. and Mrs. Evarts A. Graham, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Grand Mr. and Mrs. Paul D. Graning Dr. Adele Lewis Grant Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Grant Mrs. Samuel B. Grant Grantview Garden Club Ce ase Garden Club Jos. J. Gravely Me ‘Byron A. Gray Mrs. W. Ashley Gray, Jr. Greater St. Louis African Violet Club Greater St. Louis Association of Gardners Greater St. Louis Dahlia Society Dr. Arthur S. Greditzer Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Green Mr. and Mrs. John R. Green Mr. and Mrs. John Raeburn Green, IT Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence H. Greenberg
Greenbriar Hills Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Roy W. Greenlee Mr. Milton T. Greenman Mrs. Edward B. Greenstelder Mr. and Mrs.
Harry Greensfelder, Jr. Mr. and Mrs.
Norris B. Gregg, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. W. K. Gregory Mrs. Clifford Greve
Mr. and Mrs. Ormond F. Griebel Mr. and Mrs. Wesley Griffith Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Grigg
Mrs. Margaret Groh
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Gross Mrs. Francis Gross
Mr. and Mrs. ig A. Gross Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Grossman Mr. Robert D. Grossman Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Mr. and Mrs. Theo. E. ¢ Mr. and Mrs.
Louis H. Gummersbach Mr. and Mrs. Adolph J. Mr. and Mrs. Louis V. Dr. and Mrs. Samuel E. Mr. and Mrs. Albert Guze Mr. and Mrs. Joseph R. Gwilliam
H
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs.
Grote ruhman
Guth ae Guyer
A. J. Haack
Frank H. Haarstick Mrs. R. C. Haas Mr. F. J. Haberthier
Miss Carolyn Hackman Miss Carol Hackmann
Mrs. John M. Hadley Mr. Willis D. Hadley Mr. R. E. Haefer
Miss Ella Haeseler Dr. and Mrs. Heinz EF. Dr. and Mrs. O. Mrs. H. F. Dr.sPaul’ O: Mr. Archer Li ‘Hager Mr. Frank S. Hager . Hilbert Wm. Hagnauer Mer and Mrs.
Robert N. Hagnauer Mr. ceouan Hl. Hahn
Haffner E. Hagebusch oS
wemann
Mrs. Val Halbman Mrs. L. P. Hale Mrs. H. Bethune Hall
Dr. Lee A. Hall
Dr. and Mrs. Preston C. Hall Mr. and Mrs. R. N. Ha
Dr. and Mrs. Thomas S. Hall Mrs. John I, Hallett
Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Hallowell Mr. and Mrs. Norman Halls Mr. Viktor Hamburger Mrs. Ellis H. Hamel Mr. and Mrs.
Aubrey B. Hamilton Mrs. Charles D. P. Hamilton, Mr. and Mrs.
It
Hamilton, Jr. _ Hamilton , ‘s. James Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. M. - S. Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Hamilton ake kes Dr. Stanley Shee impton Mr. and Mrs. F. J. Hamtil Mr. H. H. Hane Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Hanks Miss Lucy E. Hanley Hanley Downs Garden Club Hanley Woods Garden Club Mr. and Mrs.
ae B. Hannigan
H. Hanser
Mics. Richard Hardcastle Mrs. John I. Hardesty Mr. and Mrs. Clark A. Hardy
13
Dr. and Mrs. Walter J. Harland
Harmony Garden Club
Mrs. Erwin C. Harms
Mrs. Oliver R. Harms
Mr. H. M. Harned
Mr. John M. Harney
Mr. Joseph H. Harper
Mrs. Roy W. Harper
Mr. Harry F. Harrington
Mr. and Mrs. M. K. Harrington
Mr. and Mrs. Patrick D.
Dr. and Mrs. William J.
Harrington
Harrington
Mr. and Mrs. G. L. Harris
Mr. and Mrs. Harold H. Harris Mrs. John C. Harris
Mr. T. Ben Harris
Mr. and Mrs. Whitney R. Harris Mrs. Charles L. Harrison Mrs. John W. Harrison Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd Harrison Mr. and Mrs. John T. Hart Mrs. E. C. Hartman Mr. and Mrs. Lowell S. Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Mr. K. C. Hartwell Miss Flora Hartwig Miss Elaine Harvey Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Harvey Mr. and Mrs. J. Harvie Mrs. Lewis S. Haslam Mr. and Mrs. L. H. Haslip Mr. and Mrs. Earl Hath Mrs. Richard D. Hatton, Jr. Miss Helen Hauhart Mrs. Mabel S. Haverporth Mr. and Mrs.
William K. Haverstick Hawbrook Garden Club Mrs. R. S. Hawes, Sr. Mr. R. S. Hawes, TI Mr. and Mrs. John io Mrs. Virginia Hay Mrs. W. Alfred Hayes Mr. and Mrs. Willard E. Mrs. Harry B. Hazelton Mr. and Mrs. Francis P. Mr. and Mrs. Geo. F. Heath Mrs. Amy M. Hecht Miss Pane B. Hecht Mrs. John A. Hecht Mr. and Mrs. William re Mr. Edward L. Heger Mr. Louis F. Heger Mr. W. F. Hehman
Hartman Hartrich Hartwein
Hawn
Hays Healy
Hedley
Heideman Mr. Her Mrs.
Roger S. Heidenheim Dr. and Mrs. Carl J. Heifetz Mr. and Mrs. Frederick J. Heil Mrs. Walter A. Heimbuecher Miss Ella Heimburger Miss Lucille aga ad Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Heinicke Mr. M. cea pears Dr. Charles Heiser Mr. C. Gordon Heiss Mr. and Mrs. Don L. Heitman Mr. and Mrs. Lindsay Helmholz Mr. and Mrs. Ewald Hencke Mr. Edwin Wilson Henderson Mrs. Harry C. Henger Mr. and Mrs. J. Gordon Henges Miss Eugenia Henke Miss Rose M. Henke Dr. and Mrs. R. E. Hennessy Mrs. Thomas A. Hennigan, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. C. G. Henry Mr. H. W. Henry Miss Jane Henry Dr. and Mrs. Paul R Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Mr. R. S. Herman
. Hensel Herbst
14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Dr. and Mrs. M. Hermann Mr. and Mrs. Jack H. Humes K
Mr. and Mrs. Robert R. Hermann Mr. August H. Hummert . :
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Hermon Mrs. Clark Hungerford Mrs. Milton Kahle
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hess Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth H. Hunt Dr. Lawrence Kahn
Mrs. John Hessing Mr. and Mrs. Leslie L. Hunt Mr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Kaiser Mr. and Mrs George C. Hetlage = Mr. H. V. E. Hunter Mr. and Mrs. Francis Kaiser Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Hickey Mr. and Mrs, J. Thomas Hurley | Mr. and Mrs. Mickey Kalaseech Mr. and Mrs. kK. Myron Hickey Mrs. Herman Husch Mrs. Martha Voyce Kaltwasser Mrs. Pauline G. Hickey Mr. Peter H. Husch Mrs. Louis ag det
Miss Ethel Mae Hicks Mr. Robert F. Husted Mr. and Mrs, F. M. Karches Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. J. K. Hyatt Dr. and Mrs. Mich: vel Karl
Arthur Hiemenz, Jr. Mr. Louis E, Kassing
Mrs. Arthur C, Hiemenz I ae — ~— er iss Hilda E. iemenz . : erman M. Katcher - Sey ae cee Mrs. Edgar S. Idol Mr. and Mrs. Leonard M. Katz 7 be bate Mrs. Jeanne W. lgleheart Mrs. Harold Kauffman Dr. H. Rommel Hildreth : 1. Pe. . Mrs. Haro 1 Kaut in Mrs. Adolph B. Hill, Jr. Indian Hills Garden Club ] Dr. Masaschi Kawasaki Mrs. A. M. Till - Mr. and Mrs. James S. Inghram Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Kaysing Mr. and Mrs. C. FE. Hill Miss Maurine Inghram Miss Margaret R. Kealty Mr. and Mra. .7. Bovd Till Inspiration Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. 8. E. Hillard ee Henry G. Keeler, Jr. ie and ite Erank Tilides Dr. F. G. Irwin Kehrs Mill View Garden Club saa ° ie) hint . Mrs. Laura May Isaacson Hills and Lakes Garden Club ; ; . Mrs. Francile C. Kelce Paul Hines, M.D. Mrs. Jerome W, Isracl Mr. Arthur W. Keller Mr. and Mrs. TH. J. Hinsman Miss Caroline E. L. Ives ro ag Mr. and Mrs. Mare A. Hirsch, Jr. Mr. J. Milton, Neller, Jr. Mr. George W. Hirshman J Miss T. Louise Nelley : Mr. and Mrs. John Hoag Mrs. Phoenix B. Jablonsky Mr. and Mrs. Donald D. Kelly Mrs. Karl K. Hoagland, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Calvin A. Jack Miss Katherine G. Kelly | Dr. and Mrs. John EF. Hobbs Mr. and Mrs. John G. Jackson Dr. and Mrs. R. Emmet Kelly Mrs. George K. Hoblitzelle Mrs. Katherine Jacobs Mr. and Mrs. William B. Kelly Mr. and Mrs. Haworth F. Hoch Mr. and Mrs. Myron Jatfe Miss Anita P. Kemper Mr. and Mrs. Lon Hocker, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George L. Jakle Mrs. Henry Kemper Mr. and Mrs. Fred Hoefel, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Rudy James Mr. and Mrs. Arthur S. Kendall Miss Alma Hoeh : Mr. and Mrs. Wm. F. James Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Alan J. Hoener Mr. and Mrs. Joseph J. Janosky Sam M. Kennard, IT Mrs. Carl H. Hoetker Mr. and Mrs. Gene Jantzen Mrs. Richard Kent Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Hoffman Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Jarvis Mr. and Mrs. Elmer M. Kerckhott Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Ernest G. Jaworski Mr. Russell W. Kerls Richard M. Hoffman Mr. and Mrs. E. M. Jecmen Mr. Charles J. Kern Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. John H. Jenkins Mr. James R. Kerr Samuel FE. Hotfman, Jr. Mrs. M. M. Jenks Mr. R. D. Kerr Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Stitel W. Jens Mrs. M. Kerwin George W. Hoffmeister Mr. Edwin W. Joern Mrs. Adele Kieckers Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Hoffmeister Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Kiefer Mrs. E. G. Hoftfsten William P. Johannes Mrs. Wm. T. Kieffer Mr. and Mrs. Mr. E. H. Johanning Dr. Paul icitiuen, : Harvey A. Hofmeister Mrs. Walter C. Johanning Mrs. Gilbert R. Killian Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. J. Eugene Johanson Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Kilcullen Malcolm Lee Holekamp Mrs. Andrew W. Johnson Miss Lulu Evelyn ag ce Mr. and Mrs. Norman Holen Mr. and Mrs. Cecil E. Johnson Dr. and Mrs. Virgil A. Kimmey Mr and Mrs. Leonard J. Holland Mrs. James L. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Kincade Miss Mary E. Holliway Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Joseph P. Holloran Mr. and Mrs. Soulard Johnson Clarence H. King, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. H. Frank Holman Mr. and Mrs. T. Carter Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Peter Kintzele Mr. and Mrs. Foster W. Holmes Mr. and Mrs. Thomas V. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. H. D. Nipling Mrs. J. Howard Holmes Mrs. Earl M. Johnston Mr. and Mrs. John B. Kirchner Mrs. James Holsen Mrs. Edwin M. Johnston Mr. and Mrs. Walter C. Kirk Mr. and Mrs. M. M. Holtgrieve Mr. and Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Mr. and Mrs. ; Mrs. James O. Holton, Sr. Mrs. Paul E. Johnston W. Warren Kirkbride Mrs. G. Erwin Homer Mrs. R. P. Johnston Mrs. Alexander Kitun : Dr. and Mrs. Thomas T. Hoopes Dr. and Mrs. ont Johnstone, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Anson H. Klauber Mr. and Mrs. Mr. Harold T. Jolley Mr. and Mrs. Lester Klauber Russell R. Hopmann Mr. and Mrs. R. Jonas Mr. and Mrs. M. Kleban Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Hornbein Mr. and Mrs. A. Ciiltend Jones Mr. and Mrs. Fred W. Kleeburg Mr. Richard W. Horner Dr. Dorothy J. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Adrian L. Klein Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Dr. and Mrs. Bert H. Klein William W. Horstman James Hudson Jones Mrs. Elsie B. Klein | Mr. Alton E. Horton Mr. and Mrs. Leslie D. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Jay Klein Mr. Don W. Horton Mrs. L. J. Jones Miss Katherine E, Wlein Mrs. C. J. Hosek Mrs. M. Alexander Jones Miss L. Louise Klein =o and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Meredith C. Jones Mrs. E. M. Kleinsorge Edward G. hee It: Mr. and Mrs. Paul W. Jones Mrs. Benjamin C. Klene Mr. and Mrs. Edward Hotze Mr. Richard S. Jones Mrs. Gus H. Kleithermes Mrs. Charles G. Houghton, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Norman Kling Houlihan Nursery Co. Robert Mck. Jones, IIT Mrs. Bernhardt W. Klippel Mr. and Mrs. James G. Houser Mr. and Mrs. Roger R. Jones Mr. Carl H. Klug Mrs. James H. ore; IIL Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Jones Mrs. H: ao L. Knapp Mr. Arthur Howe Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Robert S. Knapp oi and te re Hubbell W. Boardman Jones, Jr. Mr. _ re even S. Knight Mr. and Mrs. Philip Hubbert Mrs. Roy W. Jordan Mrs. W. J. Knight Mr. and Mrs. Edward W. Hudson Miss Ruth Jordan Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. William R. Hudson Mrs. Alfred A. Jost George A. Knobloch Mr. and Mrs. Mr. Louis H. Jostes Dr. and Mrs. Henry L. Knock Edwin W. Hudspeth Mrs. John W. Joynt Miss Erna Knoernschild
Dr. and Mrs. Bernard Hulbert Mr. and Mrs. Quentin Just Mrs. Cornelia S. Knowles
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. S. Knowles Miss Charlet Knox
Mrs. Walter H. Kobusch Colonel Erwin T. Koch Mr. H. H. Koch
Mrs. Robert E. Koch Mrs. Carl J. Koehler Mr. and Mrs. Arthur EF. Miss Evelyn R. Koenig Mr. and Mrs. L. R. Koenig
Mrs. Harry G. Koerber
Dr. and Mrs, William EF. Koerner Mr. and Mrs. William C, Kohl Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Kohler
Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Kohn, Jr.
Koelle
Mr. W. T. Koken, III
Mrs. Wallace Kolbrener Dr. and Mrs. Jules H. Kopp Mr. Chester W. Kotstrean Mrs. W. B. Kountz
Mrs. E. P. Kramer
Mr. Harry S. Kramer, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. F. T. Kraus
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Kraus
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Kraus
Mrs. W. C. Krautheim
Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Kretschmar
Kriegshauser Mortuaries
Mr. Harry W. Kroeger
Mrs. Lily G. Krome
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger
Marguerite Krueger Conservation Club
Mr. August Kruescheck
Mrs. Sam Krupnick
Mrs. R. Kuhn
Mr. and Mrs. Will A.
Mr. Edward L. Kuhs
Mr. and Mrs. W. P.
Mrs. Charles Kunkel
Mr. W. F. Kuntemeier
Mr. and Mrs. Albert G.
Mr. A. B. Kurrus
Mr. and Mrs. Clifford M. Kurrus
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Kutten
L
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Rembert W. LaBeaume Mr. and Mrs. Walter La Bee Mr. and Mrs. Henry Lackland Dr. and Mrs. Paul Lacy Mr. and Mrs. Wm. A. Lahrmann Rev. and Mrs. William H. Laird Lakeshire Garden Club 2 Mrs. Virginia Lamack Mrs. Nicholas Lamb Mr. and Mrs. Albert Bond Lambert, Jr. Mrs. Marion L. J. Lambert Mr. and Mrs. Martin Lammert, III Mr. Martin Lammert, IV Mr. and Mrs. Warren B. Lammert Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Lamy Mr. and Mrs. Argo E. Landau Landscape and Nursery Men‘s Association Miss Edna Landzettel Mrs. Charles D. Lane Dr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Lane Mrs. George W. Lane Mr. W. B. Lane Mr. and Mrs. Irvin S. Lang Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Lang Mr. and Mrs. Sylvester T. Lang Miss Anna Lange Miss Hedwig Lange Mr. and Mrs. Raymond E. Dr. and Mrs. Alfred M. Langenbach Mrs. Harry H. Langenberg Mrs. Henry F. Langenberg
Kuhn
Kunderman
Kunz
Homer LaBarr
Lange
Mrs. J. S. Langenberg
Mr. Oliver M. Lang enberg Miss Mary Lansing
Mrs. John J. Larkin
Mr. and Mrs. A. H. LaRoche Mr. Jacob M. Lashly
Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Latta Mr. and Mrs. John B. Latzer Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Latzer
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas IF. Latzer Mr. John L. Laufer Mr. and Mrs. Edwin H. Lauth
Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Lawnin Mr. Kenneth C. Lawrence Dr. Thomas P. Lawton . Edith K. Layton a ‘and Mrs. Emmet J. Mrs. John H. Leach Lead Belt Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Paul Leard Mr. and Mrs. Arno LeBegue Mrs. Robert C. Le Clair Mr. ‘Clifford Lecoutour Mr. and Mrs. Loy nus Mrs Otto F. Leffle Mr. and Mrs. Louis W. Mrs. Sears Lehmann Mr. and Mrs. Mr. Webster M. Lehmann Mr. and Mrs. Austin P. Leland Mr. and Mrs. Roy W. Lenck Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Lending Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Lenhardt Mr. and Mrs.
Robert A. Lennertson
Layton
Ledbetter
Lehman
Mr. and Mrs. Albert Hl. Leonard Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Leonard Mr. ca in B. Leppo
Mrs. E . Lerwick Miss Florence Leschen Mr. and Mrs. John Leschen Mr. Harry Lesser, Jr. Miss Marie Leuenberg Mr. and Mrs.
George E. Leutwiler Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Levis Mrs. Robert Levis Mrs. T. Middleton Levis Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Levy Mr. and Mrs. Meyer Levy Mr. Willard L. Levy Mrs. Alfred Lewald
Mrs. Tobias Lewin
Mr. and Mrs. Hugh M. F. Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Joseph W. Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence B. Lewis
Mrs. Mildred Lewis Dr. Noel R. Lewis
Mrs. Preston W. Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Lewis, Jr.
Dr. and Mrs. Walter Lewis Mr. Wilson Lewis
Mrs. David Lichtenstein Mr. and Mrs.
Louis J. Lichtenstein Mrs. Arthur Lieber Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Mr. and Mrs. Richard Mrs. Charles Limberg Mr. and Mrs. A. R. Lindburg Lindenwood College Professor P. Linchan Link’s Nursery, Ine.
Mr. and Mrs. Emil Li Ipic Mr. Sylvester G. Lipic
Liggett S. Light
Dr:-O. " Lippard
Mr. L. . Lippman, Jr. Mrs. ir . Lipscomb
Mrs. B. i Lischer
Dr. and Mrs. Carl EF. Lischer Mrs. A. C. Lishen
Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth Lissant Mrs. Irma C. Littleton Mr. and Mrs. A. S. Littlefield
Little Gardens Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs.
Miss Ernestine \
Sears Lehmann, Jr.
Mrs. Edgar Littmann
Ellis C. Littmann
Mrs. William M. Livingston
Mr. Arthur L. Locatell
Mr. and Mrs. Bradford Locke
Miss Angelica P. Lockwood
Mr. and Mrs. Benj. M. Loeb
Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Loeb
Mrs. Stephen H. Loeb
ae George Loeblein
Dr Loettel
ee M:. aryl ae Logan
Dr. and Mrs. Loitman
Dr. Albert E. L are Ja.
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Londe
Mr. and Mrs. Harry A. Londoff
Mr. Charles D. Long
I. J. Long
Mrs. John R. Longmire
Dr. and Mrs. Maurice J.
Dr. and Mrs. Maurice J.
Lonsway
Lonsway, Jr.
Mrs. Stanley L. Lopata Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Lorenz Mr. and Mrs. Russell E. Lortz
Mr. and Mrs.
Edward Kk. Love, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Miss Martha I. Love Mr. and Mrs.
William McBride Love Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Lovelace Mrs. Abraham Lowenhaupt Mrs. Henry C. Lowenhaupt Dr. and Mrs. Oliver Lowry
Mr. and Mrs. S. K. Loy
Mr. rae as - W. Lucas Mr. C. Lu
Mr. ei Rera ce A. Ludwig Miss Lillian A. Luebben Mrs. Norma Lueking
Mr. Charles F. Luke
Mr. and Mrs. Joel Y. Lund Mr. Wm. R. Lustkandl Fred M. Luth & Sons
Mr. and Mrs. Roland H. Lutz Mrs. Ruby H. Lyerly Mr. and Mrs. Bert A. Lynch Mr. and Mrs. Creston C. Lynn Mc Mr. and Mrs. Henry H. McAdams Mr. J. Wesley McAfee Mr. and Mrs. Glenn M. McCain
Dr. Raymond McCallister Mr. and Mrs. Lansden McCandless Dr. and Mrs. H. R. McCarroll Mrs. Eugene Ross McCarthy Miss June McCarthy Mrs. M. L. McCaskill Mr. and Mrs. Russell J. McClellan Mr. and Mrs. Tex McClintock Mr. Henry McCluney Mr. and Mrs. Jamerson C. Mr. and Mrs. os i arson McCormack Mr. Dean McCoy Mr. Robin McCoy Miss Gertrude McDonald Mrs. G. N. McDonald Mr. and Mrs. Glenroy McDonald Mr. and Mrs. James S. McDonnell, Jr. Mrs. William A. McDonnell Mr. and Mrs. R. S. MeDorman Mrs. W. Finley McElroy Mrs. John C. McEwen Mr. and Mrs. Howard H. McGee Dr. and Mrs. Ronald K. McGregor
McCormack
16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mr. B. FE. MeKechnie Mrs. R. W. Meckfessel Mrs. W. Gillespie Moore Mr. and Mrs. Lee C. McKinley Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. William 7 Paavo be Mr. Silas B. Mc Kinley J. Reynolds Medart Mr. and Mrs. David H. Morey Mrs. Floyd L. McKinney Mr. George F. Meenen Mrs. John C. Morfit Mr. and Mrs. John B. McKinney Mrs. G. W. Mefferd Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Morgan Mr. John R. McLane, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Arch Megel Mr. cies Mrs. Paul D. Morgan Miss Frances E. McMahon Mehlville Garden Club 1 Mr. ¢ on Morrill Mr. and Mrs. FF. R. MceMath Miss Thelma E. Mehrhott Mrs. H. Morrill Miss Virginia McMath Mr. Arthur J. Meier Mrs. Nz as J. Morris Mrs. W. Benton Me Millan Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Meier Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Morris Mr. G. F. MeMillen Dr. and Mrs. Mrs. Walter E. Morris Mrs. F. P. MeNalley Theodore M. Meiners Mrs. Hugh B. Morrison Miss Phyllis McPheeters Mrs. Edwin B. Meissner Mr. Ralph A. Morriss, IT Mrs. Samuel B. McPheeters Mr. and Mrs. Mr. R. M. Morriss Mr. and Mrs. Edwin B. Meissner, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Morse Thomas S. McPheeters, Jr. Mrs. George E. Mellow Mrs. W. Edwin Moser Mrs. Thomas S. McPheeters Mr. and Mrs. R. Wesley Mellow Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Moss Mr. and Mrs. R. H. McRoberts Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Mernagh Dr. Albert J. Motzel Mr. and Mrs. D. L. MeVea Mrs. Julia W. Merrill Mr. John R. Moulton Mr. and Mrs, Stuart M. Mertz Mr. and Mrs. Edward B. Mower, Jr. M Mr. and Mrs. David W. Mesker Mr. and Mrs. James Muchmore Mr. Francis A. Mesker Mr. John C. Muckerman, Mrs. Albert C. Maack Mr. Gustav Mesmer Dr. and Mrs. Richard Muckerman Mr. and Mrs. D. Bernard Mabry Mr. George S. Metcalfe Mr. and Mrs. Albert Muehlenbrock Mrs. J. D. MacCarthy Metropolitan St. Louis African Mrs. Arthur Mueller Mr. and Mrs. | Violet Society Mr. and Mrs. Julius F. Mueller John P. MacCarthy, Mr. and Mrs. Elliott W. Metz Dr. and Mrs. M. A. Mueller Mrs. Minard T. MacCarthy Mrs. Carl F. G. Meyer Dr. Robert Mueller Mrs, Marcella Wiget MacDermott Mr, and Mrs. Donald J. Meyer Dr. Robert J. Mueller Mrs. J. C. Macheca Mrs. Eugene J. Meyer Mrs. Max S. Muench Mrs. Wm. R. MacGreevy Mrs. Garret Meyer Dr. and Mrs. R. O. Muether Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. John C. Meyer Mr. C. A. Mulholland Herbert Allen Mack Mr. and Mrs. Louis T. Meyer Mr. and Mrs. Arden J. Mummert Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Mackey Mrs. Morton Meyer Miss Edith Munday Mrs. L. Bryant Mackey Mrs. Ridgely Meyer Miss Alma C. Mundt Dr. and Mrs. Mrs. Robert FE, Meyer Mr. Burnaby Munson William L. Macon, Jr. Miss Viola Meyer Mr. Frederick M. Murdock Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth Hl. Maddy Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Arch E. Murphy Mr. and Mrs. B. Maechling Russell G. Meyerand Mr. and Mrs. Forrest Murphy Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Maestre Mr. and Mrs. Melbourne Meyers Mr. and Mrs. James J. Murphy Dr. and Mrs. Jos. Magidson Mr. Wm. Michalski Dr. and Mrs. James P. Murphy Mr. J. Marshall Magner Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Tom Murphy Mr. Paul kK. Magoon, Jr. Charles W. Middleton Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Musial Mr. Joseph T. Mahaney Mr. Jerry Mihm Mrs. Max Myer Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Mahley = Mr. and Mrs. Milton A. Mild Mr. and Mrs. George H. Myers Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Malick Mrs. William S. Milius Mr. and Mrs. James Myles Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Walter Millan Mr. and Mrs. Louis A. Mylius Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Mrs. Aurelia B. Miller Mrs. Laurence FE. Mallinckrodt Mr. Duane E. Miller N Mr. and Mrs. C. R. Manassa, Jr. Mrs. E. F. Miller Mrs. Mac H. Mandel ; Mrs. Earl I. Miller Miss Bernice Naeher Miss Clara A. Mangelsdorf Mrs. Hortense M. Miller Dr. Lillian Nagel Mrs. Carmel W. Mann Mr. and Mrs. Jefferson L. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Fred A. Nall Maple Leat G: arden Club Mr. and Mrs. Robert Ivan Miller Mr. and Mrs. Richard Nance Mrs. William Marbury Mrs. Andrew S. Mills Mrs. W. D. Nansen Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. John K. Mills Mrs. Maryeva Naslund Chas. + Marcrander Mr. and Mrs. 1. E. Millstone Mr. H. K. Nason Mrs. E. A. Marquard Mr. and Mrs. David S. Milton Mr. and Mrs. David J. Nax Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Harry Milton Mr. and Mrs. Eugene V. Nay Kenneth A. Marshall Miss Sally Milton Mr. and Mrs. John C. Naylor Mrs. Claude B. Martin Mrs. John W. Minton Mr. and Mrs. Paul Neel Mrs. and Mrs. Missouri Aquarium Society, Inc. Mr, and Mrs. Carroll E. Nelson Leonard C. Martin Missouri Rolling Mill Corp. Mrs. Earl F. Nelson Mr. Maleolm W. Martin Miss Jean Mitchell Mr. Lewis C. Nelson Dr. and Mrs. John C. Martz Mr. and Mrs. Owen H. Mitchell Miss Alice Nerlich Mr. Elmer FE. Marx Mr. Samuel A. Mitchell Nettie’s Flower Garden 7 Mr. and Mrs, Claude C. Marxer Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. C. Sidney Neuhoff Miss Edith S. Mason Ralph Moon Moberly Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Neun Mr. and Mrs. Max Mason Dr. and Mrs. Arnold S. Moe Mrs. E. J. Neuner Mr. and Mrs. Joel Massie Mr. and Mrs. John Mohler Mr. and Mrs. James D. Nevins Mrs. William H. Masters Mr. H. W. Mohrman Mrs. Ruth Nevins Mr. and Mrs. Dr. and Mrs. Charles A. Molden Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Newhard Carroll S. Mastin Mr. Frank A. Molumby Mr. G. F. Newhard, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Mastin Monark Petroleum Co. Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Newhard Mr. and Mrs. Monday Club Mr. and Mrs. Douglas F. Newman H. B. Mathews, Jr. Monday Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Eric P. Newman Mrs. A. B. Mattel Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T. Monnig Mr. and Mrs. Ernest K. Newman
Mr. and Mrs. Peter F. Mattei Dr. and Mrs. Carl V. Moore Mrs. Jane Newman Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Moore’ Mrs. C. A. Newton Claude L. Matthews Mr. C. Wickham Moore Dr. and Mrs. James F. Nickel Miss Erma E. Maurer Miss Elizabeth Moore Dr. Frank Nickl Mr. and Mrs. John M. Max Mrs. George H. Moore Mr. and Mrs. L. H. Niebling Mr. and Mrs. Morton D. May Dr. and Mrs. Gordon F. Moore Mr. and Mrs. Delafield Niedringhaus Mr. Morton J. May Mrs. Harry G. Moore, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Lee I. Niedringhaus Mrs. Frank M. Mayfield, Sr. Mr. John G. Moore Mrs. Marion Niedringhaus
Mrs. Walter R. Mayne Mrs Ray S. Moore Mr. and Mrs. Harry F. Niehaus
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17
Miss Lillie Niehaus Mr. and Mrs.
Charles A. Niekamp Mrs. Eugene D. Nims Miss Mercedes E. Nitzschmann Mr. aus Mrs. John J. Noble Mrs. R. J. Noland Mrs. Hiram Norcross Mr. B. W. Nordman Mrs. Alfred H. Norrish Northwoods Garden Club Miss Virginia E. Nottbusch Frederick Nussbaum
Oo
Oak Valley Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Gyo Obata Miss Carmelita O’Connor Mr. Kenneth O’Connor Mrs. Ruth M. O’Donnell Mr. Fred J. Oertli Mr. and Mrs. Dan O’Gorman Mr. and Mrs. James D. O’Hara Mr. Howard Ohlendort Dr. and Mrs. J. L. O’Leary Mr. John M. Olin Mr. and Mrs. Guy W. Oliver Mr. and Mrs.
Wallace L. Mr. and Mrs. Lester E. Olmstead Mrs. Fred Olsen Mr. and Mrs. John O’Meara Miss Martha O'Neil Mr. Tsaac Ce Orr Mr. and Mrs.
W. R. Orthwein, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Preston G. Orwig Mrs. N. M. Osborne Mrs. Peg Oster Mr. and Mrs. John F. Otto Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Otto Mrs. John H. Overall Mrs. C. Sprewell Owen
Oliver, Sr.
P
Mr. Victor Packman
Mrs. Anna M. Page
Earl M. Page, Inc.
Mr. William Pagenstecher Mr. Fred O. Pahmeyer
Mr. and Mrs. George E. Pake Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Palm Mr. and Mrs. Ray C. Palmer Mrs. Raoul Pantaleoni
Mrs: Harry ...Papin, |r; Mrs. Q. J. Papineau
Mr. Quintin Papineau, Jr. Mr. and Mrs.
Edwin Andrew Paradoski Mrs. Herbert L. Parker, Jr. Mrs. E. H. Parsons Mrs. Emelie Partell Col. and Mrs. W. D. Mrs. Jerrold Pass Mr. Russell Patton Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Paul Mr. and Mrs. Gerald F. Pauley Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Pavelka, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John H. Payne, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Payne Mr. A. G. Peck Mrs. James C. Peden, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Frederic M. Peirce Mr. Frank Pellegrino
Mr. and Mrs. Paul E. Peltason Mrs. Frank E. Pelton, al ee
Mrs. Jane K. Pelton
Mr. and Mrs.
Gilbert W. Pennewill Mr. Elmer C. Peper Mr. and Mrs. A. Perlmutter Mrs. George H. Perrine Mrs. E. E. Pershall Mrs. Edgar F. Peters
Paschall
Mrs. A. I*. Peterson Mrs. Cora Peterson Miss Dorothy E. Peterson Dr. and Mrs. oe D. Peterson Mrs. W. Peterson Mrs. *harles Pettus, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Pettus, Jr.
Mrs. Eugene Pettus, Sr.
Mr. and Mrs. George T. Pettus Mr. J. Harold Pettus
Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Pettus Mr. William G. Pettus, Jr. Mrs. Carl E. Pfeifer
Mr. Henry Plager Mr. and Mrs. Miss Alice Pickel
Mrs. Clifford G. Pickel
Mrs. William A. Pickett
Mrs. Bessie Pilsbury
Mr. fda A. Pinegar
Mrs. S. J. Pingree
Mr. ae Mrs. Vernon W. Piper Mr. and Mrs. Guy Pisani
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Pistrui Mr. and Mrs. John Pistrui
Mr. Clif Placke
Mrs. Samuel Plant
Mr. and Mrs. David S. Plumb Mr.and Mrs. Maurice L. Plumer Mrs. Charles M. Polk
Mrs. Sarah C. Polk
Mr. W. J. Polk, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Pollak
Mr. and Mrs. R. H. Pollak
Mr. and Mrs. Charles IF. Pollnow Mr. F. Ae Poll now, Gs
Mr. F. J. Pollnow, Sr.
Mr. and Mrs. C. Robert Pommer Mr. and Mrs. Cletus Pope
Poplar Bluth Garden Club
Miss Hilda Porbeck
Mrs. Claude T. Porter Mrs. Lawrence T. Post Mrs. Ek. O. Potter
Mrs. T. Randolph Potter
Mr. and Mrs. Elmer W. Pounds Mrs. Earl A. Powell
Mrs. Raymond F. Powell
Mrs. Walter S. Powell
Mr. C. F. Prehn
Mr. Paul W. Preisler
Mr. and Mrs, H. C. Prevallet
Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Price, Jr. Mrs. J. B. Price Mrs. Henry W. Priep
Mr. and Mrs. A. T. Primm, ITI Primrose Garden ( Tub Mrs. George I ring
Mr. and Mrs. kK. A. Proctor Mr. and Mrs. Frank E. Proctor Miss Ruth P. Proctor
Dr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Proetz Mr. William S. Propper
Mr. and Mrs. Fred J. Pruetzel
Miss Emma Purnell
Mrs. C. H. Puterbaugh
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Michael Pulitzer Mrs. D. J. Putnam
Mr. H. V. Putzel
Mr. and Mrs. Louts R. Putzel Mr. and Mrs. Paul Putzel
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Putzell, Jr.
R
Mr. and Mrs. William Rabenberg Dr. and Mrs. Maxwell Rachlin Mr. Herman Radtott
Mrs. Lillian Raftery
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert J. Ra Mrs. Henry H. Rand
Mr. James FE. Rarick
Mr. and Mrs.
Frank Rassieur, Jr.
Iston
Robert I. Phemister
Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Ratcliff Mrs. Aaron S. Rauh Mr. Joseph Ravarino Mr. and Mrs. Percy L. Read Dr. and Mrs. James H. Ready Mr. and Mrs. Floyd S. Reay Mr. James D. Reeder Miss Mildred Reese ae Stella G. Reess
J. L. Reeves Meo nal Council Men’s Garden
Clubs of Greater St. Louis Mr. Walter L. Rehfeld Mr. and Mrs. R. M. Reichman Mr. and Mrs. P. H. Reis Mr. and Mrs. Homer C. Reiss Dr. and Mrs. Edward A. Reisse Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. Reitz Mr. and Mrs. Douglas B. Remmers Mr. and Mrs. William E. Remmert Miss Annabel Remnitz Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Renard Mr. and Mrs. Oscar W. Rexford Mrs. William E. Reyburn Mr. Maxwell C. Rhodes Miss Alice Rice Dr, Carl E~ Rice Mr. and Mrs. Rolland W. Mrs. Thomas T. Richards Mrs. Walter C. Richards Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Miss Ruth Richardson Mrs. Ellen E. Richman Mrs. Edna E. Richter Col. and Mrs. F. A. Rickly Mr. and Mrs. Howard E. Ridgway Miss B. Jeanette Riefling Mrs. Caroline H. Riehl Mr. and Naae ie ou W.
Richards
Richardson
Riethmann
Mr. A. H.
Mr. and Mr Tiel H. Riley Mr. R. L. Rinehart
Mr. Walter Ring
Dr. L. M. Riordan
Dr. and Mrs. Martin T. Rippe Miss Beatrice Risch
Mr. and Mrs. Harold A. Risch
Mrs. Mathilda Risch Miss Nellie Rives Mrs. Elzey Roberts Mr. and Mrs. Elzey M. Roberts, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Harold D. K. Roberts Mr. and Mrs. Hervey Roberts
ce oe L. Robertson
s. Kenneth Robins
Mr. 7 Mrs. Seth A. Robins
rs. Bernard L. Robinson
Mrs. F. M. Robinson, Jr.
F. M. Robinson
Mr. and Mrs. P. C. Robinson
Mr. and Mrs. S. Carl Robinson
Mr. and Mrs. Spencer H. Rebinson Mrs. Wm. M. Robinson
Robinwood Garden Club
Rock Community Garden Club Rock Hill Garden i lub 1
Mr. and Mrs. H. Taylor Rodgers. Mr. and Mrs. Charlton B. Re
CLS,
Mrs. Joel A. Rogers Mrs. J. Virgil Rohan
Dr. and Mrs. Edwin H. Dr. and Mrs. Daniel P. Roman
Mr. and Mrs. John J. Rocs
Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Kk. Roos Mr. and Mrs. G. S. Rosborough, Jr. Dr. D. K. Rose
Rose Hills Garden Club
Mrs. A. H. Rosenberg
Mrs. Adam Rosenthal
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Ross
Mr. and Mrs. Ben Roth
Rehlfing
Mr. and Mrs. Carl F. Roth Mr. Louis L. Roth
Bonnie L. Rothe
Mr. and Mrs. Oscar J. Rotty
Dr. and Mrs. George E. Roulhac
18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mr. Vernon Rowe Mrs. Ray E. Rowland Mr. and Mrs.
Jerome M. Rubenstein Mrs. S. HL. Rubenstein Mr. Sidney E. Rubin
Dr. and Mrs. Leroy W. Rubright
Mr. Charles J. Rudolph, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Carl Rueck Olivia J. Ruether
rs. Lohrer Ruemeli Mr. Ben J. Ruhl Mrs. John Ruhoff Mrs. C. M. Ruprecht Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Russell Sandra Jean Ruth Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Ruwitch Miss Susan S. Ryan Miss Helen C. Ryrie
S
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen J. Sabo Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Sacamano
Mr. and Mrs. Byron D. Sachar
Mr. and Mrs. Louis Sachs Mr. and Mrs. Louis S. Sachs Mr. S. C. Sachs ah Clair County Garden Club . Louis Herb Society Louis Horticultural Society St Louis Nature Study Society Mrs. Llewellyn Sale, Jr. Mrs. Betty T. Salisbury Mr. R. E. Salveter Mrs. Julian G. Samuels Mr. and Mrs. G. J. Samuelson Dr. Robert D. Sanders Miss Adelaide G. Sands Mrs. Gertrude Sandusky Mr. and Mrs. Wm. W. Sant Sappington Acres Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. Warren M. Sartt
Dr. and Mrs. Dean Sauer
Dr. and Mrs. W. Nicholas Sauer
Mrs. Frank E. Sawyer Mr. and Mrs. Clifford Saxton Mrs. T. M. Sayman Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Scearce Mr. William Schaettler Mr. and Mrs.
William J. Schaffner Mrs. Taylor Schake Mrs. Roberta Schattgen Mr. and Mrs.
Norman Schaumburg Mr. Russell E. Schaumburg Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Scheer
Mr. and Mrs. C. William Schemm
Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Schenler Mrs. Gordon Scherck
Mr. and Mrs. Henry J. Scherck
Mr. and Mrs. Stanley O. Schermer Mr. A. H. Schettler Mr. Frank C. Scheuermann
Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Scheuermann
Mrs. William Henry Schield Mrs. Velma W. Schierholz Mrs. W. G. Schierman
Mr. and Mrs. Gideon Schiller Mr. and Mrs. Dan Schlafly Miss Ellen A. Schlafly
Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Schlafly
Mr. and Mrs. George H. Schlapp
Miss Carol Jayne Schlattmann Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Schleicher Mr. Fred A. Schlossstein Mr. C. C. Sehmid Mr. August R. Schmidt
Mr. and Mrs. Erwin Carl Schmidt
Mr. George R. Schmidt Miss Julia B. Schmidt Mr. and Mrs. Oskar Schmidt
Mrs. William O. Sc
rs. Henriette Schotten Mrs. Gertrude S. Schreiber
y. Cisne Schreiber Schroeder NG Cc urry,
Robert Leroy Schumann -s. William Schwab Miss Edna Schwaner
rs. Edward K. Schwartz
. Max D. Schwarz
T. Henry Schweich -s. Julius S. Schweich
Miss M athilda Schwinis
‘ieee W. W. Seni, Jr
5 Secilers & Ww cede Garden Club .and Mrs. George Seeger
Mrs. Oliver Scie Miss Alice Sellinger asi Marvin B. Seltzer
Service Ble pie Co.
- John N. Shalhoob -. and Mrs. Connor B. Shanley
A. Wessel Shapleigh
Mr. and Mrs.
Warren McKinney Shapleigh Mrs. George H. Share Mr. Russell A. Sharp Mrs. W. P. Sharpe Henry Shaw Cactus Society Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Shaw Shaw Improvement Association Mrs. Elizabeth L. Sheldon Mrs. Frank R. Sheldon Mr. H. Kk. Sheldon Mr. and Mrs. Richard D. Shelton Mr. and Mrs. Sam J. Shelton Mrs. Earl FE. Shepard Mr. and Mrs. John C. Shepherd Mr. and Mrs. Tom L. Shepherd Mr. and Mrs.
Arthur = Shepley, Jr. Mr. and XN
Ethan A “Wh Shepley Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Sher Mrs. Ida J. Sherriffs Mrs. Arthur Sherwood Mr. Vance I. Shield Mr. and Mrs.
Bradford Shinkle, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Jackson J. Shinkle Mrs. Sydney Shoenberg, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Allen B. Shopmaker Mrs. Ela Mary Shrum Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Shucart Mr. Grover C. Sibley Dr. J. G. Sicelutt Mrs. Frances R. Siegel Dr. and Mrs. F. W. Siegert ae and Mrs.
. Richard Silverman
he and Mrs. Saul D. Silvermintz Mrs. FE. C. Simmons Mr. and Mrs.
Theodore M. Simmons Mr. Julian Simon Mrs. Octavia B. Simon Dr. & Mrs. William A. Sims, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Singer Mr, James A. Singer Mr. and Mrs.
James W. Singer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs.
J. A. Singmaster, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. James C. Sisk Mrs. T. J. Skaar Mr. and Mrs.
Lemoine Skinner, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Walter R. Skinner Mrs. Douglas oan Mr. and Mrs. Carroll Smith Mrs. Earl G. Smith Mrs. George M. Smith Miss Gladys M. Smith Mr. and Mrs. H. Parker Smith Mr. Herbert G. Smith Mr. and Mrs.
J. Sheppard Smith, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth A. Smith Mr. and Mrs. M. Benjamin Smith Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Smith Mr. and Mrs. R. A. K. Smith Mr. and Mrs.
Robert Brookings Smith Mrs. Robert M. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Roger D. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Shea Smith, [II Mr. and Mrs. Spencer D. Smith Mrs. Tom Kk. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Wallace H. Smith Mr. S. Watts Smyth Virginia Sodemann Mr. and Mrs. Ralph K. Soebbing Mr. Carl L. Soeker Mrs. J. A. Sohm Mrs. Charles H. Sommer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Sophir Sorosis Garden Club Adm. and Mrs. Sidney W. Souers
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19
Mrs. Dudley Southward Mrs. Samuel D. Soule Mrs. Clarence F. Spaethe Mr. and Mrs. Geo. A. Speckert Mr. and Mrs. Alfred A. Speer Mrs. G. E. Speer Mrs. Ernest Speh Mr. H. N. Spencer Mr. and Mrs. H. N. Spencer, Jr. Mr. Erwin J. Speth Mr. and Mrs. Charles C. Mr. and Mrs. George F. Lae JeGs- Baylor Spink Dr. Edgar W. Spinzig Mr. a Mrs. William W. Spivy Mrs. Charles H. Spoehrer Mr. H. F. eas d Mr. and Mrs. F. E. Springer Mr. and Mrs. are E. Sprung Mr. and Mrs. Larry G. Stamm Mrs. Howard A. Stamper Mr. and Mrs. Edwin T. Stanard Miss Lois Stanley Mrs. Robert Starbird Mr. Lon Stark Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd C. Mr. Hugh Steavenson Mr. and Mrs. Chester A. Steiner Mr. and Mrs. Louis D. Steiner Miss Irene Steinman Mr. and Mrs. George Stemmler Mr. and Mrs. Wm. A. Stengel Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Stephens, IT Mr. Albert Edward Stephens Mr. and Mrs. B. L. Sterbenz Mrs. Jess Stern Mr. and Mrs. Melvin Stern Mrs. Herman J. Sternberg Miss Audrae Stevens Mr. E. F. Stevens | Mr. and Mrs. I. A. Stevens Dr. and Mrs. Paul H. Stevenson Mr. George W. Stewart Mrs. J. Bruce Stewart Mrs. L. M. Stewart Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H. Stifel Albert Stix, Jr. | Ernest W. Stix Mi ‘and Mrs. William Stix Mr. and Mrs. Rolla H. Stocke Mr. and Mrs. A. S. Stockstrom Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Stoddart Mr. and Mrs. John Stodieck Mrs. H. M. Stolar Mrs. John J. Stolze Mr. and Mrs. Clem F. Storckman Mr. Eric A. Storz Mrs. K. Storz Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence E. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Dr. Arthur E. Strauss Mr. and Mrs. L. Strauss Mrs. Anne Davis Streett Mr. and Mrs. James D. Streett Mr. and Mrs. L. K. Stringham Mrs. Oscar Stroh Dr ae Mrs. Donald Strominger
Spink Spink
Stark
George D. Stout
Stout, Jr. Eli M. Strassner
Mr. E. Stuart Mrs. Lewis B. Stuart Mrs. Edna S. Stueck
rs. Edwin F. Stuessie Mr. and Mrs. Roy Stumpt Stupp Bros. Bridge & Iron Co. Mr. and Mrs. John P. Stupp Mr. Norman J. Stupp Mr. and Mrs. M. B. Sturgis Dr. and Mrs. A. C. Stutsman E. A. Sudbrink Mr. and Mrs.
Edward P. Sullivan Sullivan Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Meade Summers
John B.
Melvin S. Strassner
Town Town a Country Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. Chester Mrs. Joseph Sunnen Mrs. Newton Susman Mr. John H. Sutherland Sutphin, M.D.
Mrs. Orval eae
a and Mrs. Charles A. Sutton Gen. & Mrs. Leif J. Sverdrup Mr.and Mrs. John K. Switzer Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F. Switzer Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Swoboda Mrs. Stuart Symington
Mrs. Stuart Symington, Jr.
A. Sunder
T
Mrs. John T. Tabor
Mrs. George A. Talbot, III Mr. Roseoe S. Tallman Mr. and Mrs. George B. Ta Miss Ella Tappmeyer
Mrs. Thomas O. Tarrant Miss Harriet Tatman
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Taussig
ipner
Mrs. Warren A. Taussig Mr. and Mrs. Delmar J. Taylor Mr. and Mrs. Delwin L. Taylor
Mr. and Mrs. Edgar C. Taylor
Mr. Edgar L. Taylor, Jr.
Mr. and rg s. Edwin S. Taylor Mrs. G. Chez bourne Taylor Mrs. James C. Taylor
Miss Violet TP aylor
Mrs. Wilford H.
Taylor
Tealwood Garden Club
Teich
Harry Tenenbaum Richard G. Tennant Tensteld
Mrs. Ralph A, Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Miss Anna E.
Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Terry Dr. R. J. Terry
Mr. and Mrs. Whitelaw T. Terry Mrs. Whitelaw T. Terry, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Teter Mrs. E. Oscar Thalinger
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. A, Thau
Mr. Harold Kk. Thayer
Mrs. Perey A. Thias
Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Thomas Mrs. C. L. Thome is
Mrs. Edwin a Thomas
Mrs. Spencer Thomas
Miss Zara T hey masson Mr. and Mrs. Charles L Mrs. C. lL. Thcmncen Mr. Edmonstone F. Thompson Mrs. Ford W. Thompson Mrs. Frank A. Thempson Mr. and Mrs.
Robert W. Thompson Mr. William Phomson Mr. and Mrs. M. C. Thredahl Dr. Don L. Thurston Mr. Otto Tietjens Mr. and Mrs. Louis Tiger Dr. Paul F. Titterington Miss Winitred Tittmann
I
Thompson,
Mrs. Maurice J. Tobin
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Tobin, Il Mrs. Wyle Todd
Mr. and Mrs. Re lf Toensfeldt
Mr. and Mrs. (¢ Mr. and Mrs. John L. Tomasovie, Sr. rs. Louis R, Tomey Mr. and Mrs. Charles Tooker Mrs. C. W. Tooker Mrs. ae C. Torno Mrs. J: se oh WwW. Towle aaa Country Garden Club 1
Alvin Tolin
Mrs. F. Townsend Mr. and Mire Carl Trauernicht Mrs. James C. Travilla
Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Treaster
Dr. and Mrs. Irl Tremain Mrs. A. N. ees Mr. and Mrs. Fred Tretter Mrs. Paul Treuman Mrs. John S. Tritle Dr. Simon T. L. Tsang Mr. and Mrs. Mitten H. Tucker Mrs. Percy Tucker Hon. and Mrs. Raymond R. Tucker Mr. and Mrs. H. Lister Tuholske
Mrs. T. C. Tupper, Jr.
Mrs. Clarence M. Turley Mrs. W. B. Turman
Mrs. DeWitt Turner
Mr. and Mrs. Wallace Tuttle
U
Mr. and Mrs. Mrs.
Alfred F. Ulrich Daniel Upthegrove, Jr.
Vv Mrs. William C. Mr. and Mrs. William M. Van Cleve Mrs. M. H. VanderPearl Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Van Dyke
Valli
Mrs. Henry Van Hook Mrs. W. A. Van Rhein Mrs. Anna Vassier
Mrs. Joseph H. Vatterott
Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas P. Mr. and Mrs.
Walter H. Vesper, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frank Vesser Mr. and Mrs. William E. Vesser Viking African Violet Club Village Garden Club Dr. John A. Virant Miss Aurelia M. Voelker Mr. and Mrs. John C. Vogel Miss Lucille M. Vogel Miss Mildred M. Vogel Mr. and Mrs. L. J. Vogler Mrs. Leo Ne Vogt Vollmar Bros. Construction Co, Mrs. Joseph E. Vollmar Mrs. R. Lewis Vollmar Mr. Corwin H. Von Brecht David VonHahn em ‘and Mrs. A. F. Voss Mr. and Mrs. Fred Voss Dr. and Mrs. John S. Voyles
WwW Festus J. er ibe Me ‘and Mrs. J. Wade Mr. William W ade Mr. rs Wavenfuehr
Veeder
Mrs. Corwith Wagner Mr. ae Mrs. Wm. A. Wagner Mrs. A. C. Wahl
Mr. Edwin R. Waldemer Miss Sylvia Walden Mr. and Mrs. Millard Waldheim Mr. Truman E. Walker Dr. and Mrs. Willard B. Walker Mr. and Mrs.
Woodruff W. Walker Mrs. Harry B. Wallace Mr. and Mrs. John kK. Wallace Mr. and Mrs. M. B. Wallace, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Victor Wallace Mrs. Jacob Wallach Miss Elizabeth D. Waller Mr. and Mrs. W. Edmund Waller Mr. Robert L. Waln _ and Mrs.
Edward J. Walsh, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Walsh
Dr. and Mrs. Theodore E. Walsh Mrs. William ie Walters
Mr. and Mrs. D. Walther
Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Waltke
20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mrs. J. H. Walton Mr. Hermann F. Walz Mr. Elmer F. Wander Mr. and Mrs. Herbert K. Wannen Dr. and Mrs. George K. Warner Mr. Donald B. Warren Warson View Garden Club Warson Woods Federated
Garden Club 2 Mr. and Mrs. Jackson Waterbury Mr. and Mrs. Lynn A. Watt Mr. William B. Weakley Mr. and Mrs. C. Stacy Weaks Col. Hames H. Wear, Jr. Mrs. James H. Wear Mr. and Mrs. D. C. Webber Mr. and Mrs. Arthur R. Weber Miss Della Weber Mr. and Mrs. ee J. Weber Miss Jane A. Weber Mr. L. Barrett Weber Mr. and Mrs, Gerhard F, Mr. R. C. Weber W ties Groves Garden Club Webster Groves Garden Club Webster Groves Garden Club Webster Groves Garden Club Webster Groves Garden Club Webster Groves Garden Club Webster Groves Garden Club Webster Groves Garden Club
Weber
NID UI oboe
\o
Webster Groves Garden Club 10 Webster Groves Garden Club 12 Webster Groves Garden Club 13
Webster Groves Nature Society Mrs. Kathryn O. Wedemeyer Mr. Leroy A. eae Mr. Harry L. Weier . Eugene S. We il Mr. and Mrs. Richard K. Weil Mr. and Mrs. Elmer Weilbacher Miss Patria C. Weinert Mrs. yaa J. Winekautf Mrs. S. A. Weintraub Mr. and Mrs. Richard Weisert Dr. and Mrs, Sol Weisman . Bertha W. Weiss Mr. and Mrs. J. Garneau Weld Mr. and Mrs. J. Garneau Weld, Jr. Miss Laura A. Weller Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Wendel Dr. and Mrs. Frits W. Went . A. W. Wenthe . and Mrs. Herman Wenzel . William HH. Wenzel Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Werner . and Mrs. Joseph G. Werner Mrs. Joseph L. Werner Mrs. Allen T. West Westover Farms Landscaping Co. Mr. John C. Wetterer Miss Claralyn Wetzel Mrs. Fern K. Wetzel Mr. and Mrs. Maurice R. Wheeler
Study
Dr. and Mrs. Russell C. Wheeler Miss Virginia = hi heeling Mr. and Mrs. C Whitaker Dr. T. W. Whit: cone Mr. R. C. White Mr. and Mrs. R. Dale White Mrs. Thomas W. White Dr. and Mrs. William H. White _ and Mrs. oe ell Whitehead
Mt Ss. Whitmarsh Mr. ae hee John D. Whitney Mr. and Mrs.
Clinton L. Whittemore, Jr. Mrs. H. H. Whittemore
Mrs. Henry J. Wichman Mr. and Mrs. John F. Wickey Mr. and Mrs. James C. Wieboldt
Mr. H. E. Wiedemann Dr. and Mrs. Walter L. Mrs. Otto Wiekhorst Mr. Francis H. Wielandy Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Wiese Mr. and Mrs. Harold W. Wiese Mrs. Ira Wight Mrs. O. S. Wightman Mr. and Mrs. Themas J. Wilhite Mr. and Mrs. Gene Wilkey Mr. and Mrs.
Lupton A. Wilkinson Mr. A. W. Willert Mrs. Barnes Williams Mr. and Mrs.
Eugene F. Williams, Jr. Mrs. Eugene F. Williams, Sr. Mrs. George Dee Williams Mr. James H. Williams, Jr. Mrs. John Gates Williams Kay Williams Mrs. W. Grant Williams Mrs. bgp P. Williams Mrs. S. M. Willingham Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Willis Miss Nancy C. Mrs. Clarence T. Dr. and Mrs. Clyde | L. Mrs. Eugene Wilson Dr. and Mrs. H. M. Wilson Mrs. Howard U. Wilson Mrs. Louis J. Wilson Dr. and Mrs, Keith S. Wilson Mr. and Mrs. William T. Wilson Miss Celia E. Wilton Miss Edna Wilton Dr. and Mrs. Melvin R. Wilucki Mr. and Mrs. Preslyn A. Wind Miss Estelle L. Windhorst Mr. Frank Windler Windsor Acres Garden Club Mrs. E. J. Winkelmeyer Mrs. FE. L. Winke!meyer Mr. and Mrs. Paul E. Winter Mr. Earl J. Wiptler Mr. and Mrs.
Kenneth E. Wischmeyer Wisteria Garden Club Mrs. Joseph Witek
Wilson
Wiedmer
Mr. and Mrs. Benedict P. Witkus Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Witman Miss Mathilde A. Witt
Mr. and Mrs. Walter Wittenberg Miss Alice Wittkopf
Mr. and Mrs.
Arthur E. Woerheide Mr. Robert P. Woerner Mr. and Mrs.
Donald S. Wohltman Dr. and Mrs. Samuel Wolff Mr. and Mrs. Stephen J. Wolff Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Wolfort Robert L. Wolfson Foundation Mr. John E. Woltemade Miss Dorothy M. Wood Mr. and Mrs. Neal S. Wood Mr. and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Jr. Mr. Lyle S. Woodcock Mrs. James H. Woods Mr. and Mrs. Robert FE. Mr. and Mrs.
Robert E. Woods, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Vernon R. Wren Mrs. Donald T. Wright Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Wright Mr. and Mrs. |
Woods
Harry W. Ww uertenbaccher, Jr. Miss Melba Wulfemeyer Mrs. Hildegarde Wunderlich Mrs. Hugo Wurdack Mrs. Walter Wurdack
Y
Mr. and Mrs. James D. Yale, Jr. Mr. and Mrs.
Yukinobu Yamamoto Dr. and Mrs. Mitchell Yanow Mrs. Louis F. Yeckel Mrs. Elizabeth N. Young Mrs. Howard I. Young Col. and Mrs. Jack T. Young Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Young Mr. Seth L. Young Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Young Mrs. Walter A. Younge Mr. and Mrs. G. E. Younger Mrs. J. A. Youngman
Z
Dr. and Mrs. T. S. Zahorsky Mr. and Mrs. Willard P. Zehner Mr. and Mrs. Wilham D. Zeltmann Mr. and Mrs. Ferdinand B. Zienty Mr. and Mrs. Herbert C. Zierenberg Mr. Charles J. Zimptfer Mrs. Frank Zinke Mr. and Mrs. Philip J. Zipp Mr. Edward J. Zoellner Mrs. Louis 1. Zorensky Dr. and Mrs. Jack Zuckner
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Mr. and Mrs. Howard IF. Baer Mr. and Mrs. Herman Bowmar Mrs. Kenneth Carpenter Mrs. Daniel IX. Catlin Mrs, Theron EF. Catlin Mr. and Mrs. Adolph G. Mr. Joseph Desloge
Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Drew
Clodius
LIFE MEMBERS
Mrs. Mildred Goodwin Mr. and Mrs. John I. Miss Flora FE. Henke Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mr. and Mrs. Adolph M. Hoenny Mrs. Arthur C. THloskins
Mr. and Mrs. John V. Janes
Mr. and Mrs. Roy D. Kercheval
Hayward
Mr. and Mrs. Elmer G. Kiefer Mrs. Harold Theodore Lange, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John S. Lehmann Mr. and Mrs.
Stratford Lee Morton Mr. and Mrs. Fristoe Mullins Mrs. Horton Watkins Mrs. Ann M. Wendell
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21
MissouRI BOTANICAL GARDEN 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE St. Louis, Mo. 63110
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS 1965 ACTIVITIES FOR CHILDREN
SATURDAY NATURE PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN
No study programs are provided every Saturday morning from 10 to 11:30 A. M. in the Museum Building and greenhouses for children ages 7 to 16. The programs are free and no advance registration is required.
Children are given instruction in the world of plants and their associations with man, animals, birds and insects. ‘These programs offer children action, recreation, and the fun of taking home their collections, seedlings and bulbs.
For more information, call TO 5-0440.
PITZMAN SUMMER NATURE STUDY COURSES
A free summer nature program for children between the ages of 7 and 16 is make possible by a grant from the Pitzman Foundation. Children have a funda- mental curiosity about everything going on around them, and these summer courses encourage this interest in living things by bringing children into closer contact with nature and answering the many questions that arise from such an experience.
The program is held on 4 days a week, with Tuesday-Thursday and Wednesday- Friday sections, from 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. each day for two 5-week sessions. Children register for either the Tuesday-Thursday or Wednesday-Friday section.
Registration for the first session will begin June Ist and for the second session July Ist. For information about the courses and registration, visit the Main Gate Office or telephone TO 5-0440.
hm bho
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
COURSES FOR ADULTS IN HOME GARDENING
Fees charged for the adult courses include all materials. Most classes and prac- tice sessions will be held in the Garden’s Experimental Greenhouse, reached by the Cleveland and Tower Grove Avenue gate.
Registration for all courses must be made in advance, since the number of persons who can be accepted for a given course is limited. Should interest warrant, second sessions will be considered and should less than fifteen persons register for
any course, it may be dropped, in which case the fees will be refunded.
BUDDING AND GRAFTING
Instruction, demonstration, and practice of commonly used budding and grafting techniques helpful to the home gardener. The Garden will provide grafting knives, grafting tape, and some plant materials for the practice session.
Students may bring their own plant materials if they desire. 1 Session — Fee $8.00 Museum Building
Tuesday evening — 7:30 to 10 P.M. February 23, 1965 Instructor: Mr. James I. McCaskill
HOW TO PROPAGATE FROM SEED
Fundamental facts and procedures for producing annuals, and perennials from seed for use in your garden. The Garden supplies seed, germinating medium and soil for four metal flats of seedlings which may be taken home. Persons wishing
to supply their own seed may do so.
5 Sessions — Fee $12.00 Experimental Greenhouse Tuesday afternoons — | to 2:30 P.M. March 16, 23, April 6, 13, 20 Thursday evenings — 8 to 9:30 P.M. March 18, 25, April 8, 15, 22
Instructors: Mr. Clarence Barbre Mr. Kenneth Peck HOME ORCHID CULTURE
Orchids suitable for home culture and best ways of growing them. Potting
demonstrations and practice. Students may take home the plant they pot. 1 Session — Fee $10.00 Orchid Greenhouse Saturday — 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. April 3
Instructor: Mr. Robert J. Gillespie
PREPARATION AND CARE OF LAWNS
Instruction on kinds of grasses and weeds and how to identify and control
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23
them. Preparation of ground for lawn establishment, soil conditioning, fertilizers and their application, rebuilding old lawns, maintenance and equipment will be discussed. Special attention will be given to individual problems.
3 Sessions — Fee $6.00 Museum Building Tuesday evenings —7 to 9 P. M. August 10, 17, 24 Instructor: Mr. Raymond Freeborg
PLANTS UNDER ARTIFICIAL LIGHT Illustrated with practical equipment for the amateur or professional grower.
1 Session — Fee $5.00 Orchid Greenhouse Saturday — 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. October 9 Instructor: Mr. Robert J. Gillespie
HOW TO PROPAGATE FROM CUTTINGS
Fundamental facts and procedures of producing trees, shrubs and perennials from cuttings. The Garden will supply a plastic covered metal propagating flat, medium and plant materials for 40 to 50 kinds of plants. Student practice will include propagation of house plants such as begonias and geraniums. Considerable attention will also be given to soft wood cuttings. The following methods of vegetative propagation will be discussed: root cuttings, suckers, divisions, hard and softwood stem cuttings, leaf, bud and scale cuttings.
5 Sessions — Fee $12.00 Experimental Greenhouse Tuesday evenings —8 to 9:30 P.M. October 12, 19, 26, November 2, 9 Thursday afternoons — 1 to 2:30 P.M. October 14, 21, 28, November 4, 11 Instructors: Mr. Clarence Barbre
Mr. Kenneth Peck
GUIDED TOURS
Organized groups and classes can obtain trained guides for visits to the Garden by telephoning TO 5-0440 at least ten days before their visit. Adults in tours, other than teachers with their classes, pay the usual admission to the Climatron but there is no charge for children or teachers with class groups.
SELF GUIDING TOURS
Climatron— An instructive pamphlet is available at the Climatron.
Tree Trail — An illustrated guide is available free at the Main Gate Office.
24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
PROGRAM OF SATURDAY ACTIVITIES FOR 1965
JANUARY
“Dead or Alive.” winter. 9 “Winter Puzzles.” Children will identify trees in winter by their twigs.
16 “Jungle Plants.” A short trip through Clima- tron to learn about and vie w jungle plants.
23 “Table Top Greenhouses.” Propagate plants from cuttings. (Bring a 1 lb. coffee contain- er and plastic bag large enough to cover.)
30 “Life Secret of a Plant.’’ Microscopes will
be used to view plant cells.
bo
A field study of plants in
FEBRUARY
>» “The North Woods.” A.’ slide-illustrated dis-
cussion on the forests in northern Michigan and Wisconsin.
13 ‘‘Mystery of the Orchid.’”? Why ts it different from all other flowers?
20 “Nature Movies.’’? Three color-sound nature movie films.
27 “Pin Cushion Forests.’”’ Life story of mosses. Take home labeled specimens.
MARCH
5 “The Story of Ferns.’”? Comparison of ferns to mosses and flowering plants. Press fern leaves to take home.
13 ‘‘Plants in a Capsule.’’ seed structure and how they are formed. Take home seeds.
20 ‘“*Miniature Gardens.”’ Plant little gardens to take home. (Bring rigid container, maxi- mum size 12” & 12” & 4” deep.
27 “Sowing Seeds.’’ Learn to sow seeds. (Bring 1 lb. coffee container.)
APRIL
3 “Rise of Forests. Plant succession or how
forests come into being.
10 ‘Flower Shapes and Names. tify spring wild flowers.
17 “Nature Films.’’ New color-sound movie films on a spring theme.
24 “Transplanting Seedlings.’?’ Transplant and take home plants for a small garden. (Bring a l lb. cotfee container. )
”
”
How to iden-
MAY
1 “Woodlands of America.’? Study of major forests of Missouri and eastern United States.
8 “Plants with Wet Feet.’? Demonstration of aquatic plants. See them in underwater tunnel in Climatron.
15 ‘Prehistoric Plants.’? The story of fossil plants.
22 “From Dust to Seed.’? Flower pollination and development of fruits and seeds.
29 “Bees and Flowers.’’ Observation of bees seeking nectar in flowers.
JUNE 5 “Tags for Trees. Make plaster casts of leaves to learn their structure.
12 “The Queen of Flowers.’’ Sample and study the fruits of members of Rose family.
19 “Nature Hunt.’”’ A treasure hunt for leaves and seeds. Prizes awarded.
26 “Nature Films.’’ A. selection of the newest and best color-sound films.
”
JULY
“Little Round Green Things, and Others.” The story of Algae in puddles and lakes.
) “The Bread-Winning Family.’? Collect and mount grasses to take home.
17 “Dangerous Plants.’’ Learn to identify poison ivy and other poisonous plants.
24 “Formulas for Flowers.’’ Find new way to look at flowers and mount several to take home.
31 ‘New Generation.’’ Collect seeds. Prize awarded to collectors of greatest number.
AUGUST
7 “Uses of Wild Plants.’’ Learn way to use wild plants as source of water, food and dye.
14 “Table Top Greenhouses.” Propagate plants from cuttings. (Bring 1 lb. coffee container and plastic bag large enough to cover.)
21 ‘Late Summer Landscapes.’ Draw or paint landscapes.
28 “How to Make a Terrarium.’’ Small plants and soil for terrarium supplied by Garden. (Bring a wide mouth jar or small glass bowl.)
SEPTEMBER
4 “The Mighty Oaks.”?’ Make collections of important species to take home.
11 “The Hundred-in-One Flower.” Study early fall flowers belonging to Sunflower family.
18 “Devil’s Footstools.’”” Mushroom demonstra- tion including atory of penicillin.
25 “Nature Movies.’ Three color-sound movie films.
OCTOBER
“Planting Bulbs.’ Paperwhite narcissus bulbs planted to ok home. (Bring a 1 Ib. coffee container.)
9 “Fall Treasure Hunt.’’ Field trip in Garden. Contest and prizes for solving riddles and trail finding.
6 “Fall Colors.’ Draw or paint scenes in Fall color.
23 “The Forests of the Rocky Mountains.” A travelogue illustrated with slides.
30 ‘Nature Movies.’ Three color-sound movie films.
NOVEMBER
» “Bird Feeders.” Make a simple bird feeder to take home. (Bring an empty half-gallon milk carton.)
13 “Soil and Water Conservation. ” A study of soils and erosion, watersheds and forests, the dangers of water nto,
20 “Fun with Fruit.’”” Learn to identify variety of fruits. Prizes awarded.
27 “Deserts.”” The deserts ot North America and how plants live in them.
DECEMBER
4 “Insectivorous Plants.’’ Demonstration and description of weird plants that digest in- sects.
11 “Christmas Decorations.”” Make decorations from seeds, seed pods, cones, etc., to take home.
18 “Christmas Wreaths.’?” Make a Christmas wreath to take home. (Bring a wire coat- hanger.)
25 Holiday. (No program will be held.)
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry HitcHcock, President
LEICESTER B. Faust, Vice President
Henry B. PFLAGER, Second Vice President
Howarp F, Baer CLARENCE C. BARKSDALE
SAM’L. C. Davis
JOHN S. LEHMANN
A. TIMoN Primm, III
WaRREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH Harry E. WUERTENBAECHER, Jk.
DupLEY FRENCH. Honorary Trustee
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
JAMES S. McCLELLAN, President, Board of Education of St. Louis
GEoRGE L. CaDIGAN, Bishop, Diocese of Missouri
STRATFORD LEE Morton,
President. Academy of Science of St. Louis
Tuomas H. E ror, Chancellor, Washington University
RayMOND R. TUCKER. Mayor, City of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs. Lee I. Niedringhaus, President, Mrs. Edward _ L. Bakewell, Jr., First Vice President, Mrs. John H. Hayward, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E.
Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F.
. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, Carl F.
R. McMath, Dan O’Gorman,
Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
GARDEN STAFF
Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants CLARENCE Barsre, Instructor Ernest Brisee, Horticulturist
[.ADISLAUS CuUTAK, Greenhouse Superintendent
Hucu C. Cut ter, Curator of Useful Plants Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate
Watpo G. FEcHNER, Secretary of Board and Controller
RayMoNpD FREEBoRG. Research Associate James Hampton, Chief Engineer Pau. A. KouL. Floriculturist
Wa ter H. Lewis, Director of the Herbarium
F. R. McMartu, Rosarian
VikToR MUEHLENBACHS. Research Associate
H. Wayne Nicuots, Curator of Algae Royce L. Oviver, Research Assistant KENNETH O, Peck, Instructor
Mrs. Marion PFEIFFER, Orchid Grower
Grorce H. Prine, Superintendent Emeritus
Joun Ripaway, Curator of Bryophytes Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
GrorGceE B. Van ScHAACcK, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supplemented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing greenhouses and most other facilities are from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s fom 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Climatron stays open until 7:00 P. M., as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festi- vals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature classes are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden maintains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is sometimes open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park- Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and taking part in ”
Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden. Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
| . February 1965 (/ u Lh bin Volume LIII
Cover: The big Pin Oak aluded to by G. H. Pring in his article for the Bi- centennial issue of the BULLETIN last May. Though just outside the present Garden it is one of the original trees from Henry Shaw’s erboretum and survived two tornadoes as well as several decades of heavy coal smoke. It stands in front of an apartment house which is just slantwise across Alfred Avenue from the Garden’s service gate. Though somewhat stunted by the years of smoke it endured in middle life it shows how large Pin Oaks can get when they become really mature. Some of the problems facing St. Louis as our avenues of these beauciful trees get larger and older are
touched on in Dr. Anderson’s article in this issue.
CONTENTS
Bad Habits of Some Shade Trees Bicentennial Garden Symposium
February Tasks
Evening Visits to the Climatron Outstanding Botanical Gardens
New Friends of the Garden
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Hlinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri. Editor: EpGAR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a vear.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942. at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under Act of March 3. 1879
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LITT No. 2
Bulletin
February 1965
ON THE BAD HABITS OF CERTAIN SHADE TREES
EDGAR ANDERSON
EARLY all shade trees can be bothersome in one way or an- other but much of the literature about them concentrates on their good points; it is only when you have lived closely with them for a number of years that you learn the adjustments which must be made if any particular kind is to become a close member of the family. If you know something about them before they are planted you can locate them to give the most enjoyment and the least inconvenience. It was a New England farm wife who made me realize how really dis- agreeable as close neighbors some beau- tiful trees can be. She was living in an old square colonial farmhouse, beautifully proportioned, well pre- served. Between the house and the road was a row of European lindens, small-leaved, fine twigged. With their dense symmetrical tops they were handsome summer and winter, out- lined against the white house. When I came to know the family I spoke admiringly about them to the old lady. She dropped her usual reserve and said with some bitterness, “Well, if you had to live as close to them as we do, you’d change your tune. It isn’t only that they make a lot of litter; more of it than you’d believe is so fine it comes
through the window screens. First it’s
the buds, then it’s the flowers, and then it’s that fuzz on the seeds. If it isn’t one thing it’s another. We have to keep the windows tight closed on the front side of the house a good deal of the summer, when we'd like to open them for the cross draft.” Twenty years later after we moved into the Cleveland Avenue Gate House at the Garden | thought again and again of the old lady’s remarks.
Our garage was sheltered by a bass- wood (American linden). While it was not close enough for the finer litter to blow in through our screens, it was so near by that we had it under day-by-day observation. ‘The old lady was right. The various objects a linden sheds are more of a continuous performance than one would have be- lieved possible! First are the bud scales. They are large for the size of the bud and they do not all fall at once. As the leaves open and_ the twigs develop there is continuing lit- ter. In early summer the flowers begin to open. They are beautiful in a quiet way and early in the morning they smell like honey but they drop petals and dried-up stamens and day after day a heavy dust of pollen. The flow- ers are in small clusters; only a part of a cluster sets seed, the others dry and drop off. When really hot weather sets
(1)
he
in, many of the remaining seed balls begin to blast and_ shrivel, eventu- ally to fall. There is a pretty contin- uous harvest of gritty little felt- covered nutlets. Then in autumn the ripe ones come down but not all at once. Each hangs by a slender stalk from a stiff green parchment bract several inches long which whirls like helicopter blades as it falls. With the help of winds they may be carried for hundreds of feet.
All of this sequence is interesting to observe. It becomes part of the re- curring tide of the seasons and one takes pleasure in it but a more un- diluted pleasure if there is a good stretch of lawn in between the tree and the observer’s home. Basswoods and other lindens make fine lawn trees but they should be fifty feet away from the house and not immediately adja- cent to a walk or a driveway.
Other trees whose litter may be a problem include the following:
Magnolia grandiflora. The handsome large leathery leaves are shed a few at a time for month after month. One tree beside a small patio can be serv- iced efficiently but a number of them on different parts of your grounds will demand many hours of tidying in the
course of a year.
Elms. The winged seeds, borne by the bushel on mature trees, are a special problem in gutters and downspouts. The wind carries them high in the air and some of the places they lodge are difficult to reach. Fortunately they bloom only in the early spring and the
seed harvest is soon over.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis. As soon as a tree gets of any size it sheds its bark in strips and patches. Over and above the actual labor of disposal, many householders develop a strong emotional reaction against such innate untidyness; they get to hate syca- mores. In mature specimens the fuzzy seed balls are sometimes borne in large
enough numbers to present a problem.
Sweet Gum, Liguidambar styraciflua. The woody seed-balls are so innately handsome that they are still sometimes gilded and used for Christmas tree ornaments, as they were by early set- tlers. A few handfuls of them, gath- ered when they are still perfect in form and displayed in a wooden bowl on a library table, will be of interest and quiet beauty for several weeks. The small brown seeds which are shed from these balls, mostly before they fall, are important in the winter diet of many birds. Quail will scratch for them beneath the trees for months in autumn and early winter. Even in the city, pine siskins and other seed- eating birds will be attracted to the tree tops. Yet the seed balls are near- ly the size of a golf ball and so woody that they may take over a year to decay. They are spiky cnough to be unpleasant to walk on. Accumulat- ing along a shaded pathway or in the paved areaway of a garage they are disagreeably inconvenient.
Pagoda-tree, Sophora japonica. The yellowing flower petals and shiny green seed pods are little or no prob- lem where they fall upon the grass but if a walk or driveway passes beneath the tree it may require almost daily
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3
care over a long period. The white flowers are shed almost continuously for over a month in the summer, over two months in some years, and the shiny green seed pods come down a few at a time in August and Septem- ber. They get slimy and unsightly as they age and will stain a light-colored walk when tread upon.
INVADING SEEDLINGS
Some trees are a nuisance because they seed down heavily into flower beds, shrubbery groups and rose gar- dens. The worst are those which es- tablish themselves so rapidly that by the time they are discovered they are too big to pull up, yet sprout back repeatedly when they are cut off.
The handsome seedlings of the Goldenrain-Tree (Kolreuteria panicu- lata) sprout so abundantly and grow so rapidly that they might become a nuisance if they were widely scattered. They are a problem only when plots of shrubbery or areas clothed with a ground cover are immediately adjacent to the mother tree. ‘Then the young seedlings have to be repeatedly searched for while they are still small enough to pull up easily. In the same way a female tree of white ash can be a real nuisance if it abuts directly on a large rose garden. Ash seedlings have a way of coming up in the center of the shrubbier rosebushes. Their removal can be difhcult and painful.
THICKET FORMATION A few trees have the capacity to develop into thickets. Sometimes this is by special stems which spread under ground and throw up new shoots. Much more rarely the roots themselves
when conditions are just right can or- ganize a young stem out of their own tissue and it grows upward to the light. Under the proper conditions these thickets may be attractive and easy to maintain. The Museum Build- ing is effectively screened from the dust and noise of Tower Grove Ave- nue by a miniature grove of the rare native corkwood (Leitneria floridana). However, corkwoods would be a nui- sance in most gardens and a problem in many parks. A handsome thicket of pawpaws (Asimina triloba) forms an exotic screen for the service drive along one side of the grass plot south of Mr. Shaw’s old country home. It is readily kept within bounds and withstands the wear and tear of being adjacent to one of the main study areas of the Children’s Summer Program.
White Poplar (Populus alba). These European trees are attractive as young saplings because of the velvety white felting on the under sides of the leaves. As the tree ages it is increasingly prone to form scattered thickets of root sprouts over a wide area. These are usually unsightly and difficult to control. This is now widely enough known so that the white poplar is no longer as frequently planted as it used to be.
Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima). Its rapid growth and ability to root sprout make dificult the eradication of seedlings only a few months old. Removing an old tree frequently re- sults in extensive thickets which are expensive and difhcult to eliminate even with patience and the skilled use of herbicides. Yet it can withstand
4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
neglect and abuse and polluted air and still be a thing of beauty. To hun- dreds of thousands in city slums it of- fers the only available shade.
UNSIGHTLY IN OLD AGE
Many kinds of trees become increas- ingly handsome as they age though most of them become more difficult (and more expensive) to maintain. A few kinds of trees get uglier as they get older. The Siberian elm (‘Chinese elm,” Ulmus pumila) though hand- some when it leaves the nursery becomes increasingly unsightly and broken down as it ages. Since for many new homes “Chinese elms’’ are the only available shade, plans should be made to replace them as soon as
possible with something more suitable.
Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). North and east from St. Louis our common hemlock can age into a picturesquely beautiful tree. St. Louis is too far south and west for the hemlock to be satisfactory as a mature tree. The little hemlock you bring home from the nursery, with reasonable care, will be lovely summer and winter, for ten to twenty years. When it gets to bear- ing its tiny cones and is beginning to look really treelike, it comes under in- creasing tension with the climate. How long it can be kept attractive will depend upon the care it is given and the site. It wants partial shade, protection from drying winds, a north slope if possible and faithful watering during periods of drought. It is also intolerant of air polution. When it begins to look ratty it is wise to re- place it.
Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra var.
ifalica). In parts of Europe the Lombardy poplar lives to a great age, increasing in dignity and beauty. In much of the Middle-West it is short- lived. About the time it gets high enough to shade second-story windows it either dies outright or has dead branches, particularly in the upper part of the tree where branches are dificult to remove though unpleasant- ly conspicuous. Heading the tree back repeatedly while it is young may delay
the process but is no real cure.
Trees WHicHh Grow Too We tt
Pin oak (Quercus palustris). The ac- companying illustration shows the pin oak described by Mr. Pring in the June 1964 BULLETIN. It is next to an apartment house on Alfred Avenue and is one of the few trees which have survived from Henry Shaw’s original Arboretum. It is a magnificent vet- eran. It has survived two tornadoes in which the Garden’s trees were damaged and came through many years when the smoke was heavy enough in this part of St. Louis to cripple oaks. Yet it points a problem which a few gar- deners in the St. Louis area are begin- ning to think about. Pin oaks do well here. They grow rapidly and make fine looking avenues of trees for at least forty years. But they keep on growing. The oldest plantings in the city (such as the avenue of them be- tween the Quadrangle and the Chapel at Washington University) are already reaching the size where they become inconvenient neighbors, They were planted in the early nineteen hundreds. By the 1940’s they were a dignified avenue and very much admired, par-
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
ticularly when the leaves turned color in the fall. Since about 1950 they have been slowly growing a little more unsightly year by year in spite of in- creasing care. Pin oaks are native to flood plains; on a hilltop campus the bigger they get the more difficult it is to supply all the water they need. Dead branches become increasingly evident. Yet the trees are already so large that keeping the dead wood out of the tops becomes difficult and ex- pensive. They are already inconveni- ently large and they keep on getting larger and larger.
The problem of aging pin oaks is dificult because it is a new problem; there is no one to turn to for advice. It was not until the nineties that this oak began to be advocated for avenue planting. In the next few decades we shall probably learn just how much of a problem mature pin oaks can be and the best way of dealing with them when they become embarrassingly large in overcrowded areas.
Trees WHIcH PLuG Drains Poplars and willows head this list. The Carolina poplar (Populus canaden-
sis), a lusty hybrid, is one of the very worst offenders. Its roots will find their way into a drain with fabulous eficiency and produce a mass of branched rootlets which plug it com- pletely. This in one of the reasons it is not so commonly planted as it was
about sixty years ago.
TREES WITH DISAGREEABLE ODpors
The male Ailanthus tree gives off an unpleasant and penetrating odor when in blossom. The plum-like fruits of the ginkgo give off an unpleasant odor, particularly when they have been stepped on. It is getting increasingly possible to buy ginkgoes raised from cuttings taken from male trees. Un- fortunately ginkgoes grow so slowly and are so long-lived that those who suffer inconvenience from the fruits seldom or never have even heard of the person who planted that tree. The trees of a community involve not only cooperation between people but co- operation between successive genera- tions. ‘To succeed, there must be wis- dom and public-spiritedness and good
luck.
BICENTENNIAL GARDEN SYMPOSIUM Sponsored by the Garden Club of St. Louis for the benefit of the Missouri Botanical Garden and the City Art Museum.
WEDNESDAY, THurspay, Fripay, Marcu 10, 11, 12
Admission $20.00 (by invitation only) includes all lectures (at the Art Museum), two luncheons, a reception for Symposium participants, and Bus Transportation between the Museum and the Botanical Garden.
NATIONALLY KNOWN SPEAKERS Invitations may be secured by writing: Bicentennial Symposium, P. O. Box 4043, Jennings Branch, St. Louis, Missouri 63136. Registration limited.
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
FEBRUARY TASKS ELEANOR B. McCLURE
HE one certain thing about our
mid-Mississippi Valley weather is that it is always unpredictable. If February brings a spell of nice, balmy weather, the chances are that there will be snowdrifts in March.
While the spring-in-winter weather often tempts many gardeners, it is a mistake to rush the season. Winter coverings should not be removed until the weather is fairly settled, and spring plantings are best deferred until the soil is warm and mellow. Since this date depends on the weather, it may come at any time between early March and mid-April.
Warmish February days do offer a fine opportunity for pre-season chores and tidying up. Since the most drastic pruning and shaping of deciduous plants should be scheduled for their dormant season, February is an excel- lent time to tackle tired “scrubbery” or neglected climbing roses.
The correct renewal pruning of an old shrub does more than add xsthetic value, for it produces a more vigorous plant. Substantial quantities of the plant’s food are taken from its leaves and branches in autumn and stored in its roots over the winter. When we cut off about a third of the branches of a shrub, the remaining two thirds can enjoy the food supply that had been stored away for the use of the entire plant. These extra rations encourage more rapid and_ sturdy growth. In contrast, when leaves and branches are cut off later in the season,
some of the plant’s food is removed as well. Summer pruning therefore tends to inhibit growth.
Winter pruning is preferable for another reason. Without the covering of leaves, it is easier to see the archi- tecture of the plant and to untangle overgrown branches. First, remove all dead branches (which will look brown beneath the bark). Then cut off about a third of the remaining stalks at ground level, selecting the
oldest and largest ones—particularly if they show signs of borer or having
rather poor branching.
If possible, avoid cutting off branch tips (and flower buds) of shrubs that are scheduled to bloom this spring— for example, various kinds of phila- delphus, viburnums, and lilacs. Such tip pruning is best deferred until after their flowering season is over. If the branches are shortened at this time, the plants will produce an abundance of new growth that will bear flowers
in the following spring.
On the other hand, summer flower- ing shrubs that bloom on new wood produced during the current season should be cut back severely in late winter, Rather drastic pruning of tired old stalks of caryopteris, crape myrtle, and Abelia grandiflora will re- sult in better branching and shapelier shrubs. Branches of roses of Sharon, hardy hydrangeas and hypericum can be shortened by about a third. Such
judicious pruning will produce sturdy
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7
new wood and hence increased bloom during the summer season.
The pruning of most evergreens is best deferred for a while. At this time it is usually difficult to tell the extent of winter injuries to broad- leaved evergreens, such as various kinds of hollies. By waiting until the new buds begin to break, we can tell just where the cut should be made. Yews and junipers may also be shaped when the buds start new growth.
Late winter is an excellent time, however, to prune trees. Young shade trees may need shaping, a task best started while they are in the formative stage. Some lower branches may be removed to provide more head room or clearance for nearby walks and drives. It may be possible to correct a weak crotch, where two branches meet to form a sharp, narrow V. If the weaker branch is cut off close to the trunk, the bark will soon cover this small wound. Although the tree may look a bit sad at first, given a chance it will develop the desired sym- metrical shape.
It is wise also to make a_ health check of larger shade trees. Dead or storm-damaged branches should be removed, along with others that hang too low over a drive or building. Weak crotches should be cabled or braced.
Excellent information on these and other problems of pruning can_ be found in many good books and also in the special pruning manual published as the February 1960 Muissourt Bo- TANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN. How- ever, the pruning, cabling or bracing of a large tree is not a do-it-yourself
project. It should be entrusted only to a competent arborist. Home own- ers should beware of itinerant ‘‘ex- perts”’ who butcher so many fine shade trees, for their work is not pruning but an act of mayhem.
Another task that may often be completed in late February or early March is the early season care of the lawn. It is important, however, to wait until the ground firms up enough to make a good walking surface. If the soil is too soggy, it will be com- pressed with every footstep. On the other extreme, when the ground is frozen the chemicals are not absorbed and may instead be leached away. Nitrogen in particular is subject to great loss, as this element is just about as soluble as sugar or salt.
As a first step, rake off excess dead twigs and leaves, so that the chemicals will have a better chance to penetrate the soil. The airy mix raked from the lawn may be spread as mulch beneath evergreens and shrubs, or it may be added to the compost pile.
Lawn areas should then be fed at the rate of four pounds per 100 square feet, with a mix of one part of am- monium sulphate (for a quick pick- up) and three parts of slow-acting milorganite. We have had even better results from an expensive but long- lasting urea-type fertilizer, which continues to feed the plants even through the hot summer months.
A crab grass control may also be applied at this time. Some prepara- tions, in fact, contain both a control and a fertilizer. However, this spring we plan to try a new product which is
applied in liquid form. Developed in
8 ‘ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
St. Louis, it promises to be more eco- nomical and to inhibit germination of crab grass seeds along with those of many other weeds. It is said, for ex- ample, to prevent the growth of the pesky annual bluegrass, Poa annua.
Although some claims are made that crab grass controls will not inhibit the sprouting of bluegrass seeds, we are not convinced that this is true. If worn spots must be reseeded at this time, it is probably best to omit con- trols from those areas.
One final early season task is the grooming and tidying up of ground cover beds. Plantings of euonymus and ivy can be “combed” with a leaf rake, to remove excess leaves, twigs and debris. The vines should then be
clipped short to produce low, dense branching. Chemical fertilizer may be added at the rate of four pounds A mulch of
partly rotted sawdust or leaf compost
per 100 square feet.
will have a tidy look and will also be appreciated by the plants.
When euonymus buds begin to swell (about a week or so before they leaf out), it is time to spray with the winter oil which controls the destruc- tive euonymus scale. Pachysandra and shrub roses should be sprayed at the same time. The oil spray is best ap- plied on a sunny day, when the tem- perature is between 45 and 60 degrees. Two or three melathion sprays may also be needed in late spring, when the
scale insects are in the crawler stage.
EVENING VISITS TO THE CLIMATRON
A visit to the Climatron at night carries you off into another world. As one approaches the build- ing the illumination caught by the thousands of triangular panes, makes it loom up overhead and calls attention to its dramatic appeal as a building. Once inside, the effect at night is pre- cisely the opposite; the building is forgotten. One is conscious more than in the daytime of the layer upon layer of tropical vegetation overhead. The variation in leaf size and shape and texture is accented. For those of us who grew up in the temperate zone the overall design is so fanciful as to give a sense of magic. Those who have lived nearer the equator some- times feel as if the paths from an old tropical garden had been extended into
an adjacent jungle.
Unfortunately it costs money to keep the Climatron open at night and regretfully the Garden has had to limit the evening hours to 7:00 P.M. on Sundays and on the four holidays, Memorial Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Other- wise on Mondays through Saturdays it closes promptly at 5:00 P. M.
However, groups who wish to take an evening tour of the Climatron may still do so by making special arrange- ments. The minimum charge for an evening Climatron tour is $25.00. The basic admission fee to the Clima- tron is 50¢ per adult. Reduced rates for adult groups are: 35¢ each for groups of 20 to 100; 30¢ each for groups over 100. For reservations, or further information, call the Tour Division at TOwnsend 5-0440.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 2
A FEW OF THE WORLD’S OUTSTANDING BOTANICAL GARDENS
| ay so often someone who is plan- ning a trip asks us about botan- ical gardens in that part of the world. With the thought that this kind of information might interest a wider audience we have prepared the follow- ing skeleton list. This is not an easy matter. There are in the world well over five hundred botanical gardens even if you draw up a list of mini- mum standards before you admit any institution to that category. At the one extreme are world famous collec- tions such as those at the Royal Bo- tanic Gardens at Kew or the one maintained by the State of Bavaria in Munich, Germany. At the other will be some little old garden hidden away behind a gate in the wall, as for in- stance the picturesque one at Padua in Italy. It is open to the public only from spring to fall, is closed weekends, and has no greenhouses but it has some fabulous old trees and has been con- tinuously in operation since 1545. Another difficulty is the need of re- cent information if the list is to be useful. Botanical Gardens demand constant and expert maintenance. They are much more sensitive to changes in government than public art museums or even royal palaces. Brief notes call attention to outstanding features. UNITED STATES (Arranged roughly from the East Coast to the West Coast.) ARNOLD ARBORETUM. Boston, Massa- chusetts. Original Arboretum at Jamaica Plain, also 115 acres in Wes-
ton. Oriental trees and shrubs, lilac
collections, conifers, flowering crab apples.
New York Boranicat GARDEN, Bronx Park, New York.
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN AND ARBORETUM. Brooklyn, New York.
Japanese garden. Bonsai trees.
Morris ARBORETUM. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Oriental trees. Medi-
(Within the Philadel-
phia area are a number of small
cinal garden.
Arboreta and Botanical Gardens. In- formation about their hours, location, and special features can probably be obtained from the Morris Arboretum or the Philadelphia Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences. )
LONGWOOD GARDENS. Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. Water Gardens. Dis- play greenhouses of tropical and sub- tropical ornamentals (orchids and acacias).
U.S. NaTIONAL ARBORETUM. Wash- ington, D. C. Azaleas, camellias and rhododendrons.
IpbA CasON CALLAWAY GARDENS. Pine Mountain, Georgia. Azaleas, roses, hollies.
FAIRCHILD TROPICAL GARDEN. Miami, Florida. Palms, ornamentals, cycads. KINGWoop CENTER. Mansfield, Ohio. THE Morton ARBORETUM. Lisle, Illinois. Native spring wild flowers, hedges, ground covers, flowering crab apples.
DENVER BoTaNic GARDENS. Denver, Colorado. New but developing rap- idly.
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAIL
Sonora Desert MusEuM. (16 miles west of Tucson, Arizona.) Desert plants and animals. Superb desert ex-
hibition trails.
Desert BoTaNnicaL GARDEN. Papa- go Park, Phoenix, Arizona. (Tempe). Cacti and succulents, native shrubs.
Boyce THOMPSON SOUTHWESTERN ARBORETUM. Superior, Arizona. Pick- et Post Mountain, a landmark on the grounds, with plantings of desert plants from all over the world at its
base.
UNrversity oF WasHINGTON ARBO- RETUM. Seattle, Washington, Rhodo- dendrons.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BOTAN- IcAL GarDEN. Berkeley, California.
Succulents, rhododendrons.
STRYBING ARBORETUM AND BOTAN- ICAL GARDEN. Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California. Southern hemi- sphere trees and shrubs.
Los ANGELES STATE AND COUNTY ARBORETUM. Arcadia, California. Sub- tropical ornamentals.
RaNcHO SANTA ANA BOTANIC Gar- DEN. Claremont, California. Cali- fornia native plants. Mass plantings of shrubs, perennials and annuals. Best March through May.
CANADA
MoNTREAL BOTANICAL GARDEN. Montreal, Quebec. displays. A vegetable garden which is
Fine greenhouse
an education to visit.
DoMINION ARBORETUM AND BOTAN- 1c GARDEN. Ottawa, Ontario. Lilacs, hybrid lilies, flowering crab apples.
. GARDEN BULLETIN
CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMER- ICA AND THE WEST INDIES University oF Mexico. Mexico City suburbs. Trails with native plants through the Pedregal (lava flow area)
adjacent to the Campus.
Horr Garvens (Royal Botanic Gar- dens). Kingston, Jamaica. Cacti, shrubs, and flowering trees.
CASTLETON GARDENS. 19 miles north of Kingston, Jamaica, at St. Mary. Situated in a more humid climate than Hope Gardens and featuring lush rain
forest plants.
Jarpm™m Boranico. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fine palm avenues, flowering trees.
Jarpim Boranico. Sao Paulo, Brazil. Orchids, begonias.
EUROPE Royat BoTranic GARDEN. _ Edin-
burgh, Scotland. of lilies, primulas, rhododendrons and
Living collections their relatives. Rock garden. Pic- turesque site.
UNIVERSITY BOTANIC GARDEN. Ox- ford, England. Ancient garden in a beautiful setting.
University BOTANIC GARDEN. Cam- bridge, England. Rock Garden, spe- cial Winter Garden. Mock oranges (Philadelphus) species and named va- rieties.
Royat HorticuLTurAL Society’s Garvens. Wisley, England. Rhodo-
dendrons, spring bulbs.
RoyaL Boranic GarbdeNs. Kew (Outer London) England. Many dis- play greenhouses, rock garden, fine
palm house.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL
GOTEBORG BOTANICAL GARDEN. GOote- borg, Sweden.
Hortus BoTANIcus BERGIANUS.
Stockholm, Sweden.
THe BotanicaL GarvdeEN. Lund, Sweden.
BoTANicaL GARDEN, Afhliated with RoyaL VETERINARY AND AGRICUL- TURAL COLLEGE. Copenhagen, Den- mark. Shrubs, display greenhouses. Accurately and clearly labeled through- out the collections and displays. (The famous Tivott PreasuURE GARDEN is
also in Copenhagen. )
JARDIN BOTANIQUE DE VETAT. Brus- sels, Belgium. Attractive garden with
new display greenhouses.
BOTANISCHER GARTEN UND MUSEUM. Berlin-Dahlem, Germany. Large col- lections of unusual living plants for study, in greenhouses and out-of-doors.
BoTANISCHER GARTEN. Hamburg,
Germany. Well displayed botanical and horticultural collections. “PLANT
»
UND BLOMEN,” a combined park and
arden, is nearby. g y
PALMENGARTEN. Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Interesting display green-
houses.
BOTANISCHER GARTEN OF THE STATE oF Bavaria. Munich, Germany. Plant- ings for display and study. Fine col- lections of orchids and insectivorous Often called the finest all
round botanical garden in continental
plants.
Europe.
Hansury BoTaNicaL GARDEN, “La Mortola.” Ventimiglia, Italy. A fab- ulous private botanical garden estab-
lished by the Englishman, Sir Thomas
GARDEN BULLETIN 11
Hanbury. Just off the coast road at the very northeast corner of Italy. Because of its joint nationality and private status it has had difficult periods during world wars, and precise current information about it is difficult to get. However, too many people never heard about “La Mortola” until some years after they drove right by the place. Succulents, pines, rare and beautiful sub-tropical ornamentals from all over the world.
JarpimM Botanico. Lisbon, Portugal. Dominated by large trees (including Monkey Puzzle and hardy palms) set off by black and white paving. Fine view of the city (and over the Gar- den) from the adjacent observatory.
Jarpim Botanico. Coimbra, Portu- gal. Beautiful old garden with fine sub-tropical ornamentals. Collections
of bulbous plants, conifers, succulents.
ORIENT
FostTER BOTANICAL GARDEN. Hono- lulu, Hawaii. Aroids, orchids. A new national Botanical Garden for the tropics has been established in Hawaii
and plans are actively underway for it.
BoTANIC GARDENS. Hong Kong. Flow- ering Cassias. BoTANIC GARDENS. Singapore, Ma- laya. Palms, rare orchids.
KesuNn Raya INDONESIA. Bogor, In- donesia. Once the finest of tropical botanical gardens. An able and de- voted native staff is still struggling to keep it open.
NaTIONAL BoTANic GARDENS. Luck- now, India. Sub-tropical ornamentals
and fruits. Medicinal plants.
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL
ANTIPODES
NaTIONAL BOTANIC
SouTH AFRICA,
Province, South Africa.
Proteas.
Roya Botanic GARDENS. Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia. plants, camellias.
Royat BoTranic GARDENS.
GARDENS OF Kirstenbosch, Cape South Afri-
can bulbous plants, succulents and
Australian native
New South Wales, Australia. Australian trees.
Garden
CANBERRA BOTANIC GARDEN. berra, Australia.
GARDEN BULLETIN
Palms,
Can- This new National
being comprehensively
planned for and developed.
CHRISTCHURCH
Christchurch,
BOTANIC GARDENS. New Zealand. Sub-
tropical ornamentals, rock plants and
Sydney, alpines.
NEW MEMBERS OF THE FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
NOVEMBER
Mr. and Mrs. William E. Barnes Mrs. W. M. Bates
Mr. and Mrs. David W. Boyles
Mr. and Mrs. Chester V. Braun Mr. and Mrs. Garland Brown
Miss Virginia B. Carter Mr. Auguste Chouteau, Jr. Mrs. Marshall G. Cochran Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Copley, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John H. Crites Mr. and Mrs. Con P. Curran, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Currier, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs.
C. Donald Deggendorf Mr. and Mrs. Rey Eilers Miss Winnie Ellinwood Mrs. Nancy R. Engelsmann
Mr. and Mrs. Philip A. Foley Mr. and Mrs. H. Torrey Foster Miss Marcella Frenchi
Dr. and Mrs. Samuel L. Gilberg Mrs. Rose Gimpelson
Mr. and Mrs. Grover Godwin Dr. and Mrs. Sidney Goldenberg Miss Neva B. Gottfried
Mr. and Mrs. Russell A. Grass Mr. and Mrs. Francis Griffin
Mr. and Mrs. James H. Grove Miss Jean Hallquist
Mr. and Mrs. William S. Harms Mrs. John M. Henings
Mr. and Mrs. G. Gordon Hertslet Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Hetlage Mr. and Mrs. Philip N. Hirsch Mr. and Mrs. Lester J. Hurd
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Jacobs
Mrs. Irvin H. Karches
Miss Geraldine Kast
Miss Bernice B. Kemper
Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. Kendall Mrs. D. C. Kerckhotf
Mr. and Mrs. Don IF. King
Mr. and Mrs. A. P. Klose
Mrs. George Kloster
Mr. and Mrs, Erik Krabbe Mrs. Dorothy Kraus
Mr. and Mrs. Russell A. LaBoube
Mrs. H. F. Lembeck Dr. and Mrs. Robert H. Lund Mrs. Charles B. Lynn
Miss Vesta McClain Mr. and Mrs. Bernard McMahon
30 THROUGH DECEMBER
31, 1964
Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Mackey, III Mr. and Mrs. John Mavrakos, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Merello rs. Andrew S. Meyer Mr. and Mrs. Anthony J. Miceli Mr. and Mrs. Wayne L. Millsap Mr. and Mrs.
Charles M. Morris, Jr.
Mr. Louis J. Nicolaus Miss Emily Novak
Mr. and Mrs. Carl Otto
Dr. and Mrs. Stephen L. Post Mrs. G. C. Reynolds Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Richardson Dr. and Mrs. John S. Riley
Dr. and Mrs. L. R. Sante Mr. and Mrs. Irving A. Shepard Mr. and Mrs.
Robert H. Shoenberg Mr. and Mrs. R. A. kK. Smith Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Streett
Mrs. N. S. Chouteau Walsh Mr. and Mrs. Charles E, Walter Mrs. Alyce Kk. Walther
Mr. and Mrs. Louis Werner, IT
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry Hircucock, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
Harry E. WuUrRTENBAECHER, JR., Second Vice President
Howarp F. Barer CLARENCE C, BARKSDALE
Sam’L. C. Davis
JOHN S. LEHMANN
Henry B. Prracer
A. TIMoN Primm, III
WaRREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH
DupLey FRENCH, Honorary Trustee
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
James S. MCCLELLAN,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis GeEorGE L. CaDIGAN,
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri STRATFORD LEE MoRTON,
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis
Tuomas H. E ror, Chancellor, Washington University
RAYMOND R. TUCKER, Mayor, City of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs. Lee I. Niedringhaus, President, Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr., First Vice President, Mrs. John H. Hayward, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer, Sally D. Carr,
Executive Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Mrs. Paul H. Britt, FE. G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, E. J. Gildehaus, Carl F.
Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel
L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, Dan O’Gorman,
Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert I. Goetz, Chairman.
GARDEN STAFF
Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants CLARENCE BarsreE, Instructor
LapisLaus Cutak, Greenhouse Superintendent
Hucu C. Cuter, Curator of Useful Plants Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate
Watpo G. FEcHNER, Secretary of Board and Controller
RAYMOND [’REEBORG. Research Associate
James Hampton, Chief Engineer and Superintendent of Operations
PauL A. Kou. Floriculturist
Watrter H. Lewis, Director of the Herbarium
F. R. McMatu, Rosarian
VikKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research Associate
H. Wayne Nicuors, Curator of Algae Royce L. Oviver, Research Assistant KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor
Mrs. Marion Pretrrer, Orchid Grower
GEORGE AH. PRING, Superintendent Emeritus
Joun Ripeway, Curator of Bryophytes ALFRED SAXDAL, Rose Grower Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
GrorceE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supplemented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing greenhouses and most other facilities are from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s fom 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Climatron stays open until 7:00 P. M., as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festi- vals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature classes are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden maintains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is sometimes open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park- Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and taking part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the ‘Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
Phone TOwnsend 5-0440
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GAKDEN
ae March 19695 allel WM Volume LIII
Number
ice)
. rx
g
g
Fi © Apo HEIGHTH + SPREAD ° \ o oo. (it Peer) To Gecumrrrene o = %
CA
/ (im INCHES): Divipe Sum By 2 = ‘ 6 QO PoutDS OF lo-lo-lo o@ 12-32:12 q / “ FeoricizER To BE APPLIED- fe) 3
40 4So+ 70 ©) = Bolbs o | 1 oO ) 6 Pa DiG Hors IS To 18 INGES, °o 4
\ Fin Wits AgBouT 2 Pounds °
q ° OF FERTILIZER - oo. h6/
4 ° * ° . iP oe ° ° v4 oO, ° ° Pod ~o, ~?
How To FerriLtiZE LARGE TREES
Cover: The diagram of how much fertilizer to give a tree and where to apply it was created by Edgar Denison to accompany his discussion of these matters towards the close of the following article. Mr. Denison is a man of wide interests and unusual endowments. Though much of his career at the Union Electric Company comes under the heading of Cost Research, he is now at work enlarging their Regional Museum at Tom Sauk, Missouri. He is one of the ablest and most creative gardeners in the St. Louis area and since the Kirkwood Adult School was established has taught an evening course in gardening. His article on fertilizers grows out of his experiences as a gardener and a teacher.
CONTENTS
Fertilizers
Lotus Leaf Candles
The Shade of a Cabbage Eleanor McClure on Trees Samuel Johnson and the Medlar A Successful Premiere
Preview for Friends of the Garden
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Ilinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis Missouri.
0,
Editor: EpGAR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LHI No. 3
B Uu ll e tl a March 1965
FERTILIZERS — WHAT WE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THEM
EDGAR DENISON
er is here: Crocus announce it, narcissus and forsythia confirm it, and one look in the papers clinches the news—ads and more ads telling us about the wonders of fertilizers, “you will have the most beautiful lawn in
,
the neighborhood,” “Your lawn will be your pride,” “You won’t believe it!’ Well, that last one comes close to the truth. The great mass of home owners and gardeners is almost totally lost when it comes to the evaluation of fertilizers and is in the same frame of mind as the pupil in Goethe’s Faust after listening to Mephisto: “I am as befuddled as if a millstone was turn- ing around in my head.”’ And yet, it does not take much effort to lift the mysteries and to make order out of
confusion.
PLANT Foop ELEMENTS Of the over 100 chemical elements known to man, there are at least 17 which are commonly found in plants and most of them are essential for growth and health. But only three elements are needed for plant nutrition in substantial quantities and are there- fore called major plant food elements: Nitrogen (N) Phosphate (PO;) Potash (KsO)
Fertilizers are either sold one ele-
ment to the bag or in mixtures of the major elements. When all three major elements occur in one mixture, the fertilizer is called “complete.” This designation may be misleading to the amateur because it does in no way denote a definite ratio of the three
elements.
AVAILABILITY
Here we come to a most important detail in our excursion. Every con- tainer of fertilizer, be it a bag, or a sack, or a box, or a bottle, must show the amount of available plant food which it holds, in percent of the total weight. Availability means that por- tion of the fertilizer which, dissolved in water, becomes available plant food.
The percentages of availability are
always recorded in the sequence of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash. A 12:12:12 fertilizer has 12% each available nitrogen, phosphate and potash. If only one element is sold in a bag, the absent elements are usually indicated by zeroes. If a sack of ammonium nitrate contains = 33%, available nitrogen, this will appear on the sack as 33:0:0. But at times the zeroes are not shown and the buyer is expected to know the chemical desig- nations which represent nitrogen or
phosphate. In the case of phosphate,
(1)
2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
it is always a combination of words which would contain the word phos- phate such as rock phosphate, triple phosphate, or ammonium phosphate. Returning to our ammonium nitrate with an availability of 33°, we will obtain 33 pounds of available nitrogen plant food for each 100 pounds we buy. Obviously, if we buy a 50 pound bag with the same 33°¢ avyail- ability, it means that 161% pounds are available nitrogen fertilizer. Many people wonder why only a portion of the weight which is sold is available as plant food. Were it not for these “fillers,” most fertilizers would cake into rock-like substances soon after exposure to air. Nitrogen more than other elements is capable of taking moisture from the air.
When nitrogen, phosphate, and pot- ash are sold separately, that is, not in mixtures, considerable variation in
their availability exists.
Nitrogen
Available
__ fo Ammonium Nitrate 33 Ammonium Sulphate 20 Urea 45
Phosphate Available
%
Super Phosphate 20 Triple Phosphate 42—48
Potash Available
C t e.
Muriate of Potash 50-62
Price Those gardeners who buy a fair amount of fertilizer can certainly save much by comparing the prices of
fertilizer offered by the many suppli- ers. Let us go to a number of stores and establishments and record the cost of fertilizers on sale and their avail- ability. In doing just that, we de- tected a source from which we could purchase a great variety of fertilizers, both the complete fertilizers and the individual elements. Taking the sales prices, we can convert the cost of the fertilizer. Let us turn to the table. At the top of the listing, we see that 3306 available nitrogen can be purchased for $2.50 in 50 pound bags, which brings the price per pound of available nitrogen to 15.2¢. This unit cost can be calculated by dividing 33 into 100, which tells us that it takes 3.03 pounds of fertilizer to obtain one pound of available nitrogen. The pur- chase price per pound of the 50 pound sack is S¢ ($2.50 divided by 50 Multiply the 5¢ cost by 3.03 to obtain the cost per pound of
pounds).
available nitrogen, namely, 15.15¢ or for our purposes 15.2¢. We can fol- low the same method for the phos- phate and the potash.
This calculation tells us that we can buy a pound of available nitrogen for 15.2¢, phosphate for 8.8¢, and potash for 5.2¢. We now apply these ‘‘base” costs to the availability figures of the fertilizers which we have priced in the St. Louis area. The comparison of the prices in column four with those based on the prices of fertilizers A, B, and C in column five may be startling to you. One fertilizer with an avail- ability of 23:7:7 and a cost of $4.95 for 17 pounds would cost only 76¢ if the elements were purchased separate- ly at the prices mentioned above.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
2 Yo Available Plant Food
/ 1 (y)
Chemical Designation of Fertilizer
(A) Ammonium Nitrate 33
(B) Triple Phosphate 46 (C) Potash 60 _ “Complete” | Fertilizers 1B) | 10 6 4 E 10 6 4 F 12 12. 12 G 12 12 12 H 12 + 12 12 I b> 12; 112 J 6 10 4 K 5 10 5 L 5 10 >) M 23 7 7 N 20 10 >) O 20 10 5 P 12 5 7 Q 20 10 «5 * N = Nitrogen Ph
Undoubtedly, the manufacturers are entitled to some charge for mixing the elements. Mixing, however, is not essential in garden practice as the ele- ments can be applied separately with only a slight increase in time and ef- fort. The granulated fertilizers, sold today, are so easy to handle and are so dust free that applying them is cer- tainly no hardship. Again, some few fertilizers are sold in pelletized form, with the objective of making them dissolve over a longer period of time. This is definitely a desirable feature, but pelletizing is expensive and you will have to ask yourself the question if you want to pay the price for this feature or if you can afford the time
to make two or three applications of
N*_Ph* Po® |
3 4 5
Lbs. Actual Cost Per Pound of
Per Cost Available Fertilizer
Bag | PerBag | N® Ph? Po* Total 50 $2.50 [5.2¢ $2.50 80 5425 8.8¢ 3423 80 2.50 5.29 2.50
Value, Based on Fertilizers A-B—C 50 $2.30 $76. -$. .26°$ 10 $1.12 80 3.98 1.21 42 leg 1.80 50 REFS aH Sy all ley 80 4.00 1.46 84 2.0 2.80 50 2.98 29] 53 | hZ> 50 2.40 91 9 | L.75 50 2.34 46 44 10 1.00 50 1.69 38 44 13 295) 50 1.19 38 44 3 95 iy 4.95 59 11 06 76 22 4.95 .67 19 06 192 22 2.99 67 19 .06 92 35 3.95 .64 By BS: 13 oe 22 4.49 67 19 .06 92 = Phosphate Po = Potash
non-pelletized fertilizers a year instead In
our day, when the parting words of
of one but at a much lower cost.
“ood bye” have been replaced with
e
‘so long, and take it easy” any sugges- tion of physical work has to be ques-
tioned. Another objection to the
reasoning on costs, proposed here,
could be made for fertilizers which
supply nitrogen in the form of urea a highly concentrated chemical which can be easily assimilated by plants. Urea is still somewhat of a newcomer and this makes the price fairly high. It is quite reasonable to believe that the price will come down as more chemical and oil companies in this country are going into fertilizer pro-
duction. In fact, the tough competi-
4+ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
tion in this field shows itself today in questionable advertising claims but may well result ultimately in a reduc- tion in the selling price. The com- parison of costs shown on the table is intended to awaken your interest in It is
quite possible that fertilizers can be
the price differences which exist.
purchased right now at even lower costs than those which were used in the comparison; the writer has neither the time nor the opportunity to cover the entire field to assemble compre- hensive data. AREA COVERAGE AND OTHER PROBLEMS
The sales promotion departments of the fertilizer industry have come up with a new sales approach. Instead of a simple statement on the percentages of available chemicals, we are told what area the fertilizer in a bag will cover. This is like selling you a pound
of sugar, stating that it will sweeten, let us say, 100 cups of coffee. But, suppose you want very little sugar, then the same pound could sweeten 200 cups, and if you are a truly “sweet”? person the sugar may suflice for 50 or fewer cups. It does not seem a proper function of the supplier to prescribe how much fertilizer we should apply. That decision depends (a)
(b) how much or little we choose to
on what we want to fertilize, apply at any one time, and (c) nat- urally, on the composition and avail- ability of the chemicals. These deci- sions are yours and yours only.
To test this ‘‘area coverage” ap- proach, we picked six different brands of fertilizer at random and_ jotted down the percent of available major elements and the recommended square feet of coverage per bag. Here 1s
what we found :
Ferti- % Available ths, lizer Fertilizer | Per | | N. Ph. Po. | Bag A 10 10 5 11 B | 23 7 7 19% Cc | 10 6 4. 50 D 35 5 10 20 E | 6 10 40 30 35
F 12 5 7
3 4 Lbs. Available
Lbs. Available Square Feet, — Fertilizer Per Fertilizer Coverage | 1,000 Sq. Ft. Ph. Po. Per Bag | N. Ph. Po.
1.1 0.6 2,500 0.4 0.4 0.2
1.4 1.4 5,000 | 0.9 O03 0.3
3.0 2.0 5,000 1.0 0.6 0.4
1.0 2.0 5,000 14 0.2 0.4
3.0 1.2 1,000 1.8 3.0 1.2
2 3.5. - 1.90: 26]
1.8
Let us proceed and analyze our find- ings:
(1) Gives the percentage of avail- able plant food. “N” for Nitrogen, Ph. for Phosphate, and Po. for Potash.
(2) Shows the pounds of fertilizer
stands
in a sack.
(3) Converts the percentage figure of availability to pounds per sack.
(4) These are the square feet of ground which the manufacturer tells us the bag will (adequately??) fertilize.
(5) To get a common denominator, we calculate the available pounds for
1,000 square feet.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
The results of our inquiry are, to say the least, astonishing and disturb- ing. Fertilizer A provides only 11% of the Nitrogen contained in fertilizer F. Fertilizer D contains one-fifteenth of the phosphate in fertilizer E. It seems obviously that these recommen- dations are completely unreliable if not deliberately misleading. The question of price is purposely not introduced here as it has already been discussed.
Another confusing item for the buyer is the ever changing weights of the bags in which fertilizers are sold. Only a few years ago fertilizer was marketed quite uniformly in 80 pound bags. But that is history. The higher concentration of chemical elements, the ever increasing entry of the ladies into gardening activities, and, last but not least, what seems to be a deliberate attempt to cause confusion in the mind of the buyer, has brought a steady reduction in the pounds per bag. This reduction is still going on, but it will come to an end when it has reached the “ad absurdum” stage, and we are not far from that. With the variables of (a) availability, (b) weight per bag, and (c) price, it is impossible to make on the spot deci- sions what fertilizer to buy econom- ically; that takes now a little figuring
and research.
How MucnH to APPLY Let us now discuss the amount of
fertilizer which we should apply:
Lawns: In order to maintain lawns, it is essential that they be fertilized each year. Once a lawn has been established, the growing grasses will
exhaust whatever fertility there is in
the soil on which they grow and na- ture cannot replace the elements used in their growth. It is therefore neces- sary to give lawn areas applications of plant food in a regular pattern. It seems to be an accepted rule that to maintain a lawn, five pounds of nitro- gen per year per 1,000 square foot of lawn area must be supplied. Obvious- ly, such a general rule should not be taken too literally. On light, sandy soils and those with very high humus content, leaching is a problem and larger amounts of fertilizers are need- ed. These five pounds of nitrogen represent available nitrogen and NOT five pounds of any fertilizers which contain some amount of nitrogen. Under St. Louis conditions, it seems desirable to apply 2 pounds of avail- able nitrogen in late February or very early March, one pound in early May, and the remaining 2 pounds in early fall. These recommendations assume a fairly normal rainfall and a lawn consisting of Kentucky Bluegrass in the amount of not less than 50°. of the lawn community of grasses. Ob- viously, the application of plant food to zoysias must be related to the growth cycle of this summer grass, and would differ from that recom-
mended for Kentucky Bluegrass.
Flower Beds and Shrubs: One of the most important considerations in fer- tilizing flower beds and the deciduous shrubs is that we abstain from over- fertilizing at any one time, but that we should apply a complete plant food in small amounts frequently. — It would be senseless to fertilize plants
which either have completed their life
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
cycle or being perennials are close to their dormant period in late fall. Shrubs and perennial plants should not receive applications of fertilizer after early July, but can be fertilized prior to the emergence of any growth in the spring. Spring flowering bulbs benefit by an application of fertilizer in early September when many of them pro- duce roots for next year’s flowers. It is my experience that a light applica- tion of a complete fertilizer casually spread by hand several times during the growing season will give good re- sults in flower beds. It should be kept in mind that up to 40‘, of available plant food of fertilizers spread on the ground may be lost through the escape of gases into the air. It is always de- sirable to scratch the granules into the soil surface lightly to avoid their dissi- pation. Care must be taken that such scratching or cultivating will not damage the root systems of the flow- ers. When it comes to shrubs, there seems to be no established measure for fertilizing. Depending on the size of the shrubs, light to heavier applica- tions in early spring and again in early summer seem to do the trick. As said before, when in doubt, apply small quantities of fertilizers frequently.
Trees: Trees referred to here are large specimens with a trunk diameter of not less than 6 to 8 inches. Small trees and saplings can be fertilized in the manner of shrubs (Flower Beds and Shrubs above). Large trees also need complete fertilizers and are especially grateful for nitrogen food. In the sketch there is shown a simple way of
figuring the amount of a complete
fertilizer which a large tree should re- ceive. It is not necessary to fertilize trees every year. It seems best to de- termine the need for fertilizers by watching the tip growth of the tree branches. When this growth is less than a foot per year or when the general appearance of the tree gives the impression of ‘“undernourishment” then a good meal will do wonders. Determine the height and spread of the tree in feet and add to this figure the circumference of the trunk, taken about chest high, in inches, and divide the total by two. The resulting figure will give you an approximate quantity of a complete 12:12:12 fertilizer which the tree should receive.
This fertilizer should be applied to the outer drip area of the branches as shown in the figure on the cover. Most gardeners seem to have a healthy respect for the effort involved in dig- ging holes into which the fertilizer can be poured. However, this is not such a dreadful ordeal if it is done at a time when the soil is quite moist. Ideally this condition exists after the melting of a heavy snow and, while there are soil augers on the market, the writer feels that their use is far too time-consuming. Obtain a heavy iron bar, preferably 4 to 5 feet long. Such bars are frequently available from construction sites where drills have been used and broken. Any iron bar 34 inch or 1 inch diameter will do the trick, Thrust this bar into the wet ground to a depth of 18 inches, make a circular hole of about 4 to 5 inches diameter and pour into this hole about 2 to 3 pounds of the fertilizer. The figure shows that these holes
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7
should be about 3 feet apart and if the tree needs more fertilizer than can be put into one circle move inward some 2 or 3 feet and make another row of holes.
condition and after a good breakfast
A gardener in fair physical
should be able to dig between 200 and 250 holes in a morning, while home owners whose minds are on fishing
usually do less.
Evergreens: Special care should be taken not to fertilize evergreens, both the needle and broadleaf types, in the
fall.
duce the evergreens to send out vigor-
Fertilizing at this time may in-
ous growth, but the lush, young shoots cannot sustain the rigors of the winter are’ killed.
damage a tree seriously.
and Such freezing can
Most evergreens are acid soil lovers, and we must take precautions that fertilizers used for them do not con- Of
course, the same precaution must be
tain lime as a constituent (filler).
taken with all plants which demand an acid soil like the azaleas, rhododen-
drons, and hollies.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, let us summarize:
(1) All fertilizing of lawns, plants, shrubs, and trees can be accomplished with the same complete fertilizer, such as a 17212:12 formula,
(2) Remember that grass, plants, shrubs and trees will not know if the plant food was bought in mixed form or in the individual components of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash.
(3) It pays to check into the cost of fertilizers on the basis of their avail- ability.
(4) Do not fall for sales gimmicks, such as the one which occurred re- cently to a Kirkwood gardener when she voiced surprise at the high cost of a fertilizer and the salesman told her: “Lady, remember this is not a field
fertilizer, this is a garden fertilizer.”
LOTUS LEAF CANDLES AT CHINESE FIESTAS
M oRE than one gardener has looked at the leaf of the
flowering lotus and wondered if there
handsome
were not some way in which he could make use of its unusual and beautiful shape. It is a gently flaring bowl, a foot across or more, attached to the leaf stalk at its base and so waxy that large drops of water can be spun
The
Chinese have put it to good use for
around in it like flexible pearls. centuries. By fixing a small candle at the base of the bow! they turn it into
a living lantern which gives a bright
light above and a beautiful greenish glow below where the candle shines through the leaf.
The festival was held at the time of a full moon and crowds paraded along the canals and rivers carrying their lotus candles which they had bought the Other
candle lanterns were set afloat on the
from venders in street. waters and the whole evening was beautiful; moonlight above and flick- ering lights below.
EpGAR ANDERSON
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
STANDING IN THE SHADE OF A CABBAGE
(Oe of the marvels of evolution is the way in which a_ sprawling, fleshy-leaved plant native to European seacoast has under cultivation been evolved not only into all the cabbages we know but also into Kale, Cauli- flower, Brussels Sprouts, Broccoli, and several lesser known vegetables. One of these latter, “Couve Galega” (cab- bage of Galicia) is such a common spring vegetable in Portugal that at the Garden we occasionally get in- quiries about it from returning travelers.
Couve Galega is like the collards of our southern states (which we some- times see in St. Louis markets) in that it does not form a head. The stem grows straight up and the well-spaced leaves are borne one at a time. It is even taller than collards, more stiffly erect, and may reach heights of over ten feet.
I first saw these skyscraper cabbages in the Island of Jersey, in the English Channel near the French coast. In that mild climate they can be planted in the early fall and grown all winter; when I saw them in June of 1914 they were being grown on a half-acre plot, sloping down towards the sea. The lower leaves had all been harvested from time to time, as green food for cattle, and the plants had kept on growing until they were well over my head; I really walked in their shade. The stalks were stout, about two inches thick, with scarred stubs where leaves had been removed. At the top
(which was still growing) was a loose
plume of a few sloppy leaves.
When well-grown stalks of this “Jersey Cabbage,” as it is known in the British Isles, are carefully gathered and dried they are light in weight but surprisingly strong. Given a_ good coat of lacquer and a metal tip, there was a brisk trade in them in those days as souvenir canes or staffs to carry home after a holiday at the seaside.
The fact that these spiring vege- tables are know in Portugal as ‘‘Cab- bages of Galicia” suggests they may have persisted from an ancient culture. Galicia, that northwestern corner of the Iberian peninsula that sticks out on the map of Europe like a mop of curly hair above the startlingly hu- man profile of the Portuguese coast, is a somewhat isolated region where an- cient traits have been preserved. These strange tree cabbages, less modified by swellings than most of the cabbage clan, may well have developed there directly out of a primitive native form of this seaside species.
An appropriate name for this pecul- iar cabbage has been worked out by European botanists (who use a some- what more complicated terminology than is common in American horti- cultural or botanical circles) as Bras- sica oleracea L. var. acephala DC. sub. var. plana Peterman forma evxaltata Thellung! For such a plant a scien- tific name like “Brassica oleracea acephala plana exaltata” does not seem
too long.
EpGar ANDERSON
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9
CHOICE OF TREES
ELEANOR
| Baring in any. planting plan should be given to trees, for they are an indispensable part of any gar- den picture. How, for instance, can anybody put a value on a majestic oak? It’s irreplaceable, priceless. Small trees, too, can have their moments of delight, such as those unforgettable springtime displays when crabs and dogwoods are transformed into giant bouquets of bloom.
But that’s not all, by any means. Trees bring more than mere wsthetic Tests at the University of California showed that properly placed
values.
shade trees can reduce the summer room temperature in a frame house by as much as 20 degrees. There was also a 50 per cent reduction in the hours when the house was uncomfortably warm.
For climate control on the south or east side of a two-story house it is best to plant high-branching deciduous trees, keeping them close to the build- ing (but rarely nearer than about 18 feet).
posures dense and low-branching trees
On the west or northwest ex-
are more effective, since they serve as a baffle for the western sunlight and wind,
A medium large (and costly) shade tree may prove to be a good invest- ment for a barren lot in a treeless sub- division. It is sometimes possible to provide quick shade at a lower cost by planting three smaller trees to form a clump. Three smallish locusts or red maples, for example, are effective
when planted in a single large hole.
. McCLURE
It is a mistake, as a rule, to plant such “quick-growing” but short-lived trees as silver maples and Chinese elms. Given good care, an oak, ash or gum will grow very fast. For example, | recall two small pin oaks in Glendale that grew so rapidly in a_ six-year period that they caught up with two specimen trees that had been planted in a neighboring garden.
While pairs of trees are often select- ed to frame the house, others planted should be of many different varieties. This diversification is important, for most pests and diseases have a decided preference for a particular species. As an illustration, a leaf roller that almost defoliated all shingle oaks one summer didn’t touch any other oak trees.
One reason for the rapid spread of diseases among elms and sycamores has been that row upon row of these trees have been planted along St. Louis streets, and in gardens as well. In place of the American elm many nurseries now plant the hackberry, a tree which has a vase-like form and will thrive in almost any spot.
The pin oak is one of the handsom- est of shade trees, and it can be moved and re-established with ease. Red oaks, unfortunately, will not take so kindly to transplanting, and it is dif- ficult indeed to move that fine artisto- crat, the white oak.
The popular sweet gum (Liquid- ambar styraciflua) has handsome, star- shaped leaves, but the seed pods may be objectionable on lawns and walks. The black (or sour) gum (Nyssa
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL
sylvatica, which is no relation) is one of the finest possible shade trees. Since the sour gum resents transplanting, it is best to buy a small balled or canned tree for the garden.
The tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipi- fera) is another fine and long-lived shade tree (even though it is a bit brittle, being a member of the mag- nolia family). Given a good site, it grows tall and has a majestic spread. The fragrant greenish blooms of springtime are followed by decorative seed pods that last through the winter.
Both the white ash (Fraxinus amer- icana) and the blue ash (F. quadran- gulata) are tall, spreading trees when grown under proper conditions. Young trees should be fed and watered gen- erously to build up their resistance to borer attack.
Among maples that can be highly recommended are the red maple, the Schwedleri maple, and the Norway maple (Acer platanoides). One of the handsomest of all is the sugar maple (A. saccharum), a slow-growing tree that is worth waiting for.
Members of the basswood family (which includes both American and European lindens) grow very tall and usually develop into rounded, low- branched specimens with exceptionally dense foliage. They must therefore be given ample room, and care should be taken not to plant them too close to buildings or terraces.
For sake of diversification—and greater interest—it may be advisable to buy small balled or canned trees. It is sometimes possible to find copper or purple beeches, which are slow-
growing trees that acquire incom-
GARDEN BULLETIN
parable beauty as they mature. The gingko, with its decorative fan-shaped leaves also grows slowly, but it is re- markably healthy and __ long-lived. Sometimes called a “living fossil,” the gingko has now outlived its enemies.
The various horsechestnuts (Aes- culus hippocastanum) are spectacular- ly beautiful in the spring, when branch tips bear flower clusters that resemble fat candles and may be white, yellow, pink, or even purplish in color. The pagoda tree (Sophora japonica) has fine foliage and is also remarkable for its showy panicles of creamy white flowers in early summer.
Shade and screening as well can be provided by many of the ornamental flowering trees, particularly when they are planted beside the low ranch- type or contemporary house. Both crabs and magnolias, for example, can be headed high to make an arching canopy of green.
Although the huge flowers of the tulip or saucer magnolia (M. soulan- geana) may be nipped by a late freeze, this tree is truly beautiful when in bloom. Indeed, it deserves planting for its handsome “architecture” as well, being distinguished by fine branching and twig formation. More- over, the magnolia thrives under difh- cult city conditions, as demonstrated by many fine specimens that adorn Lindell Boulevard in St. Louis.
The dogwood is such a favorite that Available
now in the double form (Cornus flor-
it needs little introduction.
ida plena) and in such named _ vari- eties as White Cloud and Cherokee Princess (white) and Cherokee Chief
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11
(so-called red). It is sometimes dif- ficult to get a dogwood established, since the trees suffer so much during drouth but will die if over-watered. They should be given the best possible care (plus insecticide treatment on the trunks) to ward off attacks of
borers.
The
densis) blooms with the daffodils and
native redbud (Cercis cana-
early tulips. A rare white variety, C. canadensis alba, produces such masses of pristine white flowers that it is one the
of the most beautiful trees in
garden. It usually develops a hand- some, symmetrical form and has super- ior, disease-resistant foliage.
By any standard, crabs should get a high rating, excelling in beauty, use-
They should
be selected for color of flowers and
fulness, and reliability.
fruits, as well as for habit of growth and size. When planted in an open, sunny spot, they tend to make wide- spreading, round-headed trees. If they
are partly shaded or in competition
with nearby trees, they may grow 25 or 30 feet tall.
Two dwarf crabs that make shrubby growth are the fine Sargent crab, which has pure white flowers and small red berries, and Bob White, a winsome tree with pale pink-to-white blooms and yellow-orange fruits that persist into autumn.
Among taller varieties: zum calo- carpa, with red buds, white flowers and shining red fruits; baccata jackii, which has fragrant white flowers and that persist Morden 547 crab, an
with bright pink flow-
cherry-like fruits into
winter; “Vm- proved Hopa,” ers, scab-resistant foliage and purplish red fruits; floribunda, with pale pink flowers that fade to white; Katherine, which has bright pink buds and double blooms in pale pink; atrosanguinea, with bright pink flowers; and the new Radiant which
abundance of small pink flowers and
crab, produces an has glossy half-inch crimson fruits that provide food for the birds in
winter.
THE MEDLAR (MESPILUS GERMANICA), DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON’S STANDARD FOR WIT
EDLARS have been domesticated M in Europe since prehistoric times but are still one of the rarest and least known of the world’s fruits, as well as one of the strangest. They are closely related to apples and hawthorns and are borne on crooked, scrubby little trees with leaves somewhat like apple leaves but less graceful and slightly
larger. The flowers (and hence the
fruits) are borne singly at the tips of short branches of the current season’s growth. They are white and much like those of apples and quinces but differ in being backed up by conspic- uous calyx lobes.
When medlar fruits are ready to harvest they still have an unfinished
look, They are like small knobby
green apples; those of the named vari-
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
eties can be over two inches in diam- eter. The flesh of the fruit does not grow up all the way around the core as it does in apples or pears so that in between the scars or dried remains of the calyx is a messy little crater in which one looks right down into one end of the core.
Even when ready to harvest in late medlars are not ripe
autumn, yet
enough to eat. After they are gath- ered they must be laid out in a cool dry place to be “bletted,” really a kind of controlled rotting. The flesh grad- ually becomes a reddish brown with a distinctive aroma. It is somewhat like the over-wintering fruits of seedling apples in old New England pastures that Thoreau described in his essay on wild apples. He found that as they thawed out in late winter, they were interesting and refreshing to taste as one tramped homewards after an afternoon’s walk.
When the bletting process has pro-
ceeded just far enough, medlars are ready to serve individually on little fruit plates as an unusual ending to a heavy dinner.
distinctly
They are mellow and
tart, slightly astringent; something like a sour dried apple try- ing to be a prune.
The books say that medlars are also made into fruit preserves. I have never tasted any but I have had pre-
served loquats from subtropical Los
Angeles. They taste enough like medlars that homesick Englishmen sometimes refer to the loquat as ‘the
oriental medlar.”
Dr. Samuel Johnson used the med- lar to point up one of his character- istic sallies. A gentleman under dis- cussion was addicted to telling the kind of stories not traditionally suited to mixed company. Johnson summed him up by declaring, “His wit is like a medlar; it is never ripe until it’s rotten.”
EpGaR ANDERSON
iin Premiere of My Fair Lady on the evening of January 21st was an Outstanding success, netting a profit of over twenty thousand dollars to the Friends of the Garden. The special dinners planned in connection with
the event, the young people in Covent
Garden costumes, the special decora- tions, all added an air of festivity to George
with
the magic of the play itself. Shaw Henry Shaw.
Bernard joined hands Seldom have so many people been so pleased over parting
with so much money.
PREVIEW FOR FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
EASTER
FLOWER
SHOW
APRIL 2ND — 5:30 TO 7:30 P.M.
BOARD
Henry Hircucock, President
Leicester B. Faust,
OF TRUSTEES
Sam’L. C. Davis JOHN S, LEHMANN Henry B. Prrlacer
Vice President
Harry E. WurERTENBAFCHER, JR., Second Vice President
A. Timon Primm, III WarREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH
Howarp F, Barr DupLEY FRENCH.
CLARENCE C, BARKSDALE Honorary Trustee
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS THomMas H. EtiorT, Chancellor, Washington University
RayMoND R. Tucker, Mayor, City of St. Louis
JaMEs S. MCCLELLAN, President, Board of Education of St. Louis
GrorGE L. CapIcGaNn, Bishop, Diocese of Missouri
STRATFORD LEE Morton, President, Academy of Science of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs. Lee I. Niedringhaus, President, Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr., First Vice President, Mrs. John H. Hayward, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer, Sally D. Carr, Executive Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, FE. J. Gildehaus, Carl F.
Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R..McMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert If. Goetz, Chairman.
GARDEN STAFF
Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research
CLARENCE BaArBRE, Instructor
LaprisLaus Cutak, Greenhouse Superintendent
Hucu C. Cutter, Curator of Useful Plants
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate
Watpo G. FecuNner, Secretary of Board and Controller
RAYMOND FREEBORG. Research Associate
James Hampton, Chief Engineer and Superintendent of Operations
Paut A. Kou, Floriculturist
Watter H. Lewis, Director of the Herbarium
F. R. McMatu, Rosarian
Associate H. Wayne Nicnots, Curator of Algae Royce L. Ortver, Research Assistant KENNETH QO, Peck, Instructor Mrs. Marion Pretrrer, Orchid Grower
Grorce H. Princ, Superintendent Emeritus
Joun RipGway, Curator of Bryophytes ALFRED SAXDAL, Rose Grower Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
GeorGce B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supplemented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing greenhouses and most other facilities are from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s fom 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Climatron stays open until 7:00 P. M., as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festi- vals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature classes are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden maintains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is sometimes open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park- Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and taking part in ’
Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.’ Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
Phone TOwnsend 5-0440
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
/ . April 1965 () Ww Ih eben Volume LIII
Number 4
Cover: A single leaf of Oak-Leafed Lettuce pressed and dried by Dr. Whitaker to illustrate its shape and venation. Since 1946 when as a Guggenheim Fellow Dr. Whitaker spent a semester as a visiting member of our staff, he has been a frequent visitor, using our library and conferring with Dr. Cutler and Dr. Anderson. He has long been in charge of the Vegetable Research Station of the U.S.D.A. at La Jolla, California. He has an international reputation as a vegetable breeder and an authority on lettuce and on cantaloupes and other cucurbits. In the following article he has assembled what is known of the history of Oak-Leafed Lettuce, whose merits for the home garden in the Middle West were called to public attention by the Garden in 1943 after a long period of undeserved neglect.
CONTENTS
Oak-Leafed Lettuce
Eleanor McClure, April
A Unicorn on the Window-sill
New Members, Friends of the Garden New Life Members
Coming Flower Shows
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri. Editor: EpGAR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942. at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois,
under Act of March 3. 1879
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LITT No. 4
Bulletin
April 1965
OAK-LEAFED LETTUCE A DEPENDABLE VARIETY FOR THE MID-WEST
F° some poorly understood reason or reasons Oak-Leafed lettuce has been doing well in Mid-Western gar- dens for almost 60 years. Planted in early spring this variety will yield fresh, tasty leaves of good salad qual- ity well into the summer. Many of the new introductions of the novelty type, such as the All-American variety
Buttercrunch, are reputed to be su-
perior to Oak-Leafed and likely to supersede it. But this prediction may be premature; Tracy in his classical work on the varieties of lettuce pub- lished in 1904 also consigned Oak- Leafed to Limbo. He reported that several varieties of the same type ex- celled Oak-Leafed, and seed of this variety was becoming difficult to ob-
tain. Evidently Oak-Leafed has some
Plant of Oak-Leafed lettuce about ready for harvest. It consists of a mass of twisted, contorted leaves. (Photograph courtesy of Pieters-Wheeler Seed Company).
(1)
2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
attraction for gardeners not readily recognized by authorities. Seed of Oak-Leafed was first offered for sale in this country by the seed trade about 1885. There is, however, no record of its prior history or origin.
Lettuce varieties are classified into 4 groups: (a) crisp-head, (b) butter- head, (c) cos or romaine, and (d) loose-leaf. Oak-Leafed is in the loose- leaf category since it does not form a head. The leaves, however, have a buttery, pliable texture similar to the butterhead varieties, for example Big Boston.
Plants of Oak-Leafed form a com- pact, twisted, symmetrical rosette of leaves, 6” or more in diameter, hud- dled close to the ground (see photo).
The individual leaves are smooth, with entire margins, and are deeply lobed to resemble an oak leaf (see cover). The plants are light green, but may_ be- come intensely dark green under some conditions. The variety is slow to bolt, and this may be one reason it has found favor with gardeners. Under some conditions Oak-Leafed tipburns easily; otherwise it is generally free from diseases. The variety has white seed. For home gardeners in the area surrounding St. Louis it is probably one of the better varieties of its class,
if planted in season and well grown.
THomas W. WHITAKER, U. S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, Crop Research Division,
La Jolla, California.
APRIL BRINGS THE RUSH SEASON
ELEANOR B.
T" springtime gardening rush season comes to a peak in April. Deciduous shrubs and trees are work- ing double shifts to produce new- minted leaves. Flowering peaches, crabs, redbuds and dogwoods turn into great bouquets of bloom. There are flowering bulbs galore, for this is the month of daffodils and early tulips.
For the gardener, too, it is often the busiest month of the year. To begin with, there’s the task of feeding and grooming established plantings. Then the April planting season is a favor- able time for setting out new trees, evergreens, shrubs, roses, and peren- nials,
Let’s start with the grooming. é (oe
McCLURE
Many evergreens can be pruned and shaped this month, just as the new buds are starting active growth. These “bud-indicators” make it easy to dis- tinguish live wood from damaged branches. However, if there’s any doubt, just scrape off a bit of the outer bark to see whether the tissues beneath are moist and green. Dead branchlets tend to be brownish, and they snap off easily.
After the dead wood has been trimmed away, the plants may need additional shaping to restore symme- try. Shearing off the branch tips will give the “go” signal to two or three adjacent buds. This will produce
denser, handsomer growth on ever-
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3
greens like yews, boxwoods, and _hol- lies. Various kinds of junipers (in- cluding the popular Pfitzer juniper) are also improved by judicious shear- ing and shaping at this season.
If roses have not been cut back before, they should be pruned just as the new buds plump up. Be sure to make the cut just above a husky live bud, selecting one that is growing on the outside of the cane, for the branch will then go in that direction. By en- couraging this outward growth, you can have a better shaped plant. It will be stronger, too, for the leaves can then enjoy ample sunlight and improved air circulation.
Any remnants of last year’s peren- nials should be cut off and burned. Check the plants, also, for signs of heaving, a result of winter freezes and thaws. If the roots of plants like columbines and iris are nearly out of the ground, don’t try to lift and re- plant them. Instead, just cover the exposed roots (but not the crowns of the plants) with a humus layer of partly rotted leaves or compost. Lack- ing this, make a light soil mix of about one-third each of loam, peat moss, and perlite. Given this assist- ance, the roots of most perennials have a remarkable capacity to bring the plant back to just the correct depth.
Following this general shaping and grooming, the next and very impor- tant step is to feed the entire planting. A generous sprinkling of a balanced ‘chemical fertilizer should be applied over the entire root area of a plant (as indicated by the spread of the branch- es). This means, of course, that a
tree or shrub gets a much larger
“helping” than a rose bush or peony. Beds of “acid-loving”’ plants (such as azaleas, rhododendrons, and Pieris japonica) should be fed with a special camellia-azalea fertilizer. We have also used iron sulphate with good re- sults, and a light application of cotton- seed meal is helpful, too. To main- tain acidity, use dusting sulphur on the surface of the bed, but keep it away from the canes of the plants.
In place of the plain fertilizer ap- plications, you might consider a spe- cial “weed and feed”? formula designed to keep seeds of weeds and _ grasses from sprouting in cultivated beds. This may be used, for example, on beds of roses or groundcover, or in other areas where weeding is particu- larly onerous. There’s a special prep- aration, too, for the acid beds.
A final feeding suggestion is that foliage fertilizers are also very helpful at this season, when plants are work- ing overtime to produce new growth and bloom. The application can be made from a bucket or sprinkling can, but the whole plant should be
leaves, soil surface, and all.
drenched For larger gardens it is better to use some sort of feeder attachment on the hose. The leaf feeding does not re- place soil fertilizers but supplements them. Applications made from a week to ten days apart will be appre- ciated by all sorts of ornamentals. These “quick lunches” are especially helpful to roses and evergreens that are recuperating from winter damage.
In April, when the new growth starts, it is time to begin weekly spray or dust programs for roses. While
sprays are somewhat more effective, it
4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
is easier to use a duster. A_ sturdy crank duster is a good investment, for cheap dusters often deposit globs of dust on the leaves. If the dust can be readily seen on the leaf surface, it may mean that the application was heavy enough to cause some damage to the plant.
At this season it is an excellent idea to spray or dust the crowns of many perennials, and the soil around them as well. Early protection of colum- bines, delphiniums, phlox, and peonies, for example, may ward off attacks of rust, rots or other diseases and help prevent the build-up of insect pests.
As the garden work progresses, planting lists can be compiled. Per- ennials, either bare-root or potted, can be planted at this season. Bare-root roses can be set out in early April, but later vacancies are best filled with potted roses. Bare-root shrubs and trees should also go into the ground as soon as possible. Most gardeners will feel it easier and safer to handle plants that have been balled, or grown in containers.
Container-grown stock, in partic- ular, has been a real boon, for it is no longer necessary to compress the plant- ing season into a few short weeks. In- stead, with sound handling and after care, plants may be moved almost any time that the ground can be worked. We’ve even had very good luck with
summer plantings.
It is possible, too, to set out plants in full bloom—practically anything from tulips and garden lilies to a flowering dogwood or crab. This is
€
the way to “instant beauty,” with a
bare spot converted into a flower bed in a single day.
The ultimate success of all new plantings (including trees, shrubs, evergreens, and flowers) depends in large part on thorough and careful soil preparation. Many gardeners in the St. Louis area must contend with a tight clay surface soil that is just a few inches deep, with a tight clay hardpan beneath.
When you put the plants into clay soil like this you are virtually giving the roots a prison sentence. In poorly aerated soil, roots are unable to get the oxygen needed for “breathing” and development. Often they have trouble penetrating into the surrounding clay. Even after a year or two they may be confined in the original root ball.
It is difficult to water a clay bed, for water cannot penetrate well. On the other hand, the hardpan drains so slowly that it holds water like a bucket. While, for example, many dogwoods are damaged by drought, many others are “drowned” by over- watering.
The solution: Dig or plow the sur- face soil, working it at least 12 inches deep, if possible, taking care to break up lumps and clods. Spread about two inches of peat moss over the entire bed. Partly-rotted leaves or compost may be added, along with manure, if it is available. ‘Top this mix with an inch or two of perlite (expanded volcanic lava, purchased at building supply stores under the trade name of Permalite). A generous sprinkling of either balanced or acid- type fertilizer (depending on the na-
ture of the plants) is also needed.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
All of these materials should be in- corporated into the soil. This may be done by turning and spading and rak- ing the soil. A quicker and_ better way is to use a garden tiller.
The bed can then be leveled and edged before planting. At first it will be several inches higher than the sur- rounding soil, but it will settle an inch or two after the first good rain. Even so, the plants will enjoy good surface
drainage.
It is easier to water a bed of this type. Roots are encouraged to pene- trate into the soil. Good aeration brings needed oxygen. Plants enjoy an ample food supply, too, thanks to the abundance of organic matter. Particles of peat, compost, and the like have the capacity to absorb soil minerals and to release them slowly to
the plants.
A UNICORN ON
HEN the phone rings at Shaw’s Garden one never knows what sort of a request it may bring. One of the most interesting was from an eighty-year-old lady with a quavering voice but a keen interest in her house plants. They mean a lot to her now that she doesn’t get about as easily as she used to and recently she had been interested and somewhat puzzled by a volunteer seedling which came up in the same pot with one of them. It was like nothing she had ever seen before and she hoped we could tell her what it was and how it got there. She was a good observer and her de- scription satisfied me that we were dealing with no ordinary greenhouse weed. “It has little leaves,” she told me, ‘“‘a little bigger than a dime and shaped like a heart and all velvety. Some of the leaves come away from the stem all by themselves; other times they’re more bunched up. It grows a little like a vine and now it has been having very pretty flowers. They’re wavy little trumpets some- thing like a small petunia, except that
HE WINDOW- SILL
the pinky yellow and the purple color are more blotched into each other and the flowers have a horrid smell.”’
With a description as excellent as this I should certainly have been able to think what it might be, provided it had been of a plant growing in a sandy place along a road in New Mex- ico, but it definitely did not fit any- thing which might have been expected on a window-sill in Normandy, Mis- souri.
[ was certain I could trace it down if I could see one of the flowers. Fol- lowing my directions she picked a flower and two of the leaves, spread them out carefully on a bit of news- paper, and folded over the newspaper to take up the extra moisture and mailed it to the Garden. It arrived nearly dry, and all flattened out, but in almost perfect condition for identi- fication. It was a seedling Unicorn Plant, Proboscidea louisianica, forced into premature bloom!
The Unicorn Plant is a strange and almost beautiful plant whose seed pod
is one of the greatest curiosities in the
\ 4 Sree BSS oS
LESS = WN IN SRS
AS
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Explanation of the figure. The seed-pod of a Unicorn Plant, Pro- boscidea louisianica (frequently listed as Martynia louisianica)., About 23 natural size. This is typical of the widely cultivated strain; in the Southwest the beak is often much longer, more recurved, and more recoiled at the tip. The Papago Indians pull out its ebony black fibres
to decorate their characteristic black and white baskets.
plant world. It is about six inches long, something like a tough fibrous milkweed pod with a narrow beak as long or longer than the pod itself. As it ripens the beak splits in two and the halves curve back gracefully over the pod with hooks at their ends. They are about as wide and nearly as tough as a telephone wire. The whole con- traption has the appearance of some- thing produced in a workshop rather than grown on a plant. When stepped on by cattle, sheep or goats it catches on their feet and is carried away, spreading the ripe seeds over a wide area. With long-haired animals such as sheep and goats it may also hook into the fleece, and perhaps get an even longer ride. Because of this seed pod the plant is also known as Ram’s Horn or Devil’s Claws.
When grown in the garden a Uni- corn Plant may cover several square feet and is something like a smaller, more ornamental, summer squash. The wavy-edged leaves may be up to a foot across and the whole plant, stem, leaves, and flower-buds, is covered with soft sticky hairs and gives off a rank odor. At their best the flowers are quite ornamental, like a small, two- lipped petunia with wavier margins. The seeds also are unusual. They are about the size and shape of an irregu- lar slice off a pencil eraser and so jet black they look like a little piece of charcoal.
How could such a plant have turned up on a window-sill? It is native to Missouri but quite rare in the state, being occasionally found on gravel
bars or along railroad tracks. South
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7
and southwestward it becomes increas- ingly common and something of a weed. It is grown here and there in many parts of the world by people who have an interest in curious plants. The house plant on the window-sill might have been set outdoors for part of the summer by the florist or friend from whom it came; in a garden where Unicorn Plants were grown; the compost in the pot might have come from a garden where Unicorn Plants had scattered their seeds; in some such way the big black seed got into the flower pot and eventually
sprouted.
The wonder is that it should have grown and flowered though only a few inches high. The outstanding characteristic of many weeds is that they are amazingly adaptable; if con- ditions are not what they need to develop into a normal plant they go ahead anyway and produce a_ few leaves and a few flowers. But even considering all this it still seems like something of a miracle that it should have appeared and flowered in the dead of winter on the widow-sill of a
house-bound old lady.
EpGar ANDERSON
MD
MSS
NEW MEMBERS OF THE FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN JANUARY 1 THROUGH FEBRUARY 28, 1965
A All Seasons Garden Club
B Mr. L. M. Bailey Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Baker Mr. Clarence C. Barksdale Mr. Charles F. Bealke Mr. and Mrs. Albert Earl Bebout Mrs. Tohn A. Belt Mr. Alfred Bisig Mrs. F. IT. Bleitz
Mrs. Charlotte Ring Fusz
J. W. Gonterman, Jr. Green Thumb Garden Club
H Mrs. Robert E. Hannon Dr. and Mrs. Bert ’ Mrs. Victor B. Harris Mc
L Mr. and Mrs. Harry L. Laba Lake Lotawana Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. H. Robert Larkin Miss Mary E. Larkin Mrs. Evelyn Leatherbury Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Lenz Mr. and Mrs. Howard Lincks Mr. and Mrs. A. Sproule Love Mr. and Mrs. William N. Lynn
if Hanicke
Bonne Terre Garden Club Miss Mary Brandenberg
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene K. Buckley
Mr. and Mrs. Norbert V. Bussmann
c Dr. and Mrs. Archie D. Carr Mr. and Mrs.
Holland F. Chalfant, Jr. Mrs. Charles E. Claggett Mrs. W. Allen Cleneay Dr. and Mrs. George Clipner Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Coates
dD Mrs. Omer Dahm Mr. and Mrs. Vest Davis Mrs. Tess F. Donnell Mrs. William Dyer
Dr and Mrs. H. Cappel Eschenroeder
Mr. and Mrs. John Hawkins Annette Hechenberg Dr. and Mrs. H. A. Hecht Shirley Heitland Mr. and Mrs. Sam Heyman Mr. Frank H. Himmert Mrs. Albert G. Hodor Mr. and Mrs. Edward G. Holtzman Mr. and Mrs. Harold W. Hotson
I
Mr. Scott Ittner J Miss Mildred Joeckel
Mr. and Mrs. S. Peter Karlow Nanev R. Keller
Mrs. W. B. Knight, Jr.
Miss Pauline E. Konze
Mr. and Mrs. James J, Kormann Myrtle A. Kostedt
Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. McAlpin, IT Mrs. Clifford P. McKinney, Jr.
Mrs. R. F. Mathews
Violet Meister
Mrs. Bonner Miller
Mrs. James E. Miller
Mr. and Mrs. Orator O. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Oren F. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Tohn B. Mitchell Dr. and Mrs. Charles A. Mogab Mrs. Thomas O. Moloney
Mrs. Ralph Morrison
Mr. and Mrs. S. A. Morrow Dr. J. Gerald Mudd
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph D. Murphy Mrs. Harry L. Murray
N Mr. and Mrs. Ned R. Nendrix Mrs. Paul W. Newell Mrs. Arthur R. Niemoeller
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
oO
Oak Crest Garden Club
Dr. and Mrs. L. W. O'Neal Mrs. Thomas A. O'Reilly Mrs. Arnold Ott
P Mrs. C. Pangman Mr. and rs. Steve A. Pappas Mr. and Mrs. Carmen Parente
Mrs. Gladys M. Mr. Mrs. Mrs. Mr.
Parker Otto Patterson
Michael Pennington William J. Phelan, Jr. and Mrs. Alfred J. Piatt Mrs. Harry M. Piper Mr. and Mrs.
Charles B. Podmaniezky
Mrs. Charles F. Pollnow Mrs. David Preston Mr. and Mrs. Peter A. Puleo Miss Gertrude Quin
R Mr. and Mrs. Ralph H. Rabenau Mr. and Mrs, C. W. Rauscher Mr. and Mrs. Kent Ravenscroft Mr. and Mrs. William H. Reaves Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Reed Mrs. William L. Recker Mr. and Mrs, Owen E. Reinert Mrs. J. F. Reis Mrs. William P. Reiser Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Richter
Mr.
Mr. Mrs.
and Mrs. Robert Rieders Laurence Riordan Mr. and Mrs. Bertram N. Mrs. J. Scott Robertson Miss Charlotte Robinson Mrs. Florence M. Roschke Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Rosecan
S
Risch
Mr. and Mrs. S. L. St. Jean, Jr. Mr. Dan Sakahara
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Sandel Mr. and Mrs. Edward F. Sanders Mr. and Mrs. Melbourne Sands
Mrs. George J. Scherer Miss Julia Schmidt
Miss Aleene K. Schneider Miss Karen Schneider Mr. and Mrs.
William A. Schneider Mrs. W. R. Schneider Miss Ethel L. Schopfer Mrs. Harriet Schwenker Mrs. Ruth Seabold Mr. and Mrs. L. W. Sessions
Dr. and Mrs. H. H. Shackelford Mr. and Mrs. P. C. Shepherd Mr. and Mrs. Dave Sherman. Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Siess, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Raese W. Simpson Miss Dorothy Sivley
Mrs. Walter J. Skainka
Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Skinker Miss Mary Ellen Smith Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Mr. and Mrs. Sidney G. Mrs. R. E. Soden
Smith Smith
New LIFE
Mr. Mr.
MEMBERS
and Mrs. H. and Mrs. and Mrs. G. Kenneth Robins Miss Sylvia Walden
Richard Duhme, Jr. Eugene Ross McCarthy
Mr. and Mrs.
Charles T. Spalding Mr. and Mrs. L. Keehn Spear Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Spence Mr. and Mrs. Hal Spener Mr. and Mrs. John E. Sprague Mr. and Mrs.
James L. Sprunt, Jr. Mrs. Armand C, Stalnaker Mrs. Teddy Stauf Mrs. Simon P. Steiner Mrs. Loretto A. Stewart Miss Carolyn Strauss Miss Lillian Stupp Sunset View Garden Club Mrs. Donald M. Sutor
Bs Mr. Roy Tarter Mr. Joseph M. Tasch Mrs. Charles E. Taylor Dr. Thomas Thale Mrs. Gary J. Thomas Mrs. Joseph M. Touhill
U
Union Garden Club
Vv Mr. and Mrs. John E. Georgia Ann Vogt Mrs. Trifon von Schrenk
WwW Webster Groves Garden Club #3 Webster Groves Garden Club #18 Mr. and Mrs. I*. Woesten
Vigil
Coming Shows in the Floral Display Ftouse
April 4-25
May 2—9
May 15-16
May 29-30 Rose Show
St. Louis Horticultural Society
Easter—Spring Flower Show
Lady Washington Geraniums
Spring Flower Show
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry HitrcuHcock, SamM’L. C, Davis
President L B. F JOHN S. LEHMANN EICESTER B, Faust ; Henry B. Prracer
Vice President Harry E, WurRTENBAECHER, JR., A. Timon Primm, III
Second Vice President WarREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH Howarp F. Barr DupLey FRENCH, CLARENCE C. BaRKSDALE Honorary Trustee
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
JAMEs S. McCLELLAN, THomas H. Error,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis Chancellor, Washington University GEORGE L. CADIGAN, RAYMOND R. TUCKER,
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri Mayor, City of St. Louis
STRATFORD LEE Morton, President. Academy of Science of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs. Lee I. Niedringhaus, President, Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr., First Vice President, Mrs. John H. Hayward, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer, Sally D. Carr, F-xecutive Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, E. J. Gildehaus, Carl F. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman
GARDEN STAFF
Davip M. Garters, Director VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research . z Associate Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants : . H. Wayne Nicuors, Curator of Algae CLARENCE Barsre, Instructor
Royce L. Ortver, Research Assistant Lapistaus CuTakK, Greenhouse
Superintendent KENNETH QO. Peck, Instructor Hucu C. Cutver, Curator of Useful Plants Mrs. Marion Pretrrer, Orchid Grower Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate Grorce H. Princ, Superintendent : Emeritus Watpo G. FEcuNner, Secretary of Board and Controller Joun Ripgway, Curator of Bryophytes RAYMOND FREEBORG. Research Associate ALFRED SAXDAL, Rose Grower JamMes Hampton, Chief Engineer and OweEN J. Sexton, Research Ecologist Superintendent of Operations .
p I FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of Pau A. Kou, Floriculturist the Arboretum, Gray Summit Watter H. Lewis, Director of the GrEorGE B. Van ScuHAAack, Librarian and
Herbarium Curator of Grasses
F. R. McMatu, Rosarian
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supplemented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing greenhouses and most other facilities are from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s fom 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Climatron stays open until 7:00 P. M., as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festi- vals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature classes are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden maintains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is sometimes open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park- Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and taking part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
Phone TOwnsend 5-0440
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
; May 1965 allan Volume LIII Number 5
Cover: Dr. R. J. Seibert, Director of Longwood Gardens, and Mr. G. H. Pring,
sur Superintendent Emeritus, beside the new central water lily pool last summer in which was displayed the beautiful product of their collaboration, the new Victoria Victoria amazonica (long known as Victoria
LONGWOOD HYBRID, Vicforia cruciana POST-DISPATCH
PHOTO COURTESY ST, LOUIS
resid). ws CONTENTS Victoria Water Lilies Eleanor McClure — Planning for Color Arts and Education Fund Quaking Grasses and Their Common Names How to Smell a Tree \ New Trustee aes th ) | O 6 | Sin ns § ( es Edi il OF Mi Boranical Garden v ( \venue, St. Loui Misso Ed Epe \} ANDERSON Publ hily J \ € (
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LITT No. 5
Bulletin
May 1965
VICTORIA WATER LILIES PLANTS WHICH STIR MEN’s MINDS
EDGAR
We the Garden featured the new Longwood Hybrid Victo- rias in our new central pool last sum- mer it was returning to the field of its earliest triumph just 70 years ago. Dr. Trelease, the Garden’s first Director, tells in his annual reports for 1894 and 1895 how the new “Victoria Pool” for tropical aquatic plants was con- structed just to the south of the Lin- naean House. To make these plants grow as they do in the tropics the water was heated by a pipe from the same boiler which heated the Linnaean House and the water was kept in cir- culation mechanically to keep the plants in better health.
When in 1894 Victoria water lilies bloomed for the first time in St. Louis, there was a special evening reception for prominent St. Louisans and later in the season the Garden was open to the public in the early evening to view the giant white water lilies by emergency illumination set up for the purpose. The following season (and for many years thereafter) Victorias were grown in a heated pool at Tower Grove Park which had better facilities for evening display. The specially constructed pool was most successful. All through the summer and early fall hardly a week passed without one or more flow-
ers opening. The following year we
ANDERSON
find Dr. Trelease proudly starting off his annual report by describing the public response to the new lilies. Due to frequent newspaper references to the giant lilies so many people had turned out, that the total public at- tendance for the entire year had been raised by one-third!
The new Longwood Hybrid Victoria is both easier to grow and more spectac- ular than either of its parents. It has hybrid vigor and is brighter in color; in the St. Louis climate it does not require heated pools to develop leaves of spec- tacular size and elegant proportions. This new hybrid is a cross between two water lilies which have long been generally known to botanists and gar- deners as Victoria regia and Victoria cruziana, though exactly how they ought to be classified is still a matter for scientific dispute to which a study of the hybrids and their descendants may contribute decisive evidence. They are perhaps two varieties of one species and it is quite possible that other vari- eties still await discovery. The first one introduced into cultivation has been long and widely known as Vic- toria regia though according to the international rules for such matters, Victoria amazonica is the technically correct name. Victoria cruziana has smaller leaves, with proportionately
(1)
4
2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Fig. 1. A flower of Victoria LONGWOOD HyBRID on the second day of its opening, with
one of its giant leaves in the background.
pool. The leaf at the right is still expanding.
higher rims but it develops well with- out artificial heat in a climate as warm as St. Louis (if the pools are shallow enough for the water to be heated by the sun) and it has been grown here ever since Mr. Pring first obtained seeds of it directly from South Amer- ica.
The Longwood Hybrid resulted from close collaboration between George H. Pring of the Missouri Botanical Gar- den and his son-in-law, Dr. Russell Seibert, the Director of the Longwood Gardens at Kennett Square, Pennsyl- vania. Shortly after these Gardens were opened to the public Mr. Pring was called there for four months as a consultant on water lilies. Pat Nutt, from Kew Gardens, was engaged to grow tropical water lilies and new pools were designed for a warm pro- tected area between three greenhouses.
The pools are supplied with continu-
The flower and the leaves are reflected in the quiet
PHOTO BY LADISLAUS CUTAK
ously filtered water and have concrete bottoms to help in keeping down weeds. One pool was designed especi- ally for Victorias and was heated from the adjacent greenhouse. With the heated water both Victoria amazonica and Victoria cruziana could be grown.
Both lilies grew splendidly in the new pools and flowered and set seeds. This made it practical to carry out a project which Mr. Pring (as the world’s foremost breeder of tropical water lilies) had always hoped might some day be possible, the raising of a hybrid between these two lilies. One might hope for a combination of the desirable features of both parents, the greater adaptability of V. cruziana to outdoor pools, the much larger leaves of V. amazonica. There was also the possibility that the cross might have enough hybrid vigor to make it larger
and more adaptable than would other-
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3
wise have been expected. If it was fertile or semi-fertile, there might be interesting new combinations among the grandchildren. Furthermore all this information would be important evidence in deciding how these giant water platters should be classified. Pat Nutt made the crosses at Long- wood, pollinating at 9:30 in the eve- ning, using a flower of Victoria cruzi- ana which had opened for the first night and had receptive stigmas, as the female parent and a flower of Victoria amazonica which was open for the second evening and was actively shed- ding pollen, as the male parent. The pollinations were made on September 17, 1960, and seed was collected (ap- proximately 275 seeds) on October 25. The seeds were stored in moist sand for six weeks at 65° F., then six weeks at 50° F. in water. The reciprocal cross, using V. amazonica as the seed parent produced seed but it failed to The same original cross was repeated in 1961, 62, 63 and 64
and new plants were raised each year
germinate.
in nursery tanks in the greenhouses. The Victorias displayed at the Missouri Botanical Garden last summer were shipped from Longwood as young plants and held here in our own nur- sery tanks until the new pools were ready to receive them. In spite of being held back in this way, they did splendidly. The improved construc- tion of the pools made it possible to feed the plants more effectively, and the concrete bottoms trapped more of the sun’s heat. With the increased vigor of the hybrids and what Old St. Louisans refer to as ‘“‘a good, hot
summer,” they throve amazingly and
produced such a succession of leaves and flowers as had never been seen before in the Garden’s previous Vic- toria pools.
The development of a new hybrid between plants which are well known to you is a fascinating thing to watch. Crosses between two species or be- tween well marked geographical vari- eties are usually more or less inter- mediate but there are often some surprises. One frequently has not had the wit to figure out just how the two sets of levers are going to work to- gether in making the new plant. Hybridization produces not the new but the unexpected.
Victoria amazonica has much larger leaves than V. cruziana but the stiff upright rims which give Victorias their distinctive charm are proportion- ately lower and do not develop as early in the life of the plant as they do in V. cruziana. These characters worked out about as had been expect- ed. The rims were not as late in de- veloping as in amazonica nor as early as in cruziana. The leaves were inter- mediate in size but hybrid vigor made them almost the size of amazonica leaves. The rims were intermediate in proportion but they were of course on much larger leaves than those of cru- ziana and rose dramatically above the surface of the water, making the plants conspicuous from a distance.
The big surprise was the color on the exposed outer side of the rim. This is dark pink in amazonica, and green- ish in cruziana with the red pigment restricted to the very edge. The hy- brids were brighter than either parent,
a strong coppery red, one of those
4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
shades which delight photographers because it always comes out so well on color film,
To one who has studied many species crosses, such a result is not at all unique. Plants with strong color usually have strong restrictive mech- anisms preventing its display in certain parts of the plant, or holding down the tone of the color.
A species with little color will have had less need of restricting color development. Hybridization with it may combine moderate color with slight restriction to produce a much brighter plant than either of the par- ents. I noticed this some years ago when I made hybrids between the common spiderworts of our railroad tracks and cliffs, Tradescantia ohiensis (which outside the flowers has so little color that it takes a microscope to find the occasional touches of red) and our rarer woodland species, Tradescantia pilosa, the underside of whose leaves are covered with dull dark-purple. The hybrids are brighter than either. They have bright magenta coloring spreading out from the base of the leaf and from the joints on the stems. Breeding from them one can produce brilliant spiderworts whose stems are tall wands of red magenta.
Mr. Pring and I are hoping to study such details this coming summer when it is planned to have one plant of the Longwood hybrid in the center of the circular pool and four of the grand- children of the cross around it. The latter have been grown this winter in the nursery tanks in the greenhouse and it is already certain that they differ from each other in the amount
of color, the shade of color, and the pattern of its distribution on the upper and lower surfaces of the floating leaf and the upright margin.
Victoria water lilies are native to the big river systems of South Amer- ica which train the eastern slopes of the Andes and wind their various twisting courses to the Atlantic ocean. Haenke was the first botanist to find them, in Bolivia in 1801. Descriptions and fragmentary specimens came back to Europe from various naturalists. Victoria amazonica was found to be common in sluggish rivers and_ their associated lagoons, where it grew up out of rich black ooze in waters that became very shallow during the long dry seasons.
The famous Richard Spruce has left the most graphic descriptions of one of these lagoons at flowering time: ‘The aspect of the Vicforia in its native waters is so new and extraordinary that I am at a loss to what to compare it. The image is not a very poetical one. When viewed from the banks above [it] was that of a number of tea trays floating, with here and there a bouquet protruding between them.” The floating tray comparison must have been a common one in Latin America where wide serving trays are universally used. The native name “Yrupe” for these plants was first re- ported for the Rio Parana among the Guarani Indians, ““Y’’ meaning water, and “rupe” being a big tray in their language. Variants of this name have been reported in various parts of South America. Translated as “water plat- ter” it has been widely used as a Thanks to English
common name.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
pride in their queen, however, it made little headway in competition with “Victoria regia” and for once a scien- tific name has prevailed over an excel- lent one in everyday speech.
In some places in South America, Victoria amazonica was so common that its nutritious seeds (which are borne in pods the size of a baby’s head) were used for food and _ its Indian name meant ‘Maize of the Water.”
esting description of its use along the
Bonpland has left an inter-
Rio Pardo: “The farina made from the seed is preferred to that from the finest wheat and the ladies of Corri- entes, when the fruits are ripe, obtain the seeds and extract the flour
it’s considered a luxury to have cakes of farina of the Victoria regia.”
It was almost half a century after Victoria amazonica was first discov- ered in South America before it was grown and flowered in England. Pic- tures and descriptions of the fabulous plant with flat leaves over six feet across traveled back by sea mail and fragmentary dried specimens of the leaves and flowers accumulated in the world’s museums. Sir William Hook- er, of Kew, pieced together all the evidence and published monographic accounts illustrated with excellent colored pictures. Spurred on by the public’s growing interest and anxious to procure the plant as a tribute for his sovereign, after whom it~ was named, he made repeated attempts to procure living plants or viable seeds. The plants died, fresh seeds would not germinate when they were mailed back dry, and rotted when they were
mailed in bottles of the muddy water
With grim
persistence he kept up the attempt
in which they ripened.
and finally brought in a quantity of viable seeds by having them mailed in small lots in bottles filled with clean water. Over fifty germinated, and plants were grown in the greenhouses at Kew but finally sickened and died in the damp, poorly-lit structures then available there. Fortunately over half of the seedlings had been gener- ously shared with growers of rare plants and four of these gentlemen (all four of them dukes) succeeded in raising the plants to flowering size.
Joseph Paxton, the gardener and general factotum for the Duke of Devonshire, by heating and circulating the water, produced a vigorous plant which bore England’s first Victoria flower in the ducal greenhouse at Chatsworth on the 9th of November 1849. He reported fully ripened seeds by December of that year and grew vigorous seedlings in 1850. At Syon House, across the river from Kew, Mr. Ivison, the gardener for the Duke of Northumberland, produced flowers by 1850 and the curious leaves were exhibited at the London Horticultural Society at Chiswick. “These men were soon followed by the Duke of Bedford at Woburn, and the Duke of Buc- cleugh at Dalkeith Palace (the first Victoria bloom for Scotland).
There is a personal account of the flowering at Woburn which is of par- ticular interest to us because it is due to two St. Louisans (though it 1s probably not as reliable a source of historically accurate details as some others, since it was written by an old
gentleman, recalling what he had
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
=
Fig. 2. “Flower of Victeria regia [| V. amazonica]: as on the first day of expansion.’ The
Gardeners’ Magazine of Botany, Vol. 1, 1850.
heard from another old gentleman fifty years before he wrote it all down). J. Christian Bay, the Gar- den’s first librarian, published in 1946 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, a fascinating little book, “In the House of Mem- ories.”” In writing about Sir Robert Schomburgk (whom he refers to as Richard) he relates the connection be- tween Mr. James Gurney, the Garden’s first Superintendent, and the history of Victoria amazonica. “The plant was grown in the gardens of the Duke of Bedford. The Duke handed the seed to a young gardener on his estate, James Gurney, for innumerable years later the head gardener of the Mis- sourt Botanical Garden in St. Louis.
James Gurney developed the plant and
its enormous floating leaves, which will support a small child, attracted inter- national notice and interest. When the plant bloomed, Queen Victoria, after whom it had been named, came to look at it. ‘Gardener,’ she said to James Gurney, ‘tell me how you suc- ceeded in producing this wonderful plant.’ ‘So I stepped forward,’ ex- plained Gurney; and when he told of this, one of the greatest moments in a long, blessed, and useful life, his eyes would moisten.”
As soon as good seeds were available Victoria amazonica was flowered in the United States, where our hotter and longer summers made this much less of a feat than in England. The
first American blooms were raised by
MISSOURI BOTANICAL
fie 2. The Gardeners’ Magazine of Botany, Vol. 1,
Meehan, the head gardener for Caleb Cope, in August 1851 at Springbrook near Philadelphia. Seeds from this plant went to Salem, Massachusetts, where they were flowered successfully by John Fisk Allen in a greenhouse with merely the extra heat trapped With the 28th leaf, the first flower was produced on the 16th of July, 1853.
As we shall see there is something
from the sun.
about Victoria amazonica which ap- peals to people who can make plans on a magnificent scale and carry them to Mr. John Fisk Allen was
so excited by his flowering Victoria
completion.
that he produced the following year one of the most curious folios in the
Missouri Botanical Garden Library. It
GARDEN BULLETIN 7
“Flower of Victoria regia [V. amazonica]; first stage of second day’s expansion.” 1850.
is large but thin, only seventeen pages thick but 27 inches high and 21 inches wide. It gives a detailed account of the history of the lily and of its dis- covery with some homely details as to There
drawings of the flower and a large
just how Allen grew it. are colored plate, which according to the pretentious title page were made “by William at
Salem, Massachusetts,”
Sharp from specimens though astute librarians will call your attention to the fact that the plates were obviously copied from those previously published by Sir William Hooker.
Joseph Paxton of Chatsworth was by Victoria Allen. He
studied the plant to such purpose that
even more influenced
amazonica than was Mr.
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Fig. 4. The underside of a leaf of Victoria cruziana taken from the plant and suspended for study. Its leaf stalk runs from the upper center of the picture to the top. PHOTO BY PAUL A. KOHI
he revolutionized greenhouse construc- tion, conceived and built the Crystal Palace, and advocated the designing of large buildings of a light metal frame- work clothed with sheets of glass, almost a full century before such structures were attempted by modern architects.
Like other reflectively minded ob- servers, Paxton was even more im- pressed with the portions of a Victoria
which are hidden below the water line,
than with those that show above it. It is a pity that living Victorias can- not somehow be exhibited so that the public can see and study the hidden de- sign which makes possible these grace- ful floating platters. Except on the up- right rims, the strengthening and stiff- ening framework for the big leaves is nearly all hidden on their undersides. The long stout cable-like leaf-stalks and flower-stems which rise up from
the bottom of the pool are on view
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9
only when the old plants are carted away in the autumn. Even then one has to cut into them with a knife to reveal the large continuous airducts which carry oxygen down to the roots. Mr. Cutak’s picture diagrams the octopus-like pattern of the leaf and flower stalks. When the water was let out of the pool last fall and the old plants were revealed, he cut the old leaf blades and seed pods from one of them and posed it on top of the under- water plant box in which it had grown all summer. When one considers the scale of the picture it is remarkable that all of this plus the terminal parts which have been pruned away, should have developed from a small seed in just a few months. Another feature which is only suggested is the mantle
of formidable spines with which all
the under-water tissues are protected. Those on the seed pod are the most repulsive of all and Mr. Pring, after dealing with them for over fifty years, warns you that if you hit them with your bare hands “you can feel the prick for two or three days.” Rich- ard Spruce has effectively summed up his impressions when on the Amazon he first looked at these undersides: “A leaf turned up suggests some strange fabric of cast iron just taken out of a furnace; its color and its enormous ribs with which it is strengthened increasing the similarity.”
When Joseph Paxton began his long association with Victoria amazonica he was nominally a gardener with little formal education who had become the trusted agent of a wealthy English
aristocrat. Actually he was one of
Fig. 5. An end-season view of the central architecture of a plant of Victoria LONGWoopD HYBRID. The leaf blades and seed pods were removed by Mr. Cutak and it was posed on top of the concrete box in which it grew all summer on the floor of the lily pool. Note the spiny
covering.
PHOTO BY LADISLAUS CUTAK
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAI
the keenest and most versatile men of his generation, combining a brilliant imagination with vast practicality. Recognizing his great gifts, the bach- elor Duke of Devonshire had made of him a sort of traveling companion and business manager in lengthy visits to the Mediterranean. In this way Pax- ton acquired a command of foreign languages, a detailed knowledge of the art and architecture of Renaissance and classic times, an ability to write and speak effectively and a personal insight into the history, politics and culture of other countries beside his own. Though he remained at Chats- worth until late in life, with his tre- mendous energy he also wrote for horticultural publications and found- ed a horticultural and botanical maga-
zine. His architectural ability was
GARDEN BULLETIN
widely recognized and as a member of a firm of architects he designed gar- dens and estates for wealthy clients not only in England but on the Con- tinent. This was the man whose greatest accomplishment grew out of his ability to convert an understand- ing of Victoria leaves into practical architectural results.
The underside of a Victoria leaf, aside from its garniture of spines, looks like a geometrical diagram in three dimensions, constructed with artistic finesse. It is light, strong, graceful and surprisingly stiff for something made of such flexible materials. The main ribs radiate from the summit of the leaf stalk, branching and rebranch- ing with almost mathematical regu- larity. Smaller side ribs connect the
main ones and are themselves inter-
Fig. 6. The central portion of a leaf of Victoria cruziana cut out and photographed at an
angle to display the vein supports. Note that it is always the narrow edge of the vein which
is united with the leaf.
PHOTO BY PAUL A. KOHI
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11
webbed, and so on. Al] these support- ing veins are much higher than they are wide (as they should be by funda- mental engineering principles). Some of the smaller ones are the most dra- matic. They are paper thin but extend out from the leaf for an inch or so. They are indeed a perfect design for a circular leaf supported from the cen- ter, that must be light, strong, and stiff. So I was assured by Dean Alex- ander Langsdorf of the Washington University School of Engineering when I took one of them to him, some years ago before I had heard of Joseph Pax- ton, though I was already intrigued by the implied logic of the leaf’s design.
Mr. Paxton could not have had these leaves under his daily care at a more fortunate time; he was already plan- ning to build a fine new greenhouse in which to raise such lilies to perfection and that meant it must be far lighter than any greenhouse previously con- structed. He has been called exceed- ingly lucky, as well as highly talented. It is more probable that what looked like luck to people with slower minds was Paxton’s ability to see opportunity coming down his street before she ever knocked at his door, and to be there in time to greet her and profit immedi- ately from the news. He set out to design a new kind of greenhouse for the water lilies, using the principles of their own design to make it light in weight but strong and stable. The greenhouses of that day had begun to develop beyond the orangeries from which they originated, brick or stone houses with widely spaced windows and a few skylights in the roof, but
they were essentially clumsy sheds with
small panes of glass supported by thick wooden timbers that kept out much of the light.
Paxton conceived of a greenhouse for the big water lilies which would be strong, light, and graceful, its weight carried by slender parallel sup- ports of iron just wide enough apart for the long panes of glass which were then becoming available from English glass manufacturers. At regular inter- vals between the panes were slender cross supports of wood, channeled to carry off the moisture which con- densed on the glass or the rain which leaked in from outside. This water was then funneled into narrow spouts which ran down along each metal rib and carried it off. The accompanying plate shows his original plan as he pre- pared it to accompany his description in The Gardeners’ Chronicle.
The new Lily House was built at Chatsworth. Victoria water lilies and other aquatics flourished in the central tanks, the Queen and her family came to see them, but Paxton soon had far larger plans afoot. Under the leader- ship of Albert, the Prince Consort, the Great Exhibition of 1851 was taking shape. Prince Albert was determined that it should be a cultural and recre- ational event of international impor- tance. It should shake the English out of their insular smugness and make people aware of new developments in Science and Industry. The idea did not take hold quickly and the time was getting late. What was needed was an imaginative building which would take the public’s fancy, fur- thermore one which could be ready by
the time the exhibition opened.
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Fig. 7. Joseph Paxton’s plans for the new Lily House at Chatsworth. This, the ancestor of modern greenhouses, was designed by Paxton from his analysis of the supporting system of Victoria leaves.
Paxton dreamed up the Crystal Pal- ace, a vast hall* big enough for the whole exhibition, constructed like his Lily House at Chatsworth but in prin- ciple not unlike the hugh shells of metal and glass which developed a century later.
Paxton built his palace of glass and iron in London in Hyde Park high enough to include a large elm tree al- ready on the site, with beds of flower- ing trees and shrubs to set off the ex- hibits and a second story promenade where one could look down on_ the exhibition and the huge crowds which came to see it. It gave him interna-
tional fame in his day, but it did not
*Tt covered 18 acres.
lead to further buildings of this sort as he had been confident it would, not even after he had constructed its suc- cessor at Sydenham at the edge of Lon- don as an amusement park and concert hall. When such buildings were built his “stately pleasure dome” was for- gotten and only an occasional scholar remembered his pioneer triumphs in this type of architecture. At the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew a large Palm House was built using some of his innovations as well as a small Vic- toria House, so that in such ways something of his horticultural tradi- tion has lingered on. More than any other man he set the patterns for
greenhouses for a full century.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13
At the Crystal Palace, Joseph Pax- ton was able to exhibit Victoria water lilies in flower in all their glory, for it was designed for evening display. Vic- torias are night-blooming and_ like many such flowers they close during the daytime hours even during the blooming period. It is a shame that more people have not been able to see them by the unaided light of a full moon for then they are their loveliest. Seen in such a setting they are mag- nificently unreal and quite different from other water lilies. The first night they open, their fifty or more oblong petals are pure white and are held gracefully erect. During the next day they close up enough to have a tousled look. The second night they are tinged with pink or red and even- tually turn way back, the outer ones lying on the water, forming blooms which are up to a foot and a half across. There are inner rings of sta- mens, inside the petals. At the very center of the flower is the complicated apparatus for receiving the pollen and attracting insects. At the very bot- tom of the flower is a shallow little cup filled with nectar. It is covered by an attractive rosette of outgrowths from the stigma, each one pointed to- ward the center.
Like most night-blooming flowers, the Victorias are fragrant. The whole area near the lily pool carries their heavy tropical scent when they are in bloom, something like a mixture of tuberoses, bananas, and ripe pineapple. Large sphinx moths are attracted to the scent and dart back and forth like small birds. After flowering, the whole blossom collapses into a wilted
heap of rosy petals and soon the spine- covered seed pod (‘‘a regular hedge- hog,” says Mr. Pring) gradually sinks to the bottom of the pool. Raising and hybridizing water lilies as he has for half a century he has learned much about their important underwater life. One cannot become a successful plant breeder without learning to under- stand the whole life cycle of the plant he is working with and its various likes and dislikes—what one might call the “home-life”’ of this kind of plant.
As the seeds develop, the pod in- creases in size and usually the cham- bers develop unevenly, forming an un- symmetrical pod. Part of the increase in size comes from the aril, a gelati- nous tissue which grows down over its surface and makes it more buoyant. Eventually the big pods (about the size of a baby’s head) rise to the sur- face and the sticky masses of seeds begin to push out through splits in the sides of the seed chambers. The seeds stick together and mud and bits of dead leaf adhere to them so that they look something like frogs’ eggs or even like a dirty tapioca pudding. Mr. Pring believes that it is this ability to float away from the mother plants which have spread these water lilies so widely through the great eastern- flowing river systems of South Amer- ica.
At the Missouri Botanical Garden the seed pods are taken into nursery tanks in the greenhouse to complete The Victorias yield well in St. Louis. One year when they
their ripening.
were measured they averaged two quarts of seed per plant. They are apparently as palatable and nutritious
14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
here as in South America for when the seeds were stored under water in open glass jars in the nursery tanks the rats got into them and in two nights had eaten up half the seeds. Since that time the jars have been protected with hardware cloth over the tops.
One year Mr. Pring and Joe Cutak (Mr. Lad Cutak’s father) studied the viability of seed buried outdoors in the pools all winter. They were of course somewhat protected in the bottom mud of the old pools but were never- theless exposed to alternate freezing and thawing. Tropical plants though they are they came through very well and when planted germinated in ten days, much quicker than those which had been sown indoors in the nursery tanks.
At one time, when there had been no Victorias grown in the central pool for three successive years, young plants appeared there spontaneously from seeds which had survived in the mud and must therefore have been at least nearly four years old when they ger- minated. It was found that some of these seeds had been able to germinate and grow up out of the mud even when buried to the depth of a foot.
Early this spring Dr. Seibert re- turned from South America after studying Victorias in their native home in the Amazonian part of Peru. He has supplied us with the following notes and pictures of Victorias just coming into flower and with juvenile, virtually rimless leaves. ‘‘Arrange- ments were made through the Univer- sidad National de Amazonia Peruana, to observe Victoria amazonica grow-
ing in its natural habitat in that region
of the Amazon River. This is approx- imately 2400 miles above the mouth On January 12,
1965, accompanied by Ingo. Guiller-
of the Amazon,
mo Cetrado, Ornithologist, and Jose Torres, Herbarium Assistant of the University, we proceeded by Univer- sity launch upstream some 34 hour to a forest trail which led, after a three- hour overland hike, to an old oxbow lake known as ‘Ushpa Cocha,’ about 30 km. southwest of Iquitos.
“There, on the far edge of the lake, we saw several plants of the ‘Ama- zonian water platter.” The partly Indian inhabitant on the bank of this lake told us that the new plants were only starting to grow as the rainy season was getting started. The plants, he said, would continue to come up and increase in size throughout the year until almost the entire shallow lake a foot and a half to 3 feet deep at that time, would be covered with the large 6 foot diameter leaves. Then, about October, and in the height of the dry season as the water level went down, plants would die back and dis- appear until the next rainy season.
“The plants observed (see figs. 8 and 9) were obviously young, im- mature plants. Leaves were more than 3'% feet in diameter with their edges only slightly turning up. Search- ing revealed the plants to be only be- ginning to flower. Because of the cloudy, rainy day, the two flowers seen, one on each of two plants, were still partly open. No second night flowers were observed, nor were old flowers or maturing seed pods avail- able for observation or collection.
The two flowers and portions of the
Fig. 8. Young leaves of Victoria amazonica,
R. J. Seibert, January 12, 1965.
leaves were collected for preservation in the Herbarium of the new Botany Department of the Universidad Na- tional de Amazonia Peruana. With only two first night flowers presented, there was no conclusive evidence con- cerning likely pollinating agents.
“Since the plants are said to start here with the rainy season as the water in the lake or ‘cocha’ rises, one can only surmise that the platter petioles lengthen to accommodate the water depth. The plants, according to con- versations, appear to be confined to some of the older shallow oxbow lakes. These appear to be filled by the rains, with clear run-off water rather than from the rising muddy waters of the Amazon spreading out into its lower flood plain in this general area.
“One is led to conjecture as to
Ushpa Cocha above Iquitos, Peru, by Dr. LONGWOOD GARDENS PHOTOGRAPH
whether the dry season lowering of the lake triggers the dying out of the colonies for the season? Or, could it be that the annual dry-season ‘Friage,’ a period of some 3 or so days when the weather suddenly turns quite cold with temperatures dropping to below 60° F. causes the plants to go into their annual dormancy? This ques- tion could not be satisfactorily an- swered by the single visit. Contacts in Iquitos have been requested to send seed during the summer. It will be of interest to compare the Iquitos strain of V. amazonica with plants currently in cultivation in this country.”
The Victorias still raise a question with naturalists who examine their curious leaves, the same question that was raised by Dean Langsdorf when I
carried a leaf over to his ofhce for
Fig. 9. Photograph of a flower and its reflection at the beginning of the flowering season,
Ushpa Cocha above Iquitos, Peru. Note the spine-covered underside of the next new leaf, just
beginning to unroll and mostly submerged, to the left of the flower.
diagnosis. “They are perfectly de- signed to be strong and stiff,” said he, “but why should water lily leaves be stiff??? Why indeed? Aside from the Victorias none of the water lilies are very stiff. When a strong wind blows across the pools you can see the edges being blown up and even rolled over by the wind. Increasingly I have come to suspect that it has something to do with making them attractive landing platforms for big water birds. I first got this idea when I noticed them being used this way in the Gar- den’s lily pools. In preparing this account I have read reports of natural- ists who have observed this behavior
in the Amazon area and have even
LONGWOOD GARDENS PHOTOGRAPH
talked with travelers who attempted to photograph it.
It might be that the birds feed on the water snails that the lilies, like many other water plants, are cursed with. It might be that they spread the gelatinous, nutritious seeds. When the sticky seed pods come floating up to the surface the big stiff platters would make a platform from which the birds could peck at them and some of the sticky mess could easily ride away on a water-bird’s long beak and travel to another river system or 1so- lated oxbow lake. It would be an in- teresting problem to study in the field.
Joseph Paxton’s lively curiosity about the structure of the Victoria
leaf had other practical results besides
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17
influencing the design and construc- tion of greenhouses. Impressed that such a thin and graceful leaf should be so strong (careful study with bags of sand show that a single leaf can sup- port over 300 pounds) he used _ his peculiar genius for transmitting his own enthusiasms to the general public. He was himself excited about the plants; he proceeded to get England excited. He fashioned a framework of thin boards to protect the upper sur- face of the leaf and demonstrated that
it could easily bear the weight of a charming young lady. Pictures were published of the event and one of the London journals reported that, riding on the leaf ‘‘she enjoyed a sail on the lily pond.”
This began a long and continuing tradition for photographing attractive children (alone or in groups) on Vic- toria leaves. James Gurney carried on the custom at Woburn and introduced it in the 1890’s at the Missouri Botan- ical Garden and Tower Grove Park.
Fig. 10. View of the “Victoria Pool” in front of the Linnaean house at the Missouri Botanical Garden in the middle 1890’s. The little girl is riding on a leaf of Victoria amazonica growing in heated water supplied by a pipe connected to the boiler which heated the Linnaean House.
18
Mr. Pring and Lad Cutak have per- petuated it here and now for some years the Longwood Gardens have been selling beautiful postcards of Lisa Seibert (Mr. Pring’s granddaughter ) riding upon a Victoria leaf. It would be interesting to know how many children have been photographed in this way; how many books, papers, and magazines have published such _pic- of thousands of post cards have been cir- the
tures and how many hundreds
culated from various botanical
gardens which carry on this Paxton
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
tradition. One thing is certain. Many of us not native to St. Louis first heard about Mr. Shaw’s fabulous botanical garden, when as children we saw one of these pictures.
One of
botanical garden is to acquaint all
the basic functions of a kinds of people with plants and to make them realize their importance, their wonder, and their beauty. What a miracle of understanding has in this way grown out of Joseph Paxton’s ability to pass on something of his
interest in the Victoria water lilies!
PROGRESS AT THE MAIN GATE
TT" remodeling of the Gift Shop at the Main Gate was far enough along by mid-April so that it can be kept open for the convenience of visi- tors throughout the summer. Its hours
will be the same as those of the Clima-
tron, 9 to 5 throughout the week and 9 to 7 on Sundays and holidays. In re- sponse to many requests from home gardeners, small bags of fir bark (used with most orchid plants) and of good
potting soil are now on sale to visitors.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19
PLANNING FOR COLOR
ELEANOR
I* recent years the merits of the all- green garden have been stressed so much that it may seem a bit old- fashioned to plan for color. While it is true that the evergreen garden has an air of cool tranquillity in the sum- mer months, it can also be too somber and monotonous. For a truly enchant- ing picture, flowers should be added
in pots, edgings, or wide borders.
This doesn’t mean, of course, that flowers should be planted all over the garden, or that all areas should be in continuous bloom. It does mean, though, that trees and shrubs can be selected for both springtime bloom and autumn foliage color, and that strong color accents can be provided during the summer months by _bed- ding plants and roses.
Suppose we start with a springtime flower garden that is almost certain to bloom year after year. A planting of flowering trees and daffodils will de- light the amateur gardener. It will also fit neatly into the schedules of families that take long summer vaca- tions. This nearly automatic flower- ing period can even be recommended
©
for ‘“‘non-gardeners” who turn to tennis, golf or boating in summer— or prefer relaxing in air conditioned comfort.
Although the springtime garden should be adapted to the site that is to be planted, it is best developed as a shade garden. For strong color masses, there are such fine flowering trees as
magnolias, dogwoods, redbuds, crabs,
B. McCLURE
flowering peaches, and flowering cher- ries.
The next step: add groupings of bulbs beneath the trees. By selecting different varieties of daffodils, it is possible to have bloom over a very long season. For landscape effect, it is best to avoid the brassy yellows in favor of pale yellows, whites (like Beersheba and Mt. Hood) or pastels (like the “pink” Mrs. Backhouse). Each variety should be planted in groupings of at least a dozen bulbs, so as to form a drift of bright bloom.
Tulips are a delight in the spring- time garden, even though the bulbs tend to peter out, so that they must be replanted after a year or two. With tulips it’s best to avoid garish color mixtures, and instead to plant in har- monious groupings of pastel colors— for example, rose, white and pale lilac, with perhaps an accent of deep purple.
The season of bloom can be extend- ed if the bulb bed is given an edging of blue or white grape hyacinths. Colonies of snowdrops, crocuses or squills can also be used in a border planting.
For a final touch, a few easy-grow flowers might be added. Clumps of
bluebells
wild blue phlox (Phlox divaricata)
(Mertensia virginica) and
make fine companions for daffodils and tulips. Ajuga may be interplanted among the edging bulbs, and Blue Ridge phlox can be used to form a ribbon of pale blue bloom. A ground- cover planting of myrtle will not only
20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
provide blue flowers in the spring but also form a verdant carpet through the year.
Gardeners seeking an easy way to have long-season color might plant a background of spring-flowering shrubs and then add a border planting of tol- erant perennials. For Maytime bloom there should be peonies and _ irises. Columbines flower for many weeks and, if allowed to self-sow, will per- sist for several years.
June-to-August color can be had by planting hemerocallis in early, mid- season, and late varieties. Many new hybrids are available in a remarkable color range. The flowers now have improved form, and some remain open in the evening. Best of all, they still have exceptional vigor. Even the fanciest hybrids will tolerate drouth and heat waves, and they are so disease- resistant that they need no dusting or spraying.
A few easy-grow flowers might be added as “bed-fillers.”” Sweet rocket (Hesperis matronalis) will provide quantities of white or lavender bloom over a long season in the spring. AI- though best treated as a biennial, this plant is very little trouble. It flowers quickly from seed, and it self-sows so profusely that it is usually necessary to weed out some plants.
The spider flower (Cleome spinosa) will produce large flower clusters from June to frost. Since it also self-sows generously, it will persist through the years. In addition to such colorful varieties as Pink Queen and _ Rose Giant, there is the delightful cleome Helen Campbell, which has large
trusses of pure white flowers.
If the aim is to have nearly contin- uous summer bloom with a minimum of effort, room should be found for roses and bedding plants. Contrary to general belief, many roses yield a splendid show of June-to-frost bloom, and they do not need a lot of pamper- ing. However, when seeking profuse bloom, it is best to avoid most of the hybrid teas and to make selections from floribundas, polyanthas, and grandifloras.
Among the roses that have given good performances over the years are Frensham and Carrousal, in red; Cir- cus (yellow, orange to red); Betty Prior, The Fairy, Farmer’s Wife, Fash- ion, Pink Bountiful, Queen Elizabeth and Montezuma (pink, rose, and coral to “orange red’’).
Roses must be watered during peri- Most of
them need weekly spraying or dusting
ods of drouth, of course.
as a protection against insects and dis- eases. This is most easily done with a handy crank duster, with which it is possible to protect even a large plant- ing in just a few minutes.
For a successful display of bedding plants, the site to be planted should be carefully selected. A sunny spot is a good location for a decorative com- bination of pink geraniums, blue P/um- bago capensis and white lantanas. Weeping lantanas, planted along the top of a wall, will create a curtain of lavender or yellow bloom.
Cascade type petunias grow very well and are especially attractive in urns, flower boxes or planters. The new multiflora petunias have double blooms that resemble small roses in
white, pink or coral shades. They
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
make compact plants and flower pro- fusely, giving much better effect than older types that tend to develop long, straggly stems and few blooms.
When planting a pot or urn, be sure that it is generously large, so that the soil will not bake or dry out quickly. Good subjects for pot culture are lantanas, and
geraniums, heliotrope
plumbago. Since geraniums flower better in soil that is not too rich, some gardeners are now planting them in black Michigan peat, instead of soil. They should then be watered with a foliar fertilizer about once a week.
In a shaded area pots of tuberous begonias can make a fabulous display. These miffy plants need tender loving care, however, and do not belong in a
low-maintenance garden. Instead, it
Me A.
ay I urge everyone’s hearty, gen- M erous, and enthusiastic support of the Greater St. Louis Arts and Edu- cation Council Fund Drive for 1965. A terrific effort is being made by Bill McDonnell as Chairman of the Drive, with the active participation in and
the assurance of many corporations of
the Drive of many civic leaders,
21
would be better to select a more tol- erant subject, such as the Angel Wing begonia, a plant that has handsome, rosy-red flower clusters and interest- ing foliage. It planted beside heliotrope and might
is effective when have an edging of white or pink sul- tanas.
Various kinds of hostas are quite
In addi-
tion to the handsome rosettes of leaves,
decorative in a shade garden.
they have attractive spikes of white or blue flowers, according to the variety. Good companions for hostas are the Magic Lily (Lycoris squamigera) or the rosy blooms of the hardy Begonia evansiana. If there is need for large, bold foliage, add groupings of cala-
diums, with red, white, or variegated
leaves.
Lets and C dacation —und
their contributing generously to make this a success.
When the Drive is a success Shaw’s Garden will receive $75,000 as com- pared to the $20,000 received from last year’s Drive.
Please help in any way you can.
Thanks! HENRY HITCHCOCK
bo bho
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
ENGLAND AND AMERICA; SOME QUAKING GRASSES AND THEIR COMMON NAMES
ow different is the problem of
finding a common name for an interesting plant in England and in the United States! It takes time and a certain relaxed attitude toward plants for common names to accumu- late. Here in the Middle West a plant can be quite common and interesting to a good many people and yet lack- ing an appropriate and distinctive name in common speech. In England some of the common names are older than the English language; if a plant has interesting features it almost cer- tainly has well known names in some part of the country.
As examples let us take two grasses which, as grasses go, look not unlike each other, the European Briza maxima and the American Uniola latifolia. As summer ripens on into fall Uniola lati- folia becomes more and more conspic- uous in Missouri landscapes. It grows profusely around the edge of flood plain thickets, in dampish areas at the base of bluffs and along woodland roadways. Its pendant spikelets are broad and flat, as large as a good-sized thumbnail, and so compressed that they are only a little thicker than heavy blotting paper. They are borne in open clusters that arch gracefully out and down. The plants are about knee high, the ripening spikelets are a clear light green; along a roadway or on a ditchbank they can grow in such profusion that they look almost as if they had been purposefully planted as a border. They will stand transplant-
ing into a flower border but somehow never look quite as graceful as they did where they were wild growing. Many Missourians learn to know them by sight but no appropriate common name has become established for them. “Wild Oats” is listed, but it is already applied to too many grass- es. The scientific name of the genus is quite attractive when properly pro- nounced (you-knee’-oh-la, or you- nigh’-oh-la) but there are other species farther south. One of these, Uniola paniculata, is a magnificent plant. It grows shoulder high on dunes and beaches from Virginia to Florida and At Cape
Hatteras it grows in great masses with
is known as “Sea Oats.”
little or no other vegetation and its stiffer, denser, more upright plumes rustle attractively in the wind. At times it has been used extensively by professional decorators for it is tough enough to stand a good deal of moving about before it begins to look shop- worn. However the greatly increased uses of the sea coast for military and recreational purposes in recent years must have reduced its numbers greatly.
How different is the problem of a good common name when one is deal- ing with a European species. Briza maxima, an easily grown annual, is common in England. It is sometimes planted in American gardens particu- larly by those who are interested in making old-fashioned flower arrange- ments. Its spikelets are not quite as large as those of our Uniola latifolia
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23
but they are borne on even more deli- cate stalks and quiver more contin- uously. Geoffrey Grigson, in his Hersat oF ALL Sorts (Macmillan, N. Y., 1959) has presented his collec- tion of 69 common names found for it in various parts of England and Ireland. He suggests that the common names for the rest of Europe must run into the hundreds. Here is a selection
of some of the more interesting ones on his list: Dithering Grass Rattle Baskets Doddering Dillies Shivery-shakeries Hay Shakers Wag-wafers Nodding Isabel Wiggle-waggle-wantons The problem in writing about such a grass is which names to pick and
from what languages!
EOR:
MS RR CK
HOW TO SMELL A TREE
EDGAR ANDERSON
Ms woody plants have distinc-
tive odors which are not easy to detect, particularly when the plants are leafless and one is most in need of all possible clues in identifying a speci- men. The technique of revealing these odors quickly and effectively is a sim- ple one but few people find their way to it without special instruction. When you stop to consider the inner make-up of a twig it’s not at all sur- prising that trees should be able to mask their distinctive perfumes master- fully. Most twigs have a somewhat varnishy surface when they are young and somewhere below that, a develop- ing layer of cork, a major factor in imprisoning the smell. It is the cork from the cork oak which has long been used for keeping perfume confined in perfume bottles. Cork is a distinctive tissue. It has tiny little cells, with no spaces between them, set in layer upon layer as regularly as bricks in a well. Their contents dry up quickly and their thin walls are tough and flexible. No wonder that a good bottle cork,
formed solely of this tisue, can keep perfume from coming through it and also snuggle so closely to the glass bottle that very little odor escapes, even at the edges.
Enough about the general problem; now to describe a standard way of dealing with the difficulty. Use a fairly sharp knife, not a “razor-sharp” one. A good pocket knife, a simple kitchen paring-knife, or a_ slightly dulled scalpel are all excellent. Choose a twig from a vigorous branch if pos- sible. Hold it horizontal with one hand and scrape the knife blade rapid- ly back and forth with the other. Do not try to push the cutting edge into the wood; one works with the sides of the cutting edge, not with the edge itself. Bear down gently at first and then more and more firmly as you cre- ate a relatively smooth wooden surface on which to work. When you have taught yourself the trick, it shouldn’t take longer than 5 or 10 seconds on most twigs. A scraped area about an inch long with the shredded tissues of
24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
the twig piled up at either end will be sufficient. This simple technique can open up a new world of personal ex- perience, just how large a world will depend on how deeply you are inter- ested in plants and how keen is your sense of smell.
All the Magnolias, you will find, have a strong, aromatic, slightly var- nishy scent. It is apparently distinc- tive of the rest of the Magnolia family in addition to the true Magnolias; the smell of a Tulip-tree twig is nearly as strong and quite similar in quality.
Everything in the genus Prunus has more or less of the distinctive odor of oil-of-bitter-almonds in its twigs. This genus includes all the stone fruits, peaches, cherries, plums, flowering cherries, almonds, wild plums. The odor is the strongest in peaches and in our wild black cherry (Prunus sero- tina). ‘The stronger it is, the more is it a danger signal, indicating that the plant has the capacity for producing cyanide under certain conditions. For some species of Prunus it indicates that the fruit pits can be poisonous. For the wild black cherry it means that if
WS RM
A NEW MEMBER OF THE
T A recent meeting the Board of Trustees accepted the resignation of Bishop George L. Cadigan in order that they might, as he phrased it, “choose someone whose time and gifts
would be helpful to the Garden at this
the branches (either fresh or wilted) are browsed upon by cattle they may die of cyanide poisoning. For parts of eastern North America this wild black cherry is the native plant most danger- ous to live stock. For some of the wild plums the odor may be so slight that it will be apparent only in rapid- ly developing twigs. Even when it is too faint to smell, however, its char- acteristic bitter taste can be detected by discretely chewing a bit of the scrapings.
It is amazing how strong and dis- tinctive an odor can be locked up in the twigs of some trees without its being suspected by many of the people who see them every day. One of the strongest is that of the sweet (or black) birch, Betula lenta, which reeks of wintergreen when you scrape it... as well it might since it is the com- mercial source of the best grades of wintergreen flavoring extract. Yet when I demonstrated it to an observ- ant friend of mine who now lives in the outer suburbs of New York City, he had never noticed it before though several sweet birch trees were only a few steps from his house.
me ERK
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
time.” They did so, however, only on his promise to accept an honorary mem- bership on the Board, which will give him a voice, if not a vote, in any future decisions. To fill this vacancy they then appointed Mr. C. Powell Whitehead.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry HitcHcocr, JoHN S. LEHMANN President
aoa Henry B. PrLAGER Leicester B. Faust,
Vice President A. Timon Primm, III Harry E. WuERTENBAECHER, JR, WARREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH } 74 L : : ene Wide nerAnOes C. Powrit Wririinbap
Howarp F. Barer
Tlonorary Trustees CLARENCE C. BARKSDALE aa es
GrorGe L. CAabpiGaNn
Sam’L. C. Davis : Dupiiy FRENCH
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
James S. McCLELLAN, THomas H. Etior, President, Board of Education of St. Louis Chancellor, Washington University STRATFORD LEE Morton, A. J. Crervantis President, Academy of Science ot St. Louis Mayor, City of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN I
Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs. Lee I. Niedringhaus, President, Mrs. Edward L Bakewell, Jr., First Vice President, Mrs. John H. Hayward, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sydney M. Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer, Sally D. Carr, Fi.xecutive Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, E. J. Gildehaus, Carl F. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert FE. Goetz, Chairmau.
GARDEN STAFF
Davin M. Gares, Director VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS. Research Associate
Epcar ANpERSON, Curator of Useful Plants H. Wayne Nicuors, Curator of Algae
CLARENCE BaArsBrReE, Instructor : Royce L. Oxiver, Research Assistant L.ApDISLAUS CUTAK, Greenhouse
Superintendent KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor Hucu C. Curtier, Curator of Useful Plants Mrs. Marion Pretrrer, Orchid Grower Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate GrorcE H. Princ, Superintendent
. 5 z - Emeritus Watpo G. FFECHNER, Secretary of Board
and Controller Joun Ripcway, Curator of Bryophytes RAYMOND FREEBORG. Research Associate ALFRED SAXDAL, Rose Grower James Hampton, Chief Engineer and OweEN J. SExton, Research Ecologist Superintendent of Operations Wine Seaireese. Sousiaiendas ot Paut A. Kon t, Floriculturist the Arboretum, Gray Summit Watter H. Lewis, Director of the Grorce B, Van Scuaack, Librarian ani
Herbarium Curator of Grasses
F. R. McMatu, Rosarian
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supplemented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing greenhouses and most other facilities are from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s fom 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Climatron stays open until 7:00 P. M., as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. ‘Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festi- vals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature classes are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden maintains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is sometimes open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park- Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and taking part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
Phone TOwnsend 5-0440
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
; June 1965 u i ft wu Volume LIII Number 6
e».” * 4
THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF THE CLIMATRON
on
Cover: Mr. Lad Cutak, the Greenhouse Superintendent, pruning a vigorous young COFFEE TREE in the Climatron. The shiny new leaves make an effective background for the fragrant white flowers. These last for only a few days but the berries (green turning to dark red) remain for many months. They are borne in such quantities on our trees that they are almost as handsome as the flowers. Each of these pulpy berries contains two large seeds which when roasted and ground supply the world’s most widely used beverage.
PHOTO COURTESY OF THE ST. LOUIS POST-DISPATCH
CONTENTS
The First Five Years of the Climatron
Three Calls for Volunteers
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, Missouri.
Editor: EoGar ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, under Act of March 3. 1879
Missour1 Botanical Garden Bulletin
Vol. LI No. 6 June 1965
FOREWORD
T will be five years in October since the CLIMATRON was opened to the public. Its basic goal, to make tropical plants grow as well in the temperate zone as they do in their native homes, has been achieved more rapidly and more completely than any of us had hoped. For the past two years the vegetation of the Climatron has presented essentially the aspect of the edge of an old tropical garden which is being rapidly engulfed by the surrounding jungle. To those of us who work at the Garden it has been a privilege and a delight to visit it week by week, to come to know many tropical plants intimately and gradually to understand something of their dynamics.
As the first greenhouse of its kind, many new features of construction and management had to be designed. Some of these worked out smoothly, others had to be readjusted, a few were impractical. We have attempted to present as full and as objective an account of this remarkable building as is possible at the present time. The Garden’s Engineer, Mr. James Hampton, supplied a summary of the basic mechanical details and has patiently supervised my efforts to make them more comprehensible to myself and to other people. Mr. Lad Cutak, our Greenhouse Superintendent, and other members of the staff have been helpful in putting this
account together.
EpGar ANDERSON
THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF THE CLIMATRON
Be desk RROM one’s first view of the BY Ff NB Climatron, it is evident By
Ya that this is no ordinary BY So SB greenhouse. A full quar- ter of a hemisphere, 70 feet high and 175 feet wide, it rises as a graceful dome, dramatically placed at the end of the tropical lily pools and reflected in them. Photogenic both by day and by night, it frequently has a special magic shortly before and after sunset. It is directly west of the Main Gate, so
that the sun sets behind it. Since the far side of the structure is twelve feet lower than the nearer side, the setting sun can shine into it from the rear, though concealed from the observer, filling the dome with sunset light and giving an opalescent glow to its sur- face. On the best of such evenings the sunset in the sky and the sunset in the Climatron go through a long series of changes which are variously mir- rored in the pools.
(1)
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
The arresting shape and size of the Climatron were not however some- thing which was thought up merely to add interest to a new building. They are the indirect result of the efforts of its designers to create a_ building which, unlike all previous greenhouses, would grow tropical plants effectively in the temperate zone. Its basic prin- ciples were conceived by a_ former Director of the Garden, Dr. Frits W. Went, who worked closely with the St. Louis architects, Murphy and Mackey, in developing a geodesic dome after the principles of R. Buckminster Fuller, who also served in a consulting capacity.
Such a dome is its own support and eliminates interior framework which cuts down the light and interferes with air circulation. There are other revolutionary features as well. The Cli- matron is heated during cold weather by circulating hot air rather than by traditional heating pipes whose intense radiation checks the growth of many plants and bakes nearby soil. The fun- damental difficulty in making tropical plants at home in the temperate zone is not to keep them warm in the win- ter time, it is keeping them cool in the summer time.
To grow them one must have light. Letting in sunlight brings in heat rays
along with the light rays. Much of
Oppostre: Control Panel just inside the entrance to the Climatron as it appeared when it was first opened to the public in the autumn of 1960. From this point the dome of the building is now barely visible. This panel is the “nerve center” of the building. Complete description in the text (pp. 4 to 7).
PHOTO, HEDRICH-BLESSING
this heat is trapped inside. In ordi- nary greenhouses this problem is met by shading the glass with white or green paint, particularly in the sum- mer time. This lowers the light to a point where few plants grow really well and many will never bloom. In the Climatron there is no shading. The natural light pours in and heat is controlled by constantly changing the air and by passing it through a cool- ing water curtain when temperatures get above 82° F.
Another way in which different kinds of plants have been fitted hap- pily into one greenhouse has been to provide varied surface features, hills and ridges, a long shallow bog, a little round pond. These features were greatly accented by taking advantage of the unusual changes in grade al- ready present at the site. Formerly an old-fashioned palmhouse dropped off abruptly to an Italian garden 12 feet below it. This allows us to have a really impressive waterfall surrounded by lush tropical vegetation, fed by a rock-lined brook which comes rushing down from above it along a little ridge. Standing below the falls one feels a strong current of cool damp air, Just as one does at a waterfall in the tropics. Many of the plants there (as for instance the tree ferns and the various flowering gingers) grow better and more attractively than they could in other parts of the Climatron.
These differences in level suggested one of the Climatron’s most distinc- tive features, the warm air system and the cool air system were deliberately designed to operate at right angles to each other, in order to vary the micro-
4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
climates as much as possible. In the winter, when heated air is required, much of the time it enters on the south side (to your left as you enter) and leaves at the north side. On sum- mer days when the air is being cooled it enters on the lower level at the rear and leaves on the upper level through the big fans at the front and sides. While this system does help to diver- sify the plant environment within the Climatron, it does not produce four different tropical climates inside one greenhouse as it had been hoped it might. There are easily notable dif- ferences in plant responses on the upper and lower levels and less per- ceptible gradients throughout — the structure, but the waterfall and its circulating brooks, the steep slopes of Misty Ridge with a pathway along its crest wide enough to let in more sun- shine, enable us to grow many plants to perfection which would not flourish in other parts of the Climatron.
The main reason the temperature gradients have so little overall effect is the smashing success we have had in growing tropical plants really well. After a year (see pages 7 and 10) some of the largest were already im- posing differences in light, air circula- tion, moisture and temperature on all the plants around them. By the end of the second year most of the vegeta- tion was looking just as it does in the The unimpeded light (ex- cept for the plants themselves), the
tropics.
circulating air, the air moist even in the driest weather, has produced re- sults which astounded the experts as well as the general public. Vegetation is removed by the truckload, trees are
headed back, branches are lopped off, many plants (shrubs, vines, trees) are taken out entirely and the scars on the landscape are healed rapidly by lush new growth.
One is always amused in taking visitors around the Climatron to have them say, ‘‘These trees are growing so well you’re going to have to cut some of them back, one of these days.” The joke is that a good many of them have been cut back, some of them re- peatedly. Since the second year of the Climatron’s operation, topping tall trees, removing big limbs, cutting back vines drastically, removing other plants entirely, has been one of our main operations.
After passing through the turnstiles the first sure indication that one is in a dynamically different type of green- house is the Main Control Panel, just ahead at the left. It is placed here since the entrance area is less over- shaded and the instruments are well illuminated. For the engineer and his assistants it is the nerve center of the Climatron. This new type of green- house is distinguished by its greater control—control of air temperature, air movement, water movement, illu- mination. This is the panel from which the engineer can quickly find out how the Climatron is operating at the moment, from which he can also get a summary of what has been hap- pening and it is the chief center from which he controls air movement, arti- ficial light, and temperature. Though the vegetation immediately around the Control Panel grows like a tropical jungle, an underground view of the area would show electric cables and
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
BULLETIN
VI
Note
Assembling the dome.
tubes of aluminum alloy.
compressed-air lines fanning out in all directions to equipment throughout the It
compressors to maintain the necessary
Climatron. takes two. air- air pressures for our pneumatic devices.
To many visitors the most intrigu- ing instrument is the continuous tem- perature record at the upper left cen- ter of the board. It attracts attention because the stylographic pen is in al- most constant motion—which it has
to be, if one pen is to make a virtually
how
comparatively light are
PHOTO, SHAW CAMERA SHOP
complete record for each of nine tem- perature recording stations by moving back and forth as the paper unrolls and the pen adds the latest reading to each record in turn. It is, however, a frustratingly complicated performance to a visitor because the nine records are being kept on one large chart and the lines which indicate any particular temperature are different for each of the nine records. Each line, in other
words, could theoretically indicate
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
nine different temperatures, depending upon which of the records was cross- ing it. The engineer, familiar with the chart, has no such difficulty. He takes a quick look at it and says, “Just under 50 at Station 3 and well over 64 at Station 9, and the others are all in between. This is just as it should be on an average winter night.”
Most of the temperature recording stations are now so hidden by the trop- ical vegetation that they are seldom noticed. There is one which is easy to see. Turn sharply to the left after passing the control panel and it is in view 25 feet ahead down the gravel pathway. It is located on a stout metal post a little higher than your head next to the right edge of the path. The actual thermometer is pro- tected by a somewhat box-like struc- ture at the top of the pole; an electric underground cable carries the infor- mation to the control panel.
Immediately above the temperature record is a dial which records the pres- sure under which the city water sup- ply is entering the system. On the opposite side of the big central clock are alarms for dangerously high tem- peratures or pressures.
In the big steel cabinets at the right end of the control panel are switches for all the lights and electric outlets in the Climatron. This allows the Climatron to be illuminated effectively in the short days of mid-winter, or when it is open at night on special occasions. There are 110 incandescent lights of 1,000 watts each around the base of the dome. These are along the five ‘lunes,’ the vertical slices, (arched above the horizontal at the
base) which connect the actual dome with the five supporting pylons. Other switches are suspended from the center of the dome. This dual system not only illuminates the Climatron ef- fectively but it shows off the almost magical aspect of well-developed trop- ical vegetation far better than day- light. One looks up through layer after layer of different kinds of tropical foliage, much of it on long, gracefully- arching branches. Some of the layers catch the light, others are in shadow. One gets a vision of the beauty and diversity of tropical foliage in a way that is seldom or never possible in the actual tropics.
The controls and records for the giant fans which regulate air circula- tion for the building are in three hori- zontal lines at the very center of the control panel. For each of the fans there is a little window through which by bending close enough (and putting on one’s glasses if need be) one can read the exact number of hours that particular fan has been operating since the recorder was set. Below this win- dow are control switches and signals showing whether the fans are on or off and whether they are set to change automatically at certain temperatures or to be worked by hand. Twenty of these recording switches are for ex- haust fans which pull the air through the building. In the lower right hand corner are control switches for air cir- culation, some for fresh air from out- side, some to circulate heated air.
When the temperature of the outside air goes above 82° the air which is sucked in goes through a water cur- tain formed by 17 banks of nozzles.
~h 2*
Vegetation in the center of the Climatron as it looked at 15 months. There are now
large trees in the background and less sunlight. essentially as it would in a second growth forest.
The undergrowth is less crowded and looks The long pendant flowers of the CHENILLI
PLANT (Acalypha hispida) can be seen in the upper center of the photograph (see discussion
on page 18).
These were designed to be either spray or flood nozzles. In practice it has been found that due to the curvature of the building and the resulting air currents that the central twelve banks are the effective ones and that the spray nozzles are more practical than the flood nozzles. The inside edge of the water curtain apparatus can be seen on the opposite side of the Clima- tron from the entrance and on the lower level. Since it cools and mots- tens the air, the hotter the weather, the more refreshing is a stroll along the side of this cooling system. About all that one can readily see is a waftle- like series of small aluminum troughs reaching from the ground to the underside of the circuit walkway on the upper level. On the outer side of these batteries of trays, water is being shot up in a fine mist. Air, mingled with the mist, is drawn through the trays. Some of the water condenses in the troughs and is partially evaporated as it drips down from one trough to the next. These 17 banks of spray-
nozzles can be turned on separately or,
PHOTO, SHAW CAMERA SHOP
by using the upper left hand lever, all at once.
In the upper left hand corner of the Control Panel are the remainder of the switches and gauges for the air con- trol system, chiefly the controls from the big metal dampers which open out more and more horizontally and allow the air to rush through when the fans are running. These monster fans re- quire expert care; if you note, for instance, that the switch is off for one of the five, you may find when you go and visit that series that the engineer is installing a new fan belt.
The rear side of the Main Control Panel is no less important, though hid- den from the public. Here there is a service area for the instruments on the panel. Here also is the loud speaker used when one of the staff or some particular visitor is needed in a hurry. This same system allows appropriate sound tapes to be played on special occasions as for instance the records of typical jungle noises brought back
to St. Louis by Mr. Edgar Queeny.
oe
Mr. Lad Cutak, the Greenhouse Superintendent, harvesting a pineapple which flowered
and ripened in the Climatron. With increasing shade, a smaller and lesser known species of
Ananas has provided a more reliable display.
PHOTO COURTESY OF THE ST. LOUIS POST-DISPATCH
HEATING
The two levels on which the Clima- tron is designed make it possible to conceal the heating equipment almost completely. None of the visitors who stand at the base of the waterfall ever suspect that the giant fan and heater are just a few feet away from them, ahead and slightly to the left. Air is taken in from many little vents in under the north end of the balcony walk by a large air-handling unit which forces it through steam coils
whose wide fins radiate heat effective-
ly. A 15 h.p. electric motor supplies the power for handling the air, and the heat comes from steam from the main boiler house. The warmed air continues through a tunnel in under the tropical jungle and is released just below the path level, at the south edge of the Climatron approximately oppo- site the point at which it was brought in.
The air temperature at the point of release varies with the demand. On a winter night if all is going well it will
be 65° there. As it is pulled along
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9
from south to north towards the in- take point it gives up heat. By the time it reaches the center of the Cli- matron it will be approximately 60 while temperatures at the north side of the greenhouse will be around 55 Two thermostat systems regulate these temperatures more or less automatic- ally. A thermostat on the south side of the Climatron near the area where the heated air is released, controls air temperature. Another thermostat at the northern edge of the Climatron controls air volume at the inlet vanes of the air-handling unit. For instance if the temperature at the north side of the Climatron gets below 55° a larger volume of heated air is automatically forced through the building and the temperatures come up in the center and at the north side.
This same unit is used throughout
the summer, for air circulation when the big exhaust fans are mot in opera-
tion.
WINTER VENTILATION
The Climatron was designed to be ventilated during the winter by bring- ing in outside air through a fine spray of heated water, the colder the outside air, the hotter the water. In practice it was finally found that better results were obtained by carefully opening the ventilators in the peak of the dome during fine weather. By the original arrangement there was some winter damage from cold in the Climatron. Part of this was the direct effect of the cold on the plants. Tight over- head doors added to the intake dampers and plastic panels covering the exhaust dampers helped in maintaining better
temperatures during zero weather.
The ALUMINUM PLANT (Pilea cadicrei) has made an attractive pathside plant for several
years and has gone through several cycles of flowering. (See p. 15.)
PHOTO, LAD CUTAK
The Climatron after 15 months as seen from the Gallery Walk. Only a very few plants
in this picture (as for instance the Royal Palm to the right of the pillars) were of any size
when they were set out. The vegetation around the waterfall is just beginning to assume the
natural look it has maintained ever since. lower left.
Ventilating through the dome con- trolled temperatures so much_ better that we not only saved on heating ex- penses; vegetation in the Climatron was not damaged by our emergency heaters. We had previously had to use smudge pots set out in the Climatron and burning a higher grade of fuel oil than when they are deliberately used for creating a protective blanket of smoke along with the heat, as in mod- ern orange groves. While their fumes did not harm much of the vegetation in the Climatron, there are wide differ- ences between various kinds of plants and some were quite sensitive.
During the winter there is so much condensation of moisture from the warm air when it comes against the cold dome that there is a persistent drip from the points where the tri- angular panes come together. Some visitors find this objectionable; others, particularly those who are homesick for tropical forests, accept it as adding to the realism of the Climatron. Be-
tween high fog, low clouds, and little
The return air duct (see pp. 11-12) shows at the
PHOTO, SHAW CAMERA SHOP
showers, many tropical forests can be rather drippy places, even during the
dry season.
MAINTENANCI
A careful eye is kept on all equip- ment both night and day. By watch- ing for any sign that a piece of com- plicated equipment is not working quite right most repairs and replace- ments are made in an orderly way and few break-downs develop into real emergencies. Even more than within an ordinary greenhouse constant watch is kept on the weather. Revised fore- casts and special warnings, in addition to the regular forecasts, help us to be prepared for sudden changes in tem- perature.
If there is the slightest interruption of electrical power all electrical con- trols have to be reset by hand. Each month a complete check is made on lights, motor lubrication, filters, strainers, traps, pumps, and the general Nearly
all maintenance is carried on by Gar-
condition of all equipment.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 1]
den personnel.
Maintenance costs are about $5,000 per year. This does not include money set aside for maintaining the building itself nor does it include anything for the salary of supervisory personnel. At present, oversight of the Climatron takes at least one third of the time of the Greenhouse Superintendent, and one quarter of the time of the Chief Engineer.
One essential feature of the original design was not carried out due to lack of funds. For the first five years we have operated without an electric gen- erator for emergency use when there is an interruption in electric service. This meant that had there been a seri- ous interruption in electrical service during the winter we stood a good change of losing all the plants in the
Climatron. The peculiar construction
of the Climatron makes it more vul- nerable to frost damage during power failures in cold weather than are or- dinary display greenhouses. At their most recent meeting the Trustees voted the funds for an emergency generator,
As we reach the end of the first five years, it is already apparent that we shall have various special problems of maintenance due to the Climatron’s high humidity and to its unprecedent- ed features. The sheet-metal inclos- ures of the big exhaust fans, for in- stance, would have given years of trouble-free service had they been in a dry attic. With the high humidity of the Climatron they are beginning to rust, particularly at the base, and will soon need attention. The big return air duct was made of sheet steel
rather than aluminum alloy due to
Three fruits ripening on one of the pAPAYAS (Carica papaya) in the Climatron. PHOTO, LAD-CUTAK
12 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
The RED-HEADED powpeRPUFF, Calliandra haematocephala. This large-flowered relative of the mimosas has made a brilliant display for several years. It flowers nearly all winter and there are frequently a dozen or more flowers at any one time on our two large bushes. The puffs are brilliant red and the unopened buds, as large as your thumb, look very much like a very dark red raspberry and increase the interest
of the flowering branches.
lack of funds. In our high humidity it is rusting badly, particularly along its lower side. Holes to allow the water to escape would probably have lessened the difficulty. There have been other minor problems due to the humidity as for instance in the elec- trical conduits.
In the dome itself all predictions had to be qualified because of the new
materials which were being tried out.
PHOTO, LAD CUTAK
The actual “skin” of the inner dome was made of triangular panes of Plexi- glass set in gaskets of Neoprene (just as in jet-plane windows). For the last year it could be seen that the Neoprene is beginning to weathercrack and there is now more leakage in a heavy rain than when the structure was new. The Plexiglass panes themselves are beginning to bulge inwards. This has
been particularly noticeable to those
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13
who have had occasion to work up towards the top of the dome where the panes are more nearly horizontal and
the pull of gravity is directly inward.
BUILDING AND OPERATING Costs
The cost of building the Climatron was approximately 394 of a million dollars. The mechanical equipment alone cost $300,000. The concrete foundation came to $100,000. The balance was the cost of the dome. It is 70 feet high and 175 feet in diameter with a volume of 1,300,000 cubic feet and a ground surface of 23,000 square feet (a little over half an acre).
With the changes that have been made in the heating and air circula- tion systems, the Climatron now costs approximately $6,000 per year for fuel oil in addition to the charges for water and electricity.
Two men work full time, caring for the plantings and the walks, pick- ing up dead leaves, pruning back vege- tation, keeping the pool attractive, taking out old plants and setting in new ones. Their combined salaries are slightly over $8,500 per year. Keep- ing attendants at the entrance turn- stiles costs approximately $5,500 per year if we include week-ends and holi-
days.
THE WATERFALI
The waterfall is made to seem even higher than it is by having the water bubble up from an artificial spring at the rate of approximately 250 gallons per minute and come rushing down a steep, winding, rock-lined slope to the brink of the falls.
rocks so that it splashes over them
Designing the
effectively not only adds to the visi-
tor’s illusion of being on a tropical mountainside but helps the plants in the immediate vicinity by cooling and humidifying the air.
By means of a four inch centrifugal pump (powered with a i'3_ horse- power continuous duty electric motor) the water is returned to the spring and used over and over. A leveling tank, in back of the waterfall, keeps the water in the pool at the desired height.
Observant visitors sometimes won- der if there is something wrong with their eyes when they notice that one of the stones is slowly moving around the pool. It is a piece of genuine pumice, foamy lava which cooled quickly and has so much air trapped in it that it is lighter than water. Similar rocks, finely powdered, have long been widely used as scouring agents.
To most visitors one of the most fascinating features of the Climatron is the tropical pool, either seen from above along the gallery walk or from beneath the water by means of a plastic-covered tunnel. The pool and tunnel were not installed when the building was opened and this was made possible by generous gifts from the Federated Garden Clubs and the Hor- ticultural Council. The pool features tropical water lilies and a few other plants as well as several kinds of tropical fish. At its shallow end it has a magnificent clump of Papyrus, the giant sedge whose shoulder high stalks terminate in skyrocket bursts of wiry green branches. It was the pith from such stems, sliced, pounded and glued together which made the fa-
mous papyri of which the ancient
14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Egyptians made their picture-writing libraries. Near it is a Mangrove plant which has been growing actively ever since it got one of its creeping root stocks out of the pot in which it was growing and firmly anchored in the bottom of the pool.
The maintenance of the pool and the tunnel have been our worst head- ache in operating the Climatron. In trying to keep the fish healthy, the water lilies in flower, and the plastic cover of the tunnel free of an algal scum one is constantly working at cross purposes. Chemicals which could eliminate the algae, would kill the fish, and so on. By recirculating and filter- ing the water at very short intervals, by regulating its temperature and height, and by working out methods for scrubbing off the algae without seriously scratching the plastic, we now manage to keep it reasonably at- tractive most of the time. In addition to natural lighting, the pool is illumi- nated by eight 500 watt underwater flood lights. The fish are nearly con- stantly on display, particularly the “kissing” fish whose sensuous lips wipe off the algae on which they feed, whether this green scum be growing on water plants or on the very plastic itself. Of the water plants, the trop- ical water-lilies make the most effec- tive display seen from beneath. Their many leafstalks arch upwards to the surface and their floating leaves so affect the surface tension of the water all around their edges as to catch the light in beautiful patterns.
The tunnel has added an unexpect- ed interest to the pool as viewed from
above. The curved surface distorts
the shapes of people going through the tunnel so that they look flat and al- most two dimensional while their movements seem to be an undulating glide. Part of the time the view of the tunnel is partly veiled by the water lily leaves and visitors catch only glimpses of the tunnel here and there between the leaves. As they look down at the lilies and the fish, if they catch a glimpse of human beings in the tunnel, more often than not, they think at first it is some strange water animal, probably a fish but certainly a large and peculiar one. Usually they figure the truth out for themselves but those who visit the Climatron frequently, remember with amusement such incidents as the argument be- tween two old ladies, one of whom was positive she was looking at a strange fish and one who was just as certain that it was a small boy in an orange sport shirt!
The water in the pool flows by gravity to the filter bed whose overall thickness is over two feet; 16 inches of sand, 6 inches of gravel with di- ameters of two to three-eighths of an inch, and 4 inches of coarser gravel with diameters of four to seven- eighths. The water is then picked up by a centrifugal pump and returned to the pool at intervals. This system filters water at the rate of 1200 gal- lons per hour which is approximately 29,000 gallons each 24 hours so that it takes about a day and a half to filter the approximately 37,000 gal-
lons in the pool.
ne ahead from the entrance,
along the slightly curving path
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15
which leads to the graceful pillars of the old Palm House (which stood on this site for nearly half a century) are a number of plants of general interest in one way or another. Immediately to the right (and usually lending its shade to an exhibit of Cattleya orchids brought in from one of the growing houses) is a large clump of a Mexican species of Heliconia. This genus of plants in the Banana family, takes the place in the New world of the closely related Bird of Paradise flowers which are native to Africa. Like them the actual flowers are borne in a curious, more or less canoe-shaped bract. These Heliconias usually flower during the summer but the brilliant bracts hold their color while the flowers are going to seed. All the Heliconias we have tried out in the Climatron have done well and we have some kinds which are new to cultivation as well as some of the commoner sorts.
The rampantly growing tree at the junction of the two paths to the left is the Banyan Tree, Ficus bengalensis, one of the Sacred Trees of India. Prop roots are being actively sent down from the upper branches and if we had let them take root and had not pruned the branches drastically several times, this one specimen would already have monopolized the whole sunny area where the major paths come to- gether. In India fine old specimens of this tree may cover several acres and in many ways are more like an open- work temple supported by many col- umns than they are like a tree.
Immediately next to the walk, at the
left, is an ALUMINUM PLANT, (p. 9),
Pilea cadierei, a native of Viet Nam introduced into the United States as a houseplant in modern times. For sev-
eral years it has remained in attractive
The cerIMaAN, Monstera deliciosa, in full flower. Young, rapidly-growing specimens of this plane with many conspicuous holes in their leaves are sometimes sold as the ‘“Swiss- cheese-plant” and were once classified as Philo- dendron pertusum. This tropical relative of the Jack-in-the-Pulpit comes from Mexico. Each of the little circles (which can just bare- ly be seen in the central part of the picture) is the tip of a single flower; several hundred of them make up this club-shaped inflorescence. It ripens into a sweet, watery fruit with a flavor much like ripe pineapples with a strong banana fragrance. Many of the Philodendrons in the Climatron flower, usually in the spring- time. Their flowers are much like this but even fleshier and with the outer spathe opening less widely. Most of them are white or yellow- ish; one is a beautiful dark red.
PHOTO, LAD CUTAK
16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
The Waterfall, October 1960.
Uhe Waterfall, one year later.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17
The Waterfall, two years later. The small tree-ferns at the left and the young ORCHID- rREE (Bauhinia) at the lower right of this final picture are now thrifty young trees nearly as
high as the bananas.
condition almost constantly through- out the year. Its neat little leaves with a regular pattern of silver and green are more beautiful than the curious little flower spikes it bears from time to time.
At the right side of the walk are a few bright-leaved cRroTONs (Cod/acum varicgatum) more brilliant than most flowers. These ornamental shrubs have been cultivated for centuries, no one knows for how long, on many islands of the Pacific and some of our com- monest varieties were brought back years ago in the days of the sailing ships. They have long been a stand- by in tropical and sub-tropical garden- ing but in the last few decades many
attractive new varieties have been put
IL THESE PHOTOS BY SHAW CAMERA SHOP
on the market and they have become popular in southern Florida and as high grade house plants in the North.
Immediately behind them are young specimens of two kinds of rubber. The kinds of plants which produce the non-synthetic commercial rubbers be- long to various unrelated trees, vines, and herbaceous plants, among which the RUBBER PLANT of Victorian draw- ing rooms, Ficus elastica, is relatively unimportant. The other two shown here are the MEXICAN RUBBER TREE, Castilla elastica, and PARA RUBBER, Hevea brasiliensis, commercially by far the most important of the natural rubbers.
If we look up the slope at the right
the long bright pink blossoms of the
18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
CHENILLE-PLANT, Acalypha hispida, are sure to catch our eye, for this re- markable bush has been in full bloom every day since the Climatron was opened. No wonder it is a stand-by in sO many tropical and sub-tropical gardens (there are long hedges of them on some atolls). One of our former graduate students, Dr. Howard Pfeif- fer, studying it in the Climatron, worked out part of the story as to why it blooms so constantly. The velvety wands are largely made up of styles (receptive organs) of female flowers, packed closely together. There they hang, unfulfilled, month after month and year after year. Not only are there no known male bushes anywhere in this country, there are apparently no specimens of them in the world’s herbaria and no published record of them anywhere, though possibly they may exist as wild plants, somewhere in Asia. A popular guide to Hawaiian Flowers once claimed that all the Ha- walian specimens were males but in- vestigation showed that the booklet had just turned the facts around acci- dentally; there as elsewhere the bushes are all females.
On the same slope are several speci- mens of the siLk OAK, Grevillea ro- busta, an Australian tree widely used throughout the tropics as an orna- mental tree or for shading coffee plan- tations. It is, for instance, one of the commonest trees one sees in driving along the roads near Antigua, Guate- mala. Its gray fern-like leaves are so handsome that they are shipped in from the sub-tropics to use for dec- orating. Potted or tubbed specimens
a few feet high are grown on sun
porches and in small greenhouses. It has been interesting to watch these graceful trees shoot up just as rapidly as they do in the tropics during the first years of the Climatron. They have not yet flowered though they have now reached about that size and we hope they may since they are mem- bers of the Proteaceae, typical of Aus- tralia and South Africa, whose charm- ing sprays of bloom are so unlike those of other plants that they look as if they had been designed by interior decorators.
Still farther up the slope is a strange and graceful tree which is seldom seen in cultivation, Ficus pseudopalma, the PALM-LEAVED FIG, It is a fig which does not look remotely like a fig. Its slender stem, about the size of a boy’s wrist, Carries way up into the air its terminal crown of tightly bunched big leaves. There is another specimen of this species farther along the ridge and one is most apt to see them, look- ing off across the Climatron from some vantage point rather than close at hand. The crown of leaves floats up above the massed vegetation of the other trees with a kind of serenity.
Just a little farther along the walk is a rapidly growing specimen, cut back from time to time, of another species of Ficus. It is the sACRED BO TREE, F. religiosa, under which Bud- dha sat when he received his enlight- enment. Its beautiful gray-green leaves are roughly the size and shape of a human hand with the fingers ex- tended but pressed close to each other. The apex of the leaf can be prolonged into a narrow “drip point” which in
extreme specimens is a kind of little
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19
tail as long as the leaf itself. Such points are found frequently enough on rain forest trees that some botanists have supposed they were an actual adaptation to a rainy habitat. The leaves are so thin and tough that when pressed they are like a piece of fine canvas. In the Orient they are some- times used for painting holy pictures. These vary all the way from elegant scenes almost like a Persian miniature, to slap-dash images of Buddha horne up by a sacred lotus flower, but in either extreme the picture and_ gilt decoration cover the entire upper sur- face of the leaf, drip point and all.
In Ceylon and other tropical coun- tries to which the Bo TREE was long ago carried by Buddhists, it is sacred because Buddha sat under it, but in parts of India it is a survival from a much more ancient nature worship. There it would be more accurate to say that Buddha sat under it because it was sacred and therefore made an appropriate shade in which to medi- tate.
On the opposite side of the path is one end of a long narrow bog which one would touch at two other points if he kept steadily to the left along this circular path until he returned to the entrance. Floating on the surface of the bog are the attractive rosettes of the WATER-LETTUCE, Pistia strati- otes, a native of the Caribbean tropics that is now common in many warm parts of the world. Its crisply erect, velvety leaves conceal the little bunch of roots which hang down into the water. The tiny green flowers are even more completely hidden at the
base of the leaves. They demonstrate
that, though one would never have suspected the fact, Pistia is closely re- lated to such plants as JACK-IN-THE- PULPIT and PHILODENDRON. Though the WATER-LETTUCE is nearly always attractive on the bog, it varies some- what with the season. Seen at its best, when large plants, each one a perfect rosette, cover almost all the water surface of the bog, it is really spectacular. From time to time it is also on display in the fountain and pool at the edge of the lower level of the Climatron.
For the world as a whole, one of the most important families of plants is the true palms. Because botany as a science has been largely based in the temperate zone, there are still relative- ly few botanists who know very many palms or have any understanding of their evolutionary and ecological roles or their continuing importance in modern technology (some of them yield over a ton a year). The Clima- tron is a good place to extend one’s acquaintance with these plants so that they will no longer be just a blur in one’s memory. Just ahead on the left and before we come to the water fountain is a palm whose trunks are only a little taller than a man, so that the whole plant is convenient to study.
It is Actinophloeus macarthuri of New Guinea, appropriately known as the CLUSTER-PALM. Its slender trunks spread from underground rootstocks and the little plant with three or four stems we got from Florida just before the Climatron was opened, now has 9 trunks in all and it has been flowering and occasionally fruiting for several
years. Most of the inflorescences on
20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
this specimen have been male and there is nearly always at least one to be seen in some stage of its development. Each springs directly out of the trunk, though a scar shows that there was once a leaf just below the point where it developed. It is slender, about the size of a broomstraw, though chunk- ier, looking as if it had been carved out of dark green wax. It has a few branches along which the globular green buds are borne one at a time and well spaced from each other. After remaining unopened for many weeks, they suddenly break into bloom. Each flower develops into little more than 6 tiny succulent stamens and the whole blossom is an austere tassel of green and light yellow. Though most of the inflorescences have been male, enough have been female so that there
have been crops of the little nuts
which have sowed themselves at the base of the tree, producing many seed- lings which were given away or hoed up.
Just a little ahead and to the right (behind the drinking fountain) is a palm so distinctive that many of our visitors do not recognize it as a palm at all. It is one of the FISHTAI PALMS, Caryota. Its big leaves are divided, and these parts redivided, the ultimate portions being more or less triangular and about the size of a human hand. It gives the whole leaf somewhat the appearance of a gigantic Maidenhair fern.
By passing on to the pillars of the old palm house we can look down on the lower level where two fine speci- mens of the ROYAL PALM, Roystonea regia, are directly in front of us. They
are among those palms whose trunks
Flower of catico FLOWER (Aristolochia elegans) about half natural size (p. 26).
PHOTO, LAD CUTAK
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21
are extended by a “crownshaft,” an extension of the trunk formed by overlapping leafstalks. In the RoYAL PALM the crownshaft is so elegantly formed that it almost looks as if the leaves were held in a large green vase fitted to the summit of the smooth Gray-brown trunk (see figure, p. 10).
These two trees were trucked up from Florida just before the Climatron was opened and by studying the rings around the trunk (formed as_ the leaves fall off) one can see the place where the widely spaced leaves of the Florida nursery were followed by leaves very close together, just after the palm was transplanted, and then farther apart as it began to take hold in the new site. For several years it has flowered each summer. It has both male and female flowers but in separate panicles which come out of the trunk just below the base of the crownshaft. The dried up remains of last year’s panicles are frequently left on the tree, where they look something like dried up little Christmas trees about two feet long, the female ones bearing small round nuts.
The flowering panicles are borne in a specialized sheath which covers them completely and has the appearance of an elegant green-leather case, possibly something designed for some strange oriental musical instrument. When the male panicles first open they form chaste plumes of white until they begin to shed more and more pollen. Then for some weeks it looks is if a five or ten pound bag of fine white meal had been emptied up in the tree, coating everything just beneath it.
Other palms will be found here and
there throughout the Climatron, a COCONUT PALM, Cocos nucifera, in vigorous young growth near the en- trance to the tunnel under the Pool, demonstrating how much at home even this palm, which does not do well in most greenhouses, has made itself in the Climatron.
Speaking of palms, the Climatron has a number of plants which are not palms though sometimes that word is part of their common name. The PANAMA-HAT PALM, Carludovica pal- mata, is a good example. There is a fine clump of it on the curving path around the bog. Its leaves look some- thing like a sloppily-formed fan-palm but the leaf stalk blends gradually with the expanded blade without ever show- ing any sharp line of division as in the true plams. The leaves of this plant, about as high as a man when well developed, are widely grown in the American tropics and were once the basis for a thriving business in high quality hot-weather hats all over the world. Many hats are stil! produced for local customers and the best of these are beautifully woven and al- most indestructible. Carludovica is usually classified in a little family of
€
plants, the Cyclanthaceae “with leaves like palms and flowers like aroids.”’ Many botanists have heard of these curious blossoms but never seen them. When the specimen in the Climatron flowered in 1964, the blossoms proved to be even more peculiar than the dia- grammatic pictures of them in botany books. They looked like a green club on a stalk formed with squarish male and female flowers set closely together
in a complicated but regular pattern.
GARDEN BULLETIN
22 MISSOURI BOTANICA SHELL GINGER, Alpinia speciosa. Since the very first winter this porcelain-white flower ornamented with red and yellow has been a standby for much of the time. At times it has
had to be cut back severely when the bushy clumps of it were too oppressive to its neighbors.
It did not look like a real blossom; it was much more like one of the old German enlarged models designed to make the structure of complicated little flowers more comprehensible to advanced students of botany. Another plant in the Climatron which has frequently been mistaken for a seedling palm is the appropriately (Setaria — palmi-
named PALM-GRASS
folia). Until it sends up its drooping
PHOTO, LAD CUTAK
tassel of green flowers it looks more like a small palm than a large grass. The long narrow leaf blades taper to either end, and can be up to two feet long and three inches wide. In their general shape they remind one of the seedling leaves of some palms. They have an elegant texture, being minute- ly folded back and forth like a fan. This ribbing is so fine and so regular
that at their best they look as if they
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23
had been nicely made out of some fabric.
In a well established but not yet overgrown clump, a dozen or so of the leaves will arch out gracefully away from the center of the plant. As they come into tassel the stems shoot up higher and may reach six feet. When they begin to go to seed they look less attractive and need to be ruthlessly cut back or taken out altogether.
Palm-Grass will take a good deal of shade and still flourish; it seems to be one of those things which belong around the edge of a tropical forest or along pathways through it. The Gar- den’s original stock came to us some years ago from Los Angeles. It was sent by one of our former graduate students, Dr. Mildred Mathias, who obtained it from a choice amateur collection of tropical plants. On a re- cent visit to the Garden she remarked that it has now become increasingly common in the Los Angeles area and in some gardens is almost a_ weed, though still fundamentally an attrac- tive plant.
To a botanist Setaria palmifolia is particularly interesting in the Clima- tron because we see it there in the kind of place we don’t expect grass— side-by-side with plants from wet tropical forests. Generally speaking, in the Tropics we get forests where it is wet and hot, grasslands where the country is drier or where it gets burned over regularly. Over most tropical landscapes, grasses and trees are rivals; we mostly get one or the other. In the Climatron, Palm-Grass has been worth trying because it will take a good deal of shade and still
flourish. At its best when the clumps are young, it has been able to keep a good appearance even when growing at the edge of walks used by thous- ands of visitors. The seed stalks are not only somewhat unsightly, they shed seeds which can ride away on a trouser cuff and the first thing one knows another plant of Palm-Grass is growing way over in another part of the Climatron. So far Mr. Cutak has been able to control it by grubbing out over-sized plants but we may sometime have to get rid of it com- pletely.
The Gallery Walk which carries the upper level a full half circle around the rear of the Climatron, has gradu- ally developed into one of the most attractive features of the building. A visitor gets an overall view of lush tropical vegetation and its bewildering variety, he can look down into a banana in flower and study the details of the ripening fruit clusters, he can view the flowering branches of the royal palms at eye level instead of trying to see them through other vege- tation, and it provides a_ practical trellis for several attractive tropical climbers.
PassioN-FLOWERS. Along the gal- lery are several different species of Passiflora most of which flower at some time each year. While they dif- fer in many ways all are vines with attractively coiled tendrils. The flow- ers are different enough from those of other plants to interest anyone who has ever looked carefully at a flower of any sort, be he a_ professional botanist, an artist, a gardener or an
amateur naturalist. They are domi-
24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
nated by a fleshy outgrowth, techni- cally a ‘corona,’ which may _ be variously cut and divided. Its most conspicuous portion, in those which flower in the Climatron, is a radiating glory of long graceful rays which may be variously curved, colored and pat- terned, depending upon the _ species and the variety. These rays emerge above the petals and sepals and may extend beyond them. A further air of complexity is due to the remainder of the flower parts (the stamens and the pistil) being carried on a special stalk which rises up out of the center of the blossom.
In the early days of Spanish and Portuguese explorations in South Amerca these blooms were interpreted as symbols of Christ’s suffering on His way to the Cross (His ‘“‘passion’’). The woodcuts which illustrated the earliest accounts of passion-flower were usually made by men who had not seen the blossoms themselves and they became as fabulous as the unicorn.
All the passion-flowers are fragrant, frequently with a musky undertone. Many of them have edible fruits, the best of which are now widespread in tropical and sub-tropical countries.
Stigmaphyllon ciliatum, GOLDEN VINE. This handsome climber from Brazil is now flowering more profusely each year along the gallery and we are hoping that it may become a perma- nent attraction in late winter and early spring. The separate flowers are much the size, shape, color, and tex- ture of the familiar “Dancing Girl” orchids and are borne in small clusters
which on a healthy vine aggregate into
golden masses which remain attractive for weeks.
Our particular plant has an interest- ing history which serves to illustrate the superiority of the Climatron over ordinary greenhouses for many trop- ical plants. When our Greenhouse Superintendent, Mr. Lad. Cutak, was a young man he once entered a_na- tional photographic competition and carried off several top prizes. One of them was this flowering vine which he set out in his home garden each sum- mer and treated like a house plant in the winter time. Eventually he brought it up to the Botanical Garden and kept it in one of the greenhouses though it never amounted to very much. After the Climatron was opened it was planted there and grew up to the Gallery where it now serves each year as a sort of living Gold Medal.
Congea tomentosa (which seems to have no common name in English) is another tropical climber which is do- ing better each year in the Climatron. A somewhat shrubby vine, it bursts through the rampant foliage of the passion-flowers and catches the atten- tion of passersby. Its tiny flowers grow in small clusters, each set off by three velvety bracts over an inch long, so regularly spaced that they give the whole cluster the appearance of a single blossom. As the flowers open, the bracts gradually develop a pinkish lavender tinge, a color characteristic of the Verbena family to which Con- gea belongs. These dainty, three-sided nosegays are borne in loose sprays. The tiny hairs with which they are covered catch the light so that at times they shine in the distance. If
MISSOURI BOTANICAL
arranged as a bouquet they dry per- fectly without withering at all. The ladies who arrange the flowers at TOWER GROVE, Mr, Shaw’s old country residence, are hoping that next year Congea may bear heavily enough to supply flowers in quantity.
Tetrastig Ma voinierianum, TROPICAL GRAPE, This spectacular vine is almost too much at home in the Climatron. Its thick, slightly succulent leaves look very much like Virginia Creeper foliage which had been miraculously enlarged until the leaves became two
feet or more across. In the Climatron
GARDEN BULLETIN 2
it grows even more rapidly than does a Virginia Creeper in a humid Missouri woodland; it has to be cut back vigor- ously and repeatedly. Yet the big firm leaves stay attractive throughout the year and are seldom injured, even when the Climatron is crowded. Though native to South America this particular tropical grape first became known to science when it was collected from a vine growing over the first Roman Catholic Cathedral in Tonkin, Indo-China.
good deal in patios in the Los Angeles
It has been planted a
area and in gardens in southern Florida.
A banana photographed from the Gallery Walk. It is in the early stages of flowering.
The hundreds of flowers yet to come, covered by their overlapping bracts, hang straight down in the lower center of the picture, forming an object which looks something like a lizard’s head. Three bracts with associated female flowers have already opened. Going up the stalk from the bud there is a cluster at the right, the light-colored flowers contrasting with the dark bract behind them, then a cluster to the left whose dark bract is already withering up. Behind the curving tip of this bract one can make out the almost pure white stem (with a shadow across it) which leads straight down into the clusters of flowers. Upward it curves backward and to the left to the point where it recently pushed out from between the cluster- ing leaf bases. This remarkable picture, taken at the moment when growth is rapid and there are changes from hour to hour, was taken by Lad Cutak.
(See pp. 26-27.)
26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
‘The big Birp-or-parapise” (Sfrelifzia nicola)
pp. 27-28.
Aristolochia elegans, the CaLico- FLOWER. This handsome tropical rel- ative of the ““Dutchman’s Pipe” vines, so frequently planted to screen Amer- ican porches in the gay nineties, does well in the Climatron and stays in bloom for long periods. The flowers last only a short time but are borne very freely. The conspicuous part of the flower is roughly heart-shaped, a velvety chocolate purple within, merg- ing into white, veined with red purple. This vine is pollinated by flies which are lured into a complicated series of chambers at the base of the flower and are trapped there until the plant even- tually releases them (see p. 20).
BANANAS (various species of Musa) and their relatives. From the Gallery one can see several kinds of bananas,
growing just as they do in the tropics
with flowers of blue and milk-white. See
PHOTO, LAD CUTAK
and flowering and_ ripening — their fruits. Though we call them banana trees they are really not trees, just enormous perennials whose stalks die down when they finish fruiting while new stalks for the next season sprout up rapidly from the roots. There is no really woody tissue in the stalks; they can be cut off neatly by a single stroke of a well-aimed machete. The pithy stem is surrounded by the over- lapping bases of the big leaves. These overlap so tightly that even though one cuts the stalk into short lengths, it takes persistence and strong fingers to pull them apart from each other. When they finally are removed they are completely separate, not being stuck together in any way except by mutual pressure,
When a banana plant blooms, the
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27
stem grows out from the cluster of leaves around it and is so weak that it hangs straight down as the flowers and fruit develop. The joints of the flowering portion get closer and closer together. There is a colored leaf (technically a “bract”’) at each joint and, nestled at its base as one can see when it opens out, is a whole row of chunky, finger-shaped flowers. Do- mesticated bananas do not require pollination to set their fruit (the seeds never develop any more than as little black specks) but they go through the same sequences of bloom as do the wild (and horribly seedy) ones. The first few joints have only female flow- ers and these grow rapidly into little “hands” of green fingers at each joint. After a foot or more of these ‘hands”’ then there is nothing but small male flowers, joint after joint. In many kinds of bananas this flowering keeps on though less and less vigorously even when the fruits begin to ripen. The male flowers dry and drop off shortly after they have come into bloom. For many weeks the developing bunch of bananas has a strange appearance: first the ripening fruit, then a long tail of bare joints where the clusters of male flowers have all fallen off, and finally at the very tip, a cluster of all the remaining male flowers, tightly wrapped in their dark-colored bracts, a top-shaped object several inches long, pointed dramatically downward.
The Gallery Walk is a good place to enlarge one’s understanding not only of bananas but of the whole Musaceae, the family to which the banana belongs. They all have rather
similar leaves with a long midvein and
many straight parallel sideveins join- ing it at right angles and extending all the way to the margin. There are several species of NHeliconia in the plantings of the lower level of the Cli- matron and during a good part of the year their bright flower clusters, like long yellow or orange birdbeaks, can be seen rising above the foliage.
All the Heliconias are native to the New World; their closest relatives are the BIRD-OF-PARADISE FLOWERS of Attica,
orange and blue flowers has been
The common species with
grown in gardens in the warmer parts of this country for many years and more recently its blossoms have been flown in to our cut-flower market and potted plants in bloom have been sold to the luxury trade. Their scientific names are barbarous mixtures of Ger- man, Russian, and Latin but they be- come quite interesting when you know the story behind them. Sir Joseph Banks named the first one when he was doing everything he could to in- terest the royal family in making their garden at Kew as botanical as possible. (Successive generations of botanical directors eventually wangled the en- tire property away from the Crown but visitors are still shown the old Palace.) Accordingly he dedicated the new genus, as well as the species itself, to the wife of George III. In her own right she was Charlotte Sophia von Mecklinburg-Strelitz. He flattered her growing interest in a better garden by concocting for this beautiful plant the scientific name, Sfrelitzia regimac. When a century later, the largest of all the Sfrelifzia’s came into the hands
of two German-Russian botanists they
28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
kept up the tradition and named it S. nicolai in honor of the Grand Duke Nicolai Nicolajewitsch. Certainly no other small genus can boast of such an aristocratic air!
Strelitzia nicolai had developed enor- mously since it was moved in next to the deep end of the pool and adjacent to the Gallery. It is in flower virtu- ally all the time and makes this a con- venient spot in which to study blooms of the BIRD-OF-PARADISE FLOWERS. The dark purple boatlike spathe at the bottom of each cluster bears a great number of flowers and they pop up one or two at a time. The conspicu-
ous sepals are a milky white and the
two largest petals are light blue. They are stuck together into a_ pointed tongue with a long groove down the middle of which lie the stamens and the style (see p. 26).
Tropical species and hybrids of Hibiscus (sometimes called ‘‘Rose-of- China”) are always in flower near this point, in masses during the summer when many of the varieties flower the best. Their bowl-shaped flowers can be over six inches across and may be single or double, red, white, pink, or orange. The variety SAN DIEGO RED, has the best record of all and has been in continuous (and usually spectacu-
lar) bloom for over four years.
PRBRIRBRIR FRR
HELP
VOLUNTEERS NEEDED
1. To sell in the Gift Shop Please contact Mrs. Maritz TO 5-0440
2. General Gardening Please contact Miss Carr TO 5-0440
3. Guides for groups visiting the Garden, schools, organizations, conventions.
Please contact Mrs. Guth TO 5-0440
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry Hircucocr, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
Harry E. WuertTENBAECHER, JrR., Second Vice President
Howarp F. Barer CLARENCE C. BARKSDALE SaM’L. C. Davis
JoHN S. LEHMANN
Henry B. Prracer
A. TIMON Primo, III
WaRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH
C. PoweLL WHITEHEAD Honorary Trustees
GEORGE L. CADIGAN
DupLey FRENCH
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
James S. MCCLELLAN,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis
STRATFORD LEE Morton,
President. Academy of Science of St. Louis
THomMas H. E ior, Chancellor, Washington University
J. CERVANTES Mayor, City ot St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs. Randolph Potter, First Vice President;
Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary; Mrs.
Carr, Executive Secretary.
L. Bakewell, Jr., President; Mrs. T.
James Alfring, Second Vice President; Sidney Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer; Sally D.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier,
Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs.
Philip A. Conrath, E. J. Gildehaus, Carl F. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, Dan O’Gorman,
Gilbert Pennewill, "Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
GARDEN STAFF
Davin M. Gares, Director
Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants
CLARENCE Barpre, Instructor
LaApIsLAus CuTAK, Greenhouse Superintendent
HucGu C. Cut rer, Curator of Useful Plants
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate
Watpo G. Fecuner, Secretary of Board and Controller
RAYMOND FREEBORG. Research Associate
James Hampton, Chief Engineer and Superintendent of Operations
PauLt A. Kouu Floriculturist
Watter H. Lewis, Director of the Herbarium
F. R. McMatn, Rosarian
VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS. Research Associate
H. Wayne Nicuors, Curator of Algae Royce L. Oxtver, Research Assistant KENNETH QO. Peck, Instructor
Mrs. Marion Preirrer, Orchid Grower
Grorce H. Princ, Superintendent Emeritus
Joun Ripeway, Curator of Bryophytes ALFRED SAxpAL, Rose Grower OweN J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
GeorGE B. VAN ScHAAcK, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supplemented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing greenhouses and most other facilities are from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s fom 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Climatron stays open until 7:00 P. M., as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festi- vals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
70 acres
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature classes are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden maintains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is sometimes open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park- Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and taking part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
Phone TOwnsend 5-0440
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
// . september 1960 “Ut clin Volume LIII » a
VOLUNTEERS
Several responses to the call for volunteer help in the June BULLETIN have resulted in hours of fruitful service to the Garden. If you have extra time which the Garden might use, call Sally Carr at TO 5-0440,
Monday through Friday.
CONTENTS
Garden Gate Shop and Preview Book Review: Deadly Harvest Introducing Dr. Shankland
Summer Afternoon with Henry Shaw Yucca and the M.B.G.
Fall Courses for Adults
Saturday Programs for Children
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missouri. Editor: EpGAR ANDERSON
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois,
under Act of March 3. 1879
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol Ril» Now 7
Bulletin
September 1965
THE NEW GARDEN GATE SHOP
A PREVIEW FOR FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN, SEPTEMBER 30TH
HE southern flank of the Main
Gate is being completely trans- formed and will open, with a Preview for Friends of the Garden, on Septem- ber 30th as the Garden Gate Shop. Basic structural changes were made in the late spring, doubling its size and letting in more light, making it more comfortable for visitors (and for those who serve there) with improved heat- ing, insulation, and air-conditioning. During the month of September, while being restocked, redesigned and_ re- decorated, it will be closed to the public for about a fortnight.
The Preview will overlap with the Outdoor Sculpture Show to be staged at the Garden by the Bi-Centennial Committee. This show will be in the area immediately around the new water-lily pools which should then be still very lovely. On the evening of the 30th there will be a German Music Festival with a band and refreshments.
The whole affair will be sfrictly limited to the Friends of the Garden,
except that each Friend is being en- couraged to bring as a guest, a poten- tial mew friend of the Garden. All members will be mailed invitations giving complete details, well before the event. With the band music, the Climatron’s golden dome reflected in the pools, and Dr. David Gates, the Garden’s new Director, it will be a gala occasion.
The Garden Gate might well have been named “The Four Season’s Shop” for it will cater to the needs and in- terests of gardeners throughout the whole twelve months, It will, among
other things, have on sale:
Garden tools
Flower arranging aids
Garden and patio ornaments
Post cards
Garden books and pamphlets
Floral prints
Bird-houses and feeders
Tan-bark and garden soil (small bags for house-plants)
Colored lantern-slides of the Garden
Christmas decorations (including
wreaths of dried materials)
Cover: The new Water-Lily Pools and Main Gate seen from in front of the Climatron. This is the area in which an outdoor sculpture show will be held early this fall. The west windows of the new Garden Gate Shop can be seen in the shade
of the Pyramidal Gingko at the right of the Gate.
PHOTO, COURTESY SHAW CAMERA SHOP
BOOK REVIEW
Deadly Harvest: A Guide to Com- mon Poisonous Plants. John M. Kings- Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965. $4.50.
- SHis little book was written by a man who knows what he is talk- ing about. His authoritative Pojson-
ous Plants of the United States and
Canada,* written as a textbook for his
bury, pp. 128.
students of Veterinary Medicine, is a 627 page digest of the world’s pub-
lished evidence (he refers to 1,715
books and scientific papers) on poison-
Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. Prentice-Hall, | nglewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1964,
The twin doors and windows of the new Garden Gate Shop as they look shortly before sunset.
PHOTO, COURTESY SHAW ¢ \MERA SHOP
ous American plants and their poisons.
Deadly Harvest is quite another kind of book, written for the general reader. It discusses how much _ the experts have yet to learn, and digests the facts that should be known to all intelligent citizens. The author tells us that he has “included all those plants that, on the present record, seem most likely to get human beings into trouble.” For around a hundred of these he gives descriptive comments in language as non-technical as pos- sible and provides effective drawings
in black and white to illustrate his
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3
remarks. The poisons are discussed as well as the plants. He describes when and where they occur in the plants, some bare fundamentals of their chem- istry, the various ways they affect man and his livestock, and a little about antidotes.
Among common plants (or plant parts) which can be dangerously poi-
sonous, Kingsbury lists the following:
daffodil bulbs
potato sprouts
rhubarb leaf-blades
peach, cherry, and apple seeds
oleander flowers, leaves, and stems (the latter have caused illness when used as roasting sticks for “hot dogs’’)
poinsettia leaves
yew seeds and foliage
seeds of castor-oil-beans
bulbs of star-of-Bethlehem
rosary-peas The last item on this list is also known as ‘‘crabs’ eyes” or ‘‘rosary-bean.” These are the brilliant seeds of a trop- ical vine (Abrus precatorious), widely grown in the tropics since ancient times. They are half the size of a cul- tivated pea and much more oval. They are bright scarlet, shiny black at
one end and make handsome rosaries,
necklaces, and earrings. Though their importation is now officially outlawed, they are being brought back to this country increasingly by tourists as souvenirs. They contain one of the world’s most violent poisons but for- tunately need to be pulverized for its maximum effect.
Jack-in-the-pulpit and many related houseplants, Mother-in-law’s tongue, Calladium, some Philodendrons, con- tain tiny oxalic acid crystals which are so sharp and so plentiful that chewing them (oxalic acid is itself a serious poison) causes painful swelling of the tongue and mouth parts. Kings- bury warns us that we should take these possibilities seriously. “Dumb- cane gets its common name from the fact that intense irritation of the mouth and throat usually prevents a person from talking for a while. Some think practical jokes with these plants are funny, but the truth is that more than one person has lost his life when tissues about the back of the tongue swelled up and blocked breathing as a result of taking a mouthful.”
EpGaR ANDERSON
A SUMMER'S AFTERNOON WITH HENRY SHAW AND HIS FRIENDS
WILBUR M.
| eae As the years go on, the various monuments and_ in- scriptions provided for his Botanical Garden by Henry Shaw become of increasing interest. A marble slab near a group of Yuccas, and dedicated to Dr. Charles A. Pope, is now almost
illegible and intrigues many visitors.
SHANKLAND
Older members of the staff can only tell them that the stone once marked a sprawling old plant of a Colorado species of Yucca which was eventually so badly injured by a mowing machine that it had to be removed. The spe- cial significance of this particular
plant and the ceremonies connected
4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
with the placing of the stone had been completely forgotten until the St. Louis Medical historian, Dr. Wilbur M. Shankland, uncovered the evidence in his researches into the history of Dr. Pope and his medical and scientific interests.
Dr. Shankland has graciously shared his discoveries with us and has per- mitted us to publish portions of his monographs which illuminate the his- tory of Henry Shaw’s Missouri Botan- ical Garden. Elsewhere in this issue we are publishing a short note describ- ing the role of the Yucca collection in the scientific development of the Gar- den. In later numbers of the BULLE- TIN we hope to publish other fascinat- ing bits of St. Louis history unearthed by Dr. Shankland. | Oe 5
| haat let us reproduce the account of the subject event as it appeared in an issue of the old Méssouri Republican of June 11, 1883, written by one of St. Louis’ foremost journal- ists of the nineteenth century.! The article shows that those who answered Mr. Shaw’s invitation were not only giving deference to the honoree of the occasion, Dr. Charles A. Pope, but im- plied a like tribute to the good works of their famous host as these were re- lated to all aspects of the contempor- ary community. Men who were lead- ers in the professional, scientific and commercial life of St. Louis were there and for each of them Mr. Shaw had a significant relationship.
' Style and characteristic expressions identify the journalist as undoubtedly Mr. Thomas Dimmock, who, since the 1860’s, had been a
leader in the local press and an editorial fea- ture writer at times on the Republican.
A GOOD MAN’S MEMORY.
Henry SHaAw’s HANDSOME TRIBUTE TO Dr. CHarres A. Pore, IMPRESSIVE SCENE OF THE GROUND HappiLy SELECTED FOR CEREMONY.
About 23 years ago one fine spring afternoon while Mr. Henry Shaw was busily engaged in planting some shrubs in the then comparatively new Missouri Bo- tanical Garden, Dr. Charles A. Pope, the famous surgeon, walked in with a pack- age in his hands and said he had a plant just received from the Rocky Mountains. He tendered it to Mr. Shaw, and planted it with his own hands. It was a specimen of the Yucca, or Spanish Bayonet plant.
Since then it has grown and thrived... now of monster growth, covering over a yard of ground. Since then the man who planted this specimen has passed away, and yesterday, on the very spot where he stood years ago, spade in hand, to plant his gift, a throng of his friends gathered to conduct a memorial service, devised by the venerable philanthropist, Mr. Henry Shaw, the “rare old English gentleman— one of the olden time.”
Near the great Yucca with its flowers, like two giant ears of corn, was erected an Italian marble slab about two feet high set in a base of sandstone. The slab bore the inscription:
YUCCA (ANGUSTI FOLIA) PLANTED IN 1860 By THE LAMENTED
Dr. CHarrtes A. Porr PLacep HERE IN MEMORIAM
By H.S.
Over sixty invitations had been sent out by Mr. Shaw to gentlemen who had known the lamented Doctor during his busy, eventful and honored life. The weather during the entire day was not only threatening but provoking. The sun would shine brightly for a minute or two and then ugly clouds would obscure it. Occasionally, raindrops fell and it would seem that the weather would have a bad effect upon the attendance at the ceremony which was set for 5 o’clock P.M. Notwithstanding .. . about thirty gentlemen put in an appearance... and all were received with the hospitality for which the proprietor of the beautiful gardens had been for years noted.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
His old friends, and many of them friends of him whose memory was com- memorated, gathered around and were shown about the gardens, beautiful in the clear sunlight after rain and radiant with the profusion of buds and blossoms of every hue and size.
The new conservatory was visited by the party, every member of which was pleased with the place so admirably fitted up for its purpose. Above the entrance were three beautiful busts—Linnaeus in the center, and Nuttal and Dr. Asa Gray on either side.” Mr. Shaw chatted inter- estingly of the flowers and plants of which it had been his life’s labor to gather together and arrange in this grand open- air botanic museum.
After a very pleasant time thus spent, the party moved to the spot where had been erected the memorial slab. Mr. Shaw, stepping from among his guests, read the following address, fully explana- tory of the... motives of the ceremony:
ADDRI SS OF Hi NRY SHAW.
Here, gentlemen, is a living monu- ment to our lamented friend. He took an earnest and kindly interest in the success of these botanical gardens, at their commencement’ twenty-five years ago, and often encouraged me to persevere in the undertaking by expa- tiating on the future benefits to the country and to the cause of Natural Sciences, by the collection and arrange- ment of plants, the production of var- ious countries and climate—An Amer- ican jardin des plantes, as he good- naturedly called it.
When in Europe he forwarded me information in regard to similar insti- tutions there, and called the attention of Sir William Hooker, the celebrated botanical writer and director of the London Kew Gardens, to our intended establishment at St. Louis. For his kindly feeling to myself, person- ally, and sympathy with my exertions, I bear a profound respect to his mem- ory, which I feel convinced, is par- ticipated in by those around me, for on this very spot where we are now stand- ing, on a pleasant springtime evening,
* Probably one of the earliest public refer- ences to the Linnaean House, just completed in 1882.
engaged with laborers around me, pre- paring the land for planting, he came up with a plant in his hand, accosting me in his usual friendly and cheerful way, saying, “I bring a plant just re- ceived from the Rocky Mountains.”
Delighted by the mark of his kind interest in the gardens, I invited him to plant it, which he did with his own hands, the first herbaceous specimen set out in these gardens, now twenty- three or twenty-four years ago.
A living monument to his memory, and, apparently for all time, this plant proved to be the Yucca-Angustifolia— Spanish Bayonet plant, growing spon- taneously in Colorado and named by Pursh from the specimens collected by Governor Lewis on his journey with Clark across the continent in 1804.
Our Southern colonists in Carolina and Georgia adopted the Yucca by reason of being armed with a formi- dable bayonet-shaped sharp pointed leaf, as a defense against Indian foes, planting it thickly around their wood- en stockades or forts and, from its palm-like appearance, called it “palm- ette.” But later, a nobler and loftier tree, growing in the southern coast of Florida and the Bahamas, called by distinction, the palmette royal, was adopted as the symbol of the South...
Dr. Pope was a favorite among all classes. Accomplished, benevolent, lib- eral and warmhearted, he had friends everywhere; all acknowledged the nobleness of his character. Better than myself, you know his profession- al attainments and accomplishments, for | understand there are some pres- ent here who were his pupils. This plain marble slab simply tells the world that Dr. Charles A. Pope was a patron of the Missouri Botanical Garden and hopes, as a memorial, it may meet the approbation of his many friends here present.
At the conclusion of Mr. Shaw’s re- marks, which were applauded heartily, there were calls for Dr. Gregory® ... Mr. James E. Yeatman being called upon, said:
“Elisha Hall Gregory, M.D., (1824-1906). A pupil of Dr. Pope, and graduate of his med- ical school (1849), Dr. Gregory became a faithful and loyal surgical adjunct of (Cont'd)
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
You know I am not given to many words. Dr. Pope was truly a beloved friend. I had known him long before I came to St. Louis. He met me first upon my arrival and mine was the last hand that clasped his when he left us for the last time on his trip to Europe. My love for him was more than that of a brother. There was scarcely a day that we were not together. My home was his, and his Sabbath-day dinners were taken at my table. Al- though [| was not with him when he married, I met him shortly afterward in New York and accompanied him on his bridal tour. In Paris it was his . custom to visit the hospitals at an early hour each morning, I, being his constant attendant, until one morning there were some experiments which he thought beautiful, but which made my knees rather unsteady and there- after I used to wait for him at a near- by store until he was done with the experimenting. It is pleasant to the living and a tribute to the memory of the dead to know that he is cher- ished in the hearts of many. By every man and every woman in the city who knew him, this last tribute will be accorded.
At the end of Mr. Yeatman’s address a rainstorm came upon the grounds and an adjournment was taken to the pagoda where the program continued. * * *
The party then adjourned to the Shaw mansion where some of the rich and rare old wines were opened to the guests and the memory of Dr. Pope was drunk in silence and the memory of the living was not forgotten, and again and again the health of Mr. Shaw was drunk. Dr. T. S. O’Reilly made a few touching remarks upon Dr. Pope and the affair came to an end very pleasantly.
Those present were:
John J. O'Fallon J. E.& D.F. Kaime Dr. George Engelmann M. A. Doyle
Dr. Thomas O’Reilly P. L. Foy
Dr. J. S. B. Alleyne B. W. Alexander Dr. Charles W. Stevens W.H. Thompson Dr. E. H. Gregory Hugh Campbell Dr. H. J. McKellops Michael Keeber George L. Barnett Girard B. Allen Joseph H. Sheets Edwin Harrison
J. M. Krum John Knapp Charles Todd Walker R. Carter John R. Shepley James E. Yeatman D. H. McAdam George W. Fishback Fred L. Billon D. G. Evans Adolphus Meier
This concludes the press account of the gathering. None of those present are alive today. Only the greying, time-weathered and nearly obliterated “slab” remains as a symbol of one
man’s esteem for another.
YUCCA AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
CIENTIFICALLY the Garden’s first S conspicuous triumph concerned the discoveries made here by one of the leaders in the developing science of entomology, Dr. C. V. Riley. He was then the State Entomologist of Mis- sourit with headquarters in St. Louis. He used the facilities of the developing Botanical Garden and it was on our
Dr. Pope and a figure of national renown in his field of medicine. He was once hailed by Dr. V. P. Blair as the “Master Surgeon of America.”
Yucca plants that he made his scrupu- lously detailed studies of the way they are pollinated.
When the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1872 gathered for its annual meeting in Dubuque, Iowa, the biggest sensation was Dr. Riley’s first public report on Yucca and the pollination behavior of the Pronuba moth.
Dr. George Engelmann, Mr. Shaw’s
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
friend and scientific advisor, was the American authority on Yuccas and had persuaded Dr. Riley to look into their pollination since it was evident that certain insects must be doing an efhcient job and that without them few or no seeds could be produced. Riley’s careful studies showed that while some of the furry white moths which flew around the flowers were just gathering pollen for their own use, the female Pronuba moths were cooperating with the Yucca plants in an amazing kind of way. These little creatures, not as big as the last joint of your little finger, would gather a ball of pollen, then find a seed pod just ready to develop, and lay some of their eggs where they would hatch into larvae and feed on the growing seeds. Then the moth would go to the recep- tive stigma of this still virginal mater- nal tissue and pollinate it thoroughly with Yucca pollen. It was an out- standing example of the intricate kinds of cooperation between plants and animals to which Darwin’s discoveries had turned men’s minds. The moth larvae had plenty of delicious young Yucca seeds to feed on when they hatched and a nice safe place to live in as they developed. Yucca got its stigmas expertly pollinated and there are so many seeds in a Yucca pod that it was not hampered by having a por- tion of them eaten eaten up (though neat gardeners are sometimes distressed by the way Pronuba punctures destroy the symmetry of otherwise handsome seed-pods) .
Dr. Riley’s speech at Dubuque and
the papers he soon published in the
N
Transactions of the St. Louis Acad- emy of Science and elsewhere, set oft a fierce world-wide debate on the Pronuba story. Fairly early in the controversy a prominent scientist who was not as meticulous as Dr. Riley about indentifying the insects he ob- served, attempted to refute the ac- count. He watched another kind of little white moth which used the pollen but did no pollinating and reported this as the behavior of the Pronuba moth! As the result of his sloppy work the argument went on much longer that it needed to. However, by the time Mr. Shaw gave his memo- rial tribute to Dr. Pope, Riley’s work on Pronuba was being widely con- firmed and talked about and Pope’s gift of a Yucca to Henry Shaw, (the first herbaceous plant established in the Garden) had become the nucleus of a growing collection of Yuccas. When Dr. William Trelease became the first director of the Garden, he in- tensified his own botanical studies of Yucca and became an authority on the genus. In 1892 in the scientific sup- plement to his third annual report, he and Dr. Riley published a monographic
account of the whole Pronuba story.
When Dr. Pope brought this Colo- rado Yucca plant to start off Henry Shaw’s collection, it was the first step in a sound program of biological and horticultural research. Dr. Pope and his Yucca angustifolia well deserve their marble marker and we are all indebted to Dr. Shankland for bring- ing the details of the ceremony to our
attention EpGarR ANDERSON
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
FALL COURSES FOR ADULTS NuMBERS LIMITED. ADVANCED REGISTRATION ADVISABLE,
GROWING PLANTS FROM CUTTINGS pe experience and lectures in the fundamentals of growing trees, shrubs, and perennials from cut- tings. The fee includes a_ plastic- covered metal propagating flat, a pre- pared mixture to use instead of soil, and 30 to 40 kinds of plants to make cuttings from. While the emphasis will be on such house plants as be- gonias, philodendrons, and geraniums, woody cuttings of trees and shrubs will be included in the course. The following methods will be taught: root cuttings; suckers; plant divisions; hard and softwood cuttings; leaf, bud, and scale cuttings.
5 Sessions—Fee $12.00. mental Greenhouse (reached from 2221 Tower Grove Avenue).
Tuesday Evenings—8 to 9:30 P. M. October 12, 19, 26, November 2, 9.
Ex peri-
Thursday Afternoons—1l to 2:30 P.M. October 14, 21, 28, November 4, 11.
Instructors: Mr. Clarence Barbre, Mr. Kenneth Peck.
PLANTS UNDER ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
New techniques and apparatus are coming up rapidly. Latest ideas and equipment for the amateur or profes- sional will be discussed and illustrated. Morning lecture, informal lunch, afternoon trip to visit artificial light installations.
One Session—Fee $5.00. Meet at Museum Building, 2221 Tower Grove Avenue (opposite Cleveland Ave- nue). Saturday—10 A.M. to 3 P.M. October 9.
lunch; coffee will be provided.
Come and bring your
Instructor: Prof. Robert J. Gilles-
pie.
SATURDAY PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN
IN SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER
No fees. No registration required.
Place: Museum Building or Research Greenhouse (Enter at 2221 Tower Grove).
Time: 10.00 to 11:30 A.M.
Instructors: Mr. Kenneth Peck and his staff.
SEPTEMBER
4 “The Mighty Oaks.” Make collections of important species to take home.
11 “The Hundred-in-One Flower.” Study early fall lowers belonging to Sunflower family.
18 “Devil’s Footstools.””| Mushroom demonstra- tion including story of penicillin.
25 “Nature Movies.’*’ Three color-sound movie films,
OCTOBER
2 “Planting Bulbs.’ Paperwhite narcissus bulbs planted to take home. (Bring a 1 Ib. coffee container. )
9 “Fall Treasure Hunt.’ Field trip in Garden. Contest and prizes for solving riddles and trail finding.
16 **Fall Colors.” Draw or paint scenes in Fall color.
23 “The Forests of the Rocky Mountains.” A travelogue illustrated with slides.
30 “Nature Movies.’’ Three color-sound movie films.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry HItTcHcock, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
Harry E. WuERTENBAECHER, JR., Second Vice President
Howarp F. Barer CLARENCE C, BARKSDALE Sam’L. C. Davis
JOHN S. LEHMANN
Henry B. PFLAGER
A. Timon Primo, III
WaRREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH
C. Powerit WHirenrap Honorary Trustees
GeorGceE L. CadiGan
DupLeY FRENCH
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
James S. McCLeELLan,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis
STRATFORD LEE MorToN,
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis
THomas H. E ror, Chancellor, Washington University
A. J. CERVANTES Mayor, City ot St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs.
lL. Bakewell, Jr., President, Mrs. T
Randolph Potter, First lice President, Mrs. James Alfring, Second lice President, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sidney M. Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer, Sally D.
Carr, Erecitive Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Mrs. J. Herman Belz, Mrs. Paul li. Britt, FE.
G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, E. J
Gildehaus, Carl F. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, FF. R. Me Math, Dan O'Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Charles
Sacamano, Robert E. Goetz, Charrman.
GARDEN STAFF
Davin M. Gares, Director
Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants
CLARENCE BarsreE, Instructor DEREK G. Burcu, Assistant Botanist
Laptstaus Cutak, Greenhouse Superintendent
Hucu C. Cutter, Curator of Useful Plants
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate
Watpo G. FEcCHNER, Secretary of Board and Controller
RayMOND FREEBORG. Research Associate
James Hampton, Chief Engineer and Superintendent of Operations
Paut A, Kou, Floriculturist
Watter H. Lewis, Director of the Herbarium
F. R. McMatnu, Rosarian
ViKToR MUEHLENBACHS, Research Associate
H. Wayne Nicuotrs, Curator of Algae Royce L. Outver, Research Assistant KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor
Mrs. Marion Pretrrer, Orchid Grower
GerorGE H. Princ, Superintendent Emeritus
Joun Ripeway, Curator of Bryophytes ALFRED SAXDAL, Rose Grower OweEN J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
GrorceE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supplemented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing greenhouses and most other facilities are from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s fom 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Climatron stays open until 7:00 P. M., as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. ‘Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festi- vals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature classes are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden maintains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is sometimes open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park- Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and taking part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
Phone TOwnsend 5-0440
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN S5ulletin Yemen
Cover: Portion of a Tapioca plant in full bloom. The fully expanded flowers are
about the width of the tip of a little finger.
CONTENTS
Tapioca and the Climatron Membership, Friends of the Garden Book Review: Perennials, Paul Kohl When Victorias Made a Splash
A Charming New Weed
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, Missouri.
Editor: EoGar ANDERSON.
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois,
under Act of March 3, 1879.
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LII[ No. 8
Bulletin
October 1965
TAPIOCA AND THE CLIMATRON
oy [hes plant from which we get our tapioca, Manihot esculenta, has made an interesting display in the Cli- matron. It quickly grew into a bush just as it does in the tropics. In spite of having been repeatedly headed back, it is now the size of a small apple tree. Except for short periods immediately after these dehornings, its graceful narrow-fingered leaves have been abundant and attractive, while the small, greenish-yellow flowers have been borne freely enough to add in- terest to the foliage.
This is the great starchy root-crop of the tropics, which at the equator is grown all the way from sea level to above 8,000 feet. Where it is being intensively cultivated it usually gets little chance to become very bush-like. As soon as the roots are of moderate size, the whole field or plot is dug up and harvested and another crop is planted. There are many varieties and they vary in their height and bushi- ness, in the size and color of the roots, and in the shapes and sizes of the leaves. One of the world’s foremost tropical botanists questioned the label on our Climatron specimen and was not really satisfied until we found a
few flowers which confirmed the label.
In the tropics, big, old specimens of this sort are not seen in cultivated fields but are common in country dooryards or in orchard-gardens mixed in with the coffee bushes, fruit trees, and gourd vines. Under such circum- stances the starchy roots can get as big as a man’s leg.
For a world in which more and more people are starving to death each vear, Manihot esculenta is one of the hopes for the future. Unfortunately in the temperate zone we are familiar only with its incidental uses in pack- aged tapioca pudding or as old- fashioned “Pearl Tapioca.” Through- out the tropics it is a common starchy food, boiled up like rather gluey mashed potato or French fried in thin slices, which can be quite delicious when carefully prepared. Its com- monest names there are mostly some variant of the following: Yuca (“‘yew- kah”); Manioc (“mahniock’’); Cas- sava (‘“cahsahvah”).
It is a good thing that St. Louis school children are getting to know it at the Climatron. Intelligent World- Citizens of tomorrow will need to know about it and appreciate what it
can and can’t do.
2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
THROUGH SEPTEMBER 15,
Mr. and Mrs. Howard F. Baer Mr. and Mrs. Herman Bowmar Mrs. Kenneth C arpenter Mrs. Daniel k. : cet Mrs. Theron E. Catlit Mr. and Mrs. fee G. Clodius Mr. Joseph Desloge Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Mr. and Mrs.
H. Richard Duhme, Jr.
Drew
eK NSD
LIFE MEMBERS Mrs. Mildred Goodwin Mr. and Mrs. John H. Miss Flora FE. Henke
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hitchcock Mr. and Mrs. Adolph M.
Hayward
Mrs. Arthur C. Hoskins Mr. and Mrs. John V. Janes Mr. and Mrs. Roy D. Kercheval
Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Harold
Elmer C, Kiefer
Hoenny
Theodore Lange, Jr.
1965
Mr. and Mrs. John S. Lehmann
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Ross McCarthy Mr. and Mrs. Stratford Lee Morton Mr. and Mrs. Fristoe Mullins
Mr. and Mrs. piel W. Piper
Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Robins Mr. and Mrs. peor Sunnen
Miss Sylvia Walden
Mrs. Horton Watkins
Mrs. Ann M. Wendell
A
Mr. Lester M. Abbott
Mrs. Rodowe H. Abeken Walter E. Abell, M.D.
Dr. and Mrs. Morris Abrams Mrs. Elmer D. Abramson Mrs. Lydia F. Acker
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Ackerman Dr. Lauren V. Ackerman
Mrs. Lester Ackerman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs.
Philip G. Ackermann Mr. Claude C. Adams Mr. Wilbur C,. Adams Mrs. Anna Aderholt Dr. Helen M. Aff Affton Garden Club Mr. Samuel Aftergut Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. Miss Adeline Ahrens Mrs. William M. Akin Mr. and Mrs. Gabriel Alberici Alexander & Sons, Inc.
Mrs. Campbell P. Alexander Mrs. R. G. Alexander Mr. and Mrs.
Sterling J. Alexander Mr. and Mrs. James G. Alfring Miss Rose Marie Algarda All Seasons Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Ben Allen Mr. and Mrs.
Charles C. Mr. and Mrs.
Charles Claflin Allen Mrs. Clifford B. Allen Mr. Edmund T. Allen
Ahlvin
Allen, Jr.
Dr. and Mrs. Henry C. Allen Leonora Allen Mr. and Mrs. Norris H. Allen
Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Allen
Miss Elizabeth Alles
Mr. and Mrs. George Alles
Mr. and Mrs. Barbee C. Allred
All States Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Allwardt
Dr. and Mrs. J. P. Altheide
Mr. A, W. Altvater
Mrs. Donald H. Altvater
Mrs. Vern Ambach
Mr. and Mrs. Richard H.
Miss Jaquelin Ambler
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J.
Mr. and Mrs. Clarence B.
Anders
Anderson
Amberg
Mrs. J. Carl Anderson
Mr. and Mrs. Lynden E.
Mr. and Mrs. Marion M. Anderson
Mrs. W. F. Anderson
Miss Laura Andreas
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene
Mrs. D. C. Andrews
Mrs. Demitrius Andrews
Mrs. George W. Andrews
Mrs. Lewis T. Apple
Mr. nd Mrs. Edward FF. Arkes
Mr. John H. Armbruster
Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Armbruster
Dr. and Mrs. A. N. Arneson
Mrs. Cecil P. Arnold
Mr. Sanford M. Arnold
Mr. H. N. Arnstein
Mrs. Walter W. Arpe
Mr. and Mrs. Robert N. Arthur
Mr. and Mrs. Maurice Artstein
Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Astroth
Mr. and Mrs. Louis E. Astroth
Anderson
Andres
Mrs. Louis M. Atha Mrs, Albert Auer Miss Melba E. Aufderheide
Mr. Newell A. A
ugur
Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Augustine Mr. and Mrs. Howard G. Ault Mr. and Mrs. John R. Averill Mr. and Mrs. Sanford B. Avis Mrs. T. R. Ayars
Mrs. L. Kk. Ayers
Mr. and Mrs. Lautha C. Ayler
B Mr. and Mrs. Frank Bach Mr. and Mrs. W. N. Bachman
Mrs. Oscar W. Bachmann Mr. and Mrs. Blythe Baebler Mr. Arthur B. Baer
Mr. F. Bert Baer Mrs. H. M. Baer Mrs. Mary E. Baer Mrs. Roland C. Baer Mr. and Mrs.
Roland C. Baer, Jr. Mr. Loren M. Bailey Mr. John C. Baine Mrs. Hazel Baird Mr. Donald J. Baker Mrs. Kenneth C. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Mrs. Alexander Bakewell
Baker
Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr. Mrs. Paul Bakewell, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John Ballak Mr. and Mrs. John F. Ballak Mrs. Charlotte Ballmann Mrs. H. H. Balsiger Mrs. Thelma Bangert Mr. Loren W. Bannister Mr. and Mrs. F. A. Barada Mr. Cecil E. Barber Mr. Clarence Barbre Mrs. B. A. Bard Mrs. Carl C. Bardenheier Mrs. Neil L. Barham Mr. Clarence C. Barksdale Mrs. Clarence M. Barksdale Mr. and Mrs. T. Ellis Barnes, II Mr. and Mrs. William E, Barnes Mr. and Mrs. Charles C. Mr. and Mrs. H. Grant Barngrove Mrs. Richard O. Barnhart Mr. Francis Barnidge Mr. and Mrs. David Baron Barrett Garden Club Miss Jane S. Barrie Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H. Barriger Mr. and Mrs. Albert W. Barroni Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Bartlett, S Mr. and Mrs. John R. Bartlett, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Harmon J. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas C. Barton, Jr. Mrs. Calvin P. Bascom Mr. Joseph H. Bascom Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom Miss Mary Elizabeth Bascom
Barnett, Jr.
Barton, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. R. Bascom Mr. and Mrs. Dudley B. Batchelor
Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Mrs. W. M. Bates
Mrs. Edmond S. Bauer Mrs. Emile G. Bauer, Jr. Mrs. Roland Bauer
Mr. and Mrs.
Herman O, Bauermeister Mrs. Albert H. Baum Mr. and Mrs. G. Duncan Bauman Mr. Sanford Leigh Baum
Bates
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Dr. and Mrs. Walter Baumgarten, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Harry Baumstark Mrs. Andrew H. Baur Miss Dorothy Beach Mr. Charles F. Bealke Mrs. Helen F. Bear Mr. and Mrs. Ferris P. Mr. Ronald Beasley
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Beatty
Mrs. W. T. Beauchamp Mr. and Mrs. David J. Beaver Mrs. Helen Bebie
Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Bebout Dr. and Mrs. Bernard Becker Mrs. Evelyn Becker Mrs. John H. Becker Mrs. Ralph C. Becker Mr. R. Clark sae Mr. Wm. C. E. Bec
Mr. and Mrs. W flit im aR Mr. Walter A. Beckers Leona J. Beckmann
Mr. and Mrs. William S. Bedal Bedford Oaks Garden Club
Becker
Mr. and Mrs. Ray H. Bedwell Mr. L. W. Beer
Mr. and Mrs. L. N. Beeson Mr. and Mrs. Norman Begeman Mr. and Mrs. Wm. S. Beggs
Beiderwieden Funeral Home, Inc.
Miss Helen E. Beleck
Mr. and Mrs. Elmer N. Belew Mrs. Charles Belknap
Miss Alice A. Bell
Mr. and Mrs. Ernest F. Bell
Bellerive Acres Garden Club Mrs. John A. Belt
Mrs. Henry Belz Henry Belz, III Mr. and Mrs. J. Miss Bess Belzer
Herman Belz
Mr. and Mrs. Oliver J. Belzer Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Bender Mrs. Richard J. Bender
Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Benert
Mrs. Richard W. Bennet Mr. and Mrs. Wayne Bennetsen Mrs. R. H. Bennett Mr. and Mrs. Howard L. Benton Dr. and Mrs. Leonard Berg Mr. and Mrs. Nathan C. Berger Mr. W. C. Berkimeyer f. Matthew Bernatsky Eric Bernays Mr. (Brent Berry, Sr. W endell Berry Mr. Wea Mrs. Rowland T. Mr. and Mrs. Oliver A. i Arnim ©, Reste Better Garden Club of Greater St. Louis Mr. and Mrs. William J. Mr. Henry S. Bieniecki Mr. and Mrs. Lonnie Bierman Mrs. William H. Biggs Miss Betty Bilgere Mr. and Mrs. D. J. Miss Joan C, Mr. and Mrs. Mise
Berthoff Berwin
Beukema
Biller
Billing
Donald H. J. Bircher
rs. Hunter L. Bird
Mr. and Mrs. Emil O.
Mr. and Mrs.
Edward G. Bischotf Mr. and Mrs. Sgone S: Dr. and Mrs. G. H. Mr. Alfred Bisig Mr. and Mrs.
Kenneth H. Mr. and Mrs. Mrs.
Bippen
Birkner
Bischoff Bishop
Bitting, Jr. Wm. H. Bixby, Jr. Gurdon G. Black
Beardsley
Mr. and Mrs. Dan Blackburn Jasper Blackburn Corporation Mrs. Oliver Blackington
Black Jack Oaks Garden Club
Mrs. Edward L. Blackmer Mr. Russell K. Blaine Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Blair Mrs. Vilray Blair, Jr. Mr. C. D. Blake Mr. and Mrs. L Saar W. Blake Mrs. Arthur S. Bland, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Bland Mrs. Adela Blank Mr. and Mrs. Albert G. Blanke, Jr. Mrs. Harry E. Blanke Mr. and Mrs. Henry Blatt Mr. and Mrs. William F. Blecha
Dr. and Mrs. Virgil Bleisch Mrs. F. I. Bleitz Mr. Richard H. Blocher Dr. and Mrs. Arnold S. Block Mr. and Mrs. Frank Block Mrs. Alden S. Blodget, Jr. Mrs. Erwin E. Bloss Blue Bell Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Fred J. B Mr. and Mrs.
John A. Blumenfeld Mrs. Selden Blumenfeld
lum
Mrs. H. T. Blumenthal
Mr. Frank C. Blumeyer
Miss Emma J. Bobb
Col. C; Py Bobe
Mr. Walter Bode
Mr. and Mrs. Warren Boecklen Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Boehm Mr. Frank J. Boehm
Mrs. Elsie D. Boehrer
Mrs. Lucie V. Boesch
Miss Caroline Boeschenstein Mr. and Mrs.
Edward X. Boeschenstein Mr. and Mrs. - Kk. Boeschenstein Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Boettcher, Jr. Mr. Arthur F. pee ee Mr. John M. Bogianor
Mr. and Mrs. Wilferd Bohley Mr. and Mrs. Chas. W. Bolan Mr. and Mrs. Albert W. Bolay Mr. and Mrs. Arthur D. Bond Dr. and Mrs. Leslie F. Bond
Mrs. Arthur A. Bonsack Bonne Terre Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. William A. Miss Dorothy
Borders Borgers
Mrs. John Bormann Mr. and Mrs. John dis Bosco Dr. and Mrs. D. S. Bottom
Miss Mar tgs H. Boulton
Mrs. heed Kk. Bovard
Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Bowersox
Mr. mr Mrs. John M. Bowlin
Mrs. Wim. Glasgow Bowling
Miss Helen O. Bowman
Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Bowman
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur F. Bownes
Mr. and Mrs. Ingram I,
Mrs. John C.
Mr. and Mrs Robert Webb Boyd, Ji
Mr. and Mrs.
Boyd, xe
Boyd
Robert W. Boyd, S1 Mrs. W. W. Boyd Mr. and Mrs. John A. Boyle
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs.
David W. Boyles Hiram Boyles
Miss Evelyn M. Braden Dr. F. R. Bradley Mr. Harry E. Bradley
Mrs. Richard C. Bradley Mr. and Mrs. G. C. Bradshaw
Mr. Arthur M. Branch, Jr. Mrs. Edna C. Branch Miss Mary Brandenburg Mrs. O. W. Brandhorst Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Brandon Dr. and Mrs. E. R. Brandt Mrs. Pete Brandt Mr. and Mrs. Chester V. Braun Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Brauner Mr. and Mrs. Buford L. Brauninger Mr. Len J. Bray Mr. and Mrs. John E. Brazee Miss Ruth A. Breckenridge Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth D. Mr. and Mrs. John F. Bredehoeft Brentwood Garden Club 1 Brentwood Garden Club 4 Mrs. B. M. Brewster Mr. James C. Brice Dr. and Mrs. Neal S.
Breckner
Bricker
Mr. and Mrs. Charles FE. Briner Mrs. Harry Brinkop
Mrs. J. W. Bristow
Mr. and Mrs. Paul H. Britt
Mrs. Madelaine L. Brock Mr. and Mrs. Harry C. Brockhoff Mrs. Loren T. Brockman Mr. Siegfried E. Brockmann Mr. and Mrs. John Brodhead, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Willis Brodhead Mrs. Saul Brodsky Miss Harriet A. Broeker Mrs. E. W. Broemmelsiek Mr. and Mrs. Dan Broida Mr. A. V. L. Brokaw Miss Clara Bronme yer Mr. and Mrs. R. C. Brooke H. S. Brooks, M.D. Miss Bernice Brookman Miss Dorothy Brookman Mr. and Mrs. A. O. Brossard Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bronstein Mr. and Mrs. Curtis Brostron Dr. and Mrs. David H. Brown Mr. Drew Brown Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Ellis L. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Garland Brown Mrs. Glenda Brown Mrs. G. W. Brown Dr. and Mrs.
James Barrett Brown Miss Marie C. Brown Mrs. Stella Chaney Brown Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Brown, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. W. W. Brown Mr. and Mrs. T. James Brownlee Mrs. R. T. Brumbaugh Mr. and Mrs. Harold T. Brunette Dr. and Mrs. E. G. Brungard Mrs. Erwin Bry Mrs. Henry Bry Mr. and Mrs.
Py Taylor Bryan. Jr. Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Buchanan Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Buchanan Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Buck, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Kk. Buckley
Mr. and Mrs. John M. Buckley Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H. Buder Miss Lily Buder
Mrs. Oscar FE. Buder
Mr. W. E. Buder
Miss Norma Buehler Mrs. Wm. Buenger Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Buettner Mrs. John Buettner Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Buhrmaster Dr. Harold A. Bulger Mrs. Richard A. Bullock
Mr. and Mrs. Earl Bumiller Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Burdett Mrs. Carolyn S. Burford Mr. Stephen A. Burkenne Mrs. Jack C. Burke Mrs. E. G. Burkham Dr. and Mrs.
Edward F. Burkhart Martha L. Burkhart Mr. and Mrs.
Raymond E. Burlew, Sr. Mrs. Louis Burlingham Mr. Adoph Burmeister Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Burns Dr. Harry C. Burrus, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Robert Burstein Mr. S. John G. Burton Mrs. Adolphus Busch Mrs. Harold J. Busch Mr. and Mrs. F. J. Bush, Jr. Mrs. H. T. Bussmann, Sr. Mr. and Mrs.
Norbert V. Bussmann Mr. Jack G. Butler Mr. John P. Butler Mrs. L. W. Butler
Mr. and Mrs. James I. Byerly Cc Rev. George L. Cadigan
Mr. and Mrs. William R. Cady, Jr.
Mrs. Francis R. Cahill Mr. and Mrs. Melvin L. Caldwell Mr. and Mrs. John C. Calhoun
Mrs. John W. Calhoun Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Camel Mr. and Mrs. Frank Cammarata Mrs. Dorothy Mayne Campbell Mr. James M. Canavan Mr, W. L. Canfield Dr. and Mrs. Edward M. Cannon Mr. and Mrs. John EF. Cantalin Capitol Hills Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. G. Stephen Carew Mrs. Dorothy Carlson Mr. and Mrs. E, Herbert Carlson Esther Carlson Mr. and Mrs. Emile S. Carp Mrs. Fred Green Carpenter Dr. and Mrs. Archie D. Carr Mr. Claude E. Carr Miss Louise Carr Miss Margaret Carr Miss C, P. Carroll Dr. and Mrs.
Hampton L. Carson Mr. and Mrs. Wm. G. B. Carson Mrs. Don Carter Miss Virginia B. Carter Mrs. B. L. Carton Mr. and Mrs. 7 L. Casey Mr. and Mrs. Houston Caskie Dr. and Mrs. Mele Cassel Catalina Garden Club Mrs. John R. Caulk, Jr. Cavalier African Violet Club Mr. and Mrs. Eldred A. Cayce Miss Janet B. Cerf Hon. and Mrs. A. J. Cervantes Dr. Peter Chacharonis Mr. and Mrs.
Holland F. Chalfant, Jr. Mrs. Gerome Chambers Mr. and Mrs. Albert Chandler Mrs. Warren T. Chandler Mrs. John N. Chapin Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Charak Dr. Ben H. Charles, III Mr. William Charles Mr. and Mrs.
William H. Charles
Charm Song African Violet Club Dr. Raymond M. Charnas Mrs. Jacob Chasnott Mr. Edward G. Cherbonnier Mr. and Mrs. Clarence W. Cherry Mrs. F. T. Childress Mrs. L. Wade Childress Mrs. Leland Chivvis Mrs. Henri Chomeau Mr. Auguste Chouteau, Jr. Mrs. L. J. Christen Mrs. V. F. Christen Dr. and Mrs. Roger F. Christensen Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Christian Mrs. W. T. Christmas Mrs. C, Calvin Christy Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Clacker Mrs. Charles FE. Claggett Mrs. and Mrs. James W. Miss Marion Lydia Clark Mr. Robert B. Clark Mr. S. A. sagt Dr. and Mrs. Sam L. Clark, Jr. Mrs. Chauncey H. ¢ arke Mr. and Mrs. John G. Clarke Rowena Clarke Garden Club Kirkwood 1 Mrs. J. Turner Clarkson Miss Catherine Clayes Mrs. Edward H. Clayton Clayton Garden Club 1 Clayton Garden Club 2 Clayton Garden Club 3 Clayton Garden Club 4 Clayton Garden Club 5 Mrs. W. Allen Cleneay Mrs. Berthoud Clifford Miss Mary Frances Clifford Cc liftou Heights Garden Club Dr. and Mrs. Geo. Clipner Mr. ©. J. Cloughly ae and Mrs. Gordon Coates Marshall G. Cochran
Clark
ce Robert MeN. Cochran Mr. and Mrs. Elmer E. Cocke Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Coe
. and Mrs. Lee Coffee
Mr. E. W. Coffey
. and Mrs. E. A. Cogho Mrs. Gertrude Cohen
Mr. and Mrs. Lester L. Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Cohen Mrs. R. P. Cohn
Mr. and Mrs. Harold R. Colbert Mr. E. Weston Colbrunn, Jr. Mrs. J. H. Cole
Mr. and Mrs.
George W. Coleman Mrs. Grace H. Coleman Mrs. R. W. Coleman Miss Ruth D. Colestock Mrs. Thomas Colfer Mr. and Mrs. G. I. Collett Mrs. Richard J. Collins Mr. and Mrs. T. R. Collins, Jr. Columbia Garden Club Mrs. Schotten-Compton Dr. and Mrs. F. Comte Mrs. G. K. Conant, Jr.
Mrs. S. D. Conant
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert D. Condie Concord Garden Club Mr. Martin E. Connelly Mrs. E. M. Conner
Mr. and Mrs. Burton F. Dr. and Mrs.
Adolph H. Conrad, Jr. Miss Lillian C. Conrad Mrs. Otto S. Conrades Mr. Paul FE. Conrades Mr. and Mrs. Joseph J. Conradi Mrs. Palmer L. Conran
Connolly
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mr. Philip A. oo ath Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Conreux Mr. and Mrs. Hz ele S. Cook Mrs. Henry M. Cook Mr. and Mrs. James F. Cook, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Paul Ira Cook 7. and Mrs. Bruce H. Cooke Mrs. T. K. Cooper, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Willis M. Cooper Mr. and Mrs.
Charles M. Copley, Jr. Miss Josephine M. Copp Coral Belles Garden Club Coral-Biscayne Garden Club Mrs. C. H. Corbett Mrs. Justin Cordonnier Dr. and Mrs. Carl Cori Mrs. John C. Corley Mrs. Robert Corley Mr. and Mrs, Clifford Corneli Mrs. Verne N. Cornelius Miss Lucile Cornet Mr. and Mrs.
A. M. Cornwell, Jr. Mrs. B. S. Cornwell Mr. and Mrs.
Franklin J. Cornwell Mrs. Frederick J. Cornwell Mr. and Mrs. James A. Corrigan Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Costigan Mr. and Mrs. Carl H. Cotterill Mr. Phillip Cotton, Jr. Mrs. George Cottrill Mr. and Mrs.
Dwight W. Coultas, Jr. County Belles African Violet
Club Dr. and Mrs. R. M. Courtney Mr. and Mrs. Mark B. Covell Dr. and Mrs. Walter P. Covell Dr. and Mrs. E. V. Cowdry Mr. and Mrs. Dana Cowell Cowhey A. Cox - Harvey B. ine Sr. Erna A. ( Mr. ‘and Mrs. Philip M. Craig Mr. James E. Crawford Mr. and Mrs.
Vincent E, Creamer Mr. and Mrs. John H. Crites . Eugene D. Cronk Mr ‘James Arthur Crouch, Jr. Mr. O. Ruffin Crow Mr. A. B. Crowder Mrs. A. B. Cull Mr. and Mrs. Wm. 1 Mr. and Mrs. C. R. Culling Mr. and Mrs. B. B. Culver, Jr. Edwin R. Culver, Jr. Mrs. H. Harrison C ulver Mr. and Mrs.
Merrimon Cuninggim Mrs. Wm. H. Cunlitf Mr. and Mrs. John E. Curby Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Curlee Mr. and Mrs. Shelby H. Curlee Mr. and Mrs. Con P. Curran, Jr. Mr. George W. Curran Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Currier, Jr. Mr. Ralph F. Curry Miss Betty Lou Custer Mrs. Vito Cusumano Dr. and Mrs. Harold M. Cutler Mr. A. L. Cutter
7, Cullinane
Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Cutty D Dr. and Mrs, J. W. Daake
Mr. James A. Dacey Mrs. Omer Dahm Mr. and Mrs. E. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. A. F.
R. Daigger Frank Dallavalle Dalton
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
Col. and Mrs.
Walter Wm. Dalton Mrs. Leslie Dana Mr. and Mrs. Donald Danforth Mr. and Mrs.
Donald Danforth, Jr.
Mrs. C. Peyton Daniel
Mrs. Paul J. Daniel
Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Danzer Mr. and Mrs. Arthur R. Darr Mr. and Mrs. Jack Darrow Mrs. P. A. Dates
Mr. and Mrs. Russ David Mr. and Mrs.
John L. Davidson, Jr.
Dr. and Mrs. M. Davidson Mr. Hugo H. Davis Mr. and Mrs.
J. Lionberger Davis, Jr. Mrs. John W. Davis Mrs. Kenneth M. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Mr. and Mrs. Sam’! C. Mrs. Sidney G. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Vest Davis Mr. and Mrs. Harold P. Davison Mr. and Mrs. W. Z. Davison Dr. Anthony B. Day Mrs. Charles M. Day
Davis Davis
Mrs. H. D. Dav
Mr. and Mrs. Morgan CC] Day Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Deal Mr. and Mrs. Wm. H. Deal Lee W. Dean, Tr., M.D. Mrs. Marie J. Dean
Miss Rosalind M. Dean
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Deatrick Mrs. J. A. Deeble Mr. and Mrs.
C. Donald Deggendorf Mrs. E. L. Deicke Dr. Robert B. Deitchman Mrs. W. V. Delahunt Mrs. Glenn A. Delf Mrs. William E. Delicate Delmar Garden Cluh Mrs. C. P. DeLore Dr. and Mrs. William Demko Mrs. Dumont G. Dempsey Mr. Robert H. Denckhoff Mr. and Mrs. Edgar W. Mr. and Mrs.
Louis S. Dennig, Jr. Mrs. Israel Dennis Charles Denny Company Mrs. J. Leo Denny Mr. and Mrs.
Eugene W. Dependahl Mr. and Mrs. ©. D. De Pew
Denison
Mr. and Mrs. Harlan A. Depew Mr. and Mrs. Wallene R. Derby Mr. Firmin Desloge Mr. Marcel Desloge Mr. and Mrs.
Theodore P. Desloge Mr. and Mrs. William L. Desloge
Mr. and Mrs. Mart E. Dr. and Mrs. Paul A. Dewald Mrs. Charles W. DeWitt Mr. and Mrs.
Irvin S. De Woskin Mrs. Nolan DeWoskin Mrs. Barney Diamond Miss Gladys Dickinson Mrs. Edward C. Dicke Mrs. A. H. Diehr Mrs. Dirk eas Mr. and Mrs. Roger Dierberg Mr. and Mrs. r red L. Dierker Miss Carol Dill Mr. and Mrs. Irving Dillard Mr. and Mrs.
Edward ©. Dillmann Mr. T. B. Dinkmeier
De Tienne
Mrs. F. L. Dinsmore
Mr. and Mrs, Albert Di Prospere
Mrs. H. Dischinger Mr. and Mrs.
William H. Dittmann, II Mrs. George Dobler Mr. and Mrs. Duncan C. Mrs. Douglas W. Dodds Mr. and Mrs.
James T. Dodds, Jr. Mrs. Edwin Dodge Mrs. Aneta B. Dodson Dr. and Mrs. C. Gene D’Oench Mrs. C. A. Doertlinger Dogwood Garden Club Dr. and Mrs. E. A. Doisy
Dobson
Dr. and Mrs. James L. Donahoe Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. Donius Mrs. Jess F. Donnell Mr. John F. Donovan, Jr. Mrs. W. Milner Donovan Mrs. Wm. T. Dooley Mr. and Mrs.
Wm. T. Dooley, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Doris Mr. and Mrs.
a “ve A. Dorlac Mrs. G. Dorris. hie Mr. ani Mrs, E. O. Dorsch Miss Wilma Dosenbach Mr. and Mrs. Robert FE. Doss
Mrs. Veronica S. Dougherty Mr. and Mrs. Matthew L. Dow Dr. and Mrs. Charles Doyle Mr. and Mrs. John O. Dozier Mr. and Mrs.
Lewis D. Dozier, Jr. Mrs. C. Warren Drake Mr. and Mrs.
John M. Drescher. Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Donald Dressler Miss Isabelle Drewett Mrs. Leo A. Drey Mr. and Mrs. James M. Mr. and Mrs
Clark M. Driemeyer Mr. and Mrs. G. Mr. Henry F. Driemeyer Mr. and Mrs.
Kenneth Drummond Mr. and Mrs. Neil Drury Mr. W. Donald Dubail Mr. and Mrs.
Edward A. Dubinsky Mr. and Mrs. Edward N. Dubois Mr. and Mrs. George F. Du Bois Mr. and Mrs. Louis F. Dubois Dr. and Mrs.
Theodore mee. Aba Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Duchesne Mr. and Mrs. Lee M. Duggan Miss Hazel Duncan Mrs. Henry P. Duncker Mrs. Francis M. Dunford Mrs. Robert B. Dunford Mrs. James M. Dunlap Mr. Arthur A. Dunn, Jr. Mrs. William M. Dyer Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Dyreks
Dreyer
E
Dr. and Mrs. Dr. and Mrs.
Dee W. J. W.
Eades
Eades
Mrs. Mark D. Eagleton Mrs. Willard G. Eakin Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert C. Early Eastern Mo. Beekeeping Assn.
Mr. and Mrs. Dr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Eckrich Mrs. Ernest A. Eddy
Mrs. Otho S. Edgington
Otis W. Eaton Vincent L. Eberle John R. Eck
Fred Driemeyer
Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Mr. and Mrs.
Edison Irving Edison Mr. and Mrs. Simon Edison Mr. and Mrs. Henry Edmonds Miss E. V. Edwards Mrs. Louis H. Egan Mrs. Theodore C, Eggers Mr. and Mrs. Willis G. Ehrhardt Mr. Frederick H. Eickhoff Dr. and Mrs. Jack Eidelman Dr. and Mrs. Edwin G. Eigel Eighth District Missouri Federation of Women’s Clubs Mr. and Mrs. Rey Eilers Mrs. Fred B. Eiseman Mrs. Wm. N. Ejisendrath, Jr. Mrs. Albert Eisenstein Chancellor and Mrs. Thomas H. Eliot Mr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Ellenburg Mr. and Mrs. Donovan Eller Miss Winnie Ellinwood Mrs. and Mrs. Thomas O. Ellinwood Miss Lucy C. Elliott Mr. and Mrs. Frank Ellis Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth K. Ellis
Mr. and Mrs. John V. Ellison Mr. and Mrs. Donald C. Elsaesser
Elsberry Garden Club Mr. A. R. Elsperman Mr. and Mrs. William H. Mr. William H. Emig Mr. G. Donald Emigh Mrs. Nancy R. Engelsmann Mr. William H. Engelsmann Mr. and Mrs.
William R. England, Jr. Engler Acres Garden Club Mr. Edgar H. Enslin Miss Gladys Epps Mrs. Thelma Epstein Mr. and Mrs. LeRoy A. Erickson Dr. and Mrs. R. F. Erickson Mrs. R. C. Ermeling Dr. and Mrs.
H. Cappel Eschenroeder
Elston
Dr. and Mrs. Leonard J. Eslick Mis) Ge LAEvans Mr. and Mrs. Harold B. Evans
Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Evans Mr. and Mrs. O. D. Evans Mrs. D. L. Evertz
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Evertz Miss Rose L. Evertz Everygreen Garden Club 1 Dr. C. H. Eyermann
Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Ezell
F
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs.
Robert Fagen Harry J. Fahringer Mr. and Mrs. Benedict Farrar Mr. and Mrs. Leicester Faust Rev. and Mrs. J. Maver Feehan Mrs. Edward Fehlig
Mr. and Mrs. Echeal T. Feinstein Mr. and Mrs. John E. Feldhaus Dr. and Mrs. David Feldman Mr. and Mrs. M. H. Feldman Felicia Garden Club
Mr. and Mrs. Carl T. Felker Mr. and Mrs. John O. Felker Mrs. E. C., Felt
Mr. George Z. Fencil Fenton Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Gary W. Miss Lydia Ferrell Mrs. David B. Ferrenbach Mr. and Mrs. Son Fesler Mr. and Mrs. Russell Fette
Ferguson
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur H. Feuerbacher, Jr. Miss V. Feuerbacher Mr. Russell R. Feverston Mr. Boleslaw J. Figorski Mr. Francis A. Fillmore Mr. and Mrs. Herbert I. Dr. and Mrs. Max Fink Dr. and Mrs. Murray E. Mrs. x alter Fischel Mrs. Aaron Fischer Miss Elvir a Fischer Miss Mary C. Fischer Mrs. P. G. Fisher Miss Edna Fisse
Finch, Jr.
Finn
Mrs. Richard D. Fitzgibbon, Jr. Mrs. Helen E. Fitzroy Miss Bertha M. Flach
Mrs. John H. Flachmann Dr. and Mrs. |. J. Flance Mr. and Mrs. Roy V. Flesh Fleur de Lis Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Flexner Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kk. Fliteraft Flora Place Garden Club Flora Place Protective Assoc. Mrs. Clara M. Flori Floribunda Garden Club of Dittmer Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Floyd Mr. and Mrs. Peter Fogertey Mrs. Raymond J. Fog Mr. and Mrs. John R. Fogg Mr. and Mrs. John J, Fojtik Mr. and Mrs. Philip A. Foley Mrs. E. Flynn Ford Mr. John H. Ford Mr. and Mrs. William S. Mrs. W. S. Ford, St Mrs. S. W. Forder Forest Haven Garden Club 1 Forest Haven Garden Club 2 Mr. and Mrs, Dan J. Forrestal, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Forshaw Mrs. James G. Forsyth Mr. and Mrs, W. M. Forsythe. Jr, Forsythia Garden Club Mrs. George C. Foster Mr. and Mrs. H. Torrey Foster Mr. and Mrs. Randall Foster Mrs. T. Foster Founders’ Circle Rosemary Garden Club Four Seasons Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Fowler Mrs. Alex P. Fox Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Mr. and Mrs. John Fox Mr. and Mrs. Alfred M. Frager Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Franchot Mrs. Harris J. Frank Mr. Harry A. Frank Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Frank Mr. and Mrs. Milton Frank
Ford
Fox
Mr. and Mrs. William A. Frank Mr. and Mrs. William H. Frank Mrs. Jane Frankenthal
Mr. and Mrs, Donald H. Free
Mr. and Mrs. M. J. Freeman Mr. Vincent E. Freeman
Miss Grace L. Freiberg
Dr. and Mrs. H. J. Freiheit Mrs. W. J. Frein
Mr. Dudley French
Molly French Garden Club Miss Marcella Frenchi
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Freund Mr. and Mrs. Eugene A. Freund Mr. Milton E. Freund
Miss Florence E, Freyermuth
Mr. and Mrs. Dr. Armand D. Mr. and Mrs. A.W. Mrs. Ewald Froese Frontenac Garden Club Rev. and Mrs.
Alfred O. Fuerbringer Mr. W. E. Fuetterer Fulton Garden Club Mrs. Clara F. Funck Mr. and Mrs. Oliver C. Funsch Mr. and Mrs. Richard O. Funsch Mrs. Edward Funsten Mrs. R. Fairfax Funsten Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Furrer Mr. and Mrs. Schell L. Furry Mr. and Mrs. Edwin J. Fusch Mrs. Charlotte Ring Fusz Miss Rosalie Fusz
G Mrs. Libbie Gabby Mr. Harry D. Gaines Mrs. Rosebud E. Gaines Mrs. T. L. Gallaway Mrs. Martin E. Galt Mr. and Mrs. D. Goodrich Gamble Miss Leonelle C, Gamble Mr. and Mrs. Theodore R. Gamble Miss Gretchen Ganschinietz Dr. and Mrs. George FE. Gantner Garden Appreciz ation Garden Club Garden Club of St. Louis Mrs. David L. Gardner Mrs. Fred W. Gardner Mr. and Mrs. Martin E. Gardner, Jr. Mrs. A. R. A. Garesche ea and Mrs. . Mark Garlinghouse Me and Mrs. Claude M. Garner Miss Clothilde W. Garrett Miss Louise Gartiser Mrs. Richard W. Gaskins Mr. Ferd E, Gast Mrs. Calvin Gatch Mr. and Mrs. Elias S. Gatch Mrs. Nelson B. Gatch Mr. and Mrs. Leslie H. Mr. Lloyd Gaus Gay Bouquet Garden Club Miss Elizabeth A. Geary Miss Peggy Geary Mr. George P. Gebhart Mr. and Mrs. D. S. Geddis Mr. and Mrs. F. H. Gehlhausen Miss Pearl FE, Gehner Mr. and Mrs. Leo M. Geissal Mr. and Mrs. John Gegner Mrs. George Gellhorn Mrs. Norman J. George Mrs. Paul M. George Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. George Mr. William A. George, Jr Mrs. William A. Ger ard Miss Nancy L. Gerber Mr. and Mrs. Walter Gerber Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Gerdelman Mr. and Mrs. Leigh Gerdine Mrs. William B. Gerhart Mr. and Mrs. Max German Gern Nursery, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. I. Gers Mr. Julius A. Gewinner Mrs. G. Donald Gibbins Mr. George Gibson Mr. and Mrs. Carl Giebel Dr. and Mrs. George C. Giessing Miss Adie Giessow Mr. and Mrs. Harold H. Giger Dr. and Mrs. Samuel L. Gilberg Mr. and Mrs. Ww allace Gilbert
James A. Friend Fries
Fritz
Gault
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Gildehaus Dr. and Mrs. Jerome J. Gilden Mr. Robert A. Giles
Mr. and Mrs. V. T. Gilliam Mrs. Rose Beet Mr. and Mrs. Geo. EF. Giudici
Mr. Adolph Glaser Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Glaser, Jr. Mrs. Morris Glaser Glendale Garden Club Dr. Harry N. Glick Mrs. Morris Glik Mrs. Warren Goddard Mr. and Mrs. Grover Godwin Mrs. ee ank A. Goetz Mr. ¢ E. Goetz Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Goetz Mrs. J. M. Goldbeck Mrs. Ben L. Goldberg Mr. and Mrs, Israel Goldberg Golden Bell Garden Club Mr. Edward M. Golden Dr. and Mrs. Sidney Goldenberg Mrs. Alvin D. Goldman Mrs. Pat Wheelless Goldman Mrs. Kennard Goldsmith Mrs. Max A, Goldstein Dr. and Mrs. S. W. Gollub Mr. and Mrs. Sam Golman Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Gonterman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Fermin Gonzales Mr. and Mrs. Arthur S. Goodall Good Earth Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Allan McD. Goodloe Mrs. Stanley Goodman Mr. and Mrs. McVeigh Goodson Miss Elizabeth M. Gorder Mr. and Mrs. Lindell Gordon, Jr. Mrs. Samuel F. pos Mr. Edward W. Gore Mr. and Mrs. John C. Gormley Miss Neva B. Gottfried Mrs. J. S. Gould Miss Mary E. Graf Mrs. Stephen G. Gould Mr. Leo M. Grace
Mrs. Harry FE. Grafe Mr. and Mrs. Albert [. Graft Mrs. A. Graham
Mr. and Mrs.
Evarts A. Graham, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Grand Mr. and Mrs, Paul D. Graning Dr. Adele Lewis Grant
Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Grant Grantview Garden Club Grantwood Garden Club
Mrs. Jos. J. Gravely Mr. and Mrs. a Mr. Byron A. Gray Mr. and Mrs.
W. Ashley Gray, Jr. Greater St. Louis African Violet
Club Greater St.
Gardners Greater St. Louis Dahlia Society Dr. Arthur S. Greditzer Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Green Mr. and Mrs. John R. Green Mr. and Mrs.
John Raeburn Green, II Mr. and Mrs.
Lawrence H. Greenberg Greenbriar Hills Garden Club Mr. Milton T. Greenman Mr. and Mrs.
Edward B. Greensfelder Mr. and Mrs.
Harry Greensfelder, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Norris B. Gregg, Jr.
A. Grass
Louis Ass’n of
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN vi
Mr. and Mrs. W. Mrs. Clitford Greve
Kk. Gregory
Mr. and Mrs. Ormond F. Griebel Mr. and Mrs. F Sep: Griffin Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Grigg
Mrs. Margaret Groh
Mrs. Francis Gross
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Grossman Mr. Robert D. Grossman
Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Grote Mr. and Mrs. James H. Grove
Mrs. R. FE. Gruner
Mr. Clarence Guenzler Mr. and Mrs. Theo. E, Guhman Mr. and Mrs.
Louis H. Gummersbach Mr. and Mrs. Adolph J. Guth Dr. and Mrs. Samuel FE. Guyer Mr. and Mrs. Albert Guze Mr. and Mrs. Joseph R. Gwilliam
H
Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Haack Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Haarstick Mrs: RG. Haas Mr. F. J. Haberthier
Miss Carolyn Hackman Miss Carol Hackmann Dr. and Mrs. R. Mrs. John M. Hadley Mr. R. E. Haefer
Miss Ella Haeseler
Dr. and Mrs. Heinz E. I Dr. and Mrs. O. E. Mrs. H. F.
Hagemann
Dr. Paul O. Hagemann Mr. Archer L. Hager Mr. Frank S. Hager Mrs. Hilbert Wm. Hagn Mr. and Mrs. Robert N.
Hackme
yer
fatfner
Hagebusch
auer
Hagnauer
Mr. Christian H. Hahn
Mrs. Val L. Halbman
Mrs. fe P. Hale
Mrs . Bethune Hall
Dr: ee A. Hall
Dr. and Mrs. Preston C. Hall Mr. and Mrs. R. N. Hall
Dr. and Mrs. Thomas S. Hall Mr. and Mrs. Fae P. Hallett Mrs. John F. Hallett
Miss Jean Hallquist
Mr. and Mrs. Norman Halls Mr. Viktor Hamburger Mrs. Ellis H. Hamel
Dr. and Mrs. Bert T. H
Mr. and Mrs. IY Bese Ga Ded Mr. and Mrs.
Edward V. Mrs. H. A. Mr.
Aubrey B. Hamilton,
Hamilton, Hamilton and Mrs. M. C. S. I
Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Han Mr. Fred R. Hammond Mrs. Rosemary T. Hamy Dr. Stanley P. Hampton Mr. and Mrs. F. J. Ham Mr. H. H. Hane
Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H
Miss Lucy E. Hanley Hanley Downs Garden ( Hanley Woods Garden C Mr. and Mrs.
Kenneth B. Hannigan Mrs. Robert E. Hannon Dr. T. H. Hanser Mrs. C. S. Hansman F _and Mrs. . John F. Hardesty : ‘and Mrs. Clark A. I Harmony Garden Club Mrs. Erwin C. Harms Mrs. Oliver R. Harms Mr. and Mrs.
William S.
anicke
Hamilton
III Jr.
Tamilton uilton
ston til
anks
‘Tub
lub
Richard Hardeastle
Tardy
Harms
Mr. H. M. Harned
Mr. John M. Harney
Mr. and Mrs. Hugo H. Harper Mr. Joseph H. Harper
Mrs. Roy W. Harper
Mr. Harry F. Harrington
Mr. and Mrs. M. K. Harrington
Mr. and Mrs.
Patrick D. Harrington
Mr. and Mrs. G. L. Harris
Mrs. John C. Harris
Mr. T. Ben Harris
Mrs. Victor B. Harris
Mr. and Mrs. Whitney R. Harris
Mrs. Charles L. Harrison
Mrs. John W. Harrison
Mr. and aes John T. Hart
Mrs. E Hartman
Mr, oe oo, Lowell S. Hartman Nise. oi. erie
Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Hartwein
May. KG. “Ele ae Miss Flora Hartwig Miss Elaine Harvey
Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Harvey Mr. and Mrs. J. Harvie
Mrs. Lewis S. Haslam
Mr. and Mrs. L. H. Haslip Mrs. Martin L. Hassel
Mr. and Mrs. Earl Hath
Mrs. Richard D. Hatton, Jr.
Miss Helen Hauhart Mrs. Mabel S. Haverporth Mr. and Mrs.
William Kk. Haverstick Hawbrook Garden Club
Mr. R..S.. Hawes, D1]
Mr. and Mrs. James L. Hawkins Mr. and Mrs. John Ilawkins Mr. and Mrs. John L. Hawn Mrs. W. Alfred Hayes
Mrs. Harry RB. Hazelton
Mr. and Mrs. Francis P. Healy Mr. and Mrs. Geo. F. Heath Annette Hechenberg
Mrs. Amy M. Hecht
Miss Eleanor B. Hecht
Dr. and Mrs. H. A. Hecht
Mr. and Mrs. John A. Hecht Mr. and Mrs. William J. Hedley Mr. Edward L. Heger
Mr. Louis F. Heger
Dr. and Mrs. Carl J. Heifetz Mr. and Mrs. Frederick J. Heil Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Heinicke Dr. Charles Heiser
Shirley Heitland
Mr. and Mrs, Don L. Heitman Mr. and Mrs. Walter Heitmann Mr. and Mrs. Lindsay Helmholz Mr. and Mrs. Ewald Hencke Mr. Edwin Wilson IHlenderson Mrs. Harry C. Ilenger
Mr. and Mrs. Te rordon Henges Mrs. John M. Henings
Miss Eugenia Henke Miss Rose M. Henke
Dr. and Mrs. R. E. Hennessy Mrs. Thomas A. Hennigan, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. C. G. Henry Mr. H. W. Henry
Mrs. W. R. Henry
Dr. and Mrs. Paul R. Hensel Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Herbst Mr. R. S. Herman
Mr. and Mrs
Robert R. Hermann
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Hermon
Mr. and Mrs. G. Gordon Hertslet Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hess
Mrs. John Hessing
Mr. and Mrs. George C. Hetlage Mr. and Mrs. Sag A. Hetlage Mr. and Mrs. Sam Heyman
Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Hickey Mr. and Mrs. K. Myron Hickey Mrs. Pauline G. Hickey
Miss Ethel Mae Hicks Mrs. Arthur C. Hiemenz Mr. and Mrs.
Arthur Hiemenz, Jr. Miss Hilda E. Hiemenz
Mrs. Edna Higbee
Dr. H. Rommel Hildreth Mrs. A. M. Hill
Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Hill
Mr. and Mrs. J. Boyd Hill Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Hillard Mr. and Mrs. Frank Hilliker
Hills & Lakes Garden Club Mrs. Harold T. Himes Frank H. Himmert
Paul Hines, M.D
Mr. and Mrs. H. ar Hinsman Mr. and Mrs. Philip N. Hirsch Mr. and Mrs.
Hirshman
George W.
Mr. and Mrs. John Hoag Mrs. Karl K. Hoagland, St Dr. & Mrs. John FE. Hobbs
Mrs. George K. Hoblitzelle
Mr. and Mrs. Haworth F. Hoch Mr. and Mrs. Lon Hecker, Jr.
Mrs. Albert G. Hodor
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Hoefel, Jr.
Miss Mis; Carle: Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel E. Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hotfmeister Mrs. E. G. Hoftfsten
Alma Hoeh
Hoetker
Herbert Hoffman Hoffman
Hoffman, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Harvey A. Hofmeister Mr. and Mrs.
Malcolm Lee Holekamp
Mr. and Mrs. Norman Holen Mr. and Mrs. Leonard J. Holland Dr. and Mrs. H. Frank Holman Mr. and Mrs. Foster W. Holmes
Mrs. J. Howard Holmes
Mrs. James Holsen
Hon. and Mrs. Ivan Lee Holt, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. M. M. Holtgrieve Mrs. James O. Holton, Sr.
Mr. and Mrs.
Edward G. Holtzman Mrs. G. Erwin Homer Mr. and Mrs.
Russell R. Hopmann
Dr. and Mrs. Thomas T. Hoopes Mr. Richard W. Horner
Mr. Alton E. Horton
Mr. and Mrs.
William W. Horstman Mrs. C. J. Hosek Mr. and Mrs. Edward G. Hotchkiss. Jr Mr. and Mrs. Harold W. Hotson Mr. and Mrs. Edward Hotze Houlihan Nursery Co.
Mr. and Mrs. James G. Houser Mrs. James H. Howe, III
Mr. Arthur Howell
Mr. and Mrs
Howard H. Mr. and Mrs Edward W. Mr. and Mrs.
Hubbell
Hudson William R.
Hudson
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Hudspeth Dr. and Mrs. Bernard Hulbert Mr. and Mrs. Jack H. Humes Mr. August H. Hummert
Mrs. Clark Hungerford
Mr. and Mrs. Leslie L. Hunt
Mr. H. V. E. Hunter
Mr. and Mrs. Lester J. Hurd Mr. and Mrs. J. Thomas Hurley Mrs. Herman Husch
Mr. Peter H. Husch
Mr. Robert F. Husted
I Mrs. Edgar S. Idol Mrs. Jeanne W. Igleheart Mr. and Mrs. James S. Inghram Miss Maurine Inghram Iris Garden Club Inspiration Garden Club Mrs. Laura May Isaacson Mr. Scott Ittner Miss Caroline E. L.
J Mrs. Phoenix B. Jablonsky Mr. and Mrs. Calvin A. Jack Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Jacobs Mr. and Mrs. Myron Jaffe Mr. and Mrs. George L. Jakle Mr. and Mrs. Rudie James Mr. and Mrs. Wm. F. James Mr. and Mrs. Joseph J. Janosky Mr. and Mrs. Gene Jantzen Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Jarvis Mr. and Mrs. Ernest G. Jaworski a and Mrs. E. M. Jecmen
r. and Mrs. John H. Mics Mildred Joeckel Mr. and Mrs.
William P. Johannes Mr. E. H. Johanning Mrs. Walter C. Johanning Mrs. J. Eugene Johanson Mrs. Andrew W. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Cecil E. Johnson Mrs. James L. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. ayo Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Carter Johnson Mr. and Mrs. eines V. Johnson Mrs. Earl M. Johnston Mrs. Edwin M. Johnston Mr. and Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Mrs. Paul E. Johnston Mrs. R. P. Johnston Mr. Harold T. Jolley Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Jonas Mr. and Mrs. A. Clifford Jones Dr. Dorothy J. Jones Mr. and Mrs.
James Hudson Jones Mr. and Mrs. Leslie D. Jones Mrs. L. J. Jones Mr. and Mrs.
M. Alexander Jones Miss Martha E. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Meredith Mr. and Mrs. Paul W. Mr. Richard S. Jones Mr. and Mrs.
Robert Mck. Jones, III Mr. and Mrs. Roger R. Jones Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Jones Mrs. Roy W. Jordan Miss Ruth Jordan Mrs. Alfred A. Jost Mr. Louis H. Jostes Mrs. John W. Joynt Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. Jundt Mr. and Mrs. Quentin Just
Ives
Jenkins
C, Jones Jones
K
Mrs. Milton Kahle
Dr. Lawrence Kahn
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Kaiser Mr. and Mrs. Francis Kaiser Mr. and Mrs. Mickey Kalaseech
Mrs. Louis Kz - Mr. and Mrs.
Mrs. Irvin H. arches
Dr. and Mrs. Michael Karl Mr. and Mrs. S. Peter Karlow Mr. Louts E. Kassing Miss Geraldine Kast
Mr. and Mrs.
Herman M. Katcher Mr. and Mrs. Leonard M. Harold Kauffman Dr. “MM asashi Kawasaki Mrs. J. W. Kaysing
Karches
Katz
Miss Margaret R. Kealty Mr. and Mrs. Henry G. Keeler, Jr.
Kehrs Mill View Garden Club Mrs. Francile C. Kelce Mrs. Arthur W. Keller Mrs. Edward J. Keller Mr. J. Milton Keller, Jr. Miss Nancy R. Kel ler Miss T. Louise Kelley Mr. and Mrs. Donald D. Miss Katherine G. Kelly Dr. and Mrs. R. Emmet Kelly
Kelly
Mr. and Mrs. William B. Kelly Miss Anita P. Kemper Miss Bernice B. Kemper Mrs. Henry Kemper Mr. and Mrs. Arthur S. Kendall Mr. and Mrs. Henry C, Kendall Mr. and Mrs.
Sam M. Kennard, III Mrs. D. C. Kerckhott Mrs. R. D. Kerekhoff Mr. Russell W. Kerls Mr. Charles J. Kern Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Kern Mr. R. D. Kerr
Mrs. M. Kerwin Dr. Harold J. Kidd Mrs. Adele Kieckers Mrs. Wm. T. Nietter Dr. Paul Kilburn Mrs. Grace A. Kilcullen Mrs. Gilbert R. Killian Miss Lulu Evelyn Rilpatrick Dr. and Mrs. Virgil A. Kimmey Mr. and Mrs. Don F. King Mr. and Mrs. Peter Kintzele Mr. and Mrs. H. D. Kipling Mr. and Mrs. Jerome F. Kircher Mr. and Mrs. John B. Wirchner Mr. and Mrs. Walter C. Kirk Mr. and Mrs.
W. Warren Kirkbride Kirkwood Garden Club 5 Mr. and Mrs. Anson H. Klauber Mr. and Mrs. Lester Klauber Mr. and Mrs. M. Kleban Mr. and Mrs. Fred W. Kleeburg Mr. and Mrs. Adrian L. Klein Mr. and Mrs. Bert H. Klein Mrs. Elsie B. Klein Mr. and Mrs. Jay Klein Miss Katherine E. Klein Miss L. Louise Klein Mrs. E. M. Kleinsorge Mrs. Benjamin C. Klene Mrs. Helen L. Kletzker Mrs. Gus H. Kliethermes Mr. and Mrs. Norman Kling Mrs. Bernhardt W. Klippel Mr. and Mrs. A. P. Klose Mrs. George Kloster Mr. Carl H. Klug Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp Mrs. Robert S. Knapp Mr. and Mrs. Newell S: Mrs. W. B. Knight, Jr. Mrs. W. J. Knight Mr. and Mrs.
George A. Knobloch
Knight
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Dr. and Mrs. Henry L. Knock
Miss Erna Knoernschild
Mrs. Cornelia S. Knowles
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. S. Knowles
Mrs. Walter H. Kohbusch
Col. Erwin T. Koch
Mr. H. H. Koch
Mrs. Robert E. Koch
Mrs. Carl J. Koehler
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur E. Koelle
Mr. and Mrs, L. R. Koenig
Mrs. Harry G. Koerber
Dr. and Mrs. William E. Koerner
Mr. and Mrs. William C. Kohl
Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Kohler
Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Kohn, Jr.
Mr. W. T. Koken, III
Mrs. Wallace Kolbrener
Miss Pauline E. Konze
Mr. and Mrs. James J. Kormann
Myrtle A. Kostedt
Mr. Chester W. Kotstrean
Mrs. W. B. Kountz
Mrs. Stephen M. Kovac
Mr. and Mrs. Erik Krabbe
Mrs. E. P, Kramer
Mr. Harry S. Kramer, Jr.
Mrs. Dorothy Kraus
Dr. and Mrs. F. T. Kraus
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Kraus
Mrs, W. C. Krautheim
Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Kretschmar
Kriegshauser Mortuaries
Mr. Harry W. Kroeger
Mrs. Lily G. Krome
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger
Marguerite Krueger Conservation Club
Mr. August Kruescheck
Mrs. Sam Krupnick
Mr. and Mrs. Will A. Kuhn
Mr. Edward L. Pee
Mr. and Mrs. W.
Mrs. C eae Rental
Mr. W. Kuntemeier
Mr. and Mre Clifford M. Kurrus
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Kutten
Kunderman
L
Mr. and Mrs. Harry L. Laba Mr. and Mrs. Homer LaBarr Mr. and Mrs.
Rembert W. LaBeaume Mr. and Mrs. Russell A. LaBoube Mr. and Mrs. Walter La Bee Dr. and Mrs. Paul Lacy Mr. and Mrs. Wm, A, Lahrmann Lake Lotawana Garden Club Rev. and Mrs. William H. Laird Lakeshire Garden Club 2 Mr. and Mrs. August H. Lamack Mrs. Nicholas Lamb Mr. and Mrs.
Albert Bond Lambert, Jr. Mrs. Marion L. J. Lambert Mr. and Mrs.
Martin Lammert, IIT Mr. and Mrs.
Warren B. Lammert Miss Magdalen M. Lampe Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Lamy Mr. and Mrs. Argo E. Landau Miss Edna Landzettel Landscape and Nursery Men’s
Association Mrs. Charles D. Lane Dr. and Mrs, Clinton W. Lane Mr. W. B. Lane Miss Eloise Lang Mr. and Mrs. Irvin S. Lang Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Lang Miss Anna Lange
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN )
Miss Hedwig Lange Mr. and Mrs. Raymond E. Lange Dr. and Mrs.
Alfred M. Langenbach Mrs. Harry H. Langenberg Mrs. Henry F. Langenberg Mrs. J. S. Langenberg Mr. Oliver M. Langenberg Miss Mary Lansing Larchmont Merrigolds Garden
Club Mrs. John J. Larkin Mr. and Mrs. H. Robert Larkin Miss Mary FE. Larkin Mr. and Mrs. A. H. LaRoche Mrs. Joseph E. Latta Mr. and Mrs. John B. Latzer Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Latzer Mr. and Mrs. Thomas F. Latzer Mr. John L. Laufer Mr and Mrs. Edwin H. Lauth Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Lawnin Mr. Kenneth C,. Lawrence Dr. Thomas P. Lawton Mrs. John H. Leach Lead Belt Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Paul Leard Mrs. Evelyn Leatherbury Mr. and Mrs. Arno LeBegue Mrs. Robert C. Le Clair Mr. Clifford Lecoutour Mr. and Mrs. Loy W. Ledbetter Mr. and Mrs. Hugh B. Lee, Jr. Mrs. Otto F. Leffler Mr. and Mrs. Louis W. Lehman Mrs. Sears Lehmann
Mr. and Mrs. Sears Lehmann, Jr.
Mr. Webster M. Lehmann Mr. and Mrs. Austin P. Leland Mrs. H. F. Lembeck Mrs. Winifred Lemon Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Lending Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Lenhardt Mr. and Mrs.
Robert A. Lennertson Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Lenz Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Leonard Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Leonard Mr. Norman B. Leppo Dr. E. R. Lerwick Mrs. Arthur A. Leschen Miss Florence Leschen Mr. and Mrs. John A. Leschen Mr. Harry Lesser, Jr. Mrs. Marjorie F. Lesser Miss Charlotte B. Leu Miss Marie Leuenberg Mr. and Mrs.
George E. Leutwiler Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Levis Mrs. Robert Levis Mrs. T. Middleton Levis Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Levy Mr. and Mrs. Meyer Levy Mr. and Mrs. Willard L. Levy rs. Alfred Lewald . Tobias Lewin Mr. and Mrs. C. Carter Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Hugh M. F. Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Joseph W. Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence B. Lewis Mrs. Mildred Lewis Dr. Noel R. Lewis Mrs. Preston W. Lewis Mr. and Mrs.
Thomas FE. Lewis, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Walter H. Lewis Mr. Wilson Lewis Mrs. David Lichtenstein Mr. and Mrs.
Louis J. Lichtenstein Mrs. Philip F. Lichtenstein Mrs. Arthur Lieber
Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Liggett Mrs. Charles Limberg
Mr. and Mrs. Howard Lincks Mr. and Mrs. A. R. Lindburg Lindenwood College
Mrs. R. P. Lindgren Professor P. Linehan
Link’s Nursery, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Emil Lipic
Mr. Sylvester G. Lipic
Mr. L. M. Lippman, Jr.
Mrs. H. G. Lipscomb
Mrs. B. E. Lischer
Dr. and Mrs. Carl E. Lischer Mrs. A. C. Lishen
Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth Lissant Little Gardens Club
Mr. and Mrs, A. 8S. Littlefield Mrs. Edgar Littmann
Mr. and Mrs. Ellis C. Littmann Mrs. William M. Livingston Mrs. Arthur L. Loeatell
Mr. and Mrs. Bradford Locke Mr. Charles B. Lockwood Mr. and Mrs. Benj. M. Loeb Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Loeb Mrs. Stephen H. Loeb
Mrs. George Loeblein
Dr. E. Loetfel
Miss Mary Louise Logan
Dr. and Mrs. B. S. Loitman Dr. Albert E. Lombard, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Paul Londe Mr. and Mrs. Harry A. Londoff Mr. Charles D. Long
Miss Ernestine M. J. Long Mrs. John R. Longmire
Dr. and Mrs.
Maurice J. Lonsway Dr. and Mrs.
Maurice J. Lonsway, Jr. Mrs. Stanley L. Lopata Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Lorenz Mr. and Mrs. Russell E. Lortz Mr. and Mrs. AA. Sproule Love Mr. and Mrs.
Edward K. Love, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Love Miss Martha I. Love Mr. and Mrs.
William McBride Love Mrs. Abraham Lowenhaupt Mrs. Henry C. Lowenhaupt Dr. and Mrs. Oliver Lowry Mr. and Mrs. S. K. Loy Mr. and Mrs. Allan L. Lubin Mr. C.-Y . Joueas Mr. and Mrs. Fred A. Ludwig Miss Lillian A. Luebben Mrs. Norma Lueking Mr. Charles F. Luke Mr. and Mrs. Joel Y. Lund Dr. and Mrs. Robert H. Lund Mr. Wm. R. Lustkandl Mr. and Mrs. Roland H. Lutz Mr. and Mrs. Bert A. Lynch Mrs. Charles B. Lynn Mr. and Mrs. Creston C. Lynn Mr. and Mrs. William N. Lynn
Mc
Mr. and Mrs.
Henry H. McAdams Mr. J. Wesley McAfee Mr. and Mrs.
Charles W. McAlpin, IT Mr. and Mrs. Glenn M. McCain Dr. Raymond McCallister Mr. and Mrs.
Lansden McCandless Miss June McCarthy Mrs. M. L. McCaskill Miss Vesta McClain
Mr. James S. McClellan Mr. and Mrs.
Russell J. McClellan Mr. and Mrs. Tex McClintock Mrs. Henry McCluney Mr. and Mrs.
Jamerson C. McCormack Mr. and Mrs.
S. Carlson McCormack Mr. L. Dean McCoy Mr. Robin McCoy Dr. and Mrs. Frank S. McDonald Miss Gertrude McDonald Mrs. G. N. McDonald Mr. and Mrs. Glenroy McDonald Mr. and Mrs.
James S. McDonnell, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John F. McDonnell Mrs. William A. McDonnell Mr. and Mrs. R. S. McDorman Mrs. Charles McElhiney Mr. W. Finley McElroy Mr. and Mrs. Howard H. McGee Dr. and Mrs.
Ronald K. McGregor Mr. B. E. McKechnie Mr. and Mrs. Lee C. McKinley Mr. Silas B. McKinley Mrs. C. P. McKinney, Jr. Mrs. Floyd L. McKinney Mr. and Mrs. John B. McKinney Mr. John R. McLane, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Bernard McMahon Miss Frances E. McMahon Mr. and Mrs. F. R. McMath Mrs. W. Benton McMillan Mrs. F. P. McNalley Miss Phyllis McPheeters Mrs. Samuel B. McPheeters Mr. and Mrs.
Thomas S. McPheeters, Jr. Mrs. Thomas S$. McPheeters Mr. and Mrs. R. H. McRoberts Mr. and Mrs. D. L. McVea
M
Mrs. Albert C. Maack Mr. and Mrs. D. Bernard Mabry Mrs. J. D. MacCarthy Mr. and Mrs. John P. MacCarthy Mrs. Minard T. MacCarthy Mrs. Marcella Wiget MacDermott Mrs. J. C. Macheca Mrs. Wm. R. MacGreevy Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Allen Mack Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Mackey, III Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Mackey Dr. and Mrs.
William L. Macon, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. B. Maechling Dr. and Mrs. Jos. Magidson Mr. J. Marshall Magner Mr. Paul E. Magoon, Jr. Mr. Joseph T. Mahaney Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Malick Mr. and Mrs.
Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Mrs. Laurence E. Mallinckrodt Mr. and Mrs. C. R. Manassa, Jr. Mrs. Mae H. Mandel Mrs. Wilton L. Manewal, Jr. Miss Elsie A. Mange Miss Clara A. Mangelsdorf Mrs. Carmel W. Mann Maple Leaf Garden Club Mrs. William Marbury Mr. and Mrs.
Chas. T. Marcrander Mr. and Mrs. James Maritz Mrs. Mildred Marsalek Mrs. John N. Marshall Mr. and Mrs.
Kenneth A. Marshall
10
Mrs. Claude B. Martin
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Martin Mr. Malcolm W. M artin
Dr. and Mrs. John C. Martz Mr. Elmer E, Marx
Mr. and Mrs. Claude C. Marxer
Mr. and Mrs. Max Mason
Mr. and Mrs. Joel Massie Mrs. William H. Masters Mr. and Mrs. Carroll S. Mastin
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Mastin Mr. and Mrs. H. Mrs. R. F. Mathews Mrs. A. B. Mattei Mr. and Mrs. Peter F. Miss Erma E. Maurer
Mattei
Mr. and Mrs. John Mavrakos, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John M. Max
Mr. and Mrs. Marion D. May Mr. Morton J. May
Mrs. Frank M. Mayfield, Sr
Mr. and Mrs. Walter R. Mayne Mrs. R. W. Meckfessel
Mr. and Mrs. J. Reynolds Medart Mr. George F. Meenen
Mrs. G. W. Mefferd
Mr. and Mrs. Arch Megel Mehlville Garden Club 1 Miss Thelma i ee
Mr. Arthur J. Meier Mr. and Mrs. Pare L. Meier Dr. and Mrs.
Theodore M. Meiners Mrs. Edwin B. Meissner Mr. and Mrs.
Edwin B. Meissner, Jr. Violet Meister
Mr. George E. Mellow
Mr. and Mrs. R. Wesley Mellow Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Merello Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Mernagh
Mrs. Mr. Mrs. Mr.
Julia W. Merrill and Mrs. Stuart M. William Mertz and Mrs. David W. Mesker Mr. Francis A. Mesker Mr. Gustav Mesmer Metropolitan St. Louis African Violet Society Mr. and Mrs. Elliott W. Metz Mr. and Mrs. Wendell P. Metzner Mr. and Mrs. Andrew S. Meyer Mrs. Garret Meyer Mrs. Georgie Williams Meyer
Mertz
Dr. and Mrs. Herman M. Meyer Mr. and Mrs. John C. Meyer Mr. and Mrs. Louis T. Meyer Mrs. Morton Meyer
Mrs. Ridgely Meyer Miss Viola Meyer Mr. and Mrs. Russell G. Mr.
Meyerand and Mrs. Melbourne Meyers
Mr. and Mrs. Anthony J. Miceli Mr. and Mrs, Charles W. Middleton Mr. Jerry Mihm Mr. and Mrs. Milton A. Mild
Milderd Planthold Asseciates Mrs. Walter Millan
Mrs. Bonner Miller
Mr. Duane E. Miller
Mrs. Hortense M. Miller Mrs. James E. Miller
Mr. and Mrs. Jefferson L. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Orator Olin Miller Mr. and Mrs. Oren F. Miller Mr. and Mrs, Robert Ivan Miller Mr. and Mrs. John kK. Mills
Mr. and Mrs. Wayne L. Millsap Mr. and Mrs. I. E. Millstone Mr. and Mrs. David S. Milton Mrs. Harry Milton
B. Mathews, Jr.
Miss Sally
Mrs.
Missouri
Milton John W. Minton
Aquarium Society, Inc.
Missouri Rolling Mill Corp. Miss Jean Mitchell
Mr.
. and Mrs. Owen H. r, Samuel . and Mrs. r, and Mrs. Charles A. Mogab r. and Mrs. rs ~ and Mrs. Charles A. Molden
and Mrs. John B. Mitchell Mitchell A. Mitchell
Arnold S. Moe
John Mohler
Thomas O. Moloney
. Frank A. Molumby
Mon: irk Petroleum Co. Monday Civic Club Monday Club
Monday Garden Club Monday Study Club
Mr. Mr. Dr. Mr. Mr.
and Mrs. Carl V.
Joseph T. Monnig James Kk. Monteith Moore
and Mrs. Charles W. Moore C. Wickham Moore
and Mrs. and Mrs.
Miss Elizabeth Moore
Dr. Mr.
Mrs. Mrs.
Mr.
Wi
Mr.
Mrs. Mrs.
Mr. L Mr.
Me
Mrs. Mr. Mr.
and Mrs. Gordon F, Mrs.
awrence
rs. HL.
Moore Harry G. Moore, Sr. John G. Moore
Ray S. Moore
W. Gillespie Moore and Mrs. illiam G. Moore, Jr. and Mrs. David H. Richard Morey John C. Morfit
and Mrs. A. Morgan and Mrs. Paul D. Morgan C. Ford Morrill Morrill
Morey
. Morris, Jr. . Morris LR oink Ww. Morrison R: ulph ‘ Morriss, I] R. M. Morriss and Mrs S. A. Morrow and Mrs. Charles L. Morse
Miss Flora Morton
Mrs.
Dr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Dr. Dr. Mr.
Albert J.
W. Edwin Moser
Motzel
John R. Moulton
and Mrs. James Muchmore John C. Muckerman, Tl
and Mrs. Richard Muckerman J. Gerard Mudd
and Mrs.
Albert Muehlenbrock
Mrs.
Arthur Mueller
Miss Florences Mueller
Mr.
Mr.
r. and Mrs. M. r. and Mrs. . Robert J. r. and Mrs. R.
and Mrs. Julius F. Mueller A. Mueller Robert Mueller Mueller
O. Muether A. Mulholland
and Mrs. Arden J. Mummert
Miss Edith Munday
Miss Alma C,
Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Dr.
Mr.
Mrs.
Mr.
Mrs.
and Mrs. Mrs. Mrs.
Mundt
Burnaby Munson Frederick M. Murdock and Mrs. Arch FE. Murphy and Mrs. Forrest Murphy and Mrs. J. D. Murphy and Mrs. James J. Murphy James P. Murphy Tom Murphy
Harry L. Murray
and Mrs. Stanley Musial Max Myer
and Mrs. George H. Louis A. Mylius
Myers
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
N Miss Bernice Naeher Dr. Lillian Nagel Mr. and Mrs. Fred A. Nall Mr. and Mrs. Richard Nance Mrs. W. D. Nansen Mrs. Maryev: a Naslund Mr. H. K. Nason Mr. and Mrs. David J. Nax Mr. and Mrs. Eugene V. Nay
Mr. and Mrs. John C. Naylor Mr. and Mrs. Paul Neel
Mr. and Mrs. Carroll E, Nelson Mrs. Earl F. Nelson
Mr. Lewis C. Nelson
Mr. and Mrs. Ned R. Nendrix
Miss Alice Nerlich Nettie’s Allg? Garden
Mr. and Mrs. C. Sidney Neuhoft Mrs. Robert Neuhoftt Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Neun Mrs. EK. J. Neuner Mr. and Mrs. James D. Nevins Mr. and Mrs. L. L. Nevins Mrs. Paul W. Newell Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Newell Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Newhard Mr. G. F. Newhard, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Newhard Mr. and Mrs. Douglas F. Newman Mr. and Mrs. Ernest K. Newman Mrs. Jane Newman Mrs. C. A. Newton Dr. and Mrs. James I. Nickel Dr. Frank Nickl Mr. Louis J. Nicolaus Mr. and Mrs. L. H. Niebling Miss Charlee Niedner Mr. and Mrs.
Lee |. Niedringhaus Mr. and Mrs.
W. Delafield Niedringhaus rand Mrs. Harry F. Niehaus Miss Lillie Niehaus Mr. and Mrs.
Charles A. Niekamp
Mrs. Arthur R. Niemoeller Mrs. Eugene D. Nims
Miss Mercedes E. Nitzschmann Mr. and Mrs. John J. Noble Mrs. R. J. Nojand
Mrs. Hiram Norcross
Mr. B. W. Nordman
Mrs. Alfred H. Norrish Northwoods Garden Club Miss Virginia E, Nottbusch Miss Emily Novak Frederick Nussbaum
Dr. Robert S. Nye
Oo Oak Crest Garden Club Oak Valley Garden Club Miss Carmelita O’Connor . Kenneth O’Connor -s. Ruth M. O’Donnell Mr. Fred J. Oertli
Mr. and Mrs. Dan O’Gorman Mr. and Mrs. James D. O’Hara Mr. and Mrs. Michael O’ Keefe Dr. and Mrs. J. J. O’Leary Mr. John M. Olin Mr. and Mrs. Guy W. Oliver Mr. and Mrs.
Wallace L. Oliver, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Lester E. Olmstead Mr. and Mrs. John O’Meara Dr. and Mrs. L. W. O'Neal Miss Martha O'Neil Mrs. Thomas A. O'Reilly Mr. Isaac C. Orr
Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Orthwein, Jr.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
Mr. and Mrs. Preston G. Orwig Mrs. N. M. Osborne Mrs. Peg Oster Mr. and Mrs. Carl Otto Mr. and Mrs. John F. Otto Mrs. Arnold Ott Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Otto Mrs. John H. Overall Mrs. C. Sprewell Owen
P Mr. Victor Packman Mrs. Anna M. Page Earl M. Page, Inc. Mr. William Pagenstecher Mr. and Mrs. George E. Pake Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Palm Mr. and Mrs. Ray C. Palmer Mrs. C. S. Pangman Mrs. Raoul Paz at ileoni Mrs. Mata BE. Papin; Jr: Mrs. Q. J. Papineau Mr. ene Papineau, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Steve A. Pappas Mr. and Mrs.
Edwin Andrew Paradoski
Mr. and Mrs. Carmen pore Mrs. Gladys M. oe Mrs. Herbert L. Pee Jr. Mrs. Marty Parker Mrs. Emelie Partell Col. and Mrs. W. D. Paschall Mr. Otto Patterson Mr. Russell Patton Mr. and Mrs. Donald FE. Paul Mr. and Mrs. Gerald F. Pauley Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Pavelka, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John H. Payne, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Payne Mr. A. G. Peck Mr. and Mrs. Frederic M. Peirce Mr. Frank Pellegrino Mr. and Mrs.
Charles M. Peltason Mr. and Mrs. Paul E. Peltason Mrs. Frank E. Pelton, Jr. Mrs. Jane K. Pelton Mr. and Mrs. H. S. Pence Mr. and Mrs.
Gilbert W. Pennewill Mrs. Michael Pennington
Mr. Elmer C. Peper Mr. and Mrs. Howard H. Percy Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Perkins Mrs. George H. Perrine Mrs. Edgar F. Peters Mrs. A. F. Peterson Mrs. Cora Peterson Miss Dorothy E. Peterson Dr. and Mrs. Frederick D, Peterson Mrs. L. W. Peterson Mrs. Charles P ettus, Jr. Mrs. Eugene Paste Str; Mr. and Mrs. George T. Pettus Mr. J. Harold Pettus Mr. bi illiam G. Pettus, Jr. Mrs. Carl E. Pfeifer Mr. Henry Pflager
Mrs. William J. Mr. and Mrs. Robert I. Mr. and Mrs. Alfred J. Miss Alice Pickel Mrs. Clifford G.
Phelan, Jr. Piatt
Pickel
Mrs. William A. Pickett Mrs. Bessie Pilsbury Mrs. S. J. Pingree
Mrs. Harry Piper
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Pistrui Mr. Clif Placke
Mr. and Mrs. David S. Plumb Mr. and Mrs. Maurice L. Plumer
Phemister
BULLETIN i Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. R. M. Reichman Charles B. Podmaniczky Mr. and bets Owen E. Reinert Mrs. Charles M. Polk Mrs. J. B. Reinhart Ni We ‘Polk. )r: Mirsaeiliz e Reis Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Pollak Mrs. John L. Reisch Mr. and Mrs. R. H. Pollak Mrs. Wm. P. Reiser Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Pollnow Mr. and Mrs. Homer A Reiss Mrs. Chas. F. Pollnow Dr. and Mrs. Edward A. Reisse Mr. F. J. Pollnow, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. Reitz Mr. F. J. Pollnow, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. C. Robert Pommer Douglas B. Remmers Mr. and Mrs. Cletus Pope Mr. and Mrs. Poplar Bluff Garden Club Wilham E. Remmert Miss Hilda Porbeck Miss Annabel Remnitz Mrs. Claude T. Porter Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Renard Mrs. Lawrence T. Post Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Renard Dr. and Mrs. Stephen L. Post Mr. and Mrs. Oscar W. Rexford Mr. R. B. Potashnick Mrs. Wilham E. Reyburn Mrs. E. QO. Potter Mrs. G. C. Reynolds Mrs. T. Randolph Potter Mrs. Mildred M. Rhoades Mr. and Mrs. Elmer W. Pounds Mr. Maxwell C. Rhodes Mrs. Earl A. Powell Miss Alice Rice Mrs. Raymond F. Powell Dr. Carl E: Rice Mrs. Walter S. Powell Miss Edith Rich Mr. C. F. Prehn Mr. and Mrs. Roland W. Richards Mr. Paul W. Preisler Mrs. Thomas T. Richards Mrs. David Preston oe and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Prevallet Charles E. Richardson Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Price, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. J. B. he Joseph A. Richardsen Mr. and Mrs. A. T. Primm, III Miss Ruth Richardson Primrose Garden ‘lub Mrs. Ellen E. Richman rs. George H. Pring Mrs. Edna E. Richter Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Proctor Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Richter Mr. and Mrs. Frank E. Proctor Col. and Mrs. F. A. Rickly Miss Ruth P. Proctor Mr. and Mrs. Dr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Proetz Howard E. Ridgway Mr. William S. Propper Mr. and Mrs. Robert Rieders Dr. and Mrs. Hubert S. Pruett Mrs. Caroline H. Riehl Mr. and Mrs. Fred J. Pruetzel Mr. and Mrs. Andrew C. Ries Mr. and Mrs. Peter A. Puleo Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. Louis W. Riethmann Mr. and Mrs. Michael Pulitzer Mr. A. H. Riley Miss Emma Purnell Dr. and Mrs. John S. Riley Mrs. C. H. Puterbaugh Mr. and Mrs. Russell H. Riley Mrs. D. J. Putnam MivcaiRevle: eae Mr. H. V. Putzel Mrs. W. Rinehart Mr. and Mrs. Louis R. Putzel Mr. W: fre Ring Mr. and Mrs. Paul Putzel Mrs. Laurence M. Riordan Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Putzell, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Martin T. Rippe Miss Beatrice Risch Q Mr. and Mrs. Bertram ae Risch : i heen. ; Mr. and Mrs, Harold A. Risch Miss Gertrude Quin Mrs. Mathilda Risch Miss Nellie Rives R Mrs. Elzey Roberts Mr. and Mrs. Ralph H. Rabenau Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. William Rabenberg Elzey M. Roberts, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Maxwell Rachlin Dr. and Mrs. Mr. Herman Radlotf Harold D. K. Roberts Mrs. Lillian Raftery Mrs. J. Scott Robertson Mr. and Mrs. Herbert J. Ralston Mrs. Odile L. Robertson Mrs. Henry H. Rand Maj. Gen. and Mrs. Mr. James E. Rarick Bernard L. Robinson Mrs. William Rankin Charlotte Robinson Mr. and Mrs. Frank Rassieur, Jr. Mrs. F. M. Robinson Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Ratcliff Mrs. F. M. Robinson, Jr. Mrs. Aaron S. Rauh Mr. and Mrs. P. C. Robinson Mrs. Le ae! Er. Rausch Mr. and Mrs. S. Carl Robinson Mr. and Mrs. W. Rauscher Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. io Ravenscroft Spencer H. Robinson Mr. Joseph Ravarino Mrs. Wm. M. Robinson Mr. and Mrs. Percy L. Read Robinweod Garden Club Dr. and Mrs. James H. Ready Rock Community Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. William H. Reaves Rock Hill Garden Club 1 Mr. and Mrs. Floyd S. Reay a ae Mrs. Mrs. Wm. L. Recker Taylor Rodgers Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Reed Mr roe Mrs. Mr. James D. Reeder Charlton B. Rogers, Sr. Miss Mildred Reese Mrs. Edmund C. Rogers Miss Stella G. Reess Mrs. Joel A. Rogers Regional Council Men's Garden Mrs. J. Virgil Rohan Clubs of ce St. Louis Dr. and Mrs. Edwin H. Rohlfing
Mr. Walter L. Rehfeld
Dr.
and Mrs.
Daniel P.
Roman
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mr. and Mrs. John J. Roos Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence kK. Mr. and Mrs.
G. S. Rosborough, Jr. Mrs. Florence M. Roschke Dr. and Mrs. D. K. Rose Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Rosecan Mrs. A. H. Rosenberg Mr. and Mrs. Ben Roth Mr. and Mrs. Carl F. Roth Mr. Louis L. Roth Bonnie L. Rothe Mr. and Mrs. Oscar J. Mr. Vernon Rowe Mrs. oy oe Rowland Mrs. Rubenstein Mr. Shaney E. Rubin Dr. and Mrs. Leroy W. Rubright Mr. Charles J. Rudolph, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Carl Rueck Mrs. Lohrer Ruemeli
Mrs. L. E. Ruh
Mr. Ben J. Ruhl
Mrs. C. M. Ruprecht
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Ruwitch Miss Susan S. Ryan
Miss Helen C. Ryrie
Roos
Rotty
S
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Louis Sachs
Mr. and Mrs. Louis S. Sachs
Mr. S. C. Sachs
St. Clair County Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. S. L. St.Jean, Jr. St. Louis Herb Society
St. Louis Horticultural Society St. Louis Nature Study Society Mr. Dan Sakahara
Dr. and Mrs. Llewellyn Sale, Jr. Mrs. Betty T. Salisbury
Mr. R. E. Salveter
Mrs. Julian G. Samuels
Mr. and Mrs. G. J. Samuelson Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Sandel Mr. and Mrs. Edward F. Sanders Miss Adelaide G. Sands
Mr. and Mrs. Melbourne Sands Miss Gertrude Sandusky
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. W. Sant
Dr. and Mrs. L. R. Sante Sappington Acres Garden : lub
Stephen J. Sabo Byron D. Sachar
Mr. and Mrs, Warren M. Sartt Dr. and Mrs. Dean Sauer Dr. and Mrs. W. Nicholas Sauer
Mr. and Mrs. John Saul Mrs. Frank E. Sawyer Mr. and rade Clifford Saxton Mrs. T. M. Sayman Mr. aad Mrs. R. E. Scearce Mr. William Schaettler Mrs. Taylor Schake Mr. and Mrs.
Norman Schaumburg Mr. and Mrs.
Russell FE. Schaumburg Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Scheer Mr. and Mrs. C. William Schemm Mr. and Mrs. H. C, Schenler Mrs. Gordon Scherck Mr. and Mrs. Henry J. Scherck Mrs. George J. Scherer Mr. and Mrs.
Stanley O. Schermer Mr. A. H. Schettler Mr. Frank C. Scheuermann Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Scheuermann Mrs. William Henry Schield Mr. and Mrs. Gideon Schiller Mr. and Mrs. Dan Schlafly Miss Eleanor Schlafly Miss Ellen A. Schlafly
Miss Carol Jayne Schlattmann
Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Schleicher Mr. Fred A. Schlossstein
Mr. C. C. Schmid
Mr. August R. Schmidt
Mr. and Mrs. Erwin Carl Schmidt
Mr. George R. Schmidt Miss Julia B. Schmidt Miss Julia M. Schmidt Mr. and Mrs. Oskar Schmidt Mr. F. J. Schnakenberg Miss Aleene K. Schneider Mr. and Mrs.
Edward C. Schneider Karen Schneider Mr. and Mrs.
William A. Schneider Mrs. W. R. Schneider
Mr. Ervin Schnelle r. and Mrs. M. A. Schneller r. and Mrs. Donald O. Schnuck
Mr. and Mrs. Lee Schnure Mrs. William C. Schock Mrs. William O. Scheck
Dr. and Mrs. Sterling H. Miss Ethel L. Schopfer Mrs. Charles G. Schott, Jr. Mrs. Henriette Schotten Mrs. Gertrude S. Schreiber Mr. and Mrs.
J. Glennon Schreiber Schroeder & Curry, Inc. Mrs. John Schroeder Mr. and Mrs. H. A. Schulenburg
Schoen
Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Schulte Rev. Harold P. Schultz Mr. and Mrs. R. O. Schultz
Mrs. Charles F. Schulze Mr. F. Carl Schumacher Mr. and Mrs. Robert Leroy Schumann Mrs. J. L. Schwab Mr. and Mrs. William Schwab Mr. Frank H. Schwaiger Miss Edna Schwaner Mrs. Edward K. Schwartz Dr. and Mrs. Henry G. Schwartz Mr. and Mrs. Armin Schwarz, Jr. Mr. Max D. Schwarz
Mr. Otto E. Schwarz Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Schweer Mr. and Mrs.
Edward F. Schweich Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Schweich, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. J. Henry Schweich Mr. and Mrs. Julius S. Schweich Mrs. Harriet Schwenker Mrs. Ralph L. Schwenck Mr. and Mrs. Louis T. Schwieder Miss Mathilda Schwink Mr. and Mrs. Milton J. Scott Dr. and Mrs. Wendell G. Scott Mr. and Mrs. W. F. Scott Mrs. W. W. Scott, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Mason Scudder Miss Ruth Seabold
Mrs. J. J. Searcy, Jr. Mr. and Mrs, James R. Mrs. William H. Sears a and Mrs. W. W. Seat
A. Forest Seay, Jr. eke rs & Weeders Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. George Seeger Mrs. Adele B. Seele Miss Helen M. Seevers Mr. Jerome J. Seidel Mrs. Richard Seifert Mrs. Oliver Selle Miss Alice Sellinger Mr. and Mrs. Hugh F.
Searles
Semple
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Semple Mr. W. H. Semsrott Mr. and Mrs. James H. Senger
Dr. and Mrs. Ben H. Senturia
Mr. and Mrs. Edward Senturia Service Blue Print Co.
Mr. and Mrs. L. W. Sessions Emma Setzer
Mr. Francis D. Seward, Jr. Mrs. M. L. Seyffert
Mrs. Fred Seymour
Dr. and Mrs. H. H. Shackelford r. and Mrs. Tracy Shade
Mr. John N. Shalhoob
Mr. and Mrs. Connor B. Shanley Mrs. Leo M. Shanley Mr. and Mrs. A. Lee Shapleigh
Mr. and Mrs.
A. Wessel Shapleigh Mr. and Mrs.
Warren McKinney Shapleigh Mrs. George H. Share Mr. Russell A. Sharp Henry Shaw Cactus Society Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Shaw Shaw Improvement Association Mrs. Elizabeth L. Sheldon Mrs. Frank R. Sheldon Mr. H. kK. Sheldon Mr. and Mrs. Richard D. Shelton
Mr. and Mrs. Sam J. Shelton Mrs. Earl E. Shepard
Mr. and Mrs. Irving A. Shepard Mr. and Mrs. John C. Shepherd Mr. and Mrs. P. C. Shepherd Mr. and Mrs. Tom L. Shepherd Mr. and Mrs.
Arthur B. Shepley, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Ethan A. H. Shepley
Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Sher Mr. and Mrs. David Sherman, Jr. Mrs. Ida J. Sherriffs
Dr. and Mrs. Chas. S. Sherwin Mrs. Arthur Sherwood Mr. Vance I. Shield Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Shimkus Mr. and Mrs.
Bradford Shinkle, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John M. Shoenberg Mr. and Mrs.
Robert H. Shoenberg Mrs. Sydney Shoenberg, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Allen B. Shopmaker
Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Shucart Mr. Grover C. Sibley
Dr. J. G. Sicelutf
Mrs. Frances R. Siegel
Dr. and Mrs. F. W. Siegert Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Siess, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. S. Richard Silverman Dr. and Mrs. Saul D. Silvermintz Mrs. E. C. Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Charles Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Theodore M. Simmons Mr. Julian Simon Mrs. Octavia B. Simon Mr. and Mrs. Raese W. Simpson Dr. and Mrs. William A. Sims, Jr. Mr. James A. Singer Mr. and Mrs. James W. Singer. Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Sam Singer Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Singmaster, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. James C. Sisk Mr. and Mrs. Edmond Siroky Miss Dorothy Sivley Mrs. T. J. Skaar Mr. and Mrs. C. Mr. and Mrs. Lemoine Skinner, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Walter R. Skinner Mrs. Walter J. Skrainka
H. Skinker
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13
Mrs. Mr.
Douglas Smiley and Mrs. A. kK. Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur G. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Carroll Smith Mrs. Earl G. Smith Mrs. George M. Smith Mr. and Mrs. H. Parker Smith Mr. Herbert G. Smith Mr. and Mrs.
J. Sheppard Smith, Jr. Mrs. John C. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth A. Smith
Miss Margaret G. Smith Mr. and Mrs. M. Benjamin Smith Miss Mary Ellen Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Smith Mr. and Mrs. R. A. kK, Smith Mr. and Mrs.
Robert Brookings Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Smith Mrs. Robert M. Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Roger D. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Rollyn G. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Shea Smith, III Mr. and Mrs. Spencer D. ‘Smith Mr. and Mrs. Sidney G. Smith Mrs. Tom Kk. Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Wallace H. Smith Mr. S. Watts Smyth
Virginia C. Sodemann
Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Soden
Mr. and Mrs. R:z aie Kk. Soebbing Mr. Carl L. Soek
Mr. and Mrs. ohn S. Soest
Mrs. J. A. Sohm
Mrs. Charles H. Sommer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George Sonewald Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Sophir Sorosis Garden Club
Adm. and Mrs. Sidney W. Souers Mrs. Dudley Southward
Dr. and Mrs. Samuel D. Soule Mr. and Mrs. e harles T. Spalding Mrs. Clarence F. Spaethe
Mr. and Mrs. L. Keehn Spear Mr. and Mrs. Geo. A. Speckert Mr. and Mrs. Alfred A. Speer Mrs. G. E. Speer
Mrs. Ernest Speh
Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Spence
Mr. H. N. Spencer
Mr. and Mrs. H. N. Spencer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. o al Spener
Mr. Erwin J. Speth
Mr. and Mrs. c ane s C. Spink Mr. and gee George F. rink Mrs. J. G. Taylor Spink
Dr. Edgar W. Spinzig
Mr. and Mrs. William W. Spivy Mrs. Charles H. Spoehrer
Mr. H. F. Spoehrer
Mr. and Mrs. John E. Sprague Mr. and Mrs. F. E. Springer Mr. and Mrs. Arthur FE. Sprung Mr. and Mrs.
James L. Sprunt, Jr. Mrs. Armand C. Stalnaker Mrs. Howard A. Stamper Mr. and Mrs. Edwin T. Stanard Miss Lois Stanley
Mrs. Robert Starbird Mr. Lon Stark Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd C. Stark
Edward C. and Elsie M. Mrs. Teddy H. Stauf Mr. Hugh Steavenson Mr. and Mrs. Chester Mrs. Simon P. Steiner Miss Irene Steinman
Starke
A. Steiner
Mr. and Mrs. George Stemmler Mr. and Mrs. Wm. A. Stengel Mr. and Mrs.
Charles Hl. Stephens, III
Mr. Mr. Mrs. Mr.
Albert Edward Stephens and Mrs. RB. L. Sterbenz Jess Stern
and Mrs. Melvin Stern Mr. and Mrs. Walter G. Stern Mrs. Herman J. Sternberg Miss C ee A. Stevens
Mr. E. F. Stevens
Mr. and Mrs. I. A. Stevens Dr. and Mrs. Paul H. Stevenson Mr. George W. Stewart
Mrs. Joseph C. Stewart
Mrs. L. M. Stewart
Mrs. Loretto A. Stewart
Mrs. James C. Stice
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H. Stifel Mrs. Albert Stix, Jr.
Mrs. Ernest W. Stix
Mr. and Mrs. William Stix Mr. and Mrs. Rolla H. Stocke
Miss Grace Stockhus Mr. and Mrs. A. S. Stockstrom
Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Stoddart Mr. and Mrs. John Stodieck Mr. and Mrs. John J. Stolze Mr. and Mrs. Clem F. Storckman Mr. Eric A. Storz Mrs. Kk. Storz Mr. and Mrs. George D. Stout Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence E. Stout, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Eli M. Strassner
Mr. and Mrs.
Melvin S. Strassner Dr. Arthur E. Strauss Miss Carolyn Strauss
Mr. and Mrs. L. Strauss
Mrs. Anne Davis Streett
Mr. and Mrs. James D. Streett Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Streett
Mrs. Fred Stroessner
Mrs. Oscar Stroh
Dr. and Mrs. Donald Strominger Mrs. William [. Stryker
Mrs. Lewis B. Stuart
Mrs. Edna S. Stueck
Mrs. Edwin IF. Stuessie
Mr. and Mrs. Roy Stumpf Miss Lillian Stupp
Stupp Bros. Bridge & Tron Co. Mr. and Mrs. John P. Stupp Mr. Norman J. Stupp
Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm B. Sturgis Dr. and Mrs. A. C. Stutsman FE. A. Sudbrink
Mr. and Mrs. Dan oe in
Mr. and Mrs. Edward P. Sullivan Sullivan Garden Club
Mrs. Hugh H. pee in
Mr. and Mrs. Meade Summers Mr. and Mrs. Chester A. Sunder
Sunset View Garden Club Mrs. Newton Susman Mr. John H. Sutherland Mrs. Donald M. Sutor Tohn B. Sutphin, M.D. Mrs. Orval Sutter
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Gen. and Mrs. Leif T. Mr. and Mrs. John Kk. Mrs. Stuart Symington Mrs. Stuart Symington, Jr.
A. Sutton Sverdrup Switzer
T
and Mrs. John T. Tabor Mr. Roscoe S. Tallman Mr. and Mrs. George B. Miss Ella Tappmever Mrs. Thomas ©. Tarrant Mr. Roy L. Tartar
Mr. Joseph M. Tasch Miss Harriet Tatman
Mr.
Tapner
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Taussig Mrs. Charles E. Taylor
Mr. and Mrs. Delmar J. Taylor Mr. and Mrs. Delwin L. Taylor Mr. and Mrs. Edgar C. Taylor Mr. and Mrs. Edwin S. Taylor Mrs. G. Chadbourne Taylor
Mrs. James C. Taylor Miss Violet Taylor Mrs. Wilford H. Taylor
Tealwood Garden Club
Mrs. Ralph A. Teich
Mr. and Mrs. Harry Tenenbaum Mr. and Mrs. Richard G. Tennant Mr. and Mrs. Charles 8. Terry Da Re een by,
Mr. and Mrs. W hitel iw T. Terry
Mrs. Whitelaw T Dr. Thomas Th: - Mrs. E. Oscar Thalinger Mr. and Mrs. Wm, A. Thau Mr. Harold E. Thayer Mr. and Mrs. Henry E. Mrs. Percy A. Thias Mrs. ©... ‘Thomas Mrs. Edwin R. Thomas Mrs. Gary J. Thomas Mrs. Spencer M. Thomas
Miss Zara Thomasson
Mrs. C. L. Thompson
Mr. Edmondstone F. Thompson Mrs. Ford W. Thempson
Mrs. Frank A. Thompson
Terry, c
Thias
Mr. LeGrand Thompson
Mr. William Thomson
Mr. and Mrs. M. C. Throdahl Mrs. Joe M. Thul
Mr. and Mrs. Paul E. Thurman
Dr. Don L. Thurston
Mr. Otto Tietjens
Mr. and Mrs. Louis Tiger Dr. Paul F. Titterington Mrs. Eugene C. Tittmann Miss Winifred Tittmann
Dr. and Mrs. Norman Tobias Mr. Maurice J. Tobin
Mr. and Mrs.
Thomas J. Tobin, II
Mrs. Wylie Todd
Mr. and Mrs. Ralf Toensfeldt Mr. and Mrs. C. Alvin Tolin
Mr. and Mrs. Louis R. Tomey Mr. and Mrs. Charles Tooker
Mrs. C. W. Tooker Mrs. Jane C. Torno Mrs. Joseph M. Touhill Mrs. Joseph W. Towle
Town and Country Garden Club 1 Town and Country Garden Club
Mrs. F. Townsend
Miss Jane c me nacy,
Mr. and Mrs. Carl Trauernicht Mrs. James C. Travilla
Mr. and Mrs. Alan L. Travis Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Treaster
Dr. and Mrs. Irl Tremain Mrs. A. N. Trembley Mr. and Mrs. Fred Tretter
Mrs. Paul Treuman
Mrs. John S. Tritle
Die. Simon. Le tsange
Mr. and Mrs. Milton H. Tucker Mrs. Percy Tucker
Mr. and Mrs. H. Lister Tuholske
Mrs. Clarence M. Turley Mrs. W. B. Turman
Mrs. DeWitt Turner
Mr. and Mrs. Wallace Tuttle U
Mr. and Mrs. Alfred F. Ulrich
Union Garden Club
Vv
Mr. and Mrs. William M. Van Cleve
Mrs. M. H. VanderPearl
Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Vanek
Mrs. Henry Van Hook
Mrs. W. A. Van Rhein
Mrs. Anna Vassier
Mrs. Joseph H. Vatterott
Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas P. Veeder Mr. and Mrs.
Edward A. Vegyelek Mr. and Mrs.
Walter H. Vesper, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Vesser Mr. and Mrs. William E. Vesser Mr. and Mrs. John E. Vigil
Viking African Violet Club Village Garden Club
Dr. John A. Virant
Miss Aurelia M. Voelker Mr. and Mrs. John C. Vogel Miss Lucille M. Vogel
Miss Mildred M. Vogel
Mr. and Mrs. L. J. Vogler Georgia Ann Vogt
Vollmar Bros. Construction Co. Mrs. Joseph E. Vollmar
Mrs. R. Lewis Vollmar
Mrs. Theo M. Vollmar
Mr. Corwin H. Von Brecht Mrs. David VonHahn
Mrs. Trifon Von Schrenk Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Voss Mr. and Mrs. Fred Voss
Dr. and Mrs. John S. Voyles
WwW
Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Wachter Mrs. Festus J. Wade, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. F. J. Wade Mr. William Wade Mr. Albert Wagenfuehr Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Wagner Mr. and Mrs. Wm. A. Wagner Mrs. A. C. Wahl
Miss Jennie Wahlert Mr. and Mrs. Edwin R. Wa
Idemer
Mr. and Mrs. Millard Wi udheim Mr. Truman E. Walker
Dr. and Mrs. Willard B. Walker Mrs. Arthur H. Wallace
Mrs. Harry B. Wallace
Mr. and Mrs. John K. Wallace Mr. and Mrs. M. B. Wallace, Abe Mrs. Jacob Wallach
Miss Elizabeth D. Waller
Mr. and Mrs. W. Edmund Waller Mr. Robert L. Waln Mr. and Mrs.
Edward J. Walsh, Jr. Mrs. N. S. Chouteau Walsh rand Mrs. Robert F. Walsh r. and Mrs. Theodore EK. Walsh . and Mrs. Charles FE. Walter Mrs. William J. Walters Mrs. Alyce Kk. Walther Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Waltke Mrs. J. H. Walton Mr. Hermann F. Walz Mr. Elmer F. Wander Miss Elizabeth Wanko Mr. and Mrs. Herbert K. Wannen Dr. and Mrs. George K. Warner Mr. Donald B. Warren Miss Audrey C. Warrington Mr. and Mrs. K. M. Washburn Warson View Garden Club Warson Woods Federated Garden Club 2
Washington Heights Garden Club
Mr. Mr. Mr.
Mrs. Mrs.
Mr.
and Mrs. Jackson Waterbury and Mrs. Lynn A. Watt
and Mrs. C. Stacy Weaks James H. Wear
A. Carl Weber
and Mrs. Arthur R. Weber
Miss Della Weber
Mr. Mr. Mr.
Miss Jane
Mr. Mr.
Webster Webster Webster Webster Webster Webster Webster Webster Webster Webster Webster Webster Webster ciety
Mrs.
Sc
Mr. Mr. Mrs. Mr. Mr.
Miss Patria C. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. and Mrs. Sol Weisman
Dr. Mr. * Dr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr.
Mrs.
Mr. Mr.
Mrs.
Mr.
Mrs.
Mr. Dr.
Mr. Dr.
Mrs. Mr.
C.
Mr.
George P. Mrs.
Mr. Mr.
Clinton L.
Mrs.
Mr. Mr.
Mrs.
Mr. Mr. Mr.
and Mrs. and Mrs. Miss Virginia FE.
rand Mrs. R.
rand Mrs. r. and Mrs
. and Mrs. Walter L. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs.
and Mrs. and Mrs. and Mrs. Gerhard F. A. Weber
L. Barrett Weber R. C. Weber
Groves Garden Club 1 Groves Garden Club 2 Groves Garden Club 3 Groves Garden Club 4 Groves Garden Club 5 Groves Garden Club 6 Groves Garden Club 7 Groves Garden Club 9 Groves Garden Club 10 Groves Garden Club 12 Groves Garden Club 13 Groves Garden Club 18 Groves Nature Study
Donald L. Weber Fred J. Weber Weber
Kathryn O. Wedemeyer Leroy A. bs eidle
Harry L. Weier
Eugene S. Weil
and Mrs. Richard kK. Weil and Mrs. Elmer Weilbacher Weinert Oliver J. Weinkauff
S. A. Weintraub
Richard Weisert
and Mrs.
Garneau Weld, Jr.
and Mrs. Frits W. Went A. W. Wenthe
and Mrs. Herman Wenzel and Mrs. Ch: na i. Werner and Mrs. Joseph G. Werner Joseph L Werner
and Mrs. Louis Werner, IT and Mrs. Morton Werner Allen T. West
John C. Wetterer
Fern K. Wetzel
Russell C. Wheeler Wheeling and Mrs. C. E. Whitaker T. W. Whitaker Alfred G. White _R.C. White Dale White Thomas W. White and Mrs. Powell Whitehead and Mrs. Whitelaw, Jr. T. C. Whitmarsh and Mrs. John D. Whitney and Mrs. Whittemore, Jr. H. H. Whittemore . Henry J. Wichman Tohn FF. Wickey James C. Wieboldt . A. Ie Wiedemann Wiedmer Otto Wiekhorst W. A. Wieland Francis H. Wielandy and Mrs. Edward L. Wiese and Mrs. Harold W. Wiese Ira Wight and Mrs. Thomas |. Wilhite and Mrs. Gene Wilkey and Mrs. Jack Wilkinson
Maurice R. Wheeler
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mr. and Mrs.
Lupton A. Wilkinson Mrs. D. D. Willcox A; W. Willert . Barnes Williams F. ge Mrs. Eugene F, Williams, Jr. Mrs. Eugene F. Williams, Sr. Mrs. George Dee Williams Mr. James H. Williams, Jr. Kay Williams Mrs. W. Grant Williams Mrs. W. P. Williams Mrs. S. M. Willingham Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Willis Miss Nancy C. Wills Dr. and Mrs. Clyde L. Wilson Mrs. Eugene Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Howard U. Wilson Dr. and Mrs. Keith S. Wilson Mrs. Louis J. Wilson Mr. and Mrs. William T. Wilson Miss Celia FE. Wilton Miss Edna Wilton Dr. and Mrs. Melvin R. Wilucki Mr. and Mrs. Preslyn A. Wind Mr. Frank Windler Windsor Acres Garden Club
Mrs. E. J. Winkelmeyer Mrs. E. L. Winkelmeyer
Mr. and Mrs. Paul E. Winter Dr. and Mrs. Tyrus Winter Mr. Earl J. Wipfler
Mr. and Mrs.
Kenneth E. Wischmeyer Wisteria Garden Club
Mrs. Joseph Witek Mr. and Mrs. Benedict P. Witkus Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Witman Mrs. Fred W. Witt
Miss Mathilue A. Witt Mr. and Mrs. Walter Wittenberg Miss Alice Wittkopf Mr. and Mrs. Arthur E. Woerheide
Mr. Robert P. Woerner Mrs. J. G. Woerther Mr. and Mrs
Donald S. Wohltman Mr. and Mrs. Isadore Wolff Dr. and Mrs. Samuel Wolff
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen J. Wolff Mr. and Mrs. Tesse Wolfort Mr. John E. Woltemade
Miss Derothy M. Wood
Mr. and Mrs. Neal S. Wood Mrs. V. V. Wood
Mr. Earl E,. Woodard
Mr. Lyle S. Woodcock
Mrs. James H. Woods
Miss Nell Taylor Woods
Mr. Robert EK. Woods Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Woods, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Sam T. Woods
Miss Harriet S. Worstell Mrs. John E. Wray Mrs. Donald T. Wright Mr. and Mrs.
Harry E. Wuertenbaecher Mr. and Mrs.
Harry W. Wuertenbaecher, Jr. Mrs. Hildegarde Wunderlich Mrs. Hugo Wurdack Mrs. Walter Wurdack
¥ Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Yalem Mr. and Mrs.
Yukinobu Yamamoto Dr. and Mrs. Mitchell Yanow Mrs. Louis F. Yeckel Mrs. Howard Yerges Mrs. Elizabeth N. Young
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Mrs. Howard I. Young
Mrs. H. McClure Young Col. and Mrs. Jack T. Young Mr. Seth L. Young
Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Young Mrs. Walter A. Younge
Mr. and Mrs. G. E. Younger Mrs. J. A. Youngman
Z
Mr. and Mrs.
Dr. and Mrs. T. Mr. and Mrs. Willard P. Zehner Mr. and Mrs. F. Woesten Zelle
S
William D. Zeltmann Mr. and Mrs. Ferdinand B. Zienty
. Zahorsky
Mr. and Mrs.
Herbert C. Zierenberg Mr. Charles J. Zimpfer Mrs. Frank Zinke Mr. and Mrs. Philip J. Zipp Mr. Edward J. Zoellner Mrs. Louis 1. Zorensky Dr. and Mrs. Jack Zuckner
BOOK REVIEW
The Picture Book of Perennials by Arno and Irene Nehrling, Hearth- side Press, New York, 286 pp., $5.95.
dl
available today are listed alphabetically
His book is divided into three
parts, First, all of the perennials and many are either pictured in half- tones or by line drawings. The text describes each plant, lists the varieties,
gives the height and time of bloom
and other pertinent facts. Part II takes up the various gardening prac- tices of soil preparation, planting,
feeding, watering, mulching, thinning, staking and disbudding. Insecticides and fungicides are listed and their uses and diseases
indicated for the pests
which attack plants at times. Propa- gating plants and the coldframes in which to grow them are described and
illustrated with drawings. There are
numerous photographs of garden lay- outs and the fundamentals of design A Calendar
of Things to Do in each month of the
are dealt with at length.
year is a good reminder of the many gardening operations to perform in the course of a year. Perennials are grouped for various situations and pur- poses: sun or shade, rock garden or cut flowers, fragrance, color, ground covers and those needing frequent or infrequent replanting. Although the blooming time of perennials is for the northeastern United States we can ex- pect the blooming sequence for this mid-west area to be two weeks to a month earlier.
The Picture Book of
would be a good choice for anyone in-
Perennials
terested in planning, planting and
maintaining a perennial garden.
P. A. KoHL
16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
WHEN THE GARDEN'S VICTORIAS MADE A REAL SPLASH
N article in the May BULLETIN
has brought us an_ interesting letter from Dr. A. T. Erwin. He was one of the first students in our former School for Gardening and afterwards transferred to the School of Botany and studied under Dr. Trelease. He
writes as follows:
“Your article on the Victoria water lily brings to mind many pleasant memories, for I was there the year the first one flowered. You show a child
on a leaf but the one I helped with weighed at least a hundred pounds. The papers gave the plant quite a write-up and announced there would be a demonstration. The crowd gath- ered and I was assigned the job of escorting the young lady out on a gang-plank to the leaf. All went well until she waved to the crowd, when she lost her balance. The leaf shot out from under her and I grabbed her. She really got the hug of a lifetime and the crowd laughed and cheered.”
A CHARMING NEW WEED
|S aan and Mrs. Joseph Klar- mann of the Friends of the Garden found a strange weed along the edges of their lawn in Oakland. It is the so-called Mock-Strawberry, Duchesnea indica, a curious little plant almost exactly intermediate between a straw- (Potentilla).
Steyermark does not record it as native
berry and cinquefoil
to St. Louis County though it is known to five other Missouri counties.
This is a species which one of us knew well in the Shenandoah Valley. The plants discovered by the Klar- manns differ from it and we have looked into the literature about it. The authorities seem to be describing two things. One has leaves and fruit heads as large as a small strawberry, handsome enough so that it is some-
times planted as a ground cover yet weedy enough so that it spreads locally. The other, like the one in Oakland, has a dry little head, covered with dried- down crimson seeds. The one in Virginia also has seedy, tasteless heads but they look enough like strawberries to be frequently picked and tasted by newcomers.
It will be interesting to see if the Oakland form will become more orna- mental when grown in a_ garden. However, we have a growing suspicion that in this country there are both a weed and a cultivated race, selected by Nature and by Man for differing
careers.
EpGar ANDERSON and DorotTHy MAarRCRANDER
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry HircHcock, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
Harry E. WUrERTENBAECHER, JR., Second Vice President
Howarp F. Barr
CLARENCE C. BARKSDALE
SAM’L. C. Davis
RicHarD A. Goopson
Leonarp J. Ho_tLtanp
Henry B. Preacer
A. TIMON Primo, III
WarrREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH
C. PowrLtt WHIrrHEeaD Honorary Trustees:
GrorGE L. CADIGAN
DupLrey FRENCH
JoHN S. LEHMANN
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
James S. MCCLELLAN,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis
STRATFORD Ler Morton,
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis
THomas H. Exior, Chancellor, Washington University
A. J. CERVANTES, Mayor, City of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs. Edward
L. Bakewell, Jr., President, Mrs. T.
Randolph Potter, First Vice President, Mrs. James Alfring, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sidney M. Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer, Sally D.
Carr, Executive Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Mrs. J. Herman Belz, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, E. J
Gildehaus, Carl F. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. MeMath, Dan O'Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Charles
Sacamano, Robert FE. Goetz, Chairman.
GARDEN STAFF
Davin M. Gates, Director
EpGar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants
CLARENCE BaArsre, [Instructor
DEREK G. BurRcH, Assistant Botanist
LapisLaus CuTak, Greenhouse Superintendent
HuGu C, Cutter, Curator of Useful Plants
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate
Wacpo G. FEcHNER, Secretary of Board and Controller
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate
James Hampton, Chief Engineer and Superintendent of Operations
Paut A. Kout, Floriculturist
Water H. Lewis, Director of the Herbarium
F. R. McMarn, Rosarian
VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research Associate
H. Wayne Nicnors, Curator of Algae Royce L. Oniver, Research Assistant
Mark W. Pappock, Administrative Assistant to the Director
KENNETH QO. Peck, Instructor FRANK F. Persue, Assistant Librarian Mrs. Marion Pretrrer, Orchid Grower
GeorRGE H. PRING, Superintendent Emeritus
Joun Ripeway, Curator of Bryophytes
ANpDRE’ RospyNns, Research Associate
ALFRED SAXDAL, Rose Grower
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
GeorGE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supplemented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing greenhouses and most other facilities are from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s fom 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Climatron stays open until 7:00 P. M., as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festi- vals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature classes are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden maintains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is sometimes open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park- Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and taking part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the “Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
Phone TOwnsend 5-0440
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GAKDEN
// . November 1965 u elin Volume LIII Number 9
Cover: A cast, in sterling silver, of a branch from Ponderosa Pine. One example of the techniques worked out by Dr. Gates in his studies of the energy trapped by vegeta- tion. See pages 6—7 for further discussion.
CONTENTS The New Director Christmas Shopping Guide The Seychelles and Their Palms GARDEN GATE Gift Shop Book Review
The Names of Our Friends
Ofhce of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis
0, Missouri.
Editor: EDGAR ANDERSON.
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-othce at Galesburg, Llinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
Miussour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LITT No. 9
DAVID M. GATES,
Bulletin
November 1965
THE NEW DIRECTOR
By EDGAR ANDERSON
W HEN Dr. Gates, known around the world as a physicist, arrived in St. Louis in early September he was returning to the field of his early interests. His first scientific paper (written as a high school senior) drew on discoveries made in his early teens on field trips to Sleeping Bear Dune. The trips were official ones by ecol- ogy students from the Biological Sta- tion of the University of Michigan at Douglas Lake. To understand Dr. Gates’ professional career one needs to know about Douglas Lake for it was there he spent his summers from the time he was a year old until he en- tered the University.
The Douglas Lake Station was in these days an almost ideal environment for a bright youngster. For him even its deficiencies (many of which have since been removed) were very real assets. It was in the “‘cutover lands” just south of the tip of the southern penninsula. At the end of a charming little lake were a few mouldering log cabins and some tar paper shacks for the staff. On a sandy knoll were rough “temporary” buildings, some of them left over from lumbering days, which with much ingenuity and little money were made into mess halls, dor-
mitories, classrooms and_ laboratories.
Winding sandy roads led off to such summer centers as Charlevoix, but in those days it took skill, determination and luck to get there in a reasonable time. On every side stretched a rav- aged but varying wilderness, second growth timber, little islands of uncut lumber, bogs, lakes, burned-over coun- try, brush, hardwoods and softwoods. Organic nature in fascinating variety began at your doorstep and sometimes invaded your cabin. A small staff of outstanding investigators and teachers shared these privileges and hardships for year after year. Some of the staff and many of the students were on sum- mer leave from other institutions. The Parasitologist, W. W. Cort, was from Johns Hopkins; H. B. Hungerford, the Entomologist, came from the Uni- versity of Kansas. Dr. Gates’ father came from Kansas State where he, Frank C. Gates, was Professor of the young science of Ecology, the study of how plants and animals react with each other and how they are affected by the environment in which they live.
It was a healthy life, just rugged enough. ‘Tramping through sand hills, bogs, and brushlands put muscles on Gates’ wiry frame and helped in mak-
ing him a devoted tennis player who is
(1)
bho
now happy in finding Tower Grove Park’s excellent courts across Magnolia Avenue from his official residence. From this boyhood came part of the stamina which as a National Sigma Xi lecturer in 1962, allowed him to give 30 formal public lectures in 42 days. He was wise as well as rugged, how- ever, and scheduled his visit to the University of Hawaii in the middle of the series. There he took time off and “rested” by studying the types of vegetation in the islands and_ their varied environments, rain forests to desert, sea coast to mountain tops. During his boyhood, though his Douglas Lake summers deepened such zoological interests as entomology, he continued to be drawn into various botanical activities, some of which were important enough to become matters of public record. In the Gar- den’s Herbarium there is a “voucher” specimen of Tradescantia bracteata, listed in technical scientific papers as “Gates-1” because it came from a plant furnished “by David M. Gates” who in 1931 collected it, the record goes on to say, along the RR tracks In High School, however, he took fire when in-
near Manhattan, Kansas.
troduced to the mathematical preci- sions of physics. As not infrequently happens, these mathematical gifts were accompanied by a keen interest in music. He went far enough with the clarinet to be selected as the Kansas representative in a national contest. Though he laid the clarinet aside as he grew older, he retains an almost professional interest in orchestral and chamber music.
Gates’ college training was all at the
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
University of Michigan, with a B.A. in °42, an M.S. in ’44, and a Ph.D. in 48. Though he continued to be un- happy about leaving biology behind, his graduate training was in physics. Some leading scientists, even then, how- ever, had not given up hope of eventu- ally luring him back into _ biological circles, for he held the first graduate Fellowship in Physics provided by the National Institute of Health. Though he had offers to work in the East in the field between physics and medicine, he took a Professorship of Physics at the University of Denver. He wanted to get experience teaching and he pre- ferred, for a time at least, to live in the West. Continuing in the general direction of his graduate years, he and his students from 1947 to 1955 stud- ied such matters as the spectrum of the sun, and atmospheric physics. Among other things they carried on some rather spectacular investigations, using high altitude balloons to extend Man’s precise understanding of his world farther and farther away from the earth’s surface.
These activities led to his being chosen to serve for two years on the staff of the U. S. embassy in London as a liaison officer with the scientists of western Europe. He took the ap- pointment, planning to be one of a dozen Ph.D.’s serving under a more experienced Director. The latter, how- ever, had a nervous breakdown and Gates was first made Deputy Director and then Director. This gave him un- usual administrative experience for a young scientist and a vast understand- ing of ofhcialdom in our own and
other countries. It also gave him a
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
we
P va ae ete al ai 4 _ oa es ‘ ~
cae *
Dr. Gates and graduate students securing a trough and container to measure how much of the rain flows down the trunk. It was 10 times what fell directly!
personal acquaintance with many of the world’s leading scientists. He and his family lived in London at Knights- bridge; though he was away from home about a third of the time visit- ing European scientists in their uni- versities, laboratories, and homes and at professional meetings. One of his main functions was to put scientists in touch with each other; particularly those who were working on similar problems in our own and_ other countries.
After these two exciting (but cer- tainly very strenuous) years he re- turned to this country and to lead a research group in atmospheric physics, set up by our government’s Bureau
of Standards adjacent to the campus of
PHOTO COURTESY OF MURRAY GATES
the University of Colorado at Boulder.
It would have seemed that he had turned his back on biology forever but, in reflective moments, he was be- ginning to think about what has since blossomed into a new field of bio- logical research. While he was. still Professor of Physics at Denver he be- gan to turn a basic ecological problem over in his mind from time to time: the interrelation between a plant or animal and its physical environment. The new understandings and the new techniques which were developing in physics, it seemed to him, could revo- lutionize this aspect of ecology and in doing so revitalize the whole subject. Just before leaving for his two years
in London he sat down with his father
4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
(so sound and alert that it never oc- curred to the younger man that he would never see the old gentleman again) and the two of them threshed out the whole subject in a heart-to- heart conference. How could one bring the rigours of physics into ecol- ogy in such a way as to make it not only qualitative but effectively ana- lytical, not merely piling up precise data but organizing experiments in such a way that they could answer basic questions and thus lead to new experiments which would probe still more deeply. It would be difficult but not impossible to redesign the methods and instruments of a physics labora- tory so that they could be applied to the far greater complexities of a living plant. In what kinds of ways might he start out to determine precisely how the environment is coupled to the plant? Could he eventually understand what one might call the ‘“housekeep- ing” of a living cell so perfectly that he could make up a kind of “energy budget” for the plant, demonstrating exactly where the energy came from, the ways it entered, and what it did? Along with this growing idea was a practical, everyday difficulty. In what kind of university or laboratory could the younger Gates get a chance to work on such problems? As trappers of energy, plants play a central role in such budgets. Yet, would any Amer- ican Botany Department accept a man, however able and however knowledge- able about plants, who did not carry the “union label” of at least one earned degree in Botany? These were seme of the deep concerns he carried
with him to the London Embassy.
Gates had much to mull over as he shuttled back and forth across Europe for two years by planes and _ trains and motor-car.
The opportunity to try out his new ideas in public came almost too soon. The call came when he had just barely settled down with his new job for the Bureau of Standards at Boulder and was occupied with such matters as the Bureau’s participation in the Inter- national Physical Year. Precise data had to be gathered, integrated, shared, interpreted and discussed. In_ the midst. of these and other concerns came a special request from Douglas Lake. The University of Michigan planned to celebrate the fiftieth anni- versary of the Biological Station with a four-day celebration the next June. They wanted him to be one of the four main speakers and planned to publish his address in full in the Of- ficial Semicentennial Proceedings.
The timing was close, but, of course, he couldn’t possibly refuse. He got othcial permission to take a month off and work on his address; in its pub- lished form it marks the beginning of what has become a whole school of biophysical ecology. He began on a movingly personal reference to his father and quickly got down to fun- damentals.
“Having had the great good fortune of the close association for many years with the late eminent plant ecologist, Frank Caleb Gates, to whom. this paper is dedicated, and having strayed from the fold into physics and atmos- pheric physics, | now with great pleas- ure and enthus‘asm return to a subject
which has never been far from my
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN )
thoughts. One cannot have spent eighteen years of association with the field biological sciences without being inspired by so challenging and reward- ing a subject. I hope that in this paper I can suggest some cross pollina- tion of ideas between physics, atmos- pheric physics and ecology. * * * It is fascinating to consider the widely dif-
ferent vegetative associations occur-
ring in nature—tropical rain forests, savanna and grasslands, deciduous and coniferous forests, tundra and deserts.
* * ‘To me these differences in vege- tation suggest one simple important factor to which everything else is re-
lated
ee
energy.
* Let me say first off, as a physicist, I have always admired the biologist and extended to him my condolences, for his subject is much more complex than the physicist’s. The physicist can rather easily con- duct an experiment with only one or two variables, but the biologist is con- fronted with a multitude of variables all interacting at once. * * * It is time to have a theoretical quantitative discipline in the field biological sci- ences which will work closely with the field research biologist. I wish to discuss certain aspects of this disci- pline, in particular, the energy regime of environments.”
The response to this lecture was al- most immediate. Some of the coun- try’s ablest ecologists were beginning to think along such lines. The time was ripe. Within a year he was being pressed to come to the University of Minnesota and give a course in this field. He finally settled on coming to
give a general lecture to the Minnesota
chapter of Sigma Xi, followed by four more specialized lectures. The response there was immediate and enthusiastic. Botanists, zoologists, foresters, ento- mologists, soils-experts, packed the lectures and took every minute of his time. Significantly the local physi- cists were not interested even though the main lecture was a general one for all branches of science. ‘This demon- strated that Gates had been correct in his previous judgment that ‘‘a_ theo- retical quantitative discipline’? must be set up within the field-biological sciences,
The subject of the lecture was de- veloped into a book-sized monograph, Energy Exchange in the Biosphere, Harper and Row, 1962. A _ polished version of the Minnesota lecture, ‘The Energy Environment in Which We Live,” became the Sigma Xi-RESA “National Lecture” for 1962-63, on the West Coast and Hawaii, which has al- ready been alluded to. Though the lecture schedule was taxing, Gates par- ticularly appreciated the long critical group discussions and informal sessions with able biologists on such campuses as the University of California at Davis. These removed his last linger- ing doubts as to the importance and urgency of his new program.
Opportunities opened up on every side. He gave an advanced course in Biophysical Ecology at the Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research. He went back to Douglas Lake one sum- mer and taught Ecology, staying in the same tar-paper shack he lived in as a boy. He collaborated with biologists of the Carnegie Institution at Palo Alto. Papers by him and his students
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Teaching a graduate Ecology class, Douglas Lake, 1964. With a heat detector Dr. Gates
demonstrates that some kinds of leaves with such features as better water-cooling systems may
be 10° (F) cooler than others in the same woodland.
and collaborators began to roll from various presses. (He tells us that he gets up early in the morning and does such writing before ten o’clock.) Gates got this new field of investi- gation off to a rapid start through his remarkable ingenuity in adapting the techniques of physics laboratories to the complexities of living plants. On his office desk at the Garden there is a token from these experiments of a few years ago. Sealed in a glass cylinder (not unlike those once used to display wax flowers) is an intriguing shape. Seen across the room it is in some ways the perfect embodiment of some plant form or other, and yet it is most un-
plantlike. It has, for instance, a lumi-
PHOTO COURTESY OF MURRAY GATES
nous, grayw hite, overall effect. It is rather like a delicate, streamlined bit of modern sculpture in metal. Seen close at hand, the mystery deepens; in its shape it is a perfect image of a Yellow Pine branch, yet it has a soft, ghostly glow. This is really no wonder for it is a Sterling-silver casting of an actual branch from that species of pine. This is one of the devices Gates worked out in getting precise energy budgets for several kinds of western conifers. Among the things he had to know if such a budget were to be calculated, were the actual surface area of the branch and the “effective area’? which absorbed sunlight. With a sterling-
silver casting and an inventive mind
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN a
one could hook up a variety of labora- tory instruments in such ways as to yield the basic readings. By drawing up the proper mathematical equations and inserting these figures one ob- tained the precise items for the budget. As a technique, it was far easier than using the branch itself—and incom- parably more accurate.
Some of the details of making the silver casting are so practical as to be almost comic. In making the enamel cast and in removing the remains of the original twig, Gates employed materials and instruments used in fab- ricating artificial teeth! The original paper in the American Journal of Botany for 1964 describes the opera- tion in precise and dignified scientific language: ‘“‘A portion of the tree was invested in a dental investment com- pound and fired at 2100° F. until no trace of the branch remained in the investment. Then molten silver was induced into the void left by the branch in the investment by a cen- trifugal slinger, thus forming a cast- ing of the branch * * The change in size in forming the castings in this
( ”
manner was less than 1‘.
With such bursts of creative tech- nique the whole program for a “dy- namic ecology” continued to grow and proliferate. Only a scientist who was dedicated as well as able could have participated in designing and_ publish- ing so many critical experiments in a few years and have also carried on his other duties as a scientist, a father, and a citizen.
New opportunities opened up on the neighboring Boulder campus. The Board of Regents of the University of Colorado created an interdiscipli- nary professorship. It was created with Gates in mind as a “Professorship of Natural History.” In many ways it surpassed anything he had hoped for, but (perhaps from his New Eng- land Puritan ancestors) he has strong convictions about how his gifts ought to be used. One week before he was due to go on this payroll, he had a call from the Garden’s Board of Trustees. He looked into the possibilities and problems in St. Louis. He pondered long and deeply over this new challenge.
“It was,” he says earnestly, ‘‘some-
thing I could not refuse.”
CHRISTMAS SHOPPING DONE?
The new Garden Gate Gift Shop at
Shaw’s Garden offers a delightful and unusual selection of gifts for your friends
who love flowers and garden accessories, as well as those hard-to-please friends who
seem to have everything.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Sonnerat beneath a coco de mer palm, from the frontispiece of his book published in 1 the first known picture of the tree. See page 10.
PHOTO J. D. SAUER
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9
THE SEYCHELLES ARCHIPELAGO AND ITS PALMS
JONATHAN D. SAUER
Mews Seychelles lie just south of the equator in the open Indian Ocean about 1000 miles east of Zanzibar and 600 miles north-northeast of Madagas- car. Excluding outlying coral islets, geographically separate although under the same British Colonial administra- tion, the archipelago is a compact group of some 30 small granitic islands. For their size, the islands are rugged, with many great cliffs, tumbled piles of boulders, and rock peaks, some nearly 3000 feet high and often covered by clouds and mist.
The climate is nearly ideal for growth of most tropical plants: con- tinuously warm, much sunshine and gentle breezes, free from storms and hurricanes, with abundant rain during the northwest monsoon and frequent quick showers during the southeast trade season. Patches of vegetation cclonize even the steep slopes, wher- ever there is any foothold in ravines or crevices, and the gentler slopes are blanketed with trees, now mostly coconuts. The combination of clean, blue sea, fringing reefs, lush vegeta- tion, and towering masses of rock pro- duce a landscape of unearthly beauty.
The apogee of response to this spe- cial place came from the heroic Gen- eral Gordon, becalmed here briefly a few years before his death at Khar- toum. Gordon believed that the Sey- chelles, and precisely the island of Praslin, might have been the actual Garden of Eden. It seems most fit- ting that he identified two species of
palm, the coco de mer and the coco-
nut, as the tree of knowledge and the tree of life. Among all the rich Sey- chelles flora, these two palms have most stimulated human curiosity and satisfied human needs.
Gordon’s tree of knowledge, the coco de mer or double coconut, is a fan palm of the genus Lodoicea and is not closely related to the true coconut. It is the most famous of six genera of palms and hundreds of other kinds of plants and animals that are peculiar to the Seychelles. These strange, endemic organisms have been adduced as evi- dence that the Seychelles are a rem- nant of some ancient, foundered land mass, called Gondwanaland or Lemuria in different hypotheses. However, che present submarine ridge on which the island’s lie is surrounded by great trenches thousands of fathoms deep. The peculiar flora and fauna may be simply derived from rare migrants that arrived, one by one, across the sea by long-range wind, bird, and ocean current dispersal. The descendants of these waifs then may have become distinct from their relatives in the outside world by gradual divergent evolution,
There is no evidence that the mod- ern coco de mer is capable of long- range dispersal. Although the nuts float indefinitely, they are not known to remain viable in salt water and, in any case, the species has separate male and female trees so that germination of isolated nuts would be ineffective for colonization. Alive or dead, stray
coco de mer nuts have been found on
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
the beaches of southeastern Asia and the East Indies since antiquity. Being the largest of any seeds, curiously shaped, and completely mysterious in origin, they were regarded as one of the wonders of the world. Shells of the nut were made into drinking cups to confer immunity to disease or poi- son. Bits of the actually innocuous copra were traded through Asia and even into Europe as a medical panacea. The Maldive Islands were the most favorably situated part of the known world for intercepting Seychelles drift, and ancient Maldive kings claimed any of these fabulous nuts that washed up on their beaches as a royal prerogative, probably with considerable conviction, since a single nut could be traded for a whole ship loaded with ordinary goods. A Maldive king once commis- sioned an expedition in a vain search for their source.
There were legends that sailors had seen the coco de mer tree growing deep beneath the sea in clear bays off Java. Malay pilots told Magellan’s compan- ion, Pigafetta, that the nut came from a big tree standing above the waves at the navel of the ocean and that in it was the nest of the Garuda bird that preyed on elephants. This recalls Marco Polo’s tale of the roc, the gigantic eagle that carried off and devoured elephants. An envoy of the Great Khan, sent after this creature, is said to have returned with a palm frond that he offered as a quill of the roc. Old Arab charts place the islands of the roc in the Indian Ocean, but the geography is too flexible to tell whether the legend is rooted in Mada- gascar or the Seychelles or some imagi-
nary place.
Right after 1500, Portolan charts began showing islands in the Indian Ocean that have been interpreted as representing the Seychelles. Assuming they represent actual Portuguese sight- ings rather than legends, sorting out the many different Indian Ocean is- lands on these inaccurate old maps is a baffling puzzle.
The first recorded landing in the Seychelles was in 1609, when a British East Indiaman, the Ascension, an- chored for a week in what long after came to be called Victoria Harbour. The sailors found plenty of palms ashore, as will be discussed below, but were not in the right place, the island of Praslin and its satellites, to find the coco de mer groves. Praslin was final- ly explored nearly 150 years later by French expeditions from Mauritius. The first naturalists to describe the coco de mer palms were Sonnerat and Abbé Rochon, who visited the islands about 1770. The first known drawing of the tree appears above Sonnerat in the frontispiece of his book (page 8).
Immediately thereafter the world market was glutted by nuts carried off by French and raiding British sailors expecting sales at king’s ransom prices. The nuts became commonplace in Mauritius as sugar scoops and as rice measures in Chinese shops. In the Sey- chelles today, the shells are in humble service for bailing out fishermen’s canoes. The nuts are sold as curios for a few rupees apiece to passengers on the monthly steamer from Mom- basa or Bombay and a thousand or so nuts are still exported from the islands every year. Coco de mer palms are now planted here and there on various of the Seychelles Islands and a few
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 1]
Coconuts planted on inaccessible granitic coast, Police Point, Mahle Island. See page 13.
specimens are growing in greenhouses and botanical gardens around the world.
In the home island of Praslin, groves of thousands of these trees, including some ancient males 125 feet high, are preserved in permanent reserves. These groves also harbor other kinds of en- demic palms and an extremely rare black parrot. The Praslin parrot and the coco de mer are shown on the lowest and highest values, the 5 cent and 10 rupee, of the current Seychelles postage stamps.
The other five endemic palms, each belonging to a separate genus known only from the Seychelles, were origi- nally present on more of the islands than the coco de mer. One, known locally as the palmiste, is as noble a tree as the coco de mer. The others, collectively known as Jataniers, are
comparatively small, graceful and
PHOTO J. D. SAUER
slender. They grew as understory trees in the original forests and, along with some peculiar Pandanus species, dominated many steep, boulder-piled mountain slopes. As human _ popula- tion built up, the palms held on better than most of the native plants, having fairly good ability to regenerate in cutover or burned over sites, but they are no longer abundant. — Palmistes have been much cut for their edible apical buds or “cabbage” and lataniers for their timber and, in any case, their territory has been largely usurped by coconut plantations.
The coconut, Gordon’s tree of life, was well naturalized in the Seychelles in 1609, when the islands entered his- tory. One of their discoverers de- scribed them as ‘“‘a very good refresh- ing place for wood, water, coker nutts, fish and fowle, without any feare or
danger, except the allagartes; for you
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
cannot discern that ever any people had been there before us.”
The fact that these and various other uninhabited Indian Ocean islands had coconut palms when they were dis- covered has sometimes been attributed to planting by unrecorded Portuguese or ancient Arab or Malay voyagers. This is a shaky deduction because coco- nuts are known to remain viable while floating in salt water, the distances different varieties might be dispersed by ocean currents being as yet un- determined.
No matter how it arrived the coco- nut certainly naturalized itself well. Starting in 1742, a series of French expeditions from Mauritius began ex- ploring the Seychelles, leading to formal occupation and _ colonization about 1770. The explorers and early settlers harvested large quantities of wild coconuts from palms that they reported growing along the beaches of the various islands but never more than 10 or 20 paces inland. Theo- retically, they were poaching on a royal reserve. Under general French colonial law, a coastal strip extending 50 paces inland from high tide was perpetually reserved for the crown. Fifteen years after settlement, the colonists were producing about 1,500 gallons of oil a year from nuts gath- ered along the beaches. During the 19th Century, even the theory of the royal coastal reserve was forgotten, and privately owned plantations today extend to the sea.
The idea of planting coconuts was suggested as early as 1771 but it was slow in catching hold. Originally the
focus was on romantic attempts to
establish spice gardens. During the French and early British period, all the standard tropical plantation crops and many rarer ones were tried in an effort to develop a commercial export prod- uct. None were more than tempor- arily successful. The ease of growing sweetpotatoes and manioc, the abun- dance of fish, and export of the magnificent native hardwood timbers permitted fairly steady population growth. At the end of the Napoleonic wars, when control passed to the Brit- ish, the population was about 5,000, mostly slaves. In 1845, with libera- tion of the slaves and the consequent labor shortage, the old pattern of in- tensive plantation agriculture ended and the colony was left with no export crop and a deficit instead of the former surplus of subsistence crops. Some coastal coconut plantings had been started previously, but it was after 1835 that this low-labor crop was first planted extensively. It soon became the mainstay of the economy, primarily for export but with a vari- ety of minor domestic uses: food and oil, the poonac remaining after ex- pression of the oil serving for cattle feed, timber, thatch, fiber, and wine or toddy from the fermented sap of the inflorescence.
By 1850 many coastal sand flats had been planted to coconuts and about 50,000 gallons of oil were being pro- duced a year. By 1875 plantations had filled the coastal flats and were being extended up the mountainsides, in places reaching 1500 feet elevation. Expansion was uneven on the different islands, on some continuing into the
present century. Felicité was finally
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13
Vanilla planted under coconuts, Praslin Island.
The broad leaves of the vanilla orchid vine
show plainly at the left of the picture. See page 13.
cleared and planted to coconuts be- tween 1918 and 1927.
were pushed too far up many slopes
Plantations
with infertile and readily eroded soil. The upper, marginal groves have yielded few nuts and have suffered greatly from attack by a native palm borer, which does less damage to coco- nuts on coastal sands. This pest is the larva of a beetle, one of many endemic insects associated with the native palmiste and latanicr palms. The single-mindedness and determi- nation with which the Seychelles have been planted to coconuts is remark- able. One expects a low coral atoll to be blanketed with coconuts but it is amazing to see them ascending preci- pices that would challenge a moun-
taineer. Where crevices are inadequate,
PHOTO: J.s Di SAUER
little terraces have commonly been built for individual palms and_ soil placed behind walls of coconut husks.
Most rural life on the islands goes on under the coconut canopy, often a double layer of green fronds above dry thatch. Papayas, mangoes, breadfruit, and all the other dooryard trees are set ina palm matrix. Patches of sweet- potatoes, taro, and other provisions commonly grow under partial shade of coconuts. The two secondary com- mercial crops, the carefully tended vanilla and the half wild cinnamon, are produced from an understory be- neath coconuts (fig., p. 13).
It seems miraculous that few people are hit by falling nuts unless one be- lieves the story that the eyes on the
nut are to watch out for people below.
14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
A few of the coconut palms are regularly tapped for toddy, fermented into a wine. Every day perhaps 15,000 or 20,000 nuts escape from their tech- nical owners to reward their finders with food and drink. By local custom,
eing seen in the company of a single unidentified coconut is not actionable but unauthorized possession of coco- nuts in plural is larceny. The planters manage to divert nearly 90 percent of the crop into commercial channels.
The export trade switched from oil to copra about 1905 and only small quantities of copra are pressed on the islands for local oil requirements. Copra is prepared both by sun drying and by artificial heating with fires of coconut shell and husks. Much Sey- chelles copra is of superlative quality and sells for a premium price in India. Copra exports have averaged around 5,000 or 6,000 tons a year for the last 40 years. Although not a huge statis- tic in terms of world commerce, this represents the produce of about 40 million nuts a year, many of which have to be sought and carried out of inaccessible sites, husked, dried, and sacked by hand labor, and often taken through the breakers in a canoe to a schooner standing offshore. As copra must bear the main burden of support of the colony’s dense and fast increas- ing population, presently about 40,000, attempts to increase yields have long been a major government and private concern.
The plantations were originally es- tablished with the so-called creole coconut or coco seychellois, derived
from seedlings of the naturalized beach trees. The Seychelles coconut bears fewer and smaller nuts with thicker husks than the commercial varieties grown elsewhere. However, introductions of improved cultivated varieties have repeatedly ended in mis- erable failure. For example, of 15,000 Ceylon coconuts introduced in 1905, most had died prematurely within 20 years and a single unhealthy survivor remained after 50 years. Under good conditions, any variety of coconut normally has a productive life of 70 years and some continue bearing for over 100 years. The reason for the failure of imported varieties in the Seychelles is not entirely clear. They are said to be less resistant to the na- tive palm beetles and less suited to the local soils than the creole variety. Also the creole coconut is preferred because the nuts fall of their own ac- cord when ripe; a good tree drops a nut every day or so all year round rather than holding them for cutting in a seasonal harvest. Expert consult- ants brought in by the government have agreed that it is better to con- tinue with the coco seychellois, which the people know and understand, im- proving it by selective breeding rather than attempting to replace it.
Thus the story of Seychelles palms has a rather curious upshot. After two hundred years of experiments with all sorts of introduced crop spe- cies, the colony has worked out an economy based on the first plant that its colonists met when they I2nded on
the beaches.
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15
*
~
Coconuts overhanging quiet beach on La Digue Island, Praslin Island in background. PHOTO J. D. SAUER
SELECTED REFERENCES J. F. G. Lionnet. 1962. Agriculture in the Seychelles: a retrospect. Journal of the
L. H. Bailey and D. Vesey-Fitzgerald. 1942. Seychelles Society 2:14-32. ; Palms of the Seychelles. Gentes Herbarium A. C. McEwen. 1961. Fragments of early 6(1):1—48. Seychelles history. Journal of the Seychelles
Society 1:7—21.
F. C. Cooke. 1958. Report on the coconut ee P.. Sorimerat:. 1
; ‘ 6. Voyage a la Nouvelle industry. 55 pp. Seychelles Govt. wae s
Guinée. 206 pp. Paris.
Bs Durocher-Y von. 1953. The coconut in- D. Vesey-Fitzgerald. 1940. On the vegeta- dustry of Seychelles. World Crops 5:437- tion of Seychelles. Journal of Ecology 28: 441. 465-483.
A. A. Fauvel. 1909. Unpublished documents A. W. T. Webb. 1960. Agricultural census on the history of the Seychelles Islands an- of the Seychelles Colony. 66 pp. Seychelles terior to 1810. 417 pp. Seychelles Govt. Govt.
CER CRRA MD MSD
Why don’t you join the crowd hurrying down Tower Grove Avenue to the
Garden Gate Gift Shop? Christmas is almost here.
16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
BOOK REVIEW
T this time in the history of the A city, St. Louisans will be excited to find for sale a moderately priced book, The French in the Missis- sippi Valley (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1965, 247 pages, list price $6.75). Expertly edited by Dr. John F. McDermott of Southern IIli- nois University, this volume depicts the early history of St. Louis in par- ticular and French activities in the Mississippi Valley in general. The uni- fying theme of early French influence in the region is clearly portrayed in a series of well-illustrated articles of which “Myths and Realities Concern- ing the Founding of St. Louis,” “The
Houses of French St. Louis,” “St. Louis Families from the French West Indies,” and “An Early St. Louis Poet: Pierre Francois Régnier” will be of Readers of the
BULLETIN will certainly find ‘French
immediate interest.
Naturalists in the Mississippi Valley” by Dr. Joseph Ewan of the Botany Department of Tulane University an added pleasure.
Originally prepared for a confer- ence observing the 200th anniversary of the founding of St. Louis by Pierre de Lacléde, The French in the Missis- sippi Valley is now available from the University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Watter H. Lewis
CR ERRAND MD
IS YOUR NAME CORRECT ON OUR ROSTER?
es is a perennial problem in the Friends’ office. There is checking and rechecking; intelligent and de- voted secretaries work at the problem. You’d never imagine the many ways in which error creeps in and stays in. A whole set of difficulties can begin when a membership application arrives from a downtown ofhce with nothing
to go by but the signature on the check.
You can help us by referring to the membership list in the October BULLE- TIN and finding out if your name is rightly spelled and rightly listed. If it isn’t, just call Mrs. Gleason at TO 5-0440 or drop a postcard to the Friends’ ofhce. Two corrections have already reached us. The listings should be: Mr. and Mrs. Arthur B. Baer, Judge and Mrs. William E. Buder.
EpGar ANDERSON
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry Hirencock, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
Harry E, WUeERTENBAECHER, JR., Second Vice President
Howarp F, Barr CLARENCE CC, BARKSDALE SaAm’L. C. Davis RicHARD A. Goopson
EX-OFFICIO
Mrs. GIrBbert Harris,
President, Board of Education of St. Louis
STRATFORD Lee Morton,
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis
Leonarp J. HoLLanp
Henry B. Preacer
A. Timon Primo, III
WARREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH
C. PowrLn WrHirrHrap Honorary Trustees:
Grorce L. Capican
Dupiry Frencu
JOHN S. LEHMANN
MEMBERS
THomas H. Ettor, Chancellor, Washington University
A. J. CERVANTES, Mayor, City ot St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN
Women's Executive Committee: Mrs. Edward
L. Bakewell, Jr., President, Mrs. T.
Randolph Potter, First Vice President, Mrs. James Alfring, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sidney M, Shoenherg, Jr., Treasurer, Mrs. Leslie Hf
Gleason, [.recuttve Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Mrs. J. Herman Belz, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, F.
G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, EK. J
Gildehaus, Carl F. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. Me Math, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Charles
Sacamano, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
GARDEN STAFF
Davip M. Gates, Director
EpGar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants
CLARENCE BARBRE, Instructor
Derek G. Burcu, Assistant Botanist
Laptstaus Curak, Greenhouse Superintendent
HuGu C. Currer, Curator of Useful Plants
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate
Watpo G. FEcCHNER, Secretary of Board and Controller
RayMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate
James Hampton, Chief Engineer and Superintendent of Operations
Pauvt A. Kout, Floriculturist
Water H. Lewis, Director of the Herbarium
F. R. McMarn, Rosarian
VikTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research Associate
H. Wayne Nicuors, Curator of Algae Royce L. Oviver, Research Assistant
Mark W. Pappock, Administrative Assistant to the Director
KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor FRANK F. Persue, Assistant Librarian Mrs. Marion PFEIFFER, Orchid Grower
GEORGE H. PRING, Superintendent Emeritus
Joun Ripaway, Curator of Bryophytes
ANDRE’ RospyNns, Research Associate
ALFRED SAXDAL, Rose Grower
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
GeEoRGE B. VAN ScHaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supplemented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing greenhouses and most other facilities are from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s fom 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Climatron stays open until 7:00 P.M., as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festi- vals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature classes are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden maintains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is sometimes open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park- Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and taking part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the ‘Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
Phone TOwnsend 5-0440
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Bulletin vou
Christmas Spice
COvER
Christmas Spice: The fragrant wreath on the cover might well have been titled “The Spirit of Christmas Past” for it came as a gift a year ago from the lady who originated and executed it, Mrs. J. Glennon Schreiber. Everything on it except the ribbon and the foam-backing can be found in a well-equipped kitchen. Though it has hung in a brilliantly lighted living room all this time, it is even more beautiful now that the coloring is more muted. The fragrance diminishes but is still pleasantly noticeable from close-by.
The wreath is made of over a dozen herbs and spices arranged in patterns on a base of dried bayleaves. Starting at the ribbon and going to the left, there is a whole nutmeg with its attached mace below it and three coffee beans above it, then a small chili pepper. Next comes a short roll of cinnamon bark supporting a design of three cardamon seedpods, three dark juniper berries and cloves at either side. “Farther along is a narrow, dark segment of a vanilla “bean,” star anise (familiar in Ozark apple butter) and the flat seeds of flav. Other details of the pattern include ginger root, coriander seeds, anise seeds, peppercorns, and cardamom seeds.
PHOTO, COURTESY SHAW CAMERA SHOP
CONTENTS Christmas Spice Why a Botanical Garden Derek Burch, New Staff Member Mrs. Leslie Gleason
A Trip with Kenneth Peck
aes ——— ve
Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois.
Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10,
Missourl. Editor: EpGar ANDERSON.
Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year.
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-othce at Galesburg, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
Missour1 Botanical Garden
Vol. LITT No. 10
Bulletin
December 1965
WHY A BOTANICAL GARDEN
DAVID M. GATES, Director
A PLACE of beauty, an island of ele- gance, a storehouse of knowledge and learning of plants; this is a botan- ical garden. More than a greenhouse, more than a park, neither a forest, a prairie, nor a desert. A place to por- tray and preserve plants, to study and learn about the world’s greatest con- sumer and converter of solar energy. A botanical garden has as its primary concern the living, chlorophyll-laden surfaces of the Earth, representing perhaps a million times the surface presented by rock, soil, and water. Man’s full understanding of the plant world is so far from realization that it seems like a vague vision to be ignored by a busy world intent upon self-strangulation and planetary prob- ings. We build new ships to explore the seas, new observatories to search the stars, accelerators to probe the nucleus, computers as arithmetical aids, and rockets thrusting satellites into orbit. But do we understand how plants evolved, why the vast array of varieties, how man and his predecessors would not have grown without plants, nor how insects lions, and birds ap- peared? We search for life on other planets in order to find the very thing we wish to take for granted on our
own abode. The evidence for organic
evolution is being demolished as rapid- ly as man can plow, doze, pave, pollute, and otherwise scarify the surface of the Earth.
Henry Shaw, with vision and con- viction, founded an institution known as the Missouri Botanical Garden, for the “science of Botany, Horticulture, and allied objects’ and maintained “for the cultivation and propagation of plants, flowers, fruit and _ forest trees, and other productions of the vegetable Kingdom.” During the last 106 years the Missouri Botanical Gar- den has made substantial contributions to the science of botany, has educated many of America’s most distinguished taxonomists, has stimulated interest in plants among a vast public audience, and has given beauty and pleasure to innumerable millions who have trod- den its paths. There has not been founded in the United States another institution of the same unique charac- ter as the Missouri Botanical Garden which combines display, research, and teaching in such a vital way.
Here in our herbarium cases we har- bor 2 million specimens of dried plants, meticulously preserved and in- timately labeled as to name, origin and collection date. These plants are mute
testimony to the quality, beauty, and
(1)
2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
generic character of the “world we live in”; they guide us to understand- ing it before, during and after man’s disruption of its surface. These col- lections, many made nearly 100 years ago, are irretrievable if destroyed by fire. Scientists from many lands travel to St. Louis in order to study the specimens within our herbarium cases. Due to the foresight of Henry Shaw and the insight of the distin- guished scholars who during the last 100 years have been in residence at the Missouri Botanical Garden, many thou- sands of specimens per year are loaned to other institutions at home and abroad. These scholars were not shel- tered, long haired, impractical men peering through microscopes and with- drawn from society. They were and are men of physical stamina and alert minds, of a fibre few are endowed with, possessed of intense curiosity to understand the most remote dimen- sions of the plant world. These men went west with the great explorations of America when St. Louis was the gateway on the frontier. They have spanned the globe from equator to pole and from Africa, New Guinea, Guatemala, and Brazil, from India, Antarctica, the Pacific Islands and wherever plant life grew. From these labors came one of the greatest collec- tions of plants within the Americas.
A vast array of living plants, exotics from the far reaches of the Earth, which could not survive the winter winds and fluctuating climate of mid- America, are sheltered beneath glass and plastic walls containing the humid heat of the tropics or the dry hot air of the desert. Here within the Clima-
tron and greenhouses grow some of the world’s most remarkable living things. These plants are here for study, for popagation, and for enjoyment. The sheer beauty of their flowers is unsur- passed in the experience of man and the geometrical variety of their form unmatched by the physical world. Where else can one stand before such variety and elegance of form and color, such enormous testimony to the experience of evolution? Within the confines of these walls man can strive to understand the function and adap- tation of plants.
A creative scientist stands on the shoulders of his predecessors and in this way the pyramid of knowledge is built. The record, as far as earlier in- vestigators could set it down in writ- ing, is contained in the books and journals of our library, five centuries of vivid, descriptive and philosophical writings by the greatest minds of man kindled by the challenge of plants. Here our staff and their contempo- raries from many lands study and learn, stoking the inspirational fires of the human mind, in order to unravel the intricacies of plant evolution. No historian of American botany can complete a major study without hav- ing recourse to our library. The Mis- souri Botanical Garden is truly a major center for learning about plants and all that plants can do for mankind.
This heritage of minds, men, plants and books within this institution must continue to thrive and contribute to man’s well being, a well being not predicated on paving or pollution but founded on a deep and thorough under- standing of the natural world, a world
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3
of plants and animals. Toward this end the Missouri Botanical Garden will carry the banner for botany and cru- sade for the understanding and enjoy- ment of plants. The world needs a botanical garden more today than ever before in the history of mankind. The glamor of space, stars and galax- ies must not shunt nor shadow our efforts to understand, utilize and enjoy the beauty of plants. Without such understanding man will become a de- generate species unable to cope with
a poisoned planet, incapable of retriev-
ing a comprehension of life, and frus- trated in his attempt to locate new life elsewhere in the universe.
In the tradition and wisdom of Henry Shaw, the Missouri Botanical Garden must thrive and grow as an essential part of the modern world. In these pages you will learn during the months and years ahead of our efforts to do just that. We shall dedicate our efforts to this end and will ask for the collaboration of all who believe in the understanding of plants as an essential
pathway to survival.
OUR NEW STAFF MEMBER, DEREK BURCH
NE of the basic difficulties in O running a botanical garden is to get botanists and horticulturists who have had training and experience in the peculiar mixture of activities car- ried on in such places. Dr. Derek G. Burch, who came here last September as Assistant Botanist, arrived with as many kinds of useful experience to his credit as any staff member in the his- tory of this Botanical Garden. Though still in his thirties he has had technical training and practical experience in controlling plant diseases, has helped run an herbarium, has had the respon- sibility of answering the public’s ques- tions about weeds and poisonous plants, has operated a propagating greenhouse, has taught elementary botany, has op- erated a landscape gardening business, has been the “trouble-shooter’” and general handyman for the Director of a big Botanical Garden, has raised orchids from seed by the latest im-
proved methods.
The mere cataloguing of such ac- tivities since he left his boyhood home in England until he arrived at our gates would make him sound like a rolling stone. His history, unfortu- nately, is altogether too typical of the difhculties facing young men in post- war Britain when they set out to make their way in a changing world.
Dr. Burch came naturally by his deep-seated interest in plants. He grew up in outer London, near enough the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew that the family went there frequently, yet far enough from the city that they found interesting places to go camp- ing together. His mother was the chief gardener of the family and had a little rock garden and grew. small bulbs, though she would have been the first to insist that it was not really a collection. (It might be explained that when a modern Englishman tells you modestly that he “grows a few
small bulbs” this is a masterpiece of
4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
English understatement. It does not mean that he just buys a few snow- drops and crocuses and sticks them in the ground. One usually learns that for several decades he has been earnest- ly building up a collection of daintily beautiful plants, mostly a few inches high and coming from bulbs or corms as small as the end of your little finger, or smaller. To succeed, one has to learn the particular likes and dislikes of each kind before he loses it. Fur- thermore, for at least some of these rarities he must by a mixture of skill and good luck have extra bulbs to trade. A good collection requires bulbs that are virtually impossible to buy; you gradually make your way into this select brotherhood by suc- ceeding with a few kinds that even experts find difficult. Some of these little gems are common things; many of them are part of the loot which British gardeners have obtained one way and another from all over the world—the mountains of Afghanistan and Turkey, the back-corners of North Africa, Spain, and Portugal, the southern Andes, and our own North- west. Their very names are unknown to ordinary gardeners or botanists. ) With this kind of background it is not surprising that when Burch be- came of college age he decided to study Agricultural Botany and entered the University College of Wales, Aberys- twyth (Abber-iss’-twith). | Modern mass-production Agriculture was mak- ing rapid strides, particularly in the tropics; a young man with an interest in plants and good basic training might look forward to an interesting
and profitable career if he could cope
with the more or less unexplored prob- lems that turn up in such operations.
It was a good choice. Decades be- fore, the ecologist, Sir George Staple- don, had made this institution a center for understanding the peculiar prob- lems of growing grass as turf. Even- tually he and his associates demon- strated how the beautiful hill and mountain pasturelands of Wales could be made highly productive. The studies of Kentucky Bluegrass, begun here at the Garden thirty years ago and much in our national programs with golf and lawn and pasture grasses, stem from Sir George’s insights. Further- more, for a naturalist, few universities have a finer setting in which to spend one’s college years. On gently sloping grounds, just nicely back from the sea, the University faces a long sweep of rocky coast with sandy bays. Close at hand are pleasant hills. In the blue distance are the Welsh mountains with their moorlands and alpine summits to explore.
Dr. Burch took his Bachelor’s de- gree at Aberystwyth and immediately began intensive graduate work in Plant Pathology there with the idea of eventually finishing his doctor’s degree at another university. He worked on “Ring Spot,” a well known disease of cabbages which according to all the authorities attacked only mature plants. He advanced the understand- ing of this disease by demonstrating that the text books were wrong. The cabbage plants were infected when they were very young though it took careful microscopic study to find the growing fungi in their tissues. Not
until the characteristic spots were pro-
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5
duced on their leaves was there con- spicuous evidence of the disease. These studies were evidence of his promise as a scientist, but they prevented him from getting a doctor’s degree promptly. To demonstrate the details of the real life history of the fungus would require starting all over and demonstrating, step by step, precisely what happened. This would take much longer than he and his advisors had planned; and his scholarship time was running out.
At this point he had a commercial offer to study the diseases and pests of sugar cane for a company which was growing cane and producing sugar in the Dominican Republic. It was hard work but he loved it. He participated in bringing one of the insect pests under biological control through the use of a parasitic fly. “I worked with those flies so intensively,” he says, “that I can still recognize them and even tell the sexes apart at 50 paces!” He cooperated with another sugar company which was carrying on sim- ilar work down in Venezuela. “I flew down there,” he says, “with living cultures of our fly and brought back a stock of their fly to Santo Domingo.”
He enjoyed the work and the life in Santo Domingo. He even learned to put up with the damp, oppzessive heat, except that, like many red-haired peo- ple, he has a sensitive skin. Shaving every day was bad enough in England. In the Tropics it was torture, and in that climate there was the constant risk of fungal infection. Accordingly he again raised a beard. Sandy red, scrupulously groomed and most_ be-
coming, it now lends distinction to
gatherings at Shaw’s Garden whether formal or informal.
Though Dr. Burch continued to be fascinated by life in the Tropics, he was wise enough to realize that Santo Domingo was not the place for him to settle down permanently. (Only those who have been exposed to the experi- ence can realize the exaggerated social tensions that develop when Europeans of several nationalities exist as a tightly knit enclave within a radically different culture.) Accordingly, he started off his scientific career anew in charge of the propagating greenhouse at the Fairchild Tropical Garden in southern Florida, a fine opportunity for a young man with an interest in tropical vegetation. As this interest continued to grow, it carried him in what might seem the wrong direction; he joined the staff of the Montreal Botanical Garden in Canada.
Burch went there to work under the dynamic Henry Teuscher, a Euro- pean-trained horticulturist. It was he who developed a display vegetable garden which includes such unusual things as rat-tailed radishes, grown for their spicy sced pods. It is charming to look at, yet its display labels are so complete and so accurate that typed copies of the whole set have been used for reference material in University courses in Economic Botany. Teuscher has had a real effect on the entire city of Montreal as well as on its botanic garden. Much of the city is so close- ly built up that there is little oppor- tunity to grow flowers. Teuscher de- veloped window box gardening into a fine art; there is now a city-wide cam-
paign every year to fill Montreal with
6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
bloom. It is so successful that Burch says in May he saw thousands upon thousands of window boxes come into flower—‘‘the city just bloomed!” Working as a ‘“‘trouble-shooter” and general handyman directly under Teuscher was invaluable experience for Burch. He prepared accurate and com- plete [ists of the Bromeliad and Aroid collections to facilitate exchanges with other institutions (which, of course, built up the Montreal collections even more); he made detailed technical de- scriptions of rare tropical orchids when they came into bloom for the first time; he translated the Garden’s popu- lar Bulletins, on such subjects as lawn care, into English out of the original French, so that they could be used by the many Montreal citizens who un- derstand only a little French. Everything was going forward fa- mously when political conditions ex- ploded in his face. ‘There was rabid agitation to keep new arrivals from England out of municipal jobs in Montreal. Under this pressure it was impossible for Burch to renew his visa, and he was forced to return to Florida where the Fairchild Gardens created an emergency position for him. For a short time he was their ‘‘Horticultur- ist’ in charge of such features as Palms, Aroids, Bromeliads, Cycads, Flowering Trees, and Ground Covers. Then Burch met and married an American girl and settled down to the responsibilities of family life. As a result, he finally decided to get back into university work and _ finish his technical training. He became a can- didate for the Ph.D. in Taxonomy at the University of Florida at Gaines-
ville, concentrating eventually upon the classification of the Spotted Spurges which include those ingenious little weeds which have learned how to prosper in modern cities and fan out into mats from cracks in the sidewalk. He chose this training partly because of his growing interests in such prob- lems, partly because a Ph.D. has be- come an almost indispensable “Union Card” in modern University life.
At Gainesville, Burch eked out his graduate student income in ways that gave him still further experience. He was a teaching assistant in Botany; he was a technical assistant to Dr. Yoneo Sagawa, an outstanding authority on laboratory culture of orchids. (Dr. Sagawa began his professional career as a graduate student of Dr. Gustav Melquist when the latter was a joint sta‘? member of the Garden and the School of Botany at Washington Uni- versity.) Dr. Burch also worked with weeds and poisonous plants, first as “Research Assistant” in the Herbari- um, getting together precise informa- tion about weeds for Extension Service publications. Eventually he became “Extension Botanist,” identifying weeds, wild-flowers, and cultivated plants which were sent in for identifi- cation, and answering all kinds of re- lated questions by mail and over the telephone. Last August saw the com- pletion of his graduate career. One day, last month, in referring to his Ph.D. he said with a quiet smile, “The ink was still wet on my diploma when I arrived at the Garden.”
Like most members of the scientific s:aff, Dr. Burch will divide his time between the Garden and Washington
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN vi
University, where he is an assistant professor in the Botany Department. This year he will teach the course in “Beginning Systematics,” two lectures and two lab periods a week during the second semester. This will deal with the identification and classification of the flowering plants a student is most likely to meet.
At the Garden, Burch’s role as As- sistant Botanist is mainly to help Dr. Lewis in curating the Garden’s tre- mendous collection of around two million specimens, chiefly of flowering plants and ferns. Virtually all the big herbaria in the world cooperate with each other in the collection, classifica- tion, storage, and study of these stand- ardized samples of the world’s flora. They are mounted on stiff, heavy paper of standard dimensions (roughly the shape and size of a newspaper page folded over once) with a small label giving the details about when and where and by whom they were collect- ed. They are kept safe from insects and dust in tightly closed cabinets, sometimes of wood but usually now of steel. They form one of the world’s most important “information retrieval systems.” Their standardization and
the world-wide cooperation between
botanists, means that tens of thou- sands of them are in circulation at any one time, being lent for study, identi- fied by experts, traded between insti- tutions, bought, and sold. The world’s flora is still very imperfectly known, and it is important that after new col- lections have been made they should be identified (more or less provisionally, if need be), and shared with scholars at other institutions. Because of Dr. Woodson’s sudden death, two years ago, and for a variety of other reasons, Dr. Lewis on his arrival last year was faced with a dismayingly large back- log of undistributed (and imperfectly labeled) collections, largely in the state they had been left by their orig- inal collectors. With the assistance of his staff and student assistants he has made remarkable headway in a year, but there is much yet to be done. Getting these collections into useful circulation is presently Dr. Burch’s most important function. He also answers questions over the telephone, identifies specimens which come in by mail from the general public and is deftly useful when students, staff, and visiting scholars work with the giant
collection from day to day.
rs. Lestie GLEASON, who has been executive secretary of the FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN since early October, is a returning St. Louisan who has known the Garden since childhood.
Fontbonne and Washington University
In her college years at
she sang with the Opera Workshop and the St. Louis Light Opera Guild. After entering the business world as
executive secretary and office manager
she went into the field of public rela- tions and was associated with Tyme Magazine, Lockheed Aircraft, and Jim Ameche Productions.
Mrs. Gleason is the daughter of Mrs. L. S. Robinson and the late Brig. General Earl H. Robinson.
moving to the West Coast she was
Before
active in the Civic Music League and as a Red Cross Gray Lady at Barnes Hospital.
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
A TRIP WITH KENNETH PECK
NS April and May the Garden will cooperate in a springtime garden tour in England, France, Bel- gium and Holland. Mr. Kenneth Peck, Director of the Garden’s Educational programs, will accompany the group which is being organized by LEONARD HAERTTER TRAVEL.
The group will leave St. Louis, April 27, arriving in Amsterdam, April 28. Three weeks later they will return from London to St. Louis on May 18.
private gardens and some outstanding
They will visit public and
nurserymen in and near Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris and London. Mr. Peck’s horticultural classes and tours of the
Climatron and the Garden have won
him many friends in St. Louis. Trained as a botanist, he is a keen gardener who flowers such things as alpine Gentians successfully in his rock gar- den in Webster Groves. He will or- ganize informal talks and discussions that will add to the permanent value of the trip.
For all further details call LEon- ARD HAERTTER TRAVEL at PA 1-6200 or write 5 Forsythe Walk, St. Louis, Missouri 63105.
The accompanying view of the tulip fields near Haarlem is a timely reminder that this Garden Tour would make an appropriate Christmas gift for someone interested in gardens and
gardening.
Tui Fietps As CHristTMAS GIFTS? SEE ABOVE.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Henry HircHcock, President
Leicester B. Faust, Vice President
Harry E, WurERTENBAECHER, JR., Second Vice President
Howarp F. Baer
CLARENCE C, BARKSDALE
Sam’L. C. Davis
RicHarp A. Goopson
Leonarp J. HoLttanp
Henry B. Prracer
A. TIMON Primm, III
WaRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH
C. PowreLt WHITEHEAD Honorary Trustees:
GEORGE L. CApIGAN
DupLrey FRENCH
JOHN S. LEHMANN
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
THoMmMaAs H. Error, Chancellor, Washington University
Mrs. Girperr Harris, President, Board of Education of St. Louis
STRATFORD Lee Morton, A. J. CERVANTES, President, Academy of Science of St. Louis Mayor, City of St. Louis
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN Women’s Executive Committee: Mrs. Edward L. Bakewell, Jr., President, Mrs. T. Randolph Potter, First Vice President, Mrs. James Alfring, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom, Secretary, Mrs. Sidney M. Shoenberg, Jr., Treasurer, Mrs, Leslie Ws Gleason, Evecutive Secretary.
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL
Mrs. J. Herman Belz, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, E. J
Gildehaus, Carl F. Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. MeMath, Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Charles
Sacamano, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman.
GARDEN STAFF
Davip M. Gates, Director
Epcar Anperson, Curator of Useful Plants
CLARENCE BArBRE, Instructor
Derek G. Burcu, Assistant Botanist
Lapistaus Curak, Greenhouse Superintendent
Hvucu C. Currier, Curator of Useful Plants
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate
Watpo G. FEcuNER, Secretary of Board and Controller
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate
James Hampton, Chief Engineer and Superintendent of Operations
Paut A. Kout, Floriculturist
Water H. Lewis, Director of the Herbarium
F. R. McMartn, Rosarian
VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research Associate
H. Wayne Nicuots, Curator of Algae Royce L.
Mark W. Pappock, Administrative Assistant to the Director
Ottver, Research Assistant
KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor FRANK F,. Persue, Assistant Librarian Mrs. MARion PretrrerR, Orchid Grower
GEORGE H. Princ, Superintendent Emeritus
Joun Ripaway, Curator of Bryophytes
AwnpbRE’ Rosyns, Research Associate
ALFRED SAXDAL, Rose Grower
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist
FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of the Arboretum, Gray Summit
GeorGeE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and Curator of Grasses
SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN
The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supplemented by contributions from the public.
The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnaean House, the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing greenhouses and most other facilities are from the period immediately following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 1960, is the world’s first geodesic dome climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s main tropical collections.
The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year except Christmas and New Year’s fom 9:00 A.M. until sundown; most of the greenhouses close at 5:00 P.M. On Sundays the Climatron stays open until 7:00 P. M., as well as Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving Day. Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (December through March). The Display House presents four seasonal displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the year are other shows, competitions and festi- vals sponsored by various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies.
Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted by the Garden staff. Children’s nature classes are provided each Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during the summer. Information on these activities is published in the BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The scientific activities of the Garden are integrated with those of Washington University.
In 1926 an Arboretum—1600 acres—was established at Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the Arboretum and are open to visitors from April Ist to May 15th.
The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue is sometimes open to the public. The Garden is served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park- Southampton (No. 80) city bus lines.
Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and taking part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the ‘Friends of the Garden.” Information may be obtained from the Main Gate or by mail or phone.
Phone TOwnsend 5-0440