NATURALIST:

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.,
AND Py

BUGARK RK. WAITE, F.Ls.,

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W, BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.

LONDON:
Lovett Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C.
McCorQuopaLe & Co, LimITED, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON ;
AND ,
Leeps: BASINGHALL STREET.

‘1892.

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PREPACE.

THE number of subscribers to ‘The Naturalist’ still continues
by its steady increase to show that the journal, as a medium for
inter-communication among naturalists in the North of England,
is still appreciated by those for whose benefit it is carried on ;
and the Editors have to thank their contributors for the great
value and considerable interest of their communications.
Reference to the preface of the last volume will show that
hopes were entertained of a sufficiently large increase of circula-
tion to enable illustrations to be regularly and systematically given.
These hopes have not however been realized, much to the regret of
the Editors, who would venture to ask the active influence of their
subscribers towards this end.
For the future, the sole Editorship devolves upon Mr. Roebuck,
his colleague, Mr. Edgar R. Waite, having just been appointed by the
Government of New South Wales to an important post in the
Australian Museum at Sydney, upon the duties of which he is to
enter in the spring of next year. He will carry with him into his
new field of work the best wishes of all who had the privilege of
knowing him, largely mingled with sincere regret for the loss
which is sustained by natural history in his native land.

THE NATURALIST =. .*:.

For 1892.

OCCURRENCE OF
THE SNOW GOOSE IN NORTHUMBERLAND
DURING THE WINTER OF 1890-1891.

GEORGE BOLAM,

Berwick-on-Tweed.

WILD-FOWL generally were very abundant all over the country during
the hard weather of last winter, and upon the coast of Northumber-
land many of the species were present in greater numbers than since
the memorable year of 1879-80. Scaups appeared in large flocks,
and many flights of Wild Swans were seen, while a Smew in adult
plumage (a bird almost as symbolical of severe weather as the
Storm Petrel) was shot near the mouth of the Tweed ; and notices of
its occurrence on the Solway and from many other parts of the
kingdom appeared in the newspapers. Amongst other rarities
reported to have been met with was the Snow Goose (Chen
hyperboreus Pallas), a Nearctic species which has only once or twice

previously been noticed in the British Islands ; and the object of the ~

present paper is to put upon record what there can be no doubt was
a veritable occurrence of this bird upon the Northumberland coast.
On Friday, 2nd January, 1891, my brother, Mr. W. J. Bolam, and
a friend were upon the sands to the north of Holy Island, when they
came upon a flock of some twenty large white birds, which at first
sight they thought must be swans. The birds were sitting upon one
of the sand ridges, and in close proximity to them sat several large
Gulls (Herring and Great Black-backed) and a single Cormorant.
After allowing my brother to approach to within about 4oo yards of
them, the whole flock rose together, and the supposed swans, forming
' themselves into one long line, flew right round about him, passing
him at a distance of perhaps a couple of hundred yards. The day
was quite clear, and he had then no difficulty in seeing that the
whole plumage of the birds was snowy white, with the exception of the
Jan. 1892. A

+

esi
if

2 BOLAM : THE SNOW GOOSE IN NORTHUMBERLAND.

outer half of their wings, which appeared to be black, and which, by
contrast with the white feathers, showed up very dark and distinct.
The birds rose at first rather heavily from the ground, their flight

_ afterwards closely resembling that of Bean Geese; in size they

appeared to be rather larger than that species, and the neck, carried,
of course, straight out in front, seemed to be somewhat longer.

My brother was at this time ignorant of the existence of the
Snow Goose, or of its being an occasional visitor to this country ;
and when he told me next morning of what he had seen, was still
rather under the impression that the birds might have been some
kind of swans with which he was not acquainted. From his clear
description, however, I had little doubt that they could have been
anything else than Snow Geese, and a glance at the plates and the
letterpress of Yarrell and Bree quickly convinced him that the birds
he had seen were really of this species.

Being myself unable to leave home at the time, it was arranged
that my brother should revisit Holy Island, and endeavour, if
possible, to put the matter beyond dispute by shooting one of the
birds ; and accordingly, on the morning of the 6th January, he was
again upon the sands. The greater part of the day was spent in
keeping a sharp look-out, but though many flocks of ducks and grey
geese were upon the move, it was not until rather late in the
afternoon that a single suspiciously white-looking individual appeared,
The weather had now, however, become rather dull, and as the bird
merely flew past at a considerable distance out to sea, no very
satisfactory view of it could be obtained, and except that the
plumage showed distinctly white, nothing positive could be noted.

On the 9th January he was again down upon the sand ridges,
when although nothing more was seen of the flock, another single
bird appeared, and this time fortunately passed so close to where he
lay concealed that both with the naked eye and by the help of his
glass my brother had a most capital view of it, and was able to make
himself quite certain that the bird was really a Snow Goose. The
plumage, except the broad black tips to the wings, was again pure
white, and the flight as before bore a strong resemblance to that of a

n Goose,

Though at intervals of a few days several other visits were paid
to Holy Island, nothing further was seen of the birds, nor were we
able to hear that they had been met with by any of the local shooters,
Actual proof of the visit of the Snow Goose to Northumberland by
the production of a specimen is therefore wanting, but my brother is
so well acquainted with the birds usually met with upon our shores,
and his description of the goose seen was so clear, that I should have

aturalist,

NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. 3

had little hesitation in recording from his observation alone a visit of
Chen hyperboreus to this country. Confirmation, however, to a
certain extent at any rate, was forthcoming in the course of the next
few days in the shape of letters to the ‘ Field’ from people who had
seen similar birds in other parts of the country. Thus in that
journal of the 24th January, Mr. Henry Sharp wrote that on the
16th he had seen near Beverley, in Yorkshire, three large white birds
with black tips to their wings, which he strongly suspected were
Snow Geese ; and in the same paper of 31st January there appeared
a letter fous the Rev, H. A. Macpherson, of Carlisle, giving
particulars of four birds which he and a friend had met with upon
the Solway, and which they had quite satisfied- themselves were of
this species. These latter birds, wrote Mr. Macpherson, had been
first observed near Allonby on 3rd January, and appeared to have
remained in the neighbourhood for nearly a month

he close similarity between the dates of arrival at Holy Island
and upon the western shores of Great Britain is very interesting, and
so far as I am aware there is no previous record of the species in
this, the most northern county of England.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Large Raptorial Birds haps the ie eae cag te Pa In the latter half of
November there was a distinct immigrat f some of the larger birds of prey.
A Rough-legged Buzzard reread co v Lago presumably a young bird, was shot
near Grimsby about the 18t I sa ys later in Mr. Jefferies’ shop at
that place. A second was obtained ety Easington be ip on the 18th,

t e€

from seaward, and alight on some railings near Kilnsea Warren House. e sa’
it looked a rather lighter coloured bird than the one he shot in 1889, but was
quite as large, and would be fully seven feet across the wings. Perhaps this was
one of the pair recorded by Mr. M. Bailey (Nat., 1891, p. 372) as recently seen
at Flamborough Head.—JoHNn Corpgavx, Eaton Hall, efford, Dec. 4th, 1891.
Albino Starling in the Isle of Man.—On e 3rd of October last an
— Starling (Sternus vulgaris) was shot near Colby i in this island. It was se
rm creamy white, the only colour being a few extremely minute spots on
pi top of the skull. Later in the same month a Stormy Petrel (Procellaria
pelagica), was found dead on the shore at Port Erin ; it was a fine s ena in
good plumage, and perfectly fresh. Both birds were preserved by G. A bird-
stuffer, of Douglas. —J. C, BAcon, Seafield, St. Anne, Isle of ‘Man, Fm 26th.
Ortolan Bunting near Bedale.—On pauslogiing the birds i
I find I have a skin (mnale) ies of this species es (Eméeriza h hes ticketel “Bedale
Yorks, July 9, 1882.’ This was in a lot which I bought from the executors of
the late James Varley, of Almondbury Bank, Huddersfield.—S, L. Mosixy
Huddersias December 2nd, 1891.
Jan, 1892.

: J

mf 4 * Pig
a, oe * ‘
. 4 i =
x + ‘
es * he NOTES—MAMMALIA
* i ify Mometaret 1 Bat in Swaledale. e little time ago Mr. John Shillito, “as
ae iy} Halifax ed me a fine example of yerone auritus, which was caught at Ric
eh nond, Yorkshire, on the 16th September. A ough the species is one of wid
i .
2a

‘= on ones, it is nevertheless interesting to have definite records for fresh
Me 1891.
>

NISON ROEBUCK, aie Get.

7 Onusial ests of Water Voles.—It is, I suppose, peels known that

oe Parets of the ge he (arviceta amphi) are a in a nest placed at the

a burrow in the of some r pond, but this is not invariably
Ante n feist ie for Gibbs oon in the mia: teetie at Pickmere —

r Northwich, one day at the latter end of June, four or five ews ago, I fou
thre ball- shaped nests, made of gnawed reeds and flags, and placed on a se
of the same materials, which raised them .above the water. Two of the nests

were € t the third contained three young Vo fur was reddish
brown above, inclining to black in the dorsal line, and fawn colour
one ex ur was very , almost black al er. e | of the

ngth of
length of tail, 1 in. 2 lines.—CHas. OLDHAM, Ashton-on- Mersey, Dec.

NOTE—FUNGI.

Distribution of Strobilomyces strobilaceus.—Among the earlier Scottish
botanists Sirbiomgee strobilaceus Berk. was known by the generic name of
Boletus. ti ribed in Vahl’s ‘ sisigate Danica’ as Boletus floccopus, and is
figured by Sco oy as B. strobila ae was retained in that genus until
separated by Berk eley, who fetid i o the new genus _otharige yg sank me
retained at first Vahl’s specific name, but pesca substituted that oles copoli.

The plant is rare, but by no means confined in this country to . oe
in he a Sie of in, as Peon by Mr. Soppitt in the : * Nat
of D ber i with inter alia loca a aigie ‘Hall,
Linidigowshire, Dothie F orest, 3, ab -shire, and was found near Crieff, i
Perthshire, members of the Scottish Crypto amic Society, pe “their an cual
Saggy Bs y 89.—A. B. STEELE, Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh,

NOTE— BOTANY.

Crocus vernus and Crocus nudiflorus a
Mr, Cornelius Brown, i in his ‘ History of Morcactnmliie ont aie fe op opinion
in these words : e abundance of these two crocuses

ng.
writing about 1738, says: ‘It see o me that some roots might have been
carried to that place ey Meadows) among the is g fi a garden, but when
I consider hey w very numerous, and Ss very much, and a friend
assured me he had for sear I began to doubt
n

hoor — might no ete of s Spont aneous grow bln Nowada ae
4 gudes, | Yat to it.
crocuses ¢ caltiy vated in sy a since 1620, two sorts are fo

1 their growth in England being
n é rejectamentis hortorum.— HENRY PayNE,
erham, De

, 1891.
oe of Central Europe, and through
c enees. Full particulars of
13
Crocus, published by Dulau in 1886.—J. 6B G. Bee _ monograph ie rire

" Watuealiet,

i » +
. > ae
a. * a 4
é 5 Me
ia eo a ier

NOTES ON Pee PRG

POLYZOA FOUND AT CLEETHORPES
4 eee on eee

In 1875, 1879, and 1882. Sait is pee

GEORGE ROBERT VINE.

AT the present time, when the Yorkshire coast is being mapped out
for the study of natural history, as well as for dredging operations,
I feel sure that Lincolnshire, if properly searched, would yield a fair
proportion of interesting objects for study. No place, however,
could have justice done to it unless local residents would help in the
furnishing of material from the beach which is not of every-day
occurrence. I am not a frequent visitor to seaside resorts, and,
since the few days’ rest in 1875, I have only been at Cleethorpes for
a day’s outing on the two other dates given above. On these three
occasions, however, I gathered Zoophytes and Polyzoa in abundance,
and I am convinced that if a good search was made amongst the
débris which old ocean is constantly throwing upon the beach, much
good material could be obtained. I nevertheless believe that the
fact of certain species being common on one occasion by no means
involves a guarantee that the same species will be found in the beach
débris on a second or third visit to the same place. My best examples
of Polyzoa were gathered in September 1875, and although I have
added to them from time to time, I have very rarely been able to
excel the first collection ; and some species which were obtained then

I have rarely met with since. This year, however, I found, while

examining the dead shells which had been gathered by my children

in their rambles along the beach, two or three species which I had

not previously met with, whilst other encrusting forms—such as the
Membranipore—are much finer and far more abundant than in my
first collection.

One of the reasons for delaying the publication of any remarks
on the Polyzoan fauna of Cleethorpes has been the paucity of
knowledge as to how many or how few species could be found there.
I have thought, over and over again, that perhaps some resident in
the neighbourhood would be better qualified to do the work than
I was, but seeing that nothing, in all these years of waiting, has been
forthcoming, I willingly commit myself to the task, in the hope that
someone else, with fuller knowledge of the locality, will be able to
add considerably to my initial list.

Jan. 1892,

6 VINE: NOTES ON POLYZOA FOUND AT CLEETHORPES.

When one looks over the admirable ‘Report on the Polyzoa’
(Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Liverpool, vol. xi, pp. 161-200), by my friend
Mr. Joseph Lomas—from the Liverpool district—and compares his
list with the present one, I can anticipate before-hand what the result
of their criticism would be. It must, however, be remembered
that the advantages possessed by Mr. Lomas are denied to me. He
had the advantageous help of the Liverpool Marine Biological
Committee, and the débris, etc., from various dredgings placed at
his disposal ; whilst I give the record only of the species found—
under favourable circumstances I will admit—in the beach débris.
I do hope, however, that before long the dredgings off the
eastern coasts will be as fruitful of results, in a biological sense,
as the dredgings of the Liverpool Committee have been. Most
important additions to our previous knowledge may be found when
studying the migratory habits of the Ctenostomata. Of this group
alone nineteen species are recorded from the Liverpool district by
Mr. Lomas, whilst as yet I can only record one species from
Cleethorpes. I hope, therefore, that special attention will be given
to this group by future biological students.

I have not thought it wise to load the present paper with a long
list of synonyms and references, but I deem it most important to
give brief notes on the species recorded, and in every case I have
given the pages of Vol. I. of the Rev. T. Hincks’ work on British
Marine Polyzoa (John Van Voorst, London, 1880) on which
descriptions may be found. I have also given references to the
plates and figures (Vol. II.) by the same author. These I shall
merely quote as follows: B.M.P. pp. —, pl.—, figs. etc. If, however,
the student of British Marine Polyzoa desires a more accurate
knowledge of the ‘synonymy’ of species, he cannot do better
than place side by side with Hincks’, Miss E. C. Jelly’s admirable
‘Synonymic Catalogue of the Recent Marine Bryozoa’ (Dulau & Co.,
Soho Square, London, 1889).

Class POLYZOA = BRYOZOA.
Sub-Order CHEILOSTOMATA Busk.
Genus AETEA Lamouroux. :
1.? Aetea truncata Landsborough.
B.M.P., p. 8, pl. i, fig. 11.
I am rather doubtful about the small fragment which I place

here, but it appears to be the stoloniferous portion of the
dwarf variety of this species. On Algae.

Naturalist,

VINE: NOTES ON POLYZOA FOUND AT CLEETHORPES. 7

Genus EUCRATEA Lamouroux.
2. Eucratea chelata L. var. « repens.
B.M.P., p. 14, pl. i., fig. 3.» See pls. ii, and iii.
have found only a small fragment of this species at
Cleethorpes. Bean says that it is rare at Scarborough, but I
have some fairly good examples from Filey.

Genus GEMELLARIA Savigny.
3. Gemellaria loricata L.
B.M.P., p.:18, pl iil., figs, I-4..---

In 1875, and also in 1879, there was no species more
abundant than this in the beach débris. On the night of the
19th of September, 1875, a terrific storm set in from the east,
and on the morning of the zoth the beach was literally covered
with Northern and deep-sea forms of Algz, Zoophytes, and
Polyzoa. I have at the present time some of the finest tufts
of Gemellaria loricata that I have ever seen. Mr. Hincks, on
the authority of Hassall (p. 19), gives the extreme height of
the species as 8 or g inches, but he says ‘more usually 2 to 4.’
Some of the examples that I gathered were fully seven inches
in height, and of proportionate breadth.

Genus SCRUPOCELLARIA Van Beneden.

4. Scrupocellaria scruposa L.
B.M.P., p. 45, pl. vii., figs. 8-10.
I found several fair examples of this species at Cleethorpes,
chiefly on the roots of Algz.

5. ? Scrupocellaria elliptica Reuss.
M.P., pp. 46-47.

The small fragment that I place here—the only one that
I have—may certainly claim relationship with Reuss’ beautiful
little species so far as the general character is given by both
Hincks and Reuss, but it will not fit in exactly with the figures
of either author. Taking Hincks’ fig. 5, pl. vi. as a guide,
I would advise that a careful search be made at Cleethorpes
for examples of the species. On Algz.

6. Scrupocellaria reptans L.
B.M.P., p. 52, pl. vii.; figs. 1-7-

This species is fairly abundant at Bridlington and the
Yorkshire coast generally, but so far as I have knowledge it is
apparently rare at Cleethorpes. I have only one fragment

_ from this locality. :
Jan. 1892,

8 VINE: NOTES ON POLYZOA FOUND AT CLEETHORPES.

Genus BICELLARIA Blainville.
7. Bicellaria ciliata Linnzus.
B.M.P., p. 68, pl. viii., figs. 1-5.
Since the paper was written I have found a Sages of this
beautiful species, adherent to Plocamium.

Genus CELLARIA Lamouroux (part).
= SALICORNARIA Cuvier.
8. Cellaria fistulosa L.
B.M.P., p. 106, pl. xiii., figs. 1-4. -

A small but very perfect Zoarium of this species I found in
my 1879 gathering. It was nestling in the bulky rootlets of
Flustra foliacea, in company with Scrupocellaria scruposa.
Hincks does not give Scarborough as a locality for this species,
yet I have had sent to me a few forms from that neigh-
bourhood as Salicornaria farciminotdes Johnst.

Genus FLUSTRA L.
9. tapers foliacea L.
, p- 115, pl. xvi., figs. 1 to 1b.

ie my 1875 gathering this form was rather stunted in growth,
and the segments were very narrow; but in 1879 the normal
form was abundant in the débris. To what causes may we
ascribe the tendency to decay in examples of this species?
Examples gathered in 1875 are well preserved and firm to the
touch, whilst those gathered at the later date crumble to pieces
if indelicately handled.

10. Flustra securifrons Pallas.
B.M.P., p. 120, pl. xvi., figs. 2-3.

I was fortunate in securing a few really good tufts of this
species in 1875. It may be common at Cleethorpes, but
I have not gathered examples since.

Genus MEMBRANIPORA Blainville.
11. Membranipora reticulum L. (Jelly, p. 162).

= Millepora reticulum L., Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1284.

= Membranipora lacroixit Hincks.
B.M.P., p. 129, pl. xvii., figs. 5-8.

Generally I have followed Hincks, but in the present case
perhaps it is best to break the rule in favour of priority. Those
who wish to investigate the case further will be able to do so
even when accepting the decision of Miss Jelly (Synon. Cata-

Naturalist,

VINE: NOTES ON POLYZOA FOUND AT CLEETHORPES, 9

logue, No. 1,047), by tracing back for themselves the long list
of synonyms and references given in the catalogue. The best
examples of the species that I have from Cleethorpes were only
obtained in the early part of August this year. The finest
colonial growths were on the inside of Soden ensis—the other
on Buccinum undatum.

12. Membranipora membranacea L.
B.M.P., p. 146, pl. xviii., figs. 5-6.
Common on Laminaria digitata.
13- Membranipora sp.

A small fragment, the zocecia of which are hexagonal in
outline, but I could not place it wpraieaee under Busk’s name.
See Hincks’ B.M.P., p. 143.

14. Membranipora pilosa L.
= Eleva pilosa Busk, Chal. ae p. 78.
B.M. P. ,-p.: 437; pl. xxiii., figs. 1

Common everywhere on Se ‘Bauch coast. The best
examples obtained at Cleethorpes were on Plocamium
coccineum. Fragments of the algz, encrusted by AL pilosa,
when mounted in balsam show important details of \ the
structure of the polyzoon.

Genus MICROPORELLA Hincks (p. 204).
15. Microporella ciliata Pallas.
B.M.P., p. 206, pl. xxviii., figs. 1-8.

I am not able to say whether the species is common.

I only obtained two examples, both on Plocamium coccineum.
16. Microporella malusii Aud.
B.M.P., p. 211, pl. xxviii. and pl. xxix.

Two colonies only on the outer portion of dead oyster shell,
but beautifully preserved; the Zozcia of the colony are
scarcely abraded. These examples I got this year, 1891. [
have no record of the species in my earlier collections.

Genus SCHIZOPORELLA Hincks (p. 237).
17. Schizoporella hyalina L. var. y (tuberculata) Hincks.
-P., pp. 271-273.

This beautiful little species is rather abundant on Alge, and
to the naked eye the delicate colonial growths appear as mere
white specks on the dark green Algee. Notwithstanding that the
species is so very common, the forms puzzled me more than

all the others put together. From the form of the cell, and
Jan. 1892,

Io VINE: NOTES ON POLYZOA FOUND AT CLEETHORPES.

the ‘strongly-developed umbo below the orifice,’ it had the
appearance of a Ce//epora ; and it was not till after I had sent
a slide for identification to Miss E. C. Jelly that I satisfied
myself that the small species was none other than a variety of
the common S. Aya/lina, but I was nevertheless glad to receive
Miss Jelly’s prompt decision respecting it.
Genus UMBONULA Hincks (p. 316).
Umbonula verrucosa Esper.
B.M.P., p. 317, pl. xxxix., figs. 1-2.

The only British species, and all that I found at Cleethorpes,
was a small but very distinct fragment. Hincks gives
Scarborough as another locality on the East Coast.

Genus CELLEPORA (part) Fab.
. Cellepora pumicosa L.
B.M.P., p. 398, pl. liv., figs. 1-3.
Common on stems of Zoophytes and Algz.

-
3

-
oO

Sub-Order CYCLOSTOMATA Busk.

I was not very successful in the gathering of species
belonging to this sub-order. I searched in vain amongst the
dead shells for species of Stomatopora and Diastopora.
Perhaps others have been, or may be, more fortunate in their
findings.

Genus CRISIA (part) Lamouroux.
Crisia cornuta L.

B.M.P., p. 419, pl. lvi.

My best examples were found on Plocamium. The normal
form only.

21. Crisia eburnea L.
B.M.P., p. 420, pl. Ivi.
Common on Algz, and the roots and stems of Zoophytes.
- Crisia denticulata Lamk,
.M.P., p. 422, pl. Wi, |

Not frequent, so far as I am aware. On Algze,

This interesting group has formed the subject of a very
elaborate paper by Sidney F. Harmer, in which details of a
special character, as to the mode of branching and formation
of ovicels, are dealt with by a masterly hand, and in a most
novel way (Quart. Jour. Microscopical Science, March 1891,
pp. 127-181). A second paper on the embryology of the
Species 1s In preparation, and promised at an early date.

Naturalist,

iS)
9

nN
N

NOTES AND NEWS. ke

Genus IDMONEA Lamx.
23. Idmonea serpens L.
BM. P., p.453; ple ba.
Only one very poor example found.
Genus LICHENOPORA Defrance.
24. Lichenopora verrucaria Fab.
M.P., p. 478, pl. lxiv.
Not common. My examples were found on Plocamium
coccineum.

Sub-Order CTENOSTOMATA Busk.
Genus AMATHIA lLamx.

25. Amathia lendigera L.
B.M.P., p. 516, pl. Ixxiv.

This is the end of my list of Cleethorpes Polyzoa so far as my
experience may be relied on. Local residents, or others better
acquainted with the place, may now be able to add to the list: if so,
I shall be glad to have a copy of the additions made.

Cheilostomata __... eae .»» IQ species.
Cyclostomata ie oe. a
Ctenostomata

I
Hydrozoa have not bells Sécilicalty jivestunied: but I feel
oe iat a good collection of these could be obtained.
The Foraminifera are not abundant so far as I am aware, yet
I have found a few forms, both in the débris and also on some of
the Alge. Planorbulina lobatula is the form most frequently met
with.

So Se AND NEWS.

As will be seen by the ertisement which appears on the cover of the
aig number, an old pea patunliek Mr. Walter Raine, announces a new

irds which erg in isitors, and will — i fee of —
Sco giv es CO Sarg tes of e8gs of Yellowlegs, Wilso
Eusiaope, Kn 2% those of the last named species having never previously bean
figured in any ornithologi ical work ; so that the work will be found interesting
reading to British as ‘ot American ornitho ologists. Mr. Raine best
wishes for the success of his wor ;
Jan. 1892,

12

TESTACELLA SCUTULUM AT HEADINGLEY,
LEEDS.

EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S.,
The Museum, Leeds.

On the 1st November, 1886, whilst digging worms for my birds at
Headingley, I turned up a TZestacella, which was exhibited at a
meeting of the Leeds Naturalists’ Club on the Monday following,
under the name of 7: ha/iotidea. Since that time I frequently sought
for further specimens, but without success until the 18th of
September last, when I found five or six examples of the same
species, together with several eggs and three or four young ones just
hatched. These I exhibited at a meeting of the Conchological
Society on the 7th of October, when the Society’s referees deter-
mined them as Zestacella scutulum. This exhibit was stated to be
the more important inasmuch as so few Yorkshire examples have had
their specific identification accurately placed on record. The
referees have never been able to obtain examples of those known
to occur at Boston Spa: at all events since the developed
knowledge of the specific differences of the animals of this
genus has made it possible to determine for certain whether
they are to be called 7. scutulum or T. haltotidea, which are now
known to be specifically and anatomically distinct species, although
down to within a few years ago considered as mere varieties. It is
not, however, the first occasion on which TZestace//e from the West
Riding have been accurately determined, for at the meeting of the
Conchological Society last December (1890), Mr. H. T. Soppitt
exhibited an example of 7. haliotidea from Ferniehurst, Shipley,
where it had been found by Mr. E. Self, who up to the present
time has obtained about a score specimens, and who supposed that
they were introduced with plants from Backhouse’s Nurseries at
York ; but, in reply to ‘a letter which I wrote to Mr. James Back-
house on this subject,’ I am informed that Zestacel/a is unknown
in the gardens.

In the ‘Journal of Conchology,’ 1888, p. 320, Mr. Quilter
records having found this species at a depth of eighteen inches, and
in ‘The Naturalist,’ 1891, p. 76, Mr. W. E. Collinge states that he
has found 7. haliotidea at a depth of from four to five feet. I may
mention that none of my specimens were obtained at a depth
exceeding eight or nine inches.

Naturalist,

3
SUPPLEMENTARY
LIST OF THE PLANTS OF LANGSTROTHDALE,
MID-WEST YORKSHIRE.

Rev, TREVOR BASIL WOODD, B.A., LL.B.,
Oughtershaw Hall.

In ‘ The Naturalist’ for September 1889, I published a list of Lang-

strothdale Plants. The following will render the list more complete.

Not a few of these are plants recorded in the ‘Flora of West

Yorkshire’ which I have not personally verified.

Ranunculus acris.

Ranunculus repens. Oughtershaw.

Berberis vulgaris. Buckden Woods. Probably introduced.

Sisymbrium Alliaria. Hubberholme.

Cardamine hirsuta. Oughtershaw. A garden weed.

Draba incana. Buckden (W. Y. Flora).

Draba verna. Oughtershaw. Common.

Hutchinsia petre@a. Lime scars about Cam and Oughtershaw
(W. Y. Flora).

Cerastium triviale.

Alsine verna. Oughtershaw Crags (W. Y. Flora).

Arenaria serpyllifolia.

Sagina procumbens.

Anthyllis Vulneraria.

Trifolium minus.

Prunus insititia. A variety with purple fruit at 750 feet, at
Hubberholme. Also at Raisghyll, about 1,000 feet (Rev. W.
A. Shuffrey).

Potentilla reptans. Kettlewell.

Rubus fruticosus. Prof. Babington, having noticed the record of
RR. fruticosus at the most unusual elevation of 1,200 feet, at
Oughtershaw, examined some specimens which I sent from
there: and pronounced them to be de/totdeus Mill. Hence
the statement (W. Y. Flora) that no station in West Yorkshire
above 800 feet is known, requires modification.

Epilobium montanum. Oughtershaw.

Hippuris vulgaris.

Ribes petreum. Buckden (W. Y. Flora).

Te sa

14 WOODD: LIST OF THE PLANTS OF LANGSTROTHDALE.

Sedum Telephium. By the side of Deepdale Beck.
Nore.—Saxifraga aizoides. 1 have found it still growing by
the ‘rill above Hunt Pot, West side of Penyghent’ (W. Y.
Flora), but is almost beyond our area,
Chrysosplenium alternifolium. Oughtershaw Ghyll.
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium. Pot-holes, etc., by Oughter-
shaw Tarn.

Peucedanum Ostruthium. Oughtershaw (W. Y. Flora).

Torilis Anthriscus.

Cornus sanguinea.

Galium palustre. Not w/iginosum probably, as previously stated.

Carduus lanceolatus. Oughtershaw.

Carduus palustris.

Artemisia vulgaris. Buckden.

Gnaphalium sylvaticum. Buckden (W. Y. Flora).

Senecio saracenicus. Beckermonds, at 1,100 feet, by farm
house (450 feet is given as limit in W. Y. Flora). Also by
farm house at Hubberholme.

Leontodon hispidus.

Crepis paludosa. Buckden Woods. Oughtershaw.

Hieracium murorum. Buckden Scars (W. Y. Flora).

Hieracium czsium. Lower Limestone Scars, Buckden (W. Y.
Flora).

Hieracium tridentatum. Buckden (W. Y. Flora),

Hieracium boreale. Buckden (W. Y. Flora).

Fraxinus excelsior.

{Mimulus luteus. Rill-side, Swathghyll. Garden escape. ]

elampyrum sylvaticum. Wood by road near Kettlewell; and
Buckden (W, Y. Flora).

{Lamium maculatum. By a farm house near Buckden].
Myosotis palustris,

Trientalis europza. Buckden (W. Y. Flora).

[Anagallis arvensis. One plant. Imported. Oughtershaw].

Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, Hubberholme and Oughter-
shaw, at 1,200 feet.

Rumex aquaticus. Langstrothdale (W. Y. Flora),

Salix nigricans. Sparingly above Buckden, by the stream in
Lower Langstrothdale (W. Y. Flora).

Naturalist,

NOTE—-HYMENOPTERA. 15

Salix phylicifolia. Langstrothdale (W. Y. Flora).

Salix repens, Langstrothdale (W. Y. Flora).

Arum maculatum, Oughtershaw. 12,000 ft.

Orchis mascula.

Orchis incarnata.

Gymnadenia conopsea. Common.

Gymnadenia albida. Oughtershaw, one plant (W. Y. Flora).

Cypripedium Calceolus. I am informed that the schoolmaster
at Kettlewell has found it this year in the neighbourhood of
that village. The plant has shared the same fate as the one
last found there in 1883 (see W. Y. Flora), and has been

‘carried off.’

Luzula pilosa. Common, from Buckden downwards (W. Y.
Flora).

Luzula sylvatica. Mountain pastures: Buckden (W. Y. Flora).

Scirpus palustris. Stream near Buckden.

Scirpus setaceus. Langstrothdale (W. Y. Flora).

Eriophorum angustifolium.

Juncus squarrosus.

Juncus communis.

Carex pallescens. Buckden Woods (W. Y. Flora).

Carex fulva. Langstrothdale Moors (W. Y. Flora).

Poa nemoralis. Woods near Buckden (W, Y. Flora).

Lycopodium Selago. Rocks of Cam Fell (W. Y. Flora).

Selaginella selaginoides. Oughtershaw (W. Y. Flora).

Equisetum arvense. Oughtershaw.

Equisetum maximum. Buckden (W. Y. Flora).

Equisetum palustre. Oughtershaw.

NOTE—HYMENOPTERA.

Sirex juvencus at Adel.—In ‘The ace ee pack page 124, Mr. C. F.
George draws capes to the ‘ preponderance o' emale in Sirex.’ I have
received man ecimens of S. gigas from the bey veg 3 in fact, scarcely a

S. gigas being evidently intended for S. juvencus, and that under the latter species
for S. melanocerus.—EDGAR R, WaITE, The Museum, Leeds, Nov. 5th, 1891.

vi OTE—FUNGI.
A Mycological Ramble in Mid-November.—A number of members who

excursion to Hayburn Wyke in July, that for some time ad been seized with
a morbid desire to again visit that district ; hence this ‘excutsion, which was no
moo n th mentioned at on

ea Ss
An ary 4 start was made and in fine weather, but siigiire was scarcely left
ind before a sharp shower of hail and rain compelled the party to seek the
ae of a hedge-bank ; but “this deterred them not from pr ie oe it
continued to be dampish both en and below for the greater part of the d
Scalby and Burniston were soon p and ged interesting pe anil were oted
on the a, the lichens being particularly fine, the numerous roses, chrysan-
themums, an ot sone flowers in cottag: pang tedicated a milder sa a than
ours in me West Riding. Ascen seine t the > hill above Cloughton, a woodman’s hut
near the roadside was taken advantage of t — ter from the driving rain. Delete
Phrgmidvan violaceum Schl. was abundan on the leaves of the brambles,
a species generally common, but singu wine absent- from the Bradford rag
Halifax districts. | On the gr, assy ibadude eo gg bores ers. was som
what common, its black ‘clubs’ forming conspicu the eesti y
Then several specimens were picked up of Agaricus (Cito) File pores Sow.,
with : strong anise odour, and 7yremella regen on
fallen logs. By this time a ays wood on t tty was Racha. ‘which proved
a in cal Le oti Here fungi were in profsion wat variety, Reg if Root
oned rare of a differe a character to what w accustom
tion ta indi roun

A. s Pets
cyaneus Batsch, A. (Flammula) flavidus Scheff, A. (Hypho aloma) capno ides Fr.,
bi ortinarius (Dermat) Sp omeus Fr. lygroph orUus ape Tis Taisivias
s Fr., sula expallens Gillet , Marasmius Setidus , Poiypris chioneus
Fi, — a ye ae cen ie Hidnan nyrncolenes L, mi ich w as growing on a
ale Poa pecies were the follow Se Ber a
2 {Eitase) bramati Fi * (Colihia) butyracss Bull., A.
(Cin eduiges Cur ena) galopus Pers., A. (Mycena) Asie Sad
cus) Ce roinus “Scheel G (Hyphoioma) sublateritis Scheeff.

Moen: petal 2s Fr., Bull., and Z
was extremely common on aia er branches of Scotch oe wo interesting
moulds on decaying fungi were neg which on tien es EN posal asta
a sao ode recent book on British Phycomycetes, &c.—to be Spinellus

Jusiger Nan Tiegh., which was Hoditshing on Sane epipterygius and Sporodinia

aspegilus Sehtotya species of great interest. It still continued to rain, and it

ts isable to steer due N.W. to a house marked on the ordnance map
been

ee and steps were retraced at full speed, one of the calling at
Ringing Keld Bog, which was found to be unworkable. The ges of the st story can
y told—a prolonged halt before a comfortable fire at Cloughton, and a
hour and a half’s trudge along the miry roads, the sun salced party duly arrived
- lasek ie a the ramble will not soon be forgotten. Next day the writer
panied essrs. Chapman and Cyossiand on a ramble along the north shore,

ast i

no
nein ages olusatrum. It is evident that cmd of the ¢eleutospores
of ie pac 5 (anti most Uredinez) will pode spe in autumn, a fact we noticed
last y say circumstance has been observed in the case of P. tragopogi
pg by te Kise hata (B British Uredinee and Ustilaginee, p. 199), and quite
recently wi with ?: Pers., on A/entha pions, the deleutospores
of which germinated Beaty when placed i in Writer. —H. T. Soppitt, Bradford,
2oth Nov, 1891. "Naturalist,

NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

ABRAHAM SHACKLETON ann THOMAS HEBDEN,
Keighiey.

WE are glad to record the following new British Lichens, as described’
in manuscript by Dr. Wm. Nylander, of Paris, of which the following
is a translation.

Verrucaria malhamensis Nyl., nov. spec. Thallus, albido-
cinerascent, thin, continuous; apothecia, black, prominent
(o.3 mm. diam.), impressed, interior uncoloured (occasionally
slightly smoky); spores, 8 in each ascus, oblong, simple,
long ‘014-16 mm., broad ‘oo5-6 mm.

Similar in facies to Verrucaria dufourit D.C., with affinities
to Verrucaria pulicari Mass.

Damp shady rocks near the ground; Malham, Gordale,
Sep. 1891.

Verrucaria spurcella Nyl., nov. spec. Very similar to Verrucaria
intercedentis Nyl., except thallus thinner, obscurely smoky,
spores uncoloured, murali locular, long -o22-25 mm., broad
‘OlI-I4 mm

Limestone walls; Malham, Gordale, Sep. 1891.

Verrucaria cataleptoides, f. ferruginosa Nyl. Pyrenoc, p. 26,
Lamy, Catal., p. 160. Spores, long ‘org-23 mm., broad
009-II mm.

Limestone crags, Malham, Sep. 1891.

Verrucaria limitata Kphb. Nyl. Scan., p. 275; Koerber

parerga, p. 374. Spores, long ‘or4-16 mm., broad ‘oo7 mm.
Limestone crags, Malham, Sep. 1891.

Verrucaria macrostoma Duf. f. aphanostoma. Ostiolis
minoribus. Spores, long 026-36 mm., broad o16-20 mm.

On mortar, and wall-tops, sandstone, Cullingworth; Malsis,
Crosshills.

Verrucaria hydrela Ach. Scher. Enum., p. 209. Obscurior;
spores, long ‘o18-27 mm., broad ‘006-8 mm.

On stones, submersed; Braithwaite, Keighley.

Verrucaria peloclita Nyl. f. continuella Ny!. Thallus, white,
continuous.

Damp rocks, Malham, Sep. 1891.

Lecidea (Biatora) rubidula we Nyl. in Flora, 1884, p. 214,
and Lichens Freti Behring, p. 3

______ Limestone crags, Malham, Gente May 1891.

Jan. 802. 18o2,

SOME NOTES ON
THE LONG-EARED BAT IN CAPTIVITY.

M. LAWSON THOMPSON,
Saltburn-by-the-Sea.

For some days previous, a Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus) had
been in the habit of flying in the entrance-hall, apparently in pursuit
of the moths which congregated in the space between the two doors,
doubtless attracted by the light shining through the inner door from
the passage. During one of these indoor flights it was caught and
placed in a cage, remaining in captivity for nearly a fortnight. The
following summary of observations on its movements and appearance
is from notes carefully taken at the time (July 1889).

The appearance of this species of bat when at rest is singularly
striking. The enormous ears then droop obliquely backwards, by
a graceful doubling of the outer margin of the membrane. When
in this position, the head appears to bear a somewhat fanciful
resemblance to that of certain horned sheep (I allude to the kind with
massive horns of a single semi-circular curve). When sleeping, it
hangs head-downwards, suspended by the hind feet. The long ears
are folded against the side of the neck, and covered by the wings,
which are laid along the sides of the body. The tragus, or mem-
brane within the ear, hangs down perpendicularly, and might be
mistaken by the uninitiated observer for the real ears. This bat’s
mode of progression on the ground, though certainly awkward, is.
more active than one might have anticipated from an examination
of its structure. It ‘shuffles’ along with the head well off the
ground, and the hind feet spread out. Being bold and fearless,
even from the first, my bat was accustomed to climb about the
sides of its cage by means of the hind feet and the curved claw
of the rudimentary thumb. Its cry, emitted when disturbed, was.
short and shrill, uttered in a high tone. The bat’s cry is said, in fact,
to be inaudible to some persons owing to its high pitch. It is also:
uttered on the wing. This cry was uttered in quick repetition when
any attempt was made to touch the little creature—a familiarity
which was savagely resented by opening its mouth and showing a
set of minute sharp teeth. It did not even hesitate to attempt
to bite on such occasions. The hind feet are important limbs in
the bat tribe, and it was amusing to see how my captive managed
to clean itself by rubbing the fur with them.

The food of the Long-eared Bat consists of insects ; moths and
flies appearing to be favourite morsels. Mine was fed upon moths,

Naturalist,.

THOMPSON: THE LONG-EARED BAT IN CAPTIVITY. 19

bluebottles, and house-flies. It was extremely fond of bluebottle
flies, and manifested much activity in catching them. When caught,
the insect was retained under the wings until killed, when the head
resumed its ordinary position and the fly was eaten. When first
caught, the prey struggled to escape, when it required the combined
action of the wings and mouth to retain it, which was done by
keeping it as much as possible under the body and wings. As
night drew on, the bat became more and more active, watching
with ears erect its opportunity for catching the insects put into
the cage, and when a moth or fly came within reach, it was

floor of the cage and literally pounce upon its prey, and even fly
from one end of its prison to the other in pursuit. When once
within its grasp escape was out of the question, and moderate sized
moths, like the Yellow Underwing and Cabbage Moth, were equally
helpless. The wings of moths were universally rejected, and,
generally, those of flies.

So far I have only described the habits of the bat as observed when
confined in the cage. In order to watch the animal under more natural
circumstances, it was on the fourth evening allowed to fly round a
small room. Then the flight was observed to be light, buoyant, and
performed by quick strokes or vibrations of the flying membrane.
The ears are held erect and the body nearly horizontal. The
concave structure of the wings materially aids the animal in its flight,
and the dexterity with which this specimen averted repeated attempts
at recapture was surprising. When hovering over an object (as in
examining parts of a room) the body assumes a nearly vertical
position. When wishing to rest after a continued flight, it seeks a
suitable place, and, by a quick turning movement, fastens upon it
with its feet, hanging head downwards. From this position it can
readily drop into flight again—a wonderful provision of nature for an
animal so strangely constructed as the bat. Not that it cannot rise
from a plane surface, as was formerly popularly supposed. On the
contrary, when placed on the table, this bat would readily fly off with
a light spring like a bird. It soon learnt to appreciate this period of
exercise, and, when the door of the cage was opened, would speedily
climb out and fly about the room. But its tameness was even to
exceed this. The bluebottles which crawled up the window attracted
the creature’s attention, and, hovering over the flies, it would pick
them off the glass. After catching its prey the bat invariably flew to
a resting-place, and there devoured the insect at leisure. Small
house-flies were eaten on the wing. The ‘buzz’ of a bluebottle’s
wings was sufficient to attract the bat’s attention, and when they hid

Jan. 1892.

20 NOTE—MAMMALIA,

behind the curtains and blinds it was interesting to watch it search
ing about the spot, hovering over it, and occasionally alighting at a
convenient place. By the twelfth day the little captive had grown so
tame that when let out for its evening flight it took flies from my
hand, ‘ pitching’ upon it, and seizing the insects from between the
fingers. As, however, I was going to be away for some days, it was
released after being in captivity for nearly a fortnight. ‘Thus were
some, at least, of the habits of a bat revealed to me, and I have little
doubt but that many of the ways and movements I have described
will apply with equal truth to some of the other British species. The
observation of animals when in captivity, however, can only be con-
ducted so far as the altered circumstances by which they are then
surrounded tend to modify their habits as witnessed in their native
yaunts. But the crepuscular habits of bats render an insight into
their life-history a matter of some difficulty. In the dim twilight
which prevails when they are abroad, even the distinguishing of the
species when flying in close proximity is fraught with uncertainty.
In such cases a short period of captivity will often dispel many
doubts, and, in the present instance, I was fortunate in meeting with
a specimen so tame and healthy. In fact, when I found that the
bat would take flies itself in the room, the remaining obstacle was
removed, as then I could observe it under the most favourable
conditions captivity would allow.

Shi Pharmac

Otters not found in the Caldew. the September number of ‘The
Meceuer “sc age et under ea aline. * Bibliography : Mammalia, 1888,’
appa rently on the Panthecited Mr. C. Parkinson, appears the assertion that Otters
(Lutra lutra (L.)) are never found in a ath — though abounding in the
Eden, to which it is a tributary. mistaken idea. I was born
and brought up on the banks of the Caldew, where as a lad, between 50 and 60
years ago, I a9 frequ sige seen them hunt sand 0 nm one memorable occasion,
I remember seeing three otters captured in a cov. He age it -” Bra gaa
howe farm, part of the estat be Colonel Salkeld, of Holm Hill,
above the junction of the two rivers. One of the numbe er, being hotly relia nf
the hounds, sought as uge in "the drain ; and after fruitless efforts to dislodge him

he i reso

s Du
haunt of these animals. In ped of the Cumbe lan | rivers otters a Bes
very plentiful bern. the past summer. I believe it bya fact that the Caldew i is not
often the rendezvous of otter-hunters eg Ba but the facts I have stated can
be ouched for other eye-witnesses besides myself.—Wa. Hopcson, A.L.S..

Naturalist,
4

BIRD-NOTES FROM WHITBY,
Sept. 1890—Oct. 1891.

THOMAS STEPHENSON,
Whitby.

Larus minutus. Little Gull. Scot sth, 1890. Shot by John H.
Wilson in Runswick Bay, near Whitby.

Pernis apivorus (L.). Honey Buzzard. Sept. roth, 1890.
Shot by Wm. Harland Raw, at Littlebeck, near Whitby.

Botaurus stellaris (L.). Common Bittern. Dec. rst, 1890.
Splendid specimen (female) captured alive by —. Cowens, at
Saltwick near Whitby; it took refuge amongst some large stones
or rocks on the beach, and being unable to expand its wings for
flight was easily taken. It was purchased and preserved by
J. H. Wilson, Baxtergate, in whose possession it still remains.

Fuligula cristata. Tufted Duck. Dec. 16th, 1890. Female,
shot up the River Esk between Whitby and Ruswarp; purchased
and preserved by J. H. Wilson.

Fuligula marila. Scaup Drake. Jan. 1st, 1891. Shot in the
Esk, near Whitehall Shipyards, by J. Kitching.

Fuligula marila. Scaup Duck. Jan. 2nd, 1891. ‘Female,
shot by A. English above Sleights, near Whitby.

Picus major. Greater Spotted Woodpecker. Jan. 3rd, 1891.
Shot by —. Porritt at Ruswarp.

oe glaucion. Golden-eye reign oe: Jan. 3rd,

Shot in Sleights dam by Thos.

read igioaisier Tufted Duck. Me roth, 1891. Male,
shot by H. K. Williamson at Ruswarp.

Bernicla brenta. Brent Goose. Feb. 25th, 1891. Female,
hot by —. Sunley off Whitby High Lights.

Limosa lapponica. Bar-tailed Godwit. Aug. 1891. Shot
by —. Kitching in Whitby Harbour.

Lanius collurio. Red-backed Shrike. Sept. roth, 1891
Female, shot near the cricket-field, West Cliff, Whitby, me
F. Russell Roberts

Hzmatopus ASR Oyster-catcher. Oct. 15th, 1891.
One shot at Saltwick, near Whitby, by J. Kitching, out of

___a flock of eight. Oct. 17th,—Another shot by the same person

Jan. 1892

22 NOTES—-BIRDS AND GEOLOGY.

at the same place, out of a flock of about sixteen. Oct. 29th,
1891. Three more shot at Saltwick, near Whitby. In the crop

~ of one of these birds were 77 limpets (locally known as ‘ Flithers’),
beautifully scooped out or extracted from the shell, not a particle
of which (shell) was discernible. Another was shot at the same
place on the 31st October.

N 0 TES —BIRDS.

ood of the Tree Sparrow.—In the aire ve sie present year I had
occasion to shoot a ‘Tree Sparrow (P. montanus), On pong the co at 7
the crop I found three small » 9 two yellow flies, has a grain or two 0
This collection had evidently been made from the yeti cine lying on ihe
psec ape of the canal, where my "bird was shot. think at other times of the
year the Tree Sparrow will be found to take his toll of oa fruit, or sprouting
kg tike goa more abundant relative. —F. B. WHITLOCK, Beeston, Notts.
mist eyine Apgagle pe a owe a ine young bird came to an
untimely e culiar The was built in a ro = :
one long thin shoot plentally furnished Re “ange ee fell over the nest,
form chw he bird = ped Been
brought

°
5
92 0Q
pp
=|
iL)

craning its neck i em ma bit Cok ad tian to i the ood t by
its parents, when it wa’ oS in the fk art under the low sanaibte with =
of the large pricks, and, unable to extricate itself, had perished miserably

fully feathered, and eae gene have flown in a day or so, as the ot Be: had
done.—RILey Fortune, Harrogate, Not: 8th, 189r.

NOTES—GEOLOG Y.

Forest-bed at Il.—I notice that in the ‘Geological Survey Memoir
ily id of sheet ny published last year, it is stated that the only sections “t
e ‘Submerged Forests’ which accompany the estuarine warp of the Humber |

e docks. It ma

" Ww gi
Gas-Works. The excavations were cu ough the silt, etc., reachi
Boulder-Clay at about 25 feet from the surface, ~ the Chali "et cas awe Imme-
diately upon — Boulder-Clay a bed of peat was exposed, i umerous
fallen tr prety ae = wood w sien o - blac, but ner boheis Sonn ny a have a
walking-stick e from it). In e, the Lats ere abundant shells
of Cardium ae Tina Salida ¢ ‘estes gress ome ron Ooty i and a few
Littorina littorea.—ALFRE ARKER, cents Nosearber Tot th, eae?

Derbyshire F
statement on page eo ie pathiore . sp Pat i :
F, MARSHALL.
2 d
— et at se — take. The two last-ment tioned Lge Is coh brags first
I think the ein : es Papin ae = question must oat mixed up other records
ey

ement to which — is ‘thus drawn | occurs in the ‘ Bibliography
rage Tiago a doh oes a faithful transcript or summary of what authors state, eo
vs ae Baie wrong. Bayodd this our responsibility does not extend.—

Naturalist,

FISHES CAPTURED NEAR WHITBY
IN OCTOBER, 1891.

THOMAS STEPHENSON,
Whitby.

Orthagoriscus mola. Short Sunfish. I have to record the

capture of this rare fish at Whitby. During the afternoon of

Wednesday, Oct. 21st, 1891, some persons observed what at first

sight appeared, from its rolling or turning motion in the water,
e

opposite the Saloon ; when it got into sufficiently shallow water,
a lad waded in and got hold of one of its fins, and, with the
assistance of some youths who were playing at football on the
sands, soon hauled it clear of the sea. It proved to be a very
large Sunfish, of the following dimensions :—

=
Ms

Depth from tip to tip of fins -
Length of body, viz., snout to outer er edge ‘ dental fin -
rsal fin

-_

oe
Length of pectoral fin - - - - -
Width * - -
audal fin from oaks to outer elge - -
Ce ieanine of = at thickest ~ se -
ts of mouth - - -
Width of _,, - : - - - :

WHE INIT AOSMO

a
long
se
CORDCOCOHHHR AD
-_
te

The upper and lower jaws had in front of each two large,
powerful teeth, with small elongated teeth behind.

The skin, which appears to be totally devoid of scales, is
rough, hard, and tough, similar to that of the Sharks, but rough
both ways ; and had on it a slimy matter.. Next the skin is a
thick coat, or rind, which varies in thickness in different parts of
the body from 14 to 4 inches, of hard, firm, and tough substance,
white in colour, and in appearance mostly resembling the kernel
of the cocoa-nut, or, nearer still, blanc-mange, but hard and firm
as india-rubber; under this coat or rind is flesh of a soft
character and flakey, much resembling that of other fishes, but
of a pale brownish-yellow colour. Next comes the frame, or
skeleton, which is cartilaginous, similar to that of the Rays, but,

ee if anything, of a softer nature.
_ Jan. 1892

STEPHENSON: FISHES CAPTURED NEAR WHITBY.

It had no stomach or bag, but simply one large gut or tube
about 18 feet in length, which contained nothing but a brown,
slimy mucus.

The liver I did not see, but am informed it consisted of two
large lobes or flaps, weighing about 28 lbs., and were of a chrome
yellow colour.

The weight of the fish has not been ascertained, but (from the
weight of the frame, flesh, etc., taken from it when being skinned
for preservation, exclusive of the liver, gut, and skin) is
estimated to have been at least 5 cwt. I regret to add that the
lads slashed and hacked the fish in such a manner that it is
doubtful whether it can be preserved.

From the description given by Varrell a doubt exists in my
mind as to whether this is the Oblong Sunfish (Orthagoriscus
truncatus) or a very large specimen of the Short Sunfish (0. mola).
The caudal fin of this example differs much from that of the
O. mola captured here on the 22nd September, 1887, now in our

Naturalist,

STEPHENSON: FISHES CAPTURED NEAR WHITBY. 25

Museum, but the pectoral fins of each closely resemble each
other in shape and formation.

If it is an Oblong Sunfish (which I am rather inclined to
doubt) it is the first specimen that has been seen here since
1867, when one measuring 5 feet from tip to tip of fins and
5 feet in length from snout to tail, is recorded in the ‘ Whitby

_ Repository’ for December 1867, to have been taken here in

November of that year near the same é.

A photograph of the fish was taken, but, unfortunately, from
the position of the fish when it was photographed it does not
give a clear idea of the magnitude and formation of this example.
The dorsal fin in the photo«appears to be shorter than the anal,
but is in fact 43 inches longer; the pectoral fin also appears
edgewise, and gives a very imperfect idea of its. formation.

[ Mr. Stephenson forwarded a photograph and sketch of this
fish, which is reproduced on the opposite page, and from which
we have no hesitation in pronouncing it to be the Short Sunfish
(O. mola), and in confirming Mr. ie lanai doubt as to its
being the Oblong species.—Eps. Nat

Labrus maculatus. Ballan as Oct. 31st. Caught off

and brought into Whitby.

Raniceps trifurcus. Tadpole Hake. October 31st. Caught

on Upgang Rock, near Whitby, on a hook baited with Cuttle-fish
(here called Squid). This example of this rare fish is the first
I have heard of being caught here. The following measurements

I took of it :— Inches.
Length, snout to exterior of caudal fin - . - 11g
Width of head * ‘ - oe
Length lL napiong fin - - - - - 1}
22 ntral . 7 a of
+ ? ‘Aiea ee & to eeaieal fin - - - I
3> of dorsal fin - - - - - 64
;> from snout to dorsal fin . . 4
»» from dorsal to exterior edge oe eanaiat fin - 13
s» from front of lower jaw to commencement of ines fin 4¢
> Of anal fin - - 53
5» from anal to exterior oe of caudal i‘ - : 13
s, from nose to pectoral fin - - 2:
from front of lower j pis to bien in : - 1}
Distance of eyes from each o - I

Near the front edge of ee nee jaw or chin was a small barb
or beard. The colour was very deep brown-black ; in fact,
nearly black.

n the ‘Handbook of Yorkshire Vertebrata’ I find but two

captures of this fish recorded, namely, at Redcar.

Jan. 1892

26 HARRISON : RUFF IN NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE.

Scombresox saurus. Saury or Skipper. In my fish notes
published in the ‘Naturalist’ for November (p. eg please
substitute Saury Pike or Skipper (Scombresox saurus) for Garfish,
brought into Whitby, October znd, by Waller, caught in the
herring-nets.

I saw the fish, but did not examine it minutely ; I have since
had the opportunity, oe have it now in my possession. It has
five finlets between the dorsal and caudal fins, and seven
between the anal and aia fins ; this leaves no doubt as to its
identity. I purchased it to-day (3rd Nov., 1891).

Se ae ca 7.

Ruff in ire.—On October 7th, 1891, I shot a fine specimen
of the Ruff ppmetbinge pas) in gs _— It proved to be a bird of the year.
The neck and upper tags wer breast ae belly, dull white ; feathers
of the back, pm oa margins, the latter bang very conspicuous.
It was feeding, in comp: y with hen de Dunlins and Ringed Plovers, on a piece of
wet grass land Vadjoining t the Humber embankment. The Ruff was once common
on the Hum arshes of go eg but is now only ae as a bird of double
passage. ane pcre account of Sar ete abundance of the Ruff and Reeve
in Lincolnshire, ea Mr. ° oologist ’? for June 1890, a si
fae two eggs and t e female is reco eae hav been taken - oe as 1882.

Joun W. pres Goxhill, Latotnslive, November 16th,

os
BS

NOTES AND NEWS.

An interesting se a Mr. Arnold T. Watson, of Peers: is eee in
‘Nature’ for Sept. 24th, 1891, *.. 507, upon ‘The Pro e Devi an
Annelid,’ and well illustrated by means of a woodcut. The peral silty is P tat
upon the retreat of the anima ron came from the Channel Islands, but the

tightly by collapse of the sides, ng lg the tube itself, when so flattened, coils u up
from the tip spirally, so as to assume much the appearance of a young fern-frond.

ie Sos
At the Fifth Geer ane Congress of Geologists, which met at Washington
during the last week of August, North of England geol was represented by
Professor T Mcteeany Hughes an Hughes, and Messrs. Alfred Harker and
Bernard embers part in th ks’ excursio: the
, which visited the Bad Lands of Dakota, the Yellowstone Park, the silver
ines of Montana, the Great Salt Lake, the Wasate ange, h Plateaux

of Utah, the Royal Gorge of the Arkansas, Pike’s Peak, the Painted Desert o
Arizona, the Grand Cajion of the sy eiat lh the Falls of Niagara, the Hudson
Valley, and other objects of geological inter

poo

official report of the Fourth Congress (London), which has recently
appeared, contains the guide-books prepared for the excursions in 1888, bacteding
those to East and West Yorkshire,

jermo-

ed in detail in a recently published memoir by the same writer in conjunction
wk Mr. J. E. Marr (‘The ‘Shap Granite, and pices ed Rocks,’ Q. J. G. 5.)

Naturalist,

27

THE NIGHTINGALE IN NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

F. B. WHITLOCK,

Beeston.

GENERALLY speaking, it is only very few localities north of the Trent
that are favoured with the regular presence of the Nightingale
(Daulias luscinia). Perhaps the most yeahs exception to this
rule is Sherwood Forest. In his book on ‘ The Birds of Sherwood
Forest,’ published in 1869, Mr. Sterland states that this bird, though
very local, is met with every year in some numbers, and for anything
I know to the contrary such is the case at the present time.

To that portion of Nottinghamshire with which I am most
familiar, viz., the Trent and Soar Valleys, the Nightingale may be
said to be a regular spring visitor in variable numbers, as a rule
breeding rather sparingly. referring small copses and spinneys to
the larger woods, and by no means shunning the neighbourhood of
towns and villages, it is a bird that is not likely to pass unnoticed,
owing to the richness and peculiarity of its song. The same cause
makes it a favourite with landowners and others, and a pair of
Nightingales are always welcomed and protected during their stay as
far as possible. The Nightingale reaches us about the middle of
April, a little earlier or later, according to the season, and though
the male is a very inconspicuous bird, he soon makes his presence
known by the unique character of his song. Readers of ‘The
Naturalist’ will be probably aware that the Nightingale sings

heard to far greater advantage when the voices of other birds are
hushed.

I first met with the Nightingale in the leafy lanes of Warwickshire,
where it may be said to be a fairly common bird. I was walking by
the side of a wood when I noticed what I at first took to be some
very plump Redbreasts hopping about in a shallow ditch, but on
catching sight of the rich brownish red of the tail I saw that my sup-
posed Redbreasts were PAIN When standing with its back
towards the observer th le has a very Robin-like appearance,
_ the general colour of i upper parts being very similar, if we except
the tail. Mr. Seebohm classes the Nightingale, Redbreast, and the
Bluethroats together under the genus Erithacus, which, as far as my
poor knowledge goes, appears to be a very natural arrangement.

_Jan. 1892.

28 WHITLOCK: THE NIGHTINGALE IN NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

When singing, the Nightingale may be easily approached, though
at other times he is rather a shy bird. Unless the site of the nest is
known, it is rather more difficult to get a view of the female, but this
is of not much importance, as the two sexes are hardly to be distin-
guished in the field. When uttering his song the male chooses a
well-sheltered spot, but if one is careful to approach him only when
he is actually singing, keeping under cover as much as possible, one
may get within a very few feet of him. The peculiar liquid and
metallic notes are then heard to great advantage. Not being of a
poetic temperament, I fear I cannot do justice to the Nightingale’s
song. I will simply say that, as a whole, it is quite unlike that of
any other bird with which I am acquainted. Though the Sedge
Warbler, Blackbird, Thrush, Skylark, and Reed Warbler ‘sing freely
during the short summer nights, when it is never really dark, it is
impossible to mistake the song of the Nightingale for that of any of
the other species. The only time I heard the Marsh Warbier,
however, I thought at first I was listening to a Nightingale, but after
listening a little longer I came to the conclusion that my Nightingale
had got a very bad cold, until at length I was fully convinced that he
was nothing more or less than a Marsh Warbler (Acrocephalus
palustris), a bird whose presence I had more than once sus-
pected in Notts

Breeding operations are in full swing early in May. The
nest of the Nightingale is always placed very low down, either
on the ground itself or else in a crevice of some old stump or
weed-grown ditch side. Outwardly it is a rather untidy structure of
dried leaves, moss, and grasses. The cup of the nest, however, is
neatly finished off and lined with fine grasses and a few dry oak
leaves. The eggs, four or five in number, are, as a rule, rather
smaller than those of the Redbreast, and of a deep greenish brown
in ground colour sometimes flecked with still browner speckles at
the broader end. Occasionally Nightingale’s eggs resemble those of
the Whinchat, that is, the spotted varieties of the latter, but such
cases are rare. The young, when newly hatched, are covered with
very fine black down. ‘They are assiduously fed by the parents with
green caterpillars and winged insects. When the nest contains
young the parent birds lose their timidity, and the intruder is assailed
with cries of ‘ Tink, Tink,’ uttered without intermission, the cry of
‘Pink, Pink’ uttered by the Chaffinch being very similar. The
young hatched, the male ceases his song, and after they have flown
it is only flitting glimpses that one catches of the Nightingale.
Apparently they leave us about the first week in September, or a
little later.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and Records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

COLEOPTERA, 1888-1891.
THE present instalment has _ been oan and edited by
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L
The only previous instalment of the Bibligeta ily of Coleoptera
covered the years 1884 to 1887 inclusive, and appeared in ‘The
Naturalist’ for July 1888, pp. 203-210.
ANON. [not signed]. York S.W.
Calder-Vale Words [as used from Wakefield upwards; Cah-lady=
cow-lady, lady-bird (Cocctnella seplempunctata), rhyme sida clock =a
beetle]. Yorksh. Folk-Lore Journ., Part 7, Jan. 1887, pp.

ANON, [not signed]. re rk S.W.
Ackworth Reports.—Natural History Society [a female Dyticus ae
ginalts ?) in running water near the cricket field at Ackworth]. Nat. His

Journ., La i oe a
Anon. [signed ‘ York S.W.
Ackworth Ctaiptern: Jan.-May, 1889 [a large number of species
mentioned, with notes on nari ap locality, ete. }. Nat. Hist. Journ.,
Oct. 15th, 1889, xiii. 117-1
ANON. [not signed J. York N.E.
Ayton Association y 28th [Cicindela rap age captured on
‘last walk-day ’]. Nat. Hist. pad June 15th, 1890
Anon. [signed ‘].G.’]. York N.E
[Carabus nitens at Strensall, Sep. 8; te erg in garden, York,
Sep. 14th]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Oct. rsth, 1890, x ea

Ches
tom: sho ogy of Delamere Forest [Caraéus violaceus pnd — agium 8 is-
ciatum axe the only beetles mentioned]. Ent., Jan. 1888, x

J. ARKLE. Clie shire.
otes from the North-West Counties a h hy br tda at W. allasey
Sandhills May ag eee Flater balteatns, 2 23rd June, ncommonly out

of birch, Delam ; Cicindela campestris abundant there, first week

of tg ORs paisa fre whet fairly common at Wallasey, Sep. 8th and 13th).
Ent., 1888, xxi. 313-319.

peeninae
Rhizotrogus solstitialis at Chester [very plentiful close to Chester, on Dee
ban ily 1890 ; unknown for Lancashire and Cheshire before sak: vat]
Ent. 1890, xxiii, 294
W. F. BA York S.E.
[Bee ro shseiaat by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union on the Wolds
[at York Dale and Sledmere, 3rd Aug. 1891 ; aso ai olens, Pterostichus

ris, P. anthracinus, Harpalus rufcoras, He pEY nus erythropterus,
Notiophilus biguttatus, Apion radiolus, iger jy ate Ee fae -
morrhoidalis, Sito argentatus, Caral i Cercyon
hemorrhoidalis, Geot. upes gpdrio tang hrysomela distin ’ es
s, Phadon cochlearia, Calathus melanocephalus, a, eae albipes,

and Ayd, a4 one noted ; ; with localities and observations]. Nat.,

wet Fool, p
Jan, 1892,

30 BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1888-1891.

J. BATALHA-REIS. Cheviotland.
Notes on the Plants os Inse cts observed at the Wooler Meeting
[Sep. "Teh and 17th, isin ara anon Dej. 8 NV. aguaticus L.,
Geotrupes sylvaticus Fab., Ape hodins S Fab., ? AHydzus obscuras
Marsh., Omaseus nigrita ¥ Ocypus a asta Gans Lina enea Fab., and
sia ch aoe L., noted aik localities]. Nat . His t. Trans. Noahnm ib:
and New vol. x. Part 1 (1888), pp. 200-201.
a sis
* Coleopter 2 of e Barnsley district ; a list of 28 species pire in
as to esi, etc.|. Trans. Barnsley Nat. Soc., 1885-6 (pub. +887),
Pp:

E. G. Bayro 8 OF
Coleopte t Mar ket Weighton, August 6th, 1888 [included Oxyforus
rufus, pe belo ane eer? ero ta Calathus cistelotdes, and C. melano-
cephalus ” Nat., Nov. 1888, p. 329.
E. G. BAyForD. York S.W.
Dor F tadilel opipedus near cahcor ad [several examples found, and
deaiis given]. Nat., Sept. 1890, p. 267.

E. G. BayForD. York S.W.
Pyropterus affinis near Doncaster [larve collected in rotten wood at
ena Wood, “Oct. 1890, reared May 1891]. Nat., Aug. 1891, p. 252.
. G. BAYFORD. York S.W.
ee fe) by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ ae in

ilicornis, Pterostichus striola, P. madid Coccinella
splat C. 10-punctata, Ga i a, gr ae 2 rindi,
Aphodius fatens, A. fossor, Chrysomela if a ria Crepidodera ferruginea,
C. creams and A pteropeda orbiculata), 1891, p. 334-
ALFRED BEAUMONT. York Mid W.
ss taken in 1887 [at Askham Bog: Ce/ambus beni Agee. rote
C. versicolor, C. quinguilineatus, Cc. ont — assimilis, Hydro
porus lepidus ee oid Bea ula eae H. pictus, #1. non i ae hae, H.
lituratus, HH. rid - pet att tes devils is; H. ongus, Agabus
rig Side de ‘ ph cules eviatus (under stones in a dried-up 285
t York), and Rhantus fbi (eckhent Bog)]. Ent., March 1888,
-75-

1p

74
ALFRED BELL. Yorkshire.

Post-glacial Insects [with a list of recorded forme tacludi
Chrysomela, aera Sg Yorkshire]. Ent., Te se oe

Ey Fe BILLuPs.
ia lineaticollis Don. [exhibited from Lincoln Proc. South
Lond. Eat and Nat. Hist. Soc. : 1886 (pub, 1887), p. 3 “ pe:
T. R. Brriurs am.
[Exhibition ‘of Hydrobius sence Fair., Wycetoporus nanus Gr., and Omalium

cer sage Rye, from Hartlepool]. Proc. South Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist.
oc. for 1886 (pub. 1887), : ok

fe Be mR Ps],

c. N.
us ceryus in Lincolnshire [taken by writer in Boston, in ‘en Ea ,
rare 1888, xxi. 213.

W. G. BLaTcH ae
Coleoptera in Sherwood F. wid fone coe
as captured]. Ent. Mo. Mag., a eee ae. Fa ace 52 species recorded

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1888-1891. 31

Woe: a :
seagate of Neuraphes [. an eae Nn. sp. ; sae tay given ;
‘ r pie rage this beetle only in Sherwood Forest, under bark of birch
ronan in company with Sceydmanus g godarti and S. exilis,’ taken May 1884,

t. 1885, and June 1889]. Ent. Mo. Mag., April 1890, xxvi. 93.

ork S.W.
Ackworth School Excursions [Pyrochroa and Cryptorhynchus oe, at
ai 15th May, 1889]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Oct. 15th, 1889, xii
E. Bru Che res
[Rhisotrogu solstitialis, at Chester]. Ent. Mo. Mag., May 18809, xxv. 282.
yew ER. Yor! asbae W. and N.E.
Som Ingle eborough Coleoptera [being records ph arabus arvensis,
Notiophilus — we "a palustris, N. bign beste es Bde alit, tee
Oss , Lterostichus nigrita, P. ethiops, Badister bipustu-
ae Catstbae pine Res ee Ph and var. areas Anchomenus albipes, and
Byrrhu: Siig atus]. Nat., Aug. 1888, pp. 244-246.

Wee Cumberland, Westmorland.
Caraius poe atus and other — in boxy oo District [on Scawfell
Pike, on Helvellyn, and on Serjeant Man Nebria gyllenhalii, ——

catenulatus, oe. pate Ae ers cacialla: ae "Corpuhitas cupreus va
aruginosus]. Nat., Aug. 1888, p. 246.
JW CARTER: York Mid W.
Bembidium cealipe Apacer Gyll. in Yorkshire [one at asad 7 16th Aug.
1889 ; new to the Yorkshire beetle fauna]. Nat., Sep. 1889, p. 278.
G. C, C[HAMPIon]. "York N
[Editorial note =f a paper by G. H. Horn on] Cryftohypnus derm
toides and its allies [stating tie t it occurs at Scarborough Scalia with
Cc. fuadricutetus, the latter being the most —. of the two; variatio
dealt with]. Ent. Mo. Mag., March 1891, xxv gh
JoserH Sipe c. S., Ches.
Captures near Manchester Brees. tnus stercorarius e) Dunham, a "Be
record for Manchester district ; estes frischi in kitchen’
~erginge th A phodius jutidus, ors : aon Stalybridge). awe Net,
Dec. 1888, ix. 238.

-

JosEPH ee aR, Cumberland, ? _ Derbyshire.
Abnormal se Be ag [Pterostichus wa , Cumberland ; Apion ——
pom marie d by Ludgrove of Nottingham ; Sz/ones abide, Kinder Scout,
878 ; ht dae described]. gem Nat. , March 1889, p. 61.

pues CHAPPELL Lanc. S.
ynealus grac acilis at Manchester [numerous in a — of timber found at

Greenheys, March roth]. Young Nat., Sept. 1889, p. 182.
Eva Curisty. :
' The Leaf-cutting Beetle [attacking rhododendrons at Southport ; ‘it is
a yellow elle sey pee its nest on the sand-hills’]. Nat. Hist. Journ.,

June 15th, 1887, x

HENRY SHORTRIDGE i RKE. Isle of Man.
Report of the Entomological Section tof ry Isle of Man N. H. S.;
noting absence of A/e/oé violaceus in April at Tromode, las & it pny
°.

occurs in scores]. Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. i Jan.-April 1
Yor. ” Mid Ww.
W. Eacite Ciarke, W. DENISON RORBUCE, a WILLIAM STOREY.
ane derdale — its F leoptera [giving localities for
Cicindela campestris, Carabus violaceus, ouypus olens, Aphodius fimetartus
___and Melolontha]. ‘Nat. , July 1886, p. 2
Jia ipa, - 1892.

a3 BIBLIOGRAPHY ; COLEOPTERA, 1888-1891.

W. EaGLe CLARKE. York N.W.
Carabus nitens in Swaledale [20th May 1888, on Birkdale plateau ;
C. violaceus also noted for Keld]. Nat., July 1888, p. 226,
Hu V. Coa Lanc. S.
Peatketh Fie d Club [noting Carabus — as commoner than C. violaceus].
t. Journ., Ap. 15th, 1890, x

ye . - bo ale ene
A Septe nape Pg sa through Ches [Sertca brunnea
at Knuts ee 10th, 1885 ; ‘Donacia tie between Kawelood and
Chelford, Se th]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p
T. D. A, COCKERELL, Cumberland.
Pee. aocatecn wien Cyaee Fell, Aug. 1889, Carabws nitens, one}.
. Nat., April 1891,
N: - Reinke

York S.
mus — at Hull [several taken in the autumn of 1884]. Nat.,
Noy. 1884, p. 103.
J. W. Douctas, Cheshi
[Br s F. on Scales of Lecanium distinguendum, early in
August 1890, at S Oeaeake Fork Ent. Mo. Mag., April 1891, xxvi
Joun W. ELLIs. Lanc. S., Cheshire.
pie wie of the Liverpool District. . . Part IV. Brachelytra [222
= ee enumera = with localities]. Nat., Sept. and Oct. 1884, pp. 45-57-
Clavicornia wih cae species]. May 1885, pp. 237-246.—Part VI. .
Lamellcoria i. am es|. Sep. 1885, pp. 322-325.—Part VII. Sternoxi
Ligspecies). .. : Part Memo cag ntirdise {27 species]. Part IX.
Hetesomers [27 species]. June 1886, pp. 104-170. —Part xX.
Rhync Si te mon 100 species Nat = Avg. 1886, pp- 245-251.—Part XI.
Lin Mil, poda [47 species].
Part XIII, Padutoceniay [19 enstea Nat, ay 1887, pp. 209-216.
J. WeEuias, Lanc. S., Cheshire.
On the British Specimens of sractee ors Aphodius melanosti ctus aie
[which he considers to be but varietal forms of A. ingutnatus, which 1
abunda ant on the coast sand-hills of aperica and Cheshire]. Pebe: En
oc. Lond., May 2nd, 1888, part 3, p. x
Joun W. oe York Mid W.
Coleoptera in Kingsdale, Mid West Yorkshire CE ots 13 —_
of Tecnu ins Lhilonthus, Tachinus, Tachyporus, Stenus, Lathrimeum,
Liosomus, Sciaphilus, Ch-pemele and Phedon]. Nat., Feb. 1889, p. 60.
Joun W. Etmis. York Mid W.
re at Ingleton [enumerating 16 species of Bembidium, Nebria,
Homalota, Stenus, Geodromicus, Trogophieus, Eusphalerum, Sericos onus,
ae Pol clephorus, Strophosomus, fo and Haltica], Nat., Feb

D. EMBLETON. me ham, Westmorland, York N.E., Linc. N.
Catalogue of the P s in Teesdale [including one derived from
the Cockchafer ? delenetes vulgaris); see pp. xiii, 114 an cd 221]. «Nat.
Hist. Trans. oe al rthumb. Durh. and Newc., vol. ix. Part 1 (1887),
pp. 1-223 and i,-
JAMES FLEMING. Cheshire.
Rambles during the Year 1887.—Bramhall [2nd July ; larve of ‘Great
water-beetle Dytiscus’ noted in pond]. Ann, Rep. Manch. Microsc. Soc.
for 1887 (pub. 1888), p. 65.

V. W. Fow er. York S.E.
— us calceatus Sturm at Bridlington Quay [Aug. 1879, and
eager referred to H. tenebrosus ; details of capture nat description of

peel given ; also notes on Mebria livida, Donihdeses politus, D. thoracicus.
Nararalles,

BIBLIOGRAPHY: COLEOPTERA, 1888-1891. 33

Bledius gegen crassicollts or erraticus or new), BL. arenarius, Rarry
melanopus, S. guttula, Amara consularis, Bembidium saxatile, B. tibiale, B.
affine, and Georyssus pygmaeus at Bri 65.6 Sige and of Cassida fentiihevice
near Filey]. Nat., March 1886, pp.
W. W. Fow.er eoreanting, ie ag
Haplocnemus impressus, Marsh. [has been recorded for Carlis
nigricornis for Yorkshire, in which ange (but whe x a it it eu taken by
—e birches in woods in Jaye Ent. Mo. Mag., 1888, x 214
W. W. Fow.er. Behare.
Queda longi cornis, Er. [very rare ; one ‘ under the sank of a tree lying on
round in Bretby Wood, near Burton-on-Trent, while searching for
po ee on which hrc very sparingly i HA the same iy a=
Mo. » March 1888, xxiv. 232.
W. W. Fow Ler. ee me Northumberland, Durham, Notts
The Worm (?) that devoureth [an account of French researches into be lee
feasting nt buried human bodies ; one of these was NAzzophagus parallelo-
collis, of which Archd. Hey once took a large number in York Cemetery with

nd
tombstones of graveyards in Durham and Northumberland ; the RAizophagus
also occurs in Sherwood Forest]. Ent. Mo. Mag., May 1888, xxiv. 276-277.
W. W. FowLe All the Banuersgen
The Coleopt era of the British Isles. A Descriptive Account of the
amilies, Genera, a need Species Indigenous to Great Britain and ireland, with

Notes as to — alities, Habitat Vol. II.
London mak Wo les 388 [8vo. p- ii. +444; include ta numerous.
North of Eagland records. Vol. III. Clavicornia Nd pe aia ge
8vo. pp. iv.+399]. Reviewe se by W. C. Hey in Nat., May

1887, pp. ries -149. PRE of Work not ].

Durham, ae S., Derbyshire, neces

W. W. Fow.e Lincolnshire, York }
“ pace Br. itish ones of the Genus Anaspis, Geoffroy, with descri tion
a New Species [A. pulicaria Costa, Repton ; Northumberland district,
Wallinntea: st " puplabris Gyll., Repton, Bretby Wood (on wil rry

blossom) ; Dunham Park, Manchester; Northum china district, Wallington,
etc. ; A. geoffroyi Miill., Lincoln ; Whitby ; Manchester; N: orthumberland
u

and Durham, rare but widely distributed ; 4. fava L., Repton; Northumber-
land and Durham district, sheds rare; A. subtestacea Steph., Repton ;
Dunham Park, er; Northumberland and Durham oto rather
uncommon]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Tuy and Aug, 1889, xxv. 33I-
[W. W.] Fow er. ecbyahire, Lene, 3.
Notes on the British Species of the Genus Anthonomus, Germar,
with a description of a species eed to Britain [4. rosine pension from
Repton, may once aa etc. ; casual slain also of A. conspersus from
Chat Moss]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Dee, 1890, xxvi. 309-313 ; Bibl. notice in
Ent. Rec., Dec. 15th, pte y 235:
W. W. Fow er. Linc, N.
Bruchus lentis, Boh. [bred in Lincoln from lentils recently imported from
Egypt ; not an ‘a lesacs species]: Ent. Mo. Mag., June 1891, xxvii. 171.
W. W. st lgeaodoni Whol
mollinus, Boh. [used to be found by W. Garneys and writer on the
jm ag of the O oid Trent at gee ; it snag occurs throughout as te
Valley]. Ent. Mo. Mag., 1891, xxvii.
W. el [ow ows York Mid W.

porus granularis, L. ] species, very common in Askham Bog,
York, Ent. Mo. Mag., Dee sand XxVil. 332.
Feb. 1892. c

34 BIBLIOGRAPHY: COLEOPTERA, 1888-1891.

HILDERIC FRIE

Cumberland.
Solway Dunes [at eg in April [larva of Cillenum laterale — Sci.
Goss.,
HILDERIC Puinwn mberland
A Mud-capped Pate [in Cumberland ; Apion ulicis ae "Sei. Goss.,
June 1899, p.

HILDERIC pees Cumberland.
The Pine Destroyer (Hylurgus piniperda) [with note “ ie its ravages in
deren parts of Caberiantt Journal of Microsc. , ve ly
R. J. Fry ad Ww. or S.W.
Oil estics [(A@eloe violaceus) March 27th, 1889; star patra pilicornis, by
river aes Nat. Hist. Journ., April 15th, 1889, p. 51.
J. GARD Durham.
isin Noise as noted in grt mai ae near Hartlepool]. Proc.
Ent. Soc. Lond., May 4th, 1887, p. xx

. GARDNER. Durham.
Quedius ongicornis at Hartlepool [on Be sae hills, erie oo in 1887 ;
to Northumberland and Durham list med by W. G. Blatch]. Nat.,

April 1888, p. 119; and Ent. Mo. Mag., iM. it 1888, xxiv. Ag

Durham
a? A ardyii [one, a 27th, 1889, on the sand-hills, Hartiepoell
ae , June 1889, p. 133.

Durham.
Dianous ceeralencens [at ie) aa Teesdale, somewhat abundantly at
pia Young Nat., June 1889, p 133.

NE Durham
pea ere inclinans [on the sand-hills between Hartlepool cand
Hesleden Dene mouth, three taken 12th October, 1890]. You

Pp. 215.

urham.
sgh ng ae inclinans and Agabus guttatus near Hartlepool Ties of
e former on sand-hills near Hesleden Dene mouth, one of the latter in
with numerous 4. n7tidus 0 flood-refuse near the same place ;
details oeat Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1891, p. 24

York S.E.
Phe Yorkshir ire Naturalists’ Union at Spurn Point wird Sept., 1884;
Broscus cephalotes and Aigalia renee noted]. Nat., 188 92.
C.S.G

GSON. Hang
[Glow-worm (Z sie le oe from New Ferry, two sent to Lanc
Chesh. Ent. aig » May 12th). Young Nat., June 1890, p. 108 ; ecavd:
. 285.

June 1890,
James Harpy. eviotland.
Report of the Meetings of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ che for the

rt
year 1889 [with mention of Acanthocinus edilis <a by Mr. E. Morton, of
Dunstan, re ae Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1889, Vol. 12: NO. 3g
. 496.

York S.W.
port on Ackworth Beetles; three fresh ones found this year, aefirpc

acumen us at Ferrybridge, Mecrophorus her sy nd MN. mortuorum near

a kefield Quarry; others observed were Miftus ainioeee Dytics, and
a large Dor beetle]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Dec. 15th, 1890, x

W. C. Hey 2 “e W.
he Yor kshire Naturalists’ Union at Blubberhous es [26th Sep. 1885 ;
vita nigrita, Anchomenus albipes, and Banker eta 2 pcre

, Nov. 1885, p. 380.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1888-1891, 35

W. eh tae k S.E.
orkshire Naturalists’ Union at Market Weighton [6th A ing 1888 ;
Guedes tit nus, Philonthus vartans, P. marginatus, Tachinus mar, vinellus,
on otdalis, C. peorsclacs | Wie and Telephorus fuscus noted).
a | 1888, 9.

T. C. Heysn apminetiesst.
[Carabus hortensi, nan, uga atrata and several speci
fed on Lanius excubitor (Great Shrike) in er nendre in 18311,
Mneshetson & Dackwotte Birds of Cumberland, 1886, p. 27.
J. F. HILts, Sec. ‘York.’

ork, Bootham. Natural History Club [great numbers of AAzzotrogus
solstitialis reported]. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, eee xiii. 86,
. C. HoRNER,

N:
Beetles at Sherwood Forest [ Riizophagus sp. nov., and Holopedina pelytor
orst., parasitic on Cvs vestz/us]. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. , July 1887, p. xxxii.
Nat., Sep. 1887, p. 288.

Ricitany Howse. 5 ag ry sas Ss.
Occurrence of Carabus glabratus, Fab., in the Co
Mockuieuet [one in — in the bed of sv Sry ae and one in 1887
near the head of the nsbeck ;_ details Rina at. Hist. Trans.
Northumb. eo and Hose. ack 8, part 3, 1889, p ‘
Perer INCHBAL ? York Mid W.

Life Hist pags of the Cionus-Weevil [(Czonus scrophularie); locality not
stated, sie romeryd Fulwith Grange near Harrogate]. Field, August 6th,
1887, p

P. M. C. ebics DE. Isle of Man.
sil pat arg Enemies: Wireworm Agr tote enna, and the damage
d by it to crops in the Isle of Man in 1882 detailed particulars
ree Statistic of damage done]. Vannin ees Jan. se April 1889, i. 19-26

of ‘ Back Transactions.’
P. M. C. KERMODE. Isle of Man.

Address By the Retiring President . . delivered . . March 11, 1886
[gives titles of papers dealing with ‘the Manx fauna, including a list of
$04 species sof coe tles]. Back Trans. I. of Man N.HLS., i. 72; publ. with

n Lioar Manninagh, No. 4, Oct. 1889.

v. Linc. bas)
Field Notes. No. 1. * the Woods in Spring [near Louth ; Necropho
humator, N. mortuorum, Cassida viridis, Chilocorus renipusiaatas, soca
nella 14-punctata, Phyllobius regi eae Nitidula bipun and Cercus
ocean in Muckton Wood; an rieestes murtnus gee ny common),
Stlpha fee and Nitidula puntata in ; Barwell Wood, 25th May, 1885].
Nat. World, Jan. 1886, iii. 2-3
Hi. Wa tis ‘hen Linc. N.
A Half-Day’s Ramble on the Lincolnshire Coast

Mablethorpe,
222es sr cephalus, Calathus pach us,
: rta

lensis, inella era

ares Cryptorhynchus lapathi, Helophorus aquaticus, Gyrinus watatep.
and /lybius fuliginosus noted}. Nat., June 1886, pp. 171-173.

H. Wattis Ra. Lincolnshire.

ae of — of ag a0 tanaceti (Fab.), found in Lincolnshire,

on Scabious]. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., July 4th, 1888, part 3, p. xxii ;

p Be 1888, xxi. 214; Ent. nm Mag., August 1888, xxv. 72 ; Young

Nat., August 1888, i 159.

Bs < neeld y]. York S.E.

kshire Naturalists’ Union at Kirkham Abbey and Acklam Brow

[on S Sept. 4th, 1889; Dytiscus pargintti noted]. Nat., Nov. 1889, p. 342.

1892.

Feb,

36 BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1888-1891.

E. P. KNUBLEY. York Mid W.

[Beetles observed by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Malham
and Gordale [on Sept. 11th, 1890: one pe hemi 1S pespaiv's Nat., June

1891, p. 177- :

York S.E. and S.W., Lanc. S. and W., Cheshire,

G. A. LEWwcock. eee Cumberland.

Gossipping Notes on British anenrns —Cic (paena
wit

for C. hybrida and C. Rea a ou ate, cyan xi: 1&

—Carabide [with notes on ‘Notiophilus aquaticus L. in ; Coates at
Wallasey, at Hartlepool, V. dzguttatus Fab. at Liverpool and_ Chester].
Young Nat., Feb. 1899, xi. 40. .—Carabide. Notiophilus—Leistus—
continued ree Leder F. he Bridlington, WV. drevicol/is F. in Cheshire

.
ril 1890, x 77-78. [ Ciivina anew Hbst. under flood refuse, Preston
ae Wildene)s "banks of Alt at West Derby and banks of Birket (Dr. Ellis) ;
Dyschirius thoracicus es i eats re and Cheshire localities given, also
2 penn and D. nitidus Dj.; D. angustatus Putz.
banks of Irthing (T. J. Bol 1d) 3 D. politus Dj. Wallasey ; D. “sa lignus Sch.,
Lancashire and Cheshire localities given; Northumberland for D. enez is De
Lancashire and Cheshire for D. globosus Hbst.}. Young Nat., June ee.
110-114. [Arachinus explodens Duft., its claim as British rests upon a record
for Wastdale by Mr. Murton of Silverdale (Dr. Pow as. ot 1863, which is

°
=
~
aS
™
~

very doubtful]. Young Nat., Jul d August » Pp. 41. [Repetition
‘ ’s rd of Gregson’s epuuse of Demetri Paice 77a On

Vallasey sand-hills Brit. Nat i [Demetrias atricapillus,.

Liverpool (Wilding) ‘and Chester rp); p, bat meridion —

(Ellis), Ledsham (Sha oi West Dey (Wilding) ;. - r Crosb

)
guadrimaculatus, stham, etc. (Ellis), Liverpoo (Wilding), Ledsham:
ee arp) ; detailed particul ars being usually given]. Brit. Nat., March 1891,
Pz, Li

i. 51-54. otatu sg (Wilding), Biaston (Sharp),.
Eastham (Elli s); Dz: nigriventris Thoms., H cea Pci on bel tose y
Sewi.de Bidston etl emi Zo (Wilding), iat
Sen bson Pas tse aurus Sturm, Leds m (Sharp), Wallasey (Elis), and

Hartlepool (Rob pial: details iveel. Bat , Jun
(Maat potas Gy Il, at Heswall and Bidston wang, Flaybriek Hil,

lis), Noctor rum, Haswell, Burton, etc. (Sharp), a hodru.

opal L., at Bolton and Warrington]. Brit. Nat. ce tie: er i.
195-1

G. A. Vee Durham.

Monochammus Sartor [received living, 13th Aug., 1890, from J. E. Robson,

Hartlepool, ocr it often occurs ‘in foreign timber ; authorship of note not
rae in hi and needs a reference to the cover of the part]. Young Nat.,

ept :

G. A. LEwcock. Cheshire.

_ The Genus Donacia, Fab. [and its species treated in detail; D. obscura
GyllL., Mabberley, Cheshire (Chappell)]. Ent. Rec., Feb. 16th, 1891, i. 30l-

G. A. Llewcock]. Lanc. S.
Hydroporus ferrugin eus, Stephens [has but three — localities —
to it by Fowler, of which Whalley is one]. Brit. -, June 1891,
Wo. McKay.

es
Hybernated specimen of Geotrupes typheus near Mspshester ae Dunham
Park, Bowdon, 27th March, 1891]. ree + May 1891, xxiv.

Natura list,

BIBLIOGRAPHY: COLEOPTERA, 1888-1891. 37

W. A. Mav York N.E.
ork, Bo otham. Natural istory, &c., Club [Dyticus marginalis
Giachea by fungus ; Merona Ahumator in Nova Scotia Wood]. Nat
Hist. Journ., May 1890, xiv. 75.
W. A. M[Aw]. York N.E.
[Oil Beetle (Meloé, sp. not stated) near Scarborough on June 12th;
wo mortisaga outside noe ee pil oe at 20, Bootham, York].

Nat. Hist. Journ., Oct. 15th, 1890, x
W. A. Maw. York N.E.
[Gastrophysa viridula, 5th June, Sy eo — 15th Jun ies am Sd
vs a di and 4. vespil/o, 16th Jun arabus hemor 24th June,
Creophilus maxillosus, 25th June, all at Clifton; Blaps mortisaga and Mezium
Sears 22nd Jun 5 Bi Sessions’ shop, Low Ousceiite; York}. Nat. Hist.

Journ., Nov. 15th, hbo, 2 v. ISI.

J Como MELVILL. Lanc. S., Cheshire, York S.W.
Insecta [of Manchester District oleopte ra_[enumerated,
ith remarks, in systematic order, only omitting ubiquitous specs ; Odonteus
mobilicornis recorded as at Huddersfield]. Hand Manchester. —-

Prepared by the Local Committee for the Members vgs the British ‘Aésotiation
at the Manchester Meeting, Bri p. 50-
J reo —— Lanc. S.
[Saperda scalaris at Mere par Prestwich oa recorded in a note
on] Chereranpe nerti, Ent., Aug. 1891, xxiv.
FLORENCE. MosL York
— ‘tesoulatus Pong Huddersfield [in some numbers, but very local].
Nat., 1889, p
ae Gee York S.W.
Report, 1884 Entom logy [records, with localities, for
Carabus nemoralis, Sphodrus asthe MUS, Pristonychus subcyaneus,
eo flavipes, and Meloe (prob. vslactes) given]. Trans. Huddersfield
. Soc., Part 2 (pub. 1885 ?), p. 8.
S. Mos.ey. ‘North of England.’
Rose Pests Coleoptera [the lesser May-bug (Phy/lopertha seman
is spoken of as a ee present in the North of England].
Goss., May 1889, p.
S. L. Mos.ey. wae > Ww.
Observations at Anston to es, May 1889 [Piyllobius alneti, P. oblongus,
Barynotus Wlare all abun pag eM, Road do s, O. sulcats a Ya prone
Serraticornis, and Cian polita noted]. Nat., Aug. 1889, pp. 225-226.
S. L. Mos ¥ rk e WwW.
Yo. saltre Naturalists’ Union at Holmfirth [1oth June, 1889;
sharon pane biguttatus, pi catenulatus, Nebria brevicollis, ‘Ca lathus
nelanocephalus and var. nubigena on Harden Moss, Pterostichus madidus,
nigrita, Harpalus latus, Patrobus peer, Bembidium littorale S

S. 7. saiccees de S.W.
e Naturalists nm at Bretton Park [14th Led a
Donacia pause and Cychrus ‘aston noted]. Nat., Aug. 1890, p.
R. sepa a8 sire
- specifically determined] eaten by Black-h Gulls
Tana nt rab Sahin flying over a small plantation near the tea
written from Ince]. Ent., ae 1891, xxiv. 122.

>

38 BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1888-1891.

R. nya pa ae.
sects, &c., taken in the Nests of British Vespide [in eshire ;
eke: dates, lag and other details given for Pterostichus ee Li;
holeva tristis Pz., Mf htc 349 gus OF fay ag Sturm, C. set ogg sus Sturm,

and MMetecus Saradene L.]. . Mag., Feb. 1891, p
R. NEwsT < Cheshive
ae as Insect [Hippodamia variegata Goez = mutabilis Schrib.}
eaten by a Woodpecker [a female Picus major shot in Jan. 18 ar

fii

gl, ne

Broxton Old Hall, containing four of the Azppodamza, as well as pea

of Rhagium bifasciatum, its favourite food]. Ent., April 1891, xxiv
R. NEwst Cheshire.
Sphodrus “Teucophthalmus, Tn oe strong Acid-like Fumes
{obser in specimens from Mr. Kendrick, of Warrington ; note also that
rp “ncronata occurs pote freely with us (at Chester) ]. Ent., Aug.

' 1891 193.
j..%. Now ERS ; [See ae ag aan
Comparative Calendar of Nature [for 1878 and 1879, near Burton-on-
ot sg ssi 2nd and “a ay 24th a. as dates for Lomageis sabe’
1880, p. 71.

anc. S.
rio Visit tors at Sugar [Sept. 1889, Carabus violaceus, ggg Siete
pars rs and Anchomenus junceus, Nis Pe near Bolton, Lanc.]. You
Nat p: 92.

Jxo. Seti Cheviotland.
Address to the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, read
May ih: 1889 [with note of Cicindela campestris Ee at Whitingham,
6th Aug. 1888]. Brite . Hist. Trans. Northumb. Durh, and New
part 2, Eve Pp: 4
G. Purr Derbyshire.
Persie Visitors at ~~ oe at or near Derby; /%e wstschile
striola|. Young Nat., Feb. 1890
G. PULLEN. Derbyshire.
Variety of Carabus granulatus [near Derby, where ae species is very
common ; variety described]. Young Nat., April 1890, xi. 75.
G. PULLE Derbyshire.
ble after Geotrupes Typhzus [at -ohigaye Moor near Hele:
where it is abundant]. Young N mes tune 1890, p. I15.
C. REDMAN, Lanc. S.
Miscod xd Sentagseacuey zthiops in Lancashire = (pee
given of their pote t Longridge Fell, oe and near Stonyhur:
College, 1890, blaine Nat., April 1891,
CHARLES ROBSON. Northucibedand S.*

tynomus edilis [at Elswick near Newcastle-on-Tyne, a male on
ore 2nd, 1870, and a female on Aug. 3oth, 1871]. Sci. Goss., Nov. 1886,
. 262,

CHARLES ROBSON. Northumberland or Durh

?
Natural History Jottings. The Green Tortoise Beetle (Cassida eri
iva gee notes on life history and habits ; locality not stated, ote

dated ‘Elswick, Newcastle-upon-Tyne’]. Sci. Goss., Ma 1888, 16:
107 ; June 1888, pp. 137- es, and Tats 1888, pp. 150-151. 4 -
JouN E. Rogson. Durham.

Nebria Gyllenhalii [occurs in Crimdon Den Hart]
above sea-level ; habitat shea Young Nat. 7 Sept. a a ore Mace

Seen ee EE:
Naturalist, ©

BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1888-1891. 39

Joun E. Rogson Durham
Cionus scrophula tie on Canterbury Bell [in Hezleden Dene, June 15th,
1890 ; a week later]. Young Nat., July 1890, p. 135.
Ww. Desisow ROEBUCK, Linc
wings, c. [Beet ates , Calathus melanocephalus and Tachyporus Eh gl
ry Sinosioaive {at Fulbeck Grange, Dec. 1888]. Nat., May 1889, p. 130.
vite ROGERS ? Lanc. S.
[Niptus hololeucus appearing in large mpennens | in some dried a
sar bly at Manchester]. Mem. and Proc. nch. Lit. and Phil. Soc
arch 12th, 1888, Sees ys. vol. i. 1888, p 134.
eos ROSENSTOCK, York Mid W.
The Yorkshire " Naturalists’ Union at Boroughbridge [25th May, 1 1885 :

Leistus ferrugineus, Anchomenus angusticollis, sap am striola,
melanarius, Amara communis, Harpalus ruficornis, Haliplus lineatocollis,
abus maculatus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Quedius iy 3 Helophoris
intermedius, Hydrobius fusctpes, Spheridium scarabaoides, Cerc on mori
oum, C. melanocephalum, Sipe sey $s fossor, A. ater, A.n thd lus, A. luridus
Oi

A. contaminatus, A. testudinarius, Pyrochroa rubens, hig Coccinelle variabilis
noted]. Nat., July 18 $0.
RUDOLPH ROSENSTOCK. York Mid W.
[Coleoptera ae ye about Lindley Wood Reservoir, Washburndale,
July 5th, 1885; Leztstus dade Calathus melanocephalus, Stenus
canaliculatus, Anobium castaneum, Liosomus ovatulus, Telephorus testaceus,
TI. bicolor, Tn ru Ua! ee ee Cryptohypnus riparius, and Meligethes
@neus|. Nat., Nov. 1885, p

JAMEs H. acell siam York N.W. or Durham.
The Yorkshire turalists’ Union in a bs oo [in oe 1889 ;
‘ Carabus nitens ay noted]. Nat., Sept. 1889, p. 2

EDWARD SAUNDERS. Derbyshire.
Homalota crassicornis at Buxton [found June 1889, under dead leaves in
the Corbar Woods, Bu went and referred at the time to #. fagana]. Ent.

To, pki e 1891, xxvii. 171,

RicHarp Sout Cheshire.
President’s Able [referring to J. H. edley’s capture oh a i
example of Zachys parvulus (new to Stier at Wallasey, Sept. 1884].

Proc. South Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1885 (pub. 7886), 4 a 18.
C. E. Sto Lane S.
Nebria Gyllenhalii — near Bolton at below 300 feet alt.]. Young
Nat., Sept. 1889, p.
M. L. Syxgs. Lanc. S.
Rambles d the Year 1887.—Worsley [Aug. 27th ; larva of ere
mayrginalis noted}. Ann. Rep. Manch. Mice Soc. for 1887 (pub. 1888), p.
Joun Taruam, Ch be
The President’s Address [with note of Dyticus marginalis larve at Hale
85) digas ~ y, 1880]. Ann. Rep. Manch. Microsc. Soc. for 1884-85 (pub.
C. K. gn Linc. N
Lu att cervus Lincolnshire [a few, — near pieragres A ; one
Scaphidinum ee oe also taken]. Ent., Aug. 1888, xxi. Seog
Yor

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ acre at Kildale-in-' sos land fre July
1890 ; Bradycellus — Calathus melanocephalus, C. flavipes, Olisthopus
eee Nebria gyllienhalit, Cladines en " Noliophilus biguttatus,

aticus, and mm sovreiee s ovatus, taken wu oseberry Topping].
sq Nat Sere 1890, p
eb.

40° BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1888-1891.

M. L. THompson and aie on HEWETT. York N.W.
por regain by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Leckby Carr
[18th ; Caras nemoralis, Notiophilus eee Llaphrus
Seah a Bias pilicor flarpalus rt errdses © Pterostichus madidus,
P. diligens, Calathus estos, A — dorsalis, iene tend lituratus,
Agabus bipustu atus, Anac tabi ~ = limbata, Cholev a fumata,
Philonthus decorus, Seidel crena sag cellata, Cocsinella ro-punctala,
Halyzia 14-guttata, gies roasts, ere — ppt. 53-2 ipecatun
Lochmea caprea, L. su , Deporaiis betule, A hemato
ervinus, and Ceutho wth ile pollinarius, with? otek on a aes ore aid
Nat., Aug. 1891, pp. 238-239.
ML. se ae N.E.
[Beetles observed by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Beer t Hayburn
Wyke [11th July, 1891: Cicindela campestris, top as tae
NV. aguaticus, Seago: ge, Harpalus proteus, H, cei 2 ufi-
barbis, Pterostichus madidus, P. vulgaris, P. niger dilgens, ” Calathus
cisteloide - melanocepha lus, Trechus minutus, Tien flavipes, Choleva
fumata, Tachyporus chrsomelinus, Tachinus rufipes, Malia. r obiberate,
Coccinella 10-pancata, rachypterus urtice, Antherophagus pallens, Athous
niger, dalt. u iu : ef lodes

Si roa serraticornis
Apion aprica A. pisi, A. violace um, A. h umile, Otiorrh rhynchus pits,
0. satan ‘Sirophosoniu coryli, Polydrusus cervinus yllobins urtice, Wf rt,
£. argentatus, P. viridi ‘coulis, ep lynch pollinarius and C

localities wd notes given in every case]. » Sept. Sor, o 287- 288.
A. THORNLEY. Linc. N. or Notts.
mias mollinus, Boh. [several taken by writer near the Trent, on the
borders of Lincolnshire and Notts]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Nov. 1891, xxvii. 304.

2 EY. ork
Coleoptera Ilkley [in Sept. 1891 ; riiervniweigd ks huey B. similis,
and Dlisthopus rotundatus in abundance under ston bold’s Moor;
also a pair Act énata, and single pbettiene as Cardin nitens,
Miscodera arctica, pee ‘Ne ecrophorus ruspator (flying)]. Ent. Mo.
Dec XxVii. 332.
C. U. T[Rrpp]. Derbyshire.
Calendar of Nature, 1879 [near Burton-on-Trent ; Lampyris noctiluca seen
a geod rh 4th Ann. Rep. Burton-on- -Trent Nat. Hist. and Arch.
598 ". H. W.

KER. Cheshire.
Satidtonicas ‘Note s [on Cheshire side of Mersey, — May; larve of
Dyticus seem ar noted]. Young Nat., Sept. 1889, p

WALTER A. finda NE. York N.E.

Ayton.— st [Meloé violaceus and Carabus violaceus in large pow snes at
‘pte Cook’ s, vid Easby]. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, -_

-W. A. W[arne, Secretary}. ork & NE.

[Cicindela campestris found at Eston Nab, Sept. 18th, ple Nat.
Hist. Journ., rs Sern 15th, 1888, xii. 161.
Joun WaTSON Westmorland.
estmo: land Heronries [with a reference to pr esence of legs and wing
coverts of Dyticus marginalis in stomach of a fortni ight-old Heron, at Dallam
Tower]. ee Ja ny 22nd, 1880, p. gi Westm, Note Book and Nat. Hist.
Record, vol. 1, part 6, June 1889, p.
EB. B. WaicctesworrH. ork S.W., Durham.

Y
at Wakefield [and Hartlepool ; occurrences cited]. Nat.,

<

~ 1885, p. 206.

Naturalist,

41

LIST OF ADDITIONS MADE DURING 1891 TO

DISTRICT OF NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE.

J., BURT. DAVY,
Trafalgar House, Kew, rrey; Assistant in the Royal ca recs a Pew 5
lat i ok. = apne ‘Cines) Naturalists’ Socie

ONLY thirty plants previously Gureoorded for the Seics and’ two

confirmations of old, but doubtful, records, have been added to the

Alford Naturalists’ Society’s Register of Phzenogams and Vascular

Cryptogams during the year 1891.

Considering how imperfectly the flora of the district has been
investigated as yet, this is a very meagre result of a summer's work.
A much longer list was contemplated at the beginning of the season,
but unavoidable circumstances made it necessary to abandon much
of the work planned out. It is a great pity that so few members of
the local Natural History Societies—and, indeed, other intelligent
persons in the county—appear to understand the pleasure to be
derived from a study of the works of Nature. If they could be
persuaded that no profound knowledge of natural history, botany, or
geology is required for this purpose, but only careful observation of
facts and a precise and methodical recording of what is observed
{to which might be added the preservation of specimens, when
practicable, as vouchers for the records), probably we should soon
be able to complete the very imperfect records of the plant and
animal life of Lincolnshire. The information thus collected, with
similar information from other counties, would supply ample material
for studying the causes of effects with regard to the variation, habits,
distribution, and economy of species. At present this work of
collecting information—which might so pleasurably and _ profitably
form part of the recreation of almost all intelligent persons in the
county—is left chiefly to a few more or less energetic individuals,
some of whom, being non-resident in Lincolnshire, can only visit it
for the purpose at distant intervals.

In the following list of the thirty-two plants, W.F. stands for the
Rey. W. Fowler, M.A., of Liversedge Vicarage, and F.A.L. for Mr.
F. Arnold Lees, M.R.C.S., etc., of Leeds, who have kindly verified
the names of many of my specimens.

{Clematis Vitalba L. Hedge separating allotment gardens from
road, Well village, April roth (J.B.D.). Probably an escape
from cultivation: there is a house with flower-garden on the

Opposite side of the road. ]

Feb, 1892.

42 DAVY: ADDITIONS TO ALFORD FLORA.

Thalictrum flavum L. Shady hedge-bank, Alford, on Boulder
Clay, June 28th (J.B.D., fide W.F.).

Nuphar luteum Sm. In fruit in a ‘drain’ at Withern, October
8th (Miss S. Allett, fide J.B.D.).

Viola Reichenbachiana Bor. Hedge-bank outside Welton
Wood, on the Chalk, April 28th (J.B.D., fide F.A.L.). I am
informed that Mr. Fowler and Mr. Jas. Eardley Mason have
seen this plant previously at Well, but it was not entered in the
Register.

Trifolium ochroleucum L. Plentiful in a meadow on Boulder
Clay at foot of the Chalk Wolds, Rigsby-cum-Ailby, July 12th
(J.B.D., fide W.F.). An uncommon plant in Lincolnshire.

Poterium officinale Hook. f. Willoughby, August 11th (Edward
Woodthorpe, fide J.B.D.). Grows in several parishes in the
district, but not previously registered.

Callitriche platycarpa Kuetz. Well, July 5th (J.B.D., fide W.F.).

Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. Tothill, October 8th (Miss S. Allett,
fide J.B.D.). In fruit.

fEgopodium Podagraria L. Hedge-bottom, allotment gardens,
Well village, April 19th (J.B.D.)

Cherophyllum temulum L. Alford, July 3rd (J.B.D., fide W.F.).

Anthriscus sylvestris Hoffm. Alford, July 3rd (J.B.D., fide
W. is very common weed had somehow previously
missed registration.

CEnanthe Phellandrium Lam. Pond in a clearing, Mother Wood,
Aby, July 3rd (J.B.D., fide W.F.).

Valeriana dioica L. Alford, on Boulder Clay, June 28th (J.B.D.,

fide W.F.). Previously recorded, but some doubt existed as to
identification.

_Bidens cernua L. Tothill, October 5th (Miss S. Allett, fide
].BD.).

Carduus crispus L. By the road-side, Willoughby, along with
Cnicus arvensis Hoffm., August 9th (J. E. Mason, fide J. G
Baker, Kew).

Serratula tinctoria L. var. monticola (Boreau). Damp and
shady disused brick-pit, Well, on Boulder Clay, July 5th, (J.B.D.,

F.).

fide W.F
Cichorium Intybus L. Stubble-field, pouty on Boulder Clay,
October 4th (E. Woodthorpe, fide J.B.D.). Confirmation of

record. This plant seems only doubtfully wild in the Alford
district, and may have been introduced with farm seeds.

Naturalist, —

DAVY: ADDITIONS TO ALFORD FLORA. 43

Pedicularis sylvatica L. Wet meadow on the Boulder Clay,
Rigsby-cum-Ailby, June 7th (J.B.D.). Along with Zzstera
ovata R.Br., Orchis Morio L., Orchis maculata 1., Habenaria
conopsea Benth., and Hadenaria viridis R.Br.

Salix aurita L. Welton eee April 25th (J.B.D.); Greenfield
Wood, April 30th (J.B.D., Aye

Salix Caprea L. nonadide sh Mother Wood, Aby, March
22nd (J.B.D., fide F.A.L.).

Lemna trisulca L. Pond, Alford, March 29th (J.B.D.).

Lemna minor L. Pond, Ailby, March 22nd (J.B.D.).

Lemna polyrrhiza L. Pond, Well Park, July 5th (J.B.D., fide
J. E. Mason).

Zannichellia brachystemon J. = Guy’s pond, Ailby, June
28th (J.B.D., fide W.F.). In fru

Scirpus palustris R.Br. Saleby, a 2end (J.B.D., fide W.F.).

Carex remota L. Saleby, June 27th (J.B.D., fide W.F.).

Carex ovalis Good. C. sylvatica Huds. C. vesicaria L.
Marshy ground in a clearing, Mother Wood, Aby, July 3rd
(J.B.D., fide W.F.).

Briza media L. Alford, June 28th (J.B.D., fide W.F.).

Equisetum maximum Lam. Driby, March r4th (J.B.D.) ; South
Ormsby, March 30th (J.B.D.); in both places this plant occurs
where the Carstone and Calcareous Ironstone crop out from
beneath the chalk.

Equisetum palustre L. Saleby, June 27th (J.B.D., fide W.F.).
It may seem absurd to require common weeds like Anthriscus

sylvestris and Briza media to be verified, but seeing that much

trouble is often caused by imperfectly vouched records, I have made
it a rule to have all plants newly recorded for a district, properly
verified whenever practicable. It may be interesting to note that

FParnassia palustris still lingers at Tothill, Miss S. Allett having

sent me specimens in fruit which she gathered there on October

8th. It appears to have been quite exterminated from its old

Station in Alford parish.

NOTES AND silanes

a note from our friend Mr. James W. Addyman, B.A,, who is Vice-
Consul at pee for Sweden and Norway, in Aidtens to Mr. m $ paper
‘The Naturalist’ r 18 370. He thinks the Norsk word

es
e more correctly translated « almost,” as far as he can judge from
ae translation of = Fenircs The word spel eget bears this meaning, and the
Passage, to Mr. man’s mind, shows that the writer intended to convey
the — a of doubifal. superiority in favour of six eggs.
Feb. x

44
NOTES AND NEWS.

. well-merited car to the memory of — oni eee Hl gata
John Sang, is paid by Mr. John H. Wood, whe Gedicat o him
Mi lroptery x thie Saich i is described in the ¢ Futauolcotsts’ Monthly Macacine?
for April

—_— >on ———_
Mr. S. L. Mosley, F.E.S., continues his most interesting ‘ History ze Pikes

Birds: their Nests and Eggs,’ of which Nos, 66 and 67 are now before u

include sseelipcenmtan plates of the Land Rail, the Water Rail, the Spotted igo
i e Grey Phalaro

ai
varieties and the immature birds being figured, as well as the eggs and mature
forms.

Oe
A brief obituary notice is given in the ‘ Entomologist’ for August last (xxiv.
200) of Roward Ralph Pearson, of aioetpe, Nowbumberends who died on the
12th July, 1891, at the age of 56. tion cf made of his excellence as a
lepidopterist, and several good local leek: including Vesti antiopa, are named
as among his captures late! in the neighbourhood of Wallington.
—_—>0-—- —

n honour is Fis to our well-known entomologist of Hartlepool, Mr. J. E
Reon, F.E.S., a new variety rodsonz being suggested for spa melanic form of
Aplecta ‘nebulosa by M aS Collins, at the mirage meeting of the Lancashire and
Cheshire Entomological Society. The formal and technical eg ap on of this
variety is published in the ‘ British Naturalist? for November 1891, p.

—_——— >on -—- -——-

In respect of the question of the proposed abandonment of the ee name
ot and the substitution for it of Pomatias, t ev. Canon Norman
returns to the charge in the August number of the ‘ Annals jee Maan | of

atural Hoth and defends eee vigour the ipouitiony he took up i

pCoOt——

The November number of the ‘Ent soaatlont® contains an article on the

Diamond-Back Moth (Pletella ese dete), which has committed so much

damage to se crops in the eastern counties of England. Mr. J. Arkle, of
escr

contacts great ravages in one year to be necessarily feared in succeeding seasons ?
COE.

A paper on the re- oo of lost limbs in the insecta, by Mr. John Watson,

of Manchester, read to the ntific Section of the Liter iad Seo Philosophical
Society of that bende is olga sh - pages 108-110 of the ‘ mologist ’ ay
1891. eo ms were made on /latysamia ate: Antherea wiyiditas

and on dragon- ian

>
r former editor, Mr. W. Eagle ib Cane, F.L.S., is to be most warmly c
grated on the success of the new nevi magazine, ‘ The Annals of Scottish
ral Hi which he has brought out in Ccaiunction with Aas John A.
sea tag ime ae a ge and Prof. James W. H. iboed sa A., M.D., and of
the first number, for January, lie ‘belbes It takes t fe The
Scottish Naturalist,’ which vakeas i aft ie fee ;

to exist, after a sot of life extending

over nearly two a of years, and th in every ect an

immense improvement u ts eces ypographically the ‘ Annals’ is

rk of art and affords not the gu i loophole for an adverse-minded critic,

and scientifically its contents are high-class and well wort the natural history

ability of which Scotland t. t number is illustrated by two
plates, one of them an excellent AL oegepe n of Anarrhichas minor, lith

inter - e contents are well balanced ng the different

es of natural history, and . whole production eminently w of the

orthy
oe se prosperous career which we venture to predict (and sontiiently ese

Naturalist, |

LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS AT
GIBRALTAR POINT.
si wie DAVY,

Trafalgar House, Kew, Surrey; Assistant in the Royal high _ ew, and
late Hon. Sec, Alford (Lincs.) Naturalists’ Socie.

AN excursion of Lincolnshire naturalists to Gibraltar Point, North
Lincolnshire, was planned and carried out on Saturday, August 15th,
1891, by the Council of the Alford Naturalists’ Society. Its object

parison of notes, and an investigation of the fauna and flora of the
immediate vicinity of Gibraltar Point, at the mouth of the Steeping

ie
Although about 300 invitations were distributed amongst mem-
bers of Natural History Societies and other persons in the county
professedly interested in Natural History, the Alford Society was
the only Lincolnshire one represented. The party was led by
Mr. James Eardley Mason, of Alford, well known as an Hemipterist
and an all-round naturalist always willing to help young naturalists
with timely information or advice. It also had the advantage o
the company of the Rev. William Fowler, M.A., vicar of Liver-
sedge, Yorks., and a Vice-President of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union, and of Mr. F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., of Gainsborough.
After a hearty eight o’clock breakfast at the Angel Hotel, Wain-
fleet, the members set off for Gibraltar Point, walking most of the
way along the bank of the Steeping River. At noon, lunch was
partaken of in an old hulk converted into a dwelling, yclept
“Noah’s Ark,’ near the Coast-guard Station there. The members
were here shown numerous brightly-dyed specimens of a pretty
feathery Zoophyte (Sertularia pinnata?), which is found very
abundantly on this coast. It is collected by the children, and
dried after being dipped in a mixture of methylated spirit and
glycerine, which acts as a preservative (the proportion being one-half
of each, with different colouring matters—purple, yellow, etc.—
added) ; it is then sold to dealers in natural history objects and to
visitors. The exhibitors called it ‘ sea-weed,’ and would hardly be
Convinced that it was anything else, because, as they remarked,
‘it came out of the sea’! Some time was here devoted to an
investigation of the fore-shore, mud-flats, and sand-hills of the Point.
tr. Mason obtained several specimens of Hemiptera, noteworthy
for the large proportion which were infested by a red bag-like
Parasite. A few of the commoner sea-shells were obtained, but
Feb, 1892.

46 DAVY : LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS AT GIBRALTAR POINT.

they were all without their original owners, and have not been
identified. At three p.m. the members turned northwards, exploring
the sand-hills, roadsides, and ‘dikes’ on the way, until Skegness
was aigaie when there was just time for tea before the departure
of the tra

Comins ‘Point is on the seaward boundary of that district lying
north of the East Fen, which is locally known as the ‘Salt Marsh.’
It is a low-lying, level tract of Silt and Boulder Clay, intersected by

The map is divided into square ayaeet ts The adh ah et mark the line and direction of the
en,

wide drains, which forms a rich grazing district. In this marsh,
‘quick’ — only occasionally break the view over the level—
so monotonous and yet so interesting from its very levelness—the
fields usually Sais separated from each other and from the roads by
‘dikes’ of nearly stagnant water. Where these dikes escape the
oS pee cleaning-out, they prove well suited for the growth
f Hottonia, Utricularia, Hydrocharis and other aquatic plants;
pees banks, too, when not too closely mown or grazed, yield | a rich

” Netureiiat,

°
DAVY: LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS AT GIBRALTAR POINT. 47.

and varied flora. In few places is the ‘Salt Marsh’ 20 feet above
Ordnance Datum level, most of it is from to to 15 feet and in some
cases it is only 7 to 8 feet. As the highest spring tides sometimes
rise to 16 feet, the whole marsh would then be flooded if not
protected by a sea-bank. Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne, B.A., F.G.S., in
his ‘Memoirs of the Geological Survey of England and Wales
(Explanation of Sheet 84)’ describes this sea-bank on p. 111, as
follows : ‘ The whole coast-line of East Lincolnshire, from Gibraltar
Point south-east of Wainfleet to Donna Nook north of Saltfleet,

them being blown off the foreshore outside. This strip of Blown
Sand is widest near the southern and northern edges of the map
[Sheet 84, Geol. Survey], being about a quarter of a mile (440 yards)
wide at these points, it is also about the same width near Saltfleetby,
but elsewhere it is very narrow, and in some places not more than 50
or 60 yards broad. The sand is piled up into mounds and
hummocks, and is held together by a growth of “Mat grass,” or
‘““Marram” (Arundo arenaria), with which Hordeum maritimum
(coast barley) and Zriticum junceum (wild wheat) are frequently
associated ; the Sea Buckthorn (Hippophde rhamnoides) and the Blue
Bramble (Rudus cesius) are also abundant, and their roots assist in
holding the sand together. In height the sand-hills vary from 20 to
40 feet above the level of the land inside, which they protect from
the inroads of the sea.’

Mr. Mason has kindly supplied the following list of Vertebrata
noted during the day, with some of their local names. All except
those marked with a star (*) were seen by himself.

MAMMALIA.

Arvicola amphibia L. Water Vole. A young one was
taken, and after careful scrutiny, and being carried in a box
some hours, was finally released.

BIRDS.

Turdus musicus L. Song Thrush. ‘Thrush.’

Turdus merula L. Blackbird.

Ruticilla phenicurus L. Redstart.

Motacilla lugubris L. Pied Wagtail. ‘Dishwasher.’

Anthus pratensis L. Meadow Pipit. ‘Ground Lark.’

irundo rustica L. Swallow.

Chelidon urbica L. Martin.

Cotile riparia L. Sand Martin.

F eb. 186: 1892.

48 DAVY: LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS AT GIBRALTAR POINT.

Passer domesticus L. House Sparrow.

Linota cannabina L, Linnet. ‘Grey Linnet.’
Emberiza miliaria L. Corn Bunting.

Emberiza citrinella L. Yellow Bunting. ‘Gooly.’
Sturnus vulgaris L. Starling. ‘Starnel.’

Corvus frugilegus L. Rook. ‘Craw’; C. corone being

named the ‘ Cad-craw.’

Alauda arvensis L. Skylark.

Cypselus apus L. Swift. ‘ Devlin.’

Ardea cinerea L. Heron. ‘ Heronsew.’

Gallinula chloropus L. Moorhen. ‘Waterhen.’
fEgialitis hiaticula L. Ringed Plover. ‘Sand Runlet.’
Totanus hypoleucos L. Common Sandpiper.
Totanus calidris L. Redshank.

*Totanus canescens Gmel. Greenshank.

Numenius arquata L. Curlew.
*Numenius phezopus L. Whimbrel.

Sterna fluviatilis Naum. Common Tern.

Sterna minuta L. Little Tern.

Larus canus L. Common Gull.

BATRACHIA.
Rana temporaria L. Common Frog.
Bufo vulgaris L. Common Toad.
The Natterjack (Bufo calamita Laur.) was not seen, although not
uncommon, and in some places abundant, on the sand-hills.
The following Hemiptera-Heteroptera and Coleoptera were
obtained by Mr. Mason :—

HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.
Scolopostethus adjunctus D.&S.
Megalocerza erratica L.
Calocoris bipunctatus L.
Liocoris tripustulatus Fab.
Lygus contaminatus Fall.
Dicyphus epilobii Reut.
Heteroloma merioptera Scop.
Plagiognathus arbustorum Fab.

ocoris nemorum L. A. nemoralis L.

Naturalist,

DAVY: LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS AT GIBRALTAR POINT. 49

Nabis flavomarginatus Scholz.
Salda pilosa Fall. S. lateralis Fall. S. littoralis L.
Hydrometra stagnorum L.
Corixa striata Fieb.

A large pees of these were infested by a red bag-like
parasite.

Salda pilosa is a new record for Lincolnshire.

COLEOPTERA
(Kindly named by the Rev. Canon W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.L.S., Sec. E.S.).
Pogonus chalceus Marsh. Adrastus limbatus F.
Bembidium pusillum Gyll. Phedon tumidulus Germ.
Haliplus fluviatilis Aubé. Thyamis ochroleuca Marsh.
Ocypus cupreus Rossi. Ceeliodes quadrimaculatus L.
Meligethes picipes Sturm.

Pogonus chalceeus and Adrastus limbatus are interesting, being
both southern insects.

Of Phznogamous plants 144 species were noted ; some of them
could not be determined, however, without reference to a ‘ Flora.’
These were collected for after-determination, but had withered too .
much to be of any use, before they could receive attention. Only
those species which have been authentically verified are retained in
the following list, which is given in full as it may sometime prove
useful in the compilation of a county ‘ Flora.’

The Rev. William Fowler has most kindly appended the
mark ! to some of the less common species, for the occurrence of
which he can personally vouch; for the rest I must hold myself
alone responsible, except where another reference is given. I was
able to preserve a few specimens, since presented to the herbarium
of the South Kensington Museum (Natural History). These are
marked‘ sp.’ so that, in case of count, ee may be had to ana
specimens themselves.
are those of the 8th edition of the ‘ London Catalogue.’
Ranunculus Drouetii Godr.! R. sceleratus L. R. acris L-
Papaver Rheeas L.

Sisymbrium officinale Scop.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris Moench.
Cerastium triviale Link.

Stellaria media Cyr.

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. A. peploides L.!
Feb. 18,2.

50 DAVY: LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS AT GIBRALTAR POINT.

Lepigonum salinum « genuinum Auct.! (syn. Spergularia
neglecta B salina Syme, E.B.; ‘S. salina Presl. (proper)’ of
Hooker's Students’ Flora; and ‘ Z. sa/inum (Kindb.)’ of Bab.
Man.) (sp

agian sates iatolanion ¢ Koch’ ! (syn. Spergularia marginata
Syme, .; ‘S. media Pers.’ of Hooker’s Students’ Flora ;
and ‘Z. marinum “Wahl.”’ of Bab. Man.) (sp.).

Malva sylvestris L. We used to eat the seeds of this plant
with considerable relish when we were children, and called them
‘ cheeses.’

Erodium cicutarium L’Hérit.

Medicago lupulina L.

Trifolium pratense L.

Trifolium arvense L. (sp.) and T. scabrum L. ! (sp.) growing
together among shingle behind the old Roman sea-bank.
Gibraltar Point appears to be a newly-recorded locality for the
latter plant. Mr. James Britten, F.L.S., included it in his list
of county plants in White’s Sincilnahive oe (1872), but
it does not appear as a Lincolnshire plant in ‘ Topographical
Botany,’ ed. i. (1883). On p. 209 of the Botanical Record
Club Report for 1881-82, the following note occurs :—
‘T. scabrum L. Flats near the sea, Cleethorpes, North Lincoln;
July 1882. Amos Carr. Recorded for the vice-county in
1876 Report, but Mr. Blow—the compiler for that year—did
not give the station.” ‘The locality for this 1876 record was
probably Humberstone, as Mr. Fowler writes me: ‘Look
whether I did not record 7: scabrum at Humberstone, in the
B.R.C. Reports. I saw it there much finer than what we saw
at Gibraltar ; quite large clumps on the loose sand, along with
Eryngium maritimum, and 1 cannot find any other Lincoln-
shire record for the plant in the B.R.C. Reports.

Trifolium repens L. T. procumbens L.

Lotus corniculatus L. Locally called ‘ Ladies’ fingers.’

Vicia Cracca L.

sea lathyroides L. (sp.)! growing with Z+ifolium arvense and

TL. scabrum, among shingle behind the old Roman sea-bank.
The Rev. G. S. Streatfeild informs me that in June 1872 he
also obtained it from Gibraltar Point, and adds, ‘I was at
Skegness for two days early in this month (September 1891),
and walked in the direction of Gibraltar Point, but did not get
to it. Even at that late date I came aeTps & few specimens of
V. lathyroides, of which I enclose one.’ Mr. Streatfeild’s 1872

Naturalist,

DAVY : LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS AT GIBRALTAR POINT. 51

specimen is in the South Kensington Museum. The specimens
obtained by Mr. Fowler and myself have been verified by
Mr. F. Arnold Lees, and by comparison with the specimens in
the collection of the late Mr. H. C. Watson, at the Kew
Herbarium, and Mr. Streatfeild’s specimens above referred to.

Lathyrus pratensis L.

Spirea Ulmaria L. Mr. Ward Robinson, of Grimsby, informs
me that in some parts of the county the ‘ Meadow Sweet’ is
called ‘Queen of the Meadow,’ and that a small quantity of the
flowers is used as one of the ingredients of herb beer.

Rubus czsius L. On the sand-hills.

Potentilla Anserina L.

Alchemilla arvensis L.

Agrimonia Eupatoria L. Highly valued in Tascolnahire as an
ingredient of herb beer.

Crategus Oxyacantha L

Sedum acre L.! Locally called ‘ Poor-man’s pepper.’

Myriophyllum spicatum L. !

Epilobium hirsutum L. E. parviflorum Schreb. !

Apium graveolens L. (sp.) Very abundant on drain banks.

Apium nodiflorum Reichb.

Sium latifolium L. ! (sp.). Wainfleet.

CEnanthe fistulosa L. (CE. Lachenalii Gmel.! (sp.).

Ethusa Cynapium L.

Angelica sylvestris L.

Heracleum capeiseen L. The leaves are locally used for

‘ rabbit-mea

Daucus Carota L

Caucalis Anthriscus Huds.

Sambucus nigra L. Plentiful on the sand-hills. The berries
are, of course, largely used in Lincolnshire, as elsewhere, for
elder-wine, elder-syrup, etc., which are considered good
remedies for coughs.

Galium verum L. G. Aparine L

Dipsacus sylvestris L.

Bellis perennis L.

Aster Tripolium L.

Pulicaria dysenterica Gertn.

Achillea Millefolium L. Mr. Ward Robinson informs me that

2 oieoy is another ingredient of herb beer, and adds, ‘When a boy
eb. 18o2.

52 DAVY: LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS AT GIBRALTAR POINT.

at home (Lincolnshire) I knew Yarrow by several names as
“ Devil’s plaything,” “ bad-man’s plaything,” &c.’

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L..

Matricaria inodora L.

Artemisia maritima ‘Linn.’ (sp.).

Senecio vulgaris L. S. erucifolius lL. S. Jacobza L.

Arctium minus Schk.! Locally believed to possess valuable
medicinal properties. :

Carduus nutans L.

Cnicus lanceolatus Hoffm. C. arvensis Hoffm.

Centaurea nigra L.

Crepis virens L.

Hieracium Pilosella L. On the sand-hills.

Leontodon hirtus L. L. autumnalis L.

Taraxacum officinale Web. Mr. Robinson has given me
a recipe for making ‘ Dandelion wine’ from the flowers of this
plant. My grandmother had a weakness for the fresh young
leaves, which she ate as salad; I also remember being dosed
with ‘Dandelion tea, made from the roots, for some childish
ailment.

Sonchus oleraceus L. S. arvensis L.

Campanula rotundifolia L.

Glaux maritima L.

Samolus Valerandi L. (sp.). Drain-bank at Skegness.

Cynoglossum officinale L. Very abundant on the sand-hills.
Its hooked-spined nutlets adhere to the clothes with provoking
tenacity.

Myosotis palustris With.

Convolvulus arvensis L.

Solanum Dulcamara L.

Solanum nigrum L. (sp.) and Hyoscyamus niger L. ! (sp-)
growing together plentifully on the shingle at the Point; one
specimen of the latter was 5 ft. high. Mr. Perrin, the proprietor
of ‘Noah’s Ark,’ told us that Ayoscyamus had grown on that
spot all the time he had lived there (21 years), some years in
greater abundance than in others. Mrs. Perrin said that her
grandmother used Hyescyamus seeds as a remedy for toothache,
and that when the mouth was held over a jar of boiling water
in which these seeds were steeped, the ‘ maggots’ (which caused —
the toothache !) fell out. I saw this remedy applied once by

DAVY : LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS AT GIBRALTAR POINT. 53

a servant in a farmhouse at Fulbeck, near Grantham, but
I do not remember with what success; in this instance the
jar was covered by a funnel, which served to convey the steam
more directly to the affected tooth.

Veronica Chamezdrys L. V. Anagallis L. V. Beccabunga L.

Rhinanthus Crista-galli L.

Lycopus europzus L.

Prunella vulgaris L.

Lamium album L.

Ballota nigra L.

Plantago major L. P. lanceolata L. P. Coronopus L. (sp.).

Chenopodium album L. !

Atriplex Babingtonii Woods. ! (sp.). A. portulacoides L.

Salicornia herbacea L. This plant is locally called ‘Samphire’
and is highly valued for pickling; it is also eaten raw or boiled
as ‘greens.’ We were informed that it is not nearly so plentiful
in this neighbourhood as formerly, having been extensively
gathered for these purposes. In the ‘ Phytologist,’ Dec. 1857
(N. S., IL, p. 302) Mr. Fowler noted these local uses, and
remarked: ‘I have seen people fetch it away for sale by cart-
loads from the coast off Saltfleet.’ Mr. H. Wallis Kew, F.E.S., also
notices itin his interesting paper entitled ‘ Mablethorpe Natural
History Notes,’ in Ruscoe’s ‘Illustrated Guide to Mablethorpe,
Sutton, Louth, Alford and District,’ pp. 87 to 92 (1890).

Suzda maritima Dum. (sp.).

Salsola Kali L. (sp.).

Polygonum aviculare L. P.amphibium L.

Rumex crispus L.! R. Hydrolapatheum Huds. !

Hippophae Rhamnoides L.! ‘Sallow-thorn’ or Sea-Buckthorn ;
very abundant all over the sand-hills, where its prevalence, and
the sharp spines with which it is armed, make walking tedious
and sometimes painful.

Urtica dioica L. U. urens L.

Fagus sylvatica L.

Elodea canadensis Mich.

Orchis pyramidalis L. !

Juncus bufonius L. (sp.). J. acutiflorus Ehrh.

Sparganium ramosum Curtis, Lemna trisulca L., L. minor L.
and L. gibba L., all in dikes at Wainfleet.

Alisma Plantago L.

Feb, 1892.

54 NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY AND LEPIDOPTERA.

Triglochin palustre L. (sp.). Margins of dikes at Wainfleet.

Triglochin maritimum L. (sp.)

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Steeping River.

Potamogeton crispus L. (sp.). Wainfleet.

Eleocharis palustris R. Br.

Scirpus maritimus L. (sp.). Quite the characteristic plant of
the dikes.

Carex vulpina L.

Ammophila arundinacea Host.

Phragmites communis Trin.

Dactylis glomerata L.

Agropyron junceum Beauv.

Hordeum pratense Huds.

Hordeum maritimum With.

Elymus arenarius L.
Some fine specimens of Agaricus ( Volvaria) spectosus Fr. were

seen by Mr. Fowler and Mr. Mason on a dunghill by the roadside.

This was the only fungus taken note of.

NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY.

Smews at Newton cM? sep e near Tadcaster.—Yesterday I received a letter
from the ido . W. Cha of Newton Kyme, in which he incidentally mentions
that he has just cbiaine a gue Smew (Mergus albellus) ~ the Wharfe near his
house. In reply to Sagem asking for — particulars, Mr. Chaloner tells me
that the bird was killed 0 the 10th inst ; the interesting fact that his
son, Mr. C. W. Chaloner, who shot the bad, has just secured a male Smew at the
same place. It is somewhat significant that a female and a male should have been

This i s is, So far as lam aware, the third Smew obtained on the Wharfe within
the ‘ Western Ainatye The former one (mentioned in my note—‘ Naturalist,”
i y

the Rev. J. W. Chaloner 62 years ago, namely, in the winter of 1829-30.—
EpGAR R. WAITE, The Nomen, Leeds, 21st January, ie

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

Sphinx convolvuli at Newt n Kyme near Tadcaster.—Last autumn
the entomological rita fobinbee: numerous notices of the occu e of this
insect in Britain.

5 WV

ce.
and Palak, a oan ‘Some years ago + » ay Sadie
peed and in the morning I Ce ie my cod authe He hee 4

window. Bare R R. Waite, The Museum, Lea, 21st January, I

ae, 3

55
NOTES— BOTANY.

Are Crocus vernus and C. Snooty natives of England P—While
I should very much like to claim C. nudiflorus as pik in to this country, facts
must not be overlooked. To cn botanists ‘iden who see it at visi i leaves
in spring, and its flowers in n, yea er pr rin the mead n great

profusion, at no less than seven D diffe rent shuitibns within a radius of thi or four
miles ei the town of Halifax, there is every appearance of this interesting naked-

In bey ear 1775 a ‘History of the es eect id tisrge by the Rev. J.
Watson, eas published. Included _in this valua ork is ‘A Catalogue of
Plants growing in the Parish of Halifax,’ cata with copious notes.

i of
illustrated work on Fungi, entitled ‘A History of the Fungus gro (ai, 3 in * €
Parish of Halifax.’ From see notes accompanying the des nl i

catalogue above mentioned, it is evident that the compiler left no aigviet cnvsted

nor spared any pains to make is “oe s complete as possible. Had s ich
an attractive flower as C. nudifiorus been growing wild in the meadows of 9 our
district in his time as we ‘a it now, it is very unlikely that ‘s thorough a worker
Ww ave overlooked

_ According to Lees’ West Yorkshire Flora, the first record for it in ne West
Riding is by W. Wood ( 1805) in ‘ Pastures near Halifax.’ It appears to have
held its ground aha well since first noticed. _ Halifax is the only ep the
Ww. Riding, except a near Sheffield,

where it has been found. ae CROSSLAND, 4, Coleniige Street, Halifax, Jan. 13th.
Are Crocus vernus and C. nudiflorus natives of England ?—In reply
to the query, F take a directly opposite view from that of the querist. Many
ago when the physician’s art was in its infancy, or at least when the = perfection he
i t

exercised in the treatment of dis was unknown, the style and stigma of these
plants, under e a § n, were in- considerable demand for various
u pecially as do ic re t wa
’ Crocus (i w of one of the old her 1

last century) yields a very profitable kind of produce, consequently it was cultivated,
in s present English habitats. Saffr SEX,

obtains its prenomen from this fact. At Beverley, in rel beget Riding, are two
rass fields, which have been known to the residents for many years as the

g
“Crocus fields,’ and there C. vernus grows in profusion. — Traction states that they
Ww be enti

e pu
Dr. Payne, I reject the theory that they are the outcasts from gardens,
and as such have become established in their present position. All the herbals

o
greatly in favour of their ee into our flora.—J. J. MARSHALL, Pharma-
.S.O., Jan. , 1892.

The Crocuses in No ae Meadows.—As it is only a question of a
few eo? before the final disappearance of these wild ptioy it would perhaps
be as to place on record as much information as possible —— to —

Stone ty oe to reside in Nottingham, fifteen years ago, I have seen their haunt
t the present =a a Midland
me

Owing to the subsidence of the — age quent o} 1 mining

locality on the opposite side of the Tre West ignedn ery is entirely built over,
rel oite the only stron: hold w ill be 68 field weigaoont: the new Forest Football
>t rent bridge.

fourteen years ag: a. was curious e h to dig up one or two bulbs for
examination, and, to my p tl I found I T hed to have recourse to a long table
Feb, 18 182.

56 NOTES AND NEWS,

knife to enable me to reach them ; not one that I attempted to remove was less than
six inches under the surface. I think this fact is rather in favour of their being

when crocuses are in full bloom, < igh Beane then naturally attract atten-
tion, to its probable rescue. Another fact must not be forgotten.
. which the crocu

—ha’
asses without one or two happening— ulbs ee ould commen ra
floated away. Rats, nd, are very ee rtisl i pions bulbs.

Considering the fact that our crocuses are found on seal — of the Trent, and
also the wide area they nohanpe ar ied in the meadow evidence in favour
of their being natives appears e to be much ele a sass the theory put

artificial i uction.

Do not other pel algae v sig ae aniairg S apecltagaiy hen the lapse of a few
years, aie finally cease to flow ether? I may m n, for the benefit oe
ee who do not know Not ti eal Shey “at our crocuses are og ae violet variety.—

. B. WHITLOCK, Beeston

nae ats AND NEWS.

An important eo aati y the ome as ace of Natural ete in the
pie ier College, W. A. Her dm — D.Se., F.L.S., appears in t ipl bea nal of
soi Linnean Setictyy Zoology, "23, p. 558- 652, published Au

P 2th,
1891. It is entitled ‘A Revi sed Chnasit fication of the Tunicata, with Definitions of
the roma S, Nee orders, Families, Sub-families, and Gener: and Analytical pee
the Spe

The i cre of the Geological Society has awarded the Murchison eae to
Prof. A. H. Green, F.R.S., of Oxford, and the Ly ell Medal to Seago

of Liverpool, 7 ving “dese rved well of as sei cience,”. Pr oe Gs een ‘ie
some years at the Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds, and last year held the
position of President of the Yo tkshire Naturalists’ U rag He formerly took a
considerable part in see xeological 7 Oo Yo ae coat field.
i known for his ‘ Geology of the County around Liverpool,’

which a second and po laticte geval was tena ished last y

LS
—_=
bal
Be
°
Len 3
oo
o
i=}
a
=
=

The British Association schem a ie the, registration of ‘type speci anon
of oval fos gies ee ‘fal results. An annotated list of the figure
speci he York Museum by Mr. H. } latnauer, the Curator, was
published las year = the annu xe report of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society.
It is interesting as containing many of the original specimens figured by John
i ( irs, such as NV

e Ba pha
carboniferous es. similar, but rina Sk catalogue for the Woodwardian
Museum at Cambridge, compiled by ar ne pep assistant curator, has just
pag issued from the haere Pre any other special collections in
this museum is the splendid series of vorkehie can fossils amassed by the late
Mr, J. epi of Scarborough.

oo
An n the * New Zealand Journal vil 0 ange Sse ‘tg 1891, page 31,
further rises fears that we entertained when s and stoats were being

a re
ton, a ke rivers, bebe: gre a doleful picture of the depopulation
of the ground-birds of those r pobb while he ts out that the increase of the

rabbits meets with a natural chek in the physical se aa of the country,
+ as not to need the introduction of additional enem

; Naturalist,

tg

THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF.

Rev. E, P. KNUBLEY, M.A., M.B.O.U.,
Rector of Staveley; Delegate representing the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union on the General
tion

ommittee of the Associa 8

To the Executive Council of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

GENTLEMEN,—I have much pleasure in bringing before you the
following notes of the meeting of the British Association held at
Cardiff, from Wednesday, August 19th, to Wednesday, August 26th,
‘891, under the presidency of W. Huggins, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D.,
F.R.S., Hon.F.R.S.E., F.R.A.S.

Yorkshire was officially represented by three delegates, viz. :
Mr. B. Holgate, F.G.S., representing the Leeds Geological Associa-
tion; Mr. M. B, Slater, F.L.S., representing the Malton Field
Naturalists’ and Scientific Society; and your Delegate, who repre-
sented the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. In addition to the above
the following Yorkshiremen served on one or other of the Sectional
Committees :—A. H. Allen, F.C.S., G. Brook, F.L.S., Prof. A.
Denny, F.L.S., J. Head, M.Inst.C.E., F.C.S., Sir I. Lowthian Bell;
F.R.S., Prof. L. C. Miall, F.L.S., F.G.S., Prof. W. Stroud, H. Wager,
C. T. Whitmell, M.A., and J. W. Woodall, M.A.

The two evening lectures have an exceptional interest to our
county in that they were delivered, the one by Prof. Miall, F.L.S.,
on ‘Some Difficulties in the Life of Aquatic Insects,’ and the other
by Prof. Riicker, M.A., F.R.S., who discoursed on ‘Electrical Stress.’

The handbook which was presented to every member, besides
containing much valuable information in regard to the growth and
Present prosperity of the town of Cardiff, gave many interesting, not
to say valuable, notes and lists of the geology of the neighbourhood,
and of the Natural History, vertebrate and invertebrate, terrestrial
and aquatic, phanerogamic and cryptogamic.

The Council nominated Mr. G. J. Symons, F.R.S., Chairman,
Dr. J. G. Garson, Vice-Chairman, and Professor R. Meldola, F.R.S.,
Secretary, to the Conference of Delegates. These nominations were
confirmed by the General Committee at the meeting held at Cardiff
on Wednesday, August rgth. The meetings of the Conference were
held on Thursday, August zoth, at 3.30 p.m., and on Tuesday,
_ August 25th, at 1 p-m., in the Dumfries Street Proprietary School.
Thirty-six delegates were nominated by the Corresponding Societies
ee entatives at the Cardiff meeting.

58 KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF.

In place of the annual dinner, the delegates and members of the
Corresponding Societies’ Committee were entertained at supper by
the President and Committee of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society at
the Park Hall Hotel, on Friday, August 21st, after Professor Miall’s
lecture. The chair was taken by the President, Dr. C. T. Vachell,
who welcomed the delegates and other guests in the name of his
Society. Thanks were returned by Mr. G. J. Symons on behalf of
the Corresponding Societies’ Committee, by your Delegate on behalf
of the English Delegates, by Mr. D. Corse Glen on behalf of the
Scottish Delegates, and by Mr. Wm. Gray on behalf of the Irish
Delegates.

FIRST CONFERENCE, AUGUST 20TH.

The chair was taken by Mr. G. J. Symons, F.R.S., the
Corresponding Societies’ Committee being also represented by
Sir Douglas Galton, Dr. Garson, Mr. W. Whitaker, Mr. W. Topley,
and Professor R. Meldola as Secretary.

The Report of the Corresponding Societies’ Committee, printed
copies of which had been circulated among the Delegates, was, on
the motion of the Chairman, taken as read. The subjects treated of
in the Report were then dealt with in the order of the Sections.

SEcTION A.

Temperature Variation in Lakes, Rivers, and Estuaries.
—Mr. Mark Stirrup stated that the Manchester Geological Society
had been of some use in this inquiry. Some few years ago he had
solicited the Water Committee of the Manchester Corporation to
undertake observations in their large reservoirs at Woodhead, and
although these were commenced, a difficulty was soon experienced
in finding reliable observers, and they had consequently to be given
up. Mr. Watts had, however, taken the matter up with regard to
the Oldham reservoirs, and had been at great pains to make trust-
worthy observations, which had received the warm approval of the
Temperature Committee.

Meteorological Photography.—The Chairman stated that
some progress had been made during the year with the work of this
Committee, and they had been fortunate in obtaining some very

ood photographs of clouds, lightning, frost effects, etc. He
expressed the hope that the Delegates would assist the Committee
by securing the co-operation of amateur photographers throughout
the country. Mr. Cushing presented two photographs showing the

effects of a snow-storm taken during the previous winter.
Naturalist

KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF. 59

SECTION C.

Geological Photography.—Mr. O. W. Jeffs stated that the
work of this Committee, of which he was Secretary, had made satis-
factory progress during the year, and he expressed his thanks to the
Corresponding Societies not only for the assistance which they had
rendered by supplying photographs, but also for the interest which
they had raised in different parts of the country. As a result of the
work, an exhibition of photographs had been arranged in the meeting-
room of Section C. The total number of photographs received
during the year was 300. With respect to amateur photographic
societies, Mr. Jeffs stated that their Committee had not yet received
from them the assistance which they had hoped. Although a large
number of people in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, had
helped them, it was necessary to point out that what was now
wanted was work of a more systematic character. An excellent
example had been set by the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, which
had sent in the largest number of photographs received from any
one Society.

The Rev. H. H. Winwood raised a question with respect to the
obtaining of copies of the photographs. The amateur photographer
took the negatives, but did not wish to be troubled with multiplying
prints. He thought it desirable that the name of the person holding
the negative should be made known in order that copies of any
particular photograph might be obtained.

Mr. Jeffs said that in order to remove any misconception which
might exist with respect to the purpose of the Committee, he would
State that their first object was to have a typical collection of photo-
graphs illustrating the geological features of the country, which would
be deposited in some place not yet decided upon. Their next object,
which was of great importance, was to enable teachers and lecturers
to have copies of any of the photographs that might be desired. In
furtherance of this object they had already published in their Report
for 1890,* and had continued in their present Report, a list of
photographs, giving particulars, and the name of the photographer
from whom they could be procured. Any persons wanting copies
could obtain them by writing. Of course the fixing of price was
a local matter and beyond the control of the Committee ; he thought
that some of the photographers might be generous enough to present
copies in the interests of science. Mr. Jeffs added that their
Committee could not undertake to hold the negatives.

Mr.C. J. Watson suggested that copies of the photographs should
Se eee * B.A. Report, Leeds, 1890, p. 429.

Feb. 1892,

60 KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF.

be circulated among the Corresponding Societies, as they could not
tell from the published list which of the photographs would be of
use to a local society. He thought that this would be met by having
an album of duplicate prints for circulation in the manner suggested.

Mr. A. S. Reid said that he had been engaged for some time in
inciting the local societies to take up this work. He found that the
amateur geologist was not inclined to add to the weight which he
had to carry. The appliances for taking good photographs need
not, however, be very heavy, as he had been experimenting with an
ordinary hand camera, weighing five pounds, which he had carried
over some of the rockiest parts of Scotland. He had contributed
a short paper to the ‘ Photographic Quarterly’ for January 1891,
showing what could be done with one of these small cameras.
Mr. Reid exhibited a print taken from one of these quarter-plate
negatives, which he considered quite good enough for preparing
larger diagrams from, for teaching and lecturing purposes. |

Mr. Holgate expressed his regret that the Committee could not
undertake the care of the negatives, as he was of opinion that many
photographers would be willing to take two negatives of any section,
one for the use of the Committee, for the purpose of supplying
prints at some fixed charge to the societies or individuals requiring
them.

The Chairman stated that the Meteorological Photographs
Committee had never experienced any of the difficulties referred to
with respect to the negatives ; those who took the photographs were
in all cases willing that free use should be made of them by the
Committee, and he expressed the hope that in the interests of science
it might be the same with kindred subjects.

Sea Coast Erosion.—Mr. Topley said that a mass of infor-
mation had been accumulated by this Committee, and it had been
decided to conclude their work this year. For some parts of the
country the records were fairly full, but for some parts very meagre.
He mentioned that the French Government had appointed a
commission to do similar work, which had adopted the form of
questions circulated by this Committee.

SEcTION D.

Disappearance of Native Plants.—Mr. D. Corse Glen
reported that two papers on this subject had been sent.in to the
Committee by the Perthshire Society of Natural Science, but these
had apparently not been made use of.

Your Delegate, who had read the Report of the Committee in
the Biological Section, explained that the Committee probably

Naturalist,

KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF. ~ 61

intended to confine their Report this year entirely to Wales and the
adjoining counties in the West of England. In view of the meeting
being at Edinburgh next year, it was likely that the Perthshire lists
would be taken for the next Report.

Destruction of Wild Birds’ Eggs.—Dr. Vachell said that
the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society, as some of the delegates might have
heard, had taken up a case in 1890 with respect to the destruction
of birds and eggs on the island of Grassholme, in the Bristol
Channel. A Bill had been introduced into Parliament last year by
Mr. Pease, but this had unfortunately not been proceeded with. It
appeared to him, and to the members of the Cardiff Society, that the
protection, not only of the birds, but also of the eggs during the
breeding season, was a very important matter, and he should be very
glad if the delegates would give some practical aid with the object
of furthering the Bil

fr. Kermode said that it might interest the meeting to know
that in the Isle of Man they did protect the eggs as well as the birds,
and he hoped that they would succeed in getting similar protection
in Great Britain.

SECTION E.

Teaching of Geography in Primary Schools.—
Mr. Sowerbutts distributed among the delegates a report on
geographical education which had been presented to the council

the Manchester Geographical Society, and which contained
evidence of very great improvement in the teaching of this subject.
They had communicated with all the primary schools in Lancashire
and Yorkshire, offering to conduct examinations and to give prizes.
He added that if the delegates would refer to the report which he
had circulated, and communicate with him, he should be in a
Position to give a report at the next meeting.*

Ordnance Maps.—The Chairman stated that it would be
remembered that at the Leeds meeting last year a strong recom-
mendation had been sent up to the Council as to the cost, the antiquity,
and the difficulty of procuring copies, of the Ordnance Maps.
Council had communicated with Mr. Chaplin, of the Board of
Agriculture, and they had heard unofficially that material alterations
would be made in the desired direction, so that these maps would
be made very much more accessible than heretofore. He added
that, so far as his ddesgbaern went, nineteen-twentieths of the ha

” Communi ications to be Se . to vt Ee Sowerbutts, 44, Brown Street,
nches

Feb. 1892,

62 KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF.

of this country did not know how to make use of an Ordnance
Map.*

Mr. Holgate said that it would be desirable to have the contours
of different heights printed different colours. It would then be easy
for teachers to get their pupils to trace out these contours, and cut
them out in cardboard. For teaching geography in an interesting
way they could not, in his opinion, have anything better than a
raised map, made in this manner.

Mr. Mills said that it was only fair to state that he had never
written to Stanford’s for any map without receiving it by return of
post. He had never experienced any difficulty in obtaining maps.

Mr. Gray was of opinion that the maps should be sent gratuitously
to schools. The children often had no idea of what a map meant,
and they should have the maps of their own districts on different
scales, in order that they might gain a better knowledge of geography.

Mr. Whitaker said that there was no difficulty in getting one-inch
maps with the contours printed on them, as the Ordnance Survey
was now engaged in producing such maps. The work required time,
however, as the copper plate of a one-inch map took two years to
engrave. If the Government could be forced into using photo-
zincography, the maps might be produced more rapidly. He knew
that nearly all the one-inch maps were to be procured with contours,
although not with hill-shading. Processes were now being tried at
Southampton for printing in the hill-shading in a transparent ink,
which would not obscure the lettering, the roads, rivers, or contour
lines, etc. The chief delay occurred in the engraving, but the maps
were always dated. With respect to the six-inch maps, Mr. Whitaker
said that local surveyors or anyone who could pace accurately, could
fill in new features for themselves.

Mr. Sowerbutts expressed his belief that the delay was mainly
in the method of producing the maps. He had been surprised at
the facility with which the Ordnance Maps were produced in Brussels,
for ‘about fOurpence each, directly from the zinc plates.

* The f ollowing seioletons were referred by the General sone gg to the
Council for consideration and action, if desirable, at the Cardiff meeting :—
t the publication of the one-inch and six-inch Oe Survey
Maps} is, in the! interests of science, urgently required at the earliest possible
pee no less than in the interests of industry, manufacture, and technical
educ:
2. That steps be taken, and provision made, for keeping the Ordnance
Maps up to date.
3... chat the Maps should be made more accessible to the public,
should be sold at a lower price, as is the case in — all other official
publications, such as Admiralty Charts, Blue Books,

Naturalist,

KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF. 63

Mr. Kenward expressed his admiration for the one-inch Ordnance
Map. He said that he had made forty or fifty journeys on foot
through every part of North Wales, and had never found the map at
fault.

SECTION H.

Aid in Anthropological Exploration.—Dr. Garson stated
that at last year’s Conference he had called attention to the existence
of a Committee for giving advice on this subject. As an illustration
of the evil arising from neglecting the assistance thus offered, he
mentioned a case which had come under his notice during the year,
in which a large barrow had been opened at a cost of £100. A large
number of valuable skeletons had been found, but only the skulls and
a few long bones of at most three of the skeletons had been sent to
him to work up; the rest of the bones had not been preserved.
Thus a barrow with a number of skeletons had been simply destroyed
and the money wasted. The exploration had been done as a piece
of local work, and if application had been made to the Committee of
Aid, they could have given directions, or sent someone down to assist
the Local Committee. Dr. Garson pointed out that the Committee
of Aid did not propose to take the work out of the hands of, or to
lay claim to the credit due to, local effort ; they wished only to give
assistance and advice. He, therefore, urged the delegates to bring
the existence of this Committee under the notice of their Societies.

Dr. Vachell said that he could bear out the remarks made by
Dr. Garson. Some Roman remains had been found at Llantwit
Major, amongst them being some very fine skeletons. Permission had
been obtained to carry on excavations, but they were uncertain
whether they would be stopped, and ultimately they were prevented
from carrying on the work. Several skulls were obtained, but not the
remaining portions of the skeletons, as they had no means at hand of
Preserving the bones, and in a few days the latter crumbled to pieces.
The skulls were sent to General Pitt-Rivers, who reported that these
Were of no use without the other parts of the skeletons.

Registration of Prehistoric Remains.—Dr. Garson said
that the Secretary of this Committee, Mr. J. W. Davis, was not present
at the Cardiff Meeting, but a report had been presented to Section H.

The Rev. J. O. Bevan stated that the Woolhope Naturalists’ Field
Club had decided to prepare a map similar to that which had been
Prepared for Kent. They were going to appoint representatives In
every parish, and to request them to send particulars of any objects
of interest, and to enter the positions of such objects on the Ordnance
Maps. — He had been empowered by his Society to ask any of the

Feb, 1892.

64 KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF.

delegates who might have seen other schemes, to furnish any hints
that might be of use before they issued their own prospectus

Dr. Garson suggested that those who were undertaking this kind
of work should communicate with the Secretary of the Prehistoric
Remains Committee of the British Association,* as that Committee
was making a record of all ancient remains throughout the country,
and they had a system which it would be desirable to adopt in order
to bring all the records into harmony.

Mr. Whitaker requested the delegates to communicate any dis-
coveries of or concerning ancient remains to the Ordnance Survey.
They would often find errors of omission in the maps, or the periods
of antiquities Se lai: although still under discussion by
archeologists. If errors of this kind were communicated to the
Director-General of the teens Survey, they would be attended
to. Asan instance, he mentioned that a member of the Hampshire
Field Club had discovered a British earthwork which was not on the
map; this omission had been made known to the Survey, and it was
now being or would be surveyed and inserted.

Mr. Kenward stated that he had been able to do a similar thing
in one case. He sent to Sir Charles Wilson an account, with a tracing
showing the lines of an ancient camp that had been known for a
century, but which had not been recorded on the map. As a result
of the information which he had given, the camp had been duly
entered on the map.

SECOND CONFERENCE, AUGUST 25TH.

The chair was taken by Mr. G. J. Symons, F.R.S., the Correspond-
ing Societies Committee being further represented by Sir Douglas
Galton, Mr. Whitaker, Dr. Garson, and Professor Meldola as Secretary:
anaes delegates were present.

SECTION A.

Temperature Variation in Lakes, Rivers, and Estuaries.
—Dr. H. R. Mill, the Secretary of this Committee, stated that last
year the Committee had been recommended to draw up its fourth and
final Report. The Report, which had been presented, took the
form of a discussion upon the observations which had been made
during the past three years. He was glad of the opportunity of
making the present remarks, because the observations had been

Societies. ‘Their Committee had been appointed just about the
time when the Conference of Delegates, ander the Buspices of the

~ ie TW. Dea. Chevinedge, near Halifsx. ee
Naturalist,

KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF, 65

Corresponding Societies’ Committee, had taken shape, and it was
one of the first pieces of work recommended to the Secretary of the
Conference to be taken up. The object was to ascertain by
observations, taken twice daily, the temperature of rivers, estuaries,
and lakes in all parts of the kingdom. At Knaresborough, Mr. Paul
had made some of the most interesting observations of all, sects
he had taken the readings in conjunction with the air temperature,
and also the earth temperature, thereby bringing out in a very
interesting way the great activity of the surface water in responding
to changes in the atmosphere. This observer had also made a
number of most admirable observations under the ice during the
severe winter of last year. He found that in the first spell of
freezing the average temperature under the ice was under 34°.
There was a thaw and another frost, and it fell to 33°. Another
thaw followed, and then a third frost, and it was only during the
third period of freezing that the average temperature of the water
came down to 32°. It was very fortunate that the work of the
Committee had been extended over last year, and that the observers
had met with such favourable conditions. He thanked the
delegates, the observers, and the secretaries for the completeness
with which the observations had been carried out. In several cases
the observers had carried on the work on their own account, and he
trusted that such observations would be continued and extended.
Dr. Mill, in conclusion, expressed his willingness to render all
possible assistance to such observers.

he Chairman said that for some reasons he regretted that the
work of this Committee had come to an end, but he thought that
their efforts had prepared the way for future organisation. He did
not see why the Royal Meteorological Society, which dealt with the
question of air and earth temperatures, should not deal with water
temperature. Neither did he see why the Scottish Meteorological
Society should not deal with this subject. He was inclined to
that these two Societies might make some arrangement for conducting
and co-ordinating such observations.

Meteorological Photography.—Mr. A. W. Clayden,* the
Secretary of this Committee, stated that although a large number of
circulars had been sent to the various local Societies asking for
contributions of meteorological photographs, very few had as yet
Tesponded. The majority of the photographs which had been sent

ad come from isolated observers. He therefore urged the delegates
to bring the subject before their fetes with a view to securing
organised co-operation.

* Arthur W. Clayden, Warleigh, Palace TEER d, Tulse Hill Park, sent S.W.

March 1892.

66 KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF.

SECTION B.

Inquiry into the Condition of the Atmosphere of
Manufacturing Towns.—Professor Meldola said that he had
received a letter from Mr. J. R. Ashworth, the Secretary of the
Rochdale Literary and Scientific Baciety, asking whether it would be
of use for the British Association to appoint a Committee for this
subject, which was attracting some attention in Manchester at the
present time.

Mr. Mark Stirrup said there was a Committee in Manchester
nary collecting information with respect to the exceptional atmosphere

at town, and its effect on vegetation.* The investigation was
eoing on, and the report would be published by the Society; if any
of the Delegates desired copies, he would be happy to forward them
on application. He suggested that other tewns might be induced to
carry on similar work.

The Chairman said that the Manchester Corporation had recently
started a meteorological paige he in the centre of the town, under
the guidance of Dr. Tatham. He referred to the use of ozone
papers, which had been shown by chemists to be coloured by several
other gases besides ozone. Thirty years ago he had made some
experiments in London, with identical test-papers, which had been
exposed in different parts of the town. He found that, in whichever
direction the wind blew, the air coming from the country always
coloured the papers more or less, but air which had passed over the
town always lost the power of colouring the papers. It appeared to
him that some simple test of this kind was wanted, if it could only
be made reliable. Mr. Symons also called attention to the fact that
the Royal Horticultural Society had appointed a Committee for inves-
tigating the atmosphere of London in relation to fog and plant-life.

r. Mill referred to the excellent work which the late Professor
Carnelley had carried out in connection with the determination of
the number of micro-organisms present in the atmosphere of
rooms, etc.

Section C,

Erratic Blocks.—The work of this Committee was not this
year formally brought before the delegates, but the nineteenth
Report, which contained numerous contributions from Yorkshire,
was read in the Geological Section, and the Committee was
re-appointed, Dr. Crosskey, in presenting the Report, said that,

owing to landscape gardening, burying, blasting, and building,

* The Town SRE: Committee of the Manchester Field Naturalists’ and

Archzologists’ The ary is Mr. Alfred Griffiths, 16, Kennedy
Street, Albert hoe Wikdee [Sec. Corres. Soc. Comm. ]

Naturalist,

KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF, 67

boulders were rapidly disappearing, and that the Reports of the
Committee would soon be the only evidence of the existence of
glaciated blocks or of the direction of the ice.

Geological Photography.—Mr. A. S. Reid said that their
Committee had applied for a grant for the purpose of mounting the
photographs, and a systematic method had been agreed upon, so that
the prints could be mounted and handled without injury. The subject
of lantern slides had been mentioned, but they had decided that the
collecting of these did not come within their province.

h Tremors.—The Chairman stated that this Committee
had during the past year been collecting apparatus and diagrams of
apparatus for recording earth tremors. They had not yet come to
any decision as to the best form of instrument, and they would be
glad of any suggestions from those interested in the subject.*

SecTIon D,

Disappearance of Native Plants.—Your Delegate reported
that the Committee had been reappointed. From what had been
said at the last meeting of the Conference, he said that he might
conclude that it was the wish of the delegates that the reports from
the North of England and Scotland should be incorporated in next
year’s report. The Committee for investigating the Invertebrate Fauna
and Cryptogamic Flora of the British Isles had not been reappointed.

Destruction of Wild Birds’ Eggs.—Dr. Vachell said that
it had been suggested to him by Professor Meldola, that the action
of the Committee might be strengthened if the matter were again
brought under the notice of the local Societies throughout the country,
through the delegates at the present Conference, and he therefore
detailed the facts which had led to the proposal for the formation of
a Committee. In March, 1890, the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society had
visited the island of Grassholme, and while there observing the habits
of some of the wild birds, a number of young men from one of H.M.
steamships had landed and shot puffins and gulls, and wantonly
destroyed a large number of the eggs. The affair had been fully
reported in the ‘ Daily Graphic’ at the time. As there seemed t®be
4 wholesale destruction of wild birds’ eggs going on, the matter had
been brought forward last year in Parliament by Mr. Pease, and at
the time he (Dr. Vachell) had done what he could to bring it under
the notice of the local Societies. He had also called the attention
of their Members of Parliament to the subject, but the latter had
taken the view that it was not very serious, and that when boys were

* The Secretary of the Committee is Mr. C. Davison, 38, Charlotte Road,
Birmingham.

nin
March 1892,

68 KNUBLEY : THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF.

home for their holidays they could not be prevented from taking
birds’ eggs. Mr. Pease’s bill proposed to render the destruction of
wild birds’ eggs prohibitory under a penalty not exceeding 5s. each
egg, and left action to county councils in England, and the magistrates
and quarter sessionsin Ireland. They did not wish to pin themselves
to the exact text of Mr. Pease’s bill, but they wanted some legislation
for the better protection of wild birds’ eggs. He therefore moved:
‘ That a Committee be appointed to take steps for ee legislative
enactment for the better protection of wild birds’ e

Mr. Mills was opposed to the resolution, pata | in his opinion,
there were a great many birds which did harm. He thought that it
was necessary for the welfare of the country and the preservation of
game that such birds should be destroyed.

rofessor Leipner said it was not proposed to include all birds in

' the Bill; it left hberty of action to the county councils, and he was
in favour of its becoming law

Mr. Chisholm Batten cmnegaseil his belief that there would be
some difficulty in getting the law efficiently carried out.

Mr. Hanbury approved of the resolution, and said that some
good would be done even if the law were only partially carried out.

The Chairman pointed out that there had no doubt been an
abuse, and it should, if possible, be checked. The proposal was as

t
councils and the justices, to whom he thought the proper adminis-
tration of the law might very well be left. As it stood, the proposal
did not appear to him to do harm to anybody’s interests, and it did
not follow that because such a law might be in existence any person
who took a bird’s egg would necessarily be fined 5s.

Mr, Slater remarked that gamekeepers were in the habit of
destroying birds of prey because the latter destroyed the game-
The balance of nature was thus upset, and the small birds allowed
to increase and to destroy the crops.

Dr. Vachell said ag ee proposal to form a Committee had been

seconded in Section D by Canon Tristram, who had _ strongly
advocated three Bills which had passed through the House of
Commons, and whose extensive practical knowledge of the subject
was beyond question.

The resolution was finally put to the meeting and carried with
one dissentient.

* The following is the resolution passed by the General Committee: ‘That Mr.
Thomas Henry Thomas (Chairman), Dr. C. T. Vachell (Secretary), Professors

W. N. Parker, Newton, and Leipner, Mr. Poulton, and Canon Tristram, be 4 — :

Committee to consider proposals for the Legislative Protection of Wild Birds’ rds’ eggs.”
Nai Nacursliet;

KNUBLEY : THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF. 69

Popularising of Natural History Studies.—Prof. Merivale
said that it might interest the delegates to learn what was being done
in Newcastle to popularise natural history, especially among young
people. They had a ‘ Dicky Bird Society,’ numbering some 220,000
members, and articles were published from time to time in the
‘Newcastle Weekly Chronicle.’ One hundred and twenty species of
birds had already been described and illustrated, and the whole
series, when complete, would be republished in a separate form.

Mr. Sowerbutts also alluded to the useful dissemination of
geographical knowledge through the same publication (‘ Newcastle
Weekly Chronicle’), and spoke in high terms of the illustrations,
which, especially in the case of the birds, had been executed wit
remarkable success by some photo-mechanical process.

tanical Demonstrations for Teachers.—Prof. Leipner
called attention to this subject. He had invited all teachers in
public, private, and Board Schools to attend two demonstrations at
University College, Bristol. His plan was to select three or four
familiar wild flowers and demonstrate their structure by means of
diagrams on the blackboard. ‘The experiment had been tried one
year, and had been so successful that he had been asked to repeat
it a second year.

Section H.

Description of Museum Specimens.—Dr. Garson said that
it was very necessary for all workers in anthropology to know where
Specimens were preserved, especially in the case of local museums.
It was sometimes impossible to visit these museums’ personally, and
the best thing under the circumstances was to have a good descrip-
tion of the different specimens. This was a subject which the
members of local societies might very well take up. Not only
should the implements and other finds be described, but the
conditions under which they were found should be carefully and
completely recorded.

Registration of Prehistoric Remains.— Dr. Garson
announced that this Committee, of which Mr. J. W. Davis was the
Secretary, had been reappointed. He urged upon the delegates the
importance of assisting in this work, and asked those who desired
eo as to the method of recording, te communicate with
Mr. Davis

Aid in Anthropological Exploration.—Dr. Garson made
some further remarks on this subject in continuation of the observa-
tions which he had made at the last Conference. He said that there
was a general notion that in the case of human remains, the skull was
the only part of the skeleton worth preserving. ‘This was a great

1892.

7oO KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT CARDIFF.

mistake. The skull was undoubtedly valuable, but no less valuable
were the other parts of the skeleton, particularly the long bones and .
the pelvis. Great care should be taken to preserve all bones and to

keep the bones of each skeleton separate, so that the stature and

other characteristics of each individual skeleton could be ascertained.

-He recommended skeletons to be sent to anthropological museums

in preference to being preserved by individuals.

Mr. Kenward said that, with reference to the registration of ancient
remains, it would be a good thing if Mr. Davis would issue a short
circular of instructions, so as to secure uniformity of results. He
mentioned that the Society of Antiquaries had been working in the
same direction and had appointed local secretaries in different parts
of the country.

The Rev. J. O. Bevan also expressed a desire for information
respecting the best forms of prospectus to issue on behalf of the
Woolhope Club, which, as he had stated at the last Conference, had
decided to take up the subject of the registration of ancient remains.

The Chairman remarked upon the desirability of having
uniformity of method in this work, and thought that the Society
of Antiquaries would be the most efficient body for organising the
whole system.

Dr. Garson agreed with this, and, in reply to a question by
Mr. Kenward, he stated that the simplest means of estimating the
stature of a body from the remains was to measure the femur and
the tibia, making the measurements with extreme care and using the
metric system. The spike on the upper surface of the tibia was not
to be included in the measurement, and the femur was to be
measured along its greatest length, the head and inner surface of
the lower end of the bone lying in the same plane.*

Interchange of Publications.—Among subjects of general
interest discussed at the Conference was the importance of the
Corresponding Societies freely interchanging their transactions,
proceedings, and other publications. It was pointed out that, while
printing, the additional cost of an extra 50 or 100 copies would be
very trifling. Many of the Corresponding Societies are already in
the habit of sending their publications to kindred Societies. The
Hampshire Field Club deposits all such publications in the
Southampton Public Library, so as to render them _ freely
accessible. |

On the motion of Mr. Holgate, a vote of thanks was passed to
the Chairman for presiding at the Conferences,

Ji
* Communications for the Committee of Aid to be addressed to the Secretary of
Anthropological Institute, 3, Hanover Square, London, We ee

Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 71

The Report of the Committee on the migration of Birds, of
which Mr. John Cordeaux is Secretary, was read by your Delegate.
The Committee reported that very considerable progress had been
made in the past year in the Digest of the observations of nine
years, which is being prepared by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke. The
Committee were re-appointed.

The Committee, of which Mr. J. W. Davis is Chairman, was
appointed to complete the investigation of the cave at Elbolton,
near Skipton, in order to ascertain whether remains of palzolithic
man occur in the lower cave earth. They presented a Report o
their explorations down to the end of December, 1890.

r. Garson read a papér on some human remains found on the
estate of Sir Tatton Sykes, at Howe Hill, Duggleby, in Yorkshire.

In the second report of the Committee which was appointed to
arrange for the collection, preservation, and systematic heer of
photographs of geological interest in the United Kingdom, the
Committee report that up to July 1891, they had received and
registered 552 photographs. In the detailed list which is appended,
Yorkshire occupies an honourable position, both on account of the
number of the contributors and on account of the number and the
scientific value of the photographs sent. Moreover, the Secretary of
the Geological Photograph Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union cannot fail to be pleased and encouraged by the following
extract from the Report :—‘ Special efforts have been made to induce
the local Societies in each county to organise systematic surveys for
the furtherance of the work. This method has been pursued with
great success in Yorkshire, the members of the Geological Photo-
graphic Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union having again
contributed a large and valuable series of prints. Many of these
subjects refer to sections which cannot be reproduced, as, for instance,
fossil trees laid bare in quarrying and excavations for the foundations
of buildings now covered over.

In conclusion, it is hoped that in the variety of subjects which
have been touched upon, some, at any rate, may have awakened
interest, or renewed enthusiasm, and that the members of the Union
having seen in what channels their energies may be most usefully
directed, may be encouraged to take their full share in working for
the advancement of science.

NOTES AND NEWS.
‘ Weo after a year’s trial of a rcp Bh nr the Editor of the
Vhs Suresh Can of Microscopy and Natural ’ has returned to the
Seely form ; one in doing so = in many respects ects improved the journal
which now appeals more particularly to microscopists
; 1892.

BAGOUS PETRO FROM ASKHAM BOG,

Rev. Canon W. W. FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S.,
Hon. Secretary to the Entomological Society of London.

In my British Coleoptera, Vol. V., p. 288, I have described B. petro
as from various localities ; it turns out, however, that only the speci-
men recorded from Askham Bog, York, is really to be referred to
this species, and that the remainder must be referred to 2. dimosus
of our collections, which is synonymous with B. pefrosus W.C. ; the
insects very much resemble one another in form and appearance,
and owing to this and the similarity of names, confusion has arisen
in more than one instance ; thus Dr. Sharp gives B. perro as synony-
mous with B. dimosus in the second edition of his Catalogue, p. 31.
The true B. petro Herbst, however, is a very interesting insect, as
representing a sub-genus, which ought certainly to have generic
value: this is He/minthimorphus Cussac, which is distinguished by
having the first joint of the club (the ninth of the antennze) glabrous
and shining, and as long as all the following united, whereas in
Bagous proper the first joint is shorter and pubescent. My single
specimen is unique as British; it was captured by myself in
Askham Bog on August 1oth, 1880, in company with the late
Archdeacon Hey. I have written to the Rev. W. C. Hey to ask if
he possesses any Bagoi from the locality, but he has none. I shall be
much obliged if any collectors will kindly allow me to look at any
specimens of the genus from localities north of Birmingham or
Derby. The very rare Bagous diglyptus Boh. (represented as British
by two specimens) was taken by my friend Mr. J. T. Harris near
Burton-on-Trent. &. tempestivus has been recorded from Repton,
Burton-on-Trent, and 2. glabrirostris has occurred in Scotland, but
with these exceptions all, or nearly all, the records are from localities
south of the Midlands; one specimen only has been found in
Treland, which has been referred to &. Zutulosus.

The species of Bagous may be obtained by examining the damp
moss at the edge of pools ; they may often be found in the water-net.
They are very sluggish and easily passed over, but when one is found
there are probably many others in its company, as the species are, in
most cases, more or less gregarious.

LincoLn, February 18th, 1892.

Naturalist,

SOME NORTH-COUNTRY QUARTZITES.
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S.

UNDER the name quartzite are included rocks which, while having
the same general characters, have originated in more than one way.
Confining ourselves to the limited and local occurrences of quartzites
in the North of England, we may say that, in every case, the rock
has once been a quartz-sandstone or grit, and has been altered to its
present condition. The original fragmental nature has been partially
obscured by the constituent grains becoming less distinct to the eye,
and the whole has become compacted into a more or less homo-
geneous, stubborn rock. There are two different processes by which
this result may be brought about, and although quartzites of the two
classes may appear almost identical in a superficial view, the
distinction becomes in most cases very apparent when thin slices
of the rocks are examined under the microscope. The two
processes are cementation and metamorphism.

It has been more clearly recognised of late years than formerly,
that many quartzites have been produced without the operation of
anything that is implied in the ordinary usage of the term meta-
morphism ; that is, without either high temperature or great i Be
The interstices between the original grains of such a rock have bee
simply filled by new quartz deposited from solution in water. That
the percolating water which carried this silica in solution was not
necessarily at a high temperature is proved by the fact that the
process of cementation is actually going on at the present day in
some localities, where exposed surfaces of sandstone or grit are seen
to be superficially shinier into glassy-looking or enamel-like
quartzite. The microscope shows that, in some cases, the new
quartz is deposited entirely inept of the old grains ; very
often, however, the old grains themselves grow by the deposition on
€ach of new material, which attempts to reconstruct the crystal ot
which the grain was a fragment. The grains grow until they inter-
fere with one another, and the interstices are entirely filled in.
Optical examination of a thin section of a quartzite thus formed,
Shows that the fringe of new quartz surrounding any original grain is
in crystalline continuity with it; but the more limpid appearance of
the new deposit usually enables the outlines of the old grain to be
detected. Some of our Carboniferous sandstones have been con-
verted into quartzites of this type. An excellent example occurs in
cca basement beds of that formation on Roman Fell, near ——

arch 1892, |

74 HARKER: SOME NORTH-COUNTRY QUARTZITES.

It may be noticed that when the growth of the quartz-grains as
described above, has not proceeded so far as to completely fill the
interstices, the enlarged grains sometimes show the external form of
perfect crystals. This was noticed long ago by Dr. Sorby, in the
Penrith Sandstone, and beautiful specimens may be obtained on
Penrith Beacon. In sandstones which contain fragments of felspar,
these, like the quartz, sometimes show a secondary enlargement,
but the phenomenon is much less common. It is seen occasionally
in the Roman Fell quartzite.

The quartzites formed by thermal metamorphism, where sand-
stones come into contact with some large body of igneous rock, have
often a very similar general appearance to those referred to above,
but the different origin is clearly shown in thin slices. Here there is
no distinction of original nucleus and secondary fringe; the outlines
of the original grains are completely obliterated, and the slice is seen
to be an irregular mosaic of perfectly clear grains, which interlock
sometimes in quite an intricate fashion. It is evident that the
whole rock has been recrystallised in ice One good example is
furnished by a rock collected in Teesdale, where a fine-grained
light-coloured sandstone of Carboniferous age comes into contact
with the Great Whin Sill. The locality is on the Durham side of
the river, about a quarter of a mile above High Force. The
recrystallised grains interlock quite irregularly, or, in some places,
are separated by little patches of an ill-defined, scaly, chloritic

grains are not exclusively of quartz. Here and there the lamellar
twinning of a triclinic felspar is to be seen. New-formed felspar of
this kind is perfectly limpid in appearance, and in some quartzites,
felspar and quartz are to be distinguished only by special optical
tests, the grains of the former mineral being not always twinned.
Some of the crystalline grains in the Teesdale rock contain minute
cavities occupied by glass, a not infrequent feature of thermal meta-
morphism.

In impure sandstones and grits, metamorphism may give rise to
other minerals than the simply recrystallized quartz and felspar. At
Packhouse Hill, near Shap Wells, the grits of the Coniston Flags
come within about 600 yards of the Shap granite, and are highly
metamorphosed. A thin slice shows, under the microscope, the
usual mosaic of clear grains, mostly quartz but with some felspar
(apparently orthoclase) ; but, in addition, there are numerous little
rounded granules, colourless or faint yellow, and very brightly
polarising. These are referred to a pyroxene, rich in lime, a

Naturalist, —

NOTES—MAMMALIA. 75

common mineral in some cases of metamorphism ; in this instance
built up from the dusty decomposition-products in the original grit,
chiefly calcite and kaolin.

is well known that in some regions massive quartzites and
quartz-schists are found associated with various crystalline schists,
and their precise mode of origin is a question not to be lightly
handled. The absence of such rocks in our northern counties
enables us to avoid a thorny question, There is, however, one
other point about quartzites worthy of notice. Owing to their highly
durable character, they are very frequently represented among
the pebbles in conglomerates. The white and ‘liver-coloured’
quartzites in the seca Pebble-beds of Lancashire and Cheshire
are an instance. Possibly a careful examination of these would
enable some varieties to be identified with certainty, and so
throw additional light on the problem of the source of the
materials.

NOTES—MAMMALIA

A White Seal on the Lincolnshire Coast.—I am indebted to Mr. G.
Caton Hai hy of Grainsby Hall, fo the following note. Stubbs, the wild iri
of Tetney, states that oe the le of December he saw a perfectly white seal
big on the mud by Tetney Han en. He punted to within fifteen yards, but his

fire, and the seal slipped away before the shot struck and did not

appear again. Hews s it was so white that in ee distance he thought it was a

swan. He did not notice any dark marks on its back or muzzle. Stubbs is so

well acquainted with the appearance of seals on the banks that it is very unlikely

he should make any mistake in describing the colour of the present visitor, which
i i tulina. Two or years ago

e place. This isn E
collection, The skull was sent at the time to Mr. Southwell, of Es for
a aie eg ea CorpEaux, Eaton Hall, Retford, Jan. 29th, 1892.

Young nated at Thorp Arch.—In British SS = singe A 176)
Prof. Bell writes :—* The female [Otter] prod hree to five

: co)
Sed, as the animal was far too young to be able to leave the nest.—
=DGAR R. Ware, The Museum, pe 13th February, 1892.

ADDITIONS TO
THE NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE FLORA.

* ?
Dewsbury; Hon Secretary, Botanical Section, Vorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

SEVERAL times during the past six or seven years, at varying seasons,
I have enjoyed a day’s botanizing on the sandhills and marshy places
of the coast-line north and south of Skegness, and am glad to be able
to make a few additions to the list enumerated by Mr. J. Burtt Davy
in connection with an excursion of Lincolnshire naturalists at Gibraltar
Point, pp. 49 to 54 of ‘The Naturalist’ for February of the current
year. Keeping pace, I suppose, with the advancing intelligence and

of the town, on which I have seen a forest of Hippophaé rhamnoides L.
ablaze with ripe fruit, and the plants of Senecio jacobea L. smothered
with the larve of the Cinnabar Moth (Zuchelia jacobee) has now
stretching over it the ugly limbs of a switchback railway! The
following species have been verified by Mr. Arthur Bennett, of
Croydon, and I give them, hoping that a county ‘ flora’ may one day
be compiled.
Trifolium fragiferum L. Occurs plentifully amongst the grasses
bordering a dyke behind the sandhills north of Skegness.
Juncus compressus Jacq. sub-sp. J. Gerardi Loisel. On
marshy ground.

I believe all the Scirpus maritimus, so abundant in the dykes,
is the var. compactus, with compact spikes and enlarged tubers
on the roots. All I have gathered is so verified by Mr. Arthur
Bennett.

Carex arenaria L.,C. glauca Murr., C. distans L., C. hirta L.
In marshy places.

NOTES AND NEWS.
The well-known Chief Curator ° the Liverpool Free Public Museum,
Mr. T. 7 Sieg C.M.Z.S., has (we 2 ae ad to see) recently been elected an
Associate of the Linnean Society of Lond

M.A., F.R.S.E. ; J. J. H. Teall, M.A., F.R.S.; R. Lydekker, B.A., F-Z.S. 5
G. A. PLS. Th PZ Ss J. Walter Gregory, B. Se., 7 G.S.; and A. B.I Rendle,
; ti

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Papers and Records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS, 1889-1890.
THE present instalment has been compiled and edited by
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.
Previous instalments of this Bibliography have appeared as follows :——
For 1884, in ‘ Naturalist,’ June 1885, p. 252.

oy ODS, a Aug. 1886, pp. 241-242.
» 1886-7-8, ie July 1889, pp. 221-224.
ANON. [not signed]. York S.W.

Yorkshire Dialects [as used in Calder Vale from Wakefield upwards ;
Askerd—dry askerd=land lizard (Zooteca vivipara); watter askerd=newts
(Trtton sud Loken Yorksh. Folk-Lore Journ., Part 1; Oct. 1885, p. 14.

Anon. [signed ‘ Lyulph’]. Cumberland,
Adder ed Roped, Crossing a pete [the Eden, at Wetheral, 39 yards
across]. d, Oct. 5th, » 1889, P
ANON, [not Sonat Isle of Man.
Ph ons [in Isle of Man; Frog (Xana temporaria)
spawn, beh 26th, hed April 1st]. Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 5, April
1590, p
ANON. [not signed]. York N.E.
n Association.— . May 28th [elias berus, Anguis fragilis, Zootoca
captured on a walk]. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, 1890, xiv peat
J. ARKLE,

Notes — the North-West Counties [at Witherslack Mosses, a 23 ay
I pers (elias berus) were common impediments, ae eave ise
pt ta swarmed in drier places]. Ent., Dec. 1888, x
JAMEs oan jun. York S.E.
The e Naturalists’ Union at Kirkham Abbey and Acklam Brow
[on Seok: ch, 1889 ; Rana and Rest’ noted]. Nat., Nov. 1889, p. 341.
W. D. Brairuwalre. York S.W.
ckworth School Excursions [at Potteric Carr, 24th August, 1889, grass-
snake ( 7ropidonotus natrix) swimming]. N. H. ce Oct. 15th, 1889, xiii. 125.
W. D. Brarruwalre.
[Six Vipers (elias berus) have been killed in Brockendale in the last few
months]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Oct. 15th, on xlv. 129.

ABEL CHAPMAN ? Psat
Bird-Life of ee ondon : earns ot Jeckace . , 1889
[8vo. cloth, xii Aatsip ‘eee ; at p. % Pelias berus n

E. Cnea York S.W.
[Blin fence (4 ig eres) found at Went Vale]. Nat. Hist. gl
Oct. 15th, 1890, x :
J. H. i . York N.E.
[Peli t Strensall on Sep. 8th, 1890]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Oct.
15th, A in 132.
March 1892,

78 BIBLIOGRAPHY: REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS, 1889-1890.

WILLIAM Cross. Lan
ylde Flowers. I.—L and St. Annes-on-t on -Se
Pape eggs tan mention of and, Bufo i et and Lacerta (species not
ted) ]. os 1. Nat., Jan, 1889, i
ae ForTUN York N.W.
[Reptiles, ee observed by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at
Leckby Carr [1 foe oe 1891; Zootoca and Triton cristatus), Nat.,

August 1891,
RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W.
[Reptiles and Amphibians observed by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
at nee a eteg Py ne, 1891 ; Zootoca, Triton teniatus, Bufo and Rana).

at.y Sep. 1
RILEY FORTUNE York S.W.

[Amphibians noted by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in Edlingto on
and Wadworth Woods [16th and 17th Sep., 1891; TZriton cristatus,
7. teniatus, Rana and Bufo]. Nat., Nov. 1891, p. 333-

ge ech GREENIN Lanc. S. and W., Cheshire.

Frogs a Toads Bufo calamita (Natterjack Toad)

fa detailed Lona of its occurrence on the lao Ss sand-hills, at Formby
and at Garstang]. Young Nat., Nov. 1888, ix. 214

LINN2&US coca Lance. S.

Bullfrog preying on Natterjack [(Bu/o calamita) ch the bagi hills near
Southport, where they are very plentiful]. Zool., July 18 ue
Derbyshire, Notts., Cheshire, Cok aur c. N.,
W. S. GRESLEY. Durham, Lance. S., Fi ome
Schedule of Particulars of the Discovery of Live Toads s [Bu “fo eee
Frogs [Xana re tas &c., in Coal, &c. (giving in tabular form date
shi

localities, depth, umstances, etc. ; about twelve Derbyshire oucveens ses
and single ones for api ieye ounties ; two instances are of Newts]. Sci. Goss.,
March and April 1889, aos 54-55 and 78-79.

James Harpy. eae

Report of the Meetings of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club for the
year 1889 [noting that Linhope Linns are much infested by Vipera eras
29th May]. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 18809, vol. 12, No. 3 (pub. 1890) p. 44!

arene cops oe en Yor k Mid i —— S.W.
ks [‘ All or you masters,’ as d (Bufo
ulgaris) palerg ipa the hee ae: That man would stall (ss) a rend aat].
Yorksh, Folk-Lore Journ., Part ul, April 1888, pp.218 a:
J. M. JeFFcorT. T ale of Man.
Address al Retiring President [mentions Zootoca vivipara as Manx,
and inquires whether Lacerta agilis exists on the Island}. Yn_ Lioar
Man Singh: April 1889, i. i

OsmUND W. JEFrs. Derbyshire, York S.W., Cheshire, Lanc. S.

Buried Toads [(Au/o Asi etiod ; the probebiiy. Pay and various so-called
instances quoted]. h, Jan. 1890, pp

P. M. C. K[ERMODE], Isle of Man.

ogical Observations [with Manx dates for spawn of Rana sem-
poraria ‘ea. for Zootoca po peret Vaaain Lioar, January and April 1889,

PMC. mabe Isle of Man.
Retiring Presiden: Delive: March II,

ess by the red
1886 [mentioning Rana arcs Gadus within the last two centuries),
Zootoca vivipara, and onsclee agilis, as the only Reptiles and Amphibians
i ode has

S,

them in vain). Back T L se wees :
Marr Vn Seale Manuiieah: ns r &, Apo of Man N.H.S., i. 73; publ

Naturalist,

#
BIBLIOGRAPHY : REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS, sia 79

H. WALLIS Kew. Linc.
Lincolnshire Marsh Drains Ue oes ; Bufo calamita Pe aro
Ba - World, October 1886, p
DL LEY York N.E.
vk Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Robin Hood’s ven! [21st June, 1889;
na the only amphibian noted]. Nat., August 1889, pe gr
EL P. yuna, me 2 , Dur
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in Upper Teesdale (ats 180; ;
colou-vait tion in Rana temporaria described]. Nat., iO; p. 2
S. L. Mosi or
Palmate Ne ewt [Molge palmata] near igre pea Hoesen ar at Dalian,
and one in pee mont Park]. Nat., July 1889, p
Geo. T. Porrr York S.W.
mmon Ri in ged Snake [7) piers natrix] at Huddersfield
[one killed in garden at Edgerton, July 24th, a 3 over twenty years since
a wild aie secaeied | in the district]. wae Aug. I p- 234.
GILBERT H. Northumberland S.
Vipers (Pee bert), fa Wheel Birks, near Stocksfield-on-Tyne ; noted
h snow o eel Nat. Hist. Journ., April 15th, 1889, p. 52.
J. H. Satrer anc. S.
Manchester “[Phen “ beical} Notes Ne spawn of Rana temporaria).
t. Hist. Journ., April 15th, 1890, xiv.
W. “a a Cheshire.
e Coleopterest [sic] in Delamere Forest [with note that 77 Aearieses
natrix and Vipe rh ‘a berus occur about Oakmere]. Brit. Nat., Nov. 241.
THos. THompes Cn hed.
Adders [Pelias derus] i Pm blind {at Lannercost Abbey and elsewhere]. Field,
Oct. 19th, 1889, p
F. W. Ocha Derbyshire.
en Nature for 1882 [giving Jan. 15th as date for spawn of Xana at
Bristingestey 7th Ann ere atl ey on-on-Trent Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc
year grees 31st March 1883,
Epcar R. Walter. York Mid W.
The ecksisit Naturalists’ Union at Harrogate [i.e. Fullwith and
Rudding, 13th July, 1889; Xana and Bufo noted]. Nat. , Aug. 1889, p. 237.

Epcar R. Walte €
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Uni Lowthorpe near Driffield [26th May,
1890; Lophinus punctatus, Rana, ae, noted]. Nat., July 1890, p. 206.
Epear R. Walire. York S.W.
e Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Bretton Park “en fg 1890 ;
Lophinus punctatus and Rana noted). Nat., August 1890
Epcar R. nes TE. Sock “Mid Ww.
Vertebr, of the Western Ainsty [Mid-West Yorkshire ; £ pest distribution
of Tp ropidonats natrix, Vipera berus, Lacerta vivipara, is fragilts,
Triton cr. , 7. teniatus, Base vulgaris bere Rana siren stated],
Nat., March aad April, 1891, pp. 83 and 110-1
Epcar R. War York N.E.

[Reptiles and ‘aseghthioe noted by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at
oe stage Ur ie July, 1891; Vipera, Zootoca, and Xana], Nat.,
p. 1891, p
mises R. Wars York S.E.
phibians n oted by] the Yorkshire Naturalists the Wolds
[at York Dale and’ Sledmere, 3rd Angust, 1891 ; Bufo, Rana, Triton
___ “eniatus), Nat., “Cet. 1891, pp. 301-302
1892.

80 BIBLIOGRAPHY: REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS, 1889-1890.

W. H. WARNER Linc. N. and S.
e Common Snake (7) Res natrix.) [one, 34 inches fe hooked
in hom "Witham in 1881 angler fishing for perch with a frog].
Young Nat., January a p. e

C. H. B. Woopp. York Mid W.

Vertebrate Fauna of Langstrothdale, Mid-West FP Asieront (giving

particulars as to Lacerta wivipara, ? L. agilis, Se ‘a, Anguis, Triton
teniatus, and Rana). Nat., biel situa pp. 138-13

To take a general survey of what has been achieved in this
department, it may first be remarked that the records are nearly all
of a casual nature, only the papers by P. M. C. Kermode, Edgar R
Waite, and C. H. B. Woodd being capable of being regarded as
synoptic or systematic works. The records (whether casual or
systematic) being, however, brought together as in the following table,
which includes the contents of all the bibliographies, it will be seen
that they furnish a certain amount of material for faunistic work :—

Cockans _ fe

; Be iadtbtr ts age vw gs
Per eRe ky RR A ea eae Yer ae Se dads
SSE SCR TS FRESE He Be
nM ee Oo nd ae oe oe ee Oe ae
Tropidonotus natrix
Rican’ seams pas AE ae ey es
foo Sgn AE ae sepaekjahi Meise 00 On Moc Ger be 2... 66 .6n 08 tae a
Zoovtoca vivipara ..)
Common — Oe etd 58 59 6r 62 63 64 65 66 69 71
Lacerta agilis ..
San ied oe ar 58 59 “ 71
Anguis fragilis ..
Blind-worm e }.. ‘ 58 62 63 64 66 67
Triton crista. noe
Great Crestd, Newt f 54 38 6t 62 63 64 65° 66
Tr ena.
Smooth Newt t * 58 59 Gr is: 63 64 66 ‘
7: ft = rene ite Ms ‘
x 3 ‘
Be he li :
neon T id: : ee ae GF 90> BO +, (ON G2 63°64 3 66 GF I ee
Bufo calamita ee
jack Toad = Bene Ge Re SO OO hee. a a Oa a a AG ee a ee
Rana temporari : 3
nis - ria 54 (S687 “58 59. Go Gt G2 64. 64. 6s 66 a i eee

oS ae eg 6 6g bs Bog Se ee

We need hardly say that we shall be glad to give an article
dealing with the range of Reptiles and Amphibians in the North of

that while the naturalists of Yorkshire and Cheshire have but little
to do to complete their reptilian lists, notes are still required from
South Lincolnshire, Notts., Northern Northumberland, Derbyshire,
Westmorland, etc., for even the common species.

Naturalist, :

81

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF
NORTH (OR LAKE) LANCASHIRE.

LISTER PETTY,

Ulverston, Lancashire.

THE list that follows is a selection from notes made in an attempt to

extend the Lancashire localities in Mr. J. G. Baker’s ‘ Flora of the

Lake District,’ 1885. Only those plants are included whose Lond.

Cat. (Ed. 8) census is 40 or under. So far as possible, no locality

already published is given, except to confirm some record or note

that a plant is disappearing. In these cases references are given.

To Mr. Baker and Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill I am much indebted ; of

the new plants, specimens have been seen by one or other of those

gentlemen where their confirmation was felt to be necessary, or
where I found myself at fault. Mr. Wm. Duckworth has kindly
allowed four new plants, found by him, to be included.
Plants new to North Lancashire are marked *.
‘The Flora’= Mr. Baker’s Flora of the English Lake District.
I. NATIVES.
Crambe maritima. Walney Island, as in the Flora. Almost
eradicated now, 1891
Arenaria verna. Hampsfell. Miss Hodgson’s list, 1874,
recorded a double-flowered form. I have not been able to
find it.
Lepigonum marginatum. F oxfield Seep Shore Oyster
ground to Barrow.
Rubus suberectus. Bank of the Duddon, near Duddon Bridge.

Saxifraga aizoides. Coniston, about Tilberthwaite ; Coniston,
below Levers Water.

*Peplis portula. Side of a small tarn on Coniston Moor, 1888.
(Recorded from all the divisions of Yorkshire. In South
Lancashire, Cumberland, and Westmorland. Watson’s Top.
Bot., 1883, and Baker’s Flora, 1885).

Circea alpina. Coniston, head of Lake, as recorded by
Miss Beever in the Flora.

Asperula cynanchica. Reake Hill, Cartmel; and on
Humphrey Head and Hampsfell, as recorded in the Flora.

Senecio viscosus. Walney Island (west side). Mr. F. A. Lees
records it in the Flora on the east side. Shore bank between
Rampside and Aldingham.

March 1892. F

82 PETTY: NORTH (OR LAKE) LANCASHIRE FLORA.

Statice rariflora. Oyster ground, near Barrow,

Statice auriculzfolia. Sandgate Marsh, Cartmel.

*Blackstonia (Chlora) perfoliata. Near Cark. Mr. W. Duck-
worth, 1891. (Recorded from all the divisions of Yorkshire. In
South Lancashire and Westmorland. Watson’s Top. Bot., 1883).

Erythrea littoralis. Low Marsh, near Raven Winder.

Mertensia maritima. Walney, as in the Flora, but not so |
plentiful as a few years ago.

*Echium vulgare. On the raised beach at Bardsea, 1888 and
1890, not seen there in 1891. (Recorded from four divisions of
Yorkshire (if not from all), South Lancashire, Cumberland and
Westmorland. Watson’s Top. Bot., and the Flora.)

Atropa Belladonna. On Humphrey Head (E. Green in the
‘ Phytologist,’ 1861, in an article on ‘ Plants of Holborn Hill,’
ie. what is zow part of Millom). Still there, 1891. On the
shore near Canon Winder (Aiton, 1843). See the Flora.
Still there, 1891. Shore W. of Humphrey Head (Mr. Baker).
Still there, 1891.

Veronica hybrida. High up (quite out of my reach), on steep
W. face of Humphrey Head. One large piece, 1890, The
locality in the Flora is Mr. Hall’s in 2nd Ed. of Withering,
1787-92. Misprinted 3rd Ed. in the Flora, ‘South End of
Humphrey Head.’

Atriplex laciniata Linn. (Avenaria, Woods). Shore between

Rampside and Roosebeck, as recorded by Woodward in 2nd
Ed. of Withering. Seen by me there 1888, Walney, west
shore

Atriplex portulacoides, Saltmarsh, south of Holme Island,
near Grange. Walney Island, as recorded by Mr. Bailey in the
Flora.

Orchis pyramidalis. First recorded by Mason in Aspland.
Omitted in the Flora. Near Cark (Mr. W. Duckworth, 1891).

‘Allium scorodoprasum. On the banks of the Lickle, near
Broughton-in-Furness ; on the bank of a ditch in a field near
the Duddon.

Agropyron (Triticum) littorale. Marsh Grange Marsh, near
Askham. Shore, Rampside. Shore, Bardsea.

*Hordeum murinum. Shore bank, Rampside, 1888, (Recorded
from four of the divisions of Yorkshire, South Lancashire,
queried in Cumberland by Watson’s Top. Bot.; ‘ Flimby, near
Maryport’ (Dickinson) in the Flora.) pure

Naturalist,

PETTY: NORTH (OR LAKE) LANCASHIRE FLORA. 83

II. ALIENS, DENIZENS, COLONISTS, Etc.

Amongst these plants I have had some difficulty in deciding
what to include, and only hope the selection may prove interesting.
In Crocus, remembering Dr. Payne’s query, I have given all the
explanations I could get of the origin in this district. I think there
is no doubt that the plant is zo¢ indigenous in Britain.

Berberis Darwinii. Pointed out to me by Mr. W. Duckworth in
Brick-Kiln Lane, near Ulverston. The remains of an old

‘hedge. Ought this to be called naturalised ?

Meconopsis cambrica. On the road-side between Beck Bottom
and Wood End, near Penny Bridge. In this instance a long
way from any house. At Coniston it appears on the road to
Brantwood, and, passing there, goes down to the Lake, about
half a mile beyond Mr. Ruskin’s residence. Escaped from
cultivation.

Alyssum maritimum. On the sea-wall north of Kents Bank.
An escape from the garden patch of signal-box East of Grange.
Where Hindson found it I do not know. The Flora, p. 34.

Iberis amara. Coniston, in a wood near Hollin Bank. Probably
an outcast from the garden there.

Saponaria officinalis. Newlands Bottom, near Ulverston

r. W. Duckworth, 1890-91). I saw it in 1888, on road-
ag outside a house near Rampside. Probably an escape.
ker—Flora, 45—says ‘ Rare.’

Gerasiuts phzeum. Greety Gate, near Broughton-in-Furness.
Now (1891) almost, if not quite, extinct.

Impatiens noli-me-tangere. Banks of the Lickle, near
Broughton-in-Furness ; near Duddon Bridge ; on both Cum-
berland and Lancashire sides of the river; Cumberland, above
the bridge ; Lancashire, below, with A/imudus. It was reported
by J. Robson from the Cumberland side. (See the Flora, p. 64).
Mr. Baker, amongst the Westmorland records, says :—‘ First
recorded by Lawson.’ So it was, and from a definite

Ribes rubrum. Coniston, side of Yewdale Beck. In hedge,
road-side between Hawkshead and Hannakin. Seen in fruit
in both cases.

Sedum rupestre. Walls, Broughton-in-Furness, as rerorded by
Miss Hodgson (North or *Lake Lancashire, 1874, and in
Journal of Botany, 1874, from which the articles were
reprinted). ‘ Introduced,’ says Miss Hodgson, and from its
position this is very probable. Walls at —— Ground, near

____ Broughton-in-Furness, probably planted.
March x 1892.

84 PETTY : NORTH (OR LAKE) LANCASHIRE FLORA.
sae ote on In a wood at Lindale-in-Cartmel, a fine

*Petasites Seach. Naturalised on a road-side near Grange
(Mr. W. Duckworth, 1890). A very fine bed, and some distance
away from the houses. Road-side, near Aldingham (Mr. W.
Duckworth, 1889). A few plants only. A garden escape.

*Doronicum pardalianches. Naturalised, near Swarthmoor
Hall (Mr. W. Duckworth, 1890).

*Hieracium aurantiacum. Side of Coniston Lake, 1888. A few
plants only. Away from any house or garden ; but, of course,
an escape. It is the ‘ Joseph and his Brethren’ of old gardens.

*Vinca major. A garden escape on the Ulpharoad. Naturalised,

and in some quantity when found in 1887. In 1890 I found
most of it gone—carried away.

Polemonium cceruleum (White-flowered form). Side of
Coniston Lake. Several plants. A garden escape.
*Symphytum officinale. Hedge-side, near Sand Gap Farm,
near Foxfield, 1887. (Recorded from all divisions of Yorkshire,
South Lancashire, and Westmorland; Watson’s Top. Bot.,
1883 ; Cumberland, in the Flora, 1885.) Outside the old
Vicarage at Woodland, on road-side, 1887 (this with purplish

corolla, but I do not feel justified in saying var. pavens).
*Lycium barbarum. Road-side, outside old Vicarage at Wood-
land, 1887. Probably some prunings have been thrown on
road-side and have rooted. In a hedge, outside a cottage, on
road-side between Ulverston and Arrad Foot. Probably am
escape, 1891. Outside Wyke House, at north end of
Humphrey Head ; growing on the limestone scar. An escape,
but quite naturalised now (1888-1891).

*Linaria viscida Mcench. (L. minor Desf). Railway embank-

ment near Ulverston. Mr. W. Duckworth, 1891. (Recorded s

from all divisions of Yorkshire, and Westmorland. Watson ’s
Top. Bot., 1883. Cumberland, Hodgson in Baker’s Flora, 1885-)
*Euphorbia exigua. In a carrot field at Rampside, 1888.
(Recorded from all divisions of Yorkshire, South and West
Lancashire, Westmorland and Cumberland. Watson’s Top-
t., 1883. Baker’s Flora, 1885.)
I mark this as new because I know of no printed record
of it. If any reader knows of such for North Lancashire,
I shall be obliged for the information.

Crocus vernus. In a field, near the hamlet of Mansriggs, near
Ulverston. No explanation forthcoming as to its introduction _
here, known quite 25 years. Pointed out to me by the late

Naturalist,

PETTY: NORTH (OR LAKE) LANCASHIRE FLORA. 85

Mr. James Atkinson. Ina field on the Old Hall estate, near
Ulverston, said by the tenant: there to have come with ashes
from the town. In this case a large area is covered by it.
Fields about Springfield, near Ulverston, said by a gardener to
have been introduced by ‘ throwing onto the land the sweepings
of the potting-shed,’ which contained bulbs that had been forced
and so useless, that is from a gardener’s point of view. But,
if so, why have no white or yellow varieties survived? Aiton
(1843) records it from ‘near Swarthmoor Hall.’ From this
locality I have not seen or had it reported. But as Springfield
and Swarthmoor are adjoining estates, it may be Aiton’s
locality. Fields about the Lund. This may be Aiton’s (1843)
locality, ‘Field at Dragley Beck, near Ulverston.’ But it is
difficult to say now, as this portion of Ulverston has, of course,
changed since 1843.

“Narcissus major (Linn.), and N. major fl. pl. (Curt).
Naturalised in many of the old orchards in Furness, and but
seldom escaping. See Watson’s Top. Bot., 1883, p. 398, last
paragraphs of Marcissus pseudo-narcissus.

*Narcissus poeticus fl. pl. Thoroughly naturalised, on the bank
of a stream in a field at Ashlack Hall. So far as is known the
plant is not, and has not been, grown in the garden there. It
is no exaggeration to say ‘abundant.’ Known there for 40
years, I am told, and plentiful then. In a meadow near the
Duddon ; a few plants only now. Although far away from any
house or garden, it is an escape. Known in this locality for
the last 25 years. The person who found it, a relation of
mine, told me that ‘there were plenty then,’ i-e., 25 years since.
Mr. Baker wrote—‘ Evidently double Poeticus.’

Galanthus nivalis. In a wood near Broughton Mills. In a
wood near Broughton-in-Furness. A few plants in a field near
Bortree Stile, Ulverston ; probably carried with rubbish from
garden there. I have seen the double cultivated form on the
hedge bank, on road-side, outside a farm-house garden, from
whence it had escaped. I give it so that it may be entered as
most certainly a garden plant, and by no amount of imagina-
tion can it be called naturalised.

_In regard to these bulbous plants, it may be stated that I am
‘quite aware of, and agree with, what Mr. Lees says in his Flora of
West Yorkshire about their dispersal and their claims.

: In conclusion, I have seen Aides sanguineum in a hedge on a road-
side, and Phalaris canariensis on ballast on railway ; but these plants
cannot be included. |

FCA 1892,

NOTE—MOLLUSCA.

Additional varieties of Unio tumidus.—A variety of U. tumidus has
just been verified by M. J. R. Bourguignat. Description: Shell medium size
smooth, marked with alternate mee ain bars of brown and green. It is now

cock. i

entered in the French scien spies" w The variety = originally
named in Wilcock’s MSS ‘oul var bicolor. It is not uncommon h

ver Tren "e name sh retained. varies Oni
tumidus var tricta, has also been acknowledged by Bourguignat. Description:
Shell dark solokieed; slightly incrassate, both valves constricted. ‘This form occurs
in the Barnsley canal near Wakefield, and is not very rare. It is analogous to the
var. constricta of Anodonta oe. ave not seen any constricted forms of
OU. pictorum.—GEORGE RO S

NOTES AND NEWS.

‘ Entomologist ’ for April, 1891, p. 104, contains an obituary notice of the
late Robert Calvert, of Bishop Auckland, itt ou R. 5,’

Some little time ago OW, E. Co Collinge, Editor of our contemporary,
Th onchologist,’ was a cesied assistant in Presse 38 at St. Andrew’s
Woinwaity, under Prof. W. C. M‘Intosh, F.R.S.,

«

2»00<—__—_

A report upon bias: Entomology for 1891 is in preparation, and
Mr. A. E. Hall, F.E.S., Norbury, Sheffield, Secretary of the Entomological
Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists Union, w wishes us to state that in December
ast he sent a number culars to entomologists in Yorkshire asking for
lists of notable captures rs » made during ile thanking those
ene n who have kindly responded, he wishes to a those who have not to do

earliest convenience, as he is anxious to otes, however

t thei proceed. Anyn
vial commented with Entomology in Yorkshire will be ‘thankfully received.

a hia taba
It would be difficult to — the value of the influence which Dr. George

Johnston, the celebrated Naturalist of Berwick-on-Tweed, has exerted upon the
evelopment of Natural Science ye Biitala uring the century which is now
drawing to a close, more ia the founder of the oldest and still one of

he best and most flourishing of our Field te the Berwickshire Club.

It is, a with peculiar pleasure rte thiat we draw re gers to the fact that
his daughter, Mrs. Barwell Carter, has collected and arranged a volume of

Dr. Johnston’s correspondents, and others referred to in the Letters

will be published in Edinburgh by Mr. Douglas, in one volume, demy 8v0,

containing more than 500 pages. A Portrait will also be given, and a Memoir,
i by Dr. P i wi

w is appropri oO
Dr. Johnston was fou nder and first president; and it is to be hoped that ts —

members will loyally and heartily support the venture, and that all who appreciate

its subject will do the like.
Naturalist

NEW YORKSHIRE EARTHWORMS;
WITH AN
EMENDED LIST OF NORTH BRITISH SPECIES.

Rey, HILDERIC FRIEND, F.L.S.,
Idle, Bradford; Author of ‘Flowers and Flower Lore,’ ete.

AFTER bestowing a large amount of time on the task of reducing our
worm-lore chaos to order, I have at length been able to determine
that hitherto unrecorded species exist in considerable numbers in
Airedale. The first has been previously noted as British, but I have
no information respecting its distribution in these islands at present
which is sufficiently authentic to be relied upon, except that which.
my own researches have supplied. I have no doubt, however, but
that it occurs in many localities in rich soil and on the banks of
tivers where plenty of vegetable mould occurs. I have found it
myself by the lake at Clumber, as well as at Keighley and Apperley,
and have received it from Hull, Northants, Gloucestershire, Devon-
shire, and elsewhere.

The worm under discussion was first described by Eisen in 1873,
and named by him AWolobophora subrubicunda. As his original
description has, so far as I am aware, never appeared in any English
journal, I subjoin the Latin portion for the guidance of future
collectors.

ALLOLOBOPHORA SUBRUBICUNDA.

Corpus cylindricum, antice aliquid depressum, postice attenuatum.
Lobus cephaticus magnus, pallidus, dimidiam partem segmentis buc-
Calis occupans. Cingu/um magnum, perspicuum, e 7 segmentis sepe
confectum. Zudbercula pubertatis tria in segm. 27, 28, 29, in utroque
latere cinguli. Sefe ubique bine approximate, sed intervallo ali-
quanto majore quam in A//olobophora foetida. Segmenta circiter r10.
Longitudo circiter go mm. (Eisen, ‘Om Skand. Lombr.,’ in Ofversigt
af Kongl. Veten. Ahad. Forh., 1873, No. 8, p. 51)-

Following the systematic diagnosis is an account of the worm in
Swedish, which supplies a number of characters by means of which
this species may be distinguished from the Brandling, which is one of
its nearest allies. It is evidence of the little interest which has been
taken in this branch of science that though this species of earth-worm
has been known to British anglers for at least a couple of centuries

arch 1892,

88 FRIEND: NEW YORKSHIRE EARTHWORMS.

as the gilt-tail, no one has attempted to determine it scientifically. _
Moreover, both at home and abroad the worm has been so often
confused with another new Yorkshire species (A//olobophora boeckii )
that the literature of the subject is inextricably tangled. It is
necessary to remark in passing that the method of notation employed
by Eisen differs from that in use among English systematists, which
will account for the apparent differences between his figures and
those which I shall employ in the description which follows.

A. subrubicunda is a delicate, soft worm about 2 inches in length
—sometimes larger in a well-developed specimen, but averaging
14 inches in length when placed in spirits. It is of a warm brown
colour on the back, with a ruddy-yellow tail, and prominent light-
coloured girdle, which normally covers segments 26 to 32. he
adjoining segments are, however, often affected, so that the girdle or
clitellum may appear to cover them as well. The under-surface of
the worm’s body is flattened and light-coloured, the lip is colourless
and tender, and only partially cuts the first segment or peristomium.
The dorsal pores are easily seen, the first being found behind seg-
ment 5. This is expressed by the fractional sign $. The male
pores are on segment 15, and the next segment behind is swollen or
tumid in adult specimens, so that it may easily be mistaken for the
segment carrying the male pores. Penial setze occur on segment 9 ;
there is a glandular ridge extending from the male pore to the girdle,
and under the latter organ the band forming the Zudercula pubertatis
extends from segments 28 to 30. The total number of segments in
an adult specimen ranges from about go to 120, or an average of 100.
There is a tendency for the sete to form eight rows, instead of falling
into four couples, as in the common earthworm. In this it resembles
A. boeckit more nearly than any other species. Like the Brandling,
Mucous Worm, and Green Worm, it exudes a yellow fluid when
irritated, but while the foregoing can usually eject it from all the
segments, this species secretes it only from the head and tail.

The internal characteristics are interesting, but I shall not allude
to them, as external distinctions suffice to separate it definitely from
all others, however closely they may resemble it at first sight. I am,
moreover, publishing a series of articles in which critical genera
will be compared and contrasted, and this species will then come
in for fuller treatment.

As already indicated, this worm is often confused with A//olobo-
phora boeckit (Eisen), which also is now to be recorded for Yorkshire.
I discovered it (as reported in ‘ The Naturalist,’ 1891, p. 277) on the
banks of the river Wharfe, between The Strid and Bolton Abbey, on
July 7th of last year, but as the species is well known to helmin-—

_ Naturalist,

FRIEND: NEW YORKSHIRE EARTHWORMS. 89

thologists, I shall be content to give simply those characters by
which it can be distinguished from the gilt-tail Owing to the
distance between the seta, which are so divided as to appear like
eight separate rows instead of four couples, Eisen made it the type
of a new genus, and called it Dendrobena. This generic title is now,
however, discarded, as the gilt-tail, and other species of Al/olobophora,
have the same peculiarity in a somewhat less marked degree. The
worm is darker and hardier than the gilt-tail, and somewhat shorter.
The true position of the girdle in the type appears to be at present
unknown, for different writers have confused at least three species
in their diagnoses, and I am just now a little in doubt as to which
claims precedence. . My specimens have the girdle extending from
segments 27 to 33, with Zudbercula pubertatis forming a ridge on 28,
29, 30; but I have other specimens from Northants which are very
similar in general form, yet appear to be the same as 4. arborea Eisen,
which has only recently been split off from A. doeckii, and was largely
accountable for the confusion which has existed. I have taken
the Tree Worm near Carlisle, and have recently received it from
Perea I need more material for settling the question
definit

I gots found the golden variety of Ad//urus at Calverley
during the past year, which must be added to the record in
‘The Naturalist,’ 1891, p. 1

In 1880 Oerley, a Hungarian naturalist, described a new worm
aS variety Zacteus of the common earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.,
var. dacteus Oerley) as occurring at Buda-Pesth. Now, no true
Lumébricus is other than a dark, purplish colour, and Oerley’s worms
have in more than one case been found to belong to the genus
Allolobophora, though named by him Lumbricus. This variety is one
of those which come under this head, and I have therefore named it
Allolobophora lactea n. sp. It is not only new to Yorkshire, but new
to Britain, and was found by me at Apperley Bridge, at a spot which
has yielded some very valuable results to my careful and repeated
investigations. I can do no more here than place the worm on
record, because, while I have abundant material for determining the
species absolutely, I am disposed to think it is either identical with
or closely allied to Allolobophora longa Uhde—a species which
abounds around Carlisle, and this point will be determined in my
Series of articles on critical species

I append a revised and entaried list of all the species of earth-
Worm at present known to me as occurring in the North of England,
but I still have materials on hand which will yield some additions to
—— when properly worked up.

go NOTE: LEPIDOPTERA.

A LIST OF EARTHWORMS KNOWN TO OCCUR
THE NORTH OF ENGLAND AND SOUTH aki SCOTLAND, WITH
HABITATS FOR EACH SPE
. Lumbricus terrestris Linnzus. ea aa Idle,
Worksop, Lancaster, Carlisle.
. Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister. | Apperley, Carlisle,
Keighley, Cockermouth.
. Lumbricus purpureus Eisen. Carlisle, Annan, Idle.
Lumbricus rubescens Friend. New to science; Idle, 1891.
. Lumbricus eiseni Levinsen. Carlisle. (I have discovered
since writing this article that this is not a true Lumbricus, but
have yet to determine its exact position
Allolobophora longa Uhde. Plentiful at Carlisle, Idle.
Allolobophora foetida Savigny. Kendal, Apperley, etc.
Allolobophora turgida Eisen. Idle, Carlisle, Northants, etc.
Allolobophora celtica Rosa. Langholm, N.B.
. Allolobophora mucosa Eisen. Kendal, Apperley, etc.
. Allolobophora chlorotica Savigny. Widely distributed.
Carlisle, Cockermouth, Idle, Apperley.
. Allolobophora boeckii Eisen. Bolton Woods.
13. Allolobophora subrubicunda Eisen. Apperley, Hull,
Keighley, Clumber.
14. Allolobophora trapezoidea Dugéts. Carlisle, Idle, etc.
15. Allolobophora arborea Eisen. Near Carlisle, 1890.
16. Allolobophora lactea Friend. Apperley, January 1892.
17. Allurus tetraedrus Savigny. Widely distributed. Carlisle,
Keighley, Idle.
18. Allurus var. luteus Eisen. Carlisle’and Calverley.
19. Perichzta indica Horst. Kendal, introduced with foreign
plants, 1890
I believe this is the most perfect list of properly authenticated
Earthworms that has ever been published in England, and I shall
be glad of the assistance of my readers in making it even more
complete.
Worms intended for identification should be sent in ventilated
tin boxes with soft moss, addressed The Grove, Idle, Bradford.

wW N ms

a

—
HOD MID

-~
Nv

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

pidoptera in Yorkshire: A Correction.—Please make the sighs.

corrections. At p. 288 of The ‘Naturalist for 1891, line 11 from A sercir rea
Selenta tllunaria instead of S. illustraria in the list of captures near
Cloughton ; and at p. 334, line 4 ine bottom, read S. pyaeeins instead of
* illustraria, in “che list of captures in Edlington and Wadwort oods. —

A. E. Hatt, Sheffield, Nov. 18th, Son:

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.
30th ANNUAL REPORT, for 1891.

IN presenting the 3oth Annual Report and Statement of Accounts
the Executive has to congratulate the members upon a year of steady
and continued progress, and valuable work, the publications have
been quite up to the average, while the interest evinced in the
excursions has been greater than in previous years, and a large
amount of work has been achieved by the various Committees
appointed for special research.

The Meetings held during the year have been five in number
as usual, one for each division of the county

The districts chosen for investigation and the dates of the
meetings were as follows :—

ay 18th, Whit-Monday, Leckby Carr.
June 2oth, Saturday, Grass Wood.
July 11th, Saturday, Hayburn W
August 3rd, Bank Holiday Monday, ‘York Dale and Sledmer
September 16th and 17th, Wednesday and Thursday, Dedisaliee, for a
Fungus Foray in Edlington and Wadworth Woods.

The usual descriptive circular for each excursion was issued to
members and associates. A new feature was introduced in the shape
of a small map showing the particular tract of country to be
investigated, and it is believed that this departure was generally
appreciated.

The opening excursion of the year was organised for the investi-
gation of the lower portion of the drainage area of the river Swale.
The meeting, which was presided over by Mr. Charles Brownridge,
F.G.S., President of the Leeds Geological Association, was held a
Brafferton, whence the woods at Baldersby and Leckby Carr and the
district around Cundall and Azenby were explored by a large number
of members, associates, and friends.

Grassington was selected for the second meeting, when the
general body of members confined their attention to Grass Wood,
while those Geologically inclined examined the Reef Knolls at Cracoe
and Thorpe, under the competent guidance of Mr. R. H. Tiddeman,
M.A., F.G.S.. Mr. G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., President of the Entomo-
logical Section, occupied the chair at the general meeting. One
result of this excursion was that several additions were made to the
published fauna of the district.

The third meeting was held at Hayburn Wyke for the exploration
of that part of the Yorkshire Coast lying between Hayburn Wyke
and the Peak, including the Undercliff, Hayburn Beck, Staintondale,

‘arch 31892.

g2 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—-ANNUAL REPORT.

Cloughton Moor, and Wyke. The general meeting was presided over
by Mr. C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., President of the Botanical Section.

Wetwang-on-the-Wolds was the scene of the August meeting, which
was arranged for the examination of York Dale and Sledmere. On
this occasion, the Entomologists were successful in verifying an
important record made by the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A,, F.G.S.,
viz.—the occurrence of the Marbled White Butterfly, a species which
had been regarded as extinct in Yorkshire for many years. At the
meeting, held under the chairmanship of the Rev. Wm. Fowler, M.A.,
an ex-president of the Union, a hope was expressed that measures
might be taken to protect so interesting and conspicuous an Insect
in its last remaining Yorkshire habitat, a hope in which your Executive
most earnestly join.

On September 16th, a Fungus Foray took place in the neighbour-
hood of Doncaster, at which the Union had the benefit of the presence
of Mr. George Massee, F.R.M.S., and Prof. C. B. Plowright, F.L.S.
The Foray was quite as successful as its predecessors of 81 and ’88,
and was the means of adding about thirty species of Fungi to the
West Yorkshire List.

In connection with this Foray, and on the day following it, the
last meeting of the year was held for the exploration of the woods at
Edlington and Wadworth. The chair was occupied by the Rev.
Wm. Fowler, M.A.

On all the excursions, arrangements had been made to enable
photographers to have the use of ‘ Dark Rooms’ in which to change
their plates if required. The Hon. Secretaries would have no
objection to repeat these arrangements another year if thought
advisable, but they would mention that so far as they are aware, the
_ privilege has not on any single occasion been made use of.

As on previous occasions the Yorkshire landowners have again
been kind enough to assist in every possible way the work which the
Union takes in hand, as have also the Railway Companies whose
lines run through the county. The Union being in especial indebted
to the North Eastern Railway Company.

The Societies which constitute the Union are now thirty-eight
in number, a decrease of one from last year; this is caused by the
Keighley Scientific and Literary Society having ceased to exist,
and by no new Societies having been admitted during the year.

The Statistics which the Secretaries of the different Societies
have again been kind ns to peniety spate a slight diminution in
the number of associates, th hip of the thirty-eight
societies now amounting to 2,488, . decrease of 92. Adding to this
the number of direct members, the total numerical strength is 2,959-

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—-ANNUAL REPORT. 93

The Membership now stands at 462, being 23 Life Members,
6 Honorary Life Members, and 433 Ordinary Members, a net increase
of 22 upon the previous year. During the year 67 new members
have been elected. In this connection, the Union’s last annual
meeting, held at Halifax, was very largely instrumental in enlisting
increased support in that town and neighbourhood, no less than
thirty-seven new members, seventeen of them being Life Members,
being added on that occasion.

The Union has had to deplore the loss of a few earnest supporters
by the decease of John Harrison, of Wilstrop Hall, John Wilson, J.P.,
of Seacroft, Owen Platt, of Saddleworth, John Spuriing, Wakefield,
John Trickett, Dacre Banks, and Dr. Wm. Young of Malton.

The Financial Position of the Union is much more satis-
factory than in previous years, your Hon. Treasurer having been able
by unremitting attention and the valued and efficient aid of the local
Hon. Treasurers, to collect a large portion of the arrears of subscrip-
tions which were outstanding twelve months ago, There are now no
arrears in several of the collecting districts, and the amount of arrears
actually owing is due from a comparatively small number of members.

The Publications of the Union have been as in former years.

The Transactions.—Parts 15 and 16, which are ready, will be
sent out together before the end of the present month. This brings
the issue of Transactions down to the end of 1890. Part 17, due
for 1891, will be devoted to the continuation of Mr. Baker’s ‘North
Yorkshire,’ and Part 18, for 1892, will in all probability be occupied
by Mr. Robert Kidston’s Second Report upon the Yorkshire
Carboniferous flora. There would still remain a large amount of
MSS. actually in hand, which alone the want of funds prevents your
Executive from sending to the printers.

Library continues to increase by means of donations and
exchanges, and it has been found necessary to re-arrange the books
in order to economise the limited amount of space available at the
Leeds Mechanics’ Institution, the directors of which have also placed
the Union under considerable obligation by their kindness in allowing
the use of their Council Room for the meetings of your Executive.
The Union has suffered some inconvenience in consequence of the
vacancy caused by Mr. Brownridge’s resignation of the office of
Librarian last year not having been filled up. Your Executive has
now the pleasure of announcing that a successor has been found in
Mr. Percy H. Grimshaw.

The Sections of the Union have steadily carried on their work
and it is to their systematic organisation that the success of the field
excursions is largely due. Their efficiency has been materially
March 18g,

94 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—ANNUAL REPORT.

assisted by the adoption of a system of Annual Minute Books, which
at the close of each year are to be deposited in the Library, when
a new one will be issued. An attempt is being made by the Hon.
Secretaries to recover all the Minute Books, Papers, and records of
the various sections for previous years, and it is hoped that all past
Sectional officers will aid in this endeavour by returning such as may
be in their possession.

The Committees of Research have continued their investi-

‘gations during the year with more or less satisfactory results, and
have thoroughly maintained the reputation which the Union enjoys
as a distinctively working body.

The Committee for collecting and recording Geological Photo-
graphs, of which Mr. James E. Bedford, F.G.S., is the Secretary, has
again worked with remarkable success, and from the second report
of the British Association Committee it appears that a considerably
larger number of Photographs has been sent in from Yorkshire than
from any other county, Many of them are of particular value as they
refer to Sections which cannot again be photographed, such as fossil
trees laid bare in quarrying and excavations for the foundations of
buildings, etc.

The Boulder Committee has again been the means of communi-
cating a considerable number of reports on Erratic blocks, and
Yorkshire still continues to hold a prominent place in the British
Association Committee’s report.

The Yorkshire Fossil Flora Committee.—Mr. Robert Kidston is
engaged upon a third report of the Yorkshire Carboniferous Flora,
which, together with the second report, will duly appear in the
Transactions.

The Coast Erosion Committee.—The work of this Committee
during the year appears to have been entirely confined to measure-
ments, taken by the Secretary (the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A.).

-The Disappearance of Plants Committee has only. had a moderate
amount of assistance during the year, and a limited number of
observations have been sent in.

The Committee appointed for the investigation of the Crypto-
gamic Flora and Invertebrate Fauna of the Freshwaters of Yorkshire,
has, through the instrumentality of its Secretary, Mr. J. M. Kirk,
F.R.M.S., accomplished a considerable amount of work in the
neighbourhood of Doncaster, and hopes to receive support from
other districts in the county.

The Marine Zoology Committee has had one opportunity of
prosecuting its work in connection with the excursions, and at
Hayburn Wyke two members devoted themselves to the investigation

Naturalist,

NOTES——ORNITHOLOGY. 95

of the Marine Zoology. It is, however, much to be deplored that
so few persons take an active interest in this subject, considering the
extent and variety of the Yorkshire Coast-line.

British Association.—The Union has again been appointed
one of the Corresponding Societies of the Association, and was
represented at the Cardiff meeting by the Rev. E. P. Knubley, M.A,,
whose report is printed in the ‘ Naturalist,’ pages 57-71.

The President and the next Annual Meeting.—It is with great
pleasure that your Executive have to announce that the presidency
has been offered to and accepted by an old and valued member of
the Union, viz.: Mr. Charles P. Hobkirk, F.L.S.. The circumstance
that the next Aninal Meeting will be the ro1st meeting of the Union
since its reorganisation in 1876, renders it a suitable opportunity in
which to review the past history and methods of work, and having
regard to the long period during which Mr. Hobkirk has been closely
and intimately connected with the Union, as well as to the value of
his own scientific work, your Executive feel that no more appropriate
selection could have been made.

To Prof. A. H. Green, M.A., F.R.S., the Union wishes to place
on record its sense of gratitude for the honour he has conferred upon
it by his tenure of office as President, for the year which now comes
to a close

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.
Hawfinch at Headingley, Leeds.—When going down the sit in front of
Oakfield Terrace, Headingley, this morning, I was greatly pleased at seeing

this as I t will epee # a HAS. KIRKBY,
6, Monkbridge 1 Rade Hestinkiey, porns a 25th,

ino House Sparrows in Cumberland.—A few years since I took from
a Nest in a corn-stack two young albino House Sparrows (Passer domesticus).
They were of a uniform creamy white, en no dark markings of any kind upon
them. Two other r young birds in the same nest were of the usual colour. I kept

ame
ut the room on the door of the cage being opened. They ht retained the
Same creamy white colour.—J. CHas. SMITH, Nandana, Penrith, n. 26th, 1892.

Page ba ightingale in Nottinghamshire.—‘ Generally speaking,’ begins the
article anuary Matura/ist, ‘it is only very few localities north of the Trent
that nn gees, with the r¢gu/ar presence of the Nightingale.’ Part of my
School-days were passed at bined rig and once—and once only—did we hear of a
ow! in the neighbourhood. That would be in 1871 or 1872 ; “ think the
latter year, It was ina rsd a short distance from Workaop, 5 and a number of
us we a bee to go and hear it (if we were quiet enough). e we i and this
is the only time I te adage the ‘bird in the North of England. deed PETTY,
Ure, 18th Jan 1892.

—In conn ae nL should not be forgotten that Dazdzas egg ag heer a
good de eal further north than Notts, even as far as Thirsk, whilst Poca
and not infrequent visitor « the woodlands of South Yorkshire, —Evs Nat

March 1892.

96
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.
ANNUAL MEETING AT SCARBOROUGH.

THE Annual Meetings of the Union are not so popular as the
excursions, for they are almost wholly of a business nature, and,
moreover, are held at a proverbially dull season of the year. With
regard, however, to the 30th Annual Meeting held at Scarborough
on the 14th November last, it was with respect both to the attend-
ance and the interest maintained, an unqualified success, Perhaps
no place in the county—or out of it—could have been chosen more
attractive to Yorkshire people than Scarborough. The Meeting had
been fixed for Saturday, in order that the week-end might be spent
at the sea-side. Arrangements had been made by means of which
Members and Associates taking tickets on Friday or Saturday, might
return on the following Monday or Tuesday. In addition to this the
North Eastern Railway Company had, at the instigation of the Union,
kindly run an excursion train from West Yorkshire, which enabled
persons attending the meeting to return to their homes the same
evening if desired. Quite one-third of the number of members
attending the excursion took advantage of the arrangements for
spending Sunday at this popular watering-place. The weather also
was as delightful as could possibly be wished.

The local efforts to make the meeting a success had also been
as strenuous as possible. By the kindness of the Scarborough
Philosophical Society the Museum was placed entirely at the disposal
of the Union, and this Society, together with the Field Naturalists’
Club, invited the visitors to a conversazione, at which many valuable
and interesting objects were to be shown, the most attractive exhibit
undoubtedly being Mr. Alderman Champley’s unrivalled series of
nine authentic eggs of the Great Auk.

The proceedings commenced at 3 o’clock, when the Sectional
Meetings were held in the various rooms of the Museum, after which
a Conference of the Committees of Research took place. At 4 o’clock
the General Committee met in the Library. Sixteen affiliated Societies
were represented, nine of them being by direct delegation and the
remaining seven by permanent members of the General Committee.
The attendance also included the President (Prof. A. H. Green,
F.R.S., F.G.S.), the President-elect (Mr. Charles P. Hobkirk, F.L.S.),
two of the Hon. Secretaries (Messrs. Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.,
and Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S.), four members of the Executive, three
Presidents and five Secretaries of Sections, four local Treasurers, and
twelve other permanent members of the General Committee, making
a total of forty-three.

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—-ANNUAL MEETING. 97

The President occupied the Chair. The minutes of the previous
Annual Meeting held at Halifax having been taken as read, the
30th Annual Report—printed on pp. g1-95—was read to the
Meeting by Mr. Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S., while the Balance Sheet
was read by Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., and the two taken
together were unanimously adopted on the motion of the President,
seconded by Mr. C. D. Hardcastle.

The Excursion-programme for 1892 as prepared by the Executive
was next read, and on the motion of Messrs. G. T. Porritt, F.L.S.,
F.E.S., and John Braim, was adopted without discussion as follows :—
York Mid W., Saturday, May 14th, Horton-in-Ribblesdale for Penyghent.

»» S.E., Whit Monday, June i

» N.W., Bank Holiday Monday, August Ist, Barnard Castle.

»» N.E., Wednesday and Thursday, September 14th and 15th, Fungus Foray
and Excursion, Coxwold and Byland

For the Annual Meeting in 1892, letters of invitation were
tead from the Skipton, Huddersfield, and Wakefield Societies. An
animated discussion followed, when the representatives of Skipton
withdrew their claims with a strong recommendation for the following
year. The claims of Huddersfield were strongly urged by the
delegates from that town (Messrs. A. Clarke, T. W. Woodhead,
G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., &c.). Wakefield was unrepresented, Mr. John
Gerrard (President) having been prevented at the last moment from
attending. Eventually Huddersfield was selected, the date fixed
being Tuesday, November the rsth.

The election of officers next engaged the attention of the
meeting, when Prof. Green remarked that he would shortly vacate
the position of President of the Union in favour of Mr. Charles P.
Hobkirk, F.L.S., Chairman of the Executive Council. The reason

for modifying the custom of electing the President from outside the

working officers of the Union being explained in the concluding
paragraph of the Annual Report, page 95- .

On the motion of the President, seconded by Mr. M. B. Slater,
F.L.S., Messrs. Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. (Sunny Bank, Leeds),
Rey. E. P. Knubley, M.A. (Staveley Rectory), and Edgar R. Waite,
F.L.S. (The Museum, Leeds), were re-elected Honorary Secretaries.
The proposal of the Executive that Mr. Percy H. Grimshaw should
be elected to the vacant office of Librarian was unanimously
adopted. The following retiring members of the Executive were
re-elected, namely :—Messrs. Jas. W. Davis, F.L.S., F.G.S, (Halifax),
Charles P. Hobkirk, F.L.S. (Dewsbury), Jno. Emmet, F.L.S. (Boston
Spa), Rev. W. Fowler, M.A. (Liversedge), Benj. Holgate, F.G.S.
(Leeds), H. T. Soppitt (Bradford), and J. J. Stead (Heckmondwike).
Messrs. G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., F-E.S. (Huddersfield), and John

: G

April 1892.

,

98

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—-ANNUAL MEETING.

Gerrard seaicnnp were elected to fill the vacancies caused by
rs

the retirement of

Slater, F.L.S. (M din

Wm. Cash, F.L.S. (Halifax), and M. B.

On the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Mr. C. P. Hobkirk,

F.L.S., the whole of the Committees

of Research were re-appointed

with sundry alterations and additions, as follows :—
belt: saoren Boulder Committee :—

Miall, F.L.S., F.G.S.,
ads prensa
C. D. Hardcastle, Leeds (Vice-Chair-

5 dt ehon S.5 Leeds.
- Gs. ear

man).

J. E. Bedford

c. Brownridge, F

W. Lower Carter, MA F. , Leeds

Fpsieeg Chadwick, F, G. Ss; “alton
aule Cole, M.A., F.G.S.,

J. W. Dav: , Y.L.S;, Halifax:
Wm Gaee Paaeaiy:

| Prof. A. tas Green, M.A., F.R.S.,
Oxfor

i ogee. F.G.S., Leed
| Wm. Horne, GS, L

Robert Law, F
James Spencer, Halas
ow we odall, M.A., oe ae as Scar-
Dg
Site Driffield.
R. Wood, M.D., Driffield.

Mr. Thos. Tate, F.G.S. (Leeds), was elected Secretary in succes-
sion to Mr. Chadwick, who had resigned the o
Yorkshire Marine Zoology Coiiditece —

BH: C. Sorby. LP: ELD. FLRS.,
Sheffie * (Chairma n).

Jy Percy A vis, Halifax (Hon.
ae be

G. Brook, , Edinburgh.

qd. me Butte Beverley

W. Eagle Cla F.L.S., Edinburgh.

John Cahn, a M.B.O. U., Retford.

W. Cash, F.L.S., Halifax.

Yorkshire Fossil Flora
Prof. W. ve Williamson, LL.D., F.RS.

Thos. Boe. . Manchester.
Benj. Holnier E.G. 54

. M.A., EGS. Scar-

Geor, be gr ca e, F.R.M.S., Kew, as
Botanical Referee

Committee :—

| Robert Kidston, ¥.G.5.,;
Stirlin:

Steg Law, F.G.S., Halifax.

Aes ee Miall, Se 5 F.G S Leeds.

> | James Hames ‘Halifax.

| John Stu apie os, tGS,,

| William Wea, F.L.$S., Bradford.

F.R.S.E.,

F.R.M.S.,

Yorkshire ce Sesion Committee :—

Rev. H. E. Maddock, M. m oe ue
y ety ite oe

bur
F Fielder stay v. G.S., Hull.

Yorkshire Micro-Zoology and Micro-Botany Com-

mittee :-—
H. C. Sorby, J. P., LiLD., F-R.S.
Sheficle. (Chairman).
J. M. Kirk, Doncaster (Hon. Secre-
).

ary
C. B. Crawshaw, Dewsbury.
Charles Crossland, Halifax.

Prof. - roel oy L.S., Sheffield.

M.
William Wes

| Rev. E. Han , M.A., Knares-
ae rough.

| Chas. P. Hobkirk, F. cola Dewsbury.
H. Stiles, pois

i

t, FLL. S., ‘Bradford.
Manuva:

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—-ANNUAL MEETING. 99

Disappearance of Native Plants Committee :—
Charles P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., Dewsbury aia n H. Phillips, os ugh.

(Chairman). W. A. Shuffrey, M.A., Arncliffe.
P. Fox Lee, Dewsbury( Hon. pied 2 Neh B. Slater, ¥ a S., Malton.
R. Barnes, Sedlatieyarie the- Rev. Wm. Thompson, M.A., Sedbergh.
Edward ey Sheffield. T. W. Woodhead, Huddersfield,

John Emmet, F.L.S., Boston Spa.

Geological Photographs Committee :—

James W. Davis, F.LS., ¥.G.5,, nee ts Maule Cole, M.A., F.G.S.,

F.S Halts (Chairma n). | Vetwan
Maes Bedford, F.G.S. , Headingley, | Edwin Hawkesworth, Leeds.

Leeds (Hon. Secretar y). | Ge eorge owler Tiek Malton.
Frederick W. Branson, E.LC., rox, - E. Nichols, A.M. ote ee

Lee LF . Fielder Walton, Se Os
Godirey Bingley, Leeds.

Protection of Wild Birds’ Eggs Committee :—

On the proposal (by letter) of the Rev. E. P. Knubley, M.A,
the Union’s delegate to the British Association, and supported by
members of the Vertebrate Zoology Section, it was resolved to form
a new Committee, for the purpose of co-operating with the one
appointed at the last meeting of the British Association, to consider
Proposals for the Nusselt ucts of Wild Birds’ Eggs, with
instructions to collect ev ce as to what birds’ eggs should be
protected, and how to os them, and that it consist of the
following member
Rev, E. P. Knubley, M. M. A., Staveley | gee oo Wakefield.

Chairman). . H. Nelson, M.B.O.U., Redcar.
James Backhouse, F.Z.S., Harrogate. | Hugt Rickacteaa M.A., Sedbergh.
- Boyes, pete 2 ae begs pice Beverley.
Thomas Bunker, Goole. Travis, M. A., Ripley.
Riley Fortune, F. Zz. S., Harrogate. al R ‘Waite, F F.L.S., Leeds.

It was resolved that the Secretaries of the corresponding British
Association Committees be Honorary Members of the respective
orkshire Committees, and that the Honorary Secretaries of the
Union be ex officio members of all Committees.
All a retiring Honorary Local Treasurers were re-elected, as
follows

WE. Brad ady, Barnsley. | Thos. ar Nelson, M.B.O.U., Redcar.
J. D. Butterell, Beverley. | Rev. R. A. Summerfield, B. A. Ripon.
H. Speight, Bradford. | Richard akg Saltburn

J. A. Erskine Stuart, Dewsbury. | J. H. Rowntree, Scarbo rough.

Geo, aon Doncaster. | Hugh Richardechs M. re Sedbergh.
L. B, Ross , Driffield. __W. N. Cheesman. Selby.

T. Bunker ool e. | A. T. Watson, Sheffield.

W. Cash, F.L.S , Halifa J. Wilkinson, Skipton

Riley Fortune, F Rte i Sa oite: J. J. Stead, S Valiey

John Stears, _ Wm. Gregson, Thirsk.

Edgar R. Waite, F .L.S., Leed | Geo. Parkin, Wakefield.

M. B, Slater, F.L.S., Malton. - | Thos. Newbitt, Whitby.

7. Ward, Middle sce _ G. C. Dennis, Yo k.

Wm. Fletcher, Pickerin
sis Ag Clarke was elected to fill the vacancy at Huddersfield.
April 18

i gele) YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—ANNUAL MEETING.

As the retiring Auditors did not offer themselves for re-election,
and as the Executive have no power to make suggestions in this
matter, some little difficulty was experienced in obtaining nomina-
tions. At length Mr. J. H. Howarth, of Skipton, was elected to act
with any two other members whom he might choose to form a Com-
mittee of three—of which number any two were empowered to act. —

All members of the Union having received voting papers for the
election of ten new permanent members of the General Committee,
36 papers had been returned to the scrutineers, who reported the
following ten to have received the highest number of votes :-—Rev.
John Hawell, Ingleby Greenhow; Rev. Wm. Spiers, Hull; J. H.
Howarth, Skipton ; J. J. Marshall, Market Weighton ; J. H. Phillips,
Scarborough ; Henry Pocklington, F.R.M.S., Leeds; James Rhodes,
Keighley ; M. L. Thompson, Saltburn ; J. W. Sutcliffe, Halifax ; and
T. W. Woodhead, Huddersfield

The Darlington Naturalists’ Field Club was proposed and
seconded in writing, and on the proposition being put to the meeting
a member raised the question as to whether a society outside the
county should be admitted into the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.
On it being pointed out, however, that although in Durham the
members of the club chiefly directed their investigations to the
Yorkshire side of the Tees, the Society was unanimously elected
into the Union.

It was then unanimously and enthusiastically resolved that the
Honorary Membership of the Union be conferred upon Mr. Richard
Spruce, Ph.D., F.R.G.S., of Coneysthorpe, near Malton, and
Mr. George Robert Vine, of Attercliffe, Sheffield, on the ground
of their eminent scientific attainments, as well as of the services
which they have rendered to the Union in its work. These
propositions were made on behalf of the Council. That in
Dr. Spruce’s case was introduced by Messrs. Charles P. Hobkirk,
F.L.S., and M. B. Slater, F.L.S., and supported by a large number
of members. The qualifications on which ‘this proposal was
grounded are almost too well known to need repetition ; his world-
wide reputation as a botanist, and more particularly as regards the
mosses and _ hepatics, in the study of which groups he is recognised
as facile princeps, his many discoveries and his additions to scientific

nowledge during his long sojourn and extensive travels in South
America, along the rivers Amazon, Negro, and Orinoco, and among
the Andes of Ecuador and Peru, his splendid monograph, entitled
‘ Hepaticee Amazonicz et Andinz,’ and last, but not least, so far as
this Union is concerned, the valuable help which he has long given
to the Botanical Section, as well as the List of East Riding Hepatics
Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—ANNUAL MEETING. Io!

published in the Transactions, were referred to as making it an
honour to Yorkshire naturalists to enrol so distinguished a brother
Yorkshireman as one of the Honorary Life Members. In Mr. Vine’s
case the nomination was made by Prof. A. H. Green, M.A., F.R.S.,
and Dr. H. Clifton Sorby, F.R.S., who referred to the great value of
his long-continued and careful researches in connection with fossil
Polyzoa, and reference was also made to the great obligations under
which he has laid the Union by his papers upon micro-palzontology,
which have been published in ‘ The Naturalist,’ all of which make it
an honour to the Union to be able to add such a name to the list.
This nomination, like the former one, was also strongly supported
by the Executive Council.
The new ordinary members elected were :—

Ellwood Erockbank, Settle. W. E. Lindley, Skipton
Jno. G. Chapman, Scarborough. E. W. Read, B.A., Scarborough.
W. J. Clarke, Scarborough. J]. F. Robinson ll.

W. Fierke, Hull. Wm. Rowntree, J Fs Scarborough.
Ernest Fortune, Harrogate. Michael Waller,

- Hudson, Scarborough. Thi Wilkinson, Skipton:
P. F. Kendall, F.G.S. Rishon:

The Sectional Officers were next called upon, when they

announced the following to have been elected for 1892 :—

Vertebrate Zoology.— President, Wm. Eagle Clarke.
F.L.S., M.B.O.U., Edinburgh. Secretaries, James Backhouse,
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Harrogate, and Riley Fortune, F.Z.S., Harrogate
(re-elected).

C. Conchology.—President, John W. Taylor, F.L.S., Leeds.
Secretaries, F. W. Fierke, Hull, and William Nelson, Leeds.

D. Entomology.—President, Geo. T. Porritt, F.LS., F.ES.,
Huddersfield. Secretaries, J. H. Rowntree, Scarborough, and A. E.
Hall, F.E.S., Sheffield, all re-elected.

E, otany.—President, William West, F.L.S., Bradford.
Secretaries, M. B. Slater, F.L.S., Malton (re-elected), and P. F.
Lee, Dewsbury.

F. Geology.—President, J. W. Davis, F.G.S., F.L.S., Halifax.
Secretaries, W. Lower Carter, M.A., F.G.S., Leeds ehere’ and
F. Fielder Walton, F.G.S., Hu

A vote of thanks to the retina President for his services in the
chair, passed on the motion of the President-elect and seconded by
Mr. Thomas Tate, F.G.S., concluded the business of the meeting.

The members then adjourned to the Grand Hotel, where tea was
served,

The Annual Public Meeting was held in the large hall of
the Grand Hotel’ at 7 o'clock, when the chair was occupied by
Mr. J. W. Woodall, J.P., M.A., F.G.S. The Annual Report, as
April 1892,

102 NOTES AND NEWS.

printed in pages 91-95, was taken as read, and after the Excursion-
programme for 1892 had been announced to the meeting, the
Chairman called upon Prof. A. H. Green, M.A., F.R.S., to deliver
the Presidential Address :—‘‘Some Moot Points in Geological
Speculation.” Afterwards a vote of thanks was accorded to
Prof. Green for his presidential services and for his address, on
the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Mr. J. H. Phillips.

Votes of thanks were also passed to Mr. Woodall for his services
in the chair, and to the Scarborough Philosophical and Naturalists’
Societies for their co-operation in the meeting, after which the
assembly dispersed to inspect the excellent and interesting exhibition
arranged by the Scarborough Societies.

The entertainment took the form of a Conversazione and Exhibi-
tion of Local and General Natural History specimens, the most
interest-absorbing contribution being the unique series of nine eggs
of the Great Auk, the property of Alderman Champley, of Scarborough.

Ee RW:

NOTES AND NEWS.

The ‘Q.J.G.S.’ for November 1891 contains a paper by Mr. Alfred Harker,
eins are aaa =_ on Rocks from the Cross Fell Inlier,’ a copy of which
lies be

—boo€ —
he peg ty of the Head of the imago in pases peg, was the ag. 07% -

a discourse by Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. A. R. Hammond at the Linnean Soc

last December. It was illustrated by a series of ‘icratinns with the oxy- Sie

pambicahs eye gemaanearely

Among = ee Che of val Geological Society pars the past year
are Messrs, H. “a Beesto ae “Cheetham m, of Horsforth; W. E.
Garforth, of Nox rman . How , M.P., of es Senchasees ; A. W.

Lucas, of Chester ; at W. a Colin, TC. a of Bolto
At the Annual ee Mectingg of the Geoligical Society on February 19th,
Mr. W. H. Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S., was elected to the chair of President.
Mr. Hudleston was President of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in 1888, aug is
well known for his work among the Yorkshire ites. he recently is
Meat of the dpb ia. te I Society’s memoirs contains a fifth iiteuadtt .
his monograp! he Jurassic Gasteropoda, in which many specimens fro
Yorkshire and Lincofadkire are described and figured.
——- pone —

The annual meeting of the “Br wien Scientific ORR a was _ held

September 25th, the President (Dr. Monckman) in the chair. ‘The raat

were elected :—President,
Mr. W. West, F.L.S., Lecturer on phage Ba Bradford nee ate College 3
vice-presidents, Mr. J. Monckman, D.Sc., Ir. J. T. Riley, D.Sc. ; treasurer,
Mr. J. E. Wilson ; council, oe Bennet aig R.M. ia i, ‘Skelton, ES.A.5:,

Naylor, S. A. Walker, C. Wood, F.C.S., and J: Pi spaying anes

co]

i=]

J
B.
=
<4

°

a

bs eel
ara
am
lar
=>
oe
Ss
=]
v3

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Sacuealials

103

THE EROSION OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST.

Rev. E. MAULE COLE, M.A., F.G.S.,
Vicar of Wetwang, East Yorkshire, Hon. Sec. to the Yorkshire Natural’sts’ Union Coast
Erosion Committee,

THE Committee, of which Mr. J. W. Woodall, M.A., F.G.S., of
Scarborough, is Chairman, and the writer is Honorary Secretary, also
includes Mr. J. C. I’Anson, F.G.S., F.S.A., of Saltburn-by-the-Sea,
Rev. H. E. Maddock, M.A., F.G.S., of Patrington Rectory, and
Mr. F. Fielder Walton, F.G.S., of Hull; and, as extra members,
Messrs. C. E. DeRance, F.G.S., and Wm. Topley, F.G.S., the
Secretaries of the British Association Committee appointed to deal
with the same subject. Our Yorkshire Committee was first appointed
in November 1888, and has since been re-appointed annually.
The following paper includes the reports for 1889 and 1890.

The great variety of material, of which the rocks which form the
Yorkshire coast are composed, necessarily gives rise to a very jagged
outline. Here, the sea has free access to the base of a perpendicular
cliff, and the waves that rage horribly gather increased force from
rushing over a smooth, slippery scar of lias ; there, masses of fallen
sandstone or chalk are heaped up in wild confusion at high-water
mark, and serve as a breakwater to defy the fury of the winter
storms. Erosion, however, is always going on, although unequally
and somewhat fitfully. One cannot look at those lias and limestone
Scars and chalk pavement, stretching out to sea far beyond the low-
water mark, without realising that they are the bases of cliffs long
since worn away, and that the present coast-line is very different from
what it was in the ages that are passed. If this be true of compara-
tively hard rocks, much more is it true of that softer material which
fills so many pre-glacial valleys of the Yorkshire coast—namely,
boulder clay. This clay is subject to a two-fold denudation—sub-
aerial and marine. Rain moistens it, and causes the sticky substance
to be ever on the move downwards; springs, issuing from streaks of
sand, undermine it and produce great landslips; frost breaks off huge
Masses, and sends them thundering to the beach below; and then
the sea licks, and washes, and grinds, and churns, till thousands of
tons are converted into the finest possible mud, and carried away by
the tide to form fresh land in the ages to come, and nothing is left
but a few boulders, which for a time help to swell the ever-shifting
. a shingle as it travels southwards.

104 COLE: EROSION OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST.

Such being the case, we are not surprised to find that the
greatest ravages on the Yorkshire coast are precisely in those localities
where the cliffs are composed of boulder clay. The sea, in fact, is
regaining its own, for boulder clay is an intruder; it has no business
here, defiling and disfiguring all the lovely bays and arms of the sea
which used to exist in the boyhood of our race, before the great
Scandinavian ice-giant came, heaping up his dirty moraine in ever
eastern nook and corner he could find. But to come to particulars.
Take the coast-line from Sewerby to Spurn. It is retreating slowly
westwards before the slow but persistent attacks of denudation.
Holderness is simply a mass of boulder clay,and drift, filling up an
ancient bay, whose shores once extended from Sewerby round by
Kilham, Craike Hill, Middleton, and Beverley, to the wolds of
Lincolnshire. The sea is re-asserting its rights, at pu toa we
have a gauge by which to measure the rate of progre

In the year 1786, Polson, writing his valuable foes of Holder-
ness, recorded the distance of certain churches from the edge of the
cliff. It is to be presumed that he measured from the east end of
the chancel in the nearest straight line to the cliff top. Captain
Kenney, R.E., of the new Ordnance Survey, has kindly forwarded
the exact distance of the same taken in 1889. From these reports
the following table has hee constructed :—

nee from “i seo Total loss in Aver. per
786. 103 Years. annum,
t . Feet, Ft. In.
Hornsea Church ......... 31400 ine pst ee JOR ge 4 CAG
Aldborougn Church... 68a... 50 a, a OO Oe
Tunstall Church ......... 2;772 2,075 697 6 9

45 4
Hence it is evident that erosion varies on diferent parts of the coast,
probably owing to the temporary formation of sand-banks and
deflection of currents. This is corroborated by a remarkable instance
in the case of Auburn House, communicated by Mr. T. Boynton,
late of Ulrome. ‘Some 30 years ago part of this house was removed
by the sea; none has gone since, a sand-bank having formed above
high-water level.’ An extract from the register belonging to the
parish of Atwick, kindly contributed by the Rev. E. Gordon, Vicar,
tends to the same conclusion. For nine years previous to the year
1795, the average loss of the cliff was 10 ft. 4in. perannum. In 1795
the distance of Atwick Cross from the cliff top was 2,856 ft. In 1871
it was 2,508 ft., an actual loss in 76 years of 375 ft., or an average of
only 4 ft. 8 in. per annum. During the past year the hon secretary
has taken several measurements at different points on the coast,
which will be placed on permanent record with the Y.N.U., viz.:—
Bempton Cliff, above Scale Nab; Sarnwick, near Thornwick Bay;

_—_———
Naturalist,

COLE : EROSION OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST. 105

Sewerby, opposite Sewerby House ; Sands Cottage, near Bridlington
uay ; Filey Bay and Carr Naze. At the latter place the capping
of boulder clay (80 ft.) resting on the middle oolites is being rapidly
destroyed, partly by the rainfall, partly by the heavy waves breaking
on the northern face of the rocks. The narrowest portion of Carr
Naze, on the top, measured only 224 inches on August 6th, 1889.
In no very distant time this will be cut through, and the appearance
of the Brigg materially altered.
Captain Kenney, R.E., has kindly been at the trouble to furnish
a table of measurements in Holderness, ~~ will be of great use in
furnishing fresh data for future generation
The following is the full text of on Kenney’s valuable
report :-—
EROSION OF COAST OF YORKSHIRE.
Distances in September, 1889, from objects inland to the Coast.

ee Petet | BR Rese
Bian oe ee en ee Hp Top | To Migh | Ae Top | | Te
ce of Cliff. |Water M.! of Cliff. ja Ww. M.
Sht. 197, Plan3 | Hornsea ..| St. Nicholas’ Ch. Tower (Trig. Station). . at ere 32250 |= 3%
: : eee oe
” ” of Chancel End as .-| 2695°0 | 2923°0 30950 | 8 %
Sht. 213, Plang Aldborough| St Bartholomew's Ch. Tower (A) ..| 5703°0 | 58130 6823'0 | 6945°0
ia ” we Chancel End 5604" | §714°0 6717°0 | 6839'e
» i Old Windmill (centre of) .. ae ..| §307°0 §432°0 6 364"0 | 6479°0
Sht. 228, Plan 7 | Hilstone ..| St, Margaret’s Ch. Tower (A) .. ‘ .| 3215°0 peers 394070 4047°0
bia ” in Chancel End... al 3170°0 | 3263"0 38850 | 39920
Sht. 228, Pin. rz Tunstall ..| All Saints’ Ch, Tower (A) ik a 2135°0 | 2194"0 26240 | 2714'0
* ” Pe Chancel End .. + | 20750 / 213570 2548'0 | 2640°0
Sht. 243, Plan 5 | Hoilym’ ..! St. Nicholas’ Ch. Tower (A) Withernsea 920’0 1213°0 | 1282.0 | 1478’0
si » % Chancel End oe ‘iI 840"o | 113770 | 11860 | 1382"0
Sht. 257, Plan 2 Holmpton | St. Nicholas’ Ch. Tower (A) 3203°0 | 3317°0 | 40930 | 41950
és ” ” Chancel End ie -. 314570 | 3273'0 40380 | 4140°0
= |

A. H. KENNY, Capt. R.E.,
0.8. 0., Compc, 8TH Dn. ORD. SURVEY.
CLiFron, BrisToL,
11.12.89.

In speaking of coast erosion it must be remembered that waves
of the sea exercise only a limited amount of work. As a general rule,
they can only extend to a certain height, which is as nothing compared
with with the height of many cliffs. If the main work were performed at
April 1892 1892.

106 COLE: EROSION OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST.

the bottom of a cliff, the cliffs would become beetling; but they
seldom, if ever, are so. most all cliffs have a decided slope back-
wards, from the bottom upwards. Hence sub-aerial denudation must
more than counter-balance the destruction wrought by the sea.

The main work of the sa consists in breaking up and removing
masses which have fallen from above. It also has a tendency to
form caves, the roofs and pillars of which subsequently fall in, by
three separate processes, viz., by the weight of water hurled against
the rocks ; by the battering of stones, shingle, and sand contained in
the waves; and by the force of compressed air driven into the
interstices of the joints. But the agency of wind, rain, frost, and
percolating water on the upper surface of the cliff causes it to retreat
at a more rapid rate than the sea can undermine it, and so —
the before-mentioned slope.

On August 24th, 1890, an extensive landslip took place on the
north cheek of the Castle Hill, Scarborough. From all accounts
thousands of tons of rock were precipitated into the sea. In a
description of the catastrophe published in the ‘Scarborough Gazette,’
August 28th, 1890 (with which we have been favoured by the Editor)
occurs the passage: ‘We understand it is questionable whether the
slip is to be attributed to the action of the sea, or to the natural
character of the cliff throughout its extent. Probably both causes
have been in operation.” Asa matter of fact the sea had nothing to
do with it; but the natural character of the cliff had a great deal.
The lowest portion of the cliff consists of massive boulders of hard
Kellaways Sandstone, which present an almost impervious barrier to the
attacks of the waves ; but the upper portion, consisting of Calcareous
Grit and Oolitic Limestones, rests on a yielding base of Oxford Clay.
Three inches of rain fell in the first three weeks of August, and this,
percolating through the joints and fissures in the super-incumbent
limestone, moistened the surface of the clay and rendered it insufficient
to support the weight of rock above, already somewhat loosened and
ready for disintegration by the repeated discharges of cannon on the
Castle Hill plateau ; consequently down it came, and more is ready
to follow. A similar phenomenon occurred on August 6th, 1857,
and from similar causes.

s the writer in the ‘Gazette’ suggests ‘the desirability of a sea-
wall at the base, to prevent further disruptions as much as possible,’
it is only fair,to the promoters of the proposed drive to say, whilst
exonerating the sea, that the danger from the cliff will be as great
as ever.

The fall of the cliff at Scarborough in 1857 gave rise to a ‘cloud
of yellow smoke.’ The Rev. B. Irvin, Vicar of Saltburn, describes a

Naturalist,

COLE: EROSION OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST. 107

similar appearance near Saltburn. Whilst walking (Jan. 1889) on
the cliff by the Zetland Hotel, which directly faces Huntcliff,
he saw a steamer rounding the point, and at the same time a
‘cloud of black smoke,’ which he attributed to another steamer
following the first. With eyes fixed on “the cliff, he saw, within a
second or two, an immense mass of rock (Lias) leave the face of
the cliff and plunge into the sea, throwing up another ‘cloud of
black smoke’ which explained the first.

Notes of certain measurements made by the Secretary for

future reference.
: January 11th, 1889. SEWERBY.
Position 0° 9’ 45” W., 54° 6’ o’ N

Pond surrounded by iron railings between Sewerby House and
the cliff. From centre of south side of railings—middle junction
post—to edge of cliff, 70 yds. 1 ft. 7 in.
A brick wall with sunk fence on west side of above grass field
from plantation to cliff. Length of wad/, 81 yds. 2 ft. 10 in.

=
.

“ig

June 4th, 1889. SARNWICK NEAR THORNWICK.

A wire fence with iron uprights, running to the cliff. From post
to post, 37 iron uprights.
August 2nd, 1889. Sanps CoTTaGE, BRIDLINGTON Bay.
From S.E. corner, wall of shed continued in a straight line
easterly to edge of cliff, 44 ft. 4 in.
From N.E. corner, wall of farm building continued in a straight
line easterly to edge of cliff, 76 ft.

lanl

N

August 2nd, 1889. Bempron Cuirrs, above Scale Nab.
Two basalt boulders, 0° 9’ 20” W., 54° 8’ 40” N.
Northern one distant from centre of sod bank, 28 ft. 4} in.
Southern one distant from centre of sod bank, 105 ft. 6 in.

LS

August 5th, 1889. Fitey Bay.
About 14 miles South of Filey a large sandstone boulder on the
Shore, nearly opposite a wooden shed on the cliff, distant from
bottom of cliff go ft. June roth, 1890, the same, distant 95 ft.

February 13th, 1891. | HILDERTHORPE.
Coast-guard post to edge of cliff—for direction get central post
and east rope in a straight line—distance 180 yards.
From end of Mr. W. O. Jarratts’ lane to edge of cliff; direction,
lane continued straight; point of departure, centre of lane
— two “hick posts on either side; distance 61 yds. 2 ft.
April 1892, 189

—

N

2
*

Ic8

REPORT ON YORKSHIRE BOTANY FOR 1880-91.
CRYPTOGAMIA.

M. B. SLATER, F.LS.,

Malton; Cryptogamic Secretary of the Botanical Section of the Yorkshire Naturalist's Union.

NEW RECORDS, Erc., AND NOTES.

1781. Ceterach officinarum Willd. Gathered by M. B. Slater

on a wall in the village of Langton. There is a possibility

of the plant having been introduced, but at any rate it is
thoroughly naturalised. New record for East Riding.

N.B.--From later information there is good evidence
that the plants are truly native and not introduced.

1811. Equisetum maximum Lam. var. serotinum A. Br.
In Forge Valley, July 1889 (Nat. 1889, p. 16),
Messrs. W. W. Reeves and M. B. Slater. New record
for North Yorkshire.

MUSCI.

218. Grimmia torquata Hornsch. This moss, which is not
uncommon in Britain, in Alpine situations, occurs on the
Scars of Upper Teesdale, but always barren in Britain. It
has, however, been recorded as fruiting in the mountains of
Idaho, U.S.A., at an altitude of 6,000 feet, by Mr. J. M.
Leiberg, March 1889 (Rev. Bryol., 1890, p. 16, and Nat.,
1890, p. 94).

452. Thuidium recognitum Hedw. On grassy calcareous
banks near Settrington (Slater), and also near Sledmere
(G. Webster). It is recorded 1790 and 1820 as fruiting at
Matlock Bath, and Yorkshire bryologists should look out for
fruiting specimens in their own county. New record for
South-East Yorkshire.

57. Cylindrothecium concinnum DeNot. On the debris of
an old lime quarry in Sleightholmdale, near Kirby Moorside,
March 1890 (M. B. Slater), and again a small tuft in debris
of a lime quarry near Welham, March 18go (Slater), on an
extension of the calcareous ridge of the Howardian Hills,
which have been cut through by the R. Derwent at Malton.

Naturalist,

=

SLATER : REPORT ON YORKSHIRE CRYPTOGAMIA. 109g

HEPATIC.

Colo-lejeunia Rossettiana Mass. This—which was noticed in
Journal of Botany, Dec. 1889, by Mr. W. H. Pearson, as
confounded with, but distinct from Ley. cadcarea Lib.—has been
gathered by Mr. R. Barnes, on the Swale, near Richmond.
New record for North Yorkshire.

Saag haeg ciliaris var. pulchrum Corda. Was found in October,

ork Dale, near Sledmere, on trees; M. B. Slater. New
is South-East Yorkshire.
EXCURSIONS.

At the Lowthorpe excursion 30 Mosses and 4 Hepatics were
recorded, but all only of general distribution, including a very broad-
leaved form of Brachythecium plumosum Sw., on the Weir near
the Mill.

At the Kildale excursion Barbula cylindrica Taylor, was gathered
in fine fruit, and eee Jlavescens Dicks. sterile, also some fine
masses of Nardia obovata

Mr. Barnes’ (of Saltburn) paver on ‘Some additional localities
and new records for the mosses of N. Yorkshire and Durham’
(Naturalist, July 1890, p. 211-222) contains 34 Mosses, new records
for that district, and of the 130 gathered in Teesdale and the
Cleveland district, seven are given as new to N. Yorkshire, and nine
new to Yorkshire generally. Altogether the season’s work may be
considered as quite satisfactory, and fairly good results have been
recorded.

FEAR
At the Leckby Carr excursion on Whit-Monday, May 18th,
1891, Mr. R. Barnes, of Saltburn, explored the district for Mosses
and Hepatics, and made a very successful gathering. He reports
having met with about 30 to 40 Mosses, mostly of general distribu-
tion. The rarer Mosses gathered were Campylopus Lyriformis
Brid., Aulacomnium androgynum 1., Polytrichum gracile a
Plagiothecium latebricola Wils., all got in Leckby Carr. Ambiystesian
Jtuviatile Swartz., was found by the Swale below Asenby.
interesting plant gathered in this section was the rare Hepatic
‘phalozia fluitans Nees. This was found growing amongst
phagnum in the Carr. It is the first record of the plant in the
West Riding. Cephalozia connivens Dicks., also one of our rarer
Hepatics, was growing intricately mixed with /uifans. Both plants
Were got with fruit in good condition. For excellent description
and | history of these two plants consult Dr. R. Spruce’s pamphlet on
April 2892,

REPORT ON MOSSES AND HEPATICS GATHERED DURING
THE: .¥ -OI

»

I1o NOTES AND NEWS.

‘Cephalozia, 1882. We have no report in this section at the
Grassington excursion, where it was unrepresented.

At the Hayburn Wyke excursion, report is given in ‘The Naturalist’
for October. No specially rare forms were met with; the district,

the plants seen during the excursion might be collected in more
perfect condition than during the drier summer months.

The excursion in York Dale, Sledmere, was also reported upon
in the October number of ‘The Naturalist,’ and lists of the plants
given, in which two new records for East Riding are noticed : Moss,
Thuidium recognitum Hedw. ; Hepatic, Ptilidium ciliare var. pulchrum.
Mr. J. J. Marshall, of Market Weighton, has recently commenced to
study this tribe, and has found in his locality Pottia bryoides Dicks.,
which is the first record of this Moss for the East Riding. ‘This he
gathered during the spring; and more recently he has met with,
growing on the stems of willows, Py/aisia polyantha Schreb., a moss
which is noticed by Schimper as of very common distribution on the
Continent, but which, however, occurs only rarely in the British Isles.

Orthotrichum pulchellum Sm., growing on Sambucus in Lees
Wood, near Birdsall, and Cylindrothectum concinnum DeNot., met
with in an old lime-quarry near Langton, are both additions to the
East Riding list. The latter moss grows in the North Riding upon
the calcareous Howardian Hills near Welburn and at Hildenley ;
also near Pickering and Kirby Moorside, on similar geological
formation. It has, however, not been met with in fruit.

NOTES AND NEWS.

A — list - the ‘ Heterocera of the Isle of Man’ by Mr. Henry Shawkriigs
Clarke, F.E.S., ouglas, i is being simultaneously ‘meena at intervals in ou
peor sana aris Bey the British N aturalist and Yn Lioar Manninagh.
ee

arranged representation of the British Flo

The December number of the Annals and a ne wl eat History
contains — by two Yorkshire | naturalists. The Rev. Thom ks,
Se the ap adix ye his ‘ 4g ntributions ne a General ‘History of the
Marine Polyzos, 1880-91’ xeorge Brook, cS ee
w species of ‘Madara’ in the collection se the British sions

B

range of Keslitestie sie appears in the Journal of akon for December I

ealing this time with Freshwater Algz of Maine, s € pape 4

illustrat 1 iy which = West’s other papers, is from the
° - West, whose aid in the preparation of the paper —

generally is ackoaledee’ § in the colina remarks,

—_—— fee
Naturalist,

rin ip

SOME VERNACULAR NAMES OF PLANTS.
Rev. FREDERIC ADDISON, M.A.,
Thirsk.

Ir is often observed that the spread of education among the working
and other classes will cause future generations to regret if proper
care is not now taken to record peculiar words, which, though not
recognised in classical English, have a philological value. I have
lately been trying to clear up the derivation of some of the vernacular
plant names, and have found much assistance from a work by the
present Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford, the Rev. John Earle ;
and also from a ‘ Nomenclator Octilinguis,’ printed at Geneva in
1619, and founded on the work of Adrianus Junius. This latter
work professes to include equivalent English names, but in the case
of plants, trees, shrubs, and parts of plants, it is totally silent ;
probably at that period, any works by our English botanists would
be almost unknown on the Continent.

I have selected a few examples, which I hope may prove of
interest, and may lead others, who have greater facilities by means
of public libraries, to pursue the subject.

Mr. Earle shows that there has been another name for the rose
in England. We may imagine that the monks and the few learned
men in the Middle Ages would prefer to use the word Rose, on
account of its Latin and Greek origin. But in early times the word
heopa signified rose. It is hiufa in Old High Dutch. We have at
present, in the vernacular around Thirsk, a compound name for the
fruit of the wild rose: the prefix is ca¢, and the ending is jwg.
Hip, by gradual transition from Old Saxon hiopa, in Cumberland
(where I resided nearly forty years ago, and the antiquarians were
much interested in the word), becomes choops; and Mr. Earle says
that the briar is thus called the choop-tree. This word is the
connecting-link to our cat-jug.

This prefix cat, I would say, has no reference to the animal of
that name, although certain plants are called cat-mint, etc. I trace
its use from cat-jug, to cat-haw (in this locality used for the word
haws), and to the fruit of the ash tree, called in Teesdale ¢at-i-hees ;
and in some places in the North, called cat-and-keys ; also kitty-kees
in north-east Cleveland. This last joins on with dumble-kite (in our
locality), meaning the fruit of the bramble. This prefix dumdle is
no doubt derived from the old German for a bushy place (nidere
Baumlin). I may observe that a many vernacular forms of common
words in this locality are from the Belgian and German, on account
April 1892,

112 NOTES AND NEWS.

of the number of the natives of these places, who were invited by
our Edward I. and succeeding kings to settle in this country as
weavers, etc. The English working classes would thus be induced
to adopt the names these people used.

Another interesting word is mistletoe. In one of the Anglo-
Saxon lists it is given, along with the Latin, viscarago musti/tan.
As regards the prefix, Mr. Earle quotes the German author, Grass-
=i who baht) the word mistil to mean sfraw/er. But I think

o be a modification of the Latin zéscum, in Italian véschio.
fhe Wine? part of the word, namely, tan, is considered to signify
twig or rod. us in Icelandic, it is mistilteinn.

It is quite possible that a many of the vernacular names may be
traced to the Indo-Germanic source, of which Sanskrit, Greek and
Latin are only dialects. As the emigrations from the north of the
Himalayas advanced along the more fruitful west, in the course of
two or more thousand years, the first-comers would be driven
forward by the succeeding hordes; and thus it is highly probable
that, as in numerals, so in the names of plants and animals, the
extreme West of Europe may have many names in common with
the Sanskrit, but slightly altered.

NOTES AND NEWS.

We e it is not too late to mention S excellent portrait and Di eat
notice sf the late Thomas Gough, who did so much for natural hist n West-
morland, which is given in the fifth part sof. the Wistucien Note. Book and
Natural History Record, published in March 1889. Gough was born at Middle-
shaw, Old Hutton, Nov. 30th, 1804, entered the medical profession, and practis
at Kendal from 1833 to 1854, and after an interval caused by ill-health, again from
1860 to 1872. He died July 17th, 1880. As a naturalist he was an excellent all-

round man, but cer ve Bp little. ‘Ihe cope institutions of Kendal owed
much to him, ast that — reciated his great w was abundantly manifested
be. the great pain: hae ye en to persua eta m to succeed the eminent

Prof. A. Sedgwi ick as President of the pres ja Literary and Scientific Institution.

dees ayes book, co rnpiled by the Rev. aie Seymour St. ee n, is of me sas

for the pocket, ~~ iia of 165 pages. e plan is that of an English-Foreizn,
Foreign-English dictionary, and is ak ge into two portions ; the first, consisting
of 79 pages, is spent o * Larvee a -plants’ and in this section the names
of the insects printed in shoe aon type, while immediately under each
species a list of the Steet pee is a ark Pages 81-144 are devoted to ‘ Food-
plants and pecigi’ prea ~~ ged botanically. The names of the larve
feeding upon any given plant are ty at a glance. The work is rendered more
useful to non borane lpidopterists by ra ng the common, as well as the
scientific, names of the plants printed in both portions of the book, and also in

the index, which deals with the gen ae rot both insects and plants. A few blank
yes are added for private notes and memoranda. ihe book may be obtained

either ion the publishers, Messrs. Wm. Wesley and Son, 28, Essex ee
Strand: or from the author, 42, Castlewood Road, Stamford Hill, London

Sa |

\

Sn QWemoriam.

FRANCIS ARCHER.
WE regret to have to record the death, from diphtheria, after a nine
days’ illness, of the well-known naturalist, Mr. Francis Archer.
r. Archer, who was born in Renshaw Street, Liverpool, on
June 17th, 1839, was the son of the late Francis Archer, surgeon, a

native of Belfast, who settled in Liverpool early in life. His mother’s
maiden name was Frances Fletcher, daughter of Joseph Fletcher,
merchant, of Liverpool. His taste for natural history was inherited
from his father, who had a good medical practice in Liverpool, and
was well-known among the naturalists of his day.

April 1892. H

Ii4 IN MEMORIAM—FRANCIS ARCHER.

Mr, Francis Archer, or Frank Archer as he was more familiarly
known to his friends, received his education as a boy first with the
Rev. Mr. Payne, Faulkner Street, Liverpool, and then at the Liver-
pool Collegiate Institution, Shaw Street. Rising from the Middle
School to the Upper, in which he became second boy, he entered
Trinity College, Cambridge. He became a Scholar of Trinity, and
in 1862 took his degree with honours, being a wrangler. Entering
the office of Messrs. Bateson & Robinson, a distinguished firm of
Liverpool solicitors, he was admitted in 1865, and became their
managing clerk. Being offered a partnership in the firm, which
became Lowndes, Thornely & Archer, and afterwards Thornely and
Archer, he practised as a solicitor in Liverpool with success for a
good many years, but, becoming attracted by journalism and politics,
he left the law and became for a time sub-editor of the ‘ Liverpool
Daily Post,’ a newspaper distinguished then, as now, for the literary
ability with which it is conducted.

From what Mr. Archer ae to me, he found the newspaper life
too exacting and absorbing, but, whatever may have been the reason,
he gave it up and re-entered the practice of the law. In partnership
with the late Mr. Isham Gill, under the name of Gill & Archer, and
later Gill, Archer & Maples, he was concerned professionally with
many important railway, water, and other undertakings in Liverpool
and Cheshire. The sub-aqueous tunnel under the Mersey, called
the Mersey Railway, was the most important of them, and marked
an era in railway engineering. In 1890-91 he was President of the
Liverpool Law Society. ;

Mr. Archer was a many-sided man of great vigour, but, withal,
tender and not without sentiment. Professionally, he was esteemed
as an able man of sound sense—straightforward and upright in all
his ways. He was a good musician and singer, knew Tennyson off
by heart, and would quote him effectively on almost any subject of
human interest. Charles Darwin he held in the greatest reverence
from the very first appearance of the ‘Origin of Species,’ which
Mr. Archer read when at Cambridge. He has often told me the
storm it aroused among the Dons, and said that Charles Kingsley
was the only man besides himself who at all supported the new views
of nature

Saris the whole course of his life Mr. Archer was interested
in natural science. It was not a mere hobby, or a collector's
instinct—though of the latter he was not deficient. Science was 4
living reality to him, and, acting on a cultured mind, gave form to
his thoughts. The writer,has never known anyone else of whom
this could be said with such truth and force. It gave him broad views

Naturalist,

Hl
i
5
{
i
4
Hi

IN MEMORIAM—FRANCIS ARCHER. 115

of nature and human nature, which dry specialization and the recording
of facts, though of the greatest importance to the progress of know-
ledge, often seems to deny to some of the votaries of science.

In November 1866, Mr. Archer joined the Liverpool Geological
Society, of which he continued a member to the last. He acted as
Treasurer to the Society from 1867 to 1872, and was several times
offered the Presidential chair, but could never be persuaded to take
it. He was a member of the council of the Liverpool Biological
Society, and took an active part in the establishment of a Biological
Station at Puffin Island. Dr. Herdman informs me that Mr. Archer
was to have accompanied him and Mr. Isaac Thompson, on the 7th
March, to examine and report upon a suitable locality in the Isle of
Man to which to remove the Station, Puffin Island having been
found inconvenient of access during a considerable part of the year.
He was most intimately connected with the marine biological work,
and went on all the dredging trips. His lists—which were nearly
ready—were to have been laid before the Biological Society at an
early meeting, and had, indeed, been announced. Dr. Herdman
also says that he had ‘lately been examining the Mollusca and
Brachiopoda which I collected last summer in Norway, and was
actually working here (University College) with me in the laboratory:
on these specimens just the Wednesday before he took ill.’

Entomology was also one of the branches of Natural Science he
was well up in, and he has done excellent work in collecting, as may
be seen on reference to Dr. Ellis’s lists published in this Magazine.

Perhaps the subject in which he of late years took the greatest
interest was Anthropology. With a view of adding to this branch of
knowledge he paid a visit to the valley of the Somme, and several times
to the North-east coast of Ireland and to the West of England. He
read before the Liverpool Geological Society ‘ Notes on Flint Imple-
ments from a Raised Beach at Kilroot, Co. Antrim,’ and another
entitled: ‘Notes on the worked Flints of the Raised Beaches of the
N.E. coast of Ireland.’ In addition, he gave the Society several
addresses on similar subjects, which, being from mere notes,
unfortunately could not be published. In the pages of ‘ Nature’ may
be found letters on Natural History and Anthropology from his pen.
He got together a very good private collection, bearing upon the
history and development of early man.

Mr. Archer was highly cultured, of a literary turn, and frequently
reviewed scientific works in the columns of the ‘ Daily Post’; but
what he has published would give a very restricted notion of the man.
The writer has known him intimately for over twenty years, and is
pleased to acknowledge the stimulating influence of his ideas and
April 1892.

¥ 16 NOTES—ORNITHOIL oOc.y

presence. Nothing gave him more pleasure than assisting others,
especially the young, in their scientific efforts, and I know of no
single instance where his judgment of the individual, though
generous, was at fault. With Mr. Archer’s death an important factor
in the scientific work of Liverpool has gone. His well-known sturdy

few could exchange ideas with him without adding to their know-
ledge. It is sad to think that such a life should be sacrificed in its
prime, but we have the satisfaction of feeling that Mr. aveeher: s good
influence will long outlast him.—T. MELLArD READE

NOTES— ORNITHOLOG Ys

Gadwall in Yorkshire.—Although the ues of the paved: (Chaule-
lasmus pity from our county are anything but ee. it is highly probable
species occurs more commonly than is generally supposed mata

i wa

ot in February last at East Cottingwith, near York, ant ‘will A “be added
to the museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical sera The Rev. H. A. Mac-
pherson, who has made a —_ study of the d si tribe, and has examined ite
bird in gues on, report is a ‘ bird of the year’ and pure bre
7 USE, ie rogate March 8th, 1892.

Birds uring etohe one a pair of Hawfinches (Cocco-
thraustes Pic vall foot som — in ins _. I have not before
seen any in this locality. e itty ral occasions. On November
14th my son saw ten goldfi hs duclis Hegans) tegetees, t ina es tree, in the
— flats. The Martins s (Chain sae that nest under the e of my gates

gg _ oe — crue? y oods at the time when, in seeing se they have

la dic iy aoe the “ee R. A. SUMMERFIELD, North
Steiatey vidarage. Ripon, Jan. 2nd, 1892.
Great Grey Shrike at Harrogate.—A specimen of this bird ee
eager sil was seen by myself in Barber’s Coppice on January 27th, 18
ee

?

killed near Chilwell. This baecieia which is in m pore » does no} shea
sli i tae

t the end of February, a specim n of the Great fet Shrike (Z. riage ie
was killed at ee This s| we cimen, which appears to be a female, is ma:
with considera white e secondaries than on the primaries. we
appears to | ae) Be D chorea -bred ee sca i apache B. WHITLOCK, Beeston, Notts.,
92.

Kittiwake Inland and Great sem Shrike near Knaresborough.— As my
ras and I were walking to Arkendale on the 26th of January, we saw sitting on a

edge, a Great Grey Shrike (Zanius peat When it took wing its magpie-
tike flight left no doubt as to its identity.

On the 20th of February a Kittiwake (Rissa tr eee) was brought to me
for identification. It had fet taken alive in a field Pi coe. the village of
Staveley. There were 22° of fro i on the 18th, followed by a snow-storm from
the had on the 19th. No doubt the bird had been driven inland by the storm

ras fou

u
this mee it ans. pre i — freely. % however, only lived a "sho rt ne in
eye and died on the 2oth. proved on dissection to be oes

€ 29t
E. P. KNuBLEy, ‘Staveley Rectory, March bie 1892. an :

Og oy og Be) eo

Rev.’ Wi Cy HEY, M.A.,’ MCS4
Vice-President of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society; West Ayton, York.

THERE are at Redcar three large rock-platforms, known respectively
as East Scar, West Scar, and Salt Scar. The two first are accessible
from the sands at low water ; the last can only be reached by boat.
To'one who loves the sea and its living wonders, the Yorkshire
coast affords no pleasanter expedition than a row to Salt Scar and a
ramble among its rocks and pools. Choose the smallest boat you

Vv
bore you with tiresome information when you want to be quiet
and think.

As the boat proceeds slowly you look through the clear water,
and, amid the Laminaria forests, see many Sea Urchins (Zchinus
sphara), some at the bottom, others crawling up the stout seawee
Stalks. Here and there a Scarlet Sunstar (Soaster Papposa) is seen
gleaming from below, while many wavy bodies of small fishes pass in
and out among the dark weeds. In about ten minutes Salt Scar is
reached. On the North side of it a sharp ridge of rock stands up,
and on it the waves break with great force ; but on the landward, or
South side, long channels of perfectly still water extend. The boat
will pass gently up and down these, except at dead low water, and
whatever is in them can then be observed with great ease and
comfort. Or still better, draw the boat close to the rocky edge of
the channel, and, lifting up the overhanging Fucus and Laminaria,
look beneath them. The orange-coloured Doris is common and fine
here, and there are some exquisitely beautiful species of Aolis. The
‘deep red stars of Cribe/la oculata are seen here and there among the
commoner Starfishes. In the nooks and crannies of the rock one of
the Spider Crabs (Hyas araneus) abounds, though so sluggish and
weed-grown that it is not always easy to detect. ‘The common eating
Crab (Cancer pagurus) abounds, but is seldom large. If the thongs of
Laminaria are lifted up, the beautiful blue-rayed Limpet (Patella
Pellucida) will be found adhering to them in numbers. Its thick
Variety /evis generally occurs at the root of the same weed. ‘The

Owry (Cypfrea europea) is sometimes to be found alive here,
especially i in the broad shallow channel on the landward side of the
April 1892.

118 NOTES-— ORNITHOLOGY.

Scar. Landing on the platform of rock, we shall find the pools well
toss examining. Large green Anemones, spotted with red, abound,

I have even seen the white-plumed Anemones. Under stones,
oe little Porcellan Crab (P. longicornts) is very common, together
with the Brittle Stars. Three species of Chiton occnr—marginatus,

so firmly attached to the rock that I was quite unable to dislodge it.
These are a few of the things to be found on Salt Scar, but
I never go there without seeing many creatures of whose nature I am
quite ignorant—so many that I heartily wish it was possible for a
good marine zoologist to take up his abode at each important place
on the Yorkshire coast, to whom anyone might carry his unknown
treasures for information and illumination.
en one is tired of specimen-hunting at Salt Scar, it is
delightful to recline peacefully in the boat as it glides softly with the
tide along the still pellucid channels ; to watch the waters gradually
swallowing the rocks and listen for the splashes of the growing
waves ; to enjoy the solitude of oe Fen when the last crabber has
gone ; and to enter more and more deeply into the great majestic
spirit of the sea, as it slowly ssfolds its wonders and hides them
again from mortal eye.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.
Notes from North Lincolnshire.—The following birds have recurred in
Lincoin *iNorth) this winter. The particulars have agi 8 pa to me by
'. Kew, of Louth, te whom oe were s sent to be stuffe

ebruary, I

Rough- legged Buzzard (Archibuteo lagopus Gmel.). Saltfleetby ; shot by

Mr. Phillips, 4th December, 1891.
Fees: Falcon (asco 0 peregrinus Tunst.). Great Carlton; shot by Mr. Finch,
gth January, 1
Jas. EARDLEY Mason, Alford, Lincolnshire, 21st March, 1892.
ghtingale —s tts.—I do not clearly gather from Mr. Lister Petty’s
note geen he confirms or ips to my statement ‘that, generally speaking,

i r

hae working a the avi-fauna of ne Trent and as far as m

Naturalist,

an Oe ST ae nd Ena Ne aE

119

NOTE ON
THE METAMORPHOSED SKIDDAW SLATES.

(TRANSLATED FROM PROF. H. ROSENBUSCH.]

[THE following is extracted from Professor Rosenbusch’s work Die
Steiger Schiefer, pp. 211-213 (1877). Occurring in a memoir of the
Geological Survey of Alsace-Lorraine, it will be new to many readers,
and as it contains important corrections and additions to the well-
known work of the late Mr. Clifton Ward, it may be worth
reproducing here.—A.H

J. Clifton Ward* recently made some extremely interesting
communications on the contact-zones of the clay-slates around the
granites in northern England, the so-called Lake District. Through
the kindness of my friend Lossent I was enabled to study specimens
of the three stages of metamorphism distinguished by Ward, from
without inwards; viz. Chiastolite-slate, Spotted Schist, and Mica-schist.

A piece of chiastolite-slate from the slope of Skiddaw opposite
Landscale showed a normal clay-slate with porphyritically imbedded
chiastolite crystals, in no way differing from the known occurrences
of the Fichtelgebirge, Brittany, and the Pyrenees, and thoroughly
agreeing with the occurrence in the Erlen valley in the outermost
zone of the contact-ring of the Barr-Andlau granitite. Of crystalline
new-formation there is nothing else to be seen in it except a few
laths of a colourless mica and little chlorite-scales. The great
abundance of carbonaceous matter allows nothing more to be
Tecognized than the quartz-granules and the above-named minerals,
with yellow doubly-refracting grains of indeterminable nature. The
chiastolites are comparatively pure, but still only seldom so fresh that
On€ can perceive the characteristic pleochroism. .

The stage of anid seg next following the Chiastolite-slate
was designated by Ward ‘Spotted Schist’ (Knotenschiefer): the
description which Ward gives of it agrees only very badly with the
occurrence which I have been able to study. This comes from the
slope of Skiddaw opposite Landscale. The spots stand out very
little, in a thin slice, from the rest of the rock: they consist of just
the same minerals as form the slate, and owe their origin only to
a me slight accumulation of carbonaceous matter: they

he Granitic, Granitoid, and Associated Metamorphic Rocks of the Lake
ist) Seidl: Journ. Geol. Soc. (1875) xxxi, pp. 568-602 ; (1876) xxxii, pp. 1-34.
n has elsewhere compared the Skiddaw metamorphism with that on the
north side of the Ramberg granite in the Harz; Zeits. deuts. geol. Ges. (1872),
Xxiv, p. Pp. 716.)
April 186 1892.

120 ROSENBUSCH : METAMORPHOSED SKIDDAW SLATES.

lie pretty regularly in rows, and this circumstance in conjunction
with a stratiform alternation of the quartz and other constituents,
gives the rock a banded appearance. The rock consists in this stage
of a not quite microscopically fine-grained mixture of brown, strongly
pleochroic magnesia-mica, colourless potash-mica, and quartz. The
aaa. substance is no longer scattered as a fine dust through

e whole mass, but clustered together in large patches. As an
seth, tourmaline is not very rare, and sometimes in similar
quantity, i.e., in sparse granules or little crystals, occurs andalusite ;
more commonly pyrites. The rock is thus a true spotted or knotted

andalusites, or that from the mechanical mixture which constitutes
them andalusite is subsequently developed, the microscopic analysis

gives not the slightest support. The crystal-sections in the Chias-
tolite-slate have absolutely nothing in common with the knots in the

tolite-crystals are not always clearly distinguished from one another,
and so it is very difficult to obtain a clear picture of the progress of
the metamorphism: sometimes the formation of chiastolite crystals
in unaltered slates, sometimes the formation of knots is indicated as
the se stage. Still, I think, in spite of the opposite statement in the
‘Summary,’ I may venture the idea, based chiefly on my own
Spi cikis that the development of chiastolites in the still
unaltered slate here as elsewhere precedes the formation of knots,
where the latter goes hand in hand with a crystallisation of the
material of the slate. Thus the Chiastolite-slate would be an
equivalent of the knotted-clay-slate (Anotenthonschiefer), and the
knotted-mica-schist would follow this.

It is absolutely unintelligible to me how Ward (l.c. p. 4) can give
the absence of pleochroism in support of the suggestion of andalusite.
Apparently there exists here a confusion with the small laths 0
colourless potash-mica, and Ward has not seen the andalusite, which
one can identify simply by its pleochroism among the colourless
minerals of the rhombic system. No more can I imagine what the
author has meant by the following passage on the same page:
‘When viewed with polarized light, most of them [the spots]
oer? exhibit shades of colour arranged i in the form of a cross, as
shown in fig. 3, and there seems to be little doubt that the spots are
AR oes chiastolite crystals.’ The appearance here described
is here and there visible in the specimens lying before me too, and
simply depends upon a a radial grouping of the mica-flakes.

N Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and Records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

BIRDS, 1889.
THE present Sexes has been one and edited by
w ENISON ROEBUCK, F.L
The — oe of the Bibliography of oa have appeared
as follow
For eg ‘Naturalist,’ March and April 1885, pp. 185-200,
continued in May 1885, ,, 223-227.

», 1885—in ‘ Naturalist,’ September 1886, ,, 260-272.
» 1886— May and June” 1889, ,, 145-175.
» 1887— ‘a August and Sept. 1889, ,, 249-270.
» 1888— = June and July 1890, ,, 177-198.

The counties and vice-counties of which cognizance is taken are
the following, as named and numbered in the are cage _-

62, York DOE 63, York S.W.; 64, York Mid W.; os York N.W.;
66, Durham ; 67, Northumberland S. ; 68, Cheviotland; 69, West-
morland with Furness ; 70, Cumberland ; and 71, Isle of Man.
The remarks prefixed to the Bird-bibliography for 1886 (published
in the ‘ Naturalist’ for May 1889, p. 145) are equally applicable to
the present instalment.
ANON. [various observers]. Derbyshire.
Calendar of Nature, 1879 [about Burton-on-Trent; dates given for

plore species o bird oe = Ann. Rep. Burton-on-Trent Nat. Hist. and
rch.

ANON, [various = tent Derbyshire.
Calendar of Nature for 1882 [giving dates near Burton-on-Trent, tor
A “no tsipstnde Erithacus, Hirundo (Walton), hci aoe ished Bradley )}.
ep. Passage -on-Trent Nat. Hist. and 4 Soc., for year ending
3ist March, 1883, p

ANon. [not signed]. Cheshire.
Abnormally Plumaged had serge era rusticola); uniformly dove-
coloured, shot in Alderley Park one Octo now in Peri of Lord

Stanley of Alderley]. lane and Water, ea, 25th, 1886, |
ANON, [not signe dj. gine S.W.

egal ee [as used from Wakefield upwards ; acto sa
hy Acroanad modularis); Daker-hen, grass drake=Corn Crake

(Cr - sprains) ; Dunnock=hedge sparrow (Accentor aw joeesghiiie Yorks.
re Journ., Parts 6 and 7, pee -April 1887, pp. I
lg Bay signed]. York N.E.
Great Northern Diver [(Co/ymdus glacialis) killed near Thirsk ; measure-
p. 32.

___ments given. 7. Land and Water, Jan. 8th, 1887
April 1892,

122 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889.

ANON. 8 signe - York N.E,
The h turalists’ Union [at Thirkleby Park, July 20th ; various
wild eke hatched { in the grounds]. Land and Water, July oh, 1887, p 58.
ANON. [not signed]. Cheviotland.
[Review of] Report on the Migration of Birds Bape tt with copious
onnigeal eee ine aiirieke at the Farnes, a ‘acorys on the east
coast south of Farnes noted]. Land and Water, ey - 1887, p. 478.
ANON, [not signed]. Yo : N.W.
A fine flock of oragae= Plovers [( Charadrius pluvialis) on ogre eee:
Moor, Nov. 19th, 1887}. Land and Water, Nov. 26th, 1887, p
ANON. cata signed]. co Ni
[ cOtota rubricollis shot on strand at nage ug agp 5th Nov. 1887, rate
emaciated]. and and Water, Nov. 26th, 1887, p. 479. a
ANON. sacl wie tor’]. Linc. N.
e Kingfisher [(<1/cedo 7sfida) and its habits, as — by Mr. Ford at the
Manor Fishery, Caistor]. Land and Water, Dec. 17th, 1887, p. 547

ANON. eaten *G. A, ‘i xP York S.E., Cheshire.
The Golden Eagle [(Aguzla chrysaétos): records for East Yorkshire and
Cheshire sejeien from Morris’ British Birds]. Land and Water, Jan. 28t
1888, p. 96.

ANON. [signed * B.C. Be), Furn
‘ Barnacles atin excerpt from Gerarde’s Herball, 1 1597, p- 1391, i ie
generation é. Geese (Bernicla leucopsis) from barnacles at a‘ small Ilande in
ancashire, called the Pile of Foulders’]. Westm. Note-Book, Part I

eee: [signed ‘R. T. L. ’} : incon
cles’ [in connection with the generation of Geese from them; name of
a eget villa “ge . ro ee, from ‘ Rotgeese’]. Westin. Rae. Book,
art I 8, p. 2
Bet hoe) signe me Westmorland
d-Meeting of the Kendal Natural History Society [at Longsleddale,
ond ug. 1888; Buteo ii tba faue peregrinus, Tringoides y OH
Tu rdus torguatus, Cory vone, Saxtcole, Cuculus, Anthus, Muscica, Efe
grisola, etc., n eee Wes a Note-Book and Nat. Hi st. Record, Vol
Part 3, Sept. 1888, p. 65.
Anon. [not gree York Mid *
Big Bag o ouse [Lagopus scoticus] by aos Walsingham ai
Moe. thet Bt birds on Aug. 30th, 1888 ; ails given; also cr
for each season from 1829-1843 and 1865-1886, Le ‘a Blubberhouse game-
ok]. Land and Water, Sept. 8th, 1888, p. 298 ; also see Sept. 1 rae p- 332-

— poe a Coniston ’]. York Mid W.

pero regio? ee Dogs in Yorkshire [on pt and

Kidheet ts $3 nce anent change of habits of grouse during this
ury]. Laud eg Wore, Sept. 15th, 1888, p. 332.

Anon. [signed ‘ H. M., Birkdale, Southport ’]. Lance. S.

The Natural History of the npr (Southport) District sete rg to
suggesting eee the birds seen were escaped domestic pigeons]. Resear
Anon. [not Senet, Durham, eae N. ape oe Northumberland S

ere
Society [of NawcunicLt Pansy Possccr joe 1887, to Prcethonges 10 hy 1888.

(Maren Stactalis, shot at Holy Island (Thos. Thompson) ; Bri
aticula, shot at Whitley (J. T. Maling) ; Cottle, young, Helmsley, aly

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889. 123

1874 (F.
Yorkshire eis guile ake Cresswell, Oct, 1885 (d.); Rutcille sah
d ' ;

r
ullercoats, 1856 Alauda ng sgh Rew own r (Douglas
Currie) ; Syrrhaptes, Cragside, 23rd 88 (Lor rd Armstrong) Syrrhaptes,
Whickham, May 17th, 1888 (Thos. gals Corvus frugilegus, ee
Hall, Wylam (Wm. Dinning); Zrrdus viscivorus, Willington-on-Coque
April 1 (J. Hancock); Corvus eg malformed <eru Hechenahire
(F. vege ner pressed este Tyne (Mr. Wardl e)]. Pit Hist.
Trans. Northumb. Durh. and Newc., Vol 10, Part 1 (1888), pp. 172-174.
ANON. [not signed]. pu hoi Ss.
[Aschibuteo lagopus trapped on Stublick Moor, near Allandale Town,
Northumberla i measurements given]. Research, Feb. 1889, p. 128.
ANON, [not signe York S.E.
Sheffield “iat [possesses a pair of Syrrhaptes gig killed at
Market Weighton, June 1888]. Research, Feb. 1889, p. 1
ANON. [newspaper r par. ]. th stmorland.
aieckbird aetonl sete ier - Seaesioceey [near Kendal, 4 eggs].
t. Jou 5th, 1889, p
a [Ed. Zoo Lh Yorkshire.
Notices of New Books ds arles Dixon

—Our r Bir
reference (1 (by Dixon) to pg dbaio j tne in poe tag ech March
9; Pp.

ANON. [not signed]. Cheviotland, Northumberland S.
[Rev i alr of A. Chapman’s] Bird Life of the Borders. Field, May 11th,
651.

ve {signed * Auceps ’]. York S.E.
The Hawfinch ee vulgaris] in East Yorkshire [discussed at
length, with gene of nidification, increase of numbers, etc.]. Field,
May I1th, 1889, 653.

ANON. [signed ‘ Bono ee Cheviotland.

A Plague of Slugs and Insects. —Barley and Oat Chaff and Gulls
[inc cluding an extended account of a ow near Cornhill of Zarzs
ridibundus), Field, May 18th, 1889, p.

ANOon, [signed nae on ‘Near York.’

Rooks [(Corvus frugilegus) in pee vicinity of York ;
depriving Starlings of their food]. Field, June 22nd, , p. 885.

ANOon, [not signed), York Ss. E.
ological Society of London. Additions edb esa Leopiony yar {June 14th,
2 Razor- zal adie torda), Yorkshire Coast, 1 by H.R. age nj.
Field, June 22nd, 1889, p. 886 ; Land and Woe Ags ae ay 1889, p

ANon, [Ed. of sala Northumberland, dhe.

Bird-Life of the Borders: Records of Wild Sper and Nate ral History
by Moorland and § ca [Rev view of Abel Chap book ; extracts given con
cerning 7etrao pty ae Fuligula ecuee. "Books. July 1889, pp- 277-280.

cs i * Avis’ remy Ww.
Es {(Coroms fru ~~ robbing Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) at Lan-
3 the pra : not wu Pecan also done by Corvus pecoriei Field,
katy pia 1889, st on

ANON, [signed ‘ T ‘ D.’).
ark [ A/auda arvensi Nesting by Road-side nays Osbaldwick and
Meworth, June 1889]. Field, “yo 20th, 1889, p.

Gre ouse [Lagopus scoticus] Hawking [in Derbyshire and acthnabactend
Land and vo. Aug. 24th, 1889, p. 2!

April 1892,

124 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1889.

Anon. [signed ‘ W. J.. Jun. (Masham) ’}. York N.W.
Gull [Larus canis ?] caught t inland [at Masham] with hook and line
[26th August ; called ‘Common Gull’]. Field, Aug. 31st, 1889, p. 325.
Anon, [not signe York N.E.
Leeds Naturalists’ Club and Scientific Association [A/ca torda, Colymbus,

* Auk,’ and “a po troile, noted on Filey Cliffs, 20th July]. Research,
Sep. 1880,
ANON. [various Siebehl Lanc. S., York N.E. and N.W., apemcgiiaery:

igrant Table. No. 13, 1889 [dates and averages giv ate eft -
ne se (J.P: Salter), York (several) Thirsk (J. sRicharson),
ech at 2 ht (T. E. Wilkinson and .E. Little), and rina
(E. Ca rr)]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Sept. sth, 1889, xiii. 111.
ANON. ae Re CoM regione Notts)’}.
Collision amongst Flying Teal [(Querguedula crecca) as observed near
Wivertobt Notts; details they Field, Sept. 28th, 1889, p. 476.
ANON. [not signed]. Tse of Man.

Crossbill, Loxia segrtaiees Lin. [in the Isle of Man, a rit 1889 ;
particulars give en}. Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 4, Oct. 18809, i.
ANON. Pree WwW. } ‘ Yorkshire.’
Grouse Driving v. Shooting over Dogs [compared, a ‘Vaeusnire
eeeped s views on the birds that will lie to the dog]. Field, ‘he 5th, 1889,

Anon. [signed ‘R.E.P. (Carlisle).’]. Cumberland.
priows Roosting-place for a Water ie [(Cinclus g neha ; under
eaves of verandah, ecathaele station, L. & N. W. R.J Oct. 5th,
1889, P- 504

Anon, [not — Cumberland.

Early Woodcock [Scolopax rusticola] in ser ew Nai ‘last week’ at
Holm Rosh Land and Water, Oct. 12th, 1889, p.
Anon. [signe Notts.
Osprey patel haliaétos| in Nottinghamshire [shot by George Eddison, of
Shireoaks Hall; 5 ft. across wings]. Land and Water, Nov. 16th, 1889, p. 636-
Anon. [signed ‘ = ; Lanc. S.
ng of the Pied Wagtail [(A/otaci//a lugubr #) erage Aegis at
Tunbridge Wells and at Southport]. Field, Nov 3rd, 1889,
OOPER ABRBS, BNPLY —. nee a N.E.
“(Presidential Address . the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field —
eee May 24th, 886 [Nest of Phylloscopus trochilus noted in Cho wel

ns. Northumb, Durh. and Newc., Vol. 8, Pa rt

he:
ow
b=
_
oR

wn
Pp

3, 1889, pp. 327, 336, and 341
WILLIAM G. AINSLIE.

estmor
Woodcock [Scolopax rusticola] nesting e | Westmorland at Grizedale
Hawkshead]. Field, April 27th, 1889, p : :

Henry F, a Linc. N.
Sand na toperkinds paradoxus] in Lincolnshire [three shot out, of
par testes Saltfleetby, near Louth, in Feb. 1889]. Zool., May 1889, p. 184.
F. W. A[NpREws]. Derbyshire.
Calendar of Nature, 1884 [near Burton-on-Trent ; dates given for Hirundo,
Turdus pilaris, and te oth Ann. = Bota rton-on-Trent Nat.
Hist. and Arch. Soc., for 1884, pub. 1885, pp.
Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889. 125

F. W: neh ae Derbyshire.
endar 1885 [near Burton-on-Trent; dates given for

= ro. Rane i eed, Alauda arvensis mW etmoor and Derby Road), Parus

ter = apen nhill), —— (Wetmoor), Zzrdus merula (do ak “ MUSICUS

, Erithacus (do.), Emberiza citrinella (do.), Sturnus (do.), Hirundo,

Cre (Ashby Road), ‘Sica cinerea (Derby Road), and Dentin | (Siapeniy
Pp:

Toth on-on-Tren t Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc.
1886, : ey 9
OLIVER V. APLIN. York S.E., Nott
Note on Willow bial XK oe ats trochilus) ; partly based on aitiaia
from Spurn Point, A and Rainworth, Notts, May 1887] Zool.,
March pp: ‘bet 6.

AN, Notts.
In Sherwood Forest [treating in picturesque language of the habits and
occurrence of / poe cd ee lus, P. rufus, P. sibtlatrix, a aug ulgus
europeans, egyptia Anthus triviali is Gecinus, ag rocopus major
Sturnus, Rutic tla, Colttmt ba pean Garru Corvus cornix, Sonlipar
rusticola, Linota — 5, Caccabis ant and Peis cine? Saal, Mid]. Nat.,
March 1880, pp:
OLIVER V. APLIN. Notts, Linc. N.
In Sherwood Forest [treating of cet ogg, Pratincola rubetia, Saxicola
@nanthe, Turdus torquatus, Anas » Ou erg seen crecca, Spatula,
Fuli, it lestis, Larus
ridibundus, Hydrochelidon nigra, Hirundo, otile, areca, me Uraus muUsicus,
Cuculus, Acroceph balue phragmitis, Locustella nevia, Vanellus, Capriniulgus
and Columba sina Midl. Nat., April 1889, pp. 82-86.

OLIVER V. ApL Not
lack Grouse nT (Tetrao tetrix) in oe Forest ; the old race ee
pee ‘Nat . Hist. Journ., May 1889, p.

0. V. Apii Li sdesidanice’ Northumberland.

Gargan ey “[Querguedula circia] and other Birds in Warwickshire [with
references also to its former breeding in Ne and its visiting

Tinesnshire in April]. Zool., Oct. 1889, p

H. T. Arcr Northumberland S.

Tame Bla, kh rd [ Zur dus merula, female] in the be dec Museum
[in one of the curator’s rooms]. Nat., April 1889, p.

* f. Sait ER, aioctheckiaidbell Ss.
Hawfinches [Coccothraustes vulgaris] in Northumberland Magpie shot in
early Fenny a the Tyne Valley]. Nat., April 1889, p. 1
CHARLES F. ARCHIBALD. Sai S. or W.
Dusky Redshan Kz: wanes as in Summer Plumage in Lancashire
San the Ribble mouth, i is few years ago; description and Editorial
te] ch oe
Beds SU ‘ Yorkshire.’
Mor 7 ha est the Kingfisher Laan ispida] and some of his friends
frickes based on observations in a manufacturing district in Yorkshire]. Land

and Water, Dec. 17th, 1887, p. 547.
_J- Backnousr, Jun
Black Re dstart (uti tithys] at Scarborough e al female shot

in Cayton Bay, 25th Dec. 1888]. Nat., June 1889, p
JAMES BAcKHOUSE, — York oe and Durham.
or. turalists’ Union in Upper Teesdale [Aug. 1889 ; Corvus
ax (breed aca be ee Middleton), Tetrao sep Tringa alpina, Ardea
einer ea, take t flaviros la crecca, and Motacilla seca noted ;
and at p. 291 is om che ‘fall list of 38 species ened Nat.; 1889,
—_P. 282, ‘aie Oct. 2901.

/ April 1892.

126 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1889.

JAMES BACKHOUSE, jun York S.E.
he Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Kirkham Abbey an
[Sept. 4th, 1 wi resident nd 4 migrant bi j se MUSICUS,
T. merula, Erithac Accentor, Motacilla lugubris, Trogl Ss, Paru
ceruleus, P. britas nnions, opps oa po Certhia, Fringilla calebs, Pyrrhula,
Emberiza citrinella, rone, C. monedula, Garrulus, Columba
palumbus do, and

Ga ae Pirlscpus ‘colby bit ita, P. sibilatrix, Hiru n
Cotile]. Nat., Nov. 1889, p
MATTHEW BaIL York S. .
orpaez ey Bird-n otes [Zurdus musicus, T. merula, T. iliacus, T. pila
auda arvensis, Plectrophanes nivalis, Archibuteo, and Syrrhaptes, otedh
Pp. 24.

Nat, Jan. I
MATTHEW BAILey. York S.E.
rakertson ry Bird-notes andi vacate yak Caccabis rufa shot, emigra
tion of Corvus Phir. of Anser albifron nadensis, arrival of Ruticilla,
Saxicola,and Turdus Vorguatie: departu re NG ‘Scolopas rusticola and occurrence
of Lantus aca Nat., May 1889, p. 130.

MA1THEW BAILEY. York S
Flamborough " Bird- Notes [arrival of Sylvia cinerea, Cuculis, Main 2
atricapilla, Ruticilla, and occurrence of a fifth Lanzus "excubitor this season].
176.

Nat., June 1889, p. 1

MATTHEW BAILEY York pres
lamborough Rird. Notes [anent eg hie of spit curvirostra, Lar
pane Puffinus anglorum, Lomui Alca torda, Fratercula, ree

d

Columba livia, and | lepartre of Sasita soe Ruticilla phenicurus, an
Hirundo). Nat., Oct. 1889, p.
MATTHEW Ball York S.E.
Flamborough " Bird-Notes Sega occurrence of three apr res
Procellaria pelagica, Fulmarus, Larus minutus, Gidemia ag SCO. na
sabinit, ahs arrival of Scalapin. rusticola|. Nat., Nov. 1889,
Ww. S. BAILEY. Boe of Man.
eM le, Castletown Coast, Jan, 22nd, rit
d of 7% pene canescens, in ne iy a Man]. Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 2
1. 33-

Aol 1889,
W. S. Balry. Isle of Man.
rni 8 he Notes, April ane bestia Sousa inne Saxicola ewnanthe,
ernicla by ee 3 Limosa lapponic as Oidemia nigra, Podicefs

griseigena, Corvus frugilegus, Tringide Cotile, “7; ringa aincas. Strepsilas
Numenius P gpa W. argu — 2 ae ved @salon, Tadorna co ornuta, Cre.
Ardea alba rylle, potted Redsha ree “7 colopas Aetoted.
Pouour "Yn eel f ope No. 3, July 18809, i. 3°
W. S. BarLey. 7 of Man.
anx Natural History and An Society [ Machetes —. ti toe
one shot roth Kg 1889, at sea, rains) Research, Nov. 1889, p 115.
Hucu G. Barc Cherietead
Protection of Wild Birds on the Farne Islands [with balance sheet and
notes on all the sup noted as breeding in 1888]. Land and Water,
Sept. 29th, 1888, p. 377.
Hueu G. BARCLAY. Chevi srg

acrura
Phalacrocorax ca mollisstma and Rissa). Land and ,Water,
Dec. 7th, 1889, p. Sars Tela. Tee. 28th, 1889, p. 913. ance

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889. 127

. BEAUMONT. Cheshire.
Crossbills [Zoxia curvirostra] in Cheshire [a flock of about twenty ns =
outskirts of Delamere Forest, Jan. 22nd, 1889]. Nat., April 1889, p. 1
THomas Biounrt. York ra w,
unt’s Yorkshire Tenures [at Adwick-on-Dearne, keeping hawks;
Tinsley, the same]. Yorksh. Notes and Queries, Part 11, April 1888, ty
2if oe

E. T. B Cumberland, Meriecapenne Yorkshire.

pie Notes on the Birds a during ges year: ooting and

collecting in the British Islan he Peregrine Falcon [(fal/co

per - Somali spe to its J peter n sea- birds i in 5 ae nese » Cumberland,
Yorkshire, etc.]. Land and Water, April 9th, 1887, p. 342.

F. Boygs, York S.E.

Pallas’s Sand Grouse [Sr rhaptes paradoxus].— isclaimer [as to an

congas occurrence of nest and young at Whicneat’ Field, Feb. 9th,
1099,
F, Boy Es, i.
The Nightingale [Dax/ias /uscinia] in East Yorkshire [in ee at Beverley,
South Cave, and Cherry Burton]. Field, May 25th, 1889, p
F. Boyes. pay N.E.
sie seed [pied] of the Ring Ousel ahagttert torquatus) [shot by H. J. R.
ase on his moors near Whitby, Aug. 13th; description given]. Field,
ae 31st, 1889, p. 325.
F. Boyrs,
Migration of the Whimbrel [(Vumenius fPheopus) in unusual number over
Beverley the present autumn]. Field, Sept. 28th, 1889, p pene
r. ib ES, k S.E.
ssbills [Zoxia si ay in East Yorkshire [at Beverle By
‘Cale palumbus, C. anas, Parus ge gee Coccothraustes Calais: (a
requent visitor), Phyllose ops cg vix flammea (breeding) also
noted]. Field, Sept. 28th, 1889, 6.
F. Boyes. York S.E.
Great Spotted Woodpecker Lage ee a ear Hornsea ; ph ~~
Riding pee stated in corre nchbald’s record of on -
E. H. H. Blagg follows ths a peri as es its sex]. Field, Sept. oeth:

York S.E.
Spotted Crake [(70:zana maruetta) breeds near Beverley in small wep
d has occurred in some quantity of late]. Field, Oct. 12th, 1889, p.

F. rn York o:

Little tints [7yinga minuta] in East Yorkshire [rather numerous on the
coast this vibe, Field, Oct. 12th, 1889, p. 524.

F. Boyes, York S.E.

Arrival of Redwings “ys iliacus) near Beverley; 1st Oct. 1889).
Field, Oct. 12th, 1889, p.
F. Boys. York S.E.
Arrival of Goldcrests [( Regulus cristatus) near oct ten days earlier
than usual; date not given]. Field, Oct. r2th, 1889, p. 524 :
Wm. E. Brapy. York S.W.
Feed of the Rough-legged Buzzard Jeet lageptis) 5 3 one shot at
essecar, Tice Nov, 21st, contained a Mole ear Barnsley in 1876
hi a 2 Rat), Nat., Jan. 1

128 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1889.

ARTHUR BUCKLEY. York pate
Singular Injury to Grouse [(Zagopus scoticus) shot at Bowes ; feathers of
lower j igh thrust into mouth through a hole under tongue]. Field, Aug. i,
1889, p. 278.

j. J. Chitiewer. Durham.
he Quail aie nix ren age at Hartlepool [one picked up, 4th July].
sais — Sept. 1889, p

ent Cumberland.

A Hr * three or four nahn and Geese [Bernicla leucopsis] .
ree on the Solway, at the es of the river Waver, Oct. 19th [1889].
. Hist. Tiaras Nov. 15th, “1889. p- 156.
Be fs Caren

York S.W

mmer Birds [in ‘South th te cceiel ; Phylloscopus rufus,

‘April on Field, April 13th, 1889, p. 506

Basit. CARTE k

The Stockdove agers re double-brooded [at Masham ; dates pineal

ae oe 2Ist, 1889, p. 4

BASIL York

Is the poe ae [Steurnus vulgaris] sie ttre ? [discussed from obser-
tions made at Masham]. WNat., Dec. 1889

js Paice Yo rk N.W. and Mid W.
Arrival of Summer Birds [at Mas ; Phylloscopus suites March 26th].
Field, April 13th, eae . 506. (Frigid F sepidar ah April r4th]. Field,

Diy zoth, 1889, 56 by. [Chelidon, April 22 ‘eat Coti Ye ei 22nd ;

Lloscopus trols, April 19th]. Field, 7th, 1889, ei
Fee ty Ma ay I Crex, April 28th; Rut: ie shan aie US, re a 4 sth;
fis Poi zdo, April spall Anthus trivialis, April 20th}. Field, May 4th, 1889,
p. 640.

G dah gaa Cheshire.
Dead Swans [( Crenns: ge nega in Cheshire, not far from Capenhurst].
Field, April 27th, 1
Yo se N. E ike. i Cheviotland, Northumberland S.,
ABEL CHAPMAN. urham, Cumber land.
Bird-Life of the Borders. Records lt hoe Sport and Natural History
on Moorland and Sea London : Gurney and Jackson
1889 [8vo. pp. xii + 286 and 56 woodcuts ; a most interestingly written
book, in whic dealt with—Spring-time on th e Moo rrival
of the Spring ig with some observations o1 on n Migration ; Bird- ‘life o on ae
Moors in Early S spring ; 3 Bird- life on the Moors in May; Summer on the
Moors; a Summer R ; Some Re Dallactinos of ‘the Twelfth’:
Notes on Grouse and the Grouse- Disease ; Bird-life on the Moors in August ;

ALFRED C. Cae : Northumberland.
ss Duck oe reaggnt inland [on a small loch in North-
umberland, 5 male shot, Oct. 30th, 1889; "fi li
eristala oat Aralle goth Giang aucion, Anas boschas, Ouerquedula

crecca, and Barve Field, ee 21st, eps 888.

Naturalist, re

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889. ‘129

R. W. CHA is
[Emberiza cio caries taken at Flamborough Head, Nov. 1886]. ee Nat.,
ec 95 P
W. E. Clarke. York: S.E.
bone of the Ruff [(Machetes pugnax) ; one in Leeds — “erg 18775
obtained near Withernsea, Jan. 2oth, 1889]. Nat., March 1 Pp. 79.
W. acts CLARKE. oie Oe
A Yorkshire Bird [Zmberiza citoides Brandt] new the ne ropean
avifauna? [one obtained at Flamborough Oct. 1887]. N Ps Marek 1889, p. 79.
W. EaGLe CuarKe. York S.E.

the Occurrence of Emberiza cioides Brandt in Yorkshire [at
Se Nov. 1886; now in coll. R. W. Chase]. Nat., April 1889, p. 1is.

W. E. Crarx York S.E.
[Ss “oi rusticola at Spurn Head on April 16th, a tiie = coloured

bird th autumn immigrants]. Nat.. May 1889,
W. EacLe ene York S.E.
The Date of tis Occurrence of Emberiza cioides at hee eg nc
(discussed, and Saunders’ ae discussed and corrected]. at.,
1889, p. 334. ee to be Noy. 1886; eviddact and full facrtiellars
given]. Nat., Dec. 1889, p. 356.
W. J. CLARKE. York N.E.

Reported Nesting of the Redstart [Ruticil/a pent urus] in December
(1888, a t Hackness, near Scarborough ; Editor suggests it was a Wren].
06.

ool., Mare
(Lorp] Cuirron. Yorkshire.
oodpecker Se iguslatagd anger carrying off acorns and chestnuts [in
East Kent; with no 2nd Sept., 1889, i the date of the bird’s
seal in Y orkbire). * Fed Ney. gth, 1889, p. 667.
[Lorn] Ciirtro York S.E.
Tre barved | Cr ossbill seri bifasciata C. L. Brehm] in Yorkshire [one,

immature, shot near Ea asington, Holderness, Aug. 12th, 1889]. Field,
Dec. 7th, iy ip: Sag

E. Mave Cor York Mid W.
— hanks in otanus elmo breeding near York [in the parish of Ryther,
company with Vamnellus ; “et es bly on account of being disturbed at

Suen Nat., Aug. 1884,

Yor SE. ¢
Little Gull [Zarus mint) in — [killed at end of Oct. 1889, four,
immature]. Field, Nov. 16th, 1889,
Joun Corpeavx. York N.E. & S. E., ‘Duthm., Cheviotld., Cumbld.
Report of the Committee, consisting o of [six names
mes obtaining . . . observations on the Mi igration o Birds at
Lighthouses and Lightvessels . . . [noting 7ringa subarguata at —
and Spurn, 7. mdnufa on the coast, with dates, Scolopax rusticola at Sea >
Carew, Sept. 19th, @demia fusca, @. nigra, and yrttders ges Cagis te in

(pub. 1889), pp. 146-149.
UX,

Goxhill,
Pa piling a fate ko a0 secs eae a nn iss. Siege
forty]. Zool. , Jan, 1 1889, p
Joux Coxpravx. York $.E., Line. N.
Notes from the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Coasts in the Autumn of
Cmeoig Puffinus anglorum, Corvus cornix, Turdus vert Totanus a
Y 1892

130 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889.

Ti pike i maculata, Scolopax rusticola, Regulus cristatus, Lars 07. Bubo,
arus glaucts, Podicep s cristatus, Turdus S pilaris, Plectrophanes nivalis,

Vi nellus, Linota pried ostris, Pratincola rubicola, Hiru ndo, Strepsilas,

— Sg hagas icorax griseus, Ti supose Suscus, and Cypselus}. Nat., Jan.
9, stg

JouNn Corp Linc. N., York N.E. and S.E.
Birdnotes rn the Humber District [anent Vz sais inluegate atactes at Marsh
l (first Line. record), Sco/o, ae Ri ci Chelidon at Whitley, and

1889, p. 44-

iia be pugnax at Sunk Island]. s bebs
JouHN CoRDEAUX. L
Nutcracker [ Vucifraga caryocatacte. 1 {at Mumby Chapel,
Nov. 6th, 1888]. Nat. Hist. Journ., al I ws ste he 32.
JoHN CoRDEAUX. k S.E., Line. N.
Ornithological Notes from N.E. Lincolnshire snd Snide, rness —
Fuligula ferina, F. marila, Sige ee iap Machete. Tadorna cornuta,
Gallinago celestis, Plectrophanes nivalis, Botaurus salar Syrrhaptes,
Charadrius pluvialis, and Limnocryptes Nat., May 1889, 129-130.

JoHN CorDEAUX. oe fg? Chev: iotland, York 5, S and n. E. fear?
i d

great flight in Autumn 1888, and notes ‘ort oe we we years, in detail ;
includes one or two notices of # and Aszo br achyotus). Field,
July 6th, 1889, p. 7; July arth; p. 1224 fei nie 3rd, p. 185.

ens, ago
lydrochelidon nigra, Machetes, Helodron om Totanus glareola, Tringa

JouN aapecsed Linc. N.
A Day am t the Birds on the a Coast [noting pl apis
Sterna sa es arus Su wescus. 2, Rissa, Stercorarius crepidatus,
Hematopus, Strepsilas, Tringa saimtas: Hivialitis’ hiaticula, Tringa alpina,
Totanus calidris, Squata rola, Limosa, Numenius pheopus, N. arquata,
Ademia nigra. Mareca, : Pajttus musicus, Erithacus, Plectrophanes nivalis,
Sart enanthe, Pra 7 ee nacrura, S. J
Ouerquedula crecca, Totanus canese — go calestis, Sterna minuta,
subar

arguata, T. m mirttt Oriolus galbu wa Opi Verops, Nucifraga, Lanius
egy and Dendrocopus major x to as seen then or ° formerly].
Pins 21st, 1889, pp. 415-41 oe
J. icaee Chevio aa, Northumberland S., Durham
[Review a Bird-Life of the Border By Abel Chapman [wi
numerous scraps of information ealied from the book on various bindsk
Nat., Oct. 1889, pp. 315-320.
JoHN CorDEAUX. Linc. N.
Is the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Double-brooded? [question discussed
and observations at Great Cotes adduced]. Nat., Dec. 1889, p. 367.

J. C. C[Revrrn]. “Isle of Man.
‘*Snipe” [(Gallinago i its occurrence, breeding, and ation in
the Isle of Man, briefly stated]. Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 4, Oct. 1389, i. 112.

L. Morey Crossm Cheviotland.

ookery [of Pires Srugilegus| on Holy Island [commenced this year,
never known before ; 15 nests on low trees]. Field, Ap. 13th, 1 sy p- 506.
F. Curtis. k N.E.
York, Bootham, Natural History Club [flock of Vanellus 7 pate
Oct. eet Corvus cornix over Clifton Ings, Nov. 2nd], Nat. Hist. Journ.,
Dec. 15th, 1889, xiii. 168.
CHARLES DIxon, Yorkshire.
Our Rarer Birds [not seen ; contains Yorkshire records].
€. WoLLEY-Dop. eshire.
e Nightingale [ Dandine Juscinia| in Wales [and at Edge Hal eo as,
Cheshire]. Field, May 25th, 1889, p. 754. [ ee : atur ai

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889. 131

H. Dry Cumberland.
Long-tailed Duck [Hare/da nslariehels in Cumberland [a male in full beaeee
plumage, caught on a mo am a an Fells above Renwick (nea
Kirkoswald)] Field, Tone ah £889, P
R. Duncan, Northumberland S.

The Birds of Newcastle-on-Tyne Town Moor [a list of no less than 112
species, wi og remarks on their relative abundance]. Nat., July 1889,
pp. 213-2

D. ee.

Note on the a test seen - Nest House, Felling Shore, in May and Jun
1884 (viz. :— Passer domesticus, Ace entor, shi indi ce eri nga whas nelle
Motacilla lapubris, fe sie musteus, T. 1 da (these absent), S¢urzzs,
Cuculus, Rissa, Larus fuscus, L. gc he ia oe wink cswntegigd Nat.

ans. North umb. Durh. and Newc., Vol. 8, Part 2, 1886, p.-219.
JOHN eae oom S.

Goshawk [Astur Leste tana, and oi new: [Athene noc ~ in Linco
shire [localities ated, presuma ar fro ate n; Wild Sean
(Cygnus tay Bor - Cowbit]. Field Marck pat ag

Epwarp D. Fisu. Chathive.

Birds and Insects in ee to Agriculture [a paper in which the nse of
Cheshire farmers in destroying Passer domesticus is criticized]. Liverp. Sci.
Stud. Ass. Ann. Rep. for 1887- 88, pp. 23-26.

FoR. oe D. York Mid W.

Is the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) say sae eomahe ee in the light

of Bbicontions at Starbec k}. Nat., Dec.

ity of Turdus
pilaris, T. ee Gallinago ¢ deh: ‘alt al | Aahcadus,
all scarce, and Scolopax rusticola can but pre Corvus frugilegus
are abundant]. Field, Jan. 12th, 1889, p. 51.

B. T. H. Forper. York Mid W.

Feet of Peewit ( Vanel/us pig he wool [shot near Skipton,
16th August]. Field, pie. eee iio. > p-

RILEY Forrunr, York N.E.

Little Gull ee seed minutus) and Sclavonian Grebe Spd auritus) near
Scarborough [Dec. 18th and Dec. 6th]. Nat., Feb. 1889,
RILEY FORTUNE. ee Mid W.
Nightingale [Daulias /uscinia] at et Yorkshire [arrived May 12th;
song described]. Nat., June 1889, p.

, am

RILey rin UNE k Mid W.

Nightingale [Dautias Zuscinia| in Yorkshire [at aioe six or seven
lictative — also at Staveley]. Field, June Ist, 1889, p. 767.

RIL EY FortTuN York Mid W.

Hooded Crows [Corvus cornix] attacking and devour deh Salmon Son the
Yore at Mickley, Ripon, Dec. 1888 ; details pease Nat., Aug. 18

RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid a.

urious Nests of Missel Rater a [(Zurdus viscic pide descr pte : a at

irk Crag, near Harrogate, e ely of large white feathers, olay e five

years in succession of Cetiieies cuttings at ee, Coppice Nat.,
Pp. 247.

Aug. 1
RiLey Fortune, York Mid W.
Spotted Crak ane eee _ maruetta] at Harrogate [one shot 26th Ae ee
Lotanus calidris n as having again bred near Harrogate]. Nat
—_1889, p. 333.

F May 1892,

132 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1889.

R. FoRTUNE. York S.E,
Late Stay of Swifts ee ginied we at Easington, Oct. 17th, and at
Newtcn, near there, Oct. a Polpees 4 rusticola, 19th Oct. at
Easington}. Field, Nov. 108, 188 89,
Ritey ForrTUNE. York Mid W.

Is the Starling (Starnus vulgaris) ee [discussed and Harro-
gate mSccamie tate cited]. Nat., Dec. 1889, p

W. Fox Derbyshire.

Sheldrake e [7 adorna cornuta| in Derbyshire ae killed April 25th, at
Stanton rh Dale]. Field, May 11th, 18809, p.

J. H. Fryer, Sec. ‘York.’

York, Bootham. Natural History Club [notes on 7innznculus, Cotile,

white-winged Corvu 5 Srugiligus, Gallinula Sh th Columba palumbus (wo

th A rd d

eggs), Cypselus last see Aug., Hirun t. 3rd, Cheledon Oct. 3rd,
Cotile Sept. 28th ; all ‘eke York]. Nat. Hist. Sonia Nov. I 5t th, 1889, p. 151.
T. Greps, Jun. Derbyshire.
Calendar of Nature for 1882 [at Bretby, near Burton-on-Trent, dates
given for Hirani, dette ens i Ashby Road), aren *Chelidon), 7th
Ann. Rep. Burton-on-Trent N, d Arch. Soc., year ending 31st March,
1883, pp
T. Grpps, Jun Derbyshire.
Calendar of f Nat ture, 1883 [at Bretby i sig on-Trent, ; dates given
for Zurdus musicus, Alauda arvensis, indo, Collar. Motacilla yp.
A Cr, Crex, and dims (Trent, near se Baths 8th Ann
Burton-on-Trent N. H. and Arch. Soc., year ending 31st "December, 1883,
pub. 1884, pp. 22-
T. G{rpps, Junr. ]. Derbyshire.
Calendar of Nature, 1884 [near abs AN Burton-on-Trent ; dates given for
Turdus merula (Br retby Par ark), Ala TVENSTS, ante felunbns sas y);
endrocopus minor (Repton PF anion Hira oe eure ad), and Czczelus
(Bretby)]. 9th Ann. Rep. Burton-on-Tren a At mh Soc., for 1884,
pub. 1885, pp. 23-25.
T. Gftprs]. Derbyshire.
3 dar of Nature, 1885 [near Burton-on-Trent; dates given for 71 “dus

musicus, Alauda arvensis, Motactlla lugubris, Cucitlus Cr Evrithacus, as
7; oh, tag Bo (Ashby R oad)}. 1oth ou . Rep. Burton-on-Trent N. H. and
, for 1885, pub. 1886, Pp. 21-24.

T. fe BS. Labial
endar of Nature, 1887 [for Burton-on-Trent ; dates giv auda
arvensis (Bretby), —, Rong (Foremark Bottoms s), and Lah A ds ina
doe Ann, Rep. Burton-on-Trent N. H. and Arch. Soc., for 1887-88,
b. 1888, pp. 31-32.

gk | peel Junr, Dariesblie.
Calendar of ‘Natu e, 1888 [for neighbourhood of Burton-on-Trent; <ates
given for Turis marae, Hirano Agente and eee hea Rep. Burton-

Trent N. » for 1889, p.
THOMAS GIBBs. rbyshire.
el emperature on the Progress of yf geal in the
Early Months of the year [discussed, and table ae to s average,

at f hearing ein

arvensis, Sylvia rufa, Hirundo, Cuculus, and + ih in the Burton:o ah
district]. Trans. Burton-on-Trent Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc., Vol. i, 1889, 8

i ork Be & SE.
ork, The Mount, Natural History Society [at Castle ard and
Kirkham Abbey, 4th May eee 3 Ruticilla phanicurus, E on ec ere aya
“hacking fo trochilus, rs "ris gee = the school, nest of AZuse rte te A ola
hinge of garden door]. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 5th, 1889, x

i eee

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889. 133

oyna a rouse Notts
use [Lagopus aie s] Twenty-five Miles from a Moor [a hen killed at
Wallingwels, near Worksop, during a partridge drive]. Field, Nov. 2nd,
9, p
W. O. GRAZEBROOK. Lance. S. ?
_ Late Stay of Landrail [(Crex pratensis) ; one secured, 30th a 1889,
near Oakhill Park, Liverpool]. Field, Dec. 7th, 1889, p. 824.
C. S. GreGson, a Lancashire S.
The Foolish Guillemot (Colyméus [i.e. Lomvia] trotle) [one eres ae ‘in
the sea alive,’ presumably near Liverpool]. Young Nat., July 1889 154.
J. T. Gumersaty Ao S:
A Late Cuckoo [(Cuculus canorus) seen near Sankey Station, Oct. 11th].
Nat. Hist. Journ., Dec. 15th, 1889, xiii. 172.
: Yorkshire, Cumberland, Lancashire, Durham,
J. H. Gurney, Jun. Northu mberland.
The Status of the Firecrest [Regulus 5s See gel ra a British Bird
(Yorkshire, Cumberland, Northumberland and Durham, and Chaehdhive
records, all admit of more or less doubt]. Zool., May 7889, pp. 172-174.
No

J. H. Gurney, Jun. rthumberland S.
Hybrid Waterfo 1 [a Swan (Cygnus musicus Egan x C. oler male)
reared on Gosh Lake]. Zool. July 1889, p.

G. H. Caron Ha Linc. N.
Night Heron (Wpercoras eriseus| in Lincolnshire — at Tetney, 26th
November, 1 a immature]. Zool., Jan. 1889,
G. H. Caron Ha Linc. N.
viet berg ker t TN ucifraga caryocatactes| in Lincolnshire [shot at Marsh
6th November, 1888 ; first occurrence in the county]. Zool., April
« 153.

on
ALLAN B. Hatw. York N.E., Mid W,
Thirsk and Leeds N om fei ‘dus musicus, Syrnium aluco, Copwat (oni
C po wey ae at Thir Bernicla S copsis Anas boschas and Gallina
cxlestis at Adel Dam ; Pina cau Tati at Leeds — on the Wharfe ; ose
given}. Nat. Hist. Journ. , May hey 1889, p
Joun Hancock. aa rthumberland S.
— sa the Indian form of the Spotted Eagle (4 nevia, Briss.) shot
he Northumberland Coast, near Cresswell, ae Sh 1885 [measure-
fatale etc., given]. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. Durh. & Newe., Vol. 8,
part 2, 1886, p. 217.
Isaac Harpine. York Mid W.
Rare Birds in Yorkshire Sos — tnaltagess Craven Moors 3 eis Deh,
pair observed in May in n Moors haptes

Paradoxys, pair for some ditt = site ph nt near Sete, and have Be str so
bred ; lie arg given]. Wesl. Nat., Oct. 18

C. Harpw begs 8, York rk Mid W., S.W.
Spectre silts nand Hounds [treated of — o Gabble Retchet, Gabriel
Hounds; in explanation Curlews (Meenas anata and Bean Geese
(Anser sepetuns ?) are referred to]. orksh. Folk-Lore Journ., ig It,
April 1888, 200-207.
James a
Rep e Meetings of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, for the
year 1888 {at Edlingham, 30th May, no Corvus corax at Corbie or Raven
Le 2 grisola and Fringilla celebs noted, at Shawdon Hall
Corvus Srugilegus nesting i ollies, Garrulus, Syrntum, Strix, Asto otus,

in
<1. brachyotus, Buteo, Turdus torguatus, 7. viscivorus, Cuciulus, at Heath-
pool, near Kirknewton, 27th June, Xudicilla phanicurus, canes. grunt
aot Berw, Nat. Club, for 1888 (pub. 1889), Vol. 12, pp. 167-220

May 18 18

134 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1880.

TEs. N. Es

A sae me- nck Blackbird [( Zurdus pectic kept in cage at Malton, when set

at ae a mile away, returned to captivity]. Land and Water, "Sept. Ist,
1888, p. 265.

Rost. P. HARPER

Ornithological Notes oho A niawrnehs gr fet af Filey and Leeds ;
Falco peregrinus, subbuteo, Archibuteo, Circus

N.E.

cyanenus, Columba isi, g pote paiva Y lees in flocks, — marinus,

nas boschas, Mare AEdemia fusca, Ti agi if inga tata, Larus
aia (noted a een), Lomvia sie Scolopax rulliila, Puffinus
griseus, Somateria mollissima noted, and doubt as to the Bri arr ee of the

eee oes previously recorded]. gtk April 1889, pp.

J. W. Harrison inc. N..

Oystercatcher (Hematopus ostralegus| within the Bora [at Goxhill, two:
oth and 3oth, 1889]. Nat., Oct. 1889, p

J. E. Har ‘Line ® and S.

Wild- Fow! Becwal in Essex [with notes as to 4,000 birds taken at one drive
in Deeping Fen, Lincs. sf ae ad cna ae 31,200 ducks taken in one

season in ten decoys near Wainfleet (Pennant, B. Z.), and 113 ducks a/ one
time and 248 alt cee the same day, at Ashby Decoy, Lincs.]. Essex Nat.,
tive 88, ii. 163 166.

ie Harrine [but not signe Phas mrste™ Durham.

ed].
bisa oir of the late Frederick Bond [with no
including i (1848) Rohe of Af shade find ‘capil a (p. 413),
Loxia bifasctata from Brampton (p. 415), and oli no aie TRUS sed ion
Darlington np pe Zool., Nov. 1889, pp. 4
WILLIAM HEWE York.”
Ha ch ni OMES vulgaris| near York [male caught alive 19th Jan. LP
Nat., March a 89, p. 79.
WILLIAM HEWE

‘ York.”
Sand Grouse [Sette gional oe York [three in his er :
sixty Yorkshire en ter]. oe ee

repeated in Nat. Hist. pret i Mas Tet 1889, p
Se HEWET" Yor .
Gro’ did (rhea paradoxus| in Yorkshire eee York and near
‘every, June 1888 ; description]. Zool., March 1889, p. 108.
i a ia ree York N.E.
Na History Club.—April 8th [notes on breeding of
fhe aan: Turdus viscivorus, Motacilla rati, M. lugubris and Parus
sear round York]. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 15th, 1889, p. 67.
3. F, Hits rk Mid W.-
An Im mpre gnable Domicile [nesting of ea pee in a hydrant at
York Station]. 7 Mav Hist. Journ., May 15th, 1889, p
Yorke N. E, and Mid W.
gg tural History Club [nest and 4 eggs of Aledo ispida,
ough, R. H. Sikes ye magick eggs of Accipiter nisus, Acrocephalus
piragmit vatis, Ti urdus 0, visctvorus, Passer rig passe all near r York ; breeding of
Rallus apnatcn ae crambe, A. S. Rowntree]. Nat. Hist. Journ.,
5t xiii. 85.

June 15
W. Hopson.
te Swallows [(Hirundo rustica?) seen a
chester, 1oth Nov. 1889].
—— HopcG Cumberland.
s the Starling Loser pegs Double-brood ~~ ccoeuuees | in the _
a extended experience in va and ; their increase i

s of
m also iemticnn d. and “the ne eflect of vee br on them and Turdus
musicus}, Nat., Dec. 1 Naturalist,

c. S
t Whalley Range, near Man:
Nat. Hist. ( neag Dec. 15th, 1889, xiii. Ls:

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889. 135

ABRAHAM HOoLroyp (Shipley). York Mid and S.W.
Yorkshire cone Be an’ Speyks [There’s no carrion can Ral a 2 (Corvus
corone)|. Yorksh, Folk-Lore ner Part 2, April 1888, p
Joun aa gene Sec tal ota,
Notes o observed in Hertfordshire during the year
Srhaptes ‘era the only British records from Feb. 1864 to May
1888 inc ock seen in Northumberland e ay in ae 1872]. Trans.
erts. Nat en Vol. 5, Part 5 (June 1889), p

H, Knicut Hoke IEL
Late wre ng of the Nightjar [(Caprzmulgus ee at Thornthwaite,
Sept. 2nd, 1889, probably a second brood]. Nat Ps 333-
Rogerr J. poareini RD. Paik S. and W.
a on the Occurrence of Pallas’s dog y Grouse [Syrrhaptes Ko cori :
n Lancashire [detailed particulars of all the Lancashir e (ex
occurrence known to writer ; stomach-contents,
x specimens shot at St. Michael’s-on- Wyre; total eee for fancies.
a Fe aie Tr were killed]. Zool., Feb. 1889, pp. 5

Rost. J. Hoy York S.W.
Sand Gionse sy yrr. erie Leotrertae in Yorkshire [on Manshead Moor near
odmorden, mid Jun airs, all shot ; another on the open moor,
1,200 feet alt. }. Zool., pa 1880" p 266
KE. Howarru. York S.E.
Pallas’ Sand-Grouse ae sed bre ycrmgie on the Yorkshire Wolds [at
Market Weighton; a of a flock of thirty, now in Sheffield
Museum]. Nar., Jan. . yi
E. Howarrn. Cheviotland, York S.E., Durham
Pallas’s Sand Grouse USyr dent ap search general sketch of the 1388
immigration ; ; referenc English occurrence of 1 1863 being at
hropton in Nort pabecnd: on eet May, and to its nesting in East
Yorkshire and ‘Derhine’ in 1888]. Research, Feb. 1889, pp. 131-132.
W. W. H. Hutton. Lanc. S.
The Pr che Naha of agree 2 [giving _ showing vars diminution
from 1884 to 1889 of the number of Rooks (Corvus frugtlegus) in three
rookeries near ee tps ay cae Bolton-le-Moors]. Field, April 6th, 57889, Pp. 497-
D. E. Hume York S.E.
ee [Botaur ws stellaris] on the Humber [a full- tees ane lately
mfleet Island]. Field, March 16th, 1889, p
A, oe SON. Derbys es
Uncommon Birds in the Midlands [nine Zoxia curvirostra; a Bota
insted shot se hoe Trent at Drakelow, near Burto africa lagopus

ured i le, where it committed vege "among the rabbits].

Field, veer set, 1889, p. 422 :
A. S. Hu see ON. Derbyshire.
aes f Black Terns (Hydrochelidon nigra) captured at Langley near
Derby ; recorded at foot of a note on ‘ Martens in County Kerry’]. Field,

York S.E.
he Great Grey Shrike (Zamius excuditor} in Holderness [at Arram
Hall, near Hornsea, April 1889]. Zool., June 1889, p. 234.
PETER INCHBALD York S.E.
Great Spotte d Woodpecker [Dendrocopus major] in the East $a, ari
young, sey at Arram Hall, near Hornsea]. Field, Sept. 21st, 18
JAmes INGLEBY, kk Mi pm
Notes on Nesting Sites of the Missel Thrush [(7wrdus viscivorus) near
Brimham Rocks; written in or ao Butterfield’s and Lees’ notes.
___ published in 1888]. Nat., Feb. 1889, p.
May 1892.

136 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889.

James INGLEBY York Mid W.
Crossbills tL oxia curvirostra) in Nidderdale age Hh seen in Harefield
Wood near Pateley Bridge, July 1888]. Nat., Feb. 1889, p. 52.

SMAY. erat
Some Account of the Parish of Mirfield (by Mr. Ismay), to a oa end i
Cumberland. 1755 [Wild ducks (Anas doschas), Wigeon (Mareca), Teal
(Querquedula crecca), Coots (Mulica), and several sorts 0 Wa an Hens
(Query, species) are seen about the river (Calder) in winter, especially in

great frost; the Great Speckled oi or Diver te eh us glacial is) Was

=
om

shot wae eae ae ride pee aN s the only one ~ in
this ntry 3 in ort, Woodeucks (Se pales baal wedi nipes
(Gallénago cali) Wo of eons Seek cowaagion. shapes s (Vanellus
vulgaris), Quails (Coternix en a ns | the anda (Crex
pra mee fas Water -rails (Rallus aguatictus), Re ee (Tas tliacus),

3 toast One ean , Woodpec kers ik species), “Tass \Garrutus see
e hav:

I recut d t the abe is ae a great measure
destro ved} Yor, Woes and Porte but 10, Jan. 1888, pp.

J. Ismay. York a
Sxtrasts from the Diary of the Rev. J. Ismay [of meee} 3 1745, Dec.

Ist, beri Redbreast WP gs rubecula) in song]. orksh. Not tes and
Queries, No. 10, Jan. 1888, p. 197.

EB. ce [Secretary]. Cumberland.

Wi Boys’ Asso 7 {note of breeding of Larus ridibundus at

igton

see nt ges ig Py where they have greatly increased under protection).
Nat. His hd ourn., June 15th, 1880, xiii. 85.

J. M. JEFFcot Isle of Man.
ddress of the Retiring President [gives Manx names for ght
rar a mutus, Aquila, Botaurus|. Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 2, April
I le 5

J. M. J[errcort]. Isle of Man.
4 reg es [( ge ed wy their Migration, ipcar arse oe fir email
n the Isle of Man]. oar Manninagh, No. 3, July 18
J. J. DuNNINGTON Jerasox ‘York
Great Plover or Thick e [Bdicnemus scolopax] near York [one

‘es. mbe Saat here’ Ga tee t Priory, writer’s residence)]. Field, Jan. ort
p- 27.

F. P. JOHNSON. Cumberland.

Weight of Woodcocks [(Scolopax etal) a shot near Brampton
weighed just over 1 lb.]. Zool., June 1889,

P. M. C. K[ermMope). Isle of Man.
Phenological Observations [with Manx dates for Turdus meru ~ Corvus
frugilegus, Turdus aig Ego arn rusticola (Ramsey), Hirundo rustica,
Leetonia (ee g), Sula bassana (Ramsey Bay), and Pi; ay oo wate

oar, No, 1, Jan n. 188 19.
P.M. ie — Isle of Man.

sect Enemies : Wireworm [with evidence as to the value of Co

foes os oute = re oe pest, from tea observations]. Yn Lioar Mesnuinagh!
11889, Vol. 1, pp. 23-2
Fr, Mt, “ eae ODE. Isle of Man.
[Pallas’ ant -arones { (Syrrhaptes hae eg hee" in a field at Fe
he le = Bese, Jan. 2nd, 18809}. Lioar py ninagh, No. 2,
April 1889, i.
(70 be continied.)

Naturalist,

137

NOTE ON THE NESTING OF THE PEEWIT.

IN WHAT TIME DOES THE PEEWIT LAY HER
CLUTCH OF FOUR EGGS?

RICHARD HOWSE,
Curator of the Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne; and Hon, Sec. T3 neside Naturalists
Field Club, etc.

Realat the Joint Evening Meeting of the Nat. Hist. Society, and Tyneside
Nat. Field Club, April 5th, 1892.

Ar Eastertide, 1880, I made an observation on the nesting habit
of the Peewit (Vanel/lus vulgaris), which seemed entirely new, and
which, so far as I am aware, has not been mentioned or recorded
by any writer on the habits of birds in any work on ornithology.

It is, I believe, the generally accepted opinion, that all birds after
commencing to lay, deposit one egg per day of twenty-four hours.
This appears to be the acknowledged rule with regard to domestic
poultry, and also with regard to those small well-known birds whose
habits are of easy observation, but there are some rare deviations
from this rule among domestic fowls, for it is well known that some
hens lay two eggs per day occasionally, but not so regularly as to
invalidate the rule of one egg per day of twenty-four hours. Till
within a few years I certainly thought this was the general rule for
all birds, but an observation made at Easter, 1880, led me to doubt
the universality of this habit of one egg per day among the Plovers,
and to conclude that at least some of them laid their clutch of four
€ggs in a much shorter space of time than four days.

On the Saturday morning preceding Easter, 1880, I searched for
Peewits’ eggs with a friend in a small field, on the edge of an exten-
Sive moor in Redesdale. The field was very small, and sloped rapidly
towards the south, and was enclosed with high stone walls, and was
well sheltered from the cold east winds which were then prevailing.
A dozen or more Peewits were hovering about over the field, and on
Our entering it, the birds did not disperse, but kept hovering round
us, but did not cry vociferously as when they have nests or young.
We were, however, induced to think by their behaviour and their not
dispersing, that their nesting operations were begun. The field, the
lower part of which was in rigs, was regularly quartered, and carefully

Searched over, rig by rig, for a long time, with the result that only
humerous false nests, or slight depressions trodden down into the
ground by the birds, were seen. With some reluctance, after our long

138 HOWSE: NOTE ON THE NESTING OF THE PEEWIT.

and unsuccessful search, we quitted the field about twelve o'clock,
and afterwards as carefully searched the nearest part of an adjoining
field, but without success, for we did not find a single egg all day.
Out of the sunshine, the air was bitterly cold, and though there were
birds in great numbers, no eggs were to be found on the Saturday.
n the Monday following (Easter Monday), after a long moor-
land walk, we were returning homewards by the same small field,
but approaching it in a different direction, and along a road by
which we were concealed from view, and could not be seen till we
were close to it. On looking cautiously over the stone wall to see
if the birds were still there, we saw several Peewits rise from the
ground in the peculiar manner they assume when rising from their
nest. Proceeding over the wall directly to the spot where the bird
nearest had risen from the ground, we came upon a nest with four
eggs, and at short distances off we found two others, each with two
eggs. In the adjoining field, which we had searched also on the
previous Saturday, we found another nest with four eggs, and not
far off, on an adjoining rig, another nest with two eggs. That is,
in about twenty minutes on the Monday at noon we found
altogether fourteen eggs on the same ground which, on the previous
Saturday, we had searched for about an hour and a half without
finding a single egg. As we had on the Saturday examined the
ground with much care, and were certain that we had not over-
looked any eggs on that day, the conclusion was forced on us
that the nests with four eggs, as well as the others, must have been
laid within the forty-eight hours, that is, between 12 o'clock on
Saturday and the same hour on Easter Monday, if not in even
a shorter time.
As further evidence that Peewits lay their eggs quickly and in
a short time, and confirmatory of the above observation, it may be
mentioned that in Easter week, 1866, I found some Peewits’ eggs

both these eggs must have been laid since the morning of the
previous day, if not in a shorter time, for all the moors were

Naturalist,

AMPHIDASIS PRODROMARIA AND H. LEUCOPHAARIA NEAR YORK. 130

covered with snow till the middle of that day. ‘hat is, two eggs
had been laid in or within the twenty-four hours.

Peewits, as is well known, often rise from a nest containing
only one or two eggs. This seems to indicate that these birds

habit would be of the greatest advantage to the Peewit, for, the
nest being always on exposed, open ground, the eggs, if voluntarily
left uncovered by the parent bird for a short time even, would
inevitably fall a prey to the numerous gulls, rooks, and crows which
are constantly hawking for eggs over the moors in sprin

Oo the more migratory species of this family, which have to

travel such immense distances for t urpose of nesting and
rearing their young, this rapid habit of laying their eggs and
incubating them would be of special service, for m hese

irds leave our shores late in spring for their breeding-grounds,
often within the Arctic circle, the young of some of them returnin
as early as August, and the others in the early part of September,
on their.journey back to the north of Africa, or further southwards ;
the whole process of nesting and rearing their young, and the
passage of many thousand miles to and from their winter quarters
having to be accomplished in three or four months. ust b
evident from these facts that the shorter the period required for the
purposes of incubation and rearing their young, the greater would
be the advantage to the Plover family.
Since the above observations were made, I have not had an

Opportunity of confirming their correctness, or otherwise rectifying
any error in the observation. I have, therefore, given this rather
long account of what may seem a very trifling matter in bird-life,
but which, if substantiated, would be of considerable interest, in
the hope that someone with ample opportunity may further investi-
gate this question, and establish the exact time in which the Peewit
and other Plovers lay their clutch of eggs.

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

Amphidasis prodromaria ae Hybernia leucophearia near York.—
Whilst caeoe ine in Sandburn Wood, near Y¥ 8% on the 38th. es. about
a.m., bars a male 228 female e specimen of the Great Oak Beauty (Amphidasis

strataria H = prodroma sare; in copula. They were at rest on the
oak-tree. ne ae hasta about 100 eggs, of a pale greenish ro ig erie
Species is of ra urre in the neighbourhood of York, and I see on con-
sulting Mr, Porrit’s Tist of ‘Yorksh ire Lepidoptera, that it has only ni recorded
from this district once previously, viz., by the late Mrs. Thomas Wi

n the same eh I — = specimens of Hybernia leucophearia 5 Gaciaing a
couple of specimens of the var. marmorinaria Esp.). These were obtained by

Searching the boles of Sg he, —W. Hewett, Howard St., York, 4th Ap., 1892.
May 3892. 1892.

140

NOTES ON THE GREAT CRESTED GREBE.

F, B. WHITLOCK,
Beeston, Notts.

Tue Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus) is best known on the
Trent as a bird of tolerably frequent appearance in the autumn
months of the year, being seldom met with in breeding plumage,
though it nests on neighbouring private waters, where it is protected
I was therefore agreeably surprised on rounding a sharp bend of
the river, to row my boat almost between a very fine pair.
I approached as quietly as possible, following the male, but could
not get nearer than thirty yards before he dived, to reappear again
about thirty yards below me, so that he must have passed very nearly
under my boat when he dived. I noticed that birds of this species
seem to have the power of nearly submerging themselves before
diving, so that when they disappear entirely, they only have to roll
forward, the dive being accomplished with the greatest ease and
without any noise. I several times saw this pair travel for quite
seventy yards entirely under water. In diving to escape observation,
they did not appear to go very deep, as I could trace their course on
one occasion, by the eddies formed on the surface of the water. as
they passed beneath. After following them a little way down the
river, they both took wing, rising from the water rather awkwardly.
Two days later I again met with one of this pair, but this time the
bird appeared to have been put up by an approaching barge. I was
greatly surprised to see what a powerful and sustained flight this
species is capable of, even in the teeth of a strong east wind.
n the wing, the Great Crested Grebe has a peculiar appearance,
. the head and neck being stretched forward to their fullest extent, and
the peculiar feet extended behind, so that the bird appears to possess a
broad expanded tail. The white on the underparts is very conspicuous
during flight, as are the white feathers of the wings. The only note
I heard was a gutteral call of the male, which sounded like ‘Kitk Kuk.’
April 10th, 1892. a

NOTE—ORNITHOLOG Y.

_ Sheldrak e Solway.—It is interesting to note the increase of the
Sheldrake (7Zadorna cornuta) in some parts of the Solway district owing to the

their breed The nest is formed of down plu from the breast of the
duck, and is ed in a variety of situations—under a piece o i

hole, in a depress the ground, under t oot of a blown-down tree, under
a mass of sticks or hazel cuttings, etc., left in woods. ir metimes nest
several miles awa the sea, and when the young are hatched they are led by
the parent birds in the early morning to the nearest st ; ing the
course of \ = € sea is reached. Several ti ve I en red the families
on these jou x A ape about 4 a.m.—J. J. ARMISTEAD, Solway Fishery,
Dumfries, pena § 4 “Naturalist,

ne turalist,

141

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES, FROM REDCAR
for i TE9T+p2.

THOMAS H. . NELSON, M.B.0O.U.,
Redcar.

Marcu 1891.—As is usually the case as soon as the close-season
commences, Golden Plover (Charadrius pluvialis) assembled on the
low lands near the coast ; a N.E. gale and snowstorm on the 8th
March brought down these birds in large flocks, as also numbers of
Wood Pigeons (Columba palumbus). The snowfall continued until
the 11th, and small birds were hard pressed for food, but by the
13th the fields were clear once more. On the 2oth the first
Wheatears (Saxicola enanthe) and Whinchats (Pratincola rubetra)
made their appearance. Pied Wagtails (Aotacilla lugubris) were
also noted.

n the rst April a Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps griseigena)
and three Red-throated Divers (Colymbus septentrionalis), in full
plumage, were seen near East Scar. Early in this month Cormorants
(Phalacrocorax carbo), which leave this district in winter, were
observed flying backwards and forwards from the cliffs S. of
Huntcliffe to the mouth of the Tees, the white patch on their thighs
being distinctly visible. 8th.—Strong E. gale and rain. Several
Woodcocks (Scolopax rusticola) were on the sand-hills, probably
awaiting a favourable opportunity for crossing the sea on their
return to the breeding-grounds in the North of Europe. During
the easterly gales, which continued up to the 13th, there was
Considerable mortality amongst Puffins (/vatercula arctica) and
Guillemots (Zomvia troile), many of each species being washed up
on the beach, the former all being in winter dress, whilst the latter
had assumed the brown head and neck indicative of the breeding-
plumage. 22nd.—A solitary Shore Lark (Osocorys sernaideae was

27th.—Swallows (Hirundo rustica), House Martins (Chelidon
urbica), and Sand Martins (Coti/e riparia) arrived in considerable
numbers. Ring Ouzels (Zurdus torguatus) were noticed on
the Cleveland moors. On the 30th a Landrail (Crex pratensis)
was picked up in a field near Guisbrough. On the 28th
I found several newly-formed Ring Dotterel (Zgialitis hiaticula)’s
nests, and on the 3rd May one of these contained the full comple-
ment of four eggs. I observed the first Redshank (Zofanus calidris)’s -
nest, with four eggs, on the r1th. Sedge Warblers (Acrocephalus
Phragmitis) were heard and seen on the 5th, and, on the same date,
several Terns, probably Serna macrura, were passing at sea to the
May 1802,

142 NELSON : ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM REDCAR.

N.W. Between this date and July there is nothing worthy of remark
to note ; during the latter half of July a few Whimbrels (Vumenius
inotns) were to be seen on the foreshore, and their musical cry
might frequently be heard in the neighbourhood of the estuary.
These birds are invariably the first to arrive of the winter, or rather
autumn, migrants, and I have occasionally noticed them during the
first week of July. On the 31st a Fulmar Petrel (Famarus glacialis)
was picked up on the sands, having apparently died at sea and been
washed ashore.

Aug. 7th.—Curlews (Mumenius arguata) passed overhead at
dark, calling loudly, and on the 13th I again heard shore-birds
calling overhead about 11 p.m. ‘The next day a few Knots (Z7inga
canutus) were on the sands of the estuary, and on the 17th adult
Sanderlings (Calidris arenaria) and immature Turnstones (Strepsz/as
interpres) put in an appearance. On the 21st a Knot with the
chestnut breast of summer plumage, and a Greenshank (Zofanus
canescens) were procured. The first Bar-Tailed» Godwit (Limosa
dapponicas) was shot on the 2gth.

ept. 3rd. The usual shore-birds were fairly plentiful, Pp I shot
another example of the Greenshank. roth.—While o a boat
about 300 yards from the shore, a small flock of birds oer over
the sands; I called them within range and procured two, which
proved to be Curlew Sandpipers (Zyinga subarguata). On this and
the two succeeding days numbers of Sandwich Terns (Sterna cantiaca),
both adult and immature, passed from N.W. to S.E. They did not
hover around and fish, like their Common and Arctic cousins, but flew
straight on, as though on their migration from their breeding-places
on the Farne Islands to more southern latitudes.

Richardson’s Skuas (Stercorarius crepidatus) had been abundant
in the Tees Bay for some days, and on the 12th I noticed forty or
fifty of these pirates pursuing the Common and Arctic Terns which
were feeding on the herring ‘sile.’ Both the adult dark and light-
breasted forms of .S. crepidatus were present, in about equal numbers ;
they often hunted in couples, and I several times noticed that one
of each form took part in a chase. 20th, 21st, and 22nd.—N.E.
wind, and rain. Several flocks of ducks passed. On the 21st
a Velvet Scoter ( — Jusca) was shot whilst flying over the sands
near the Breakwate

October 1st. Mr. E. B. Emerson informed me that a Fork-Tailed
Petrel eI — was brought into the kitchen at
Easby Hall by a So far as I am aware this is only the second
instance of the occurrence of this Petrel in Cleveland in the space of
forty years, and there is little doubt that it had been blown inland

"Naturalis" eS

NELSON : ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM REDCAR. 143

from the opposite coast by the severe gales which brought so many
of these little ocean wanderers within the observations of naturalists
on the W. coasts of England and Scotland, as recorded in the pages
of the ‘Field. 6th.—Southerly gale, with rain. Many Ducks and
Larks (A/auda arvensis) passed on migration. A Short-Eared Owl
(Asio accipitrinus) was noticed. The passage of Ducks and Larks,
during $.W. gales, continued until the 12th, when Green Plovers
{ Vanellus vulgaris) and Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix) appeared,
and on the 21st there was a great migratory rush; thousands of
birds crossed from the sea from early morning till late in the after-
noon ; the flocks consisted principally of Thrushes (Zurdus musicus),
Redwings (7: zdiacus), Fieldfares (7. pi/aris), Chaffinches (Fringilla
celebs), Larks, Green Plovers, Hooded Crows, and a few Snow
Buntings (Plectrophanes nivalis); many Ducks, of various species,
also passed at sea.

‘or a few days, after this, the wave of migration slackened,
although each day witnessed the arrival of a few flocks of oversea
visitors. On the 16th, during a strong S.W. gale, a Little Grebe
(Podiceps fluviatilis), driven by the storm, sought refuge on the
platform of the railway station, where it was captured by the watchful
policeman on duty. Three Ruffs (Machetes pugnax) were seen in
a field near Redcar, and one, an immature example, was shot.
23rd.—A Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus hyperboreus) was picked
up on the sands near the Tees breakwater; this is the first specimen
I have seen in the flesh here. 25th.—A Redcar pilot brought in
a female Great Grey Shrike (Zanius excubitor) which he had taken
when two or three miles out at sea: the bird was in an exhausted
condition, and alighted on the ‘sheet,’ where it remained until the
pilot secured it. Short-Eared Owls were frequently observed towards
the end of the month, one which was shot on Redcar sand-bills on
the 22nd had been feeding upon Meadow Pipits (Anthus pratensis),
and its claws were thickly matted with the blood and feathers of its
prey. 26th.—A N.W. wind, moderate in force. Several Woodcocks
came over, and two were shot on the sand-hills. Numerous Gannets
(Sula bassana) and flocks of Ducks passed at sea. 29th and 30th.—
E. wind, foggy. Hooded Crows and Larks were migrating in large
bodies ; the Hooded Crows generally appear in greatest numbers
during ‘thick weather in October and November. 31st.—I noticed
two Purple Sandpipers vel vinga maritima) feeding by the edge of the
Shore to the E. of Redca:

Nov. 16th.—E. seed: “ttc, rain, and 21st.—N. squally, rain
Large flocks of Snow Buntings passed each day. 19th.—A
necked Grebe was shot off Redcar. On the same day sha
May sage. 1892,

144 NELSON : ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM REDCAR.

Middlesbrough taxidermist received a Spotted Crake (/orzana
maruetta) which had been shot on the marshes on the N. side
of the river. From the 18th to the 23rd Swallows and House
Martins were continually hawking about on the Esplanade and in
the High Street. (See Mr. Harting’s article on ‘ Belated Swallows’
in the ‘Field’ of 30th January, 1892.) 26th.—Three Eider Ducks
(Somateria mollissima) were observed swimming near Redcar Pier.
Although this sea-duck is very rare with us, it is quite probable that,
now it is increasing so rapidly at the Farne Islands, owing to the
strict protection afforded to it there, we may in future have more
opportunities of recording its occurrence on the Yorkshire coast.

Dec. 18th.—Frosty ; fine. An immature Great Northern Diver
(Colymbus glacialis) was shot at sea. Two flocks of Geese passed.
26th.-—-Snow Buntings came over in large flocks.

Jan. 2nd, 1892, with a N.W. gale, both Skylarks and Snow Buntings
migrated in considerable numbers, passing without intermission all
the morning, and on the 7th, with a N.E. gale and heavy snow, there
was a passage of Redwings and Fieldfares to the N.W. 11th and
12th.—N.E. gale. Great numbers of Common Gulls (Larus canus),
both adult and immature, passed to N.W. On the 12th an immature
specimen of the Glaucous Gull (Z. g/aucus) was shot close to the
town, and an adult Grey Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius) was
obtained at the Tees Mouth. 24th.—The last arrival of winter
migrants was noted. Wind S.W., light; fine and mild. Thrushes,
Fieldfares, and Larks passed all the morning, and a large flock of
Green Plover crossed about noon.

February roth, 11th, and 12th.— Attracted by the numbers of
Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) to be seen about a mile out at sea,
I procured a boat and went off to ascertain the cause of this vast
assemblage of Gulls ; both E, and W., as far as the eye could reach,
their graceful white forms were visible, many busily engaged dipping
into the water and others flying overhead, and then darting down
to pick up some object from the surface; I shot two or three
examples and found that their mouths were full of small crustaceans,
with which the sea was literally alive ; heaps of these were afterwards
washed ashore by sea-winds, and afforded a feast for Starlings and
other frequenters of the tidal line. (The crustaceans were submitted
to the Rev. Canon Alfred Merle Norman, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.,
who refers them to Authemisto compressa, a species not hitherto
observed in British seas), 18th.—A female Great Northern Diver
was shot in the estuary. 21st.—A Fulmar was found washed up on
the beach. 26th.—I saw two more Great Northern Divers and a
Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus) near the Tees Mouth.

Naturalist, >

Sn 2BWemoriam.

CHARLES SMETHURST.
‘THE year 1892 opened disastrously for the naturalists of Leeds, for
on the 1st day of January death put an end to the life and the
sufferings of Charles Smethurst. He was born at Horsforth, near
Leeds, and, being sent to work at the early age of six years, had no
‘opportunity of securing even the most elementary education, until
dater in life, when he acquired a knowledge of reading and writing.

epee ar ie

As an all-round field naturalist he had few equals, having a
practical acquaintance with plants, shells, birds, insects, spiders, etc.,
in fact, nothing in the fields or woods escaped his keen eye, but
being of a retiring disposition, none, except his most intimate friends,
knew of the stores of information he possessed on these subjects.
May 1892, K

146 IN MEMORIAM—CHARLES SMETHURST.

It was, however, as a lepidopterist that he was best known, and
to him the naturalists of Leeds are indebted for the sight of many
rare species of moths. In this branch he was a most assiduous
worker, going out, night after night, collecting the night-feeding
larvze, and sugaring the trees in the woods around Meanwood; an
for many years he was one of the most successful lepidopterists that
attended the meetings of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, when he
usually distinguished himself by making some addition to the York-
shire list—a by no means easy feat when it is remembered what a
number of keen students of this branch of natural history Yorkshire
has possessed.

It was always a pleasure to see his massive form at the meetings,
and to note the enthusiasm which lit his genial face when speaking in
homely language of his exhibits, for he had no jealousy in his hobby,
but most freely gave his hard-earned experience to all who desired,
although it was only by questioning that any idea of the extent of
his knowledge could be got.

He was an ardent member of the Naturalist Societies of Leeds,
of which a few of the first met at different public-houses, but they
seemed to be more Societies for the purchase of birds’ skins and
insects from dealers in London than to record any work done by the
members. During 1860 a Naturalists’ Society was started by a few
lovers of nature living at the east end of Leeds at the East Ward
Mechanics’ Institute. The Institute soon after came to grief, and
the Working Men’s Institute being established Rahs 1861 at the
Old Assembly Rooms, several of the members of the East Ward
Society formed a nucleus round which from time to time gathered a
first-rate society, including such men as Liversedge, Smethurst,
Todd, W. H. Taylor, J. Dixo n, J. W. Davis, etc. Of this Society
Smethurst was one of the first to join, and always contributed a good
proportion of work towards keeping alive the interest of the
Society. From that time until 1886 his activity was unflagging,
then came the accident by which he ultimately lost his leg. After
this, being unable to follow any employment, he soon became poor,
but through all his adversity he clung tenaciously to his cabinet of
insects. The crippled leg was a constant source of pain to him,
which he bore uncomplainingly until he was carried off by chronic
bronchitis on Friday, rst January, 1892, aged 63, and was buried in
Woodhouse Cemetery.

And so passed away a man who, under happier circumstances,
might have placed himself in the front rank of his science and made
himself a name beyond his own town or county.

CROSSGATES, NEAR LEEDs. Wm. NELSON.
Naturalist,

oD

147

TROUT HATCHING AT KNARESBOROUGH.

EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S.

SEVERAL causes have conspired to render the fish so much loved by
British anglers, viz., the trout, scarce. One of the principal causes.
is the pollution of the rivers by sewage and waste materials poured
into them from various manufactories erected on their banks, thus
rendering trout-producing rivers fewer in number, the remaining
rivers becoming consequently besieged by anglers and so over-fished.
Another cause may be found in the ever-increasing custom of
ignoring the so-called coarser fish for the sake of the higher art of
throwing the fly, so that the coarser fish are allowed to increase in
numbers to the detriment of the ova and young fry of the trout; but
whatever the cause or causes may be, the fact remains that it has
become necessary, in order to increase the number of trout, to resort
to artificial means of raising them. The hatchery of the Knares-
borough Angling Club has been instituted to that end. By the
kindness of Mr. J. Gavin Brown, the Hon. Secretary, and Mr. Wm.
Todd, the Bailiff of the Club, I had on the 26th March an opportunity
of inspecting the process of the operations carried on at the hatchery.
Before referring particularly to the interior arrangements of the
hatchery, it will be necessary to imagine that we are accompanying
the bailiff on his visits during the months of November and
December to the upper reaches of the Nidd, to which the gravid fish
have made their way for the purpose of spawning. By means of
nets the bailiff secures as many of these fish as possible, and with
gentle pressure causes them to part with their respective reproductive
elements of spawn and milt into a suitable vessel, afterwards
replacing the fish into the river.
Returning to the hatchery, the bailiff transfers the contents of
this vessel to zinc trays, which are arranged in gradations on both
Sides of the shed. They are each about three feet long, ten
inches wide, and four deep, furnished at the outflow end with a
perforated screen, through which the water passes into the next

with fine gravel. ‘The water-supply which has to be substituted for
the natural stream of the river is furnished from two sources. One
from the substratum of a large adjoining filter-bed, and the other
from a reservoir of unfiltered water, the object of the latter arrangement
being to afford a certain amount of organic matter such as would be
found in the river itself.

May 1892

7

148 WAITE: TROUT HATCHING AT KNARESBOROUGH.

From observations taken on the spot, by means of a standard
river thermometer, it was ascertained that the temperature of the
water supplied from the bottom of the filter beds was 41°6°, that from
the reservoir of unfiltered water 45°. Both the supplies run into

proved to be 44°. From this tank the water runs through each of the
trays successively and the temperature of the water on leaving the
last tray was found to have risen to 45°2°, that of the open river at
the same moment being 46°. The bailiff finds that from about 95
to 105 days is necessary for the artificial hatching out of the ova as
deposited in the trays.

Great care requires to be exercised on every part of the operations,
not the least important being the daily inspection of the ova with
a view to discover the presence of a destructive fungus which
frequently attacks on ae ova, thence spreading to neighbouring
ova which are ferti t is also necessary to discover and remove
infertile ova, in dee to lessen as much as possible the grounds of
the attack of this fungus.

The young fish are allowed to remain in the zinc trays until the

olk-sacs are almost absorbed, when they are removed into the
reservoir of unfiltered water, where they remain for the greater part
ofa year. By this time the fish have attained the size of a gudgeon,
and are then transferred into the river, a certain proportion being
conveyed and turned into the upper reaches whence the spawn was
first obtained, as a compensation to the Yorkshire Fisheries Board,
by whose permission the Knaresborough Angling Club is enabled to
procure the necessary supply of spawn.
he following table shows the result of visits made to the higher
reaches of the Nidd during the months of November and December
last year

ate. Males. Females. Ova obtained,

iW. 1k . 24 ie 8 oe 1,000
ys cen 43 21 300
” 14 42 32 2,500
ay a8 14 3 100
» %I9 4 3 1,000
99 26 8 5 : 15°
Pas. 13 8 1,500

Dec. x I I 15

” 4 51 19 2,300
wood 53 30 5,500
» 8 36 39 9,500
i 13 13 1,500
i 27 24 ,
se 24 I2 4,000
» 4 23 10 1,000
os 22 9 1,000
» 18 . 3 5 500
» 29 6 § 2;

Naturalist,

SAND-SCULPTURE.

T.MELLARD READE, F.G.S.,
Park Corner, Blundelisands, Liverpool.

THE sand-dunes on the Crosby coast at the present moment
exhibit an interesting phenomenon which, if it has occurred before Cj
ced. On som

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<n vertical shri at right angles to the face, has been
develo t presents the appearance of a prismatic cleavage,
extending aan pn bed to bed through the ‘ cross-beddin

of the sand. On closer examination, some of these vertical
Gikings are seen to be like the flutings of a Doric column, the
edges being as sharp and definite as any mason’s work I ever saw.
Others are like gashes cut back from the face across the ledges
presently to be described. Sometimes these gashes are wider at
the bottom than the top, and simulate miniature mountain gullies.
Between the several beds there are square ledges with loose sand
talus lying on them, so that some of the series present a remarkable
likeness to the outline drawings of the Cafons of the Colorado,
which the Geological Survey of the United States has made us
all so familiar with. In several cases these miniature cliffs jut
out from sie ledge in overhanging projections.

A careful examination shows that this apparent structure is
really no peotlice at all, but simply the result of sand-sculpture.
A very wet season, during which the sand has got thoroughly
Saturated and consolidated, has been followed by exceptionally dry
weather, with the effect of drying the surface-grains rapidly, leaving
the sand behind still moist and solid.

The slightest disturbance of the wind sets these grains in
motion, and their attrition and concussion in falling from qe to
ledge cuts out these curious forms. One of my sons very so
Showed how it was done, by climbing up a sandhill and nt
the loose sand in motion. It came down first in several big rills,
which divided lower down into scores of small rills, looking
Precisely like streams of water falling from ledge to ledge.

Striking, that I venture to think that this notice may be interesting
to some of the geologists and others who read ‘The Naturalist.’
_ April 13th, 1892.

May 1892

NOTES AND NEWS.

The Entomological oe of London continues—we are glad eo se we
increase -. _ of Fellow ie its nun gcuistacre in our Norther
istrict w e the name of M . F. N. Pierce, the Secretary of the ahcaalies

aad Sakic. ictal Society at ae expoo ool.

1 be of much interest to aaw (as we learn from Science Gossip for
March) to wee ~~ specimens can be sent abroad at the sample rate of
postage, viz., Id a packet weighing under ris unces, a concession having a
made by the Baiish Post Office, which bi not been hitherto made well-know

have ioerived the Second Volum ue pe aneecuent of the Leeds

ea
1890. The ius is a good one, and we have emi in congratulating the
Wares, ~ _ ork. An important — of the book is an article by Harold
est ructure and Life-History of a Fungus,’ ne by a care-
fally yebeertior plate, which serves as poaciaphecs to the volum
—___ 00a

are pleased to see a ‘ Preliminary list of the ecto ab -Aculeata of

taseasis and Cheshire, with aaa on the Habits of the Gen commenced in

the ‘British Naturalist’ for Janua: ita sfieties the pen of M Mr. bey “oe

part ag F.E.S., and embodies all previously pu published cnigahn including those

-of Mr. B. Cooke published i in ‘The Naturalist’ thirte en years ago, which in reality
d pec

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-deleted, inasmuch as its locality (Greenfield) i is in Yorkshir

poo,

We have received the 2nd Part, dated 1891, of ‘ An yeas of British Flies
(Diptera),’ of which Mr. F. V. Theo bald, B.A., F.E.S., is now sole a uthor, the
Hon. Cordelia Leigh having retired. a is mtr cot by. Elliot ssp This part
finishes the account of the A iptera or Flies, and heey ces the fourth
chapter, which is devoted to the Cecidomyide, a len tebe count ‘ulilg given of
the Hessian Fly and briefer ones of nine other species of Eadenerts. “The book

i

ade to record localities ; ay note, r, in jus or, that
several of th cies are from the observations of eter ld, whose
areles this respect has always been remarkably conspicuous. Pretty tull
— of life and history are given by Mr. Theobald, and in the eas and

a
That there i : vigour and no little ability among the rage ee of Burton-on-
‘Trent is eviden y the contents of the Second Volume ‘ Transactions
of the Barton.on-Trent Natural History and Archeological Society? an excellent
ublished and now

K more
general charact and Grayling, Mr. G. Morland Day includes an
account of a a Fish-atchery “a Milton, close to Repton, and Messrs. J. E. Nowers
and J. G. Wells have a most interesting Lag entitled ‘ Notes on a Salt-Marsh at

H

ing in .
per harmony with the scope of the Transactions themselves. But ar as
these articles sor room, the local work is well done, pee worthy of ee praise.

Naturalist,

FOUR NEW YORKSHIRE MOSSES;

WITH FURTHER LOCALITIES AND NEW RECORDS
FOR THE MOSS-FLORA OF UPPER SWALEDALE AND
NORTH YORKSHIRE GENERALLY.

RICHARD BARNES,
The Gardens, Saltburn-by-the-Sea.

THE discovery in an entirely new locality of four rare and elegant
species of Bryum, viz., Bryum Warneum Bland, Br. lacustre Brid.,
Br. Marratii Wils., and Br. calophyllum R. Br., will be, doubtless, of
some interest to working bryologists, since, so far as their distribu-
tion in Britain is concerned, they are confined to few stations
indeed, and to which, apparently, no recent additions have been
made; and, moreover, their occurrence in the marshes wager
the estuary of the Tees furnishes respectively, to the bes

knowledge, new records for the Moss-flora of Yorkshire sichiy,
while Br. Warneum and Br. Marratii are new to the East Coast
of England. Tod Point is situated somewhat west of Coatham,
and from this portion of the coast the estuary of the Tees is bounded
for a considerable distance by a broad tract of sandy, marshy ground
usually | known as Coatham Marshes. ‘The physical character

Southport and the two Scottish stations, viz. ., Tents Muir and the
Sands of Barrie. A careful investigation, however, was not made
until the latter part of 1891, when the pleasure was afforded me of
meeting with the rare species mentioned herein.

In the ‘ Phytologist,’ for December 1858, p. 638-643, and
April 1859, p. 104-107, there are excellent accounts by the late
Dr. J. B. Wood, regarding, among other rarities, the occurrence of
Br. Warneum, Br. Marratii, and Br. calophyllum on the sands
at Southport, in which locality, I believe, they were first discovered
as new to the Moss-flora of Britain. Many interesting incidents are
given as to the earlier gatherings of the above-named plants, which
render the two papers well worth perusing.

My sincere thanks are hereby tendered to Dr. Braithwaite, F.L.S.,
for his kind assistance in examining and verifying the species
enumerated in this list.

The sub-genus Cladodium, to which Schimper refers the present
four species, depends on the more or less imperfect structure of the
inner peristome as its chief distinguishing characteristic.

May 1892.

152 BARNES : NEW YORKSHIRE MOSSES.

Bryum Warneum Bland. Coatham Marshes, Sept. 1891.
Growing mostly in company with Bryum calophyllum. The
unusually pale straw colour of the capsule on turning to
maturity will have probably attracted the attention of other
bryologists.

Bryum lacustre Brid. Coatham Marshes, November 1891.
Occurring by far the most plentifully of the four species, and
often associated with Zyichostomum tophaceum Brid. In the
‘Journal of Botany,’ March 1888, p. 70, Rev. E. N. Bloom-
field, in his paper ‘The Moss Flora of Suffolk,’ refers to a
very early record for this species by Eagle at Wangford, 1804-

Bryum Marratii Wils. Coatham Marshes, December 1891-
Growing in much less quantity than the other three species.
It is usually stated to ripen its fruit in September, but in this
locality it does not reach that condition until the middle or
end of December.

wale calophyllum R.Br. Coatham aah October 1891.

Discovered at Melville Island on Capt W. E. Parry's
voyage. It well deserves the name hacia to it by its
founder.

The following species marked with one asterisk, are new to
Swaledale, and those with two, to North Yorkshire generally.
Systegium crispum Hedw. Saltburn Gardens.
Gymnostomum squarrosum N.&H. _ Saltburn Gardens.
With regard to this species and the above, there is some
doubt attached to their nativeness in this locality, as they
were growing near spar brought from Derbyshire.

**Weissia viridula Brid. var. densifolia Schpr. On banks
of disused lead-mines, Kisdon Force, Upper Swaledale.
*Dicranella subulata Hedw. Whitsundale Beck, Upper

Swaledale.
Cabboreen phascoides Brid. West Stonesdale, Upper Swale-

seiner tristicha Brid. This species which was recorded for
Kisdon Force, in ‘ Naturalist,’ July 1890, p. 215, has been
found to grow in great abundance on the banks of all the
tributaries of the Swale about Keld, where dripping limestone
rocks occur.

*Barbula revoluta Schwg. On walls at Thwaite and Keld,
Upper Swaledale. I have also gathered it on walls near
Hawes, Wensleydale, and in similar situations at Bowlees,
Upper Teesdale, Co. Durham.

nl Tae
Naturalist;

NOTES AND NEWS. 153

*Encalypta ciliata Hedw. Arngill, Upper Swaledale.
*Discelium nudum Dicks. Whitsundale Beck, Upper Swaledale.
*Webera annotina Hedw. Whitsundale Beck, Upper Swaledale.
have also met with this species at Wiley Cat Gill,
Guisbrough Moor.
*Bryum bimum Schreb. var. cuspidatum Bry. Eur. Swinner
Gill, Upper Swaledale.
**Bryum murale Wils. On walls, Rokeby Park. New county
record.
*Diphyscium foliosum L. Banks of Whitsundale Beck, Upper
aledale

**Plagiothecium latebricola Wils. Wiley Cat Gill, Guisbrough
or, with perfect fruit ; and also in Roxby

*Amblystegium confervoides Brid. Kisdon Force, Upper
Swaledale, October 1889. This species should have been
included in my first list of Swaledale Mosses. It was
gathered with Aeterocladium heteropterum Bruch, and was
not determined until some time after. I have also gathered
it on limestone rocks near Richmond, with fruit in fine

condition

PAcabivetewtain fluviatile Swartz. On stones in West Stones-
dale Beck, Upper Swaledale.

*Hypnum ochraceum Turn. In most of the streams in Upper
Swaledale, and growing luxuriantly where the grit makes its
appearance. I have also met with it in Wiley Cat Gill,
Guisbrough Moor, Cleveland.

Hypnum giganteum Schpr. Holwick Fell, Upper Teesdale.
Stag’s Fell, Wensleydale. I have gathered it in a fine state
of fructification at Hell Kettles, near Darlington.

Lejeunea Rossettiana Mass. It may be as well to note that
I have met with this species at Kisdon Force in similar
Situations as at Richmond.

NOTES AND NEWS.
orry to read in the March number of ‘ gprs oh a Ag a a od

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Carry on ‘tes abies, A journal like vGeeviites > is indispensable to working

cryptogamic botanists, and while congratulating Dr

we look forward to its continuance on the same lines.

that the present Editor has conducted the journal as a

accordingly, the thanks of all its sun Rie are due to him for his abaluahie arhaney
92,

May 18

NOTES—MOLLUSCA.
Testacella haliotidea at Shipley.—I have pleasure in sending age
concerning the discovery of Zestacella haliotidea in these gardens by n
: : :

I

dates for 1891, January 22nd and 29th, February 18th, pitch: 18th and rgth,
April 22nd and joth, May 6th and Sth, June 13th and 25th, August seer and
September et was much surprised to find that this Bice J could endure

in a tank into which it had fallen, for over three hours. I took it out, and after

nd one specimen in

Cypripedium which came from York the previous day, and although I looked
hess I failed to find any trace of it having travelled ipa the plage upon which the
plant stood. I was also told by a gardener, who was employed at York Nurseries
a few years ago, that he frequently found this slug ae cd ei I pee
him one I found here, and he knew that it was a carnivorous animal and h
advised me to encourage it. He also said nin Rite was the only place where he
had ever seen ei. previous to its appearance

<i pig when he says that I pee gt Fosmees a apts

a encuer of I have only odserved them, and hav all I could es
encourage this s spretieohl slug. —-EDWARD SELF, The Gateas felons
Shipley, April roth, mii

ella satahun t Horbury.—On the 3oth March, whilst e Meging @ in

Me
o whom the specimen was orm at it is otaaceblale
T. scutulum.—W. RUSHFORTH, eo Ancy, 'Wakeleld. Aon 27th, 1892.

ohne E—BOTANY.
us pseudo-narcissus still at Bullcliffe Wood.—lIt is a sears
aie t to record that the prove still occupies its old ahitat | as recorded by
Mr. "Gissing nearly 30 years ago, viz., Bullcliffe pi I found a fair number of
tg in = tit of 1891. few days ago I sent a specimen to Mr. Baker,
This the ier oa satires -narcissus,—W. RUSHFORTH,
Betas fen t Wakeheld, 1 Apri wae

The Tadpole Hake at Redcar.—On the morning of the 12th Apeil I picked
p a fish on the beach which Mr. W. Eagle Clarke confirms me in determining aS
Raniceps trifurcus, ts Fdetiivag 3 to Clarke and Roebuck’s ‘ Vertebrate Fauna of

Yorkshire,’ I fed Redcar is the only place in Yorkshire where the fish has
occurred, and t Gy is cireaes rare, only a couple of instances being mentioned,
the present nag the third.—T. H. NeLson, Redcar, April 12th,

NOTES AND NEWS.

reland has vas hitherto possessed a journal specially devoted to its own

ned History, and we are, therefore, glad to welcome the first numbe
‘Trish Natur — T his journal is to cial ois of the Royal Zoological
Society o nd, Dublin Microscopical Club, Belfast Natural His

History an
Philosophical "Societ’, Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, Dublin Naturalists’ Field
lub, Armagh Natural History and Philosophical Society, and Cork Naturalists’
€ . cor in i

fauna and the Sister Isle. Th t Pp es well,
containing articles by gaanges naturalists on Recent Additions to the List of
Trish Birds, Seaweed est C of Ireland, The Crossbill (Zox

ill (Loxta

curvirostra L.) in Teen. ‘County Dublin, past and present, and the Coleoptera

of the Neighbourhood of Armagh ; and, in addition to these, several short notes
and accounts of the Pr roceatings of the several Societies already mention ned. __

Naturalist,

155

THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE AND
ITS FOURTH YEAR’S WORK.

SAMUEL CHADWICK, F.G.S.,
Malton; Honorary — to the Committee for 1890.

THE Committee, in presenting its report at the annual meeting of
the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, have pleasure in stating that
although the year has not been so favourable so far as regards the
number of boulder reports received, yet there has been a series of
detail gone through with a view of re-arranging the method of
recording, and of sytematising a more thorough survey than has yet
been attempted, the general idea being to divide the county, more
or less, into sections (which would be placed under the supervision
of various members of the Committee, with the assistance, as far as
possible, of members and associates of the Union), by which means
they hope to be able to present a more detailed survey of the boulder
district. The boulder reports which have been received during
the year have been carefully examined by the Committee, and
duly forwarded to the British Association Boulder Committee, by
whom they have been accepted, and presented at the recent meeting
of the British Association held at Cardiff. As many of the more
remarkable boulders have now been recorded, the Committee is

Lake country. Mr. T. Tate will visit the Lake district and spend
several days collecting on behalf of the Committee. Mr. Benjamin
Holgate has contributed an extensive and important series of rocks
from the same district very carefully labelled, the localities being
affixed at the time of collecting.

REPORTS UPON ERRATICS IN NORTH AND EAST RIDINGS
OF YORKSHIRE.

8: WICK, FiG.s., :
Malton; Hon. abstr to the Committee.

1 Flotmanby Hall ... near Filey =, ... East Riding.
5 2 Flotmanby Hall. ... » Filey - ae a
I 3 Ganton nh », Scarborough ... a
2 4 . Ganton cas ys Searborough ... a
aii? § Lond + y Beverley re ee
May

156 CHADWICK: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

1. A square block of whinstone. The length is 2 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft.
4 in.x2 ft. 3 in. above ground. In the parish of Folkton, near
Filey, on the estate of Mr. J. W. Woodall, Scarborough. The farm is
called West Flotmanby Hall farm. Folkton is situated about five
miles to the west of Filey. West Flotmanby Hall is east of Folkton
about halfa mile. No striations or marks of any kind, but upon the
N.E. face of the boulder is the mark of the Government broad
arrow. The nearest district from which it could have travelled is
Kildale, in Cleveland, about forty miles west. About 150 ft. above
the sea. It is situated nearly on the top of a ridge of gravel running
N.E. by S.W., and rests upon gravel-sand and beds of clay.

2. In the parish of Folkton, on the estate of Mr. J. W. Woodall,
Scarborough, round a spring head at the N.E. side of West
Flotmanby Hall, near Filey, there are several boulders which have
been collected from the Carrs; the largest is—

2 ft. 6in. x1 ft. 11 in. x 1 ft. 3 in. Mountain limestone.

Lys Filse HR Ak Boke 4s (Ee Dionte:

E gs: 399% O3ey 2 Diy XO ys 93 a

£4 14, MO IO 4, *O-,,.S.55 Waimstone.

Ly 0 5, 60 », Sandstone.
All are ie ae to sounded “they have all been moved io their
present position. The whinstone and diorite may have come from
the west, and the sandstone from the north-west ; probably about
forty miles distant. Height about 150 ft. above sea-level.

3. Boulder of Shap granite; measuring 2 ft. 11 in. long,
2 ft. 6 in. broad, 2 ft. 1 in. thick. In the parish of Ganton, near
Scarborough, on the estate of Sir C. Legard, Ganton Hall, now forming
the corner-stone on the premises belonging to the Greyhound Inn. Is
a large Shap boulder. It is from subangular to rounded, and is oblong
in shape. There are no indications of any strize or grooving. It
has been a sort of trysting-stone for generations. An old man
remembers when he first came to the village, sixty-two years ago,
this stone was then at the junction or angle of the road, and from
this position anyone could be seen approaching the village by the
highway. It was removed across the road to its present position in
1853. It formerly stood at the north corner of the village lane
joining the highway. Height, about 60 ft. above the sea. The
formation on which the boulder rests is composed of beds of sand to
a great depth ; there is occasionally a band of rough angular flint
intermixed, but generally speaking the whole district about here is a
huge sand-bed.

4. At the west end of the same house are two ae measuring—

2 ft. 6 in. x1 ft. 4 in. x1 ft. 3 in. Whins
I ft. 3 in. X1 ft. 2in. x1 ft. o in. Ocaits sere

won

cos a Sa
Naturalist,

CHADWICK : THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 157

The one composed of whinstone is angular, the Oolitic sandstone
subangular. Both have been moved to their present position. The
sandstone may have come across the valley about six miles north.
Height above the sea, about 60 ft.

5- Boulder of grey granite; 3 ft. 8 in. long, 1 ft. 8 in. broad,
I ft. 6 in. thick, occurs in the parish of Lund, at the north end of
the village of Lund, near Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, and
about 150 yards to the north of Lund Church. Subangular.
There is no doubt but that this boulder has been removed to its
present position, although a long time ago. No striz or markings.
Probably the nearest source would be about 200 miles north.
Height, about 150 ft. above the sea.
n the parish of Lund, at the north end of the village, principally
in the village street, at the north side of the church, there are about
100 boulders, which are to be seen in the footpaths, foundations of
old houses, banks o e road, etc.; these are composed of
whinstone, diorite, hard compact sandstone, and granite, but the

6 in.x6 in. x6 in., which have been used for paving footpaths.
They are all rounded to subangular. The whole have been moved
to their present position. The nearest rock of the same nature
would be about Cleveland in the north; probably 100 miles north.
Height, about 1 50 ft. above the sea. Boulders, more or less small,
Of all sorts of foreign rocks are being continually cleared off the land
about here, and broken up for roads. There seems to be only a thin
covering of boulder clay in some parts, and underneath a great
thickness of rounded chalk gravel with flints, etc.

WILLIAM GREGSON,
Baldersbhy, Thirsk.

Nos, No. . . .
I I Freie .. near Thirsk ... North Riding.
f2 mS nt vie >
I 5 reset ne ‘5 = a

- Boulder of Shap granite in the ee street of Sand-Hutton,

‘cup Thirsk ; 3 ft. x 1 ft. ro in. x 1 ft. ro in. ; subangular ; direction
of longest axis N.N.W. and S.S.E. ; no strize ; about 98 ft. above the
Sea ; isolated ; resting on Keuper sandsto

2. Boulder of Shap granite at Barton (Yorkshire, N.R.), between
Darlington and Richmond; 1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft.; round
About 250 ft. above the sea, and resting on Keuper saridstone.
May 1892.

158 NOTES AND NEWS.

3. Boulder of millstone grit, at Rainton, near Thirsk ; 2 ft. 6 in. x
2 ft. 3 in. x1 ft. ro in.; subangular; no striz; a block of the same
nature occurs fifteen miles west, about 150 ft. above the sea ;
isolated, and resting on Reaper sandstone.

BEN). HOLGATE, F.G.S.,
Regent House, Grosvenor Road, Headingley, Leeds.

100 a Falsgrave one De Seek ... North Riding.

Group of boulders, 0° 25’ 15” W. longitude; 54° 16’ 30” N.
latitude. Falsgrave, near Scarborough, where Stepney Road turns
sharply to the right at Falsgrave. One 3 ft. 8 in.x2 ft. 6 in. x2 ft.
8 in., basalt; one 3 ft. 3 in.x1 ft. 6 in.x1 ft. 6 in., red granite. Two
of nearly the same size of lias, and numerous others down to the
smallest sizes. About 130 tons have been carted away for road
metal. Generally rounded, but a few are subangular. All have
been moved. Striations in large boulders in all directions. They
are from all directions and different distances, and represent different
formations, but many are igneous or metamorphic. Say 27 per
cent. various; 12 per cent. some twenty kinds of granite and
syenites of different colours; 4 per cent. gneiss; 12 per cent. basalts,
various ; 8 per cent. quartzites; 2 per cent. greenstones ; 4 per cent.
volcanic ashes; 12 per cent. mountain limestone; 1 per cent.
millstone grit; 6 per cent. lias; 5 per cent. oolite; 5 per cent.
pisolite ; 1 per cent. chert; 1 per cent. chalk flint. Height, 200 ft.
above the sea, and covering an area of 150 yards x 20 yards. They
are embedded in glacial drift, evidently slightly pervious. Some
water must have percolated through the clay, acting chemically on
some of those most easily thus acted upon. In some cases the iron
has been turned brown, but there has not been a free passage
of water through. _In levelling the road in question in no case have
they gone more than 6 ft. deep; thus all were near the surfac

The Secretary will always be glad to supply schidules for the
purpose of recording observations upon erratics, or in supplying any
information that from time to time may be require

NOTES AND >

lence of ita magazine, the ‘ Merchant Taylors’ teu, : of which we have secaived
a copy of No. 5, for Ae pg containing an interesting r ya
Lyell Reade (son of our well-known geological con butor), entitled ‘A few

information on classification, but Pe gr it is a most interesting ak hed —
o thei
its and relative frequen

N aturalist,

159

THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE
AND ITS FIFTH YEAR’S WORK.

THOMAS TATE, F.G.S.,
Leeds; Honorary Secretary to the Committee,

Durinc the two years that have elapsed since the lamented decease
of Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., the work of this Committee has been
successfully prosecuted, especially in the North and East Ridings.

In the autumn of last year, the present writer was commissioned
to make a collection of such Lake Country rocks as, by the
possession of individual characteristics, are capable of prompt
identification. Mr. B. Holgate, F.G.S., has also contributed an
important series of rocks from the same district, very carefully
labelled, the localities having been affixed at the time they were
gathered. This collection of parent rocks will shortly be accessibie
for the definite recognition and determination of boulders by
comparison therewith.

As many of the more remarkable boulders have now been
recorded, the Committee are desirous of obtaining systematised
information upon the erratics of particular districts in Yorkshire, and
will, in the course of next year, endeavour to obtain reports of
a more connected description from local investigators.

They will gratefully accept help in this new departure from
willing workers, if they will kindly communicate with the Honorary
Secretary (Thomas Tate, F.G.S., 5, Eldon Mount, Leeds), who will
gladly give any further information.

Appended are the reports as presented to the Boulder Committee
of the British Association by the late Honorary Secretary, Mr. S.
Chadwick, F.G.S., Malton.

SouUTHBURN, ParisH oF KirKBURN.—In the township of South-
burn, parish of Kirkburn, on the estate of Mr. J. Walker, about a mile
S.E. of Southburn Church, a large number of boulders have been
moved to their present position. There are no striations visible.
There are specimens of whinstone, mountain limestone, red granite,
ete., etc., in the yard, among heaps of stones; most of them are
from the North. The greater proportion are whinstone; they are
about 100 ft. above sea-level. The boulders have been collected
from the adjoining land and used for paving the yards.

SoutHBuRN.—In the township of Southburn, parish of Kirkburn,
about a mile S.E. of Southburn Church, in a stackyard occupied
by A. Foster, Esq., is a boulder. It is 32 in. x 22 x 19, lying close
to the roadside. It is subangular, nearly black, with rough granules
May 1892.

160 TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

like diorite or coarse whinstone. It was found imbedded in the
foundation of some old thatched cottages, and is about roo ft.
above sea-level. There is no photograph of it. It rests upon
chalky gravel.

2. In the township of Southburn, parish of Kirkburn, on the
farm occupied by Mr. A. Foster. At the north end of the farm-
house is a boulder 2 ft. 8 in. long, 1 ft. 5 in. broad, and 1 ft. 3 in.
out of the ground. It is rounded but oblong. On the inner side
are fine grooves, varying from g in. long, } in. broad, } in. in depth,
all running in the direction of the longer axis. It is whinstone, 100
ft. above sea-level. It is not a boundary stone; there is no photo-
graph of it; the boulder is at the end of Mr. Foster’s farm, and
rests upon a bed of gravel.

LowTHorPE.—1. In the parish of Lowthorpe, quarter mile N.W.
of Lowthorpe station, N.E.R., and 40 yards east of Lowthorpe Road.
2 ft. 2 in. x1 ft. 8 in. x1 ft. 3 in., subangular, has been moved to
present position ; no ice-markings; whinstone; about 50 ft. above
sea-level ; resting upon boulder clay.

2. Within a radius of 40 yards is a group of boulders of red
sandstone, mountain limestone, estuarine sandstone, and whinstone.
Several of these have been taken out of the adjoining fields during
the last ten years, and are now resting on boulder clay at about
60 ft. above sea-level. In no case do they show any traces of ice-
scratches.

ScaRBOROUGH.—In the parish of Newby, on the north side of
Scarborough, estate belonging to the Burial Board, and now used as
a cemetery, about half mile west of the coast and 100 yards east of
the Scarborough and Whitby Railway. It is 4 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 2 in. x
2 ft. 9 in., subangular, has been moved; there are no ice-marks ; hard
compact sandstone resting on boulder drift about 50 ft. above
sea-level.

ScatBy (NortH Ripinc).—In the parish of Scalby (near
Scarborough), Dr. Rook’s estate, about 14 mile west of the coast
and half mile east of the village of Stainton Dale, at the bottom of
Stainton Dale beck, 1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 2 in. x1 ft., dolerite ; another
‘one is 1 ff 11 in.xr ft 4 in. xg in., whinstone. Both are sub-
angular, resting on boulder drift about 100 ft. above sea-level.

usToN Parva (Easr Ripinc).—In the parish of Ruston Parva,
about 24 miles west of Lowthorpe station, there is a large block of
diorite forming a protection for the angle of the road leading from
Driffield to Kilham at the west side of the village of Ruston Parva.
It stands in an upright position 28 in. out of the ground, its greatest
Jength across the exposed surface is 28 in. by 25 in. thick.

TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 161

It is quite angular, almost indicating from its surface that an
attempt has been made to reduce its size.

So far as can be ascertained, the boulder has been in its present
position for upwards of 100

There are no ruts, grooving, or striation upon its surface.

Its position is about 100 ft. above the level of the sea, resting on
boulder c

SPEETON.—In the parish of Speeton, near Filey, on the farm
occupied by Mr. J. Jordan’s trustees; Speeton Gap. At the bottom
of the gap, just where the footpath crosses the beck, and about 250
yards N. rf of the beach, are five large boulders.

No. 1 is 3 ft. ro in. x2 ft. 3 in.x1 ft. 8 in. above ground.
Raauked ‘s subangular ; has not been moved ; longest axis E. and
W. ; shows groovings in direction of longest axis, some being from
II to 9 in. long, 4 in. deep, and 4 to } in. wide; close-grained
sandstone.

2.—3 ft.x1 ft.9in.x1ft.7 in. Rounded; has not been
moved ; longest axis, N.E. and S.W. ; dolerite.

No. 2 ft. 9 in.x 2 ft.x 1 ft. 8 in. Rounded to subangular ;
has not one moved ; longest axis, N.E. and S.W.; shows groovings
and strie in Aivecten of longest axis, some being nearly a foot long ;
Shap Fell granite.

No. 4.—2 ft. rin. x1 ft. roin. x1 ft. 8in. Rounded; whinstone.

No. ft. 8 in. x2 ft. 6 in. x1 ft. 3 in. Flat — block of
fine priined sandstone.

These are all about 50 ft. above sea-level, and rest upon the chalk.

Nore.—All these boulders are scattered over a distance of about
5° yards up the creek in a westerly direction

In Speeton Gap, and following the course of the beck for
about 150 yards westwardly from the footbridge, are the following
boulders :—

I ft. 8 in. x1 ft. xgin. Rounded Whinstone.

I ft. 2 in. x x ft. x9 in. S Mountain erie con-
taining Productus giga

I ft. 6 ee x1 ft. tin. x6in. Subangular Fine —

I ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. x7in. Rounded. Dolerit

I ft. x ap in. x 6 in. ATS to Subangular. Winstons

I ft. 6 in. x1 ft. x1 ft. Rounde Fine Sandstone.

I ft. x 6 in Esau Whinstone.

ft. qin. x1 ft.2in.x7in. Angular. Fine sandstone.

I ft. x7 in. x10 in, Subangular. Dolerite.

I ft. x 6 in, x4in. Rounded. Mepatets Jmesione con-

oral.

3 ft. 5 in.x 1 ft. 6 in. x 10 in. Angular Conte ety sandstone.

I ft. gin. x 1 ft. x8in. Angular to subangular. Whins

ee

June 1892. he

162 TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

Besides the above there were about 50 sandstones, 15 whinstones,
6 mountain limestones, and 5 ironstones, averaging 1 ft.x8 in.
The whole were much worn, and show no definite markings or
striz. Others, still smaller, may be seen, of red and grey granite,
mica schist, red fine-grained sandstone (Permian?), lias showing

ryphea incurva, limestone, slate, various sandstones, and nodular

ironstone from the estuarine series.

They are about 60 ft. above sea-level.

Most of these boulders rest upon clay overlying the chalk.

STAINTON
Hall, near Robin Hood’s Bay, on the first ledge of the cliffs is
a boulder 3 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. x 2 ft. Rounded and much weathered
longest axis N.W. and S.E.; no groovings or striations ; Shap Fe
granite ; is about 250 feet above sea-level.

Lockincton.—At Lockington, near Beverley, on the farm of
Mr. George Langdale, a boulder protects an artesian well, about half
a mile E. of the railway station.

It is at present 2 ft. 7 in.x1 ft. 10 inx1d ft. 9 in. but has
evidently been reduced in size ; a coarse-grained grit, like Millstone
Grit ; is about 100 ft. above sea-level; originally rested on boulder
clay, which covers the surrounding district.

Fitry.—On the estate of Mr. Martin, and extending about 60
yards from the shore up the ravine, or at the bottom of what is known
as Bentley’s Beck, are boulders of Whinstone, Sandstone, and
Mountain Limestone.

No striz visible ; about 30 ft, above sea-level ; all are more or
less imbedded in the clay, save those which have rolled down from
their former positions.

At the h of the ravine b d the following boulders :—
Whinstone, Coarse Grit, Dolerite, Hard Red Sandstone, Estuarine
Sandstone, Mountain Limestone (full of corals), etc.

The whole of these boulders have been removed to their present
positions. The absence of granite boulders is accounted for, after
inquiry, by their selection for the ornamentation of gardens.

SEAMER (NEAR ScARBOROUGH).—Seamer gravel-pit, adjoining
Seamer Station, N.E. Railway. This pit is about 20 acres in extent,
with an average depth of 12 ft.; during the time of excavation the
following boulders were found: The largest at present in the pit is
4 ft. 8 in. x2 ft. 8 in. x1 ft. thick; angular, but no ice markings.
There are 10 boulders averaging 3 ft. x 2 ft., four of which are 3 ft. 2 in.
x 2 ft. 1 in. x 1 ft. 8 in.; rounded whinstone 3 No striation ; and four
averaging 3 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 1 in. x 2 ft. 3; composed of different kinds
of sandstone; angular. One 3 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft 3 angular;

Naturalist,

TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 163

fucoid sandstone ; estuarine ; is crumbling away from exposure ; and
one 3 ft. 4 in. x3 ft.x1 ft. 3 in.; rounded; mountain limestone;
no striation on surface. There are 40 more, principally composed
of sandstone, averaging 2 ft. x 1 ft.x1 ft.; eight of these are more or
less angular blocks of whinstone ; no striation. A short distance away
are 31 boulders, averaging 2 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft.6 in. x 1 ft.; part of these
are rounded ; in some instances showing faint traces of striation.
Scattered and in heaps are 64 composed of grits to fine grain compact
sandstone, 56 of which average 1 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft. 1 in. x 11 in., and eight
are rounded whinstone; no striation. Two others are iron grey granite,
averaging 1 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 7 in. x 1 ft. ; rounded; no striation.

Note.—The drift rests upon the Coralline Oolite. The whole
extent of this drift bed is about 60 acres. Generally speaking, the
main of the boulders were found on or towards the north face of the
drift, which also contained the roughest gravel. To the south-east
the gravel gradually gets smaller, more decayed, and rotten.

On the estate of Lord Londesborough, in the parish of Seamer,
there is a boulder at the bottom of an old quarry in Limekiln Field
on Eastfield Farm, occupied by Mrs. Eldines.

It is 3 ft. 1 in. x 2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 1 in. ; angular; there are wide
hollow groovings in the direction of its longest axis; dark blue
whinstone ; about 200 ft. ahare teatev el.

Near Eastfield House, ab iled y
Station, is a boulder 2 ft. 8 ge 2 ft. 2 in.xx ft. 7 in.; rounded ;
has been moved ; a light brown sandstone, resembling the moor
grit; about 1 50 ft. above sea-level ; was found ina ridge of gravel
Tunning north-westerly.

On Eastfield Farm, about two miles S. of Scarborough and about
half a mile E. of Seamer railway station, are boulders of Whinstone
and Sandstone. No strie visible; removed from the adjoining

elds ; about 150 ft. above sea-level.

Kitnsea (E. Ripinc).—Mr. John Cordeaux, M.B.O.U., Great
Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolnshire, records an erratic. On the beach
about 500 yards south of Kilnsea Beacon, Kilnsea, near Patrington,
was a boulder, but now removed to the lawn of Mr. Hewetson’s
garden, Easington.

It is 3 ft. 2 in.x2 ft. 4 in. ; subangular ; long-shaped ; longest
axis N.W, and Ss e; there are deep strize or groovings in direction

rc bd 3

hitherto s so far south on the Yorkshire Coast near Spurn Point.
June x

164 TATE : THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

Easincton.—Mr. John W. Stather, Hull (Hon. Sec. Hull
Geological Society), describes the following group of erratics :—On
the half mile of beach opposite Easington, about six miles from
Spurn. Point, and at the southern end of Dimlington ‘high land’
(boulder clay cliffs) are many boulders, twelve of the largest being
measured, viz. :—

3075 ft. gi ft

A. 4 ft. 2 in. «2 ft. ; %,% fhe 6:in, G

B.A 1 3 mm, % 3 it x2 ft. 6 in, i, § it. x3 ft. 6 in. x2 ft.

Cc. 1, 4 ft. 6 in, x 3f 2 ft. 6 in
D. ‘2 it. 3 in. x 2 ft. K. 4 ft. 3 in. xq ft x 2 ft. 6 in
EB. 3 ft 3 in. x2 ft.- 6m. shite Gin. i ait. 6 in: x eit x 2 ft. 6 in
Fy 3 ftc6 inxig ft. Ginko hh: Mi1 f.-6 in. kine 2% x 4 in. °

Are all subangular ; the longest axis of A, B, and H are N.W. and
S.E., those of G and L being E. and W.; K and F are striated, and
D more decidedly so; they are below high-water mark, and rest
upon the basement clay, in which they are partly imbedded ; others
have probably fallen from the purple clay which here forms the
upper part of the cliff. |

LairHKiRK (NortH Rurpinc).—Rev. W. R. Bell, Vicar of
Laithkirk, states that at Laithkirk, near Mickleton, there is a large
boulder. It was found on the north bank of the Lune, immediately
below the church, and is now set up in the Laithkirk Vicarage
gardens. It is 2 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; it is roughly
cuneiform in shape; subangular; has been moved; Shap Fell
granite; its original site was 700 feet above sea- ‘level no striz
visible.

WatH (NortH Ripinc).— Mr. T. Carter Mitchell, Topcliffe,
Thirsk, reports that on the Coldstone Farm, Middelton Quernhow
Estate, and parish of Wath, is a boulder. It is on the side of the
road from Middleton Vicarage to Ainderby Quernhow, and about
~ half “way between.

It is 2 ft. t in.x1 ft. 5 in. x1 ft. 3 in.; subangular; has been
moved ; there are no ice markings, but it is curiously grooved by
weutheviie: is about 200 feet above sea-level ; it is isolated ; rests
on drift, overlying Triassic deposits.

MULGRAVE ParK, NEAR WuitTsy.—Mr. R. Taylor Manson,
Darlington, records a boulder in Mulgrave Park, 4 miles N.W. of
Whitby ; nearest station is Sandsend, on the Saltburn and Whitby
line. It is on the north bank of a stream running east between the
Old Castle of Mulgrave and a spot known as the ‘ Hermitage.’ It is
3 ft. in diameter; rounded; no striz or groovings; Shap Fell
granite ; about 100 feet above sea-level ; it is isolated in the rivulet,
to which it has probably thlled down from the clay above; the stream
is cut through lias shale.

vss sacactag
Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 165

BaLBy, NEAR DoncasTtER.—In the Balby brickyards, near
Doncaster, the sage group of boulders is recorded by Mr.

Largest boulder, 2 ft. x 14 ft. x 1 ft. ; striations numerous on the
top, but faint, and in direction of short axis.

Smallest boulder, 2 in. x 14 in. x 1 in. ; fossiliferous limestone ;
girth 16 in.; length ro in.; striations numerous, but faint, about 1 in.
long in direction of long axis ; granite block, abo ige ¥% 1.x
8 in. long. The boulders are rounded and suban

The group extends over about five acres ; aa ict spr numerous.
These boulders are surrounded by a thick deposit of clay, which has
been excavated to the depth of 50 ft., and are met with at various
depths in the clay.

WiNEsTEAD.—Mr. Wm. Barugh, Winestead, Hull, describes two
erratics. About half a mile N. of the railway station, near site of
former hall, about fifty yards from highway, is a boulder, 4 ft. 2 in. x
3 ft. 6 in.x 14 ft. It is subangular; it has been moved ; there is a
groove 4 in. deep and length of the stone. The boulder is striated
at the top in direction of longer axis; it is whinstone; probably
20 ft. above sea level ; it is isolated, resting on boulder clay

In the paddock at Winestead, belonging to the Park Farm, is a
boulder 2 ft. 8 in. x2 ft. 2 in. x1 ft. It is much rounded; it has
been moved ; it is mountain limestone; about 20 ft. above sea-level ;
isolated ; it rests on the surface of the ground.

Further details of most of the boulders included in this report
will be found in the Report of the Meeting of the British Associa-
tion, 1891, pp. 295-7.—Eps. Nat.]

NOTES AND NEWS.

The ego ey essence a — =—- founded in September 1890, has
issued its First Report, which is very encouraging. Besides the Presidential

Foraminifera’ by G. W. Chas R.C.S., the Secretary of the Societys also
a carefully compiled list of the F i se tthe District, by Henry Ball, A.P.S

——

‘in
nevertheless very entertaining and well worth reading. It is sr ap a series of
anecdotes illustrating various pores of animal life cul rom many sources.
The ot chapter, on ‘The Mole’ is perhaps the best, while that entitled

“Luminous Animals’ will be found exceedingly interesting to the general reader.
Altogether th e book is oné which may be taken up with benefit by any one fond
ant are he old or young, althoug! vA it seems to us the ie aoe somewhat
m. .
mig The typography and oot of the bok are tast Ce
r

AEN

Bn Wemoriam.

: ROBERT MORTIMER.

Tue East Riding of Yorkshire has lost one of its most distinguished
scientists by the sudden demise of Robert Mortimer, who was found
dead in bed on April 12th. Born at Fimber, in the year 1829, in
the quaint old house which is figured and described by his friend,
the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., F.G.S., vicar of Wetwang-with-
Fimber, in one of the volumes of ‘Old Yorkshire,’ the subject of this
notice, though anee meaty uneducated, turned his attention early in
life to th ts which surround his native village.
The investigation became a hobby, and, for miles round, every field and
dale was diligently and carefully examined and tested by sections,
with the result that in 1886 he published at his own expense a map,
on the six-inch Ordnance scale, entitled, ‘ A Restoration of the Ancient
British Entrenchments and Tumuli, also the Surface Geology and
modern enclosure of Fimber on the Yorkshire Wolds.’ The writer
bears willing testimony to the accuracy of the delineations, which
are far in advance of anything that has ever been published in any
part of England.

In conjunction with his brother, Mr. J. R. Mortimer, now residing
at Driffield, he assisted in opening some 300 tumuli on the Yorkshire
Wolds, the contents of which are preserved in their excellent museum

Driffield (see ‘The Antiquary,’ July 189r).

Many of the geological specimens were collected and most of
them dressed by Robert Mortimer, who, in addition to his
archeological tastes, was an ardent though self-taught geologist.
In fact, he has on his account surveyed carefully, and mapped, the
difficult geological ground on the North and West sides of the

whether these maps will ever be published, in view of the recent
Government geological survey, is doubtful ; still, all praise is due to —
a man, who, with limited resources and little learning, succeeded
fairly in deciphering what to trained officials was no easy task.
In addition to the pursuits above mentioned, Robert Mortimer took
great interest in the preservation of the old dialect of the Wolds,
which, unfortunately, under the advance of modern education, is fast
disappearing. To the writer’s knowledge he made extensive notes
on the words and phrases which were current in his boyhood, and
possibly these may yet be published i” memoriam. Though the
brothers Mortimer have not attached to their name so wide and
unenviable an one as ‘ boycotting,’ it is a fact that farm lads commonly
speak of flint arrowheads, celts, etc., which they pick up in ploughing,
as ‘ Mortimers.’—E.M.C. Naturalist,

REMAINS OF
FALLOW DEER FROM GOOLE MOOR.

EDGAR: B WALTE, | F.E.S.,
Curator, The Museum, Leeds.

DuRING last summer my friend Mr. Thomas Bunker, of Goole, sent
me portions of a skull, some vertebre, and a rib for determination,
together with a considerable portion of hair and peat upon whic
they had been found. The remains are those of the Fallow Deer
(Dama vulgaris), and are in a most peculiar condition ; the bones
are quite pliable and elastic and of a dark brown colour, reminding
me very much of sheet gutta-percha. They are also very light, and
float with about one-third of their bulk out of water. All the
inorganic matter has evidently been dissolved out of them, and even
the teeth, which usually resist chemical action for an immensely long
period of time, are almost as pliable as the other portions, not a trace
of the enamel being left.

In conjunction with Mr. J. C. Birch, L.D.S., I have made a care-
ful examination of the teeth. In colour, the exposed portions are
precisely similar to the bones themselves, but the roots are quite
black. Like the bones, they float in water, but owing to their greater
density, with only about one-twelfth of their bulk above the surface.
After steeping for about three hours, during which period absorption
takes place, they become heavier and gradually sink.

The action of the dissolvent acids is extremely interesting.

The crown of the normal tooth of a deer or similar animal is
covered with a layer of enamel infolded at the grinding surface, and
in time the portion in contact with the opposing teeth becomes worn
down and leaves an inner as well as an outer layer of enamel. In
the root, the place of the outer enamel is taken by cementum, or
tooth bone.

The teeth under consideration show the root of normal size,

ormer consists of only 3 per cent. of organic or gelatinous, matter,
and 97 per cent. of inorganic matter, the whole of which has been
dissolved out, consequently the crown is reduced to the bulk of the
dentine.
Cementum consists of only 68 per cent. of inorganic matter and
32 per cent. of organic matter, and although the former has been
removed, the gelatinous residue of about one-third has been sufficient
to maintain the size of the root of the tooth.

168 WAITE: REMAINS OF FALLOW DEER FROM GOOLE MOOR.

The body of a tooth consists of dentine, and this having even
a greater proportion (about 38 per cent.) of gelatinous matter, has
also retained its normal bulk.

A vertical section of a tooth shows the entire absence of tissue in
the pulp canal. Transverse sections examined under an inch objective
show the characteristic markings of dentine ; a section of the crown
reveals the entire absence of enamel, while other sections show the
peculiar Hie ee of the cementum on the external surface of the root.

In Kendall’s report, appended to this article, he mentions
that Hibbert had discovered the marrow in some — of
Megaceros hibernicus which had been found in an Irish peat bog

ur own observations scarcely fall short of this, for we skull
contains the brain of the animal, shrivelled up, but perfectly pre-
served.

The hair is in a most perfect state, and appears as though it had
only just been cut from the animal

Mr. Bunker's letter, which accompanied the remains, stated that
they had been found in the peat on Goole Moor, and the mere
fact of their discovery is interesting, as it is generally supposed that
the Fallow Deer is an introduced species, although the period when it
was first imported is very uncertain, but even more interesting is
the remarkable condition of the bones, and, being anxious to obtain
further information, I wrote to Mr. Bunker, to whom I am much
indebted for the following particulars, which I extract from his letter.
He writes:—-‘ With regard to the Deer-remains I sent you, I may
state that in the early part of the summer (1891) some bones, hair,
and the peat on which they rested were brought to me by Mr. Herbert
Bennett, of Swinefleet, whose labourers found them when cutting peat
for moss litter on the Goole side of the moor ; I afterwards visited the
place with Mr. Bennett, and procured a jaw bone and some more hair.
The depth at which they were found was about 2 feet 9 inches ; but
as that part of the moor was well drained, the real depth may have
been from 4 to 5 feet. A considerable portion of the moor on the
Goole side has been warped, but the place where the remains were
found is about 200 yards from the present edge.

Red Deer, and probably Fallow Deer also, were formerly very
abundant on Hatfield Chace and Thorne Moor, for Abraham de la
Pryme records that at the entertainment of Henry, Prince of Wales,
in 1609, as many as 500 deer were driven from the woods and wastes
into Thorne Mere, and many of them killed.

‘In the 30th year of the reign of Henry VIII. at the court of
Swainmote, the inhabitants of “ Roecliffe, Arymin, Gowle, Howke,
and Holden” were accused of killing many of the deer.

- Naturalist,

WAITE ; REMAINS OF FALLOW DEER FROM GOOLE MOOR. 169

‘In the Museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society part of
the skull of a deer, dug out of the peat on Thorne Moor, is preserved.

‘In 1747 the body of a woman was found 6 feet deep in a peat
bog near Haxey ; from the antique sandals on the feet it was judged
the body had been buried many years (Phil. Trans., 1747, vol. xliv,
p- 575). Abraham de la Pryme states that in the 17th century the
body of a man was found at the bottom of a turf-pit, the skin tanned
by the peat water, but the flesh and bones decayed.’ Mr. Bunker
adds that as the peat is removed, in all probability, other remains will
be found and, it is hoped, preserved.

Writing on March 5th, my friend further informs me that a large
quantity of bones has been found in the Ouse during the last ten
days, and through the kindness of Mr. W. H. Bartholomew, engineer
to the Aire and Calder Navigation Company, he has had free access
to them. They consisted of jaws and skulls of the horse, ox, and
dog ; also a few ribs, vertebrae, and leg-bones. Part of a whale’s
jaw was also found. Mr. Bunker adds:—‘ The explanation was
simple, the dredger was at work on a spot where bones were formerly
landed from vessels on their way to Sheffield.’

I showed the bones of Dama vulgaris to Mr. Percy F. Kendall,
who promised to have them analysed for me, and he has kindly sent
the following report.

NOTE ON THE
MODE OF PRESERVATION OF THE BONES.

PERCY F. KENDALL, F.G.S.,
Lecturer on Geology at the Yorkshire College, Leeds.

THE bones were shown to me by Mr. Waite, and I was at once
struck with the fact that they were, at the same time, extremely light
and remarkably elastic. Such a bone as the pterygoid could be
doubled up so that the ends met, and upon being released it imme-
diately sprang back to its normal form.

The ‘colour of the bones was a rich walnut-brown. It occurred
to me that, though I had never heard of such an operation taking
place in nature, the peaty water which came in contact with the
Skeleton might have contained a considerable percentage of the
humic acids, such as are never absent from water flowing off peaty
land, and that these acids had simultaneously removed the mineral
matter by forming soluble salts of lime, etc., and had tanned the
gelatine which forms a species of skeleton to each bone. With the
assistance of Dr. Cohen and Mr. Proctor, both of the Yorkshire
College, I was able to ascertain that this was the case.

179° NOTES—-BIRDS AND GEOLOGY.

The bones were steeped in water and sections cut which, upon
microscopic examination, showed the structure of the bone admirably,
but when treated with strong acetic acid, there was neither an effer-
vescence such as would indicate the presence of carbonate of lime,
nor was there any swelling of the fibres of organic matter. The
latter observation showed that such organic matter (gelatine) as was
present had been perfectly tanned.

Dr. Cohen kindly made an analysis of a sample of bone (a portion
of a maxilla) which he found to yield, upon ignition, an ash equal to
only ‘21 per cent. or about ;3,. This residue would represent the
whole of the mineral matter, and it consisted of iron, calcium, and
phosphoric acid.

Mr. Proctor informs me that tannic acid (a generic term which
covers a considerable number of acids possessing tanning properties)
has been extracted from peat in sufficient quantities to be placed upon

geologists have long been acquainted with the fact that bones are often
well preserved in peat. ibbert has mentioned the discovery in an
Irish peat bog of bones of ee great Irish Elk de eset
which actually contained the marrow. What is perhaps n in the
present case, is that the preservative process ts tanning an Hee on
simultaneously with the practically complete removal of the mineral
matter of the bone, and that the two processes have been effected by
the same agent.

NOTE—GEOLOG ¥.

New Plant-Beds at Hilton.—In a paper before us (Mem.
Manchester Lit. and Phil. sans Mr, W. Brockbank recor

upper stones of Hilt » West a of plant-remains similar to those
well-known from the lower sandstones ugh opinions differ as to the value
f ical evidenc iscovery is aa Papostatit one, strengthening the
argument for placing the whole in the Permian, inst the new mapping of the
Geological Survey (Mr. Goodchild) which includes the upper rocks in the Trias.
It is not quite accurate, however, to ard ssic age of St. Bees
sandstone as a novel idea. It was the view he

NOTES AND NEWS.

A . worker in — a is worthily honoured in having his
name ed with one of his own finds + Robert Kidsto’ mae a in
the Annals and mayernts for Feb ies 6 a gs species of Equise m from the
Barnsley coal-fie er th he . ble
aelgne Mx, We. Hedteeraiae e name of Aemingwayi Kidst., after his intotanigg

Naturalist,

171

A MONOGRAPH OF THE MYXOGASTRES.

A 78H eengented of “ Myxogastres. By Grorce Massez. London:
et

The RRR: of this excellent monograph is an event in which
Yorkshire biologists may be expected to take exceptional interest,
the author being well known in the county and an old member of
the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. But in commending it to the
notice of all who are interested in the AMyxogastres, we have no
hesitation in doing so on the strength of its merits alone, as these are
of a sufficiently high order to give it a creditable position in our
biological literature. To write anything like an adequate account of
its contents would be impossible within the limits of an ordinary
review, and we must therefore confine ourselves to drawing attention
to some of its more prominent characteristics. In doing so it will
be convenient to regard it as consisting of three parts, and to con-
sider these separately in the order in which they occur.

In the first part, which is brief and introductory, the author deals
with some of the more characteristic events in the life-cycle of the
Myxogastres and the various important questions to which they have
given rise. He does not, however, dwell upon such details as are to
be found in extenso in ordinary text-books, but addresses himself
chiefly to a discussion of the systematic position of the group and
their classification on what may be termed phylogenetic principles.
Naturally the first point to be considered is the fundamental question
as to whether they are animals or plants, a nome which he deals
with in an ingenious way, and with a brea and minuteness of
knowledge which no reader will fail to ‘cede De Bary, who
was the first to give a really scientific account of the group, was led,
on various grounds, so far back as 1858, to place it outside the
vegetable kingdom, and by zoologists it is now usually claimed as a
group of the Protozoa.

In contesting the validity of this claim, Mr. Massee, in the first
place, maintains, and with justice, that in searching for the affinities
of a group of organisms, the phenomena of the entire life-cycle should
be taken into consideration. He then reminds us that in the
organism in question, the life-cycle consists of two sharply contrasted
phases, the vegetative and the reproductive, and that it is from the
characteristics of the former alone, that the animal affinities of the
Myxogastres are commonly inferred. Indeed, De Bary himself
found the mark of separation between them and plants in the forma-
tion of plasmodia by the coalescence of naked, protoplasmic, swarm-
cells, or their aggregation, during the vegetative phase of their exist-
ence. When, however, we turn to the reproductive phase, the many
June 1892

172 MASSEE: A MONOGRAPH OF THE MYXOGASTRES.

Flagellata of the zoologists. On the other hand, the fungi are

S
that were chlorophyllaceous, and that the imperfect development of

their vegetative Structures is to be correlated with the parasitic or
saprophytic habits which they affect. Hence it may be urged on

sufficiently pronounced to warrant their removal from the Protozoa,
animal character at the expense of the vegetable. On the whole,

then, we think it preferable in the present state of knowledge, to —

Naturalist,

MASSEE: A MONOGRAPH OF THE MYXOGASTRES. 173

avold a definite conclusion as to the animal or plan nature of the
Myxogastres, and while awaiting the acquisition of further facts, to
keep an open mind on the subject.

In the second part of the volume, the setae are dealt with
from the systematist’s point of view and in a manner to which, with
our present knowledge, it is scarcely possible to take the slightest
objection. As a matter of fact, this is by far the most important part
of the volume, and the one on which its merits and demerits will
ultimately be assessed. Here Mr. Massee is seen at his best, and
here we have incorporated the results of the long and close attention
he has given to the group, both in the herbarium and in the field.
As to herbarium specime ns, he admits that he has enjoyed unusual

e d to
thoroughly critical. In the matter of classification he has adopted
an arrangement which appears to have the advantage of being at
once more natural and more practical than those previously pub-
lished, and at the same time embodies the views he entertains of the
phylogeny of the various divisions of the group. In framing these

to arrange all the known forms in four orders, viz., Feritrichee,
Columellifere, Lithodermee, and Calotrichee, all of w a are care-
fully defined and distinguished before being separately dealt with.
It will be noticed, however,. that he excludes not only Van Tieghem’s
Acrasiee and Cienkowski’s Monadinee, but also the genus Ceratium,
which is sometimes made the representative of an exosporous
division of the group. Of the thoroughness with which the defi-
nitions of the genera and species have been revised and amended,
and the care with which the diagnostic characters are indicated, it is
scarcely possible to speak too highly, as almost every page bears
testimony to much conscientious and painstaking work in this
direction. As they stand, the definitions are unquestionably the
fullest and most precise yet offered to British students, and as they
are at the same time very definite and direct, they may be regarded
as doing all that words can do to mark and delimit the forms to
which they apply. It is not the author’s fault that in these defi-
nitions characters which are only visible under high microscopic
powers hold a prominent place, for in the present state of
knowledge this is inevitable. As he himself puts it, ‘When we are

June 1892.

174 AULACOMNIUM ANDROGYNUM IN UPPER SWALEDALE.

better acquainted with the main lines of development and lines of
variation, also the conditions determining these variations, it is
certain that the main factor in the discrimination of species will not

a one-twelfth oil-immersion objective’; but, unfortunately, that
consummation is still among the things e wished for. In
leaving this part of the volume it may be added that, in all, there are
descriptions of no less than 41 genera and 412 species, which, we
believe, is a much larger number than is to be found in any previous
publication of a similar character ; that the geographical distribution
has been worked out from actual specimens ; and that, exercising a
wise discretion, Mr. Massee has not attempted to carry the synonymy
further back than 1875, the date of Rostafinski’s Monograph, unless
justified by the existence of type-specimens.

Coming now to the third and concluding part of the volume, we
have a splendid series of coloured plates, in which artistic finish and
scientific accuracy are combined in a way one rarely sees in an English
publication of this kind. Fortunately, being as gifted with the
pencil as with the scalpel, Mr. Massee has been able to paint his
own illustrations, which have been faithfully reproduced by chromo-

colour, etc., of the whole organism on an enlarged scale. To the
student who is feeling his way through the maze of specific distinc-
tions, and endeavouring to get a correct mental picture of the facies
of the typical genera and species, these figures will be invaluable.
We conclude then, as we began, by strongly recommending this
volume to all who are interested in the A/yxogastres as well as to
biologists generally. It is the only work in our language which
deals systematically and comprehensively with the group, and for a
1

t c
English students can appeal. That it is worthy of such a position
we have endeavoured to show, and if we have not dwelt upon the
few minor blemishes we have met with, it is because they in no way
detract from the utility of the volume, and in no degree diminish the
general and special excellences it exhibits.—T. H.

Ne OTE—M mee

1
month’s issue, but was, by an oversight, unfortunately omitted. —RICHARD BARNES
The Gardens, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, May 23rd, 1855,

Naturalist,

175

RARE CRUSTACEA
ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST.

Rev. Canon A. Mert—E NORMAN, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., Etc.

Mr. RoEsuck sent me, in February, some Amphipoda which had
been received by him from Mr. Thomas H. Nelson from Redcar, and
requested me to examine them. Mr. Nelson stated that there were
‘millions of them in the sea’ in the second week of February, and
that they were affording food to thousands of Kittiwake Gulls.

These Amphipodous Crustacea were Euthemisto compressa (Gées),
which is one of the family Hyperiide. I am not aware that this
species has before been noticed in the British seas. It is an Arctic
form, which has been found off the coasts of Norway, Finmark,
Jan Mayen, and Greenland.

The specimens thus sent to me had been dried and pressed
between paper, and in replying to Mr. Roebuck, I regretted that
they had not been preserved in spirits of wine. The result was that
Mr. Nelson, on the 4th of April, collected some specimens which
had been cast up on the sands and sent them in spirits. Mixed with
the Euthemisto compressa then sent were other Crustacea of much
interest. There was a cast skin of Lepidactylis arenaria (Slabber) =
Sulcator arenarius Bate & West. ; showing that that species lives in
the sand between tide-marks at Redcar. But much more important
were mutilated specimens, but enough for positive identification,
of two oceanic species of Schizopoda, which had been washed
in with the Sane The Schizopoda belong to the family
Euphausiidz,* ar
Daca iedidieciatite (Kroyer).

Thysanopoda longicaudata Kroyer, Voy. en Scandinavie, etc.,
pl. viii, fig. 1.

Thiciidsiia tenera G. O Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crust.,
p. 1, 1882, p. 53, pl. i, figs. 19-20.

Thysanoessa longicaudata Hansen, Oversigt over det Vestlige
Groénlands Fauna af malak: Havskrebsdyr, 1887, p. 54-

This delicate little ‘shrimp’ has been found in the seas ot
Greenland, Norway, and Finmark ; and I determined specimens
which were taken in the Faroé Channel by the ‘Triton’ in 1882.

*In the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for the present month
(June), I publish a descriptive catalogue of the Lophogastride and Euphausiidse
of the British Seas.

June 1892,

176 NOTES AND NEWS.

As a British species it first became known to me from specimens
sent in 1886 for determination by Dr. W. C. McIntosh, who told me
that on the 28th of April of that year, miles of sand at St. Andrews

high-water mark. ere is a single specimen in Mr. Nelson’s

Nematoscelis megalops G. O. Sars.
Thysanoessa borealis Norman. Name only in Sim, ‘Stalk-Eyed
eye of N.E. Coast of Scotland.’ Scottish Naturalist,
p. 8 of separate copy).
aE eee O. Sars, sip pk gue sigs Schizopoda
1885, Pp. 127, pl. xxiii, figs. 5-10 and pl. x

Nematoscelis is a remarkable genus, ininguished ‘ioe its allies
by the very long and slender first pair of feet, which terminate in
a bunch of curiously constructed oes spines.

As long ago as 1863 the late Mr. Thomas Edward sent me this
ones interesting species nein Banff. In 1868 Mr. George Sim
sent it from Aberdeen; and it now has occurred on the Redcar
coast. For twenty-five years it remained undescribed, like great
numbers of other things, from inability to find time, amid other
work, to keep pace with material constantly pouring into m
collection. In 1885 Mematoscelis megalops was described by Professor

. O. Sars from ‘Challenger’ gatherings, and his description of the
species accords with the British form (Mr. Sim, in stating that the
first feet terminated ‘18 or 20 spines,’ greatly over-estimated their
number). It was procured by the ‘Challenger’ on three occasions
in the South Atlantic Ocean, and in the North Atlantic off
Nova Scotia.

NOTES AND NEWS.
The three eregrages ge by the Manchester Museum, are models of what

such books ought to he first, a ‘General Guide,’ by Witten Hoyle,
M.A., F.R.S.E., the Keeper of the Museum, contains a vast store of information
fo € sections on the alzeontological and 1 1 Collecti ns being
exceptionally well put together. f. A. Milnes Marshall, so well known to our

al readers, is responsible gh ag other : : riptive Catalogue of
the Embryological Models’ an f i lassification e imal

Kingdom. _ These are both of a tacanical character, and will prove invaluable to
students. The latter is a mere list of names, but is inte eresting on account of its
including all known animals, whether recent or anton il.

took ti last summer at he Whitwell canes Fa r _
en keeps some valuable stock there, amongst being Ayrshire
cow gave two calves which were not her own, and a
time she was doing this a mare, which had a foal, became The agent on the
farm, J op, then tried the experiment Boor the foal also t
Ayrshire cow, and ates a little case succe The cow could

Naturalists

177

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE.

NorwitHsTANDING the heavy rainfall of Friday, and the foreboding
aspect of the following morning, a good number of members of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union attended the first excursion of the
season, which took place on Saturday, May 14th; the place of
meeting being Settle, for the investigation of Horton-in-Ribblesdale,
Ribblehead, Ling Gill, and Penyghent. Several enthusiastic
members availed themselves of the railway facilities, and were upon
the ground on Friday, and not a few lingered in the district until the

VW, WY 3% S

EXPLANATION oF Map.—The following formations are shown: 8 Permian ; 7 Coal Measures ;
6 Millstone Grit; 5 Yoredale Beds, etc. (with Pendleside Limestone); 4 Carboniferous Lime-
Stone; 3 Basement Carboniferous, and Upper Old Red; 2 Silurian, t Ordovician.

following Monday. In consequence of the great distance of the

Scene of operations from the centre of the county, arrangements had

been made whereby the excursion could be worked by two contin-

gents, a first to arrive about 8.30 am., and a second at noon.

Three routes had been arranged. The first, planned for geological
M

June 1892,

178 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE.

investigation, was to leave Horton on the arrival of the early train,
and to make a cursory examination of the leading features on the
west side of Horton Valley. If time permitted, Coombs Quarry
was to be visited, after which a move was to be made towards the
north, over the scars of Moughton, in order to meet the noon arrivals
at Ribblehead. The united party were then to pay special attention
to the glacial phenomena of the neighbourhood, and return to Horton
along the east side of the valley.

Members accompanying the second party were instructed to
proceed by train to Ribblehead Station, and thence work across the
moors to Gearstones, so as to strike the head of Ling Gill, which
was to be descended, whence the moors were to be traversed to
Horton.

A third route had been arranged for the benefit of those members
desirous of investigating Penyghent, or the immediate neighbour-

ood.

[The proceedings of the several parties are described at length in
the reports of the Sectional officers, printed further on. ]

The early parties set out under very disadvantageous meteoro-
logical conditions, the morning opening gloomy and wet, but, as if
influenced by the determination of the band of ‘ early enthusiasts,’
a little after nine o’clock the clouds began to lift and scatter, and the
sun broke forth with all its power, and aided bya fine breeze, matters
soon became more pleasant both overhead and underfoot, and so
continued throughout the remainder of the day.

About five o’clock, the whole body of members (seventy in
nnmber) attending the excursion, assembled on the railway platform
at Horton, and shortly after were on their way to Settle. A much
appreciated tea was served at the Ashfield Hotel, which had been
made the head-quarters of the excursion. The usual Sectional
Meetings were followed, at 6.45 p.m., by the General Meeting, under
the chairmanship of the President, Mr. C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S. The
first business included the election of three new members—Messts-
Reuben Gaunt, Jr., Stanningle y ; Richard Howse, Newcastle-on-Tyne;
and G. H. Parke, F.L.S., F.G.S., Wakefield ; and the admission of
a new society into the Union, viz.:—The Leeds Co-operative Field
Club.

Representatives were present from the following _ affiliated
societies :—Barnsley, Wakefield, Liversedge, Leeds Naturalists’ and
Leeds Geological Associations, Conchological Society, Goole,
Dewsbury, Malton, Cleveland, Harrogate, Craven, Leyburn, —
Huddersfield, Bradford Naturalists’, and Bradford Scientific
Associations, ne

rangeNe aH Se
Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE. 179

On the motion of Mr. John Gerrard, seconded by Mr. Geo.
Webster, and supported by Prof. L. C. Miall, F.L.S., F.G.S., a hearty
vote of thanks was accorded to Messrs. John Foster, James Farrer,
J. Hammond, Ald. T. B. P. Ford, John Slinger, and the Rev. Arthur
Ingilby, for granting permission for their estates to be visited; to
Mr. J. G. Goodchild, F.G.S., Mr. R. H. Tiddeman, F.G.S., the
Misses Thompson, Mr. and Mrs. Ellwood Brockbank, Messrs.
Wm. Whitwell, Wm. West, F.L.S., and E. Peake, for leading parties,
or contributing to the excursion programme.

The reports of the Sectional officers were next presented, and the
following accounts have since been supplied for publication.

Mr. Riley Fortune, F.Z.S., one of the Secretaries of the Vertebrate
Zoology Section, supplies the following report :—

The members bent on investigating the vertebrate fauna of the
district divided into two parties, among whom were the two Hon.
Secs. : Messrs. James Backhouse, F.Z.S., and Riley Fortune, F.Z.S.,
John Braim, John Gerrard, W. idedalé Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S.
and others.

One party started from Horton, worked up the valley of the
Ribble and joined the other one, which had started from Ribblehead
Station, in Ling Gill. The combined forces then took across the
moors to Penyghent, returning to Horton by Douk Gill. The day’s
work resulted in the recording of 5 species of Mammals, 51 Birds
(35 residents, 16 migrants), 1 Amphibian, and 2 Fishes.

The most noteworthy event of the day was the appearance of
a small party of Fieldfares, an unusually late date for them to be
seen in this country. The numbers of Yellow Wagtails to be seen
on all sides was very noticeable, they having apparently quite taken
the place of the Grey Wagtail. The finding of a Lapwing’s nest
containing the unusual number of five eggs, excited some amount
of interest. Dippers were extremely plentiful, many nests being
met with. The total absence of the Kingfisher in the district
worked was specially noticeable. The Peregrine Falcon and Raven
both had young among the inaccessible cliffs of Penyghent. The
thanks of all naturalists are due to Mr. John Foster, of Horton,
who affords these birds every protection. The efforts of such
gentlemen as Mr. Foster for the preservation of these noble birds,
however, are to a very great extent minimised by such persons as
the one who shot the Raven in Feizor Wood, and then nailed it
to his fowl-house, where it was seen by a party of naturalists who
Stayed over Sunday.

The following is a complete list ‘of Vertebrates noticed. The
asterisks (*) indicate nest with eggs, and the daggers (+) young birds.
June 1892. 1892.

180 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE.

Mammals.
Mole. i
Weasel. Rabbit.
Stoat.
irds,
RESIDENTS. *Jackdaw. MIGRANTS.
*tMissel Thrush. Crow. Fieldfare.
*Song Thrush Rook Ring-Ouzel
*Blackbird tRaven Wheatear
Redbr *Skylark Whinchat
Hedge Accentor. Sparrowhawk.
*+Dipper. t Peregrine Falcon. Whitethroat.
Blue Tit Kestrel. Willow Warbler
ren Heron Sedge Warbler.
agtail. Mallard Yellow Wagtail
*tGrey Wagtail. *Grouse Tree Pi
*Meadow Pipit. Partridge Swallow
House Sparrow. *Waterhen. *Martin
Cha tGolden Plover Sandmartin
beds g
Reed Bunting +Snipe Cuc
*tStar *Curlew. Sandpiper.
Magpie. Herring Gull.
Amphibia, Fishes.
Trout. Minnow.

The Conchological Section was but poorly represented at the
excursion, not one of the officers of the Section being present, and
the Secretarial duties were discharged by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck,
who was the only systematic collector on the ground, although Mr.
A. H. Pawson paid attention to the mollusca which came in his way,
and Mr. R. E. Leach and other members brought shells from the
west side of Ribblesdale. The districts in which Messrs. Roebuck
and Pawson collected were Castleberg and Ashfield Hotel grounds,
at Settle, on the previous evening, and Gearstones, Ling Gill and
Penyghent slopes on the day of the excursion. The species which
Mr. Roebuck noted a few weeks before in Douk Gill, when making
arrangements for the excursion, are also included.

Altogether 30 species were noted, only two of these being water
shells and 7 slugs—the remaining 21 being land shells. ‘The most
noteworthy shells were Pupa secale brought from the western slope
of Ribblesdale by Mr. R. E. Leach, Helix aspersa abundant on
Castleberg, and Zimax Jevi's found at Douk Gill beneath the same
log of wood as Avion subfuscus, A. circumscriptus and Limax agrestis,
all lying close enough together to admit of being simultaneously
covered by a penny piece. As a matter of course the submontane
and calcareous species, Helix rupestris, Balea, and Clausilia dubia
were common, and Helix rufescens was particularly abundant in many

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE. I81

places. Clausilia rugosa and Zua lubrica were found on the
limestone scars of Penyghent at 1,900 feet elevation. Ancylus
Jtuviatilis swarmed in Douk Gill Beck, and Mr. Riley Fortune, F.Z.S.,
found Limnea peregra abundantly in the river Ribble above Horton.
The other species noted were Avion ater, Arion minimus (an example
at Gearstones was brilliant primrose yellow when found, but lost the
colour completely and was quite white after five minutes’ crawling on
the captor’s finger, which in its turn became yellow, showing that the
colour was that of the shine), Zimax arborum (Castleberg), Vitrina
pellucida, Zonites cellarius, Z. alliarius, Z. nitidulus, Z. crystallinus
(Ling Gill), Z fulvus (ditto), Helix nemoralis, H. arbustorum,
Hf. concinna, H. hispida, H. rotundata, and Pupa umbilicata.
he Entomological Section was reported upon by its President,

Mr. Geo. T. Porritt, F.L.S., F.E.S. Very few members were present,
and included, besides himself, Messrs. John Braim (Pickering) and
E. G. Potter (York). Not many insects were noted: Zentocampa

rubricosa in the imago state; and larve of a Scoparia, probably
muralis or coarctalis (asizucialie’, in abundance in moss on the
walls ; with the Scoparia were a few of a Gelechia, which there is little
doubt will produce confinella. Among Neuroptera only NMemoura
meyert and Leuctra Lopsecandes were determined with certainty, both
species being com

he botanists nik attended the excursion included, among

many. others, the President, Mr. C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S.; the

ev. W. Fowler, M.A., who presented the Phanerogamic report ;
and Mr. M. B. Slater, F.L.S., a Secretary of the Section.
The following account is written by Mr. P. H. Grimshaw, from
information supplied from various sources :—

e botanists were gratified by having a very successful day,
especially considering that the season was so late and the date so
early. Representatives of this section accompanied all the three
parties, though the greater number arrived with the later contingent
at noon. Those who took the Ling Gill and Penyghent route, or at
any rate those who started early, were very limited in number, yet
some good observations were made, record being taken of about
120 species of Phanerogams. Immediately on alighting from the
train at Ribblehead, the great rarity of the district was noted, the
Now far-famed Arenaria gothica. From Ribblehead to Gearstones
Several species were seen, the more noteworthy of which were
Alchemilla arvensis, Saxifraga tridactylites, and Thymus serpyllum.
The walk from Gearstones to Ling Gill yielded little of an interesting
nature, being mostly over moorland covered with such plants as
Ca “luna Erica, Erica Tetralix, and Empetrum nigrum, However,

182 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE.

Viola palustris and Eriophorum vaginatum were seen, and the
absence of Zvica cinerea was noted as curious. Several limestone
hillocks were traversed, and these proved more interesting. Viola
lutea, Hypericum humifusum, Geranium sylvaticum, Poterium Sangut-
sorba, Pimpinella Saxifraga, Galium verum, and Hieracium Pilosella
were all found on the grassy slopes, and seemed to form a fitting
introduction to the rarer plants found in Ling Gill. This lovely
ravine was at length reached, and here the party soon found that all
their energies must be devoted to merely getting down the stream,
and that the botanising must take its chance. After a while, when
time was found to look round, and when it was safe to do so, several
good records were made. Scolopendrium vulgare was the most
conspicuous fern, being exceedingly abundant on the cliffs, while
Asplenium Trichomanes and A. Ruta-muraria filled up the smaller
crevices. Sesleria caerulea was very plentiful, and indeed over the
whole district, being noted frequently during the day. The other
plants seen in this charming spot, which would have stood a whole
day’s careful examination, were Ranunculus auricomus, Arabis
sagittata, Erophila vulgaris, Cochlearia officinalis var. alpina, Sisym-
rium Thaliana, Helianthemum Chamecistus, Geranium lucidum,
Geum rivale, Chrysosplenium opposttifolium, Adoxa moschatellina,
Valeriana dioica, Scabiosa Columbaria, Cnicus heterophyllus, Lactuca
muralis, Campanula latifolia, Salix phylicifolia, and Polypodium
vulgare. From Ling Gill the members proceeded across open country
in the direction of Penyghent, stopping at Coppy Gill Wood and
Brow Gill on the way. The former yielded a profusion of that richly-
coloured but peculiarly-scented orchid, O.mascuda, which also occurred
in abundance in Ling Gill. On the rocks at the mouth of the cave
at Brow Gill were found Aguilegia vulgaris and Polystichum lobatum.
A section of the party then worked forward to the slopes of the
mountain, returning with some good specimens of Saxifraga ofpositi-
Jolia and Lycopodium Selago. The remainder, who examined Douk
Scar, found there in plenty Sedum Telephium. Chenopodium Bonus-
Hfenricus and Meconopsis cambrica were seen in the village of Horton,
these being about the last records made.

In addition to the plants mentioned in the foregoing sketch, the
following are reported by the Rev. Wm. Fowler, M.A., to have been
seen by the other parties: Zyol/ius europaeus, Chelidonium mayus,
Arenaria verna, Prunus Padus, Sedum Rhodiola, Saxifraga hypnotdes,
Antennaria dioica, Pinguicula vulgaris, Primula farinosa, and
Daphne Mezereum. Mr. R. E. Leach, M.A., noticed on the west
side of the Ribble Salix repens, S. nigricans, Asplenium viride, and
Vaccinium Myrtillus.

: Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE. 183

Several members continued their explorations next day, and were
again successful. Mr. A. H. Pawson, of Farnley, reports having
found in Feizor Wood the following rare plants: Conval/aria majalis,
Daphne Laureola, D. Mezereum, Hippocrepis comosa, Thalictrum minus,
Rubus saxatilis, and Geranium sanguineum ‘in vast abundance.’

A hybrid Primula and Paris quadrifolia were also found in the
same wood, while Sedum Telephium was again seen, this time at the
little hamlet of Wharfe. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus was common
at Wharfe and Austwick, and a great abundance of Saxifraga tridac-
tylites was noted on the roads near Settle.

Before calling on the spokesman of the Geological Section, the
President availed himself of the opportunity of congratulating, on
behalf of the Union, Prof. L. C. Miall on his having been selected
as one of this year’s fifteen new Fellows of the Royal Society.
Mr. Charles Brownridge, F.G.S., who had been acting as Secretary
of the Section, gave way for Mr. Goodchild, who then gave an
account of the day’s proceedings.

Mr. George Brownridge writes:—The excursion being to
a district noted for its scenic beauty and grandeur, as well as its”
scientific interest, a strong contingent of West Riding geologists took
advantage of the facilities offered them to pay a visit to the
valley of the Ribble, for the investigation of the geology of the district
around Ribblehead and Horton. The district being an especially
interesting one for the glacial evidences to be met with, it had been
arranged to pay most attention to the investigation of this branch of
work, and among the party taking part in the day’s proceedings were
Professor Miall, F.G.S. (Chairman), Mr. T. Tate, F.G.S., Mr. P. F.
Kendall, F.G.S., Mr. W. Horne, F.G.S. (Leyburn), and other
members of the Yorkshire Boulder Committee.

The leadership of the party devolved on Mr. J. G. Goodchild,
F.G.S., of the Geological Survey, whose intimate and thorough
knowledge of the district was of invaluable service to the party during
the day. Mr. Goodchild having arrived from Edinburgh on the
previous day, walked over the ground to arrange suitable times for
the various parts of the work, and the excursion, reece was
conducted with commendable regularity and smoothn

A visit was first made to Beecroft Hall Giaetek © see the
junction of the Silurian and mountain limestone, and to examine the
impure coal seams in the base of the latter ; then proceeding over
Moughton Scars, ample traces were seen on the bare limestone
plateau of the former presence of Boulder clay, which has been
denuded off its surface, various fine striz were examined, and after
a brief examination of the Caves and Pot Holes in the vicinity the

Jur une 1892,

184 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE.

party struck northwards to Ribblehead to meet the later arrivals.
The strongly reinforced party, now numbering 26, under the guidance
of Mr. Goodchild, and supplied by him with hand map and sections
illustrating the geology of the district, at once set out to examine
a good exposure of limestone in the cutting a little to the south of
the station, showing glacial strize or markings having a south-westerly
direction. Crossing the railway the party made for the higher ground
on the slopes of Park Fell, where at a suitable spot a halt was made
for a brief survey of the surroundings. The view from this point of
vantage was fine. Whernside, towering up its 2,414 ft. above sea
level, shut in the view to the west, while away north the caps of
Widdale and Cam Fells, and to the east the gaunt form of Penyghent,
alternately smiled and frowned in the sunlight as some white drifting
cloud temporarily hung near their summits and cast an ever-changing
series of shadows on their forms.

Mr. Goodchild here took the opportunity of briefly describing the
physical features of the neighbourhood. The glacial drift covers
most of the surface of the district, and is here well shown by a series
of drumlins or hummocks lying in and occupying the whole of the
valley. ‘These mounds are of long semi-ovoid or dome shape, and
many of large size ; the longer axes lie in the direction of and generally
conform to the ice flow, which, coming from Newby Head and Cam
Fell, forced a part down Chapel-le-Dale, while the other portion
spread out and flowed down Ribblesdale. The sectional form of
these mounds generally conforms to the shape of the underlying rocks
which by various agencies have been shaped into their peculiar ovoid
form, and the overlying material consists of boulder clay largely
interbedded with sands and gravels. Mr. Goodchild explained that
the material differed in character from that of a moraine profonde ;
the layers largely conformed to the shape of the rock surface
underneath, and were, from their form and character, rather material
that had been left by the ice when melted. The general direction
of the ice flow in the valley has been S.S.W., and as the gathering-
ground for the glacier was only a little distance north no far-travelled
boulders are found in the clay. The probable height to which the
drift occurs has been estimated at over 2,000 ft. above sea level on
the south-east side of Ingleborough.

The party now proceeded along the hill-side, passing good
exposures of the boulder clay and drift bared by the mountain
streams, and examined many ice groovings or striz, and after an
interesting series of wall-climbing feats, during which some of the
stiffer members of the party were heard to remark that a little mortar
would have been useful in building, both for the safety of the wall

Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 185

and climber, and passing on the way many fine examples of limestone
weathering, Long Churn and Dickon Pot were reached, and a brief
and cursory examination of these caves, which form underground
runs or channels to Hellan Pot, was made, after which Hellan Pot
was visited. This is one of the most important and striking pot-holes
in the district, and, lying in the deep afternoon shadow of Simon’s
Fell, its gaping mouth, though relieved by the fresh spring vegetation,
looked sombre and forbidding. This shaft or chasm was explored
some time ago by Mr. Birkbeck, of Settle, and was found to be 216 ft.
deep. At the bottom lies a large mass of gravel, and on the north
side runs a cave, along which runs the stream falling into the pot.
This cave contains some fine chambers and cascades, but after passing
some distance, a deep eddying-pool effectively cuts off further
exploration. None of the party wishing to make a more intimate
investigation of its hidden depths beyond timing the fall of stones,
the journey to Horton was resumed, and the clouds gathering round
the cap of Ingleborough made the weather look again threatening,
and the leader anxious to get on to easier travelling ground ; fortun-
ately it turned out only a passing scowl of nature, and the hilltops
resumed their merry appearance in a short time ; briefly examining
an exposure of limestone on the Fell side the high road to Horton
was gained, and passing on each side many cosy-looking old farm-
_ Steads, after a short time Horton was reached, and a well-earned halt
for refreshments made. Many of the party took the opportunity of
making a brief visit to Douk Ghyll to examine the upper Ordovician
rocks exposed there, after which the train for Settle was taken.
A vote of thanks to the chairman, proposed by Mr. D. Grimshaw,
and seconded by Mr. Waite, concluded the business.—E.R.W.

NOTES AND NEWS.

_ The Leeuwenhoek ete a gee Club, Manchester, consisting at present

six members, has issued a review of its work from October 1867, the date of its

foundation, to March 1 pee “From this a ¢ evident that the Club has done much

nstance, it has been instrumental in

introducing the use of _— mixture ore oh ‘napthalin and stearine for imbeddi ing, an and of
nzole as a solvent for b €

in order to increase sg netrating on by of wide- -angled sca ives, when

—-— Oot ————
We notice in the May number of the ‘ Irish Naturalist’ a a account of a
method of photographing —_— history specimens withou camera, which
Should be useful to many of our readers. The process is ie available for flat
piccts bat is at cig mitehie. for such things as seaweeds, mosses, ferns, etc.
Y proper exposure e little detail can be developed, besides the outline, so
that something more rend a mere sihaseetve is produced.
June 1892.

186

DISTICHIUM INCLINATUM: AN ADDITION TO
THE MOSS-FLORA OF ENGLAND.
Wikio BARNES,

The Gardens, Saltburn-by-the-Sea,

HAVE recently had the pleasure of discovering this rare and
interesting plant in Coatham Marshes, and also in similar situations
n the Durham side of the Tees estuary at Seaton Snook. It appears
to have been first found in Britain by Don, on the sands of Barrie,
Dundee, and the few stations that have since been recorded for its
occurrence are, without exception, confined to Ireland and Scotland.
The two present localities afford, therefore, new records for the
moss-flora of England. Distichium inclinatum Hedw. (= Swartsia
inclinata Ehrh., Br. Moss-Flora) may be known from its much
commoner itiey D. capillaceum L. ( = Swartzia montana (Lamk.),

bracts, and besides the teeth of the peristone are much broader and
more distinctly articulated than in D. capillaceum L. It was scarcely
the right time to meet with the fruit in good condition, yet I was
fortunate enough to gather a tuft with capsules having the peristone
sufficiently perfect to show this latter character.

Specimens were sent to Dr. Braithwaite, F.L.S., who kindly
assures me of its being the true plant.

Bryum lacustre Brid. and Br. calophyllum R. Br., were also
found at Seaton Snook, and no doubt the other rare species already
noted to occur at Coatham will be met with also on the Durham
side of the Tees estuary.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Tufted Duck in Notts.—On May 6th last there were about forty gone
ks (/uligula cristata) visible from the bridge on Clumber Lak
think that they had begun nesting operations, as they were swimming in “airs
about the ae t. the water.—LEONARD Burrress, Grove, near Retford,
Notts, 9th May

Flamborou i ek: Notes.—I have been waiting some time expecting the
arrival of our spring visitors, but having taken all particular observa tions and

ade all enquiries respecting their ar rrival, cannot hear of a single Blackstart
(Ruticilla tithys) or Redsta . phani icurus) “making sin appearance on the

ate; I cannot understand th had a most

favourable s for t e Swallows (Havoade v, pas fy did eee arrive until

the last week in April; also the Ring-Ouzel (7urdus torguatus) and Cuckoo
(Cornelius canorus), May 7 r _ Can any r reader ai acco unt for this most mysterious

our “4 MATTHEW BAILEY, Flamborough,
May 12th, 1892.

Waturalist,

187

OCCURRENCE OF THE COMMON RORQUAL,
OR FINNER, IN THE HUMBER.

JOHN CORDEAUX, M.B.0O.U.,
Eaton Hall, Retford. :

On April 14th a large whale of this species (Balenoptera musculus)
was seen blowing in the North Channel, and subsequently it got
stranded on ‘The Den’—a prominent shoal or bank within the
Spurn, and presumably the site of the old Humber towns of
Ravenser and Ravenserodd. Mr. Winson, to whom I am indebted
for the earliest information on the subject, writes:—‘We succeeded
in killing it by stopping up the blow-hole with seaweed, mud and
gravel; when the whale was dying it opened its mouth, displaying
two beautiful rows, eighteen inches deep at the back and about nine
wide, of what appeared to be whalebone, extending the whole length
of the top jaws—a man could have walked upright into its mouth—
I can assure you a most wonderful sight. Yesterday (the 15th) we
towed it across to Cleethorpes for exhibition.’
On the 16th I had an opportunity of viewing it on the coast near
» Cleethorpes, in company with Mr. H. B. Hewetson, of Leeds, who,
despite the Arctic weather, was able to take several photographs.
It was then on its back and partly buried in mud and sand. The
dimensions, as I was then able to take them, and taking half the
girth and doubling it, were as follows :—Total length over all, 76 ft.;
girth behind flippers, 32 ft. 4 in.; gape, 15 ft. 6 in.; across tail
(extreme), 1 5 ft. 6 in.; length of pectoral fin, 7 ft. 6 in. The colour
greyish-black above, very smooth and polished looking. The under
parts white. Owing to the rigor mortis having set in, it was impossible,
€ven with mechanical appliances, to raise the lower jaw, which was
then uppermost, so as to examine the baleen plates; by reclining
on the sand and looking under the lip I could see that the external
surface of these was nearly white, towards the front clouded with
violet or dusky-grey. This, and the comparatively small size of the
pectorals, as well as some other external features, point to the con-
clusion that this is the so-called Common and not Sibbald’s Rorqual
(B. sibbaldii J. E. Gray), the only one of the Balenopteride with
which it could be possibly confounded. In this latter the baleen is
entirely of a deep rich black. The most striking peculiarity of this
huge creature was the very wonderful deep longitudinal plaits or
plicze on the under surface curving from chin to vent in symmetrically
disposed lines, resembling, as much as anything else, bars of white
Soap, two inches in width on the surface, and so closely placed that

June 1802,

188 NOTES AND NEWS.

you could just insert your finger ends between them to the depth of
about one-and-a-half inches. It is difficult to understand what use
they subserve in the economy of the animal. The whale was a
male, and probably of considerable age. The weight was variously
estimated from seventy to one hundred tons. It was sold by auction
on the coast for seventy-five pounds.

Since this was written I have had a most interesting conversation
with Mr. Winson relative to the capture. Mr. Winson says the
upper jaws rested well within the lower, and, when the mouth was
closed, there was a considerable free space between the two, so much
so, that after the creature’s death he lifted his little daughter into the
space, and she was able to walk all round outside the mouth
within the lower lip. The baleen plaits were very nearly white in
front and brownish towards the back of the mouth. The inner
surface being frayed out much like a brush, these bristles were white.
The roof of the mouth was a most beautiful contrast to these, and
pink in colour, with regular prominent bars or ridges crossing it.
Just before the whale died it opened its mouth for about a minute
and a half—an eight-foot man might have very well then stood inside.
In the act of breathing the plaits or furrows on the under surface .
contracted and expanded in the most wonderful manner. Seawee
and mud thrown into the blow-hole were violently expelled, but not —
the stones and gravel.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Mr. Arnold T. Leonie: of Sheffield, writes = 5 ce pred May 5th, 1892, p- 7;
that Prof. W. C. McIntosh — as Sabella sa saxicava the annelid whose curious
protective device wa described in ‘ Nature’ of last § September
oe

This year’s list of fifteen candidates selected for the Spr us | of the Royal
Society includes two names of special interest to our rea Seldom has the
t

eds,
C. Miall, F.L.S., F.Z.S., and the active and peed. ers Professor of Natural
History at the Liverpool Ciliversity College, Mr. W. A ' »F.

etc. Prof. Miall’s researches in com rides anatomy sais paleontology, and
Prof. Herdman’s very successful work in investigating the marine fauna and flora

ls y, have L
o the grateful appreciation of all investigators of Natural Science in the
North of England, and the honour now conferred on them is well-deserved.

Speaking of the Fellowship of the _ Society, may we be permitted to express
our feeling of surprise that the Society should not lon ng ago have honoured itself
p Aaa the nrg Bit hie a Russell ‘Wallace > and Prof. Jot Obadiah Westwood,
ose

eminent of aeeelonn ists ee. this or am ec eae. Society has pet
its appreciation of Prof. Westwood’s m ts by ey geoie sO him praesent
Life Pr Picadant, an honour which had ‘oes eevionaly: borne by the Rev.

THE HYDRADEPHAGA
OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE.

A PAPER READ BEFORE THE saber c3: Society OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE,
Frepruary 8TH, 1892

< e SR ARE,
Ledsham, Cheshire.

**DosT KNOW THIS WATER-FLY?”—Hamilet.

SINCE the days of Linnzeus and the dawn of the systematic study of

nature, the order Coleoptera has been primarily divided into certain

large groups or sub-orders, which in value perhaps oa with

those sections of the Lepidoptera which we call Butterflies pt
1 been based o

different characteristics. Linnzeus recognised in the antennz a Seem

of primary importance; eas poy the great Latreille, insisted on
the number of tarsal joints; but in all the systems the group
Adephaga, as it is called, or As devourers, has always been assigned
the first place among the beetles. This group has been generally

which the order has attained, and as the Coleoptera head the Class
Insecta, and Insecta the sub-kingdom Articulata, so from one point
of view, we might assert that this group of Adephagous tt
exhibits the topmost pinnacle of organic elaboration, which so far
on this earth, has been reached by the Articulata. Now without
expanding into a dissertation on the peculiarities of the structure of
this group, we will merely say that it is divided into two great sections,
the Geodephaga, or devourers of the earth, the Hydradephaga, or
aevourers of the water, and it is this latter section, the Hydra-
dephaga, which I propose to consider more particularly in this paper.
These beetles then are, as we may say, that extension of the

structure, to meet the demands which such an environment imposes.
Ve must not allow ourselves to imagine that the whole group was
originally aquatic, and that the Geodephaga are Hydradephaga which
have taken to a terrestrial life. The reverse is the case. Coleop-
terous life undoubtedly began not in the waters, but on the earth ;
portions of the order have since its divergence become aquatic and
semi-aquatic ; and just as the highest point of complexity of
e

terrestrial forms of Coleoptera is to be found among the Geodephaga,

June 1892.

Ig0 SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE.

so of all the beetles which inhabit the water, the Hydradephaga

steps by which it has arrived at that high position have been
more completely erased and become extinct. For, whereas if we
consider the only other group of the Coleoptera which shows any
decided modification of structure to subserve a similar aquatic
environment—that extension of the C/lavicornia which we name
Palpicornia—if we consider these, I say, we shall at once discover a
long series of connecting links, a perfect sequence of form from say
Cercyon, which is entirely terrestrial, on through Spheridium and
Cyclonotum to Anacena and Laccobius, genera purely aquatic. But
we detect no such perfect sequence among the Adephaga. )
doubt it once existed. Ha/ip/us, though in habit a wholly aquatic
genus, to some extent acts as a link between Dytiscide and Caradide ;
and in North America we find that singular genus Amphizoa, which
is perhaps not so much a present link of union as a relic of some
archaic form, from whence the ancestors of both groups may
have been derive

Hydradephaga, chertone is a very well-defined and quite isolated
group, and it is impossible to mistake any of its members for species
of any other division.

Now, it is a fact worth attention in this connection that most of
the major divisions of the Coleoptera have their aquatic or semi-

succeeded best in the prdduccion of the gioup we are considera,
but Clavicornia are not far behind, as represented by the Palpicornia.
We know of no British aquatic representatives of the Lamellicornia,
it is true, but at the other end of Clavicornia we have Purnus,
Limis, and Heterocerus, all semi-aquatic genera, and in that extension
of this great division, known as Brachelytra, there are certain of the
Stent and our one species of Didnous, besides one or two Quedii and
all the species of Zesteva and Geodromicus, which inhabit the wettest
moss saturated continually by the spray of waterfalls and mountain
streams. We have also Diglossa and Micralymma genera almost
submarine in habitat, and we find many Homalote and Thinobit only
in the wettest shingle.

_ Among the hyncophora, the weevils, there are certain dis-
tinctively semi-aquatic genera, and Euéria and Scirtes exhibit the
Same tendency in Malacodermi. Even among such a purely plant-
frequenting section as the Phytophaga, Donacia is a genus whic
may almost be considered as more aquatic than terrestrial ;

: ama

SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE. Igt

none of these genera or species are in any way modified as regards
structure. However much they may delight in wetness, it is only
actual life in the waters that is potent to alter shape. Nevertheless,
it cannot be doubted but that a long series of semi-aquatic and onl
partially modified ancestors must have existed before such perfected
forms as Dytiscus or Hydrcphilus began to be.

We have already stated that this group of Hydradephaga—highly
specialized as it is—is in fact merely Geodephaga expressly modified
to an aquatic life. Let us then consider the links of union which
show that such is the case. In the first place they are all equally
predacious and carnivorous. Now in relation to the affinities of
insects, the character of their food may appear an unimportant point;
it is however, in reality of the first magnitude, because the whole
structure of an insect and all its economy is arranged primarily in
relation to the character of its food, not the food to the structure.
That is an important point to notice; for instance, it is not because
Cicindela (tiger beetle) possesses those powerful and ruthless jaws,
those agile legs, and ready wings, not because it has been endowed
with all these, that it therefore seeks its food by the capture of other
insects only less swift and less powerful than itself; but that the
need of such and no other sustenance has induced the means most
fitted to secure that end. ‘The character of food then goes deeper
than structure, because it occasions it, and we find a bond of union
between Geodephaga and Hydradephaga in that both live on other
living organisms, captured by their superior means of offence. But
further, proceeding to a consideration of morphological similarities,
we find that in both these groups there are invariably five tarsal joints
for each leg in both sexes. No beetle has more than five—just as no
vertebrate has more than five digits—although whether there be any
significance in the parallelism we will not now consider—but many
beetles have fewer tarsal joints than five. Some of the other groups
are very irregular in this matter of tarsal joints, some having four, some
only three, some different numbers on different pairs of legs, some
differing according to sex, but superior to all these aberrations we find
all the Geodephaga and all the Hydradephaga have always five joints
in all the legs in both sexes, although it must be admitted in some few
€ases one joint is rudimentary. Furthermore, in both these groups
we find similar mouth organs or trophi and similar antenne. Now
among all the organs on which various classifications of the Coleoptera
have been based, the antennze have always been given a prominent
Position, and the mouth organs according to their greater or less
development differentiate with the utmost precision the minor as
well as the major groups.
June 1892,

192 SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE.

We have already seen that the five-jointed tarsi is a feature
common to both these groups, and we may now add that both are
distinguished by moniliform antennz, slightly tapered at the extremity,
and never thickened, clubbed, or foliated, and by a maxillary palpus
having a jointed inner lobe, with very few exceptions. These are
points of similarity which undoubtedly denote a common origin, but
if we turn to the table of the families of the Adephaga, given at the
end of this article, we shall see a group called Gyrinide, which is
placed after all the other families, and if this group or family be
included among the Adephaga, as it usually is, then these remarks
about similarities in structure will not apply. For these Gyrinide
are quite an aberrant group, they are indeed one of the most singular
and exceptional in the whole order of Coleoptera, and we can hardly
understand why they should come under the heading of Hydradephaga
at all, except perhaps because of their purely aquatic habits,
Morphologically they will not come into line at all with the other
families of the section. They represent a much greater advance in
development, a much more elaborated adjustment of structure to
function, than do any other members of the group with which they
are usually associated. If we consider more in detail the consecutive
differentiation of organs in the other members of the Hydradephaga,
we shall the more readily see how widely divergent these Gyrinidz are
from the eine Dytiscus after which they are usually placed.

we must bear in mind that the great idea expressed by this
eimeees the ultimate aim of this modification of structure, is simply
this—from perfect adaptation to the needs of a terrestrial life to
perfect adaptation to the needs of an aquatic life—that is a transition
actually bridged in the course of ages, and the links in the chain of
that transition are still stamped in the physiology of the various
genera from Ha/liplus to Gyrinus.

From this point of view let us, then, consider these external
features, viz., antenne (a), legs anterior and posterior (B), a0
general contour (Cc). We need say nothing of the mouth organs,
because they are adapted not so much to the environing medium
as to the food, and the food is similar all along the line. From a like
reason the internal organisation is undifferentiated, the disparity in
habitat affects neither the nervous, digestive, nor ‘respiratory systems.

A). If you examine the antennz of any Geodephagous beetle
you will notice how the joints are set angularly on one another,
and furnished with bristles or pubescence. In the Ha/iplus type
the angles are bevelled down, the joints being set close one against
another, very much narrowed, and quite glabrous. This type obtains,
without much modification, all through the true Hydradephaga, 206 and

wararalt,

Fy

SHARP : HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE. 193

it is to be noted that they taper to a point instead of being uniform
inthickness, as the Geodephagous antennz is throughout. In
Gyrinus, however, the antennz are altogether shortened almost to
a knob, and the joints are reduced to the form of concentric rings.

and hence they have been modified away in the Hydradephaga.

(B). Secondly, let us consider the legs, and here we have two,
if not three, objects to be attained. Firstly, and most important,
propulsion ; secondly, reduced retardation ; thirdly, a purpose which
is generally assumed to be facility in pairing, and in this the anterior
pair of the male only are concerned.

' Now, propulsion is principally effected by the second and third
pairs of legs, and if we compare those pairs in Had/ip~/us with the
Geodephagous type, we can detect little, if any, difference. The
tibize in neither are very much flattened, and in both forms the tarsi
are set on angularly to the tibize, and have angular tarsal joints ; nor
is the pubescence of either tibize or tarsi particularly long or close.
But in the genera from Hydroporus to Acilius we observe a great
advance in the direction of the oar; we see a compressed tibiz and
a tarsus set in a curved line with the tibize; we see a distinctly
horizontal instead of vertical play of the joints ; and we see the tarsal
joints mia cylindrical, and tapered, and fringed together with
the tibiz on the lower edge with long stiff hairs, which project
a good way oan the tarsal claw, and spread out like a feathering
paddle at the backward stroke of the leg, which impels the insect
forward through the water.

ut now if we consider the posterior leg of the genus Gyrinus to
which we alluded above, what a divergence do we find! This limb
is neither lengthened nor furnished with swimming hairs, but instead
the whole leg, femur, tibia, and tarsus is flattened into broad blades,
and the tarsal joints, instead of being imposed one on another, are
fixed like paddles round a common centre, and can be shut up like
the leaves of a fan. The adaptation is perhaps not much more
perfect than in the Dytiscus type of leg, but it is in a direction far
more remote from the original.

In considering leg modification, I mentioned as the second object
to be attained, diminished lia sa:<P5g This is more important as
one might say ‘forward’ than ‘aft,’ and as the antennz have been
with the same purpose Sein 3 so the anterior legs, which in the
Geodephagous type are nearly as long as the others, in Ha/ip/us are
slightly shorter, and in the Dytiscidee very much reduced in length.
July 1892 N

194 SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE.

The tarsal joints also on these legs are much compressed in length
(although enlarged in diameter), until in Dy#iscus the first three joints
are together almost spherical. In Gyrinide again on the contrary
these napaighinn! ai ms very much lengthened (for ep tae purposes),
but they can p very neatly is in rapid motion,
so as not to impede its course. The third direction of leg modifica-
tion we have to notice, is that peculiar enlargement of the anterior tarsal
joints of the male. » Now this is a characteristic which is found more or
less all through the Coleoptera, and its use has generally been assumed
to lie in increased facility in pairing. It is not quite certain, however,
that the structure was originated solely to serve such a purpose as this.
In the Geodephaga it is by no means uniform as one would expect so
so purely sexual an apparatus to be, and in certain genera the second
as well as the first pair of legs have the tarsal joints enlarged. The ©
theory, however, derives some support from the extraordinary develop-
inent of these joints in Dytiscus and the allied genera, because it is
obvious that if union in pairing requires any adventitious assistance at
all, it will require it more in the denser medium of water than in the
less resisting one of air. However that may be, we can trace a distinct
increase in the enlargement of these joints correlated with more
perfect adaptive modification. In any species of Harfa/us, you see the
normal enlarged tarsus of a Geodephaga. In Haliplus they are
hardly enlarged at all, but in Deronectes and Hydroporus we notice the
first three joints swollen and globular, tending to the still fuller
development of Dytiscus in which the first three joints are not only
much swollen, coalescent and almost spherical, but furnished with
small cup-suckers, after the manner of the arms of a cuttle-fish,
which appears to be a structure quite unique among Coleoptera.

So far then for adaptive modification of antenne and legs among
Hydradephaga. We have next to notice the considerable alteration
in shape, lending itself more and more to the physical needs of the
environment.

(c). Now, if we examine any typical terrestrial form, we notice
a generally angular contour, protuberant eyes, and a very distinct

angle between thorax and elytra. In Aadipflus, the lines have
become more rounded, and the eyes more deeply sunk in the head.
In WDeronectes, on the other hand, the general contour seems
hardly so well disposed as in H@lif/us. This form marks in this
respect the least differentiated among the Dytiscidz ; you notice the
distinct head, the rounded sides of the thorax, and the wide angle
between thorax and elytra; but now, on turning to Agadus or Dytstcus,
= arg rg a distinct improvement. - Their lines compared with the
like those of the s.s. ‘Teutonic,’ by the side of a Dutch Dutch

Naturalist,

‘SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE. 195

‘brig. If we saw the insects in profile, the singular adaptation of form
to planes of least resistance would be still more striking. Here we
-have certainly the perfection of aquatic form. We see it exemplified
in the genera Agadus, Jlybius, and Colymbetes, as well as in Dytiscus
_or Acilius, and perhaps nothing could more graphically exhibit the
modifying power of environment than the contrast, in outline alone,
between one of these Dytisci, and such a form as Cicinde/a, perfectly
fitted as ## is to a terrestrial life.

In this slight survey of the morphology of the group, we ought not
to omit a very important feature. I refer to the wings, which are
ample and well developed in all the Hydradephaga. The purpose is
‘obvious. Perfect adaptation to a life in the water means perfect
helplessness on dry land. But in summer the pools and marshy
places, in which so many of these Hydradephaga live, Hae sendy
‘become dry, and this would involve the utter extermination of those
“inhabitants unless they had some other means of (iceaagsi to rely
on than that of their legs. Hence, while in most Geodephagous
forms, the wings are aborted and useless, in all the Hydradephaga

they are perfectly developed and constantly. used.
There is one other point to which I must allude, as the feature is
very characteristic of this group. Their females, in many cases,
‘appear under two forms, dimorphic as it is called; this difference is
only an external one, the dissimilarity is restricted to striation and
punctuation, one form of the female being like the male, the other
quite distinct, elytra deeply sulcate, whereas the male and first
female form, are quite smooth: or dull, whereas the others are polished
and soon. It must be admitted that we are really quite ignorant of
_ the origin or utility of this female dimorphism ; some have assigned
to it a sexual purpose analogous to the masculine enlarged tarsi, but
the real puzzle is not female differentiation, but, female dimorphism ;
and sexual purposes which might explain the first class of phenomena,
are utterly inadequate to throw any light on the second. The females
of the Gyrinide do not seem to share this peculiarity at all.
I trust I have not out-worn the patience of my readers in dwelling
- thus at some length on these structural details. To summarise them,
we find in the Hydradephaga, from Haliplus to Dytiscus, a gradual
process of adaptation from a typical Geodephagous to a typical Hydra-
dephagous form. Of course the small points of differentiation, which
, distinguish and divide genus from genus and species from species, are
innumerable ; but, broadly speaking, we find :-—
1.—Slight shortening, tapering, and complete nakedness of
antenne, cylindrical joints, and effacement of angular
apertures between joints.

July 1892.

196 SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE,

2.—Shortening of anterior legs, and rp eg (possibly for
sexual purposes) of anterior tarsi in males
3.—Lengthening of posterior legs, and sansa of vertical play
o a lateral oar-like movement ; lateral compression of both
posterior and, to some extent, median legs, and formation
of thick fringe of hair to assist in propulsion.
4-—Gradual alteration in contour, both horizontally and laterally ;
smooth surface without striation in males, and recession of
eyes into head.
5-—Amplification and general use of wings.

These, then, are the points which arrest our attention in our
survey of the Hydradephaga from Ha/iplus to Dytiscus, but it must
be noticed that we have not included that singular family of the
Gyrinid@ in these remarks at all. In them we discover a far more
extreme differentiation than these points we have recapitulated
cover. The contour, indeed, remains much the same, but no
further progression was easily possible beyond Agaéus and Dytiscus 5
their lines are so fine as to be unsusceptible of improvement, but the
foliowing features are distinctly unique : —

1.—Eyes duplex, that is half the eye above, and half below
the median line of the head so as to appear like four eyes
instead of two. This arrangement is to subserve the needs
of a life mostly passed on the surface of the water instead
of in the depths.

2.—Antennz shortened and compressed to a mere knob.

3-—Anterior legs lengthened, but tarsal joints not enlarged.
4.—Median and posterior legs shortened and extremely flattened,
and tarsal joints flattened to the likeness of paddles and
inserted differently from the usual plan.

Such differences as these, so important and fundamental, have
suggested the idea that this family of Gyrinide should be elevated
to the rank of a sub-order, being as diverse from either Adephaga
or Clavicornia as these groups are from each other, but as they are
and always have been treated as part of Hydradephaga, we shall
paren them iphone A in our consideration of that division.

ally, we may remark that the Adephagous water-beetles afford
pinctiend illustrations of the protective resemblance attained by
is is seen in none of them better than in Zaccophilus

hyalinus. ‘The colour of this beetle is a kind of dirty olive-gree?
with a glassy semi-transparent look about it, than which no better
tint could be imagined to conceal the creature in the still clear water
of ponds full of semi-lights and reflections from water-plants. __There
Naturalist,

SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE. 197

is no bright or metallic coloration throughout the entire group, except
indeed in the case of Gyrinus, but these beetles, as we have said,
keep on the top of the water, and depend more for safety on the
agility and speed with which they turn and double and dive, than in
any protective resemblance. All the others range from a sort of
fulvous yellow, through shades of brown and olive-green, to black ;
and the spots with which so many are adorned, are so arranged as to
appear like the spots and flecks of light among the weeds wherein |
their life is spent. The larve of the Hydradephaga may often be
dredged up among caddis-cases, shells, aquatic hemiptera, and the like.
They are ferocious monsters, more insatiable even than the perfect
insects, and armed with enormous jaws in most species. Of the pupz
and methods of pupation, as is usual among the Coleoptera, next to
‘nothing is known.
DISTRIBUTION.

And now as regards the distribution of these insects in our own
district, that is, the counties of Lancashire and Cheshire. It should
be said in preface that the following remarks apply almost exclusively
to the Western part of those counties. We have only one observer
in Mid Lancashire, but none to whose records I have been able to
gain access in either South Cheshire or North or extreme East
Lancashire. Thus a great deal of our district remains still unexplored,
localities which from their character are likely to add considerably
to our local list ; such, for instance, are the meres and mosses which
Stud the Southern division of Cheshire, and the mountains, tarns,
and marshes of Furness in the North of Lancashire.

In compiling a list of records Dr. Ellis, of Liverpool, has done
more in this, as in the other divisions of Coleoptera, than all the
other observers put together ; but we must also mention the name of
the late Mr. Kinder, of Bootle, who seems to have worked the pits
and ponds in his immediate vicinity with singular thoroughness.
We have also—besides the records of Mr. Chappell, which cover
more especially the district around Manchester—the observations of
Mr. Wilding and Mr. Stott in Lancashire, and Mr. Newstead and
Mr. Tomlin in Cheshire, and from the recorded observations of these
gentlemen we have been able to compile a fairly full list of the local
Hydradephaga.

Beginning then with the family HauirLtpa&, those crawling more
than swimming beetles of the water. As you will see from the table,
there are three genera: Brychus, Haliplus, and Cnemidotus. The
first and the last of these genera have one species each, and both are
said to occur in the East Cheshire district, but we have no records
from the immediate vicinity of Liverpool.

July 892.

198 SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE.

Fialiplus has eleven recognised British species; two of them
H, rujficollis and H. lineatocollis, are two of our most abundant wate
beetles, and I have, I think, never dragged pond or ditch in the
district without meeting with the former insect at any rate.

HZ. obliquus I have only taken in Flintshire, but Dr. Ellis has it ‘rot
Bidston near Birkenhead.

H. confinis is a scarce insect. I have never taken it in Cheshire,,
but Mr. Kinder reports it from Kirkdale.

Hf, fulous and Hi. flavicollis are fairly common.

HZ. fluviatilis has been recorded, and Dr. Ellis has taken Z. striatus,
which seems more probably to be only a racial variety of A. rujicollis,
and not a distinct species. Thus of the eleven species of this genus
we have records of eight ; the other three are rare everywhere.

f the PELoBIIDA there is but one genus, Pe/obius (dweller in
the deep), and one species, which is very uncommon in the north
but has been taken at least once by Mr. Gregson at Rufford.

The next family, Dyriscip#, contains a number of genera, which
have been arranged under various tribes and sub-families, with which,
however, we need not concern ourselves here, as it will be less con-
fusing to treat of the genera simply as they are placed, but the groups
in which they are massed in the table will give some idea of their
affinities.

Noterus (the wet one) is a small genus of two species. One of
these, WV. sparsus, occurs in the district, but not by any means
frequently.

Then comes Laccophilus (lake lover). There are three species.
Their synonymy is rather confusing, and Canon Fowler has altered
the specific names of the first two. Good and sufficient reasons
doubtless exist for his doing so, but it is nevertheless very confusing,
after having learned to recognise certain forms by certain specific
names, to be suddenly called upon to change or even reverse them.

The first of these species of Laccophilus, L. minutus, I have never |
been able to discover in the district, but it has been reported by
Dr. Ellis. The second, now called Z. Ayadinus, I have taken quite
abundantly in most of the Cheshire ponds. It was particularly
plentiful in 1890; the previous year I had not taken more than two
or three. In this connection I may observe that I haye noticed that
every year seems to have its particular water-beetles, which then do
more especially abound, and then seem to die out perhaps for years-
The laws which govern these phenomena are exceedingly obscure,
but it is impossible to doubt that they are controlled by laws pet-
fectly rigid in their application. I am m yself persuaded that such
instances are similar in character to the Gace abundance of such

Naturalist,

SHARP : HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE. I99

Lepidoptera as Detlephila galit and Coltas edusa, and owe their origin
to a similar set of factors, and in the case of Hydradephaga we can
hardly seriously invoke the agency of migration to explain what we
cannot understand, as has been done in the case of the Lepidoptera.

For instance, 1888 was notable for Ayphydrus ovatus. All the
ponds swarmed with that species ; since then, they have only occasion-
ally been met with. In 1889. Agabus sturmii was unusually
abundant ; in 1890 the Celambii versicolor and inegqualis took the
lead, and also this Laccophilus hyalinus ; while last year, Hydroporus
lineatus, a beetle usually rather scarce, was particularly plentiful.
Only a careful study of atmospheric conditions and meteorological
records, over a long course of years, combined with a series of
accurate observations on greater and less abundance could, I think,
furnish us with any sort of tenable aoe to account for these
phenomena. But this is a work as yet untrie

But passing into the next group of genera, we commence i
Fydrovatus (Oxynoptilus in Dr. Sharp's Catalogue). There is only
one species, and that has only been taken in one pond near
Portsmout

The three genera, Bidessus (compressed or well bound), Celambus
(scooped out), and Deronectes (swimmer), are usually all included in
the great genus Aydroporus ; but Canon Fowler, with very good
reason, separates them. They are four entirely distinct types
of insect, and the old genus Aydroporus was always cumbrously
large.

The three species of Bidessus are small rounded beetles, all very
rare, and none so far taken in our district.

flyphydrus, which has always been a distinct genus, has one
species; an insect which to mistake is impossible. It is a dark
orange-red colour, and almost globular. It is fairly common in all
the Cheshire ponds, and was especially so, as mentioned above, in
the summer of 18

Celambus has eight species

C. reticulatus (versicolor) is common in the district, but more local
and erratic than C. inegualis, and it also appears rather earlier.

C. luceratus is recorded by Mr. Gregson from Bromborough,
Cheshire.

C. parallelogrammus 1 have taken once ina peaty pool in Delamere
Forest. It is rather a scarce species, and does not seem to have
been otherwise recorded in the district. The other three species are
not recorded, so we have five out of eight in this genus

We now come to Deronectes with five species, all fine distinguished
looking insects, with a certain rotundity of outline and dilation of
July 1892.

200 SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE.

the thorax which renders them conspicuous. Three of these are
taken in the district. One of them, D. assimilis, seems to have
been identified first as British, by Dr. Schaum, from specimens
taken by Mr. Gregson, in Mosslake Fields, Liverpool. I have found
it commonly over all the district that I have explored. Of another
species, D. 12-pustulatus, Mr. Stott, of Bolton, has an interesting
observation. He found a number of them hybernating under water;
under the bark of rotten sticks, in a pond at Lostock, in January
1886. This is the only instance that I have ever come across of any
number of the Hydradephaga being found zz hybernaculo. The case
demonstrates to us very forcibly how completely vital action must be
suspended during hybernating, because respiration must cease almost
entirely. For the Wydradephaga do not, like fishes and gill-bearing
larvee, breathe the air held in solution by the water; they are compelled
to fill the space between the elytra and the abdomen with atmospheric
air obtained from the surface of the .water, and if kept in a lightly
stopped bottle full of water to the exclusion of any air, they will, as
a usual thing, very soon drown; therefore, it seems that we must
conclude that these hybernating beetles found under bark of sub-
merged sticks, existed for probably several months on the minute
bubble of air retained under their elytra from their last visit to the
surface. This species, however, I have not taken so frequently as
either D. assimilis or D. depressus. The other two, D. /atus and
D. griseo-striatus, do not occur here. The first inhabits clear running
streams, and the last is quite a northern insect.

We now come to /ydroporus (wayfarer of the water), the largest
of the genera of the Hydradephaga. The species are all small
obscurely coloured insects, and they present to the student the
greatest difficulties in the way of identification. Canon Fowler
enumerates thirty-six species ; a great many of them are uniformly

lack, and these are the most difficult of all. One of them, 7. palustris,
is the most abundant water-beetle we have in this district, except
perhaps Hadiplus rujficollis ; but of the thirty-six species there are
records of twenty-two or twenty-three.

One 1. ferrugineus, a very rare species, is cited as from Whalley
near Preston, by Fowler, but no authority is given.

Two species rest on single specimens. Dr. Ellis took A. celatus at
Otterspool, on the Mersey shore, and I have taken one specimen of
ff, flavipes at Ledsham, Cheshire.

At Simonswood, Lancashire, Dr. Ellis took A ¢vistis and H.
melanarius, and in the same place I took ZH. a¢viceps, and in Delamere
two specimens of H. obscurus. These are our only records of these
species.

Naturalist

SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE. 201

Interesting records are H. rivalis, in clay-pits behind Wavertree
Park, 1. septentrionalis and H. davisit, the latter by Mr. Chappell and
Mr. Gregson. The other, H. septentrionalis, is recorded by Mr. Kinder
as from Kirkdale freely, but this seems to me to require confirmation.
1. septentrionalis is one of the species restricted apparently to clear
running streams, and Mr. Kinder’s localities were clay-pits, which
seem most unlikely situations.

#1. pictus, a very small and easily- distinguishable species, occurs
in nearly all the Cheshire ponds of clear waters sparingly, and
generally singly. A. /epidus is also not a common insect. I have

en it at Heswall and Ledsham, Cheshire, and the late Mr. Archer
tecords it from New Brighton. A. /ituratus I have taken usually
in ditches near the sea at Leasowe, Cheshire, and Heswall,

. planus
always more or less plentiful in the district. On the whole, we
are well represented in this genus, the species that do not occur
being rare and local.

€ now have to consider another group of genera, of which
Agabus is the largest.
_ Ldybius (the mud dweller) numbers seven species, one of which
1s doubtful as British, /. swdeneus, and if Mr. Gregson’s record of
Z. augustior, ‘ formerly plentiful in Mosslake Fields,’ be accepted, we
have all the others. One of them, /. guttiger, indeed is recorded from
no nearer than Preston, by Mr. Wilding, but the others are fairly
distributed. It is noteworthy that all the specimens of J. odscurus
which I have taken, have been of the variety sexdentatus ; the type
form I have never seen.

Agabus contains nineteen species, of which we have nine recorded.
One of them, A. dipustulatus, is very common everywhere.

A. chalconatus, in a ditch near Morton, and in Shotwick Brook,
also by Mr. Stott at Lostock, Bolton.

A. sturmii I have taken abundantly all through Cheshire.

A. paludosus rests on one species reported by Mr. Kinder, from
Crosby, but Mr. Stott takes it near Bolton.

A. nitidus, Mr. Wilding has taken near Preston.

A. guttatus, fairly common. A. nebulosus, Dr. Ellis in his Fauna
mentions as abundant, but I have never met with a specimen in
Cheshire. He took his on the sand-hills at Wallasey.

A. conspersus, a rather rare and maritime species taken at Crosby
and Hightown.

July 1802,

202 SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE.

A. unguicularis, taken by Mr. Chappell, Withington, Rusholme,
Cheshire.

Platambus (flattened) is another genus, with one species,
P. maculatus. 1 have taken it abundantly in the Alyn, at Gresford, and
doubtless it would occur among the shingle on the right bank of the
Dee, which would bring it into our district

Copelatus (the rower), formerly Ziopterus (smooth-winged), has
also one species, C. agi/is, which I have so far never met with, but it
occurs generally over the district.

Rhantus and Colymébetes were formerly combined under one
genus Colymbetes. According to Canon Fowler’s arrangement,
however, Colymbetes (the diver) has but one species, C. fuscus, a large
insect like a Dytiscus, which is common generally, and particularly
abundant in the shallow lagoons formed on the sand-hills.

The other division, now Rhantus (which I think means sprinkled,
in allusion to their dotted elytra), represents six species. Three have
been taken here. Dr. Ellis took a dead specimen of 2. exoletus once
on the banks of the Alt; 2. grapiz, one specimen taken by Mr. Gregson,
in Mosslake Fields, and also by Mr. Chappell, near Pendleton ; and
R. bistriatus, taken by myself in Delamere cies

fe now come to the Dy/iscina group of gener.

Dytiscus itself (made like a diver); Basie liciliide tensive
pointed), and Graphoderes (scratched or striated skin).

Dyitiscus contains the largest and best known of all the water
beetles. D. marginatus is the commonest, but D. punctulatus has been
taken at Wallasey and in Delamere. Of six species of this genus,
we only possess these two. Neither of the two Aydatici are recorded.
Of Actlius, A. sulcatus is fairly common, the other one, A. canaliculatus,
is recorded in Mr. Cosmo Melvill’s list of the Manchester Coleoptera,
but the record may be a mistake for A. su/catus, as these two species are
very sifnilar.

The remaining genus of the Dytiscide, Graphoderes, contains one
species, which is supposed to be extinct as British

We have now merely to allude to those two genera which form
the family Gyrinidz, which as we have seen differs so materially
from any other of the families of the Adephaga. Gyrinus (the
whirler) numbers nine species, which it seems to me are among the
most difficult of all the Coleoptera to satisfactorily determine. We
have records of four species, two of which are very common, G. marinus
and G.atator. ‘The commonest species about my own district seems

.to be G. marinus, and Mr. Chappell says the same of the Manchester
locality. Mr. Gregson took the rare species, G. dicolor, from Raley,
in Cheshire, and Mr. Chappell and others have met with G. distinctus

Naturalist,

SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE. 203

at Leasowe. The last genus which I have to mention is Ovechtochilus
(with stretched lip or edge). There is one species which occurs in
the Bollin, also the Alyn, and doubtless many other streams.

Such then is a brief résumé of the records of the members of the
group Hydradephaga which our district has so far supplied, about
seventy-four species out of a total of one hundred and twenty-nine ;
and of twenty-four genera, there are but four of which we have no
representative.

It is chiefly in the denizens of clear running waters that we are
deficient, but the immediate vicinity of Liverpool is not noted for
its clear brooks and shingly streamlets. Then there are some species
purely local like Hydrovatus clypealis from Portsmouth, and Bedissus
minutissumus only taken in Devonshire ; there are also a few northern
and semi-arctic species which we could not expect to find, such as
Dytiscus lapponicus, Agabus arcticus,and others. Then there are
a few forms which seem restricted to a southern range. ut on
the whole we have as large a proportion of the total numbers of the
group as perhaps any other district of an equal size can boast of.
We are fortunate in possessing singular facilities for working these
insects in the number of pits or ponds which stud the surface of all
South Lancashire and West Cheshire. All over that great belt. of
glacial clay, which like a thick veil covers the Triassic sandstones,
these quiet ponds mark nearly every field. To account for their
origin we must go back to the years long past, when wheat was the
Staple crop of the heavy clay lands, and not, as now, restricted to an
isolated field here and there. Then, when patent manures were
unknown, the only way of recuperating the surface, exhausted as it must
have been then by a long course of wheat crops, was by application of
the virgin sub-soil as a top-dressing. For that purpose were dug those
deep pits, and there they have remained ever since, the home of
generations of water-beetles. Usually dug in the corners of the fields,
great oaks have grown up around them, and tangles of gorse and
hawthorn shut them in. There the sly Water-Hen paddles silently out
from the thick reed beds, and into their still waters on winter evenings
the wheeling wild ducks drop with a splash that resounds all across the
pastures. It is these pools that make the study of the Hydradephaga so
fascinating. No inverting tons of angular stones on bleak mountain
Sides, no grubbing among dung and carrion. Here is all the charm
of trout-fishing, the bright April morning—for April is the best
month for the Hydradephaga, before the water-weeds have grown
too much—the -yellow gorse, the catkined sallows. You may have
the luck to see a kingfisher, a resplendent vision of sapphire, for
a moment he sits poised on an aspen bough, then like a flash he has
July 1892.

204 SHARP: HYDRADEPHAGA OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE.

gone. _ The black-headed, most beautiful of the buntings, will ‘sit

specimens of Halipli and Hydropori for ever redolent. We may
work them out with microscope and dissecting needle by the winter
lamplight, and struggle and toil at their distinguishing, and the result
to our non-entomological friends may seem poor enough, a series of
black and brown dots on cards, but to us, they ever bring back the
halcyon days of some early spring, and in our ears as we enumerate
them, is the fitful wail of the plover over the springing corn, and the

apping of water among reeds; and in our eyes the pleasant flicker
of sunlight between the oak boughs, and with such things as these
are we rewarded.

ad
< CICINDELIDA&. 1 Genus.
oO
s “~~
| Carasip#. Sundry Genera.
©
Brychius ... Per ... containing 1 species.
HALIPLID. { Haliplus bee pa ate * EL ys
Cnemidotus ... Pe I ”
Pe.osuvp&. Pelobius a: “ ae
het ¥ . ie
Laccophilus . me <0
Hydrovates= Oaynaptilus seh 7 eer
Bidess: oe ” 3 ”
Lophpdess % baoy
: Calambus .. a a
<
g Deronectes . ee ae
m Hydroporus i 20 4,
& Dyriscina. ¢ “ets I
a Ss ee ay tae ‘5 20 ”
B Platambus es oo 1 eee
ra Copelatus = Liapterus. oe a
oe antus a G 4
Colymbetes ” ys
Dytiscus ee ie ie : 64
Hydaticus ... is ies x 3) 33
Acilius ee ae a 2...
rita seid ob = su te to
as ie aie 54 oo,
shenencanins (Be Ovatidial ue seu ope a I

”
Naturalist

205
THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT ROKEBY.

Ir would be difficult to imagine‘that any Whit-Monday excursionists
could have had a more enjoyable or profitable outing than the seventy
or eighty members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union who journeyed
on the 6th June, to Barnard Castle, for the purpose of investigating

Ww :
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NYA 857 TL
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tert dirvet Side

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that delightful and romantic portion of Teesdale, which has been
rendered classic ground by Sir Walter Scott, who in his well-known
and oft-quoted poem of Rokeby, portrays the physical features of the

district with characteristic fidelity and with many a graphic phrase.

Mrs. Morritt (widow of the late owner), and Mr. G. Gilpin Brown.
July 1892.

206 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT ROKEBY.

Similar permission was granted by Lord Strathmore, of Streatlam
Castle, for the exploration of the neighbouring district immortalised
by Charles Dickens. The fine weather preceding the excursion-
day had induced numerous members to spend the week-end in the
neighbourhood, the Cleveland Naturalists’ Club in particular, having
one of their regular excursions in Upper Teesdale.
On the early morning of Monday, however, the weather looked so”
threatening (especially after the heavy rainfall of Sunday), that it no
doubt deterred some from attending the excursion. However, by the
_ time Barnard Castle was reached, all clouds had passed away, and the
sky was one glorious stretch of sunlight. On leaving the train at
11.30, the travellers from all parts of Yorkshire, augmented by the
advance party, proceeded through the town, which presented a very
gay appearance. The cyclists of the North Eastern Counties were
holding a large camp in the neighbourhood, and large bodies of
*wheelers’ blocked the streets accompanied by bands of music;
bunting was everywhere flying, and one in particular, ‘Welcome to the
visitors,’ was appreciated equally by the naturalists. Leaving the busy
little town with its gay and festive scenes, the members proceeded to
carry out the programme which had been arranged for them.
Although well scattered about,.the same general direction was taken
by all who participated in the excursion.
The leadership of the geological party was undertaken by
Messrs. W. F. Kealing Stock, F.C.S., and J. I’Anson, J.P., both of
_ Darlington, while the general body of naturalists was under the
direction of Mr. J. G. Brass, in whom the Barnard Castle neighbour-
hood possesses an efficient and accomplished all-round investigator.
Clear of the town, the right bank of the Tees was taken, the
geologists keeping to the water’s edge in order to examine the bed of
the river, and the other members following the road to Thorsgill,
which the bryologists made the scene of their operations. ‘ Egli-
ston’s grey ruins’ stand at this point, and the various loose stones
lying within its once sacred walls claimed the attention of the
-conchologists and others. Looking across the Tees from this point
one could not but admire the palatial aspect of the Bowes Museum,
erected and endowed by the late Mr. and Mrs. John Bowes for the
inhabitants of Barnard Castle. The building erected at a cost stated
at ‘half a million,’ was formally opened on June the roth, twenty years
after the laying of the foundation stone.
With the too brilliant sunshine and over-bearing heat as the only
_ drawbacks to the otherwise delightful stroll, the way was continued
-over Manyfold Beck, until Rokeby Park was reached with its mag-
snificent trees and truly welcome shade.

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT ROKEBY. 207

Before this arbour of refuge was attained, much active work was
out of the question, but, as if to make-up for lost time, the members
spread well about, and’ spent all their available time under the shade
of the trees, where the majority of records for the day. were made.
The streams being somewhat low, the meeting of the Tees and the
Greta did not present that grand appearance observable in flood time.
After crossing the stream

Condemn’d to mine a acenti"s way

O’er solid sheets of marble gre
the footpath was followed to Mortham wil which several
members ascended, in order to see the view obtainable from ‘the
Summit. A hundred yards further, and the beautiful tomb said to
have been brought from Egglestone Abbey was reached. One
member made the sketch from which he afterwards drew the
following illustration :—

South of the gate an arrow-flight,

Two rig od wae their limbs unite,

As if a opy to spr

O’er the 0% aveitthaa of the dead ;

For their huge boughs in arches bent

Above a massive monument,

Carved o’er in ancient gothic wise,

With many a scutcheon and device. :

Rokepy. Canto ii., Stanza xvii.

From the armorial ensigns with which the monument is richly
carved, it is thought to have been a tomb of the F itz-Hughs. Again
crossing the Greta the site of a Roman camp was inspected. It is
Well preserved, and forms part of the elaborate system of earthworks
€rected by our first historic conquerors.
July 1892

208 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT ROKEBY.

Conveyances were requisitioned at the ‘ Morritt Arms,’ and after
a much-appreciated drive, Barnard Castle was again reached by those
members who did not remain in the neighbourhood for further
investigation. Proceeding by train to Darlington, they assembled
for tea at the North Eastern Hotel, where also the sectional and
general meetings were held.

Mr. Wm. Cash, F.G.S., of Halifax, occupied the chair at the
general meeting. The business included the election of four new
members, viz. :—Messrs. Wm. E. Asquith, Leeds; Wm. Creaser,
York ; Thomas. J. Morley, Beverley ; and Joseph Whitaker,
Halifax.

On the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Mr. Wm. Denison
Roebuck, F.L.S., the Rev. E. P. Knubley, M.A. (one of the Hon.
Secretaries of the Union), was unanimously re-elected delegate to
the forthcoming meeting of the British Association to be held at
Edinburgh in the beginning of August. The roll-call showed the
following affiliated societies to be represented at the meeting :—
Wakefield, Ovenden, Bradford, Leeds, Leeds Co-operative, York,
Malton, Halifax, Cleveland, Ripon, Harrogate, Thirsk, Scarborough,
Ellesmere, Huddersfield, and Darlington Naturalists’ Societies,
Leeds and Hull Geological Associations, Scarborough Philosophical,
Bradford Scientific and the Conchological Society.

On the proposition of Mr. John Thrippleton, of Leeds, seconded
by Mr. W. H. Stansfield, of Southport, a vote of thanks was accorded
to Mrs. Morritt, Mr. G. Gilpin Brown, and Lord Strathmore, for
granting permission for the exploration of their respective estates ;
to Mr. J. G. Goodchild, F.G.S., Mr. W. Y. Veitch, and Mr. Baker
Hudson, for assisting the Hon. Secretaries with the excursion-
programme, and to Mr. W. F. Kealing Stock, F.C.S., Mr. J. C
TAnson, and Mr. J. G. Brass for kindly leading parties during
the day.

The next business was the rendering of the Sectional Reports :—

For the Vertebrate Section, Mr. Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S., one of the
General Secretaries of the Union, stated that he only officiated in
connection with the section in the absence of all its officers. The
overwhelming heat had had a marked effect upon the birds, which
instead of being proverbially lively, had evinced a desire to sit still
under the shade of the trees, so that together with a similar disinclina-
tion on the part of the few observers who were present, and the short
time actually spent on the field, the opportunities of making anything
like an adequate record were small.

Along the right bank of the Tees the Stockdove was fairly
common, breeding in the nooks and crannies of the rocks in company

————

Naturalist

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT ‘ROKEBY. 209
with Jackdaws and Starlings, which latter ge were also similarly
occupied in the ruins of Eggleston Abbey. Warblers were well
represented, and included besides others, ee Wood Warbler,
Blackcap, and Garden Warbler. It was expected that the first named
would be found nesting, but the writer did not hear that such was
the case. Swifts were very numerous in the town of Barnard Castle,
where they doubtless nested in some of the older buildings, and the
Dipper was seen on the Greta.

The only Mammals in evidence were the Mole, Hare, and
Rabbit, the latter being exceedingly numerous.

Fish were rising very freely in the streams, but the time was too
short to admit of closer examination.

It was reported that a Lizard had been seen by one of the general
party, but at the Sectional Meeting the evidence not being considered
very satisfactory, it is not included in the following list, which is a
complete record for the excursion :—

Mammals. Sedge Warbler. "Starling.
Mole *tHedge Accentor. ey agpie
Pace piepas Jackéaw.
Rabbit reat Ti arrion Crow.
Pare *Blue Tit Rook.
Birds. ceri cme
tMissel Thrush Pied Wagt atl nei
tSong Thrush Yellow — Sparrowhawk,
tBlackbird. *Meadow Pipit. *Ring Dov.
Wheatear aesasers Suse *Stock Dove
Whinchat hi
*Redstart espe Partridge
tRedbreast Sand Martin nd Rail
Whitethroat Tree Creeper *Waterhen
kcap. *Greenfin pwing.
Garden Warbler. *+House Sparrow:
Gold crest. Tree Sparrow Amphibians
Chiffchaff, *Chaffinch. _
*Willow Warbler. Corn Bunting. Common Frog
Yellow Bunting. and Tadpoles.

Wood Warbler.

The asterisk (*) signifies that the species was — breeding,
and the dagger (+) that young birds were on the wi
Mr. Wm. Nelson, M.C.S., one of the Hon. Secretaries of the

Conchological Section, presented the following Report
The Section was well represented, and the sienianen included,

J. W. Geldert, T. A. + ophowe: and others; but in spite of their

being a sufficient number of investigators, and the suitableness of

“ ground, very little was collected, which may be partly accounted
Y¥ 1892, °

210 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT ROKEBY.

for by the fact that the time at their disposal was very limited, and
that the weather was extremely fine, and hot, and the ground very dry
and hard. Only three Freshwater species were found, none of which
were of special interest. Of the Slugs seven species were recorded,
amongst which Avion minimus, the latest addition to the British List,
may be noted; this evidently will prove to be widely distributed, having
been also found on the previous excursion of the Union to Horton-in-
Ribblesdale. The Land Shells were represented by twenty species,
which must be considered rather poor work, more especially as this
number was made up of the commoner and most widely distributed
forms, the only exceptions being Ae/ix sericea and Balia perversa.
Meagre as the list is, it would have been more so but for the exertions
of Messrs. Gelderd and Lofthouse. The complete list of species
taken is as follows :—

Limnea peregra. Vitrina pellucida. Helix rotundata.
Limnza truncatula. Zonites cellarius, Bulimus obscurus.
Ancylus fluviatilis. Zonites alliarius. Pupa umbilicata.
Arion ater. Zonites nitidulus. Balea perversa.
Arion hortensis. Zonites purus. Clausilia rugosa.
Arion .circumscriptus. . Zonites crystallinus. Clausilia rugosa var.
Arion minimus. Helix nemoralis. ubia.

Limax maximus. Helix hortensis. Clausilia laminata.
Limax agrestis. Helix arbustorum. Cochlicopa lubrica.
Limax arborum. Helix hispida. Carychium minimum.
Succinea putris. Helix sericea.

The report of the Entomological Section was read by Mr. Jas. H.
Rowntree, one of the Secretaries of the section, and the following
account is supplied by his colleague, Mr. A. E. Hall, F.E.S.:—
The time at the disposal of members on the Monday being so short,
and quite insufficient to do justice to the locality, we decided to
make a longer stay in the district, and now include the insects
noticed during our stay at Greta Bridge from Friday night, June 3rd,
to Tuesday morning, the 7th. The locality appears to be a go

rch elm i

taken so no 1

else this appeared a suitable locality, though repeated beating
produced no larve'of this species. Xanthia ferruginea larvee were
numerous, and it is probable that X. gi/vago was taken also.
The usual spring larvee, such as H. progemmaria, H. defoliaria, etc.,
were common, and C. brumaéa a pest, as usual. No other larve
worth recording were noticed. Sugaring was a complete failure, not
attracting a single insect. The following is a complete list of the
imagines taken or seen, all of them in the immediate neighbourhood
of Eggleston Abbey and Greta Bridge :-—

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION AT ROKEBY.

Pieris brassicze, abundant.

Pieris rapze, abundant.

Pieris napi, abundant. This species
ms.

Chortobius pamphilus, common.
Hepialus hectus, very fine, fairly
co

mon.
Emmelesia affinitata, common.
Emmelesia albulata, common.
Eupithecia minutata, common at night
in the garden of the Morritt Arms
Hotel, Greta Bridge.
Melanippe montanata, very common.
We took one or two very pretty

2If

Cidaria suffumata, only one taken.
Acronycta rumicis, one taken at rest.
Plusia gamma, abundant.
Stenopteryrx hybridalis, very common,
as it has been in all localities
have collected in this season.
Crambus pratellus, abundant.
Tortrix ministrana, abundant.
Sericoris lacunana, common.
Cnephasia musculana, abundant.
Bactra lanceolana, common.
Ephippiphora cirsiana, common.
Ephippiphora turbidana, a very fine
series taken amongst Butterbur.
Plutella cruciferarum, very common.

forms, with the bar much broken.

The Section on the date of the excursion was not so well attended
as might have been expected. The following were the only members
present, so far as could be ascertained, and if any names are omitted it
is because they were not seen by either of the Secretaries of this
Section. Messrs. J. Geldart (Darlington), A. E. Hall, Hon. Sec.
(Sheffield), T. A. Lofthouse (Middlesbrough), J. H. Rowntree,
Hon. Sec. (Scarborough), W. Mansbridge (Horsforth), and H. B.
Wilson (Leeds).

Nothing was done among the other orders, except that a specimen
. the Wasp Beetle (Clytus ariefis) was taken near Eggleston

bey

In the absence of the Phanerogamic Secretary of the Botanical
Section, the report was presented and the following account supplied

Mr. A. H. Pawson, of Farnley :—

The Botanists of the party made their way from the town through
the rich meadows and thick woods which here overhang the bed of
the river, and at no time of the year could a more lovely display of
flowers have been seen. The mowing-grass was a mass of colour,
and among the commoner field flowers the white bells of Saxifraga
$ranulata were plentiful. Overhead the Mountain Ash, Hawthorn,
and Wild Crab made the woods gay, whilst in their deepest glades
the White Bear’s Garlic gleamed among the blue Hyacinths, and the
Opener spaces sparkled and shone with the white and lilac Lady’s
Smocks, the pink Campion, and the turquoise Forget-me-not ; the
walls and rocks were hung with Herb Robert, and the wild and
barren Strawberries, mixed with the rarer Geranium lucidum and
Saxtfraga tridactylites. The extreme beauty and luxuriance of the
Spring foliage and flowers in this favoured valley were remarked by
all. The open nature of the woods, the exposed rocks—those of
cesta, so dear to the lover of plants—and the moist river-banks,

uly 1892,

212 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT ROKEBY.

make this a peculiarly happy hunting-ground for the botanist, and if
no great number of rare flowers was observed, this must by no means
be put down to the poverty of the district, but rather to the very
- limited time which was at the disposal of the searchers. Indeed, the
very richness and beauty of the jewelled. woods caused delay, and
time was passed in admiration which ought to have been devoted to
further search. After reaching the mouth of the Greta, many of the
party pushed up the smaller valley for some distance. The vegeta-
tion was of a similar character, but the woods were deeper and
darker. Here was found eoftia nidus-avis, that rare orchis which
delights in shade, a suspiciously parasite-like plant, already condemned
as a saprophyte by the learned and Sacra Hooker. The more
uncommon plants found were, Doronicum plantagineum, Symphytum
officinale, Lathrea squamaria, Polygonatum multifiorum, Listera ovata,
Chelidonium majus, and Cardamine amara, Double and monstrous
forms of Geum rivale were noted, as is usual where this flower is
abundant.

The Cryptogamic report of the Section was presented by its
Secretary, Mr. Matthew B. Slater, F.L.S., who, in conjunction with
Mr. rnes, worked the ground very fully in the short available

time, aiid succeeded in adding one species to the known flora of the
district. The following is a full list of the cryptogams met with :—

Mosses.

Gymnostomum tenue Schrad. Hypnum polymorphum Hedw.

Didymodon sinuosus Wils. , not common, id ta palustre L., in very fine fruit.
Ditrichum flexicaule Schwg. Hypnum filicinum
Barbula lrevipila Brid. Amblystegium ecriguti Wils., not
Barbula papillusa Wils., rare. common.
Ptychomitrium polyphyllum Dicks. Brachythecium rivulare B. &
Bartramia ithyphylla Brid. Or sot prckea Se sye var. nudum
Webera cruda Schreb., rare Di very fine
Bryum inclinatum Swartz. Ortho bikes fights Brack’ rare.

m obconicum Hornsch. Orthotrichum lyellii

Mnium stellare Hedw. Orthotrichum pecan Schrad.;, rare
Anomodon longifolius Schleich., rare. (new record for the district).
Rhynchostegium depressum Bruch.

The Tees valley is classic ground for botanists. It has, however,
been rambled over by so many good workers that its flora is fairly

, so S$
cursory glance at the plants, more particularly at the smaller
denizens of vegetation, which comprise the mosses. All the plants
seen during the ramble have been previously recorded, with the
exception of the last named.
rthotrichum obtusiflorum Schrad.—This rare moss is given in.
Schimper’s Synopsis, 1876, as found on the continent of Europe,
Naturalist, .

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION AT ROKEBY. 213

growing principally on poplar, willow, and walnut trees, and
was a desideratum for Britain. It had, however, been gathered by
Wilson near York in 1856, and a description is given in Braithwaite’s
British Moss Flora, part 12, and figured in the same work, table lv.
figure a. No definite locality is mentioned for it in Yorkshire.
Mr. Barnes was fortunate to meet with a few tufts of it growing on
an ash tree, amongst Leucodon marl near Abbey Bridge, which
now records it distinctly as a North shire moss. e plant is
dicecious, and, as far as I am aware, ay not been found with fruit in
Britain ; the few tufts gathered were all without fruit. It is, however,
easily hcbanioed by its broad obtuse leaves, ‘slightly hyaline, and
minutely serrulate at the point,’ etc. It should be carefully looked
for upon tree trunks in moist shady places, and from its habit of so
tarely fruiting it has possibly been passed over by bryologists.
A concise description of the moss is given also in Hobkirk’s Synopsis
of the British Mosses. 2nd edition, p. 135

The bryologists on Monday confined themselves mostly to the
exploration of Thorsgill, near Barnard Castle, as it was within the
most convenient distance for the limited time at their disposal.
Mr. Barnes had come up to Darlington on the previous Saturday and
had been able to search over a greater portion of the district, and it is
through his exertions that we are enabled to give so satisfactory a list
of mosses seen, many amongst them being rare, although previously
recorded.

In August 1879, I explored the Greta from its junction with the
Tees near Rokeby to some distance up the stream, to determine the
Hepatic of the district, and I add a list gathered at that time :—

Hepatics.
Frullania dilatata — abundantly Diplophyllum albicans L.

e bark o Ju ngermania riparia pare common
Lejeunea tain ta Lib. in damp places, with fru
cin Tite, anne L., fruiting very Jungermania ventricosa Dicks.

Jungermania turbinata Raddi, very
Hecate platyphylla Be plentiful on wet stones and
Porella rivularis Nees. dripping rocks, fruiting ne tL
Lepidozia reptans L, Nardia emarginata Ehrh., comm
Lepidozia setacea Lin Pellia epiphylla L., common in aie
Lophocolea cuspidata pee places.
Kantia trichomanis L. Metzgeria pubescens Raddi, growing
Blepharostoma tricophylla Dumort., abundantly on the limestone scars
fruiting very abundantly. near Rokeby, always sterile.

The plants in the above list are mostly of general distribution ; the
locality more especially in the fine shady glen near Rokeby has the
Moisture and shelter where this tribe flourish best. If the district
plied well investigated by some resident bryologist, who could
ef T2o2

214 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT ROKEBY.

examine the locality during various seasons of the year, many
interesting additions would no doubt be met with.

r. Benj. Holgate, F.G.S., presented the report of the Geological
Section, in the absence of all its officers, and writes as follows :—

Standing on the ground above Flatt Wood, and near the old and
celebrated castle the landscape, with the bright sunshine upon it, lay
beneath. In the far distance were the Stang and Mickle Fell moun-
tains. Looking nearer, the rounded forms of the hillocks showed
that they were made of a soft material, while the bright verdure of
the herbage told us that limestone played an important part in the
richness and quantity of the grass.

We stood on what had once been the direct path of an immense
glacier, which, creeping along the side of Helvelyn, over Shap, and
passing slowly across the upper reach of the vale of the Eden, and
over Stainmoor into the Tees valley, spread itself even into the vale
of Mowbray, carrying with it rocks that it had torn from every place
that it had passed over.

Abundant evidence of this was forthcoming. No less than five
huge blocks of Shap granite were passed on the road side, one of
which contained not only the large crystals of felspar so characteristic
of this rock, but also the dark-grey Shap granite attached in the same
piece. The rivulets which feed the Tees, were each to be found
between deep and steep banks of the soft clayey residue left by this
glacier, as it melted and receded up the valley. In some places,
notably in the Deepdale beck, huge rocks might be seen among the
debris, looking as if they would block up the stream.

The party passed over the crag of grit rock upon which the
castle is built, descending quickly into the bed of the river.

At the place where the Deepdale beck enters the Tees, and just
by the bridge, is a bed of very black shale, some six feet in thickness,
which is sure to contain many fossils, lying as it does immediately
over an impure limestone, which here forms the bed of the river, and
which is made up almost entirely of marine animals and shells, with
small pieces of floated vegetable matter among it. As the river was
descended, the limestone was seen to become pure and white, and
composed almost entirely of shells, for we were now on the thick mass
described by Professor Phillips as the ‘ Main Limestone,’ the upper-
most member of his Yoredale group.

The view from Eggleston Bridge was lovely, whether we looked
up or down the river. Here it has cut its way through the solid
limestone rock, leaving its sides precipitous and jagged; in some
places holes have been bored by the action of pebbles moving in a
circle by the force of the water when in flood. Above the rocks the

Naturalist,

NOTES—BOTANY AND ORNITHOLOGY. 215

foliage of the trees-bend gracefully over, and give a vista which could
not be surpassed for beauty.
he junction of the Greta with the Tees is in a mass of lime-
stone, which is well developed, and the Greta was seen rushing and
Carving its way between narrow boundaries which formed a cafion-
like gorge. It is to be regretted that the four hours which this
excursion took up would not allow of more work being done.
t was, however, made to include a passing visit to Eggleston
Monastery, Mortham Tower, Rokeby, and Greta Bridge, the latter
place celebrated in the immortal history of Nicholas Nickleby, and
the former in the equally immortal story of Rokeby.
One of the Honorary Secretaries spoke a few words of welcome
to the Darlington Naturalists’ Society as a new one in the Union,

(Halifax), seconded by Mr. Robert Law, F.G.S. (Halifax), terminated
the proceedings. E.R.W.

NOTE BOTANY.

Botrychium Lun in Wharfedale. this fern is not recorded in
Lees’ ‘ West Yo eee Y fi "te Wharfedale Dalkees District, f should like’ to
upon record the fact of its existence there. n the 19 une, I came

put

across half a dozen specimens on the slopes of Rombalds Moor at Bitles, and two

=a afterwards found two fine plants at Troller’s Gill, near Appletreewick.—
Y H. Grimsuaw, Burley-in-Wharfedale, June 22nd, 1892.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.
Sparrows Feeding on Larve.—On the 6th _ Mr. John Gledhill, of
Stubbin Farm, Greetland, atic a small flock of House Sparrows (Passer
domesticus) dercarnes as he thought, the leaves of “his gooseberry tre

hich
were fast disappearing. e shot one of the Sparrows, and found - caterpillars
inside its mouth.—C. C. HANSON, Greetland, Halifax aa June
G. ena detec are those of the common ‘ Gooseberry Saw f mg rata ribesii). —
RITT].

Parus czruleus at Newton Kyme.—For several days I have seen,
picking up crumbs at my window, a bird, no longer a BLUE Titmouse, but one
coloured as Mera ey acanary. I perhaps might shoot bs but I had much sooner
let it live.—J. Cx ONER, Newton Kyme, Ist Marc

lamboro Boss Liye oe of our summer sida ara if not all of them,
have arrived this year much later than is usually the case. Whitethroats (Sy/ora
i i i of M

they are e very scarce this year. Turtle Doves hess communis), also arrived in
May. Swifts (Cypselus pa arrived here June 6 Not so with the sea birds,
which are very numerous this season, I suppose og sea birds’ eggs are plentiful.

Cliffs thi
renga Me! ie oldest snbe bitase of Flamborough. I hope and trust they tard a
be d nor molested by any gunner, but allowed to breed here. —MatTT
Raney rambo rough, pee pe , 1892.
July 318

NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA.

Abundance of Pachnobia gopttnuinnsorn at Bishop’s Wood.—This pretty
moth being now considered one of our rarest yess I determined this spring
to make special efforts to bait a good settes $, an endeavour in which I have been

I had bee: i

Frida: a givapod. beeps ey to the wood, again in company with Mr. Hewett,
our joint take on this occasion reaching the total of forty-six P. /eucographa, besides
many commoner scaled: Again on the Saturday we worked together, but the
weather had in the meantime become colder and the eng blo one om was nearly
over, so that although we stayed until II.o p.m only some thirty
P. leucographa between us. The Sunday was ay still oo ‘this affected the
insects to a an extent that two gentlemen from York took but fourteen speci-
mens of ?. ee ged between them. Sunday night the wind again chopped
the M i orms, An

round to onday was cold with occasional s
appointment Pooled re me to go again to the wood, bu expected the object
of my journey was ts t home—only one individual being hardy enough to

AG
oo
p
_
o
=
Ss
fm
°

ourne n i in
bi the sweets ; a few Zentocampa gothica and 7. stabilis ma
ozen insects. This ended my doings at Runt * allows, and in spite of the occa-
ional failures I was well ee with t
Tt

he observations the ho
wish to take this pretty oe for themselve or pigs _— wind is
almost fatal to success even if the sallows are on a ren side o ood and
consequently sheltered ; while a warm South or West wind with light breeze
and sky overcast is the bea idéal of ay age I did not observe that moonlight
affected the flight of the sallow visitors in any a sient degree, but cold was
fa! MANSBRIDGE, Horsforth, June 11th, 1892.

Variation in Diurnea fagella at Bishop’s Wood.—During the time I ca
. Bihon's. Wood for ape en I kept a look out for D. fagel/a, and was v

nterested to find two melanic specimens of this variable moth. Last yest
alth ough I saw very many examples, I did not meet with one no oticeable for

on

rker, and ree mentioned above are quite as dark as the majority of this insect
found round Leeds. It will sae Hage to learn val results of the Ne
it i of

altered climatic conditions or a oad environmen aes
I also took a specimen of the same moth, which has the costal margin of the
right _ — ochreo a for about half its —— the other wing being normal.
M MANSBRIDGE, - orsforth, June 11th, 1892.

n of

i cael of Me ag cageetin ear Barnsle
Meleippe f fluctuata netted here fens ay 2 23rd ehows ad et towing departures
by the

ae

‘

217

BIRD-NOTES FROM THE HUMBER DISTRICT.
SPRING OF 1892.

JOHN CORDEAUX, M.B.O.U.,
Eaton Hall, Retford.

Larus ridibundus. Brown-headed Gull. March rsth. First
return to their nesting quarters at Twigmoor.

Crex pratensis. Corncrake. April 25th. One picked up at
Kilnsea, probably injured against wire. Are numerous this
season.

Ruticilla titys. Black Redstart. April 29th. Mr. G. E. Clubley,
of the Warren Farm, Kilnsea, saw a fine adult male on the beach,
near his house. Several Common Redstarts (2. phenicurus) were
seen about the same date.

Lanius excubitor. Great Grey Shrike. April 30th. One
was seen on a hedge near the coast at Out- Newton, in
Holderness.

Regulus cristatus. Golden-crested Wren. A few appeared
at the Spurn in the last week in April on migration.

Sylvia atricapilla. Blackcap. May 1st. One, a female, at
early morning, observed in the gooseberry bushes in garden at
Easington.

Squatarola helvetica. Grey Plover. May ist. Hundreds, in
various stages of plumage, on the coast near Kilnsea. Some of
these were very fine birds, in perfect summer plumage.

Tringa alpina. Dunlin. May ist. Thousands, in summer
plumage, on the coast. I have rarely seen them in greater
numbers, the flocks covering a considerable extent of the
Humber foreshore, opposite Kilnsea, at half-tide.

Calidris arenaria. Sanderling. May ist. In small numbers
at Kilnsea, on the sea side of the warren.

Tringa canutus. Knot. May, first week. Fairly common up
to this date on Humber foreshores.

Sterna minuta. Lesser Tern. May ist. First observed.
A pair seen on coast near the warren.

Haliaétus albicilla. Sea Eagle. May 2nd. Mr. David Pye,
of Easington, and two others, when to-day driving near Roos
rabbit-warren, saw an eagle on a bank top. When one of their

July 1892,

218 CORDEAUX: BIRD-NOTES FROM THE HUMBER DISTRICT.

number alighted and attempted to approach, it rose slowly and
very heavily ; it was last seen by them beating to and fro over
a field containing some ewes and lambs. Mr. Pye said the tail
was nearly white. It was about this date, as Mr. G. H. Caton
Haigh informs me, that his keeper in Lincolnshire observed a
large bird of prey, much larger than a heron, on the wing near
Grainsby Hall.

Larus glaucus. Glaucous Gull. May 3rd. I saw one early
this morning at Easington, lying very low from the Humber to
the sea coast. It appeared to be nearly white, very gut
marked above and below with pale brown.

Turtur communis. Turtle Dove. May. This species, I am
informed by Mr. Hewetson, has been fairly plentiful in the
Spurn district during the month.

Endromius morinellus. Dotterel. May 18th. These most
charming Spring visitors were this year later in coming to their
old quarters in the Great Cotes marshes. Last year they came
May 11th, and this year it was a week later. The shepherd
in the marsh told me that he had seen large numbers on
the afternoon of the 18th, on the Humber ‘fitties,’ and near to
the open pasture fields which they have now continued to
frequent for so many years. He said they were very tame and
that he could walk within five or ten yards before they would
rise. They appeared both tired and hungry, and kept constantly
searching for something in the short herbage, and often
elevating their wings, keeping together in. distinct ‘trips’ oF
flocks, although collectively, over a comparatively circumscribed
area, amounting to several hundreds. All had left the locality
before the morning of the rgth. In former years, Dotterel came
early in May, in small ‘trips’ and at irregular intervals, remain-
ing for days and weeks in some chosen locality. In recent
years they appear to have quite changed their habits, now,
certainly coming in greater number than formerly, and all at the
same time, and renewing their migration again within a few
hours—a change in. habit I am at a loss how to account for,
unless it has been brought about by the division of some of out
larger pastures, which they used most to frequent, and the putting

own of fences and quick hedges, thus contracting their old

favourite feeding-grounds, for Dotterel above everything love

wide open spaces and will not alight or feed in small fields or
enclosures.
fune rth, 1892.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and Records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England,

GEOLOGY AND PALZ ONTOLOGY, 1801.
THE present instalment has been compiled and arranged by
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S.

Previous instalments of the Bibliography of Geology and
Paleontology have appeared as follows:—

For 1884, in ‘ Naturalist,’ Dec. 1885 ... pp. 394-406.
» 1885, Ae Nov. 1886 _... pp. 349-362.
» 1886, es June, 1888 __... pp. 178-188.
% -£887, . Feb. 1889 os pp. 61-77.
» 1888, 5. > Apr. May, 1890, pp. 121-138.
» 1889, ” Nov. 1890 » PP» 339-350.

1890, Oct. Nov. 1861, PP. 313-330:

The € present egies includes a few entries omitted in earlier
lists: all papers not dated belong to 1891. ‘The titles only are
cited of papers published in ‘The Naturalist.’ Abstracts of papers
tead before the Geological Society of London appear in the
“Geological Magazine,’ ‘Nature,’ ‘Philosophical Magazine,’ and
‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’: these are not cited in
our list when the paper has been published in full in the Quarterly
Journal of the Society. Papers read before the British Association
are frequently published verbatim in some provincial journal, or in
the * Geological Magazine,’ before appearing (in the following year)
in the official Report. When practicable, we cite these under the
earlier date, and supply the reference to the Re eport.

The following ahaa are employed in referring to the
publications most frequently cited :—

Q.J.G.S. = Quarterly ere ie ee the cagitigs Society, vol. xlvii.

G.M. = Geological Magazine, dec. 3, vol. v

Rep. B.A.= Report of British jn ‘Mecitg for 1890, at

Leeds.

Nat. = Naturalist.

Research = Research, vol. i

Tr. Leeds G.A. = sient of Leeds Geological Association,

part vi.
Pr. Yorks. G.P.S. = Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological
and Polytechnic Society, new ser., vol. xi. part 3

pee ne

July 1892.

220 BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY, 1891.

Tr. Manch. G.S. = Transactions of Manchester Geological
Society, vol. xxi.
Pr. Liv. G.S. = Proceedings of Liverpool Geological Society,
vol. vi. part 3.
Mem. Pr. Manch. L.P.S.= Memoirs and Proceedings of Man-
chester Literary and Philosophical Society, ser. 4, vol. iv.
Abstracts of many of the papers cited appear in the ‘ Year-Book
of Science,’ edited by Prof. T. G. Bonney, and (with critical
comments) in Mr. J. F. Blake’s ‘Annals of British Geology,’ both
designed to be annual publications. In the following list the
compiler offers no opinion on the value of papers referred to.

ANON. [not signed]. Isle of Man.
Ripple-marked are {yt ae side of Sulby Glen Road, brought from a quarry
just above, on pe of Carron]. Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 3,
July 1889, vol. i.,
ANON. [not signed]. Isle of Man.

Excursion to Dalby [Sept. 9th, 1886; geological observations very briefly
summarised]. Back Trans. Isle o Man N.H. S., i. 105-107; publ. with
Yn — eae No.7, Oct.
ANON. [not signed]. Isle of Man.
ap sear ae the Mull Hills [Isle of Man, May 24th, ig = geological
perenne fat briefly summarised]. Back Trans. Isle of Man N.H.S.,
i, erp pub. with Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 7, Oct. 1890.
ANON. [not signed]. a of Man.
An Erratic a aioe of Criffel Granite, observed at an] Excursion to Kirk
Bride, July 22nd, 1890 [and_ other meres brief paitichlars given].
Yn Lioar Manningh, No, ? Oct. 1890, i
ANon. [not signed York W.
Yorkshire Stone pre a various Carboniferous rocks noticed].
Builder. vol. lviii., pp. 277-281 ; 18go.

Anon. [not signed]. Cumberland.
own a Cumberland Lead Mine. Chambers’ Journ., Sept. 1890, (5) vol.

vii. pp. 506-508.
ANON. iorige ee | eg Lake District.
Geologic Notes [describing the glacial phenomena ; pp. 250, 251 of] Prior’s

* Guide to the English Lakes,’ 3rd ed., Windermere, no dat
ANon. [not signed]. heshire ‘ai Yor! .E.
The Salt-Industry of the North of England [brief historical and descriptive
account]. Colliery Gating, Jan. 30th, 1890, p. 207.

gned]). kk N.
upposed Discovery of Natural Gas [struck at 760 ft. while drilling ne
an at Haverton Hill, near Middlesbrough). Colliery Guardian, Feb. 13th
1891,
ANON, a; signed], York N.E.
The Explorations for peak Gas near Middlesborough. Colliery
Guardian, ae) lix. p. §33
ANON. [not signed], — —— and York N.E.
The C bee the land destruction of the coast near
and the la i: t at Se ee bers’ Journ.,
Apuil 18th, — eee 1 he car eo Castle} Chambers’ J

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY, 1891. 225

ANON, [not signed]. Yorkshire
Ge Setical. 5 Photograph Committee of the Y.N.U. Nat., Aug., p. 231.

RoBERT AYTOUN, York N.E.
Securing the North Cliff, Scarborough [Resort eae the manner of its.
destruction under the agencies of erosion]. - Proc. Inst. Civ. Engin.,
vol. cv. pp. 295-297, pl. 8.
H. C. Bras

Cheshire.
The Base of ‘the Keuper in the Northern Part of Wirral [giving details of
the Oexce at Flaybrick Hill, and dota on other quarries]. Pr. Liv. G.S.,
Pp. 2

F, ay Cumberland, Derbyshire.
Aetzversuche am Fluorit [the results etching fluor-spar with pe etc. :
hepa from Cumberland were employed, and are described ; alsot rby-

ae uor]. rigs hae ak’s Miner. u. Petrogr. Mittheil. (N.S Wk xi, pp.
349-437, pl. vii. 1890,
JAMEs E. BeDrorpD Sper Cheshire, I. Man, Lancash,, Notts, Yorks.

First Report of the Geological Photographic Committee of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ — Dale list of photographs received to July
890]. Nat., March,

J. E. B[EpForp]. York N.W.

— to Ingleborough ie notes on Ingleborough Cave, Trow Gill,
tc.]. Tr. Leeds G.A., pp. 103-106,
ae BEL Northern Counties.
Phenomena. of the Glacial Epoch; II., The Great Submergence
Teer | the evidences of such submergence]. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,
vol. i

J. F. York N.E, and S.E.
The Geolo ogy of the Country between Redcar and Bridlington [prepared
or an Fig rar of the Association ; with poe maps and sections].
Proc. Geol. Assoc., Aug., vol. xii. pt. 4, pp.
HERBERT BOLTON Derbyshire.
Notes on Boulders at Darley, near Matlock, Derbyshire [fifteen boulders.
of gritstone, not irntiery in clay near the Midland awe? Station].
Noyv., pp. 512, 513; Rep. B.A. for 1891, p. 650 (1892).
Sem BROCKBANK Cheshire.
covery of theria minuta, var. Brodieana, ety prevuly brown
the fe Keuper aadetcads of F aiaake Edge [a variety previous % known
from the: Rheeti ic only]. Mem. Pr. Manch. L.P.S., pp. 12, 13, 353-35
WILLIAM BROCKBANK.

the Entomostraca apy lida in the Levenshulme mottled
limestones Uneiagee two species of Spirorbis, S. Sone and S. amleguus,
besides six species of the ostracod genus Caréonaria and other micro-
organisms]. Mem a Py. Manch. L.P.S., pp. 47-52.
WILLIAM BRocKBA Lanc. S.
Supplementary Note the pee and Entomostraca in the

Sporaren mg Cpckiaie [see former entry]. Mem. vn Manch. L.P.S.,
PP- 353-356.

WILLIAM BROCKBANK Eegpaoag ame
On the Occurrence of th Permians, Spirorbis Limest Upper
Coal Measures at F sel Hall in the hidogen whos District [sandstones
appatently —_—— with those of Whitehaven are shown to be not Permian
but Middle Coal Measures : a measured section sin dent of 570 ft. is given].

Mem. Pr. Manch. L.P.S., pp. 418-426.

July 1892.

222 BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY, 1891.

WILLIAM BROCKBANK AND C. E. DE Ranc Lanc. S.
Notes on the Geo prone Section soars in ge Railway Cutting from
Levenshulme to Fallowfield, oti and 11. [Part I. contains a detailed

account of eight groups of limestones in the Upper Coal Measu ures, with a
long c ciitredd section in three parts : in part 11. are described lower beds also
tS eight groups of limestones, en detailed sections]. Mem, Pr.
Manch. L.P.S., pp. 282-300, 339-352, p

BENNETT H. BRouGH. Derbyshire.
sak yc fg of ee me ig mg coh Mines [at Mill Close lead-mine near
arley]. Tran . Inst. Mining and Mech. Engin., vol. xxxviii.
6 pp. 1889.

Horace T. Brown. ssp teinae
‘Notes on the Geo logy of the [Ticknall] District gra the neigh-
bourhoo od of Hartshorne, Melbourne, Bretby, etc. ; the geol yo features
described in oer detail and illustrated by section at Castle Donington in
Leicestershire]. Rep. Burton-on-Trent Nat. Hist. and Ar on ye

1887-1888, p I a a
Horace T. Brown. Derbyshire.

Notes on the Geology of the Milton, Ingleby, and Knowle Hills’
a [described in full and detailed manner, and ihastrated by sketch
ap]. m. Rep. Burton-on- eae, N. H. and Arch. Soc. for 1887-1888,
a 1888. Pp- 23-25.
CHARLES BROWNRIDGE. York N.E.
ge sae Yorkshire Naturalist Union at Hayburn Wyke [Geology]. Nat.,
ct. ,

«. prowsnce Notts, Durham, and Cumberland.
Our Walls and Pavements [with notes on local building-stones, freestones,
etc. oe the Permian of Mansfield, Cockfield dyke, Threlkeld rock, etc.].:
Tr. Leeds G.A., pp. 33-34.
ms oping York N.W.

Malham — Gordale [brief notes on the geology].

r, Leeds G.A., pp. 100-10
<. meme t ‘
Excursion to the Winterburn Valley [with ge on the Pendleside
Limestone, Bowland Shales, etc., and ers arks on the two different (ec8
- the Carboniferous, north and south of the pee Faults]. Tr. Leeds

S. S. BUCKMAN. York N.E.
A ee on on the Inferior Oolite Ammonites of the British Islands :
pp. 225- ty i plates xxxvii.-xliv. [with nant siete and figures of
Hudlesonta (nov. gen. formerly in Harpoceras) Sinon, H. affinis and
re . ge stiri cst all fru Blue Wyke). Palzeontograph. Soc., vol. xliv.
G. W. yin Northumberland.
n the of the Upper Drift Sands and Gravels of Northumberland,
Nat., Feb., : PP 43-45.
G. W. BULMAN. Northern Counties.
On the Sands and Gravels intercalated in the Bould ane Bipres,
the PF agi adduced in proof of mild interglacial periods]. Aug:
and Sept., pp. 337-348, 403-410.
[W. Lower Cann, Sec. ]. York S.W.
Excursion to Bretton Park: [see also Nat. 1 . 226, 22 Tr. Leeds
“ab ae pag 890, pp. 226, ie
Naturalist

*
Mf

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY. AND. PALZONTOLOGY, 189g1. 223

. Lower Carrer, Sec.]. York N.W.
Excursion to In ngleton [with notes on the x ta ge Limestone, the so-called
ngleton granite,’ Chapel-le-Dale, etc. }. . Leeds G.A., pp. 80-85.

{W. Lower CarTERr, Sec.}. York N.E.
cael to nee in Cleveland [see also Nat. 1890, pp. 274-276].
G.A,, -87.
[W. Lower las nae York Mid W.
Excursion to Almes Cliff ree ee of the district by Wm.
Cheetham]. Tr. Leeds G.A., pp.
[W. Lower Carter, Sec.]. York Mid W.
Excursion to hei: {with notes on the coal-measures there]. Tr. Leeds
-A., pp. 89-

[W. Lower Mia Sec. ]. York N.W
vps to Upper = [see also Nat., July, pp. 203- snob,

eeds G.A., pp. 9
[W. an CARTER, Sec ¥ York Mid W.
Excursion to Calve: y [with remarks by William Cnet on ~

ce stone’ tose te general geology of the district]. Tr. Leeds G.
Pp. 96-10
[W. Lower Carrer, Sec.].
— to Scarborough [with brief notes on the Castle Hill].
Tr. Leeds G.A a 107.
W. Lower Carrer k N.W.
The hha ee Naturali sts’ Union at Lae wad iia Nat.,
Aug., p. 239. See also Tr. Leeds G.A
York aie er me N.E., Durham, and
WILuiaM CHEETH Cumberland.
A Geological Tour through Durham into Cumberland fee Boy
So Stanhope, Alston, etc.]. Tr. Leeds G. A -18.

D. Cracu Lanc. S.
Notes on Summer Rambles in the yg nae District [remarking barytes
in ‘Trias of Oxton and pseudomorphs of g — rad salt in the Boulder
Clay]. Trans. ene Geol. Assoc., vol. : dine
GRENVILLE A. J. CoLe. i of Man.

J.
On prea ae oF Riebeckite in Britain [a pebble of riebeckite-bearing felsite
recorded in the drift of the Isle of Man (possibly from Ailsa Craig)]. Min.
ag, vol. i X. pp. 222-226

E. MauLe ioe York S.E,
Peat Deposit at Filey. Nat., Jan., pp. 17;19
E. Maur Cote. York S.E.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union on the Wolds [Geology]. Nat., Oct.,
PP» 305, 300.

[E. MAULE COLE}. York S.E.
Ex ar sion to L-eomthatge [see also Nat. 1890, pp. 208, 209]. Tr. Leeds
her PP 77-7

Josery aada Lanc. S.

hey rig ng sa: at H Horwich [from a shaft 130 yards deep through Millstone
Mancih. G.S., pp. 206-215, discussion pp. 216-218.

Go. Carmo Westmorland.
taphite at Kendal [a pebble found in digging a grave]. G. M., June 1888
a vol. v. p. 287.

July

224 BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, 1891.

GEORGE — Westmorland.
[Geological observations made at a] Field Meeting of the Kendal
a | Histony Society [at Lyth Fell, Boe Ist, 1889]. Westm. Note Book

and Nat. Hist. Record, Part 8, Dec. 1889, p. 175. _
H. W. CrosskeEy [Sec. ]. Lancashire, sts ‘Derbyshire, Yorkshire.
Eighteenth Report of the Committee consisting of. . . [9 wana ae

ding the positi be . t
Erratic Blocks of England, Wales, and Irelan . [with nu merous records
from hire and Cheshire, Derbyshire, and. Yorkshire], Rep. B.A.,
for 1890, pp. 340-352

J. R. Daxkyws and others. York N.W. and Westmorland.
The Geology _ the ripe around catpegr rstang . . . (Explanation of
i i es

ill, the . eaten pie ram, and the ssic sandstones near ry
Stephen ; and there are chapters on the metalliferous veins, the Glacial and
phe oe ides deposits etc.]. Mem. Geol. Surv. Engl. and Wales,

213

J. R. Daxyns. Yorkshire.
On the Changes of the Lower Carboniferous Rocks in Yorkshire from
South to North [full text of paper of which abstract only was noted in 1890
Bibliography]. Pr. Yorks. G.P.S., vol. xi. part iii. pp. 353-362 (1890).
J. B. Davies. Cheshire.
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eipiits oe Shi Northum

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August 1892,

Pr

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~
ss
n
oe
o
ie)
p
SS
ie)
~p
3
oO
rae |
cS
wn
2
Oo
jon
~~
on
nes
e)
5
z
cr
fo)
aa
5
oO
n
is)
Wo

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228 BIBLIOGRAPHY: GEOLOGY AND PALHZONTOLOGY, 1891.

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P. F. Shae Li. Isle of Man.

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G. W. snltcne Yorks. S.E. and mereka N.

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August 1892,

230 BIBLIOGRAPHY: GEOLOGY AND PALHONTOLOGY, 189gI.

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fr
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—— a
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pp. 9-10
W. A. Has eRe York. N.
The Flowering Plants and Ferns of Littondale [with brief geological
description]. Nat., Feb., pp. 51-61.
a SINGTON. Lanc. -
nifer Rocks exposed in the new Railway Cutting
iT ovcudnekne {a measured section exhibited ae Sekar: 3 see entries Sao
name Brockbank]. Mem. Pr. Manch. L.P.S., pp. 9, 10.
J. P. Smith. art S.
On Dunald Mill Hole fe cave in the hills above Carnforth; with section and
plan, also ee and section ae the country]. Barrow Nat. Field Club, paper
read Nov. 11th, 1889, print m Aco
H. SPEIGHT aie ‘ JOHNNIE ee York W.
Through Aire oole en gar Le chapter on Geology]-
8vo. pp. Ixiv. + 302, with inet and ma
Secuaiae i

BIBLIOGRAPHY; GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, 1891. 233

JOHN STEARs. York S. W.
Coal and its Formation [a general account but with special reference to South
Yorkshire and fae on of the a arnsley Coalfield : map of English coalfields
after E. Hull]. 16 pp., 8vo., Hull.
MARK RSPRPR York. S. W.
ote a Boulder from the Coal of Aldwarke Main Colliery, near
Rotherham, Nei 1 {a dark grey quartzite, ona 3 in the lowest portion of

the ‘ Parkgate Seam’]. Tr. Manch. G.S., pp.
M. Str Lanc.
“Heielg Pebble from PS Sand-rock Mine, Bacup, Lancashire [found in
thin coal-seam in the Rough Rock of the Millstone Grit ; "cs se note
on the granite by Prof. Bonney]. Tr. Manch. G.S., pp. 1
H. S. STREATFEILD. Durham.
pra Coal Mining. Proc. Amateur Sci. Soc., vol. i. pp. 28-31.

York Mid W.
‘i at so-called Ingleton Granite [Brit. Assoc. paper; see 1890 Bibliography].
Pr, Yorks. G.P.S., pp- 480, 481.

THos. Tate. York Mid W.
A Geological Episode as recorded in the ‘Ingleton eer on so-called
granite being an impure volcanic tuff]. Tr. Leeds G.A., 55:
TIDDEMAN. are rk M
hysical oe of the ere oe pee a mn Peer Airedale as 1890
Bub liography]. Pr. Yorks. G.P.S.,
James Ton Lanc. S.
Notes on oh Collection now being formed of the Fossils of the Lanca-
shire Coalfield Dijee exhibition of specimens from various scigee ties}... TY.
Manch. G.S., vol. xxi. pt. x. pp. 260, 261; discussion, pp. 2
GEORGE R. VIN York S.E.
as ad on the Sie oa and Microzoa of the Red Chalk of Yorkshire —
folk [a critical catalogue; many species from Speeton]. Pr. Yorks.
Cre. Pp. 363-396, pl. xvii.
C. F. Wepp.
A Phog 4 . Seabees -_ Hawkstone Park [a general ar ine
vol. x. pp. 11-15 ; 1890.
ae a8 Warr LL: — Lincolnshire, Lanc. S.

vol. 22, part 2, 1890, pub. 1891, p.
G. P, nana York N.E.
Notes on some of the ener “pret ee eee Rocks of N.E. Yorkshire.
Proc. Amateur Sci. Soc., vol. '

J. Witpina. Northern Counties.
The Buildin: , Fenn used in Liverpool Parneting Shap Granite, Car-
boniferous Limeston e, Coal-Measure Sandstones from Preston, Bradford,

ete., Magnesian Limestone from Mansfeld, ae Sandstone from Everton,
Hencorn, etc., Storeton, the Lincolnshire Limestone of Ancaster, and
others]. Trans. Liverp. Geol. Assoc., vol. ix. pp. 25 et seq., 1890.

J. Witprxe. Cheshire.

The Sandstones used in Birkenhead Priory [probably Bunter from Tranmere

and Storeton]. Trans. Liverp. Geol. Assoc., vol. ix. pp. 59 et seq. 1890.

ae

August 1892.

234 ; PELOBIUS TARDUS IN YORKSHIRE.

Boh oe WILLIAMSON. Lancashire.

e Organisation of the Fossil Plants of the Coal-Measures, Part xvii

"Tinlad Ly. monroe on oldhamium and Calamites from Oldham]. Phil.
Roy. Soc. vol. 181 (B), pp. 89-106, plates 12-

H. incon Northern Counties.

Ciesmcies of the Type sample in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge

[with localities and references ; among special collections in the Museum are

e Aitken collection rire t . oal-measures and Mi i sr age Grit, ai Burrows

Collection from the Carboniferous Limestone of Settle, the Kinsey-Dover

Collection from the Skiddaw ae a. and the Le chen Coltetion cabs the
Yorkshire Jurassic, etc.]. pp. xvi+180, 8vo., Cambri

ARTHUR SMITH WOODWARD. paper
a Microsaurian (Hvlonomus Wildi, sp. nov.) fro om Ms Lancashire
Coal-field [found in a nodule three inches lon ng in the roof of the «Bullion
oal’ at Tra prea near n the Burnley coal- field - Pr Ruaae with.
woodcut]. G.M., May, pp. 211-213.
A. SMITH scans RD, York N.E.
Pholidophoru an Addition to the Fish Fauna of the U

pper

Lias of Whith y rit miter panelae fish long known from the Lias of Wiirtemburg ;
specific characters briefly described]. G.M., Dec., pp. 545, 546.

H. A. Woopwarp. La ——

Notes on the Finding of Natural Capone} in the Cannel Mine at the New

Collieries of the Clifton and Kersley Coal tin She Limited ia substance
containing 71°13 of fatty iiatter nalysis by Mr. W. H. Collins]. Tr.
Manch. G.S., pp. 175-1783 fcission: pp. me 180,

G. bbe ge WRIGH HT. N. of En gland.

in North America See | ie the conditions in the N det

of England during the Glacial Period, and giving the position of Carv
Lewis obi moraines and ‘ ae morainic lakes’ 3 Pp. 394-400, etc., i
figs. ]. 0. pp. xv +622, London, 0.

J. Youne. Derbyshire.
On Mammalian Lapras from Cresswell Crag Bone Caves [jaw of
spotted hyzena, ulna of RAznoceros nbuebohe ated of seni and bones
of horse]. Trans. Ghagow Geol. Soc., vol. ix. part I, pp. 210-2

NOTE—COLEOPTERA.

Pelobius tardus Herbst, in Yorkshire.—In my ‘Coleoptera of the British
sents vol. i, p- 159, I have given the following note on this insect :- a Loeal,
but com in some districts, it is widely distributed and common in the ndon

on

Newcastle by Mr. Hewitson,” is especially commented on Mr. Bold as
probably erroneous, as - nig never since been met with ; it has not been taken

in Scotland.” T hav e, ho f Mr. Nbc H. ese

of ue

rom i ridul ve
loudly, and in some parts of the countr ry goes by the name of the * Screech Beetle.
It is often sold in London for aquariums together with Mydrophilus piceus and
other species. —W. W. Fow Ler, a ng July 11th, 1892 ies
Naturalist,

235

on QWemoriam.

WILLIAM REE'D-.

In the death of Mr. William Reed, of York, which took place on
the oth May last, the geological department of the Yorkshire
Philosophical Society has lost its greatest benefactor, and, indirectly,
the loss must be mourned by the scientific men of the county at
large, as through the energy and free-hearted liberality of the
deceased gentleman the geological collection preserved in the
Museum at York has become one of which not only the county, but
even the kingdom, may justly be proud. Mr. Reed was born at
Malton, on the 21st December, 1810. Educated at York and at
the Grammar School of Thornton, near Pickering, he subsequently
selected the medical profession as the sphere of his life’s labours,
and, in accordance with the usage of the time, was apprenticed to
Mr. Ness, of Helmsley, under whom he served for six years. Thence
passing on to Leeds, he studied at the School of Medicine there
during 1835-6, and the two following years were spent at St. George’s
Hospital, London. Whilst in London, Mr. Reed attended four
courses of lectures and demonstrations on chemistry at the Royal
Institution, under the celebrated Michael Faraday. In 1838 he was
enrolled a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, and
of the Apothecaries’ Society. From 1839 to 1842 he was house
surgeon of the York County Hospital at York, and towards the close
of the latter year he proceeded to Paris and attended lectures in the
Faculté de Médecine of the Université de France, paying special
attention to the study of diseases of the eye. ere, also, he
remained during the following year. Returning to England in 1843,
he commenced a country practice at Whitwell, and it is probably at
this period of his life that he entered upon the systematic study of
palzontology, and in the oolitic quarries of the neighbourhood,
hammer and chisel in hand, formed the nucleus of a collection
destined to attain historic importance, and to find a final resting-
place in the Museum at York. Country practice, however, was too
monotonous to satisfy the energy of one who, during the course of
long life, knew not what it was to spend an idle moment, and in aa
short time he removed to York, rightly judging, as events proved,
that there he would find a wider field for his labour

After working in his profession for some time alone, he entered
into partnership with Mr. Benjamin Dodsworth, with whom he
remained about five years, and at the expiration of this time again
took K up general Practice on his own account. For the next thirty
August 1 1892.

236 NOTES: LEPIDOPTERA.

years Mr. Reed devoted himself, with scarcely a day’s intermission,
to the toilsome duty of a busy practice, mitigating the severity of the

splendid collection of recent and fossil shells and mammalian
remains—in many cases presented, as purchased, to the Yorkshire
Philosophical Society. As curator of the geological department,
r. Reed witnessed the steady growth around him of that treasure
of which both himself and the Society became so justly proud, and
up to the day of his death continued to fill up gaps in the different
geological formations as opportunity offered, until the ‘ Reed’ collec-
tion has become fairly representative of British geology.
Among the rebate collections purchased by Mr. Reed and
presented by him to the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, may be
acre sieiitoned” the following :—
. The ‘Wood’ collection of Palzeozoic remains, specially rich in
examples from the Carboniferous Limestone of Yorkshire,
and Permian fishes
2. Part of the ‘Bean’ ‘Satie son consisting almost entirely of
Yorkshire Jurassic fossils.

3. The ‘Whincop and Baker’ collections of ‘Crag’ remains,
particularly rich in ‘Red Crag’ f

4. The ‘ Elves’ collection of Eocene eheits of the London and
Hampshire Basins.

The above-named special aaa? are in addition to the
original ‘Reed’ nucleus, strong in Tertiary and Cambridge Green-
sand fossils and Pliocene ii oitiaiiais remains from Barnwell
and Ilford.

Henry R. MOISER.

NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA.
Lepidoptera at ea sdale.—During the Yorkshire Naturalists’

Union excursion on May 14th I obtained some moss-feeding larvee, which have
hatched out, and pr by [ be Scofarta muralis and Gelechia confinella, as
ophasta ru

Melanippe trista' Chelonia ES ear Huddersfiel
I took two aig of this pretty — in Harden” Clough on June 15th.
This is a new locality. Also one Chelonia plantaginis at the same aig —_
to be extinct in our district.—S, L, Mosiey, Huddersfield, er June

Naturalist,

LAKE COUNTRY ROCKS.

THOMAS TATE, F.G.S.,
Leeds; Hon. Sec. to the Boulder Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

To those who are anticipating in the near future a vacation tour in
the English Lake District, a brief description of its geological build
may be acceptable. To the north of the highway from Penrith,
through Keswick to Cockermouth, lie the soft black Skiddaw slates,
some of the oldest fossiliferous rocks in England. The outcrop of
the Coniston limestone unites the head of Windermere with the head
of Coniston Lake, south of this line consisting mainly of younger
rocks of that series. Between these parallel landmarks the Ordo-
vician Volcanic series intervenes. ‘The pedestrian, taking the road
from Ambleside to Keswick, Borrowdale, Seatoller, Honister Pass

Crummack Water, and over Black-sail to Egremont, or by Seathwaite
over Scafell and southward nearly to Black Coombe, has this series
all the way; indeed, most of the rugged mountainous scenery of the
Lake Country has been carved out of these volcanic rocks.

These three primary groups are completely enclosed in a low-lying
belt of Carboniferous and Permian rocks, and towards them certain
igneous bosses behave intrusively. Three are granites: Shap,
Skiddaw, and Eskdale; three are granophyres: Carrock Fell,
Buttermere, and Ennerdale; and three are volcanic centres: Castle
Head, Carrock Fell, and one near Elterwater.

To glacialists especially the Lake Country is interesting as being
in Pleistocene times a feeding-ground whence were radially distributed
numerous rocks possessing a marked individuality, by which they
may be promptly recognised. That there is method in this
distribution, by which the track of each tongue of ice may be
mapped and defined, no longer admits of doubt.

Take three examples: A visit to any brickfield in Wigan,
St. Helens, Bolton, or Manchester will suffice to show that the
Lake District boulders so profusely scattered over Lancashire and
Cheshire are chiefly from the west and south—Ennerdale, Borrow-
dale, and Coniston. On the other hand, the boulders brought to
light in connection with the Tees Salt Industry, from boreholes roo
to 120 feet in depth, we find belong chiefly (omitting local rocks) to
‘brockram’ from Appleby ; next come Shap granite, Armboth Dyke,
and lastly Carrock Fell syenite, all of these being from the north or
east. If with these two groups we compare the Lake District
boulders met with in the lower reaches of the Calder, we are struck
August 1892,

238 TATE: LAKE COUNTRY ROCKS.

by the marked absence of boulders both from the north, east, and
south—Skiddaw, Carrock Fell, and Borrowdale.

Of the numerous rocks possessing distinctive characters by which
they may be identified when occurring as boulders, some call for
special notice. The well-known biotite granite of Wasdale Crag,
near Shap Wells, has pink tabular crystals of orthoclase an inch or
so long, and matrix with nests of black mica. The very coarse
granite quarried at Waberthwaite and higher up Eskdale, of which
there are two varieties, grey and red, is also exposed at the head of
Wastwater and at the base of Scafell. Skiddaw granite, having
a friable white matrix, with robust crystals of white orthoclase, is
exposed near the foot of Brandy Gill, and a larger mass, coarser
grained, higher up the Caldew. It is easier of access in Sinen Gill
by ascending the left bank of Glenderaterra, where boulders will
be seen in its bed near to the copper-mine. Two bosses of quartz-
felsite flank the lovely Vale of St. John. From the chapel of St. John
past Low Rigg to a quarry near Hollin Root it is red in many
places; but it may be more conveniently studied at Threlkeld, where
it is extensively quarried. It is nearly pure white, inconspicuous
crystals of orthoclase, quartz, and yellow-green plagioclase embedded
in a felsitic matrix are its components. Long lath-like crystals of
biotite appear locally. The beautiful quartz-felsite of the Armboth
and Helvellyn Dyke, with its bright pink oblong crystals in a red
felsitic matrix, is exposed in Armboth beck, a feeder of Thirlmere
Lake, a little above Armboth House; and again half a mile east af
this near the ordnance cairn ; but boulders are profusely scattered in
the Vale of St. John, and may be collected off the wall tops on
approaching Keswick. They are also abundant in the embankment
of the new road skirting Thirlmere.

A visit to Carrock Fell, one of the three chief volcanic foci of the
Lake Country, will amply repay the petrologist. Its structure has —
been variously interpreted, nor can it be said even yet to have been
fully worked out. If we follow the beaten track from Mosedale to
the Fell summit, after climbing over unaltered Skiddaw slates dipping
sharply into the hill, we come upon what look like bedded layers of
a fine-grained ferro-magnesian mineral; a little higher the basic
plates enlarge into distinct crystals of diallage, with which white
telspar is blended until the rock gradually assumes the appearance of
a coarse gabbro. More rarely, a delicate rose-tinted felspar replaces
the white plagioclase. In and about the sheep-cote the structural
peculiarities of the Carrock Fell gabbro reach a maximum that in
many hand specimens simulate a coarse pegmatite or graphic granite:
the presence of quartz along with white felspar, and the sparse basic

Naturalist, -

TATE: LAKE COUNTRY ROCKS. 239

ingredient represented by a chloritic mineral, give to the rock this
aspect. Northward from this point the gabbro again resumes its
bedded aspect, from an alternation of coarse with fine-grained
_ varieties, until we reach the Granophyre that caps the Fell.
Macroscopically, this closely resembles the Ennerdale granophyre,
but under the microscope we see that the hornblende of the latter
is here replaced by augite. The strike of all these rocks, as well as
that of the Skiddaw granite below at the west end of the Fell,
coincides with that of the rocks by which they are surrounded.
A range of hills on the opposite side of the valley east of Carrock
Fell is built up of bedded contemporaneous basic ashes and lavas
ejected probably from the Carrock Fell vent. One of the latter has
marked features by means of which its boulders, though somewhat
friable, have been identified when widely dispersed. It is a por-
phyritic diabase, having imbedded in a compact black matrix
well-defined tabular lozenge-shaped grey crystals of labradorite up to
an inch across. It may be seen at Berrier or Eycott Hill. Another
exposure of this rock, at Melmerby, has recently been described by
Mr. A. Harker, F.G.S. (Q.J.G.S., 1891, p. 517). The Ennerdale
granophyre, just adverted to, is a closely-grained dirty-pink rock,
consisting mainly of an inter-growth of quartz and orthoclase, with
a variable amount of chloritic ingredients scattered therein.
Buttermere ‘syenite’ is essentially the same rock, but lighter and
brighter in tint, being nearly free of the ferro-magnesian component.
It can be obtained near to Scale Force, the ‘Queen of Waterfalls.’

Keswick is a good centre for geological work. The wooded
knoll behind St. John’s Church—Castle Head—conceals two
quarries in the neck of an ancient volcanic vent, and a complete
series of bedded intermediate ashes and lavas poured therefrom,
some 12,000 feet in thickness, forms the eastern’ margin of
Derwentwater, and may be studied in detail with the aid of Mr.
Postlethwaite’s concise little book, with its map and section. The
neck is an ordinary diabase (altered dolerite), of little moment for
Our purpose ; not so the basement purple breccia of Falcon Crag;
the altered andesite lava No. 1; the vesicular lava No. 5 in Cat Gill;
the garnet-bearing lava of Sippling Crag in Shoulthwaite Gill, all of
which are worth securing for the purposes of identification. The
‘Green Slate’ building-stone of Keswick is quarried near Grange,
Borrow rdale; that of Ambleside about Kirkstone. The upper volcanic
series of pale green and striped slates near Elterwater should not be
neglected when at Ambleside. The metamorphosed Skiddaw slates;
chiastolite, andalusite, and mica-schist of Sinen Gill; the Sale Fell
Minette (the only British rock resembling Phillips’ Dyke, Ingleton) ;
August 1892

“240 NOTES AND NEWS.

and the Hornblende-picrite of Little Knott, are all within easy reach
of Keswick. Devitrified rhyolites and rhyolitic tuffs are not to be
met with in Borrowdale. ese ancient acid lavas must be sought
for near Coniston (Grizdale Tarn), or in Long Sleddale, where they
occur as salmon or cream-tinted felstones, Bats associated with the
Coniston limestone.

The microscopical description and the chemical analyses of these
rocks are reserved for a second paper.

NOTES AND NEWS.

In the ‘British Naturalist’ for April, there is a capital portrait age short
eae ¢ Miss Ormerod, ei well-known entomologist, and in the June number
Mr. te ed : bheiaey author of A ‘get i a eS British species 6 ‘of the
genus Sit lechia’ , etc., etc the post of honou r. Douglas is also one of

the Editors of hy . Entomologist’ s ‘Monthly Miciainn”

e have received a very interesting note on the yaya ten concerning the
2 Hain worm BS gets aguaticus) in Ryedale, and if our readers will forward us
notes of the same from as mers and as po notre scattered a as ; possible i in those
Northern Sonata es of which we take cognizance, so as to the variants in the
popular idea, we should like ay arrare and print a padrey Be ea or summary.

poo

Mr. John W. Ellis, M.B., F.E.S., has collected into book-form a series of
papers by himself which eu in the ‘ Naturalist’ aera, the years 1885 to
1890, on ‘The Lepidopterous Fauna of La ae and Cheshire.’ As now
‘published they form a handy and useful Bie a fe pages, epee eg ie
records of some fifteen poet observe ort introduc on the
geological formations and meteorological shoes whieh affect the caniwenon of
Lepidoptera in ra counties deat with.

poo

We have received a carefully npn! 5 and well printed little book, entitled
‘The Flora of Reais under-Lyne and District.’ It is mainly the work of a Com-
mittee appoint y the ea gag ay Eg Linnzean Botanical Society, which
has fulfilled its duties admirably. In less than one hundred pages are given
records of all Se Bog deg plants except Lichens, Fungi, and Algz. The Moss oer
is a revision of a which was published in the ‘Naturalist’ in 1886,
compiled by Mr. h ‘Whiteh head, of Oldham, and the Hepaticz have been ’ dealt

with by Mr. G. A. Holt, of Manchester.

We have never read more — books than a — Messrs. BI ack wood

241

NOTES ON THE GLACIAL PHENOMENA OF
UPPER RIBBLESDALE,

IN REFERENCE TO THE EXCURSION OF THE YORKSHIRE
NATURALISTS’ UNION, MAY 1892.

J. G. GOODCHILD, H.M. Geor. Survey, F.G.S., F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.

NOTWITHSTANDING the rapid strides that have recently been made
in connection with Glacialography, there are still many points upon
which some students are by no means clear. It may therefore serve
a useful purpose if these notes are prefaced by a few general observa-

re
borne in mind, that vahoaeie nearly all alacial strie, and most of the
deposits of glacial origin, all over Britain, date from the climax of
the Glacial Period, yet the period during which any given area of
similar general relief had been previously occupied by ice, was longer
in proportion to the height of its latitude. Putting the same state-
ment into a different form, we may say that, although the vestiges of
glacial action in Ribblesdale are contemporaneous on the one hand
with those of Finchley, and, on the other with those of, say, Perthshire,

north bank of the Thames commenced only just before the great
ice-sheet attained its maximum, and terminated almost immediately
aiterwards, while the ponded back-waters of the ames were
depositing the brick-earths and gravels along with their re-sorted
Mammalian remains (Proc. Geol. Assoc. Vol. ix, No. 3).

Then, in regard to some questions of glacial physics, a word or
two may not be out of place. On the late visit of the Y.N. Union
to Ribblesdale, considerable attention was given to a fine example of
aroche moutonnte in the Midland Railway cutting just south of
Horton. This showed in the clearest manner possible that the ice-
Sheet flowing southward against this obstacle must have moved
simultaneously, at different levels in at least three different directions,
two of them almost diametrically opposite to each other; so that
while, a few feet above the obstacle, the march of the ice lay nearly
due south, yet on one side of the rock the ice flowed to the east, on
the other to the west, while in a third position its course for a short
distance lay upwards. It is no uncommon phenomenon on either
the small scale or the large; yet the lesson it teaches appears to have
August 1892. Q

242 GOODCHILD : GLACIAL PHENOMENA OF UPPER RIBBLESDALE.

been learnt by only a few. Obviously that lesson is, that the direction
indicated by glacial strize is not necessarily the same as that followed
by the upper part of the ice. The upper part of the ice is known to
have moved, in many cases, at right angles to the course taken by

its lower strata. The movements of the two parts may even have
been in diametric app site directions. Again, land ice flows in
the dir of least resistance, so that its line of movement, as

orbes showed jel ago, as often as not lies from the base at
one point to the surface at another point farther from its source.*
This cause, combined with the effects of surface ablation, tends to
elevate stones or other bodies caught up by the sole of the ice, nearer
and nearer to the surface, in opposition to the force of gravity.t
Another factor to be taken into account in dealing with boulder
distribution is, thatan impulse in a given direction imparted to ice
at one point is transmitted along its upper strata for miles beyond its
initial point, and may even be communicated, to some extent, to
strata far below the surface. Connected with this is the larger

years. But so far as the study of British glacial phenomena 1s
concerned none of these explanations make it clear how it came
about that the sole of the ice-sheet moved so steadily, and with such
even motion, over large areas, as to enable it to plough out continuous
glacial furrows, fifteen, twenty, or more feet in length. Yet that is
one of the most important facts with which a glacialist has to deal.
My own explanation} is a new one. I am convinced that under
conditions of very low temperature a large mass of ice occupying
a deep valley, will flow outward more rapidly at the do¢tom than at
the surface. The reasoning is based on the fact that at all degrees
below the freezing point ice contracts under a fall of temperature and
expands under a rise, more than any substance known. ‘Therefore,
when but little affected by heat-waves, the upper part of a thick mass
of ice undergoes contraction to an extent that may, in certain cases,
be hardly more than compensated by the downflow of ice from the

rent source. On the other hand, the cold waves (temperature
undulations below Zero C.) do not lower the temperature of the

e Dr. Drygalski, Zeit. Ges. fiir Erdkunde zu —— Band XXVII, No. t
i ee photographic illustrations of this phenomeno

+ In the Geol. Mag. for November, seth I gave this as the explanation of the
occurrence of the shells on Moel Tryfaen,

t Geol. Mag., 1891, p. 19. * Motion of Land Ice.’ ee

a : Naturalist,”

GOODCHILD : GLACIAL PHENOMENA OF UPPER RIBBLESDALE. 243

bottom strata to such an extent as to neutralize the effects of
terrestrial radiation. Farth-heat, therefore, keeps the lower strata of
the ice at a higher temperature than that of the strata above; and
therefore causes the ice near the bottom to expand to a larger volume
than do the colder layers nearer the surface. In that way the
different expansion gives rise to a differential movement of the mass,
in which the parts most warmed by the earth-heat radiating from the
rocks at the bottom of the valley move faster than those contracted
by the lower temperature prevailing nearer the surface.

a differential movement is set up, part, at least, of the energy is
converted into heat, and in that form cick ‘the movement still
more, I have long felt that, in basing our conclusions regarding
glacial phenomena upon what facts can be gleaned from a study of
the tiny glaciers still surviving in the Alps, we were in danger of
falling into very serious error. And so we have done, and our
progress towards a right understanding of our subject has been
retarded accordingly.

The next point to consider brings us nearer to glacial matters of
more local interest. There is now quite enough known about the
direction of movement of the larger flows of ice at the climax of the
Glacial Period to warrant us in coming to the following conclusions
regarding these matters in the North of England :—Three or four
large areas in this part appear never to have been invaded by ice
carrying boulders foreign to their own drainage area. One of these

te

Wear. Another includes the greater part of the Lake District. Next
is the area extending eastward from the Howgill Fells to Richmond,
northward to Stainmoor, and southward to Craven. Further south
comes the upland area ranging to the Peak of Derbyshire. To
these may be added the Cleveland Hills. The second and the
third are all that concern us in the present connection. Within
these there ranged a zone of ice-shed whose general direction, as we
trace it from the west eastward, may be approximately defined
thus :—In South Cumberland it followed very nearly the line of
highest ground up to about the head of Derwentwater, that is to say,
a north-easterly direction. Thence it curved round to the south-east,
passing through Wastdale Head, through the Howgill Fells, across
Wilbert Fell, and eastwards by the head-waters of the Swale and
Yore. Beyond this the line cannot be defined even approximately.
To the north of that line of ice-shed the boulders travelled at first
north-westward ; and then, when the Solway ice began to flow inland
and uphill, it Gens: in a generally easterly direction, over Stainmoor,
past Barnard Castle, and out to the maritime parts of Yorkshire.
August 1892.

244 GOODCHILD : GLACIAL PHENOMENA OF UPPER RIBBLESDALE,

To the south of the ice-shed, the ice, almost from first to last, flowed
away in a southerly direction, conforming, in the direction taken by
its lower strata, to all the ins and outs of the surface ; but, in the
movements of the mass as a whole, it followed the direction of
easiest gradient from the ice-shed. ‘Thus, all over the western part
of the Yorkshire uplands the predominant direction of flow was
towards the S.S.W., as seen in the cutting at Ribblehead Station.
Any deviation from that course can easily be shown to be due to
purely local causes. But in the mountain areas still further west,
that is to say, in the southern parts of the Lake District, the normal
direction was southward in the areas around Oxenholme, etc., and
S.S.E. in th i i

bourhood of Sca Fell. But a study of the broader features enables
us to go farther than this; for it is certain that, at the climax of the
Glacial Period, the ice flowing southward from the Yorkshire uplands
was heavily pressed in an easterly direction by ice from the congested
area of the Irish Sed. These details have to be taken into account
if we are to get even a general idea of the glacial geology of Upper
Ribblesdale, as a glance at Mr. Tiddeman’s map will show that over
parts of Craven the glacial markings show a decided south-easterly
set, which is quite in accordance with what is known in other parts,
and which can be readily understood on the above explanation.

The ice at the climax of the Glacial Period could not have been
much less than 2,000 feet in thickness in the lower part of the Eden
valley, and it may have been more than that.* Now, if we accept
the views held by many geologists that the earth’s crust is every-
where in a state of unstable equilibrium, ready to rise over any area
where the superincumbent pressure is lightened by denudation or
other causes, or to sink where deposition is going on, or where a
load of any kind is being put upon it, we cannot escape the conclu~
sion that there must have resulted at least some depression of the
earth’s crust, commensurate with the weight of the load accumulated
upon it. Thus, I conclude that the whole of Britain was gradually
weighted to a level perhaps as much as one hundred feet lower than
it had before the glacial burden attained its maximum dimensions.
It is just possible that the depression referred to may have given
rise to some alteration in the direction of flow of one of the larger
ocean currents ; but whether this was the case or not, it is, I think,
quite certain that the growth of the ice-sheet suddenly stopped

upon this subject ‘The Glacial Phenomena of the Eden Valley and
the Weieen Part of the Yorkshire Dale- District,” by J. G. Goodchild. Q.J.G.S.
xxxi, pp. 55—99, read June 24th, 1874.

Naturalist,

GOODCHILD : GLACIAL PHENOMENA OF UPPER RIBBLESDALE. 245

immediately after it had reached its climax.* This could hardly have
been at a period much, if any, more remote than ten or twelve
thousand years from our own time. As it melted, and the unwonted
load was gradually eased off the earth’s crust, this began to rise
towards its former elevation. That, I take it, explains how some of
the raised beaches were formed. Of any other submergence there is
no valid evidence, as I showed in 1874. Furthermore, the whole of
the sediment, stones, sand, and mud included within the ice
{I cannot believe that any appreciable quantity was gathered
underneath it, as used to be thought) was gradually liberated as the
ice melted ; so that the whole of the rock surface covered by the ice
received a Coalitig of drift eae in thickness to that of the
ice from which it was derive many localities this liberation of
stones and mud went on ney oie the water resulting from the
liquefaction of the ice always taking the nearest line of low ground
on its way back to the sea. But the conditions under which the
melting took place must have varied much from time to time, and
this was more especially the case at some distance from the line of
watershed. Consequently, much of the finest detrital matter was
washed out and transported to levels lower still, and the water-worn
residue was left behind as beds of sand and gravel, which, as the
conditions changed once more, gave place to boulder clay. This will
Serve to explain how it happens that, at Ribblehead, for example,
water-sorted material is interstratified with the boulder clay, as it
generally is elsewhere. It also explains why it is that the axes of the
drift mounds ee or quite, coincide with the prevailing lines of
movement of the ice. There were pre-existing rock mounds there,
which had been shape by long glacial erosion, and when the stony
and muddy ice melted over these rock mounds the glacial sediments
gtadually enveloped the mounds and moulded themselves to the
form of their rocky core, in much the same manner as the surface of
a growing field of wheat follows the ups and downs of the field in
which it was sown. I think it will be found, in the majority of
Cases, that every drumlin has a rocky core, and that the shape
of the drumlin, in a general way, conforms to that of the rock
it envelops.

It should be noted here that, as stones were melted out of the
ice, they were, occasionally, transported in directions different from

* T have repeatedly emphasized this sera during the last eighteen years,
and more especially so in a general can my views on glacial phenomena,
Published under the title of ‘Ice Work in Eadenside,’ Trans, Cumb. and West.

*» No. xi, (1887), pp. tego of which several hundred copies were
distributed amongst glacialists, British and Foreign.
August 1852.

246 Bs 5; NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY.

those in which me had been originally carried. This factor is one
of much importance in connection with boulder-distribution, and
should be Ao borne in mind in any speculations upon the
direction of glacial transport.

Just as I believe we shall all have to give up the old belief in
glacial submergence, so, too, I believe we shall have to abandon the
idea that, in Yorkshire at least, any smaller glaciers followed the
conclusion of the period which saw the termination of the ice-sheet.
I have no doubt about the existence of very tiny glaciers even
as far south as the more mountainous parts of Cumberland, but in
Yorkshire there were none.

Since the conclusion of the Glacial Period the weather has been
unceasingly at work restoring the surface to something like what its
features were before that epoch. The boulder clay is being steadily
washed away—indeed, on the limestone plateaux it has nearly all _
disappeared down the joints as fast as these are widened by
atmospheric erosion. The glaciated surfaces, those of limestone
especially, are being fast replaced by weather-worn rock of different
orm, and in a few thousand years there will be but little evidence
remaining of the former presence of a great ice-sheet in Upper
Ribblesdale.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

r Nests of Missel Thrush. — Jur une 18th, while investigating 4
plant seh of scrunty trees at an elevation of eet in S.W. Yorks., I came
across several nests of Missel Thrushes (Tisrdues pete built mainly of
sheep’s wie: and lined with green or dry grass. They were ail similar, and very
peculiar.—S. L. MosLey, Huddersfield, 23rd June, 1892

—Missel Thrushes very frequently make use of substances in the construction of
their “at which are not usually regarde be as being quite natural. ow-a-days
ree. ogi of human harriers range the country districts in = Sesh icy and the

they scatter broadcast siestebulty consists of fine strips of paper-
spy som Btrosct — those bordering on country high cisoa: the nests are
very largely composed of this material, but the writer does not remember having
ever found a nest in which the grassy lining was replaced by pap or, in fact,
any other material. —

Birds of Derbyshire.—I venture to appeal to readers of ‘The Na turalist’

to afford me any information in their power respecting the Birds of Derbyshire,
for a forthcomi ork on similar lines to those treating of other counti
is a tter for regret o few not rri an interesting
ounty are ted he current natural history journal t herefore
hoped that naturalists will t n opportunity of recording any facts relating to
Derbyshire birds within their own knowledge. Local lists of even the co est
h

1 a
Species are desired, as owing to the very diversified se er of the county, !
y

Me i pect ee
Extracts from churchwarden orem referring ree the destruction of the

larger birds of Prey, would be very welcome and. would be acknowledged i indus
course.—-F, B. WHITLOCK, Beeston, Ni aie, :
eae oe

247
A NEW YORKSHIRE EARTHWORM.

Rev. HILDERIC FRIEND, F.L.S.,
Idle, Bradford; Author of ‘ Flowers and Flower Lore,’ etc.

WE are constantly finding the old saying confirmed, that in natural
history the largest number of species occur in the district which is
most carefully worked. This is true of earthworms. One by one
the mysteries surrounding this greatly-neglected group of animals are
being penetrated, the veil is being lifted, and we are getting more
accurate ideas respecting the specific differences, the distribution,
and the uses of worms. I have recently been fortunate enough to
find more than one species new to Yorkshire, but for the present
I shall be content to describe the one which I have most carefully
studied. So little is known about many of the worms imperfectly
described by the earlier authors, that I shall not now discuss the
synonymy of this species, but give it the name applied to it by the
author, who alone has fully and accurately described it (A//olobophora
Profuga Rosa). To no one are we more deeply indebted than to
Dr. D. Rosa, of Turin, for our present knowledge of the European
Lumbrici. His lucid descriptions, shrewd discernment of points of
value, generous recognition of the work of others, and indefatigable
Industry, are models which we could wish every helminthologist
would imitate. In 1884 this veteran worm-hunter published a
booklet entitled Z Lumbricidi del Piemonte, in which he described

four species of Lumbricus, and a dozen species of AWolobophora.
_ Among them we find the worm which forms the subject of this
paper. Dr. Rosa is the only writer whose works I have studied who
notices the differences in point of size, length, and number of
segments between worms collected in the South of Europe and those
found in more northerly latitudes. I had already noted the fact that
in some instances worms become smaller as we go southwards—a
fact which will account for the differences between certain species of
English worms and their Italian representatives. With us A. profuga
Rosa, is 60 or 70 mm. when of medium size, but sometimes reaches
fully twice that length, and is then about 80 mm. in alcohol, with a
diameter of 5 to 8mm. The number of segments is about 120-150.
The worm is cylindrical, having much the appearance of the Turgid
Worm (A. turgida Eisen), but the hinder part is more angular in
Outline, owing to the disposition of the sete. The colour is ashy-
grey, clayey, or fleshy-brown, with clay-coloured girdle. Owing to
the greater transparency of the integument, the head appears rosy or
August 2s :

189

248 FRIEND: A NEW YORKSHIRE EARTHWORM.

flesh-coloured, while the anal extremity is quite yellow in fresh
specimens, due to the presence of a golden liquid, which it emits
when placed in spirits. The segments which contain the essential
organs are paler than the rest, and from these also some specimens
exude a coloured fluid. As the possible connection of this exudation
with sexual relationships has never yet been studied, it is impossible
at present to say whether the quantity varies with the maturity of the
worm. My own researches have led me to think this is the case,
and that the matter should be investigated from that point of view.

The head is small, and cuts nearly one half of the first segment,
whereas in the genus Lumbricus it forms a perfect mortise and tenon.
The male pore is on segment 15, and is seated on either side on
prominent, pale, opaque _papillz. he girdle extends over 6
segments (30-35), and stands well out from the body. It is closely
fused on the back, but beneath the segments can be very clearly
distinguished. The band which constitutes the puberty pores
(tubercula pubertatis) stretches along the undersurface of segments
31-34, and even when the clitellum is as yet unformed the position
of this band in relief serves to mark off those segments from the
rest. The sete are disposed differently from those of the true
earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L..) and the related species. Rosa
states the arrangement thus: ‘The space between the inferior and
superior pair of sete is a little less than that between the ventral
setae, but nearly (or about) double that between the dorsal. The
medio-ventral space is double that between the sete of the ventral
pair ; the dorsal space is double the first, and six times that between
the dorsal sete.’ A diagram is necessary to make this point clear to
the uninitiated. There are papillae on the underside of segment
25 or 26, which are in some way connected with the sexual organs.
Internally we find four pairs of seminal vesicles, those in segments 9
and ro fixed to the anterior side of the septum, and in 11 and 12 on
the posterior face. There are two pairs of spermathecze in segments
to and 11, which open in the intersegment 9-10, 10-11 in the direction
of the third row of sete; and I am able to confirm Dr. Rosa’s
later statement to the effect that the opening is in the segment con-
taining the organs, and not in the preceding. I have as yet found
no spermatophores on this species.

This worm emits an odour, which, on account of its suggestive-
ness of garlic, is anything but agreeable. I have referred to the
value of the smell and mucus in aiding worms to mate, in a paper on
‘ Hybridity Among Worms,’ published in ‘Nature.’ This worm is
found in fields and gardens, under clods or stones, and is by no
means rare. Found at Apperley in May, and near Bradford in es -_

MOONWORT IN WHARFEDALE. 249

1892. ‘I have collected it in or received it from several other parts
of the country as we

Since the fveveing was sent to press I have received from
Dr. Rosa specimens of the Italian worm upon which his description
is based, and find that our British species corresponds in every
essential with the type. I should like once more to se a to
naturalists for collections of worms, especially from mountainous
districts. They should be placed in tin boxes lightly =. il soft
moss, and accompanied by any data likely to be of servic

NOTE—BOTANY.
hard tee um Lunaria in Wharfe seo —I should like to point out that

This fact I communicated to Mr. Lees, and he i ublished it with other notes on
his * Flora,’ in ‘ Naturalist’ of Oct. 1 T. B. Woodd also records
seo ‘ychium mcr ig at Ough ae ge in his ees entitled ‘Plants of Lang-
othdale,’ which was published in the ‘Naturalist’ of September 1889.
WW. . SHUFF FREY, wAmndliffe, Skipton, July 18th, 1892.
Moonwort only appears for a short time, and is very easily overlooked amongst
the grass, —J.G.B.

BRITISH FUNGI.

British Fungi: tg scent a and Ustilagines, pp. xv. ex 8 plates,
with 137 figures. By G. Masser. London: Lovell Reeve & C
Tuts book brings the British species of these two groups (so far
as they have been investigated) up to date; it is well printed, and
the plates are excellent. ‘There is a capital ‘general introduction,’
which occupies almost one-third of the volume; it is full of such
interest that when the end is reached, one wishes it had been even
longer. A fungus is first of all well defined in detail, and, as the
the author says, they may be distinguished as ‘Cryptogams without
chlorophyll,’ excluding, of course, the Bacteria and Myxogastres,
which have been divorced from the fungi for some time. Such
points as veh Orientation of the gelatinous substance of the Z7eme/-
finee and sclerotia are luc idly explained; the well-known resem-
blance of Safrolegnia to the chlorophytiose alga Vaucheria is well
portrayed. The importance of a biological knowledge of the
plants is strongly urged, as it alone ‘ indicates the required evidence
for a satisfactory solution of the affinities between the various
sections’; no less is it impressed that a ‘clear knowledge of the
Structure or morphology of fungi is indispensable as a preliminary to
their study from the systematic standpoint.’ (Advice of this kind
ought to be taken to heart by some of our would- be phanerogamists,
August 1892.

250 REVIEW-—BRITISH PHYCOMYCETES AND USTILAGINE.

who expect to be able to name everything before they have devoted
any time to the acquisition of even an elementary knowledge of
external morphology.

The enormous development of the sporophore in such groups as
the Agarics and puffballs where only the asexual reproductive method
is known is emphasised, these being so widely divergent from the
lower fungi, which are morphologically like the Algeze as well as
physiologically like them in the matter of sexual reproduction. The
oga

should like to have read a short discourse on this phenomenon
by the author. We would suggest to the author that the abundant
formation of calcium oxalate may be protective to the young
sporophores ; it is certainly protective against slugs in such plants as
the aroids. The statement is made that the cystidia are chiefly con-
cerned in transpiration, so that they are equivalent in function to
the stomata of the higher plants.

We are glad to learn that the author is more sensible than the
majority of lichenologists in that he does not believe in the
autonomous nature of lichens. In addition to the thorough treat-
ment of the general morphology of the fungi, that of the J7yxogastres
and Bacteria is also dealt with; then follow the methods of collec-
tion, preservation, and examination, before classification is dealt

The method of the latter adopted is a modification of that of

not forgotten, and an old but puzzling aquaintance appears as
Schinzia sipsthatlats Abaice Pranks 5 anid will be familiar to many of our
readers as Causing the t t on various Leguminous
roots; these —— have been shown to contain mycelium by
Prof. Marshall Ward ; according to this the plant cannot be longer
claimed by either the bacteriologist or the myxogastrophilist ; Ward
considers it to belong to the Ustilaginee. Still, the bacteriologists

for quite recently Prof. P. F. Frankland, when —— on these
tubercles at the Royal Institution, said ‘That in many cases, each
particular leguminous plant is provided with its se gps micro-
organism.’ Is it a case of symbiosis of three organism
The book bears the stamp of one evidently outa familiar
with the subject-matter, and even no advanced student of the groups
of which it treats can read it without benefit; we shall be glad to see
the ‘other volumes dealing with the remainder of the ioe which
‘it is — will not be long delayed.’ _ WwW. W
Naturalist,

251

‘ESCAPES,’
WITH A NOTE ON THE MAGELLANIC GOOSE
IN YORKSHIRE.

EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S.,
The Museum, Leeds.

It is occasionally very unsatisfactory to record a ‘rare occurrence,’
for so many birds and animals, etc., are kept in captivity, the
chances are that such are merely escapes, and have no claim to be
genuine records for the locality in which they were re-captured.
Such is said to be the case with the Red-winged Starling, Belted
Kingfisher, Passenger Pigeon, Spur-winged and Egyptian Geese, and
several others which have from time to time been added to our
fauna on the strength of one or two occurrences alone, only to be
removed from the ‘ British list’ by subsequent writers. So easy is it
to credit every rare record as an ‘escape’ that, on the other hand,
there is the chance that a genuine occurrence may be in this way
overlooked. In the case of a suspected escape every effort should
be made to discover the source of the wanderer ; but, unfortunately,
if such source is not found, it is no evidence that the bird, or what-
ever it may be, has not travelled from some neighbouring or distant
enclosure.

Last year a man told me, with great gusto, that he had caught
and killed a Seagull in Headingley, ‘ fifty miles from the sea.’ I sug-
gested that it had been pinioned, and next day—with a somewhat
lengthened face—he brought me a young Herring Gull, minus the
last wing-joint. I afterwards learnt that it had been killed not more
than one hundred yards from the garden whence it had strayed.

On another occasion I was told that a ‘Stork’ had been caught
at Calverley, and, wishing to know what the bird really was, I went
over and found that the ‘Stork’ was also a young Herring Gull
which had escaped from the garden of a friend of mine, only a few
Streets from the place where it was picked up; but, its life having
been fortunately preserved, it was returned to my friend unhurt.

Last March I heard that a ‘strange bird’ had frequented a
certain garden in Leeds for several days. On visiting the garden
I found the bird to be an Australian Quail, its somewhat draggled
appearance proclaiming it to be an escaped example. It had never
left the garden, and had subsisted upon the bread thrown out for the
Sparrows. I took it to my aviary at Headingley, and some few days
afterwards received a message from my friend, Mr. H. Bendelack

August 1892.

252 WAITE: THE MAGELLANIC GOOSE IN YORKSHIRE.

Hewetson, asking me if the bird he heard I had obtained was his
Australian Quail which he had lost. In this case also it had only
travelled a very short distance.

Among other birds I have a pair of Golden Pheasants, and
during the spring of 1890, when the male bird was calling loudly, a
neighbour told me to take my gun, as a hen pheasant had been
attracted by the cries of the bird and was squatting under a hedge in
the garden. I did so, but saw that the visitor was a female
Golden Pheasant, so, exchanging the gun for an entomological net,
I approached the bird and picked it up with my hand, for it did not
offer the slightest resistance. The Pheasant must have flown some
distance, as I inquired from everyone in the district whom I knew
to possess an aviary or a pheasantry, but none of them had lost a
bird, and no one having claimed it, it still walks the aviary at
Headingley.

My main object in writing is to record the capture at
Bishopthorpe, near York, of a pair ? of Upland or Magellanic Geese
(Bernicla magellanica), which, if it could be proved were genuine
occurrences, would be the first recorded examples this side of the
Atlantic

I haves no wish, however, to suggest this ; for, although the fact
that the plumage of the bird seen by me was perfect, and that the
wings had not been interfered with, would foster the suspicion that
it had never been inside a wired area, the immense improbability of
it having crossed the Atlantic and landed here in safety should at
once dispel any doubts on this point.

As, however, I have no clue whence the birds came, and as the
female is now in the Zoological Gardens in London, some particulars
as to its capture may be interesting. Moreover, in the published
‘Additions to the Zoological Society’s Gardens,’ it is stated in
‘ Nature’ to be from the Falkland Islands, and in ‘ The Field’ from
Patagonia, the native homes of the bird. It would naturally be
inferred that the goose had been merely imported and had not beep
captured on British soil.

On the oth ves March last, the Rev. J. Chaloner, of Newton Kyme,
wrote to me I have just had brought to me a
small goose caught n near isieasbctpe (alive), I cannot make it out

ae Chelona several times asked me to see the bird, and as in his
later letters he wrote about having it killed and mounted, I visited
Newton Kyme on the 21st of May and saw the goose. I advised
my friend to present it to the Zoological mor and gleaned the

following particulars as to its capture.
: Naturalist,

NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA AND MOLLUSCA. 253

I have mentioned that a pair of geese were obtained, but I have
no direct evidence to show that the birds were male and female of
the same species. It is probable that they were not, and yet the
rough description of the bird which was killed agrees very well with
that of the male Upland Goose. Certain it is that the like of both
birds had never been seen by the villagers before, and Mr. Chaloner
feels certain that they were actually a pair.

Both birds in an exhausted condition joined some tame Geese in
a field at Bishopthorpe, about three miles south of York, during the
very severe weather which prevailed early in March. They were
driven into the farm-yard along with the other geese, and remained
contentedly for three or four days. Showing a tendency to fly
however, they were caught and their wings were cut.

he male was killed and thrown away or otherwise disposed of,
but the female was fortunately preserved. Mr. Guy Fairfax, of
Bilbrough Hall, near Tadcaster, obtained the bird, and gave it to
Mr. Chaloner. After remaining in his possession for three months,
it was forwarded to the Zoological Society and identified as Bernicda
magellanica.

It is to be hoped that when the bird dies it may be returned to
‘Yorkshire and preserved in the Museum either at York or at Leeds.

21st June, 1892.

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

Macroglossa stellatarum at Crossgates, near Leeds.—In the garden at
the front of my house are several flowers of Delphinium, and at about half-past
five on the 3rd of July—the day being aether cold, Wie bey —_s for a short
time— bird — hovering
= front of the flowers, causing quite an acta. Sriietit ng so me n procuring

a net it was quickly bagged and proved to be a splendid demas er hy the
brilliancy of its eye ‘bee most striking. Haney NELSON, Crossgates, Leeds,
July 20th, 1892.

rca ig ab OGY.

Amalia gagat a, Yorkshire.-—I have recently found several
examples of this epecies on the cliff at t Withernsea, among stones under somewhat
dense vegetation, and in company with Arion ater, Agriolimax —— ,and He/ix
aspersa, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, = whom I sent them, tells me that it
constitutes a new record for the East Riding of Yorkshire, also ms t the specimens

sent, three-fourths cited ii very black in colour, and therefore belonged to the
pe of the a ne: and n the pale variety which “sod lways represents it
in Britain.—]. RKER satan og Beverley, 28th Sept., 189

Testacella scutulum at Holgate, near York.—On the 7th of this
month ae aa from a gardener employed in Messrs. Backhouse’s nurseries at
Holgate, York, seven examples - Te sacle, which he had found on the 4th and
6th of the month, and he informs me that it was very common. It is interesting

o Mr, J. W. Taylor, F. Ls. iy OF Leeds oes ocean he to be 7. dy ionege

It thus gh out not to be the same species as those found in the garden
Ep DWARD SELF, The Gardens, Ferniehurst, Shipley, prod roth § 1692.
1892,

254

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT
PENISTONE AND DUNFORD BRIDGE.

July excursion of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union took
place on Saturday, the gth, to Penistone and Dunford Bridge,

inaccessibility of the district, it was not up to the usual standard
of success, either in point of numbers or of the amount of work
achieved,

. The number of members attending the excursion was not more
than 30 to 35, and of these the great majority were from towns in
the immediate neighbourhood, Huddersfield being specially well
represented. The casual inquirer would learn that Penistone is not
unknown to fame, and is to be remembered for at least two things—
firstly, especially noted for its numerous and disastrous railway
accidents ; and secondly, for its Hounds, known since the year 1260
as the Penistone Harriers.

The a pee : sy oe 1 7 At lar It 4
EXxPLANATION.— P ded } y PEE _

On looking at the map it will be seen that the district is close upon

the Cheshire border, and as the Union confines its investigations

exclusively to Yorkshire, further exploration beyond the limits of the

excursion could not be indulged in. As usual the land-owners had

— granted full permission for the investigation of their estates, and 0m
the present occasion facilities were afforded by Col. W. S. Stanhope;

Mr. Charles re sir and the Dewsbury and Heckmondwike
Waterworks Board.

asia

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT PENISTONE. 255

In order to work the area as fully as possible three routes had
been arranged. A fair number o ault finders,’ otherwise known
as geologists, were under the leadership of Mr. Joseph Field, of
Huddersfield, and sina work at Dunford Bridge on the
arrival of the 11.30 a.m. trai

The general body of cei under the guidance of Messrs.
Alfred Clarke, J. N. Dransfield, S. L. Mosley, F.E.S., and R. Nash,
also started from Dunford Bridge at 11.30, and first proceeded to
Dunford Bridge Reservoir, after which they split up and traversed
aed moors and valleys in all directions.

e third party, consisting only of two conchologists, including
the leader (Mr. L. E. ams, B.A.), proceeded from Penistone
to examine the mollusca of Scout Dam and Gunthwaite.

During the greater part of the day rain fell persistently, and
soaked the heather and grass to such an extent as to make the
condition of things decidedly unpleasant. Still having no control
over the rain-fall, one could only say with Goethe—

Es regnet aber furchterlich:

Es regnet seinen lauf,

Und wenn es g’nug _— hat

So hort es wieder a
but as it did zof¢ ‘aufhdren’ it was with no feeling of regret when five
o'clock came round that members prepared to leave the field. So
soaked were some of the party that with a vague uneasiness of possible
rheumatism or something of the sort in the future, more than one
made straight for home and were seen no more ; however, those who
did remain were somewhat comforted by the sight of tea prepared at
the Wentworth Arms Hotel. After having been attended to in very
commendable style, the cares of the day were somewhat if not wholly
forgotten, and the meetings held also at the Wentworth Arms went
cheerily on. The Sectional Meetings were followed at 7 o'clock
by the general satire at which Mr. Thomas Bunker, of Goole,
preside

The following were elected members of the Union :-—

W. H. Brittain, J.P., Ranmoor, Sheffield.

E. W. Thirkell, epee near Barnsley.

T. Stacey Wilson, M.D., M.R.C.P., B.Sc., Edgbaston
Birmingham (Hon. an Midland Union of ‘Natu ral
History Societies).

In order to be able to add the various publications of the Union
to their library, the Corporation of Sheffield applied for membership
and were unanimously admitted. It is to be hoped that other
municipal bodies will follow such a laudable example
August 1892

256 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION AT PENISTONE.

Although the attendance was so small, individual members had
journeyed from diverse localities and represented the following com-
paratively large number of affiliated societies :—Barnsley, Wakefield,
Bradford, Leeds, Leeds Co-operative, Huddersfield, and Ravens-
thorpe Naturalists’ Societies, Goole, Bradford, Hull, and
Halifax Scientific — Leeds Geological Association, and the
sg aa Soc

Messrs. W. a ee M.A., F.G.S., Leeds, and Jno. Gerrard,
Rccketee moved the usual vote of Paani to the various land-
owners for having granted permission for their estates to be explored,
to the leaders of parties, and to the contributors to the excursion-
programme.

The reports of the sections were next received.

In the absence of all the officers of the Vertebrate Section, the
Chairman remarked that the only members attending the excursion
besides himself were Messrs. Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S., Leeds, and
John Gerrard, Manchester.

Something more than the bad weather would be required to
account for the remarkable scarcity of bird-life, and one could only
come to the conclusion that the district is a very barren one.
Mammals were seen, and the malonate is a complete list of the birds
observed :—

Missel Thrush. renga fac Yellow Bunting.

Blackbird. Swallo Starling.

Ring Ouzel. rg Kestrel.

Willow Warbler. Sparrow. +tRed Grouse.
ren. Chaffinch. +Sandpiper.

Pied Wagtail.
The dagger (+) denotes young birds seen.
Mr. F. W. Fierke (Hull), one of the hon. secretaries of the
Conchological Section, writes that Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A.
(Penistone), and himself, were at Penistone Station on the arrival of
e main party, about 10.30 a.m., but no other conchologist being
among the number, they teoneeded by themselves to Scout Dam,
which was the route set forth in the circular. As was stated by
Mir, Adams, a more barren district could hardly have been selected
for conchological investigation. vaguelaa grit, bing often giving
iv

as conchology in a district of this description. The only terrestrial
mollusca observed on the route were Arion ater, A. circumscriptus,

imax agrestis, Vitrina pellucida, Hyalinia alliaria and
rotundata, Still, despite the scarcity of molluscs in general, one of
two species occur in Scout Dam which could not help but interest
Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT PENISTONE. 257

and give rise to considerable reflection. Limnaa feregra is perhaps
the most ubiquitous species of our molluscan fauna, and a locality
would be almost hopelessly destitute did it not number this particular
one amongst its inhabitants. Owing to this hardihood and contrivance
to exist under the most varying conditions, may probably be due the
many different forms which give such excellent scope for the exercise
of the mind of the variety-mongery However, in Scout Dam, besides
finding some of the more distinct varieties of Zimnaa peregra, such
as /abiosa and ficta, there is such a confusion of forms that hardly
two specimens which may be picked up are found alike. Mr. Adams,
who has given the species considerable attention, has made a most
interesting collection, showing the gradations in form taken entirely
from this locality. Nor were the conchologists any less successful
on this occasion, as very distinct specimens were obtained of the
varieties before mentioned. Mr. Adams records the scalariform

had not taken any specimens of it, although the ordinary form was
plentiful enough. In addition the following aquatic species were
recorded, Pisidium pusillum and P. fontinale. It was a pity that no

Mr. Adams’ very fine collection of British land and freshwater
Shells, the peculiarity of which perhaps is that it consists almost
entirely of his own collecting, due to extensive travelling.

Thé President of the Entomological Section, Mr. G. T. Porritt,
F.L.S., F.E.S., reported that in consequence of the continuous down-
pour of rain, scarcely any collecting could be done ; and that besides
himself the only ee present were Mr. S. L. Mosley, F.E.S.,
of Huddersfield, and Mr. Wm. Mansbridge, of Horsforth. He took
a fine specimen of poise alpestris in the wood near the
railway station, thus confirming the locality for the species, as two
out of the previously only seven specimens recorded as having been
taken in Britain had been secured by Mr. John Harrison, of Barnsley, the
previous year—‘ possibly at Dunford Bridge,’ but of this Mr. Harrison
was notatallcertain. Svalis fuliginosa also occurred, and Plectrocnemia
conspersa commonly. he lepidoptera taken included Venusta
cambricaria, Larentia cesiata in abundance, Larentia pectinitarta,
Melanippe galiata, and one or two very good forms of Melanippe
montanata

In the absence of all the officers of the Botanical Section, the
Teport was rendered by Mr. T. W. Woodhead, of Huddersfield,
who writes :—There is little of importance to record in this section.
The more interesting parts of the moors were practically inaccessible
R

Sept. 1892,

258 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT PENISTONE.

on account of the heavy rains, and botanising was consequently much
curtailed. The only plants noticed were those usually prevalent. on
moorland tracts, among which may be mentioned Ranunculus
lenormandi, Viola palustris, Vaccinium oxycoccus (abundant, though
few in flower), Zystmachia nemorum, Myosotis repens, Empetrum
nigrum, Equisetum palustre, E. limosum; and on the right bank of
the Reservoir a number of specimens were found of that interesting
form of EZ. palustre, var. polystachyum. Though occasionally met
with in similar situations, I have no record of its having been
previously found in this locality. Zzstorella lacustris was seen but
not gathered, and it may be worthy of mention in connection with
this drainage area that in 1884 I found this plant on the banks of a
pond at Gunthwaite, and I have also collected it since the date of
the ramble. At Penistone, 7ragopogon pratensis was noticed. This
plant is usually recorded under the type name, but this form is the
more prevalent one, var. minus ; on old garden walls here were a few
specimens of that decreasing species, Polypodium vulgare.

In the absence of Mr. J. W. Davis, F.G.S., the. guidance of the
geological party was kindly taken by Mr. Joseph Field, of Hudders-
field, who gave the report at the general meeting and writes :—

The geologists left Dunford Bridge Station under a slow, drizzling
rain, taking the high road which leads towards Holmfirth. When
opposite the east end of Snailsden Moss the party left the road, and
was led by. the gamekeeper across the valley to a stone quarry on
the summit of the above point. Some of the flag-stone beds here
were noticed to be rising at a rather high angle, as though some fault
were close by. Several nodules in situ were seen, having the usual
coating of soft sandstone impregnated with oxide of iron. The party
next walked along the hill-side towards the water-course which

built. On the Snailsden side an old quarry was visited where the
dip of the strata denoted a large slip or fault. This section gave rise
to some discussion amongst the members. Higher up the valley two
nice specimens of Seffaria were found soon after the party arrived, at
a pretty fault nearly opposite to Cooke’s Study... The up-throw side
exposed a nice section of the highest member of the Middle Grits,
with about two feet of fireclay, a variable thickness of lenticular
ganister, and about three or four inches of coal, the whole capped
with a great thickness of black shale. The next place visited was
the quarry which is being worked on the summit of the hill on which
Cooke’s Study stands in such a commanding position as to be seen
for a great number of miles, The flag-stone here was -faulted at 4
_ very high angle, some of it being almost vertical, the upper portion

: Naturalist,

NOTES——-BOTANY. 259

being also dale-drawn. A number of small quarries on this hill were
found very interesting, as they were considerably faulted in various
directions. After passing through the village of Magden, the party
visited a large quarry in the Rough Rock. The upper portion was
seen to be parted with a band of shale about two feet thick, with
about one or two inches of coal on the top. Another most interesting
section was seen at Oxlee, near Hepworth, where the Halifax Hard
Bed Coal and the underlying ganister and fireclay crop out. The
getting of the coal here has been recently abandoned.

The above slate and flag quarries lie at the base of the Rough
Rock, which has been denuded away and caps the two hills above
mentioned, the valley betwixt them having been carved out of the
shales which lie between the highest Middle Grit and the Rough
Rock. The whole of the sections seen during the day were very
interesting.

The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the Chairman,
proposed by Mr. E. W. Thirkell, of Barnsley, and seconded by Mr.
A. Clarke, Secretary of the Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society, and
carried unanimously, after which the members dispersed to their
several homes. E. R. W.

NOTES—BOTANY. -

Bot hiu a Lunaria in Wharfedale.-—A few weeks ago, when descending
from nad € station for Dryas to aH village, I gathered an r of a jie
“4 this inbavecting fern. I also noticed it in several places on the Clouder.—JOHN

- Foceirr, Southport, Rasa 2nd, 1892.

Gentiana Pneumonanthe and Bartsia viscosa at Southport.—These

two ‘itencting plants were supposed to be extinct in the immediate neighbourhood

of Southport. Yesterday I had the plea asure of finding both in abu geen within
three miles of the town. —JOuHN B. roccrrt, Southport, August 2nd,

Solanum Dulcamara at 800 ft. in Upper r Wharfedale.—I should like to
place on record the existence of he P have: named plant in Littondale. It is
one

poison which they contain, at the spot where the plant no ear :
death and decadence ot eee bird some of the seeds found a resting-place in the

I ho !
that I may ascertain a Ale it ives birth to any other plants before disappearing
a its almost subalpine situation. —W. A. SHUFFREY, Arncliffe, 9th August,

eaters
‘Sept. 1892,

“MORE ‘ESCAPES.’

Rev. H. A. MACPHERSON, M.A., M.B.O.U., Etc.,

Author of ‘ An Introduction to the Study of British Birds,’ etc.

I HAVE read with pleasure Mr. Waite’s notice of the occurrence of
the escaped Bernicla magellanica in Yorkshire. It is not, however,
quite correct to say that these birds are ‘the first recorded examples
[shot] this side of the Atlantic.’ A few years ago, I think in the
late autumn of 1887, a pair of these geese were killed by someone
on Mr. Assheton Smith’s yacht, the Pandora, off the island of Harris.
I explained in ‘ The Field’ what they were, as soon as I saw them at
Mackay’s shop, at Inverness; and Mr. Buckley records them also,
in a footnote to the ‘Fauna of the Outer Hebrides’ (p. 1x).

out a year ago, I think, the Rev. J. G. Tuck requested me to
identify a goose killed in Suffolk ; Amser indicus, as it proved to be.
Early in 1891, an example of Cygnus nigricollis was shot near
Dumfries. In the winter of 1885-6, when I happened to be living
for a short time in the North of London, a loafing gunner brought to
me another C. nigricollis, which he had shot flying over Hampstead
Heath. All these birds, like the Scottish Upland Geese, were
full-winged, and Pa no signs of captivity. Similarly, in the
summer of 1885, I lost an adult Bluethroat Warbler. Its plumage
was so perfect when it escaped, that had it been shot afterwards, it
would have been put down no doubt as a voluntary visitor.

Even reptiles turn up in curious ways. few years ago we
obtained in Cumberland a large lizard, of a species which had only
been known hitherto from the interior of South Africa.

The Moorish Gecko has also turned up here ; just as the Arctic
Fox has been imported into Scotland, except that the introduction
of the Vu/pes was intentional in the first instance. I have known 0
various species escaping from confinement and _ being afterwards
captured, or shot as supposed rarities. This has often happened,
for example, to the Budgerigar, and I believe to Serinus cantcollts.

One of the prettiest sights that I ever witnessed was afforded by
a pair of Ring-necked Parrakeets (P. forguatus), which I came across
one day in Kensington Gardens, They were in perfect condition
and evidently in high enjoyment of their recovered liberty, to judge
from the graceful antics which they displayed as they climbed about
the branches of the horse-chestnuts ; these, being in flower, set off
the verdant plumage of the oriental strangers to the best possible
advantage.

August 2nd, 1892. Naturalist, a

NEW WEST YORKSHIRE FUNGI,
AND ADDITIONAL LOCALITIES FOR OTHERS
PREVIOUSLY RECORDED.

CHARLES CROSSLAND,
Halifax.

Brrore the ‘season’ for Fungi sets fairly in, it would be well to
bring up to date the records, especially of Basidiomycetes, for
the West Riding, both for new finds and additional localities.
With this idea in view the writer has attempted to work up the
district included within the Halifax parish portion of the Calder
drainage

Since the publication of Lees’ ‘Flora of West Yorkshire,’ there
have appeared in this journal six lists of new stations and new
discoveries relating to West Yorkshire, viz.—

1st. Report of the Fungus Foray, September 1888, at Bramham
and Harewood Parks, in November 1888 issue, pp. 321-29, in
which 42 species new to the West Riding and two new to Britain
are recorded.

2nd. December 1890, p. 356, when seven new to West
Riding are recorded.

3rd. January 1891, p. 20, four more.

4th. September 1891, pp. 279-282, in which Mr. Soppitt
enumerates 39 more new to West Riding, besides 20 additional
Stations for others previously registered.

th. ain in the Report of the Doncaster Fungus Foray of

last September, detailed in the November issue, 29 species and
one variety are given as new to West Riding, these be one, if
not two, new to Britain.

6th. Lastly, we have the new station (Tag ee between
Elland and Brighouse), pe Strobilomyces strobilaceus Berk., which
may be recorded as a rather rare species.

The present list deals only with the Hymenomycetes (including
Tremellineze) and the Gastromycetes

It is proposed to let the list which deals with the Uredinez,
Ascomycetes, Ustilagineze, and Phycomycetes, rest a little while
until it becomes more fully developed. For the present it may be
Stated that Mr. G. L. Lister, of Brighouse, has recently turned up
at Ovenden Zurotium epixylon, which is new to Britain.

The new ones are marked by an asterisk.
Sept. 1292.

262 CROSSLAND : NEW WEST YORKSHIRE FUNGI.

HYMENOMYCETES.
AGARICINE.

Agaricus (Amanita) mappa Batsch. Hebden Bridge, Sep. 1891
(J. Needham, Hebden Bridge).

Agaricus (Amanita) muscarius Linn. Luddenden Dean
(G. L. Lister, Brighouse).

oe (Amanita) rubescens P. Stainland; North Dean

ood; several woods near Hebden Bridge.

Aiticre (Amanita) vaginatus Bull. Several woods about
Halifax and Hebden Bridge, 1890-1.

Agaricus (Lepiota) procerus Scop. Elland Park Wood,
Oct. 1889.

Agaricus (Lepiota) carcharias Pers. North Dean Wood,
th, 1891.
Agaricus (Lepiota) granulosus Batsch. Very common in the
woods, and often in the fields.
Agaricus (Lepiota) amianthinus Scop. Hebden Bridge,
Oct. 5th, 1891 (J. Needham),

Agaricus (Armillaria) melleus Vahl. Common in all our
woods, and often in the open fields near old stumps.
Agaricus (Tricholoma) rutilans Scheff. Hebden Bridge,

S 1891.
*Agaricus (Tricholoma) oreinus Fr. “Higher Greenwood, near
Hebden Bridge, November 1891 (J. Needham).
*Agaricus (Tricholoma) personatus Fr. Pastures, Park Nook,
Southowram, Oct. 2oth, 1891.
dgcap ini (Tricholoma) cenere te Bull. Pasture, Brook-
house, Ovenden, Sep. 18
Avalets (Tricholoma) PROIES Pers. Pasture, Luddenden
Dean, Oct. 1889.
Agaricus ine se odorus Bull. Ovenden, Sep. 189!
(G. aster).
Agaricus (Clitocybe) infundibuliformis Scheff. Hebden
ridge, Nov. 9th, 1891 (J. Needham).
Agaricus (Clitocybe) brumalis Fr. Plantation, Ovenden;.
od, Hebden Bridge.
Agaricus (Clitocybe) bellus Pers. Among grass, Pecket Wood,
Hebden Bridge, Sep. 27th, 1891 (J. Needham).
Agaricus (Collybia) radicatus Rehl. North Dean Wood;
Hollins, Warley, etc., Oct.

—_———
Naturalist,

CROSSLAND : NEW WEST YORKSHIRE FUNGI. 263

Agaricus (Collybia) platyphyllus Fr. North Dean Wood,
ep. 27th, 1891.
Agaricus (Collybia) fusipes Bull. Ovenden, Sep. 1890

(G.

Sparredan (Collybia) maculatus A. & S. Luddenden Dean ;
Hebden Bridge; North Dean Wood, etc.
*var. immaculatus, North Dean Wood, Sep. 27th, 1891.
Agaricus (Collybia) butyraceus Bull. Ovenden, Sep. 2oth,
- 1891 (G. L. Lister).
Agaricus (Collybia) tuberosus. Norland Clough, Oct. 1891.
Agaricus (Collybia) dryophilus Bull. On dead _ leaves,
uddenden Dean, Sep. 1891 (G. L. Lister).
Agaricus (Mycena) rugosus Fr. Woods, Elland and North
Dean.

Agaricus pono inee ae Scop. Common in all the
surrounding wo

Agaricus (Mycena) polygrammus Bull, Birks Wood,
Southowram ; North Dean Wood.

panto (Mycena) dissiliens Fr. Warley ; Hebden Bridge ;
Sep.

tess acs anyceind) repr sarge Pers. On the ground,
Ovenden, Oct. 1891 (G. ter).

Agaricus (Mycena) at A. & S. On leaves,
Elland Park Wood, 1891

Agaricus (Mycena) galopus Pers. North Dean Wood,
Oct. 1891.

Agaricus (Mycena) epipterygius Scop. Norland; Crimsworth.
Agaricus (Omphalia) umbelliferus Linn. North Dean Wood,
Sep. 1891.

*Agaricus (Omphalia) griseus Fr. In mixed wood, pine, etc.,
near Hebden Bridge, Sep. 1891 (J. Needham).

Agaricus (Omphalia) fibula Bull. North Dean Wood, Oct. r89r.

Agaricus (Pluteus) cervinus Scheff. On stump, Elland Park
Wood, Sep. 1891

geome Saleen jubatus Fr. Park Nook, Southowram,

Pt es ( Pholiota) preecox Pers. Pasture, Ovenden, Aug.
1891.
“Agaricus (Pholiota) aurivellus Batsch. On dead trunk, North

Dean Wood, Nov. 8th, 1890 (T. Aspin).
Sept. 1892.

264 CROSSLAND: NEW WEST YORKSHIRE FUNGI.

Agaricus (Pholiota) squarrosus Miill. Frequent about the
trunk-bases of ash trees, Halifax ; Ovenden, etc.

Agaricus (Pholiota) mutabilis Scheff. Ovenden, Sep. 1891
G. L. Lister).

*Agaricus (Inocybe) calamistratus Fr. Pecket Wood, Hebden
Bridge, Sep. 1891 (J. Needham).
Agaricus (Inocybe) rimosus Bull. Hebden Bridge, Sep. 1891
(J. Needham).
Agaricus (Inocybe) geophyllus Sow. Wadsworth, Oct. 1891
(J -Needham).

Agaricus (Flammula) spumosus Fr. North Dean Wood,
PT aC SOs;

Agaricus (Flammula) sapineus Fr. On the ground among

burnt ling, Norland Moor Edge, Sep. 1891.
hei elope Psd: inquilinus Fr. Crimsworth Dean, Oct.
gt (J. ham); Ovenden, Oct. 1891 (G. L. Lister).

Agaricus (Steopbaria zruginosus Curt. Hebden Bridge,

m in pasture ; Ovenden ; Elland ; North Dean Wood,
fie e typical form.

Agaricus (Stropharia) semiglobatus Batsch. Common in all
our pastures.

Agaricus (Hypholoma) sublateritius Fr. Luddenden Dean;
Hebden Bridge

Agaricus (Hypholoma) epixanthus Fr. Midgehole Wood,
Hebden Bridge, Aug. 1891.

Agaricus (Hypholoma) candolleanus Fr. North Dean Wood,

: 1 (T. Aspin).

Agaricus (Psathyra) spadiceo-griseus Scheff. On dead wood,
Elland Park Wood, Aug. 1891.

Agaricus (Panzolus) separatus Linn. Common on dung
in fields.

Agaricus (Panzolus) fimiputris Bull. On heap of dung,
Norland, Aug. 1891.

Agaricus (Panzolus) campanulatus Linn. On dung in
pasture, Hebden Bridge (J. Needham).

Agaricus (Psathyrella) atomatus Fr. In pasture, Hebden
Bridge (J. Needham).

Agaricus (Psathyrella) disseminatus Pers. On stump,
Ovenden, Sep. 1891 (G. L. Lister).

Coprinus comatus Fr. Plentiful in three or four places round
Halifax, but few people seem to care for it here, though this
fungus makes a very dainty dish when properly cooked.

Naturalist,

CROSSLAND: NEW WEST YORKSHIRE FUNGI. 265

Coprinus atramentarius Fr. Norland Clough; Ovenden, Aug.
1891.

*Coprinus similis B.& Br. On dead tree trunk, Norland Clough,
Aug. 26th, 1891.
Coprinus fimetarius Fr. On dung, Ovénden, Nov. 1891.
Coprinus radiatus Fr. On horse dung, Elland, Sep. 1891.
Coprinus ephemerus Fr. On dung, Cragg Vale, Oct. 1891.
Coprinus plicatus Fr. Elland Park Wood, Aug. 1891.
Cortinarius (Myxacium) collinatus Fr. North Dean Wood,
Sep. 1891.
*Cortinarius (Inoloma) violaceus Fr. Ovenden, Noy. 1891
. L. Lister).

*Cortinarius (Telamonia) torvus Fr. In mixed wood, Hebden
Bridge, Sep. 1891 (J. Needham).

Conteris (Limacium) eburneus Fr. Pasture, Greetland,
ep. 1891.

*Hygrophorus (Limacium) pudorinus. North Dean Wood,
ep. 1891

Hygrophorus (Camarophyllus) pratensis Fr. Norland;
Mixenden ; Hebden Bridge.

Hygrophorus werner ig virgineus Fr. Ovenden ;

Hebden Bridge ; Southowram j

Hygrophorus Cana ropiyilies niveus Fr. Norland Clough ;
Hebden Bridge

Hygrophorus (Hygrocybe) letus Fr. Crimsworth Dean,
Oct. 1891 (J. Needham).

Hygrophorus (Hygrocybe) coccineus Fr. Mixenden, Oct.
1891.

Hygrophorus (Hygrocybe) miniatus Fr. Norland Clough ;
Mixenden ; Hebden Bridge ; Oct. 1891.

Hygrophorus ie doe) conicus Fr. Luddenden Dean ;
Hebden Bridge ; Oct. 18

Hygr is Co ‘Hygrocybe) psittacinus Fr. Ovenden;

den Bridge; Ella
re sae snc unguinosus Fr. Norland Clough,
ct. 1891.

*Hygrophorus ciygrocyPe) nitratus Fr. Small form, pasture,
Halifax, Sep. 18

Lactarius turpis Fr. Norland. Clough ; North Dean Wood ;
Sep. 1891.

ai
Sept. 1892,

266 CROSSLAND: NEW WEST YORKSHIRE FUNGI.

Lactarius insulsus Fr. Luddenden Dean, Oct. 1891 (G. L.
Lister).
Lactarius blennius Fr. Norland Clough ; Hebden Bridge.
Lactarius trivialis Fr. Ovenden, Oct. 1891 (G. L. Lister).
Lactarius quietus Fr. Elland Park Wood ; Ovenden; Sep.
1891.
Lactarius rufus Fr. North Dean Wood, Sep. 1891.
Lactarius glyciosmus Fr. Hebden Bridge (J. Needham).
Lactarius mitissimus Fr. Halifax, Aug. 1891.
Lactarius subdulcis Fr. Elland Park Wood.
*Lactarius minimus Smith. Pasture, Hebden Bridge, Oct. 1891
(J. Needham). ene
Russula nigricans Fr. Ovenden; North Dean Wood.
Russula sanguinea Fr. Luddenden Dean, Oct. 1889.
Russula depallens Fr. North Dean Wood, Sep. 1891.
Russula rubra Fr. Ovenden (G. L. Lister) ; North Dean Wood ;
Sep. 1891
Russula cyanoxantha Fr. Norland Clough, Oct. 1891.
Russula heterophylla Fr. Hebden Bridge ; North Dean Wood;
Sep. 1890.
Russula emetica Fr. Norland, Aug. 1891.
Russula ochroleuca Fr. North Dean Wood, Sep. 1891.
Russula granulosa Fr. North Dean Wood, Oct. 1891.
Russula fragilis Fr. Ovenden, Oct. 1891.
Russula integra Fr. Greetland; Elland; Hebden Bridge;
Sep. and Oct. 1891.
Russula alutacea Fr. Elland Park Wood, Aug. 1891.
Cantharellus cibarius Fr. Hebden Bridge, Sep. 1891.
Cantharellus infundibuliformis Fr. Hebden Bridge, Oct. 1891
(J. Needham).
*Marasmius prasiosmus Pers. On beech leaf-mould, Midgehole
Wood, Hebden Bridge, Oct. 1891 (J. Needham).
Marasmius androsaceus Fr. On leaves, North Dean Wood,
ep. 1891.

Panus stypticus Fr. On decaying oak, Crimsworth Dean, Oct-
1891 (J. Needham).
POLYPOREI.
*Boletus variecolor B. & Br. Crimsworth Dean, Aug. 1891.
Boletus edulis Bull. Luddenden Dean, Sep. 1889.

Mees
Naturalist,

CROSSLAND : NEW WEST YORKSHIRE FUNGI. 267

Boletus Seutnronus Pers. _Luddenden Dean, Aug. 1890
(G. L. Lister).
Boletus felleus Bull. Luddenden Dean, Sep. 1889 (G. L. Lister).
Fistulina hepatica Fr. On oak tree, North Dean Wood, Sep.
1890 (J. Sutcliffe, Huddersfield).
Polyporus squamosus Fr. Ovenden; Cragg Vale, Hebden
ridge.
Polyporus sulphureus Fr. Onstump, Hollins, Warley, Oct. 1890.
Polyporus fumosus Fr. North Dean Wood, Nov. 1890.
Polyporus adustus Fr. On old stump, Ovenden, Oct. 1890
(G. L. Lister).
Polyporus annosus Fr. Luddenden Dean; Ovenden.
Polyporus radiatus Fr. Hebden Bridge, Sep. 1891 (J. Needham).
Polyporus abietinus Fr. Fir wood, Hebden Bridge, Sep. 1891
(J. Needham).
Polyporus sanguinolentus Fr. Norland Clough, Sep. 1890.
*Polyporus blepharistoma B.& Br. On leaf mould, Pecket Wood,
Hebden Bridge, Sép. 1891 (J. Needham).
Trametes mollis Fr. Inside piece of oak bark, Elland Park
Wood, May 1892.
HYDNEI.
Hydnum repandum Linn. Hebden Bridge, Sep. 1891
(J. Needham).
THELEPHOREI.
Stereum purpureum Pers. On prostrate trunks, North Dean
Wood, Nov. 1890 ; Hebden Bridge, Oct. 1891
Stereum sanguinolentum Fr. Hebden Bridge, Oct. 1891.
Corticium sanguineum Fr. North Dean Wood, Oct. 1891;
Hebden Bridge, April 1892.
Corticium sambuci Fr. On elder, Elland Park Wood, March
1892

CLAVARIEL
Clavaria muscoides Linn. Pasture near Pecket Wood, Hebden
Bridge, Nov. 1891 (J. Needham).
Clavaria cinerea Bull. Pecket Wood, Aug. 1891.
Clavaria cristata Pers. Elland Park Wood, Aug. 1891.
Clavaria rugosa Bull. Pecket Wood, Hebden Bridge, Sep. 1891.
Clavaria inzqualis Fl. Dan. Woods and fields, common ;
Hebden Bridge; Norland; etc
Sept. 1892,

268 HOLIBUT AT REDCAR. .

Clavaria argillacea Fr. North Dean Wood, Oct. 18qr.
Calocera viscosa Fr. Frequent where firs are. Occasionally
met with on other kinds of woo
TREMELLINEI.
Tremella fimbriata Pers. On cut surface of stump, Ovenden,
Sep. 1891 ; Hebden Bridge, Sep. 1891
Tremella foliacea Pers. Hebden Bridge, Oct. 1891.
Tremella lutescens Pers. Shibden, Nov. 1890 (G. L. Lister).
aenes ar gong ee Berk. On elder branches, Elland
Wood, Sep. 1
farses lk detguescens Dub. On dead wood, Elland Park
Wood, Oct. 18
ag ale stillatus Nees. On worked wood and decorticated
. Comm

GASTROMYCETES.
SCLERODERMEZ.
Scleroderma vulgare Fr. Common in woods.

NIDULARIELE

Sphzrobolus stellatus Tode. Common on decaying elder,
Elland Park Wood, Oct. 18q1.
LYCOPERDEA.

Lycoperdon pyriforme Scheff. Hollins,Warley, and Luddenden
Dean, Nov. 1891
PHALLOIDEAE.

Ithyphallus impudicus (L.) Fischer. Elland Park Wood,
Sep. 1891.

Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr. Ovenden, Sep. 1891 (G. L. Lister) ;
Hebden Bridge, Oct. 1891 (J. Needham).
Halifax, July 1892.

NOTE—FISHES.
Holibut at Redcar.—An usually large specimen of the Holibut
(Hippoglossus vulgaris) was pose ed on the 17th inst., by a Hartlepool steam-
line fishing-boat, and afterwards purchased by a Redcar fishmonger. The

dimensions of the were: length, 6 ft. 10 in. ; width, in. ; extreme
girth, 7 ft. 1% in 3 er a 5% in. ; weight, 304 pounds: the head alone
pss igi sat pounds.—T. H. Ne son, Sandringham House, Redcar, August

pice ie
Naturalist,

269

DAUBENTON’S BAT IN NORTHUMBERLAND
AND ON THE BORDERS,

WITH SOME REMARKS UPON THE OTHER SPECIES
RECORDED FOR THE DISTRICT.

GEORGE BOLAM,
Berwick-on-T weed.

So little attention has been paid to the Bats of the extreme north
of England, that the result of a careful search through most of
the periodicals bearing upon the Natural History of the district
is meagre almost beyond belief. Indeed, with the exception of
an occasional remark upon ‘an early bat, or one seen abroad
during the day-time, almost no allusion is made to the family, and
little, if anything, appears to have been done towards identifying
the species of the individuals met with. Selby, in his ‘Fauna
of Twizell,’ includes three bats (Plecotus auritus, Vespertilio pipis-
trellus, and V. emarginatus—the latter only in one edition, an
marked as doubtful); and the only other attempt at working out
the Vespertilionide in the northern counties which I have been
able to find, is contained in the admirable ‘Catalogue of the
Mammalia of Northumberland and Durham,’ by Messrs. Mennell
and Perkins, published in the ‘Transactions of the Tyneside
Naturalists’ Field Club,’ vol. vi., pp. 111-177 In that ‘Catalogue’
seven species are included, viz., P. auritus, V. nattereri, V. dauben-
tonit, V. emarginatus, V. mystacinus, V. serotinus, and V. pipistrelius ;
but since its publication in 1863-64 much additional knowledge
has been gained with respect to these obscure creatures, and
the V. daubentonii and V. emarginatus, there alluded to, are now,
I believe, generally referred to one species only, while as, with the
exception of the two common species (P. auritus and V. pipistrellus),
the whole of the above rest upon the capture of single individuals,
the correct identification of some of which may, perhaps, be regarded
as not altogether satisfactory or conclusive. This doubt is more-
Over strengthened by the discovery that the specimen included in
the catalogue as V. serotinus, and which is fortunately still preserved
in the Newcastle Museum, is in reality a Noctule (V. noctula), as
pointed out by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck in ‘The Naturalist,’ 1884,
P- 202, and referred to by Mr. T. Southwell in ‘ The Zoologist,’
1887, vol. xi, p. 234. .

Of the species referred to by Messrs. Mennell and Perkins,
three only had been recorded for Northumberland, the others
having been obtained upon the Durham side of the Tyne; and,
Sept. r892.

270 BOLAM : DAUBENTON’S BAT IN NORTHUMBERLAND.

so far as the northmost county is concerned, I cannot find that
this list has been increased, either as to the number of individuals
or species. The Long-eared Bat and the Pipistrelle are set down
as ‘common and generally distributed in both counties,’ while the

the name of V. emarginatus. The claim of that species to
be considered a native of these islands is somewhat doubtful.
(A. N. H. (1854) xiii.)
‘A single specimen of the Notch-eared Bat was caught at
Long Benton, two’ years ago, and was taken to Mr. T. J. Bold,
by whom it was carefully examined and compared with the
figures and descriptions of Bell and McGillivray. It was,
unfortunately, not preserved. Its ears were very large, their
length considerably exceeding that of the head.’

The knowledge of our local species being thus so extremely
‘scanty, any iabraauaen regarding their distribution is valuable,
and it is much to be desired that any bats that may be captured
should be taken care of, and submitted to a competent authority
for identification. I had not myself given any special attention
to the subject, but for some years past whenever a specimen was
procured (more often by accident than design), it was preserved
and carefully put aside with a note of its capture, and: a short
time ago the collection, numbering only half a dozen individuals,
was forwarded to Mr. William Denison Roebuck, who had kindly
volunteered to name them for me. The result is so far satisfactory ,
that, although the number of species may not have been added to,
V. daubentonii may be recorded as bein ng, at any rate, far from rare
in the north-eastern parts of Northumberland, and on the borders.
Out of the six specimens, three are pronounced to belong to this

“species, the remainder -being only the common Pipistrelle. Of the
former, one was knocked down by my fishing-rod near the bridge
-over the Till, at Weetwood, about the year 1875; the two others
were kept as specimens out of a lot of fifteen, which were brought
-home by my young brothers from a birds-nesting expedition, in the

-beginning of June 1880.

At Weetwood, which is in the parish of Chatton, in North
Nortumberiand: V. daubentonii must be fa irly common, for
I distinctly remember that most of the several bats which were

killed or ca i the.
illes ptured there during the ‘seventies’ were similar to ™ :
Naturalist, ae

BOLAM : DAUBENTON’S BAT IN: NORTHUMBERLAND. 271

one which was preserved, and at the time this specimen was put
down as ‘probably the common species.’ Bats are very numerous
there, and I suspect that those which hawk low over the river at
dusk, five or six of them often following one another close together,
will be found to be of this species, of which Bell (Brit. Quad.)
says, ‘It flies rapidly and near the ground or over stagnant waters.’
I have, when fishing in the evenings, on the wooded banks of the
Till, frequently knocked them into the water with my rod, and on
more than one occasion have seen them hooked with the artificial
fly. I do not remember, however, ever to have ‘landed’ one in
this way, the reason being apparently that they were caught, not by
the mouth, but by the hook coming in contact with the wings, from
the delicate membrane of which it probably tore itself before the
captive could be brought to hand. It must be mentioned, however,
that the Pipistrelle has also a partiality for similar situations, and
I have sometimes taken it also by the help ‘of my fishing-rod, as
it skimmed past me over the: surface of a quiet pool.

The fifteen above referred to were found in a large hole, in an
old tree, on the banks of the Tweed, at New Water Haugh, near
Berwick; and of these, eight were adults, the remainder being
‘unfledged’ young ones. The hole had a very peculiar and disagree-
able odour, and was ‘swarming with bats,’ there being two or three
times as many as were brought home. The two which were preserved,
were young ones, and died during the few days they remained in
my possession ; the others were all taken back to the tree and set at
liberty again. In confinement they exhibited little or no signs of
shyness, and eat flies greedily when offered to them between the
fingers, but, unlike the Pipistrelles which I have sometimes kept alive,
and which always seemed to prefer pieces of raw flesh to insects, the
Daubentons did not appear to care for such food.

In addition to those already mentioned, I have, on at least two
other occasions, taken bats in the district, which, although they were
not preserved, I have no doubt, from a reference to my note-books,
were really V. daubentonit. The first of these was on 12th June, 1883,
when after a night’s mothing at Paxton House, near Berwick, one was
found at rest upon the face of the policy wall, at the side of the
Tweed ; the other was picked up in a benumbed condition, close to
the water’s edge, on the banks of the Whitadder, near Edrington
Castle, on 3rd February, 1888. Both of these occurrences are in
Berwickshire.

The Long-Eared Bat (Plecotus auritus) appears to be very
generally distributed throughout the district, though it can hardly be
called common, except perhaps in a few localities. Along the rocky
Sept. 1892. :

272 WHISKERED BAT AT GOATHLAND.

coast of Berwickshire, it is more numerous than anywhere else that
I am acquainted with, and hawking along the top of the cliffs, it will
often carry off a moth from a flower head, under the very nose of
the lepidopterist. Mr. William Shaw, who collected moths a good
deal upon the sea-banks in the neighbourhood of Eyemouth, informs
me that he has occasionally been robbed of a prize in this way, ‘ by
this bold marauder,’ and that, ‘though he had often succeeded in
netting the short-eared species, the long-eared bat was always too
quick upon the wing for him.’ Specimens from the coast have
always appeared to be considerably larger than the few I have met
with in inland stations. An individual, captured alive, at Paxton
House, on 29th May, 1881, and which appeared to be adult, was
noted to be ‘smaller in the body than a common bat,’ but it was
again restored to liberty, and no measurements were taken. While
one or two, which were flying high, round the trees at Abbey
St. Bathan’ mM just before dawn, on 29th June, 1885, were remarked as
being apparently very small in comparison with the ordinary species.
he habit bats have of congregating together in large assemblies
during winter is well known, sometimes apparently more than one
species being found in the same retreat. In the Proceedings of the
Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club it is recorded that, in 1888, upwards
of four hundred were counted, one evening during summer, as they
emerged from a hole in the wall of a house; and a cutting from the
‘Kelso Mail’ of 11th January of the same year, which is praia mé,
states that :—‘A few days ago, some men were cutting up 2
branch of a tree, near Bonchester Bridge, in Rule Water. While
one of the logs, about a foot in length, and the same in diameter,
was being sawn through, it gave signs of being hollow, and the
appearance of blood, showed that some living creature was contained
in the cavity. It was accordingly split open, when a colony of bats
was discovered, enjoying their winter’s sleep, and packed so tightly
together, that it was not without some difficulty that they could be
separated. As they were set free, they were counted, and were found
to number no fewer than one hundred and forty-two, besides a few
which had been killed by the saw.’ It is a pity, however, that in
neither of these cases, does any attempt seem to have been made to
have the species identified.

NOTE—MAMMALTA.

Whiskered at Goathland.—Whilst at Goathland on Augu t Bite
I obtained an example of the Whiskered Bat ( Vespertilio myst fi
appeared to fly much more leisurely than V. pipzstrellus, and se erie xhibt

less fear, and a although I struck at it several times with a stick it pores et again cae
and eat nae is es ee . its flight that I fetched an ento fenieges al net a isk
IT have made many attempts to net V. pipistret

secured it e
but hitherto Fig ern failed. —Epear R. Waire, Leeds. Savuralists

YORKSHIRE GALLS.

S. L. MOSLEY, F-.E.S.,
Beaumont Park Museum, Huddersfield; Author of ‘ British Birds, Nests, and Eggs,’ etc.

I am working up the subject of Galls, particularly those of Yorkshire,
and as there must be a large number still unknown to me, I append
below a list of such as I have been able to discover, in the hope that
it may induce persons who come across these curious vegetable
e€xcrescences to send me anything not mentioned in this list. I have
included both galls and pseudo-galls—that is, those which com-
pletely enclose the inmates and those which only partly do so.
I have appended an asterisk to such species as I have reared the
perfect insect of, and I shall be pleased to correspond with Yorkshire .
or other naturalists interested in the subject.

On Acer campestre, |

Leaf studded over on face with red pimples. Caused by a mite
(Phytoptus aceris), Very common.

On Alnus glutinosa.

Brown warts in axils formed by midrib and side veins. Caused
by a mite (Phytoptus). Generally common. This Phytoptus
has not been named, and I purpose calling it P. axddlarts.

On Betula alba.

*Leaf-buds much swollen, never expand, but develop into clusters
of small twigs known as ‘witch knots.’ Caused by a mite
(Phytoptus betule). Generally common.

Small swelling on leaf, showing on both sides. I am unable to
find any description of this gall, which I find commonly in
Butternab Wood, Huddersfield. Each gall contains a larva
of a Cecidomyia?

On Centaurea nigra.

*Flower-head hard and woody, with several cells, each containing
a larva of a two-winged fly (Urophora solstitialis). Whitley,
near Huddersfield. Mr. Fitch very kindly named the flies
for me.

On Corylus avellana.

*Leaf-buds much swollen, andgnever expand. Caused by a mite

(Phytoptus coryli). Common.
On Crategus oxyacantha.

*Rosettes of leaves at end of shoots. Caused by a midge

(Cecidomyia crategi). Very common.

274 ' MOSLEY: YORKSHIRE GALLS.

On Fraxinus excelsior.

Leaflets folded and thick, like a pea-pod. Caused by a midge
(Cecidomyia acrophila). Wakefield, Huddersfield, Anston.

Midrib thickened. Caused by a .midge (Déplosis betularia).
Anston.

On Galium verum.

Galls on stems and flower-stalks. Caused by a midge (Cec#domyia
galit), Thornhill.

On Glechoma hederacea.

*Small hairy pyramidal galls on top side of leaf, falls off and leaves
ahole. Caused bya midge (Cecidomyia bursaria). Common.

On Hypericum humifusum.

Terminal leaves swollen. Caused by a midge (Cecidomyia serotina).
Huddersfield.

On Lamium galeobdolon.

Pouch-like hairy galls on young shoots. Caused by a midge
(Cecidomyia galeobdolontis). Mr. Soppitt has brought me
this from Bradford

On Polygonum persicaria.
_ *Leaf edges thick and rolled under. Caused by a midge
(Cectdomyia persicarig). Kirkheaton.
On Pinus abietis (Spruce).

*Cone-like galls on young shoots. Caused by an aphis (Chermes

abietis). Generally common.
On Populus

*Pea-like red galls on young shoots, petiole, or midrib. » Caused

by an aphis (Pemphigus bursarius). Common.
On Pyrus malus (Apple).

*Bark swollen into irregular knobs. Caused by an aphis called
American Blight (Schizoneura /anigera). Common. Not
really a gall, being solid, and the insects living outside.

Leaf edge thick, red, and folded under. Caused by an aphis
(Aphis malt).

On Quercus robur. (All produced by insects belonging
Cynipide).

*Pea-shaped, one-celled galls on roots (Biorhiza aptera). Sent a
from Bradford se Mr. Soppitt.

*Large woody, many-celled excrescences on exposed roots
(Aphilothrix vadics) Generally common.

Small silky, button-shaped galls, with centre depressed, on under
side of leaf (Veuroterus numismatis). Generally common.

Naturali

MOSLEY: YORKSHIRE GALLS. 275

*Small flat button galls, with centre ae under the leaves
(Neuroterus lenticularis). Abunda

*Cherry-like galls under the leaf ae scutellaris). Very

common.

Galls, like red currants, on catkins or leaf (Spathegaster baccarum).
Wakefield.

*Edge of leaf contorted into one or more green galls size of small
pea (Andricus curvator). Common.

*Kidney-shaped galls size of small pea, one-cell and ¢hick walls,
on ribs under leaf (Dryophanta devisa). Huddersfield,
Wakefield (Parkin).

Artichoke-shaped galls in axil of leaves (Aphtiothrix, gemme).

Common

*Large, brown, soft, many-celled galls, end of twigs (Andricus
terminalis). Very common

“Hard, round, marble galls on twigs (Cynips kollari). Very
common.

*Red berry galls, like sealing wax, in cracks of bark (Zvigonaspis

megaptera). Huddersfield.
On Ribes nigra (Black Currant).

“Buds swollen and never expand. Caused by a mite (Phytoptus

ribis). Very common.
On Rosa.

*Red or green mossy, many-celled paiaeie on twigs. Caused by a
Cynips (Rhodites rose). Very comm

*Hard. pea-like galls under leaf. Cuvee a a Cynips (hodzttes
eglantarie). Common.

Leaflets folded into a pod. Caused by a midge (Cecidomyia
rosari@). Brockholes.
On Salix.

*Red or green bean-shaped galls on blade of leaf of long-leaved
willows, showing on doth sides. Caused by a Sawfly
(Vematus gallicola). Abundant.

*Green, angular, under leaf, attached to ribs, #ot showing on face

Caused by a Sawfly (Mematus salicis-cineree).
Found near Huddersfield. No doubt common
Pale, pimple-shaped galls on sallow leaf. Caused by a mite
(Phytoptus salicis). Huddersfield.

On Spirza ulmaria.
Small pyramidal gall on leaf which is sometimes quite covered.
Caused by a midge (Cecidomyia ulmari@). Common.
Sept. 1852.

276 MOSLEY: YORKSHIRE GALLS.

On Taxus baccata.
Leaves at end of shoots formed into dense rosette. Caused by
a midge (Cecidomyia taxt). Huddersfield, Bretton.
*Terminal buds swell and never expand. Caused by a mite
(Phytoptus taxi). Huddersfield.
On Tilia europza.
Green or red berry gall on twig or petiole. Caused by Sara
tilicola %

Claw or nail-shaped galls on face of leaf. Caused by a mite
(Phytoptus tiie). Rotherham.
On Trifolium repens and T. pratense.
Leaflets podded and red. Caused by a midge (Cecidomyia
trifolit). Brockholes.
On Triticum repens.

*Shuttle-shaped, imbricate galls in leaf-axil. Caused bya dipteron
(Scatopse notata). This gall was first given me by Mr. J. W-
Carter, who found it near Bradford. Since then I have found
it commonly near Huddersfield. The fly has been named for
me by the kindness of Dr. Meade, who adds, ‘I do not know
that anything has been observed before of its life-history.’

On Ulmus campestris. . :

*Leaf thick, pale, and curled down. Caused by an aphis

(Schizoneura ulmi). Common.
On Urtica dioica.

*Base of leaf and petiole swollen. Caused by a midge (Cecidomyia

urtice). Common.
On Veronica chamedrys.

*Hairy knobs of leaves at ends of shoots, Caused by a midge
(Cecidomyia veronice). Common.

The above list must, necessarily, be far from complete, but the
following list of plants on which additional galls or pseudo-galls have
been found, may lead to the detection or recording of additional
species,

Acer campestre. Leaf.

Achillea millefolium. Leaf-axil, and root-stock.

Achillea ptarmica. Flower.

Alnus glutinosa. Leaf.

Ammophila arenaria, m.

Astragalus hypoglottis. Leaflet podded.

arbarea vulgaris. Leaflet thick.
Betula alba. Flower.

MOSLEY: YORKSHIRE GALLS.

Brassica oleracea. Root, seed-pod.

Buxus sempervirens. A

Campanula rotundifolia. Capsule.

Cardamine pratensis and C. amara. Leaf-bud and calyx.
Carduus arvensis. Stem.

Carex pilosa. Leaf, base swollen.

Centaurea scabiosa. Mid-rib.

Cerastium vulgatum. af.

Cherophyllum aromaticum, Leaf folded.

Cornus ee ae oe

Lpilobium subsite. Flower-bud.

Luphorbia, Terminal tuft.

Fagus sylvatica. ‘Three species on leaf.
5

em
Fraxinus excelstior. F lower and leaf.

elianthemum vulgatum. Termina

flieracium umbellatum. Ovary.

Inula crithmoides. Receptacle.

Juniperus. Twigs.

Lathyrus pratensis and L. sylvestris. Leaf thick.
Linaria vulgaris. Terminal tuft

Lotus corniculatus. Leaflet neg also flower and pod.
Medicago falcata. Flower and pod.

Medicago sativa. Leaflet podded.

dded.
Papaver dubium and P. rheas. Capsule.

Seed
Pimpenella pe aga. Seed.
Pinus sylvestris. Leaf, also resinous excrescence on branch.
Plantago lanceclata.
Plantago maritima. _ sioner ste
Polygonum aviculari
Populus species. Twigs swollen ; cai twisted.
Populus tremula. Twigs, also leaf-stem
Prunus spinosa. Mid-rib.
Pteris aquilina. Pinnz thick.
Pyrus communis. Leaf, several species.
Sept. 1892.

277

278 COLIAS EDUSA IN LANCASHIRE AND YORKSHIRE.

Quercus. A large number of galls are found on the oaks, some
being general and others confined to special species or
varieties. oe should be looked for on root, bark, buds,
leaves, and flowers, and anything different from those
enumerated above note

Ranunculus repens. Radiated leaf, thick at base.

Rhododendron. Terminal tuft.

Rosa spinosissima. Sen

Rubus fruticosus and R. cesius, Stem swollen ; leaflet podded.

Salix. Many species occur on the various willows, chiefly on
the leaves.

Sarothamnus scopartus.

Senecio aquaticus and S. jacobea. Flower-head.

Sinapis arvensis. Root, two species.

tia europea. Leaf podded
Ulex europea. ¥Flower-bud.
Ulmus campestris. ‘Twigs and leaf.
Vaccinium vitis-idea.
Veronica beccabunga.
Veronica anagallis. Capsule.
Vicia cracca. Flower and pod.
Viola canina.
Vitis. Leaf and root.
No doubt some-galls already known have escaped my notice, and
probably many new ones await discovery in Britain.
July \2th, 1892.

es OTES—LEPID Saleen
Colias t. Anne’s-on-Sea.—My children have just brought a
a perfectly fresh ‘ain ng cimen of Colias ade, which they netted on the ent
hills here this afternoon. Mr. T. Baxter, the well-known local eee ,

ells me several were seen in the early summer, so evidently the spring ane penete
extended well over England, and no doubt their progeny will be in full evidenc
this autum ORRITT, St. Anne’s-on-Sea, Au a ache 109

Colias edusa at Aberford, Yorkshire.—On Sunday, August 21st, poet
tured near A berford, Yorkshire, two splendid male examples of Colias ¢ ey
Both specimens were beaten from a whitethorn henge. —Epwarpb SELF, Shipley

7. ES ag ND NE WS. ‘ie

e Yorkshire Resnnliees Union’s Fungus Foray, which will be held in hi

BE asic ie of Castle Howard and Malton, on Sept. 14th and a5tb ger gare
: : ‘

Ww .
part in it, but the Rev. W. Fowler, M.A., Messrs. H. T. Soppitt, Charles =n
land, A. Clarke, and others are specially engaged in arranging the var
ons.

279

SCHOOL NATURAL HISTORY AT YORK.
York School Natural History, Literary, and Polytechnic Society. Fifty-

seventh and Fifty-eighth Annual Reports: January 1891, and January 1892.

The large York Friends’ School has always been to the front in
the matter of endeavouring to excite and cultivate the love of natural
history pursuits in the minds of its pupils. The Society named
above consists wholly, in its membership, of boys and masters
actually in the school, with some non-resident former scholars and a
few honorary nominations. Wisely, however, the scope of the
Society extends beyond natural history proper, and embraces
sections devoted to meteorology, astronomy, art, photography,
machine construction, and a very vigorous one whose special feature
is the reading and criticism of original essays. There is also a
debating society among the elder scholars, and the results of two of
the debates may be cited here :—‘ That museums and art galleries
should be open on Sundays,’ ayes 20, noes 6; and ‘That fie
sports (shooting, hunting, and geet are desirable as a mode o
recreation,’ noes 19, against a

Our concern is, of course, ae with the work done in the
various departments of natural history. We note with pleasure that
the reports are critical, not wholly laudatory, as is too often the case,
and that the attention of the boys to the need for thoughtful and

were copies only, being therefore more of mere adornment than
evidence of observation.’ Further on it is observed :—‘ Of all the
diaries it may be said that there is too much random and
disconnected observation and too little ee of one entry
with another, and that bare records of “ finds” are in too large a
proportion to defai/s.’ Much of Field-Club sat would benefit by
similar reminders, and the study of an excellent short paper of
Suggestions given in the January 1891 report.

Five collections of birds’ eggs were made in 1890, but none in
1891: in both years many ornithological records found place in
various note-books. It is stated that seven kinds of birds nested on
the school premises (Bootham, York) in 1890; eight in 18g1.
Among these were Blue Tits, Tree Sparrows, Missel Thrushes, and
(their fifteenth year, 1891) Wood Pigeons. It is noticed that ‘on
May-day (1891) was found, at Hob Moor, a “literary” Cole Tit’s
nest, the outside of which was all covered with bits of newspaper.’
Sept. 18y2 :

280 SCHOOL NATURAL HISTORY AT YORK.

Lists of the less common insects obtained by the entomologists
are given each year. Among these Af¢tagenus fellio, met with at the
Marygate Baths, is cited asa first record for York ; Mezium sulcatum
is also named, from the school itself and another locality in the city.

There are reports for Conchology, General Zoology, and Micros-
copy. A Vivarium is maintained in the Natural History room.
Meteorology is well represented ; the success of this department is
evidently owing in great part to the care and enthusiasm of Mr. J. E.
Clark, B.A. The remarkable wénd-rush of March 8th, 1890, which
passed through Bishopthorpe, Fulford, and Heslington, doing
immense damage, has special mention. February 1891, is reported
as, at York, an absolutely rainless month.

Passing some sections by, we must notice that devoted to Botany
as having engaged a goodly number of workers, with excellent
results. During the year 1890 alone, one pupil collected exactly 600
British species of plants; another in 1891 collected 400 species.
The following notable botanical ‘finds,’ both made by Mr. B. B.
LeTall, M.A., one of the masters of the school, marked the year
1890; Lycopodium annotinum 1.., ‘within ten miles of York’ (the
locality is not precisely given, but we know it to be in the East
Riding)—an entirely new record for the whole county, and one
extending the southern British limit of this Club-moss; and Hyfocheris
glabra 1., near Allerthorpe Common, not only a first record for the
East Riding, but also (see ‘North Yorkshire’ and ‘Flora of West
Yorkshire’) the first unquestionable record for Yorkshire itself.
Other good finds were Caucalis daucoides L., near Acomb, Serratula
tinctoria \., in Skelton ood, Oa ern and Beech Fern at
Buttercrambe Moor Wood, and Viola hirta L., in the unlikely home
of a wood near Tilmire. Asperula odorata L., is named as ‘still
growing at Hob Moor’; the locality is not mentioned in ‘ Flora of |
West Yorkshire,’ nor any other nearer than Thorp Arch. Wood
Anemones with dlue sepals, reported from Copmanthorpe in 1881,
were again found there in 1891

Much attention is paid to Phenology, especially in connection
with wild and garden flowers, and for each year a good series of dates
is given. Caltha palustris L., flowered on Tilmire from Oct. rith
to Dec. 13th, in 1890. Ranunculus sceleratus L. (imperfect), was in
bloom at Hob Moor on Feb. roth, 1891. It is stated that comparing
1891 with the previous fourteen years, spring flowers were on an
average a fortnight behind their usual time—with three exceptions-

We have read these reports with pleasure, and heartily congratu-
late masters and scholars on so well maintaining and extending the
honourable traditions of the School. We bak

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and Records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

BIRDS, 1889 (Continued).
THE present instalment has been compiled and edited by
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S.,
and is in continuation from pp. 120-136 of the current volume.
eM. C. hielo: Isle of Man.

Phenological Observations [giving Manx dates for Gains Cotile,
Cypseles, and Crex]. Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 2, April 1889, i. 64-65.

P. M. C. Kermope [and 4 others]. Isle of Man.
Preservation of Wild Birds [in the Isle of Man, being the Report of a

Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 3, July 1889, i. 41-42 of Back Tra

P. M. C. KERMOoDE. se mas Man,
Reports of ectinet 1888 Zoological Section. Repor
March 28, 1889 [giving no otes ‘of De midrocopus major, Chrysomitr ES eo
rthia, Syrrhaptes, heavy Scolopax rusticola, Totanus Coly ie
vepcents tonalis, Squataroa, and /yrrhula, res fais Tea gp ci cote
Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 3, July 1889, i. 70-
PUM, C. Aaa Isle of Man.
Address by the Retiring Presiden Mao livered . .
1886 [giving titles of papers “ealing with the Manx Fa una]. Back Trans.
I. of Man N.HLS., i. 72; publ. with Yn icar Maniuash, No. 4, Oct. 1889.
P. M. C. K[erMope]. Isle of Man.

oe cal Observations [made in the Isle of Man; dates given for
erdus nie and Corvus frugilegus ; and notes on ‘de Manx al Preserva-
ols Acts]. n Lioar Manninagh, No. 4, Oct. 1889, i. 103-1
P. M. C. KerMone. ss of Man.
Manx serdar History and Antiquarian Society [note on contents of crop
of Syrrhaptes ein shot at Ramsey, in i 1889 ; numerous plants
and seeds noted]. Research, Nov. 1889, p.
BERTRAM KERSHAW. ee
ornare —— Mindeste minuta] in Notts [shot August 21st, close to Tre
and Marnham; either young or female}. Field, Aug. nik
pr haga

E. A. poe Lanc. S

Wood Pigeon Sree Oe roosting with Dovecote Pigeons fat
Middleton, Lanes. ]. t. 1889, p. 395.

Ep. B. H. KersHaw. Lanc.

Domesticated aes U Columba palumbus) at Middleton, ore
ield, ts roth, 1889, p.-

E. P. Knu York Mid W.

Nightingale [Dautias sonpent, at Staveley, near Boroughbridge re -
his year; a pair in 1888 near Knaresborough]. Nat., June 1889, p

aa
Sept. 1892.

282 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1889.

E. P. KNuBL York N.E,
The Vorkshice Naturalists — at sa! at s — [June 21st, 1 1889 ;
Turdus visct ae CME he Erithac Sylvia cinerea,
chotnsanstind trchibs, Accontor, ce rsdn, Hotaita ‘Iugubris, Anthus
pratensis, curus, Hirun Che lidon, Passer domesticus, Fringilla
celebs, Data meee ia, E. citrinella, Ala uda arvensis, Sturnus, Pica,

Corvus monedula, C. frugilegus, Ti Sccsieiicles, Columba livia, Larus "can nus,
and Z. a a noted]. Nat., Aug. 1889, p. 229.
E. P. KNuBL York Mid W.
Wasp- Nest aesicbii by Great Tits [(Parus major) at Farnham Lodge,
near OBE BE details and dates given]. Nat., Nov. 1889, p. 333-

E. P. KnuBLEy. York ‘Mid W.
Nightingale s [Daulias luscinia] near - papel dike 7 [two pairs nesting
within a hat distance]. Nat., Dec. 1889, p. 356.
E. P. Knu York Mid W.
Is the ‘Starlin ng aiid vulgaris) vanaty cacao [discussed, and
Staveley and Boroughbridge experience cited also as to feeding on
strawberries in dry a ]. Nat., Dec. 1889, ;
T. W. LAMBE York S.E.

Sabine’s Gull iene sabini’] at Bridlington [one shot first week in August ;
was in company with R/ssa and Larus argentatus). Field, Aug. 31st, 1889,
- 325-

ROBERT LIsLE Cheviotland.
rouse Prospec cts and Dlicade cesterring to great mortality among Lagopus
bic all along the south side of the Cheviot Range, and causes suggested,
absence of rainfall 3 in spring, etc. i Land and Water, May 21st, 1887, p- 475-

. W. Loren. York S.E.

Ornithological Notes rks Easington, Spurn [anent arrival or

occurrence of 7urdus cng Rutwille tishys, Cuculus, Te a ene eold,
Pandion Aabanne aid Muscicapa atricapilla). WNat., June 1889,

Fy E. Lfort]. a

Calendar of Nature, 1 ag {at Burton-on-Trent; date given for Zurdus
musicus pera! on nn. Rep. Burton-on- -Trent N.H. and Arch. Soc.
-for 1884, 1885, p. 2

H. A. cae per H ie Saunder: Cumberland.

[Isabelline Chat oe tsabellina) me in Cumberland ; first pene

for Britain]. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Dec. 6th, 1887; Land and Wat
c. 17th, 1887, p. 548.

A. Se RSON. Cumberland, Westmorland, Furn
efi lis [Loxia Horta! in the Lake Counties [noting seri in
Leese years]. Nat., Feb. 1889, p. 52.
H. A. MACPHERSON, Cumberland, Westmorland, Furn

d Gro nae rene paradoxus] in the North-West of England asking
for iiormation of Lake District occurrences ; and referring to those at Walney;
on Solway, pine at Bootle and Ravenglass]. Zool., Feb. 1889,

H. A. MACPHERSON, Cumberland.

Wintering of the Ruff [(A/achetes pugnax) and their occurrence in the
Cumberland Salt-marshes annually]. Nat., March 1889, p- 79.
H. A. MAcPHERSON. Canon
Reported Occurrence of Sand Grouse near Carlisle [stating that t the fi

of 200 reported in newspapers were Golden Plover (Charadrius tte all
March 16th, 1889, p. 367.

Fa EE
Nat uralist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889. 283

H.. A. MACPHERSON. Pea Westmorland.
“pero. ‘ew Notes from Cumberland [and Westmorland ; for the latter

: nus
canescens, Mace Tringa subarguata, T. minuta, be a i Vanellus,
Totanus Fucus, ‘Clanguie ma ek Fuligula ferina, F. cr . marila,
v aba cen Tringa maculata Vieillot, Larus glauc ti we searn a fusca,
Cygnus 6 nan Larus mari tus, "an nius excubitor, Limosa 1 me lant, arus
melanocephalus>, zy er Anser albifron cus, and /odiceps
auritus noted]. Zool., May 1889, pp. 175- iy
. A. MACPHERSON, Cumberland.
Shoveller Pepe epee nesting in Cumberland [yiving peicass ig
1886, 18 f nesting on the Cumbrian Solway]. Zoo
May 1889” P i Ts
H, A, MacPHERS Cumberland.
— Grouse Useptane paradoxus) sppeerne on the Solway, May 11th,
return wave’]. Field, May 18th, 1889, p. 687.
H. x pris tei Cumberland.
sina Sl ge a, cei tgp in Cumberland [in defence of the
acy of t in reply to J. H. Gurney, Jun.J. Zool.
Take. 1889, bc aa)
H, A. eeoranivagry ON. Cumberland.
The Dipper [(Cénclus aguaticus) in Cumberland ; W. oe observa-
tions on Fits nidification quoted]. Field, ree 8th, 1889, p.
H. A, MacpHerson, Casubettand.
Long-tailed Duck ee slacialis] in Cumberland [gives details of the
Renwick example, > igi culars as to previous records for the county].
ei June pote a. 65,

. MACPHERS Cumberland.

“he ied Flycatcher [(Muscicapa atricapilla), its distribution, nesting,

habits, etc., e Lake District, treated of at length]. Field, June 22nd,
1889, p. 885.

H. A. MacPHERSON. Cumberland, hacia ea

ae Laas os Tinga see Net of its nesting haunts e Penn
the salt marshes of the coast of TCanbecanel.

aa Vane ath: 1889, p

H. A, Se Westmorland, Cumberland.
On the for: nesting in England of the ery Pandion hatiactus
[at Whinfield ‘Park, Westmorland, where it was noted by Francis Willughby,

in 1676, and b y Clarke in 1787 ; other evidence en and for Cumberland
also}. Zool. tuly 1889, pp. 25 6- 258.
1..A; MACPHERSON. —

Early arrival of the Scaup Duck [(/w/igu/a marila) on the Solway
nears Cart Carlisle ; dates sae F. cristata also noted]. Field, Oct. 12th, 7 $80,
2

Pp. 524.
B.A. eee Fu gs bdeapsinan Cumberland.
Bonaparte’s Gul Le eoteas Lapses he a] in the Lake District Paes | for

information as ae n ex aid by Rogie (gr ed. os ie sede been obtained
on one of the English He Shy ; also as to present whereabouts of the paror'd
example of the Spotted Eagle Laguia clanga)}. Field, Dec. 21st, 1889, p.88
James A, Man Durham
Ls Great Ne orthern Diver [Colymbus glacialis] at ee Ge [captured be
fishing boat, Feb. 26th, 1889]. Young Nat., Ap. 1889,

aan. 1892.

284 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1889.

Jas. EARDLEY Mas Linc. N.
as’ cnt Cos e [Syrrhaptes paradoxus] near 7 sie [three, shot
near Ingoldmells, gan 1889]. Nat., March 1889, p. 78.
Jas. EARDLEY MASON,
cong ahaha Diver Be agiewrer re ei near en piscina ee

at Ho; ogst reo May. 1888). » March 1889, p
Jas. EARDLE N Linc
Nightinga i Leapcot apart. near Alford, Lincolnshire (ve birds within
hree miles this s n; an unusually large ‘pum ber]. Nat.
deviants A. MILBANK. Yo

rk N
oir F. A: Milbank's Big Grouse [Zagopus scoticus] Bag [at babe tine
Moor in 1872; statistics given]. Land and Water, Sep. 29th, 1888, p. 39!-

FS. shad Lance. S. and W., York si Ww.
Is the S Gan onc ite Sa oe [with notes from near
Clitheroe. ye he ril 1889, p p-
F. S. MITCHELL, Lanc. S., York Mid W.,

Is the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Double-brooded ? [discussed, ind ee
Altham’s Clitheroe, and J. Whitaker's Rainworth experience cited]. Nat.,
Dec. 1889, p. 307. !

E. L. Mirror. ‘Northumberland S.

A White Snipe [(Ga//inxago exten ri shot at be ae agen Mitford Hall estate,
Morpeth, Sep. 1888; colour pale grey]. Zool., Jan. 1889, p. 35-

York S.
bservation t Anston Stones, May 1889 Domest luscinia a regular
visitor ; Pasbeniees rufus heard]. Nat., Aug. 1889, p. 225.

N

Ackworth School Natural History [Notes : Hirundo rustica last seen, Oct.
13th, visihe Nat. Hist. Journ., Nov. 15th, 1889, p. 148.

Pallas’ saan scion ouse secon —— in Cleveland [at Kirkleatham,
13th -» a pair, male and fem 1889, p. 52. [Three instances
near ety, 14th, 15th, and ox Feb) “Nat., March 1889, p. 78-

eek k
CBP fous se [Syrrhaptes saigerrel in North ‘led So Kirkleatham,
near Redcar, pair, 13th Nov., 1888]. Zool., Feb. 188
T. H. Nezson. Du “sea York N.E.
Ornithological Notes from Redcar and Tees Mouth for 1887 and 1
gal season notable for great abundance of 7ringa subarquata. 7. minuta.
anutus, sae mind ot and Harelda ; there were also noted a white Lomvia
Agi :

"

. catarrhactes, S. poma.

arvensis, Plec trophanes nivalis, Otocorys, Sterna cantiaca, Corvus cornix,
Mareca, Regulus cristatus, Mergus merganser, Scolopax rusticola, Asio
accipitrinus, Cidemia fusca, CE. nivora, Fi clacialis, Vanellus,
fringilla catlebs, Ti me: iliacu

ut

he, Machetes, Somateria ’ mollissima, Fuligula Bator Mergus

isa td minutus, and Tachybaptes fiuviatilis), Nat. arch 1889,
P- ot

heconienienannnnee ter
Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889. 285

T. H. NELson. York N.E.

oting of Sand Grouse es paradoxus| in the Close Season

a killed near Redcar, in February ; particulars given]. Field, March

2nd, 1889, p. 308.

T. H. NELson. . York N.E,

“eg Grouse [Syrrhaptes paradoxus| near Redcar [details of three occurrences
nan 14th, 15th, and 16th, 1889]. Zool., eh 1889, p. 146.

H. Net rland, Cheviotland.

Nesting. of the aaa pyar Gull “pps Juscus) at the Farnes

at a moss about 2 miles inland, N.W. Coast of England ; at latter place
tte Scoticus aa pl simoerae argquata also]. Zool., Aug. 1889, p. 312.
ALFRED NewrTo sed ga?

On the Irru High ion of Syrrhaptes paradoxus [referri é
Northumberland Coast occurrence of 1872]. Rep. 58th Setting oe Brit. ea.
Bath, 1888, te 1889, p. 703.

Dicsy S. W OLL. Notts.
Black-winged Stilt [Aimantopus candidus] in Nottinghamshire ig on

of Trent, near Nottingham, January 1888]. Zool., Oct. 1889, p. 387.
oo. fF ie ss Ss.

Notes on the Orn thology of the [Manchester] District [citing numerous
birds, but not in systema order, and treating more pa saat © ad what may
be seen in the city an mediate vicinity]. andbook of Manchester. —
Prepared by the Loc sl commie | or oF members er the British. Aeeciciatt ion
at the Manchester Hesiie, 1887, pp

J. E. Nowers [Sec.]. erbyshire.
ie, aghen Calendar of Nature [for 1877, 1878, and 1879, a ana Burton-
on-T'ren urdus musicus, Erithacus, se y dlagge rs Cuculus, Fringilla
pe 5 as pth are the species note Ann. Rep. Burton-on- -Trent

at. Hist. and Arch. Soc., 1880, p. 71.
J. E. ings Derbyshire.
e, 1886 [at or near Burton-on-Trent; dates given for
1ith Ann

n-on-Trent Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc., for 1886, pub. 1887, p- 23.
J. ~ owes ae: sed

endar of Nature, 1887 [for Burton-on-Trent ; dates give
“Tr eves | Drakelow), Hzrundo rustica (Derby Road), ¢ — ‘stapenhi,
‘act ee _— (Stapenhill), and eas, (Burton)]. Ann. Rep. Burton-on-

e Tist. and Arch, Soc. Se

F, . Dace Lance: 5., k S.W.
© lagopus (Rough-legged Buzzard) [at Gnarlton, uke "1888, at
arte Flats, 1852, aa Blackstone Edge, 1868]. Sci. Gos., May 1889, p 116,

Calendar of Natu
geen “Dratelow, and Therdue ae (Repton Shrubs)].
Rep.

A. PEILE. Cumberland.
York, Bootham. Natural History Club [young Corvus corax and two
Buteo vulgaris near Crummock Water]. N.H.J., Oct. 15th, 1889, p. 128.
G. H. Puiirson. Cumberland.
ddress t the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, read . roth
Bf 1885 [Charadr zus prmnas noted o oss Fell aa, 2sth ie

ee 4]. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. ork. x Newc., vol. 8, part 2, 1886,

E. nea PHILLIPS. al nies
The Great Black Woodpecker sheng martius] in England [pointing 0
that the two shot at Nottingham seem to ahs been certified by the pers
who procured them]. Zool., Nov. 1889, p. 431.
Sept, 1892.

286 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889.

J. Ho_mer Poulton. Cheshire.
Arrival of Summer Birds [at High Leigh, Cheshire ; Saxicola enanthe,
March 30th; he mio reports Czculus seen (with field- -glass) same day].
Field, April 3th, 1889, p. 506.
Erwin ass AM. York N.E.
Dotter gp ells morinellus), etc. [Charadrius pluvialis and Zurdus
ahha on the Pickering Moors [between Allerston Warren and
Lockton]. Nat., June 1889, p. 176.
THOMAS RATCLIFFE. York S.W., Notts.
Sheffield Folk-Lore [also Notts—relating to Magpies (7ica cone and
Gabriel-hounds]. Yorksh. Folk-Lore Journ., Part 6, Jan. 1887,
A. Rawson. We eiciertg se ‘Conab
“‘Gravyes”: What were they? [Burn and Nicholson, in their History of

have them identified, and throws out . eb that they are the Com
iil fa (ALergus berrator) ort . Note-Book and Nat. Hist. ihetttd,
Vol art 5, March 1889, p
iG. S. Hee
Is the Star ling (Sturnus vulgaris) Double-brooded ? [discussed from obser-
vations made at Thorpe, near Halifax]. Nat., Dec. 1889, p. 373-
RopertT H. READ. Durham.
The Great Auk [4A/ca impennis] in Britain [paper Lame to Clydesdale Nat.
3oc., Apl. 17th, 1889; brief reference to the r ee s found near Marsden
Rocks in co. Durham]. Research, May 1889, p

Gro. ROBERTS. York she
1 ocr Seat aces vulgaris) and Crossbills ate curvirostra] a
Stapleto: pry 's nt Vale ; Hawfinch — berger My ock of tats
seen inte of 1888- ary Sci. Goss; May 1!
A. S. ROWNTREE ia. i York Mid W.

Laborer Bootham [May 9th, ‘Neoennen to Knaresborough, eggs of Adcedo ispida
and decipiter niSUS; Thorp rch, June Ist, eggs of Columba fivia and Tringoides),
Nat t. Journ., June 1th, 1889, xiii. 88.

Bowens Bk DERS. All the Counties.
An Illustrated Manual of British Birds . with illustrations of nearly
every species [in monthly parts; Parts 10 to 20, Jan. to Nov. 1889, from

raea garzetta to Oceanttes oceanicus, and appendix ; the | P
each species, two pages only, agiriagpets more than the a of indications

as to distribution, and il in the case of the very r, occurrences
localities given]. London: Guser & and Jackson, . e patencatet Row,

1889 [8vo. pp. cn -754).

_, H. C Selcren aes. York Mid W.

Collision between Grouse [Zagopus scoticus] and Partridge de cinerea)
kee Sept., 1889, during a grouse drive in Nidderdale]. Field, Oct-
3.
HENRY SEEBOHM Lanc. W.
[Exhibition of Vanellu us gregarius shot some time between 1860 an d 1866 at
Whitehall, about two miles from St. Michael’s-on-Wyre, and erroneously
recorded in Mitchell’s ‘Birds of Lancashire’ as Cursorius isabellinus ; new t
British list ; ‘ details preniey Proc. Zool. Soc., Nov. 20th, 1888, p- jee
9, p- 37.

R. porta Snaar PE. York Mid W., Linc. N.
N [Sturnus vulgaris. No. V. A Se cond Form 0

otes o
Starling in England [with co eal arative notes on examples from Otley, Tetney,
Great Cotes, etc.]. Land and Water, Nov. 16th, 1889, p.

bare es ie

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889. 287

RH. Sixes. Cumberland.

Serta Bootham. Natural History Club [eggs of 77inga a/pina, Cumberland].
Nits |., Oct: ne 1889, xiii. 128.

Henry H. Sate York S.E.
The Two-barred oo [Loxia bifasciata C. L. Brehm]: an Addition
to the Yorkshire Avifauna [shot near spss ae in ero Aug. 12th,
Soe details of nar given]. Nat., Oct. 1889, p. 314
“. WwW. S York N.E.
Is the § Starling [Sturnus vulgaris] 2 ja adap ? [discussed from obser-
vatio at Harum, near Nawton; notes on Columba enas and
Monebicic pane) Nat., Dec. 1889, p- "373+
CHRISTOPHER W. Sth York N.E.
Notes on [and li of] the Birds of Central Ryedale, North-east

Agata teiving aeons status, localities, a few dates, and local names].
1889, pp. 325-333
os STEARS. York S.E.
ssel-Thrush [Zurdus viscivorus] and Waterhen Spear tp
near uel [the first breeding in the very centre of a re close
Railway Dock, the second at Roos]. Nat., June 1889,

THos. say York N.E.
Ruff (Machetes :pucas and niger eae * opted freee gael near Whitby in
Wint 9 [at Ruswarp, 2nd Levisham, 14th Feb.
hela one ng te March 1889, p- ty
apomnitiar ee nyeecyere Cumberland.
Addre e Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, read
May. 2 Hie, 1884 [espe Hirundo, and Chelidon noted in Bremnice streets,
ay 28th 831. . Hist. Trans. Northumb. Durh. and Newc., Vol. 8,
Part 2, 1836, | al
Wo. Stor{[e]y. York Mid W.

vated Eye Ducks [(Clangula alanege) ; occurrences on Swinsty Reservoir
oted]. Research, Nov. 1889, p

C. E. Storr, Lanc. toe York Mid W.
Rough-legged Buzzard Be hcbovdae frases in Lancashire [near peg ie in
Nov. 1888; recorded i as Golden bagle occurrence of tw
near Leeds about same dete genie 3 ateake Feb. 1889, p. 77-
C. Storr,

c S.
The Preservation of Rookeries [of Corvus frugilegus, near Bolton]. a Field,
April 2oth, 1889, p. 567
C. E. Storr. Lance. S.
Arrival - Sum Birds [et Bolton-le-Moors ; Sy/via atricapilla, April
5 aka Pita ow ve April 10th; Cucu/us, Agen 26th; Crex, May Ist;
Hirundo, April 24th]. Field, May 4th, 1889, p
C. E. Storr,
Colourless Eggs of the Twite [(Z7ola montium) presumably near Bolton,
whence note is dated]. Zool., Oct. 1889, p. 389.
R. A. SUMMERFIELD. dw.
Siem Seclomage eee) near Ripon [at North Stainley, 21st May].

R. A, Souguasat York re hiss
Is tarling (Sturnus vulgaris) ergata sod [discussed and Nort
Seatples (near Ripon) observations cited]. Nat 1889, p. 369.

Sept. 1892.

288 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1889.

ieee SUTTON Cheviotland.

ving Pow ers of Gannets [(Sz/a dassana) described as observed at the
Tae Islands]. Zool., April 1889, p. 151.

N.
Nesting of the Black Redstart [Awticil/a zithys] in Du har “wot
Hancock’s record of ah instance in 1845]. Zool., April 1889, p
E. Tanpy. paki ee
Assumption of Male Plumage by the Female Crossbill [(Zoxie
curvirostra) at Edenhall, near ie agi the species numerous all the summer
of 1888]. Zool., May 1 82.
THOMAS THOMPSON, eis ham, Northumberland S., Cheviotiand
[Nesting of Hawfinch (Coccothraustes vulgaris) at Winlaton in
and details of several wig hla in Northumberland and Dacha in 1835
Nat. His vo

1860, 1862, etc. ]. at. . Trans. Northumb. Durh. and Newc.,
part 2, 1886, p 281;
C. F. THORNEWIL ? Derbyshire.

Neste rusted frat seen 2nd April and Czcz/lzs first hag 26th April,
r Burton-on ag t} 2nd Ann. Rep. Burton-on-Trent N. H. Soc., March
26th, 1878, p

Cuas. F. Tony ‘EWILL. Derbyshire.
Calendar of Nature for 1882 [near Burton-on-Trent; giving ¢ Coats for
Corvus i agile, Motacilla flava, Chelidon, ee dros, P rufus
Cuculus, Crex]. 7th Ann. es ae ton-on-Trent and A ch Soc.

for year pos ing 31st March, 1883, p
F. THORNEWILL. = rbyshire.
Calendar of Nature, 1883 [at Burton-on-Trent; dates given for 7urdus

musicus, Corvus frugilegus, Phylloscopus rafts, Cuculus "cranes,
Phylloscopus trochilus (Henhurst), he idon, Hirundo, croc pea
Bi

phragmitis and Crex]. 8th Ann. Burton-on- Bien
Arch. Soc., year ending 31st Dec., 1883, ‘pub, 1884, pp. 20-21.
C. F. T[HoRNEWILL]. De ire.

rbys
Calendar of Nature, 1884 [for Burton-on-Trent; dates given for 7# rans
musicus, Chelic ye Ay scp 5 feed (Repton Shrubs), Gallina chloropus,
Phylloscopus trochilus, Motacilla rait, Crex, Acrocephalu +

Troglodytes, ee, and Cy, se oth Ann. Rep. Burton-on-Tre
Hist. and Arch. Soc., for 1884, pub. 1885, pp. 23-25.
C. F. THORNEWILL. Derbyshire.
Calendar of Nature, 1885 [near Burton-on-Trent ; dates eee for Pies
copus rufus, P. x psig bi © feahat phrag emits roth Ann. Rep
Burton-on-Trent Nat. Hist, and Arch. Soc., for 1885, pub. 1886, pp: 21-24
cy. dupa iL. Derbyshire.
of Nature, 1886 [at Burton-on-Trent ; dates given ;
mustcus, Co rugilegus, Phylloscopus rufus, Cotile, Acrocephatus
hragmttis, Fringilla celebs a sales eee en peg At, ho ‘uculit H
and Muscicapa erisola). ith Ann. p. Burton-on-Tre . Hist. an
Arch. Soc., for 1886, pub. 1887, pp. se ae: :
G Se , HORNEWILL. De

ndar of Nature, ares [for Burton-on-Trent; dates given for
ys ugilegus, Sylvia rufa pr chag pelge — Motacilla rait, and Ac rcp
phragmitis (Bur rton)]. ep. on-on-Trent Nat. Hist. and A
Soc., for 1887-88, pub. 1888, Pp. 2 :
C. F, THORNEWILL, ge
Calendar of Nature, 1888 [near Burton-on-Trent ; dates given for Hiru
rustica, Motacilla raii, rere parageatis, "Cuculus, Crex (Repton),
and Acrocephalus stre. eperus). A ton-on-Trent N. HS. for 1889, et 22.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY.: BIRDS, 1889. 289

H. G. TOMLINSON, Derbyshire, Cumberland.
sand their Habits, with nae “asgalergtd be the Birds found in the
neighbourhood of Burton-on-Trent [Part we ar oid collurio, five
Pari, both Muscicape, Alcedo, three Coren: us, Certhia,
Gecinus, Cuculus, Caprimulgus, 4 Hirundines, : “Motacille, 2 Alaude,
2 Anthi, 3 Emberizea, 6 Fringille, Linota cannabina, L. rufescens, Sturnus,
Cinclus, 2 Passeres, 6 Turdi, Accentor, Erithacus, Ruticilla ‘year
(Cumberland notes also given), Pratincola rubicola, P. ru Saxicola
enanthe, Locustella nevia, 2 Acrocephali, Dauiias, 6 Sylvie oe gs ated

and Regulus ‘shoo gigs be ws as in the district ; elaborate e general no
hem]. rth Ann. Rep. Burton- -on-Trent Nat. Hist, Seay,

SIGISMUND C. DE epee
The Hawfinch [Coccthranstes dae rote in Lancashire [a pair killed against
a window of Croston Hall, n Preston ; Von % mentions it for Ormskirk ;

. Field adds pets m Fal il, ‘Cla ughton, Chorley, Whalley, Knowle; ne
Worden Hall, Preston, as nesting localities). Field, Ap]. 20th, phe io 567.

H. B. TRIstTRAM k S.E.
(Pere renee of —— rae i sot ee at Flamborough in rhe 1887
; the specimen, a male, ncoll. R. W. Chase]. P.Z.S., Jan. 15th,

1889, Part i, or Apl. 1889, a 6 Field, Jan. roth, 1889, p. 94.
EpcGar R. Waite. bes S.W.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union ye Holmfirth [zoth ie vale 3 nests

of Turdus torquatus, T. musicus, and 7. merula; T. v xicola,
Pratincola rubetra, Ruticilla, Erithacus, Sylvia cinerea, P. Phyl niles tr ochilus Sy
Accentor, Cinclus, Parus ay jor, P. ca ruleus, Ti roglodytes, Wotactla lugubris,
M, rait, Authus pratensis, A. trivi Hi: : > s Ligurinus,
Passer domesticus, Fringild lebs, Linota cann rufe avi-
_<o. ; sas "ai ” ie! ra , Sturnus, Pica, rous monedula,

C. frugilegus, A arvensis, Cuculus, Acctpiter, Tinnun culus alaudarius,

Columba Tiger Laebas scoticus, Crex, Va seas , Gallinago celestis, and
gordes, es noted]. Nat., July 1889, p. 20

ce R. Wailre. = rk Mid W.
The Yorkshir re Naturalists’ Union at Harrogate [13th July 1889;
plots 3, Accipiter nisus, Turdus musicus, JT. visctvorus, ee oat
Pratinco. ra, Rutici phenicurus, Erithacus, Sylvia
easel fecha Poi earth Ps ace us phragmitis, Accentor modularis,
Cinclus, Parus major, P. ewruleus, Troglodytes, Motacilla lugubris,
me. Serial ihectags grisola, Hirundo, Chelidon, Cotile,
Passer domesticus, Fringilla celebs, Li nnabina, Pyrrhula, E: 2a
oobi £. citrinella, Sturnus, Pica, Corvus monedula, C. frugilegus,

Alauda arvensis, Cypselis, apie boschas, "Columba site zs, Crex, Gallinula,
Gallinago calestis, and Tr ringoides noted}. Nat., Aug. 1889, Pp. 230-237.

Epear R. A ca York Mid W.
Richardso s Skua [Stercorarius crepidatus| at Settle [a male shot Sept.
26th, 180, i Pome year’s plumage]. Nat., Nov. 1889, P- 333:
Epcar R. WalITE. York Mid W.
Is the Starling (S/urnus vulgaris) Double- ee ? pono from
Headingley and Leeds observations]. Nat., Dec. 1889,
W. Watrers. ‘Der rbyshire.
Calendar of Nature, 1886 [near Burton-on-Trent ; dates given for Cuczlus
(Outwoods) sed Crex (do.)]. 11th Ann. Rep. Burton-on-Trent N.H. and
Arch. Soc. for 1886, pub. 1887, p. 23-
JOHN Warp. York S.W.
Is the Starli ng [Sturnus — Double-brooded ? [discussed from obser-
vations made during fort rs at Lofthouse, near Wakefield ; note also on

4 ’s nest with as y seas and four fresh-laid eggs of Corvus
__frugilegus|, Nat., May 1889, p- 1303; and Dec. 1889, p. 373-
Oct, 1892,

290 BIBLIOGRAPHY.: BIRDS, 1889.

M. G. WATKIN Yorkshire.
The Water Cuma [( Circlus aguaticus) treated of ina chatt ty manner, with
but a passing reference to ‘ Yorkshire and the Northern Counties’]. Field,
May 25th, 1889, p. 753-
Joun WATSON. Cumberland, Westmorland, Furness, Cheviotland.
A List of the Birds of the Lake District [the present oar treats in
detail of Aguila ee ows ert albicilla, Aquila clanga, and Pandion
haliaétus|). Westm. Note Book and Nat. Hist Record. Volts pa 2, June

JouNn Watson. Westmorland.
The Extinct Animals of ca? one — int — references to the
po existence of Zetra very fe m Kendal, and the
former abundance of cate Ss shel Hatta abil Milvus, et a
Wes ant Note Book and Nat. Hist. Recor Vol. 1 3, Sept. 1888, pp- 59-60.
Joun Wats Wes sce fniate Cacihemeae
A List my ie Birds of rig Lake priest Pa — F. islandus, F.
peregrinus treated of in this instalment, to whic appended reprint of
A. Ma spbenenit ets (from ‘The Naturalist) and J. Watson's
rejoinder]. aa . Note Book and Nat. Hist. Record, Vol. I
Dec. 1888, p pe
Joun Watson. York N.E.
Bird Problems [quoting T. H. Nelson’s anecdote as to the arrival at Sou th
are Breakwater aie the Tees mouth of Regulus cristatus on the back of Asio
accipitrinus|. Westm. Note Book and Nat. Hist. Record, Vol. 1, part 5;
arch P saa

Joun Watson. Med serait erage Lanc. W. and S.
Westmorland Heronries [are three in number. llam LS ad Killington
Reservoir, and at Rydal ; need are te all described Ay bans the two Lancashire

heronries and six Cumberland ones are also enumerated ; roe on Botaurus
stellaris and gai fugnax as extinct, an sie on Corvus Frugilegus, ae i
nisus, AS We n Ardea cinerea]. Wes Note Book and Nat
Record, Vol. 1, Poatt 6 June 1889, pp. 125- ised

. WaT
The Ses llow [( vo hat rustica) in the Saddleworth district, at Piethorne ;
table of dates of arrival and departure in 1873-1882; four spe cies occur,

ular
= the most abundant of the four specie: ah ‘Bong Rochdale Lit. and
ice vol. 1, 1878-1888 bl, 1888), pp.
E, W. Wes Derbyshire.
The Kes 1 [Falco “aia a Mole-killer [in North Derbyshire].
Field, Dex 14th, 1889,
A. WHELDON, ork N
"Nightjar [( Ja 8, wa ia ; a pair at Heslington Hall, Nov. 1888).
89
sf A. Want LDO York N.E.
[. ridibundus, Querquedula
crecca, Anas boschas, Ti wight Gallinago ca hor pail Ti vtanus (Redshank)].
Sci = oss. pa len 1889, p. 2
J. A. Wue ‘York.’
earde 4° Tit phoned oe on banks - a near York, one
observed Nov. 1888]. Sci. Goss., April 1889, p. 93.
J. A. WHELDon. York N.E.
—— of Birds’ Eggs [a protest, with incidental mention of a clutch of

eggs of igi 3 viridis from near Helmsley, in York Museum]. Sci.
preg) July 1889, p. 167.

Pn eee rene
Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : sin 1889. 291

J. WHITAKE Notts.
scl Kingfisher [( Alcedo cae and its habits as observed in Notts]. Land
Water, Dec. 17th, 1887, p. 547.
J. a No
Pied veatiy of the nev Leiber: atra) shot in March 1888, near Southwell].
Zool. ~*~ ril 1889, p
J. Wuita

Notts.
* Summer Birds [at Rainworth ; W7zrwndo, April 16th; Se coer
rufus, April 11th; P. trochilus, April 16th]. Field, April 20th, 1889, p. 56 =
J. War Seegme Not
iva mer Birds [at Rainworth ; Pratincola rubetra, Ap). dong
puter ibilatri tx, Apl. 23rd]. Field, Apl. 27th, 1889, p. 590.

JW HITAKER otts.
val of ‘Sum mmer Birds [at Rainworth ; Muscicapa — May 7th;
Turtur Venn May 4th]. Field, aay rith, 1889, p. 6

J. WuHiraxk Notts.
Sand Gruss [Syrrhaptes pavadoxus] in Notts [one seen in May by the
keeper ; the only one in 1889]. Field, July 13th, 1889, p. 45.

7 ; two pairs, one of them successful]. Zool., Aug. 1889, p
J. Wurraker.
Goldeneyes Jeon tape A iy ~ oe Notts. [Feb. 1889, a gitti

TAKER, otts.
Stone Curlew w [Gdicnemus scolopax| breeding in Notts [near Rainworth
p- 312
No

ture]. Zool.,
J. Wemcee aps
Sand Grouse SMG ae paradoxus] in Nottinghamshire [the flock of 70 or

more which arrived at Rainworth last week of April 1888, remained tit end
of October, poll have not fobiabiaee a pair nested ; others noted elsewhere
in Not ih Zool., Sep. 1889, p. 351. ‘
J. Wuitax Derbyshire.
Golden Oriole Jepteae angers Uy in ge tana [a male shot 13th May, 1889,
: ., Sep. 1889, p.

Notts.

d Win er Notes from Notts [anent Zofanus — Tringoides
hypoleucos (depart oo. Motacilla melanope, Hirundo (departure), 7 sat

eliacus (arrival), Bernicla br bere ‘uligula crista why ‘ee cecil a » pilarts

(arrival), yes vous cornix (arrival), C. corone, Phalaropus fulica Stas

alpina, Procellaria paar “Gallin ago gallinula, Regulus pases (arrival),

Rallus ots dade Charadrius placa, Gallinago calestis, Vanellus, Alcedo,

M wser, Anas boschas, Ov

ii 6 oo canutus, “ Tauc ta, Police eps s fluviatilis, Columbus palumbus (102 beech-

s in crop), A/areca, Emberiza scheniclus, Anthus pratensis, Helodromas,
Pica, Falco peregrinus, and Syrrhaptes noted). Nat., April 1889, pp.

113-114.

F. B. Neceice: No
Is the Starling (Sturnus er peg gata [discussed from South

Notts ren, a }. Nat., Dec. 1889,
W. Worruincton, Lanc, on
Bitt ein [Botasrses s] in Lancashire [shot on Bryn Moss, near Wi
on Dec. 188. count given of the capture, and of a previous pee rs
28 oie ago} vo Feb. 1889, p- 75-

eM. wh Notts.
Golden Ori e [(Orioltus eer fine adult male shot near — Crags,
ott ay in May 1889]. N.H.J., Sep. 15th, 1889, xiii
ct. 18.

A REAL SUMMER'S DAY.
WEST AYTON, JUNE oth, 1892.

Rev. W. C. HEY, M.A., M.C.S..,

Vice-President of the Vork Philosophical Society, West Ayton, near Scarborough.

Licut, “marvellous light,” on meadows that are sheets of burnished
gold, so thickly grow the buttercups; light, “ marvellous light,”
falling in a myriad dancing points upon the rippling river ; light,
‘marvellous light,” on the fluttering leaves, and the hedges loaded
with the summer snow of hawthorn bloom, and the fields of young
corn, and the golden waterfalls of laburnum dripping from the
cottage gardens over the white roads. I pass into the pastures,
where the cattle-ponds are slowly being absorbed by the glowing
heat, and again the marvel of the sunlight is everywhere—on the
purple satin of the hawking swallow, and on the glittering gauze of
the dragon-fly’s wing, and on the twinkling flowers of white crow-
foot that nearly hide the water where they grow, and on the dazzling
coppery beetles that dart, and pause, and dart again on the wet
margin of the pool. I climb the hill where the cattle are grazing,
and again the marvel of the light—on the red-backed cows, and the
black horses, and the white sheep ; on the thousand swift-borne flies
that glance and pass; on the vibrating wings of Painted-Lady
butterflies, and the silver cups of the saxifrage flowers. I steal on
into the wood, and again the marvel of the light, seen through the
yet transparent leaves of the oak and the maple, silvering the white
tufts of the garlic flowers, elaborating a wondrous dance in the
twinkling shadows of the thin foliage upon the mossy ground
beneath, drawing pungent odours from the shooting pines and idle
perfume from the hawthorn and fading bluebells. I stray back into
the garden, and again the marvel of the light on scarlet poppy-petals
and blue-black poppy-stamens, on sheets of rosy sea-pinks, an

a thousand waving Pyrethrums, on glowing Peeony and waving Irs,
on every insect that hovers poised above the flowers, or stops to rifle
their honey. I move on into the paddock, where the Umbellifers
rise breast high against the old stone walls, and speedwell-flowers
twinkle innumerable—blue stars in a lush green sky—foot-gilt, a8
I walk, with the pollen of innumerable buttercups ; and whether
I look up or down or around, everywhere the marvel of the light. AL
earth and all the air full of light—Nature’s Grand Illumination Dey:

ie

293

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT WITHERNSEA.,

Ow the occasion of this year’s visit to the coast-line, Withernsea
being the centre of operations, the Union were much indebted in
every way to their Hull members, both as regards the assistance
they rendered to the Secretaries in making the preliminary arrange-
ments and as regards their taking a full share in the excursion
itself. The excursion was planned for the investigation of that
portion of the Holderness coast which extends from Sand-le-Mere
southward to Dimlington High Land. The day being Bank Holiday
Monday, the 1st of August, and there being but one way of access
to the district, all members had to mingle at Hull and its suburban
stations with many thousands of day trippers travelling by a number
of relief trains which did not stop at intermediate stations. One
unexpected result of this was that it was found impracticable to
carry out the arrangements for a party to investigate the woods at
Old Winestead, it being impossible to ascertain in the crowded
Stations at Hull either what members wished to join that party or
which of the trains was the ordinary one which was to stop at
Winestead station.

On arrival at Withernsea station the other two parties which
had been arranged set off after a short delay. One of these was
as customary the geological one, and was in charge of Mr. Alfred
Harker, M.A., F.G.S., who conducted his followers southward to
Holmpton, and thence along the cliff to Dimlington, returning
from thence to Withernsea along the beach, the tide being favourable,
low water being at 2 p.m. A small party of naturalists followed
them at a respectful distance and on the return accompanied them
for a portion of the distance. Both of these parties were alike
interested in the sections of the lacustrine beds shown in the cliffs
of Boulder Clay, evidencing the former existence of a chain of lakes
of which Hornsea Mere is now the only one left, and in which,
thousand of years old as they are, are to be found in great profusion
the shells of various freshwater mollusca and the remains of fish
of species now to be found alive in that Mere.

The second main party, consisting of botanists, conchologists,
and entomologists, under the energetic leadership of Messrs. F. W.
Fierke and T. Petch, B.A., of Hull, and Mr. Charles Waterfall,
of Welton, went northward in the direction of Tunstall, and was
strong and numerous. They worked along the top of the cliff
as far as Sand-le-Mere, and then dredged the Keyingham Drain
Oct. 1892.

294 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION AT WITHERNSEA.

and various ponds as far inland as Roos, returning over Thirtle
Bridge and along the Waxholme Road to Withernsea.

All parties, including various late-comers who were unable to
reach Withernsea in time to join the main parties, congregated
about half-past four in the afternoon,-in the large refreshment
room attached to the Pier Hotel, Withernsea. Here, after a
substantial though plainly-served meat tea, the sectional, and
afterwards the general, meetings were held.

At the general meeting, in the absence of the President and
Vice-Presidents, Mr. John James Stead, of Heckmondwike, was
voted to the chair. The minutes having been taken as read, the
roll of Societies was called over, when it was found that the fifty
or sixty members present were representatives from the following
Societies, fifteen in number :— Barnsley, Wakefield, Liversedge,
Goole, Leeds Naturalists’ Club, Conchological Society, Leeds
Geological Association, Bradford Scientific Association, Halifax,
Huddersfield, Ravensthorpe, and all the three Hull Societies.
A couple of new members having been duly elected, Mr. John
Stears, the Secretary of the Hull Field Naturalists’ Society, proposed,
Mr. J. J. Marshall, of Market Weighton, seconded, and the
meeting cordially accepted, a vote of thanks to the various leaders
of parties and contributors of information to the excursion-pro-
gramme, as well as. to Messrs. Walter Bailey, James Reckitt, G.
Dickinson, Thomas Holden, George Clark, Edward Clark, and
J. Biglin, for allowing members to pursue investigations on their
lands. The spokesmen of the various sections were then called

seeing a dead Hedgehog by the road-side near Holmpton.

For the Conchological Section, the report was given by oP
of its Secretaries, Mr. Frederick William Fierke, of Hull, who
stated that the Section was well represented on the excursion,
the members taking both lines of route. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck,
F.L.S, (Leeds), Mr. J. Darker Butterell, M.C.S. (Beverley), and
Mr. Charles Rowson (Hull) followed in the trail of the geologi¢
party on their route south to Dimlington. Passing by the village of
Holmpton they proceeded to the beach, with a view to the a
tion of the lacustrine deposits exposed in the cliffs ae .

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT WITHERNSEA. 295

place and at Out Newton. These deposits, virtually the remains of
ancient meres which at one time studded the

Holderness Coast, but have since become silted up, are of exceeding
interest to the conchologist, inasmuch as by a consideration of them
he hopes to trace the relationship that exists between the molluscan
inhabitants of those ancient meres with the species now found in the
ditches and dykes of the immediate vicinity, as well as obtaining
some idea of the past condition of Holderness before it was converted
into an agricultural district through the agency of man. It is very
singular that the shells taken from these deposits are restricted to a
few common forms, such as Spherium corneum, Pisidium pusillum,
Valvata piscinalis, Limnea peregra, L. stagnalis, the shells of which
are extremely abundant throughout. The only mere still existing
unencroached upon by the sea is the one at Hornsea, with which
these lacustrine deposits remarkably correspond, excepting in this
particular, the small range of molluscan fauna they contain.
Hornsea Mere possesses a rich variety of mollusca, but the deposits
examined on this occasion gave no evidence of such having been the
case with them. It appears that this paucity in the variety of the
molluscan fauna has been observed in all the lake-deposits examined
on the coast.

Messrs. F. W. Fierke, T. Petch, B.A., and J. Coltman (Hull)
were concerned in the investigation of the district north of
Withernsea. A strong wind blowing at the time prevented any
great success among the terrestrial species, but as much time was
spent in examining the cliffs and the banks on the roads as the day
would comfortably allow. Waxholme Road, in sheltered places,
produced a few common shells, and Waxholme Cutting, a deep
hollow running inland from the direction of the cliff, proved a happy
retreat for the larger helices, He/ix nemoralis being represented by a
fair number of very beautifully coloured and banded varieties. The
careful examination of moss growing on the sides of the Cutting near
the cliff resulted in the discovery of Vertigo pygmea. A little march
further on the cliff brought the party to two or three ponds, the first
of which (already being overhauled by the coleopterists) contained
some fine specimens of Planorbis nautileus and variety crista and
numerous /isidia, whilst the pond a little further off appeared to be
in the sole occupation of Spherium lacustre.

Leaving the ponds for a while, the conchologists proceeded to
Sand-le-Mere, where the foreshore is separated from the low valley
which drains inland by a high sand bank. Here the tall grasses and
thistles rise from the sandy soil, quite besieged by a vast army of
that pretty, seaside-loving shell, Helix virgata, with the variety
Oct. 1892. -

296 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT WITHERNSEA.

submaritima? almost as common as the type and stray specimens
Helix caperata to give a little more variety to the scene. Down
in the valley the marshes proved to be a favourite locality for the
Succinee, both S. putris and S. elegans occurring. The party then
proceeded in a westerly direction by the side of Keyingham Drain
up to Thirtle Bridge, dredging the drain and the numerous dykes
which intersect it. On reaching the bridge a pond on the Roos
Road was finally investigated, the most noteworthy species being
P.anorbis carinatus in abundance, and the Waxholme Road was
selected for the return journey to Withernsea, thereby terminating a
most pleasurable if not exactly a record-making conchological
ramble. The following is a complete list of the mollusca recorded
during the day :—
Aquatic. Limax maximus.
Agriolimax agrestis.

Sphzrium corneum.
Succinea putris

Hyalinia alliaria.

Planorbis se a and var. crista. 2 e diols, cry criti
Planorbis vortex. soars .
Helix concinna.

Helix hispida.
Helix vir cs ap variety.
hysa f ; g
sd etreosee Helix caperata and var. ornata.
Helix meaty
Helix pulchella.
Pupa nn Saget

vea peregra.
Limnza truncatula.

Terrestrial. Vertigo
Arion Cochlicopa bahhise
Ais minimus. Carychium minimum.

le the Entomological Section, in the absence of all its
officers, Mr. Walter F. Baker, of Hull, reported as regards the
ester that, although a anos wind blew from the sea, yet the
day was as suitable for beetle-collecting as could be desired, being
neither too hot nor too cold, and therefore the captures were fairly
numerous, Sa po that it is the time of year when many of them
are in the larval stat
Operations pieced before the members were fairly out of
Withernsea, Carabus violaceus, the large violet prom: beetle, and
Ocypus olens, commonly called the ‘ Devil’s Coach Horse,’ both foun
under some loose stones by a farmhouse, being amongst the first
captures, whilst the various species of Prerostichus, together with
Harpalus ruficornis, and Notiophilus biguttatus were in abundance. —
Xantholinus fulgidus and X. glabratus were found in a similar situa-
Naturali

jay

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT WITHERNSEA. 297

tion a little further on, together with Amchomenus dorsalis. A pond
on the summit of the cliff, about a mile further on, proved most
productive, Hadliplus obliquus, Hydroporus palustris, Agabus bipustu-
latus, and Jlybius fuliginosus, being in abundance, whilst Acé/us
sulcatus and Agabus nebulosus, neither of which are common in Holder-
ness, together with Pe/obius tardus, or the ‘Squeaker’ beetle (a very
rare beetle for the Yorkshire district) were also obtained. Dytiscus
marginalis was seen several times, but eluded all attempts to capture.
On the sandhills at Sand-le-Mere, Anomada frischit and a solitary
specimen of Si/pha rugosa, besides others, were taken. Keyingham
drain produced the common water-beetles in abundance, but time
was too short for anything but a cursory inspection. From the long
grass by Tunstall road side were obtained Zelephorus fulvus, Apion
violaceus, A. niger and Sittones lineatus. Another specimen o
Carabus violaceus was found, crossing the road near Rimswell.
Thirty-seven species were taken or seen altogether, twenty-three being
land and fourteen aquatic, the following being a complete list :—

Land Beetles. Apion violaceum Kirb. .
Carabus violaceus L. Apion apricans Herbst.
Notiophilus biguttatus F. Sitones lineatus L.
Pterostichus cupreus Longitarsus jacobeese Wat
Pterostichus picimanus Duft. (=
Pterostichus niger Schall. Aquatic Beetles.
Pterostichus vulgaris L Pelobius ont Herbst.
Pterostichus madidus Haliplus obliquus F
Anchomenus dorsalis Miill. Hydroporus palustris L
Anchomenus al F Deronectes depressus F.
IHarpalus ruficornis Ilybius fuliginosus F
Cercyon hemorrhoidalis F. Agabus bipustulatus L.
Silpha rugosa L. Agabus guttatus Payk.
Quedius cruentus Ol. Agabus nebulosus Forst.
Ocypus olens Miill. Platambus maculatus L.
Xantholinus glabratus Grav. Dytiscus marginalis L.
Xantholinus fulgidus Acilius sulcatus L
Anomala ii F. Gyrinus natator Scop.
Athoiis hemorrhoidalis F. Hydrobius fusci
Telephorus fulvus Scop. Anaczna globulus Payk.

baa

Mr. J. Porter, of Hull, stated that the following species 0
Lepidoptera were noted :—
I nes.

Pieris rape. Pieris rape.
Hipparchia hyperanthus. Pyrameis atalanta.
Epinephile janira. Pyrameis cardui.
Vanessa urticz. icranura vinula.
Lyczena icarus. Notodonta ziczac
Sesia bembeciformis Orgyi a.
Zygeena Siiocudeie. Plusia gam

Eubolia mensuraria. Gonoptera pene

mene
Oct. 1892.

2098 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT WITHERNSEA.

For the Botanical Section, in the absence of all its officers,
A. Clarke, of Huddersfield, reported that considering the
limited time at their disposal, the botanists were fairly successful
in obtaining specimens of many of the plants recorded for the
district. Notwithstanding that only a limited area was —
the following were exhibited at the meeting of the section :—Ho/tton
palustris, teen media var. neglecta, Silaus pratensis, Cmte
nigra (rayed form), Lemna gibba, Ononis spinosa, Linum catharticum,
Convolvulus soldanella, and Psamma arenaria ; in addition to which
were also found :—AZyosotis palustris var. si ‘eulosa, Sparganium
ramosum, Sagina apetala, Filago germanica, Trifolium Sragiferum,
Agropyron acutum, and a number of other more commonly occurring
coast plants. The specimens brought as Carex punctata turn out
upon further examination to be C. distans. Hordeum maritimum
was found very plentifully distributed on the cliffs. None of the
members reported any noteworthy finds of cryptogamic plants,
though doubtless if more time had been available they would have
found it a productive district.

Mr. Alfred Harker, M.A., F.G.S., who reported in the absence of
all the officers of the Geological Section, writes that the geological
contingent found in the cliffs south of Withernsea ample oppor
tunities for seeing something of the Glacial and Post-glacial history

the Holderness district, although time did not permit of a
sufficiently detailed study of all the points of interest, and it would
be difficult in a day’s excursion to add anything material to what 1S
known of this much-explored tract. The bulk of the party made
their way by road to Out Newton, and, descending to the beach,
examined the base of the cliffs at Dimlington High Land. This
is one of the few places where the lowest or Basement Boulder
clay is exposed. The peculiarities of this clay, and especially the
evidences of the grinding action of the ice as seen in the crushing
and rolling out of boulders, were here studied. The general character

rocks as the augite-syenite and ‘Rhombenporphyr’ of the Christiania
district, with gneisses, garnetiferous mica-schists, and granites,
indicated the foreign origin of part of the material. Shell-fragments
were found occurring frequently in this Basement-clay, and Mr. Stather,
who had come down at an earlier hour, found ged specimens of
several shells, such as Astarte borealis, A. compressa A. sulcata,
fragments of Cyprina islandica, Tellina baltica (?), Yad and
Balanus. Waterworn Coit echinatum (?), Saxicava fae

aturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 299

Turritella erosa, were also among the finds. The Basement-clay
occupies about 20 ft. of the cliff at Dimlington, and is succeeded by
well-bedded loam and gravel, reaching an unusual thickness up to
20 ft. Above this come the Purple Clays and higher deposits which
are better studied farther north, and were well seen as the party
returned to Withernsea by the coast. The Basement-clay sinks
below the beach at Out Newton, and for most of the way the lower
part of the cliffs is occupied by the Purple Clay. The chalky base of
this was studied at several points, and the division into an Upper and
Lower Purple Clay, marked usually by a more or less laminated
band, was also noted. Here the Norwegian boulders are perhaps
less abundant, while the coming-in of occasional Lake District rocks
seems to be another point of difference from the Basement Clay.
The Shap granite and the porphyritic lava of Eycott were found.
Above the Purple Clay the Hessle gravels and sands seem to be
fairly constant along this line, while the red Hessle Clay generally
forms the uppermost part of the cliffs. In several places, however,
the well-known lacustrine deposits belonging to a much more recent
date were observed. A fine example occupies the low cliffs for some
distance to the north of Out Newton. Here occur fresh-water marls
to a thickness of eight or ten feet, crowded with shells. Spherium
corneum, Pisidium sp., Valvata piscinalis, Limnea peregra, etc., were
found, besides fish-vertebree. Above the marl come peaty layers to
a thickness of two or three feet, the lower bands being largely com-
pacted masses of leaves and wood. Another large lacustrine deposit,
showing a somewhat similar section, was examined immediately
north of Nevill’s Drain. Here too were found abundant Zimnea
peregra, besides occasional L. stagnalis (?), Planorbis complanatus, etc.

Throughout the day’s journey the evidences of the waste of the
cliffs was prominently exhibited. The defences erected at Withernsea
some twenty years ago, seem to have accelerated the destruction of
the coast-line to the immediate south, by cutting off the supply of
beach-material travelling from the north, which should constitute to
some extent a natural protection to the cliffs.

The meeting then concluded with a unanimous vote of thanks
to the chairman, proposed by Mr. Edwin Hawkesworth, of Leeds,
and an announcement of the Fungus Foray at Malton, and meeting
at Coxwold in September, after which the members made their way
to the railway station, and proceeded by the 6.28 train to Hull,
en route for their various destinations.—-W. D. R.

NOTES AND NEWS.
_ In ‘Nature,’ June 16th, 1892, is an account (with plan) of the opening of the
Liverpool Marine Biological Station at Port Erin, Isle of Man, on the 4th of June.
Oct. 1892,

300 NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA AND BOTANY.

NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA.

Colias edusa near Doncaster.—On May 29th last I esa a Uy Bein
specimen of Co/ias edusa in Edlington Wood, near Doncaster.—E, G. P
19, Price Street, Yorks August 26th, 1892.
lias edusa in Holderness.—Mr. Tom Petch, B.A., and I were on a tour
© Holderness San from Bpael to hee ee Se the other week, and whilst re
Kilnsea (25th ult.) we caught a specim ar edusa.—F RED, W, FIERK
52, Francis Street West, Hull, Si tteiaber ahs

Lepidoptera at Gre ta Bridge.—-With site to the excursion of the
Yorkshire Naturalists wane to Teesdale, on June 6th, I unfortunately missed my

in an s not, ence, able t eee the meeting rlington
In addidion. “ the species aeboried in the ‘ st arR eS st,’ page 2 took Seenza
unaria n ¢. Tees, .an idge, of Horsforth, and mysel

ear Mansbr
obtained inky larve of “Epunda dieirsuilis fons the sallows.—E. G. POTTER,
York, — 25th, 1892

he ar Bradford.-—At the last meeting of the Bradford
bese vie ‘Society (ent. th) Mr. B. Illingworth showed a ite iful example of
the Deat en at Heaton in August last.—J. W. CARTER,
Bradford, aoe on

NOTES—BOTANY.

Outline Flora of Lincolnshire.—Messrs. White, the well-known directory
publishers, a Sheffield, are to be most heartily congratulated phi their intention to
include in the 1893 edition of their ‘Lincolnshire Directory’ a conden nsed botanical

iograph
dates of ge notices for each division (N. and S.) of the county pete given in
every case, the whole from the competent pen of Mr. F. Arn Lee
pera: polifolia in West Yorkshire Lees Fi of bi
Yorkshire,’ p. 319, the statement occurs that dindrom eda pet at, is
dsoreanibes ee certainly gone from its Adel and Halifax ations but © nly
within the last 30 years.’ It ma te worth its 2 to mention, therefor e, that

less of the Ogden Clough one mentioned in t it Ke prot yi in
the Aire a district.—W. West, ten “s Bradford, the ‘50s,

Occurr: of Vibur. North Li sa —Mr. B. B.
LeTall, lat sae "of York, has kindly sent me np eit ing specimens of Viburnum Jantana
L., from ‘The prings,’ Rothwell House, near Caistor, where he found it growing

a poplar ry er s

and far side of the pool, away from t villa age and road. is far from a house,

and not ina Baas Ga cals plantation as far as I could rig > Mr, LeTall writes
me that ‘Mr. W. A. Burkinshaw, on whose farm the shrub is growing, “thinks It

has not been — [there], but has seen several like it in Liscolnehive, although

Mr, J. G. B age fttes he the probability of such ‘ frequentl aie and
bright-berried shrub hav on tied d-sown cand he te ape te hist fou d it under
similar circumstances ‘is “Ront Yorkshire, pero ate wild, but pr robably

ird-sown eing ac ing s one i

aturalist,

301

ON HYBRIDITY AMONG WORMS.

Rev. HILDERIC FRIEND, F.LS.,
Idle, Bradford; Author of ‘Flowers and Flower Lore, etc.

THIs is a subject upon which, as far as I can recollect, I have never
seen a single remark in print. The explanation is simple. No one
in England has been sufficiently familiar with the different species of
earthworms in the past to enable him to detect a case of Annelid
courtship which would result in the production of a hybrid. When
two individuals have been observed in the act of love-making, it has

species, and there the matter has ended. On one occasion a
student of earthworms suggested to me that a specimen which he
had dissected appeared abnormal, and might possibly be a hybrid ;
but he gave no case which he had observed, or of which he had
heard, which would lead him to such a conclusion. Yet it must be
admitted, when we come to look carefully into the matter, that
unless worms are possessed of some peculiar instinct by means of
which they can infallibly distinguish members of their own particular
species from all others, there is a tremendous risk of their forming
unnatural alliances, and paying their addresses to strangers.

et us remember, for example, that worms are destitute of eyes,
and all such modifications of other organs as may be taken to
supply the place of eyes in other low forms of life. Many
experiments have been scientifically conducted with a view to
ascertain to what extent earthworms are affected by, or capable of
realising, the action of light. he results have not been wholly
satisfactory, for the simple reason that the experiments have not
been conducted with strict reference to specific differences; an

jon

were affected by light in a very marked degree this would not prove
that they could detect their mates, as many higher animals do, by
the aid of light and vision. It is true that two worms may frequently
be seen embracing each other above ground, but this is simply
because their burrows do not meet beneath the surface, and they are
therefore compelled in many instances to search for their mates on
the surface of the soil, while their posterior extremities still cling
tenaciously to the sides of their burrows. But I have many times
ad occasion to note that light is altogether unnecessary for the
operation. Last year when I was on a short visit to the Dukeries in
Nottinghamshire, a friend took me to a heap of decaying matter to
dig for brandlings, ‘and in the very middle of the heap we unearthed
ct. 1892.

302 FRIEND: ON HYBRIDITY AMONG WORMS.

a pair of unusually fine specimens, so securely locked in each other's

penetrate, but the densest darkness prevails. Add to this the
further fact that when they pair above the ground the process is
commenced at night, and usually terminates when the light returns,
that the worms may hie to their burrows ere the proverbial early
bird picks them off, and the evidence is complete on that score.
Worms have no eyes, and do not need light to enable them to
complete their round of sexual duties.

t must be borne in mind that earthworms, like many other
animals, and the majority of plants, are hermaphrodite. There is,
however, more than one form of hermaphroditism. A plant may
bear flowers which yield both stamens and pistils, and if the pollen
from the former falls on a style of the same blossom, the ovules may
be fertilised and the seeds rendered capable of germination. In
other plants, however, like the primrose, one flower yields up its
pollen for that brought from a different plant, and self-fertilisation is
either impossible, or will be resorted to only in case of emergency.
Some hermaphrodite flowers, again, are absolutely incapable of self-
fertilisation, and these may be taken to represent the earthworm.
The ovules of one must be brought into vital contact with the
spermatozoa of another. In the case of flowers, insects are the chief
agents for the transport of the pollen, but worms must themselves g°
in search of other worms in order that the life-germs may successfully
coalesce.

Some forms of animal life, which are either destitute of the sense
of vision, or cannot use it for these purposes even when possessed,
are able to employ other methods for the accomplishment of their
ends, Thus we find the organs of smell so fully developed in some
insects that they depend entirely upon this sense for detecting the
whereabouts of their mates. Others make a variety of sounds,
depending upon the organs of hearing for securing the attention of
those they wish to charm. So far as we can gather, however, earth-
worms are destitute of hearing, and their sense of smell is only in a
very elementary stage of development so far as we can judge by
ordinary tests. Yet, if they do not possess some peculiar sense of
touch, or a sixth sense whose action we mortals are incapable of
appreciating, it must be largely by means of taste organs, OF the
ability to detect certain scents, that worms identify one another.

t this point we are led to inquire whether the power possessed
by certain species of worms to secrete a variety of fluids may 2Ot

FRIEND: ON HYBRIDITY AMONG WORMS. 393.

have something to do with the question of sexual intercourse. Not
one of the many writers whose works I have been able to consult
has given a satisfactory reason why the brandling, and several other
species, pour out at certain times from their dorsal pores a peculiar,
and in some cases ‘highly pungent, fluid. I have been able, by the
careful study of this subject, to do something towards a solution of
certain problems which this fact involves. I have also found that
our indigenous species fall naturally into certain groups or divisions,
and that each division is marked by its own peculiarity in the matter
of secretions. No true Zumbricus secretes turbid, highly-coloured,
or feetid fluids. In he genus A/lolobophora several species of the
Dendrobeenic group exude such a secretion, but the mucus
differs from that of the earthworms, while the Lumbricoid
Allolobophoras more nearly approach the typical genus. Another
group is capable of secreting offensive fluids—such, at any rate, they
prove to most anthropoid nasal organs—while yet another secretes
fluids which are destitute of any strong odour. Since the worms can
smell and taste, they can detect the presence of anything peculiar
which affects these ee and thus, without doubt, each group can
identify its own member

Here, however, es vided ntity seems to end. How can one
Limbricus determine whether another Zumdéricus does or does not
belong to the same species? There are at present four known
species* of Zumbricus in Britain, and what is to prevent these
Species intermingling? This is a very eel question. It may
be answered, in the first place, that there is so wide a difference in
size between the largest species (Z. ferrestris Linn.) and the smallest
(Z. purpureus Eisen), that the two are as unlikely to mate as =
tiger and the cat might be if living in the same forest. In the ne
place it may be asserted that the largest species usually affects tk
garden or arable soil, while the medium-sized species are foun
chiefly in fields, and therefore are seldom coming in each other’s
way. We must admit the truth of these replies, and still there is
room for at least three forms of hybridity. Thus we find in the same
localities three species of Lumbricus, any two of which may pair.
This would give us the following results :—

(1) Lumbricus rubellus + rubescens.

(2) Lumbricus rubellus + purpureus.

(3) Lumbricus rubescens + purpureus.

Denar oe

*I exclude Lumbricus eisent Levinsen, because, though it occurs freely in
England, i it does not properly belong to this genus, and may yet prove to be a type
of a new genus altogether. At present I class it among the Dendrobene

Oct. 1892.

394 FRIEND: ON HYBRIDITY AMONG WORMS.

If we add that the common species is capable of copulating with two
of the foregoing, we get in addition :-—

4) Lumbricus terrestris + rubellus.

(5) Lumbricus terrestris + rubescens.

The next question is—Do such crosses ever occur in nature ?
I have been fortunate enough to observe recently a very interesting
case, which enables me to give an affirmative answer.

I was walking during Easter week through some fields in the
suburbs of Bradford, when my eye alighted on an old piece of
sackcloth decaying in a ditch. The worm-hunter should never pass
a thing of this kind indifferently: I have found my richest treasures
under such materials. This was the case here. Suddenly lifting the
rotten sackcloth, I observed a pair of worms in close juxtaposition.
I had sufficient time to observe the nature of their relationship
before they withdrew into their burrows, from which I instantly

belong to two distinct species. They were so nearly of a size, colour,
shape, and general appearance, that they would inevitably have passed
as one and the same species had I not recently worked out their
characters, and identified them before they withdrew. On exhuming
their bodies, I found them not only sexually mature, but one
(Z. rubescens Friend), representing a species new to science, had on its
ventral surface three spermatophores filled with life-germs.
The two species are closely allied, and yet perfectly distinct. Their
differences are few, but well-marked, and may be thus expressed :-—

L. rubellus Hoftm. L. rubescens Friend.
Male pore hidden. Male pore on papillz.
Girdle, 27-32. Girdle, 34-39.

Tubercula pubertatis, 28-31. Tubercula pubertatis, 35-35-
No preclitellian papillz. Papille on segment 28.

differences to determine a case when observed. I am further
convinced that patient research in this direction will yield results of
the utmost importance in their bearing upon the evolution of those
indigenous species of worms which are now usually placed under the
genus Allolobophora. I have side-lights on this subject from another

quarter, which I must not at this moment introduce. 1
Naturalist, —

395

Bn Wemoriam.

ALEXANDER NORMAN TATE, F.LC.

WHEN a man so well known, so universally esteemed, as the late
Mr. A. Norman Tate passes away from among us, it is impossible at
once to realise the full extent of our loss. Those who have ever been
brought in contact with him will feel that it is a real calamity to have
him removed from their midst in the very prime of life ; and, apart
from the public usefulness of his profession, in which he had attained

so well deserved an eminence, his loss as a citizen, ever active in
self-sacrificing labours in the cause of popular education, will be felt
far and wide. Many a young man owes both position and livelihood
to Mr. Tate’s help and teaching; while his valued counsel and
friendly aid will long be missed by those who were privileged to
enjoy his friendship or to associate with him in one direction or
another of his public work. Mr. Tate’s death (which occurred, after
a long illness, on the 22nd July) leaves a distinct void in the
intellectual life of Liverpool. In the commercial world, too, his
v

306 IN MEMORIAM—ALEXANDER NORMAN TATE.

services as an able and reliable analyst had gained for him
a reputation extending over a far wider circle, reaching even to
the Continent.

n the iiniits of this notice it is only possible to allude to the
more salient points of his energetic career. Mr. A. Norman Tate
was born in 1837 at Wells, Somerset, and educated at the Chapter
Grammar School of that city, where his father, the late Mr. James
Tate, was an alderman. He early evinced a taste for chemistry, and
engaged for a few years in the study and practice of pharmacy.
Coming as a young man to Liverpool, he entered the laboratory of
the late Dr. Sheridan Muspratt, devoting himself to practical analysis
and general chemistry. His researches were, even then, marked by
unusual ability; several of his papers being read before the Chemical
Society of London and the Royal Society of Dublin. On leaving

superintendence of the details of the various manufacturing processes
and the construction and working of the chemical plant.

At the time of the original importation of petroleum into this
country from America, Mr. Tate devoted special attention to the

on ‘ Petroleum and its Products,’ which he published, being trans-
lated and re-issued in France and Germany. His study of the oi
question led to other appointments, in the course of which he
superintended the working of an oil refinery in the Isle of Man, and,
later, the designing and erection of a manufactory for the refinement
of coal and shale oils in Flintshire. He then recommenced his
analytical practice in Liverpool, which has, by his efforts and those
of his brother, Mr. Frank H. Tate (now head partner of the firm),
grown into one of the largest practices of the kind in the country.
Mr. Tate was a specialist in the examination of oils and fats and in
water analysis, and his firm holds several ‘ retainers’ as consultant
chemists and chemical engineers to Corporations and other public
bodies, besides several large chemical manufactories.

His public educational work commenced soon after he settled
in Liverpool, and both by teaching it lecturing he did much to
popularise science. In 1870, in conjunction with Mr. Jamés
Samuelson, he initiated the yaa, Science and Art Classes
and for a long series of years he not only superintended the classe
as honorary principal, but devoted four or five evenings a week, after
the business of the day was over, to personally teaching several of the
subjects, such as chemistry, hygiene, physiology, botany, ae gene
biology. In this work he was aided by M r, W. Narram a LS

alist, re aaah

IN MEMORIAM—ALEXANDER NORMAN TATE. 307

and other teachers, who were impelled by love of the cause
rather than any pecuniary emoluments. In addition to these classes,
Mr. Tate devoted much time and money to his own School of
Technology and Chemistry in Hackin’s Hey, Liverpool, where he
has trained some hundreds of useful chemists, physiologists, and
sanitarians.

The various scientific and learned societies of Liverpool found
an ardent supporter in Mr. Norman Tate. He established the
Liverpool Science and Art Teachers’ Association, and took the

in th
the Science Students’ Association, founded by him on a bast which
has enabled it to pursue—notwithstanding some minor vicissitudes
a flourishing career of usefulness and success. He did not spare
himself in placing at the service of these Societal his own time
(always valuable to a professional man), and was ever ready with
assistance in organising and carrying on their operations. In giving
information or assistance to those who were preparing papers of their
own he took often as much interest and trouble as for himself,
lending books, specimens, or microscopes, in order that the
expositions should be as complete as possible. Mr. Tate had been
president of all the above mentioned societies, and also of the
Society of Chemical Industry (Liverpool section) and Microscopical
ociety ; having been an active officer, too, of the local Geological,
Biological, and Physical Societies. He was a Fellow of the Society
of Chemical Industry (London) and of the Society of Public Analysts,
Chemical and Geological Societies of London, and member of
council of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland.
To geology he did good service in analysing many of the rocks in
the neighbourhood of Liverpool. He discovered the mineral sserine
in the decomposed greenstones of the boulder clay in the valley of
the Mersey, and showed that the colour of certain black bands in
the local Triassic sandstones was due to the presence of manganese.
His love of all out-door sports and of botany was evinced from
boyhood. In later years he was never so happy as when conducting
or accompanying a party of students in a country ramble. On such
Occasions his characteristic restless energy would assert itself; every
leafy nook or quiet pond would be explored, while his geniality and
ready wit would always enliven the more arduous labours of the day.
An excursion with Mr. Norman Tate was no mere introduction to
the - ‘dry bones’ of science, but a real pleasure and enjoyment not
easily forgotten. ;
Mr. Tate’s capacity for work was enormous. At a time of life
when few men care to increase their engagements and responsibilities,
Oct, 1892,

308 NOTES ORNITHOLOGY.

but rather wish to retire and enjoy the fruits of the fame they have
won, he, in 1888, established and personally conducted esearch,
a monthly scientific journal, Added to the already heavy professional

nowadays involves an amount of pehactil labour which can, perhaps,
be only properly appreciated by those who have tried it. Although
the experiment met with a considerable amount of support, the
health and increasing private engagements of its editor necessitated
its withdrawal after a short career of two years. As one closely
connected ates vie venture from its inception, I have pleasure in
bearing testim to the cordial appreciation which Mr. Tate’s
on

from the conductors of journals which were friendly rivals to his own.

A career which has developed so many schemes of usefulness
affords a valuable stimulus to similar spirited efforts. If I have
dwelt too little on his public labours, and too greatly on the man
himself, it is because Mr. Norman Tate’s own personality—his
innate kindness of disposition—has been so strongly impressed upon
me, as it has been on many others, to whom his friendship will
always be one of the most pleasurable recollections.

OsmunD W. JEFFS.

dieing ta siete OGY.

Food of Dipper.— zzard of a water-ouzel hd nage dag rege recent] y
shot at the fish-ponds fone ebiitait ed a Ngan r gru ions of
aquatic larvee, and remains of two spide These pentiy pe se fo “ne
Pon they have been seen to take ie fy. from the ponds. Never, however,

any instance has the remains of a n found on dissection. They nest
re soem —J. J. ARMISTEAD, te Vishery, Dumfries, Aug. 13th, 1892+

Baillon # Crake n ar Pocklington, and White Varieties of the Jay
near Wout ag oy peel numbers of birds fall victims to the telegra aph-wires,
and if these ‘ patent guillotines’ continue = diye a as iat ey are doing at present,
many more casualties will dou btless occ er of scarce sagoetage

he

ene e to my knowle : d
ke ( Porzana oat was picked up under a wire b n Pocklington am

rk Museu
half-dozen specimens otly of Baillon’ s Crake appear to Sars been recorded
re Yorkshire )
Pi ilst_ writ ing I may record two eee ip the Jay | ee a farius
ak

of the
all

a ae Oo ts ( most] 1n
the tail po otherwise snow-white. Bi A e horn-brown.

The second specimen was whiter stil having a fam dusky me on the ae
only. Both birds were quite young when killed, and purport to have come fro
two different nests.—J. BacKHoUusE, icine, Sep. 8th,

itataralab

399
THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE,
SWALEDALE, AND THE NEW FOREST.

JOHN E. TINKLER,

Caunton, Newark.

In the following notes I have tried to give as exact an account as
possible of the observations and enquiries made by myself in the
above district during the past twelve years. It comprises the entire
drainage area of the Swale and Arkle to within a mile or two of
Richmond. Arkengarthdale and High Swaledale are mainly com-
posed of a lofty group of fells, reaching their highest point in Great
Shunnor Fell, 2, 346 feet above sea-level, and seldom reaching a lower
elevation than 1,600 feet. ' They are mainly cragless, treeless sweeps
of moorland, their surface composed of peat bog, ling, coarse grass
and bents, mixed with swamp, with here and there a small tarn or
reservoir, the latter constructed for lead-mining purposes. ‘These are
succeeded by lower ranges of hills varying in altitude from upwards
of 1,600 feet, until at Applegarth and the Red Scars at the extreme
limit of my district, the heights of 950 and 965 feet respectively are
reached. The highest point of the New Forest is Kexwith Moor,
1,450 feet. The tops of these lower hills much resemble the higher
fells as to their surface, but many of their edges are margined by fine
limestone precipices, the most notable being Kisdon, Winterings,
Ellerton, Downholme, Red, Garnless, Clints and Applegarth Scars
in Swaledale; the Fell End Scars in Arkengarthdale, and Casey
Green Scar in the New Forest. Besides the two main valleys
containing the rivers Swale and Arkle, the hills and fells are inter-
sected by numerous deep ravines called Gills, containing smaller
streams or becks, often well wooded on their lower slopes with
mountain ash, birch, hazel, juniper, yew, holly, thorn and other trees
and bushes, and many of them having small but beautiful waterfalls.
Some of these gills are margined by fine limestone crags, notably,
East Stonesdale, Swinnergill, Gunnerside Gill and Oxnop Gill in
Swaledale, and Little Punchard Gill in Arkengarthdale. Cotterby
and White Wallis Scars are fine examples of wood-clothed crags by
the Swale near Keld.

_ The largest sheet of water is Birkdale Tarn, about half a mile in
circumference, on an elevated moorland not far from the source of
the Swale. There are.also Summer Lodge, Frith and Whitaside
Tarns in Swaledale, and Hoove Tarn in Arkengarthdale, all at an
elevation of over 1,600 feet. The largest reservoir is Moss Dam,

1892.

310 TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC.

above Gunnerside, and there are many others scattered over the
district wherever there are lead-workings.

The chief woods in Swaledale are found below Reeth, near
Grinton, Marrick, Ellerton, Marske, Applegarth (noted for its yews),
and Downholme. Above Reeth, beyond large patches of thorn,
wild briar, and hazel bushes (chiefly on the hill slopes between Keld
and Low Row), scattered clumps of trees here and there, and fir
plantations on Whitaside, Crackpot, Kisdon, and at Thirnswood,
there is very little woodland. Scar and Eskeleth are the chief
woods in Arkengarthdale, and there are besides several smaller
plantations and scattered groups of trees, together with patches of
thorn, hazel, etc., here and there in the lower part of the valley, but
by far the greater part of the dale is without wood. The New Forest
is fairly well wooded, Rispey and Hollin Woods being a fair sample
of the woods which formerly clothed the hill slopes and valley
bottoms of the whole district. Hedges are almost unknown, stone
walls taking their place. The enclosed and cultivated part of the
district lies mainly on the slopes of the hills and in the valleys. In.
Arkengarthdale and Higher Swaledale it consists entirely of pasture
and meadow land ; in Swaledale, below Reeth, there is some arable
land, but of no great extent.

There are several species of birds which I have little doubt occur,
but I have never seen them myself, and have no information respect-
ing them. For instance, the Grasshopper Warbler, Tree Sparrow,
Hawfinch, and Little Grebe are all found in Teesdale and Wensleydale,
on either side of my district, while the Quail and Redshank both breed
in Wensleydale. Wild geese often pass over in winter, and have been
shot from time to time, but never having had an opportunity to
examine any I cannot determine the species. The Tufted Duck,
Goldeneye, Goosander, and Whooper have all been obtained on the
Swale near Richmond, on the outskirts of my district, and I have no
doubt that stray specimens of these and others of the Anatidz occur
most winters within its limits, but are not distinguished by those who
see or obtain them, being simply classified as ‘ wild duck’ or ‘ teal.’
In the early years of this century the Henand Marsh-Harriers must have
been found all over our moors, for on the Teesdale moors, a very
few miles away, they were then very abundant, as mentioned by the
late Mr. Hancock in his ‘Birds of Northumberland and Durham.
About ten years ago, Mr. M. Willey saw, near the Roe Beck, in
Arkengarthdale, a large white hawk, slightly spotted with black,
carry off a grouse a few yards away from him. He had no gun wl
him, or could easily have obtained it. This was most probably 4
specimen of the Iceland Falcon.

Aa eee ;
Naturalist,

TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC. 311

My best thanks are due to my friends Mr. J. G. Goodchild,
F.G.S., etc., and Mr. M. Willey, of Scar House, Arkengarthdale,
for much valuable information, and especially to the latter for every
possible facility afforded me in carrying on my ornithological
investigations. I have also to thank Mr. V. Coates, of Booze,
Mr. Croad, of Ellerton, Mr. M. Cherry, of Ivelet, Mr. E. Broderick,
of Summer Lodge, and Mr. John Wilson and Mr. J. Waggit, of Keld,
for much useful information. To make my list as complete as
Possible, I have laid under contribution all notices of the occurrence
of rare birds I have been able to find in the ‘Zoologist,’ ‘Naturalist,’
‘Field,’ etc.

Turdus viscivorus. Missel Thrush. Local name, Jay Throstle.
An abundant resident. Nests in solitary trees in the most
Temote gills and on the ledges of stone walls and sheep folds
in the higher parts of the district. ‘Towards winter congregates
in small parties, and in very severe weather entirely leaves the
higher parts of Arkengarthdale and Swaledale.

Turdus musicus. Song Thrush. Local name, Bell Throstle.
A common resident, confined to the valleys. Leaves the higher
parts in very severe weather, but speedily returns.

Turdus iliacus. Redwing. A regular winter visitor to Swale-
dale below Reeth. In Arkengarthdale and Upper Swaledale it
Only occurs in small numbers. Arrives early in October, and
has usually gone again by the end of the first week in April.

Turdus pilaris. Fieldfare. Local name, Felfaw. A regular
winter visitor to Swaledale below Reeth. Only found in very
small numbers in Arkengarthdale and Upper Swaledale.
Arrives early in October, and has gone again by the end
of the first week in April.

Turdus merula. Blackbird. Local name, Black-wuzel. A
common resident, confined chiefly to the valleys, though I have
found it straying far out on the moors, and it is occasionally
Caught in the pole-traps.

Turdus torquatus. Ring Ouzel. Local name, Rock-wuzel.
A common summer visitor throughout the district, arriving
towards the end of March and leaving at the end of September,
at which time the mountain ash and other berries begin to fail.
It nests among the ling and on ledges of rock right up to the
gill heads, and at all elevations. Juniper and other bushes,
plantations of young firs, and among roots ona bank side are
often chosen ; ivy-covered rocks, especially those near a stream,
are very favourite sites, while far out on the moors the ledges of

____4 stone wall or sheepfold serve the purpose.

Oct. 1892,

312 TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC.

Cinclus aquaticus. Water Ouzel or Dipper. Local names,
Water Crow, Bessie Douker. A very common resident, being
found by every stream throughout the district up to the gill
heads. No weather seems too severe for it, and it is one of our
very earliest nesters, frequently having fledged young early in
April. Two broods are invariably reared. Year after year a
pair will be found nesting on the same site, and very often
utilising the old nest. On suddenly coming upon a nest on a
rock by a beck side full of fledged youngsters, it is amusing to
see the way they will tumble into the water, dive, reappear some
yards further down, and swim away. I have seen the same
thing happen with an adult bird when suddenly aroused from
her nest.

Saxicola cnanthe. Wheatear. Local name, Stonechat. A
common summer visitor throughout the district, arriving about
the end of March and staying until about the middle of
September. Breeds both in the valleys and on the tops of the
highest fells.

Pratincola rubetra. Whinchat. Local name, Utick. An
a t summer visitor to the pastures and meadows of the
district. Arrives early in April and stays until September is
well advanced. Much more plentiful in some years than in
others. For instance, from 1883 to 1888 it was very common,
while in 1889 and 1890 hardly any were to be seen.

Pratincola rubicola. Stonechat. I have never observed this
species myself, though in Arkengarthdale I kept a sharp
look-out for it. However, I am assured it occurs in Upper
Swaledale. Mr. Goodchild in his list (‘ Naturalist,’ August
1890) says it is there a ‘less common resident.’ The dalesmen
always speak of the Wheatear by the name of Stonechat.

Ruticilla pheenicurus. Redstart. Local name, Firetail. A
regular summer visitor, arriving from the middle to the end
of April and leaving again in September. Common about
stone walls (especially in the vicinity of houses if ivy-covered
or moss-grown), also by the borders of woods.

Erithacus rubecula. Redbreast. Local name, Robin. An
abundant resident throughout the valleys of the district.

Sylvia cinerea. Whitethroat. A summer visitor to the valleys,
arriving about the third week in April and leaving in September.
Below Reeth, towards Richmond, and in the New Forest it 1S
common. In Arkengarthdale and Upper Swaledale it is only
found in small numbers. eee

Naturalist,

TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC. 353

Sylvia curruca. Lesser Whitethroat. A summer visitor to
the New Forest, and about Marske and Ellerton in Swaledale.
I have never seen it in Arkengarthdale or Upper Swaledale.

Sylvia atricapilla. Blackcap. A summer visitor to the woods
and cultivated parts of the district. Decidedly rare in Arken-
garthdale. More numerous below Reeth and in the New Forest.

Sylvia hortensis. Garden Warbler. The remarks made upon
the last species will apply equally well to this.

Regulus cristatus. Goldcrest. A common resident wherever
there are fir plantations throughout the district. :
Phylloscopus rufus. Chiffchaff. A common summer visitor
to all the valleys, arriving about the end of March or early

in April.

Phylloscopus trochilus. Willow Wren. The same remarks
will apply as to the last named species.

Phylloscopus sibilatrix. Wood Warbler. A very local
summer visitor to the valleys. I have noticed it in the lower
portion of Arkengarthdale, in the New Forest, and about Ivelet
and Marske in Swaledale.

Acrocephalus scheenobeenus. Sedge Warbler. Local name,
Grey Bird. A summer visitor, arriving about the end of April.
Rare in Arkengarthdale and Upper Swaledale.

Accentor modularis. Hedge Sparrow. A common valley
resident throughout the district. Found to the very verge of
the enclosed lands.

Acredula rosea. Long-tailed Titmouse. Resident in Lower
Swaledale and the New Forest. I have never seen it in Upper
Swaledale or Arkengarthdale.

Parus major. Great Titmouse. Local name, Black-cap.
A common valley resident throughout the district.

Parus britannicus. Cole Titmouse. Resident and abundant
in all the woods.

Parus palustris. Marsh Titmouse. A common valley
resident.

Parus czruleus. Blue Titmouse. Local name, Blue-cap.
A common valley resident.

Certhia familiaris. Creeper. A scarce resident in woods
throughout the district. Occurs more frequently in Lower
Swaledale.

Troglodytes parvulus. Wren. A very abundant valley resident.

Oct. 1892. :

314 TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC.

Motacilla lugubris. Pied Wagtail. A common summer
visitor to Arkengarthdale and Upper Swaledale up to the gill
heads. I cannot call it a resident as, although I have seen odd
birds about during the winter from time to time, the great bulk
of those that nest there depart in late autumn, and do not
return until the following March. Resident in Lower Swaledale
and the New Forest.

Motacilla melanope. Grey Wagtail. A common summer
visitor to the valleys and gills throughout the district, being
found nearly up to the gill heads. Arrives towards the middle
of April and leaves again in early autumn. Like the Dipper
they resort year after year to the same spot to nest. In Farn
Gill, Arkengarthdale, I know one piece of rock where for ten
years there has been a nest, and always on the same ledge.
There are two broods, the first hatched early in May, the second
in June. On 7th June, 1882, I found the hen sitting upon three
eggs in Farn Gill, and was allowed to lift her off the nest before
she would move. On 1st June, I had pulled out the old nest,
consequently this one had been built and the eggs laid in
six days,

Motacilla raii. Yellow Wagtail. A common summer visitor
t e meadows and pastures all over the district, arriving
towards the end of April.

Anthus pratensis. Meadow Pipit. Local names, Moor Lark,
Ling Squeaker. A very abundant resident, though during the
winter it leaves the high moors and upper parts of Swaledale
and Arkengarthdale. Nests among the ling to an altitude of
2,000 feet.

Anthus trivialis. Tree Pipit. A common summer visitor to
the valleys, especially frequenting pastures and meadows on the
outskirts of woods. Arrives towards the end of April.

Lanius excubitor. Great Grey Shrike. One shot near
Whitcliffe Scar, 8th November, 1865. Probably an_ irregular
winter visitor.

Lanius collurio. Red-backed Shrike. A rare and very local
summer visitor. Two pairs nest every year among the thorn
bushes between Ivelet and Low Row, and it also nests near
Marske. I have never seen or heard of it in Arkengarthdale or
the New Forest.

Ampelis garrulus. Waxwing. An irregular winter visitor.
During the winter of 1866-67 large numbers were seen neat
Grinton, and several shot.

ene

Naturalist,

TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC. 315

Muscicapa grisola. Spotted Flycatcher. A common summer
visitor, arriving early in May and leaving about the beginning of
September. Found up to the very verge of the moors.

Muscicapa atricapilla. Pied Flycatcher. A rare and very
local summer visitor to Lower Swaledale, a few pairs nesting
annually near Marske. I have no note of its occurrence higher
up the valley than Reeth, near which place a male was shot
29th April, 1858.

Hirundo rustica. Swallow. A common summer visitor, arriving
about the end of April and leaving in October. I often find it
nesting in shepherds’ huts high on the moors. 3

Chelidon urbica. House Martin. A common summer visitor
to the valleys, arriving at the end of April.

Cotile riparia. Sand Martin. A summer visitor, arriving about
the end of April and leaving about the end of September.
I only know of three colonies in Arkengarthdale, neither is it
very abundant in Swaledale.

Carduelis elegans. Goldfinch. Now a very scarce resident.

ew may be found on the hill slopes near Gunnerside, and
about Ellerton and Marske. I have never seen it in
Arkengarthdale.

Carduelis spinus. Siskin. An autumn and winter visitor to
the valleys, occurring at times in large flocks.

Ligurinus chloris. Greenfinch. A common resident in
Swaledale, especially below Reeth. Less abundant in Arken-
garthdale. :

asser domesticus. House Sparrow. A very abundant
valley resident. Occasionally I come across colonies nesting
along with the starling and jackdaw, in crevices of the limestone
crags, far away from any dwellings.

Fringilla ccelebs. Chaffinch. Local names, Scobbie, Bull-
spink. A very abundant valley resident, and found to the edge
of the moors. a

Fringilla montifringilla. Brambling. A rare winter visitor
to the valleys.

Linota cannabina. Linnet. Local name, Brownie. A resident.
Most abundant between Keld and Low Row, and about
Ellerton and Marske in Swaledale, and in the New Forest.
Less numerous in Arkengarthdale, where I have only seen it in
Eskeleth, Scar and Booze woods, and near Castle. é

Linota linaria. Mealy Redpole. On 16th March, 1856, a pair
were seen by the late Mr. R. Dakyn, near Hurst, and stayed in

____ the neighbourhood several days.

Oct. 1892,

316 TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC.

Linota rufescens. Lesser Redpole. A resident in small
numbers in all the valleys.

Linota flavirostris. Twite. A resident in small numbers. It
nests on the high fells among the deepest ling, but is very local
in its distribution. The higher slopes of Pin Seat, Water Crag,
Anniside, Scollit, Cleasby, Hoove, and Booze Moor, in Arken-
garthdale, and High Seat, Shunnor Fell, Nine Standards, Rogan
Seat, Lovely Seat, Muker Moor, Hurst Moor, Harker Side, and
near Summer Lodge Tarn, in Swaledale, are places where I have
come across it. As soon as the nesting season is over, it comes
into the valleys.

Pyrrhula europea. Bullfinch. A common valley resident
throughout the district, very partial to plantations of young firs
for nesting purposes. In autumn and winter goes about in
small flocks.

Loxia curvirostra. Crossbill. An irregular winter visitor to
the larger fir woods. Probably nests with us, and before the
large fir plantations between Cogden and Ellerton were cut
down, I believe regularly did so. Nine were obtained near
Reeth in October 1856, out of a flock of eleven which had
frequented the fir plantation in which they were killed since
the previous February.

Emberiza miliaria. Common Bunting. A scarce resident in
the meadows of Upper Swaledale; more abundant between
Grinton and Marske. I have not noticed it in Arkengarthdale.

Emberiza citrinella. Yellow Bunting. A common valley
resident throughout the district.

Plectrophanes nivalis. Snow Bunting. Local names, Snow
Bird, Sleightholme Throstle. A regular winter visitor. Most
abundant in the higher portion of the district. At times it
comes in very large flocks. Generally appears early in November
and sometimes stays until the end of April, though the beginning
of that month is the usual time for their departure. In
Arkengarthdale Head the dalesmen call them Sleightholme
Throstles, and it is a local saying that when they come winter
may be expected. Exceptionally numerous in the East Gill near
Keld, and on Boldershaw, Arkengarthdale, 4th January, 1882.

Emberiza scheniclus. Reed Bunting. A common summer
visitor in the pastures and meadows throughout the district.

Alauda arvensis. Skylark. Local name, Lavrock. Anabundant
resident all over the district, though it leaves the higher grounds
during winter. Nests. to a considerable elevation among
the ling. 28

Naturalist,

TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC. 317

Sturnus vulgaris. Starling. Local name, Sheepster. A
resident, and now very common throughout the district. Most
of those with us from spring till autumn leave during the winter
months, but even then small parties may be seen from time to
time. Quite unknown forty years ago.

Garrulus glandarius. Jay. Resident in the woods of Lower
Swaledale, but, owing to constant persecution, in much smaller
numbers than formerly. Very rarely occurs above Reeth.
I have never seen or heard of it in pieneiie rthdale.

Pica rustica. Magpie. Local names, Pyannot, Pyet. In spite
of great persecution it still maintains its hold in Swaledale and
the New Forest, and on the slopes of Fell End in the lower part
of the Arkle valley. In Arkengarthdale proper it is now a very
occasional visitor, and has not nested for over ten years. The
last nest known was in the Scars. It is also becoming rare in
Upper Swaledale.

Corvus monedula. Jackdaw. Local name, Jack. A common
resident in Swaledale and the New Forest, breeding in large
numbers in the clefts of many of the limestone scars; more
rarely about buildings. Curiously enough, though parties pay
daily visits to Arkengarthdale on feeding expeditions, I have
never known it to nest within the dale.

Corvus corone. Carrion Crow. Local names, Dowp, Corbie.
Fast becoming a casual visitor instead of a common resident.
I have only known of one nest in Arkengarthdale within the
space of nine years, namely, in 1882, when a pair built in Little
Punchard Gill. There is usually a nest or so in one or other of
the many gills Pf Upper Swaledale, and in the woods between
Grinton and Marske. In the higher portion of the district,
where woods are scarce, it almost always builds its nest in some
mountain ash or other tree sticking out of the side, or in the
bottom of some lonely gill, and I have often found it in a thick
holly bush.

Corvus cornix. Hooded Crow. Common on the fells during
the winter, arriving about the end of October, a hnagiins
about the end of March. Less often seen in the valleys. In
December 1884, a party of thirty were seen about a dead sheep,
in Farn Gill, Arkengarthdale.

Corvus frugilegus. Rook. There are only three rookeries in
the district, namely, at Marske, Fremington, and Healaugh, the
two latter of small size. Before the trees were cut down, there

used to be one at Ruecroft, in the lower part of the Arkle valley,

—

Oct. 1892,

318 TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC.

but at the present time it is only known in Arkengarthdale
while on feeding expeditions, and the same is the case in Swale-
dale, above Healaugh.

Corvus corax. Raven. Was a common resident throughout the
district until the middle of the present century, and to within
the last twenty years there were three regular breeding-places in
Upper Swaledale ; namely, on the Buzzard Scar in Swinnergill,
on Oxnop Scar, and on Raven Crag near Summer Lodge. On
the first-named crag it nested regularly up to 1879, and on the
Oxnop site until 1881. On the latter there was said to have
been a nest in 1884, and certainly a pair were seen about all the
autumn and winter previously. Constant persecution has, how-
ever, quite banished it, and now it is only a passing visitor, save
to the fells at the extreme head of Swaledale, where birds
breeding in the adjoining county may often be observed. Many
years ago it used to nest in the New Forest, and on several of
the scars in Lower Swaledale. One was shot on Water Crag in
1877; a pair were seen near Keld in 1881; two were trapped
on Bowes Moor in the autumn of 1882; and a pair were seen
on the West Moors, Arkengarthdale, in the summer of 1883.

Cypselus apus. Swift. A common summer visitor to the valleys,
arriving early in May, and leaving early in September. It 1s
most abundant in the little town of Reeth. About the end of
July it leaves the valleys, and betakes itself to the fell tops, and
hence is often thought to have gone before it has really done so.

Caprimulgus europzus. Nightjar. Local name, Night Hawk.
A summer visitor, arriving in May. Common in Eskeleth and
Craig Woods, Arkengarthdale, and in most of the Swaledale
woods.

Picus major. Greater Spotted Woodpecker. Has been
obtained in the woods of Lower Swaledale. I have never seen
or heard of it in Upper Swaledale or Arkengarthdale.

Picus minor. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. ‘The remarks
on the last species will apply equally well to this.

Gecinus viridis. Green Woodpecker. Resident in Lower
Swaledale but far from common.

Alcedo ispida. Kingfisher. A scarce resident. Found along
the Swale up to Keld. I have not observed it in Arkengarth-
dale or the New Forest.

Coracias garrula. Roller. A specimen has been obtained
at Marske.

Naturalist,

TINKLER : THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC. 319

Upupa epops. Hoopoe. One was shot near Low Row in
Swaledale about 1877.

Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo. Local name, Gouk. A very
abundant summer visitor, being found high on the moors as
well as in the valleys. Arrives at the end of April.

Strix flammea. Barn Owl. A scarce resident in Lower
Swaledale. A specimen shot in Oxnop pasture is the only

ote I have of its occurrence in Upper Swaledale. In
Arkengarthdale it is unknown.

Asio otus. Long-eared Owl. Resident and not uncommon in
the larger fir-woods. Often taken in pole-traps on the moors.
One shot at Hope, 24th December, 1888, and one found in the
dale head trap, Arkengarthdale, 27th June, 1883.

Asio Fat aga agi Short-eared Owl. Local name, Woodcock

An autumnal visitor, usually arriving with the Woodcock,
ea it obtains its local name. Occasionally breeds upon the
moors.

Syrnium aluco. Tawny Owl. Local name, Jennie Hewlet.
Resident, but in no great numbers ; just managing to hold its
ground under the severe persecution it undergoes. Breeds
throughout Swaledale as far as Keld, and in the New Forest,:
varying its choice of a site, between a hollow tree or a hole in
arock. In Arkengarthdale it almost ceased to be a resident,
and for some years I never heard one ; however, in the winter of
1888, a pair took up their abode again in Scar Wood. Often
taken in pole-traps on the moors.

Circus cineraceus. Montagu’s Harrier. One shot in Rash
Gill, near Muker, in Upper Swaledale, in the spring of 1870.
Buteo vulgaris. Common Buzzard. Now a casual visitor,
chiefly occurring in autumn and winter. It bred regularly on
the Buzzard Scar in Swinnergill, until 1870, The last recorded
instance of its nesting in Lower Swaledale was in 1853, when
the unusual number of five young ones was found on the Red
Scar, near Marske. The father of the present Mr. Wood, of
Ellerton, remembered when a boy, both buzzard and raven nest-
ing on the scars on the outskirts of Richmond, and fierce battles
used to take place between the two species for possession of the
nesting sites. I have no note of its breeding in Arkengarthdale
or the New Forest, but doubtless it did so some forty or fifty
years ago, and that not uncommonly. Has been obtained
within recent years at Ellerton. One seen near Keld, in August

- 1880, and again in 1881. One trapped on Scollit, in the winter

ct, 1892,

320 TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC.

of 1881, and another in October, 1886. One seen near Scar
Wood, in September 1886, another in December 1888, and one
near Booze, Arkengarthdale, 27th December, 1882. One seen
near Helwith, in the New Forest, 15th March, 1882.

Archibuteo lagopus. Rough-legged Buzzard. A fairly
regular autumn and winter visitor to the moors. One shot
at Ellerton about 1876; another trapped in Arkengarthdale
in October 1887. ce

Accipiter nisus. Sparrow-hawk. A resident and still common
species throughout the district, few plantations of any size being
without a pair, and this in spite of very great persecution.

Milvus ictinus. Kite. Has not occurred within recent years.
Mr. Goodchild in his list (‘ Naturalist,’ August 1890) says it was
common thirty years ago.

Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. Local name, Great

€ A pair usually breed on some crags not far
distant from the head of Swaledale, consequently it is observed
on the moors in the upper part of the district at all seasons of
the year, and may fairly be called a resident species. During
the autumn and winter months it becomes more common, owing
to migratory individuals making a passing stay. In the spring
of 1881 one was shot near Kisdon Force, in Swaledale, and in
the December following another was obtained from the same
locality. In January 1886 one was picked up dead in William
Gill, Arkengarthdale, and in the autumn of the same year one
was seen to carry off a grouse on Blakethwaite Moor, in Swale-
dale. In December 1888 one was seen near Shaw Farm,
Arkengarthdale, and another on the West Moors on the 31st of
the same month.

Falco zxsalon. Merlin. Local name, Little Blue Hawk.
Resident on the moors for the greater part of the yeal,
leaving us towards October and returning again about the
middle of March. Occasionally a straggler is observed in
winter, generally in Lower Swaledale. It still breeds not
uncommonly on the high moors, the favourite sites being Low
Scollit, and either Booze Moor, Cleasby, Hoove, or Anniside n
Arkengarthdale, Kexwith Moor in the New Forest, and Little
Pin Seat, Friarfold Moss, Blakethwaite, High Seat, Shunnor
Fell, and Grinton and Hurst Moors in Swaledale. There are
also regular nesting-sites on Bowes and Scargill Moors and near
Tanhill, all in the immediate neighbourhood. Sixteen years
ago it used to breed on Ellerton and other moors in Lowet

Naturalist,

TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC. 321

Swaledale. The following notes may be of interest, if only to
show the great amount of persecution it undergoes :—

1881, June 18th. Nest containing five young ones destroyed
on Low Scollit, and six adults either shot or trapped in Arken-
garthdale and the New Forest during the year.

1882, June 5th. Nest containing five eggs taken on Kexwith
Moor and the male bird shot. A brood got safely away from
Cleasby, and a family of young ones was seen near Lad Gill on
August 7th.

1883, May 21st. Nest containing five eggs taken at the back
of Cleasby, and the hen shot. Ten either shot or trapped in
Arkengarthdale and the New Forest during the year.

1884. No nests discovered on the Arkengarthdale or New
Forest moors, but four were taken in the pole traps as they
arrived in spring. ‘Two nests destroyed on Bowes Moor, and
two males and one female killed. A nest destroyed on Blake-
thwaite, where, since 1870, it has never missed breeding, and
has as regularly been destroyed.

1885. No nest found in Arkengarthdale or the New Forest,
and only two birds trapped in spring. A nest was destroyed
on Blakethwaite and another on High Seat.

1886. No nest found in Arkengarthdale or the New Forest,
and only one bird trapped in spring. A nest on High Seat
and another on Blakethwaite destroyed, and in each case both
birds killed.

1887. No nest found in Arkengarthdale or New Forest, but
four birds trapped in spring. Nest on Blakethwaite destroyed
and another on Burnt Moor, and in each case both birds killed.

1888. Nest containing young and both parents destroyed on
Kexwith Moor and another on Bowes Moor. No nest found in
Arkengarthdale.

1890. Nest destroyed on Booze Moor and both birds killed,
and another on Pin Seat. No nests on Blakethwaite, Bowes, or
the New Forest moors.

Tinnunculus alaudarius. Kestrel. Local names, Jack Hawk,
Little Red Hawk, Yellow-backed Hawk, Steangall. Resident
and still abundant, though much _ persecuted. During the
months of July and August 1883, twenty-four were either shot
or trapped on Bowes Moor alone. During the breeding-season
hardly any of the limestone scars in Swaledale, the lower portion
of the Arkle Valley, and the New Forest are without one or
more pairs, though in the higher part of the district it is very

____ seldom that a brood gets safely away. In Arkengarthdale

Noy. 182. r

322 TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC.

proper, though commonly seen, it no longer nests. It used
many years ago to breed on a small scar in Lad Gill, and on
the crags in Little Punchard Gill. Occasionally it has been
known to nest in a tree, but in this district, where suitable rocks
abound, it prefers their ledges. About the end of Jul
migration sets in from the large woods round Barnard Castle
nd Richmond, and at this season of the year it is no
uncommon thing to see eight or ten hovering at one time over
some favourite patch of ground.

Pandion haliaetus. Osprey. A very rare visitor. One was
seen about the Swale near Ellerton several years ago, and
stayed in the locality for several days, resisting all attempts to
shoot it, and roosting at night in a large fir plantation, since
cut down.

Ardea cinerea. Heron. Local name, Hernshew. Often observed

n the moors and by the larger streams, though the nearest
heronry is that at Gainford-on-Tees. Odd pairs occasionally
breed in some of the woods. In 1888 there was a nest by the
Greta near Rutherford Bridge, and in 1887 a pair probably
nested in Marrick Park, being observed about there all through
the spring and summer.

Platalea leucorodia. Spoonbill. One was shot early in 1867
near Reeth.

Anas boschas. Wild Duck. A few pairs breed upon the
moors. Becomes more abundant in winter.

Spatula clypeata. Shoveller. Has been shot at Marske.

Querquedula crecca. Teal. More abundant as a resident than
the wild duck. Two pairs usually breed at the head of Farn
Gill, and it also nests on Faggergill Moss and near Hoove
Tarn, in Arkengarthdale. In Swaledale it breeds near Summer
Lodge Tarn, Birkdale Tarn, at the East Gill head, and on
Blakethwaite.

Mareca penelope. Wigeon. Frequently occurs during
autumn and winter.

Fuligula ferina. Pochard. Occurs, but less commonly than
the last.

Columba palumbus. Ring Dove. Local name, Cushat. A
common resident in all woods throughout the district.

Columba cenas. Stock Dove. Local names, Blue Rock, Rock
Dove. Resident throughout the district, breeding in holes in
the rocks. There is now hardly a scar in the district where one
or more pairs of this bird cannot be found. Owing to some

esterase
Naturalist,

TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC. 323

doubt having been expressed in Messrs. Clarke and Roebuck’s
Handbook as to the occurrence of this species in Swaledale,
I have taken particular pains to settle the matter, with the
result that I am in a position to positively assert that the only
two species of wild dove occurring in this district are the ring
and stock doves. The notion that C. /ivia occurs has arisen
from the stock dove being invariably called by the keepers, and
dalesmen generally, either rock dove or else blue roc

Phasianus colchicus. Pheasant, Resident in hall numbers
in the woods about Ellerton and Marske. Not known in
Arkengarthdale or Upper Swaledale.

Perdix cinerea. Partridge. Resident in the valleys and up to
the edge of the moors, but not abundant. More numerous in
Lower Swaledale.

Lagopus scoticus. Red Grouse. Local name, Moor Game.
Found in great abundance on all the moors. In very severe
winters they sometimes gather into large flocks and come down
into the valleys in search of food, and many for a time leave the
district altogether. In 1885 a nest was found on Routh Head,
in Arkengarthdale, containing seventeen eggs.

Tetrao tetrix. Black Grouse. A very local resident, being
almost confined to Kexwith in the New Forest, where a few pairs
breed yearly, and I believe their numbers are increasing steadily.
An attempt to introduce them into Upper Swaledale some years
ago, failed. In 1883 a pair nested on Hurst Moor.

Rallus aquaticus. Water Rail. Occasionally seen along the
banks of the Swale. I have never seen it in Arkengarthdale.

Porzana maruetta. Spotted Crake. A male was found dead
near Ellerton, in September 1858.

Crex pratensis. Corncrake. Local name, Daker Hen.
A common summer visitor to the valleys, arriving about the end

of April.

Gallinula chloropus. Moorhen. Occasionally seen by the
Swale. In 18go0 one was seen by the Arkle, near Scar House.

Fulica atra. Coot. Has been seen on Moss Dam, in Swaledale,
but is very rarely observed in this district, there being so few
places suited to its habits.

Charadrius pluvialis, Golden Plover. An abundant resident
upon the moors, breeding regularly upon them throughout the
district. About the end of July, old and young gather into
large flocks and come down into the meadows and pastures for -
a time, before taking their departure to the coast for the winter.

They return again in March. Although thus deserted by our

Nov. 1892.

324 TINKLER: THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, ETC.

home-breeding birds, their place is taken by large flocks which
arrive from the north about October, and remain until spring,
when they split up into small parties and gradually disappear ;
though most years I have seen some of them about far on into
April, when our own birds have returned and are busily employed
in their family duties.

Eudromias morinellus. Dotterel. Thirty years ago it used to
breed on the tops of the fells round the heads of Swaledale and
Arkengarthdale. Now only a casual visitor during migration.

ommon about Surrender up to 1850, and on Whitaside up
to 1863. Used to frequent the meadows near Oxnop. The
last obtained in Swaledale was shot several years since, near
Haverdale Mill. One seen on Water Crag about 1882.

Vanellus vulgaris. Lapwing. Local name, Tewfit. A
common resident in Lower Swaledale. A summer visitor
to the moors and upland pastures of Upper Swaledale and
Arkengarthdale, arriving early in March. Has greatly decreased
in numbers during late years.

Scolopax rusticola. Woodcock. Chiefly an autumn visitor,
appearing in October and departing again in March. Occa-
sionally an odd pair stay behind to breed. A nest was found
at Ellerton several years ago, and I believe it has nested in
Scar Wood.

Gallinago major. Great Snipe. One was shot in Swaledale in the
autumn or I i

Gallinago celestis. Common Snipe. A common resident,
breeding on the moors and in rushy pastures in most parts of
the district.

Gallinago gallinula. Jack Snipe. A regular winter visitor in
small numbers, arriving about the end of October and leaving
again in March.

Tringa alpina. Dunlin. Local names, Judcock, Little Snipe-

summer visitor tothe higher fell tops, where it regularly
breeds. A pair or two may usually be found on Water Crag,
Punchard Head, Anniside, Cleasby, Hoove, Stang, and Booze
Moor, in Arkengarthdale ; Kexwith Moor, in the New Forest ;
and on Hurst, Grinton, Summer Lodge, and Blakethwaite
moors, and Lovely Seat, Shunnor Fell, High Seat, Nine
Standards, and Rogan Seat, in Swaledale.

Tringoides hypoleucos. Common Sandpiper. An abundant
summer visitor, being found by the side of almost every stream
up to the gill heads. Arrives about the middle of April, and
leaves again early in September. ee

Naturalist,

OCCURRENCES OF SIREX JUVENCUS, 325

Totanus ochropus. Green Sandpiper. A casual visitor.
There is a specimen at Ellerton Priory which was shot there
several years ago.

Numenius arquata. Curlew. An abundant summer visitor to
the moors, arriving about the end of March.

Sterna fluviatilis. Common Tern. An accidental visitor of
rare occutrence. ‘Two were shot near Ellerton about 1876, and
another in Oxnop Gill about 1877.

Larus canus. Common Gull. Occurs sometimes during very
stormy weather.

Larus argentatus. Herring Gull. Often observed passing
through Arkengarthdale and Swaledale. ‘Two seenin the New
Forest, zoth April, 1881, one near Grinton, 29th April, 1832, and
one on 28th July and another on 7th August, 1883, in Arken-
garthdale.

Larus ridibundus. Black-headed Gull. There is a small
colony of four nests by Summer Lodge Tarn in Swaledale.
Until 1865 a number used to breed on the peat bogs on
Punchard Head, in Arkengarthdale.

The total number of birds I am able to include in the list is 122.
I may add that the local name for the Hooded Crow is ‘ Grey-back.’

NOTES—H YMENOPTERA.

Sire x gigas at Crossgates.—On the 15th of September, yaneg collecting
Lepid then ina pm plantation of young poplars, I took a fine o One
of this Sawfly. —HArryY NELSON, Crossgates, Leeds, September on.

Sir a m ren | — vis on.—I have just saught an example of this insect

nh my g d, as usual, it is a fe’ a. . A. SUMMERFIELD, Nort
oad Viesage cri September kG

had eaten through at least three inches of solid wood, and through the box-lid.—
W. Denison ROEBUCK, Sunny Bank, — ghoveasa 13th, 1892.

juvencus in .—I have to record the capture of a fem ale
und i

w u
of a house in Chea ndon, Mr. Milton, the en
3B Witson: Wont: aie, toe kad September, 1 1892.

Nov. 1892,

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Great Snipe in Derbyshire.—I have pm had an Redgate Be of examining
a Grats Snipe (Gallinago en which was shot by M E. Vickers, ee
Boley on the 12th inst. The bird is faite sites up by Webster, of Sheffield

RLES OLDHAM, Ashton-on- ictbey: October 15th, 1892

erbyshire.—On Sept. 29th, I saw a female Buzzard
BP eerag pudetag in popped gies which Webster the Sheffield eegenerreas had in
hand for goecer It ha d been shot on the previous day, during a grouse
drive on the Derwent moors, near Ashopton.—CHas. OLDHAM, y Ot on-
mer October shy 1892.

Wensleydale, North Yorkshire.—I have just. had

tah r
The bird, eh is one of the dark variety and a young specimen in first years

Carperby, Wensleydale, September AeMs

Flamborough Bird-notes.—Dur he ees few days I jhave observed a
great many Swallows (Hirinde: rus. fica), Wheate ears (Saxicola enanthe), Wagtails,
and Redstarts (Ruticz/la phanicurus) making for the Headland, ready to take

i ure from our shores, 2 enone

S
seen a pure white one. The last week in jeer ete I had brought in a pied
—— Adages muerula) also th e Grey Shrike (Zanius excubitor), shot by one
our far Mr. Samuel Haikley, of Bridlington Quay, informs me of shooting,
endid Egyptian Ge C

P H
surprised yesterday to a Sw pac capes! = so late in the season
ATTHEW BAILEY, Posie "Oct 5th, 1
Flamborough Bird-notes.—Since last wri I have to report that
October 9th I observed three more Swifts ‘Coins apus) flying south- wt
wi ber pose t —

e

arvensis), Blackbirds (Zurdius heya rushes (7. mu t ag
+ 142acUS), Gol
sh

no
man coming from the point of the He ~~ s rand sight to
see the thousands of Kittiwakes, hundreds flo a gis ng _north.—
MATTHEW BalI_Ley, Flamborough, Gelber oh id.
Woodcock Breeding in South- East Yorkshire; also note d near York.
Mate fee oe May 18th, 1889, in a large wood in South-East Yorkshire,
ur young cocks s (Seotpas rustica. One of them flew vein
- rahe pis ct “ne from me, and Ue obtained a full view of it, and notice
especially the bates markings acro: te back, which heheh plainly visible. aa
companion (Mr. E. G. Potter, of York) at once shouted out ‘A Woodcock ! an
said he renin be Ao long beak and thick form of: ate bird, as well rte
mottled pluma: ds flew heavily for a short distance only, and then sett
down, and alth Hough bop searched well, we did not succeed in again flushing them.
C ig a"

-m. us| r
Ue a young pine er ether but gaye I searched the honoree neig me

Fura

327

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Papers and Records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

LAND AND F TER MOLLUSCA, 1888 and 1889.
THE present instalment has been compiled and edited by
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S.

The previous instalments of the Bibliography of Land and Fresh-
water Mollusca have appeared as follows :—

For 1884-85— in ‘ Naturalist,’ May 1886, pp. 144-149.

», 1886-87— i August 1888, ,, 247-263.

The present instalment, containing 106 titles published in 1888
and 1889, does not reveal so much conchological activity as in the
preceding two years, for which about 160 titles were published.

€ counties and vice-counties of which cognizance is taken are
the following, as named and numbered in the Watsonian scheme :—

53, Lincoln S.; 54, Lincoln N.; 56, Notts.; 57, Derby; 58,
Cheshire ; 59, Lancashire S.; 60, Lancashire W.; 61, York S.E. ;
62, York N.E.; 63, York S.W.; 64, York Mid W.; 65, York N.W.;
66, Durham ; 67, Northumberland S. ; 68, Cheviotland; 69, West-
morland with Furness ; 70, Cumberland ; and 71, Isle of Man.

The titles relating to Marine Mollusca are reserved for separate
publication, practical convenience dictating this course for the future.

Among the districts for which Lists of a more or less exhaustive
nature are included are the Isle of Man (Adams), Ingleton (Collier),
Derby (Hey), Harrogate (Fitzgerald), Stockton (Hogg and Hudson),
Manchester (Melvill), Cheviotland (McMurtrie), Upper Airedale
(Soppitt and Carter), and Huddersfield (Whitwham).

LioneL E. ADAMS, Isle of —
Isle of men Natural History and Antiquarian Society {recording Zim
rborum, Zonites ‘aliarius’(? sp.), Planorbis ‘nautilus’ v.cristata,and S isidium

pacuad 0 pusillum) as new to the Isle of Man]. Research, Dec. 1888, p. 9
L. Apams Isle of Man.

List of Manks Land and Fresh-water Shells taken by Lionel E. Adams
riage 3 slugs, 10 opie and 14 land shells, cake localities ; to
. C. Kermode adds the names of 2 slugs, 15 land and 9 freshwater

shells previously 1 ero and 5 < eo pein. recorded wot to occur

Vannin Lioar, I, Jan. 1889, i. 9-1

ANon. [not signe “aL York S.W.
orth (Boys’) Reports [Zonttes epgginved by the Mill Dam; Helix
sade and A. concinna at Hampole cylus oblongus at — oh
agby) brick-ponds; Limnea_ sta, his ; seg al bis corneus, P.

2. complanatus, both Valu wes and both Phys@ at Thorne Waste]. Nat. ee
Journ., Oct. 15th, 1888, p.
Nov. 1892.

i.

i#

328 BIBLIOGRAPHY: LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 1888-89.

Anon. [not signed]. Notts, dees iecr: Lanc. S., York Mid W.
Manchester Conchological Society [Spherium lacustre var. brochoniana,
Clumber ; Helix rufescens v se Kirkby Lonsdale ; peculiar forms of

"UJes
Limnea palustris, Clayton-le-Moors ; rae Ah Do Segseres Burnley ; and
Pupa ringens, eat shown]. Research, March 1889, p. 157-

ANON. [signed W York S.
Ackworth School “Natural seaport 4 Sg : — corneus at Potteric

Car}. Nat. Hist. Journ., Nov. 15th, 1889, p

CHARLES ASHFOR S.W.
nag Yorkshir. e locality for a angustior [Went Vale, 1851-4, with

ents: Nat., March 1888, p. 89.

noe ne Linc. N.
[Esxhibiton of ers 9 laminata from Welton, Lincs., Conch. Soc., Dec.

15th, 1888]. J. of Conch., April 1888, vi. 89.
J. DARKER BUTTERELL. York S.E.
e Naturalists’ Ved weg at Welton Vale [27th Aug., 1887;
Clausilia laminata and var. albida, C. rugosa, Helix virgata, and Planorbis

aléus noted}. Nat., Feb. 1888, p 45-

J. E. CLark. ‘ York,’

York, Bootham. Natural History Club [great increase of Helix maehies
a species quite rare at York when he first came to the place]. N.H.J.,
15th, 1889, p. 168.

ad S.W., N °
Slug Variation [with mention of Limax agrestis vars. obscura and rufescens
sent from Rotherham by T. W. Brewis, and Z. maximus v. miilleri found at
Mapperley, Notts.]. Sci. Goss., Nov. 1886, pp. ase an 259.
T. D. A. CocKERELL. Yo rkshire, Furness.
[Arion bourguignati Mab., found in Yorkshire and Coniston: Lanes. by
writer’s brother]. sg pay Soc., koe 19th, 1887, p p. 362
Northumb., Durh., York N. E., S.E., Lanc. W. an dS., Cheshire,
T. D. A. CocKERELL Cumberland, Westmorland.
North of E ngland Specimens in the British Collection at the Briti
Museum [including yen ringens, P. marginata, ee ghee go, and
orbis giaber, from Northumberland, Helix horten 00000, and
. hispida

eg from Malton

vars. /ibelluda and petiveria 12345 from Lytham, //. nemoralis 123 x 45

orton, Yorkshire, 7. rufescens, H. hispida, Zonites excavatus, Z. ida
var. helmit, Z. glaber, Vertigo edentula, V. substriata, V. pygmea, Clausilia
dubia, Acme, and Pisidium henslowianum from Preston, Helix granulata,
Z. nitidulus, Azeca, Vertigo edentula, Clausilia rugosa vat, m
Newcastle, mE Vertigo pygi gma, Clausilia dubia, and Spha mene

Ss. a

u m 2nNe

var. /acustris from Cumber and, L. peregra var., and Ancylus fluviatilis from
Westmorland, Ader: fontinalis from Lake Haw pabiohaee gd Planorbis marginatus
m. ferebrum, Saf SE asgienenes chews Rochdale, fn len latatus from Masichester,
Ancylus “fuviatilis albida fi i bbey, “Linned glabra from
Birkenhead, Anodonta c ‘ciewes er “‘calliwale from ote rpool, and Arion ate:
var. adbolateralis from the Isle of Man; additional re or given in
a few cases], Nat., Aug. 1888, pp, 227-229.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 1888-89. 329

T. D. A. CocKERELL Notts.
Arion ater [var. cinerea, Nottingham]. Sci. Goss., gi 1889, p. I4I.
v4 ERELL congener i
ee ie the Mollusca [argumentation, — ted Pa ool to Arion
ater Vv. nigra at spoclkep ioe, at thin Ae za fenieesd sf v. fulva from Vaieahice
ale: ae a fro tna fasctata var. inflata Loc.
from the Bar grndey' Cana} at Agee (Witeock a er Goss., Sep. 1889, p. 212.
T. D. A. CocKERELL Cumberland, York S.W., Cheshire.
Some North of En land Mollusca ipa Physa hypnorum v. ng yee

Loc., Cumberland ; Paludina — roducita Pasc., Wakefield, Zim,
oq., Wakefi d. Helix caperata v. alternata Ckl., Nema
from and

and various forms of A. neni Lofthouse, Kiveton Park,
nee in mas Nat., Oct. 1889, p.
EDWARD CoLL York Mid W.
— of the Mel eton District [notes on the shells of Ingleton ; 38 species
entioned, with brief notes]. Research, Dec. 1888, p. 98.

Pavan Co id W., eather
List of Shells collected at jngtston and District t during Au 1888
{enumerating 37 species and 16 named gone s, with remarks on ea
followed by list of such species (15) a ieties as were un <cotile in
Richardson’s yd Coll e’s — and a vot species in those lists not
found and concluded by remarks on i. ericelorum and

y Col
f7. lapicida in Derbyshire I. we Conch., Jan. 1889, vi.
set a COLLIE oO
pinks S, an ovo-viviparous species ee on observation of an
lnsletou example]. J. of Conch., Jan. 1889, vi.

WILLIAM ee Lanc.
Among the Fylde Flowers. I. Lytham and St. Annes-on-the-Sea
ian Aysa Jpnsrun abundant in ponds among the ea Wed Nat.,

5:
Joun fie d W.
Il and

7

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Harrogate [i.e., Fullwith Mi
Rudding Pond, 13th July, 1889 ; Planorbis albus, Linnea peregra, Spherium
n& occurrence in former

corneum, L. auricularia, and L. agrestis no ed;

year f lar rge Anodonia cygnea in Plumpton ‘Lice mentioned]. Nat

Aug. 1 9, Pp. 237- :
F. R. Frrzcerap. York ~ Bef S.W., and N. uf + ae >

[Exhibition of Shells to Conch. Soc. 15th, 1887: Zimnea peregra
ovata (Eccleshill), v. acuminata (tering ye v. pitt ullacea ie 9 ot
sfield),

Jan. 1888, v. oe
Francis R, FitzGERALD. Yo oie Mid W.
[List of] the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Harrogate
(Yorks.) [being detailed notes of 75 med and s so neg fan within 7
miles, and a brief introduction]. J. of Conch., Jan. 1889, v
Hiperic FRIEN pees
Solway Secs [a t Silloth] in April [ — Helix nemoralis, 7. eon,
and a Planoriis as found]. Sci. Goss., June 1889, p- 126.
W. A. GAIN Notts.
A few Notes on the Food and Habits of Slugs and Snails [as cheeses hes
him in the of various species of Arte

d.

occurs wit + Memo: f
: cellarius, Z. Z, nitidulus toa vars se paid Zua). com Feb, 1889, pp. 5

Noy, 1892,

330 BIBLIOGRAPHY : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 1888-89.

G. E. Hast York N.E.
i o apicida _ St. Mary’s Abbey, York]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Nov. 15th,

JouHN lth DLs
Balia Perv . Irridula [misprint for viridula], ie ee found
23rd Nov., 1838, we “Tage Gieeubow] Sci. Goss., March 1889, p. 67.
W. H. HEATHCOTE. Lanc. S.
se aculeata Miill. in S. Lancashire [at Farington, near Preston ; only
€ previous trove J. of Conch., April 1889, vi. 84.
W. :% acne COTE. L
[Exhibition of Helix nemoralis var. undulata from Southport: Conch. co ;
Dec. 1 Het itl: J. of Conch., April 1889, vi. 89.

W. H. HEatHcore. Lanc. W.
Darts peal t from a number of mature Helix aspersa found near ya
in 1888, ey present in H. nemora/is at same place and time]. Sci. Gos
April 18809, p- 90.
Tuos. Hey. De pay
List of Land and = soaeerates Shells of Deshynres collected in
[with localities; 81 species (14 bivalves, 24 freshw univalves, no ne ugs,

43 land shells) ae, with develest localities ; no " Coreedineaoes matter].
of Conch., July 1889, vi. 116-1

W.C,. rk S.E.
The Yorkshire Ns "gegen Union at Market hice caved. LAug. fei! 1888 ;
Helix cantiana, H. aspersa, H. nemoralis, H. caperat. rnaia,
fH, hispida, a Succinea boweths noted]. Nat., Sep. 1888, cg
Joun F. Hits, —— ary. Yo vs Mid W.
[The Anadontas (sic) at Hob compendia dead for a long time past]. Nat.
Hist. ome June 1 jor 1888, xii. 111.
B. Hu York N.E.

Ario a Abe and Albo-lateralis, Roebuck [in a ditch near Coatham Marshes ;
ist given a 10 slugs for Middlesbrough district]. Sci. Goss., Nov. 1886, p. 259-
BAKER NS Durham, York N.
Hogg’s List of the solace of the Neighbourhood of Sia n-on-Tees
[list with sare by n Hogg, and annotations by B Hudson 3 the
species ra Neritina, Valoata io EG ythinia Dente Planorbis
. t t

0
udson as eed to be Mya arenaria), and Anodonta eoth) fore a
Conch., Oct. 1887—Jan. 1888, Vol. 5, pp. 266-260
BakER Hupson York N.W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in Lower Wensleydale [at Leyb
21st May, 1888 ; Helix rotundata, gh rufescens, Pupa umbilicata, Arion ater,
Limax agrestis and v. 7 ustorum, IH. lapicida, H. ru, estris,

ts la
rugosa, Limax cinereo-niger, Z. , H. nemoralis, Arion hortenst,
Linas Sancinude , Clau silia Ices, Zz. nitide lus, Azeca, Arion bourguis-
» H. aspersa, Succinea elegans , 2. cellarius, Z. alliarius, Ancylus gry
Saas anatina, and Limnea ‘peresra, moked Nat. , Jun e 1888, pp- 172°3-

BAKER Hupson. on N. -
Shells - — n Castle, Cl — [Arion —— A. bourgu ignat
max maximus, L. ar rum, L. agrestis, L ‘s, Helix vce

H. memory Hf, hortensis, H. see Hi ssptle, Hse i H. pogmae

<4, aan
Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 1888-89. 331

#7. arbustorum, Zonites fuluus, Z. alliarius, Z. panier sand var. margaritacea,
a reer we Z. nitidulus, Z. crysta meee: fupa umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa,
Cl. laminata, Bulimus obscurus, — tum, ya Zua, and Vitrina found
22nd April]. Nat., July 1889, p.
J. T. IRwin. York S.W.
The Revival of Natural History at A 1873 [mention of Zwa,
© Pips j ‘emgage var. acuta,’ and sienna ier Nat. Hist. Journ.,
March 15th, 1888, xii. 31-35.
H. WaLLIs
ddgoolnshire Mar sh Drains [and their Mollusca: Arion ater, Limax
OF eee eae arena efor Zonites glaber, “Helix yg and var.
cxalbivta, H. nemoralts an — et ieties, H. hispida caperata and
var. ornata, H. victor, 2 pul hella, Pupa oabaloat var. albina,
P marginal a, Zia nea ovata, Pl
Paludina contcta, Byth tent aeulata, B. leac hi, Valvata sinion Plaxorbis
Spirorbi ibe .- tng se car - Fl, corneus, Pl. ¢ » Lim
auricular pris L. palus. ‘ris, Physa “fontimalis, noted ioe or
Mablethorpe, pines haath at Wer Nat. World, Oct. 1886, pp. 181-183.
H. Wattis Kew. Linc. N
Limn apr ie oe {at Authorpe in Lincolnshire]. Journ. Conch.,
uty 1888, v.

H. Wats Ke. inc. N.

Spherium corne upon the tarsus of Dytiscus marginalis [at West
Batktvith, ‘Liges, ee 27th, 1888]. Journ. Cogck., Oct. 1888, v. 363

Hi. Waris Kew. a N. ial S.

Notes made in 1888 upon Arion ater and some other slugs [Arion ater
in the I Lincolnshire marshes and fens, at Tetney, Bourn, Gosberton, Quadring,
Grisel-bottom, binge ell Wood (var. érnnea), Donington-on-Bain]. Nat.,
April ina p- 103.

G. W. Lam ae i S.E.

Fossils pt Sewerby Cliff-beds [tabulated; Helix h tis H.
putea, Pipe marginat and Zua ago Report of 58th Meeting of

t. Ass 1888 (pub. 1889), p
T, rf pane York N.W.

Clausilia rugosa var. dubia with Double Mouth in Wensleydale [at

Aysgarth, June 29th, 1889; er ee putris, Vitrina, Zonites nitidulus,

2. alliarius, Helix pee ER m, H. sericea, H. caperata, H. I hs
rufescens, H. es HZ, rupestri Pe umbilicata, Claustlia rugosa Vv.
dubia, C. laminata, Zua, Pisidium lo Neritina fone two latter being

new records for Wen nsleydale), Limnea peregra and Ancylus fluviatilis all
found at same place and time, the water shells in the river Yore]. Nat.,
889, p. 244.

roy <i Lanc. S.
er Place for Shells [the engine-cistern at Gannow Weaving-shed,
Buried; 60 feet above the canal, containing Spherium corneum, S. lacustre,
Valvata piscinalis, Bythinia oe Limnea peregra, Lanorbis albus,
Pl. corneus, Pl. nitidus, Pl. glaber, and thousands of Pl. dilatatus). Sci.

ec. 1888, p. 2 281.

J. McMurrrir. Cheviotland, Durham.
The Land Shells and Freshwater Shells of of North
Northumberland from Alnmouth to the Tweed [a list of 23 species (of which

one is a bivalve, two are Limnee, and four slugs, all the rest land shells), with
localities, and a prefatory note on Helix virgata, which is here common at its
northern limit in Britain; Zimn@ea truncatula v. elegans noted as also
bee voul near the sea at Soath Shields]. Journ. of Conch., July 1 1889, vi.

a ee
Nov, 1892,

332 BIBLIOGRAPHY: LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 1888-89.
“

J. Manison. York N.E.
[Planorbis nautileus from Scarborough]. Midl. Nat., Oct. 1887, p. 267.
J. Mapison. Westmorland, Cumberland.
Notes on Teg peregra vars. burnetti and lacustris [from Lakes
Winderm and Derwent, etc., ih remarks on ee localities]. Journ.

of Conth, an 1888, Vol. 5, pp.
Jas. EARDLEY Mas co NN:
ge ages ne Lincolnshire [at South Ormesby, Aug. 6th, aay Nat

Gro. W. acai Notts.
Balea ea perversa re Pea sauces [several localities stated]. Midl. Nat.,
Aug. 1889, p.
J. Cosmo MELVILL. c. S., Cheshire, Derbyshire.
Mollusca [of Manchester District, e eae in systematic order, with
localities, to the number of 83 species, ‘il Il ‘within 12 miles from the centre of
the city]. Handbook of Masidiestar os epared by the Local Co manntitee for

the members of the British Association at the Aisachetun Meeting, 1887,

J. Cosmo sane Derbyshire.
Helix lapici gh) var. albina (Menke) in Derbyshire [two in author’s
collection ; Tound by eee Glover at Matlock, Aug. 16th, 1879]. Journ.
of Conch., April 1888, v. 316
J. G. Minne,

Ches
Amalia gagates in Cheshire [at ah Sea 5th September, 1887 ; typical
fret in colour]. Nat., Feb. 1888,

H Derbyshire.
Helis tact monst. scalaris Charp. in Derbyshire pane 1887 at Matlock
Bath, by J. Allen Howe]. J. of Conch., April 1888, v. 316
H. MILnes. Derbyshire.
[Exhibition of varieties of Helix arbustorum from ‘Dechyohives Conch.
Sods lane 5th, 1889]. J. of Conch., July 1889, vi. 10
W. NARRAMORE.
A Phenomenon [with a passing ceterenee:| to Limnea stagnalis at Huyton,
South Lancs]. Research, July 1888, p.
W. iy Yo rk be or

Pi Me Day L. peregra, L. tra ncatula, vm L. labra, L.palus sts
Physa( Larasag = lix nemoral? EL Bey ;Hanerbis orbs: /, marginatus,

. aU: 5s, Pl. carinatus, Pia Lae a/b C0 wsand Pa dudina contecta taken
sieatcity ka narrative]. hed i nk Son 1888, vol. 5, pp- 262-267.
Jno. PHILIPsoN, Du ham, Cheviotland.

Address to the . Tyneside os ene a Field Club . ay

1888 [Helix virgata found on sand-banks at Roker, Oct. 7th, "1887; ; Limax

a? “heepe (sic) at Yeavering Bell, nr. Wooler, Sep. 16th and 17th, 1887)-

N st. Trans. Northumb. Durh. and Newc., vol. 10, part 1 (1888),
pp. 194 and 203.

H, E. Quitrer. Line S

Note on the occurrence of Testacella scutulum Sow. in Leicestershire

39 pee which may pee be actually in South deol details given].
J. of Conch., April 1888, v. 320.

H. E. Pee > Linc, S.

i nities Sow. ‘eset alae mite

a parasitic tacella scutulum
described, but not vamed) ie of Conch., April 1888, v
grees

BIBLIOGRAPHY : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 1888-89. 333

T. MELLARD Rea Lane. S.
Notes - a Bed 0 Fresh Water Shells and a —— flint ny ie -
the Alt Mouth ithe shells including Limca str
Plea spirorbis]. Proc. Liverp. Geol. Soc., 1886, vel v. ok 137-1 a

, Ss. i York S.
(Extn, of Anodonta cygnea from Pudsey]. J. of Conch., April

preg Senet AND FREpDK. W. RIpGWw ork Mid W.
imble fi from Sherburn Station to Cawood, Yorkshire vole Ist, 1887 ;
pherteme corneum, alvata iscinalis,

aan cormens, % complanatus, P. ewrtesy Limnaa peregra, L shoehorn
stagnalis and L. paéustiis, all in Bishop Dyke, and H. nemoralis, H.

hortens msts and 7. cantiana in hedges es]. Nat. Hist. rev, May agth; 1888,
i, 92.

Gro. — York S.W.
Helix aoe with adherent late {found by J. Wilcock, presumably
near Wakefield, in ay ager be h A. rufescens ; Sade of deformity].
Sci ci Nov. 1886, p. 250.
Gro, ere ork S.W.
Li

imax maximus, var. Strobeli, Pini, near Wakefield ee Has wth Haw):
Park, Sensemtion 12th, 1886; description given]. Sci. v. 1886,
p. 259.

Gro, Roperts. k S.W.
The — i ange of my garden [at Lofthouse, near Wakefield ;.
all four British species of Arion, Limax agrestis, L. flavus, L. eS
Zonites cellarius, Zz pots ye Zua lubrica, Helix hispida, H. r yoigae id,
Hl. rufescens, H. nemoralis, H. "Algae _ H. aspersa treated of i in
deta sai Nat. Monthly, Sept. 1887, pp. 14-15.
GEO. Rog ? York S.W..
Helix hortensis [var. fusco-labris ae = found last summer, locality’
Not stated]. Science Boule, April 1888, |
GEO. ROBERTS. ork
Limnza Palustris, var. albida, Nelson [two oe see type last year in
a pond near Doncaster]. Sci. Goss., April 1888, p
Geo. Rogerts. ashire.
Sphzrium Rivicola, var. flavescens, Pascal [from earn Science-
Goeting 3 April 1888, p. 91.
Geo. Rogerts, - York Mid W., S.W., and N.E.
atio: nm the Unionidz [detailed notes on the variation of Anodonta
cygnea and - shatiald in various Yorkshire localities]. Sci. Goss., June 1888,.
PP. 127-12
GEORGE Riiekar Yor
ee hostess and its variation [at Lofthouse, near Wakefield]. ivac.,.
232.

1888,
Pt ad York S.W..
Reappearance of Canal Shells reid fgbrigs near Wakefi wera —
eaten iad. rig wivipara, or ten years back, ome
with 4 ano hsotas) Bythinia Lachit, ieiena,
and Spheri cola), Nat., Aug. 1888, p. 2
Aci Sel Be AS ys ih irene.

Geer pecans
Varia in Helix nemoralis and H. coh egugens at Rothwell, Mid-West
Yorks Ric ribed]. Nat., Oct. 1889, p. 320.

W. D, Rorsuck York S.W-
[Vertigo alpestris.fr nen, Bagley exhibited to Conch. Soc., Nov. 3rd, 1887]-
Journ. of Conch., ye 1888, v. 271.

Noy. 1892.

334 BIBLIOGRAPHY: LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 1888-89.

W. D. RoeBuck York S.W.
The Y otiealtite Naturalists’ Union at Hatfield Chace — 2st, ry ;
Limnea glabra, Spherium lacustre and Valvata cristata noted].
h 1888, p- 85.

W. Denison RoEsuc York S.W.
Yorkshire and Lanc cashire Naturalists at Saddleworth [June 16th, a
Arion hela Limnea peregra and L. auricularia noted].

W. DENISON Rouse Notts.
Arion ater var, psi cinerea at Nottingham [found by G. W. rs, June
25th, with 4. type, Limax maximus var. fasciata, L. ae por oF

var. "sylvatica, gee hortensis and A. bourguignati; description of the va
given]. Nat., Sep. 1888, p. 284.
W. -relvietl Reewion: Lanc. W.
Limax flavus var. rufescens in West Lancashire ist Avenham Lane,
Preston, not uncommon]. Journ. of Conch., Jan. mater i. 52.

Wm. DENISON RoEBUCK York Mid if ts N.W.
ba! Buckden Pike with the Aneroid a aici irs gh rion ater,
A. bourguignati, Limax agrestis, Zoni trina, Fis Clausilia

rugosa, Helix Lap age cotiaal umbilcaa, on aepesint, Balea, Cl. dubia
ren Max ar rboru n the side, and at Coverdale’ head, A. arbustorunt
alpestri om rugosa “CL yi ie H, rupestris, H. hispida, Zonites
eictatieé. fe ee agrestis and Arion boutguignati]. Nat., May 1889,
Pp. 144.

W. DENISON ig ee Ss.

Sh nes, =! in South Lincolnshire [at and near Fulbeck Grange, by

J. vy and Theod. B Burtt ; Limax levis, Arion subfuscus, L. pe rit

vars. . pe ica and reticulata, L. maximus, Limnaa ovata and Helix

nemoralis|. Nat., May 1889, p. 130.

W. DENISON ROEBUCK. e of Man.

Helix fusca an Addition to the Manx Fauna [found Sep. 12th, 1887, at

Malew, by J. E. Mason, with 1. hispida, a cellarius a nd wk itidulus ;

1

me 2
ear : Coaieunes , by Yn Lioar Mann.]. Nat. aptly 1889, p. 212; repeated
in i Ya: Lioar isa No. 3, July 1889, i

W. DENISON 209 CK. York pie
The Yorkshi ° Nat poh Bey sore Holmfirth [June roth, 1889 ; Zonile
cellarius, Lina agrestis ore Domratelernate noted, bs last an addition

to the recorded Huaddersheld list] Nat., July 1889, p.
W. DENISON RoEBU Durham.
ross Ane ater at es [one, nearly adult, sent by
ox]. Nat., July 1889, p.
Ww. DENISON ROEBUCK.
imax agrestis var. albida near Preston [one pedely adult at Walton-le-
oy ith abundance of the type and var. — a Arion bourguignatt "and
Limax maximus also]. Nat., July 1889, p. 2

W. DENISON ROEBUCK. York Mid W.

BUC
Scape of unusuall y large Limax flavus, = in Leeds ; Conch. Soc.,
5th June, 1889]. J. of Conch, July 1889, vi.

Ww. atiok ROEBUCK. York . E.
The Yorkshire wane spr sed S aggend bee Robin Hood’s Bay [21st June, 1889;
Arion ater, Limax levis, L. agrestis, Zonites cellarius, Helix nemoralis,

Ht, hortensis, ‘cal WY. ote Beant: nioledl Nat., Aug 1

dM eyes eM
Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 1888-89. 335

W. DENISON RoEBUC ee York N.W.

The Yorkshire Naturalis ts’ Union in voowe kn e [in Aug. 1889 ;

Helix rete at cea and er High h (Fon e, Lim <a at 1,200 ft.

alt., nkley Scar, and, on the Durham ide. all ioe British Arions, and
He. hee paapoadin Nat.,. Sep. ap 282.

W. D. Rogsuck. . York N.W.

[Helix fusca from near Winch (misprinted Wind) Bridge, Teesdale,
exhibited to ner Soe, Sep. 4th, 1889]. J. of Conch., Oct. 1889, vi. 160.

uss
about “ase ag ago y Da Dyson, and re- pence 1887 by Robert
Standen]. Proc. Manch. lit pon Phil. Soc., Feb. 13th, 1888, Esme 4
v 886, p. ee

H. T. Soprirr anp ARTER, York Mid W. and S.W.
Land and F reshwat ter Mere llusca of Upper Airedale, Yorkshire ——
ing and giving details and localities and other useful enue for 93 specie
and numerous varieties]. Nat., March and April 1888, 02.
Gro, satel ae qe of Man.
Sponge Hunting on the Manx Coast. Peel and Port St. Se
maximus also noted at White Strand Bay]. Wes]. Nat., Oct.-1889, iii. 194.
A. H. Taytor. York S.E.
The Lente Naturalists’ Union at Kirkham Abbey and Acklam Brow
[on imnea peregra, FPlanorbis vortex, Fl. pomeieee Helix
fusca ‘hot Fobnhal ger arborum (new to East Riding), the four Avzons,
x maximus, L. agrestis, Succinea putris, Vitrina oo tes cellarius,
Z akira, Z. nitidu ior, Z & suena Helix nemoralis, H. a setae rum,
- sericea, Hl. rotundata and var. alba, H. hispida, Cau rUugos
laminata, Zua, Limnea palustris, fi aa m corneum, Pist me pus
Bithinia tentaculata and Ancylus lacustris noted, with local ities
1699, p. 342

JoHN W. Taytor. York Mid W.
On the Variation of British tent d Freshwater Mollusca [with
a passing . 300) to the Ma tha
stagnalis, and (p. 303) to iregularty spiral forms of //anorézs in warm water
reservoirs in Yorkeh ire]. Journ. of Conch., April 1888, v. 300 and 303.
Jo. W. — Lanc. S.
Unio pictorum var. latior Jeffr. in Lancashire [one found in the canal at
Burnley te F. C. Long]. Journ. of Conch., July 1888, v. 331.
? Linc. S., Notts, Cheshire, York Mid W. and S.E.,
JOHN W. Taytor. Durham.
the Specific Distinctness and the Geographical Distribution of
Sevomaned scutulum [giving details of localities in Notts, Cheshire, Yorkshire,
and possibly South Lincolnshire (Belvoir)]. Journ. of Conch., July
1888, v. nag .
J. W. Taytor. York Mid bat Lanc. W. and S.
Proceedings of the Conchological Society [Nov. 7th, 1888, exhibition of
x rupestris containing young, from Ingleton (for E. Collier) ; of Drezssena,
Nevins and Ancylus fluviatilis from near pag or R, Standen) ; and of

(for W. H. Heathcote)]. Journ. of Conch., Gat 1889, v
J. W. Taytor. Lanc. ~
Le aiiiition of Helix aculeata from Farington near Preston, sent
- Heathcote ; Conch. Soc., 1st May, 1889]. Journ. of Conch., jue
1839, - 99.
Noy. 1892

336 WAITE: WHISKERED BAT AT INGLEBY GREENHOW.

JWG Tay k SZ.
[Exhibition of Paludina contecta from East Yorkshire, sent ibe Albert
li sai on ; Conch. Soc., 5th June, 1889]. Journ. of Conch., July

J. A. WHELDON York N.
Strensall Comm mon [and its iy aetna by drainage; the large Limne

stagnalis and a corneus not now to be found, ode L. glabra ibd

yf ll very fine and abandsest Sci. Gos ss., Jan. 1889, p. 23

JosEpH WHITWHAM. York S.W.

A List of the Land and Fresh-water _— found in the neighbour: rhood
of Hudders: pn [localities given for species, viz., 23 freshwater shells,
6 slugs, and oo land shells, besides numer varieties]. Trans. Huddersfield
Nat. Soc 2 (oath 1885), pp.
J. RussEti Wi DMAN, Lance. S. ©
is var. scalariforme [near Burnley]. Sci. Goss., Sept. 1888, _
Pp shi
J. RusseLL WILDMAN Lance. S.
Planorbis dilatatus [in a pond and in the canal at Burnley, associated
with Planorbis glaber, P. albus, and Bythinia leachit, and
a npn 3 Potamogeton crispus and Elodea canadensts ; details of habitats
opinions on the ‘introduction’ question given at length]. Sci. Goss.,
oO.

N
‘Slugs id their Se et the Allansford record for imax tenets
ung Nat., Feb. 1888, i
« We a pg Ss.
The Shel-Collector' s Senin for the Field. London: Roper & Drowley;
29, Ludgate Hill, —1888 [8vo, cloth, 148 pages. Planorbis dilataius
referred to at p. i pe in the canals round Manchester, introduced from
America ‘in cotton bales}.
_— W. WiLiiams. Notts.
a perversa (Linn.) in Nottinghamshire (at Staunton near Newark, and
at Kirkby ; also Pups “an se from Kirkby ; all collected by G. W. Mellors).
Mid]. Nat., April 1889, p. 9
J. W. WitiiaMs. Notts.
Nottinghamshire Shells: a correction [as to priority of record of Balea;
localities given for Helix rotundata and var. turtont, on aculeata, Zonites
Julous, Z. crystallinus, H. virgata and _v. subalbida, Ancylus fluv viatilts,
ericetorum and v. alba, Achatina, H. eet Paludina contecta and
Bythinia feachii). Midl. Nat., June 1889, p 144.
RopeRtT WRIGGLESWORTH, Lance. S.
gogo se Pu abe ane in Lancashire [near Accrington, where 1
s bee ur times in 12 years, in a well- es out-of-the-way place,
wnitikely. for tnttoductont Sci. Goss., Dec. 1889, p. 281.

NOTE—MAMMALTA.

_ Whiskered Bat at Ingleby Greenhow.—The Rev. John Havel, ’ -
Vicar of Ingleby Greenhow, near Middlesbrough, ae foreerdes t
for identification. He it flying about the ki of the cate en he
returned on the ing of Saturday, October 22nd, after a inna absence.

‘ It is a female Whiskere iat j eree Wm es. and as if to fit it for 1ts
winter hibernation, there is a layer of fat dev veloped Satieceh the skin and
the — this substance res particulary abundant about the inguinal region.—
Epncar R. Ware, The Museum, Leeds, 26th Oct. , 1892.

—
Naturalist,

337

ADDITIONAL YORKSHIRE GALLS.

S. L. MOSLEY, F.E:S.,

Beaumont Park Museum, Huddersfield; Author of * British Birds, Nests, and Eggs, etc.

SINCE my last account of Yorkshire Galls (p. 273), I have been
favoured by Mr. Peter Inchbald, F.L.S., with a number of records,
from which, together with my own observations, and odd galls sent
in from other quarters, I am able to compile the following additional
list :—

On Acer campestre. Maple.
Petiole swollen, containing the larva of a Cecidomyia. In a
quarry on the road-side between Womersley and Knottingley,
Aug. Ist, 1892. I only obtained a few galls, and did not
rear the flies.
On Achillea millefolium. Yarro
Clusters of galls at base of stem nes to ground. Caused by
a two-winged fly (Carphotricha guittularis). Recorded by
Mr. Inchbald, from Storthes Hall. I have also found it at
Lepton.
On Achillea ptarmica. Sneezewort.
Contorted florets. Caused by a midge (Cecidomyia plarmice).
Recorded from Storthes Hall by Mr. Inchbald.
On Ammophila arenaria. Marram grass.
Mr. Inchbald says ‘ Mematus forms knots in stem. Spurn.
The only gall known to me on Ammofhila is the large
imbricate one said to be caused by a chalcid (Zurytoma
hyalipennis).
On Betula alba. Birch.
Seed-cases in female catkins swollen. Caused by a gnat
(Cecidomyia betule). Recorded from Storthes Hall by
r. Inchbald.
On Cardamine pratensis and C. amara. Cuckoo Flower
and Bitter Cress.
Calyx swollen. Caused by a gnat (Cecidomyia cardamines).
‘ een in mpeniance from each ae Storthes Hall. P. I.’

oo ge, ae foc ak in my previous paper should be a pseudo-
Platanus. J have not yet found the similar gall on Acer campestre in Yorkshire.

Noy. 1892.

338 MOSLEY : ADDITIONAL YORKSHIRE GALLS,

Lychnidis). Loew thinks them inquilines. P.I.’ I had no
previous knowledge of a gall on Lychnis, and shall be glad
to have specimens sent.

On Populus tremula. Aspen.

Swellings on the twigs. Caused by a "pestle (Saperda populnea).
Recorded by Mr. Inchbald, but no locality given. [This is
observable near Meanwood Hall, in the borough of Leéds
(W. Denison Roebuck) ].

On Prunus spinosa. Blackthorn.
a of leaf folded under in places, thickened and yellow.
A number were sent me from Forge Valley, by Mr. T. W.
Woodhead. Each gall was tenanted by a Cecidomyia (?)
larva, but I have not yet been-able to ascertain that the gall
was previously known.
On Quercus robur. Oak.

Size of large pea, in axils of leaves covered with bristly projections,
each with a red papilla at the end. Caused by a cynips
(Aphilothrix lucida). Mr. A. Clarke gave me three specimens
of this gall, which, I believe, has not before been recorded as
British. They were brought to one of the botanical meetings,
and he thinks they were gathered in Whitley Woods.

Kidney-shaped galls attached to ribs under leaf. Caused by
a cynips (Biorhiza renum). Woodsome and Honley Woods.

On Rosa spinosissima. Spiny Rose.

Smooth, round, or irregular pea gall, on leaf. Caused by a cynips
(Rhodites spinosissime). Recorded by Mr. Inchbald, but no
locality given.

On Rosa canina. Dog Rose.

Pea gall with projecting spines, on leaf. Caused by a cynips
(Rhodites rosarum). 1 have found what I take to be this
species at Shepley. This ee the four British species of
Rhodites all found in Yorkshire. But it would be desirable
to have additional localities.

On Rubus fruticosus. Bramble.

‘Swollen bosses, and often pierced, give forth their tenants,
occasionally a small Nematus. P.I.’ This I take to be the
gall of Déastrophus rubi. Mr. Inchbald does not give
a locality.

On Salix alba. White Willow.

Edge of leaf rolled down, by a gnat (Cecidomyia clausilia).
Recorded by Mr. Inchbald. anor

Naturalist,

NOTES : LEPIDOPTERA. 339

On Tanacetum vulgare. Tansy.

_ Irregular or bottle-shaped galls on stem or leaf. Mr. G. Parkin
has sent me this gall from Wakefield, and Mr. F. Netherwood
a good supply from Huddersfield, but I have not been able to
rear the flies, and they do not seem to be known.

This brings the number of Yorkshire species up to 63, and
I have several others that await determination, as well as many
additional localities for recorded ones, but these must await a future
paper. On October roth I read a paper on Galls before the
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, and it was accepted
that I should act as Recorder for the two counties. I shall be
pleased, therefore, to receive galls from persons residing in
Lancashire or Cheshire. Botanists have ample opportunities for
observing galls, and now is a time when many may be found.
Persons who have sent me galls not acknowledged in the above list
must not think that their assistance has been overlooked or not
algogan If their help has not been acknowledged it is because
am in some doubt yet as to the identity of the species ; but every
little bit is nee and will be used i in due course.

NOT. ES-LEPIDOPTERA.

Chzrocampa celerio at Halifax.—On Saturday, ascalsed Ist, 1892, I
brought to me alive and in good "coldiaiea a fine s of that rare pr
beautiful insect, the Silver-striped Hawk Moth (Chacicanad celerio). : It w
taken at rest on the sca in s oe A gp who wer ing alterations to a
shop in Northgate, Halifax, and it aA in my cabinet.—EDWARD HALLIDAY,
Akroydon, Halifax, October 1oth,

Acherontia atro opos at pie: ough.—I notice in the ‘ Naturalist’ for
October that the Death’s Head Moth a atropos) has occurred recently near
eee ang This insect has been unusually abundant aug: the past summer at

of w

Oro I hav

were taken on the North err one at rest on a wall at Irton, a few miles inland,
and one flew into a boat a little distance out to sea in the North Bay, The larva,
and also the perfect insect, i occasionally found on nee ae s near here, but
I never before — four examples occurring d the same season. —
WILLIAM J. CLA E, 44, Huntriss Row, Scarborough, "Oe 2nd, "892.

Colias in Holderness and at Leeds.—I see in this month’s ‘Naturalist’
there are two horn on single occurrences of the Clouded Yellow (Co/ias edusa) =
en this

the w capt 50 y ma
My son Reginald captured one in the Leeds Grammar School specimen
a night ago ; pen
with me at Kilnsea, that he saw one this su in the streets o

ve ae mens of the :
secured by Master Hamish Nicol, of South =e all occurring at Kilnsea.
In the last few weeks th ey have — —— ed.—H. BENDELACK HEWETSON,

id - spank 2 uar i d seas
lve € ex Mt a vie ican n the variety Aelice, which nse vos Ae

. Hew op > “Coli,
us Colas poe is plentiful, for the ‘ Pale Clouded Yellow. Cotzas
ste ne likely to have wandered so far north as Kilnsea.—G.T.P. J

Nov. 18

340

NOTES AND NEWS.
A pores and short biographical pray oe ee acre
BGiS., F.E.S., is given in the Aug of the blake ‘Wakiteis at?
particular mentio ie beth ng made of the fe Sol pete of various Lepidoptera which
he has at various times turned up at resins sfield.

. W. E. Colli inge, who has been ‘till now one of a McIntosh’s assistants:
at Pog Seadbees ana i is known to our readers as being editor of ‘The Concho tog,
has now left that place on his appointment to the RE: in Zoology at
the Mason Science College at Birmingham

prone

ll Mall Gazette,’ of August Ist, contains a letter from A x
calling Wdahtion to the fact that the libra y and ornithological collection of the
late cel deaux J of Twiz ous eb logued for
ing with an appeal to some north country gentleman o — oO

purchase thein en bloc and present yeas to the towns of Alnwick and Berw
In the Bulletin de la Société des bari stes de Moscou, 1891, Nos. 2 and 3,
is by Mr. G. amplugh, oe Srey in habe nch, on the iva Clays and
their Lincolnshire equivalents, and whic mpanied by a paper from the
pen of Prof. A. Pavlov on the Cephalopods found i in these cas comparing them

with other countries, Sarntney Russia.

e members of the Conchological : Seaiese beak Great Britain and Ireland spent
an sigatiie and most instructive day, on the 19th of August, in the inspectiae of
i e

s, Cis FERS) ‘ c ctory,
Fencehouses, co, Durham. The agent: annual meeting is to be held about the
end of September, at some northern or midland raadith not yet decided, when the
Canon will deliver his address as President for the

We learn with great pleasure that ‘ Cole hare in future be the property of
Mr. E. A. L. Batters, F.L.S., whose list of the Marine Algz of the Berw ick
district is well known, and that its editorship will de vive upon our old friend and
session, Mr. George Massee, .M.S., of Kew. We are sure a more worthy

o Dr. Cooke could not be Sagi Mr. Massee is well known as the
pia Seg of severit alts works on that branch of Botany to which ‘ Grevillea”
is devoted, and we can with confidence neophety that thie journal will at least not
suffer by the chan nge.

a re)

Norman, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., ae gr bag his pa n the ‘ British Wayside

a family | ‘of Crusta acea Schizopoda,’ aa es C 2 Matyi A., F.L.S.
th * .

n
ae
S
3
tag
oS
ot
a)
3
aS
&
= ge
no
ow
029
= 5
J
=
=)
3
an
8 |
"9
~
Ss

w
Norman’s and Mr. Melvill’s aes are accompanied by

het oe
We have received a copy o! r. J. G. Goodchi iid’s ‘ Observations on the New
Red Series of Cumberland ipo Woman. with especial reference to Class fi-
om and W

si 2
its separation by a great unconformity from the petal Ale Ifa peg
into Per and Trias be held necessary, he would draw the line age above the
Magnesian a but the discordance at that horizon is not one of great

e $ 5

n Rs ee New Red is hte and a rit be to show the correlation

Geological Surv: ae ao last
abandoned that finagised by the seithdacsiee pee of a preeslaevn ee
Naturalist,

} 341
THE SUPPOSED INTER-BREEDING OF THE
MERLIN AND KESTREL
IN NORTHUMBERLAND, IN 1886.

F, B. WHITLOCK,
Beeston, Notts.
DURING a visit to Harbottle in Upper Coquetdale in May of the
present year, I heard for the first time the story of a supposed case
of the inter-breeding of the Merlin (Falco esalon) and Kestrel
(Zinnunculus alaudarius) in 1886.
ave not seen the printed report, but I understand that it was
communicated by the late Mr. Thompson, of Rothbury, to a member
of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Field Club, on the visit of the
Society to Harbottle in 1887.

I was visiting Harbottle at the time the occurrence is supposed
to have taken place, and I made the acquaintance of Mr. Thompson,
who then kept an inn in the village, and also of Mr. Peter Taylor,
the gamekeeper who shot both the birds. Messrs. Thompson and
Taylor, I understand, being the authorities on whom the record rests.
As the report attracted some attention, Mr. Thompson, I hear, even
receiving a letter from abroad requesting confirmation, I propose to
shed a little light on the subject.

On hearing that a Merlin and a Kestrel had been shot, the latter
from off her nest, I called on Taylor, the keeper, to see what had
become of the birds. He told me that he had given them to a
gentleman who was fishing in the neighbourhood, and that he had
taken them away with him to be stuffed. He also told me that he
had not destroyed the eggs, and if I liked we could walk over to the
nest and take them. I agreed to go, and accordingly on the following
morning accompanied him to a moderately high escarpment over-
looking Linnshiels Loch. The nest was in a little recess on the face
of the cliff near to the summit, and the two highly-incubated eggs
were easily reached. No Falcons were seen in the neighbourhood
at the time. On packing the eggs I remarked that they were very
much like Merlins’, but my companion appeared to be certain that
the bird he had killed was a Kestrel. Near to the nest was the
Stump of a tree which the Falcons had used as a feeding-place.
Strewed around were the usual castings, which appeared to be
principally composed of Meadow Pipits’ feathers. On returning

ome I compared the two eggs with others in my collection, and was
then certain they were true Merlins’ eggs.
Nov. 1892,

342 NOTES—BOTANY.

I have since learnt that the two birds were given to an innkeeper
at Alwinton, who in turn passed them on to Mr. Thompson, who
did a little bird-stuffing in his leisure time. The weather being
warm at the time, however, both were allowed to lie too long before
being skinned, and had to be thrown away.

Before I left Harbottle I had many a chat both with Mr.
Thompson and Mr. Taylor, the keeper, and though both took an
interest in birds, especially the former, I do not think that either
were sufficiently experienced in ornithology to prevent them
mistaking a female Merlin in the brown stage of plumage for
a Kestrel.

I have little doubt that such a mistake was the foundation for
their belief that this Merlin was breeding with a female Kestrel.
I may state that the two eggs are still in my possession, and are at
the service of anyone who still credits the accuracy of the original
report.

I have written this paper in the hope that it may catch the eye
of some member of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Field Club.

August 17th, 1892.

NOTES—BOTANY.

Extinction of Jasione montana near Ripon.—This plant may now .

pronounced extinct. It was gathered near Hutton Conyers by Mr. T. Simpso

twenty years ago, and has not ad found a since, and it was the pe place

where it grew in this veh ape iy d.—Tuos. C. HrstincTon, No. 2, North
Road, Ripon, October 3rd, 18

Casuals —I have to report a number of plants gathered in this
district during Arighat rai ‘September last. On the banks of the Skell, Xanthine
strumarium (a oe = ch I believe is a dangerous one where poo are) wer
Setaria viridis. uppose these are but casuals, but they s m hardy an
ne like he ‘beautiful two- Govenct rose-pink Geranium, which I bees
s G. endressii, and which has supplanted the-indigenous vegetation and establish
tel in large patches like a weed in one of our lanes. As to how these casuals
ave been introduced, not much doubt can be entertained. The cart the
scutchings and ren of the flax they spin at the Bishopton Mill and tip them

they have not been seen the last two season

ers — SBentkinres solstitialis.
The others a

Melilotus parviflora, Chenopodium vulvaria.
Hesperis pes soem Shenoposion hybridum
Linaria min Chenopodium m polyspermum
A see tt Setaria viridis
& Schnede ue Intybus. Phalaris canarienss.
Trifolium incarnatum. Bromus secalin
Xanthium strum Bromus veluti

—THos. CLARKE HEsLINGTON, No. 2, North Road, Ripon, Gaske ae =

34

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT
COXWOLD AND BYLAND.

Tue closing excursion of the year extended over two days, the first
being specially devoted to the F ungus Foray, now an annual event
in Yorkshire, and the second day to the ordinary excursion.

The Fungus F oray, held on the Castle Howard estate, by kind
permission of the Earl of Carlisle, proved the most successful which
has been yet held in Yorkshire, thanks to the favourable character
of the weather, the invaluable presence and assistance of Mr. George
Massee, F.R.M.S., and Mr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., LL.D., A.L.S., and
the hearty co-operation and presence of nearly all the Yorkshire
students of mycology. A full account of it (from the pen of Mr.
Massee) will be given as a separate article in our December number.

The second day’s proceedings were as usual devoted to one of
the ordinary excursions of the Union, and formed the last outing of
the year. This meeting was also the hundredth in the history of the
Union, and was most successful. The attendance was very good,
and nearly all departments of Natural Science were efficiently
represented ; altogether the excursion was to be regarded as much
above the average in point of results achieved. The locality
selected was stated by one member to be about as well known as
Central Africa, but at the close of the day’s proceedings this reproach
was hardly so applicable. Coxwold (the birthplace of Sterne’s
immortal work ‘ Tristram Shandy ’) had been fixed as the rendezvous,
the district under investigation extending to the nearest summits of
the Hambleton Hills and the woods clothing their slopes, together
with the parks at Newburgh and Gilling, and included Byland Abbey.

Nov. 1892.

344 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT COXWOLD AND BYLAND.

Permission for the examination of their respective estates had
been generously granted by Sir George Wombwell, Bart., Mr. Hugh
C.. Fairfax-Cholmeley, and the Prior of Ampleforth College (the
Rev. T. A. Burge), the latter gentleman also giving the benefit of
his local experience and knowledge, and very hospitably entertaining
the geological party at the College. This party, which formed ‘Route 1’
of the excursion-programme, with Mr. S. Chadwick, F.G.S., and
Mr. J. W. Stather in charge, left the early train at Gilling Station,
where they were met by Mr. Burge, and made their way to the
quarries of calcareous grit and coral rag capping the hills behind the

1 lt £
Bras 4 LY thy, pee
Westy jp . Chiff a
A YMG Y
AGL Yor G
a, Msn
~ »

* ¥

a -

rae on 7 Oe a AE ae Sid raph
College. The rev. gentleman graphically described the geological
features of the district en route, with special reference to several local
faults. They collected fossils vigorously, and obtained upwards of
25 species, some of them being of a rare and interesting character.
They proceeded to Coxwold by way of Ampleforth and Byland.
A second party, whose programme did not attract many followers
and composed chiefly of botanists, also left Gilling Station and
worked through Gilling and Newburgh Parks westward to Coxwold.
The third party was a very large one, and was attended by 4

classes of naturalists and not a few photographers. The road was

enn
Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT COXWOLD AND BYLAND. 345

first taken to Byland Abbey, where work commenced in earnest.
The fallen stones lying about the ruins were eagerly overturned with
varying success. The botanists, not being satisfied with the products
of mother earth, went to the length of procuring a ladder for the
further investigation of the flora of the walls, and it was understood
that their labours had been well rewarded. It soon became evident,
however, that there was very little to be done by members interested
in Vertebrate Zoology. A set of cyclone traps was put down for
the benefit of small mammals, to be examined later. A few Starlings
and hosts of domestic pigeons appeared to be the only birds about
the ruins. Cameras were well employed, and several members of an
artistic turn of mind betook themselves to sketching. Mr. Waite
has elaborated the sketch which he made, and a photograph taken
by Mr. Godfrey Bingley from near the same spot, has enabled him
to supply some of the minor details (see opposite page).

On leaving the Abbey it was soon found that Mr. A. B. Hall, of
Thirsk, was well acquainted with the locality, and under his guidance
the members made a careful examination of the woods and ravines
on Wass Bank. Some very good and interesting mollusca, and the
Common Lizard, were obtained. The botanists also did some very
good work. Several members continued their researches to the
Hambletons, where, among other things, a Slow-Worm was obtained.
All parties finally returned to Byland, where they effected a junction
with the geologists, and the traps on being inspected yielded an
example of the Common Shrew. The parties gathered at the Faucon-
berg Arms, where the good fare provided was fully appreciated.

The sectional meetings having been held, and their several
reports prepared, members assembled for the general meeting,
which was presided over by Mr. W. N. Cheesman. The proceedings
included the election of two new members :—Mr. Walter F. Baker,
of Hull, and Mrs. Emmeline Hebden, of West Ayton, York.

The following affiliated Societies were represented on the
excursion :—Wakefield, Leeds, York, Malton, Harrogate, and Thirsk
Naturalists’ Clubs ; Hull Scientific Club ; Hull Geological Society ;
and the Conchological Society.

On the motion of Mr. M. B. Slater, F.L.S., seconded by
Mr. J. Willows, a cordial vote of thanks was passed to Sir Geo. O.
Wombwell, Bart, Mr. Hugh C. Fairfax-Cholmeley, and _ the
Rev, ‘T. A; Burge for allowing their holdings to be examined,
also to the latter gentleman, and to Messrs. S. Chadwick, F.G.S.,
1, W; Stather, and A. B. Hall for leading parties, and to Messrs. C.
Fox-Strangways, F.G.S., and Wm. Hewett for contributions to the
€xcursion-programme.

Nov. 1892.

346 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT COXWOLD AND BYLAND.

The sectional reports were next received, as follows :

h ebrate Section was wel fe be, members
including among others, Messrs. Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S., Harold
Raeburn, K. McLean, and the two hon. sinh of the section,
Messrs. James Backhouse, F.Z.S., who presented the report to the
meeting, and Riley Fortune, F.Z.S., who supplies this account.

Nothing worthy of special mention was recorded among the birds,
the most noticeable fact being the almost entire absence of migrants,
the Swallow and Martin being the only two species met with, for as
yet it was too early for the winter visitors. Referring to the statement in
the circular that nothing seemed to be known about the fauna of
the district, Mr. Backhouse remarked that for some time he had
paid particular attention to it, and also gave the interesting information
that the Woodcock nests regularly in the vicinity. The general
route followed was that of the main body, already detailed.
Messrs. Waite and Raeburn, who investigated Wass Woods, noticed

writes the report on the Coleoptera, captured a Slow Worm at the
base of the Hambletons. The following is the complete list of
species met with during the excursion :—

Mammals. Lin
Mia: : Paice ee
Shrew. Starlin
Wesask Jackdaw.
ee eink
ylark.
— Vole. Sparrow Hawk.
: estr
ee Mallard
Missel Thrush. eee ates
Song Thrush. Pheasant
Blackbird. Partridge.
Redbreast. Moorhen
Goldcrest. Coot
e Accentor. La eis
Long-tailed Tit. ite
Grea les.
Blue Tit. Common Lizard
Wren. Slow Worm.
Pied Wagtail. Frog.
— leis Fishes.
Swal Trout,
wae i
Greenfinch. Bullhead
ouse Sparrow. Per
Chaffinch. Roach

LET
Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT COXWOLD AND BYLAND. 347

For the Conchological Section Mr. F. W. Fierke, Hull, one of
the secretaries of the section, reported that the excursion to Coxwold
might be appropriately described as having been a ‘red-letter day’ for
the conchologists, although as is too often the case, the attendance
was meagre, the only members of the Section present being Mr. W.
Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. (Leeds), and himself. Mr. Roebuck, who
accompanied the mycologists, was the sole representative on the
Wednesday’s investigation, when a brief hour's collecting by the side
of the Derwent, near Castle Howard Station, yielded Helix fusca,
H. arbustorum, H. granulata (sericea), Succinea putris, Claustlia rugosa,
Cl. laminata, Zua, and various slugs and commoner shells, as the
result of turning over a few logs and examining a patch of vegetation
in a damp spot.

On Thursday he was joined by Mr. Fierke at Coxwold, a district
which was to all appearance conchologically a virgin tract. There
was, however, an impression that it would be of a promising character,
a prognostication which proved correct ; and it was with much elation
on their return that the two collectors delivered their tubes and boxes
of their contents in response to the often repeated question, ‘What
luck have you had to-day?’ No little amusement was caused by the
friendly rivalry displayed on the part of some geologists as to their
right to a gold medal for the most successful sectional work during
the day, but it is superfluous to add that as is usual with naturalists
when they enter into controversies, peace and concord were main-
tained between the two rival sections.

On arrival at Coxwold Station in the morning an immediate start
nted some attractive

party, of which the conchologists were but a small portion, were
constrained to halt awhile, pondering over the noble pile which still
bears witness to the past architectural grandeur of the place. But

reverence for the past soon gave way for the realities of the present,
nd in the interior of the Abbey

and the stones strewn over the grou
were forthwith discovered to be productive of the slimy slug to a
high degree. The place was literally besieged by them ; In fact,
every stone turned over revealed the haunts of these ubiquitous
creatures, most of them being examples of the common Agriolimax
agrestis and its varieties.

The route was now taken for Wass Bank, as the adjacent slopes
of the Hambleton Hills are called. Arrived at the summit of this a
descent was made at a bridge into a deep lateral ravine, through

Nov. 1892.

348 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT COXWOLD AND BYLAND.

which, however, there was no stream. Here the first important
discovery of the day was made, Mr. Roebuck finding /yalinia
excavata under a stone, in company with H. rofundata and other
species. So interesting a find caused careful and diligent turning
over of stones along the whole ravine, with the result that the same
collector was so fortunate as to find a fine example of that rarity,

most conchologists unaccustomed to slugs in particular would have
passed it by for Avion ater. However, a second glance revealed the
light-coloured dorsal keel, and the identity was speedily confirmed
by the characteristic trifasciated foot-sole. Nothing else turned up
in this ravine, and the track was now across the moor to the S.W.,
and into another ravine of much greater depth, and with a rough
stony bottom and its upper slopes crowned with wood, which
trended towards Wass village. Despite the difficulty of picking
one’s way down so rough a course, difficulty enhanced by the
luxuriance and unusual virulence of the growth of nettles, ice
was kept up, and rewarded by the capture of such species as He/ix
lapicida, Azeca tridens, and numerous commoner things.

Not far from the village of Wass, at the base of Hambleton Hills,
an interesting pond was visited, which contained an abundance of
Spherium lacustre and Pisidium fontinale, mostly of the variety
cinerea, and an odd specimen of variety hens/owana was also taken
from it. The pond was supplied by a stream descending the slope
of the hill, and was singularly suggestive of the way freshwater
deposits may be formed on a small scale. A very distinct deposit of
a whitish clay was seen on the partially dried-up banks, which con-
tained numerous shells throughout its whole thickness. A smaller
pond by a farmhouse, which had a marshy outflow down the
rugged hill-side, suggested during a brief halt that the Marsh Slug
(Agriolimax levis) should be looked out for, and it was at once
found.

In the wood at the end of this road, all the time remaining at
disposal was spent, and proved exceedingly productive, Azeca tridens
occurring there in considerable numbers ; in fact, hardly a stone OF
branch was overturned without observing some kind of mollusc upon
it. Unhappily the party had not gone far before it was found necessary
to retrace steps for want of time, and in consequence some of the
most promising localities had to be skipped. Altogether were
found 3 aquatic species and 33 terrestrial, but there can be little
doubt that with further Recline pai this list will be materially
increased. :

Navoralist

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT COXWOLD AND BYLAND. 349

Arion ater. _ Helix pygmza.
Arion minimus. Helix pulchella.
Arion hortensis. Helix lapicida.
Arion circumscriptus. Helix aspersa.
Limax maximus var. fasciata. Helix hortensis,
Limax cinereo-niger. Helix arbustorum.
Limax marginatus (arborum) Helix rufescens
Agriolimax agrestis and vars. Helix hispida.
sylvatica and lilacina. Helix granulata (sericea).
Agriolimax levis, Vertigo pygmea.
Vitrina pellucida. ' Clausilia perversa.
Hyalinia cellaria. Azeca tridens.
Hyalinia alliaria. Cochlicopa lubrica.
Hyalinia nitidula. Succinea elegans.
Hyalinia pura. Carychium minimum,
Hyalinia crystallina. Limnza peregra.
Hyalinia fulva. Spheerium lacustre.
Hyalinia excavata. Pisidium fontinale and_ vars.
Helix rotundata. henslowana and cinerea.

For the Entomological Section Mr. G. C. Dennis reported that
together with Mr. E. G. Potter he had worked the district around
oxwold and Byland, and had also investigated Wass Woods,
their captures including among others, Wadena protea, Xanthia silago,
Peronea comparana, P. sponsana, Teras caudana, Chelaria hiibnerella,
and others; while Mr. G. T. Porritt, the President of the Section,
had worked the woods and river at Castle Howard, where the follow-
ing Neuroptera and Trichoptera occurred :—Chrysopa flavifrons,
LHemerobius marginatus and H. micans, Leuctra fusciventris (common),
falesus radiatus (not uncommon), Azadolit nervosa (in profusion all
along the river), Limnophilus lunatus (not uncommon), Micropterna
Seguax, and Rhyacophila dorsalis (common).
tr. M. L. Thompson reported on the Coleoptera, and the
following account is written by Mr. W. F. Baker.

Good hopes were held out in the circular that the district
around Coxwold would prove a ‘happy hunting-ground,’ and these
hopes were most certainly realised with regard to the Coleoptera.

he day was all that could be desired, and the captures were very
Satisfactory both in quantity and quality, the Adephaga being well
tepresented. On shaking some heaps of thorns by the road-side, a most
lively selection of small life was brought to view, spiders, scolopendree,
JSitlus and Oniscus rushing hither and thither, tumbling over each
Other in their eagerness to escape, whilst. Zachyporus hypnorum and
L. chrysomelinus, with Leistus Jerrugineus and Apion apricans repre-
Sented the Coleoptera. A solitary specimen of the Green Weevil
(Phyllobius urtice)—a beetle which, though in the greatest abun-
dance in early spring, seems to disappear altogether in autumn—
Noy. 1892,

350 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT COXWOLD AND BYLAND.

was obtained” on some: nettles, together with Chrysomela staphylea.
The stone-heaps by the road-side; as. usual, well repaid the
trouble of investigation, Anchomenus oblongus and A. dorsalis,
Pterostichus vulgaris, P. madidus, Bembidium monticola, Ane
parumpunctatus and Philonthus marginatus being found there, whilst
the pretty and lively little Bemdbidium quadrimaculatum was
unusually common. Séfones lineatus, Apion eneum, A. violaceum,
Phedon cochtearia, P. tumidulus, and a variety of Halyzia 22-punctata,
only showing 20 spots (one on each elytron being confluent with an
adjacent spot), were obtained by sweeping the long grass, etc., by
the road-side, between Coxwold and Byland Abbey. Under a stone
by the side of ‘Long Beck,’ Wotiophilus aquaticus was found, but
the beck itself was too swift for any of the ordinary aquatic
beetles. By the stone wall at Byland, Auchomenus dorsalis, Calathus
melanocephalus and Loricera pilicornis were found.

the grounds of Byland Abbey were found Xantholinus
glabratus and Medon brunneus. Dung-beetles, in the fields
surrounding the Abbey, were the next to attract attention, a little
heap of mould, by some cow-dung, showing where the common
Dor-beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius) had made its burrow. Digging it
out proved an easy task, as owing to the stony nature of the ground,
the hole was not more than four inches deep. Aphodius ater,
A. fimetarius, A. inquinatus, Philonthus eneus, Spheridium scara-
beoides and S. bipustulatum were also found in dung, the PAilonthus
being, perhaps, one of the swiftest beetles we have, whilst the
Spheridium has a most peculiar waddling kind of walk. On the
road-side between Byland and Wass was a specimen of Geotrupes
stercorarius, blinded by the daylight and vainly endeavouring to
climb a small shrub. How it had got there at that time of the day
must be left to the imagination, for it is a nocturnal beetle.

Leaving Wass to the right hand and going up the Hambleton
hills, a very swift little beck yielded several Dianoiis caerulescens,
clinging to the under side of some moss-covered stones, although
the stream was very rapid indeed. This stream empties itself
into a pond at the bottom of the hill, but the pond hardly
repaid the trouble of searching; Agabus guttatus, Deronectes
depressus, Llybius fuliginosus and Haliplus rujficollis being all that
were found there. Afton wneum and the blue variety of Ha/tica
Pusilla were obtained by sweeping near the pond. In the wood
on the left-hand side, was a rabbit, freshly killed, probably by
a stoat, as it had no other marks on it besides a hole at the
back of the neck, through which its slayer had doubtless sucked
its blood. In the cavity thus made, although the body was scarcely

“Naturalist

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT COXWOLD AND: BYLEAND. 351

SE ee ae Z

cold, were verostichaus lids In some
fungi were twinotatus and B. sari, eine PiaretiAus
pn was found under a piece of wood, and Adalia obliterata,
with Stenus similis, were obtained by sweeping the undergrowth in
the wood. At Cawton (on the previous day), Gilling, and Byland,
Mr. Thompson also met with success. The following is a total list
of the Coleoptera captured on this excursion :—

Pterostichus picimanus Date
ara aulica Pz.
Patrobus excavatus Payk.

Bembidium obtusum Sturm.

rom mius linea earis Ol.

F
Sphzeridium bipustulatum F
e

—— unipunetatus i.
Silpha rugosa

Silpha atrata ae

Aleochara fuscipes Grav.

1892.

@

romania rage By
ve

Ocypus Srianipes F.

Phil +h 1 dence F.

Ditionthes wubes Ross.

Stenus specu ator Er.

Oxytelus tetracarinatus Block.
Adalia obliterata L.
Coccinella hieroglyphica L.
Halyzia 22-punctata L.
Meligethes viridescens F.
Nitidula bipustulata L.
Lathridius lardarius DeG.
Aphodius ater DeG.

la polit
Chrysomela Lisle i

352 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION

Chrysomela reap Rei

AT COXWOLD AND BYLAND.

Cassida viridis L.
Apion ioe L.

Apion zen
Apion apricka Herbst.
Haltica pusilla Duft. v. montana.

Crepidodera tranversa Marsh. Apion radiolus Kirby.
Phyllotreta nemoru Polydrusus Bevemmen Boh.
Longitarsus Cones Wat. Phyllobius urticze De

Longitarsus pusillus

Longitarsus melanocephas All.

Sphzeroderm ‘

From notes peenen by Mr. Charles Waterfall the following
particulars as to the work of the Botanical Section have been obtained.
Leaving Coxwold at an early hour, the party set out for Byland Abbey,
and collected between the station and the Abbey Sa/ix pentandra
and Berberis vulgaris. The following plants were also noticed:
Valeriana officinalis, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Geranium robertianum,
, Cytisus scoparius, Vicia

Fragaria Potentilla fragariastrum, P. torm

oxyacantha, Eptlobium parvijiorum, E. montanum, A weit sylvestris,

Heracleum sphondylium, Caucalis anthriscus, Galium aparine, Pulicaria
dysenterica, Senecio vulgaris, S. jacobea, Lapsana communis, Crepts
virens, Prunella vulgaris, Stachys sylvatica, and Polygonum aviculare.
On the top of an old wall, just before reaching the Abbey, were seen
Arenaria serpyllifolia and Trifolium procumbens. On the walls of
the Abbey Zactuca virosa was seen, and, with the aid of a stick and
a ladder, some specimens secured. Verbascum nigrum was also
collected here, and inside the Abbey were growing Sisymbrium
officinale, Sagina procumbens, Geranium molle, G. dissectum, Medicago

lupulina, Sedum acre, Hedera helix, Sambucus nigra, Galtum cruciata,
Cnicus palustris, Sonchus oleraceus and Carex glauca, From t the
banks ofa neighbouring stream Lupatorium cannabinum was collected,
and two species of Epilobium, hirsutum and palustre, grew there as
well. In the vicinity of Byland village were collected Veronica
agrestis, V. arvensis and Vicia hirsuta, the latter probably an escape
from an oat-field adjoining the road. Other plants seen at Bylan

were Lamium purpureum, Chenopodium album and C. bonus-henricus.
From Byland the members proceeded up Wasg Bank and met with
Cardamine hirsuta, C. flexuosa, Lotus corniculatus, Fragaria vesta,
Potentilla frawirtasirisie: P. tormentilla, Pyrus Saucuparia, axifraga
tridactylites, Eithusa cynapium and Lactuca muralis. Wass Moor
was next traversed, and a variety of Hieracium boreale collected,
possessing light green leaves and a very hairy stem. Rubus ide@us was
noticed and its iruit enjoyed, and such common plants as Calluna

n.
erica, Erica tetralix, E. cinerea, and Scabiosa succisa _ Seen.
Naturalist

‘

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT COXWOLD AND BYLAND. 353

Many ferns were collected here, including Lastrea filix-mas,
L. oreopteris, L. spinulosa, L. dilatata, Lomaria spicant, and a
crested variety of Athyrium filix-femina, The party then made
towards a small gate which opened on to a cart-road. Following the
road, a charming rocky ravine was entered, and soon acquaintance
was made (by the sense of touch) of a virulent form of U7rtica.
Further in the ravine were found Primula vulgaris (still in flower),
Chrysosplenium oppostitifolium, Hieractum tridentatum, Myosotis
arvensis, Teucrium scorodonia, and the ferns Scolopendrium vulgare,
Polystichum aculeatum, and Polypodium vulgare. Wass Woods were
then examined, yielding Hypericum hirsutum, H. pulchrum, Oxalis
acetosella, Circea ‘luletiana, Sanicula europea, Asperula odorata,
Arctium minus, Cnicus palustris, Campanula latifolia (fruiting),
Lysimachia nemorum, Scrophularia nodosa, Stachys betonica, Poly-
podium vulgare, P. phegopteris, Mercurialis perennis, Luzula maxima,
and both the barren and fertile stems of Zguisetum maximum.
During the return to Coxwold were noticed Pimpinella magna,
Laphanus raphanistrum, and, in a garden hedge, Humulus lupulus.
All the foregoing plants were seen by Mr. Waterfall himself, and, in
addition, other members came across the following :—Sisymbrium
thaliana, Hypericum quadrangulum, Ulex europaeus, Vicia sepium,
Galium saxatile, G. palustre, Tussilago farfara, Petasites vulgaris,
Mentha hirsuta, Juncus bufonius, and Polystichum angulare.

For the Geological Section Mr. J. W. Stather writes :—Geologists
were present from Malton, Leeds, York, Hull, and other parts of
Yorkshire ; and the leaders were the Rev. T. A. Burge, Prior of
Ampleforth College, and Mr. S. Chadwick, F.G.S., of Malton. As
the party proceeded across the low ground dividing Gilling from
Ampleforth College, it was explained that the Coxwold and
Gilling Valley is remarkable for the presence of two large
faults, which cut off the Kimeridge Clay floor of the valley
from the Hambleton Hills on the North, and the Howardian
Hills on the South, and is succinctly described by Mr. Hudleston
as ‘A great valley, the result of erosion acting upon a complicated
dislocation.’ The practical effect of this dislocation being that
the coralline oolite (Lower Oolite) caps the two ranges of hills,
while hundreds of feet below, in the intervening valley occurs the
Kimeridge Clay (Upper Oolite). Mr. Burge pointed out, on the lower
Slopes of the valley, several minor landslips, which he said were of
constant occurrence after heavy rains. These slips, which occasioned
the local agriculturists much inconvenience, were caused by the beds
of drift moving forward on the slippery shales beneath them. In the
neighbourhood of Ampleforth College a short detour was made in

354 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION AT COXWOLD AND BYLAND.

order to see an excavation in the Kimeridge Clay, which, however,
was found to be much obscured. But enough was seen to determine
the horizon. At the College the members of the party were
hospitably entertained by Mr. Burge, and were also shown the
museum and the beautiful little church connected with the Institution.
After this agreeable interlude the more serious work of the day
began. Leaving the College, the party soon found themselves on
the line of one of the great faults before alluded to, and in another
few yards the spring which supplies the College with water was
reached. Prior to the sinking of this well, which is a very good
one, Mr. Burge said the College authorities had been at much
trouble and expense in boring for water in different parts of their
ote but without success. As a last resource, a local celebrity
his ‘divining rod’ was called in, and he, to the everlasting
sees of scientific scoffers, without hesitation indicated the spot
where the present well now is. A stiff climb of ten minutes brought
the party to a large quarry of calcareous grit, which proved fairly
fossiliferous. A fine specimen of the genus Astropecten occurred
here, which Mr. Chadwick regarded as the ‘find’ of the day, and
Ammonites plicatilis, Rhynchonella thurmanni, Gryphea, etc., were
pense After a further ascent the brow of the hill was reached, and
r quarry inspected. This proved to be a good section of
eis oolite, and resting on the top of it three or four feet of
coral rag. This exposure, says Mr. Hudleston, marks the highest
elevation attained by the coralline beds in Vorkstire, viz., 675 feet
above sea-level. A halt was there made, and many good specimens
were obtained from its weathered walls. The list includes: spines
and plates, Cidaris florigemma, Thamnastrea, Belemnites abbreviatus,
Chemnitzta heddingtonensts, LExogyra ana, Pecten, Lima,
fseudodiadema verstpora (?) Luctna? Phasianella striata, and
others not yet determined. From the top of the hill close by,
atmospheric conditions being exceptionally favourable, extensive views
were obtained of the region of Tabular hills, the vale of Pickering,
and also of the Howardian range to the South—the whole forming
a panorama of hill and dale not easily forgotten by students of
denudation. Near Ampleforth village one or two sections lower
down in the series were visited and yielded fine specimens of oolitic
chert. Here the Rev. T. A. Burge, who had proved such a capable
and courteous guide, was obliged to leave the members, but not
before they had expressed to him their warmest thanks for his
services.
The usual votes of thanks to the landowners and leaders of
parties terminated the business.—E.R.W eae
Naturalist, |

355

FUNGUS FORAY
AT CASTLE HOWARD AND MALTON.

GEO, MASSEE,
Editor of ‘Greviliea’; Author of § British Fungi, etc. ; Kew.

Tuts year’s Fungus Foray of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union was
held under the favourable combination of fine weather, abundance
of fungi, and a good attendance of enthusiastic mycologists.

It has been said that no person is a true student of nature who
cannot sympathise with the work done by others in subjects outside
his own special sphere of study ; and, presuming the members of the
Y.N.U. are not lacking in this essential, it must be a source of
satisfaction to all to find that a hitherto somewhat neglected study is
being vigorously and persistently carried on in a systematic manner,
with the result that the Mycologic Flora of Yorkshire is already as
rich numerically, and also in the great variety of interesting and rare
Species, as any other equal area in Great Britain ; and when it is

county has been investigated, it may safely be inferred that important
additions will yet be made, not only by the discovery of species at
present met with in other parts of Britain, but also by additions to
the Flora of the country. As a matter of fact, even since the foray
of which I now write a very interesting discovery of this kind has
fallen to the lot of Mr. C. Crossland, of Halifax, who has also, to
my mind, been yet more fortunate in collecting a very beautiful
Species established by Bolton, the pioneer of Yorkshire mycology,
and which, not having previously been met with since Bolton’s time,
was by some considered as a doubtful species. However, on these
Matters Mr. Crossland must be left to tell his own tale, these facts
being mentioned to show Yorkshire mycologists that there is yet
work to be done, and also to demonstrate to the members of the
Union generally that the work done by their mycological members
fully justifies the facilities afforded by the Union.

The days fixed for the foray proper were Wednesday and
Thursday, the 14th and rsth of Sept., but Dr. M. C. Cooke, A.1S.,
and the writer of this arrived at Malton on the Monday evening
Previous, for the purpose of having a preliminary ramble on the
Tuesday, on which day, in company with three or four members
from the West Riding, the woods in the neighbourhood of Castle
Howard Station were worked. Among the interesting finds made
here may be mentioned the Earth-Star (Geaster hygrometricus). In
the evening the specimens found were named, and arranged in the
Corn Exchange at Malton.

Dec, 1892,

356. MASSEE: FUNGUS FORAY AT CASTLE HOWARD.

On Wednesday morning, after the full complement of workers
had arrived—with the exception of the Rev. Wm. Fowler, M.A., of
Liversedge, whose absence was universally regretted—two distinct
routes were taken. One party, led by the writer of this notice,
started from Castle Howard Station, and, passing through the village
of Welburn, explored the woods in the vicinity of Castle Howard.
A second party, led by Mr. M. B. Slater, F.L.S., of Malton, with whom
was Dr. Cooke, drove to Terrington Carr—a bit of classic ground,
botanically—and explored the district, both parties meeting at
Coneysthorpe, where, before starting back for Malton, a few of the

_members paid a brief visit to the celebrated botanist, Dr. Spruce, of
whom all Yorkshiremen are justly proud. ;

On arriving at Malton, after compensating for the loss of
substance experienced during the ramble, the fungi were examined
and added to those already arranged, and during the evening the
exhibition of specimens was open to the public.

A short meeting was organised, with Mr. M. B. Slater, F.L.S., in
the chair. Dr. Cooke then gave a brief and most interesting address
upon ‘Edible Fungi,’ his remarks being illustrated by specimens
taken from those on exhibition, and enlivened with many a humorous
touch. The writer followed with an address on some points in the
structure of certain fungi, after which thanks were voted on the
motion of Mr. A. H. Taylor, seconded by Mr. A. W. Walker, both
of Malton. Another vote of thanks to the Malton members, and to
Lord Fitzwilliam for allowing the use of the Corn Exchange for the
Show, was proposed by Messrs. C. Crossland and A. Clarke, and
unanimously adopted. Mr. H. T. Soppitt gave the meeting some
statistics on the number of species observed and noted at each of
the Union’s forays.

On Thursday the general body of members proceeded to
Coxwold, but the fungus-men, being desirous of paying more
attention to the specimens already collected, elected to remain at
Malton, and during the day paid a short visit to the woods on the
Welham estate, situated in the East Riding, and made up a list of
over seventy species ; argued out several knotty points in connection
with specific differences, talked over matters in general, and finally
said good-bye until the next merry meeting.

The fungus season, as a whole, has been poor, but exceptional
seasons often furnish exceptional fungi, and a noteworthy feature of
the present season was the abundance of individuals, if not of
species, peculiar to open pastures, and probably no mycologist
present had before seen so many specimens of Leptonia
Hygrophorus in one pasture as on the pr sion. Asa rule

VErop. Pp the present occasio ae

MASSEE: FUNGUS FORAY AT CASTLE HOWARD. 357

white-spored Agarics were rare, many genera that are usually

common being altogether absent, or represented by one or two

unusual species.

Among the rarities may be mentioned Znocybe adequata Britz., a
large and beautiful species new to Britain, and only previously found
in Bavaria. Boletus porphyrosporus Fries, brought from near Halifax
by Mr. Crossland, and from near Pickering by Mr. Chadwick, has
only previously been found in Britain at Burnham Beeches.
Psalliota elvensis B. & Br., a large and well-marked species, first
found in North Wales, then in Dr. Cooke’s garden at Highgate ;
occurred in abundance in Castle setibas Park. This species is
edible, and much superior to the common mushroom (Psadliota
campestris) in flavour. Clitocybe hella Fr., Cortinarius bolaris Fr.,

Tilletia rauwenhoffit Fisch. de W., found by Mr. Soppitt, were
also rarities.

For the list of species which follows we are indebted to
Mr. A. Clarke, of Huddersfield, who has drawn it up, with the
assistance of Mr. C. Crossland, of Halifax, and Mr. H. T. Soppitt,
of Bradford.

HYMENOMYCETES.
AGARICINI.

Agaricus (Amanita) muscarius L. Castle Howard.
specimen, pileus 11 inches diameter, from Grindale near
Malton, by S. Chadwick

Agaricus (Amanita) pantherinus DC. Castle Howard.

Agaricus (Amanita) rubescens Pers. Castle Howard ; Welham
Park.

A large

Agaricus (Amanitopsis) vaginatus Bull. Castle Howard;
also var. rufus from Hebden Bridge.
Agaricus (Lepiota) procerus Scop. Castle Howard; Wass
Bank ; Pickering, sent by Mr. J. A. Place.
Agaricus (Lepiota) cristatus A. & S. Castle Howard ; Welham
ark.

ats ane (Lepiota) licmophorus B. & Br. From a greenhouse,
Huddersfield, sent by J. Sutcliffe.
Agaricus (Lepiota) carcharias Pers. Castle Howard.
Agaricus (Lepiota) granulosus Batsch.
Agaricus (Tricholoma) portentosus Ir.
Agaricus (Tricholoma) rutilans Scheff.
Agaricus (Tricholoma) scalpturatus Fr.
Agaricus (Tricholoma) imbricatus Fr.
____ Mirfield, sent by Mr. H. Parkinson.
Dec, 1892.

Do.
Do.

0.
From Ingham Park,

358 MASSEE: FUNGUS FORAY AT CASTLE HOWARD.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) terreus Scheff. Welham Park, near

Malton
Agaricus (Tricholoma) saponaceus Fr. Castle Howard.
Agaricus (Tricholoma) cuneifolius Fr. Do.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) sulphureus Bull. Do.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) carneus Bull. Castle Howard; Welham
Park, near Malton.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) arcuatus Bull. Castle Howard.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) nudus Bull. Do.
Agaricus (Tricholoma) melaleucus Pers. Do.
Agaricus (Tricholoma) humilis Fr. Do.
Agaricus (Tricholoma) sordidus Fr. Do.
Agaricus (Clitocybe) clavipes Pers. Do.
Agaricus (Clitocybe) odorus Bull. Do.
Agaricus (Clitocybe) infundibuliformis Scheff. Do.
Agaricus (Clitocybe) inversus Scop. Do.
Agaricus (Clitocybe) fragrans Sow. ~ = DO
Agaricus (Laccaria) bella Pers. Do.

Agaricus (Laccaria) laccatus Scop., including also the dark

hance a (Agaricus pais stinus Bolt.). Castle Howard;
Welham

Agaricus (Collybia) radicatus Rehl. Castle Howard ; Welham

Agaricus (Collybia) platyphyllus Fr. Castle Howard.

Agaricus (Collybia) fusipes Bull. Do.
Agaricus (Collybia) maculatus A. & S. Do.
Agaricus (Collybia) distortus Fr. Do.
Agaricus (Collybia) confluens Pers. Do.
Agaricus (Collybia) dryophilus Bull. Do.

_ Agaricus (Collybia) muscigenus Schum. Halifax.

Agaricus (Mycena) pelianthinus Fr. Castle Howard.

Agaricus (Mycena) elegans Pers. Do.

Agaricus (Mycena) gypseus Fr. Do.

Agaricus (Mycena) galericulatus Scop. Castle Howard ;
Ingleby Greenhow, sent by Rev. John Hawell.

Agaricus (Mycena) ammoniacus Fr. Castle Howard.

Agaricus (Mycena) vitilis Fr. Castle Howard; Welham
Park.

sg ag (Mycena) galopus Pers. Castle Howard ; Welham
ark.

——
Naturalist,

CRRA Nee
SS Sai a eae

MASSEE: FUNGUS FORAY AT CASTLE HOWARD. 359

Agaricus (Mycena) epipterygius Scop. Do.
Agaricus (Omphalia) rusticus Fr. Do.
Agaricus rephae griseus Fr. Castle Howard ; also from

Velham Park
Agaricus (Omphalia) fibula Bull. Castle Howard.
Agaricus (Volvaria) gloiocephalus Dec.Fl. Do.
Agaricus (Pluteus) cervinus Scheff. Do.
Agaricus (Entoloma) sinuatus Fr. Do.

Agaricus (Entoloma) sericellus Fr Do.
Agaricus (Entoloma) sericeus Bull. Castle Howard; Welham

Park.
Agaricus (Clitopilus) prunulus Scop. Castle Howard.
Agaricus (Clitopilus) orcella Bull. Castle Howard; Welham
Park.

Agaricus (Leptonia) lampropus Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham

Agaricus (Leptonia) incanus Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham
Park.

Agaricus (Nolanea) pascuus Pers. Castle Howard ; Welham
Park.

Agaricus (Claudopus) variabilis Pers. Hebden Bridge.

Agaricus (Pholiota) erebius Fr. Castle Howard.

Agaricus (Pholiota) squarrosus Mill. Do.

Agaricus (Pholiota) mutabilis Scheff. Do.

Agaricus (Pholiota) marginatus. Batsch. Do.

Agaricus (Pholiota) unicolor Fl.Dan. Do.

Agaricus (Inocybe) pyriodorus Pers. Castle Howard; Welham
Park.

Agaricus (Inocybe) fastigiatus Scheff. Castle Howard.

Agaricus (Inocybe) rimosus Bull. Do.

Agaricus (Inocybe) asterosporus Quel. Castle
Welham Park.

oe (Inocybe) descissus Fr.

Howard ;
Castle Howard ; Welham

Agaricus (Inocybe) geophyllus Sow. Welham Park ; Ingleby
eenhow, sent by Rev. John Hawell.
Aerie (Inocybe) adequata Britz. Castle Howard.
Agaricus (Hebeloma) claviceps Fr. Castle Howard.
Agaricus (Hebeloma) crustuliniformis Bull. Do.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) truncatus Scheff. Do.
Agaricus (Flammula) carbonarius Fr. Do.
Do.

Agaricus (Flammula) inopus Fr.
Dec. x 1892.

360 MASSEE: FUNGUS FORAY AT CASTLE HOWARD.

Agaricus (Flammula) sapineus Fr. Halifax

Agaricus (Naucoria) semi-orbicularis Bull. Castle Howard.

Agaricus (Galera) tener Scheeff. Castle Howard.

Agaricus (Galera) ovalis Fr. Do.

Agaricus (Crepidotus) mollis Scheff. Do.

Agaricus (Psalliota) elvensis B. & Br. Do.

Agaricus (Psalliota) arvensis Scheff. Castle Howard ; Welham
Park.

Agaricus (Psalliota) campestris L. Castle Howard.
Agaricus (Psalliota) sylvicola Vitt. oO.
Agaricus (Psalliota) sylvaticus Scheff. Do.
Agaricus (Stropharia) zruginosus Curt. Do.
oe (Stropharia) inunctus Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham

Aeantiud (Stropharia) semiglobatus Batsch. Ingleby Green-
how, sent by Rey. John Hawell; and with var. mznor on rabbits’
dung, Hebden Bridge

Agaricus (Eiyotoldena) sublateritius Scheeff. mee mane

Agaricus (Hypholoma) elzodes Fr.

Agaricus (Hypholoma) fascicularis Huds. Castle cee
Ingleby Greenhow, sent by Rev. John Hawell.

Agaricus (Hypholoma) velutinus Pers. Castle Howard ; Wel-
ham Par

Agaricus s (Hypholoma) appendiculatus Bull. Castle Howard.

Agaricus (Psilocybe) udus Pers. Do

Agaricus (Psilocybe) semilanceatus Fr. Do.

Agaricus (Psilocybe) cernuus F.Dan. Do.

Agaricus (Psilocybe) fcenisecii Pers. Do.

pcoheen coins tte corrugis Pers. and var. gracilis. Castle

Apetiee: Mitte semivestitus B.&Br. Castle Howard.
Agaricus (Panzolus) separatus L. Castle Howard ; Welham
Park.

Agaricus (Panzolus) fimiputris Bull. Castle Howard.
Agaricus (Panzolus) phalenarum Fr. Do.

' Agaricus (Panzolus) campanulatu

* I. Jo.

Agaricus (Panzolus) sam ene Fr. Castle Howard ;
Welham Park.

Agaricus (Psathyrella) disseminatus Pers. Castle Howard.

Coprinus comatus Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.

Coprinus atramentarius Fr. Do. Do.

Coprinus niveus Fr. Castle Howard. pon
Naturalist,

MASSEE: FUNGUS FORAY AT CASTLE HOWARD. 361

Coprinus micaceus Fr. Castle Howard.

Coprinus deliquescens Fr. 0.

Coprinus ephemerus Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.
Bolbitius fragilis Fr. Castle Howard.

Cortinarius (Phlegmacium) calochrous Fr. Castle Howard.

Cortinarius (Phiegmacium) decolorus Fr. Do.
Cortinarius (Myxacium) elatior Fr. Do.
Cortinarius (Dermocybe) ochroleucus Fr. Do.

Cortinarius (Dermocybe) caninus Fr. Do.
Cortinarius (Dermocybe) cinnamomeus F*. and var. semi-
sanguineus. Castle Howard.
Cortinarius (Telamonia) torvus Fr. Hebden Bridge.
Cortinarius (Telamonia) hinnuleus Fr. Castle Howard.
Cortinarius (Telamonia) paleaceus Fr. Do.
Paxillus involutus Fr. Do.
Hygrophorus pudorinus Fr. Hebden Bridge.
Hygrophorus pratensis Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.
Hygrophorus virgineus Fr. Do. Do.
Hygrophorus niveus Fr. Castle Howard.
Hygrophorus clarkii B.&Br. Do.
Hygrophorus colemannianus Blox. Castle Howard ; Welham
Park.
Hygrophorus lztus Fr. Castle Howard.
Hygrophorus ceraceus Fr.
Hygrophorus coccineus Fr. C
sent by Rev. John Hawell.
Hygrophorus obrusseus Fr. Castle Howard ; Ingleby Greenhow,
sent by Rev. John Hawell.
Hygrophorus conicus Fr.
Hyegrophorus chlorophanus Fr. Castle Howard ;
Park ; Ingleby Greenhow, sent by Rev. J. Hawell.
Hygrophorus psittacinus Fr. Castle Howard; Welham Park.
Lactarius turpis Fr. Castle Howard.
Lactarius insulsus Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.
Lactarius blennius Fr. Castle Howard ; Ingleby Greenhow,
sent by Rev. John Hawell; Welham Park.
Lactarius exsuccus Smith. Castle Howard.

oO.
astle Howard; Ingleby Greenhow,

Castle Howard ; Welham Park.
Welham

Lactarius deliciosus Fr. Do.
Lactarius quietus Fr. Do.
Lactarius theiogalus Fr. Do.

Dec. 1892.

362 MASSEE: FUNGUS FORAY AT CASTLE HOWARD.

Lactarius helvus Fr. Huddersfield ; sent by J. Sutcliffe.

Lactarius glyciosmus Fr. Castle Howard.

Lactarius serifluus Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.

Lactarius mitissimus Fr. Hebden Bridge.

Lactarius subdulcis Fr. Castle Howard; Ingleby Greenhow,
sent by Rev. John Hawell; Welham Park.

Lactarius camphoratus Fr. Hebden Bridge.

Lactarius subumbonatus Fr. Do.

Russula nigricans Fr. Halifax.

Russula adusta Fr. Castle Howard.

Russula semicrema Fr. Do.

Russula sardonia Fr. Do.

Russula depallens Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.

Russula drimeia Cke. Castle Howard.

Russula virescens Fr. Hebden Bridge.

Russula lepida Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.

Russula rubra Fr. Castle Howard.
Russula xerampelina Fr. Do.
Russula vesca Fr. Do.

Russula cyanoxantha Fr. Do.

Russula heterophylla Fr. Castle Howard ; Ingleby Greenhow,
sent by Rev. J. Hawell.

Russula consobrina Fr. and var. sororia. Hebden Bridge.

Russula fellea Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.

Russula emetica Fr., and var. fallax. Castle Howard.

Russula ochroleuca Fr. Castle Howard.

Russula fragilis Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.

Russula barlz Fr. Castle Howard.

Russula lutea Fr. Do.

Cantharellus cibarius Fr. Do.

Cantharellus aurantiacus Fr. Do.

Marasmius peronatus Fr. Do.

Marasmius oreades Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.

Marasmius ramealis Fr. Castle Howard.

Marasmius rotula Fr. Castle Howard.

Marasmius androsaceus Fr. Do.

Lentinus cochleatus Fr. Hebden Bridge.

ean Tee
Naturalist,

MASSEE: FUNGUS FORAY AT CASTLE HOWARD. 363
POL YVPOREL.
Boletus luteus L. Castle Howard.
Boletus flavus With. Do.
Boletus granulatus L. Welham Park.
Boletus badius Fr. Castle Howard.
Boletus variegatus Sw. Do.
Boletus chrysenteron Fr. Do.
Boletus subtomentosus L. Do.
Boletus edulis Bull. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.

Boletus luridus Scheff. Do. Do.
Boletus laricinus Berk. Castle Howard.
Boletus scaber Fr. Do.

Boletus felleus Bull. Do.

Boletus porphyrosporus Ir. Pickering ; Hebden Bridge.
Fistulina hepatica Fr. Castle Howard.

Polyporus rufescens Fr. Do.

Polyporus squamosus Fr. Do.

Polyporus chioneus Fr. Do.

Polyporus spongia Fr. Castle Howard; Welham Park.
Polyporus fumosus Fr. Castle Howard.

Polyporus adustus Fr. Do.

Polyporus hispidus Fr. On an Ash tree, Castle Howard.
Polyporus betulinus Fr. Castle Howard.

Polyporus annosus Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.
Polyporus versicolor Fr. Castle Howard.

Polyporus abietinus Fr. Do.
Polyporus micans Fr. Do.
Polyporus vulgaris Fr. Do.

Polyporus quercina Per Do.
Polyporus vaporarius ee Ingleby Greenhow, sent by Rev. John
Hawell.

HYDNEL. .
Hydnum repandum L. Hebden Bridge.
Hydnum viride Fr.
Radulum epileucum B.&Br. Halifax.

THELEPHORE!.

Corticium sulphureum Fr. Hebden Bridge.
Dec. 1892.

364 MASSEE: FUNGUS FORAY AT CASTLE HOWARD.

CLAVARIEI.
Clavaria fastigiata L. Castle Howard.
Clavaria cristata Pers. Do.
Clavaria rugosa Bull. Do.
Clavaria purpurea Fr. Do..
Clavaria fragilis Holmsk. Do.
Calocera viscosa Fr. Do. |

Typhula erythropus Fr. Hebden Bridge.
TREMELLINET.

Tremella foliacea Pers. Hebden Bridge.

Tremella tubercularia Berk. Do.

Hirneola auricula-judz Berk. Halifax.
GASTEROMYCETES.

SCLERODERMEZ... |
Scleroderma vulgare Fr. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.

LYCOPERDE.
Lycoperdon gemmatum Fr. Castle Howard.
Lycoperdon pyriforme Scheff. and var. exculptiforme. Castle

Lycoperdon bovista Fr. Castle Howard.
Bovista nigricans Pers. Do.
Geaster hygrometricus Pers. Do.
PHALLOIDEZ
Ithyphallus impudicus (L.) Fischer. Castle Howard.
Mutinus caninus Huds. Do.
UREDINE#.
Uromyces valerianze Schum. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.
Uromyces alchemillz Pers. Hebden Bridge.
Puccinia bistorta DC. On Polygonum bistorta at Hebden

ridge.
Puccinia lychnidearum Link. Castle Howard.
Puccinia betonica Alb.&Schw. Halifax.
Puccinia glomerata Grev. Hebden Bridge.
Puccinia veronicze Schum. Castle Howard.
Melampsora vacciniorum Link. Do.

Coleosporium sonchii Pers. Do. sone
Naturalist,

MASSEE: FUNGUS FORAY AT CASTLE HOWARD. 365

ASCOMYCETES.

DISCOMYCETES.
Helvella crispa Fr. Hebden Bridge.
Helvella lacunosa Afz. Do.
Leotia lubrica Pers. Do.
Peziza onotica Pers. Castle Howard.
Peziza aurantia (Ed. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.
Peziza badia Pers. Castle Howard.
Lachnea umbrorum Fckl. Do.
Chlorosplenium zruginosum Fl.Dan. Castle Howard.
Rhytisma acerinum Fr. Plentiful on fallen leaves of Sycamore,

Castle Howard.

PYRENOMYCETES
Hypomyces chrysospermus Tul. Castle Howard.
Nectria cinnabarina Fr. Do. —
Xylaria hypoxylon Grev. Do.

PHYCOMYCETES.

Sporodinia aspergillus Schrét. Castle Howard.
Sporodinia dichotoma. Welham Park.

MYCOMYCETES.
Schinzia alni Frank. On roots of Alder, Castle Howard ;

Welham Park.

USTILAGINE.
Ustilago longissima Sow. Castle Howard ; Welham Park.
Tilletia rauwenhoffii F.deW. On Holcus mollis, Castle Howard.

MYXOGASTRES.

Reticularia lycoperdon Rost. Castle Howard.
Leocarpus fragilis Rost. o.
Fuligo varians Rost. Do.

Messrs. J. Needham and H. Pickles forwarded about seventy
species collected around Hebden Bridge, near Halifax, and those
in the foregoing list marked for that district were not represented
by specimens collected in the Malton district.

Mr. Charles Crossland, of Halifax, collected those which are
marked for that locality.

Dec, 1892.

366
DR. JOHNSTON’S LETTERS.

—— an from the | morgen espe? | of | DrGeorge Johnston | . et
oe his daughter sya nr se! — Carter | Edited by

Sa ardy, Da Be Secretary t wickshire Naturalists’

Club ‘ etabe a. 1 David Douglas, 10 Pig Saad: | 1892 [8vo. cloth,

547 pages and portrait}.

It is a peculiar ‘adie to have the opportunity of noticing this
most interesting volume, a worthy tribute to the memory of one to
whom natural history, and particularly field natural history, owes so
much as it does to the founder of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club,
and through it, of all similar associations in the United Kingdom.
Its pages teem with multifarious items of information, and auto-
biographical details which reveal to us the genial character, active
zeal, and scientific worth of Dr. George Johnston, of whom this
superbly brought out volume will form a lasting memorial. The

of interesting footnotes giving brief biographical particulars of the

eminent personages to whom the letters were addressed. These

include the names of Joshua Alder, Prideaux J. Selby, David Lands-

borough, William Thompson (Belfast), Robert Hislop, John Fleming,

C. W. Peach, C. C. Babington, Archibald Hepburn, Leonard Jenyns,
e

to persons, but extends to things as well. The early history
of the various Societies and journals with which Dr. Johnston was

intimately associated, such as the Annals of Natural History, the
Ray Society and the Berwickshire Club, is here illustrated by
many references. Then again, we have innumerable items
relating to the numerous branches of natural science which claimed
a share in Dr. Johnston’s uttention, for there were few, especially of
the more recondite and less popular branches, which he did not
touch at one time or other, and to him the old saying was most
applicable that he touched nothing which he did not adorn. This
will not be the last time on which we shall have occasion to refer to
this book, for in nearly every branch of our ‘ Bibliography ’ it will be
for some time necessary to quote it as authority for items of
considerable local interest. For Dr. Johnston was a naturalist who
could appreciate the local aspect of natural history, and far removed
from the degenerate school which affects to slight the value of those
numerous and detailed and careful observations on which ultimately
rests the superstructure of generalisation in natural science.
Naturalist,

367
BOTANY AND OUTLINE FLORA OF
LINCOLNSHIRE.
Botany and Outline Flora of Lincolnshire. By F. ArNoLp Lees,

M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P, Lond.

By all botanists, but especially by those of Lincolnshire, the above
Outline Flora will be gladly welcomed, coming as it does, from the
pen of one who has for several years been editor of the Botanical
Locality Record Club Reports. After a short introduction, showing
how the soils and position of Lincolnshire cause it to be a meeting-
ground of diverse species, and giving interesting particulars of the
Flora past and present, a list of works containing references to
Lincolnshire follows (beginning with a.p. 1596), and also
Herbaria consulted and quoted ; so that the student can trace back
references for himself, and know where to look for further information
than can be given in the Outline Flora, which occupies 22 of the 29
pages of which the paper consists. Here we have every species

nown to exist in Lincolnshire, in the sequence and according to
the nomenclature of the London Catalogue of Plants, 8th Edition,
1886, those not indigenous or doubtfully indigenous, being marked
as such. In the second column the year of first record is given ;
in the third, the authority; and in the fourth, the occurrence in
North or South Lincolnshire, or both, thus :

Inula helentum* 1688. Plukenet MS. (1834 Bailey), N.

To the list of Phanerogams, Vascular Cryptogams, and Mosses, no
very numerous additions will probably now be made, but to those of
Hepatic, Lichens, Fungi, and Algz, additional species will be
quickly added, as students and observers of these lower plants
increase. In this ‘Outline Flora’ we have at once a careful record
of what has been already done, and a strong stimulus to further
exertion. If we mistake not, Lincolnshire botany will soon reach a
point at which a Flora of the county may be written, containing
a large amount of interesting matter, which could not possibly be
given in the comparatively short space allowed to the author, by
the editor of the work in which the ‘Outline Flora’ appears. We
notice two or three printer's errors, and in so long a list others as to
matter of fact, will doubtless be found, in spite of all the care which
has evidently been expended on it, but it is far ahead of any previous
list, and the mark ! appended to a very large number of the species
(showing that the author has seen the so-marked species growing 1n
the county), makes it far more valuable than any list can be, which
is merely a compilation of records, many of which may be, and often
are, incorrect, and therefore misleading. Altogether, the ‘ Outline
Flora’ is a contribution to the botany of Lincolnshire, for which all
Dec, 1802.

368 NOTES—MAMMALIA AND MOLLUSCA.

interested in its plant-life may well be grateful, and we are sure that
they will best show their gratitude, in the eyes of its author, by
ointing out an errors which may have crept into it, and by

haste of compilation Festuca pseudo-myurus was omitted from the
list, although included in the arithmetical total given; and that
Medicago minima inserted on faith of a specimen in Herb. Peacock
(‘spn. not seen’) was erroneously inserted by the compiler, thus
involving a diminution of the total number by one.

NOTES—MAMMALIA.
Water Shrew near J pcan aie the end of | h (Oct. 1892),
I found a specimen of this Sse uncommon species (Crestpus satin’ “deed in
]

of ie rbderc ee blood on the top of the skull under the skin, which pointed to a
knock on the head before death.— LioneL E, ADAMs, Rose Hill, Penistone;
ov. ith; 8
Occurrence eo the Lesser Shrew near Masham: an Addition to the
List of Yorkshire Mammals,—On Sept. 25th I picked up a Lesser Shrew
which had been drowned in a galvanized trough, placed in a paddock in front of
Burton House, for cattle to drink out of. Not — quite sure of its identity, I sent

it up to Mr. Eagle Clarke, The Museum, Edinburgh, who has several fees urged
me to try and discover it, and he has kindly identified it for me.—BasIL CARTER,
Burton House sham, O

»M ; . 1892.
was extremely pleased to receive and examine this undoubted : per of
Sorex minutus. It is the first Yorkshire example that either Mr. Roebuck or
I colt a ae the we — ave both endeavoured to obtain the species for over *
elev e time we are not inclined to regard it as rare, but
pothee Be hone, pong ation. —W.E.C.

NOTE—MOLLUSCA.
Conchological Notes from West Ayton and Scarborough.—During the

past season I have met with he i following land and freshwater shells in the neigh-
bourhood of West a ton :—Valvata piscinalis, abundant and fine in the Derwent
. s, Castle Mo 1b

wher

Z. operate, Betton Far m arry ; : WH. usca and A. sericea, Forge Valley, pat-
ticularly on dog-mercury ; 7, pond aha : : ei Valley; H. pygme@a, quarry ne “aa
eamer Moor; 4. pulchella pe x a, Yedmandale, Brompton, etc-
“er ereas stg ih Forge Valley, : Papa mUSCOTUM, Betton Farm Qua” rs
Yedm e, Brompton; P, adits licat. on on walls ; Vertigo pygme@4s
qu sae feces mer Moor; V. pusilla, old wail 4 = yee ; Bala perversa, abundant
on a wall near Spike's Hall ; ae ausilia rugosa, plen ntiful in stony places+
fe is very common in Forge Va alles and Vedmandale; Cochlicopa ludbrica,

3; Carychium passes eck wood in the valley ; Cyclostoma elegans, both
Rides. af Ro Forge Valley, but seems to be growing less plentiful.—W. C. HEY,

Naturalist, . 2

369

NOTE ON
‘THE SUPPOSED INTER-BREEDING OF THE
MERLIN AND KESTREL
IN NORTHUMBERLAND IN 1886.’

GEORGE BOLAM,
Berwick-on-Tweea.

I HAVE just read Mr. F. B. Whitlock’s paper under the above heading
in ‘The Naturalist’ of this month, and as he says that he has not
himself seen Mr. Thompson’s original communication, but penned
his article in the hope that it might catch the eye of some member
of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, I venture to send him, through
you, a copy of the statement.

This will be found in a short paper entitled ‘Natural History
Notes from Upper Coquetdale,’ by William Thompson, Harbottle,
which appears in the ‘ History of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club,’
Vol. xii., pp. 128-9, and reads as follows :—‘ Merlin and Kestrel inter-
breeding. In the Spring of 1886, rather an unusual, or so far as my
knowledge goes, an unprecedented, thing occurred on Barra Crags.
A male Merlin Hawk (Falco @salon) mated with a female Kestrel
(#. tinnunculus), The result was a progeny of four. The keeper
(Taylor, residing at Angryhaugh) shot the Kestrel and found it feed-
ing the young on mice, water-rats, etc. A few days after the Merlin
was trapped, and it then appeared that he was supplying the young
with grouse, partridges, etc. Mr, Mather, Alwinton, obtained three
of the young birds, and kept one till it could fly.’ This information
was communicated to the Club in connection with its meeting at
Harbottle, on 27th July, 1887, and though in detail it differs,
Considerably from Mr. Whitlock’s yersion, there can be no doubt that
the case referred to is the same.

Apart altogether from the improbability of such inter-breeding,
the discrepancies between Mr. Thompson’s story and that of the
keeper, as related to Mr. Whitlock, backed up as the latter was by
a visit to the nest and the actual taking of the eggs, are quite
sufficient to dispel any reliance which may ever have been placed in
the ‘record.’ As Mr. Whitlock has remarked, neither Mr. Thompson
nor the keeper appear to have been so well acquainted with birds as
to render a mistake in identity very improbable ; while even though
the keeper may have been correct as to the birds he actually ng

vould still be unproved that both belonged to the nest. Both the
f Upper Coquetdale,

and it might very easily happen that the keeper, looking suddenly
Mine Deneraruead z

Dec. 1892.

37° NOTES AND NEWS.

over the rocks upon which he knew the nest was situated, and seeing
a Kestrel rise from its vicinity, might not unreasonably conclude that
it was the owner of the eggs, though in reality it had only been taking
a se upon an adjacent stem.
rder to see that Mr. Thompson’s observations were not always
saintly reliable, we have only to read through his paper, where
inter alia it is stated that ‘the Dotterell (Charadrius morinellus) is
‘common.’ No further remark is made upon the species by the
author, but the paragraph is followed by the warning note of Dr. Hardy,
in parentheses, ‘ particulars, however, would be desirable.’ No doubt
the designation of Charadrius morinellus had been applied by
Mr. Thompson to some bird known to him as the Dotterell, though
what that particular bird may have been it is perhaps not so easy to
determine. Zxdromias morinellus is quite out of the question, while
even the familiar Ringed Dotterell (Zgialitis hiaticu/a), though it
nests upon some of the gravelly banks of the Coquet, is scarcely so
plentiful in that district as to warrant its being called common.
Before concluding I should just like to add, lest this note should
meet the eye of any friend of Mr. Thompson’s (who I am sorry to
learn from Mr, Whitlock’s communication, is now dead) that I have
not the slightest intention of questioning in any way the veracity of
his statements or throwing any sort of doubt upon the good faith in
which they were made. All that is intended, is to point out that
a mistaken identification has led to errors being perpetuated in print,
which it is desirable should be corrected.
4th November, 1892.

NOTES AND NEWS.
The July 02) oe of ue * Mineralogical es concludes the

oth. volume. contains a r by C. O. Trechmann, Ph.D., F.G.S., on
* Twins of Pe Ee ao roqler Ciesaaietan upon ie bes of. Pyrites.” The Society
numbers 108 ordinary and 21 corresponding members, and 4 associates, and it

includes in its list of officers ht ei names well a ay in the North of England,
Dr. G. r. W. H. Hudleston, and Prof. T. G. Bonny figuring as
past presidents, and Prof. A. H. Green and Mr. ys Harker on the council.

— coe

We have ent from the publihiers (Messrs. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton,
Kent & os ) a copy of a new edition of ‘ Wild Sports of the West of Ireland,’ by
W. H. seh Ti is a well-printed book of 337 pages, including an appendix
of 45 ais and is sold at the moderate price of 4s. 6d. ts Avid is racy an nd
readable, and. the sig carries the reader see a ve e field of i

pain as it does of extracts palace sources, for the elucidation © of
various points in the text,

Naturalist,

371

NEW AND RARE FUNGI NEAR HALIFAX.

CHARLES CROSSLAND.

Coprinus oblectus Fr. Agaricus oblectus Bolton. This extremely

rare Coprinus was first discovered at Halifax, in the year 1790,
by James Bolton, and is finely figured and carefully described
under the name of Agaricus oblectus in his ‘ History of Funguses
found growing about Halifax’ (Tab. 142), from which the
following quaint yet very clear description is copied.

* The root is swelled, and emits white downy fibres.

*‘ Zhe stem is white, of a soft silky surface, and easily splits in
shining white ommeiet 5 it is hollow, but with a soft silky down
in the perforatio

* The curtain is spices soft, downy, and separates from the rim
of the pileus; when the stem has attained but a small part
of its height, it is permanent, abiding near the bottom of the
stem, till the decay of the plant

‘ The gills are, while the plant is young, covered with a car-
nation coloured powder, changing black in decay, rolling upwards,
and dissolving in a black turbid jelly.

* The pileus at first covered with a white downy eperidermis
which soon disappears, and the surface becomes striated, and of
a soft, downy, livid, carnation colour; which colour, both in the
young and the old plants, consists of a soft powder, which at
last changes black and dissolves.

‘Grows on new dung-hills.’ (Bolton).

No record of this fungus has been made in Britain since the
time of Bolton, until a few weeks ago, when it was re-discovered
in the town in which it was first found. It has evidently been
considered by many mycologists in this country a doubtful
British species, being excluded from Berkeley’s Outlines of
Fungology (1860) ; Cooke’s Handbook of British Fungi (1871),
and Stevenson’s Hymenomycetes Britannici (1886), However, it
is interesting to note that Dr. Cooke includes it in the ‘Second and
Revised Edition’ of his ‘ Handbook,’ the first portion of which
appeared in 1883, and figures it (after Bolton) in his splendid
set of illustrations, which ought to be in the possession of every
working mycologist; it also finds a place in W. G. Smith’s
Supplement to Berkeley’s Outlines (1891) p. 173, and in Massee’s
‘British Fungus Flora,’ Vol. 1 (1892), p- 307 ; in the latter it is
accompanied by Bolton’s description as above given.

During a ramble with Mr. H. T. Soppitt, on Bradford, on
October roth, after heavy and continuous rain on the previous
892,

Dec, x

372

CROSSLAND : NEW AND RARE FUNGI NEAR HALIFAX.

day, a few specimens of a strange Coprinus were observed
growing on a newly-formed road-embankment in the vicinity of
the town, the surface of which had been layered by a thick
stratum of street-sweepings. The plants were collected and
carefully examined and compared with the descriptions and draw-
ings of Coprinus oblectus Fr., with which they agreed in every
detail. No others were seen until after the forty hours’ steady
rainfall of the 14th and 15th. These were gathered and sub-
mitted to Mr. Massee, Kew, who confirmed their identification,
stating that there was no doubt whatever about the fungus being
Bolton’s od/ectus.

Higdoum fuligineo-album Schmidt, Myc. Heft. 1, p. 88.
* Pileus

about 3 in. across, flesh thick, firm, white, and like
that of the stem, becoming reddish-brown when cut ; expanded,
wavy or often excentric, rather silky, scaly at the diag whitish,
scales darker, with faint tinge of pink near the margin; stem
about 1$ in. (to 2) in. long, up to $ in. thick, solid, whitish, with
rudimentary squamules; spines crowded, subulate or com
pressed, about } in. long, white, then pale reddish-yellow 5
spores globose, 5-6 pu einen?

Specimens of this fungus were also forwarded to Mr. -“Massee,
who considers it a very good addition to our Fungus Flora.
I am indebted to him for the above description, and the
following note :—‘ A fine species, distinguished by the white flesh
becoming reddish when broken, ‘Taste pleasant, smell none,
agreeing exactly with the description given by Schmidt, but
differing widely from the figures by Fries. Icon., 3, upper
figures.’

On the ground in pasture nigh a mixed wood. Hebden
Bridge, Oct, 1892, James Needham and H. Pickles.

Coprinus volvaceo-minimus sp. nov. ‘Pileus 3 lines broad,

ovate, then campanulate, grey inclining to cinereous, disc darker,
sprinkled with white squamules, membranaceous, striate, margin
splitting and reflexed when old; gills almost free, narrow,
attenuated at each end, becoming blackish-purple ; stem } to 1 In.
long, less than a line thick, apex slightly swollen, fistulose, glabrous,
hyaline, furnished at the bulbous base with a distinct sheathing
persistent ring or collar, about half width of pileus, and which
becomes reflexed ; spores blackish-purple, sub-globose, minutely
apiculate, 6-7 p.

On manure heap, Wellhead, Halifax, Oct. 1892. Readily
distinguished from C. hendersonii by the ovate pileus, distinct

basal volva and collar, and sub-globose and smaller pacer,
turalisty

373

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG VY.

i Macqueen’s Bustard near Redcar: An Addition to the Yorkshire
vifauna.—<A very fine adult Dips net ae of Otes igs goes as ee & on the
un =

5th tween

— for the Newcastle awe es a or sae to ns "I ‘ian d Saund ers, a is
ce ce i

M4 . . hir i

list of Yorkshire birds, I ei le asure of seeing the bird in question, in ne

hands of the taxidermist, befor was sent to Newcastle.—T. H. NELso

Sandringham Hou use, Redcar dale Neveabe. 1892

een’s Bustard near Marske.—A very handsome Se ae of
ear

Marske eN.E of Yorks e, 5th October last (1892). rve
Pearce Coupe, who okie identified it as being oils Bustard—
na male in breedin he specimen has be c or t
e it -on-Tyne m, alae . de form an interesting addition es the
other . in that rage her British-killed specimen, now in the
York Museum, was shot on the zt October, 1847.—-RicHARD Hows, Gassiad,

Nowcastle Me useum, on Nov

NOTES—BOTANY.

_ The North Lancashire Flora: A Correcti In my pa ig on o subject
in the Beets number of this casted I said that no confirmation was to hand of
— s sirvage for Crocus ‘near Swarthmoor Hall.’ Mr. Deckworh tells me

Ks

a oan ‘still mtibips i.e, it was there last year.—LISTER PETTY,
en eat aach rch, 1892
Inula si etiibades North Lancashire.—Mr. Atkinson, of Dalton-in-Furness,
recorded in the reed rom ae: . ‘Withering (1796, p. 730); this plant from the
oe far earn it has not been seen in th
district ae In 1888 7 found it in ppotber part of 7 near Aldingham
i

* @

aie in the vicinity is some potato patches, which, in 1888, were fewer and in
i d ocali i h

d who
have pr obably ee the Lowe nt near Dalton.—LisTeEr Pretty, Bortree
1892

NOTES AND NEWS.

The 202nd number of the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, issued
St I2th, ord contains a paper by Dr. J. Mueller, entitled ‘ Lichenes Epi —-
ruceani,’ based upon the sage collected by the swine us Yorksh

Ss Aaeery iceta during his stay in the Amazonian and Andean region

essrs. Blackwood and Sons have sent us a copy of a new edition of a

<< Sata! Kids of game; mea from
Dec, 1892.

Se FA risks Rendes olteks DNR RS eer
CONTRIBUTORS:
Adams, Lionel E., B.A Hewetson, H. Bendelack, F.L.S., 339-
Addison, Rev. Fre edk., M A TLE Hewett, Wm., 139, 3
d B.A Hey, Rev. W.

Arc ts eed F
Armistead, J. J., 140, 308.

Sten ne James, F.Z.S., 116, 308.

Bailey, “Matthew, 186, ep 15, 3 6.
ilbert, F.R.S., F.L. ones 249.

rtrd Charles, F.G.s.,

nker, Thomas, 256, 294.
panes ll, J. Darker, M.c.s,, 253.
Buttress, Leonard, 186.

Carter, Basil, 368.
Carter, J. W., 300.
Chadwick, Samuel, Sty

+» 155.
percent Rev 1.
hapman, E., 32 a
Chake. Aired, = 367,
Clarke. i £,5.,-366,

Clarke, Wa. tg

Cole, Rev. ee Wocle M.A., F.G.S., 103
Comelte x, John, M.B.0.U., 3, 75, 187, 217.
Crossland, Charles, 55, 261, 357:

Davy, J. Burtt, 41, 45, 300.
Dennis, G. C., 349.

Field, Joseph, 258

Fierke, Fredk. Ww. 2 BS 294, 300, 347.
Foggitt, John B

Fortune, paeag. F S.¢ 8s 116, 179.
owler, Rev. és MA eee

Fowler, Rev. ‘ome w. W iL

nS, 72, 234.

Friend, Rev. Hilderic, F. eg - , 87, 247, 300.

Goodchild, J. G., F.G.s., 183, 241.

regson n, Wm 8 57.
Grimshaw, Percy H., 187, 215.

e ~ A. = i, OO; 2
anson, Cajus Casi, 21 re ‘Layo 219,
Harker, Alfred, ¥ .G.8., 22, 73, a:
m, J. W., i“ 26.
He ebden, Thom

Heslington, a C, gon

Cou “oe at 292, 368.
171.
Oo B *F ‘a
Holgate, Benj.. F.G ‘s is age
Howse, ‘Richord, 137, 373
Jeffs, Osmund W., 305.
Kenny, Capt. A. H.,

Kirkby, Chhartes, ge
Knubley, Rev.

E., 105.
[57, 116.
, M.A., M.B.0.U
Leach, R. E., M.A., 182.
Lee, P.. Fox, ‘6.
Macpherson, Rev. H. A., M.A., 260.
idge, Wm., 216.

Massee, George, 35:
Moiser, H enry R 235.
Mosley, S. L., F. E. : ‘ gis 246, 273,337-

Nelson, aie 253). 325+
age “hos, sy se B. 5 Ui,
Nelson, Wm

Norman, Rev. ‘Alfred Fi
Nylander, Dr. W.;5. 17- [F.

(373+
si 1545 268,

Maas hag
+ 75>

Oldham, Charles, M.c.s., 4, 326.

aeeets Rev. W. Hunt, 22.
delat i Pe = “» 21%.

pis
P ve "Liste aa ‘ (278, 339, 349-
€ rs lL rt 95 ead as; 236, 257,

Potter, E. G., 300.

Reade, T. Mellard, F.G.s.,

Roberts, oy 86. Sig 261 93 350380
Roebuck, W. 29,7

ines iach tie oe
Rushforth, Wm. , ike.

elf, Edward, cing 253, 278.
Shackleton, Abm 17.
vis, t
Shuffrey, Rev. W. A., M.A., 249, 259
acted eda B., F.L.S., 108.
mith, J. Chas. —

4

7

CLASSIFIED INDEX. 375

CONTRIBUTOR S--continued.

Soppitt, H. T. “et 357:
; | Waite, Edgar R., F.L.s., 15, 54, 75,
cae J. We; ah 353. | [14 7s 6, 7, 205, 249,
[250. 254, 272, 336, 343.
Stephenson, Thos., | Waterfall, Charles, 352.

23.
Summerfield, Rev. RR Ae B.A., 117, 325. West, illi lam, F.L.S. 249

Tate, Thomas, F.c.
> 1 eb: 237-
qrompson, M. Lawson, 18. | Whitwell
inkler, John E aod -B.. vay
Vi Woodd, Rev. Trevor Basil, B.A., LL.B., 13.
ine, George Robert, §. 1 Woodhead, 1 Ws) 87:

BOOK NOTICES.
Ashton-under- Lyne Bot. Society.—Flora | Geo. Massee—Monograph of Myxogastres,

ae Ashton-under.Lyne, 240. 171.
ts. Barwell-Carter, —Selections from the | Geo. Massee.—British Fungi: Phycomy-
Correspondence of Dr. George Johnston, | __cetes and Ustilaginez., 249.
Sena |W. H. Maxwell.—Wild Sports of the
urton-on-Trent N, 7 and Arch. Soc.— | West of het nd, 370.
ww tansactions, vol. ii., 150, , S. L. Mosley.— — of British Birds,
N agie Clarke. sep of Scottish | Nests, ~ Eggs,
atural History, 44. | J. A. Ow n,—Annals a a Fishing Village,
John W. Ellis.—The poate Fauna | 240,
f of Lancashire and Cheshire J. A. Owen.—On Surrey Hills, 240.
ke Irish ngiasttae —154. Tac on Pat hin an Hour of London
“phar ones. —Glim sof Animal Life 5 Town,
— Naturalists a Tee, ee Sine St. eras —Larva Collecting
F. Part 2, 150, | and Breeding,
sete Lees —Outline Flora of Lincoln. | F. V. Theo ere D5 Cee of British Flies
pthire, 367. (Diptera), 1
onald Mackintyre.—-Hindu-Koh : Wan- | York School Rat Hist. Sica’: 57th and
derings and Wild Sport on and beyond 58th Reports, 279, 280.
the ¢ Himalayas, 373.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
wo Abbey, eee | Map of Coxwold district, 343.
ap of Gibratia Point and Neighbour- a = mola from Whitby, 24.
Marat fk | Portrait of Francis Archer, 113.
a Horton in- rp roe ~~ | Portrait of Charles Smethurst, 145.
Ma. Rokeby an 205. | Portrait of A. Norman Tate, 305.
md = Dunford Bridge hy Pica 254. | Tomb i in Rokeby Park, 207.
CHESHIRE,
Birds: Bibliography, 1889, 121-136, 281- | Mammalia: Unusual aoe of Water
291. Voles at Pickmere (C. Oldham), 4
Coleoptera: Toe goprae 1888-91, 29-40; | Mollusca: B a aad I sa 89, 327-336.
Hydradephaga of Lancs. and Cheshire | Personal Noti ravages
(W. E. Sharp), 1809- sor | of Plutella gin. eae ae ay Ww

Geology and Palzontology: Biblio. __ Fellows of Geological Socie
graphy for 1891, 220-234; Some North Reptiles an a eee ibians ee ea

Country Quartzites, 73-75- | 1889-90, 77-
CUMBERLAND.
Birds: Biblio he Solway ( J. Armi-
7 raphy, 188 122-136, Sheldrakes o on the So Sue ie
281-291; Sno a Colic ou th So way stead), 8 a GY.
(H. A. Mac pleat: 3; Albino Hous Armistea As

_ Sparrows at Penrith (J. C. Smith), bs; Coleoptera: Bibliography, 1888-91, 31-40.
Dec, 1892,

376

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

CUMBERLAN D—coniinued.

Flowering Plants: Some Vernacular
Names of Stawea Ree: a: Addiso "), ee
Geolo. d tology :
graphy gl, some ee
Country Quartzites (A. Harker), 73-75 ;
Metamorphosed S jd Slates (Prof.
1. Rosenbusch), 119-20; Lake Country |

Seat oo Tate), 237-2 ead

tage in the ‘Caldew (Wm.

Mollusca: piblogeDH a) fog 89, 327-336.
nal Notices: y de
Goodchild, 340

| Reptiles and stan Bibliogea pars

1889-90, 77-80; Foreign Reptile
in Cumberland (H. A. pein a 6
Ben,

mes.—Earthworms

in Cumberland
( iL. Friend), 89-90

Hatin 3
DERBY s HIRE.

Birds : atic al 1889, 121-136, 281- | Geology and Palzontology: Biblio
291; Bi erbyshire (F. B. Whit- graphy, 1891, al-394 3 erbyshire
lock), ais, Great Snipe at Bolsover, Fossils (W. H. Painter),
and ‘Co Buzzard. at Ashopton | Mollusca: Bibligaraghy, 1 1888. -9, 327-36.
(C. Oldham). 326. Reptiles phibians : Bibliography,

pees tama Sr ig 1888-91, 13E-A0; 1889- 7-80.

at Repton (W Societies : Burton-on-Trent Nat. Hist.
F saa [Sed 150.
DURHAM.

Birds : bibliography, 1889, 122- ett or: | Personal Notices: came yd pang

i Ornithological Notes fro named after Sang, 44; Aple
1-92 (T. at, ao neulosa var. robsoni, afte E. hen,
Coleoptera : igen a 1888-91, 30- 40. 44; Cano on Cyclostoma, 44:
log d leontology: Biblio Obituary Noti Calvert, 86;
graphy, 1891, 222- ay Some North- . Norman and the Conchological
Sountry Quartzites (A. Harker), 73-5. Society, 340 ; C. O. Trechmann’s Papers

Mollusca: ee ere 80,327-336. | in aja Yo is sr » 370.

Mosses : In Upper Teesdale (R. Barnes), | Reptiles and Amphibians: ‘Bibliography,
151-3; Mosses at Seaton Snook (R. 1889-90, st
Barnes), 186. |

LANCASHIRE.

ae Bibliography, 1889, 122-136, 281- | Mosses: Four new Yorkshire (and South-

| ad i osses Now ae ), I51.

Coles ; Bibliography, 1888-91, 31- | Muse re of Manchester
40; Tipdiete haga of mete and rrp
Cheshire (W. E. S ann 204. erso s: Jno. Wat
lowerin : Gen ie pneum redevelopment of Lost Limbs i in i Insecta,
anthe and Bartsia ica at Sout shout : Herdman on the Classification
(J. B. Foggitt), 259. of nicata, 56; The Lyell Medal

Geology and Palzontology : otc prese to G. H. Morton, 56; T-
graphy, 1891, 221-234: Some North Moore elected A.L.S,, 76; new Fellows

ountry Quartzites (A. ane 73-75; of Geological Society, 1 ary
Sand Sculpture (T. M. Reade), 149; and Portrait of Francis Arche 16;
Lake Country Rocks (T. Tate), 237 Pierce, 150; Willoughby Gardner,

Lepidoptera Colias edusa at St An e’s- 150; W. A, Herdmanelect
on-Sea Porritt), 2 rk J. W. elie, 240 ; er a ha N. Tate
varieties of Acronycta leporina, ‘ined at O. effs), 305-8 . C. Melvill’s
Warrington, 370. Csactobcsiel papers, 34

Meteorology : Temperature Variations as | Reptiles cl hibians : Bibliography,
observed at Man chester and Oldham | 1889-90, 77-8

>

| Societies : Soophaiort teen of —

Science, 165; Leeuwenhoek Micr
scopical Club, 185.

| ve ermes: Earthworms at Lancaster (H-
Friend)

OO
Naturalist,

CLASSIFIED INDEX,

LINCOLNSHIRE,

gz: Laminaria digitata and Plo-
ay sone parce at Cleethorpes (G.

Str th

. Cordeaux), 217-2
s Binionaghe 1888-91, 30- i
Point,

41
Point,

49-54; Additions to North Lincolnshire | Pol
Lee |

Flora (P. F,
of Lincolnshire (F. 300 ;
ogee oni Lana in North rage 7
(J. B Davy), 300; Review o

utline Flora

ra: oe “eggs ccie
Cleethorpes (G. R. Vine), 11

er te '

377

Fungi: Agaricus speciosus at Gibraltar
Point, 54.

eolo. and sSemPHEDIORY Biblio-

gy
graphy, 1891, 219-234.
ere : Captures at Gibraltar Point,

oe Water Vole at ig i
Point, 47 White Seal at Tet
Haven Cordeaux), 75; 7 ii
Rorqual Finner in the Humber
(J. Cordeaux), 187-8.

Mollusca: Bibliography, 1888-9, 327-
336; Solen ensis and grein undatum

«II.

889-90, 77- aa Amphibians at Gib-
satay Poin
Zoophytes : gevtalachk pinnata at Gib-
raltar Point, 45.

isi. OF . MAN,

Birds : Bibliography, 1889, 124- 136; 281- | Mollusca: Bibliography, 1888-9, 327-
291; Albino Starling and Sto valbntyc! "
igs Bacon), 3; Protection of Revs by Personal nen : H. S. Clarke’s pee
Law (P. M. ermode), 61. | on Manx jaspte ra, ~
Coleoptera: Bibliography, 1888-91, 31-40. Biological Staton - Port E fe
Geology and Paleontology: Biblio Reptiles ians: Bibliography,
graphy, 1891, 219- i:
NORTHUMBERLAND.

ot Pee atey, 1889, 122-136, 281
Sno Goose at Holy

mate of 1890-1891 (Geo. Deletok
Nesting of Peew

itlock), 341-2; (George
3¢ -3
Coleoptera: Bibliogra hy, 18
= y, 1888-91, en
Geol and ster

tology: Biblio
Aa 1891, 2
Lepidoptera : Vaientn ‘antiopa at Wal-
ington, 44.

island

Mammalia: Daubenton’s and other Bats
in Northumberland Leggs n the Border
(Geo. Bolam), 2

Mollusca : Bibliography, rari = Br 36.

Personal Notic Obitu
Pearson, 443 Prager of a cae
oo eo. John ad ‘

P. J. Selby’s Collsction, 340 ;
Baiters, 340.
ptiles and Amphibians: Bibliography,
1889-90, 77-80.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

wists : piltogeaohy, 1 1889, aye 281- |
; Food of the *. B

27-28, 118 ; an ar 95; Crested
re on t (F. B. Whi tlock),
ui ee at Clumber (L

Ta: Bibliography, 1888-91, 30-40.
Plants: The Crocuses in |

Dec, 1892.

Nottingham Mead ows (H and
J. G. Baker), 4 Ap B. Whitlock), 55: e
Geolo are ntology :
ra ’ or
oF tb hablicgraphy, 1888-89, 327-

336.
Reptiles and ost Bibliography,

ora 9°; oe
h-worms in (H
Friend, Sy ties On H shay pen ins
rms (H. Friend), 301

378

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

WESTMORLAND AND FURNESS.

Bist: Bibliography, 1889, 121-136, 281-

2
Coleoptera: pitlice ‘goo 1888-91, 31-40.
— ontribution to ag
ty),

Correction, EGR ee ma

and
heléaiuih in Lancashire (Lister

Country Quartzites fh Harker), 73-75;
New Plant Bed at Hilton (A. Harker),
je : lake Country Rocks (T. Tate),

Moilusca. Eibicererae uses -89, 327° “336+
al Noti as Go

Person ces:
Reptiles and Aaphitdans, reas:

Petty), 373. 1889-90,
eology and Palzontology: Biblio Vermes : Earthworms at Kendal (H.
graphy, 1891, 223-234: Some North- Fri
YORKSHIRE. :
Arac : Yorkshire — ‘lesa by nt tnt PA 1 QI, 29-
Mites oe 'L. Mo sley 40 t Askh m Bog (W.
li

Birds : Bibliography, 188, _ 136, 281-

29 w G t Beverley (Henry

ore vA ey Rough Jegged say and
Hen Harrier i derness (Jno. C

1891-2 CEs
179-180 ;

Sipe: sak “43

okeby, 21; Pelobius tardus_ near
Withernsea W. Fowler), 234;
Oo hern-

a (W.
Galls produced by Coleoptera (S. L-
) eae ae at coe old

« (W. 0.8 I
at Redcar (A. M. Nor 174.
Yorkshire Galls. prodieed by
a(S. Be Re reco Find Sik 337°9
; Scar, Redcar

180; Halibut at Redcar (T
8 Coxwold and Byland

g ts: Sapper List
of Tanpeicaae Plants (T. B. Woodd),
13-15; Crocus nudiflorus near Halifax
near Beverley

an
Cleveland (F. Addison), 111 ; Narcissus
ps es -narcissus at Bullcliffe Wood, neat
e Palterar ang, I 1543 Gna
d

Galls, (S. .L. eg '
Plants near Yor

weey an

Hemi
H

(A. E. Hall), 905 Amphidasis

Porritt),

(

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

379

YORKSHIRE—continued.
_ Withernsea (A. Clarke), ae rug

meda polifolia on Oxenhop

Vorkshire
Fite. gatnde pl -268 ; Agaricus
ee at Wass Ba

R. ss . Soppitt), 357-365 ;
: ms 1near Halifax (C. Crossland), 371I-

ibli
ree Forest Bed at

(s. = k Eh ves
Work Fr a shy ), 155- 8; "ih Year's

Gl ee bates
acial Phenomena a Upper Ribblesdale
: G. G Id), 241-46; Geology of
enone (i Coseph Fid eld) 7 -9; Geology
Geology se Con ld 3 3 l ene ria Ww. :
xX
Stather), 3 Blea sag utes? ce
7 emiptera one Galls pentane by
emiptera (S. L. Mosle 2

R. Waite), 54;
er

prto-
sap Gualar ate

|

4 . Porritt), 215; rk- |
abe Galls produced by Cy ipiaee (S. L. |
osley), 274- ae 337- 339; Sirex gigas
at Crossgates (H. Nelson), 325;
Juvencus near Ripon(R. A Stinmetfeld)
325; at Pickering (W. D. Roebuck), |
a in Leeds (H. ‘B. Wilson), |
Lepidop era ene convolvuli at |
Newton K idgar
j

(W. ett), 1393
at Heston Ribblesdate (or
181, 236; Lepido opteraat Rokeby

tA. Hall), 210-11 ; Pachnobia Jeuco-

Dec. 1852,

grapha and gnames fagella at Bishop’s
ood (W. Mansbridge), 216; polis

Pala: near Barnsle (W. E Brady),
216; Me pe tristata and Chelonia
uddersfi bs a

(E. Self), 278; Near Doncas
Potter), 300 ; in Holderness (T. Petch),
300 ; dopt at With (J.
Porter), 297; pidoptera at Rokeby
. G. Potter), 300 ; Acherontia atropos
near Bra Ts: We, Catter),’ 360.;
epidoptera at Coxwold and Byland,
> 3495 zerocampa

celerio at Halifax (E. Halliday), ct
Acherontia atropos at Scarboroug
J. Clarke), 339 5 _ oles se in Beier:
ness and at Leeds (H wetson),
339; . ace Tubricipeda th adliia at
Barn and varieties of Liparis
ichens (Wm. er A. Shackleton
a T. Hebden), 1
ammalia: Long- ae Bat at oan
(W. D. Roebuck), 43 Long- d Bat
in captivity, Saltburn (M. ie Thompson),
18-20; You ng Otter at ame
oa gar R. Waite), 75; ains at
Fallow Deer pe Gooe a r (Ed gar
ns vee aos 169; (P. F. Kendall),
169-1 at Horton-in-
Ribblesdale(R Fortune), 180; Common
Rorqual, or
(J. pips pee?
Rokeby (Ed
ered Bat at

perature Variations i
the Nidd tc. i Pasi), ie: A Real Summe
Day (W. C

Hey), 292.
Mollusca ; Bibliography, 1888-89, 327-

336; Tes at Hea
ingley, Kae S, iotidea an
pag td (Edgar R. Waite), sp Mollusca
Forest Se t Hull (A. Ha rken a ;
description s of New arieties
tumidus near ° Wakefield Ss Roberts)
ollusca at Salt Red

cella scutulum
and

ae

380 CLASSIFIED INDEX, =~

YORKSHIR E—continued.

8; Testacella Demonstrator at Andrews, 86;

(W. C. Hey),
haliotidea is “Shipley cs forotes 1543 A, E. Hall,
(W

lum at Yorkshire Entomology, 86 ; New Fel-

Rushforth), 154; cae = ‘Wet - ows of the Geological Society, 102;
in-Ribblesdale (W. D. Roebuck); 180- . H. Hudleston elected Pres. G. S.,
I at Rokeby (W, eserves era -210 102; Alfred Harker on Cross Fell
Amalia gagates at Withern (J. D. Rocks, 102; C bkirk, Rev. Thos
Hincks, Geo West, 110;

oma 253; Testacella scieaieus at
ork (E.

: k
{2533 ollusca ‘at Wager, 150; Eq m heming
ge: ahi (F. W. Fierke), 256-7 wayi, 17¢; L. C. Miall elected F.R.S.,
Mollusca at Withernsea (F, W, Fierke), 83, 188; Watson, 188; J
294-6, 298-9 ; Mollusca at re = Westwood, 18 G. T. Porritt, 340;
W. E. Collinge, "tap re i

Scarbrough (W. C. Hey), 368.
and H i

Cryptogans, 1890-91 (M,
108-10 ; Four New Mosses (R. Barnes

I5I- ” Aul mnium andro j in
Upper Swaledale (R. Barnes), 174;
Mosses at Coat . Barnes), ed

h
Mosses and Ao pe ig at Rokeby (M. B
Slater), os
Horton-in- Ribblesdale
; at Dunford Bridge
(G. T. Porritt), 257; Neuroptera at

Castle } Saba iG. T. Porritt), 349.
Perso : Obituary te Portrait |

of C, Siethiest: ( 03. |

of Robert Mortimer ( 66 ;

E. M. le),
- ie Reed (H.R. Moise, 235. nd,
Raine’s Bird-nesting
; on on en ne
tective oy of an Annelid, 26;
B. Hobson at the eee.

Congress iss Aamerieg 26 ; osley’s |
History of British Birds, 44. E
Clarke and the ‘Annals of Scottish
Natural ; the hison

fossils "af “York

|

Vermes :

an Oe a
340 ; Geo. Massee and Grevillea, 340;
child, 340; Mueller’ s Lichenes

J.

te Spruceani 373.
Polyzoa: Polyzo

G. R. Vin

aot Yorkshire Coast
ine}. 7

Reptiles and ‘Aggohibians: Bibliography,

t Horton-1
rog pe

; Frog

1889-90, 77-80; Reptiles a
Ribblesdale (R. ’ For tune), 180 :

; Bradford Scientific Association,
.N.U. at Horton-in-Ribblesdale
(Bag gar R. i 177-185 ; Y.N.U. at

ie (Edgar R. Waite, ial 153
Pehitone and Dunfor d
Bridge ( ab i Wai pipe ;

293-93 Monti

Edgar R. Waite), 343-
ed New Yorchie Earthworms,
ended list of North British

wi
$ Species (i. Friend), ae Gordius
Yorkshire nae 7 i Pe
56; J. W. Davis na aes Hick’s
iributions to ‘ Science,’ 76;
. E. Collinge sppotean Biological

i

Ryedale,
fabs hire witbrdorn, “A iiclobophora
profuga (H. Friend), 247-249; Hybridity
among Worms (H. Friend), 301-304

MISCELLANEOUS.
Flowering Plants ome Vernacular | in New ee by imported Weasels
Names of Plants he. F, Addison), and Stoats,
111-2, , Ordnance Mans 61-63.
Fungi: Distribution to nee ape: ts | Personal Notices: Dr. M. C. Cooke

strobilaceus (A. B, Ste
me = ogy : Sand Sculiture’ (ro M. Reade),

| and pik nage Pt) 153. é vn 186
Photogra without a Camera,
| Societi es 3 X: Entomological Society of

Mammalia : Destruction of Ground Birds peri 370.

Printed by M°Corquodale & Co. Limited, Leeds.

ee

JANUARY i892.

MONTHLY. JOURNAL OF

Natural History for the North of England.
EDITED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, -F-1.5,,

Sunny Bank, Leeds ;

AND
EDGAR RK. WAITE, F-LS,
The Museum, Leeds;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L-S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEO. T; PORRIT‘, F-1..5., F.£.S.,
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W.B. TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.A1.S.

€
Gonfents:
Occurrence of the Snow Goose in Northumberland Baan. bcs edeaeged of
1890-1891 Georve Bolam.. 1-3
yzoa

Supplementary List of the Soghege - Langstr ciuidte “Mid-West Yorkshire—

ev. Trevor Basil Woodd, B.A,, LL 18-15
New British Lichens—.Adrahant ‘Sisaibiodon sit T hens PER aoe rt ies 17
Some Notes on the Long-Eared Bat in Captivity—J/. Lawson Thompoon.. = 18-20
Bird-Notes from Whitby, Sept. 1890-Oct. eee omas Stephens 21-
Fishes Captured near Whitby in Octob ape Ulosteated)— Thoma Stephenson 23-26
The Nighti gale in niente: FB 27-28
rs capa aegis 1828-1891— Ii". stl Roebuc, FLS coe 29-32

ithoh
Large k Raptorist b Birds in the Humber District- fi Cor fase: a. B.0.U.: : Albino Starling
: the Isle of oa J. €. Bacon ; Ortolan gti in near Bedale—S. 7 Mosiey,
Food of the Tree Sparrow—F. B, Whitlock; Gaon Death of a Voung

Nete_i4 Biacibind iley Fortune, F.Z.S.; Ruoff in} eae Lincolnshire H i. Harrison. :
Nat — any at Adel—Edgar R: ug aite, F.L,8 ‘
No — Fon ra 2 i C: nudifiorusi in England—Henry Payne, it. D..& 7-G. Baker,F. RS 4,16

Dis os of Strobilomyces strobilaceus—A. B, ‘Steele: A Mycological ‘Ramble
id- Weds ber—H, 7. Sone 4, 20

ie
ae Bat i in Swaledaie—} Ww. Denison Roebuck; Unusual Nests of Water Voles
N tes — ai. Nahai; Otters not found in the Caldew—W7 mt. Hodgson, ALS. : ae
orest~- abe - y Seta ‘ents
Notes tent penn at Hull—A. Harker, MA: j Derbyshire F ossils Rev. W.H. Painter. 2

Communications to be addressed Single Numbers, 6d.; by post, 7d
HE Enrrors
“THE Narurat List,’
Sunny Bank, Leeps.

oe a 6/6. If paid
before M —_ qrst, 5/- = :
rey as Leeds office

LONDON:
Lovett Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GaRDEN, E.C.
McCorquopaLe & Co, Limrrep, CARDINGTON STREET, Euston ;

Ba ALL STRERT.

: 4 we
Ba LREDS: GA:

The NATURALIST.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Grevillea ee of Cryptog, Bot., No. 94, Dec. 1891. [Dr. M.C. Cooke, ed.
ourn. of Conchology, Vol. 6, No. 12 , Oct t. 1891. ee ees Society.
i d. Nat. Ac

ademy.
fanchester Geological Soc. —Trans., vol. 21, parts 11-12, ce [The Society.
‘evue Bryologique, 18¢ Année, 1891, No. 6. [M. T. Husnot, redacteur, Cahan,
° Count

Jie Segre eae ahrg. 15, Nr. 23, Dec 15, 1891. ee Vereins in Wien
—History of Britich Birds, Nee and Eggs, No. oe [Au ie me

roakiy jake g. Soc.—Journal, 1890, Vol. 6, Nos. 10-12, Oct [Soc
Jat, Hist. rt 3p INO EBS; DeCe TS. isa. 72 E. Clark & nthen caps York,
he Midland Naturalist, No. 168, December 1891. Birminghar tise
‘he Mediterranean Nat., Vol. 1, ae 7, December 1891. _—[J. H. Co ee okies
j 188, Dec. 1891. [Camb. Ent. Cl., U.S.A.
sigh tg sip, No. 324, for Dec. 1 1850. [ Messrs. Chatto & Windus, publishers.
tish Saiiralint Bait 12, oe 1391. — [Mr. Son E. seonsae editor.
ntomologis : — c. & Jn. ae Var ondieg No, - Dec. 15, 1891. [J. W. Tutt, editor.
nal of Micr: scopy, N.S.,V near 12, Dec. 1891. ’ Baillidae & Co. publishers. :
he Zoolegint, pe Series, Vol, 15, No. ase Dee, 1891. [J. E. Harting, editor.
ournal of the Institute of Jamaica, Vol. , No. 1, Nov. 1891. [The Institute.
orth American Fauna, No. 5, 1891. [U. S. Department of Agriculture.
- W, Fath Masten and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera, 8vo. cloth,
1891. [Sonne enschein & Cor

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“he Conchologist, Vol. 1 i Ay - a ea ae 1891. [W. E. Collinge, editor.
hs .

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Bird-Nesting _ in North-West Canada.

Sun eiagke ein tag! fae sei es op Tricia Canada.

Finely Hiustrated with Photo-Engravinge and Coloured Plates,

Price $2.00 7s. 6d, hag Money. To Subscribers ordering before Oct. 30th, $1.25
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North West. It describes in an
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in such : wide tract of country i ‘nds were Fen breeding It gives a full account of
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Nuova Notarisia, 5 Gennaio 1892. [Dr. G. B. de Toni, redattore, Padova, Italia,
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Essex Naturalist, Vol. v, No. 7, July, 1891. [The Essex Field Club.
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The British Naturalist, Part 13, for Jan. 1892. [John E. Robson, ee
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Journal of Microscopy, N.S., Vol. 2, No. 13, Jan. 1892. [Baillitre & Co. publishers.
The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 16, No. 181, Jan. 1892. [J. E. Harting, editor.
Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 9, Apl.-Oct. 1891. [Isle of Man Nat. Hist. Soc
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Report on Yorkshire Botany for 1890.— . Hosxirk, F.L.S., and P. F. Les.
Report on the Frosion of the Yorkshire Coast.—Rev. E. Maute Cote, oN

Avifauna of Arkengarthdale, Swaledale and the New Forest.—J. E. TINKLER.
The Yorkshire Derwent and its Fishes.—Husert Dacre.
Note on the Metamorphosed Skiddaw Slates.—Pror. H. Rosensuscu.

nbc. “9 Remarks on the Eure ne Habits of Land and Freshwater
olluses.—W. E. Cotiinc

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called ee ee ists’ Paradise. The country so shee stretches from Winnipeg to within

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an ‘such * ‘wide ack a coaney many rare birds were found br rs tt gives a a Salk account ot
os

Longspur, Chestnut-Collared Longspur, Pigeon H k, Bonaparte's Gull, and other rare 5 ies.
t also contains Plates of many of the ‘above Birds’ 1 ests and Eggs: and sit gives Co oured
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NATURALIST’ REPRINTS. _

No. I.—List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Lancashire, by ROBERT
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No. rere from Heligoland for the year 1886, by Herngich GATKE,

No. IIf. —Helgoiand by JOHN ae M.B.O.U. (with autotype plate of
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Contents:
The British Association at Cardiff—Rev. E. P. Knubley, M.A., M.B.O.U. - 65-70
Bagous petro from Askham Bog, York—Rev. Canon W, W. Fowler, M.A., F.L.S. 72
Some North-Country Quartzites—A U/red Harker, M.A., F.G.S. : 73-75
Additions to the North Lincolnshire Flora—/P. Fox 76
Bibliography—Reptiles and Amphibians, 1889 nessa ee Roebucl PLS. 77-80
A Contribution to the Flora of North (or Lake) Lancashire—Lister Peti 81-85
New Yorkshire Earthworms; with an Emended List of North British Specie
ev. EHilderic F; a Yee BRE : 87-90
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union—30th Aeeiat pei, for r 1891 os ee ae 91-05
esp Naturalists’ Union—Annual Meeting at Scarborough. .. ba ae 96 .
Note alia 75
AW ite =a on ae ‘fechas Coste ke Seats, M. B. 0. Un: Weal Cheer
at Thorp Arch—Eadgar R. Wa ite, FDS.
Note-ttutes si ee es 86
padeal ie of Unio tumidus—George Roberts.
Note—Lepidoptera PR rae, 80
Lepidoptera in Yorkshire: ik Conant E. Hall, F. ES.
cea its ithology . 95
finch at Heatinatey + , Leeds . Aitken Hoos ‘Sparrow: sin ania
ha nd—J. Chas. Smith ; The Sishngse in nice vein ale re—Lister Petty.
Notes and News le Den ees ee «11, 16, 86

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Die Schwalbe, Jahrg. 16, Nr. 1, January 15, 1892. [Orn. Vereins in Wien.
Nat. Hist. Journ., No. 136, Feb. 15, 1892. _[J. E. Clark & others, editors, York.
Science Gossip, No. 326, for Feb. 1892. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, publishers.
Essex Naturalist, Vol. v, No. 8, August, 1891. [The Essex Field Club.
The Midland Naturalist, No. 170, February 1892. [Birmingham N.H.S
The Mediterranean Nat., Vol. 1, No. 9, February 1892. [J. H. Cooke, editor.
The British Naturalist, Part 14, for February 1892. [John E. Robson, editor.
Entomologists’ Rec. & Jn. of oo No, 2, Feb. 15, 1892. [J. W. Tutt, editor.
The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 16, No. 189, Feb. 1892. [J. E. Harting, editor. —
Eastbourne Nat. Hist. Soc.—Trans. N.S., Vol. 2, Part 5, 1890-91. [The Society.
Burton-on-Trent Nat. Hist. Soc.—Trans., Vol. 2, 1892, 8vo. ae =
Burton-on-Trent Nat. Hist. Soc.—Ann. Rep., Sep. 30, 1891 [Society.
Hull Lit. and Phil. Soc.—Annual Report and Trans. for 1890-91. _ [The pai
A Review of the work of the Leeuwenhoek Micro. Club, Manchester, oh Lg
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During the next few months it ts hoped to insert the following articles:—
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Report on the Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast.—Rev. E. Maute Cote, M. ope |
Avifauna of Arkengarthdale, Swaledale and the New Forest.—J. E. Tinks aes
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Note on the Metamorphosed Skiddaw Slates.—Pror. H. Rosenspuscu.

Further Remarks on the Burrowing Habits of Land and Freshwater
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Bibliography, Birds, 1889.

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No. 201.

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

Natural History for the North of England.
EDITED BY :
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, ge Bene
Sunny Bank, Leeds ;
EDGAR R. WAITE, F.LS5,

The Museum, Leeds;

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

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os: j. GILBERT BAKER, F.R-S., : 3 Fe we CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.1..5.,
<a W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M-B.0.U., GEO. T. PORRITT, ¥°L.S., FBS
| ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S.. W. B. TURNER, F.C.S., F.R. M.S.
' Gontents: erent
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union—Annual Meeting at Scarborough (concluded) .. 97-102
The Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast—Arv. Z. Manile Cole, MA, FG.Se y 103-107
| Report on Yorkshire Botany for 1890-91: Cryptogamia—/. B. Slater, | Se SA 108-110
Some Vernacular Names of Plants—Aev. Frederick Addison, M.A. -- 111-112
in Memoriam: Francis Archer—T7. Mellard Reade, F.G.S. 113-116
Salt Scar—Aev. W. C. Hey, M.A., MCS. ea ie en res nN |
Note on the Meta pl idd Slates— / dated from Pref. H. Rosenbusch 119-120 {
Bibliography—Birds, 1889—I1”. Denison Roebuck, #.£.-. 121.128
Notes—Ornithology .. -- Pere cet aes i x i a 16,18 |
Gadwall in Yorkshire — 7%. Backhouse, ZS. I68.04/.; Birds near Ripon— |
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The Yorkshire Derwent and its Fishes.—Hvueert Dacre.

Further Remarks on the Burrowing Habits of Land and Freshwater
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MAY 1892. THE No: OOm.

PAN

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
Natural History for the North of England.
EDITED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.

Sunny Bank, Leeds ;
see

ND
EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L5
The Museum, Leeds ;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
J. GILBERT BAKER, F_R:S., F-L.S.
W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.0.U.,
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GEO: T. PORRITT, F.L.S.,¥.E.S.,
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Contents:
eg A Birds, 1889—II”. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. Saeemes Roh 129-136
Note on the Nesting of the Peewit—Richard Howse . Bee es 137-139
Notes on the Great Crested Grebe—/. 2B. Whitlock teak 4
Ornithological Notes from Redcar for 1891- 92--Thomas H. Nebr. MBO. 141-144
In Memoriam: are = Smethurst—im au. Nelson, 81.C.S. o f 145-146
Trout Hatching a’ - R. Waite, F.L.5. ne eee 147-148
Sand-Sculp Sais ‘Millard Reads. PGS ity tees 149
Four New York hire Mosses—f chard ae 161-153
The Yorkshire eainar Committee and its Fath Your's Work- _S. Chiac tz sick,
166-158
The Yorkshire ‘Boulder Committee aka its Fifth Year's Work— Thomas Tate,
159-160
Roti kaniecote a eee 139
Amphidasis denote x and ¥ Hy? ia | ph ia near Vick Ww. Hewett.
Note—Ornitho to: ua a SS a is - ey a ss re 140
St Solway—/. Zz “Armistead,
Notes—Mollusc ie ag a es ee = ae bis us ap 194
Seraceds Shipley Edward Seif; Testacella scutulum at Horbury—
is Batforte :
Note—Botan gee ere ae ee ae 154
-eaite still at Bullcliffe Wood— i. Rushforth.
ote— Fis Ce ie Teme gS 154
The Tape Hake at Redcar - Ay Neilson. M. B. 0. i : :
Notes and N pe es, =e. 164, 158
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During the next few months it ts hoped to insert the following articles:—

Report on Yorkshire Botany for 1890.—€. P. Hosxirk, F.L.S., and P. F. Luz.

Awifatina of Ark +hdal Surslodal d the New Forest —]. E. Trngcer.

The Yorkshire Derwent and its Fishes.—Hunert Dacre.

Further setters on the Soewins Habits of Land and Freshwater
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BY WALTER
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JUNE 1892. ae H E No. 203.

WR ALs7

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

Natural History for the North of England.
EDITED BY
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.,
Sunny Bank, Leeds ;
EDGAR R. WAITE, F.LS.

The Museum, Leeds;

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SP&CIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R-.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,

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Contents:
The — Boulder Committee and its Fifth Year's Work—T7%omas Tate,
7.8, ee ak 161-165
In bes : Robert pactinen ek. M. G ee 1
Remains is ‘Rake Deer from Goole Moor Fiea” R. Watte, F. BS: Be 167-170
Review.—Massee’s Monograph of the Myxogastres— 7. //. : 171-174
Rare Crustacea on the ican Coast—Rev. Canon A. Merle prone M. - ‘S
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The Yorkshire Naturalists’ nian at g Morten diRibhtesdad 177-185
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The ———e of ‘ cdcaanies eal Cheshire—17 E. Sharp ae ig Me 189-192
Note—Geology.. oe es 170
New pee. Beds at - Hilton—A Ifeed Harker M. A; 3 Es
Note—Mosses Se 174
A ere aie yoo } in es Seridedule-K shard. fica:
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Essex Naturalist, Vol. v, No. 12, Dec. 1891, & Vol. vi, Nos. < 4, Jan-April, 1892.
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Psyche; journ. of entom,, Vol. 6, No. 193, May 1892. [Camb. Ent. Cl., U.S.A
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Nat. Hist. Bret! oe 139, May 15, 1892. [J. E. Clark & & others, editors, York.
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Report on Yorkshire Botany for 1890.—C. P. Hoskirk, F.L.S., and P. F. Lee.

Avifauna of Arkengarthdale, Swaledale and the New Forest.—J. E. Tinkter

The Yorkshire Derwent and its Fishes,—Hvunerr Dacre.

West Yorkshire Records and Notes: from the oe Catalogues, &e,»
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WRAL?

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

Natural History for the North of England. |

+

EDITED _ BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.,

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AND
BDCAR Ri WALLE BLS
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WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

J. GILBERT BAKER, F. 2S: FS HAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S5.,

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a

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The Hydradephaga of Lancashire and Cheshire—H. &. Sharp (concluded) 183-204
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Rokeby 205-215
Bird-Notes from the Humber District: Spring of 1892—/. Cordeaux, M- B.O.U. 217-218

Bibliography: Geology and Palaontology, 1891—4/red Harker, M-A., PLS. 219-224

: Note—Botany .. ; 215

Botrychium Lunaria in wicuiie Poe Wh Grimshaw.

Notes—Ornithclogy .. s es 3 ae x ae ce iF a = 216

Sparrows Feeding on Larve—C. C. Hanson; Parus ceruleus at Newton Kyme—
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Notes—Lepido optera a as ae ce 216.
Abundance of Pachnobia ioe ieanke at auiele: Wood — William, Mansbridge.
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oe many rare Ir ontains Patan ma a hae Bess
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THE NATURALIST.

During the next few months it is aes to insert the following articles :—

Report on Yorkshire Botany for 1890.—c. P. Hosxirk, F.L.S., and P. F. Les.

Avifauna of Arkengarthdale, ee and the New Forest.—J. E. Tinker,

The Yorkshire Derwent and its Fishes.—Husert Dacr

West Yorkshire Records and Notes: from the H Herbar ium, Catalogues, &c.,
of i

Wotes on Glacial Phenomena of Upper eae — J. G, Goopcuitp, F.G.S,
Daubenton’s Bat near Berwick-on-Tweed.—Grorce Boiam.
Lake Country Rocks. eae Tate, F.G.S.. :
A Real Summer's Day.—REv. W.-C. Hey, M.A.
A New Yorkshire pode Nae —Rev. Hitperic Frienn, F.L,S.
West Yorkshire Fungi.—CuHarres Cross.anb.

pian mas a ia 1891 —A. E. Hact, F.E-S.

emoriam: William Reed.—H. R. Moiser, F.G.S.
casas A record of Magellanic Goose in Yorkshire.—E.R.Watve,F.L.S. —

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WAUURALIsr

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
Natural History for the North of England.
EDITED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, ELS,

Sunny Bank, Leeds ;

EDGAR R. WAITE, Pel.
The Museum, Leeds;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.1..S.,

W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.0.U., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F-E.5.,
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.5., W. B. TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.
Content
Bibliography : Geology and Palmontology, 1BOt-A iret Harker, - MA EGS
(concluded) oe ne 225-234
moriam : William Reed. nee ae R. Woces, F. G. s. is = “2 te 235-236
Lake Country Rocks—7%omas Tate, #.G.S. «. Ga ee 237-240
Notes on the Glacial eranonont of Upper Ribblesdale—/. G. Goodchild, 241-246
FT. MF. a Survey, F.GS., F.2.S ,M.B.O.U.
4 — Earthw ses Hilderic Friend, PLS... re: a ae 247-249
British Saar . 249-250
‘Es gence with a Note on the: Mageltante Goose in | Veekshire-—Edger R. 251-263
Vaite,
The sai Naturalists’ Union at Penistone and Dunford Bridge—Z. RW. 254-266
Note—Co 234
Pelobrue : ards Herbst, in Yorkshire. Rev. “Cazon W. W. Fowler, MA, i bs
Sete ins epidopte : 236, 253
epidoptera at H i d te oe Porritt FL.S. le —- Melanippe
axon ree Chelodia plantas near - Huddersfield —S. L vonage OF ae OF
M ac ros ds—Ha arry 4 Nets
hp ate : ie ie 246
an Nets or “Missel Thrush—S._ ee Mosley, PES : Birds of Derby shire—
itlock.
Note— “Bot ; si 249
Botry ite Lunaria in Wharfedale—* a. W. A, ‘Shuffrey, MA.
Notes “Concin - E : a 253

at Withernsea, 'Vorkshi ua 6 Darker "Buttered, MSS
Tes ne seatatam at a near York—£ dward Self
Notes and New “i eas ab 240

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Avifauna of Arkengarthdale, Swaledale and the New Forest.—J. E. TInKLer

The Yorkshire Derwent and its = shes.—Husert Dacre.

West Sarna: Records and Notes: from the Herbarium, Catalogues, &c.,
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WURALIsr

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

Natural History for the North of England.
EDITED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.,

Sunny Bank, Leeds;
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EDGAR R. Wet Fi.
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Yoichi Galis—S. Z. Mostey, F.E.S. so Saget le eee oe ve 273-273
Review: Schoo! Natural History at York—W. W. ‘es 279-280
Bibliography: Birds, 1889—IV. Denison Roebuck, F.L. s. (conse) ee 281-288
Notes—Botany 269 :

Botrychium Leia te Wharfedale; ‘Gentiana Pocomucssnielia: and d Bartsia vecota
at a rt—John B. Sp eae Solanum Dulcamara at Boo ft. in Upper
Wharfedal

—Rev. W. A. Shuffrey, MA.
Notice Fishes sa a ee ee ee 268
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Note—Mammalia_. Gp ee ee a 272
Whi a Bat at Goathland—Edgar R. Waite, FLAS
optera 278
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In Memoriam: A. Norman Tate.—O. W. Jerrs.

Yorkshire Naturalists at Withernsea.—W.D.R.

Report on Yorkshire Botany for 1890.—c. P. Hosxiex, F.L.S., and P. F. Lee,

Avifauna of Arkengarthdale, Swaledale and the New Forest.—J. E. Tinxrer.

The Yorkshire Derwent and its Fishes.—Husert Dacre.

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NATUR

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

Natural History for the North of England.
EDITED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.,

Sunny Bank, Leeds;

AND
EDGAR R: WAITE, FS;
The Museum, Leeds}
WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F-L. 4 CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,

W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L-S., M.B.0.U., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L-.S:, FES.,
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.5., W. BR. TURNER, F.C-S., F.R-M.S.
Contents: dicts cincmcnnclinnneniaion
Bibliography: Birds, 1889—/¥. Denison Roebuck, FL. S. (concluded) ve va 289-291
Real Summer's Day—ev. WW. C. Hey, M.A., MCS. Sy ce 292
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Withernsea—li7.D.4. a ee 93~
On Hybridity Among Worms—Xew. MHilderic Friend, FL. Ss 301-304
In Memoriam: Alexander Norman Tate, F.1.C.—Osmund W. Jeffs ah poi 305-308 .
Notes on the Avi-fauna of Arkongartdale Swaledale, and the New Fores
Sohn E. Tinkler .. Sia 309-320
Notes—Lepidoptera - sine 300
Colias edusa near DoneasterE: C Potter; Ge hax ediina: in “Holderness—
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Acherontia atropos near ge aa W Car
Notes—Bota any Bade ete 300
oe Flora a Joseahives Aatsomedh slitatia. in West Yorkshire—W.
Ost, fe a Occurrence of Vibumum lantana in North Lincolnshire—
“ Burtt Dav
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Food of ale acd Baillon’s “Crake. is near | Patklictes on, aad

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MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

Natural History for the North of England.
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AND
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Contents:

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Coxwold and Byland—Z. Xk. W. ..
Fungus Foray at Castle Howard and Malton—Ceo. Massce, RAE SS: rs 355-365

Review: Dr. Johnston's Letters 366
Review ; Botany and Outline Flora of ? Lincolneties is 367-368
Note on ‘The Supposed [nter-Breeding of the Merlin ad Keble! in
mberland in 1886 '—George Bolan 69-37
New and serait Fungi near Halifax—Charles Cyeselan td. 371-372
Notes—Mammalia 368
Water Shrew near P cohae oe fonel 7 E. ‘ae ais ; a Gasenenue of ihe Lee Shrew
near Masham: an Addition to the List of Yorkshire Mammals—Basi/ Car:
Note—Molius 368
Con nchological Notes tien West eyten and Shitherenighe tear W. C Hes, M. oo :
uae ogy - 373
Macqueen’s Bust nak near Redcat :. An ! Addition to the ¥. orkehire Avifauna—
7.4 ies M.B.O.U.: Macqueen’s Bustard near Marske—Richard Howse.
Notes—Bota : 373.
a enti Vorksitie aes A scereniog Eien Petty 3 ‘foul “Pedastinn © in
rth Lancashire—Lester ae
Notes oe News... ‘ - 370, 373.
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